The interposer, which mounts these chips, might need to be customized speci.cally for the design with more RDLs and thus signi.cantly higher manufacturing cost.

figure 2(b) shows another chip planning result considering the chip-interposer codesign.


Column 4 shows that the DNUCA partial tag structure adds a relatively small amount to the total cache area.

tLC s large dense banks and lack of repeaters in the communication network saves storage and channel area, though its cache controller area is much larger due to its interface with the wide transmission line wires.


To accurately decide how much data to compress during an application s execution, we must keep track of recent program behavior.

the more accurate the prediction scheme is, the more information it requires.


This is because all the iterations in this set access the same set of disks, and the remaining disks can be placed into a low-power mode during these accesses to save power.

it is also important to determine a good execution order for different Ip,T s. In Sections 5.1 and 5.2, we present scheduling schemes, where the problem is considered from single processor s perspective and multi-processors perspective, respectively.


[12] propose an iterative technique that employs a linear programming (LP) model for slack distribution based on the power delay sensitivity of each gate.

the linearization technique used for the LP model is only accurate within a small range of delay.


This method need not customize typical standard cell design tools for placement optimization and power distribution.

a logic cell must be designed with two power supply rails.


When the memory module is moved to the emulator, the speed rises to 199 KHz, but the image in the memory cannot be updated every clock cycle.

in the case of memory in the emulator, we can easily view the image in memory when the system is breaking.


A processing order Pf is feasible if, for each circuit block b in Pf ,all sub-circuit blocks of b have been processed before b in Pf .For example, the POT order in Figure 3, , is a feasible processing order, in which {F} is processed before C, {F, C, D} are processed before A, and so on.

since a sub-circuit block can be referenced repeatedly, it is not necessary to detect its ESD paths whenever it is Figure 3: An example hierarchical-circuit topology tree.


As an example, in 0.13µm CMOS technology, supply voltage can not be greater than 1.3 volts and conventional cascode configurations could be unacceptable.

for 0.18µm CMOS technology, since supply voltage is not that small, cascode configurations are quite practical and for our simulation purposes in this paper, we have used conventional cascode circuits satisfactorily.


Since this barrier is appreciable (several hundred room-temperature kT), abrupt switching results in appreciable power dissipation.

switching can also be accomplished in an adiabatic fashion with the help of a clocking .eld as described in this paper.


Furthermore, he believes that the device operate at 10GHz and be developed without a long development path for the VLSI.

thus far the entire project is a paper design, albeit a startling new approach to the problem of sieving which is likely to spawn a number of implementations that use more conventional technology (though at lower performance).


Recently, [13] and [18] discuss a complete .lter synthesis of TCS and RNS implementations of both programmable and constant-coef.cient FIR .lters.

in either work, the multiplication by constant was implemented with a lookup table and neither exploits other properties of the RNS but the simple coef.cient decomposition inherent to RNS representations.


Comparing such a ranking with that based on the data in Table III, the ranking of New1RF and New2RF is consistent.

the ranks of BaseRF and eASICRF are comparable.


The work in [14] uses the one-class SVM algorithm [11] for novelty detection model building.

the real challenge in the implementation is not in the learning algorithm, but in developing a proper kernel evaluation software module [14].


Our work utilises similar ideas to ensure underlying untrusted hardware only has access to small windows of an executing program.

instead of trusted software fragmenting data so that it can be operated on remotely, and recombining the data when the results are returned, we simply restrict access to a single data store.


Conventional wisdom dictates assigning the worst-case frequency of the FUs to the processor in order to avoid delay failure.

such an approach is overly pessimistic [1].


CONCLUSION GPGPUs are throughput-oriented processors that can hide memory latency by massive multithreading.

gPU caches are not designed with enough awareness of massive multithreading, leading to poor ef.ciency.


ensure that the system operates at the right frequency, the delay of such a global wire is distributed over several clock cycles by inserting memory elements such as edge-triggered .ip-.ops [2, 3].

it has been noted that this approach, which is referred to as wire-pipelining henceforth, can alter the functionality of a circuit [4] by arbitrarily changing the latency differentials along the paths in the circuit.


It may seem that this latency improvement might have come from an increased use of resources, in other words, the EED schedule cannot fully utilize four cores.

our results show that the resource usage of EOC schedules is slightly lower than that of the EED schedules.


Due to these two iterations, the run time of front-end tools is at least two times more than before.

this overhead is ignorable in real design .ows.


The instability caused by randomness gives us opportunities to .nd better Given a set of cells (circuit elements) and the nets that solutions through the multiple runs.

as pointed connect these cells, the circuit partitioning problem is to out very recently [1, 2], a lack of stability ironically yields partition these cells into several disjoint blocks (subcircuits) a critical weakness in ECO situations for large scale designs of speci.ed sizes such that the number of interconnections including the reiteration of placement procedures for timing between blocks is minimized.


The driver circuit is used to program the OLED cell and maintain the programmed luminance during displaying.

such a design cannot guarantee the same driving current to the OLED cell under the scaled supply voltage from the normal level.


Resizable caches amortize the overheads into the large switching interval, resulting in a consistent savings across CMOS generations.

gated precharging switches precharge devices more aggressively, and thus the amount of energy overhead directly impacts the results.


In a pilot study we had subjects try to directly annotate what they perceived as the most salient regions of an audio .le.

subjects found this task very di.cult and taxing.


In these programming models, the GPU is used as an accelerator to the CPU, from which memoryintensive and computeintensive tasks are offloaded.

current GPUs do not provide hardware support for detecting soft or hard errors, which may occur in computation logic or memory storage.


This process is called power calibration as shown in Fig 1 (b).

only part of T(t) and .T(t) is available where there are thermal sensors located.


However, even though such self-assembly based fabrics may be feasible in the next decade, they are not ready for large-scale fabrication today.

in this paper, a hybrid CMOS/NAnoTUbe REcon.gurable architecture, called NATURE, is presented, which can be fabricated with CMOS-compatible manufacturing processes and leverage the bene.cial aspects of both technologies immediately.


Also, it provides good security against most known attacks on conference-key agreement protocols.

it is designed with the secret distribution part of the protocol over long-term key pairs of participants.


a clause learned from conflict analysis by the SAT solver, is also added dynamically.

a conflict clause is guaranteed to be either conflicting (or unit, depending upon the implementation) when it is added.


They have the same pins for complete interfacing.

because of their low-power design (they use CR232 batteries), they have very limited lifetime (typically less than 2 months).


Application of Hybrid NEMS-CMOS in Dynamic Circuits Due to near zero leakage characteristics of NEMFETs, these devicesare ideal for low-power applications.

since NEMFET devices have relatively low ON current characteristics compared to their CMOScounterparts, it is more desirable to build hybrid NEMS-CMOS circuits to combine good characteristics of each type of devices.


The checksum provided by the CRC computation will be the value of the state variable x(n).

the mathematical formulation of a scrambler is: x(n1)=Ax(n); y(n)=Cx(n)du(n); where Cis a kxkmatrix which selects the state bits combined to the data stream (usually only one bit in the diagonal is used) and dis a single-1 vector in the form [100J, used to select the state bit to be correlated to the input stream.


So the bamboo structure increases reliability, and in order to exploit this, wire widths are deliberately kept so narrow that a bamboo structure is maintained; also, the wire material can be J (T) / J(T = 25°C) max max selectively annealed during IC processing in order to support Temperature T [Celsius] bamboo formation.

-40 0 25 60 80 100 125 150 175 the maximum wire width possible for a bamboo   structure is usually too narrow for signal lines of large-magnitude 0,1 currents in analog circuits or for power supply lines.


Traditional HEVC algorithms explore characteristics of texture views and can be used to encode depth maps.

these algorithms do not consider the particularities of depth maps in the encoding process, reducing its efficiency.


The microprocessor under veri.cation (MUV) is stimulated by several test programs and the results are compared with the golden model.

this approach only veri.es the functional correctness of instructions.


It completes six of the ten instances, and also consistently produces comparable wirelengths.

one can observe that MAIZEROUTER outperforms BoxRouter on all counts, successfully routing the four remaining benchmarks, reducing wirelength by an average of 2.02%, and running over 7.5× faster on the entire set of problems.


Existing algorithms use zero-padding to make a matrix square.

as we show, zero-padding gener-ally produces incorrect results for a key operation needed in PTM evaluation.


Emerging research suggests hardware acceleration [3-5] that aims to speed up the processing time of vessel segmentation algorithms, thus realizing their use in biometric systems.

to take advantage of the emerging need for portable biometric authentication devices, as well as on-site diagnostic requirements, further performance improvement is still necessary, with the power consumption an additional significant constraint.


Modelling and Analysis of the Split Phase Multi-Channel MAC Approach Abdelaziz El Fatni University of Toulouse, INSA 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31400 Toulouse, France abdelaziz.elfatni@insa-toulouse.fr ABSTRACT The throughput of wireless networks can be improved significantly by using multiple channels communications in MAC protocols.

due to the multi-channel environment, a novel issue must be addressed in MAC protocols which is called the channel assignment.


As the number of cores increases, the bene.t of locality-awareness increases across all workloads (at 1024 cores, 1.61x average speedup over random).

the exact degree depends on the workload locality pattern.


Another critical part for the complexity of PlaceRow is line 18-19.

this part is executed only once per cell, which gives also a linear complexity for PlaceRow.


On the other hand, a process with a relatively strong PMOS improves the stability of the node with a 1 , and that leads to a higher read SNM.

if the PMOS is too strong or the NMOS is too weak, read SNM decreases because the 0 node is more sensitive to noise, and thus write-margin can suffer.


Conventional systems execute the cross-correlation algorithm on the receiver, whose implementation has a running time of O(n 2) in the time domain (TD-CC) and O(n log n) in the frequency domain (FD-CC).

due to no hardware divide or .oating point support on WSN nodes, additional signal processing platforms have to be added.


