One consequence of this is that the policy for employing source specific trees is configured into multicast routers as part of router configuration during deployment.

a single policy is used for multicast sessions regardless of the application.


From measurements in various homes we conclude that the amount of home network traffic as well as the observed application session times follow Generalized Pareto distributions.

smart city networks cannot be understood with standard Internet models.


Optical waves do not suffer from such high attenuation but are affected by scattering.

links in underwater networks are usually based on acoustic wireless communications [16].


Data subframes are allocated based on request-grant-confirm three-way handshaking among the nodes.

the centralized scheduling can more guarantee QoS demand.


Besides, such parameters can be obtained from those of processes of the original processes X(t) and Y(t).

oncetheparameters ofthe originalprocesses are known,byfollowing theabovesteps, wecancharacterizethe behavior of the aggregated non-o.oaded tra.c, and hence, the resources neededinthe network of theMNO to serveit.


The intuition behindNASCis thatif the useriswalking, then the autocorrelation will spike at the correct periodicity of the walker.

given an acceleration signal a(n), Zee computes the normalized auto-correlation for lag t at the m th sample as, » Pk=t-1 (a(m + k) - µ(m,t)) k=0 (a(m + k + t) - µ(m + t,t)) .


If a node computed the offset of its global time from the global time it received from a distant neighbor, that offset would include nondeterministic delays due to the time required to route the update message by intermediate nodes.

an authenticated broadcast scheme as provided by µTESLA does not suffice to securely and accurately synchronize the time of the network to the broadcasting node.


This implies the insertion of a new record for task t1 through node a into its routing table because actuator A registers for task t1 and the best route available in the registration table for actuator A is through node a.Since the received TAREM implies a routing table update, the TAREM is modi.ed and relayed by node c.The TAREM relayed by node d is also received by node c. Although an actuator already in the registration table sends this TAREM, and the task registered by the actuator is also in the registration table, the relaying node is c, which is a new uplink node for actuator A.

a new record is inserted into the registration table.


Unfortunately, this solution is not practical for sensor nodes because of limited storage.

we augment the sliding-windows approach with a counter maintained as internal state by the sender, and two alternating Bloom Filters stored by all nodes.


The profits are 400 300 increased as more femtocells are deployed.

the 200 200 proposed scheme is better than the conventional scheme from the Number of Femtocells Number of Femtocells SON functionality point of view.


On the other hand, if executed in full isolation, the malware will almost surely fail to operate as intended, since it cannot contact external servers via its commandand-control (C&C) channel in order to obtain input data or execution instructions.

industrial-strength malware measurement requires containment: execution environments that on the one hand allow malware to engage with the external world to the degree required to manifest their core behavior, but doing so in a highly controlled fashion to prevent the malware from in.icting harm on others.


Since the precious resource is not network bandwidth or CPU cycles, but a network manager s time, verbose and unstructured reports are not likely to be appreciated or useful.

to maximize the e.ectiveness of a tra.c report, we believe that there are four essential operations that must be provided: Operation 1, Compute: Given a description of traf.c as input (e.g., packet traces or NetFlowrecords), compute the identity of all clusters with a tra.c volume above a certain threshold.


For example, in Figure 3 the sink positioned at node i-1 receives a response from node k in the lowest sector number, but the connectivity check shows that the intersection of [NLi-1] and [NLk] is equal to [NLk].


decrypt data only if its decryption key satisfies the access control policies embedded in the cipher-text or the key itself.

the policies are enforced by the data and the keys without requiring a third party to enforce them on data delivery.


The lirst admission condition is then expressed as follows: The calculation of Cu,n~we~(I.,) necessitates the knowledge of the n-1 streams, denoted St,, ,, , I_<i _ ,,I-I, that are traversing the previous link I-,-, and from where some bandwidth <,, ,, has been marked preemptable.

this set, denoted by Mnrk_prep(L,~,), is defined as follows: as specified in equation (I), the link L, on the path will have to include the already marked preemptable bandwidth from the previous link to the already unused bandwidth.


On the other hand, node A s rt is not overlapped with node E s ri since nodes A and E are separated by a distance denoted by dsr.

both nodes can concurrently transmit their packets without interfering with each other.


Further, these PAPR values for each of the codes are plotted against code length in order to get better insight.

spreading codes providing better PAPR value may be selected for multicarrier transmission.


Finally, we append an additional coded packet at each batch of packets to randomly probe a different rate rprobe .

the probed rate should be higher than the throughput of the current data rate, but not necessarily in C. Scout can quickly adapt to the improved channel condition through random probing, while promptly adapting to channel degradation via either probing or identifying the change of the candidate rate set.


As exempli.ed in Figure 3, each column of U represents the status of an FG: Uij = 1 i. the j-th FG fails during the i-th round of measurement, Uij =0 otherwise.

thus, the product of the two binary matrices should equal the original failure instance matrix X: X = U × V (1) In practice, due to the noise in the data set, X might not exactly equal U × V. we need to .nd U and V such that they best represent the actual causes of the failures, despite the presence of noise.


When we do not know the jammer s strategy or the distribution for the number of jammers, the optimal set may be any set, because the attacker may choose to cease all jamming activities when a particular recipient list is chosen.

to provide optimality against arbitrary attackers, a sender must be willing to explore all possible sets.


We refer to this problem as interference-induced congestion which constitutes a fundamental challenge unique to wireless networks.

the two source nodes can not simultaneously transmit to I0 in the same slot, and neither one can transmit while I0 is transmitting.


Similar to rotation prediction, our results show that RSS is very predictable in short intervals.

we will use this high accuracy of RSS predictions in designing our antenna selection algorithms, which will be discussed in sections 6 and 7.


Then the radio chip on the receiver side signals the microcontroller that a new piece of data is ready and can be read through some protocol.

we have the following delivery delays of an idealized point of the message.


For example, a TC may be similar to a number of TCs within a tendril.

any registration sent by this TC will be applied to these other TC.


Furthermore, the delay and available bandwidth on wired network may be dynamic due to cross traffic, thus the corresponding optimal point is also dynamic.

even if we have a method to determine the optimal value for maxcwnd, it is quite difficult to set it dynamically, not to mention sometimes the optimal point does not exist at all.


So, its not clear which scheme (NEMO BSP and SINEMO) has less signalling cost.

our contributions in this paper are (i) developing analytical model of signalling cost for NEMO BSP and SINEMO; and (ii) Figure 1: Architecture of SINEMO.


The characteristics of P2P such as scalability and their distributed nature make P2P increasingly attractive.

a wide variety of applications for content distribution has been introduced.


By de.nition of the hyperperiod, exactly one of the q attack hopping instances (speci.cally, the last hopping instance in the hyperperiod) coincides with a hopping instance of the communication radio.

out of the LCM time units of the hyperperiod, the radio is hopping in p and the jammer is hopping for q time units, but both are hopping together for one time unit.


Moreover, when and where the actual upgrade takes place in the network can often deviate from the planned one.

it is critical to automatically discover the time and location of interesting upgrades, the triggers, from the network data (e.g., network con.guration snapshots and work.ow logs).


It then uses B to send a join request (marked J) toward R. We also assume that D is a client node.

after getting the join request from D, R hence does not have to change the control schedule.


A high counter values implies that the node s number of neighbours is high while a low counter value relates to a small number of neighbours.

we use packet counter as density estimates as against using Hello packets to gather neighbour information which induces more communication overhead.


Remember that, if we follow the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, only two independent channels are available for the spectrum we can use (due to the heavy interference from WiFi hotspots, see Sec.

1), whereas we almost get six usable but overlapped channels by varying center frequencies and distances in a continuous manner.3 another important message we get is this: Continuously tuning frequencies allocated to links with respect to the distances between them allows for a more .exible and e.cient use of spectrum.


(4) Hself shortwirebetweenthetransmitand receive chainsinthereceive antenna, which is signi.cantly less than the attenuation between the two antennas that additionallyhave togo on the air[17].For Hjam.rec example,in ourUSRP2prototype, the ratio || -27dB.

hself the above condition isphysicallyinfeasible, and cancelling thejamming signal at the shield s receive antennadoes not cancel itatany otherlocation.


Maintain order -For host-level zoom (Section 5.3), the hosts are laid out in sorted order.

maintaining this order at the group level helps the user more quickly .nd a particular host of interest.


might change by a large amount within one step.

if the compass reading changes by more than 20. within a single step, we perform incremental updates by subdividing the step into fractional sub-steps.


Theoretically, achieving optimality may require global knowledge of the data correlation structure, which may not be available in practice.

we propose a simple, hierarchical scheme that primarily exploits data correlation between local neighboring nodes.


But we observe that all links always carry less than 1 Gbps of tra.c during the entire 7-dayperiod.

1-daywindowslead toasigni.cant over-estimation of the required link bandwidth.


Flows sharing this queue have di.erent and dynamic priorities determined by the topology and tra.c patterns due to channel capture, hidden and exposed terminal situations etc.

they get di.erent feedback in terms of packet loss rate and packet delay when congestion happens.


On the one hand, status information and commands demand only low throughput but reliable links, and on the other hand transferring images or videos demands high throughput links.

we propose a hybrid system that leverages two di.erent networks: a long range (LR) wireless network such as XBee, cellular if available, or a network utilizing white space frequencies, and a high throughput (HT) wireless network such as WLAN IEEE 802.11.


If the wired and/or cellular infrastructure is wiped out by natural forces (or even just congested in the aftermath of a disaster) the client-server communication of current OSNs is not feasible.

in the time until emergency response forces are able to repair infrastructure or deploy temporary communication solutions (e.g., wireless mesh networks, satellite phones) people are left without any means to communicate.


The .rst slot in a frame is reserved for a new node to transmit control packets for requesting slot assignment information.

no data packets are transmitted in this slot.


A route search is needed for every new destination.

the communication overhead is reduced at the expense of delay due to route discovery.


The net result is that over any time period, the window increase under either MI or AI is independent of the .ows RTTs.

unlike TCP, VCP .ow s throughput is not a.ected by the RTT heterogeneity [44, 53, 16].


And second,a larger number of disjoint paths increases the overall reliability.

in general,one should be looking for a large set of short and disjoint paths.


