Short-term behavior of channel data rate (within 150 ms) was surprisingly predictable and exhibited signi.cant memory for both stationary and mobile users.

e-WIND 05: ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Experimental approaches to wireless network design and analysis, 2005.


SECURITY ANALYSIS In order to validate the e.ectiveness of HIP DEX in WSN applications, we consider .ve general processes.

this feature saves considerable energy and memory on sensor nodes for security communications.


One of the fundamental problems in mmWave communication system is its high signal path loss.

the coded beam pattern is distorted by the 2-bit phase quantization that is normally used in current phase-shifter design.


SPF is the most popular of the technologies but most zones have a TXT record for it instead of the SPF record.

they are useful for administrators who wish to .nd and correct the errors in their own zones.


Moreover both nodes prevent the same number of nodes from serving as parents at time slot T Su on channel C Hu (i.e., they make dt i (u) of the same number of nodes not empty), so the node which has the smallest ID would be scheduled .rst.

in order to facilitate the presentation of DAS-MC, Figure 1 will be referenced throughout the discussion.


CHANNEL ALLOCATION-POWER CON-for link li,j is P= {p : p = p = Pi}.We then de i,j i,j .ne p .×Pi,j as the transmission power assignment vector TROL SYSTEM MODEL FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRUM COGNITIVE NETWORKS The following formulation presented in [2] and we re-present it here for completeness.

link li,j interferes with any link terminating at nk when the following condition holds: pi,j ·gi,k =ß.


Wireless communication channels are easy to eavesdrop upon and manipulate.

we created a grammar containing three rules to recognize the spoken words one , zero and stop .


it supports load balancing, between INs on the multicast tree, and better energy conservation.


The physical WiFi device is assigned directly to the VM with Intel VT-d support.

inside the virtualization augmented wireless NIC, virtual Wireless LAN interfaces are separated at MAC layer.


We did not notice a difference in the relative load distribution among the servers that were responsive and those that were not (when looking at the LDNS servers that we also had load information for in ldns-load).

third, we brie.y describe the impact of the time of day on availability, and examine the extent to which failures are locally correlated.


The 4x4x4 Torus nominally has su.cient bisection bandwidth for all nodes in any one half of the topology to send all of their tra.c to nodes in the other half of the topology.

[5] P. Dong, S. Liao, D. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, R. Sha.iha, X. Zheng, G. Li, K. Raj, A. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari.


An actual implementation of a particular variant of the MAC would crucially depend on the design requirements for different devices and is out of scope of this paper.

wiFi ignores low-power nodes and FDM isolates them in a static sub-band.


We de.ne an event as distant or transient disruption if each element of the r-vector has no change.

the module predicts the severity of each event cluster by adding the weights of the affected pre.xes.


In this scheme, each dimension is given a number and every packet is given a DR number which is initialized to 0.

there have been few researches on designing adaptive routing for 3D NoCs.


For a fair comparison, we use two perfectly aligned Google Nexus phones that are 5-inch apart (i.e., zero view angle), and conduct experiments under mild ambient lighting conditions.

this function returns a bu.er containing captured images in 30 fps.


CTln/d.C For0:k:d-1,tE{0,1},letfkLbethetotal numberofpaketsinPkforwhihthevalueofthebit horeeivedatNoist.NotethatF= d-1(f1fko).


B.2 The Consideration of Receiving Activities The purpose of this subsection is to not only consider the maximization of the amount of transmitted data but also consider the energy consumption of a periodic task for the receiving of incoming data.

in In Proceedings of the IEEE Hardware/Software Co-Design Workshop, pages 157 161.


In other words, 2W -1 bits are suf.cient for an encoding to reduce the worst-case expansion to 1.

iNTRODUCTION High-speed packet classi.cation algorithms that scale to large multi-.eld databases have become a widespread requirement for a variety of applications such as network security appliances, quality of service .ltering and load balancers.


Because of layer-2 virtualization, it is possible to forward non-IP packets, which allows Trellis virtual networks to use alternate addressing schemes, in turn providing support for existing routing protocols that do not run over IP (e.g., IS-IS sometimes runs directly using layer 2 addresses).

we used a simple, lightweight Click Socket() element to forward UDP packets.


First, the share point aggregates multiple packets into one and reduces the traffic volume.

only a proxy node with lowest tree level will select a share point to connect a source in its sub-tree and the other two sources in different sub-trees or the same sub-tree in each round.


Since manual intervention is required, it often takes days to react to a DOSattack, long after the damage is incurred.

a naive approach is to gain access to a number of hosts in a cloud data center, then blindly send tra.c to each other at the maximum rate.


The reason for this behavior is that when less cluster heads are allocated in the network, the complex network resembles a geometric network, i.e., there will be fewer edges connecting distant points, leading to a small increase in the average shortest path length.

each cell has its own subpopulation with µ individuals, each one encoding candidate con.gurations for the cell.


In such an application case where the network density is high, the whole Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

the overall performances observed on both schemes are good for such a WSN (10000 nodes) since they guarantee a small overall system delay (under 12 ms) and a good delivery packets ratio over 93%.


[7] I. Chatzigiannakis, S. Nikoletseas, and P. Spirakis.

if we can deploy more mobile sinks (4+), even without any global knowledge, the two distributed protocols can still achieve very good results matching those of the centralized protocol.


in this example, will be 99, 299, 499, or 699.

7.1 Download throughput To compare performance, we manually downloaded 38 .les from both services.


to provide a fair scheduler for multirate WLANs.


3.1.6 FU energy consumption An FU di.erent from the CFU operates only on the operator bands which are typically a set of contiguous bands.

in order to investigate the sensitivity of energy e.ciency to spectrum sensing overhead, we also considered the case where spectrum sensing requires higher power consumption, setting PC s = 1800 mW instead of 600 mW .


2.3 Basic technique implementation The basic technique consists of two stages: sampling and processing.

as in the basic technique, the procedure to gather delay sequences for di.erent paths is application-dependent and out of the scope of this paper.


The Use of Complex Probabilities in the Theory of Stochastic Processes.

as noted in [6], if the server utilization is at least moderate, a FCFS center with high service time vari- ability generates bursty departures, leading to bursty ar-rivals and increased queueing at downstream centers.


The heart of this work is veri.cation algorithms which are taken into account relative distances among the query node, the peer and cached nearest neighbors of that peer.

iEEE International Conference on, pages 38 44, June 2006.


As TE is higher when vehicles are moving on winding part of the road, we mostly focus there.

for our work we used SUMO (which is an open source simulator) to generate mobility traces.


This information should be implicit because the structure of the grid is known.

our compression scheme results in regions described with simple regions.


[9] N. Sadagopan, B. Krishnamachari, and A. Helmy, Active query forwarding in sensor networks, Elsevier Journal of Ad Hoc Networks, 2003.

simulation results show that our adaptive scheme can track the changes well and keep a high success rate while maintaining a low communication cost.


Peertrust [24] is devoted to considering the quality of feedback, in terms of Feedback Credibility .

our goals behind TruthRep include: (1) providing a comprehensive computation model to generate reputations; (2) involving the quality of evaluations into this model; (3) implementing an incentive scheme to encourage peers to be honest; (4) filtering the feedback from malicious peers and constraining their future behavior.


In a switched network, the scaling of the average total queue size ought to depend on the number of queues, N. For example, consider N parallel M/D/1 queues as described above.

such scaling dependence of the average queue size on 1{p1 ´ .q (or the inverse of the gap,1 ´ ., from the load to the capacity) is a universally observed behavior in a large class of queueing networks.


The .rst node sent 400 messages destined to the second node, at a rate of four messages per second.

new algorithms, suitable to the scarce resources in WSNs, must be developed.


[7] T. Narten, E. Nordmark and W. Simpson, Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6), RFC2641, IETF, December 1998.

basically any bit string may act as a public key.


Additionally, such retransmission techniques are known to result in feedback implosion in dense networks [1].

using a hash-code, a unique ID is created for each .le to be transmitted.


large topology we randomly sampled 92,824 node pairs and computed the geographic distance between them.6 Before we present our results, we mention that our procedure is approximate for several reasons.

let L denote the average latency between pairs of nodes in the network.


Indexing the applications by a, our goal is to maximize the following objective: max Ua(Ra,pa) (2) {a:(Ra,pa)} a The achieved throughput Ra depends on the technology application associates itself to, the o.ered PHY-layer data rate, the load on the network etc.

we maximize a E[U(Ra,pa)] (summation is over all applications of all users), where U(Ra,pa) denotes the time-average utility for application-a.


This can be achieved if the server side holds two copies of the program, which one contains the client side allocated tasks and the other one contains the allocated tasks which are going to be executed on the server side.

none of them specify a proper partitioning scheme, which is vital to the success of those architectures.


Because AMI networks are located in varying sizes, estimating AMI network topologies is not easy.

this paper proposes a novel distributed monitoring architecture that is capable of selecting a subset of smart meters used as intrusion detection sensors a subset selected to minimize the number of meters needed while keeping the communication.


2.2.3 Rolling Shutter Most CMOS image sensors use a technique called rolling shutter to read out pixel rows while other rows are being exposed, allowing parallel readout and exposure.

to allow the camera to decode in horizontal and vertical orientations, we place our exposure timing on the .rst and third rows and columns of the tracking pattern, as shown in Figure 3(c).


The intuition behind this reuse distance function which increases exponentially in dig is that in the power assignment scheme adopted, the transmission power of senders with small links is scaled up signi.cantly.

since every link of T(X) is scheduled at least once in every phase of length L(X), the kth measurement from a node xi moves (in a pipelined fashion) at least one hop closer to the sink in L(X) time slots.


Using the ASpath information routes with cycles are avoided.

even with the use of the minRouteAdver timer rule, the asynchronous nature of the network may lead to race conditions inherent to distributed networks, that can cause BGP to explore less preferred paths .rst.


In such schemes, a paging group is dynamically identi.ed for each mobile in idle mode, consisting of all the BSs that are physically located within a given distance of the BS in which the mobile last performed a location update.

let us assume that the the time Xmr from this instant until the mobile selects another BS to monitor is exponentially distributed with mean Tmr.