In these experiments, we explicitly 0.2 considered glitch-type noise caused by crosstalk and particle 0.2 0 strike.

the proposed methodology is also applicable to 0 Node Index Node Index other noise effects.


Every expression can contain constants, which are eligible for exchange.

the most interesting application of constant exchange lies in the , because usually in projection predicates a column is compared to a constant to filter out rows.


A potential application is memory stacked on logic, providing enhanced throughput, and reduced latency and power consumption.

testing the TSV interconnects between the two dies is challenging, as both the memory and the logic die might come from different manufacturers.


Moreover, if the node can prove that it will not be able to provide the line, it will skip the snoop operation, forwarding the request directly to the next node in the ring.

any protocol using a ring as an interconnection network (either logical or physical) needs to send its snoop requests through it, forcing all requests to visit every node, which obviously means the loss of any possibility of parallelism with the snoop requests, thus increasing transaction latency.


This is reasonably easy to do for Concurrent defects.

it is harder for Complex ones because they are caused by complex state and sequences of events.


We expect dynamic power dissipation in the core to scale linearly with frequency.

the leakage power should not vary significantly because voltage remains constant between the baseline case and the boosted case with FP throttling enabled.


Fullydefective cache frames are totally excluded from the (re)placement decisions.

partially defective cacheframes can serve as replacement candidates, no matter if thejust-requested-address (requested portion of the block)corresponds to the sound or the defective physical area of thetarget frame.


In addition to allowing us to exploit caching to reduce query processing overhead, a generic plan is also the optimal plan for some classes of queries as we will discuss later.

a generic plan may be sub-optimal for many kinds of queries.


Bringing both the L2-cache tags and data on chip allowed us to significantly reduce their latency.

beyond a certain point, the core was not ready to accept data any sooner.


The upper region is lost benefit corre- sponding to dead periods that are shorter than the decay interval.

the decay scheme can also mistakenly turn off live cache lines.


Thus, the peak value of sensing voltage can stand for the load condition of the output.

even though Vsense is direct proportional to the load current, it is difficult for simple comparators to decide the switching points of three controllers because the variation of Vsense is too small.


Even if we avoid a discussion of the many non-electrical computing devices developed from antiquity up into the modern era, there is still an impressive array of models to consider.

most related work can be thought of as falling into one of three camps: non-traditional arithmetic encodings on traditional devices, methods for exploiting non-traditional computational substrates, and sequence alignment architectures.


We can also convert the layout into a 1D array and uses another array to record the starting address o.set of each module / hyperedge.

this will make coalesced access di.cult and signi.cantly degrade the performance.


This technique can correct upsets in the LUT cells, in the General Matrix Routing (GMR) and in the CLB logic cells.

it does not refresh the contents of CLB s flip-flops, so the reconfiguration cannot restore user registers, or in other words, the state of the system.


biochip problem, the work by Lin and Chang in [7] achieves a signi.cant pin-count reduction by introducing a dedicated design .ow for pin-constrained biochips.

how to derive placement and routing results with the cross-contamination consideration is not provided.


An important advantage of on-chip multiprocessing from the software perspective is that such an architecture is very well suited for high-level parallelism; that is, the parallelism that can be exploited at the source level (loop level) using an optimizing compiler.

the parallelism that can be exploited by single processor superscalar and VLIW machines are low level (instruction level).


The uniqueness enables the power-up values to be considered as SRAM .ngerprints used to verify device identities, which is a fundamental task in security applications.

as the SRAM .ngerprints are sensitive to environmental changes, there always exists a chance of error during the authentication process.


They propose a scheme that uses the number of in-.ight instructions at each cluster as a means for controlling the decision to stall.

cluster load is a very coarse, and potentially misleading, measure of the phenomena that make stalling bene.cial.


The discrete probability density function for Pij is time obtained during simulation with the execution times in c. If no job of the process under investigation .nished during the time TG, then the simulation is run for another hyperperiod TG with the same execution times in c. The size of the initial population is chosen to be n(TG) .

g we have introduced a lower bound of 50 members and an upper bound of 3000 members.


As previously discussed on the Multi-objective optimization subsection, the optimization problem is described by equation 1.

for the optimization to run smoothly the synthesis procedure must convert the information from the designer and the measurements obtained by the simulator into adequate cost functions.


In particular, frontend parameters like channel length and oxide thickness are set to their minimum possible values that maintain manufacturability.

back-end dimensions like minimum pitch, metal thickness, and interlevel dielectric (ILD) thickness present a different set of tradeoffs in that smaller dimensions do not translate to better performance.


Using these MUXs each slice can implement a 4:1 multiplexer, each CLB can implement a 16:1 multiplexer and two CLBs can implement a 32:1 multiplexer.

a 4 input LUT can support maximum of 2:1 MUX as shown in Figure 10.


the work of Gkantsidis, Mihail, and Zegura [6]).

such approach does not take into account the actual intensity of the relationship between any two nodes.


MPI PID (Process ID) based Send and Receive Routines The standard send and receive routines are sufficient to fulfill the communication requirements if there is only one active process per node in the network.

the NoC platform also supports systems having multiple processes on a single node.


Based on these results, a module library that de.nes the execution time for each type of operation is derived, and this library is used as the guideline for the execution of on-chip operations.

even after careful characterization, the problem of inaccuracy remains due to the inherent variability and randomness of biological/chemical processes [6 11].


Only [12] takes into account power consumption issue in ROM-based controllers.

this technique only considers the address modifier part of the controller design; the output decoding part is ignored.


Thus low-power synthesis becomes important near the end of the distribution.

most of the latency and variability comes from a small number of wires and buffers near the root of the distribution network, so robustness becomes more important relative to power, at this level of clock network.


Therefore, the global convergence failures can be found by running a large number of sample simulations with randomized initial states and seeing if their final states form more than one cluster in the state space.

an approach relying on visual inspection becomes quickly infeasible as the circuit size grows.


The main focus of this paper is on latchless dynamic pipelines, since a complete taxonomy for these pipelines has not been previously proposed.

in a later section, we brie.y show how our model can be extended to static pipelines as well.


Because the excitation current vector is used during the moment matching of the output, the size q of the reduced model with desired accuracy is small even when the original basic block contains large number of ports.

the block moment matching by PRIMA may result in a larger cost of eigen-decomposition.


In a clock driven placement work [13], register locations from a global placement result are adjusted to match leaf nodes of an independently designed balanced binary tree.

this technique is restricted to only zero skew designs and only evenly distributed clock sinks.


This separation made it possible that this comparator can operate at a lower supply voltage (VDD) and have a more stable offset voltage over wide common-mode voltage (Vcom) ranges.

since it requires both clk and clkb for its operation, high accuracy timing of clkb is required because the output-latch has to detect the voltage difference at Di nodes at very limited time.


There exists no high-level synthesis algorithm targeting the optimization of area in MCM design on FPGAs.

a LUT-based constant multiplier designed especially for FPGAs was proposed in [14], where the input .. is split into 4 bits and the constant multiplication .... is realized using additions and shifts.


This structure has applications in temporal f loorplanning of reconf igurable FPGA rather than 3D chips.

in 2-layer BSG [6], 4-layer SP [12] and CBA [4], blocks are restrained within a limited number of device layers.


The usage was not significant up to July 2010.

we did make some interesting observations here: Madimbo is also a very rural area where only Tshivenda is spoken by most community members.


A weight, w1, for maximum amplitude and, w2, for foot strike time will assign up to w1/(w1+w2) of the assigned epochs to samples for the maximum amplitude metric and up to w2/(w1+w2) of the assigned epochs to samples for foot strike.

fewer epochs may be assigned to a metric, if only those many valuable samples may be obtained.


It is usually very hard, if not infeasible, to model SI and escapability constraints exactly during placement.

a high level approximation is still bene.cial.


This integral can not be solved for a general value of q.

for q = 2 the integral in (12) can be solved easily by the separable method and greatly reduces to p L 8 t -2 Pb = ßAie aig.l f.eq,1 (.eq,l) d.eq,l.


The more powerful an attacker is, the better his results may be.

the more one is willing to invest, the higher the security will be.


However, its effectiveness can be sensitive to the number of simultaneous active contexts.

the context prefetching is effective when both cache friendly applications share a physical core.


Theoretically, there are at least two bits across the four tags that can be used to differentiate any one from the others.

to determine which such two bits to use is not an easy job since they vary from set to set.


In our studies, we assume that the disk system already has a large Flash-based disk cache.

we show that even with such an aggressive disk system, main memory capacity is still a problem.


Moreover, real synthesis runs of the target ENoC on a 40nm industrial low-power technology will provide the reference quality metrics the competing optical NoC solutions are contrasted with.

the ONoC is designed and accurately characterized based on both accurate physical-layer and architecture-layer analysis.


Thus it is desirable to use the communicate and update mechanism to achieve the faster simulation speed in cycle-based simulation.

unlike the message-passing mechanism, a cycle error may occur unless the modeled circuit has a single clock domain.


INTRODUCTION The Semiconductor Industries Association (SIA) roadmap [1] predicts that complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chips will continue to fuel the need for high-performance systems for another 10 15 years.

advancements in the material science and device community have enabled the creation of nanoscale devices (RTDs, QCA, to name a few) that have novel structures and properties.


Device parasitic models canbedevelopedbased on either: 1. devicewidth(w),or, 2. deviceareaandperimeter(ad,pd,as,ps) In[3],device widthis used asthepredictorforparasitic estimation.

using only width asthepredictorvariable does not capture geometry effects.


Formulas 1 and 2 represent steady state probabilities of operational and failed states respectively.

they do not separate the portion of time processor was executing ordinary program (available time) from the time it was executing the test code (unavailable time).


Therefore, this metric needs to be optimized in order to make the system robust.

fine tunings are always required at various lower level of hierarchy.


As our approach is trading off space for time, we can say that it takes 28 times (digit dimension) longer for us to classify a digit.

as the table shows, this comes at a huge saving of neurons, and especially adjustable parameters (weights).