Starting with these considerations, a suitable approach would be to assign enough processing capacity to each network interface to achieve its maximum theoretical speed.

we can bind a single CPU/core to a set of slow-speed interfaces, while we have to bind multiple cores to the same Rx board in the presence of high speed interfaces (1 or 10 Gbps).


In the application area where upstream ISPs can receive route change requests from downstream customers, the assumed number 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 Number of BGP paths to be changed Figure 21: Times for changing the BGP best paths of changed paths would be less than 10000.

this cost is su.ciently small compared with one at the initial phase.


Successful construction projects are often determined by the level of awareness of resource status or project performance.

timely information of these factors can assist in fast and confident real-time decision making.


To facilitate building up this cache, all messages, both control and data, are expected to contain thelist of nodes traversed.

whenever a node receives any message, it can usethepath containedinthat messagetobuild up routesto all ofthe nodes that the message has traversed.


It analyzes data from the sensor card and provides a GUI-based view of network and radio frequency activity.

network administrators can analyze different electromagnetic spectrum charts and active devices both at the current moment and historically.


In this sense, .ooding is treated as timediscrete process observed stepwise without consideration of MAC-layer issues.

after one .ooding step, all one-hop neighbors are assumed to have received the .ooded message.


The implementation of WSNs need distributed nodes to possess low-power radios and be organized into a multi-hop wire less network.

a new medium access control (MAC) Sensor-MAC(S-MAC) [12] emerges.


YouTube on mobile/tablet uses RTSP and it alone accounts for 22% of the mobile data bandwidth [5].

these devices would bene.t from receiving media over multiple interfaces.


In summary,TCAMs consume 150 times more power per bit than SRAM and currently cost about 30 times more per bit of storage.

a lookup technique that employs standard SRAM,requires less than four memory accesses per lookup,and utilizes less than 11 bytes per entry for IPv4 and less than 44 bytes per entry for IPv6,not only matches TCAM performance and resource utilization,but also provides a signi.cant advantage in terms of cost and power consumption.


However, even such transmissions are possible only between nodes that can actually exchange some message-bits as well.

an information-path is necessarily a physical path too.


Due to time-variant behavior of the wireless channel, di.erent users can experience di.erent channel condition at a given time.

.ow control is performed to regulate the data carrying between RNC bu.ers and Node-B bu.ers.


Such uniformly distributed node position and direction in a stationary regime conveniently lead to the invariance of the expression in (3) with respect to di.erent RW mobility models.

we expect that the invariance property of the connectivity period [9] can be similarly proved as the invariance property of contact-based metrics [5].


As mentioned in Figure 1, modern bus stops are connected with the BIS or AVL system, though they are constructed for a di.erent purpose of providing bus arrival time.

we assume that we need no more construction cost of infrastructural equipments for bus stops.


Absence of central controller: In wireless networks, it may not be possible to set up a central controller that coordinates all the APs in the entire network due to the large size of the network.

it is required that cooperative decoding should work in the absence of central controller.


Sincethe measurementsfromdi.erent sensors aretreated equally,thesensorsfarawayfromthetarget should be excluded from data fusion as their measurements su.er low SNRs.


First, we actually wanted to ensure that the bottleneck link experiences a reasonable amount of queuing in order to come to a de.nitive conclusion.

bFind needs to be more aggressive than Vegas.


4.2 Communications example Thankstothedistributionof thehomeagents all overthe Internetand anycast routing, thehome agents are able tointerceptthepackets senttothe mobile nodes.

the Home Agent Migration architecture can be seen as a vacuum for the tra.c destined to the mobile nodes.


Annotating theinitializationblock of rf test ban() inserts a(simulation) timeintervalbetweenthesetwoprint statements(seetimestamps 0 µs and 11 µs).

using time annotation yields simulations with higher temporal accuracy.


Initially Sen-TCP looses bigger number of packets than HTAP but during the evolution of time, improves its performance due to the fact that it controls the data rate.

it maintains its losses to nearly null levels.


Roughly speaking, if the distance transform of a node changes, its identity may change as well.

we can narrow the S-Skeleton reconstruction down to the nodes whose distance transform change and the nodes whose feature nodes fail.


IEEE 802.16 also provides QoS by traffic differentiation and prioritized transmission.

wi-MAX networks can provide not only high-speed data transmission but also multimedia streaming services that require QoS manage-ment, such as VoIP, Video Conference, IPTV, etc.


There are some researches to develop self-X features in routing algorithms [5][7] or in communicating protocols [6], but to thebest of our knowledge, the idea of self-optimized collaborative data communication is not yet being investigated.

in this paper, our focus is on the selfoptimized collaborative data communication.


In the case of the latest commercial radio transceivers for WSNs, energy consumption while receiving is even greater than while transmitting due to the sophisticated de-spreading and error correction techniques [26].

scheduling receivers is more energy efficient than scheduling senders under light traffic conditions, because each node samples the medium only in its own receive time slot.


Then we allow an additional 100sec for the remaining packets to reach their destination and terminate the experiment.

1 FAST NORMAL SLOW 0.8 delivery rate (number of packets sent/number of packets received) average percentage of nodes in mobility class 0.6 0.4 0.2 AODV DSDV RUNNERS MSA 0 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 20.5 5 10 20 40 speed (m/s) speed (m/s) Figure 4: Stability classi.cation for uniform speedsFigure 6: Message Delivery Rate for uniform speeds 120 50FAST AODV NORMAL DSDV SLOW RUNNERS MSA 100 average percentage of nodes in mobility class 40 30 delay (sec) 40 20 20 10 0 0 300 600 1200900 pause times (sec) 1500 1800 2100 0 20.5 5 10 20speed (m/s) 40 Figure 5: Stability classi.cation for mixed speeds each experiment simulates a time period of 2100sec.


We attribute this improvement first to the fact that the source is close to the cluster at the highest level of the hierarchy.

the throughput between the source and this subset of requesting peers is larger than the throughput between the source and the rest of the requesting peers.


The optimal solution OP T covers element j at least k times, which means that there are at least Ek subsets of OP T containing j which were not chosen yet.

in step 2a of the algorithm the potential function is multiplied by at least: 1 Ek E/2 (1 + )=2 2k It follows that for .xed E> 0 the total number of weight augmentation steps is at most: log(3m)a = O(a log m)log 2E/2 Lemma 6.


1(b)), then the nodes downstream from y1 should not be penalized.

node xdecrements the M-counters for these nodes by one: Myi .Myi -1, 2 =i=n-1.


Fault tolerance: swarm intelligence do not rely on a centralized control mechanism.

the fail of a few agents does affect the reliability of the system.


While it is possible that a spammer joined a campaign long before it initiated its .rst SMTP session to our relay, there is no easy way to establish the ground truth about this.

we use the time a spammer initiated its .rst SMTP session for a particular campaign to our relay as its arrival time for that campaign.


Yet the LRT technique still achieved good results.

the experiments still con.rm that LRT is an effective cost-aware fusion rule (even when the independent assumption may not hold well) and performs the best in most of the risk scenario cases.


Then, it will choose a trust value between the Tmin and Tmax, as the trust threshold Tlimit to appoint its trust assistants when evaluating other nodes trustworthiness.

there will be a certain amount of trustworthy neighbors to be chosen as its trust assistants.


The system had 117 processes running and the tested process was near the end of the process list.

the .gures approximately represent the worse case scenario regarding the lookups on similar desktop con.gurations.


After this, the initiator negotiates with the splicer-2.

the L5-SYN segment reaches the responder (Fig.7-7).


However, the improvement of memoryperformance aided by a memory subsystem independentlyworking with an on-chip network is severely limited.

memory-aware NoC design has attracted great attentions.


Further, this error can be as large as 120 m when the signaling interval is one minute long.

the effect of the submersible s motion can significantly degrade the performance of TDoA when transmissions are non-concurrent.


If this value is less than .P , then when some other node C sends a broadcast to forward, nodes A and B may potentially classify themselves belonging to the same PG.

each node tries to keep the given number of neighbors in its closeup power range by adjusting the value of fI T .


Inappropriate selection of RM may not only increase interference to CUEs, DM-DUEs, and CM-DUEs, but also decrease resources available for RM-DUEs.

although Doppler s scheme improves total throughput than the conventional cellular environments, its throughput of DUEs is smaller than that of the proposed scheme.


More formally, as long as DFkj < DFki, Lk will always prefer to send a block to Lj before it sends a block to Li.

regardless of any generic upload behavior chosen by Li, as long as it has reciprocated less to Lk than Lj has, it will always lose the contest for L.ks bandwidth to Lj .


Solutions based on these simplifying assumptions may not accurately capture the dynamics of communication quality, and may result in highly unstable communication performance in real wireless sensor networks.

the in-situ transmission power control is essential for maintaining good link quality in reality.


Otherwise (if p leaves its injection point by time tq)at time tq ERF creates a control packet q for p. By Corollary 33, q arrives to its destination by time tq + Hd.

either p leaves the network by tq + Hd,or it is in a node along its path when q reaches that node.


The longest most vulnerable timescale now becomes T=b.

in order to minimize the TCP throughput, an attacker should wait for the retransmission timer to expire, and then create an outage.


Each stage in the pipeline receives routes from upstream and passes them downstream, sometimes modifying or .ltering them along the way.

stages have essentially the same API, and are indifferent to their surroundings: new stages can be added to the pipeline without disturbing their neighbors, and their interactions with the rest of BGP are constrained by the stage API.


This periodic distribution is usually available from the wind atlas of local government websites [20, 31].

even for long-term op erations, only a limited number of wind speed distributions need to be stored in the nodes.


This is because DATA is transferred over fewer hops using MMAC as opposed to 4 hops using DMAC/802.11.

the total consumption of the wireless bandwidth is much less, allowing greater number of packets to be transmitted within the same span of time.


Since attackers in S jam at full power, as shown in Section 6.3, S = (including no S * jammers but all other legitimate users) yields the optimal performance.

the expected capacity varies with time (in units of rounds r) until it reaches the steady state where SB = .


sDLS provides the best performance using the LSR protocol.


