In the occurrence of failures, the leader performs the recovery process formerly managed by the Central Manger.

this method may be useful in clusters where computational nodes are diskless but equipped with large memory or in a shared disk environment.


Max-flow Output Assignment Formulation Our technique for evaluated the MSD metric without SAT is as follows: We perform a binary search on potential MSD values to determine the minimum MSD.

5.1 Cardinality Constraints we can safely preassign a second node to either the same One way to assert cardinality constraints in our SAT instances is via a partition as the first or another arbitrary partition.


When SMS and VWQ are combined, row buffer hit ratio increases to 44%.

for instance, web servers and NoSQL data stores allocate web pages and frequently-used rows in software caches.


Categories and Subject Descriptors: B.m [Hardware, Miscellaneous]; B.7.m Integrated Circuits, Miscellaneous General Terms: Design Keywords: FPGA, Nanotechnology Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

the panel seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Do atomically-engineered materials and fabrication techniques offer new capabilities that are sufficiently compelling to encourage the necessary investment and learning?


However, due to conflicts in the cache, capacity limitations and low visibility into the actions on the lower level caches, these properties cannot be held using the typical LRU policy in the lastlevel cache.

to statically separate the set into two subsets of different sizes, we logically map the first X lines to priority level 2 and the next N-X lines to priority level 1.


To optimize the power-bandwidth product of the amplifier, while still profiting from the averaging property, the minimum possible interpolation factor of 2 is chosen at the output of each gain stage.

[8] Xicheng Jiang, Zhengyu Wang, M. Frank Chang, A 2GS/s 6b ADC in 0.18µm CMOS , IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Vol.


2.2 The attack Our attack is based on the observation that the KDC has no means to verify whether or not an incoming AS_REQ * message is fresh.

the exact details of this exchange are not relevant to our attack.


Vias due to these repeaters can have a major impact on the available resources in lower layers.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


For direct I/O, there is usually no copying needed since I/O can occur directly to/from the user buffer.

2.1.3 File Access Commands Before any data can be read or written, DAFS files must be explicitly opened using the DAFS_PROC_OPEN request.


Therefore, the package and fabrication costs are reduced.

the main idea is to divide the original problem into a set of subproblems corresponding to each time step.


On ISP, the above agile MIMO detector can be easily implemented at the cost of increased code size and a bit more instruction memory accesses.

since ISP takes the programmability as the key design criterion, the multiplexing of data-path and memory on ISP is much easier than that on ASICs.


Pipelining of operations was explored in [6].

this condition requires the weight of the correct path to exceed that of an incorrect one by M/2.


In practice, a multifingered transistor may be composed of two or more contiguous elements that are laid out far apart to account for different process gradients.

passive devices like resistors and capacitors are automatically detected by a traversal through the nets in the layout when the calculated value of the passive exceeds a threshold.


to ensure the probability after adjustment is still between 0 and 1, we use the following equation to calculate Proute: Wroute 1 (8) Proute = Pedge + ( N - ) × k R .Wroute (Ri ) NR i=1 where NR is the total number of edges in G and Ri is the route represented by the edge i in G. k is an adjustment coefficient chosen to amplify the differences between the probabilities of routes with different weights and is selected such that all values for each Proute are between 0 and 1.


Suppose that, among many functional paths, paths p1, p2, and p3 stand out as three critical reliability paths at di.erent time points, e.g., path p1 has the largest delay from time 0 up to time t1, path p2 has the largest delay during [t1, t2], and path p3 becomes the most critical after time t2.

we design RCRPs in a way that, by measuring RCRPs delay using on-chip structures such as [10, 11, 17], estimation on the largest delay can always closely track that of the critical reliability paths.


In addition to eFlash, onetime or multi-time programmable (OTP, MTP) memory has also been drawing significant attention.

the total standby current may include various sources such as analog and SOC components in the system.


These models admit e.cient algorithms for bu.er sizing, throughput, and other tasks, which can be applied for automatic glue synthesis.

(1, 1, 1) Figure 9: CSDF model of the Source-Resampler example.


As in the naïve way-reduction scheme, we also adopt Gated-Vdd [22] to faultycache bit subblocks in our proposed scheme for energy-efficiency.

the fault rate of20~30% is approximately corresponds to the PV level 2~3 (undera little severe process variation).


The formula is valid for copper conductors with typ  50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Inductor Diameter (µm) Figure 1: Non-convex quality factor and physical inductance functions ical dimensions.

on Electron Devices, pages 560 568, March 2000.


[41] Texas Instruments, TMS320C6000 Programmer Guide, 2001.

it also has the highest computational complexity.


The solutions for the one sensor failure cases (Equations 19 to 26), are elegant.

volume 1802 of Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Genetic Programming, pages 121 132.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

reconfiguration at the cellular level [13] the added flexibility could not be protected by employing the same self-repairing mechanism used in case of the logic mode; a strategy based on redundant coding was chosen in order to ensure the integrity of storage data [10].


xi are the optimization variables obeying the implicit positive constraint, i.e., xi > 0.

to .nd the .nal mobility , mobility multipliers from the left and right directions of a device should be multiplied as MOB = MOBL ·MOBR.


Our simulator contains a main memory paging system and .ash ......~.............. ......~...........'^.. storage with an SRAM.

to avoid destroying intra-page locality, we enhance the TF policy by forcing all the pages of the same virtual memory page to be replaced in sequence.


Figure 3 is an example of a waveform for inertial sensor data of pointing gesture A, and Figure 4 is a result of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for the data of Figure 3.

cS is considered as a robust method to the changes in a user.


The abstraction is generated such that whenever a property passes on the abstract model, it is guaranteed to pass on the original design as well.

whenever a counter-example is found in the abstract model (line 9 of Algorithm 4.1) SAT-BMC is used to check if it is a true counter-example on the concrete model.


A processor using per-core DVFS can deliver considerably higher performance/power efficiency than a processor using chip-wide DVFS when it exhibits small coreto-core (C2C) voltage variations (Section 2).

in active state, a PCPG device incurs a slight voltage drop across it (i.e., between the supply voltage and the actual voltage applied to the core).


Exact modeling is not possible for standard cell design where the target circuit is unknown.

(c) Butter.y plot of NAND with failing VOL.


The execution time for vi additionally includes HW-SW communication time for each child of vi mapped to a different partition.

our experiments indicated that there was only a weak correlation between the initial temperature and the problem size.


this method is not appropriate for splitting characteristics of each converter without monitoring an internal node.


Although frequently used, these benchmarks are very limited in number of circuits, there is no correctness guarantee since some circuits were obtained from internet websites, and .nally, only speci.c size circuits are provided.

second, neither industrial nor synthetic benchmarks can be used exclusively to evaluate new tools.


OPTIMALALGORITHMFORUNIFORM TRACKS In this section, we propose an optimal algorithm for the cases where the track structures are uniform, and all terminals are aligned with each other.

in our model, the .ow contention is possible only between the nodes corresponding to terminals (), instead of the nodes corresponding to individual routing resources ().


Access to the AHB consists of two phases, an address phase and a data phase.

it would be possible to omit the actual classical processor core (LEON) on the SoC.


Online Scheduling and Placement of Real-time Tasks to Partially Reconfigurable Devices.

a problem exists as to how to efficiently utilize the limited number of SystemC acceleration engines to execute a changing event-driven SystemC emulation event queue to minimize total emulation time.


-ae, is the clock skew between s. and e. Assume s,e sthat for a timing run at another corner cj, s. was also found to be the startpoint of the path causing the worst-case slack at e. As a result, the slack for e at corner cj is written as: j jjj s= k.+ d.- t(7) hold s,e s,e hold In this case, the change in hold slack .ij ,where sj = si + hold hold .ij , can be written as follows: j - kij - di ij .ij = k..+ d..+ t- t(8) s,e s,e s,e s,e hold hold Knowing the exact value of .ij would require performing an STA run at cj .

table 1 shows our test circuits and their respective sizes.


The typical battery capacity for modern smartphones is 1500 ~ 2000mAh/3.7V.

the reduction of supply voltage may cause the deviation of the display luminance from the target value, incurring the noticeable influence on human vision.


INTRODUCTION Ready-to-use IP designs of complex functionalities greatly reduce the time and effort of hardware development.

the IP generator encapsulates the degrees of freedom in implementing a well-known kernel functionality and is capable of generating the corresponding implementations.


For the applications with large workload variability, the operating voltage and frequency can be further controlled dynamically around these static values.

the VFI partitioning problem is formulated as follows: Given An NoC architecture;  The scheduling of the driver application across the network;  Maximum number of allowed VFIs;   Figure 3 Different voltage-frequency island partitionings and corresponding static voltage assignments for a 2×2 network.


In this paper, we adopt the standard definition of arrival time and transition time that is commonly used in STA and ATPG tools, meaning that the arrival time of a signal transition is set to the time instance at which signal waveform crosses the 0.5Vdd voltage level whereas the transition time of a signal transition is defined as the slope of a line connecting two specific points on the noisy input: the points are when the signal waveform crosses the 0.1Vdd and 0.9Vdd voltage levels.

p2 shows that in order to significantly reduce the slowdown from its worst-case level, the input skew will have to be changed by a rather large amount.


A.1 Fixed-Symbol-Length Schemes As discussed in the previous section, there could be X-bits left after merging the compatible codewords by Alternate Fill [17], which can be .lled without affecting the entropy of the entire test vector.

iEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, 22(6):783 796, June 2003.


The messages appear in 1815 conversations with other users (2089 users in total).

in FACH, the UE is assigned a default common or shared transport channel where only low-speed transmission can be performed.


Solution: Let us expand fand 9with respect to the variableX, so thatfdgaX9gfflfu+cffand 9tgaX9gw9hfn+h9f.

two ef.cient search algorithms are presented.


For the DFG mapping we used a variant of list-scheduling-based mapping algorithm that performs scheduling, operation-to-PE binding, and register binding all at once, similarly to [14] except that we do not adopt modulo scheduling.

as a result, conventional mapping algorithms do not need to handle control .ow explicitly, but only need to consider data dependency as usual.