6.2.2 Standard Deviation Our results show that the relative error in the standard deviation estimates of over 91% .ows is less than 0.05 with only 1000 virtual repetitions.

first, for each counter in the counter subvector of f, whose value is contributed by the time stamps of the packets in .ow f and those of the packets in other .ows, we use Theorem 3 to extract an estimate of the value that is contributed by only the time stamps of the packets in f. we eliminate the noise introduced by the packets of .ows other than f from the counter subvector of f. Second, we statistically simulate the process of multiplying the time stamp of a packet in f with the random variable Gz and then adding the multiplication result to the corresponding counter in the counter subvector of f. By repeating this process a statistically su.cient number of times, we ob- L tain an accurate estimate of .z(uf,R[z]-uf,S [z])2 based on Theorem 4.


We subscribed to the Cingular voice plan for our experiments.

a user who uses their phone for sporadic conversations will end up saving more energy, in contrast to a heavy user who communicates more frequently.


One can use this change to detect anomalies.

in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM 08), pages 601 607, 2008.


Many member ASes that openly advertise their pre.xes via the RS also establish BL sessions to selected other members ASes -without advertising a superset of pre.xes on these sessions.

3For redundancy purposes, IXPs typically operate two RSes and encourage their members to connect to both RSes.


To this end, in Figure 4(c), we measured the frequency of transitions to the high power state induced by our three categories of apps.

all traf.c routed via neighbors may be encrypted.


Adaptive Layer Design for Video Multimedia Services in a Mobile Environment Daniel NEGRU CNRS-PRiSM Lab., University of Versailles 45, av.

however these techniques rarely provide hard service guarantees and are dependent on the nature of the service.


Without Signposts, Alice would have had to manually con.gure a port-forward at her NAT box, or run VPN software on her phone.

activities that are simple in the cloud such as establishing peer-to-peer links are disproportionately complicated in the edge.


Since the outage probability of type-2 is out of order, ICAC and NFCAC tend to reject new data call requests and handoff call requests.

iWCMC 06, July 3 6, 2006, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.


We use the modulus so that posi tive and negative errors don t cancel out for NetFlow.

even when the number of .ows is onlya few times larger than the number of active .ows, our algorithms ensure that the available memoryis used to accuratelymeasure the largest of the .ows and provide graceful degradation in case that the tra.c deviates very much from the expected (e.g.


we develop a simple model to quantify under what conditions and by how much replication improves packet delays.


The APS aggregate virtual IP pre.xes as before.

in addition, pod boundaries become arti.cial constraints on VM placement and migration, since VMs in different pods belong to different subnets.


We simply connect the ports of these two nodes.

this benchmark resembles the MapReduce application used in Octant [38], where server nodes compute and exchange information with other nodes during the reduce phase.


unlike the solutions given in [20,27] that balance the load on the most loaded machines,our solution seeks for a complete min-max load balanced association.


Although IMS can handle the transfer of a media flow across different devices, the user is still required to provide IMS-related identification information regarding the target device and its subscriber.

although IMS can handle the media flow transfer, the user is still required to be engaged in a tedious device discovery and configuration process.


Restoration of the connectivity can be achieved by activating base stations in the affected area, that pick up the signals and direct them to the surrounding not a.ected base stations.

in the case of a major network outage (due to a natural disaster or an intentional attack), protection and restoration schemes are clearly ine.ective.


In this setting, our SRCM protocol is around 500% faster than the most ef.cient existing multiple-set protocol, i.e., PET.

lOWER BOUNDS ON THE OVERHEAD OF RFID COUNTING PROTOCOLS We .rst consider single-set RFID counting, and then generalize to multiple-set RFID counting.


RELATED WORK Communication performance in real world rural area networks has been analyzed in [3, 15].

according to observation 2 the optimal transmission power has to be set to one of the points where the highest modulation level that keeps the BER under the threshold changes.


Accounting: A signi.cant driver for NFO is reduced capital and operating expenses.

hotMiddlebox 13, December 9, 2013, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.


adding facts like a revocation can never lead to fewer deductions.


Bias may be caused by clients that do not respond to the test.

the image can be retrieved with IPv4 or IPv6 because the DNS server returns A and AAAA records (dual-stack).


Overall for .rewall databases, HyperCuts uses an amount ofmemory similar to EGT-PC while its search time is up to 5 times better than HiCuts optimized for speed.

cAMs fundamentally have to contend with reduced density (uses compare logic per bit) and increased power (uses parallel comparison).


In the last few years, several papers [3, 4, 9] have considered transmission scheduling under more accurate physical interference models, which are based on signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver.

3.2 Algorithm GradedSINR Algorithm GradedSINR, which is reported in Figure 2, is based on the simple idea of grouping links with similar SNR values in the same class, and scheduling them in consecutive slots.


In this paper, we perform a comprehensive study of content-agnostic characteristics of spam campaigns, e.g., duration and source-network distribution of spammers, in order to ascertain whether and how they can assist the simple label-based clustering methods in identifying campaigns and generating campaign signatures.

we obtain the geographic region for an IP using Maxmind [13].


REFERENCES [1] I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia.

we study the required topology redundancy to statistically compensate for node failures within a predetermined observation period, i.e., the length of the monitoring mission.


3.2.2 Implications to cache coherence ItisimportantthattheadditionoftheMIGRATE, MIGREQ and MIGREPLY messagesdonotbreakthecoherenceprovided Table 1: Protocol messages.

2.2 2VR 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8bar rad cho wns wsp fft fmm jbb tpch tpcw avg (a) L2P NM Opt.


The type .eld distinguishes data packets, which carry coded information, from ACKs, which signal batch delivery.

the code vector describes how to generate the coded packet from the native packets.


This pheenomenon is almmost a linear relation, considerinng the freqquencies betweeen 200 MHz andd 1200 MHz.

a frequenncy where it norrmally operates, while dissipate s the lowest possiblle power.


Reference [2] showed that beacon message obtained from the MAC Layer has an e.ectiveness to promptly detect the change in the wireless link quality.

of Computer Science and Electronics, Kyushu Institute of Technology Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Japan 820-8502 {tsukamoto, oie}@cse.kyutech.ac.jp ABSTRACT Although mobile nodes will handle vertical handovers to achieve transparent mobility in the heterogeneous network, the communication quality will be drastically degraded.


The server does not generate any traffic in this case.

this solution does not provide a general-purpose framework for resource sharing in mobile wireless networks.


Refer to Figure 6 for a logical representation of how these external entities fit into a VANET scheme.

also sent during the Presentation Phase is information to allow an Operator to claim money from a user account held with a financial institution [11].


10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 time (s) random waypoint ( =0; 0 friends) random waypoint (ö=0; 5 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =1; 0 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =0.5; 0 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =1; 5 friends) restricted waypoint (20 points; =0.5; 5 friends) Figure 4: Convergence r n×s(t) with the (restricted) random waypoint model on a 1000×1000 m rectangle for n = 100, s =99, and various values of f,withand without the friend mechanism.

sYSTEM MODEL 3.1 Assumptions and overview We consider and discuss two models: the .rst is fully selforganized, and the second assumes the presence of a trusted authority.


By the time the worm hits the Internet, however, the hit-list may be stale, at least in part; some machines from the hit-list might be turned o., or some might be patched against the targeted vulnerability.

iM users are no stranger to these tests as while registering for an IM account, all major public IM vendors challenge users with CAPTCHA tests to stop automated account acquisition by software bots (e.g.


Microphones and speakers in the smart phones are used without modification.

for example, two people meeting on an airplane, would not be able to exchange contact information.


A guide to the theory of NP-completeness.

to balance the load of serving as clusterheads, every node should take the responsibility of serving as a clusterhead for some period of time with some likelihood.


The power vector P ;(P1 ,..., P )is a Nash N equilibrium of the MSUPC game, if for every E iS ** ** UPi (, P ) :Ui ( i , i ) for all P EA .

due to practical considerations, which are expressed by our assumption that lim + i ( i ) ;0 which implies UP + P -0 i + that lim Ui (Yi ) ; 0 , we argue that a user s actual throughput Yi -0+ utility must comply only with relation (8).


The network distances be- tween each of them is available to the information server of IDES.

a highly promising approach is to construct a model that can predict unknown network distances from a set of partially observed measurements [4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 20].


3.2 Network Throughput DTN2 achievedbetter throughputthanIBR-DTNforboth memory and disk based storage for bundle sizes up to 10000 bytes.

[4] S. Schildt, J. Morgenroth, W. P¨ottner, and L. Wolf.


In the present paper, we introduce a new replication method for achieving good storage load balancing as well as good search performance in unstructured P2P networks for .le sharing without a mechanism by which to determine .le locations.

if the probability is set 100%, then Path Random Replication is equivalent to Path Replication, which makes a replica of a requested .le in all of the peers on the present search path.


it is probably fair to say that none of these efforts address the potential impact that our discussion could have on the larger issue of architecture design an impact that we outline in Section 5.


In the sensing and acting scenarios we introduced in Section 1, logical neighborhoods provide the ability to de.ne subset of nodes and interact with them.

the actual usefulness of the logical neighborhood abstraction will be ultimately dictated by its effective use in real-life WSN applications.


Since this paper addresses the energy consumed by the sensor s reporting traf.c, there are no sensor failures due to power outage in the time span the analysis cover.

the variation in energy as the number of failed links increases, is a result of the average path length between the sensor node and the sink nodes and can be explained in a similar fashion as for Figure 4.


We have implemented the EZ client for Windows Mobile 6 and tested it on a variety of smartphones such as HTC Advantage, Samsung SGH i780 and HP iPAQ.

7.1 Selecting the Right Set of APs The sheer number of WiFi APs that could be seen on a given .oor in our deployments came to us as a rather unexpected surprise.


The definition of stream is straightforward, which is the real-time content produced by a 3D camera.

we identify the hierarchical prioritization of streams in the construction of the content dissemination forest and test the system with real world network settings and configurations of real 3DTI system.


Having a separate instance for each combination incurs high overhead.

we only consider the minimalist approachesfor this result.


4We use UDP to measure performance since it does not provide a conforming workload.

aPOLLO can arbitrate better whenever such capture and competition occur in each competing neighborhood.