The second development is miniaturization in RFID reader hardware leading to small portable readers that can be attached to a mobile phone [2].

backscatter communication o.ers a considerably more energy-e.cient and increasingly practical alternative to active radio circuits on existing sensor systems.


In other words, the area covered by a sensor that is not connected to any gateway cannot be monitored, since the data from that area cannot reach the gateway.

the topology formed by the active sensors should be done in such a way that the entire region of interest, or a large fraction of it, is provided connected-coverage.


Thus, it is dif.cult to estimate other measures of interest from these reports.

theselack thegenerality to serve as minimalistprimitives.


And, it is true that Ei[] = Ei[] and c w 2 2 E[(.c I ) ] = E[(.w I ) ] .

rSP can be simply obtained 2222 by ES[( I ) ] , ES[( I ) ] , Ei[], and E[(.I ) ] .


In addition, these feedback reports do not consume much bandwidth and are sent only when the client-related information is changed.

to deliver feedback reports, unicast transmission is used.


However, as mentioned above, we can assume each individual SMS message to be delivered reliably, even when short periods of disconnection occur.

we implement multicast by simply sending the message via SMS to each phone that is currently in the view of the sending phone.


DoS Attack: Both SAODV and ARAN use digital signature and public key for improvement of AODV security.

the probability of DoS attacks is existed for attackers.


Round-robin-based algorithms [24] [23] [6] have O(1) complexity, and while they support fair allocation of bandwidth, they fail to provide good delay bounds.

while fair queuing is a well-studied problem in modern computer networks, there remains a signi.cant gap between schedulers that have provably good performance, and those that are feasible to implement in high-speed routers.


As a .rst step towards guaranteeing path integrity, we can include both the source and destination IP addresses from the packet in the computation of the router s authenticator.

we can modify Equation 1 such that a segment embedding of the routing decision r ' becomes: s =(r ' ,MICK(r ' ||SrcIP||DestIP)) (2) where || denotes concatenation.


However, its e.ect is strong enough such that those spoofed IP.ows that cannot be prevented from reaching their targets are su.ciently sparse and, as a consequence, their origin can be localized to within a small, constant number of sites (less than 5 for Internet AS topologies).

as with probabilistic packet marking (PPM), e.ective IPtraceback strictly speaking, AS traceback since the granularity of our study is AS graphs is achieved which serves as a deterrent, in addition to facilitating reactive recovery.


In many practical scenarios, this assumption is not always valid.

it is crucial to study how to achieve collusion resistance in incentive-compatible routing.


Note that it has to stop at 28 since the next value to be transferred -10 -is less than 28.

four values can be transferred in just 28 bit time slots for an effective throughput of 71.43% (the overall throughput for the entire sequence using the same methodology is 67.8%).


3.4 Data Transport: Shroud Tryst is insu.cient for identi.er-free data transport becausedatamessages areneitherinfrequent nordothey have a narrow interface.

to defend against side-channel analysis, we want strong unlinkability ratherthanjustlongterm unlinkability.


While we predict eight logins incorrectly in terms of the login submission URLs, we found that all of these cases were still sent to the same top-level domains as the predicted ones.

even when our rules do not work as intended, they do not incorrectly predict the safety of Web logins.


Wireless links are known to be unreliable and vary in quality from client to client.

the parameter pn captures the heterogeneous link qualities for different clients with the interpretation that whenever the server sends a packet to client n, it receives an ACK with probability pn.


4.3 Integration with Routing Protocols Our goal is to enhance routing performance without affecting the stability and reliability of traditional routing protocols.

we neither replace the existing link estimators nor alter the stable routing topology maintained by traditional routing protocols.


)1 - (1 - p min)N Lr1 () = (1 - E)1 - (1 - p min)N Lr1, where the last inequality holds because the second inequality holds for any .> 0.

we can conclude that to achieve afraction(1 - E) of the full throughput region, the feedback resource F should satisfy () F = (1 - E)1 - (1 - p min)N L. (1)  4.


The more hops a forged report traverses, the higher chance it is dropped en-route.

one can e.ectively exploit the sheer scale of the sensor network in .ltering the forged reports.


For example, RCourse provides means for data aggregation and write-out in the form of Java classes, a result analysis functionality by means of R scripts, and can automatically generate result graphs as pdf .les.

the user can concentrate on the development of the algorithm to be evaluated by the simulation, as all other steps may be taken over by RCourse components.


A GPS system only works e.ectively in open areas without any object which may obstruct the .eld of view of the receiver [12].

operation under a dense foliage is di.cult [4].


Note that for a chain oflength50,thetransaction costiscloseto500µs and the deposit cost is 750µs.

even for reasonably short chains the transaction cost is almost negligible.


The speed of the model railway depends on the connected voltage.

an external transformer is used to obtain constant voltage for ensuring a constant speed of the model railway.


This result is further demonstrated by the difference on averaged traf.c patterns between chat videos and YouTube videos in Figure 3(a) and 3(b).

traf.c morphing is necessary to protect Facet from blockage.


The goal was to make them highly .exible so that they could support a wide variety of business models.

over time, new rights scenarios were described, and if a particular REL could not implement the scenario, then new tags or entire extensions were added to the language.


Furthermore, 802.11g/Remap is backward compatible with 802.11 MAC.

802.11g/Remap has potential to be deployed with simple software and .rmware updates to the existing 802.11 networks.


By committing at the 1000-Mbps CDR level, the CIPT pays $5000.

the cooperation reduces the aggregate transit cost of the partners by $3710, or 43%.


(II) Each hyper-cube in the RHL is colored by one single color in the coloring of the d-dimensional space de.ned by the original rule set.

by assigning each evolving rule that corresponding color, it is guaranteed that each evolving rule can be stored in a single entry in the rule cache and is semantically consistent with the original rule set.


Then, the + (Ai.j(n + 1) - Ai.j(n)) - 2 has also .nished its request step.

they can simultaneously move to the next steps, and so on.


are the resonant and angular frequencies of the loop antenna sensor respectively.

a loop antenna sensor with a high capacitance will have a lower resonant frequency.


Our experiments show that a signi.cant fraction of connections suffer from high loss rates.

the wireless interfaces on the urban network clients are likely to operate in low bit-rates most of the time.


Unexpected behaviors in the server software can lead to high callfailures, causing signi.cant customerdistress.

it isimportant to carefully monitorthe server softwarebehaviors andrapidlydetect anyperformanceimpacts of changes.


In this scenario, it is possible to devise a collaborative strategy wherein the iPAQs are turned off all the time and can be woken up only by the micronode.

the micro-nodes perform low-power coarse sensing mainly to detect events and then hand off to the superior nodes.


If more users are allowed to access the network when the traf.c level is high, the network may enter a congested state.

in order to prevent congestion, IQU monitors channel utilization and prevents additional users from associating with the network when channel utilization exceeds a threshold.


Due to Theorem 4.1 as well as Propositions 4.2 and 4.3, this will induce a desirable stationary distribution of queue sizes in BN.

if we could use the rate allocation of BN, that is, the policy SFA, directly in SN, it would give us a desired performance in terms of the stationary distribution of the induced queue sizes.


The transmission cost of the wireless link is Tassumed to be m times more over a wired link.

the h CAi, j cost can be obtained by using .2md+ C dh = 0 CA = .


This is another view of temporal scalability.

we need a multi-resolution coding mechanism that scales spatially and temporally.


In addition, some messages in MegaD also use compression and the decryption and decompression operations are interleaved.

there is no single program point where all data in a message is available unencrypted and uncompressed.


More generally, the estimate of ni will depend on our estimates of n, n1,n2, ··· ,ni-1.Thus for a large .ow size i, the estimate is more susceptible to errors due to this cumulative dependence e.ect, resulting in a sharp increase in estimation errors.

to accurately estimate .ow distribution, we will take a more holistic approach, rather than estimating each quantity step by step.


In ARCMA, only symmetric cryptographic functions are used, and a 128-bit key will be suf.cient.

each sensor node needs the memory of 3· k · 128 bits = 384·k bits.


However, the low CS threshold may have a negative impact on network capacity because it allows a fewer concurrent data transfers in the network.

the CS threshold should be configured to balance between the spatial reusability and the interference problem [14].


public/private), supported services, price, and ownership.

only some portion of the MSs will be capable of overflowing to some compnets.


Regarding IPv4, new amendments are needed, though.

the solution presented in [13] came up, providing a mechanism for each terminal autoconfigure a linklocal IPv4 address.


If W p* - W p* = .aj for 1 = i = m, 1 = j = n, the B-i -ßij calculations of bc j c are respectively equivalent to the ij and a following expressions: bc = Vb-1(W p* - W p* = Va-1(W p* - W p* ), a c ).

ij i j j B-i -ßij +aj A-j for the winning buyer i with xij p* = 1 in (5), we have bij = bc ih ij and bih = bc where h = j, implying that j .


In fact, mobile operators have already started to use WiFi for data o.oading.

dense deployment of WiFi Access Points (APs) could ensure Internet connectivity, falling back to 3G where service cannot be o.ered.


A crucial observation here is that a .ow f traversing r links each with unit cost per-unit-.ow cost will incur a total cost of fr.

in order to make MCF explore the option of sending the entire .ow over longer but single paths, we must increase the cost of the shorter paths in proportion to their lengths.


To protect these shared keys and minimize the risk of their divulgation, they are generated in a dynamic manner such that each key is only valid for a certain interval of time.

ad hoc nodes having Kadhocauth keys corresponding to the same intervals of time can communicate together in an authenticated manner.


D&F enables the decoding nodes to: (i) wait before forwarding so that other cross links can carry cross-cutting .ows, (ii) choose the appropriate data rate at which to send to the next decoding node along the path, and (iii) drop any undecodable packets and stop error propagation.

our proposal is to split the entire cut-through path into smaller cut-through paths.


When a node is dynamically created, a unique and simpli.ed IP address is assigned as an integer, which is suf.cient to identify an OLSR node.

we specify the content of an OLSR packet as illustrated by the Figure 1.


The mesh routers are usually equipped with multiple wireless interfaces operating in orthogonal channels.

a major challenge in the design and operation of such networks is to allocate channels and schedule transmissions to e.ciently share the common spectrum among the mesh routers.


