Thus, we de.ne the weight of an active line l as Wl = the number of downstream sinks which allows us to directly minimize total sink delay impact over all nets in a given tile.3 4.2 Max-MinSlack-Fill-Constrained Objective A weakness of the MDFC PIL-Fill formulation is that we minimize the total delay impact independently in each tile.

the impact due to .ll features on the signal delay of complete timing paths is not directly considered.


This updating is done by the Virtual Control module directly in the API so the Remote Control does not matter about what is going on and the Virtual Control module does not need to take the robot under its control.

the Remote Control module does not distinguish between real or virtual information.


For the mask set corresponding to code 7, this is equivalent to saying that the correct key byte equivalence class is ranked .rst.

when considering the 16th-order success rate, codes 4 and 5 yield the same result, hence only the results for code 4 are displayed.


Therefore, we use a linear model [4] in our work to model the FIFO communication cost.

if the startup cost to initiate a data transfer is Cinit, and the cost to transfer one data unit is Cunit, the estimated communication cost will be calculated as Comm(e) = Cinit + vl(e) × Cunit.


The resulting number takes up very little space (it is included in every message which is sent) and allows fast type checks, but is stronger than a unique type ID number.

if two LITMUS codes match, then with very high probability the programmers of the two components were working from the same schema.


While the analytical model provided valuable insight, we found that there was still a gap between the model and practical systems.

an accurate prediction for set-associative caches turned out to be di.cult because realworld applications often accessed cache sets in a non-uniform manner.


These nonclassical CMOS device structures include Double-Gate (DG) MOSFETs, the Pi-Gate (PG) MOSFETs, and the cylindrical Surrounding Gate (SRG) MOSFETs.

sRG MOSFETs offer the best control of SCEs and sub-threshold characteristics [1-2].


The automatically generated pronunciation result for Hebrew is especially noteworthy, in that the few recognition failures were all due to failure of our method to produce any pronunciations (this happens when no vocabulary choice provides reasonable match to the recording, as might happen if there is excessive noise during the recording or particularly unusual pronunciation).

for those words for which our method did produce a pronunciation, subsequent recognition accuracy was 100%.


As the benefits of VDD and Vth scaling have already been proved, in this paper we concentrate on quantitative pointers for using such know-how in deep sub-micron technologies.

we want to find what the expected power savings are, what power-delay tradeoffs can be made, understand present static and dynamic power consumption trends, and investigate how far can process-dependent performance spread be tuned.


If the sliding step is R, then the total number of grid points inside ¯the pink area is ( B R¯+ 1)2, i.e., (k + 1)2 .

there are (k + 1)2 sliding-windows in the given region.


On the basis of the observed de.ciency in provisioning cloud workloads, we propose a fractal model for prediction and optimization.

we aim to provision the utilization of datacenter workloads to shift the distribution of utilization level to more energy e.cient values as much as Figure 2: CPU and memory usage of google workloads in a Google s 12k-machine cell over about a month-long period [38] possible.


For fixed Vdd, circuit power is linearly proportional to the operational frequency.

they do not contribute to any power savings.


3.3.3 Software-only Less Conservative Approach (SoLA) In this approach, we take the mechanism explained in Sec- tion 3.3.2 and try to be less conservative in the BRANCH cases.

we want to eliminate iTLB lookups when a static analysis of the code by the compiler can re- veal that the branch target is within the same page as the branch instruction itself (this typically occurs when branch targets are given as immediate operands or as PC relative operands).


3.3.4 Memory Similar to the issue, the memory stage is also susceptible to errors due to the presence of CAM logic in the load-store queue.

when the CAM search results in several tag matches, we observe additional delay in this stage, potentially causing timing errors.


Both of the schemes are based on stochastic inference.

we use the importance samplingbased method.


This information is designed to complement the timings accumulated by the thread proflet.

if there are more threads available to run than processors available to run them, the thread proflet will show that the threads were running, but the timing proflet will show that they were effectively blocked.


5.2 Cases with Multiple Critical Sinks We tested the algorithms in cases with multiple critical sinks.

there may be several sinks with similar timing criticality in each net.


In this context, the paper proposes a mutation model targeting the communication primitives of the new SystemC TLM 2.0 library [5].

the paper analyzes the main primitives provided with such a library, and it presents the following innovative contributions (Figure 1): a way for formalizing the internal behavior of the TLM 2.0 communication primitives by using the extended .nite state machine (EFSM) model [6];  a set of mutations for such EFSMs based on an extension of the well-known transition fault model for FSMs [7];  identi.cation of relations between the proposed mutations and typical design errors.


d) Application clock properties (i.e., causality): It is important to preserve application properties after the mapping and scheduling on processors.

the global causality relations between application clocks ci must be guaranteed after their projection on processor clocks .j .


and15fortheECFG modeland between2 and3fortheAECFG model.

the abstraction increased the simulation speedfortheexampleby afactorof about.ve.


Two .ag bits (F1 F2 ) are also added to the tag entry of each cache block to guide prerecovery operations.

f1 F2 are set based on the status of the pre-recovery operation as: 1) F1 F2 = 01 for an on-going pre-recovery (counter=00001); 2) F1 F2 = 11 for a complete prerecovery (counter=11000); and 3) F1 F2 = 00 for no or pending pre-recovery (counter=00000).


For example, both require performing computation with unreliable components, and both require abstractions to manage complexity, simplifying the design of more complex systems.

we focus on DNA strand displacement systems because of their simplicity and .exibility.


The equivalence classes of nodes in this cone are shown in dotted rectangles.

equivalence class EQ3, composed of structurally different nodes F and G, cannot be refined by forward and backward signature propagation.


Michael Theobald Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA theobald@cs.cmu.edu  single-clock systems, as well as for multi-clock systems.

one limitation of their approach is the assumption that the data rates on all input and output channels of a synchronous module are identical.


Some points, however, have significant error.

configuration 68 for the dijkstra and pegwit benchmarks shows errors of 11.4 percentage points and 8.4 percentage points respectively.


If R write en is true, then, on the rising edge of Rclk, data is entered into the In.fo, into the location pointed at by R write pointer.

r write en = (validprev) · (addrmatchprev · Full In f i f oprev) data is dropped if the packet is valid (.rst term above) and if the address matches, and the input FIFO is not full (second term).


Th -Tc 1 Qc(I, Th, Tc)= NSITc - - I2Re(1) Rt 2 Th -Tc 1 Qh(I, Th, Tc)= NSITh - + I2Re(2) Rt 2 The power input to the TEC, PT E C , is equal to difference between Qh and Qc.

pT E C (I, Tc, Th)= Qh -Qc = N(SI.T + I2Re), (3) where .T is equal to Th - Tc.


Although this approach can handle the problem e.ciently, it does not consider the correlations between multiple errors in the design.

each error in the design is considered independently.


There may be more than one EDT being built in the exponential dilution phase.

the final outcome is an EDT forest instead.


Leaving i6 out of the tree will enable detection of such MBUs, which have a high probability of becoming visible to the system, at the cost of allowing single errors on i6 to propagate (with low probability) to the system level.

careful AVFdriven selection of bits to include in the parity tree can be bene.cial both in terms of overhead and in terms of coverage.


Our major observation is that improving cache reuse is no longer the dominant factor to consider in optimizing these computations.

streaming memory accesses are increasingly important because they engage software and hardware prefetch mechanisms that are essential to memory performance on modern microprocessors.


A graph is said to be k-element connected if and only if there does not exist a set of k-1 elements whose removal disconnects the graph.

there are k element-disjoint paths connecting every pair of terminals; and these paths are allowed to share terminals.


On the other hand, it is also promising to identify the logic primitives efficiently realized by controllable-polarity FETs in existing data structures.

bDD Decomposition System based on MAJority decomposition (BDS-MAJ) [10] is a logic optimization system driven by binary decision diagrams that supports integrated MUX, XOR, AND, OR and MAJ logic decompositions.


We have shown that our proposed accelerator can perform tasks such as tree lookup and pattern matching efficiently.

it achieves up to 25-fold improvements for pattern matching and 10-fold improvement for tree lookup over optimized software solutions.


These features have so far been only available on CPUs, but are critical for the ef.cient implementation of many custom data.ow systems.

preemption allows a data item in a computation pipeline to be destroyed before the computation is complete, if it has been determined to be no longer required, thereby saving energy consumption.


The main conclusion of this analysis is that not so many gates can be built in a single TRL unit in the case that the target fabric provides 6 transistors of each type (PMOS and NMOS) and 4 input variables, as originally indicated in [11].

for these larger cells which are majority in this set, becomes necessary to spread the (transistor network of the) logic gates in two or three fabric units or to remap complex gates into arrangements of simpler (basic) ones.


For a MH, both these factors are a function of its path loss and the level of interference from other MHs.

we assume that the cost is C.(7/, Z, 7) = aP +/37 (5) where a and 13 are two design constants, P is the transmis- sion power needed to achieve the requested target SINR 7.


processing node simulation platform mentioned in Subsection 3.1.

moreover, we observe that significance-driven computation we are simulating a single-core WBSN node that has achieves significant energy and time savings.


Each pipeline stage (node) contains the stall-event stacks representing the penalties of the paths reaching the node.

we can identify the costs to reach a certain node by investigating these stacks.


This con.rms that the yield of PCBs is not a limiting factor for the overall yield of the crossbar array.

the array yield is determined only by the yield of UCBs, the maximum defect-free subset of resources that can be used for application mapping.


However the conventional modal decoupling techniques have a fundamental limitation to be applied for homogeneous media since [][ ] = e[ ] .

since LC µI all the modal propagation speeds are identical, the propagation modes cannot be decoupled.


This means that a computation can be performed along a wavefront starting with node (0, 0) (which depends on no other nodes) followed by computing (1, 0) and (0, 1) in parallel, then (2, 0), (1, 1) and (0, 2) also in parallel and so on.

the lack of backwards data flow means that there is a huge amount of parallelism available in the computation.