These approaches, however, could have some issues.

since the system needs timing valanced dual-rail output, those two additional devices (M13 to M16) are attached to both storage nodes.


The violations shown are minimum path violations, i.e.

as GCF constraints are designed to be imposed only on external, top-level pins, it was found necessary to introduce dummy pins to a physical design .le (DEF format) to be able to constrain the appropriate paths.


Speci.cally, the interferences including the AC control unit, the metallic supports of the tables, and the metal cabinets, have caused signi.cant negative effects to the magnetometer readings, whereas Headio s performance is robust against such strong interferences.

homography based visual odometry with known vertical direction and weak Manhattan world assumption.


With deadline set to 19 ms, 10% of the deadlines are lost during discovery.

after each invocation of the scheduler, a new point may be added to the Pareto-optimal sets.


[10] A. Gandhi, H. Akkary, R. Rajwar, S. Srinivasan, and K. Lai.


and then it checks again overflow condition.


Results for reliability analysis are presented in Section 6, followed by some concluding remarks in Section 7.

combined with faster precharge, the circuit also achieves a degree of resistance to charge-sharing issues.


Let C0 be the total capacitance of self capacitance and the load capacitance of one bus line.

because of the bus-inverting reducing the switches on the bus, the energy consumed by coupling capacitance is also reduced.


In our approach, not only the energy harvester model but also the optimisation algorithm is implemented in a single VHDL-AMS testbench.

the energy harvester has a large storing capacitor of 0.22F and even for one chromosome, simulating the voltage across it with time step of 0.1ms for 100 seconds takes almost 10 minutes.


As an adequate management of the fragmentation problem has revealed itself crucial, our heuristics tries to keep it as low as possible.

[4] deal with the area allocation problem by using a bin-packing approach and applying some of the classical algorithms for such theoretical problem.


The discussions finally revealed that learners were not convinced that using the system to report on the meals they received at school, would lead to improvement of the NSNP.

based on the findings summarized in the Results section, we deduce that children aged 1218 using a VUIbased service significantly prefer speech input over DTMF.


This is because the miss rates of the caches are not uncorrelated, and more importantly, misses at di.erent layers incur di.erent costs.

j<n) is the number of caches at layer j that are connected to a cache at layer j +1.


POWER ATTACKS Power analysis attacks come in many variants.

many of these data-path units can be implemented using the components taken from our library of power-maskable units.


During this phase the algorithm only handles the yet unallocated multiplications.

if one operation is executed over a wider FU the most significant bits of the result produced are discarded.


This will be explained in more detail below.

[8] M. Johnson, D. Somasekhar, and K. Roy, Leakage Control with Efficient use of Transistor Stacks in Single Threshold CMOS, Design Automation Conf., pp.


1 illustrates the Electrothermal Engineering vision to convey its broad scope.

this is mainly due to the increasing leakage power dissipation in  CMOS devices (Fig.


Hearing lips and seeing voices, Nature, Vol.

human Factors in Telecom., Torino, 1990 6.


After establishing a high-level order using whole reordering, we still need to perform local changes using partial reordering.

highly congested edges with higher congestion value .ed (discussed in Section 3.1) are forbidden from being passed.


In this work, we showed how EC-Mon could be used to program two very di.erent monitoring applications: speculation past barriers and record-replay for debugging.

similarly, in the second scenario, when the event is received after W2{, but before W2, the handler is not called yet; it is only called after W2.


Rather, a 4.2 program tends to spend execution in memory clusters for some time and gradually switch to other clusters [10].

crosstalk is obviously reduced (since inter-wire capacitances decreased).


* An extended abstract of this paper was submitted to DIALM-POMC 2010.

here we use .N to denote log(mN)+ k. the notation .


Shoestring then moves on to the next high-value instruction and repeats the process with instruction 7.

since Shoestring exploits fault masking at the application level, full program simulation is also required.


such an approach has the potential for large scale non-ionizing radiation studies, featuring representative results and an overall reduced bias in the exposure assessment.


Prentice hall Englewood Cliffs, 2002, vol.

in a non-uniform sampling, more samples have to be chosen in such ranges.


(19) h By substituting F(Zk) with (17), one can obtain VT CV VT CV Zk-1 ( + VT GV )Zk = - V T f(xj ) h h (20) + VT GV zj - V T Bu.

it can conveniently provide predicted boundary of multiple trajectories under uncertain interval parameters by one-time computation, in contrast to simulate different trajectories one by one.


In a bandpass filter the phase shift between the input signal and output of the filter at the center frequency is zero.

therefore the degree of the filter will not change with the presence of parasitic capacitors.


All of the system state can be thought of as being in the network where packets act as tokens that trigger computation elements in a static manner, i.e., S={r1,...r9}.

a Layered, Codesign Virtual Machine Approach to Modeling Computer Systems, DATE 2002.


merely N-transistors in the following logic, the output load is less than in static CMOS.

with this knowledge, an area comparison is given in table 2.


Protecting smart cards from passive power analysis with detached power supplies .


Note that the con.guration sets for di.erent LE-crossbar pairs are di.erent, providing immense .exibility to NATURE for recon.guring such pairs independently of each other.

this would generally be true when communications between LEs are still local in the folded circuit.


Complete and practical methods have been proposed to check multi-cycle paths [12].

an Efficient Algorithm to Verify Generalized False Paths Olivier Coudert OC Consulting Auf der Höh 16a 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany Skype: ocoudert Twitter: @ocoudert olivier_coudert@ocoudert.com ABSTRACT Timing exception verification has become a center of interest as incorrect constraints can lead to chip failures.


the Int l Symposium on Computer Architecture, pages 240 251, 2001.

we propose to adopt the drowsy scheme to further reduce the aging e.ect of the data cache, i.e., applying the drowsy scheme to these invalidated cachelines.


[24] Xilinx Inc, Virtex-4 FPGA Family Datasheet, http://www.xilinx.com.

when idle, using the proposed standby mode, standby power is reduced by 99%.


While timing can vary by unacceptably large amounts, a second important factor is the leakage power (which is becoming a major fraction of the total power): its exponential dependence on process parameters can lead to large swings in the power dissipation from die to die after manufacturing.

finally, hybridization of CNT and Cu interconnects will be discussed as a very attractive alternative for deep nanometer scale VLSI technologies.


MIVs are similar to regular metal-layer vias and their corresponding capacitance and area values are negligible compared to those of TSVs that are micron-scale.

we study the impact of the thin inter-layer dielectric (ILD) between the device tiers on vertical thermal coupling.


In this work, results are presented for multiple dominance margin values, where for setup analysis the largest dominance margin allowed is 30ps, and in the case of hold analysis it is 10ps.

although crosstalk analysis can have a signi.cant e.ect on datapath delays, this is not very likely to happen for a partial corner without also happening for the anchor corner.


The .rst ldr and the subsequent str instructions in Figure 2 illustrate two accesses of this type, where the stack offset value of -44 from the frame pointer (fp) .ts in the 12-bit immediate .eld of the load/store instructions in ARM.

it is important to emphasize that this approach is our speculation we have not found this approach being suggested in the literature, which is not surprising considering its drawbacks listed above.


(6) to show how the con.ict miss probability falls as a function of the sparsity factor, c for a particular number of hash functions, k. 3.5 dMHC Area Model In order to achieve near-associativity, dMHC could require high values of the k and c parameters.

active messages: a mechanism for integrated communication and computation.


2 There are 5 voltage-frequency pairs available to be selected, i.e., (0.8V, 10MHz), (0.9V, 20MHz), (1.0V, 30MHz), (1.1V, 40MHz), (1.2V, 50MHz).

we have: i=1 N le mem out .fo =(A.fo + A.fo i,j j a) · z· S(9) N-1 j=i 3) Power constraints: The total power consumption of the system can be calculated by Equation (10), which consists of the power of all PEs and asynchronous FIFOs.


Then a SEFSM have been generated according to the rule of thumb reported in Section 4.

the experimental data have been computed by applying a functional random ATPG, and the EFSM-based ATPG described in Section 3.


In recent nanometer CMOS technologies below 90-nm, it is not uncommon to see that leakage current is responsible for more than 50% of the total power consumption [1].

we .rst run ASAP and ALAP schedulers to obtain a sequence of control steps at which each operation can exist.


In EOC scheduling, the output of each task can only be delivered to other cores when the slack of the current and all previous partitions have been accounted for.

two Core Architectures We assume that the system consists of two cores, the minimum amount of hardware for EOC to operate.


Especially crucial were correct implementations of memory consistency and cache coherence as well as a need to introduce timing randomization (Section 3.1).

accurate implementation of the memory consistency model was another key factor in successful test-pattern generation.


Figure 2 (d) and (e) shows the process when a cache replacement happens.

only the pure read-based and write-based partitioning is considered in this work.


[10] Micron Technology, 4Gb DDR3 SDRAM Datasheet, 2009.

for example, in the deepest low power Self Refresh (SR) mode, the entire clocked DRAM circuitry is turned off, resulting in no additional power dissipation beyond the power required to refresh the DRAM cells.


We have recognized the difficulty of functional verification considering asynchronous interaction of processing elements and embedded devices, so we tried to establish strategic verification environment.

soC enables us small, low cost, and low power consumer equipments.


However the optimal working point computed for the entire chain can in some cases lead to a reduced profit for some of the actors, who can be tempted to adopt a dysfunctional behavior, carrying out the attacks described in Section 2.

as confirmed by the experimental results, lowering the probability of an attack could not produce an effective modification of the risk profile of an actor (and vice versa).


The accuracy obtained was satisfactory since more than 90% of the errors were contained between the -5% to 5% range.

only the effects of the input ramp variations induced by the temperature and biasing changes are considered.


The last step does not demand a special synthesis tool.

in addition, the checkpoint latency L and the checkpoint overhead C can be reduced, because a smaller amount of data has to be transferred to the target CFSM.


Moreover, they are useful as backend for our approach, once the dynamic data are allocated into memory pools that can be statically declared.

to create an ef.cient DM manager, we have to systematically classify the design decisions that can be taken to handle the possible combinations of the previous factors (e.g.