Thus, 2xlen(P(S,i))more hops are added to SPD(i).


This chain has no product form, so it could be solved only by representing all the states of the Markov chain, and by computing the stationary probability distribution using classical methods [16] [9].

we use a high level Petri nets and the GreatSPN tool [5].


This can be achieved through dynamically tuning the operational frequency of nano-devices to the most clear frequency, regarding the channel conditions.

frequency overlapping is allowed among the selected frequencies duplication or even convergence to the best frequencies can be observed.


However, if the link is mobile, the strongest channel remains consistent only for less than 50ms.

to track the SCI of a mobile link, we may need to switch channels frequently, which may incur some overhead.


In the wireless world, overloading the wireless thin client, whose processing power and memory are limited, becomes an important issue.

heavy operation such as object creation is kept to the minimum, and the expensive computations are performed on the server side.


This is a reasonable assumption considering the funneling e.ect toward the sink that these transmissions have to share at least the air around the sink.

the data dissemination capacity for a sink is limited by Max{Cmax,i}.Thus we can .nd the upper bound and calculate ideal .delity by measuring Max{Cmax,i} experimentally.


At a large distance or at from an angled view, the LEDs will blend together in the image.

in the .rst case, information can be multiplexed over all LEDs and the system can achieve high datarates while in the second case the system should operate in a diversity mode at lower datarates.


We complete the proof of the theorem by constructing a chunk uploading schedule for each time slot through inductions: Initial condition: The server uploads chunk 0 to peer 0 in time slot 0.

at the beginning of time slot 1, S0(1) = {0}, and Si(1) = Ø,i > 0.


the access network causes the congestion.


The reason is that (NACK|r2 1(k|0)|r1 1(k|1)) would be forwarded to the source s, which would see the inconsistency of the received packet (r2 1(k|0) authenticates an ACK, whereas r1 1(k|1) authenticates a NACK) and correctly identify link (a1,a2)as faulty.

2n-3hashchains are required because authenticators ri 1(k) authenticates only the node that appended the authenticator, not the packet content.


In this type of environment, two nodes can communicate directly with each other when they are within their direct transmission ranges; otherwise, other nodes can cooperate to relay the routing information.

these intermediate nodes in MANETs work as routers for all other nodes in the network.


If its contention index is high, it means that hidden nodes have much activity than its neighbors.

the minimal contention window size is increased in order to reduce the channel access probability of the node and to increase the one of its neighbors.


Since VRR does not rely on source routes or end-to-end path metrics like hop count, it can perform local repair without communicating with any of the endpoints.

the cost of local repair is constant in VRR whereas the cost of repair in previous mechanisms grows with the path length.


The general conclusion we can make from this experiment is that sending forged BFD Session Up" packets to both LERs of an LSP disables protection switching in the presence of a link failure.

data sent through the working LSP from either end of the LSP is silently dropped at the broken link.


in front of the IP address string in the hit text suggests that the user deliberately posted a link to a shared resource on the forum.

we tag the IP address as an http share or ftp share, or as a streaming node supporting a given protocol (ppstream, mms, tvants, sop, etc.).


Section 6 shows that the Shortest-Path Export-All attack strategy is not actually optimal for the manipulator, and Section 7 shows that .nding the optimal attack strategy is NP-hard.

we give up on .nding the optimal attack strategy, and run simulations assuming that the manipulator uses this smart-butsuboptimal attack.


As mentioned before, in simulation, it is very challenging to stimulate the inputs of a multi-hop network in such a way that the complex interaction between the frames inside the network exhibits the actual worst-case.

in the following, we will evaluate the improvement of the worstcase end-to-end latency guarantees of our proposed analysis approach against the state-of-the-art analysis from Section 3.2 using a typical (anonymized) scenario for future automotive backbone networks provided by Daimler.


Bene.ting from an Induced Asynchronism in Neighborhood Discovery in opportunistic Cognitive Wireless Networks Sylwia Romaszko Institute for Networked Wim Torfs PATS -iMinds Petri Mähönen Institute for Networked Systems University of Antwerp Systems RWTH Aachen University Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 RWTH Aachen University Kackertstrasse 9, 52072 Antwerpen, Belgium Kackertstrasse 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany sar@inets.rwthaachen.de wim.torfs@ua.ac.be Aachen, Germany pma@inets.rwthaachen.de Chris Blondia PATS -iMinds University of Antwerp Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium chris.blondia@ua.ac.be ABSTRACT In opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), which are characterized by changing network topology, the time and location varying spectrum availability, there is a need of on-demand searching for a control tra.c channel by cognitive radio (CR) users in order to be able to initiate a communication.

the neighborhood discovery phase, also referred to as a rendezvous (RDV) phase, is challenging due to the dynamics of such networks.


(3,3,0) for high-priority traf.c to provide it strong protection, (2,1,0) for medium priority, and (0,0,0) for low priority.

low priority traf.c is not protected at all, which lets it use all network capacity.


This is due to the fact that, in these conditions, the average number of alive nodes when the network becomes disconnected is 0.926n when l = 400 and 0.931n when l = 1100.

below c2 =0.95, the connectedness requirement dominates, while above that, the c2 condition is signi.cant.


2.2 RNS Scheme If a node has never sent an RREQ packet, but it receives an RREQ whose source address is the same address that it is using, this indicates an address conflicts (see Figure 1 b).

the node will invoke an address conflict resolution process.


However, SCTP does not use lower layer information and depends on the transport layer information such as timeouts of several data chunks to detect path failure.

failover latency in SCTP can largely be reduced if SCTP uses lower layer information such as network interface status change or routing situation change if the end host is receiving routing information from a router.


In contrast, when considering the capacity usage metric, optimal paths are usable if at each node in the path any one of the micro slots is available.

optimal solutions not using shortest paths only occur at higher network load levels.


CDC sensors can detect the change in capacitance resulting from the presence (or absence) of a .nger.

it eliminates the need (and cost) of a custom elastomer membrane for detecting pushbutton presses.


grows,theper-.ow rateincreases fortheD.ows aswell, andtheincreasing sizeoftheDbu.er reduces the loss rate of the D service.

whereas a useroptsfortheD serviceto acquirelowdelay,futureadoptions of the D service by other legacy users make the service even more valuable, facilitating the virulent deployment of the RD services.


The same process is used when a recorder detects that the signed messages it is receiving from some neighbor s recorder contain different routes than the BGP messages the local routers are receiving via BGP from that neighbor.

when there have been no recent alarms, each non-faulty router must have a valid ACK for any message it has sent more than Tmax ago.


Evasion by restricting attack targets: We de.ne a group activity model assuming that the detection system monitors a networkgateway (inbound or outbound).

botmaster can restrict botnet communications or attacks to target hosts on the same internal or external network for the evasion.


By design, Emaad lends itself to measuring time-series data with periodic spikes and on/off behaviors, as well as constant behavior.

it operates as efficiently as a simple exponential moving average anomaly detector, but with dramatically fewer false positives for these common patterns of network traffic.


However, using the MAR system, even targeting a streaming rate that is four times higher than the one targeted with individual interfaces, the amount of outstanding data is always positive and well over the starvation threshold.

mAR can survive blackout periods and sudden burstiness much better than using any other single interface and therefore provide a much smoother streaming experience.


Nevertheless, the differences are localized to one batch, and do not carry over to subsequent batches.

even with batched transmissions, Back2F roughly emulates 802.11 and provides similar fairness; throughput improves consistently.


For example, for a simple Web server, availability is an important policy goal and accordingly important resources will include HTTP.

the resources are assigned weights according to their importance for each system policy goal for a speci.c system.


The latter is a non-tuneable constant in most types of sensor nodes.

the carrier sensing range of all nodes in the network is .xed.


Fortunately,HTML andJavascript code ofWebpages re.ects someinformation aboutfutureHTTP requests(e.g., each embedded link implies a possible future HTTP request).

measuring and analyzing Web pages is promising for predicting Web login safety.


Our architecture is scalable to emulate a large number of CDNs and ISPs.

it can be used as a collaboration and decision making tool of both ISPs and CDNs.


Our design di.ers from them as we convert the traditional wired BMS into smart and wireless without modi.cation of the upper layer building protocols.

it does not need long time for re-standardization.


Notice that the encoded sample of node m sent to node (m -1) should be propagated in the left direction such that each node gets the samples of all other nodes.

the TT generated by the sequential strategy is given by, (N -1) TT (Seq Coop)= H(X1,X2, ..., XN ) (2) (N -1) =O(N) (3) Notice that the .rst equality follows from the chain rule for entropies.


Compared to these measurements, studies in visualization often try to accomplish more high-level cognitive tasks such as decision-making, e.g., [12, 23].

it becomes more di.cult to design proper experiments for visualizations due to the complexity of the visualization itself from diverse visual encoding and interaction techniques as well as the tasks to accomplish.


However, with multi-path solution, the optimal routing solution of v2 is the set {TR1,TR2}, which cannot be achieved as R1 < R2 and v1 will .lter out R2.

type-1 isotonicity does not assure optimality in multi-path solutions.


indicates the stochastic independence between events.

we can compute Pr(Icon)=Pr(Icon | e1 n e3)Pr(e1 n e3)+ 2Pr(Icon | e1 n e3)Pr(e1 n e3)+ Pr(Icon | e1 n e3)Pr(e1 n e3).


Once a node associates with a coordinator, it begins to periodically send beacons to maintain its own superframe and control the access to the channel of the associated nodes.

di.erent nodes may have overlapping superframes, which may create collisions between beacons and data frames.


inthe computation of the optimal power management strategy we have also to take into account this aspect.


time counter and it always .nds the channel busy.

the last slot in NBmax which a transmission can start is t max = k=0 Wk +5 = 125, and the last slot in which a transmission can .nish is (t max + D - 1).


P When the target is present, Y|H1 = si + ni ~ i.F(p) P N(µN(p)+ si,s2N(p)).

the detection i.F(p) probability at p is given by !