All write operations on a TS-variable are linearizable by timestamp.

writes to a TS-variable are totally ordered by timestamp, and this total order is consistent with the partial order in which the operations are actually processed.


The dark blocks represent the only hardware changes required by our solution.


We have devised a novel synchronization architecture as a solution to the processor synchronization problems when encountered in a System-on-a-Chip (SoC).

we propose moving some of the synchronization to hardware, which, in SoC design, can execute at the same clock speed as the processor itself.


4.1.5 Generalisation to other environments Practical applications of a recognition system might require that the system is applicable in a novel scenario adhoc with a pre-trained classi.er.

in an IoT in which sensing devices might be frequently relocated, prior training for each placement is not feasible.


This insight allows us to tweak the TPCM algorithm to intentionally create highly uneven mappings.

certain portions of the cache are accessed more heavily than others, but in a predictable way.


This kind of nanotube-based circuit is the analogue to the conventional CMOS based logic gates and has the same advantages.

logic circuits based on complementary devices aim to consume low power, favor higher gain, be stable, and allow easy implementation in integrated circuits.


The data request Req1 is reserving a new circuit, C1, which shares the routers Rj and Rj+1 with C2.

c1 and C2 share RBj and its corresponding RBj+1 out,W est in,East .


However, the lowest level of abstraction in [4] is behavioral RTL and it is not clear how the concept of events relates to optimized pipeline designs.

an automated equivalence check between a sequential processor architecture and a pipelined RTL implementation is not feasible for optimized industrial designs.


This means that the belief of this node in its decision is a 50:50 probability for a zero and a one.

the corresponding node/edgeis temporarily removed for the current iteration in the tanner graph.


This is not an accurate assumption since this way the amount of useful work gets done under an L2-miss is ignored (the stall cycles equal memory latency minus the cycles needed until the head of the ROB will be occupied by the L2-miss).

the cycles in which the processor is blocked due to an L2-miss do not scale proportionally with frequency.


To avoid the control information leakage, we introduce the notion of a safe partition and a minimal safe partition and devise a method to partition a program while concealing the program control information.

partitioning is done in such a manner that an attacker cannot guess the program behavior by observing the partitions sent through the network.


Second, the choice of the root for each spanning tree is arbitrary.

choosing any node as the root node will always generate the con.ict-free bipartite graph.


These results are based on several abstractions.

we neglect effects of caching, separate memories, and shared communication resources in the processor architecture.


This issue is addressed by means of new design for manufacturability techniques.

regular layout designs with a reduced amount of layout patterns and with predictable layout neighborhood show to be highly bene.cial [3] [5].


CLOCK MESHES AND SKEW In this section, essential preliminaries are outlined.

in section 2.1, non-tree clock topologies, and in particular, clock meshes are described.


We propose an algorithm that will make use of the DFG to analyze the instruction dependency characteristics and rearrange the instructions in a manner which will place memory loads earlier while pushing instructions dependent onthese memory loads later within the basic block.

this algorithm must ful.ll the following constraints in order to maintain proper program execution and behavior: True datadependencies mustbe maintained  The order of store operations must be maintained  The orderof loadoperations respectivetostore operationsmustbe maintained  it is important to note that the constraints listed above with regard to memory store ordering could be relaxed if the e.ective destination address was statically guaranteed not to con.ict withother memory load/store instructions.


MTTF value (represented by the height of the bars) is the average normalized MTTF across all applications, where the average MTTF at a performance of 1.0 and a cost of 1.0 is normalized to 1.0 Figures 7(a) and (b) show the highest average MTTF possible for each cost and performance constraint.

for each point with cost=C and performance=P, we report the highest MTTF (averaged across all applications) among all the SD+GPD con.gurations with cost :C and performance ?P.


The probability an active user is in ring k is proportional to the load .¯k = .k/ck generated by these users.

the density of active users is inversely proportional to their peak rate, as in the absence of coding constraint.


Further, because cost depends on many sources and varies over time, we vary the relative cost ratios across platforms in order to understand cost sensitivity in Section 5.

if server cost and/or network cost were to differ across datacenter con.gurations, this can be accounted for through these cost ratios.


At the same time, Process Variability (PV), produces unexpected power/performance .uctuations, which are becoming a major fabrication challenge for the upcoming technology scales.

it has been observed a latency degradation up to 40% and a leakage power variation on buffers of about 90% due to PV [4].


ij for .ij : s j = si (10) hold hold + .

ij the slack at corner ci along with the clock skew di.erence between these two corners is used to estimate the slack at cj.


First, the structural constraints come from the structure of the control .ow graph.

each structural constraint enforces that the number of visits on incoming .ows into a basic block is the same as the number of visits on outgoing .ows from the basic block.


With enough frequency points, the transfer function is obtained, which completely characterizes the linearized response of the circuit under test.

the transfer function can tell how the circuit responds to an arbitrary consuming method.


However, k in EQ3 is smaller for latch based design.

latches allow shorter stage delay due to cycle borrowing ability, which causes higher optimal Wreg/Wlogic ,as dictated by EQ3.


Our results show that the behavior of frequently occurring values is not much different from frequently accessed values.

one may expect that frequently accessed values would cause signi.cantly greater number of cache misses in comparison to frequently occurring values.


Adaptive Data Protection in Distributed Systems Anna Cinzia SquicciariniCollege of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania StateUniversityUniversity Park, PA, 16802 Giuseppe Petracca College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA,16802 Elisa Bertino Computer Science Department Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, 47906 ABSTRACT Security is an important barrier to wide adoption of distributed systems for sensitive data storage and management.

one unsolved problem is to ensure that customers data protection policies are honored, regardless of where the data is physically stored and how often it is accessed, modi.ed, and duplicated.


Our solution is to employ multiple training sessions.

from time to time (i.e., at regular intervals), we run a training session and determine the number of processors to use until the next training session arrives.


These results show that the macro placements generated by the MP-tree have better routability.

the MP-tree leads to much better e.ciency.


Additionally, of the 135 spoken queries, 13 were unrecognized by the ASR engine.

the participants spoke words that were in the language model, but the ASR engine misunderstood the participants utterances.


When the .rst failed bit within a 4KB page causes a block to die, the page is then paired with another page that is selected to ensure that the set of failed block indices do not intersect.

if a block at index i is dead in one page, it must not be dead in the other page.


With this background, it is becoming more important to explore inorganic semiconductors such as silicon as well as new electronic functional materials with characteristics complementary to those of silicon.

we have great expectations for organic molecular materials, which are mainly composed of carbon, and carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes for use as functional materials because abundant elements can be used for their synthesis.


An important requirement for any sensitivity-based algorithm is the ability to perform incremental recomputation.

by perturbing only a small portion of the circuit, we must not be required to perform a complete recomputation over the entire circuit.


Here the median of UM .R3 , denoted by ¯u =( ¯ux, u¯y, u¯z)T is de.ned as a vector composed of the medians in each coordinate.

u¯x is the me x xyz dian of {ui : ui =(ui ,ui ,ui )T ,i .M}.An alternative de.nition based on the average of displacements is possible h * i P wij dij (Xi -Xj ) * i T j.Ni Mc wij Xj + X * i = .X-Xj.


We represent c2i and c1i as c2i =c2i ×2-l2i ×2l2i ' ' and c =c1i ×2-l1i ×2l1i , respectively.

instead of the 1i ' original values of c2i and c1i, we store the values of c2i ×2-l2i , ' l2i, c1i ×2-l1i ,and l1i in the coef.cients table.


Table 3 summarizes the classi.cation performance using a simple 1NN as classi.er and cross validating over ten folds.

for each experiment, 90% of documents were used during the bootstrap process (we refer to these documents as the bootstrapping set ).


However, we ran each simulation for an increasing topology size, effectively simulating a range of fault placements: smaller topologies represent localized faults, large topologies represent faults that affect a larger part of a domain.

the simulations represent the size of the network topology un- derneath a fault.


BACKGROUND 2.1 Markov Model for Intermittent Fault Markov model is a special case of stochastic processes where transition from present state has an exponential distribution and is only dependent on current state and not on previous states or when it arrived at the present state [2].

past is implicitly embedded in current state.


We mention that even for high-dimensional subspaces the computation time for our metrics is not the limiting factor; the acquisition time still dominates the duration of the side-channel evaluation.

leakage models with high-dimensional subspace reduced the required number TABLE I SU C C E S S R AT E F O R A L L L E A K AG E M O D E L S Subspace [dim] 2 9 37 93 163 # Traces for success rate=1 14971 7206 3137 2881 2250 by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the project Resist through grant number 01IS10027A and CASED (www.cased.de).


B. Computation of Approximate value For each [si,ei], f (x)is approximated by the corresponding quadratic function gi(x).

the approximated value y of f (x)is computed as follows: y =gi(x)=c2ix2 +c1ix +c0i, (3) where the coef.cients c2i, c1i,and c0i are derived from the 2ndorder Chebyshev approximation polynomial [11].


While the GCP can provide extra power, the existing power budgets still need to be enforced: (i) the DIMM and chip power budgets must be obeyed and (ii) the DIMM and chip power budgets are not changed by introducing the GCP.

the power that the GCP provides to one chip is actually borrowed from other chips.


Recent work also considered alternatives to the .xpoint computation.

[10, 24] reconsidered the causality problem as the theoretically more dif.cult satis.ability problem and proposed new SAT solving techniques and temporal induction for their solution.


First, if two nests of an application do not share any array between them, then there is no point in trying to handle these two nests together.

in this case, each nest can be handled independently.


PROPOSED TSV REDUNDANCY ARCHITECTURE In order to handle clustered TSV fault, our solution is to offer more repair options for each defective TSV.

we try to increase repair .exibility so that a defective TSV can be replaced by a spare that is distant.


According to Theorem 3, we know that given two LTGs, they are functionally equivalent if and only if they have the same CEVs.

if we can ensure the CEVs intact after the simpli.cation, this simpli.cation is valid and we can obtain an LTG with smaller weights or threshold value.