2), the test simply continues to the next non-IM.

if HmaxExtra is equal to zero for a magnet (line 4, Proc.


An intuitive way to estimate the round-trip time from R1 to RN is to assume it is similar to the observed round-trip time when R1 last sent a request to RN .

large variability in request processing times can adversely a.ect the round-trip estimation.


frequency) guardbands to ensure that the required timing constraints are met even under variations.

with the continued scaling of transistors into the deep nanometer regime and the corresponding increase in the magnitude of variations, guardband based worst case design has become highly expensive.


By reducing adjacent 1)SD 1)CSD groups of 1s we obtain (10¯110¯= (100¯10¯with three non-zero bits.

knowing that 27 is an integer mod 31 we can use the fact that 32 = 1 mod 31, i.e., the MSB and LSB may cancel themselves out.


This way, the QP solution will place each circuit between the boundaries of the window it is assigned to.

if we split edges at cutlines, the star model and the clique model are not equivalent any more.


This opportunity cost does not occur, and is not modeled, by methods for SPM allocation.

it is modeled in the cache locking method in this paper.


Forthe con.gurationmem-ory,astandard6-transistorSRAM cellis assumed.

multiplexers have a range of possible electrical implementations.


the terms obs(g) s in (4) keep constant for any retiming.

since the observability of a register equals that of its driven combinational gate, a retiming of the circuit will relocate the registers to the outputs of different combinational gates.


Various regular fabrics have been proposed throughout the evolution of semiconductor industry, where some recent approaches are discussed in [7][17][20].

strict design rules, at 22nm technology node and beyond, have led to cell layouts with arrays of gates with a constant gate pitch, which resemble a sea-of-gates layout style.


Add pseudo input aggressors of cardinality i to listi; If a gate  has multiple inputs, select that aggressor which results in the latest output arrival time; brute-force Top-k elimination set k ckt delay Runtime ckt delay (ns.)

runtime 1 .743 0.12 .743 .01 2 .722 9.65 .722 .01 3 .709 621.4 .709 .02 4 - - .703 .06 while superposing the noise envelope we are trying to reduce the delay noise in the design.


By doing so, it leads to a faster recovery than the other TCP variants that have to stay until the reception of the third duplicate ACK.

at higher BER (10% and 15%), Vegas has a relatively long average connection time and higher energy consumption per received bit.


As a result, the DRAM write coverage increases from 63% (BuMP) to 73% (Full-region).

this increase comes at the cost of an increase in writeback traffic from 7% to 22%, on average, due to premature writebacks.


The simple strategy of placing every cell, one by one, so as to minimize the total length (linear or squared) of adjacent nets will .nd the optimal placement in one linear-time pass.

we are going to show that existing VLSI placers are less successful.


That study also did not consider non-unit SQ accesses that are commonplace in most modern LSQ implementations.

we believe that the speculative memory cloaking facility provided by FnF is worth the effort because it effectively comes for free once one has implemented the basic FnF scheme.


These designers are working at the board or system level.

designers working at the chip level take months to complete a design of similar complexity.


As such, they are also significant drivers of economic growth and social change.

continued expansion of computing and information processing systems is now hindered by their unsustainable and rising power needs, with associated electrical energy costs and peak power draw requirements.


In this paper, due to the limited space, we focus on the energy-driven design optimization to implement a low-power memory cell.

under other speci.cations such as high speed or high-distinguishability, the speed-driven or Rratio-driven optimization can be performed as well.


4 means that it might be risky to completely ignore the possibility that the true combination is any one of these four combinations rather than the .rst one.

it also turns out that, typically, all the combinations before the cut-o.


The majority of the application instruction misses are caused by self-interference in the application code.

code layout optimizations substantially reduce such self-interference, thus increasing the impact of the interference between the applica- tion and the operating system.


Solving the Minimum-Cost Satis.ability Problem Using SAT Based Branch-and-Bound Search * Zhaohui FuSharad Malik Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544, USA  {zfu,sharad}@Princeton.EDU ABSTRACT Boolean Satis.ability (SAT) has seen many successful applications in various .elds, such as Electronic Design Automation (EDA) and Arti.cial Intelligence (AI).

in some cases it may be required/preferable to use variations of the general SAT problem.


An alternative to tolerate multiple faults has been proposed in [13], where the authors aim at detecting and recovering from single or multiple manufacturing faults and in-field errors, which might occur in the same cycle of a microprocessor circuit.

as the authors of [13] mention themselves, the use of Berger code prevents the use of the technique for data paths beyond 16 bits, and only multiple faults with the same polarity are supported.


Boolean satis.ability is used to determine if there exists a function, Fc, which is able to implement the same functionality as the model netlist: .Fc, .w,u,v,x,y,z ys = yc (1) Finding the subset of existing LUTs that should connect to Fc is done using random simulation to quickly prune away sets of LUTs which cannot possibly be used to compute Fc.

the process of .nding the correct subset of exist- Figure 6: Ling FPGA-2009.


As it can be observed, the proposed L0 buffers outperform a word-interleaved cache clustered VLIW processor and their performance is close to that of the MultiVLIW.

a clustered processor with L0 buffers is much simpler than the MultiVLIW.


[21] evaluated the performance of managing the allocation of cache resources on a bus-based CMP and proposed a pro.le-driven approach to determine which cache banks to share between processors and which to reserve as private.

aSR dynamically analyzes workload behavior and adapts replication on a per block basis to match the current demand.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Parallel .le systems are widely used for data-intensive and highperformance computing applications.

i/O performance lags far behind the computing capacities in current systems, resulting in processors wasting large numbers of cycles waiting for data to arrive.


2.5 TheCostofControlIndependence By removing the restriction of in-order fetch/dispatch, control-independent spawning can make the previously fetch-critical CI points of FCGEs non-critical.


As we prolong the MTJ switching time by reducing STT-RAM cell size in L2-Hyb2 and L2-Hyb3 , IPC performance su.ers.

all our hybrid L2 caches outperform both L2-SMNGS and L2-RWHCA due to their lower read latencies.


This is the reason why the most commonly used approach in the industry is shadowing [29, 21] that copies the entire program codes from NAND .ash memory to RAM and executes them from RAM.

this approach requires a large amount of RAM, which sacri.ces the price bene.t of NAND .ash memory.


Conventional regulating approaches to SC SMDC include linear regulation, skip mode [5] regulation and sigma-delta [6] regulation, etc.

prior arts of regulation schemes mostly focused on single output converters and are either unpractical because of a compromise of overall efficiency or too complex for multiple-output SC converters.


Hwang [3] showed that length of RMST can be as much as 1.5 times that of RSMT.

the difference is typically far less than 50% in practice.


The maximum obtained speedup was almost 4 orders of magnitude or 9,499× for benchmark vda with encoding ITE-linear-2+direct and symmetry-breaking heuristic s1, relative to encoding muldirect without symmetry breaking.

most of the encodings had comparable and very efficient performance when finding solutions for configurations that were routable i.e., for which the equivalent Boolean formulas were satisfiable with either siege_v4 or MiniSat.


Since the failure of these sensors will cause minimal changes in the behavior of the classi.ers, SMART is likely to attribute these changes to natural activity pattern .uctuations rather than a failure.

sMART can be combined with state of the art health-monitoring systems, which can accurately detect fail-stop failures experienced by the rarely used sensors.


In the following we summarize these objectives and refer to them just as power consumption.

we note that this objective can and should in fact be a linear combination of the different resource consumptions.


This parameter is very sensitive since a big number of migrated individuals may cause one island to dominate others and lose global diversity.

a small number of migrated individuals causes slow convergence of the evolution process.


In systems that have well defined communication patterns and usually operate on massive sets of data, the latency and energy cost for configuring the fabric can be amortized by setting up the routing path ahead of time or by sending multiple chunks of data once the path is established.

in generic multiprocessor systems most traffic patterns are not pre-defined.


This impact is more pronounced at low frequencies.

at higher frequencies, variability may cause a drop in BER.


If many DFGs are put into one group so that they can run in parallel, it can help increase performance especially when each DFG has low instruction-level parallelism.

if too many DFG are in one group, registers can be spilled, resulting in performance reduction.


The exact cube selection algorithm guarantees the correctness of the approximate function.

this is accomplished at the cost of imposing strict constraints on cube selection, thus affecting the approximation percentage.


As we have shown in the previous sections, by allocating each working set to different colors the compiler removes most cross-interference from the program.

by carefully selecting our mapping function, the hardware can balance the amount of cross interference among sets to that of self interference by allowing each working set to use a larger portion of the cache bank.


From Fig.1 we see that, for a given SNRAD lower resolution setup needsto runathigherfrequency than higher resolution setup.

lesser resolution setuphas lesserswitching capacitance.


This approach to DVS has the advantage that it dynamically adjusts the operating voltage to account for global variations in supply voltage drop, temperature fluctuation, and process variations.

it cannot account for local variations, such as local supply voltage drops, intra-die process variations, and cross-coupled noise, and therefore requires the addition of safety margins to the critical voltage.


However, they usually suffer from either performance penalty or complex control circuitry.

this paper introduces a low-power ML architecture, called mask-aware ML (MAML), which aims to minimize the effective capacitance during the ML precharge phase.


In designing Jigsaw, we observed that miss curves are often non-convex, so hill-climbing or convex approximations are insuf.cient.

uCP s Lookahead is too slow to handle large numbers of .ne-grained partitions.


When an architecture contains more mixers, the completion time and valve-switching amount will increase because only one storage in these architectures.

the increasing rate of SMCMF algorithm is still smaller and more stable than the baseline method.


In the case of H.264, the decoder is rigidly specified by the standard and thus generally only the first type acceleration steps can be used so that the output values are precisely reserved after acceleration.

the encoder is not completely specified by the standard and thus there is quite a lot of flexibility in the encoder.