We ran tcpanaly over this data and 4tcpanaly requires traces of both directions of a connection.

we can use it to validate our tool using 2-way traces, but it cannot address the RTT estimation problem when only a single direction of the connection is available.


This is especially relevant as in the last year an important number of commercial and open source platforms that could be useful for the Web of Things have been appearing.

we would like to shape the WoT workshops series into one of the main venue for researchers and application developers who believe that the world of smart objects has a lot to learn and gain from Web architectures, developments and research.


the series is serially correlated and the correlative structure needs to be removed.


Figure 21 shows similar trends to the plots in Figure 16 with slightly di.erent error rates.

the performance of the two approaches are comparable.


In comparison, for both devices, the WiFi radio consumes between 1-2W while transmitting.

it is critical to e.ciently use the WiFi and WAN radios of a smartphone, the primary motivation behind Cool-Tether.


As a result, the .rst step of Phase 1c is to normalize link criticality values as follows: ..,l := ..,l .. j.E ..fail,j ,.F,l := .F,l .. j.E F.fail,j The denominators in the above expressions represent our estimates of the best possible network costs across all single link failures, assuming it was possible to include all links in Phase 2 of the optimization.

the above expressions capture relative deviations incurred, for each traf.c type, when link l is not included in Ec.


The service composition maintains the service provision throughout the whole dynamic reconfiguration process, except for the addition phase.

the suspension time (S2) is the time of the addition phase: S2 = 2kn + RTT  (Equation 3)  4.3 Measurement Analysis As shown in Table 1, we have measured reconfiguration time under different bandwidths, for different mobilet sizes and different numbers of mobilets to be deleted and added.


DSR outperforms AODV in low mobility scenarios due to 1) aggressive cashing property, in which nodes may maintain multiple routes to a speci.c destination, 2) the use of promiscuously overhearing that allows nodes to get information from route discovery messages they receive by overhearing, and 3) the use of non-preparative route request mechanism, which will limit the .ooding overhead.

compared to AODV, DSR can generate less broadcast RREQ (route request) messages.


We set C = 10 Mbps (which corresponds to 1000 pkts/s) and range N- from 1to50 tosee theminimum requirement of d. As seen from Figure 13(a), the minimum d monotonically decreases and reaches 0.1 seconds as N- goes to 40.

we note that N- is the lower bound of N.once astable d is picked given certain N- , R+,and C, stability of the system is not a.ected by N or R as long as N =N- and R =R+ .


To prevent this problem, we adopt TTL mechanism as routing protocol area.

wBANs receiving alarm packet from source WBAN broadcast the packet with decremented TTL into shared network.


= When Rthreshold = Rdefault =0.5 and a packet is lost, the corresponding node would be regarded as seli.sh and the routing requests would be denied (line 2 in Algorithm 2).

some healthy nodes would be regarded as sel.sh due to the random packet loss and more data packets would be dropped.


ii) the UEP pro.le of the vertical coding is optimized based on the packet loss PMF, which requires to know how many and not which descriptions are lost.

from the FEC optimization process, the second order statistics of the channel is required, and not the instantaneous information.


The only variance is due to sampling, which can be imple mented to be independent over each packet or .ow record.

variance estimates can be aggregated along with the estimates themselves, even if the underlying sam pling parameters change during the period of aggregation.


Thus, the parties can use zero-knowledge proofs to show that their steps are indeed according to the protocol speci.cation.

in the protocol emulation phase, the parties send messages according to the instructions of the basic protocol, while proving at each step that the message they sent is correct.


On the other hand, the set of ASes in S does not commonly agree on next hops to destinations in Europe.

these pre.xes do not occur in the local atom.


At each switch in the requested SVC path a CAC algorithm is performed to determine whether a connection request can be accepted or not.

it is the routing protocol that determines where and how the network resources will be shared.


The rejecter knows To and the current offset according to the rejecter s clockat which the request was received.

the rejecter canprecisely referto offsetsinthe cycle with respecttothe requesting node s clock using relative times.


However, since Y C is a sensor cover, all intersection points in uj s sensing range are k-covered once DSC selects the nodes in Y C n Tuj .

dSC does not select uj after it has selected the sensors in Y Dj-1 n Tuj , and thus it does not select uj at all.


Thus, when designing Vidyut, our primary concern is to .nd tones of frequencies that pass through the various electric circuit elements with minimal losses and not to .nd a band of frequencies that is most suitable for communicating data between two nodes with high throughput and/or high reliability.

in summary, we investigate the channel response of power-lines, the e.ect of loading and noise sources and the e.ect of electrical characteristics of circuit breaker panels, transformers, cross-phase physical isolation, etc.


One must take in consideration when looking at Figure 9, though, that no temporal or spatial correlation was studied and applied to the Nakagami distribution.

each node selects its received power level independently of the other nodes around.


Under the e.ciency game, however, both strategies perform almost the same.

it can be concluded that reactive hopping is a more e.ective strategy against jamming in multi-radio networks.


Pw if and only if the size of the minimum vertex cut between v and m ' in a new graph G ' := G - {w}+ {m ' }+ L({m ' }, M )is smaller than two.

condition (2) in Claim 16 is satis.ed if and only if for every two distinct non-monitors v and w, either the minimum v-m ' cut in G ' or the minimum w-m ' w w cut in Gv ' has a size of at least two.


5.1 Topologies with Equal Transmission and Carrier Sense Ranges x1 =0and x2 =.C.

congestion control in asymmetric topologies leads to unfairness, and according to the above analysis, there is no optimal .. Next, we use simulations to study the throughput and fairness properties of this asymmetric topology.


Obviously, the number of single communities is not a suf.cient scale to evaluate the similarity estimator, as it reports a value 0 when all the alarms are connected regardless of their similarities.

we also score the relevance of the communities using association rule mining.


This bias arises as honest nodes return both honest and malicious nodes, while adversaries return only the latter.

furthermore, a global eavesdropper that watches nodes gossip can record the a nodes we assume each learns from the total set of size n. only a possible nodes could have initiated a tunnel establishment request to a colluding malicious node.


One of the fundamental di.culties of this in the current Internet is that application data is bound to IP addresses, and not separatedevicenames.

the current network cannot independently choose from multiple IP addresses belonging to the same device or entity.


Given a subarea Ac , hc i (Ac) can be determined by (16) and (17).

we have lln (1 + ß2 · DiB (p)a) l hc i (Ac)= ß1 .


First, interdomain routing introduces point-to-multipoint demand; that is, there can be multiple equally-good egress points for some external destinations in the BGP decision process [17].

it is up to the intradomain routing determined by traf.c engineering to break the tie.


We also observed a good balance between the important statistics of loss rate and energy savings at the client and peer.

in Figure 7 we have shown only the smaller of the savings and larger of the loss rate at both ends where applicable.


When avgq crosses U, halving ri and signaling others to accordingly adjust their rates may still leave node i in a congested state (for example, when the network size doubles instantaneously).

iFRC employs multiple thresholds U(k),de.ned by U(k)= U(k -1)+I/2k-1,where k is a small integer and I is a constant increment of the queue length.


cur_count must be the minimum count among the numbers for all TRQs maintained by the receiver.

the data packets whose count is equal to cur_count are expected to arrive prior to others.


Packet boundaries are only introduced as a necessity of packet networks, but the exchanged messages and content items have their own demands on structure and size.

it is bene.cial to be able to buffer and replicate the content in the network in a same way as they are accessed and sent by the server: as byte streams without prede.ned bounds or ends.


However, there are still unsolved performance issues on the optimization of throughput, limiting the delay times and packet loss ratio.

it is important to analyze the performance of IEEE 802.11 to optimize the protocol and achieve enhanced performance as well.


The results are shown in red in Figure 5 fora 5-hour-long trace and shows that the inter-arrival time of TDTpackets (expressed in PCR time) is roughly constant, around 1second.


In recent, IPv6 is not an optional, but mandatory in the study of PAN.

pAN and Home Network should be good candidate for NETLMM application.


However, these unidirectional links can be hidden to the network layer protocol by using link layer ACK packets or unidirectional link detection mechanisms.

we assume that all links are bidirectional, that is if node vi can communicate with vj, then vj can also communicate with v~.


3.3 Dominant Resource Pricing A practical pricing scheme should include a VM occupancy component so that tenants pay for VM usage.

the challenge is to incorporate an occupancy 1For Amazon EC2, k = $0.085/hr for small VMs.


The packet must contain each of these MICs, along with the segment embeddings returned by the receiver.

for each router on the path, the sender includes: '' ' s =(r ,IDS , Auth(r ,IDS), MICKSRi (p)) (6) When a router receives such a packet, it .rst veri.es the authenticator.


Figure 2: Model Caching 3.4.4 Model Caching As per our design requirements (Section 2.2) we use simple models.

the prediction window is also expected to be short (in comparison to more complex models that may not be computable on sensor nodes) reducing the temporal compressibility.


Such a blind querying scheme incurs excessive energy consumption, which obviously ruins the sensor networks for long-term uses.

a crucial yet challenging issue is how to efficiently query the sensor networks and obtain the desired information with the minimum total energy cost in all the sensor networks.


Even though we applied some approximations to analyze the resequencing delay, we observe that the analytical result for CL-ARQ and SCK is quite identical to its corresponding simulation result.

we can argue that our analytical methodology is indeed useful for evaluating the resequencing delay performance when the two-layer retransmission schemes (HARQ and ARQ) are employed.


we have AP <AP <AP ddd and can conclude that the address privacy of ud decreases as C grows, which complies with the intuition.


For our game, we suggest that the payoff reflected the normalized throughput (throughput divided by the subcarrier distance .f ) achieved by the CR-node and the network potential to serve other users (related to the notion of fairness).

the proposed payoff function for player k (at the kth stage of the game), who acquires i SCs (i =I), while the rest of the CR-nodes community is expected to occupy j SCs equals: f s  )] · {N -i - j}, (2) k 1SCs (but no more than I SCs), the problem of finding the game solution becomes extremely complex.


In this way, we decide to employ the RTS/CTS working mechanism for the different power control methods proposed.

if RTS and CTS frames are always transmitted at maximum power level, the hidden terminal problem is solved.