[7] present a comprehensive survey of memory optimizations used in embedded systems.

their discussion of memory packing and array-to-memory assignment [7, Section 3.3] is similar in principle to the LICCA problem formulation; one important difference is that they consider reordering parallel memory accesses through instruction scheduling; we do not have the leeway to perform this reordering as our concurrent memory accesses occur in the context of ISE invocations; in general, we cannot move an access to an array element from one ISE invocation to the next without altering the computation performed by the program.


To preserve the RTL IP semantics, the C++ functions generated from the RTL processes have to be executed in the same partial order as the corresponding RTL processes are executed in the RTL model.

concurrent processes can execute in a non-deterministic order, while the order between non concurrent processes must be preserved.


The second case is similar to the synchronous unilateral scheme in the following respect: Instead of having a feedback signal r from machine M2 to M1 we have implicit timing constraints (enforced, e.g., through timer circuits or counters) that enable state transitions in machine M1 only if M2 is guaranteed to have moved into the corresponding communication states.

the timing constraints enforce the reachability constraints of the four-cycle handshake abstraction.


Conclusions In this paper, we demonstrate that combining settings at the physical and architectural level in a memory subsystem holds promise of exposing unprecedented trade-off points between performance and reliability.

read throughput can be improved upon demand at runtime without sacri.cing UBER and viceversa.


ZERO LOADS: CHARACTERIZATION AND OPPORTUNITIES This section introduces the new notion of Zero Loads (ZLDs) and establishes the frequency of such loads as a fraction of the total number of dynamic loads.

we discuss the notion of criticality of ZLDs to establish their impact on performance.


Since there is spatial locality in caches, this distribution results in an increase in the distance between hot spots, thereby reducing the peak temperature.

the BPS lowers the peak temperature of a 4-way associative level 1 instruction cache by 7ºC and reduces its total energy consumption by 5.6% on average.


We next conducted experiments to see the effectiveness of using the data stored in the neighboring SPMs.

we also wanted to check the improvements when only the data in local SPMs are used for recomputation.


This transistor, an initial exploration into magnetoresistive spin-transistors that was designed as a proofof-concept, will be improved significantly in future work.

by optimizing the fabrication technique, it is possible to achieve much higher amplification in these spintransistors, approaching those achieved with InAs by Wicks [22].


In this approach, the processor dynamically adapts, based on a model of its estimated lifetime, in order to achieve a desired lifetime.

if the processor is running too hot, due to a particular workload, it may use dynamic voltage scaling to cool down and improve its reliability.


Figure 9 demonstrates the comparison results of the measurement, complete model and other simplified modeling strategies.

for the last five bins, each represents one of the following simplifications: (1) Ignoring intentional decap; (2) Ignoring power-to-signal coupling capacitance;  (3) Ignoring top metal layer inductance; (4) Using an RLC series package model instead of S parameter based package model.


Explore low-overhead techniques that can improve robustness and facilitate aggressive VS, thus improving energy efficiency under very high defect rates.

we show how selective application of robust circuit techniques, such as 8T cells, only on some critical parts of the system (that are identified by our study) can reduce the overhead of conventional conservative robustness techniques that aim at restoring 100% reliable operation while ensuring minimum system throughput at high yield loss under high defect rates.


The effect of this policy is to ensure that no load has a vulnerability range that crosses the wrap-around point.

no load has both an SVW slightly less than zero and an older store whose SSN is equal to or slightly larger than zero.


4: ShiftRows transformation by domain-wall nanowire shift operations each row according to the linear current-velocity relationship of shift operation [9].

the third row and fourth row are applied shift current that is twice and three times the amplitude applied to the second row.


Minimizing the variance is thus equivalent to maximizing ..

this is a formal statement of the intuitive observation that our problem is to build a RCP whose delay has the maximum correlation coef.cient with the delay of the whole circuit.


The saturation of video servers do not have only an economic implication, but as well an authorship implication.

the owner of a video does not have any idea of who and how other people is manipulating his/her production.


The search-and-replace procedure is performed in dictionary order.

for each dictionary entry, we scan the entire binary (or function), and compress all instances of that entry before attempting to compress instances of the next entry.


First, prefetching will improve the average IPC of the main thread, but not that of the helper thread, leading to an upper bound on how far ahead a helper thread can run before the main thread will catch up to it.

the main thread will catch up with the helper thread when slack(i, s, t) = 0 inEquation1 or, CPIm(s, t) · d(s, t) - o(s, t) d(t, i)max = (2) CPIh(t, i) - CPIm(t, i) Figure 4 portrays a graphical representation of this concept by plotting instructions executed versus time for a portion of a program s execution trace.


While this design works well in a laboratory setting, it has several drawbacks that restrict its use for a wider class of applications.

these are a large form factor, signi.cant power consumption and heat development, as well as calibration issues.


Our algorithm successfully diagnoses over 95% of the 7, 449 detected permanent faults.

all the faults that resulted in symptoms in fault-free cores (due to cross-corefaultpropagation) are successfullydiagnosed.


The additional costs at each step incurred for sensitivity computation are only due to a few simple scalar additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions.

weare able to compute the nominal voltage values as well as multiple parametric sensitivities at a computational cost just somewhat higher than that of the nominal voltage computation.


The multi-threadedbase cycle countis settobethe same as the single-threadedbase cycle count,i.e.,we considerthe same unit of work done under multi-threaded and single-threaded execution.

csmt Cst B,i = B,i.The multi-threaded miss event cycle counts are estimatedby multiplying the single-threaded miss event cycle counts with their respective ratios.


Power dissipation is becoming a big concern since excessive power can cause severe damage to an IC.

power dissipation in testing is even more serious since it is much greater than that in the normal operation[1].


In this section we explore how Intel TSX can be applied in a large software framework, to bene.t a larger set of workloads that utilize the framework.

we apply Intel TSX to a parallel user-level TCP/IP stack, and measure the performance of some network intensive applications.


An effective parallelization strategy should minimize the inter-processor data communication and synchronization.

ideally, each processor should be able to execute independently without synchronization or communication.


However, it is well known that LDO regulators are negatively affected by a trade-off between feedback stability and fast load transient response.

off-chip-capacitor-free LDO regulators are extremely difficult to stabilize for all load conditions because on-die capacitance is smaller than off-chip capacitance by three orders of magnitude.


3.1 Timing Information To implement a timing-accurate synchronization mechanism, we modi.ed the communication protocol between the ISS and the SystemC simulation kernel to exchange not only data, but also messages containing timing information.

the SystemC simulation kernel, which drives the overall co-simulation, gets timing information from the ISS by means of GDB commands at each communication point (breakpoints in the SW code).


4.1.3 Net Weighting In order to get a more accurate delay estimation of ICG, we At each temperature in the SA process, the interconnect delays perform a list-scheduling on the bound CDFG.

our are extracted from the current layout and back-annotated to the scheduling algorithm picks the ready operation node with the edges in the bound CDFG.


Then, sinceonlyone memoryoperation canbeperformed at each time, the memory interface of the current function can formachain withallinterfacesofthefunctions which are directly called by the function itself in order to propagate the request until the correct addressed memory is found.

the request can be propagated from inside to outside a function, up to the external memory, in case.


In order to synthesise a circuit, Petrify requires an SG to have a complete state coding (CSC).

no two reachable markings of the net may be encoded by the same Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Total yield losses for relaxed and strict cases with horizontal power-down Losses with Scheme  # Chips  H-YAPD VACA Hybrid 191 51 131 25 Relaxed 752 224 516 146  Strict result, the number of chips that do not meet the delay constraint increases.

for the base case of this cache architecture, we see that 18.1% of the chips are lost.


High temperature has been shown to have a negative e.ect on delay, power dissipation, and reliability of circuits.

increases in on-chip temperature have been shown to signi.cantly increase the delay of long wires used for buses and global interconnects [1, 11].


Once the (list of) range(s) on the outermost dimension has been computed, the process is recursively applied on the next dimension (e.g., c1 in our example) [10].

for each range of c0 obtained ' previously, we project out DR along the c1 dimension and repeat the process of possibly separating the projections into multiple contiguous regions.


The multi-dimensional descent based approach is also readily applied.

we pick a candidate set of groups (which may be in di.erent rows) as improvablegroups and identify a subset of it which can improve cost.


The decap becomes totally disabled when the resistance reaches ~10k..

decaps cannot mitigate supply noise at all and the circuits operate at the same frequency as the circuits without decaps.


2.3 Forward Security Forward security requires that the previously transmitted information cannot be tracked using the present transmission of the tag.

even if the secret in the tag is stolen, all the past activities cannot be traced by searching for the past logs.


From the table, it is noticeable that all proposed techniques are indispensable in GDRouter.

iCRWE provides a good starting point with more accurate initial global capacity.


Also, trace compression itself brings non-trivial overhead (see Figure 1).

the inter-process compressed trace comparison and merge is a rather expensive procedure, with an O(n2) complexity in merging a pair of per-process traces (where n is the total length of compressed patterns after intra-process compression) [14].


For example, in case of H.264 SVC video streaming, we wish the video encoding rate x equals the radio transmission rate y.

the composition p 0 f 0 g = I, the identity.


We assert that these classes of events are quite distinct, and this paper attempts to elucidate this principle by identifying the (mis)use of trapping in VMs for security bene.ts.

our goal is to untangle security and virtualization by differentiating between the twin needs to trap both security-related events and emulationrelated events (of which there may be overlap).


This depiction should emphasize, that changes to the mask storage and the mask generator should only occur when there is an according change in the register .le.

whenever a masked result of an instruction is committed to the register .le, the according new mask must be written to the mask storage.


Comparing the proposed method with HITEC, the fault ef.ciency by the proposed method is equal or higher than that by HITEC for all circuits except s5378, while the computational time of the proposed method is comparable to that of HITEC.

for s1423 and s9234, the proposed method can provide test sequences with higher fault ef.ciency in smaller computational effort than HITEC.