[39] A. Svizhenko and M. P. Anantram, Effect of Scattering and Contacts on Current and Electrostatics in Carbon Nanotubes, Physical Review B, Vol.

the high resistance associated with an isolated CNT (greater than 6.45 K.) [11] necessitates the use of a bundle (rope) of CNTs conducting current in parallel to form an interconnection [4, 15].


Reduction of CMOS Power Consumption and Signal Integrity Issues by Routing Optimization Paul Zuber *, Armin Windschiegl§,Ra ´ul Medina Beltr ´an de Ot ´alora , Walter Stechele , et Andreas Herkersdorf Lehrstuhl f ¨ur Integrierte Systeme, TU M ¨unchen, *Email: Paul.Zuber@tum.de §IBM Deutschland Entwicklung, B ¨oblingen Abstract This paper suggests a methodology to decrease the power of a static CMOS standard cell design at layout level by focusing on switched capacitance.

we can exploit the remaining space after routing, especially grid-based routing, such that highly active wire segments become more isolated than segments with low switching activities.


This is expected, since, the introduction of hard-wired routing patterns reduces the .exibility of the routing architecture causing the router to use more tracks to route certain connections.

in Proceedings of International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, 2004.


First and foremost, the number of memory references required for a page walk is effectively independent of all architectural parameters except for the MMU and the L2 cache organization.

with the page table cache, the three top entries hit in the private page table cache, and only one entry (the L1 entry) requires a memory access, which may or may not hit in the L2 data cache.


If the write access number of a block A is ß times greater than that of a block B, we copy the content of block B to the swap block and move the content of block A to block B.

figure 4 Power down energy of the proposed scheme.


This means that all the gates on the critical path are distributed on all the rows in the design.

then we need to have such cells not power-gated.


The coverage increases from 50% (BuMP) to 63% (Full-region), on average.

building on the properties above, BuMP employs a simple, low-cost, and effective predictor that identifies highdensity pages and triggers bulk transfers upon a first read or write access to the page, thus guaranteeing high row buffer locality.


Note that the heritage of PV tools is one of (1) local checking, (2) focus on Boolean operations performed on polygon data, and (3) lack of empowerment to change the layout.

b. Kahng, The Road Ahead (column), IEEE Design and Test, 2002.


It comprises a cluster of LUTs and .ip.ops, where each .ip-.op can be optionally bypassed for implementing combinational logic.

the packing and placement of these combined block RAMs can have a large impact on the performance.


In current FPGA tools, the user must select the exact target device of the tool before synthesizing any design.

[2] H. Hamann, A. Weger, J. Lacey, Z. Hu, and P. Bose, Hotspot-Limited Microprocessors: Direct Temperature and Power Distribution Measurements, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol.


With threshold voltage scaling sub-threshold leakage power is expected to become a significant portion of the total power in future CMOS systems.

keywords: CMOS, Sub-threshold leakage, Within-die variation.


Hofstee, "Power-constrained microprocessor design," Proc.

for DRAM chips with power densities in the range of 0.01 W/mm2, stacks of many chips may be possible through careful thermal design.


Micro-scale ET effects involve length/time scale of 10nm-10Pm/0.1ns-10Ps, while macro-scale issues involve much larger length/time scales.

in order to comprehend the impact of cooling on thermal gradients and hotspots, a self-consistent electrothermal methodology for estimating substrate temperature profile has been developed (Fig.


for example, the output signal arrival time t0 of an interconnect is given by the summation of the input signal arrival time t1 and the delay d of the interconnect.1 t0 = t1 + d cdf(t0 = t)= pdf(t1 = t1)pdf(d = t2)dt1dt2 t1+t2=t .


Thus, no motion search is required and it has the lowest complexity.

the rest of the paper is organized as follows.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Discussions with C. Chen and N. Patil are gratefully acknowledged.

.mech does not limit the speed of the WRITE process, because most of the current that discharges N2 flows through MAX2.


These trends will place a very high demand on DRAM traf.c.

as the sub-frame gets written, the sub-frame is written to memory.


According to our placement policy (Section 2.1), the new block A is to be placed in d-group 0.

the set-associative cache also makes 8% of accesses to the last 2 d-groups, substantially more than NuRAPID s 2%.


selecting hierarchical blocks to be leaf blocks) by comparing the BlockSize against a computational lower bound threshold P and an upper bound threshold U.

inter-block optimizations are enabled to reduce the overall computational demands if a designated leaf contains multiple blocks.


DESIGN SPACE We classify existing microprocessors based on operand delivery as shown in Table 1.

current PRF-based machines do not; instead, they are read from the PRF after the instruction issues.


this could lead to about 27% reduction in speed.


of MOBICOM 2002, Atlanta, GA, USA, September 2002.

we can observe that for LH =3the LE is comparable for all values of M. as the value of LH increases, the LE decreases more rapidly for higher number of antenna sectors, due to the fact that the overlapping region becomes smaller when the antenna sectors become narrower.


Here, there are two things we would like to point out.

therefore, the linear program is formed by combining Equation (1)-(3) and Equation (5)-(7) and the following objective: L Minimize xi (8) i.P the setup constraints limit the delays that can be inserted, it is likely that the allowed inserted delays cannot satisfy the hold-time constraints which makes that the above linear program not feasible.


When diagnostic test sequences are compacted using ROR, the list of fault pairs distinguished by the original test sequence is required.

in this example this is fault f3 which is detected by the test vector v7.


The Figure shows only one cluster, the one that received the MJPEG application.

when a suspended task with higher priority than the current running one becomes ready to run, the former preempts the latter.


The figure shows results for the two configurations of masters and memories (e.g., 2x8 represents the case of 2 masters and 8 memories).

in order to manage the ordering information of outstanding requests, the transaction lists are managed as exemplified in Figure 6.


The delays were measured at both rising and falling edges.

for frequencies of 2 GHz and higher, Qcrit increases with clock frequency.


Under real-world conditions, channel noise increases signal transitions at the zero mark and thereby reduces prediction accuracy.

dISCUSSION Our analysis demonstrates the feasibility of physical-layer distance decreasing attacks on CSS ranging and their security implications.


For a k-LUT, this leads to an O(k2 ) number of additional clauses.

the CNF formulation demands that each of the n function inputs be selected by at least one of the m con.guration pins.


This method is used extensively on package level analysis.

what to do with the other discrete die shadow pins was an open question and we tried two cases: (I) attach all the die capacitance under the 2mm X 2mm die model or (II) distribute it evenly in the 9x9 die shadow, with 2x2 of the sections placed under the attached die model, and the rest directly attached to the package/die interface pins (see Figure 6).


5.2 Energy model As mentioned earlier, it is the major goal to explore the energy/power advantages of the our policy.

note that we do not impose any assumptions regarding the leakage reduction technique or its effects on parameters like cache timing, etc.


The rising and the falling signal transitions are in standard normal distributions.

2.2 Signal Toggling Analysis in Statistical Power Estimation In power estimation, statistical techniques achieve signi.cant ef.ciency improvement over simulation and testing, e.g., based on signal probability and signal toggling rate computation [8].


The proposed method increases the execution cycles by 0.29% on average.

in Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Workshop on VLSI, 1999.


In our work, on the other hand, we utilize some of these idle processors to improve reliability by executing on them duplicates of the computation performed by the active processors (P1 through Pm).

the International Symposium on System Synthesis, Montreal, Canada, September 30-October 3, 2001.


TRAINING ALGORITHM The training instances are labelled after they undergo full functional testing.

sELECTION OF MEASUREMENTS Increasing the dimensionality of the measurement space does not necessarily improve the ability of the network to generalize and may even cause an adverse e.ect due to the curse of dimensionality.


Such scenarios are used to reduce the system cost by exploiting information about what can happen at run-time to make better design decisions at design-time, and to exploit the time-varying behavior at run-time.

correlation between the HLR monitor and the BER.


Here we have a tw o-core target syystem exeecution with twwo ISSs enter ing a critical section each iin the inddicated chronollogical order.

tthe synchronizaation overhead of the shaared-variable appproach is still ssignificant.


5.3 Could DRAM buffer help the .rmware to reduce garbage collection overheads?

the resource con.ict on random reads causes low parallelism and thus degrades both bandwidth and latency.


The same frequent instructions may have different operands, but they have the same opcode.


The power amplifier [4], also known as output amplifier, provides final amplification to previously pre-amplified signals from the previous stages.

the circuit was designed for a 1.4V power supply voltage.


We recommend that you print the file for best legibility.

eIPC 5 4 3 2 1 0 thepreviousscalarregion.Thesameoverlappingsituation happenswiththeinitialscalarinstructionsofthescalarregionthatfollowseachvectorregion.Wehavemeasuredthis overlapforeachprogramanditneverexceeds4%ofthe totaloperationsexecuted.


We add the following requirement which extends the vertex coloring problem.

it has a range of memory addresses (Rl-low, Rh-high) and a set of memory operations (Op) which access the memory range.


If we examine the coverage model closely, we see that it consists of two parts: (1) a basic event that speci.es that a command is sent and few cycles later a response is sent back; (2) parameters that are attached to the basic event, such as the type of command and the type of response.

since LTL expressions refer to the in.nite future, they cannot always be evaluated during simulation that takes a .nite time.


It means that the device parameters of those n-MOSFETs have impacted the VCO performance by hot carrier injection.

a 5V appears at drains of transistors M1-M6 as a Vstress and hot carriers are injected into their drains.


[8] J. Teifel, R. Manohar, Programmable Asynchronous Pipeline Arrays Proc.

it becomes easier to implement 1 of N encoding, as auxiliary outputs per LE are available for Multi-Rail signals.


In recent deployments, we found that these building blocks enabled us to rapidly develop acoustic monitoring applications.

we will demonstrate accuracy comparable to prior tests in which we achieved 5 cm average 2D position error and 1.5 degree orientation error over a 80x50 m area.