Fundamentally, this problem has been caused due to the fact that each of the attached interfaces must be assigned one or more unique pre.xes in PMIPv6.

to address this problem, we propose a dynamic home network pre.x assignment (DHNPA) scheme where both the .xed pre.x model and the shared pre.x model are employed and dynamically selected.


However, based on the analysis of this section, we reckon that the exponential/geometric distribution might be a good approximation, at least for the tail of the respective distribution, for most if not all of the hitting times calculated.

higher order statistics shouldn t be di.cult to derive.


The reason is that the than for link [(i, j), (i+hops, j)] or [(i, j), (i+hops,j)] in the ORBIT.

the received signal strength of probing packet for [(i, j), (i+hops,j+hops)] links is likely smaller than for links [(i, j), (i+hops, j)] or [(i, j), (i+hops,j)].


The secondary reason we chose to implement link-state routing is that it provides the complete topology at each node, which allows the topology to be updated in a single contact.

if a node has been disconnected for a long time it can obtain the entire topology in a single exchange with any other node.


We emphasize that these connection counts were from tests without any protocol helpers and without using introspection to group connections on an application basis.

it is possible to signi.cantly reduce address usage by using a con.guration where some applications use only one address.


It does not need to know the partial ordering of those classes, or the de.nitions of other classes.

the most they can tell is that the promise makes some preference distinction about the known classes.


F (u), we can connect {u, v} by a direct edge and remove the vertex v from the graph.

in the following we assume that, for any two vertices u and v, the sets F (u) and F (v) are incomparable.


In the literature, Jain s Fairness Index [6] [8] is often used for MAC layer networks to evaluate throughput fairness.

we propose including this metric in the bandwidth allocation process.


Meanwhile, the energy cost of each node for connectivity is also the same, which is denoted by ec.

the MeCoCo problem in the OAOS case (or MeCoCo-OAOS) is to .nd a set of connected nodes S1 .


However, it is hard to scale such approaches from single stream (in either direction) to MIMO FD systems.

it might be bene.cial CSI DL 1 CSI  DL 2 Figure 7: FDoS Operation Timeline.


Therefore, the total time for which the transmitter is turned on and the energy consumption is as follows: TSpeckMACD_Tx = (TRxTx + ((+ TPreamble / TTx + + 1)) * TTx) * NPkts ESpeckMACD_Tx = TSpeckMACD_Tx * PTx (15) As in the previous section, worst case assumptions have been made to provide fair comparisons with B-MAC, i.e., the channel is sampled during channel listening between the transmissions of two data packets.

the radio will be turned on at the beginning of a data packet and remain so until the next data packet is received, i.e., the radio is turned on for a duration of 2 * TRx.


The sink gradually gets informed about the sensor placement distribution based on local topology information that sensors measure in a distributed way, and deliver to the sink as they move in the network.

sensory motion anyway present in the network serves as a low cost replacement of network information propagation.


The expected value of the minimum of n exponentially distributed random variables is proportional to 1/n.

if TFMCC based its rate calculations on a single loss inter e design a safe increase mechanism.


All f-nodes along the path increment the value of the number of hops field by 1 when they forward the event data packet.

each packet that arrives at the sink carries the path head id of the path it traversed as well as the number of hops.


As pointed by [3], to enable the correct timing behavior of such communication services, the MAC must transmit messages within predictable time intervals.

a typical solution is the use of a TDMA-based MAC.


On the other hand, an atomic functional decomposition of application requirements in terms of attributes that wold match the descriptors of resources, was also introduced.

wSN design and operation was reduced to an assignment problem, to which a linear optimization approach was used an evaluated in [3] and [6].


(15) the objective is to .nd k * and v1,v2, ··· ,vk* that maximizes Fe(n : v1,v2, ··· ,vk) and Ft(n : v1,v2, ··· ,vk) which is referred to as an n-optimization problem.


The main objective of our scheme and other ef.cient .ooding schemes is to improve the performance in terms of the number of retransmissions as much as possible so that the occurrence of redundant transmissions and collisions is minimized.

we evaluate the performance of the .ooding schemes in terms of the ratio of retransmissions, which is the ratio of the total number of the RNs retransmissions to cover the entire network to the total number of nodes, and the number of collisions with regard to the following two parameters: the number of nodes and the transmission ranges.


Since packets routes through multiple paths, they do not arrive in sequence.


Now, while waiting for the next packet, the client cannot power down because the radio hardware continues to overhear packets from other APs/clients.

the client dwells in this Idle/Overhear state, periodically transitioning to high power for transmitting/receiving its own packets.


It is worth noting that, due to independent descriptions, the MD-Like scheme only requires to know how many and not which packets have been received.

all the packets have roughly the same importance, and, in the optimization process, the second order statistics of the channel will be a suf.cient information for the FEC design, as described in the following.


Building on this result and from Figure 8, we chose Z values for each domain based on the distribution of names.

we chose a value of Z = 5 for Google, MSN, and Yahoo, and Z = 6 for Friendster and CNN.


In such a roaming model, however, MNs may connect to the networks owned by providers that are unknown to the MNs, i.e., a direct trust relationship may not exist between these roaming MNs and providers.

an appropriate trust infrastructure is required to establish these relationships indirectly on the basis of roaming agreements.


Since the requirements on .ows 1 (2) and 4 (3) are identical in each test case, the throughput of .ows 1 (2) and 4 (3) are nearly the same in the simulation results.

to avoid cluttering the plots, we only report the average value of .ows 1 and 4, and .ows 2 and 3.


This procedure is performed at each of its operating frequencies (since this is a quad-band device).

twelve pulses (4 bands X 3 control voltage levels) of the required time-period have to be applied to test this power amplifier completely.


5.1 Updating Red Structure Using the BlackGraph At the start of this update time, the red nodes announce their new locations to their previous red neighbors.

each node gets to know the new location of its old neighbors in the red graph and uses this information to calculate its Vertex Region.


The reduced network load yields a decreased average packet latency and power savings.

hardware support for multicast routing is essential for on-chip networks to overcome latency and power consumption limitations in architectures where the frequency of multicast operations is significant.


There should be no sense in using a RFID tag as an identi.er for the balloon since no RFID tag scan would take place.

some adaptations were needed in order to support an ordinary object without any RFID tag ID.


These networks may need to be deployed at short notice, or in hostile or inaccessible environments, and setting up a wired network in such situations is not feasible, or cost-effective.

in most sensor network applications, a sensor node would act both as a sensor and as a wireless transmitter (the sensor device may have separate sensing and transmitting units within itself).


The reason is that neighbor-table management policies [7, 31] employed by current link estimators, such as 4BLE, always prefer neighbors with high quality links over the neighbors with intermediate quality links.

if the number of neighbors with good links is greater than or equal to the table-size, which is the case in Motelab (see Table 1), the chances that BRE will .nd an entry in the table with lower path-ETX are negligible with existing tablemanagement policies.


These retransmitted bundles compete with the newly generated bundles for the limited bandwidth.

the message delivery ratio of SHIM drops; ii) the message delivery ratio of SHIM-OS is better than SHIM-DTBR when the traffic rate is light but becomes worse when the traffic rate is heavy.


Also the quality of multimedia services over internet could be seriously degraded owing to unexpectedly increased end-to-end jitter.

it s important to control and minimize jitter [6, 7].


However, in data centers, there are typically a small number of large active .ows on apath6 .

we mainly need to focus on the small N case, for which convergence is also slowest.


(n)e for large n (18) and some sub-exponential function .U (n).

the likelihood of accumulating a large number of .ows, and the associated mix is determined by x * = argmin{x:xs.


Even more detailed automated code analysis, such as control .ow analysis, data .ow analysis, structural analysis and semantic analysis cannot guarantee that all uses are correctly identi.ed [8].

we decided to conduct a more detailed manual study to .nd out what sort of information is actually sent via these potentially broken SSL communication channels, by installing apps on a real phone and executing an active MITMA against the apps.


The advantage of the nicter is that we have a large number of darknet IP addresses that are distributed in wide area in terms of position of network address and geographical location.

by comparing attack trends among sensors, we can promptly grasp many types of propagation strategies that re.ect characteristics of each malware, and the global trends such as outbreaks of emerging malwares.


(1) requires to run an £1 minimization problem, which is already computationally expensive for wireless sensor nodes.

in order to use the £1 based classi.cation on wireless sensor nodes we propose to segment the training matrix into smaller parts where each part forms an Eq.


However, the availability signi.cantly decreases as the ToR count gets close to the full switch capacity.

to deliver highly-reliable and cost-effective services, scale-out switches with low to medium port density may deliver higher availability in comparison to their expensive, higher capacity counterparts.


In many applications, including ours, self loop steps are free : they can be executed in zero time and require no communication.

it makes sense to de.ne the actual mixing time of a random walk, denoted Tactual mix, which is the expected number of actual steps (i.e., non-self loop steps) needed for the random walk to approach its limit distribution.


In a traditional WLAN without secondary APs, clients can move to the edge of a cell s boundary.

the worst-case co-channel interference between the two cells is a function of the cells minimum separation distance D, i.e., the minimum distance between a client from C1 and a client from C2.


However, in mobile ad hoc communications, the service provider may not have Internet connection available all the time.

uAProf query using provided URL is not feasible.


For thresholdbased pricing it will be shown that the asynchronous heuristic outperforms the synchronous heuristic for f= 0.5.

when the congestion e.ect of interfering users is strong (f= 0.5), it is better to apply the asynchronous model whereas with f<0.5 synchronous distributed scheduling is better.


Since devices are likely to move farther away from their initial locations over time, the older a PDP Context is, the more likely its setup location is inaccurate.

we evaluate the inaccuracy of PDPSetupLocations with PDP Context age.


Xcast explicitly encodes the destination addresses list in data packets, instead of using a multicast address.

the source encodes the list of destinations in the Xcast header, and then sends the data packet to a router.


Additionally, since each RPL instance generates packets independently and can di.er in choice of next hop, this creates an implicit priority queue within each node (i.e., each node has limited resources and their usage is weighted by each DODAG s operations).

to ensure that the e.ect of only multiple RPL instances is considered in simulations, any MAC level prioritization should focus of channel access and not queue scheduling.