This de.nition illustrates both the physical meaning of K matrix and how it can be calculated.

iteratively assigning the magnetic vector potential drop along conductor segment i,(i=1;2;:::;n), to be 1, while the magnetic vector potential drops along all other conductor segments to be 0, we can obtain each column iof the Kmatrix through calculating the induced current in each conductor segments.


Bug localization involves identifying the location of a detected hardware bug and a cycle in which the bug creates error(s).

localization of electrical bugs bugs caused by the interactions between a design and electrical effects (unlike logic bugs caused by design errors) is extremely challenging [Josephson 01].


For the piecewise linear predictor, we propose using h+1independently addressable tagless memories that are arranged as n 8-bit words wide.

w is organized as h +1 memories with n blocks each with m bytes.


The synchronization among processes relies on OS primitives, for the applications which use the OS, and on explicit manipulation of the hardware semaphore module for the others.

the synchronization is always based on the test-and-set hardware feature.


This full-day workshop focuses not only on this classical theme but also on how humans can learn in and adapt for environments where robots are acting.

human learning from and adaptation for robots should be covered by interdisciplinary research fields including robotics, computer science, psychology, sociology, and pedagogy.


And third, we have to ensure that p has enough "time" to find the next safe interval.

we have to make sure that p doesn't exhaust all the values in the current safe interval before it finds a next safe interval.


When calculating the efficiency and input current of a candidate regulator cn for n (line 10 and 22 From Figure 4) iout(n) becomes a piecewise-linear function; so, instead of having a constant value for the efficiency and input current of node n, we need to model both of them as piecewise-linear functions.


Among the fault tolerance characteristics, the performance and costs of an electronic system remain the leader factors in the space and avionics market.

when considering SRAM-based FPGAs, specific hardening techniques generally based on Triple Modular Redundancy need to be adopted in order to guarantee the desired fault tolerance degree.


The lower bound of (33) is then denoted as Tlb and used to evaluate chip lifetime in optimization.

after optimization, we may push the distribution of QTTF to the right of Ttarget and have 99.9% con.dence that the chip will meet the lifetime target.


When a buffer insertion candidate location overlaps with the region of the buffer blockages, it is restricted such that no buffer can be placed.

there exists no buffer candidate location within the buffer blockage region.


Clearly, the intra-disk redundancy schemes considerably improve the reliability over a wide range of sector error probabilities.

in the case of correlated errors, the IPC coding scheme o.ers the maximum possible improvement that is also achieved by the RS coding scheme.


To do so, we apply techniques for early .x-point computation from BMC.

in our implementation we use Craig interpolants [6] to identify these bounds as early as possible.


approach still provides very good quality video.

we have presented three di.erent schemes, SSES, TSES, and TSIS.


w(vi) (13) A dirty page stays dirty until it is evicted.

a memory page is dirty if it was previously dirty and still in the SPM.


library IEEE, DISCIPLINES;  use IEEE.math_real.all; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; use IEEE.std_logic_arith.all; use IEEE.numeric_std.all;  use DISCIPLINES.electromagnetic_system.all; Following the library declaration, we have the entity declaration describing the interface of the model to the outside circuitry.

it describes the analogue and digital ports as well as the parameters that are used in the behavioural description of the model and are influencing its electrical performance.


During the last years, several commercial and academic emulation platforms have been developed.

the usage of multiple-chip FPGA-based emulation platforms are very attractive due to their high .exibility, reusability, and scalability.


When a max operation is required at a multi-input cell, the arrival time distributions are highly correlated because of the close proximity of the fan-in cells to the cell at which the max operation is being performed.


From this, we obtain the conditional distribution of p, using Theorem 3.1, as: ¯ PDF(pcond)= PDF (p|(dt = dr)) ~ N(µ¯p, Sp) (10a) -1 -1 T t tt µ¯p = AtS(dr -µt)and S¯p = I-AtSA(10b) where I represents the identity matrix, which is the unconditional covariance matrix of p. The result (10) tells us that given the condition dt = dr, the mean and covariance matrix of pcond are no longer 0 and I.

the entries in pcond can no longer be perceived as principal components.


Namely, C1 and C2 are functionally equivalent if and only if all of their reversible miters implement the identity transformation.

if one miter implements the identity, then so do the remaining miters.


As we have addressed the challenge of extracting the four W s, deeper and interesting structures can be explored in the relationship between two or more of these W s. We begin to study these relationships by tackling the combination of who and what in broadcast news.

we seek to address the question of who said what, that is, naming speaking persons and determining their respective quotes.


4.4.4 Cache Flushing after Code Generation The translation of Java bytecode into native code may incur additional costs depending on the support provided by the computer system for memory coherence.

once new native instructions are written to a sequence of memory locations, references to these locations must return the new instructions.


One current limitation is that Dynafuse performs definition-use analysis on entire coherent arrays.

dynafuse does not distinguish between definitions or uses of individual array elements and the entire array.


In the DPLL(T ) approach, on the other hand, a combined DPLL reasoning and learning procedure is applied across theory atoms.

in this approach, the consistency of the theory atoms is checked as soon as they are added to the model by the SAT solver.


These generators make use of a software interface to operate on the IP-XACT database that is similar to IP-XACT Tight Generator Interface, but this software interface adds more functionality.

we make use of IP-XACT component editing functionality, for instance, to generate specific IP-XACT TLM2 bus descriptions.


We define the delay of the circuit at the traditional Vmin as Tmin and define the ratio of Tdeadline over Tmin as Kduty: Kduty=Tdeadline / Tmin.

kduty expresses the deadline compared to the completion time of the task at Vmin.


Add4 Add4 Add4 Add4Ramp Ramp Ramp Ramp sinkphase0 phase1 phase2 phase3 time (b) Figure 9 : Non-FRDF vs. FRDF implementation In all cases, strict execution is assumed.

a block can start its invocation after all its inputs are valid and finish its invocation after all its outputs are valid.


3.1 Strategy for Combinational Blocks Combinational circuits may exhibit different degradation levels in each PMOS transistor because different inputs for the circuit can lead to different inputs at the gate of PMOS transistors.

it may happen that some PMOS transistors degrade practically 100% of the time because they have a 0 at their gates most of the time, whereas some others may hardly degrade because they have a 1 at their gates.


Optimality was achieved by adding nets to cells in configurations that cannot be shortened.

they created a design where every net was a super-short net, though the pin distributions of cells matched that of a typical VLSI circuit.


PROBLEM STATEMENT Loop pipelining is a key optimization in High-Level Synthesis tools.

it builds on the software pipelining technique 1they will never access the same memory location.


.i : tri .Tr, .m, n, x, y : rstm,rstn .Rst, tx,ty .T , such that tx = gent (tri), ty = reqt (tri), rstm = genr (tri)and rstn = reqr (tri).

tx, ty, rstm and rstn represents the generated, required cycles and the generating, requiring register stations of tri, respectively.


The STA/LTA [14, 31] or Bayesian [28] methods can be used to detect the earthquake onset time.

the Bayesian earthquake detection approach [28] developed in our previous work is based on innetwork signal processing and decision fusion, in which local decisions of sensors are fused and onset time is estimated at the coordinator, and sent back to each sensor.


The structure of BMDs looks like the structure of BDDs.

a BMD is a rooted acyclic directed graph.


We graphically represent the impact of operation parameters on power consumption and energy e.ciency in Figures 2 and 3 respectively for Nemesis and Erdos (results for Survivor are similar to the ones shown for Nemesis and are omitted).

figures 2(a) and 3(a) report all possible .tting curves for the power consumption measurements, plus a curve marking the lowest achievable power consumption at a given load.


Another tree construction method based on structure optimization, called type-matching [5], was proposed to minimize skew by matching the gate type.

if gates at the same tree level are of the same type with similar latencies, the clock skew could be optimized.


Footprint Cache delivers the lowest off-chip DRAM energy per instruction.

footprint Cache is able to reduce both activate/precharge and burst energy thanks to its page organization and its high prediction accuracy, which allows for reducing offchip traffic significantly.


Faster time-to-market for SoC platform implementation.

through the use of higher-level off-the-shelf IP s, connected via a modular, scaleable SoC interconnect topology and standard communication interfaces.


These numbers are called fundamentals of the DAG.

if xis the DAG input and f the fundamental of a node, then the output of this node is fx.


a PWM signal synchronous with the sample period and with a duty-cycle .


All-digital MAC units in CMOS can well exploit the process scaling, which implies lower power consumption and higher clock frequency [5].

the energy required for an all-digital MAC operation is decreasing with process scaling.


... .9 .. .. .. .. .01 ... .... .... .11 ...... 15) MP loops over the hypothesized number of paths, iteratively canceling the strongest detected signal component to estimate the ... next channel coefficient.


Its methodology is based on the fact that a sequence of signals associated with different frequencies will create a channel clear time , within which the multipath copy of a previous signal will not cause ISI for later signals.

for each signal in the sequence, the frequency hops from one to value to another to avoid the impact of ISI.


In this paper we propose a novel compiler optimization approach to automatically generate bitwise operations for high-level synthesis from the algorithmic descriptions in high-level programming languages.

we extend the data-flow graph with three operations (instructions) representing bitwise access to greatly facilitate the high-level synthesis to synthesize algorithmic description into efficient hardware.


N), the composition of the two af.ne relations is (1,f+pf1,pp1) II: c II an af.ne relation between c and c. c. D Another useful notion is synchronizability, which allows to guarantee the existence of a data.ow-preserving way to make two af.ne clocks synchronous.

a .nite-size buffer protocol can be de.ned to synchronize such clocks.


If this condition is satis.ed, it means that thebusis e.ectively addressingthismemoryand therequest can be satis.ed.

the data value S in data w iswrittenattheproperlocation(in caseof S in STORE) or the stored value is returned on S o data r (enabling also the S o Ready signal) when a load (S in LOAD) is required.


That is, viol(v)= max{densityl(v) - CMAX, 0} where CMAX be the allowable wire congestion of layer 1.