The existence of HRS can dramatically reduce the impact of sneak pathes.

any single data recording has to be associated with a multi-step write procedure which requires careful and complex operation con.guration.


Thus, we can simplify Figure 3 by collapsing the pipelined execution unit network paths into one stage (link) each.

we choose to model it as we originally presented for two reasons: .rst, the mapping of the architecture to the network is more intuitive; and second, this allows for the easy extension of breaking the energy cost down by stage.


Test input strings covering each state in the DFA can be generated.

a state can be reached along multiple paths in the DFA, necessitating traversal of each path.


Packet dropping differs from [16] and [17], both of which discuss packet queuing when the threshold is breached.

queuing may introduce significant practical question.


Mapping a speci.c node in the logic function bipartite graph onto a node in the PLA complete bipartite graph does not impose any constraints on the subsequent embedding steps and consequently, mapping a logic function onto the PLA structure is trivial.

nanowire crossbar bipartite graphs are not complete due to breaks in wires as discussed above and hence mapping a speci.c node in the logic function bipartite graph onto a node in the nanowire crossbar bipartite graph imposes a number of constraints on the subsequent embedding steps.


Types of Advice As a .rst approach, the types of advice useful in an aspectoriented extension of VHDL can be modeled after wellknown advice types.

due to the concurrent nature of VHDL, before and after advice are only well-de.ned in the context of processes.


This technique turns the hard disk into another level of the memory hierarchy so that not recently used data is moved up to disk to free space in main memory.

when the working set of an application is bigger than the available main memory, the thrashing problem easily arises.


If we were to allow all four scenarios, the complexity of individual output selection muxes would grow as 2N + 2: I2 s mux would have six inputs, I3 s eight, and so on.

because the fourth scenario is extremely rare we ignore it; when it does occur we collapse I0 and treat I1 as a non-move, taking its output from the free list.


al [7] proposed a hardware memorycontroller solution to this problem.

both these approaches in effect improve performance by increasing the bandwidth provided by the memory modules.


As shown in Figure 1b, modern processors have a variety of choices in both the structure (e.g., size, bandwidth, policy) and latency (i.e., cycles consumed for an operation) domain, yielding a considerable number of design points to test.

as the complexity of processors forces the design evaluation to be simulation-based, exhaustive search to .nd the best design point becomes infeasible.


Prior efforts in parallelizing the maximum matching algorithm utilize multiple processors that execute sequential instructions.

the underlying algorithm is based on sets, which can be represented as binary bits.


From our discussion in Section 3.4, the cache delay is increased only slightly (<5%) in nominal Vdd.

considering the increase in logic delay due to Vdd scaling, we conservatively assume that in the worst case, the latency of the cache would be increased by one full cycle for L1 and two cycles for L2.


It was observed that XPower accuracy did not increase although the test design is approximately 10 times larger than the small test designs.

it has not been possible to con.rm that static power compensation is the source of XPower errors, as the power values obtained by using MARWEL and the e.ective capacitance values represent only the dynamic interconnect power, and the increase in static power due to the larger design activity is not re.ected in their values.


Here, (a, a' ) and (b, b' ) are two symmetric pairs.

although another placement depicted in Fig.


In addition some results on the NCSs with Markov delays can be found in [14-15].

to the best of our knowledge, it seems that there are no previous results on output feedback control for uncertain NCSs with Markov delays.


In order to overcome the scalability issues of single-crossbar solutions, several approaches based on cascaded crossbars have been proposed [6], leading to topologies similar to those generated by our methodology, although they only target ASIC design .ows.

constraining the interconnect architecture to using only crossbars, as opposed to shared buses, results in higher area costs [7], particularly for FPGA-based implementations.


A great number of papers were published following this new direction [1,6,9,12,15].

none of these papers use compact model equations, con.ning the design to the MOSFET operating in either weak or strong inversion, thus, hindering designers from .nding thebest trade-o.between power consumption and circuit area.


Effect of process variation, e.g., of wire width, has been taken into consideration [3, 9, 10].

to the best of our knowledge, we are the .rst to include crosstalk aggressor alignment effect into consideration in SSTA.


The push-back operation removes a single FF from the output of a LUT and adds a FF on each net driving the LUT to preserve circuit latency.

if one of these nets has fanout greater than 1, then it is necessary to apply push-back operation to all LUTs that net drives.


SETs could get latched by subsequent latches and/or .ip-.ops and could increase the SER of combinational logic [1].

an SET will not cause a soft error in a subsequent latch/.ip .op if it is either logically masked -some other input of a gate in the SET propagation path determines its output  electrically masked -the SET is attenuated due to the electrical properties of gates in the propagation path or  latching window masked -the SET arrives at the input of a latch/ .ip-.op during the time it is not sensitive to the input  As a result, the rate at which SETs get latched as errors depends on the operating frequencies and the logic structure of the circuit.


It can be observed that when reliability is also included into the cost function, the overall reliability of the mapped application is improved.

the improvement in reliability is at the expense of increasing the energy consumption.


The transient simulation con.rms that oscillator is not locked in both cases.

it takes many cycles for transient simulation to predict injection locking.


The time complexity of a single iteration of SOLVE_LRS algorithm is linear to the number of gates (n) in the circuit.

the overall algorithm (Algorithm 1) runtime complexity can vary with the number of iterations used.


to increase memory bandwidth is to use multiple coherent memory blocks, with extra circuitry to manage memory coherency between the memory blocks.

by implementing memory coherency we add area and latency overhead.


Storing and solving the linear system are memory- and time-consuming.

the resistive model becomes invalid at high frequencies, and a comprehensive frequency-dependent impedance model is desired.


The drawback is that increasing PVN reduces SPEC, making the con.dence estimator more conservative because less mispredicted branches will be considered as low con.dence.

losing these opportunities is less prejudicial for performance than considering a correct predicted branch as low con.dence, since the mechanism would block correctpath loads delaying their memory accesses.


Another previous work [11] focuses on identifying and measuring representative design paths to predict the delays of a larger set of potentially-failing paths.

designation of potentially-failing paths may not be accurate at the design stage [5].


It took 100 generations for the learners to return to peak performance against the new player.

in the approach taken in this paper, neural networks are trained to play the game, with an opponent model as input.


a single cutting-slice will suf.ce when a horizontal slicing direction is used (Figure 6(d)), since neither uni-directional nor bi-directional overlap occurs in this case.


logic 0) yielding an observable difference at output O1.

an approach for X-tolerant REAV interprets the value of G2 as X-value resulting in no observable difference for all possible values of X.


After encoding, the size of the pointers can be reduced as shown in [16,17].

in order to support type casting and out-of-bound array accesses, we assume that pointers have a fixed size.


However, the low bias currents limit the input and output swings consequently reducing the signal-to-noise ratio.

the expanding function in a square-root domain circuit is much more difficult to accomplish, often demanding the use of geometric-mean and multiplier-divider circuits.


Researchers also proposed an active .ash, which performs computation using a controller in the SSD [1].

the SSD controller needs to implement a .ash translation layer to make the SSD as an emulated HDD for most operating systems.


These results suggest that turning off the FP unit during runahead mode is a valuable optimization that both increases performance and saves energy in a runahead processor.

early INV wake-up is not worthwhile to implement since its performance bene.t is more ef.ciently captured by turning off the FP unit and its implementation increases the complexity of the scheduling logic.


It is the same characteristic that enables both, but each architecture has a different mechanism for issuing from multiple threads.

neither of the other two architectures can issue from more than one thread, and, hence, their performance is not as sealable in this manner, we can see that performance appears to saturate at the high-rates achieved with ip4.


For FFT the low ILP is remarkable since the Fourier transform is in general a very data.ow-dominant algorithm and therefore one would expect a higher ILP.

the FFT implementation in our case uses a recursive approach which limits the parallelism by executing many functions consisting of small basic blocks.


The higher latency of LPDDR2 is due to the higher bank-turnaround time, the slower arrays (due to lower voltages) as well as the lower data bus frequency.


Experimental Set-up The most effective approach for leakage power savings during SRAM standby mode is the scaling of Supply voltage (......).

lowering ...... as far as possible although maximizes the reduction in leakage power but also leads to data loss.


Most FPGA clustering tools [2, 3, 11] aim to reduce the amount of inter-cluster connections, hence reducing channel width needs.

if this exceeds the FPGA s channel width (a hard con  SRAM N feedback connections straint), then the circuit still cannot be routed.


The LE designed herein can be programmed as all 27 fundamental NCL gates, including both resetting and inverting variations, and can be programmed as an inverter.

the reconfigurable LE designed in [11] can only be programmed as 8 of the 27 fundamental gates (TH12, TH13, TH14, TH22, TH33, TH44, TH23, and TH34w2), including both resetting and inverting variations, and can be programmed as an inverter.


V. MEMORY LOCATION PREDICTION The Co-Located LLT avoids the latency of LLT lookup for lines resident in the stacked DRAM by fetching the LLT entry and data together.

it still suffers from the latency of LLT lookup for lines that are resident in the off-chip memory.


CONCLUSIONS Nano-crossbar architectures using self-assembly nanofabrication are promising alternatives for current CMOS technology.

extreme parameter variation leading to delay unpredictability is one of the major concerns in this nanotechnology.


The obvious advantage of this approach is it- s simplicity--virtually no special hardware is required.

its potential drawback is a longer thread-spawn la- tency.


Assuming the PMOS current is linear between x --xe and x = n, the PMOS current is approximated by Ivl = Ip,~i= + S(z-n) with the slope S and initial current Ipmi,.

for most 1-~+, this leads to inaccuracy of cases, Xc = 2 in the case of extremely slow input ramp.


The above expression gives the optimum shifted mean vector, ..* of the distribution .. (.., ..*) (optimal practical distribution for IS) which is closest in distance to the ideal distribution for IS, ............(..).

there are two issues with equation (8) and they are as follows · The indicator function 1( .. .