[11] described a high-level interconnect power model for wires of a single core chip.

compared to inter-tile wires,  8 AF = 1% AF = 0.1% 10 100 100 0 5 10 15 20 10 relative power 6 10 90 90 80 80 4 70 10 70 number of wires relative power 60 60 2 50 50 10 40 40 30 0 30 10 20 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 101010101010 wire length (gate pitch) 10 10 00 Figure 3: Wire distribution of our base chip.


After excitation by a photon, an electron in the valence band of the nanocrystal is transferred to the conduction band, while the hole in the valence band may transfer to the hole-conducting MEH-PPV and the electron can either remain in the nanocrystal or move through the nanocrystal network by hopping or tunneling.

large-area, solution-processed photovoltaic devices fabricated from materials other than crystalline silicon are of keen interest to the energy community.


For example, the delay of the PMOS increases and that of the NMOS decreases under the effects of STI stress, therefore the total delay appears only a little variation.

then the mobility under the influence of STI stress can be obtained as follows: 3/2 3/2 3/2 f f(m )/ (mm )    (9) STI 0 eff hh hl where f0 is the original mobility without considering the effects of the STI stress.


For the remaining benchmarks, we do not expect much performance bene.t from value prediction.

for Radiosity and Raytrace, however, we ran tests only up to 3 max-predicted addresses due to simulation times being very high.


such plots can be used to determine the overall effectiveness of the different policy parameters for a certain workload.


The intuition behind this is to wake up early a few performance-critical routers while waking up late the rest (majority) of the routers.

as our approach breaks node-router dependence, it provides a unified solution to these problems and enables effective use of power-gating to on-chip routers.


Additionally, all three packets contain the same payload (i.e.

the NIC speculates that an active tree will be found and inserts the VCT number returned by the CAM search.


What all crossbars have in common are the zero states at the top and bottom, which is due to the MNIST digits having no information in the corners.

similarly, the concept of Reservoir Computing (RC) [12], [13] addresses the exploitation of random dynamical systems for data processing without actually training them.


As a result of the obfuscation, the inserted Trojans either become more detectable,or decrease in potency by activating only in the obfuscated mode.

the obfuscation principle is similar to the one proposed in [3].


Using NAND Flash Memory for Executing Large Volume Real-Time Programs in Automotive Embedded Systems  Kwangyoon Cho School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul, Korea ez1@snu.ac.kr Kyoung-Soo We School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul, Korea we123456@snu.ac.kr Chang-Gun Lee School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul, Korea cglee@snu.ac.kr Kanghee Kim School of Electronic Engineering Soongsil University Seoul, Korea khkim@ssu.ac.kr ABSTRACT For advanced features of next generation vehicles, the realtime programs in automotive embedded systems are dramatically increasing.

optimally combining pinning/LRU really helps reducing the WCET for the given RAM size.


We estimate that modifying the driver and getting rid of the backoff timer would save 564 µJ of energy2 , a 72% reduction.

stigma, Obesity, and the Health of the Nation s Children.


Therefore the evaluation function may be improved by taking into account of the routing ef.ciency when each triplicating pattern is applied.

5) Output cone group: We de.ne four categories for outputs, memory write data, memory address, memory write enable, and external done signal, which are explained later.


Off-path Leakage Power Aware Routing for SRAM-based FPGAs Keheng Huang1,2,YuHu1, and Xiaowei Li1 Bo Liu3,4, Hongjin Liu3,4, Jian Gong3,4 1.State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, 3.Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 4.Science and Technology on Space Intelligent 2.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences {huangkeheng, huyu, lxw}@ict.ac.cn Abstract As the feature size and threshold voltage reduce, leakage power dissipation becomes an important concern in SRAM-based FPGAs.

we conducted experiments on twenty MCNC benchmark circuits to estimate the logic state probability of each wire by .... .. tool [14], and collected the probability skew for each circuit.


The input excitation is a single-tone sinusoidal signal in the simulation.

white, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Relaxation Techniques for the Simulation of VLSI Circuits, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987.


The probability that a route l of wire k will insert a bu.er at grid (x, y), b insert(x, y, l, k) should be calculated in order to estimate the amount of bu.er usage b usage(x, y).

in order to compute the congestion infor- Assume that both the upper and the lower The routes bound of the buffer insertion constraint are 2 for wire k : Buffer location The number of feasible routes for wire k passing The probability of wire k through each grid passing through each grid The probability of a route with successful buffer insertions a: 1.0 b: 0.5 c: 0.5 d: 0.5 e: 0.5 f : 1.0 4/4 2/4 1/4 2/4 2/4 2/4 1/4 2/4 4/4 Probability of successful buffer insertion Figure 2: Our Congestion Model mation using this model, we need estimates of b usage(x, y) and b success(x, y) ateachgrid(x, y).


Lookups of binary trees are of the order of log of the number of data items, while lookups for a Patricia Trie are linear with respect to the number of characters (or bits) in the key.

because this requires a read and write of the same memory location, we will need to use a memory that has an independent read port and an independent write port.


To investigate the combined effect of these mismatches we refer to the general block diagram in Figure 1, showing an ADC channel.

although parallel SAR architectures remain promising for high data rates and medium resolutions (5-7 bits), it was shown that their well-known efficiency advantage over other approaches can be relevantly overcome by mismatch errors for higher resolutions.


Next, we compare performance against an explicit the cache-aware algorithm known as time skewing, where the blocking factor is carefully tuned based on the stencil size and cache hierarchy details.


An ideal method to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme would be to implement it into a wireless packet network for actual live streaming.

we hope to leverage the popularity of existing audio compression formats for many attractive streaming services, such as broadcasting, multicasting, and peer-to-peer streaming over the Internet and mobile networks.


(page_alloc_req && page_alloc_rsp && page_alloc_pgnum==magic_page) ) ); /* * If in LCNT1 state and there is a dealloc of the magic page, * then we should see a freeing of the magic page */  assert_page_free_valid: assert property( @(posedge Clk) disable iff (!Rst_)( (trkState==LCNT1 && page_dealloc_req && page_dealloc_rsp && page_dealloc_pgnum==magic_page) |-> (page_free_req && page_free_pgnum==magic_page ) ); /* * If in !

during the first 8 byte data chunk within a packet, in_sop will be asserted, and during the last 8 byte chunk, in_eop will be asserted.


Random interleaving of scenarios is one method of creating interesting system-level scenarios that cause the cores to interact.

the different scenarios would be generated sequentially and not interleaved in one another.


5, Control Unit tasks may be performed by a microprocessor (alternatively, it may correspond to a properly designed circuitry) Within its duties, the Control Unit reads the TSO file and communicates information to Stimuli Generator.

their content is filled up accordingly with the tdi values serially shifted in.


As a result, we are not able to de.nitively exclude any combination from the possibility of being the true combination.

eXPERIMENTAL SETUP Our approach was tested on a selected set of circuits from the ISCAS-89 benchmark suite.


1, it is found that the resonant wavelength LP05 is most sensitive to the refractive index change, which shifts from 1663.49 nm to 1606.48nm.

8 was used to trace corresponding temperature provided by the LPG temperature sensor.


Although,inDDR3DRAM,arow corresponds to8KB across arank,we assumeaminimuminDRAMcopygranularity(Section4.3.2)of4KB sameasthepage sizeusedbytheoperatingsystem(DebianLinux)inourevaluations.


The reported time includes the time spent in performing behavioral and logic synthesis.

hardware implementations of these applications have demonstrated rapid and steady improvements in performance, silicon area, and power consumption.


Nanotechnology, 1(12-14):461 464, August 2003. are from HSPICE

the clock frequency determines the delay of the whole circuit and pipelining can be easily implemented.


In particular, our .oorplanner is more e.cient than the previous works.

the interconnect on the chip becomes more congested as technology advances, and thus bus routing becomes a challenging task.


3.2 Multi-Power-Mode Minimum Padding 3.2.1 Motivational Example Since our MPMAB uses the ULV level, its granularity of delay value is coarser than that of the previous PMAB [3-7].


The static power of the inverter is also signi.cantly impacted by the variations in GNR width, while the dynamic power is relatively less affected.

variation in 10-5 source doping level has a very small impact on circuit power, but it has a comparably larger in.uence on the delay and noise margin.


The loop repeats every 124 clock cycles.

keywords Current Mode Logic, SiGe HBT, 3D integration, Direct Vertical Integration, Interconnect, Microprocessor, Adder, Register File, Finite State Machine.


Instead, the input signal is compared with a set of o.ine pre-calculated samples stored in a nonvolatile memory.

multipath correction is still needed for some cases, specially in very short-range communications.


As can be seen from Table 1, even with the presence of some boundary-constrained modules, our algorithm could still obtain placements of very high quality.

clearly, the LB-Procedure can be implemented in O(n) time.


It is based on functional variable decoupling and piece-wise linearization.

in Figure 2 (a), the SRAM cell successfully recovers to its original state after the short noise vanishes, while in Figure 2 (b), the SRAM cell fails to recover due to longer noise duration and undergoes a state-flip.


k-SMT The k-th moment Steiner minimum tree (k-SMT), de.ned [18] in [18], is shown to be be a trade-off between SMT and MRSA because 0-SMT is SMT and 8-SMT is MRSA.

(3) We design an incremental detailed routing sub.ow to validate the bene.t of timing-driven Steiner topologies, using commercial tools, libraries and design examples.


to the idle cores, again starting from the outer cores.

there are performance losses of 26.1%, 6% and 1.6%, respectively.


many instances in practice are neither very critical nor completely uncritical.


These symptoms are an attractive way to detect soft errors at a relatively low cost.

the inherent fault tolerant nature of soft computing applications raises an important question: Do these applications require any fault protection at all?


A Cross-Layer Approach for New Reliability-Performance Trade-Offs in MLC NAND Flash Memories C.Zambelli * , M.Indaco , M.Fabiano , S.Di Carlo , P.Prinetto , P.Olivo * and D.Bertozzi * * University of Ferrara, Engineering Department, 44122, Ferrara -ITALY Politecnico di Torino, Department of Computer and Control Engineering, Torino -ITALY Abstract In spite of the mature cell structure, the memory controller architecture of Multi-level cell (MLC) NAND Flash memories is evolving fast in an attempt to improve the uncorrected/miscorrected bit error rate (UBER) and to provide a more .exible usage model where the performance-reliability trade-off point can be adjusted at runtime.