For example, video codecs, which are increasingly included in wireless devices such as mobile phones, utilize large data footprints and signi.cantly su.er from cache thrashing [1].

in mobile phone systems, where power and area e.ciency are paramount, smaller, less-associative caches   Figure 1: Example of Cache Thrashing Reductions are typically chosen.


Therefore, SC is able to always produce hits for very small stack distances, which makes it less random in choosing what eventually will stay in the cache.

it tends to keep more aggressively useful data than DIP does.


A symbolically complete expression depends only on the relationships of the symbols present in the expression without reference to their time of evaluation [14].

dual-rail and quad-rail signals, or other mutually exclusive assertion groups (MEAGs) can incorporate data and control information into one mixed-signal path to eliminate time reference.


on making parallel software portable with good performance and energy e.ciency, similar to the impact of the IEEE754 standard had on portability of numerical software.

we believe SHOT will lead to much larger improvements in portability, performance, energy e.ciency of parallel codes than recent architectural fads like opportunistic turbo modes, transactional memory, or recon.gurable computing.


Once again, the C code is only limited to a subset of C, which is very close to the hardware description (RTL code).

the C code needs to be written in a very similar way to the RTL code.


The key feature of this algorithm that provides scope for innovation in its implementation is that it uses Hermitian matrices.

most of the data is manipulated in matrices that are the conjugate transpose of themselves.


ALTERNATE QUERY-ABORTABLE TYPE In this section we describe and show how to implement TQA a natural variant of the query-abortable type Tqa.Like Tqa, type TQA is strong enough to support the implementation of obstruction-free and pausable types, but it is simpler and slightly easier to use than Tqa.

processes that use objects of type TQA can apply the original operations of T without padding them with unique ids (recall that this padding is required to use objects of type Tqa).


This leads to strong improvements in several fundamental aspects with respect to the classical approaches adopted in the VLSI literature.

some well-known pruning techniques can be strengthened and generalised.


On average, each block of data storedin the data array is shared by 2.23 tags.

efective cache capacity is increased by 112% with cachededuplication.


3) This model provides software developers opportunities to improve energy ef.ciency.

our model identi.es that more than 10% of energy consumption is due to redundant software prefetch operations for a performance-tuned Linpack implementation.


The workshop co-organizers: R. Iris Bahar: Brown University, Srinivas Katkoori: University of South Florida, Patrick H. Madden: SUNY Binghamton, Diana Marculescu: Carnegie Mellon University, and Igor L. Markov: University of Michigan contributed signi.cantly to the consolidation of this material and preparation of this talk.

patrick Madden and Igor Markov provided particularly valuable material and insights based on their considerable work in the area of designing contests and developing appropriate benchmarking in EDA [1].


is learned and stored for each state-action pair, then, at a given state the agent can simply choose the action with the largest Q-value in order to maximize its cumulative long-term rewards.

determining the Q-values associated with the optimal policy p* is equivalent to deriving p* itself.


Now, the code fragment shown in Figure 3(b), written in a pseudo-language, accesses the data blocks 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, under the block structure given in Figure 3(a).

when this loop nest is executed, the order in which data blocks are accessed is 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.


Therefore whether the program accesses a part of the memory frequently or it accesses the memory more uniformly, it is likely to encounter frequently occurring values with the same frequency.

there is not a signi.cant difference between frequently occurring and frequently accessed values.


(s,h).P A distinction is made between the MSP (minimum setup pair) and the ESP (effective setup pair) because MSP requires an impractically large hold time.

the setup time must be increased by 100es% in order to reduce the hold time to an acceptable level.


In this paper, we focus on the 65 in each of the modalities.

we have opted for the weighted-sum (linear combination) approach, due to its simplicity and reasonable level of tolerance to noise in the input data.


If this is the case, the application may be either traversing a singlethread-performance bound or throughput bound execution phase.

there are two choices: to scale frequency up or to unfold and turn on one or more cores.


Note that, as the number of cores sharing an L2 cache increases, theperformance improvement achievedbyCCS reduces due to the increased con.icts across the threads of di.erent applications.

over the course of execution, the likelihood that the bottleneck threads from di.erent applications share a common cache increases, which, in turn, a.ects the e.ectiveness of CCS.


3.3.1 Recti.cation for All Outputs For a multiple-output function, all-output recti.cation attempts to .x a signal such that all primary outputs are considered.

for a signal r, all correctable minterms with respect to every primary output need to be .xed.


The only way to achieve this goal is to write code completely detached from hardware block implementations, raising the abstraction level [9] and opening a new scenario in model development.

we created a SystemC 2.0 Bus-cycle-accurate (BCA) model of AMBA specification developed by Arm.


On the other hand, x is the human interpretation of the register X.

clearly, the vector (xm-1,...,x1,x0)represents xwith respect to a shifted poly { } aM-m nomial basis (SPB) ,...,aM-2,aM-1 .x and x collapse into each other in this case.


Normally, the circuits for these arithmetic operations are simpli.ed utilizing the knowledge of g(z).

the circuits are hardwired according to g(z) (seeFigure1).


In general, the number of variables and constraints can be larger, with the resulting higher complexity optimization problem handled by more powerful convex optimization tools such as MOSEK [14].

the SRAM optimization problem will only be truly complete if area and yield are also considered along with energy and delay as the FoMs.


If a data block is being accessed at a certain step, then the block should be accessible from one of the memory banks in the active state (mode).

one or more of the banks in which the data block in question resides should be in the active mode.


The only modification is in the protocol assumption, which requires the usage of DIMxS rather than DIMS.


In this work, we consider software contributors to power state transition latencies.

we analyze power states in standard and mobile-class operating systems to draw lessons for datacenter servers.


Using commercial database transactions, we demonstrated that subthreads can be an important part of an iterative approach to tuning the performance of speculative parallelization.

we showed that sub-threads can be used to reduce transaction latency, speeding up three of the .ve TPC-C transactions considered by a factor of 1.9 to 2.9.


Both connectivity and processing capabilities can be tailored to suit the needs of the algorithm being implemented.

the largest part of the die area of an FPGA is consumed by the con.gurable routing and this is important because in general, the biggest limiting factor of any implementation of a parallel algorithm is data passing.


Since we give enough timing margin to CA stage, access time failures do not occur assuming the slowest cell access takes two cycles.

our asymmetrically pipelined caches are not affected by access time failure rates.


The greater the variability of theindividualsintheinitialpopulation,thebetter the results are.

for GAs with initialisation type 1, since all the individuals are identical at the beginning, the contribution made by selection and crossover operators is negligible; thus the mutationis responsiblefor the evolution of thepopulation.


We adopt the non persistent backoff approach which is commonly used in wireless communications.

if the channel is busy the node will backoff for a period of time and the repeat the carrier sense.


This can be achieved by satisfying the following two equalities: e .M(R-R ) = 0, and e .M(r -r) = 0.

even in this case, it might be possible to find an M matrix to satisfy these two constraints at the same time, and thus obtain inter-reference bank locality.


However, with reconfigurable hardware, flexibility is equally important, as it allows reconfigurable architectures to implement various circuits using a single set of hardware resources.

if a reconfigurable subsystem is needed in a system-on-a-chip (SoC), the designer must choose the best design for the purpose at hand based on all comparison metrics, including flexibility.


We also demonstrated the viability of these algorithms in an online prediction system, which can serve as a foundation for higher-level context-aware applications.

the results showed good performance on new users whose data were not used for training.


As we are developing a scalable solution, we cannot make the perfect information assumption for hardware implementations.

we would prefer not to fully update the state of the placement engine every time a group of swaps is considered; simple update schemes after each set of potential swaps could require O(N) time.


In this paper, we focus on standard cell placement problems: our objective is to place rectilinear circuit elements (cells) into one or more horizontal rows, minimizing total wire length.

we are interested in capturing global aspects of the problem, improving a traditional approach.


The concept of the symmetrical clock tree is making paths from the clock source to sinks as similar as possible.

con.gurations such as the number of branches, the length of interconnects, and the type of bu.ers are kept identical in the same level of a clock tree.


On the other hand, a software solution to a processor failure migrates (or remaps) tasks on a faulty processor to other live ones in static or dynamic ways.

dynamic approaches to reconfiguration of task-to-processor mapping had been studied actively for traditional multiprocessor, distributed systems [4][6][7][8] or array processor systems [5].


Our SLS flow expands the IMPACT coarse-grain parallelism extraction scheme by explicitly exposing the extracted parallelism on the compiled code.

we are designing an efficient parallelism-annotation which will be applied on the IMPACT compiled application code exposing the different opportunities for parallel execution.


In line with [5], we choose a relatively conservative storage abstraction to leave more room for implementation.

when an actor starts .ring, it claims the space of the tokens it will produce, and it releases the space of the tokens it consumes only when the .ring ends.


If we measure power over the actual target lifetime of the system, the power balance (initially in favor of the regular architecture) eventually becomes in favor of the redundant one.

there is a power penalty only until the time during which the non-redundant cache is working: after it becomes unusable, the redundant cache becomes also power e.cient.


On the contrary, ex and b00 contain conditional statements where one branch has probability 1- 232 1 of being satis.ed, while the other has probability 232 1 .

b00 is very hard to be tested by a random ATPG.


5 R-Schedules and the Schedule Tree As shown in [10], it is always possible to represent any single appearance schedule for an acyclic graph as (iLSL)(iRSR) (EQ 1) where SL andSR are SASs for the subgraphs consisting of the actors in SL and in SR , and iL andiR are loop factors for iterating these schedules.

the graph can be partitioned into a left subset and a right subset so that the schedule for the graph can be represented as in equation 1.


Then, in optimizing procedure p(during the topdown phase), we consider the layout of the array (instance) with the largest weight.

depending on the weights (of thesamearray) in p 0and p 00, we select the memory layout to use in determining the loop transformations in p. The second way of resolving such a con.ict is to employ a compiler technique called procedure cloning.