We update switch rules via a custom software agent running on the switches (which we have found to be more performant and reliable than the built-in software).

to compute FFC con.guration, constraints for data plane FFC stay the same, but control plane FFC requires changing the objective function and additional constraints, as follows: min.


In literature, the SUMO toolbox is widely applied in electromagnetic and aerodynamic optimization problems [2] [6].

demo: Ef.cient Multi-Objective Optimization of Network Problems on Wireless Testbeds Michael T. Mehari* ,Eli De Poorter, Ingrid Moerman Ghent University -iMinds, Department of Information Technology (INTEC) Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (Bus 201), B-9050 Ghent, Belgium michael.mehari@intec.ugent.be ABSTRACT A large amount of research focuses on experimentally optimizing performance of wireless solutions.


Each CNj sends the endorsement back to CH.

the node identi.ers of CH and the t CNs whose endorsements have been used to generate SEnd are stored in a data structure V. The .nal message to the sink consists of R,TM,End, and V. Algorithm2 describes the actionsofaCN whenitreceives R and TM from CH to endorse (or not to endorse) a report.


Network monitoring is people: Understanding end-user perception of network negative andfalsepositive rates simultaneously.

iEEE International Conference on (May2004), vol.


C Spw represents the transmission power needed to reach nodes within the C Srange and is higher than the CS threshold (C Sthr) as shown in Fig.

hIAM wastes less bandwidth and delay than PPTT in control packets broadcast; Fourth, PPTT routing protocol cannot identify all the existing hidden nodes within an enviroment, especially the ones that are more than two hops away, as discussed in Sec.


In addition, for each such packet it is required to send an * auxiliary traf.c of size zi,j to node j, such that node j receives the auxiliary traf.c.

here each test signal is of the format (TEST,i,j, MACkS,i (TEST,i,j)), where kS,i is a secret key shared by S and i,and MAC is a cryptographic Message Authentication Code function.


Our work focuses on reducing bu.ers inside the client.

we measured the extra load placed on the CPU.


Also, since all group mem the sender node s creates it, and initializes Epoch and Truncated Sequence Number to the same values retrieved from message R. Note that, in case the response message R has been received by a group member which is not con.gured as a sender node, the latter can simply consider R to be invalid, and discard it.

the sender node is supposed to communicate within each one of such different groups by means of distinct applications.


[16] X. Tang and J. Xu, Optimizing lifetime for continuous data aggregation with precision guarantees in wireless sensor networks, IEEE/ACM ToN, 2008.

it is shown analytically and confirmed through simulations that the scheme C based on CRA conserves more energy (in the worst case, close to 200%) compared to the standard approach in recent literature.


Recall from §6.2 that each intermediate node Fi on the forwarding path either generates a new ack or reencrypts the ack received from downstream.

in the above protocol, if a malicious node drops a packet (data or ack), one of its adjacent links has its drop score increased4.


LISP-DHT ROBUSTNESS Forincreasedreliability(cf.,Section1), several copies of amapping shouldbesomehowpresentonthe Chord ring, in case the authoritative server for that mapping fails.

lISP-DHT, our proposal, .lls this gap by using a DHT lookup infrastructure in order to e.ciently retrieve mappings.


For a component, the CPU time can be precomputed and used as a threshold for deciding whether or not the optimization can be applied to a particular problem scope.

the MN algorithm behaved very close to the BPS algorithm most of the time.


Note that, for the conversational and streaming class services, we strictly bound the maximum marginal utility of a user by 2· v0 .


We model the network as an undirected graph.

end-to-End routing behaviour in the Internet.


In contrast to the other simulations, we use a single data point (one random uniform distribution) in this case.

the total overhead per .ooding is (1 - p) * N * 1 c + p * N. If the assumption that all nodes receive the .ooded message is relaxed then the relative overhead added by Mistral increases.


(Evenwhenthe tableislarge enough,arapidarrival rateofnewaddresses can lead to .ooding, if learning is done in software and the switch slocal managementCPUistooslowtokeepup.)

this monitoring allows SPAIN (and therefore NetLord) to quickly detectfailed paths, and to re-route load to alternate paths.


Also, an adversary can send two consecutive requests of the same name to infer routers behavior.

once both issues are addressed, we compute the per-hop delay RT Ti as: RT T i t -RT T it -1 i > 1 RT Ti =, RT T 1 t i = 1 where RT T i t is the i-th returned record by traceroute for the given site.


Similarly, we characterize the density of the Next or Previous Sectors as low , when the average density of the Next or Previous ß Sectors is M times lower than the global network density DGlobal.

in simulation experiments, we focus on the following metrics: a) data delivery latency which is the average number of hops needed to reach the Sink; b) average energy consumption is the average energy spent per node during the network operation; c) variation of energy consumption which is the deviation of the energy consumed by a node from the average energy consumption in the network.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

any attempt to derive a generic set of networking system requirements will likely degenerate into a least common denominator speci.cation that may not result in a useful networking roadmap.


A traditional classroom mainly offers to students with a seeing and hearing environment which leads to passive teaching techniques.

each student of two groups, which learned with the help of simulation software, had a computer connected with teacher computer through Internet or Local networks.


Stream merging (and its pre-bu.ering strategy) changes the distribution of client requests observed in the system.

the normalized entropy Hn is calculated as: Hn = H(X)/H0(N ) (2) where N is the total number of references (i.e., requests) in a workload, and H0(N )= log2 (N ) is the largest possible value of H(X).


In this paper, we implement fast switching only in the upstream direction.

these bursty losses make WiFi o.oading challenging, especially for applications with strict QoS requirements such as VoIP or video conferencing.


[12] For any k nodes U placed in a square region with side-length a, the length of EMST spanning U is at most vv 22 ka.

4: For each edge uw in EST (Pi), .nd a node in each of the squarelets that are crossed by line uw.


A higher traffic load results in a reduced usage of the high rate PHY mode 64QAM¾.

this simplification has no effects on the general conclusions drawn from the simulation results.


As a result, a and b establish SIG links with each other.

to denote an ances- D tor link, and use -.


As well, it requires that the remote host be running a Web server, or similar public data transfer server, and requires that there be an object of sufficient size to fill two pack- ets (this is a problem in practice for sites that use HTTP redirects, which fit in a single packet).

the results be- tween different studies can superficially vary by an order of magnitude -creating significant confusion and contro- versy about the prevalence of reordering.


It is notable that most existing works have been originally transferred from MANETs that do not have gateways [5].

as SPT is rebuilt in the source node, source_s informs the next level tree nodes to forward MROUTE_REPLY with notify flag message to the node_m.


Across bit rates, the TV receiver does not see any noticeable glitches for distances greater than 7.2 inches.

even in the presence of changes in the TV signal, the receiver can decode information from the backscattering transmitter.


If the relationships are easy to detect, then a high confidence value can be used.

the first heuristic we use when deciding whether to include a pattern s spatial probability in our calculations is the number of times the pattern is discovered during the pattern discovery phase.


suspiciouso(r) cheatingProb(r)= (2) ototalo(r) Anode o updates its trust value for an observed node r after the timeout for a critical message has passed and an according behavior has (not) been observed.

network performance in MANETs is sensitive to local accumulation of nodes and temporal accumulation of network tra.c [16].


of the GLOBECOM Conference, pages 1 6, 2010.

the set D = {v : m(v)=BLACK,v .V } forms a CDS.


Expecting at least one alternative connection of RAI to the rest of the Internet, plausible options include another upstream provider (possibly with more global reach than Infostrada)orpeering atthe Rome IXP NaMEX with a selected number of tier-2 ISPs.

[19] R. Oliveira, D. Pei, W. Willinger, B. Zhang, and L. Zhang.


Bayeux: An architecture for scalable and fault tolerant wide-area data dissemination.

here we want to make sure that every node has at most one L EAVE request at any time.


[25] and implemented by Ioannidis and Bellovin [21].


The sender uses the hash function Gh() on the t SEALs and observes any k-way collisions from distinct SEALs.

for a BiBa/HORSE commitment key using 512 SEAL chains (t = 512), with each 512*2 SEAL 16-bits (2 Bytes), we have m = = 256 RDS Group size groups (RDS Group size = 4).


In the second experiment, the total number of channels was varied while .xing the number of radios and attackers at three.

wireless networks are usually limited in their energy resources, and thus, taking the energy consumption into consideration is crucial to determine the best defense strategies.


As noted in [7] ARF su.ers from too many retransmissions in slowly changing channels.

we need to create square wave patterns such as in Figure 2.


Lastly, note that the service di.erentiation scheme described in this paper is similar in spirit to the relative service di.erentation scheme described in [17].

these results indicate that when there is a high percentage of HighPriority requests, pro.les can no longer provide service di.erentiation and meet application requirements.


these programs are only a by-product of an examination and their creation can be time consuming.


One principal, say (Gu,Si), .rst computes 1(Si,Sj,p)for 1:p:t, and selects the pthat yields the biggest 1value.

we can use h ./ras a lower bound for the average hop distance.


To update the interdomain multihoming p-distances, the iTracker will need to estimate the virtual capacity ve available for P4P controlled traf.c.

the average completion time of Native is 68% higher than P4P for FTTP clients.


The fact that we have a long list of pings between multiple sources and destinations results in the creation of an overdetermined system of equations that can be numerically solved.

v10 ping and edge e = (v7, v10) in the example graph in Figure 3.


Further evaluation with di.erent values of r also shows a similar characterization into these three regimes.

encouragingly,some basic studies show the advantages of using erasure coding with replication [23,16].


When TC3 that contains a correct SN arrives, the server will clearly respond with DataS1.

then, the scheme can distinguish all 4reordering cases if M1 and M 2 can trigger another distinguishable response R3, and, by de.nition, R3 is not a normal response.


As a result in this protocol, RTS/CTS frames must precede each data frame, increasing the overhead.

in Token-DCF, as each node acts as a scheduler, their scheduling module need to continuously analyse the incoming queue length, which consumes extra memory, CPU time and power.


Automated rule-based diagnosis through a distributed monitor system.

due to their predominance in the network, we believe such bias is negligible.


Professor Stankovic also served on the Board of Directors of the Computer Research Association for 9 years.

many of the proposed solutions are developed with simplifying assumptions about wireless communication and the environment, even though the realities of wireless communication and environmental sensing are well known.