[14] P. Cappelletti, C. Golla, P. Olivo and E. Zanoni, Flash Memories , Kluwer, 1999.


Equally, current simulation environments fall short to provide ef.cient support for exploration of on-chip networks.

an engine modeling a complex multi-layered bus network contains an NoC Channel along with master modules representing the bridges, which are connected using several bus engines.


Afterwards, branch-and-bound covering algorithms are brie.y reviewed, giving emphasis to solutions based on SAT algorithms.

we will analyze both components in order to establish the assignments responsible for a given lower bound con.ict.


In many processors, caches occupy about 50% of the chip area [1].


Clearly, the minimized number of the available layers is equal to the maximum density of all the represented intervals.

as a result, 4 buses, C, D, H and J, can be further assigned on the second layer.


keywords Voice User Interfaces, Survey Creation, Speech Technologies, Web Based Surveys, VUI.


We assume that the multipath re.ected signals su.er re.ection losses, causing their amplitudes to be randomly distributed.

a prototype navigation system described in [12] is also based on a similar concept but it uses a set of optical sources and a rotating optical sensor for obtaining the angular measurements.


Given source code with this known vulnerability, critical sections of the code are readily identi.able for partitioning.

there is considerable amount of time costs in developing an ASIC.


Some of these challenges such as dealing with computational complexity can be partially addressed by advances in computational engines such as Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) [9], Boolean satis.ability (SAT) [29], and satis.ability modulo theories (SMT) solvers [5].

journal of Computer and System Sciences, 50:20 31, 1995.


Hessian-based detectors and Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) descriptors has been proved to outperform other approaches [2].

both the high number of match-points and the reduced percentage of outliers are a clear index of how HR-SURF achieves optimal results in industrial applications.


PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2003.

data collection on current testbeds is generally constrained by limited memory and UART port baud rates on the on the MSP430F1611 and ATmega128L based mote families.


Fixed effects, such as process variation, or extremely slow-varying effects, such as electromigration, affect static timing.

figure5showsacircuit schematicofafour-tilewire.FP-GAs often havelonger wires, e.g.


Drowsy caches: simple techniques for reducing leakage power.

this work was also supported in part by the Brain Korea 21 Project in 2008.


On average, the miss rate reduction of the 32-way cache is only 1% higher than the 8way cache with only one exception where the benchmark perlmk shows a 20% improvement over the 8-way cache.

we may just treat these three bits as virtual index.


1e-010 1e-012 1e-014 1e-016 1e-018 Nadh 1e-020 After the optimization, we perform the E-dominance analy sis to search accurately near the edge of the Pareto-optimal region.

the second solution provides NADH = 6.07 · 10-6 nmol/mg and ATP = -3734.6 nmol/mg (consumption), over-pro ducing the following metabolites: H+ mtx , ISOCmtx , SUCmtx and ATPims , whereas CITmtx , MALims and AMPims , PYRims , GLUims,cyt and aKGims are totally consumed.


.f(·) .F, f(·) can be maximized and minimized e.ciently  and assume that all timing quantities are represented using delay models that are in F. For example, timing quantity A is modeled as follows: A = fA (X1, ···,Xp)= fA(X) .F (2) where X =[X1, ···,Xp] represent process/environmental parameters.

in fact, if [A, B] .F1,then C = aA + bB + c also .F1.


after the .rst context switch from C1 to C2 in cycle 3, results from the instructions belonging to C1, tagged with w,x,y, are written to C1 s write bu.er.


In this paper we derive the system-level clocking conditions in order to achieve a desired level of reduction in the ground noise spectrum at the resonance by choosing the frequency and magnitude of the modulating waveform.

this reduced energy at this harmonic is spread onto the sideband harmonics.


Below we report these seeds altogether with the corresponding outcomes produced by the set of equations after assigning (column-wise) all seed values to the proper variables: s1 = 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 s2 = 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 s3 = 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 s4 = 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 s5 = 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 s6 = 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 x1 x2 x5 x9 x10 = 0 1 0 0 0 1 x1 x3 x4 x6 x8 = 00 1 0 1 1 x2 x6 x7 x10 = 0 1 0 0 1 0 x3 x4 x6 x8 x9 = 10 0 1 1 0 x1 x3 x5 x7 x8 = 000000 As can be seen, the right hand side of the last equation remains constant, i.e., it is independent of all free variables.

let the number of seed variables injected into this system require four 64-bit computer words to represent them.


In a broader context, it is hoped that the availability of a robust body-driven current mirror will pave the way for increased use of body-driven circuits for analog signal processing.

below 5 µA the current mirror will become somewhat non-linear (large-signal); however, this condition will only occur when the amplifier is slewing, which is already a non-linear operating region.


In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Computer Architecture, pages 81 87, 1981.

there is no need for any communication/coordination among the multiple controllers.


We make the following observations: Power grid wires are rarely minimum width, so the dependence of power grid performance on overall back-end lithography capabilities is small.


We admit that cflow and if may be needed for transient crosscutting concerns, such as simulation tests.

stepwise re.nement In the item estimation of circuit size , we explained the stepwise re.nement method.


The low power consumption of analog signal processing (ASP) is well-suited for this task.

energy-aware wireless microsensor networks.


The method searches for the optimum BOL (Vdd, Vcs) repair corner that maximizes the EOL yield at desired EOL functional (Vdd, Vcs) corners.

if the repair corners are not associated with a good EOL schmoo.


Note that this is smaller than the cost of noncoherent decoding by the factor 2Na 2(2D+1)/Nh.

second, it ensures that Np elements in x(i) contain contributions from pilots and not from (unknown) data.


(b) The implicit connection graph constructed by our detailed model.

vMGR employs a congestion map to guide the global routing at all stage.


All IRoutes are over-sized by sp/2 to ensure legal separation between adjacent IRoutes.

in the first case, the IRT below the insertion location between two IRoutes A and B (where A is on top of B) is removed.


Thus for a given retiming, the number of registers on each wire is given by: wr,uv = wuv + r(u) - r(v) (1) This equation simply expresses that in addition to the original registers on euv, which is denoted by wuv, r(u) registers are moved onto the wire and r(v) registers are removed.

doing so may introduce a glitch on the signal that feeds the asynchronous lines.


Deadlocks in a NoC can be alleviated by introduction of additional virtual channels (or bu.ers) in the routers, and breaking the cycles [4].

iP library constraints: The NoC router and network to core interface library places constraints in terms of supported tra.c classes, bandwidth constraints on ports, and arity constraints on routers.


we conclude that foot strike type analysis enables training toe strikers experience less stress on knees and an assistance and fatigue monitoring.


In the next section, we will highlight the key previous works in this area and introduce the original contributions of this paper.

its impact on one of the most important components of modern IC design -the clock tree has not been researched enough.


If the circuit is clocked at T=1.05ns, o will produce correct result whenever the top path is activated.

since it is not worth spending precious LowVt budget on those cells who contribute insignificantly even they are in the cut-set, filtering them out can save leakage power budget for others who could contribute more in later iterations.


The operating frequency in digital systems is usually above several hundreds of MHz and TSVs are usually build inside the low-doped substrate with a large height.

therefore the keep-out zone of the TSV should increase to prevent unwanted side-effects introduced by TSVs.


There were inserted 128 stuck at one and 128 stuck at zero faults in a random single node (ranging from 0 to 7) at a random instant of the clock cycle in a 2x2 bit multiplier that could occur during the propagation or the observation time.

because scrubbing does not interrupt the normal device operation, the original bitstream values cannot be loaded in the flip-flops and embedded memory structures, as these cells are constantly being updated by the application.


The signi.cant estimation error in this situation comes from the fast output transitions at Gate 2 and Gate 3.

we use the transistor parameters of an actual 0.13µm CMOS technology and the intermediate interconnect parameters in the 0.13µm process predicted in Ref.


We consider the topology depicted in Figure 1.

this simpli.es p= K QT ( a) c .Given the form of B?i ~ 1 +2s2), inv, it can be found that pi.KN (|pi|2 K where pi is the i th component of p. The noise-only case is found by setting pi = 0 in the above.


The Harris corner execution times are negatively influenced by a similar issue.

a solution to achieve effortless testing is automatic test bench generation from a high abstraction level.


This parameters are estimated values of Nankai Earthquake by Aida[7].

due to the simulation function, a state transition from a state (q, x) is deterministically chosen, which results in the deterministic behavior of DTHA.


INTRODUCTION Shrinking process geometries have led designers to use various power optimization strategies to minimize static and dynamic power.

by making the substrate as a separate terminal and applying a reverse bias, the threshold voltage is increased and the leakage is reduced [5,6].


[11] N. Park, B. Hong, V. K. Prasanna, Tiling, block data layout, and memory hierarchy performance , in IEEE Transaction on Parallel and Distributed Systems, pp.640-654, vol.14, i.7, July 2003.

a write request from processor on one addressing is simultaneously accompanied with an update request on its orthogonal addressing throughout all cache levels to maintain the cache coherence.


A correct execution of the transformations can be guaranteed by embedding the whole derivation process into a theorem prover, as it is done in the formal synthesis approach: Circuits are speci.ed by means of terms and formulae within a theorem prover and they are only modi.ed by transformations, whose correctness has been proved in the theorem prover.

in M. Lorenzetti, editor, Proceedings of the 31st Conference on Design Automation, pages 491 496.


Subsequent pointer assignments update the reference list as the analysis pass continues forward through the CFG.

as previously stated, for R-NUCA we only implement the features relevant to the comparison, namely the classi.cation of data as shared or private at the  / +LW 9LUWXDO $GGUHVV / +LW    7/% / 7/% 0LVV 0LVV 7/% +LW   3DJH 7DEOH Figure 11: Retrieving Owner Information During Address Translation page level.