If we allow 4% of errors, the learning process can identify 137 useful paths.

these are 137 statistically signi.cant paths suf.cient to explain the observe results to the desired accuracy.


In this section we improve the parallel algo 3 rithm presented in [8] to run in O np + n parallel time on D-CMP, S-CMP and multicores while matching its sequential cache complexity.

the new algorithm achieves I8(n)= T8(n)=T(n).


We merge a pair of con.icting features when they are both assigned as cores.

a minimal core pattern is padded between the con.icting features edges such that the two features are connected as a single pattern.


The ANSI-C code implements the ISA only and is not a cycle-accurate simulation.

it does not make use of a state machine but rather uses ANSI-C .ow control to distinguish between individual instructions.


As indicated in [21], only a few of basis functions are necessary to approximate a speci.c performance function.

the vector of model coef.cients only contains a small number of non-zero items.


It can improve the router operating frequency by exploiting the timing imbalance between router pipeline stages.

a router can operate at a higher frequency which is determined by average delay of all pipeline stages, not the slowest pipeline stage.


Average Peak Distance is the average distance between ups and downs on the road.

if you plot a graph of elevation versus distance travelled, peak distance is the distance between two peaks in the graph.


In particular, we propose that the steering logic considers predicted source operands to be mapped in all clusters only when the workload imbalance is higher than a given threshold (that we set empirically to DCOUNT=16 and DCOUNT=8, for a 4-cluster and a 2-cluster configurations, respectively).

if the workload is very well balanced, the steering does not rely on value prediction to improve workload balance, since it may increase the communication requirements.


it can sometimes produce an output even when one of its two inputs are not available.

there are two pipelines one low-latency and the other high-latency feeding into the eager stage.


Recall the additional constraint on the orthogonal faulty block model: The destination must be outside the container of any orthogonal faulty block.

unsafe but enabled nodes (i.e., nodes inside the container but outside the orthogonal faulty block) are used only as sources or intermediate nodes to bypass traf.c, but not destinations.


On the contrary, if t is no larger than the minimum arrival time a1,then .f,t is a tautology (but .f=1,t and .f=0,t are not necessarily tautologies).

.f,t =v,t equals constant 1, and furthermore .fcan be simpli.ed to f .¬v by .f=v,t =(f .¬v)..f,t.Observe that, =v,t-di in Equation (10), .giand ¬lit(gi) are always present together in a clause with ¬lit(gi)= gi.v.When .gi,t-di =1, =v,t-di since .gi = gi .¬v, this clause must be satis.ed due to (.gi =v,t-di .¬lit(gi)) = ((gi .¬v) .


If a granule is encoded using a long window, these values represent 576 frequency lines which are equally assigned into 32 subbands.

each subband includes 18 frequency lines.


Due to the performance limitation of ILP method, we cannot obtain results in reasonable time (~hours) for (3) Assume columni (corresponding to pattern Pi) and columnj (corresponding to pattern Pj) be two columns in the constraint matrix B. Columni dominates columnj if for each row k, if Bkj = 1, then Bki = 1.

if the faults detected by pattern Pi form a superset of the faults detected by pattern Pj, pattern Pi dominates Pj such that Pj can be removed.


This captures the input GBT of the loop over N iterations.


Cu), inductance effects of on-chip interconnects can no longer be ignored [1-2].

the inductance extraction is much needed for the clocktree modeling and simulation for high-frequency CPU designs [3].


(1) i.e j.e e.E Now, let 1 = p. Then, the p-clique reads: C Lp (x) :=C Lp(x) =wij|xi - xj|p.

(2) N e e.E e.Ei,j.e in this notation the 2-clique is the traditional clique which can be replaced by a sparse model, the star.


This panel, comprised of the industry experts, will debate the requirements for manufacturing test for nanometer technology designs.

the panel will address the following topics.


RADAR is applied to the fail data from a 90nm Nvidia graphics processing unit (GPU) to demonstrate its viability.

evaluation of the via-enclosure rules revealed that they are much more needed in metal layers 3-6 than the remaining layers.


The test of AD converters can also rely on digital reuse, since the output of the converter is essentially a digital signal, and must be processed somehow.

an unified test method involving static (INL and DNL) and dynamic (THD and SINAD) parameters has been devised [9].


As far as the cell selection is concerned, it is driven by the above described system-selection procedure.

when a linear system svi,j = t or svi,j = t is chosen by the algorithm, cell i is also selected.


Designers may be willing to pay certain area cost in order to resolve those net congestions and timing issues.

to reduce the impact on the global placement result, the number of cell .ipping and switching operations should be minimized during the detailed placement optimization.


Aggressive polling: Polling ends when at least one interrupttriggering I/O completion is found at the initiator (correspondingly, an I/O command at the target).

with this setting we spend more time waiting for an arrival, by polling even if there are currently no I/O commands or completions found.


Even for wired devices and other industry segments in which battery power has not traditionally been an issue, considerations of packaging, reliability, and cooling costs brings power firmly to the forefront at smaller geometries.

as designs migrate to sub-90nm process nodes, power management becomes a serious concern across the entire design and manufacturing chain.


This is the reason why, in the context of this paper, we are particularly interested in formal veri.cation methods by Bounded Model Checking (BMC) [3] or Interval Property Checking (IPC) [15, 14] which are based on satis.ability (SAT) solving and a bounded system model.

the operationoriented methodology of IPC provides us with the basis for a fairly simple but effective abstraction mechanism.


To make the proposed post-silicon tuning efficient, a number of CAD algorithms and methodologies are developed in this paper to optimize the design variables of the redundant resonators (e.g., the total number of resonators, the center frequencies of resonators, etc.).

a linear programming formulation is derived to determine the optimal values of these design variables.


Both false negatives and false positives may possibly arise.

if no p1 can be found, it does not prevent the possibility that dynamic hazards propagate through p and cause timing violation from happening.


Then, since we expect that flexible software environments will become increasingly pre- valent on pocket computers, we consider applications run- ning in a Java environment.

we explain some of the Java design tradeoffs applicable to pocket computers, and quantify their energy costs.


This behavior may be attributed to an increased cache miss rate when the data access pattern is completely random.

for small cache sizes, the con.ict misses will be high, so we expect the automatic updating policies to give an improvement in response time.


There are several instances where the SDRM algorithm fails to generate a solution due to deadlock during overlay mapping generation.

for the problem space we have de.ned on ldecod and ispell in Figure 10, the SDRM algorithm does not return a solution for any data point.


After eliminating all the don t care terms, BSTAS i can be calculated by counting switching on and switching o. of the actuation sequence ASi.

after broadcast addressing, the number of switching times STi is greater or equal to its lower bound BSTAS i as shown in Eq.2.


Hence the vector potential contribution is just R ' w(p2 - p1 ) GA (r, r) dr, and this only requires a simple scalar integral over the source triangle.

similarly, Galerkin testing of the vector potential using a divergence-free basis function requires only a scalar integral over each observation p1 p2 rooftop p - p2 Figure 2: Divergence-free basis function w + V v for each shape i, initialize si to the vector (0, 0, 0) for each rooftop i with coe.cient wi let j be the index of the shape for rooftop i let pc be rooftop i evaluated at shape j s centroid sj + sj + wipc R R de.ne matrix As by As(i, j ) = j GA , where the i integrals are scalar integrals over shapes i and j multiply componentwise: u + Ass u is an array of vectors.


Second, our approach is designed to handle scenarios where the special class contains multiple instances and the .xes for those instances could also be multiple.

our approach is capable of uncovering a .x shared by multiple instances as well as multiple .xes from groups of instances all contained in a single special class.


Our goal is to design systems where even if attackers manage to bypass some basic security mechanisms, they will still face several control-speci.c security devices that will minimize the damage done to the system.

we need to investigate how to recon.gure and adapt control systems when they are under an attack to increase the resiliency of the system.


We note that while the results of our instruction-dropping scheme show that we can effectively reduce committed errors by 1 2 orders of magnitude even with selective error checking, this approach does not necessarily allow for fewer ECC checkers to be active without hurting performance.

while the 8-wide processor went from requiring 4 5 ECC checkers with full fault protection to 2 checkers with an order of magnitude reduction in committed faults, for a 4-wide machine, about the same number of checkers are needed.


The performance of the optimized applications can be further improved upon as illustrated by the latter two bars, but untuned and optimized applications have similar performance characteristics in the limit as the untuned versions.

for the tuned applications that we studied, the maximum bene.t of any fancy coherence protocol is strictly less than 2x, and assuming communication cannot be eliminated, probably less than 1.3x.


In this paper, we present an automated design framework that addresses these issues.

we have made the following contributions: 1- By decoupling the functionality aspects of RET-network design from its fabrication issues, we have developed a function-independent high-throughput automated design framework for RET logic.


This results in a large CSP that may be difficult to solve.

the number of constraints that handle the dependencies between properties of different instructions grow with the square of the number of slots in the VLIW.


Our simulation results indicate large performance improvements.

inter-nest loop optimization generates competitive results with intra-nest loop and data optimizations.


This may not be true in the case of, for instance, multiple page faults occurring inside the same region.

it is possible for a later page fault to evict from the TLB a page loaded by an earlier page fault.


Our last observation is that combining loop and data optimizations, that is the LOOP+OPT scheme, generates the highest energy savings so far: 27.36% on the average.

our disk layout detection approach is very effective when it is combined with code restructuring (transformation).


The 45nm SPWF adder is expected to be significantly faster across the whole range of input widths.

the 45nm SPWF CLA adder is estimated to be at least 77X faster than CMOS version for input widths equal to or greater than 1024.


Now, the important question is whether the applied approach can improve the lifetime of the entire microprocessor.

the key question is whether the lifetime of the entire microprocessor is determined by the lifetime the functional unit due to time criticality of the execution unit compared to the other stages.


Acknowledgement: The authors would like to acknowledge contributions from several members of the staff at Intel Corporation.

contributions made by Sujit Zachariah and Souvik Ghosh is greatly appreciated.