With the Coarse_FM, only one path remains from R0 to R1, via links R0.R2 and R2.R1.

with the Fine_FM, an ad  to other from other upstream router downstream router routers routers input port routers routers Figure 3: A datapath segment includes the crossbar contacts to the output port and the output port in the upstream router, the link, the input port buffer and the crossbar contacts from it in the downstream router.


Since in our accumulator loop design the minimum delay is through two 2-way XOR gates (~5.4 FO4), which is longer than the pulse width, we did not encounter problems with fast paths.

the minimum pulse width has to be wide enough for data to be written into the latch under the worst condition.


when the predictor is implemented in a data macro-network with Obviously, the router described by Equation 8 has a bounded response.

since such a control does not limit the source injection directly, if the average arrival rate becomes larger than the service rate of the router, the input buffers will remain full for most of the time.


That is, we can have different simple encodings that are used to further partition the subdomains from the same level.

in the experiments, we will use only one simple encoding for each level in a hierarchical encoding.


We have modi.ed RSIM to allow nodes suffering an L2 cache miss to directly access the corresponding directory entry without spending any cycle.

this only constitutes an approximation of the oracle predictor behavior since mispredictions are still possible.


For high electric .eld Eox, there is a possibility of stress induced leakage current (SILC) [26] or even, in worst case TDDB, which will overlap and contaminate the NBTI related IDDQ measurement.

using speci.c temperature and voltage dependency of each degradation mechanism, it is possible to isolate the e.ect of NBTI.


Average power reduction: The main motivation (and focus) of our approach is the peak power.

one could retain the overprovisioning in power and cooling and still use this approach to extract average power consumption efficiencies.


ECC FIFO is easily integrated with any cache coherence mechanism because the T2EC FIFO in DRAM is inherently private.

the increased tra.c of ECC FIFO may hurt the performance due to relatively lower DRAMbandwidthper core in CMPs.


Therefore its capacitance can be added to the intrinsic decap between the power and ground.

since the contribution of active devices capacitance is small (around 2% of Cdie), the well capacitance is not expected to be large.


This pruning technique can also be adapted to work with a path-sat methodology.

it is only applicable on paths that belong to a tree where the root is a primary output and the leaves are primary inputs.


ECC is proven as an effective mechanism for handling soft errors [23].

in a high-failure rate situation, most coding schemes are not practical because of the strict bound on the number of tolerable faults in each protected data chunk.


MOTIVATION Multicore chips are currently dominating the microprocessor market as designs that improve performance and sustain power consumption.

complex core features must be still considered to provide good performance for existing sequential applications.


It is because of this inrush current that conventional power gating is not suitable for use during active mode.

in our approach, inrush (discharge) current is small ((x) in Figure 3) due to the suspended virtual ground voltage, and the inrush current overhead is compensated during the idle state ((y) in Figure 3).


We would then raise the lower bound of this path.

if a .xed path is essentially too fast (too many voltages as high), we will lower the upper bound.


608 fJ/b energy ef.ciency) for 10-hop (10 mm) link traversal, maintaining bit error rate (BER) below 10-9 .

the equivalent full-swing repeaters can transmit 5.5 Gb/s data at most, with BER which is less that 10-9 , consuming 4.21 mW (i.e.


When ß and RFNRFPRFN ß are large enough, it is clear that and move RFP.VRF.VRFP toward the weak inversion region.

if both and .VRF .V are located in weak inversion region, the conversion gain RFP will increase significantly, and the unacceptable linearity and the speed degradation occur.


downloads the best circuit into the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) at each generation.

on-line EHW downloads each circuit into the FPGA at each generation to testify its functionality.


The data.ow approach and the QPOS Grid tend to trade o. between latency and area.

we expect that the data.ow approach will show greater potential for pipelining, thus allowing us to target circuits such as an encoded ancilla generation factory, for which throughput is of greater importance than latency.


Besides conventional approaches to mount components onto the substrate, thinned integrated circuits can be embedded into the build-up layers of the substrate [16].

thinning and embedding of semiconductor chips with analogue circuitry or RF components may cause parameter variations due to the permittivity change of the surrounding material.


CONCLUSIONS  Dynamic cache resizing mechanisms are promising ap A=16 proaches toward performance improvement and energy re A=1  A=32 duction.

dead-on-.ll blocks spoil the advantages of the mechanism.


Section 4 describes our AEP implementation given by a virtual machine on an FPGA.

the AEP can also be implement as a complete software solution, e.g., on embedded microcontrollers.


Nevertheless, it provides less accurate results, since some internal details of the target processor are omitted.

this solution is still too slow for efficient early estimations.


As expected, the block granularity shows higher energy savings compared to the page granularity.

as we describe in Section 5.2, such an implementation would complicate the design considerably (and will incur performance costs).


Moreover, not all prior methods can provide criticality information for circuit optimization.

performance optimization of asynchronous pipelines can be expensive, too.


In principle, a very careful selection of materials can minimize alpha particles.

this solution is very expensive and never eliminates the problem completely [7].


At first, we wanted our students to actually use the application, and managed to complete the adjustment process of "English on the Move -Audio News Trainer", designed by Bárcena & Read, but it was not finally incorporated as an element of use in the research, due to a number of compatibility problems detected in an earlier pilot study.

this research and the previous pilot study have served as source of valuable feedback that will solve these problems and we will try to incorporate ANT application in future researches carried out along this line.


In order to achieve the requirement of obtaining more high-quality images and short imaging time, devices utilize high magnetic field (>3 T) and high power electromagnetic (EM) wave pulses has been developed [2], [3].

some problems caused by high magnetic field and high power EM wave pulses.


If the times between successive frame arrivals are large, (>10 ms), then platform con.guration decisions can be made at each frame arrival with insigni.cant overhead.

if the task time-periods are small (say hundreds of µs) then the overhead of platform con.guration may out-weigh its bene.ts.


With multi-pumping, the DSP reduction comes at a cost of 5% higher wall-clock time and 2% more registers.

traditional resource sharing increased circuit wall-clock time by 80%, ALUTs by 7%, and registers by 22% to achieve the same DSP reduction.


In a fully .exible architecture, the post-routed wirelength would be similar to the pre-routed wirelength modeled in this paper.

in typical FPGAs, the detailed routing architecture is far from fully .exible, meaning the post-routed wirelength may be signi.cantly longer than the pre-routed wirelength.


Two phase approach can indeed eliminate the number of CGPs by averagely 52% after inserting stitches.

lack of thecarefulplanning,theircoloring inthe .rst stepproduces very poor starting solution, and there are a big amount of unresolved con.icts left after possible splitting.


For HCS benchmarks, the optimal PD can lead to signi.cant speedups.

the curves are .atter than those observed in CPUs [11].


As mentioned in Section 1, even [6] finds the optimal padding, the directly mapped results may still incur hold violations.

based on our coarsegrained and fine-grained load/buffer allocation methods, we can successfully achieve the padding values assigned by Stage 1 for all cases.


[9] present a component-based design flow for a heterogeneous and multicore SoC, where the flow introduces a systematic method of wrapper generation for multicore SoC design.

in the communication network design [7, 8 and 9], the flows presented only supports generation of a single bus type for the system (e.g., a shared bus or a point-to-point interconnection).


Upcoming faults are anticipated using timing sensors.

a lack of suf.cient time limits the scope of corrective techniques, and hurts their fault coverage [12].


These latter applications, for which fabrication of dense arrays is under development, face the challenge of avoiding magnetic dipole interactions between individual elements, which limits data storage density.

these interactions are exploited in the magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata (MQCA) system, which is a network of closely-spaced, dipole-coupled, single-domain nanomagnets designed for digital computation.


In experiments with our testbed based on a thermal chamber, we observe evidence that (enterprise class) hard disks do employ mechanisms, such as RaW, but we .nd that they tend to kick in only at very high temperatures and are associated with signi.cant performance penalties.

we .nd that one of the concerns often associated with scrubbing does not seem to be a valid concern in practice, which might make scrubbing the better approach to defend against LSEs: some fear that the extra workload placed on a drive by the scrub process might lead to early wear-out of the drive, but we see no correlation between a drive s workload intensity and it s failure probability.


This pattern is not a hot-spot , since there is spacing for correction.

this finding can guide OPC recipe to focus on this area and develop more aggressive OPC to prevent pinching.


This can be accomplishedbyaccounting for the functional dependence on both the frequency as well as the parameters and matching moments of the joint space [1, 5], or simply matching the moments of the individual parameter spaces [3].

the structure of such methods may present some computational problems, and the resulting system models usually sufferfromoversizewhenthenumberof momentstomatch is high, either because high accuracy (order) is required or because the number of parameters is large.


And the BPGQ, WRR and the proposed scheduler allocate the bandwidth according to their static credit con.guration.

the BGPQ algorithm re-allocates the residual bandwidth completely to the non-empty port with highest priority.


This approach is appealing especially for self-calibration in the .eld to account for ageing e.ects.

adding the feedback calibration loop on-chip unavoidably increases the area overhead and the overall complexity of the design.


Ruby leverages the full system infrastructure of Simics andprovides timing simulation for the memory hierarchy.

ruby does not faithfully simulate the DRAM behavior.


For example, to fully commit the sleep-mode modules inserted in Figure 5, we can simply connect the control portion of the circuit within the SleepModeModule and insert AND gates on the data signals, as shown in Figure 7.

4.3 Gate-level Partially Committing the full commit may cause new timing violations.


In these schemes, performance degradation is not avoidable due to tradeoff between power consumption and performance.

increased execution time requires more energy consumption not only in DRAM but also in all other parts of computer system, which may aggravate total system energy consumption.


The greatest design challenge for such circuits is related to the frequency range of interest: physiological signals have frequency components in the DC to units of kH z range [1].

the slow electro-chemical processes that develop between the electrode-skin interface constitute a source of interfering signals in the sub-Hz frequency range [2], developing o.set voltages in the electrodes which can have amplitudes of up to tenths of mV [3].


