They always involved Level3 as the .rst domain, peering with Verizon, Bellsouth and some smaller networks like Road Runner.

it seems that very few core networks enable BGP multipath capabilities in their routers.


Then we showed that large RSSI di.erences provide strong evidence that packets were generated by distinct devices.

an attacker needs to be physically close to his intended victim in order to mount undetected masquerading attacks.


However, in the X topology, node C broadcasts only one coded packet, and S1 (or S2) can decode its native packet by processing the coded packet from C and the overheard packet from P1 (or P2).

the transmission energy can be reduced as only one transmission is needed in the crossover node.


For RTT estimates the distributions for pingable and non-pingable flows are roughly the same after shifting the non-pingable curve right by 20ms [13].

we adjusted all non-pingable data points up by 20ms and one or two hops (for game and probe flows respectively).


Ifthe corre 158 sponding IP address is on the list, the server answers with a TXT record; if it is not on the list, it sends an NX- DOMAIN answer.

a-record answers resulting from those queries do not have any associated TCP connection, and should be excluded in calculating the ratio of TCP connections to DNS lookups (in estimating caching effectiveness).


As before, the duration of the rule is exponentially distributed.

the rule is twice probabilistic: (1) due to the probability of transitions and (2) to the exponential duration.


as long as the number of .ows is no more than the number of their shared channels, the matrix A is likely to be linearlyindependent.


The botmaster does not contact the botnet nodes directly.

botnet nodes do not obtain the IP addresses that are used by the botmaster to issue commands.


Yet the Internet, both in its current form and in the form that it will likely evolve into the future, will remain a fundamentally open network.

we cannot reasonably expect any one entity to effectively police and control it.


3.2 Interworking Scheme 3.2.1 Interworking scheme with MIP for multihomed MS First, as the current MIP operation is only based on RA messages received from one specific interface, the MIP functionalities are only configured on the WLAN interface of dual-interfaced MSs.

the MIP can only provide mobility management over the foreign network when the MS moves into the WLAN.


What we mean is that the ultimate authority about routing messages regarding a certain destination node is that node itself.

we will only authorize route information in our routing table if that route information concerns the node that is sending the information.


Moreover, multimedia applications have very stringent delivery requirements without which the user perceived quality will su.er.

in addition to scalable multicasting, supporting some level of endto-end quality of service (QoS) is also a key requirement in realizing this vision.


Note that we should compute the aggregate pro.t of caching n versions of object i, and then order them according to the calculated pro.t.

the running time for calculating R*(i,n) is O(C(mi; n)log C(mi; n)).


3.3 Service loads Each node provides one or more services, and maintains a FIFO queue for all service requests.

even though a requester may be connected to a service provider, the request may take a long time to complete because service provider is busy.


Since walls/barrier are reasonably smooth surfaces, they re.ect specularly (i.e., mirrorlike).

the receiver sees a signal that is re.ected from the mid-point on the wall between the transmitter and the receiver.


Note that no node will decide payment/charge to itself for this block.


The minimum OFDM granularity is one OFDM symbol.

the best case PHY header compression can be 50%, going from two to one OFDM symbol.


To show that the old transitive update equation 2 in certain condition can cause low delivery rate regardless of lack of DTN resources (storage and bandwidth) were met or not, unlimited bandwidth and storage capacity were set in the simulator.

the delivery rate from the Epidemic routing can be read as an optimal solution in this scenario above.


In terms of feature vT(Y) = SDNT, we have p[(vT(Y) = SDNT) | True], and p[(vT(Y) = SDNT) | False).

based on the NB classifier, NH can deduce the posterior probability of new received trust value p(True | New) = p(True) × p[(vTA = SDPT) | True] × p[(vT(Y) = SDNT) | True].


Since all of the links we encountered during the experiment campaign had a much smaller height than length, theyoperated in the 1/d4 regime of two-ray propagation where d denotes the communication distance.

we used the following simple expression for the RSSI-distance model: RSSI(d) = 10 log10(da)+ b (13) for some constants a and b.


Moreover, the payloads of the packets are unmodi.ed.

we can simply do an exact payload match between the incoming and outgoing packets to detect the .ow correlations (labeled as payload match in the table).


Similarly to WiMAX, UMTS allows UEs to access the channel by multiplexing.

the bandwidth used by the UEs is fairly shared among them.


As redundancy exists among data collected by sensor nodes, these applications can sustain their performance even when some data samples are lost.

the notion of reliability in sensor networks is only a probabilistic one.


Rd may fail to catch this behavior and send end-to-end StopIt requests again to block the source.

malicious sources may continue to send attack traf.c without being blocked.


GARNET separated the interfaces that comprised the device and put each one in the subnet that it faced.

when an infrastructure device was compromised, there was no good way to convey this information because there was no way for the user to know that the interfaces were associated with one another.


the energy detector output pdf for the noise-only case, fn[x], is: .max L fn[x]= f.[.]


We have usually received a good fractional solution, but when the solution was rounded to the closest integer solution, it did not compare favorably to the other algorithms.

we have omitted the experimental results of the interior-point algorithm from the following graphs.


The probability of a successful delivery from sto tis thus 1-(1 2 )3 = 7 8 .

the expected energy consumption of a successful delivery is 8 7 .


And when r> 0, we have i,a i,a (k)(k)(k)(k)  µa =0 and r -r = c(m -m )+µa ' = 0.

i,a' i,a i,a' i,a by using this result and the KKT conditions, there exists an A TABLE 4 such that (h i ' (k)(k) (k) c qt(k)U (Rqt(k))+m> 0,a = A r = i i,a i,a i(13) 0, a>A, (k) .A (k) where R= r denotes the sum of data rates for ia=1 i,a different anchor points.


In fact, the two algorithms use the same subroutine to .nd a DAS.

we begin with introducing the algorithm to .nd a DAS.


However, the ongoing mobile tra.c explosion is also expected to result in higher energy consumption and larger carbon footprint which is a major challenge against green communications objective.

energy e.ciency (EE) has become a key research focus for these broadband access systems.


If one is interested in the properties of a large scale urban environment or conditions in a remote rural setting, it is probably not meaningful to study traces collected from 20 computer scientists at a conference or university campus.

new ways of acquiring data that allows for a more realistic user base estimation and at a larger scale is needed.


As a result, transition costs depend only on the present state: the physical position of the node in the network and the coding scheme being used, and, since the output of a node (its coe.cient) is the same regardless of the previous path, costs up to a particular node do not in.uence the cost for a future transition.

choosing a best path arriving to a speci.c state does not eliminate optimal paths.


By setting the output power to 100 mW (20 dBm), we could obtain a 5 dB advantage compared with the Orinoco card.


6.3 Scalability Considerations In superimposed codes, although t increases superlinearly compared to N [31], it is still a bounded number.

when applying a superimposed code in a MR-MC network, the network size is restricted because a superimposed code can only accommodate at most t nodes.


Reordering of segments may occur for various reasons, multi-path routing being the most prominent one.

a packet carrying a segment higher in sequence space may arrive at a router earlier than a packet carrying a preceding segment.


As these costs are now realistically computed based upon the events experienced by an individual node, they give an accurate representation of the cost associated with a particular link.

the routes retrieved from the link cache, during subsequent requests for routes, are found to be more accurate and reliable.


After it enters, the third has to wait for 2 cycles.

the ith request waits for i 1 cycles, which will lead to a very low efficiency.


Let Eit denote the event that node i is not discovered in t slots.

p(Eit)= P(Ni(t)=0) = e -tps Substituting ps = 1 asgivenby(1) intothe expressionfor ne P(Eit)yields - t P(Eit)= e ne ne P(¬Eit)=1- e - t We are interested in the probability that all n nodes are discovered by time t i.e.


waiting for a timeout is the only possibility to remove a mapping from a stateful middlebox.


It can be easily demonstrated that the eigenvalues of Al are z + r - 2fl and z - r - 2fl, where z := 1T · ql +2fl = p (I+1+ß(l))fl and r := IqlTql, and they are both greater than -2fl.


Moreover, physical location information of sensor nodesis animportant conditioninthedataaggregation service to associate relevant data sources.

our clustering protocols consider location in the message structure.


In VERITAS, an auction winner will be charged by the bid of its critical neighbor.

if W wins the auction and if C is still his critical neighbor, W will be charged by the bid of C, and the total group utility (W s true valuation minus C s bid) will increase signi.cantly.


In the .rst regime, the minimum speed va is large such that va = r/c.

suppose the encounter node moves at speed V and the observer node moves at speed v0, the corresponding connection time is 2r 2r = = c. (52) V + v0 2va there is no connection time truncation at all observer and encounter node speeds.


For example, 1% of 30 second intervals have more than5hando.s.

applications may want topredict not only whether a hando.


Furthermore, allowing transmissions with a base rate can only improve the throughput of the algorithm, so the order result of Theorem 2 is also valid.

our order results can be extended to networks where blind transmissions are allowed over unreported channels with a base rate rbase.


Any two codes of different levels are orthogonal if and only if one of two codes is not ancestor/ descendant in each other.

when an OVSF code is assigned to a user, it blocks all of its ancestor and descendant codes.


Speci.cally, to compute V (u, S), we may need to know V ( u, S - j) for all j .

s and all u = u = M. instead of trying to compute these values and the associated strategies, we will use the above two formulations to derive fundamental properties of optimal strategies and use them to .nd simpler ways of determining optimal strategies in Section 4.


This allows to assume a reasonable population density, which is as well indicated by the high trajectory density in the data set.

this area is suitable for contact extrapolation.


By Definition 3.3 there is a honest path from v to b of level at most j.

there is a minimal j' < j for which there is a honest path from v to b of level j'.


The difference is that we eliminate the broadcasting of the request message.

when a node receives a route request packet, it checks its event table; if it finds the event node in its table it sends a RREP message (similar to AODV).


These are inter-access-point interference (IAP), access-point-client interference (OAP/OC), and inter-client interference (IC) 2.

the total interference in the network is the sum of these individual interferences and can be expressed as: NN NK Uint = -(Si=1Sj=1IAPij effi +Si=1Sv=1OAPiveffi KN KK +Sv=1Si=1OCvieffv +Su=1Sv=1ICuveffu) (4) where effi is the (assumed log-linear) effect of interference by access-point/client i on the throughput of the interfered access point or client.