It is shown that the inductance of the power grids with alternating power and ground lines behaves similarly to the grid resistance.

the grid inductance increases linearly with the grid length and decreases inversely linearly with the number of lines in the grid.


The rate of divergence is an important aspect of the dynamical system and is re.ected in the value of Lyapunov exponents.

the Lyapunov exponents measure the average uncertainty along the local eigenvectors of an attractor in the phase space [34].


3) For a given defect rate and a desired logic function, µsd is always the same regardless of crossbar size.

the solution space volume grows at the same speed as the number of solutions grows when crossbar size increases.


The combination of the three modalities gave the best score for a large number of ingredients.

eggplant, Chinese cabbage, Chinese chive, and chicken showed more than 20% improvement.


INTRODUCTION Modern CDMA cellular systems employ spread spectrum technology to provide multiuser access.

direct sequence spread spectrum has been adopted for improved spectral efficiency, ease of digital implementation, and soft capacity limit.


For calculating the score, we assume that a cell is moving from its current position in a source bin to the same position in a target bin which is adjacent to it.


Our second contribution is to demonstrate, through extensive experiments, that a 3D L2 memory architecture generates much better results than the conventional two-dimensional (2D) designs under different number of layers and vertical (inter-wafer) connections.

our experiments show that a 3D architecture with no dynamic data migration generates better performance than a 2D architecture that employs data migration.


The total temperature rise can be obtained by superposition, i.e., the total temperature rise at a point is the sum of the temperature rises due to all the heat sources.

if other interconnects also carry similar amount of current, the temperature rise will be even greater and would result in significant EM degradation.


[21] Like in some of the earlier publications, we are interested in the structure de.ned by parts that are repeated.

the proposed analysis method is not interested, nor able, to .nd musical parts that occur only once during the piece.


In [4], it has been demonstrated that whether PDC is greater than PDN depends on the channel gain between the primary user and the relay hp2, the amplifying gain of the relay, and the channel gain between the source CR user and the relay h21.

aF cooperation improves the performance of spectrum sensing only under certain scenarios.


Thus, we have n2 = q-3 and N2 =2n2 =2q-3 k .

8 the number of columns of the decomposition 1 chart is approximately of the number of rows.


We assume that the output driver operates at 1 GHz.

a new value is driven out by the driver after Tclk=1ns.


For this reason, we see that deciding causality at the level of Boolean equation systems depends on the syntax of the generated formulas in the equation system.

simple logic optimizations like x.¬x =1or x.y =x.¬x.y have an essential impact on the causality.


Combining Equations 2, 3, 5 and 7 yields X X aavgHPWLni Cn + aei HPWLei CeV 2f (8) ni.N ei.E By substituting aei in terms of wei (Equation 6), Equation 8 can be rewritten as X X aavgHPWLni Cn + aavgwei HPWLei CnV 2f ni.N ei.E (9) Let K be aavgCnV 2f, M = N.E and the weight value of signal net ni be wni = 1.

then, X Psw = PN + PE = Kwmi HPWLmi (10) mi.M our techniques capture the switching-power minimization problem, which can be solved by any highquality wirelength-driven placer capable of net weighting.


The upper bound has a similar analytical form as (5) and (6) except that a path slack would be replaced with a partial path slack.

the upper bound metric can be computed e.ciently as well.


The intersection of two such data domains is the set of array elements that are accessed by both array references.

reuse occurs if the data domains of different array references overlap.


Power/temperature reduction techniques: Since temperature and supply voltage highly affect both BTI and HCI, a power reduction technique which reduces the overall temperature can be used to improve the lifetime.

it is shown in the literature that power gating [29, 30], dynamic voltage and frequency scaling [31, 32], and adaptive body biasing [33] can alleviate aging.


The validity of this assumption, however, is questionable with the ever-decreasing feature size of today s VLSI technology and the ever-increasing circuit operational frequency.

when functional interconnects such as network-on-chip (NoC) are reused as TAMs, even if they have passed manufacturing test beforehand, failures caused by electrical noise such as crosstalk and transient errors may happen during test data transfer and make good chips appear to be defective, thus leading to undesired test yield loss.


The results showed significant power consumption reduction in the sequential and semi-parallel architectures after using the ordering and partitioning of the coefficients.

it could be observed that the semiparallel architectures can reduce more power due to the application of the ordering in a smaller group of coefficients.


(24) Intuitively, the differential entropy in (24) is large, if the system is profoundly undetermined.

the differential entropy should be minimized in order to reduce the uncertainty and, hence, achieve an accurate estimation.


Due to the above mentioned constraints, a range-free localization approach has been adopted which is effective even in the case of limited hardware capabilities.

an improved version of APIT algorithm, called API2T, is proposed allowing better performance and comparable complexity in severe propagation conditions.


In this PLL example, the entropies of the nodes and their dependencies were measured with 256, 36-ns long simulations, while the worst-case lock-time of the PLL was as long as 8-µs.

a brute-force method of running 8-µs long simulations with 256 random initial conditions would take 200× longer time.


Using Lin-Kernighan Algorithm for Look-up Table Compression To Improve Code Density Talal Bonny and Joerg Henkel University of Karlsruhe Chair for Embedded systems Karlsruhe, Germany {bonny,henkel}@informatik.uni-karlsruhe.de ABSTRACT The presented work uses code compression to improve the design e.ciency of an embedded system.

we present a method and architecture for compressing the socalled Look-up Tables that are necessary for the de-compression process.


Previous works on power and area modeling for NoC routers mainly focused on homogeneous NoC routers.

oRION2 [14] only supports homogeneous NoC router.


The average slowdown across the MediaBench and SPECint2000 benchmarks is 21%.

the FLASH scheduler is able to achieve performance within 21% of the upperbound on an average.


Second, because transmissions occur on the slot basis, and a uniform slot length is adopted across the network, the start time of tsP,i : Ni sends  ti PROBE trP,i+1: Ni+1 receives .ti=tsA,i+1-trP,i+1  tsA,i+1: Ni+1 sends ti ACK PROBE  trA,i : Ni receives  TRIGGER  ACK TRIGGER  Figure 2: Slot length estimation the .rst slot must be synchronized on all nodes.

each node needs to align its transmission timeline to match others.


Energy-Ef.cient Bus Encoding for LCD Displays Alberto Bocca* Sabino Salerno* *  Politecnico di Torino Torino, ITALY ABSTRACT This paper presents a low-power bus encoding technique suitable for the digital interface to a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

we focus on interfaces that are compliant to the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) standard, in which the three color channels are serially transmitted to achieve high bandwidth.


Using conservative values for the number of trajectory samples and nearest neighbors required for interpolation (s = 1000, k =5), tells us that the number of groups that we would have to handle would be ~1013.This brute force approach would obviously create groups of points that are spatially located far from each other and hence would never be used.

they will not be the k nearest neighbors for any given point in the state-space.


During a partial .ush, the SFC overwrites each entry s corruption mask with the bitwise OR of its valid mask and its existing corruption mask.

the SFC marks every byte that is valid as corrupt.


Unfortunately, for realistic parameters the infective computation proposed in [24] can be broken.

the method proposed in [24] restricts the pairs of public/secret exponents in RSA to pairs, that basicallycan be broken byWiener s small secret exponent attacks ([5]).


Example Mask Bit Encoding using a LFSR (Three Non-X Responses are Masked) A major problem is the fact that the LFSR assigns the don t care bits (d) to 1 with a probability of 50%.

some non-X test responses may be masked, causing test escapes.


the frequency of multi-bit upsets (MBU), de.ned as simultaneous errors in more than one bit induced by a single upset event, increases dramatically with transistor scaling [2].


lt .i N =1 i The goal of this algorithm is to minimize its cumulative loss relative to the loss suffered by the best expert.

the controller attempts to minimize the net loss LG mini Li where, T LG=.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK This work focused on analyzing a novel approach for person authentication by using structural and dynamic traits observed on human motion to identify/verifypersons in a fast and convenient way.

we looked at using the arms motion to extract each individual characteristic features and use them as a means of recognition.


Their approach overcomes the problem of long latencies of global interconnects in deep-submicron technologies, while still maintaining much of the inherent simplicity of synchronous design.

wires whose latency is greater than a clock cycle are segmented using relay stations, and IP blocks are made robust to arbitrary communication delays.


For a logic function with density d (edge ratio of inclusion to exclusion) and size n × m, each mapping trial in the solution space is valid with probability: )dnm(1 - rc)(1-d)nm pv =(1 - ro (1) where dnm is the number of inclusions and (1 - d)nm is the number of exclusions in the LBG.


Conven-tional standard cell libraries and conventional logic synthe-sis tools are used, as the new asynchronous logic circuits are generated in a so-called de-synchronization manner.

the circuit is transformed to an asynchronous version in a plug-compatible manner, meaning that the asynchronous circuit functions in exactly the same way as the synchronous version, with flip-flops in the same positions within the cir-cuitry.


Next, we model the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB).

the AHB-APB bridge is modeled as another slave on the AHB; it is selected by the AHB decoder just like any other AHB slave.


Energy-Aware Computation Duplication for Improving Reliability in Embedded Chip Multiprocessors * G. Chen, M. Kandemir, and F. Li Computer Science and Engineering Department Pennsylvania State University e-mail: {guilchen,kandemir,feli}@cse.psu.edu Abstract Compilers designed for current embedded systems must be capable of addressing multiple constraints such as low power, high performance, small memory footprint and form factor, and high reliability at the same time.

optimizing for one constraint should be performed carefully, considering its impact on other constraints.


According to Step 1 of algorithm, the packet will first follow that path leading to a node where Row Numbers of Present and Destination addresses are same.

if (Row Numbers of Source and Destination are different) { for (i = log2 M; i >= 1; i --) { if (ith bit position of the Row Numbers of Source and Destination are different) {       k = i; break ; } } Route upwards by k hops in Column Tree. }


Good system engineering thus calls for a design that it robust under a range of conditions.

a routing that can perform nearly optimally for a wide range of applicable tra.c demands.