Distributed scheduling algorithms either fail to achieve high performance in real deployments due to their myopic view of interference characteristics, or take signi.cant time to converge to a globally optimal solution.

they are not reactive to current network conditions.


Most such cards cannot be turned into transparent, MAC-level ( layer 2 ) repeaters.

our system is implemented in the layer 2.5 of the OSI network stack.


This increases the density of the sensors in a cluster.

compromised nodes in a cluster can  SHELL(compromised CHs:2) SHELL(compromised CHs:3) SHELL(compromised CHs:4) Our scheme(60sec.)


The cost incurred at Q2 over this f interval is negligible.

cA(b) for the case s<µ,T1 = T0 is given by the sum of the three costs computed above.


The reachable accuracy is given in the Table 2.

the provided approach is attractive for optimization of large dimension systems.


Packet losses reduce the bandwidth between communicating stations, since they cause nodes to double their contention window and thereby, backoff for longer durations before retransmitting their data.

in order to estimate the potential downstream bandwidth from a given AP, an end-host needs to estimate the loss rate on the wireless link from the AP to itself.


The newly arrived body flits can not be routed by themselves since they do not contain any routing information.

the stored head flit in the head flit buffer is used to generate the virtual head flit for the fragmented packet.


When the peer gives a contribution more than its benefit, its utility will start negative and this will stop the peer to join the system.

it is interesting to find out the contribution value in two aspects: a) the value of ci, to maximize the utility function, b) the maximum of ci, to keep the utility in +0.


Furthermore, even if the FHSS signal is corrupted by a narrowband interferer, the device can send data successfully once it hops to a new clear frequency channel.

even when more and more frequency channels are corrupted by interference, FHSS does not completely fail but degrades gracefully.


The performance limitation of a link is related to all subsets of links containing the link itself.

some of the results about set s-local pooling can be applied here.


The MAP can be viewed as the local home agent , and in most cases, it is located closer to the MN than the HA.

the signaling cost saved is the difference between the roundtrip time of the MN to the MAP and the roundtrip time between the MN to the HA, assuming that message processing time within a network node is insignificant in comparison.


For instance, the CC1000 transmitter used in Berkeley motes allow 255 di.erent power levels, where the highest output power is 30 db higher than the lowest power level.

using a good power control algorithm, a signi.cant amount of power may be saved for the transmitting sensor nodes.


Nevertheless, this kind of scheme has as main problems that there is no way for any node to validate the authenticity of the misbehavior reports and the there is the possibility of falsely detecting misbehavior nodes.

we don t consider it as a feasible solution so far.


On the other hand, higher bit rates can be achieved, when resources are available.

gPRS is supposed to be the main development trend of GSM networks to- wards third generation mobile systems like UMTS/IMT- 2000 [13, 10, 11], which are based on Wideband CDMA.


However, in the physical model of MPR, each receiving node has a receiver range such that all the nodes transmitting within this range will be decoded by the receiver.

the de.nition of physical model should incorporate this fact in order to better represent this new manyto-one communication scheme.


With the requirement of ß, the population of each resulting category, although maybe less than a· n, is con.ned to be close to a· n. Furthermore, to save scanning time, the number of products in each category is estimated by a probabilistic algorithm.

we can not provide deterministic guarantee for the two constraints.


Regarding whether each addition produces a carry from bit r-1to bit r, there are four sub-cases as follows: Case 1.1: neither A+ B0 or A+ B1 produces a carry from bit r-1to bit r. B0 and B1 do not a.ect the most signi.cant l-r bits of A+B0 or A+B1.

the most signi.cant l-r bits of these two are determined solely by A and hence are the same.


Thus, an additional SRLG was added to our SRLG database that incorporated the links in a given area that were MPLS enabled application of this enhanced SRLG database successfully localized all of the SRLGs impacted by the four simultaneous failures with a threshold of 1.0.

this illustrates how the threshold used in the SCORE algorithm can allow our results to be robust to incomplete modeling of all of the possible SRLGs any level of modeling of risk groups can be inadequate as there could be more complicated failure scenarios that cannot be modeled by humans perfectly a priori.


Overprovisioning in order to avoid having to deal with QoS aspects on the other hand is quite expensive in mobile environments and currently not done on a suf.cient scale to make networked games playable.

we used GAV to characterize this traf.c type in more detail, performing measurements regarding bandwidth usage, server response times, and user behavior.


As network nodes that have not transmitted a signal for a while are removed from the cache table, the node does not consider inactive nodes when estimating the local density.

the estimated network density naturally accounts for dynamically changing traffic flows and mobility in the network.


Even if theadversary .ndsaphysicalpositionand anappropriatetransmission con.guration, theperiodic change of thefrequency affects theRSS relation within thelegitimateWSN(asdemonstratedin Section 2.1) and invalidates the con.guration used for the attack.

the signalprint which was broken by the adversary is not validfor communication using other transmission con.guration.


In E-ASAP, each node assigns a slot to itself in the frame of the minimum length where con.icts do not occur.

the channel utilization improves in comparison with ASAP.


Figure 4 shows how the source fits the content distribution to the peers based on their available capacity.

each peer in the first cluster (WPI, UCL and UTL) receives and forwards a part of the broadcasted file from the source based on its throughput.


A forwarder noti.es the network if it notices a signi.cant change in the modi.ed link qualities.

when a local entropy attacker sends noninnovative coded packets, the routing layer is alerted that speci.c links are not carrying innovative coded packets.


We .nd that these quantities become independent of t (become stable) after a certain number of agents have joined the system and their time evolutions also match accurately with each other for di.erent value pairs of v and b.Figure 3 shows few such sample cases for di.erent combinations of the other two parameters N and µ.

it can be understood that, to analyze the coverage, i.e., number of distinct sites where a message can be spread by means of a speci.c information dissemination scheme in DTN, the very .rst step to be carried out is to estimate the parameters of the bipartite network setup that can work as a perfect proxy for the DTN setup.


In Scribe [5], for example, each node saves the routing state of every topic routed through it.

depending on protocol and implementation, both IP-multicast and ALM pose a practical limit to the number of multicast channels.


A Joint Centralized Scheduling and Channel Assignment Scheme in WiMax Mesh Networks Yuliang Tang* Department of Communication Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen, P. R. China tyl@xmu.edu.cn Yan Yao Department of Communication Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen, P. R. China Xinrong Lin Department of Computer Science Xiamen University Xiamen, P. R. China   ABSTRACT The IEEE 802.16 standard, also known as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), which provides a mechanism for deploying high-speed wireless mesh networks in metropolitan areas.

quality of Service (QoS) is very important for WiMax networks.


Since k is constant in this case, we know that the pernode multicast capacity is upper-bounded by the per-node unicast capacity with ns unicast sessions.

the per-node multicast capacity is almost surely at most O( vn · W ), which is same ns log n as O( v n v · W ) since k is constant.


Indeed, a peer always seeks for fast peers to download from.

it is likely that if some pieces are available on only few overloaded peers, these peers 6This problem is usually referenced as the last piece (singular) problem.


Moreover, a web server running SPDY would not support HTTP and vice versa.

we would be evaluating connections to di.erent servers which could a.ect our results (depending on their load, number of objects served, etc).


mon, forward, and reverse nodes, we split the coverage constraint in Eq (2) into two separate equations: fwd fwd .c : cov = pc,j + o (8) cc,j j :Nj .Pcommon fwd cj :Nj .P c rev rev .c : cov c = pc,j + oc,j (9) j :Nj .Pcommon j :Nj .Prev cc Now, for stateful analysis, the notion of coverage is meaningful only if both sides of the session have been monitored.

we model the effective coverage as the minimum of the forward and reverse coverage values: fwd rev .c : covc = min{cov c ,cov c , 1} (10) We make three observations here.


With directinput rendering, the client does not have to interpolate its own player since exact commands are executed.

the rendering of the local player is accurate.


In this paper, we focus our simulation experiments on the network aspects of our solution.

simulation results indicating end-to-end throughput for the di.erent protocols as a function of the wireless channel error rate is shown in Figure 9.


Only by switching the radio component to the Sleep mode can batery energy be temporarily conserved.

radio components should be completely shut down when they are not transmitting or receiving data a radio operating in Idle mode consumes almost the same amount of power as in the Receive mode.


6.1 Single Flat VLAN All network links on physical nodes, which involve all inter-AS links, are connected into a single .at VLAN, and are separated by IP address ranges using IP aliases on virtual nodes in the current version of the prototype system.

we discovered below issues that have to be resolved.


These anomalies represent a large fraction of the Internet tra.c that is unwanted and penalizes legitimate users from accessing optimal network resources.

detecting and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


This issue is not relevant to our classi.er only,but applies to manyother traf.c analysis techniques as well.

resultsgenerated from empirical studies based on the assumptions mentioned in Section 4.2, have to be regarded as best case estimations.


Apply the design guideline "turn configuration into a factory object".

introduce an object that knows which wrappers and domain objects to create for a certain configuration.


(9) As to the .rst term nf(n) on the right hand side of (9), where f(n)=  1 - `1+ e´2kvr(n) n d , recalling that e = o`log n nd ´ we have d log f(n)= n log 1 - `1+ e´2kvr(n)  ~-2kvnd r(n)= - log n - .. - log n-.´ = .c-.

nf(n)=T`ne e , for all n = N0(.c), where .c is a .xed positive constant.


Consider, for example, a TC that has recently registered with a WFIN and has provided the further information that it is 10 hops from the WFIN (such values are commonwhenthe TC is on theupper .oors of a building).

if the WFIN desires to reach the TC, it could, perhaps, broadcast a paging message that is to be relayed no 1 Due to the straight streets and buildings lining the streets, it is common that when propagating down a street, the signal strength decays like d-a,where a<2.This e.ect is known as propagation in urban canyons.


[] 2. ing procedure leads to false positives.Even if the available computational power can perform 232 CRC tests, we pick a block size that is su.ciently large (i.e., NB is su.ciently small) so that, even in the worst case, we do not perform too many CRC checks.Hence, we guarantee by design that 2.

if E is close to 232, it is likely that the combin « 232 and keep the false positive probability su.ciently small.Our implementation uses NB =6.