In the case of accurate information, d(Ri-1,D) - d(Ri,D) always has a value of ±1 or zero, as in Equation 1.

pRi = {1+ k[d(Ri-1,D) - d(Ri,D)]} PRi-1 exp {k[d(Ri-1,D) - d(Ri,D)]} PRi-1 (2) The second line of Equation 2 is derived from the similarity to the low order terms of a Taylor series expansion of the exponential function (exp(x) ~ 1+ x).


We expect that this is because many faculty and students turn on their laptops during morning classes and connect to the network.

these laptops make transitions from the OFF state to APs.


3We remind the reader that TCP congestion control uses windows of sequence numbers and not rates.

two sessions may have the same window sizes but use di.erent bandwidths if they have di.erent roundtrip times.


Of course, visual inspection of a small number of randomly generated graphs is insu.cient to demonstrate our ability to capture important metrics of the HOT graph.

we compute the di.erent metric values for each of the dKrandom graph and compare them with the corresponding value for the original HOT graph.


smax is s(x) = smax · x d, which has maximum slope d · smax at x = 1.

restricting the growth polynomially to degree d implies restricting its slope to d · smax.


4.2 Traffic Distribution The above evaluation of Path Vulnerability should be taken into account for future traffic distribution.

the source node keeps records of the PVs of all the paths and sends out the next share of data according to the PV rankings, always sending it to the path that currently has the lowest value of PV in the PV list maintained at the source.


Note that the goodput estimate at 54DS is about 30Mbps, so MiRA does not probe 27SS whose loss-free goodput will be lower than the goodput estimate at 54DS.


Due to the vagaries of the wireless channel, providing hard guarantees will require signi.cant over-provisioning of scarce radio resources.

for service di.erentiation, we use Di.Serv like soft-QoS using weighted-GPS [33].


From Figure 2(a), we also see that once the time lag is above 20s, the median autocorrelation coe.cient is close to 0, and the 25-75th percentiles are in the range of [-0.05, 0.05].

we expect that using the time windows that are within the last 20s is su.cient to predict network performance.


Virtual knowledge spaces support collaboration out of a media perspective.

they support the structuring of knowledge as a social process of creating and accessing media in a cooperative way.


Indeed, the cumulative type can encode any number of ARQ blocks by using just one BSN number.

four sequence maps, each of which can have two sequences of 63 blocks, encode 504 blocks.


First of all, we .nd that each OD .ow is well captured by only a small set of eigen.ows.

each OD .ow has a certain small set of features.


Second, a seed cannot evaluate the reciprocation of a leecher, because a seed does not need any Contribution to the Amount of Downloaded Bytes, L piece.

there is no way for a seed to enforce tit-for-tat fairness.


This happens when there are similar wireless network systems around the corresponding MT.

both algorithms conclude the similar hando.


that In  minIn i=1 ' min Yi, min « Y i 1 ß1 = L 2 ß0 i=1 .

ln n the lemma follows if we can show that I. !


The largest range of one connected cluster is less than r. s since the largest distance that the message can be forwarded is r. s in one slot,.

the cluster size is min{Mh(r)(.S , AP ), rs }.


Neither of the two cases are practical in DTNs due to the inevitably high forwarding cost.

a more practical solution is to maximize the data forwarding probability with a given time constraint.


That's why GPS emulation makes WF2Q of little practical value in implementing WF2Q.

the following compu- tation method of virtual system time is devised, which is low in implementation complexity and satisfies all impor- tant properties of WF2Q [2].


By this the MH is tricked into believing that it is attached to the same subnet.

from the perspective of the MH, the entire Proxy Mobile IPv6 domain appears to be a single subnet, as the home network prefix appears to follow the MH through the PMIPv6 access network.


The wireless channel at Location 3 was far more variable, visiting any DRC state only 40 - 60% of the time.

even if two locations exhibit similar long time scale behavior, short time scale analysis can identify signi.cant differences between them.


18c9 n Since the cell has only a constant number of nodes, the longest link needed to cross such special cell is at least a constant value ..

the data rate that can be supported by this special link is at most a constant.


Moreover, we assume that for each .ow, the packet is forwarded for one hop in each timeslot.

the maximum delay for the transmission of a packet in our network model is k time-slots, or the delay constraint is D = k. In section 7, we will mainly use the 2In the random walk mobility model de.ned in [22], each movement either corresponds to a constant time interval t, or corresponds to a constant distance traveled.


For iterations m+1 =i=m+ p-1 the condition pricei > G GGG in line 3 is not met because pricei = = < .


This regularity in time series can be expressed through the concept of stationary time series[10].

forecasting techniques are based on the idea that future can be predicted by discovering specific patterns of events in the past.


The purpose of this study is to address this issue using ertPS classes by simulating a QoS scheduling algorithm rule for real-time traf.c with a variable data rate.

this study model attempts to allow BSs to continuously offer the same amount of bandwidth to SSs unless explicitly requested otherwise by the SSs.


However, our results highlight that this may not suf.ce to yield excellent quality ratings.

we advocate to use QoS mechanisms to isolate VoIP traf.c from the other traf.c.


To easily compare the different log records monitored by the nodes participating in the experiment setup synchronous time stamps are extremely helpful.

the nodes clocks are initially synchronized: the master node is de.ned to be the reference time source.


of nodes; otherwise secondaries8 will notbe able to successfully transmit simultaneously using the bandwidth they purchase, owing to mutual interference.


Thosefactors will interfere with TCP and prevent the window from becoming too large.

non-TCP data transfer speci.cally optimized for the routing protocol will show better performance.


Since the link scheduler is workconserving, the unused bandwidth actually becomes available to .ow 2.

the link bandwidth is also equally divided between the two .ows.


Therefore, the query interarrival time for each respective entry is recorded at the local directory (either FD, or MD), since this value is referenced for the recurrent SER calculation.

a directory entry for a particular service will see its SER value increased or decreased to reflect its current spatiotemporal popularity in the MANET.


The algorithms are executed at the RNs and operate within the strips.

we assume that the strips are .xed and that their boundaries are known to all nodes.


The quantized complex samples are subsequently sent over the .ber after .ber channel coding and modulation.

the .ber is required to reliably support a rate of Ri bits/sec from the ith wirelessoptical interface to the receiver at B.


While mixing packets alone may initially seem suf.cient, an adversary can always reorder a sequence longer than that batched and mixed at nodes.

a Tarzan node buffers incoming packets and only batches packets for mixing and forwarding in-order.


Since none of the messages sent in Steps 1 to 7 are protected by any means, the network cannot recognize the presence of the attacker.

the attacker obtains an authentication token which he in turn can use in Phase 2 of the attack to impersonate a network to the victim device.


In general, when there are multiple proximate receivers downstream of a bottleneck link their reception rates tend to coordinate and equalize due to the measured MRTT values, and as more and more receivers join the session the MRTT values of the receivers already in the session tend to decrease.

the reception rates of the receivers tend to coordinate and increase as more and more receivers join the session.


Therefore, only the .rst 10 bits of the key need to be scheduled.

the message size becomes 10 + l9 i=0 2i = 1033 bits, which is a reasonable size.


(independent and iden 8 tically distributed) across n.However, for a .xed n, we allow T on and T off n ,T off n n to be dependent.

the process {(Tn on 8 )} DEFINITION 1(OFFLOADING EFFICIENCY .).


The trust models having higher accuracy generally need more complicated computations and more information; nevertheless, the systems associated with trust evaluations can improve their security effectively.

there are significant costs to apply trust evaluations and it is important to find the right balance.


Figure 3: Illustration of the prohibited turns in the modi.ed odd-even routing (rules 4 and 5) Rules 4 and 5 ensures that the row of WN turn cannot have SW turn and the row of EN turn cannot have SE.

like rules 1 and 2 these rules 4 and 5 will ensure the deadlock freeness if applied for 2D meshes by breaking all possible cycles as illustrated by Fig.


Since the VDL-4 data link is duplex, each aircraft can be both a receiver and a transmitter at the same time, so there are N source-destination pairs if there are N aircrafts in the AANETs.

the total expected bit-meters of the network is given by: 8 mitting to j, meanwhile k is transmitting to l in the same L E(t)= .dN · P(n = N) N=1 channel, easily we have |Xk - Xj|= (1 + .


Bro provides only explicit mechanisms, and the default policy scripts supplied with the public distribution make little use of these, motivated by Bro s original philosophy of retaining state as long as possible to resist evasion.

user-level state accumulates over time, generally causing the system to crash eventually.


According to the manual of CC2420 [3], the inline authentication component in CC2420 can generate a 12-byte MIC on a 98byte message in 99 µs.

we can easily see the MIC generation can be completed before it is transmitted.


The throughput performance would be the same as traditional transmission.


= T(1) is the number of squarelets within distance R from this squarelet.

by choosing c12 = 1 , we can schedule .ows at this squarelet with high .c11 probability (at least 1 - O( v 1 )).


A packet of a .ow that belongs to grp1 will experience a (one-way) average end-to-end latency, equal to the sum of its queueing, transmission, and propagation delays.

the total average latency from the source to the destination of a grp1 packet equals q1LLq2LL +1+P1++2+P2,(1) CCCC 1 2 where qand qare the average queue sizes (measured in 12 number of packets, not counting the packet being transmitted) for the queues R1-R2 and R2-R3 respectively, and Lis the packet size.


By considering the impact of the arbitrary power assignment on pair-wise transmissions scheduling, we explicitly show that when some node distance function is satisfied, there does not exist any power assignment for simultaneous link scheduling, and thus the scheduling complexity cannot be further improved via the means of power assignment.

the scheduling algorithm must take full advantage of the power assignment schemes so that it can simultaneously schedule as many links as possible without violating the physical SINR model.


In [10] we have used the AR model successfully to predict the future throughputs based on throughput measurements in the past in a similar vehicular environment.


Further, each sensor transmission is susceptible to random bit errors, fading, and burst errors that commonly occurin on-body wireless channels[4,9,24].

the main challenge in this regard is to minimize sensor transmissions while maintaining the clinical accuracyof the reported PPG signal.