Unlike[19],inthispaperwedo not consider which clocks should be routed on global versus regional clock resources our placer assumes such decisions havealready been made.

like[19],ourplacerdoes consider minimizing the clock network resources used within a region, albeit using what can be viewed as an extension of theplacement algorithmin[19].


Using the same level of accuracy was not feasible for a full die.

we needed to determine how much to reduce the grid and still maintain the accuracy of the detailed effects we wanted to observe, especially with respect to resonance.


For example, we can observe two 65 Financial configurations that provide approximately the same capacity (a 60 1.8  disk drive with 2 platters and a 2.6  drive with 1 platter).


and ryw.. After this, w acknowledges with ayw., and the reset phase begins when y generates ryw..

the reset phase cannot complete since w must wait for rxw.


The impact of surface roughness on resistance in modern IC design and simulation thus is commonly handled by the analytical formula [4] -1 2 h 2 se =s1+ tan-11.4, (1) pd where se is the effective conductivity (EC), h is the RMS height of the roughness and d is the skin depth.

since only h is incorporated in the formula, (1) fails to differentiate different patterns and settings of roughness as long as they share the same RMS height, rending it inaccurate and in.exible for most cases.


In this case the most ef.cient energy sources are taken into account.

the planner could decide to produce a green plan and consider environmental receptorsmsuch as the air quality, or the quality of the surface water.


Originally, gprof pro.led the application with two di.erent keys encrypting ten thousand blocks each.

since the internal mcount function ranked third in terms of processing time, the number of keys used to encrypt the ten thousand blocks was increased to four hundred.


A QCA-based carry-look-ahead adder is obtained by connecting the carry out of a full adder to the carry in of the next full adder [6].A microprocessor is proposed on [7].

design tools and simulators have been developed to facilitate the design entry and verification.


By using di.erent model parameters, we could have aimed for tighter intervals after the burn-in period.

our goal is simply to obtain an approximate failure probability using as few SPICE simulations as possible.


as the basic logic family because of its low power.

cMOS gates are notorious for their low driving capability.


of Electrical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan ihchen@ lpvlsi.ee.ncku.edu.tw, lihyih@mail.ncku.edu.tw, seya@ lpvlsi.ee.ncku.edu.tw Abstract-Performance estimation at system-level involves quantitative analysis to allow designers to evaluate alternative architectures before implementation.

designers must spend a tremendous amount of time in system remodeling for performance estimation for each alternative solution in a huge design space.


Puri.er Implementation We could implement tree puri.cation (Section 4.5) naively at each possible endpoint by including one hardware puri.er for each node in the tree.

as the tree depth increases, the hardware needs quickly become prohibitive.


Simulations at the 90nm node on 3mm to 10mm range of wirelength considering minimum pitch intermediate and global metal layers show up to 31% delay reduction and up to 80% less repeater count compared to conventional repeated wires.

assumer interconnect suffers from switching power overhead.


Areadmodifywrite 1.reads1oandf1o; 2.writesfo; 1 3.alulateso=fo81o8fo;and 4.writeso.


In this case, only one noise senso r right at the hot spot is sufficient to detect all emergenciess.

more sensors are required by EigenMap or otheer approaches that aim at fully recovering the entire noise mapp.


4.3.4 Combination of Modalities As shown in Table 2, the score for the combination of visual and load modalities exceeded other combinations of two modalities in most of the cases.

the combination of load and auditory modalities showed worse scores.


The star-mesh topology provides a very good latency at low traf.c (7 clock cycles) due to the high network concentration.

this advantage comes at the cost of low network throughput (0.19 .its/cycle/module).


Practical Methods in Coverage-Oriented Verification of the Merom Microprocessor Alon Gluska Intel MG MATAM Haifa, Israel Alon.gluska@intel.com ABSTRACT Functional coverage is a well known means of measuring verification progress.

approaches to coverage, such as Coverage Driven and Coverage Oriented approaches, are often difficult or impractical to implement.


It may be slightly larger, slightly slower, or consume slightly more power than a chip that is carefully handcrafted without imposing this discipline.

this slightly sub-optimal chip will get to market months before its handcrafted cousin.


PREVIOUS WORKS In Figure 1(a), a typical implementation of the power-gating technique is depicted.

if the sleep transistor is turned on in an abrupt manner, significant ground bouncing can be observed.


Due to the boundary effect, the storage channel cannot be completely closed.

we .nd that the channel capacity drops dramatically as the window size increases.


Using this method and when considering only in memory operations, they obtain a near-optimal speedup on multicore systems.

when considering network I/O (our case), the speedup is signi.cantly reduced, by up to 50%.


In the designspeci.c mode, power data compression signi.cantly improves execution time (30%) in the case where the power models are mapped to the host.

the gains are less spectacular when the power models are mapped to the board.


A smart geometrical variation model for surface roughness In [9], the involvement of geometrical process variations will lead to a direct perturbation over the coordinates and the nodes are supposed to randomly .uctuate between their upper and lower neighbor nodes.

when the .uctuation becomes larger, it is highly possible for a node to exceed the  (a) (b) Fig.


The exploration of these new controllers with traditional cycle and pin accurate (CA) Register Transfer Level (RTL) models provides the needed accuracy.

the RTL models are in.exible in terms of the large design space and the very long simulation times.


The overdriving scheme does not affect the hot carrier effect of NMOS transistor because the VDS remains the same as that in normal operation.

the higher VGB increases the potential on the gate oxide of NMOS transistor and may incur potential reliability issues, i.e., oxide TDDB.


For example, w50 can be reduced to use 12% of its original BRAMs.

as the input image width increases and buffer depths approach the BRAM block s depth of 1024 words (Xilinx 18Kb BRAM), the potential for achieving memory reduction lowers.


As it will be explained shortly, in the first method, the trace partitioning is dynamically changed so that the encoding method can precisely track addresses in up to two sectors.

in the second and third methods, the partitioning is done statically.


Also, careful layouts to avoid well proximity effect (WPE) can reduce Vth.

some of the techniques may become impractical since their gain in capacitance density does not offset the associated area overhead.


Using a 2M on-chip implementation, a DBCP offers timely prefetching and on average speeds up applica- tions by 62% and at best by 282%.

ideal MCP implementations assuming unlimited storage increase performance on average only by 17% and at best by 51%.


Doubling the number of scan chains reduces test application time and the power consumption nearly by half.

the increased scan chain count increases pin count requirements of ATEs, resulting in higher cost.


This is transparent to software, but would require a coherence directory for LLC data.


In the interest of keeping the skew very close to zero, the algorithm guarantees that the number of regenerating elements is equalized along any root-to-sink paths of the tree.

in spite of the solid theoretical basis of this solution, experimental results showed very small di.erences with the clock trees generated by the original approach by Igarashi et al., witnessing the goodness of the greedy approach of [13].


This can cancel out the e.ect of MV and produce deterministic output for all the ICs.

the trusted system veri.er should also test and certify the PUF s randomness [18, 17].


Each row of the allocated matrix is given to each outer pattern iteration, which cannot be coalesced since the analysis assigns dimension x to the outer pattern.

by using the mapping information we can choose the proper layout based on the access patterns, as shown in Figure 11 (b), and this provides an additional 5x speedup for sumW eightedCols.


It is natural to choose xso that vq =(vbe,vbc)T becomes a point in the forward active operation region for all transistors.

since vq is a vector consisting of branch voltages but x is a vector consisting of node voltages and branch currents of the independent voltage sources, we have to calculate the initial point x0 such that vq becomes a point in the forward active operation region.


These libraries of IP cores, either available in-house or commercialized on the market, are reused by embedding them into a single system chip, conceptually in the same way as integrated circuits were connected on PCBs.

while system geometry shrinking and design reusing allow impressive gains, SoC testing faces new set of problems, among which we can identify: -testing cores with different functionnalities, coming from different companies, -accessing cores from the system primary inputs and outputs, -controlling whole SoC test process.


An ISS-based processor model allows for cycle-accurate simulation of software.

iSS-based VP has several limitations: (1) ISSs simulate too many unnecessary details of software execution and therefore are often very slow.


Together with finer pipestages, modern microprocessor has accelerated its frequency greatly in recent years.

it is believed more complexity is necessary to continue the exploitation of parallelism.


These trends are sustained by the numerous advantages the real-time SOC (system-on-chip)) approach offers : the use of an RTOS facilitates the management of aperiodic tasks and real time constraints;  dedicated HW modules can be implemented on the same chip to speed up critical applications tasks;  the chip capacity enables to implement complex applications with a large set of architectural alternatives;  the on-chip communication bandwidth makes HW / SW code- sign really attractive;  the processor core can be tailored reagrding the application in terms of co-processors and dedicated memory hierarchy.

the associated design space is conjointly exploding and consequently requires methods and tools to guide the designer to- wards an (the) interesting solution.


This means that running one thread per core only utilizes half of the core throughput.

due to nonideal clock gating within the core, the power dissipation of Fig.


For one thing, statistical cell models [16] would need to be built if one is to use a cell-level or block-level .ow.

our approach does not propagate distributions.


Skew Management of NBTI Impacted Gated Clock Trees Ashutosh Chakraborty ECE Department The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78703, USA ashutosh@cerc.utexas.edu ABSTRACT NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability) has emerged as the dominant failure mechanism for PMOS in nanometer IC designs.

its impact on one of the most important components of modern IC design -the clock tree has not been researched enough.


While round-to-nearest produces the best result, it requires signi.cant latency and area to round both operands of each FP operation before execution.

truncation s negative bias in error injection results in much higher requirements.


Generally, simple deterministic algorithms do not cope very well with random failures [11].

the cost of implementing full-blown adaptive routing [13] for NoCs is prohibitive because of the need of very large buffers, lookup tables and complex shortest-path algorithms.


Note that process variations, crosstalk, and power supply noise are not included in the simulations in order to focus on the aging variations.

as discussed earlier, time 0 measurement can largely compensate for process variations and impact of interconnects.