The customer enters into an agreement with NEM Nuenen BV about the use of the glass fiber network, and with the service providers for using their services.

we describe how the European FP6 IST project BReATH uses this knowledge to help the New Member States of the European Union, in order to bridge the digital divide that currently exists throughout Europe.


3.3 Emulator Design The emulator creates an abstract layer above the underlying physical network.

aqua-Lab can be used to experimentally evaluate algorithms and protocols designed for underwater sensor networks.


In practice, one should use the amount by which the breaks in Sh1 and Sh2 can be moved relative to one another and still form a break in Sh.

if h> p 2 r, then most components are likely to be small (bad) components that do not form breaks.


Removing the SLICL (the pair of crossed links) and allother links that cross the associated face walk disconnects the graph.

to explain how LCR works, consider Figure 8.


There is no shared knowledge about services and the semantic web technologies are not utilized.

to obtain a sensor data from the network, the user issues a query, which is then automatically routed to all nodes and processed by node's query processor.


Unfortunately, the capacity estimates of VPS tools are some- times wrong.

the underestimation effect of L2 devices is limited to only the L3 hop that includes those devices.


between maximizing the throughput of a single .ow and the consuming fewer global resources.

let us now consider the performance of WCETT in more detail.


The server can deliver a program and advertisements effectively to many clients in a limited area, and clients can watch the program using their devices.

pROPOSED METHOD 4.1 Basic Idea e propose a scheduling method in close-range broadcasting called the .Close-Range Harmonic Broadcasting (CR-HB)" method.


Because a cached DNS record is small in size, it is expected to reside in the cache for the duration of its ATTL (we discuss the implications if it does not in Section 5).

sUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK This work introduces a novel methodology for inferring the usage patterns for Internet applications by a group of users.


Considering the survey stated in the preceding chapter, it is strongly said in backbone networks.

the load reduction of the router in backbone network is more significant than load increase of edge node processor, becauseofthe restriction of maximum processor power.


Multipath traffic optimization is performed within the fabric and without host or device modifications.

rFC2475, An Architecture for Differentiated Services.


6.3 Model of AS The Model of AS was simpli.ed on our emulated inter-AS network as consisting of a single AS border gateway router and some network links to other ASs.

we discovered below issues that have to be resolved.


Its noise level is comparable to ocean s background noise, thus legible acoustic signature may only be collected within a very short distance from the submarine.

currently it is an open challenge to devise an effectual and ef.cient means to stop underwater wormhole attacks.


Priorapproaches arelimitedbecausemeetingall oursecurity requirements while maintainingimportant wirelessfunctionality is nontrivial.

it is unlikely that their evolution at short time scales exposes many sensitive side channels of information when individual messages are not decipherable.


The process of increasing transmitter powers continues until either an equilibrium point is attained or the powers grow without bound.

a large value of L results in a long convergence time.


The model in [2] relies on the existence of a central controller that collects the necessary information and decides the allocations while the distributed model in [13] assumes instanta- Copyright is held by the owner/author(s).

in each iteration, Algorithm 2 tries to add the couple with the largest marginal value of F while maintaining the solution feasibility.


Given that existing clouds, such as Amazon EC2 and Microsoft Azure, have been able to support a large number of tenants through web-based control servers, we believe the control server will not be a major scalability bottleneck either.

the raw trace includes packets plus timestamps.


tDIMACSandAT&TLabs Researh.E-mail:yuval dimas.rutgers.edu.Workdoneinpartwhilevisiting IBMT.J.WatsonResearhCenter.


2.3 Mobile Telephone Function Access During the 1990s, mobile telephones and the networks they were connected to began to offer a far broader range of functions than simply making and receiving calls.

the scheme s specification has little to say about how human-computer interactions with the information on different platforms should be handled.


In TTDD, the grid structures are generated by the source nodes and it implies that the hot spot problem is not serious in TTDD.

2.2 Mobility Support In addition to static cases where observers and targets are stationary, Railroad also supports generalized cases where observers and targets have mobility.


More packets in a probe train elongate the delay of applications tra.c due to bu.ering, but do not improve estimation accuracy.

minProbe can measure (count) and generate (insert or remove) an exact number of /I/ characters between each subsequent probe packet to measure the relative time elapsed between packets or generate a desired interpacket gap.


With FARA and JPRA-MT, we consider a rate change to have occurred if the transmission bit-rate on any sub-carrier is changed between packet transmissions.

we need to perform these  carrier Power and  JPRA Rate Set Rate and Power calibrating measurements when a new link appears or when the Variant Information in ?


End-to-end security protocols have been developed to provide con.dentiality and integrity (e.g., Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols).

correctly executed instructions during a DoS attack).


These outgoing signals are then sent to the D/A board for reconstruction.

cASE STUDIES To illustrate how our software architecture enables users to easily conduct a broad range of experiments, we present a series of case studies.


Consequently, HEC system architects are increasingly considering lower degree topological networks, such as 2D and 3D tori, that scale linearly in cost relative to system scale.

although it is possible to recon.gure the optical path through the circuit switch, the overhead is on the order of milliseconds and one must be certain that no message tra.c is propagating through the light path when the recon.guration occurs.


[44] present a mechanism to place a middlebox, such as the Bro NIDS, in a virtual environment, where the VM might migrate between different machines.

still, if the patterns are compressed, their size is no more than two megabytes (55KB and 2MB, respectively).


Generally, there is a number of approaches quite similar to our own, regarding the multitude of sensor networks and large-scale system size.

figure 1: A view of the Google Earth-based GUI For the purpose of supplying ShareSense with real sensor network data, we use jWebDust.


For instance, packets which do not contain the appropriate layer 2 address will be immediately blocked.

finally, the RFProxy application facilitates the forwarding of control plane tra.c (e.g.


z(u)= +C1 (3) ¯¯have: du R R ¯ where C1 is an integration constant, R is the average RTT of the connection, u is the time that has occurred after the slow-start phase of SmoothTCP-q has .nished and z(u)is the increasing part of the congestion window function.

after one RTT (R), wt+R is increased by ..


SenSys 04, November 3 5, 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

this work was partially sponsored by NSF CAREER CCR-0092724, DARPA Grant OSURS01-C-1901, ONR Grant N00014-01-1-0744, NSF Equipment Grant EIA-0130724, and a grant from Michigan State University Copyright is held by the author/owner.


According to to Campbell s theorem and the results in [7], the probability of µ being greater than r is given by -..(R2-r 2) Pr [µ>r]=1 - e (3) where r denote the distance from the source node to the farthest next hop node.

then, we propose a new analytic energy model to derive the optimal number of clusters that minimizes the energy consumption.


3.2 Mitigating Non-Line of Sight Method discussed above works well in the environment where multipath is not heavy.

finally, the gain changes little with angle in the centre of the beam and we call it the stability of the gain.


Considering that a host may get the authentication codes and share them with other hosts, which is referred as colluding, the authentication codes are given in a hash format binding with speci.c IP addresses and checking routers.

then the proportion of the malicious tra.c that .6 Ph+1 can reach the target is estimated as: h=1 Ph, where Ph is the probability that an AS resides exactly h hops away from the given AS.


These applications require Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in terms of minimum bandwidth and maximum end-to-end delay.

we do not plot the graphs for the average sys are calculated separately.


Tips for Having Your Blood Pressure Taken.

our middleware collects old sensor readings, delivers them as events to the application and stores them in the database.


We .rst give a brief overview of how DDC works, followed by a more detailed description and a brief sketch of its correctness.

we evaluate RAD s ability to distribute load by comparing it to the optimal load balancing algorithm in a linear programming model from the tra.c engineering literature (e.g., [4]).


[11] V. Mhatre and C. Rosenberg, Homogeneous vs heterogeneous clustered networks: A comparative study, in Proc.

existing schemes are not sufficient to reduce the data duplication.


such a rate-based scheduling mechanism was proposed in *This research was supported in part by NSF grants MIPS-9634197, 120 1063-6897/01 $10.00 &#169; 2001 IEEE the MediaWorm router design [30].


Let s Pempt be the probability that there is not any substitute in the network.

in the present paper, we focus on mobile ad hoc grids where there is no central infrastructure responsible for the coordination of the job execution.


However, if a SPI collision occurs in the new AR, when the mobile node will initiate a MOBIKE exchange, the new AR will not be able to handle the request.

[2] A. Dutta, V. Fajardo, Y. Ohba, K. Taniuchi, and H. Schulzrinne.


The absence of acknowledgment (ACK) indicates that the transmission has failed (which may be due to a collision with another transmission, or packet blocking because of buffer over.ow) and must be repeated.

we also assume that all transmissions are acknowledged.


We conclude three major distinctions: 1) The data structure to implement the ENPT in Original NCE involves complicated memory management, such as data movement, fragment management; 2) Original NCE allocates consistent codes to components and does not allow identical components be encoded to different, dynamic codes, which fundamentally contradicts with the code allocation function .. in this paper; 3) Original NCE only achieves lookup speedup,but does notexhibit good support for insert and delete operations.

their corresponding lookup '' '' paths are ..0..1..2 ···.... ···.... and ..0..1..2 ···.... ···.... (.... representsanodeinthe ENPT,and ..0 is the root).


THP achievesan averageincreasein sum rate of 85%.

our measurements could not identify such an e.ect for any of the transmission schemes.


3.2 DRB for VL2 For Fat-tree, once the bouncing switch is chosen, the routing path from the source to the destination is decided without ambiguity.

(1) Servers do not generate or forward broadcast messages.


The reason is that no data is sent to the WARP boards and thus no delay for transferring samples is incurred.

a framework for rapid prototyping of cross-layer multi-hop protocols on SDRs that solves the impact of long processing times is missing.


As a fundamental prerequisite for self-organization, the sensors need to acquire some form of location awareness.

the vertices in Nt-1(v0) are all colored the same.


We also do not deploy an end-to-end feedback mechanism; the destination node does not acknowledge data packets to the source node indicating whether or not the packets were received.

while we have considered WSR in the context of large, mobile and connected ad-hoc networks in this paper, we believe the weak state concept can be also adopted to networks that may have oc-7.