The e.ective radio range, Rt, is set equal to d. A Berkeley mote [14] is used as the prototype for the physical layer modeling of a sensor node.

the energy consumption in our simulation is measured as the current drawn from the battery.


Obviously putting terminals on the networks indeed means exposing the vulnerability to all possible attackers in different network.

the server may not be able to respond to normal request because of the DoS attack.


Hence, operators are interested in the behavior of the process modeling the aggregation of several Z(t)processes.

our problem is to obtain an analytical model describing the behavior of such an aggregated tra.c and the resource consumption it entails.


The original formulation considers the problem of estimating point-topoint tra.c in a telephony network based on a known prior tra.c matrix and measurements of total incoming and total outgoing tra.c to each node in the network.

kruithof s method can, for example, be used to adjust the gravity model estimate to be consistent with measurement of total incoming and outgoing tra.c at edge nodes.


Each variable is adjusted based on the gradient obtained from this adaptive model.

our method is more adaptive than deterministic optimization, and converges more quickly than stochastic techniques.


As described in C-PNSS, the XH -XJ central angle .J.H can be calculated by formula .J.H = () d(J,H ) 2 *arccos 2*r .

we can compute the coordinates of point B as follows: XB = XJ + r *cos(aJ.H -.J.H ) and YB = YJ + r *sin(aJ.H -.J.H ), while A, C, and D coordinates can be calculated in the same way.


Local module It provides a local interface to pass the messages between processes within a machine, and to send/receive RTP/UDP message.

the frequency of the copy to the bu.er can be minimized so that it may reduce the bottleneck.


Although LocalFlow splits up to 78% of .ows when d = 0 (using 8 links), this number drops to 21% when d = 0.01 and to 4.3% when d = 0.05.

a slack of just 5% results in 95.7% of .ows remaining unsplit!


At each intermediate input j, tokens can only be received and granted (respectively packets can only arrive and depart) every N time-slots.Therefore, at each intermediate input, we will cut time into frames of N time-slots.

as detailed in the proof of strong stability [5], the intermediate input linecard operates at every frame in CMS with algorithm s as it would have at every time-slot in a single switch with the same algorithm s. under the same arrival pattern of request tokens in CMS (respectively of packets in a single switch), it takes the same number of frames for grant requests to exit intermediate input linecards (respectively the same number of time-slots for packets to exit the single switch) under the same algorithm s. In addition, in both cases, the tra.c arrival matrix is indeed the same, and therefore all tra.c arrival characteristics of this Bernoulli i.i.d.


Again, taking expectations, we obtain N[] dq(t)[]Wi E-1q(t)C+E dt Ri(q) i=l N [] Wi E-1q(t)C+ Ri(q) i=l Now for a bottlenecked queue, we ll have q(t)>0with probability [] close to 1.

we can approximateE1q(t)to obtain N dq(t) Wi -C+ (9) dtRi(q) i=l We have N+2coupled equations (4), (7), and (9) and N+2 unknowns, (x,q,Wi) which can be solved numerically.


First, we .nd that ODNSes within the same /24 address block do not all use the same RDNS or RDNS pool contrary to our intuition.

learning about the neighborhood is bene.cial not only for ODNS discovery but also for RDNS discovery.


In 802.11a, it should be done in 8 µs as the sampling rate and .ltering parameters should be changed before LTF starts.

it is desirable that the detection algorithm is not only accurate but also computationally ef.cient.


On the other hand, in a link of capacity Cl, .ushing would occur no more frequently than every .c/Cl seconds.

with p we can govern the rate at which samples are acquired and, with .c,the rate at which the .ow memory needs to be inspected.


Each CNj sends the endorsement back to CH.


Files indices are stored in the network such a way that lookup cost reduces to a constant factor.

it avoids query lookup flooding as it happens with current P2P protocols.


However, routing around the hole introduces overhead.

we assume that if and when new nodes are added, they should .rst be assigned nodeIDs that allow them to .ll existing holes in the network.


The latter is said to have a prepending length of two.

other ASes will be discouraged from using the route through link 2 as it will have a longer AS-path than the one through link 1.


up to 211 elements in our examples); the receivers need to store the entire TPK where each element is a hash-value (128 bits using MD5).

in our examples the public key can assume the value of 1024 and 2048 elements, requiring 128Kb and 256 Kb respectively.


In the following, we will show that, roughly speaking, bucketing (i.e., with k buckets instead of 1) will reduce the standard deviation of our estimation of Lp norms by a factor v slightly less than k, provided that the number of .ows is much larger than the number of buckets k. Lemma 9 shows that the standard deviation for using l counters is in the v order of O(1/l).

a decrease in l can be compensated by an increase in k by a slightly larger factor.


Noneof thethreedi.erenttime seriesprovedtobesteady state over the whole range [0, 23.5](see Fig.3).

we extracted a time range for each time series that ful.lls the above-mentioned critera and still contains as many samples as possible.


Camera motion is inherently present in the visual MIMO communications system because the camera at the receiver and LED transmitters are on di.erent mobile nodes.

the geometry of the image formation process varies, i.e.


While the QoS paths may use non-shortest path routes, the signaling used to maintain and manage these paths is routed over shortest paths.

restoring the shortest path quickly is an important step in the restora- tion of QoS routes.


the platform must be able to deliver near-WiFi computation performance for video-WiFi.


PIM contributes routes not to the RIB, but directly via the FEA to the forwarding engine.

the FEA s interface is important for more than just the RIB.


In a sensor, the Radio Frequency (RF) module, which consumes most of the energy, becomes the major object to be optimized.

designing an energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is significant in reducing energy consumption because of its direct control over RF module.


A base station, having a spare part, is considered failure by its own or when all the patients under which fail.


Conservatively assuming that there is a router for every 200 hosts on the Internet, we therefore estimate the number of routers (internal nodes) in U to be at least one million.

in practical terms, solving the IP traceback problem amounts to correctly identifying a few hundred of the million internal nodes in U as belonging to the attack tree T .


During a busy hour, two transmitters, AP1 and AP2, alternatively send broadcast frames to a common receiver C.Table 2 shows that transmitter AP1 o.ers both higher signal strength and slightly lower overall loss rate in a 30-minute packet trace of an experiment that involved transmitting 720,000 data frames.

if AP1 were an access point, the receiver would naturally associate with AP1.


With respect to the .rst task, while for the MANET creation component this requires parsing the user s input and generating an SSID string with autocon.guration information (according to the strategy shown in .gure 4), the autocon.guration component must merely parse the beacon received to extract con.guration information.

while the latter task is achieved in just 4 µs, the former (SSID generation) requires 20 µs.


5.5 Remarks on Ef.ciency In case of roaming protocols the most signi.cant impact on the communication complexity has the number of communication rounds on the path with the highest round trip time, i.e.

the link between F and H. several solutions for the non-tunnel-based roaming mentioned in Section 3 aim to minimize this number.


DEDAS and DEDAS-B consider not only the active time slot of the receiver but also the sleep latency between the sender and receiver.

they achieve a smaller aggregation delay compared with other schemes in every duty cycle.


Depending on the protocol timers, such an event is observed as a link .ap , yet the true underlying issues could be an optical re-route, possibly in response to a .ber cut (e.g., due to construction, hunting, shark attack).

failure Rate (%) Duration (log scale) (a) (b) Figure 2: (a) Problem root-causes for long-haul links, and (b) Annualized downtime for long-haul links it is not possible in many cases to attribute the exact cause.


The choices for the current character will be hence more restrictive than when choosing characters based on unigram distributions.

the probability of test bigrams matching a non-malicious bigram distribution, becomes smaller.


In practice, we often set .e=60sec and require at least 50-60 signal iterations.

a probing frequency of around 1Hz seems to be a good lower bound in practice.


method for communicating using ambient signals leverages the following properties of TV signals that hold across all standards: Firstly, TV towers broadcast uninterrupted, continuous signals at all hours of the day and night.

they provide a reliable source of both power and signal for use in ambient backscatter.


Moreover, this reassociate-request should seem as the associate-request of the current IEEE Std 802.11.

step 6 requires that an IAPP ADD notify message [17] to be also triggered upon the reception of the result of the MOVE response.


itis necessary to examine the total network costimplications of various potential cost scenarios.


BGP is .rst and foremost designed to prevent loops.

we assume that node a rejects an announcement from its neighbor b if it contains a loop, i.e., if node a appears on the path that node b announces.


M and F need not to be aware of each other, which is fairly natural in the case of roaming.

in questions related to the authorized WRT participation both, M and F, rely on H. On the other hand, as part of their contract we assume that F creates a tunnel to H if it successfully authenticates H, whereas H accepts the provided tunnel after the successful authentication of F (in addition to the authentication of M).


The sum of the absolute value of these di.erences is at most T1 + T2 (T1 is the total tra.c of the .rst measurement interval and T2 is the total tra.c of the second one) because each .owcan be associated with at most one most speci.c cluster in the report and the sum of the sizes of all .ows is T1 + T2.

there are at most (T1 + T2)/H = s1 + s2 clusters in the compressed delta report.


For the default value k = 2, the maximum required space for LQS is approximately 18Rfailed bytes.

the required RAM for LQS is bounded by a function which grows linearly with the number of remote addresses contacting the monitored network.


Comparison of transmission delay: At larger distances, fOFDM is forced to select lower data rate modulation schemes due to low SINR.

the packet transmission delay increases signi.cantly with distance for fOFDM as we see in Figure 5.


, since di.erent battles may lead to di.erent amount of security degradation.

the overall answer is that which one is a better attack strategy?


Then such time-zones propagate the message to the time-zones z -2(d-1),...,z +2(d-1) in the subsequent awake pe riod.

all the time-zones can be covered in L-1 +1 2(d-1) awake periods.


In SVBF, we use the center s index of the packet as an o.set into a vector of delay values.

we set the bit corresponding to (hj (s)+ i) mod m, where j is the hash function index, i .


However, scalability is not the only problem, mobility is difficult to achieve due to the dual use of IP.

identifier and Locator separation is proposed and discussed in the research community as a way to solve the above problems.


Overall, XScrib e appears to scale better than Scrib e with the tra.c load.

xScrib e allows the application to operate at higher loads than Scrib e does, whatever usability threshold the application might de.ne with resp ect to the maximum acceptable packet loss.