The conventional approach for 3D ICs (using commercial tools) is to create one separate clock tree per tier, and tie them together using a single MIV.

the OpenSPARC T2 core has several clock gates built into the RTL.


The number of inequalities in (7) seems to be too large.

as inequalities in (7) involve only binary variables, L they can be merged as follows: x - lxy - ly n + un) (1) Min HPWL =(u n n pcr1q1 + pcr2q2 1n.N subject to lx n xc + px u x n, .


Notice that URISC shares the Fetch stage with theTigerMIPS pipeline, while other stages are all distinct.

in the UF stage, we introduceasmall pre-decodertoidentifyanyinstructionthatrequires the URISC.


Through architectural enhancements, supply voltage reductions and technology scaling, the power consumed per FPGAlogic element has been decreasing with each successive FPGAgeneration [5].

these power reductions have been more than o.set by the increasing logic density of FPGAs, with the result being that the power consumed by the largest devices is now measured in watts.


MARS-C and FASER use symbolic techniques to compute logic and electrical masking with a high level of accuracy.

these tools scale the .nal error probability by a factor that depends on the length of the clock cycle.


Similar to the Shear-Warp algorithm, three volume representations are stored, one for each dimension.

run-length encoding is not used because it can not be well integrated into a SIMD architecture due to the strong data dependence which makes frequent conditional branches unavoidable.


The reason for this behavior is that at lower levels of memory traf.c, the lower hop-count of CMesh provides a faster network transit time compared to Mesh.

as network load increases, CMesh becomes bandwidth limited (recall that CMesh has only half of the bisection bandwidth of Mesh and DB), and then queuing delays rather than the number of hops dominate the end-to-end message latency.


In general, detailed optimizations [11, 12, 18, 25] have more de.nite relevant information but are normally restricted by global optimization results.

global level optimizations [29 31] have much greater .exibility on making changes but lack precise information for evaluating solution quality.


Memory tra.c is calculated as the product of cache misses and cache line size.

on Cell, as all memory tra.c is explicit in the code, it can be computed directly.


The well-known RBS approach [5] time-stamps messages only on the receiver side; therefore, it effectively eliminates random delays on the sender side.

time-stamping the radio messages in the low layers of the radio stack has practically the same effect [6].


A couple of key observations can be made: 1. the tasks of interpreting, pro.ling, and translating are best o.oaded to a hardware co-processor in order to minimize overhead on the primary processor 2. the target of the translation must be capable of providing accelerated computation for algorithms identi.ed in the hot-spot regions of the source binary  The idea of o.oading computation to a co-processor is commonly employed.

we propose that a recon.gurable target is provided in system.


The total delay can therefore be separated into the delay in triggering an alarm and the delay in propagating the alarm.

as mentioned earlier the process of propagating an alarm to the control center is mostly a routing problem and does not depend on our proposed approach.


Using fault-injection, it has been shown that transient faults are often masked, easier to categorize, and have a temporal effect on program behavior [37].

the effect of hard-faults on program execution is hard to study since each hard-fault can result in a complicated intertwined behavior.


When all these factors are considered, the total number of di.erent special instruction patterns can easily grow to way over one hundred.

if we look into each individual kernel, we can see that the number of patterns used in one kernel is much smaller than the number of total patterns.


For Latency-Limited workloads, TLM-Dynamic has some performance degradation compared to Cache.

for Capacity-Limited workloads, the overhead of data migration far outweighs the potential bene.ts.


In brief, the application software finds 3 letter long query words which score at least threshold value T with a scoring matrix when aligned with words extracted from the query sequence.

in case when there is a constructed PSSM, the application software finds 3 letter long query words which score at least threshold value T when aligned with the PSSM.


Without the search zone technique, all sets in the cache are searched to invalidate cache lines related to the evicted TLB entry.

only zone 3 is searched with the search zone technique since only that search zone bit for the TLB entry is  1.


This result illustrates the fact that increasing the number of vertical vias is, in fact, feasible in terms of area consumption by the wires themselves.

as explained in Section 3.4, adding extra vertical bundles in the 3D crossbar is prohibitive in terms of arbitration complexity; the area, power and latency increases incurred by a highly-complex arbitration scheme negate any advantages provided by the increased number of interlayer bundles.


Assuming two banks for an instant, the top bank is powered When entering sleep mode, the intermediate virtual supply settles 12 12 from Vdd to · Vdd, and the bottom bank is powered from ·  2 to exactly Vdd tual supply.

this virtual supply settles to nearly when connecting the bulk nodes to the this same vir-Vdd to ground.


Retiming theory allows us to move the source register backwards.

doing so may introduce a glitch on the signal that feeds the asynchronous lines.


We have shown that value prediction removes communications even for previously proposed steering schemes not specially designed to exploit value prediction.

performance is higher if the steering logic exploits the predictability of values.


INTRODUCTION On-chip power/ground network analysis currently considers inductances of package and bonding wires commonly.

inductances of on-chip wires are hardly considered, because inductances of on-chip wires are smaller than those of package and bonding wires so far.


In contrast, our NOC-Out design lowers NOC area overheads by limiting the extent of on-die connectivity.

nOC-Out s ef.ciency can be further improved by leveraging many of the previously proposed optimizations.


Although the techniques of [3] and [4] optimize the partitioning and ordering of the coefficients, the cost function of the algorithms is calculated for all the combinations over the coefficients, which is limited to a small group of coefficients, where the total number of permutations is calculated in a still reasonable time.

for a higher number of coefficients these exhaustive algorithms are less attractive due to the time necessary to process the large number of combinations.


To explicitly detect a con.ict, whenever a processor acknowledges a request and sends data, it remembers the address in a table until cleared by the combined response that the winning requestor resends.

our GREEDY-ORDER protocol uses owner bits and a memory interface cache to reduce memory latency and bandwidth in a CMP.


We thus obtain that the even-split routing has link utilization of 3.

the shortest-path routing (solid lines in (c)) would send on each edge only the demand due to the very same OD pair, resulting in maximum link utilization of 1.


If the tag of both of the operands of an instruction is zero, then the output tag is also zero.

if either of the operands of an instruction is non-zero, then the non-zero tag is propagated.


A signi.cant amount of research in this area have concentrated on gate sizing optimization with deterministic models.

the increasing impact of process variations in the nanometer era, necessiates the need to develop design and optimization methods using non-deterministic models.


In all three cases, the cell eventually writes.

when TWL is much larger than the TCRIT, as in the solid line, the disturbance caused by the Read operation does not affect the write and there are no bends in the path.


This paper focuses on scheduling for interactive systems without hard timing constraints.

real-time scheduling is more tightly constrained because it must meet hard deadlines [5].


1.1 Domain Name System Security Correct and e.cient operation of the Domain Name System (DNS) is essential for the operation of the Internet.

there is a long history of vulnerabilities and exploits related to DNS, most notably DNS cache poisoning.


[2] use .ller cells to control the whitespace allocation.

this method signi.cantly increases the number of cells and thus leads to longer running time.


iTRS projections for microprocessor pad counts do not correspond to the minimum achievable bump pitch.


assumes that when routes are shared between two communication traces (in order to minimize router resources) there is no violation of port bandwidth constraints.

violations could exist and we address them by splitting the traces across di.erent router ports.


The delay of returning credits provides the appearance of shallower buffers to create a stiff backpressure.

to ensure that the entire buffer gets utilized and there is no reduced throughput at high load, the credits needs to delayed by the variance of td across all outputs.


False alarm is referred to the process in which the channel is sensed busy while no PU s signal is present.

miss detection means that the signal of PU is not detected by SUs, then the channel is perceived idle.


A simpler solution is to concatenate the input test speci.cations.

the different scenarios would be generated sequentially and not interleaved in one another.


Despite that fact, in digital signal processing systems almost whole execution time of the processor will be occupied.

hardware implementation of algorithms gives prerequisites and potentialities for acceleration and parallelisation of the computing process.


2.2 Implicit interactive computing composition tools High-level interactive computing composition tools offer more expressive interfaces, but they still require explicit interaction and attention of the user.

some researchers have been exploring how the music can be created by implicitly analyzing users' everyday interaction with the environment, e.g.


The essence of the ROMAN algorithm is to externally approximate the nonlinear circuit behavior within the selected frequency bands of interest.

as the bandwidth increases, a great number of frequency expansion points, as well as complicated model structures, are required to achieve the sufficient accuracy.


If the set of coalesced t constraints of the two LBL s (denoted Lbland Lbl2) A11Bi>b14A11 (3) A2 2Bi>b24A22 has integer solutions, then the intersection is a new LBL:  Lblt Lbl2q{ qT11Bi+T11+f1s.t.

constraints (3)} the real dif.culty is the decomposition of the differences Lblt4dLblt Lbl2)and Lbl24dLblt Lbl2), and the reason is that the difference of two LBL s is not necessarily an LBL.


For every extra .nger, not only some digital blocks (as in the fully digital receiver), but also some of the analog components and the ADCs have to be copied.


In contrast, this paper parallelizes the full timing-driven annealing-based algorithm in VPR5.

unlike the Altera work, we show that our approach can scale to a larger number of processors.


For each of n temperature-violating hot spots with temperature Ti > Ttarget, i =1, 2, ..., n, we perform sensitivity analysis for Ti with respect to the number of thermal vias at each thermal via location as in Section 3, and this can be performed fast due to the advantage of adjoint sensitivity analysis.

to reduce the complexity of the LP problem, we only record those non-trivial sensitivity values sv,ij = sth,in which sth is a constant threshold of sensitivity and in practice we take sth =0.01°C per via; the associated location j is then de.ned as a candidate thermal via location, and j =1, 2..., p,where p is the total number of candidate thermal via locations.


3.4 CACH E C A PAC I T Y A D J US T M E N T By using way-shutdown technique to turn-off unused cache ways, the system static energy consumption can be reduced [1, 8, 13].

directly applying their approaches in multi-core system will lead to performance loss if the cache capacity of critical thread is too small to hold used data.