To gain further insight, we extract the number of cycles that eligiblehead.itswait fortheconnectionto theirdesired output to be released and for a switch allocator grant to be No chaining Same input VC VCs of same input All inputs and VCs Figure 8: Comparison by tra.c pattern.


Implementing a .lter where every .lter output depends on the values received on every input wire requires large amounts of hardware and introduces substantial latency, especially for large buses.

we also restrict how high (or low) the signal may go, otherwise, with scaling any eye opening can be made arbitrarily large.


Similarly, Equation (22) implies that, if bk is not pinned, exactly one arc connects bk to a node among bk+1, ..., and bN+1.

all these schemes, except for the dual actuator approach, reduce the effective disk capacity by a half.


Rows represent cores, black strips represent core activity, and colors represent DVFS modes.

earlier CMOS generations did not allow for integration of ef.cient switching regulators due to low-quality switches and low energydensity passives that required high switching frequencies.


The fingerprinting method has proven that a radio signal pattern is tightly connected to a certain position; this connection is mathematically handled and estimated.

first, we propose an efficient scheme to locate a missing device where the device is lost in indoor environments.


Table 1: Comparison of di.erent memory technologies.

on a cache hit, if the corresponding cache line resides in the fast region, its sticky bit is always set.


Then we describe the set of code transformations that we apply during the mapping process.

in previous work for mapping single loop nest applications [29], which used a similar set of code transformations, the design space consisted of alternative unroll factors, and the optimization algorithm examined the relationship between unroll factors, performance and area.


In this mode, we also de.ne the expected intervals in which CALN and CALP must be varied, in order to perform the calibration.

a short-circuit is modeled with an interconnection between two metal layers, whereas an open-circuit is modeled by creating a cut in the metal layer.


To achieve static input/output characteristics, a domino technique was proposed in [3] called the single phase SP-Domino (Figure 2(b)).

power consumption also increases due to the high switching rate of the dynamic and the output node.


3.2 Switching Power Reduction 3.2.1 Low Power Flip-flop Design In many VLSI chips, the power dissipation of the clocking system, including the clock distribution network and flip-flops, is often the largest portion of the total chip power consumption.

to compensate for such performance degradation, low Vt is applied to the NMOS transistors in the critical path.


Workload in EMAN increases quadratically with increasing image size.

intuitively,theoverhead of data transfer can be hidden by overlapping them with the computing.


However, the function unit of Scatter/Gather is located in a processor rather than on-chip network side.

[5] N. Tanabe, Y. Ogawa, M. Takata, K. Joe : " Scaleable Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication with Functional Memory and GPUs", Euromicro PDP'2011 , pp.


Thus, these two limits are not fixed, but can be varied.

hence, a large output capacitor is desirable to minimize ripple on the voltage supply.


Inthe conventional ILD expression curve, the slope at small gate pitch equalsto 2p-3 as shown in Fig.2[7].

the solidcurve fits ILDR except the short interconnect length region.


A changing output makes all fanout gates active, which are then added to the activity list.

even further refinement is possible by relaxing supposition (ii) above that assumes that aggressors are not subject to noise themselves.


Although the bus stall can be reduced by using a larger cache line in the CACHE-only, unnecessary data is likely to be transferred into the cache.


Consider a MC++ model, which implements functionality f, reads an input value (called input token hereafter), elaborates, and returns the output result (output token ), as shown in the upper side of Fig.

to copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


interactions, which is slightly better than current TDoA systems.

due to time and labor constraints, we were unable to get a modi.ed CC2420 driver working.


DPF inheritance: (a) the initial DPF after PDCT growth; (b) the updated DPF of the newly connected node; (c) the DPF of all vertices after completing the routing tree.

cRITICAL TRUNK An important relation between radius and circuit delay is observed.


Mixing Bu.ers and Pass Transistors in FPGA Routing Architectures.

the criticalities computed using this model are almost as good as those obtained from running placement.


Therefore it is reasonable that we analyze the energy dissipation of the T-gate by assuming transistors are in linear conduction region in this paper.

1(a) is a typical representative of adiabatic circuit, we use it as an example to show the e.ects of device properties.


As shown in Fig.3, the dotted curve does not fit ILDR in the allregion.


In this work we are interested in building a library of implementations and selecting the best implementation from the library to replicate.

thus w(fk,j , f k,j ' ) and um is: m m w(fk,j , f k,j ' j ' -j ) = 5m · y, (14) mm m max u .


For example, an image renderer can tolerate errors in the pixel data it outputs a small number of erroneous pixels may be acceptable or even undetectable.

(In terms of quali.er polymorphism, @Context refers to the class quali.er parameter, which is determined by the quali.er placed on the instance.)


2) Sufficiently long information storage times.

the authors have investigated a representative memcomputing architecture based on two-dimensional networks of memristive devices [3,4].


This paper describes an adaptable on-chip interconnection architecture in order to minimize mapping problems related to communication patterns.

results highlight flexibility and low latency as main benefits.


There are different types of thin client protocol.

zero clients contains: no CPU, no local storage, no operating system, consumes very low power (i.e.


The study reports apparent mappings between the IP addresses in anonymized datasets and the real IP addresses, as inferred by the authors techniques.

ultimately, researchers strive to learn something new about the network, protocols, services or hosts present in a dataset.


Ma [10] provides an algorithm to simplify the address generation of twiddle factors and reduce the number of twiddle factors to the minimum.

[3] K. Tanno, T. Taketa, S. Horiguchi, Parallel FFT Algorithms Using Radix 4 Butterfly Computation on an Eight-Neighbor Processor Array , Parallel Computing, Vol.


artOMP is 330.art m from theSpecOMP2001 suite, using referenceinputs, and warmed up and running in steady-state.

for future processors, avoidingintermittentfaults withthesetechniques will require them tobe overly conservative, thusprovidinglowperformance.


The rapid growth of the integrated circuit complexity over the years has lead to designs with several hundred thousands logic gates.

it can be used to evaluate tools in several areas such as Combina-tionalEquivalenceChecking,fault simulation andtestability analysis.


The OS scheduler has two important tasks: a.

it can be observed that, as compared to process code restructuring, this optimization is much more successful.


Section 2 builds a hierarchical structure from the set of speakers models estimated on each chunk.

by describing speakers individually rather than in contrast to one another, we avoid continuously, explicitely, updating a rapidly growing number of inter-class boundaries ; 2.


For simplicity purposes we model the total energy cost of backbone networking as a function of power consumption of routers and links.

time (min) 2x load green energy is available we compare SPR with our GEAR 2x servers 25 4x load 4x servers algorithm.


The tool could, then, gather this information over the execution of an application and attribute performance problems to certain instructions statistically.


The circuits are divided in two sets: the smallest ones (less than 3000 blocks) and the largest ones (more than 3000 blocks).

edge labels are wire-length gains for the associated move.


In fact, UVM components utilize TLM interfaces for communication and make use of UVM agents to interact with the DUT by translating sequences of TLM messages to wire toggles by means of a translating driver, which acts as a transactor.

such mutation operators were originally1 introduced to represent typical programmer failures [19].


The strongly-correlated variables allow the .rst PC to keep high proportion.

as the cumulative proportion approaches 1, the original distribution is well reproduced.


In this paper, a lineartime approach has been presented which does this with negligi ble error (1-3%).

there are good intuitive reasons behind the choices we have made, as will be pointed out below as they arise, and we have veri.ed empirically that they lead to good results.


And there is an increase in power because data must be loaded into the FB before loading them into RC-RAM.

it decides which is the best sequence of kernels and creates clusters.


The reason it may be suboptimal is due to buffer candidate spacing near Steiner points.

t .P dist t(i,tj)=L (1) Figure 2 A Steiner tree overlapping the tiles in the layout.


[7] I. M. Elfadel, A. Dounavis, H-M. Huang, M. S. Nakhla, H-M. Huang, A. E. Ruehli, and R. Achar.

when grounded wires are placed in the middle of each power bay, the 12-line bus will have the capacitance and impedance extraction structures shown in Figure 3 (a) and (b), respectively (the C4 pads are not shown for lack of space).


Since the spectral support of the vehicle signals usually lie in the range of 0 500Hz, existing sampling hardware suf.ces for this task.

the scores vary because the dictionaries are built using the observed signals themselves, which include both sources.


The design must foresee this situation through an adequate margin between the bias point and the maximum and minimum voltage which the MCAS and MCS transistors will operate in the saturation region and the differential switch pair operating in the triode region [4].

a recommended margin in the literature is Sq( f ) > 10 · St ( f ), it is a resolution that loose an amount of 0.069 bits.


We observed that more than 90% of RAT accesses are lookups and updates.

for a fixed issue width and window size, increasing the number of GCs does not have a noticeable impact on lookup and update latencies.


James D. Meindl Georgia Institute of Technology 791 Atlantic Dr. N.W.

the overall magnetic inductance of a bundle is very close to that of a copper wire with the same crosssectional dimensions unless the bundle is very porous [22].


This brings node CTRL to VSS and M5 and M6 turn off.

cONCLUSION Low power startup circuits with zero steady state current have been proposed.


The Weibull model for the input waveform dramatically improves the results as shown in Figure 8.

the implicit assumption is that all wave shapes reaching the input of a gate resemble the shapes used in gate characterization and can be accurately described by a single parameter.


At the beginning, the component is in the normal operational state.

we have to bear in mind that models cannot encompass all the factors leading to faults.


The capacity of switch-level simulators is insufficient for full-chip simulation, run times are prohibitive, and debug is tedious.

for example, a PG-branch input may be the logical NOT of another PG-branch input.


Tradeoffs between this and other architectural approaches are presented, focusing on improved emissions without reducing robustness to EMI aggressions.

the previous section has shown the developed line driver, with improved immunity and emission characteristics.


The total number of pins per package has however historically grown at a much lower rate, growing as the e th root of current over the last 30 years (Figure 8).

(1) for example, a single JEDEC DDR3-2133 standard memory, having a bus clock of 1066 MHz DDR clock (double-data-rate fmem = 2133 MHz), and 64-bit transfers(Nmembits = 64), the peak available bandwidth is 17.06 GB/s.