For each channel used, the receiver has to sample it, and switch to the next channel.

for each channel used, there is a sensing plus switching delay added to the size of a time slot.


Lautaro Dolberg SnT -University of Luxembourg lautaro.dolberg@uni.lu Thomas Engel SnT -University of Luxembourg thomas.engel@uni.lu tems, webcam, TV screens, cars or any other connected things).

these problems have been investigated since decades.


This is even the case although some versions of IEEE802.11 [1] provide simple solutions for QoS assurance, like EDAC and HCCA.

a more .exible solution, which also supports multi-hop transmission, is needed for practical network transmissions.


On the otherhand,Kolmogorov-Simirnov testis applied to compare the probability density function (PDF) of WM signals to the Gaussian PDF.

fM modulated WM signals have non-Gaussian distribution and do not vanish in bispectral domain.


Decision making is an information-oriented process.

additional link and node status information could be broadcasted to allow applying more powerful metrics to construct the paths.


On the other hand the actual SpiNNaker is aware of these failures and would route the packets through trusted paths.

a lower degree of system degradation is expected.


As the network size grows, location announcement packets are distributed to a larger number of nodes.

the average bias given to data packets becomes weaker and the paths taken by the data packets get longer.


where sinc(x)=sin(px)/px captures the interaction between the .xed virtual and true sensor delays, and St,£ = {i : -1/2W< t i -e/W = 1/2W} is the set of all sensors whose relative delays lie within the e-th delay resolution bin of width .t =1/W.

the angle-delay virtual representation partitions the sensor responses into distinct angledelay resolution bins: the virtual coe.cient HV (m,m,e)isa superposition of all sensor responses whose angles and delays lie in the intersection of m-th spatial beam and e-th delay ring (see Fig.


)= P(die = e >.|die >r(n)) where r(n)isde.nedin(4).

p(die = r(n))is upperbounded as pr2(n) ln(f(n)/4) P(die = r(n))= = 2(n)23+5a/2.f(n) c P(Snear ln(f(n)/4) + P (Snear e >.


This can be implemented by signing each packet by the sender s certi.ed digital signature or using ef.cient symmetric key protocols like TESLA [24][12].

the adversary cannot forge packet transmissions from uncompromised nodes, and cannot launch Sybil attack [9] by faking uncompromised nodes identities.


Our protocol is designed for unicast data transmissions, where performance a.ects only the receiver.

when a sender transmits to multiple receivers, the feedback of a malicious receiver does not a.ect the performance of other receivers.


These studies [18, 4] do not consider multiple video streams or how the available bandwidth should be distributed among them to increase bandwidth utilization, energy saving, and average video quality.

they do not provide an ef.cient solution to our problem.


In this case we should restart algorithm to enumerate distribution, and, therefore, hosts might get new IP addresses.

we will have to rewrite the .ow entries on the switches.


4.3 Discussion IMP needs some information from the application in order to make good prefetching decisions, but we must avoid making the developer s task onerous, or else applications will not use our system.

we have only added features when our applications required them (e.g.


The links use SPQ with uncoordinated priorities such that each link prioritizes packets that have traveled a longer distance before arriving at that link.

edge (1, 2) prioritizes C2 , and edge (3, 4) prioritizes C1 .


The inverse MCTF has a much lower computational complexity than MCTF encoder.

the decoder can also be implemented in real-time.


3.1 Link Lifetime Estimation PBGR predicts the link lifetime using the model from [5], which assumes a free space propagation model [10] where the received signal strength is only determined by the distance to the transmitter.

as long as the distance between two nodes is less than the transmission range, r or equivalently the signal strength is higher than some threshold; the link between them can be maintained.


Further, battery replacement is impossible in many wireless sensor network applications.

energy supply of sensor nodes is limited, and sensor networks have a .nite operational lifetime.


This implies that the number a of such nodes is at most f2.2r 2 .

in each mini-slot of t, the probability that there exists some node in W that can successfully broadcast a coded mini-message to all its neighboring nodes is at least 2 since r ., which implies that the probability that there |W | 1 .


Since rate updates at a node take time proportional to its network depth (that is, number of hops from the parent node), this implies that at any point in time, the rate between neighboring nodes of di.erent depth will be di.erent.

the nodes will be generating packets at di.erent times.


We know that the channel quality is unstable while the train entering the station, and the MS should adopt a more robust bit rate.

aARA probes from lower bit rates instead and increases the probing rate to adapt to the changing channel.


This happens due to the existence of nodes which even at the sea surface, do not have the possibility of direct communication with any sonobuoy.

these nodes do not perform the depth adjustment.


In addition, packet lengths may often be smaller than the maximum value, thereby reducing the utilization even further.

it is possible to operate at an instantaneous output rate, R(t)that is lower than the maximum rate, C, for most of the time.


Jess uses an enhanced version of the Rete algorithm [14] to process rules, making Java software capable to reason using knowledge supplied in the form of declarative rules.

we implemented the whole .ow chart presented in Fig.


This is not surprising: the beacons were small frames sent at the lowest data rate, while the data frames were much larger, and were sent at higher data rates.

distant AirMonitors were less likely to successfully overhear the data frames.


In the absence of network coding, each lost packet at each receiver would have to be retransmitted.

network coding allows for a more ef.cient use of the wireless spectrum.


Notice that this condition k k-1 2 k can be trivially satis.ed by letting E = k1 2 .

the utility of terminal vk is p1(d)-c(vk) = .


Parallelly, each peer in the first cluster acts as a source for a new cluster located on the second level of our hierarchical structure.

peer 1 is a forwarding peer of cluster 1 and a source peer of cluster 2 (which is formed by peers 7, 8 and 9) at the same time.


Also, the convergence rate of coordinate descent method is usually linear [26] (in practice, we .x the iteration number as a constant).

the computational complexity of Algorithm 1 is actually linear with respect to the number of events (i.e., t), considering that the number of nodes involved in each aggregation (i.e., n) and the number of classes (i.e., m) are usually small.


Note that if the same variable appears in multiple symbolic packets in a scenario, then it gets replaced by the same value.

the symbolic scenario 3 of Figure 2 corresponds to n2 concrete scenarios if the type IP ADDR contains n distinct addresses.


This will bring about two bene.ts: (i) the nodes will be able to prioritize their retransmissions without the confusing impact of the MAC layer; (ii) the MAC layer will be able to use longer delays without having to worry about impairing the network layer.

it may do a better job as far as avoiding collisions is concerned.


However, the multi-hop transmission is indeed a sequence of direct point-to-point transmissions.

it remains important to find the most energy efficient scheme for point-to-point transmission.


The reason is that fi(ti) =(1- pijti ) is a concave function of ti.

we get diminishing returns as ti increases.


By Lemma 8.1, there exists ..> 0 such that for any .. .


It also mediates and monitors access to virtualized hardware resources.

this layer enforces isolation of compartments and controls communicationbetweenprocesses runningindi.erent compartments.


We can represent each tree by de.ning parent functions .M and .S nn for TM and TS respectively.

under this construction, data at node n is routed to the sink through .M in TM , .S in TS, nn and .n in T. we de.ne the edges in each tree by the ordered pairs (n,.M ) and (n,.S) for TM and TS.


However, management systems and veri.cation tools for BGP con.guration already exist today, but they are more complicated and constrained because they must work around the artifacts of today s routing system.

adding RCP to the routing system does not really constitute more functionality ; rather, RCP moves routing functionality to a part of the system where complexity can be better managed.


The probability a2 that the source operates in source-torelay transmission is 1/2.

every timeslot during the interval T1, the source delivers a duplicate packet to a new node with probability of at least f, where v -d 1)n- n log k11 - e f = (1 - (1 - ) .


We also note that in a benign network, the value of d determines the delivery latency.

in a network in which attacks are rare, we can use a large d to reduce delivery latency in normal cases, and use a large a to limit the attack impact when under attack.


The storage overhead for the coordinate of its home cell is negligible.

each sensor has to allocate 5(t + 1) log q memory space to store the secret.


1 can buy energy at time T1, while selling the same amount of energy back during time T2.

compared to intra-network power management strategies, the cross-boundary approach adopted by OET improves both the energy management capability and scope.


With TCP tra.c and RTS/CTS disabled, the reported results are ß1 =0.382, ß2 =0.200, and ß3 =0.135.

we .nd a more extreme unfairness with our empirical measurements (ß1 =0.71, ß2 =0.100, ß3 =0.069, and ß4 =0.009), indicating that [10] is overly optimistic with respect to the fairness of 802.11 in parking lot tra.c matrices.


This could be due to late arrivals of packets from other paths.

a key performance metric of using MPTCP is to measure packet out-of-order delay at the receive bu.er before packets are ready for delivery to the application layer.


For the PNC scheme, both the active transmission and reception areas can overlap, but during each time slot, a transmitter node in the overlapped active reception areas can only transmit one packet, while a receiver node in the overlapped transmission areas will also receive a combination of the information transmitted from its neighboring transmit Figure 3: Available total active area for PNC ter nodes as one packet (see Figure 3).

we have the following important observation of Ataa for PNC: Lemma 3.4.


On the other hand, new wireless applications (i.e., secondary users), starving for spectrum, would like to pay for using the spectrum.

an open and market-based framework is highly needed to redistribute the idle spectrum, and thus improve the utilization of spectrum.


By additionally leveraging the OpenFlow fast failover mechanism, the data plane functions can also be made robust to failures.

such functionality may not only be attractive to reduce the load on the control plane, but may also be used to provide critical information to troubleshooting applications in a resilient manner.


To support this functionality in distributed environments, PDQ provides the ability to perform distributed preemption of existing .ow tra.c, in a manner that enables fast switchover and is guaranteed to never deadlock.

pDQ provides a distributed .ow scheduling layer which is lightweight, using only FIFO tail-drop queues, and .exible, in that it can approximate a range of scheduling disciplines based on relative priority of .ows.


Their protocols ensure that the end-to-end delays of messages remain limited, compared with the time constraints of the applications.

these networks are deterministic and it is possible for such networks to obtain directly time performances.