The reputation system enables nodes to make informed decisions about which nodes to cooperate with or exclude from the network.

we can achieve better network throughput than the other four routing protocols as shown in Figure 7.


As for infrequent queries thedelays arequitelarge, this modelling assumptionis clearly violated in our simulations.

[7] C. Gkantsidis, M. Mihail, and A. Saberi.


Another key issue in OR is the candidate coordination, i.e.

eT X(cand, d) in Gtmp 10: if cost(cand) < cost(s) then 11: Cs,d .


As such, the average datasample delivery delay can be simply computed by determining the absorption time in the Markov chain.

in fact, it is easy to recognize that equation (10) is readily extended to the general case of different per topic delays Di versus the considering D dR,0 =.R) the mean delivery delay for topic i reduces to the very simple expression: 11 Di == (11) .Ri .Cufi to compute the sharing factors fi we need to solve the following constrained optimization: T Si min -(12) f .Cufij Sj i=1 s.t.


Generally speaking, a user s profile would capture the personal properties and preferences of the user.

we have shown that the user s privacy can be breached if there is no restriction on what is exchanged during session initiation.


A priority queue is kept holding the nodes that have yet to forward, sorted by the di.erence between the candidate node s shortest path distance to the destination and its available nearest neighbor s shortest path distance to the destination ( available means not introducing a cycle within the current forest).

in PODC 03: Proceedings of the twenty-second annual symposium on Principles of distributed computing (New York, NY, USA, 2003), ACM Press, pp.


This is contrary to the desire to using Virtualization for a full abstraction of the underlying hardware.

imagine a user brings one s beloved device to the company where IT simply drops a corporate virtual machine onto it.


This phenomenon is known as the broadcast storm problem.

although the widely usage of that mechanism, they still have some trade-off between transmission reliability and efficiency in packets flooding.


In this paper, we have presented an overview of the joint effort between SNU and KT in order to enhance the WLAN-based NESPOT service.

in order to improve the service for the real-time traffic such as voice and video, an enhancement of the existing WLAN is needed.


NumPeaks = NumPeaks +1 // try to assign min(V0, TotalTra.c) amount of traf.c for each k, Bink = pk SortedFlowList = sort .ows in descending order of FlowTra.c 5.1 for each .ow f in SortedFlowList .nd ISP k with the largest bin size Bink if Bink = FlowTra.c(f) Assignment(f)= k Bink = Bink - FlowTra.c(f) // assign the remaining traf.c for each k, Bink = Bink + P seudoCapk - pk RemainingFlowList = SortedFlowList- .ows in Assignment for each .ow f in RemainingFlowList Assignment(f)= k, where ISP k has the largest Bink Bink = Bink - FlowTra.c(f) // return the result MaxISP = argmaxkBink return Assignment, MaxISP } Figure 6: The OfflineIntegral() subroutine: an of.ine greedy integral .ow assignment algorithm.

we use both analysis and simulations based on realistic traf.c and performance data to demonstrate that our algorithms yield good performance and low cost.


this automation saves both time and money, as one person has the ability to monitor and administer several machines at once.


If we use naive counting arguments, this would seem to suggest that k has no role to play in determining the probability of Figure 7: Number of Distinct Matches for Random Swap versus Random Spread a match.

iNTRODUCTION A popular means of seeking information is asking around.


Such latency variability is common in cellular networks due to the use of a radio resource state machine.

the process is further exacerbated in cellular networks with the existence of a large promotion delay.


Being able to plotvarious metrics for visual inspection, along similar axes, would allow an administrator to deduce the various activities and issues in the network.

a lot of experience was gained through deployment of these testbeds and some has even led to companies (e.g., Meraki).


Longer redirection updates can prevent corresponding clients from achieving desirable performance, as we demonstrate below.

because the average redirection interval is quite high in the Brazil case (6 minutes, as shown in Figure 5), we observe a relatively poor selection of servers in terms of path latency.


Further, the strongest probing bias appears at the available bandwidth point for all three cases, which is 7.5 mb/s in our case.

combining the case when gI = s/C as is stated in Theorem 3, we get the lower bound on E[gO] for the entire probing range 0 < gI < 8 as follows4: s .


In one case the pre.x owner peered with the o.ending AS, and in the other case the pre.x owner and the o.ending AS belonged to the same company.

they can be categorized into two categories: prevention [22, 26, 30, 21, 31], and detection [32, 23, 27, 16, 6].


Contrary to the previously described approaches, DPA selects packet payload not only from the beginning of a connection, but also from later stages of a connection.

these are often not directly embedded in the application layer protocol, but in bulk data that is transferred by the application protocol (e.g., within the mail body in SMTP).


THE PERCS TOPOLOGY The PERCS interconnect topology is a fully connected two-tier network [2].

the indirect routing cases (DFI and RDI) succeed in lowering the average and maximum usage on the D links signi.cantly compared to the other mappings.


1 compares the performance of all protocols against each other.

public key cryptosystems perform complex operations on relatively large numbers (160 bits for ECDSA).


6.3 Summary of main results The accuracyofthe minimalist approach con.gured withthe aggregate resources used by the six different applications is better than or comparable to the application-speci.c approaches.

if the .ow is selected, then the router uses its hash as an index into a table of .ows and updates the byte and packet counters for the .ow.


The timers are used by the SPD to avoid sending unnecessary data, by spacing promotion requests out in time.

the radio resource usage will in many cases be the same as without the SPD.


Figure 2: Comparison of Throughput Performance with Different Fixed Fragment Sizes (Scenario I) Comparison of "n.lmughput Pedonmince of Adaptive Aloodthrns (Scenario I) tsoo : tloo to 15 20 25 30 35 40 ~ 50 SlmulaUon 11me (rrdn.)

figure 5: Comparison of Throughput Performance of Different Adaptive Algorithms (Scenario II) Figure.4 shows the comparison of throughput performance u.sing different fixed fragment sizes in channel quality sce- nario II, i.e., pa is 0.7 and Pb is 0.3.


We .nd that nearly half of the paths explored have a non-access bottleneck with available capacity less than 50 Mbps.

this is counter to the expectation that many exchange point bottlenecks would be identi.ed on such paths.


Even when compromised nodes have bypassed our defense, we still have the traditional node compromise detection schemes as the second line of defense.

in the following .gures, we use xN y to represent the y-th scenario with x node(s) being redeployed.


A microphone sensor is inexpensive and has potential for high accurate ranging due to the low transmission speed of acoustic signals.

to quantify the results, from the perception curve of human ears (A-weighting coe.cients, we derive the sound pressure level (SPL) value as a metric of noisiness of the environment.


For the purpose of our study, we thus considered the maximization of the CDF for a particular IRT i at dt as an optimization criterion.

we observe the same trends, but a higher absolute Tx power and more outliers due to the comparison of step functions (cf.


This is achieved via the following simple rate-adjustment rule: Each source gradually increases its transmission rate until it encounters packet loss, at which point it decreases its sending rate to the throughput that the receiver observed.

edge (1, 2) prioritizes C2 , and edge (3, 4) prioritizes C1 .


Figure 18: Number of new contacts and the probing interval for a given day.

for all algorithms, we only allow Ti to vary between 30  1800 seconds.


One of the limitations of the seed embedded into the SSID has to do with the handling of NULL values, as mentioned above.

in this paper we propose anovel solution for the autocon.guration of IEEE 802.11 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) [1] are a networking based MANETs that relies on SSID parameter embedding.


Future work is needed to understand what factors in.uence the effectiveness of mass noti.cations and determine how best to perform them.

the bias implies that any population-based survey based on a single scan underestimates the vulnerable population.


Past work has illustrated that traffic classification can be made with a range of accuracies for a given quantity of data [Moore/Papagiannaki 2005 PAM].

we note an overall knowledge of the wider system is essential to understanding.


Then we have that for random lookup operations, the expected number of lookups that traverse node iis at most proportional to its degree wi.

c(Srbb)=,-c(falSe)s rendering c(Srbb)quite close to one for large system sizes.


The MacS uses distributed sensors to monitor darknets deployed in several universities and corporations.

the sensor II is monitoring /16 darknet IP addresses that are fully unused.


Second, CRMA (without virtual .ows)out-performs all the existing schemes under 6-16 .ows.

effects of data rates: Figure 7 shows the normalized throughput as we vary the total data rate of all channels from 1 Mbps to 64 Mbps.


We refer to this as the constant S case.

in order to seamlessly switch to IP streaming when the content is not available on local storage, an internet-connected DVR is required.


Such models, however, share certain limitations.

practical, distributed network coordinates.


The upper part of the graphs shows the average query completion time in FIGURE 12(a) and the average background .ow completion time in FIGURE 12(b).

the network can still drop packets even when enabling PAUSE as above.


This result implies that P-Unsplittable-Find remains NP-hard for T > 1, regardless of whether the routing structure is allowed to change over time slots or not.

as all the battery levels are positive in all the time slots between t and s, i can spend at least min{(bk i,s) - B, mint+1=te=s bk e } energy at i,s + ei,s - .bk i,t ' the time t and have bi,te = 0 .t.


In 38th ResearchConference on Communication, Information and InternetPolicy, September 2010.

our results show that download/upload performance in subareas followsa standard diurnalcyclebutis highlyvariable.


It provides a rich set of AMO interfaces supporting 32-bit and 64-bit datatypes.

the Open-SHMEM community should be cautious when adding new AMOs to the API, since it may negatively a.ect the usability of already supported operations.


We present the intra-AS cache cooperation scheme in Section 2, and formulate the cooperative redundancy elimination problem in Section 3.


we apply a clustering methodology that is guided by DNS syntax and semantics to decompose the query/response traces into the three major categories described above.


From a functional perspective, MPRTP must be able to make use of multiple paths and adapt to their relative capacity changes by redistributing the load, which should be done in a way that avoids oscillation (Section 3.1).

an adaptive transport protocol for balanced multihoming of real-time traf.c.


In this area, communication plays a fundamental role.

the proposed application makes use of a distributed user discovery protocol based on reliable data dissemination to share informationabout users.


For a category Ci,let pi,k be theprobability that Ci will stillbe considered as apossiblepopular category after P the k-thiterations, mk = i pi,k.

the curves for m = 500 and m = 1000 are quite close.