A simple optimization is for nodes to use each others experiences with different nodes in the network.

nodes exchange reputation information between them and we classify these indirect observations as second hand information.


Ob because Oa happens before Ob in site i.

oa should not happen after Oc is site j.


But accurate signal reconstruction comes at the expense of more energy International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI-2012) consumption.

a trdae off is required between how much energy should be spent for the signal reconstruction so that the SNR is also permissible.


4.2 Gamma-Farima Traffic Generator validation 4.2.1 Methodology GFtg aims at generating realistic point to point background traffic.

gFtg has only to be locally validated, as the important aspect to validate is that the sent traffic, right out of the network card of the generator machine, respects the wanted traffic characteristics.


In this scenario there will not be any intermediate nodes in the conversation path, because the nodes are very close to each other, and only one hop is needed for a packet to reach its destination.

if there is high delay it is because the environment is saturated and many collisions are happening in the link.


Moreover, very costly infrastructure deployment and maintenance of custom equipment would be required to collect .ne-grained location information about all mobile devices on an on-going basis in large 3G networks.

it is a challenge to accurately assign IP performance measurements to .ne-grained geographic regions of the 3G network using existing standard network components.


Considering that the sound from an acoustic source spreads omnidirec tSw tionally, the source level is tSwLv1 0u1wLge(P W/ tSv1 0u1w)ge)v t7vLedoTs7e (29) 1P whereand 1represent the area measured one meter away from the te(a6 m (u v1n source and the standard intensity W m, respectively.

the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver can be expressed by the Passive Sonar Equation [12], tSvNetSwLTwLe vNwL Lit ) (30) tSw Tw vNw where is the source level,is the transmission loss, is the noise level, and itis the microphone directivity.


4.2 Synchronous model In the synchronous time model, in each time slot every node contacts a neighbor to receive messages.

n communication events may occur simultaneously.


The proposed protocol takes advantage of the greater received power over short links to reduce their handshake length.

a handshake only needs to avoid collisions from nodes closer than a certain distance.


In contrast, our work will allow di.erent links to use di.erent CS thresholds and will also address the selection of transmit power.

our approach is a much more holistic approach to parameter selection in CSMA protocols.


AS s that wish to connect at a particular IXP have to physically come and make a connection at that IXP.

since IXP s make a pro.t by providing basic infrastructure for AS s to make connections and become neighbors, it would be in their interest to facilitate the establishment of physically secure communication channels and trust between neighboring AS s, as this would guarantee longer lasting business relationships for those AS s (which would equate to longer lasting pro.ts for the IXP connecting them).


In TCP, a packet is considered lost if the RTO timer matures.

a larger RTO value could result in a slow response to packet loss while a smaller RTO would cause unnecessary packet retransmissions and, at worst, adversely invoke congestion control scheme.


The curvature error decreases exponentially fast.

the number of steps to reach the desired curvature error bound eis given by O(-logde), where d is the step size in the Ricci .ow algorithm.


monotonically decreases with scanning frequency.

at As a result, this policy attains only 70% of the throughput vehicular speeds, channel variations are signi.cant thereby attainedin ourexperiments(Fig.


Node C changes its receiving order, then F and G choose their new start moment.

there is no con.ict in the .nal decision.


However, it increases the queue requirements quadratically with the number of ports (N2).

as the number of ports increases, this solution becomes too expensive.


In the worst case, all neighbors are affected and acknowledgments will arrive within Tsystem slots.

each link activation for rate adjustment has a maximum duration of Tsystem slots.


2.3 Multifaceted Coding Methods Owing to its interdisciplinary nature, EA design encompassed an array of rich research ingredients.

we conducted a multifaceted view to code the papers we collected.


MATERIAL AND METHODS Since daily temperatures present a pattern that repeats in a cyclic way every day, we propose an algorithm that determines which pattern corresponds to the readings profile that are being made in real time by sensors deployed internally and externally in hives.

our solution is able to detect pre-swarming behavior and at the same time save energy by reducing the data transmission to the sink node, which receives all the data sensed in the sensor nodes and sent over the network.


in order to keep a low cost and yet a reasonable prediction span, we suggest that a low .


Especially in highway scenarios, the availability of infrastructure is unlikely in the near future.

communication protocols should ideally rely solely on communication between vehicles, possibly spanning multiple hops.


More importantly, such network behavior changes cannot be fully reproduced or predicted in a lab testing environment.

it is important to monitor network behavior and understand the impact of network upgrades on service performance.


of Computer Science Universidade de S ao Paulo, Brazil kon@ime.usp.br as input for several other applications.

a grid infrastructure needs a reliable, high-capacity storage system that can be easily accessed from any point in the grid.


From Claim 3.11 it follows that E[X] = a|S|for some constant a> 0, and because the distance between any two sinks in S is at least 4, the Xs variables are independent.

we can use Chernoff bounds to obtain -E2a|S|/2 Pr[X =(1 -e)a|S|] =e for any e> 0.


process is .nished, and the IP address of client A remains the same after hando..

the TCP and UDP communications can both be maintained after hando..


Consideringthat an attacker is free to use directional antennas and place his antennas (theoretically)anywhere he chooses, we chose to use a relatively high received signal strength of -60 dBm for all of the packets the attacker receives.


Also, as will be discussed in the next sections, the simulator has lower time resolution than the testbed hardware which means there is a limit on the accuracy it can achieve.

for the simulator we set w = 0.1sec and in the real testbed we set w = 0.01sec.


On-goingstandardization efforts, including IEEE 802.11p, IEEE 1609, OSICALM-M5 and ETSI ITS, jointly with the growing interest of theautomobile industry, have played a major role in speeding up sucha process over the last few years.

it will be soon time to .eldtest the vast amount of vehicular networking solutions proposed by Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal orclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributedfor pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Instead, it waits un-600 til p has left this surrounding neighborhood of Si before it actually 500 performs an update.

around Si there is a ring of 8 squares moving where does not cause an update.


It is also important to note that both the electronics and the .rmware of the screen, which we do not have access to, are optimized for the relatively slow movement of a human .nger.

the screen driver deliberately throttles the maximum rate of touch events, which reduces touch error in normal use but limits our system to very low bit rate transmission.


A PCI Express memory area is higher latency than main memory area connected by a speci.c memory bus.

ideally we would use main memory to hold our shared memory area.


If a packet encounters multiple failures in standard Ethernet, a switch cannot determine the exact set of failures encountered by the packet, which can cause backup routes to form loops.

the principal challenge in choosing an output path in Plinko is determining the set of failed links that have been encountered by a packet, which Plinko solves by introducing a new forwarding model that matches on the reverse path of a packet, which is accumulated in its header.


BitTorrent is a protocol whose content does not typically leak personal information like HTTP or instant messagingprotocols[6,9].

itis not essential to provide strong data con.dentiality, since the contents of the torrent are easily accessible to anyone.


Simultaneously, in PTP mode both HS-DSCH and DCH are used in order to serve the rest of the users.

we have a mixed usage of all three available channels.


the close correlation between the segment duration and the number of requests for a certain length of video.

it enables the opportunity to reduce the live latency by reducing segment duration while still maintaining a constant or controllable number of requests to the server.


One can argue that high-power links (such as base-stations and back-haul links) are more important than the low-power links.

our design goals are, in the following order: (a) to avoid starvation of any link, (b) avoid signi.cant performance deterioration of high-power links and (c) increase the total throughput as much as possible.


Rather than both nodes aborting their transmissions, they could instead continue their transmissions with a probability of 50% after perceiving a potential collision.

in the next 800ns slot, with 50% probability one of B and C wins sole access to the channel.


In the simulation the signal strength is only adjusted every episode ( 80 s in our setup).

if the signal strength oscillates around the CCA threshold, the sending node must wait at least until the next episode to be able to successfully send its packets.


However, with multiple relays, a large number of sub-channels, multiple hops, anddue to discrete nature of the available number of sub-channels and time slots, the combinatorial complexity of the solution space blows up.

in order to exploit the diversity of 1In this example, we attempt to maximize throughput simply for ease of illustration.Amore desirablegoalisto maximizea metric that also ensures some kind of fairness and we do account for that in the later sections.


The WCN does not rely on the existence of centralized controllers, and inherently captures the case of nodes exchanging values with the plant at various points in the network.

when the WCN is used, the network diameter does not a.ect the sampling period of the plant.


(4) must happen within the plateau to be meaningful.

by combining the outputs of both results, we can safely detect the presence of a WiFi frame and correctly identify symbol boundaries.


Because Ki := da da uv , we have Guviv da uv Guv Ku uv = =1.

guv da uv Ki Ki Ki .i -.u = .i + Ku .u -.u = .i.


On the contrary, in our scheme, the network loss is incurred by compulsory packet drops for saving the network resource.

all the delivered video frames are played Table 2.


While this likely happened in individual interactions, over four months users would, on average, be the logged device half the time and the hidden device half the time.

we would expect the aggregate effect of phase differences to be near zero.


Duncan cannot be scheduled since, otherwise, it will lead to interference at Bob.

for traditional routing, only one transmission is possible in one slot.


Likewise, the averagedelayto a node willbe shortened with more copies if there is enough capacity in the system to accommodate all copies.

it is interesting to understand how many times forwarding takes place per e.cient delivery of an object, and which dropping strategy is the most e.cient.


Simple threshold-based detection schemes will not detect disruptions accurately.

the task at hand is to mine actionable disruptions from this noisy and complex data.


In any case, if communication between two nodes disrupted due to node damage or node may run out of energy then for example, network partitioning or increase in end-to-end delay may occur.

it is of dire importance that network should tolerate such faults.


Specifically, minimal-path directions gain 50% more weight within this region.

the routing algorithm tends to favor minimal directions over non-minimal directions.


This oscillating behavior would result in low network and server utilization.

one would need to implement mitigating tra.c shaping at the server to prevent oscillations.


We measure the Æ-fair convergence time,de.ned in Section 3, for delta=0.1.We use a value of the bottleneck bandwidth, B=10Mbps, much bigger than bowhich is the bandwidth corresponding to 1 packet/RTT (our RTT is 50 ms).

the 0.1-fair convergence time being measured corresponds roughly to the time taken for an initial unfair allocation of (B0)to converge to (0.55B0.5B).


(e)+ w. All other edges on .s remain unchanged.