So far, comparisons of performance in EMO have been undertaken in the presence of many types of problem di.culties, such as: convexity, non-convexity, or discontinuity.

not much work has been done in the area of noisy landscapes.


Therefore it should be possible to exploit this regularity for sparing-based defect tolerance.

the conventional model of a single bitstream that maps each function to a single physical resource prevents us from exploiting this capability.


The partial system view of distributed organization may lead to inefficient adaptations [12].

centralized approaches [6][9][10][13] have a full system view, being not scalable because the number of PEs to manage increases with the system size.


...., is too complex for the SAT solver to handle.

a simpli.ed model abstracted using shorter properties may be feasible.


Achieving Out-of-Order Performance with Almost In-Order Complexity Francis Tseng Yale N. Patt Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin {tsengf,patt}@hps.utexas.edu  Abstract Thereis still muchperformance tobegainedbyout-of-order processors with wider issue widths.

traditional methods of increasing issue width do not scale; that is, they drastically increase design complexity and power requirements.


We already know from the previous section that multifrontal factorization is not a good choice for this problem.

due to the unnecessary data movement, it is the left-looking tra.c that is larger when 2-d blocks are used.


Typically, these collection tools instrument MPI programs with the MPI pro.ling layer (PMPI), and record communication operation details (e.g., message type, size, source/destination, and timestamp) during the program execution.

as the applications scale up (in terms of both the number of processes and the problem size), the volume of communication traces increases dramatically.


6.2 Sequence of Quadratic Programing The optimization problem for power supply network is a constrained non-linear optimization problem in time domain, which is computationally difficult, especially for large-scale problems.

after multigrid reduction, the reduced problem can be solved efficiently.


The original HDL descriptions of b04 and b09 contain a high number of nested conditions, respectively, on 8 bitsized and 1 bit-sized signals and registers.

ex and b00 contain conditional statements where one branch has probability 1- 232 1 of being satis.ed, while the other has probability 232 1 .


[11] uses polynomial .tting, [12] models skewness of PDF.

all of them use the idea of statistical approximation: reducing error for highly probable variations at the expense of high error in other regions of variations.


Until recent years, there are a few research projects which focused on developing parallel FMM algorithms on GPUs [8, 9].

existing GPU-based FMM methods merely exploit parallel computation of multipole and local expansion coe.cients on-the-.y during each sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SPMV), without optimizing the GPU data structures or algorithm .ows according to the latest GPU hardware properties, which can not be directly deployed for e.cient acceleration of GPU-based 3-D capacitance extraction programs.


The same occurs with the power spent due to the leakage that decays with lower VDD also.

automotives applications are supplied by a power system that needs to support wide voltage variation from 6V during the cranking (to start the engine) to 40V during the load dump.


Figure14:Givenafxednumberofiterationsto route,theprobabilityofsuessfulroutinginreases withthenumberofrelaxednets AlgorithmRelax Iets(netlistN) begin ConstrutGr(VrVEr); R:0; whilethereisanodevwithSv:Lvdo begin relaxnetv; R:R{v}; reomputeslakforpathsontainingv; end.

returnR; end Figure1 :AlgorithmRelax Iets  relaxationmustensurethattheperformaneoftheiruit doesnotdegrade.itiseasytoseethatbyusing informationaboutthefowofsignalsintheiruit,thisrelaxationanbedoneinsuhawaythattheperformane oftheiruitdoesnotdegrade.Thisisdonebyidentifying asubsetofnetsthatdonotlieonthelongestpath,and togetherdoesnotinreasethetotaldelay.Todothis,we frstonstrutagraphGr(VrVEr)whereeahnEVrisa net,and(uVv)EErifnetupreedesnetv.Foreahnode vinthegraph,wefnditsslak,Sv,whihisthediferene betweenthelongestpathofthegraphandthelongestpath throughthenet.LettheinreaseindelaybeLvwhennet visrelaxed.AlgorithmRelax  Ietsgivesaheuristitofnd thesetofnetstorelaxthatwillnotdegradetheperformane oftheiruit.Moresophistiatedmethodsthatinreasethe numberofnetsrelaxedanbeemployed.


If violators of MinIA constraints have enough spacing around them, then the violations can be easily .xed by inserting same-Vt .ller cells, thereby increasing the width of the implant area.

when the spacing is insuf.cient, we must change cell size/Vt or perturb the placement, such that the implant layer region of the narrow cell can match up with an adjacent (abutting) implant layer region.


On one hand, they split multi-wavelength signals into their basic components, each one routed to a different destination.

they aggregate signals from different masters (featuring different wavelengths) for each destination.


An Erroneous Case is detected by a parity tree if and only if the parity tree comprises an odd number of bits bi that detect the Erroneous Case at any speci.c time-step between 1 and p. We note that the problem may be modelled as an NP-complete minimum cover problem, for which several heuristics exist [15].

expanding the error detectability table to explicitly represent all possible parity functions for each latency step is infeasible, since there is an exponential number of alternative parity combinations.


For typical designs, Vmin was shown to fall around 300mV resulting in a frequency of operation in the hundreds of kHz range [3][4].

many ultra-low power applications, such as active RFIDs, sensor networks and implantable medical devices require substantial lower operating frequencies, ranging from 100 s to 1000 s of Hz or even less [5].


3.2.3 Pipelines During the microarchitecture design stage, FV proceeded as it had in the architecture de.nition stage.

a new design feature had to be considered: pipelines.


In this scenario, the traditional paradigm for hardening systems is based on either the adoption of speci.c fault tolerant architectures([3,4])orthe exploitationof applicationlevel reliability-orientedpolicies([5,6]).

the former strategy constitutes a rigid solution with high costs, while the latter introduces signi.cant time overheads if applied in a straightforward manner, especially if the application scenario allows for a selective hardening approach for a limited .nal overhead ([7, 8]).


could not be predicted even with the AOP scheme.

for MP3D prediction was shown to bring negligible improvements in execution time, so that the speed-up of 7% is mainly due to the use of the directory cache.


The TBR model is about as (in)accurate as previously.

the accuracy of the input-correlated reduction procedure degrades noticeably.


Thisisthe main reason why the placement using the XHPWL-LSE function takes more running time than that using the MHPWL-LSE one.

since the wire-force evaluation is only a small part of the analytical placement process, the total runtime overhead is typically not too much.


The higher the VCO frequency, the deeper the counter.

if fhigh is smaller than fs/2, none of the VCO delay stages will change more than once.


Application Speci.cation, Mapping and PSM For further de.nitions of application scenarios, as well as proofs for boundedness and deadlock-freedom of markovbased scenario-aware data.ow graphs we refer to [20].

the execution time eta of an actor a depends not only on the application scenario, but also on the power mode of the resource a is actually executed in.


Most works are related to the minimization of total number of nodes in BDDs [3, 6, 17, 18].

these methods are unsuitable for functional decompositions of multiple-output func where yi is the variable representing the output fi, and i .


Realizing that long range order is not needed for patterning irregularly distributed contact holes, we use topographical guiding templates to alter the natural symmetry of block copolymer and achieve controlled irregular DSA patterns.

dSA patterning must satisfy the overlay accuracy requirements while the guiding templates also need to be printable by conventional lithography.


The use of Markov chains allows one to compute the exact throughput of any bounded TGMG.

it requires an exhaustive exploration of the reachability graph that is exponentially larger than the size of the bounded TGMG.


For .ock detection it would be relevant to compare the overlap in activity classi.cations to identify similarities, e.g., if a person is walking down the stairs potential .ock members would mimic this behavior maybe with a small delay.

the recognition results from only acceleration signals have not been too promising when considering cross device and person performance.


The first version The very first versions of the tutor used synthesized speech.

as we decided at the very outset that the tutor would be a separate dialogue partner and there was very little dynamic content in its outputs, we started using a recorded tutor voice as soon as the prompt design was reasonably stable.


For the same example as shown in Section 3, if the arrival time for a design is required to be 100, then obviously solution (A) is the best choice, as it satis.es the required arrival time constraints without any uncertainty.

if the arrival time is required to be 200, then solution (D) would be the best choice, as this gives the highest probability to satisfy the design requirement.


The number of cycles per 32b add increases as bit width lowers.

the critical path gets smaller with bit width, and thus the delay per 32b add does not change as fast as the bit width.


Choices of horizontal or vertical slicing as well as its position produce a variety of structures[1].

the slicing structure is very limited since trivially most of the packings are non-slicing, but it has been very popular for the sake of its simpleness.


So, directly representing a system with tens of thousands of latches and simulating for thousands of steps can often be done with relatively low cost.

the temporal logic which STE supports is much weaker.


In prior arts, there are methods to avoid process variations by changing the placement for each chip based on measured variation information [4-6].

there remain some obstacles to applying these techniques, the cost of measuring parameter variation for each chip, and the execution time and stability of design tools.


In Section 3.2, we have derived upper and lower bounds for the minimum number of segments needed to satisfy the equations CH ×LH = DH and CV ×LV = DV .

there may be cases where more segments are needed than the minimum possible.


Monte Carlo simulation is often used to account for PVT variations.

due to the schedule of the contest, it is impractical to do Monte Carlo simulation for all teams.


As the accuracy of on-chip DC supply regulation, in the state of art technology is limited to ~0.1% [29], high precicion imaging applications may seem out of scope of the proposed design.

the use of dual supply rails proposed in this work may significantly compensate this disadvantage.


These routing algorithms eliminate deadlocks without addingVC,byprohibiting some global turns as shown in Figure1(, , ).

theycan t deal with some one-faulty-router topologies as shownin Figure1().


This approximation is reasonable when the packet lengths have a distribution close to exponential so that the packet service times are nearly exponential as well.

as simulations show in the common situation of .xed packet length, this assumption makes the analytical model too pessimistic predicting too high waiting times.