Modem users remain constant, and, al though there are approximately 10% fewer hotspot users during 0 the highly active period than on the weekday, the period of high activity remains similar.

smartphone users again exhibit the most notable differences.


one direction is to develop a centralized algorithm to compress traces collected on distributed monitors.


RCoA is another temporary IP address which is provided by the new MAP, as the MN enters into the new MAP domain.


We leave other resolving strategies for future work.

a node may be in Region K at time t1 and Region L at time t2.


P The output of the LP solver is d * = {d * }, the optimal solution to p,r the formulation.

in the next section, we discuss why this naive approach offers poor performance in practice and show how smarter caching and coordination can offer vastly improved bene.ts.


Notice in Figure 2 that although the packet 3 from d13da3 with key d22456 goes through a di.erent next overlay hop node from packets 1 and 2, the physical path that packet 3 takes shares 3 physical hops with that by packets 1 and 2.

high degree of route reuse in DHT routing leads to 69 d467c4 (a) Logical Domain (b) Physical Domain d123c1 d467c4 2 1 3 d123c1 2.


On one hand, the vehicle is driven from each road segment of the intersection to register/deregister itself to/from TCU.

it is a fully distributed system in that each intersection can learn its local tra.c condition and optimize the tra.c sign setting to prevent road congestions.


Note that in the third example of Figure 3, node W is between bridges A and B.

both administrative and technical considerations must be addressed to provide a better interface for performance prediction purposes.


In MDDV [16] the e.ort is to shape the data di.usion toward favorable locations which is done by Geographical-Temporal Multicasting, or simply to deliver a message from a data source to all devices in a distant contoured area.

figure 4: Average delay of .rst data delivery as a function of the number of sources.


Surprisingly, we prove a smaller upper bound equal to v2 1.155 on the connectivity ra 3 dius d of Y3[Gd].


For instance, message forwarding from sto t in Fig.

the node where a face change has occurred is treated as a planar graph routing start node again.


Let X be the association calculated by LP2 for a giving bottleneck load value Y as determined by LP1.The bottleneck load group comprises al l the APs if and only if the load on each AP is Y .

one can argue that this is the optimal bandwidth allocation.


Let N,t,s,and L be integers such that 1  1.Given a N ×tbinary matrix X, denote the ith column of X by X(i),where X(i)=(x1(i),x2(i),··· ,xN (i))'.

section 7 summarizes the work and concludes the paper.


Connected component of TCG ofWeb proxy packet trace(t =1[s]; ER-Rules: 1, 2, and 3(a, b)).

tCGs can extract the root cause by pro.ling application programs with .ow causality, i.e., network operators can identify the root cause and the position of the detected anomaly if they know the traf.c is a part of Web proxy traf.c and proxy servers propagate .ows to other hosts.


Thus, bridges fallback to .ooding packets destined to the receiving end host.

using generous values of 100 milliseconds for L, and 10 Gbps for B would lead to M equal to 16MB.


As with the Boolean model, the concept of the threshold range allows the precise and e.cient simulation of kconnectivity: the simulation results shown in Section 5, Figure 6, have been obtained as empirical cumulative distributions of the threshold attenuation range for k-connectivity.

it is relevant to ask when randomized beamforming improves the connectivity of ad hoc networks, in addition to asking how as done in [3].


Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental Evaluation and Characterization (WiNTECH) (San Francisco, CA, U.S.A., 19 Sep. 08, pp.

the server could have a proactive role in the rate adaptation action (e.g., looking in advance at the future of the media bit stream to be transmitted, in order to understand its characteristics and better adapt to outages in bandwidth availability).


OmniVoice exerts precise control on the starting time of uplink slots using unsolicited CTS-to-self broadcasts.

this algorithm is likely to be more accurate because it measures the quality of the link by actual number of packets successfully delivered to the client, instead of using RSSI as a proxy for link quality.


al developed the Expected Transmission T ime ( ETT) m etric [4].


* This research was supported by research grants from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and from Research In Motion (RIM).

it is not clear how to determine the mobility patterns.


The channel varies from frame to frame according to the Rayleigh distribution.

denote by NCRC the number of bits added as CRC redundancy.


This is achieved by forcibly disconnecting with the current AP and associating with the new AP having the greater SINR.

thisoperation(2) iscritical: without this functionality in the low quality range, weighting of link quality indicators by d×wi may induce associations to APs that are out of transmission range.


We show that no .xed round-trip algorithm can be instance-optimal when considering all possible data series.

of Computer Science, Stanford University, 2004.


It is worth mentioning that analysis of the same protocol conducted using CSP/Casper and reported in [22] discovered the same anomaly.

the flexibility of the formal language and its universal nature result in a relatively high degree of model complexity.


The integrated Tfront of node A is the largest one among all Tfront time intervals of node A for all the grid points that node A can cover.

the distinguishing advantages of our scheme are a much longer network half-life through energy conservation and balancing among sensor nodes, and a small communication overhead required to establish a working duty schedule among nodes.


When a beacon is broadcast, it is used to keep track of the distance between node s predicted position by its neighbors and its real position.

each lane has a minimum and maximum speed, and vehicles speeds are chosen randomly and change every sc seconds.


RFC 3323: A Privacy Mechanism for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Nov. 2002.

this is not the case for example with switched Ethernet.


From the window size process, we know that the queue occupancy at time t is n X Q(t)= Wi(t) - (2TP · C) - .

then we will consider .ows that are not synchronized with each other, or are at least not so synchronized as to be marching in lockstep.


This work was supported by Nano-Tera, the National Competence Center in Research on Mobile Information and Communication Systems under SNSF grant number 5005-67322, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, and the Cooperating Objects Network of Excellence under contract number EU-FP7-2007-2-224053.

iPSN 12, April 16 20, 2012, Beijing, China.


It is the advantage that can select the route which is adequate to the data property as it decides the stable shortest route and have multiple routes.

experimentation Parameters Parameters Value Size of simulation 1000 m X 1000 m Number of node 60 Velocity of node 2 m/sec, 4 m/sec, 8 m/sec for each 20 node Size of data packet 256 bytes Size of RREQ, RREP 64 bytes Size of RRER, Handoff 32 bytes Transmission of data packet 1 Mbps Time of simulation 100 sec Figure 10.


4.4 No Key-change Knowledge in SBKH With SBKH, almost all knowledge of key indices, initializations and authorizations, and key changes are implicit in the protocol and cannot be determined by an analysis of in-the-clear messages.

it is strongly recommended that S-offset < I-offset, to avoid encryption key reuse during resynchronization.


In the long run, the jammer knows that the transmitter will explore S * , and will choose the best set.

we can also consider the class of transmission priority schemes in which reserved channels always take priority over unreserved channels; under such schemes, in the steady-state, transmitter A will always defer to transmissions of other nodes, actually increasing the performance of other nodes.


Though details are not shown here, we also have evaluated our algorithm with another synthetic FIB generated from domain names, which have a more skewed name component distribution in Figure 8.

precomputed full-name hash dramatically reduces the Data forwarding cycles because it of.oads the major workload while it reduces a small portion of hash computation workload for Interest forwarding.


In Proceedings of the 21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP 07), Oct 2007.

network coordinates cannot adapt to the short-term delay changes because they can ex Time (Hour) Figure 4: The accuracy of Stabilized Vivaldi coordinates in predicting dynamic delays among PlanetLab nodes.


When bu.ers sizes are large (such as in the DSL example shown in the introduction), propagation delay is less of an issue and contributes negligibly to the delayed feedback and/or the dynamics of the whole system.

[7] S.-R. Kang, Y. Zhang, M. Dai, and D. Loguinov, Multi-Layer Active Queue Management and Congestion Control for Scalable Video Streaming, IEEE ICDCS, March 2004.


Onlythe UD address handles need to be updated after migration; for In.niBand these are the LID and QP number.

after that,the QP is switched to active state and is ready for communication.


With most existing systems, in this situation, wireless communication is not possible unless the IMD is activated by a magnetic read switch.

the protocol uses ultrasonic distance bounding to determine the distance between the reader and the device.


WINSE allows for more accurate simulations of the same term for different types of connections and this is big advantage of it.

sS s are divided in smaller groups so that it is easier to change the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters and the simulated applications of the Subscriber Stations and so to observe the differences between them.


This can be solved by a frequent periodical communication between the RRM Server and the BSs, which can (on the other hand) increase the signalling through the network.

when it would be necessary, RRM algorithms should be prepared to consult a centralized RRM server if this server is available.


Data subframes are allocated based on request-grant-confirm three-way handshaking among the nodes.

fig.5 and Fig.6 show that the scheduling length affected by the number of neighbor nodes.


By our density assumption, there is a sensor node located close to any chosen location.

note that for a DxDsquare region (D»r), there are roughly (DNr)grid lines in both horizontal and vertical directions.


Nexat traverses the AL list backwards, starting with alert J.


This provides strong motivation for the design of intelligent algorithms that result in one of the few good con.gurations that can e.ectively make use of the network resources.


In Section 4, we give simulation setup of ART-GAS and the performance evaluation of our ART-GAS through a myriad of experiments.

the in.exible .rst-come-.rst-served GTS allocation policy and the passive deallocation mechanism signi.cantly reduce network ef.ciency.


VALIDATION 5.1 Simulations We evaluate the system performance using the ONE simulator [13] to which we add a LiberouterApplication class that is agnostic to the underlying routing protocol and is run, e.g., on access points and a LegacyRouter class for legacy nodes that will only interact with the nodes running the former.

the notable outliers for improvement (see also .gure 5) are controlled replication with the smallest node population (50 nodes), again all acting as access points.


We would wish that the CDN be able to redirect some ongoing downloads to the new server.

our mechanism results in no tangible download throughput reduction for all reasonable server switching frequency and network path characteristics.


GPRS, CDMA 1xRTT), wireless systems include deep bu.ers in the Base Station Controllers to mitigate burstiness and therefore arti.cially in.ate the congestion window to larger than the true bandwidth-delay product.

local interfaces provide access to local mobile users.


Our implementation of PMNF has a running time of O(|V ||E|).

* FOR HY-BRID ONLINE T-COLORING We calculate the expected number of edge-changes between two RGG-RWP graphlets G, G '.