Otherwise, it selects an appropriate neighbor from the vicinity to .ll the next-hop .eld, and broadcast the beacon at once.

the next-hop .eld decides which vehicle will forward the status information in the beacon.


To the best ofour knowledge there is no consummate method ofpicking this set ofdimension(s).

we propose a set of heuristics to help make an e.ective decision.


For both outside attackers and inside attackers (i.e., compromised ORs), as encryption or decryption is processed at every OR, it is di.cult to link any two links (a link is a connection between two Onion routers) to the same route.

for a communication going through the Onion routers, the entry OR and exit OR are unlinkable.


Then, the system transfer function is z - 1 E(z)= (.,i *(z)+ Ihi(p-i)(z) - hhi,S(i)(z)) z + Ki - 1 (33) and, by applying the inverse z-transform, the time domain response to an arbitrary step input is simply obtained as ehi(t)= X0(1 - Ki)t (34) where X0 is the step input amplitude.

if 0 <Ki = 1, ehi converges without overshoot and oscillation, and so does ei.


To cache data chunks, the CS index table needs to be updated.

to handle the incoming tra.c the router must process only a fraction of its tra.c (both Interests and chunks).


The exact architecture of the MAC layer, i.e., how much of the MAC layer is implemented in hardware, varies a lot from one device to another.

it is very hard to design a device independent rate control mechanism.


This is because in the approximation, we are essentially solving for a system where the timeout rate is the same as the service rate whereas in the real model, the timeout timer (D = 128) is larger than the average service time (1/µ = 1).

the drop rate in the approximated case is lower.


If the primary users arrive frequently, the channels will be affected almost uniformly by the primary users arrival.

the probability that a channel n has the maximum idle frequency is close to the probability that the same channel has the minimum idle frequency.


It is easy to verify that, for d = 1 , 2p(n-1) we have ai+1 =ai/2for each i.


But broadcasting data to every node in the transmission range may consume a lot of power.

limiting the transmission to a shorter distance will avoid consuming excessive power.


ByLemma2 and the above argument, the expected cost to each player is O(B.-1 + 1).

in Case 2, Lemma 4 tells us that Alice s expectedcostinterms of B isO(B(c-1)/c)the exponents ofinterest are simply (c - 1)/cand 1/c; minimizing themyields c =2.the costto eachplayeris O(B1/2 +1).


The level of a stream is the integer part of the logarithm of its interference diameter.

the interference , 2.. radius of a stream at level .. .


Energy conservation needs to be one key consideration in the design of the system and applications.

extensive research work has been devoted to address the problem of energy conservation.


The reason for this was the fact that multimedia applications are often handled with SIP or peer protocols and WLAN environments have relatively small cells.

when traversing WLAN cells while performing VoIP calls, the session update delay caused by handovers is a significant parameter.


Having the location information, each node will be able to calculate the Euclidean distance between itself and its neighbors.

using the shadowing propagation model parameters and following [7], each node will be able to calculate the power received of each neighbor for the mentioned distance according to the transmission power and .nally calculate the link delivery probability between itself and each neighbor node.


The packet reception ratios shown are averaged over 100 consecutive trials.

experimental Metrics: The intuition behind the use of multi-channel communication is that di.erent channel are subject to di.erent interference patterns.transmitting a packet on alternating channels decreases the impact of interference and reduces the (re)transmission count until a packet is successfully received.


This means that applications may utilize their own routing scheme to exchange packets among the motes assigned to them.

our routing protocol acts both as a collection mechanism (from all nodes to the sink) and as a dissemination mechanism (from the sink to certain nodes).


At one extreme, if the victim was able to know which replies are false via omniscience, then a download fails only if all received information is false.

c(Srbb)=,-c(falSe)s rendering c(Srbb)quite close to one for large system sizes.


Then each tag randomly picks a time slot in the frame and replies during that slot.

the reader gets a binary sequence of 0s and 1s by representing a slot with no tag replies as 0 and a slot with one or more tag replies as 1.


4.3 Network and Algorithm Settings The core network of the CDN is a homogeneous network where most equipments and links are standard.

we assume that both RTT and the packet loss probability are identical on every link (respectively set to 50 ms, and, for the packet loss probability to zero in Figs.


|Ci| |S| Hence, |S|> |GS|, which is a contradiction.

one of the Ci s must have an edge expansion less than or equal to S s edge expansion.


In such architecture, several line card chassis are connected to a non-blocking scalable switch fabric matrix via their backplanes.

all the ports are used for external links.


Collaborative sharing: Applications belonging to this class share the same rich content to mobile devices (i.e., in other words, mobile devices are interested in the same content) over hybrid wireless networks.

mobile devices have motivation to collaborate for content distribution.


To reduce complexity and increase parallelizability, Azzam and Ayanoglou [4] propose to reorder the  channel matrix, but double its size (and thus the height of the sphere 6.4 System designs decoder tree) to accommodate practical QAM channels.

the required complexity is is still very high.


In a contested airspace an ANP may have to change speed and direction of movement in very short time interval.

neither RWP nor RD model seems to be able to capture the movement pattern of ANPs in a contested environment.


The bu.ering times are 3 seconds for the 3rd client and 6 seconds for the 5th.Servicing the 4th client using an a-stream would have resulted in 80 seconds of bu.ering time, which exceeds the assumed threshold.


Second, the energy costs of different media formats differ drastically, by orders of magnitude.

it is possible to trade information richness for a longer battery lifetime.


We know two options for the usage of FPGAs in sensor nodes, as separate acceleration chip with a cryptosystem or replacing the micro-controller completely.

we compare two FPGAs in di.erent size with the ATMega micro-controller.


To describe this chain, we de.ne the state x by (xd11 ,xd12 ,xv1 ,....,xdK1 ,xdK2 ,x), vK where: .1 = i= K, xdi1 is the number of occupied channels by the asynchronous data in the cell i, xdi2 is the number of occupied channels by the synchronous data in the cell i, and xvi is the number of occupied channels by the voice in the same cell i.

we have 0 = xdi1 + xdi2 + xvi = N. X(t) constitutes Markov chain We denote by p(x) its stationary probability distribution.


End-users are free to move and change their point of attachment to the mesh network at any time.

most of the schemes for hybrid MANETs can also be used for WMNs.


It follows that the variance of .bis 1 2 2 -1 E[( .b- .

)]= .+ O(N ), N - 1 we see that the variance of .bdecays like N-1, and it follows that the standard deviation drops o. like N-1/2 .


it only remains to determine p * (u,S)for ubjn .


The delay of a packet is the time it takes for the packet to reach the destination from the source.

the per packet delay D(n, b) is the sum of the times a packet spends at each relay node.


We .nd that the solution maximizing the network lifetime also minimizes the maximum normalized power dissipation of sensor nodes, and the latter one is relatively simpler.

the problem of minimizing the maximum normalized power dissipation of sensor nodes is solved instead.


For this process, ' ) ' ) pa 1- += n -m. (3) [-1(µ(W )µ(W ] µ(W)µ(W) A fraction p(µ(W ' )/µ(W)) is expected to appear in W ' . '

) (µ(W ) p L-sensors are expected around each mµ(W) H-sensor.


On the other hand, if the provider s goal is mainly to keep its own users and to also acquire new customers, the GP RRM is clearly inappropriate.

none of the two approaches can be the ultimate solution, rather a trade-off between them could be more suitable.


In our network stack, the RT Omin is set to 300ms.

whenever a timeout occurs, that response almost always misses the aggregator s deadline.


In addition, it is di.cult to make the modi.cation to an access point because the control mechanism at an access points is implemented in its hardware.

most of the proposed methods are not feasible for implementation.


Especially the quality .uctuations in the mobile link 2.M in runs 7a and 9a have a strong in.uence and their topological similarity with other type-A runs is therefore rather low: the twelve comparisons between type-A runs with the lowest AD values all comprise either run 7a or run 9a.

again some runs show signi.cant di.erences.


The key property of this information asymmetry topology is that, while the receiver of the weak .ow (B) can hear the sender of the dominant .ow (C), the receiver of the dominant .ow (D) cannot hear the sender of the weak .ow (A).

as a result, under high traf.c load, the sender C can always successfully compete for channel access, while B is unable to respond with a CTS due to the suppression by C. the throughput of flowAB is seriously hampered by such information asymmetric scenarios; results [6, 17] have shown an extremely low throughput ratio of flowAB to flowCD.


However, if we build the protocol based on the addresses derived from the topology, e.g., IP addresses, we again has a rigid address space that is not particularly suited to handle mobility.

the key idea in our solution is to introduce a virtual id space that lies in between the node id space and the network topology, i.e., we assign each node a unique virtual id in addition to its unique id.


Since the sensors move randomly, the data gathering times are stochastic variables.

we can de.ne the (complementary cumulative) distribution  Table 1: Parameters Ci(d), (i(d) for i =1, 2 in d = 1, 2, 3 given by numerical simulations.


In this case, the designer: (a) has learned about the infeasibility of a hardware con.guration, and (b) can iteratively explore relaxations of one or more critical properties to determine feasible canonical con.gurations.

the designer can identify that critical property whose relaxation can ensure feasible hardware designs, and can explore whether this relaxation can be compensated for in software.


3.2.1 WRITEs have lower latency than READs Measuring the latency of an unsignaled WRITE is not straightforward as the requester gets no indication of completion.

we measure it indirectly by measuring the latency of an ECHO.


In this case, however, we need to avoid signi.cant changes in the number of organizations.

our quadratic .t is based only on the historical data from 1998 to 2010.


This is basically because most of the interference channel indicator values that are over projected by the adversary, while reporting the fabricated channel, become a part of the signal channel indicators after the new cooperation cluster is released.

oPICI turns out to be better than others.


the vicinity coe.cient shifts the predicted time in a way that larger .


It is observed that if the position of the relay is farther from the bound curve HE, then the larger throughput will be achieved.

f the source user should select the neighbor far from the curve F HE or close to point G, if more than one candidate exists in the feasible relay-position-selected area.


This result highlights the fact that so few requests have a component-length of > 7 that even if colocation is not used, it will not signi.cantly degrade KRS performance.

we conclude that only Z values lower than 7 are useful for improving system performance via limiting referrals.