Prefetch instructions do not stall the pipeline as occurs for other instructions that generate cache misses, and the idle energy of the pipeline stalls signi.cantly adds to the EPI of non-prefetch instructions.

model Validation The energy model provides detailed instruction-level EPI breakdowns for complex, real-world applications using only performance counter instrumentation.


The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses.

we decided to decrease the blackboard size for a clearer gameplay experience.


2.2 Second Phase: Identifying Timingly True Critical Paths A path is de.ned as a timingly true path for a circuit instance if the transitions on the path cannot be invalidated by any other off-input paths.

our technique [1] to support correlations is to partition circuit into several groups.


As we already noted, the runtime of morphing depends solely on the size of the grid instead of the number of gates.

we took the three designs and placed them using two placers, MetaPlacer-Capo (version 10.2-060927) and our grid morphing-based placement tool.


The leakage current on a VLSI system is a function of temperature itself: at higher temperature the leakage current is larger.

where popt and Topt are related by (19) and (20).


4.2.5 ImplicationsonMulticoreProcessors Sofar ourdesign andevaluationhavefocused on a single-core system.Asdescribed inSection 3.1,T2ECinformation is exclusively accessed by a DRAM controller and not shared among multiple processor cores.

if the T2EC is not in the cache, correction requires an additional DRAM access to fetch the redundant information.


[25] S. Schechter, et al., Use ECP, not ECC, for Hard Failures in Resistive Memories, in ISCA, 2010.

intra-line wear leveling [31] periodically shifts a logical memory line by several bytes.


There is a wide open area of research to e.ectively link the best designs for manufacturing to chip images and standard cell layout topologies, and provide cell layout generation tools for these.

in the last few process technologies many of the DSM e.ects have moved outside the standard cell boundary into the interconnect.


For example, the common model for approximating the leakage power is a lognormal [6], that has an exponential growth for small variations in gate oxide thickness and effective gate length.

each time, we start from one of the Rrepresentative inputs that greatly reduces the runtime.


In addition, this range was then subdivided into 100 bands of approximately 43 Hz each, and the average power spectral density for each of these bands was calculated.

c)d Kx ( Parameter values of d=2, .=1, and C=1 were used.


exact location information is hidden between a range of temporal and spatial coordinates.


Without using the HTTP keep-alive option, a full data transmission from setup to teardown involves 9 packets.

for the disruption to occur the warden would render web cookies unusable for every user that sends tra.c through his check point.


Another important parameter of a Metro group is the number of wire segments that are multiplexed in it.

these two wire segments can be multiplexed at SB(2,1) and de-multiplexed at SB(2,5).


The bit 27 will be assigned to 0 and 1 for the instructions with the execution probabilities of 80% and 20%, respectively.

the generated intermediate code is used to generate control signals for the decoding stage and the next execution stages.


It shows the energy savings that would be lost if sonar presence sensing were disabled.

dPM policies control the mechanism of powering on and o. the display turning o. the display typically reduces total system power by ~31%.


This is equivalent to say that what is believed to be the worst case (max temperature) is not necessarily worst , and the actual worst case can occur at other temperature values.

then, some cells will be selectively replaced by LVT cells until the path reaches the required delay.


(3) Designers validate the performance of the architecture based on quantitative results from executing the software on the architecture model.

relying on prior design experiences and experiments for the design of such complex bus architecture is not practical anymore.


Theproblem is that the current XCXT algorithm does not work in such a scenario since it is based on the fact that both crystals have the same speed and thus time resolution (minus their drift, which we calculate in the algorithm).

commercially available TCXOs with similar stability can cost over 10 times as much and consume over 20mW.


Partial utterances and phrases that do not appear to match the list of phrases are ignored.

less targeted microphones such as array microphones have more difficulty with ambient noise.


In the case of image queries, the worst performing user obtained accuracies of 75.0% and 78.1% for the mono modal and MR2 cases respectively.

we have opted for the weighted-sum (linear combination) approach, due to its simplicity and reasonable level of tolerance to noise in the input data.


Our focus is on a banked memory architecture where each bank can be power-controlled independently.

modeling of DRAM Power Control Policies Using Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets, In Proc.


A straightforward way of performing SSTA under the semiquadratic delay model is to use the same algorithm as discussed for the quadratic delay model by setting the coe.cients of all crossing terms as zero.

in the following, we show that (4) can be solved analytically as well.


The mean cosine similarity across all chord segments in the evaluation set is considered as a quality measure for the considered chroma extractor.

similarly, the annotated chord label is converted to a 12-dimensional target chroma vector Vt consisting of ones and zeros indicating whether the corresponding 1http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/matlab/chroma-ansyn/ 2http://users.jyu../~lartillo/mirtoolbox/ chroma coincides with that of a note of the annotated chord.


An even smaller sampler size can be used, but it will take longer to warm up and to build a good-quality RDD.

2.3 Evaluation of the Static PDP The static PDP (SPDP) uses a constant PD throughout program execution.


[6] Jing-Jia Liou, A. Krstic, Li-C. Wang, and Kwang-Ting Cheng, False-path-aware statistical timing analysis and efficient path selection for delay testing and timing validation, Proc.


Statistic Default Hierarchical Direct Average 0.024 0.078 0.062 Median 0.062 0.069 0.047 Variance 0.00 0.002 0.001  menu that one of the student from WSP track got while calling to Direct.

sub-options of same parent option) but not across the levels (i.e.


The controller board features an FPGA that is needed to provide all necessary interface signals to Chameleon/Chipit.

furthermore, it shows that there are no distinct sample points that provide high di.erences due to Trojan activity.


The main reason for such an increase is that, for lower voltages, even very low energy particles are likely to create a critical charge that leads to a transient fault.


In this case, the SR latch will incur all the penalties of an ETDFF implementation (opening the latches on the critical path) and, in fact, the latency of the SR latch is close to that of an ETDFF-based ASU (350 ps).

self-resetting latches are controlled by two separate events: one for opening the latches to pass data items and one for closing them to store the data items.


This group of packets has locked the input/output ports during SIDRRM.

the detail of target path assignment will be explained in the rest of this section.


To maximize the benefit of this guideline, a software developer should avoid using pointers to a constant array because a synthesis tool may not be able to statically determine the value of the pointer.

software developers commonly use initialization functions when manually specifying a large number of constants is too timeconsuming, such as for lookup tables of sine values.


The second parameter, the transition bandwidth, is the range in which the signal attenuation varies from maximum to minimum.

as in many other scenarios of computer and communication security, the existence of adversaries raises a serious concern regarding the security of the ENF-based time stamp and makes it crucial to understand and address possible vulnerabilities in ENF analysis against anti-forensic actions.


Computing and information processing systems are important elements of the world s digital infrastructure by providing ever-present and ever-increasing general purpose and data-driven processing and storage capabilities for both wired and mobile users.

continued expansion of computing and information processing systems is now hindered by their unsustainable and rising power needs, with associated electrical energy costs and peak power draw requirements.


For processors IPs such as ARM9 [2], fault injection is realized by the integrated high-level programming interface of SystemC components, which is inherited directly from the platform support package of abstract processor models.

no further mapping is possible with 7 hanging PEs.


For the squashed threads, we clear their LMDT bits and invalidate their dirty and forwarded L1 lines.

the acknowledgment from GMDT0 speci.es the new assignment of chunks to nodes or, possibly, that the assignment of chunks is as be 3Although the GMDT may temporarily keep some outdated Store bits set for the non-speculative chunk, correctness is still guaranteed: if a read from a successor is directed to the chip running the non-speculative chunk due to one of these outdated Store bits, the request will be bounced back to memory as if the requested line had just been displaced from the caches.


Finally, we suggest some alternate FPGA fabric organizations to reduce the temperature variations within the die.

the .rst half of Table 2 summarizes the various con.gurations we experimented with.


being executed, waiting to be validated).

the instructions come back from the execution units out-of-order, so many instructions from execute interface can access at the same sub-bank result.


The wakeup latency is the worst case latency required to turn on the circuit.

the total currents drawn from Vdd and into ground reduce due to the lower metastability time and fast wakeup.


The first N lines of the image are being loaded to the scanline buffer, while the matched Fig.

moreover, the MFR consists of both positive and negative integer values; hence, all values are subsequently positively biased by the absolute value of the minimum pixel value, to create only positive integers and reduce the complexity of the threshold operation.


This framework is devoted to the design of strongly personalized SOCs, therefore the introduction of architectural directives is avoided as much as possible during the first analysis step.

hereafter we present results for Wavelet (DWT) and 2D-DCT transforms as well as for a G722 audio decoder and the TCP protocol.


the design requires a column of BRAMs that is as wide as one less than the number of write ports, to provide suf.cient internal readports to support writing.

in the design, each write port has its own bank of two BRAMs, and writes for each are copied to both BRAMs i.e., corresponding locations in all of the BRAMs in a bank always have the same value.


276-287, 2004 [11 K. J. Nesbit, et al., Data cache prefetching using a global history buffer , HPCA, pp.

3 Example of a complex but regular   Fig.


The invoked function will also invoke its sub-functions hierarchically until reach the lowest-level function to generate the entire set of waveforms.

we apply a signature generation method explained in the following sub-section.


is the increase in Ptuning and T is the temperature parameter.


Logic de 7 6  5 Minimum EDP 4 3 2  Figure 1.

it is also important to investigate the possibility of extending the use of FPGA even in subthreshold region for ultra low power applications.


at and after the second reference, if no cache miss has occurred, that target instruction is guaranteed to currently reside in the cache.


Upon the next security refresh (Figure 5(b)), a new security refresh round will be initiated because CRP has reached the .rst MA of a region.

note that we did not simulate  In case of the two-level Security Refresh, each sub-region also has a dedicated inner-level SRC.


1.27gb/s/pin 3mw/pin wireless superconnect (wsc) interface scheme.

in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pages 186 187, 2003.


This percentage is 22% for overall 2-thread workloads.

this e.ect generates more runahead threads due to future L2 cache misses that could not be avoided by useful previous prefetches which impact on the performance.