When QSTA1 intends to exchange frames with QSTA2 directly, it sends a DLS request frame to the QAP.

when the number of traffics increases in the WLAN, the contention for accessing the channel makes the sy stem thro ughput degrade d ramatically.


In practice, two clients are unlikely to have the same channel to both APs.

[31] G. Woo, P. Kheradpour, and D. Katabi.


Compared to traditional automation technologies, one major di.erence for this new generation of smart devices is how tightly they are coupled into larger scale service infrastructures.

figures 11(a) and (b) show that the tra.c of all device categories mostly belongs to unknown or miscellaneous realms.


We assume a setup where the vehicles travel through a road intersection that has a number of road-side access points / relays.

such order of magnitude improvement is very much desirable for interactive applications, and other applications that exchange real-time/delay-sensitive data.


It eliminates the need for route setup and maintenance in mobile networks by making use of geographic locations of mobile nodes.

the threshold essentially determines the allowable error in the location estimates.


Since the current logic is based on an execution model based on idealized cryptography,a correctness proof of the data transfer protocol is unlikely to be very informative.

tLSis saidtoprovide secrecy if ftls,sec holds, where ftls,sec ::= Honest(X ) .


(t + 1) be a random variable with support on SQ(t) and mean ¯.(t+1).

copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.


Deployments exhibiting this tra.c pattern are quite common in practice [7, 13, 20].

after over hearing the end of a parent s transmission, we backo.


The top 20 servers have more than 70 unique clients in every 10 s window.

we explain the details of how Sherlock constructs the Inference Graph, computes the required probabilities, and performs fault localization later in Section 4.


Additionally, in order to implement policy routing, we need to classify edges as peering or non-peering edges.

the figure also shows the maximum congestion in power law trees and exponential graphs.


Even if the new standard promises higher data rates, it is feasible to evaluate devices participating in current mobile networks.

first measurements show a throughput of 0.53 the average percentage of loss Mbit/s.


s.N No forwarding sensor is allowed to maintain per-.ow state.

if a source with weight one has an uncongested routing path while another source with weight two does not, the former will have higher rate than the latter.


Most distributed localization algorithms demands less communication overhead than centralized algorithms which require relaying the connectivity or range measurements from every sensor to the base station.

moreover, the base station has information about the positions of all anchors and their corresponding hoplength measurements that it received from them.


In the information reconciliation stage [5], Alice and Bob exchange error-correcting messagesoveranauthenticatedpublicchannel that allow them to agree on an identical string of bits.

[17] R. Wilson, D. Tse, and R. Scholtz, Channel identi.cation: Secret sharing using reciprocity in UWB channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.


ACM 978-1-60558-748-6 cause capacitors can sustain virtually unlimited charge cycles and are more environmentally friendly, a CRFID isolated from the elements has no components requiring regular service or replacement.


To investigate the degree of increased internal tra c arising from the cache cooperation, we measure the distribution of the hop count needed to satisfy each request, since the hop count characterizes the amount of tra c that each chunk request yields within the AS.

a considerable amount of caching space can be released and further used to cache more fresh and popular items.


forregistrationrefresh,wemayadjusttheregistration lifetimeinPMIPtomaketherefreshingrateinMobileIP andPMIPequivalent.inthesignalinganalysis,we ignoretheefetofrefreshsignalingandfousonthesignalingdiferenewithandwithoutpaging.Wenormalizethe signalingosttotheweightthedistanebetweenahome agentandforeignagent.Equation(3)and(4)redueto C Cn = dHA,FA(Rorewore+Rzoazwzoaz) (5) pvl =i 7 Cp Cpn= dHA,FA(Rorewore+Rzoazwzoaz) pvlipvl ()=+i-ia 77 ()2 (6) l +pi(1-a)(Ad+Aa) 4 dFA,FA(i-1)p(z)2 i(1-a)Aa 4 + dHA,FA(RoreRw+Rzoaz) wherethehopweightratioRw(disussedinSetion5.3) istheratioofworetowzoaz.


If fi can process all l(t) packets in .t, there is no need to scale up the frequency to fk.


Let s µsec is the time taken for re-authentication a mobile node and .

if a alters the whole packet then this is dealt totally by our neighborhood trust mechanism and c noti.es the neighbor about a when queried.


Regardless of the MAC protocol, nodes A, B, C will deliver their packets in a certain order.

retransmission schemes can obviously introduce higher latency during the progress of information delivery.


To capture this tradeo., we .rst choose three handover modes and test their performance in practice while handing tra.c from WiFi over to 3G (Section 4).

as we will see later, in today s networks it makes sense for MPTCP to prefer the WiFi interface when available and only use the 3G interface when there is no WiFi connectivity.


In routine-mode, all threads operate the same: they receive packets from the NIC and process them with the same monitoring algorithm.

practice of parallelizing network applications on multi-core architectures.


There are some other prediction methods that might perform better than the selected ones.

our approach in solving such problem starts by formulating the problem mathematically to show its complexity and to solve small-scale problems optimally.


Given the schema of a stream and the query evaluated on it, we can deduce temporal properties of attributes of the output stream.

while these devices are capable of high speed monitoring, they are inflexible as the set of monitoring tasks is pre-defined.


PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, May 2003.

we use the following algorithm for boundary re.nement.


As the transmitter is required to successfully receive an acknowledgment to its data transmission, no other concurrent transmission in the surroundings of the transmitting Fig.

supply of large areas with high speed connections demands dense installation of backbone connected devices.


There is a potential attack that some malicious nodes may pretend to frequently experience propagation delay changes to cause 140 1 0.9 120 0.8 100 0.7 0.680 Simulation time(s) 0.5 Average coordinates movement in 10s bins(ms) Fraction of malicious nodesDetection performance  Cumulative distribution 60 40 0.4 0.3 0.2 20 0.1 0 0 Simulation time(s) Simulation time(s) Relative error (a) (b) (c) Figure 13: The performance of integrating TIV detection and coordinates stabilization (a) Detection performance (b) Coordinates stability (c) Coordinates accuracy unnecessary coordinates recomputation.

[23] M. Pias, J. Crowcroft, S. Wilbur, T. Harris, and S. Bhatti.


The matrix of measurements has been shown in Fig.

[12] A. Gilbert, Intel, cisco .ne-tune wireless networking, ZDNET.com, August 2005.


IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, 2001, 6(2):197-204  [8] Thomesse J. P. Fieldbus technology in industrial automation.

because they are totally different in principle, it is unpractical to unify them into a general MAC mechanism.


Whereas building an equation system automatically in general is far from trivial, we can take the advantage of the special structure of our problem and hence allow LSMod to derive the model by itself.

each sensor only obtains the information about the direct path; this necessitates a networked sensing system (hence higher system complexity and deployment cost) with at least three sensors to actually locate a source.


Hence our assumption is false, and there is an even number of edges incident on S. The chaining algorithm presented in [8] requires certain edges to be on cycles, and in the case of general d = 3 this is not guaranteed.

anything less than full knowledge of the topology risks leaving peers bridging the gap, rendering the attack unsuccessful.


[19] Y. Wu, F. Wang, M. T. Thai, and Y. Li.

it requires the maximal node degree to be constant and it uses CDS-BD-D [9], which implies the election of a root node in the network.


Wehave emphasisedqualitative/conceptualaspects, andprovided simple numerical and diagrammatic examples.

this FAP would hear the con.rmation message sent by any foreign terminal, and correctlyinfer thatit mustNOT assign this SCtoitsownterminal.


13 by applying the method of gradient descent.


(5) Upon receiving the message from client A, client B confirms the challenge number rb, which was generated by itself before.

before SIP proxy A sends the first message to SIP proxy B, SIP proxy A encrypts  with its private key as a digital signature, then it encrypts the digital signature with SIP proxy B s public key, and sends the encrypted message to SIP proxy B.


Given that LTE requires licensed spectrum, our set-up is currently based on WiMAX (with an experimental license).

we start with six static clients, each with a 8 Mbps traf.c load.


In CDSbased schemes, a node marks itself as belonging to the CDS if it has two unconnected neighbors.

once it receives a message from the sender, the receiver divides the nodes inside its coverage area into three groups based on the locations of its neighbors.


We lastly explore selective caching as a mechanism to simultaneously impede certain tra.c analysis tactics and decrease the expected path length.

the expected path length E[l]is de.ned as an in.nite geometric series: 8 X i 238 1 E[l]= r =1+r + r + r +··· +r = (1) 1-r i=0 subject to 0 = r< 1.


In VANET, owing to the high mobility and continuous change in the network topology, the .rst alternative (periodically) that we mentioned before in MANET is more suitable in VANET [7].

aRCHITECTURE Figure 1 shows the On Board Unit (OBU) architecture, which represents the parts of the vehicles OBU and how it controls and interacts with the other devices that are connected to it, in order to achieve the aim of reducing the bandwidth consumption and overhead by sending HELLO message adaptively.


Note that the choice of what goes in the list of default ports would impact the port-based method s performance.

the first component is a packet classifier which is used to classify TCP stream into P2P stream and NON-P2P stream.


From this observation, it is not di.cult to extend the result to A(t1)+ ··· + A(t4) instead of just A(t1).

an algorithm (referred to as LFS) that allocates gaps in decreasing order of their sizes reduces the fragmentation by almost an order of magnitude compared to other algorithms.


2The Intel and Broadcom WiFi chipset we have looked at do not let us set the driver bu.er size.

the Atheros WiFi card that we use in our evaluations holds only one packet, although in principle the physical memory bu.er might be larger.1 While packets pass through four queues, they are copied only twice: from user-space to the kernel s socket bu.er and then via DMA from the kernel to the device bu.er.


Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.2 [Network Protocols]: Routing Protocols General Terms: Algorithms Keywords: Fast Rerouting, Failure Protection 1.

[12] Sharma, V., and Hellstrand, F. Framework for MPLS-based Recovery.


[5] R. S. Schwartz, R. R. R. Barbosa, N. Meratnia, G. Heijenk, and H. Scholten.

iEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 10(1):3 15, 2011.


After careful AC the network traffic should be monitored to avoid congestion.

if multiple RReq reach the destination on different routes, several routes are cashed.