If an event is triggered on a node, this information must be forwarded immediately to the sink, without setting up a route on demand or having to .nd an alternate route in case of a node or link failure.

failures of nodes must be known at all times and in case of a detected failure, an immediate noti.cation must be sent to the network operator.


However, given the security threshold f, a message needs to be carried over f + 1 non-overlapping simple paths to be validated.

recommendations from bad sources are presumed impossible to reinforce.


The BGP updates have pre.x and RD information, but the syslog messages have only the interface/session information.

to correlate the syslog messages with the BGP messages, we use the route con.gurations and PE forwarding table (also shown in Table 2) to build the following two mappings: (router, interf ace) .


Unlike bittorrent, other internet applications are usually clients or servers.

those applications normally transfer data in only one direction at a particular time.


For this and other reasons there is no collision detection capability like in the Ethernet.

acknowledgment packets (ACK) have to be sent from the receiver to the sender to con.rm that packets have been correctly received.


The home agent cannot be always in a direct routing path between the CN and the MN.

the following equality is satis.ed: d(CN, HA)+d(HA, MN) >= d(CN, MN).


Most importantly, individual sensor and actuator functions can have di.erent shapes and even involve di.erent modalities (e.g., temperature sensors and water delivery actuators).

hx and Hy can be very di.erent spaces of functions, and de.ning them in terms of general vector spaces allows us to make connections between the sensed inputs and the resulting actuated outputs.


Given the TCP congestion control mechanism, a packet mark or drop reduces the offered load by a factor of (1 0.5n-1) where n is the number of flows sharing the bottleneck link.

rED is not effective in controlling the queue length when n is large.


SCTP-SCF In SCTP using Separated Congestion controller (SCTP-SC) congestion and flow control are respectively done for each path and association, a stream congestion control is performed per application.

when a single loss occurs for a particular stream, SCTP suffers cwnd reductions per path and halves the whole stream values each time.


After player i s move, its lifetime is at most the lifetime of players in Nw2 .

as a result of the change in the lifetime of players in Nw2 , T decreases lexicographically by a smaller value than the increase caused by the change in player i s lifetime.


Communication can onlytake place when the radios of both transmitterandreceiverare active at the same time.

coordination is required between them so that their active time is overlapped.


The presented formulas and the algorithm to allocate free slots do not require extensive calculations.

the scheduler at the BS will not create a computational burden.


The objective of LP 3 is to maximize the throughput.

solving LP 2 and LP 3(a) together can provide a max-min fair maximum throughput solution.


In particular, supernodes have increased control plane functions that can be exploited by an attacker with the following properties relevant here: (1) requests and replies are routed via an inter-connected mesh of supernodes, and (2) supernodes reply to queries on behalf of their leaf nodes.

a malicious supernode can exploit all of these properties to more successfully spread false information in the false reply attack described in Section 4.


Consequently, a BS must need at least 14 antennas to receive data from each MS participating in the share.

we provide a lower bound on the number of antennas required at the BS in a PMP network, such that rate requirements of each MS is satis.ed.


E[Mij ] The message generation process and the mobility process are independent.

the time at which a new message is generated can be treated as a random time in the evolution of the mobility process, and thus the message sees the network as an observer arriving at a random point in time would.


Instead WiSee only needs to distinguish between sets of paths that all create either a positive or a negative Doppler shift.

one can perform gesture recognition using a lower number of antennas than is required in AoA systems.


In each step of the recursive algorithm, there are many new states .k={Ski}, in which at most there is only one correct Ski .


We observe the transmissions over a decision window of l time slots and do an averaging of the parameters.

aj , ßj ,and Xj computed over l time slots are given as: l 1 ajl = ajk (11) l k=1 l 1 ßjl = ßjk (12) l k=1 l 1 Xjl = Xjk (13) l k=1 where akj , ßjk , Xjk are the observed value at the kth time slot of a particular window.


During this attack, the histogram of the destination IP addresses has, instead, a high bin (the target IP of the portscan attack) and other normal size bins.


Falsepositives may compel the tra.c information to propagate in the wrong direction.

this type of error is crucial for theperformance of our algorithm.


remap can decode OFDM symbols as time progresses.


At this point, having narrowed down Bob s location using the sequence of his movements, Zee traces back the entire path taken by Bob and infers post facto that he must have taken the path ABCD.

zee can also trace the entire history of locations at which Bob was present.


The reason is quite simple: due to the higher number of vehicles in the 60vehicles/km scenario, the congestion on the channel as well as the packet collission probability is higher and thus the probability that an optimally located node receives and forwards the message successfully is much lower than in the 20vehicles/km scenario.

a re-scheduling of the next transmission time is a very rare event.


(32) If the N users have the same RTT, the invariant distribution of the Markov Chain is unchanged if we swap two users.

ep[Wi[k]] = Ep[Wj[k]],.i,j, and we get that all the users share the bandwidth equally, which is intuitively true.


In the switching process, maintaining the maximum 480 Mbps of High-speed may become too fast for Wi-Fi MAC to handle.

the speed-up process must be done in a more passive manner.


We address the .rst challenge without requiring modi.cations to the Sony Ericsson handset by con.guring the Bluetooth interface on the laptop to appear as a Bluetooth headset to the cell phone.

an incoming call on the cellphone noti.es the Bluetooth headset, which is in fact our laptop.


In general, actuator network performance critically affects the behavior, stability, and safety of the controlled physics, and conversely, the demands of the physics impact the design of an actuator network [3].

future progress critically depends on tools for the combined simulation, emulation, and validation of actuator networks together with their surrounding physics.


For the same reason, Rules 1 and 2 also need to be cached along with (a) Controller view (b) Switch view Figure 3: Caching rules in bucket Rule 3, or .ows f3 and f4 will get wrong matching in the switch (Figure 2d).

rules 1, 2and 3need tobe installed whenever Rule 4 is cached, regardless of the future .ow arrivals.


Note also that the cells at the boundary of a cluster are not involved in any forwarding.

the EDS under the above scheme is 1/l(n).


We focus on a problem, which is motivated by local area taxi service, where mobile users are picked up and transported to different destination points, exploring a taxi .eet.

the objective is to assign a taxi to each mobile user.


And even if they have for intermittent time, it is usually not possible to connect to them.

any solution based on Internet communication would likely need to rely on a server on the Internet to which the phones connect.


Furthermore, they argued that this conclusion may not be generally true for dense sensor networks due to the fact that spatially close sensors may experience correlations among their sample measurements.

they proposed to use classical source codes at respective sensors and then re-encode the data as it hops around the network in order to remove correlations and, hence, reduce the traf.c generated by each sensor.


Unlike Node 128, it only suffered from brief network disconnections.

it quickly managed to reintegrate in the data gathering tree.


Epidemic routing performed signi.cantly more transmissions than other schemes (from 56000 to 144000), and at least an order of magnitude more than Spray and Wait.

we do not include it in the transmission plots, in order to better compare the remaining schemes.


On the other hand, when the k value is large (e.g., larger than 12), the prediction accuracy decreases, which is likely because too many noisy values are included into the calculation.

we set the default k value as 5, with the highest correct prediction rate of 94%.


If this callrequest is served .rst, MSC also implicitly updates the location forthe device as a byproduct of call serving.

inbound services are not affected by whether the location update request orthe call request is served .rst.


measuring received power levels is not an option and we are only left with cell identity positioning.


On the contrary, the overhead due to securely computing the client-side ORAM logic can easily dominate the overall cost in both bandwidth and CPU cycles.

the circuit complexity of the ORAM algorithm plays a critical role in evaluating the e.ciency of ORAM schemes used in secure computation.


(we had similar observations in our experiments) the system suffers from serious packet loss when the tag moves with a high speed, resulting that the tag even cannot be interrogated.

our system considers the case where tags move with a relative low speed.


Let us consider multi-hop communication from a source to the BS across a distance D using k hops.

the total energy consumed at sensors is Figure 2: Network lifetime varies from di.erent slice widths where the network radius L = 200m.


First, the heterogeneous nature of traffic requires prioritization and scheduling of packets.

if a good traffic classification policy is applied, resources are spent on important content for the user experience.


TCP NewReno and TCP SACK combined currently account for an overwhelming majority of all traf.c on the Internet, which hints that the observed stable operation of the Internet probably does not result from having a mix of different TCP variants in the network.

having an e-equilibrium implies that, for any ai, ui(a4 i,a-i)-ui(ai,a-i)=e, so that A(a4 i -ai) c =e.


A DAG is more resilient than a tree, which will be broken if any node or link fails.

even though BLess, Surge and mh6 [18] build a routing tree, they have an underlying DAG where every node has multiple candidate downstream neighbors, from which one is chosen to forward packets.


Therefore, we have modified the Hong/Rappaport model so that only velocities ~)min > 0 are considered.

the formulas for the new-call as well as the handover-call dwell time were derived.


When partitioning hosts into VLANs, our solver assumes the router and root bridge are placed in a manner that would result in the smallest number of links in the spanning tree.

host grouping indicates the feasibility of keeping the broadcast costs small subject to appropriate router and bridge placement.


We would like to limit reordering packets from the same .ow because TCP mistakes it as a congestion signal.

we always consider packets according to their order in the output queue.


nodes are synchronized to the clock provided by GPS.


Even for the remaining benchmarks, its energy behavior is very close to that of the base case.

careful tuning the aggressiveness of data filtering is critical.


Due to lack of space, wedo not showthese results.They are present in [14].As with per-hop queueing delays, nonpreemption noise and bias due to persistence also a.ect these measurements.

many other methods to measure delay, loss and bandwidthrelated properties can be performed in MFNs.Due to lack of space, we brie.y describe some of them in Table 1 (see [14] for a more detailed discussion).Wedivide them into three classes.The .rst showshowa variety of knownand newer single-hop methods can be adapted to measure targeted hops.The second class illustrates the intrinsic measurement ability of lowpriority queueing.The third class shows what can be done without using high priority.these can be exposed to end-users without any additional rate limits.


can be high since even a short down-time can result in substan- We first identify several requirements that should be met by a dy tial revenue losses.

system administrators must deal with namic bandwidth allocation technique.


In this paper we proceed as follows: We quantify the amount of events that are generated by beaconing.