For best results, the weights in a pro.le should match the overlap relationships among the instruction sequences.

the weight of a sequence should never exceed the weight associated with one of its proper subsequences, since the appearance of the subsequence must be at least as frequent as the appearance of the supersequence.


Application of the proposed methodology to an operational amplifier and a MEMS accelerometer reveal that redundant tests can be statistically identified from a complete set of specification-based tests with negligible error.

after eliminating of eleven based tests fo r an operational amplifier, the defect escape and yield loss is small at 0.6% and  respectively.


Any element .ij in the matrix represents the weight of the edge wij.

the number of packets sent from core ci to core cj per time step.


Among these position constraints, bus-driven .oorplanning (BDF) is one of the most challenging modern .oorplanning problems because it needs to consider the constraints with interconnect and block positions simultaneously.

the interconnect on the chip becomes more congested as technology advances, and thus bus routing becomes a challenging task.


To derive PERI, we use the principle of the skewness, i.e., the relative difference between the mean and the median.

the Pearson Skewness [14] is defined as µ2 /s6 , and the Pearson Skewness Coefficient [14] is 3 defined as (µ M)s. The skewness and the skewness / coefficient are proportional, i.e., (µ M)s.µ32 /s6.


In this case, all the DRAM devices share the same command and address bus, but different data buses of the DRAM devices are grouped together to form data buses with different width.

different DRAM commands can be processed serially, while different data streams corresponding to different DRAM commands can be processed in parallel.


schedule, the Iwas (1,2,...,2)according to the UET- =( jGj2)EJG UCT theory.

the optimal overlapping sched 1 ule could be achieved when we had equal computation to communication times, so that all communication could be hidden (overlapped) with the computation phase.


that, we are not only increasing the distance between two consecutive blocks, but also the area of a working set, which is formed by a number of consecutive blocks.

we aim to place a number of logically consecutive blocks as far away from each other as possible.


For the LNA , the layout generation time spent by PM-RLC was less than that of PB-RC.

the parasitic solving time by PM-RLC was 25% less than that of PB-RC.


First, we performed a perturbation analysis to con.rm that the performance anomaly actually existed.

we con.rmed that the performance anomaly was not an artifact of vertical pro.ling.


Values of resistance and capacitance per unit length have been extracted from the model by using line resistivity values and dielectric constant values dictated by the ITRS roadmap.

the capacitance has been extracted by the commercial static solver Raphael [22].


[2] studied the effect of increasing pipeline width on the complexity of a superscalar, out-of-order processor.

their study assumes that future designs need to support an increasing number of in-flight instructions and larger issue widths.


We exploit this trend towards FPGA-based accelerator design and propose a data path con.gurable stream architecture that focuses on separated design strategies for computing and memory .ows.

we introduce our work on accelerating a large-scale scienti.c application, called EMAN [3], which is an open source software package for single-particle 3D reconstruction from Cryo-electron microscopy images, onourcustomizedFPGA accelerator card.


We address the issue at different scales and from three different perspectives.

we discuss the power and thermal management techniques for multi-core chips, possibility of interconnect-architecture co-design for power optimization of on-chip networks and the role of NoCs in Data Centers or Cloud Computing.


This tells us that not only do circuits contain an abundance of don t-cares, but also that, surprising, these don t-cares are often traversed in circuit operation.

a LUT s don t-care minterms are frequently visited under vector stimulus.


Thus, we concentrate on dynamic setup in TDM NoCs and propose a probe based dynamic path searching method with guaranteed setup delay.

our contributions are:  We propose a probe based setup method for TDM based CS NoC.


When calculating the runtime in Table 3, we assume that the response of the original power grid system in (2) is already known and our goal is to compute the response of the updated power grid network in (3).

the runtime of solving the original power grid system (2) is not counted in Table 3.


As seen in Table 3, simulations of 40 tasks with SoCLC outperform simulations of 8 tasks without SoCLC (that is with Atalanta RTOS semaphore calls).

simulations with SoCLC case achieves a 14% speedup over without SoCLC case in terms of worst-case lock delay.


This trickle-down e.ect of RETs towards the design process is also manifested by more conservative design rules, particularly for the critical polysilicon layer.

the ability to print very tight pitches as well as print a wide range of pitches in a given layer is very di.cult for subwavelength lithographic systems.


Equation 7) remains fairly unchanged when the loop is unrolled, but every tick at the loop s interface now represents a greater amount of work completed.

if the loop is unrolled u times, every time a data set crosses the interface stage, it indicates that u iterations have just been completed on that data set, rather than just one.


A smarter prefetch mechanism (that prefetches two subblocks in advance instead of the next/previous subblock) can be used to reduce stall time in these loops.

overall execution time is reduced by 12% in epicdec and 4% in rasta when prefetching two subblocks in advance.


So f-1(u) is the function translating the given usage to suf.cient length of boundary.

f(l) is given in Equation 7. shifting case.


In general, exit bandwidth is protected such that relays with the Exit .ag are chosen in the exit position more than in other roles.

guards that are also exits will .nd themselves used more often as exits and less often as guards.


First, age of nodes plays a signi.cant role in link evolution.

unlike established nodes, the observed data of edge formation for relatively younger nodes cannot be explained based on the linear preferential attachment mechanism.


Inside our model, that will mean that from among all neighbors of a router i, the one that sends the largest amount of tra.c, say router j, should have a higher determining impact on the status of router i.

if a router is surrounded by routers with increased tra.c (i.e., higher bu.er utilization, status High in Fig.1), its status will likely be in.uenced toward having a lot of tra.c too.


INTRODUCTION Reliable manufacturing of integrated nanosystems incorporating novel nanodevices continues to be challenging.

assembly of nanostructures, achieving reconfigurable devices, interfacing and overlay considerations are key issues for nanoscale computing fabrics.


The industrial use of electronic devices in safety-critical systems is regulated by applicationrelated safety standards that impose strict safety requirements on the system.

safety standards, such as [8], [5], and [7], require in-service testing activities for safety-related systems.


However, the impact on pin permutation is different between forward and backward propagations.

if during backward propagation, the slack at output pin p0 is changed by d, it implies that the delay of the worst path from p0 to the POs has changed by -d (note that the actual worst path may have also changed).


3way communication enables a coherent master, who is forced to write back a dirty copy due to a system intervention, to forward the intervention response directly to the requestor.

the intervention port response is routed from the cache line owner s OCPi port to the response channel of the requestor s OCPce port.


Only when integrated into an overall microarchitecture is it possible to realize the full performance potential of a number of trace cache optimizations.

we will integrate trace preconstruction with two other trace-oriented optimizations.


In our verification work, we observed that there is a correlation between inconclusive results for code coverage items (in particular conditional coverage points) and closure problems for both simulation and FV of functional assertions.

an inconclusive result when targeting code coverage assertions is a leading indicator of difficulties that will be encountered with other verification tasks.


We aim at introducing a reliability-related analysis, different from validation and veri.cation, based on the fundamental concept of fault model that has to be de.ned at the various abstraction levels, possibly deriving a relation between them.

we extend our preliminary work[2] onthe mechanisms forcarrying outdependability analysis(inrelationtothepossiblefault models) toclassify faults in TL descriptions and to provide guidelines to derive them when the system is speci.ed at a high abstraction level.


By observing trends in the transmitter/receiver pairs, we can attribute errors in the system to the individual nodes that are likely to cause them.

if all distance estimates made with a particular transmitter are slightly high, we can blame that transmitter.


Throughout this paper we assume that the MAC used is not collision free.

we will examine our scheme with random access and carrier sensing types of MAC.


Hence, a uniquemaximal transformation (with respect to partial signature vectors),TC (which will be canonical) can be identified among T1, T2, ,Tl,.

the maximal transformation(s) has the maximal partial signature vector with respect to the lexicographical ordering p discussed in section IV, among the transformations T1,T2, ,Tl.


If there are some transitions in another stack, they will be left not simulated because they cannot affect the macro output.

we have to simulate all the nodes with transitions on the current active path only in the worst case.


The use of memories is limited to get, set, =, and if.

memories can be read from (get), written to (set), tested for equality (=), and conditionally returned (if).


The high integration complexity is not only caused by the huge number of transistors and interconnects fabricated in a single chip, but also the modern SOC design issues in testability, manufacturability, and signal integrity.

it is well known that interconnect delay dominates the circuit performance for nanometer IC designs.


Therefore, instead of a single value, every number is represented by a range of values between the upper and lower bounds.

regardless of the real place of the number in the range, these methods are concerned with data range dilation and contraction by data propagation through the operations in the computation tree of the algorithm.


Because global channels are expensive, deviations from this 2:1 ratio should be done in a manner that overprovisions local and terminal channels, so that the expensive global channels remain fully utilized.

the network should be balanced so that a= 2h, 2p= 2h.


The SAT problem aims to .nd all the variable (gate/pin signal) values that evaluate all the clauses to be true.

the SAT problem is formulated as follows: C1 .


ECE, The Ohio State University 2015 Neil Ave., Columbus OH 43210 hwangsu@ece.osu.edu ABSTRACT In this paper we propose a novel method for communication over underwater acoustic channels for which the product of delay-spread and Doppler-spread is large, such as those pertaining to the surf zone.

we propose the use of pulse-shaped multicarrier modulation to convert the doubly dispersive channel into an inter-carrier interference (ICI) channel with small ICI spread.


The PIRATE NoC-IP is composed of a set of parameterized modules, such as interconnection elements and switches, to generate di.erent network topologies.

the PIRATE Noc-IP is supported by a synthesizable RTL generator of the con.gurable NoC-IP core, an automatic power characterization .ow, and a cycle-based NoC simulator for the dynamic pro.ling of power and performance at the system-level.


The vector is reset at the beginning of each interval.

they show that a bit vector of 1024 bits, 100K-instruction intervals and dth = 0.5 effectively detect phase changes.