PREVIOUS WORK There is a signi.cant amount of prior work in .nding scheduling disciplines that provide delay and fairness guarantees.

the advantage of this approach is that it considerably simpli.es the scheduling decision to be made.


PROXY IMPLEMENTATION 5.1 SLAVE Implementation To allow client applications to invoke Web Services over a Bluetooth channel, our framework provides a dedicated API, called WSBT (Web Service over Bluetooth), running on the mobile client applications.

application programmers using our framework can still adopt the communication modality that better suits their application scenario.


Since the NATs are expected to be on high-speed wireline network, the bandwidth overhead of tunneling is not really an issue.

in our prototype, once virtual and actual IP are allocated for a host, the DHCP server updates the SNAT and DNAT tables in NAT to map the actual source IP to virtual source IP and the virtual destination IP to the actual destination IP for the packets coming in and going out on internal interface, respectively.


For example, an unfocused, blurred image mostly misses .ne details (high frequencies), whereas the image s core features (low frequencies) remain unaffected.

one is close to the LCD, the other further away.


at both sides are not strictly synchronized, leading to potential inconsistency that .

piggybacking FIN with other transfers or batching multiple FIN handshakes together is not always possible, and doing so can increase the complexity of the application logic.


We address the question of obtaining the bounds on the lifetime and the sleeping probability of nodes independent, which is valid both for event occurrence detection and continuous monitoring and sensing of an environment.

bounds on the sleeping probability need to be satis.ed for proper network functionality.


They then give competitive ratios for various policies which are usually independent of the buffer size, and are a function of, e.g., the network size.


[3] A. Medina, N. Taft, S. Battacharya, C. Diot, and K. Salamatian.

other assump- tions than the Markov modeling assumption can be stud- ied, leading to another form for the second box.


Depending on the wireless network building blocks (WWAN, WLAN last-hop and multi-hop WLAN), there are different design options.

the average data traffic load LWLAN of an access point can be computed as L WLAN = .·Cm · b .


[4] A. Campbell, J. Gomez, S. Kim, C. Wan, Z. Turanyi, and A. Valk´o.

the performance with and without the de.ned functionalities is compared and tested under di.erent network topologies, in terms of received service, packet loss and end-to-end delay.


In addition, fairness was quite high for all n, and message loss was near zero.

(0, 1).2 For purposes of a proof by contradiction, let us assume .. : |.|> 1.


Alternatively, we are planning to combine stack introspection techniques from the security community [47] with causal analysis techniques recently used to create high-performance .le systems that provide strong persistence guarantees [33].

no constraints are expressed with respect to IROBs of other types, so, for example, the library may reorder an on-demand fetch IROB ahead of a modi.cation IROB.


Since each node v can be used to specify a vertex contraction, we can use a set of nodes in U .

2Within the scope of NERC CIP, several of those terms have very speci.c meanings (e.g., Con.guration Management).


[11] N. McKeown, A fast switched backplane for a gigabit switched router, Business Communications Review, vol.

the proposed scheme eliminates padding overhead, reduces header overhead and crosspoint buffer size, and is suitable for use with external, modern DRAM buffer memory in ingress line cards.


For example, if 10 content chunks arrive every second and the cache capacity is 10 content chunk size, then the caching probability is 0.1.

routers calculate routes based on these content advertisements.


SONDe is able to dynamically adapt the number of providers to reflect load variations experienced in localized portions of the system.

there is a need to develop self-organized distributed solutions.


We would expect those users to be more attentive to security and more responsive to security issues of this type.

the results are shown at the end of this section in Figure 12.


3 Shared Collision Avoidance Grant-to-send (GTS) is a collision-avoidance mechanism proposed by Choi et al.

the goal of this mechanism is to: Minimize the effect of concurrently running protocols on the packet delivery ratio observed by any given protocol.


A receiver will .rst locate the center locator at the .rst captured frame, and we adopt the Mean-shift algorithm [6] to detect it in our implementation.

the capacity limitation makes such static 2D barcodes not appropriate for high-speed vlc.


After reachi ing the threshol d value, the gaateway node broadcaasts a gateway y node leaving mmessage to its neighboring nodes.

the work in [6] showed that mobility of sensor nodes increases sensing coverage.


INTRODUCTION Finding problems in complex networks has always been challenging, as the substantial literature on network debugging and root-cause analysis tools [4, 7, 10, 11, 13] can attest.

we have developed an initial version of such an algorithm, based on an extension of [20], but we cannot present it in detail here due to lack of space.


as TE is most effective in a network where the bottleneck is in the backbone and not at the periphery, we simulate an underprovisioning network and set the link bandwidths of the links between routers to 10 Mbit/s.


This is due to the fact that the contention situations are more homogeneous, and UxDMA can take advantage of global topology information.

even though the message delivery probability approaches one as the neighbor protocol sends out the same message in signals repetitively for extended period of time, the neighbor protocol has to regulate the rhythm of sending signals, so that the desired probability of the message delivery is achieved with a small number of retransmissions in a short time, while incurring a little amount of interference to other neighbors signal transmissions.


The speed of growth, of course, depends on the underlying network topology.


PL = (1 -- pB)(1 --pv) + (1 --PB)PuPw +PBPw" (8) Proof: A direct transmission from host X to host Y succeeds in WAR if Y receives the packet either from X or from a wit- ness of X and then X is informed about the success.

(24) + Ps( 1 - PL) For DSR, we have: EL "Jr" PL'DSR(1 -- PS,DSR) ] Zrouting,DSR : PL'DSn(1 --PS'DSR)T (25) + PS DSR---------5 aCK, DSR(-----------i-- PL with PL,DSR and PS,DSR from eq.


The first case corresponds to the standard Linux behavior, since we do not need multiple RxRings per interface.

softIRQs differ from HW IRQs mainly in that a SoftIRQ is scheduled for execution by a kernel activity, such as an HW IRQ routine, and has to wait until it is called by the scheduler.


The compass communicates this information over the I2C interface.

wSNs have successfully been used in wildlife tracking experiments involving other species [11, 14, 17 20].


The default decision for admission will be based statically on the presented credentials.

the admission security level and data security level for routing must be set globally.


Our paper sheds new light on the macroscopic evolution of the Internet economic ecosystem and concretely identi.es the driving factors of such an evolution.

lessons (the AP quality-sensitivity effects on prices) leaned: When the APs become more sensitive to the service quality, the price of lower class TPs will drop quickly.


The client informs the AP of its IP to pseudonym binding whenever its IP address changes.

[23] Patwari, N., and Kasera, S. K. Robust location distinction using temporal link signatures.


Some samples are from the rule sets of Snort[7], and the others are from the simulative attack.

only those packets are not sufficient to serve for the data source of the NIDS.


Note that our prototype is not optimized.

we restrict our attention to relaxing numerical error because of space limitations.


Our focus in this article is on the TXOP feature; similar analysis can be applied to frame aggregation as well.

a maximum limit is imposed on TXOP size by the 802.11e standard (~8.16 msec).


Tasks are scheduled by the task scheduler (see below) when new input data is available and there is suf.cient buffer space at the parent task.

if low performance is observed repeatedly across different requests, the agg box is considered permanently failed, and the failure recovery procedure described above is employed.


The measurement results demonstrate that our NP-based switch can reduce the http processing latency by an average of 83.3% for a 1K byte web page.

the .rst one is to see how much improvement can be achieved by using TCP splicing, thus we compare the performance of a proxy-based Linux switch to that of a splicing-based Linux switch (we call it Linux splicer).


The Farthest To BS algorithm outperforms Nearest To BS algorithm in case the number of SS is 6, while the Nearest To BS algorithm outperforms Farthest To BS algorithm in case the number of SS is 9.

according to the given mesh tree T and request set D, the BS will make an efficient schedule that assigns transmissions as more as possible in each slot such that the total transmission time required for satisfying the request demand D is minimal.


We also let t,h =1,...,n +1, jj be the time for pj s tofully arrive(including thelastbit of the packet) at H(h).

for this set of experiments, except for H(5), we did not generate cross tra.c for other hops (i.e., wj (h) = 0, .h= h ' , in Eqns.


represents the reverse Laplace-Stieltjies Transform.

the key into this cache table is the parameter set that describes the channel conditions (packet error rate) and the server status (rejection probability for RPR s.) The value is the optimal policy that should be put to practice.


In any case, we can look at the source or destination MAC address of the packets and compare them with the MAC addresses of devices known to be on the corporate network.

we did not discuss which channels the DAIR nodes should listen on.


Infiniband architecture (IBA) defines a switched communications fabric, allowing many devices to communicate concurrently with high bandwidth and low latency in a protected, remotely managed environment.

nIC-based methods have been used for other collective operations [22] [23].


It prescribes values for random channel access probability (.)

x can now resume its countdown and potentially advance to R2, and complete transmission1.


[13]  Gt 4.0 gridftp, http://www.globus.org.

in either case, the ib rdma bw benchmarks measures the throughput of data communication as seen by 5000 RDMA operations, excluding the time taken for connection establishment.


So, grouping nodes increases the productivity and the performance of the network with low overhead and low extra network traffic.

cSs are used to manage the architecture.


International Conference on Software Engineering (SE 97), REFERENCES San Francisco, CA, USA, November 1997.

as part of our ongoing work on roaming application, we are developing a network proxy for more general network connection mobility.


The web has responded Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

[7] Apple -iTunes -iTunes Store -Podcasts -Technical Specification.


If the conference doesn t exist (case 1.b) then the service returns a URL to which the client should send a POST message (case 2) which will result in the creation of a new conference.

the session-oriented nature of telephony appli cations which are based on stateful protocols requires the use of .nite state machines to describe and implement the expected behaviour.


The .rst one tries to minimize the collision areas of channels, in order to maximize the channel reuse and network performance.

4.3 Results Scenarios based on channel allocation algorithms 1, 2 and 3 were simulated, and we collected the results of transmission power, CPE throughput, allocation times of channels, CPE accessing possibilities, fairness on accessing possibilities and the average times of routing messages for other CPEs, when the available channels are from 1 to 10.


"Understanding and improving the spatial reuse in multihop wireless networks."

the transmission duration Tm(R) with the primary receiver nr is given by: l () R coded R (16) TR() = N R n ( , ) , n .