An independent set (or stable set) of a graph is a set of vertices where no two vertices in the set are neighbors.

an independent set of the con.ict graph is a set of links that are not in con.ict and hence, are able to transmit simultaneously.


However, if the network is more or less uniformly deployed, and we let those nodes randomly choose one of their neighbors with equal probability, then the resulting random walk path is essentially an unbiased, discrete two-dimensional Brownian motion.

there is a large chance that the message path will loop around the source spot, and branch to a random location not far from the source (illustrated in Figure 7(a)).


Such interest descriptions are named by a list of attribute-value pairs.

a message speci.es an interest for data matching the attributes.


As it can be observed in Figure 6, the experimental distributions are noisy and thus cannot be used as is for classi.cation purposes: For instance, we can observe in the histograms that there are no relationships between friends composed of exactly 35 encounters in our training set.

if the histogram of the number of encounters is used as is to determine the likelihood of two users being friends, two users who meet 35 times during the trial would be assigned a null likelihood for the friends category.


The sum of the volumes of these balls inside V is larger than n · pd(1.5 d Vn )d/2d = pd3d V >V .

at least two of these balls are not 4d disjoint that means there exists a pair of nodes within dis tance 2 * 1.5 d V =3 d V .


our probing module design achieves high coverage in measuring reachability.


When a network channel is fully utilized, it should be busy all the time.

if the sender S has packets to send, and if S notices that no packet is sent by any neighboring node in a period of C1 × Tpkt time, S sends out the packet at the head of its highest-ranked non-empty virtual queue, without considering the retransmission timer even if the packet is to be acknowledged.9 C1 is a constant re.ecting the degree of channel utilization we want and Tpkt is the time taken to transmit a packet at the MAC layer.


Then, the optimal total cost is given from Theorem 1 by, * 1/2 3/4 1-E ß Ct,u,inact =T(m· q · N)=T(N· T) 1-E ß 1-E ß = aNT+ o(NT) From the total cost expenditure constraints, 1-E ß 1-E ß aNT+ o(NT) = eN Note that there exists Tmax such that it satis.es the above equality; T> a, Tmax can be approximated as follows: ( )1/ß e · NE/ßTmax = a where ß E >0.


We explored a fundamental tradeoff between performance and complexity, and found that a strategy which only reroutes traf.c .ows directly affected by link or node failures can perform nearly as well as one that recomputes all routes, while reducing the disruption on unaffected traf.c.

the impact of the restoration process can be limited to a subset of .ow paths without signi.cantly sacri.cing performance.


If the BCP reaches the source, then the source always has innovative coded packets and will send an innovative coded packet downstream.

each node has a chance to broadcast and propagate innovative coded packets downstream before the UAT of its downstream neighbor expires.


We need a new classi.er to ensure the high-purity of classi.ed negative .ows and thus to extract unknown information accurately.

we propose to apply two techniques, asymmetric bagging and .ow correlation, to construct a new classi.er for unknown information extraction.


This region also provides the elimination of unrelated detections or namely the clutters (C) in consequent snapshots for the intended track while they can interfere with the real target observations (O).

tracks can be sustained consistently while their new detections are searched on the most probable detection area.


On a network with m infected devices, each of which broadcasts r requests/second, the load on the switch is O(mnr) requests.

a few infected hosts can quickly consume a large amount of the forwarding capacity of a switch.


It denotes the average rate at which non-infected nodes become infected.

in the following, we use interchangeably the terms average node malicious transmission radius r 300 250 200 150 100 50 50 100 150 200 250 300 attack nodes M Figure 2: Zero-level contours of g(x1,x2) infection rate and average throughput of the non-infected queue.


Instance mapping: There can be many instances of a state machine in a switch, each in a different state.

the task de.nition must specify a mapping of each packet to an instance to .nd its current state.


However, we aim to focus on the description of measurements in qualitative and quantitative ways rather than aim to design an accurate and reliable model, that is able to generate synthetic data.

based on the description of measurements, we try to provide the base of the next research step; application to routing and scheduling for achieving better decision making capabilities.


ompressedvideoframesoraudiosamples)ontainpresentationtimestampsthattellthelientatwhattimeaertain hunkofdataneedtobeplayedout.streaming Dedicated UMTS streaming Shared with other flows Scenario A Scenario B RTP without congestion End-to-end TCP/TFRC TCP/TFRC terminated at proxy control Figure1:Illustrationofinvestigatedstreamingsenarios:(a)end-to-endsenario,(b)proxy-basedsenario requirestimelydeliveryofdatatoensuretheiravailabilityatthelientwhentheyareneededforplaybak.On theotherhand,duetothenatureofaudioandvideoompressionshemes,limiteddatalossesanbetoleratediferroronealmentmethodsareappliedatthelient.Thus, streamingappliationshavesignifantlydiferentrequirementomparedtopuredownloadappliations,thelatter requiringerrorfreedatadeliverywithoutanyspeiftime onstraints.


We observe that the time period is on average shorter for the RW model.

we conclude that associations with the RW model are shorter than with the RWP model, but occur more frequently.


Once a user installs more than one of their applications, providers can simply aggregate all collected user information.

we argue that requested permissions need to be analyzed not only based on individual apps, but also based on application providers.


FAST allows switches to automatically decide the actions based on the local states.

fAST achieves better performance for many tasks, and improves the scalability of the SDN system by of.oading some work from the controller to switches.


If it decides to provide a forwarding service with QoS which is worse than .r, the principal will not pay it at all.


From C s point-of-view, both routes are equally good in terms of their BGP attributes.

ccan choose either Aor as the egress point out of the ISP for sending the traf.c destined to p. To break the tie, Cselects the router that is closer in terms of the IGP distance to the egress point.


Although .ooding the location information of mobile sinks seems to be a naive method to .nd the path between the data source and the mobile sink, it drains much power of the sensor nodes.

we propose a Hierarchical Cluster-based Data Dissemination scheme, named HCDD, to disseminate data to the mobile sink with light control overhead.


One realization of such a channel is a radio with a symbol (baud) rate of 1/6 MHz that transmits at most 6 bits per symbol [24].

assuming the transmission duration of a 10Kb packet is T,R and Tare inversely related as follows, 001.6 R= T energy per bit w=P.1IR, and energy per packet wlMt assuming a noise of 1, is given by 4T()wlMt =102-1 T 006 This is exactly Equation 3, where Tranges from 0.01 s (1 Mbps) to 0.1 s (100 Kbps).


We assume mobile nodes are cooperative, yet sel.sh.

the su.ering nodes must speak out to ask neighbors for cooperation.


For instance, from Figure 4 we may conclude that the CC that corresponds to the combination of FACH with 20% coverage (to serve the inner part) and DCH (for the users residing in the outer part) is less power consuming.

for the specific scenario, the optimal PTM coverage is set to 20% of the examined cell.


Now, if all n nodes transmit in the .rst sub-slot, there is no receiver at all toprovidefeedbackin the second sub-slot.

all n nodes erroneously assume that their transmissions were successful and therefore, switch to the receive mode for the rest of thediscoveryprocess.


However, due to the limitation of the contact time, not all data can be diffused during each contact.

in the in.nite buffer scenario, we study how fast one data can be diffused among friend and stranger nodes.


The actuate operation is performed periodically with the same period as Ti,ct in a time-triggered fashion, and with an offset D which is the worst-case sensor-to-actuator delay D for the corresponding control loop.

for a given control task Total Switch Memory Requirement [bytes] Fig.


However, it requires more reception power to overhear the packets from other flows.

in this paper, we use a modified RTS/CTS scheme.


If there are at least one unsatisfactory node in the solutions, 6 Transmission Power 4 3 2 1 0 Iteration Figure 5: The convergence of the iterative algorithm 5  we remove the node i (20) =arg max qaii i:qaii> 2 1 pi  from D. Now, the chosen node i. is changed to the direct transmission mobile.

the set Dand constant I have to be updated in every repetition of Phase 2 until there is no mobile node that violates (18) in set D. 4.


To minimize false positives, we used a constraint requiring a minimum of 1000 WiFi packets for a link and a minimum of 100 packet overlaps from a potential interferer per epoch to check the presence of a con.ict.

our results are a conservative estimate of the interference experienced by the APs in Bldg 1.


is, the faster the Markov chain converges to its steady state distribution [6, 32].

we are interested in .nding the optimal values of .


pi and Pj must have Pj and Pi in their key set, respectively, so that they can be decoded by their receivers.


Let Dr and Rr be the expected delivery rate and e.ective throughput4 using bit-rate r.Then, the throughput achieved by the lower bit-rate is the same as the current bit-rate if Dr-1 × Rr-1 = Dr × Rr.

rr-1 and Rr are known values and in general, Dr-1 > Dr because lower bit-rates are more robust against loss.To minimize loss, we set Dr-1 = 1.the ideal minimum delivery threshold for bit-rate r is Dr = Rr-1/Rr,the ratio of the e.ective throughput at the lower and higher rates.


On the other hand, it makes MANET more susceptible to the attack since the external attacker could join MANET much more easily.

the network attacker can disrupt the network operations by refusing to cooperate in the routing process.


Un- less otherwise specified, the results are generated in the LAN emulation environment described in Section 4.3.

data points are from repeated runs of the TACT software while varying: i) numerical and order error, ii) consistency pro- tocols, and iii) fanltloads.


Delta compression ensures that eachuser will receive onlya diff-.le , which will correspond to the difference(delta) between the latest version released and the current version of the .le being updated at the user machine.

for every .le to be patched, there exists a collection of different deltas that specify all the possible diffs between older releases of the speci.c .le and the latest release.


Node S is the source of an Xcast session and nodes R1 to R6 are the receiver members.

the extended header at the source node S will include {N1: R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6} where N1 is the next (downstream) hop.


Each cluster has its own distributed key management entity in a non-cluster-head node.

the operational responsibility are separated, leading to a better resiliency against node capture, but the price for key setup and communication processes are too complex to be described.


Third, in MANETs the network topology changes dynamically and the multi-hop communication route between a pair of hosts can be broken due to host mobility and possibly host joining/leaving.

it is dif.cult to provide high-quality service to the applications.


Finally, we derive su.cient conditions for the number of eavesdroppers to achieve a non-zero throughput under our construction, both under the independent and collaborating eavesdropper models.

our resultsimplythatthereis aninherenttrade-o.betweentheper-nodethroughput and achievable secrecy.


Our Sensor Communication Paradigm: Channel surfing requires that sensor radios change their channel allocations.

the radios employed must have a notion of a channel.


Although some urban locations may have cell phone or other communication networks, these systems may be destroyed, non-operational or inaccessible under battle conditions.

war.ghters must rely on communication mechanisms that they can carry with them, and the military is actively pursuing ad hoc networks for data communications.


Let F denote a frame and let tF(i)be the function that returns the time of the ith slot of F, e.g., tF(1)is the time when F begins.


Furthermore, malicious packet reordering can be used to launched Denial-of-Service attacks [12].

it is important to measure packet reordering [17] and to quantify the degree of reordering [13, 14].


This electoral cycle clearly manifested new ways and forms of civic engagement and political protest that involved local communities and activists who were not affiliated with political parties.

our main objectives are to identify the key techniques used for the mobilization of offline actions during the electoral period and the outcomes of the political communication in social media after the electoral cycle.


This detection time is equivalent to a value of pfp =0.82 when there is no collaboration (pc = 0).

the undesired e.ect is that the false positives rate is increased.


In the bounded simulation environment, MNs were re.ected back into the simulation area, if their movement would otherwise take them outside.

nodes near the edge are more likely to remain in transmission range, and the link persistence is arti.cially increased, compared to that for the unbounded simulation area.


By de.ning the auxiliary variable ak = dkuk,the state the controller-to-plant path while the plant-to-controller path is assumed to be reliable, i.e., fk, µH and µL are not used in k k the model.

the model (4) can be re-written as xk+1 = Axk + (1-dk)sk L +dksH Buk k equation takes the form (5) yk = xk.


Indeed, if Pi >Si - H+ H,then l J M F C Si-2(H+H+H) =0, Pi+HM +HC and (11) yields (12).

(11) is the basic formula for calculating the overhead when the packing is not used.


In these protocols, verification by certificate center is needed for creation and sending routing packet.

each routing packet needs many computation.


As we can see, Linux maintains higher mean frame size over all three periods.

it is much more aggressive in pushing data onto the link.


wf ws In another way, if Cw denotes the weather which doesn t have negative influence on the traffic, then ¬Cw denotes the weather which has the negative influence on the traffic.

¬Cw is a nonvoid subset including CC,,C etc.


With the help of this application, it makes it easy to create Personal Wi-Fi hotspot without making any major changes in the code.

if the mobile has the corresponding Android version 2.2 then it can potentially support the Access Point.


However, unlike in IMAP, we need to be able to di.erentiate between the two pairs to indicate which pair gets higher asso ciativity.

the number of ways of dividing four partitions of a group into 2 (a) (b) (c) Case1; ¬(b9.


Streams should be delivered from server to session nodes, between session nodes and from session nodes to clients.

rTP+ should adapt to circumstances and available resources in each streaming hop.


In order to avoid this scenario, we reset AckReleaseCount to zero (line 4) whenever the data queue is empty.

while this reset operation is necessary for synchronizing the real and estimated AckReleaseCount after a loss, it is not a conservative mechanism in general since a AckReleaseCount of zero implies that no bu.er space is currently reserved for any incoming data packets that are unaccounted for.


(ii) The dark cycle is the coarse inner boundary R. The cycles in blue and (dashed) red are inner and outer boundaries.

the removal of cycle R partitions the space F. into disjoint components {Cj }.


Frequency Residential O.ce Commercial 900 MHz 33 20 1.2 1.3 GHz  32 22 1.8 2.0 GHz 28 30 22 4,0 GHz 28 22 5.2 GHz 31 60 GHz 22 17  The measurements were performed in a commercial building.

from Table 1, the parameter N = 22 dBm was chosen because the APs work in the frequency of 2.4 GHz, near the range of 2 GHz.


When CSMA is disabled, a single link can carry a packet as fast as every 2ms, resulting in a data rate of 180kbps and a throughput (against the nominal data rate) of 0.72.

the full data rate in this case is 4.5 times higher than a CSMA-enabled link.


Upon receiving a BGP update from a neighbor, a router might itself, after updating its own routing state, generate a secondary route update.

by the mechanism just described, information about events propagates router by router through the network.


We assume that secret keys do not become available outside the device in an unsecured way.

we assume that a device will not intentionally or inadvertently transmit its keying material to other devices, unless the keying material is protected, such as during key-transport.


Also, voice over IP is becoming the favored means of voice communication mainly because of its low cost when compared to voice communication over traditional networks like cellular and PSTN.

seamless transfer of calls or handoff between the traditional and IP networks becomes important.


Many practical use cases of ad hoc networks, including the one considered in this work, are characterised by the mobility of their network components.

many research works have been initiated to deal with, or to leverage issues induced by the mobility of the network nodes.


Let t0 be the time The idea of the shaper represented by (4) is that when a sample is generated, postpone its transmission as much as required to coincide it with the other samples generated at layers with different heights.

nodes at farther layers postpone packet transmission shorter than nodes residing at closer layers to the sink.


As we assume n0 already had contact to n1 before, it knows n1 s MCL address.

n0 can begin transmission to the  Figure 3: Mobile and Dynamic Scenarios mail server immediately, and the data transfer succeeds even in situations were n0 leaves the network before n1 joins it.


k -Regular: In this case, all nodes follow the same wiring pattern dictated by a common o.set vector o = {o1,o2,...,ok}, used as follows: node i connects to nodes i + oj mod n, j =1,...,k. In our system, we n -1 set oj =1+(j-1)· .One way to visualize this is to k+1 consider that all nodes are placed on a ring according to their ids (as with a DHT).

an o.set vector makes each node use its k links to connect to other nodes so as to equally divide the periphery of the ring.


Hence, choosing a single set of GE parameters to represent the wireless channel will be insuf.cient.

we evaluate Seda against .ve typical loss models we observed from our day-long experiments.


And, for the addresses which was not used at the authentication are closed.

the NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) entries are also watched for adding multiple IPv6 addresses.


Thus, G ' is still connected and in this case X is not a k-separator of G ' .

x cannot be a k-separator and G ' must be at least (k + 1) vertex-connected.


It is also obvious that any particular .ow allocation solution can be veri.ed in linear time.

the Single-Sender Full-Quality Streaming problem is NP-complete and so is Layered Peer-to-peer Streaming.


Copyright 2010 ACM 1-4503-0448-1/10/11 ...$ with a prescribed number of ports.

adopting these solutions in a legacy data center often comes at the cost of replacing nearly all switches in the network and rewiring it.


Optimized schemes can be designed to use WiFi sparingly % Battery Remaining 60 for AutoLayout, however we defer it to future.

the lifetime of ThirdEye is approximately between 70 min (for WiFi turned on continuously) and 90 min (with WiFi scanning turned off).


As seen in Figure 8, the correlator provides a sharp correlation spike 3.2 µs after the beginning of the reception of the preamble.

the time of transmission initiation can also be determined since the spike always occurs at the end of the reception of the preamble.


IntraBTS is not as sensitive to background tra.c (.gure 8).

openBTS-Asterisk communication can use a congested backbone link as long as the communication remains local (IntraBTS).


= v2 then continue return value OriginalDisplace(key, b1, b2) // move key from bucket b1 to bucket b2 // displace operations are serialized (in the single writer) begin incr b1 and b2 s version (by atomic incr) full CPU memory barrier (runtime) remove key from b1 write key to b2 full CPU memory barrier (runtime) incr b1 and b2 s version (by atomic incr) reads to be reordered relative to other reads.

when a reader thread reads the version counters, the data, and the version counters again, if it observes the same version number in both reads, then there could not have been a write to the data.


Adrop in aBitTorrenthost s throughput signalisnotnecessarilyduetonetwork events(Sec.3.2).

when monitoring BitTorrent it is essential to use service-speci.c information todistinguish expectedbehaviorfrom network events.


To determine fi,j we note the following: let B be the total amount of traffic generated by the source nodes.

the total offered traffic in this network is BL .


The overall e.ect is that, through randomized task placement, any .xed permutation tra.c (i.e., where a source sends messages to a single destination and every destination receives messages from a single source) is reduced to an arbitrary permutation among the permutations with the same permutation cycle structure.

although randomized task placement might lead to some loss of performance in the case of some e.cient permutations, such as the bit reversal one, it will also lead with a high probability to the elimination of pathological cases.


In addition, Ptotal is the number of energy information packets each node can send, and Pused the number of packets the node has already used.

a node still can send (Ptotal -Pused )packets in the remaining (Ttotal -Tnow) seconds.


In the GET method, this existing connection can be reused for the second measurement.

the .d1 measurement excludes the TCP handshaking.


Real world GPS receivers usually have an accuracy of nearly 200 ns [25] or 1 µs in the case of the GPS module used by the MicaZ nodes.

to understand how GPS a.ects the .nal synchronization error of the proposed algorithm, we have increased the GPS accuracy from 0 to 12 µs.


indicates the default value for a setting.

friends+networks is the default Facebook setting for viewing a user s greater pro.le.


The total number of unique subscribers in our data set is 633,892 by examining the number of unique subscribers with DNS requests in Figure 1.

we may estimate that 6 in every 7 subscribers use this social utility app on their smartphones.


As noted in § 2, D1 and D2 consist of traces that contain only the .rst 68 bytes of each packet.

we omit these two datasets from analyses that require in-depth examination of packet payloads to extract application-layer protocol messages.


In order for our proposed wireless identity changing techniques to be useful, as we noted in the previous section, a vehicle s identity at other layers also needs to be changed in a coordinated manner.

we consider that the vehicles an attacker observes enter a mix zone orparticipatein a silentperiod,through orduring which the observed vehicles change their identities.


Since there are k machines, the average memory access per character, Ma = Tk: 180 k X 160 Ma = fi (6) i=1 140 By keeping the false positive probability of each Bloom .l-120 ter moderately low, the overall memory accesses can be reduced greatly.

the random text can be scanned quickly with hardly any memory accesses.


In either case, e cannot be too large compared with the radius of conv(Ni), as otherwise it could be corrected (thus reduced) based the local connectivity relations.

we may safely assume that e is bounded by the radius of conv(Ni).