Speci.cally, generate and propagate networks of Xilinx are intrinsically more .exible in implementing other wide-input logic functions (e.g., OR or AND) than the carry-select networks of Altera.

fast addition techniques are worth being investigated.


Optimizing circuit performance to ensure noise cancellation over a wide bandwidth while meeting the other LNA specifications requires careful attention to the detailed device model that can only be considered through circuit simulation.

fOM optimization is important because it is the index of quality used for comparison.


In [5], stochastic processes are used for generating transaction sizes and transaction delay using several statistical laws (Poisson, Exponential, and Normal).

the tra.c can be characterized by two aspects: 1) spatial or topological distribution, describing the source-destination communication; and 2) temporal or tra.c nature, .tting the tra.c generation rate with a statistical distribution.


The OS page handler then moves the referenced page into the cache from off-chip memory.

the hardware-based approach is 1.42× faster than our softwarebased method,given1KBpagesizeand256KB cachesize,at theexpenseof 300,000 additionalgates, almost four times the size of an ARM7EJ-S processor core.


As the counterpart, if the task instances have already good fault detectors (e.g., in the case of curve d), the system reliability will be improved more smoothly by inserting more redundancy, i.e., both DUF s and SDCs can be eliminated at the same time.

the total budget can be distributed to individual tasks so that each task ti has a local deadline bi.


In this paper, we propose an integrated Two-level Atomic Optimization approach, or TAO for short.

nested atomicity may result in deadlock when an inner transaction aborts and re-executes the same code.


Leakage comparisons for 2-Way NOR with UTB GeOI and SOI devices at (a) Vdd = 1.0V and (b) 0.5V.

the Two-Way NOR with (A,B) = (1,1) shows smallest leakage than the Two-Way NOR with other input patterns.


Eliminating the requirement of separate input replication mechanisms Previous redundancy based methods [7], [14] require input replication mechanisms such as a load value queue, because a value can be changed by another thread in the system between the time it is read by the .rst thread and it is read by the second thread.

in FaulTM, there are no con.icts between the original and the backup reliTXs, because the backup reliTX is only for validation of error-free execution and it does not modify shared memory.


If there are no such blocks, the replacement policy will select the victim block from all blocks in the cache set.

besides NRU, we also investigate the performance of VIP when LRU or SRRIP [14] is used as the baseline replacement policy.


is more susceptible to TSV induced stress.

we have to consider covariance between A and other cells during z-location determination for the bu.er.


Next, it applies the analytical equations (26) and (33) to calculate the second-order statistics E(|5i||5j|) where i,j E {1,2, ,N}, and then the noise power E(52) in (12).

[9] J. Jaffari and M. Anis, Adaptive sampling for efficient failureprobability analysis of SRAM cells, IEEE ICCAD, pp.


TIMING CONSTRAINTS In most synthesis applications (as opposed to the verification applications), it is necessary to introduce constraints on the minimum and maximum combinational path delays.

some potential consequences of register minimization must be addressed for synthesis flows: 1) timing of the design is affected, and bounds must be placed on the lengths of the longest and shortest combinational paths to ensure that register setup and hold times are met, and 2) initialization of the sequential machine is affected, and if registers are retimed backward, the existence of an equivalent initial state is jeopardized without additional initialization logic.


We have speci.cally targeted the air-intake system, since it is prone to wear and needs regular maintenance during the lifetime of a vehicle.

it is now becoming feasible to obtain and analyse on-board data on vehicles as they are being used.


These method is quick because in general we have restricted number of parameters in the transfer function, which reduce the dimension of the parameter space.

a.Speci.cation Input for the analysis are nSpec speci.cations in terms of performances using inequalities: .


The asynchronous message handling occurs only at the network interface (i.e., network processor), eliminating the need for interrupting the receiving host processor.

tHE COMIC RUNTIME SYSTEM In this section, we describe the design and implementation of the COMIC runtime system.


The ALAVs reference flocking behavior to visualize and communicate the concept of unpredictably in environments.

these parameters arose as a result of the possibilities of the provided technology.


It is easily seen that every continuous function is also monotonic [32].

proceedings of the IEEE 91, 1 (2003), 64 83.


Otherwise, OAM labels it as Non-LLC-obstruction.Then during the following exeP eriod, this process is treated as the OAM detection result until the next period starts.

due to the leakage energy reduction, an 8Mb STT-RAM L3 can save around 90% total energy compared to an SRAM L3 cache with the same capacity.


Despite these improvements, traditional conservative algorithms still incur high communication overhead, because the timelines of the different nodes must be synchronized with a global virtual timeline.

achieved throughput drops off as the round trip time grows larger beyond a point.


the conventional circuit runs much slower at low temperatures and even fails to function completely below -10.


The distribution of power reduction achieved is depicted in Figure 2.

pIPELINING AS LOWPOWER DESIGN TECHNIQUE TO MINIMIZE GLITCHES ALONG 20 YEARS  The designers of digital systems manage empirical rules and principles rather than universal and invariant laws.


Interestingly, we noticed that when we track physical registers the vulnerability provided by RSI that was not considered originally grows in importance.

finally, we modi.ed the implementation and trained our model with more than 500 different programs from different segments like productivity, data base, SPEC benchmarks, multimedia, etc.


These systems have been placed at the reception desk.

we cannot provide the support by voice data if the web-based multilingual utterance collection system does not have utterance data.


However, six extra multiplexers are required due to the architecture of TF 3.

the third tower .eld exploits algebraic properties of the WG permutation and trace functions.


[5] used a high-end graphics server to stream images to a simple Java or C++-based client.

viewing parameters are relayed back to the server.


.=SER These errors may or may not be noticeable or important to the user.

their technique adds an extra cost to the design that is proportional to N (in NMR) for 1 Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 05) 1530-1591/05 $ 20.00 IEEE specific resource.


If there is a hit data are served as usual and replacement information is updated conveniently.

figure 8: Overhead of the 2 extra MSHR entries with respect to the L1+MSHR cache system (L1 is 4-way 64byte/line 1 R/W port, MSHR has 4 entries) as long as some instructions hit in L1 or the VC/MSHR/EB/WCBintheWCETestimation,ourapproach provides bene.ts.


Likewise, algorithms such as recursive bisection with multi-level partitioning that show signi.cant promise on very large netlists may provide little or no value for small structured components of a microprocessor chip.

we only report results for the default con.guration.


On maximizing service-level-agreement pro.ts, ACM conference on Electronic Commerce, 2001.

chen, N. Gautam, Server Frequency Control Using Markov Decision Processes, INFOCOM, 2009.


While status signal is ON and there are .its waiting for dispatch, the upstream router keeps on .it transmission.

the results are normalized to those of 1 kB page size, except for the workloads where internal SSD tra.c load saturates for small page sizes; in these cases (marked with *), the smallest page size (>1 kB) with unsaturated results is used for normalization.


This technique however introduces other issues such as fault detection and location, timing e.ects and method of substitution.

a fault tolerance scheme costs no extra silicon area.


H(y) of signal y. Ithasarangeof0to1,where0and1 implies a stuck at low or high respectively.

the test time in this case is similar to the previous multiplier test case, where a test takes approximately 3 seconds to complete.


In each column we .nd the rows with non-zero entries and replace each one of those corresponding constraints by a random linear combination of the associated constraints.


also encoding the local or the contextual labels as follows: A simple stratagem used to accelerate the clustering pro cesses is to start the algorithms with codebooks properly = f(ci,LN (i)) (2) c initialized [14].

building hierarchical classi.ers using class proximity.


A branch vector matches a phase table entry if the Manhattan distance between the current branch vector and the vector stored in the phase table entry is less than the classi.cation threshold.

when we detect a new phase, we cannot perform cycle accurate simulation for the new phase, because it is too late.


of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 2000.

[7] J. Stark, M. D. Brown, and Y. N. Patt, On pipelining dynamic instruction scheduling logic, in Proc.


For example, our Atmel chip requires 8 ms to erase a page and 14 ms to program one [1].

in comparison, 14 of our solar modules combined weigh 100 grams and produce 0.4 W in full sun.


The gate delay is also affected by a change in the temperature.

a permutation of these blocks as shown in Figure 7(b) increases the average distance between logically neighboring blocks to roughly 4 in this example.


In this paper, A is always assumed to be 64, which is the size of a flit.

each input port has to connect to N different waveguides to send data to the different output ports.


[14] J. H. Oh, K. A. Hua, and K. Prabhakara.

we propose a novel scheduling scheme called Generalized Broadcast Technique (GBT) which can adapt the content of the broadcasts according to the client mobility and demand patterns.


3.1.2 Band-pass Sigma-Delta Modulator: analysis and modeling Concerning the frequency translation approach, an image selection filter is mandatory after the mixer.

later on will be addressed some constrains about its placement.


A constant temperature circuit is used for MEMS interfacing and signals conditioning.

an XBee router is added to the Arduino Nano to provide wireless connectivity.


By incorporating a special Page Sharing Table to the TLB and using virtual caches, the authors reduce the amount of TLB activities, at the same time eliminating a large number of snoop accesses.

an address translation is needed each time a memory location is referred to by the processor.


Simply replacing a SRAM bank with 4MB STT-RAM would lead to 11% degradation in IT, and 4% degradation in WS.

we report normalized speedup for these applications, which is de.ned as the improvement over the slowest thread.


it is hard to find a point with exact zero force in some situations.


That is, every subbank has its own speed, irrespective of the slowest subbank speed.

rEFERENCES [1] A. Agarwal, B. C. Paul, H. Mahmoodi, A. Datta, K. Roy, A Process-Tolerant Cache Architecture for Improved Yield in Nanoscale Technologies, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integrated Systems, vol.


area usage and interconnect may be affected by this stringent assumption.


Clearly, this choice has a signi.cant cost in terms of leakage power.

our implementations present a reduction of the delay overhead up to 8.6%, 3.4% and 6.5% for propagation delay, rise and fall times, respectively.


2.2 Deep Sub-micron Effects A few years ago, FPGAs used process technology that lagged the state-of-the-art.

with respect to time-to-market, FPGAs have proved to be very valuable in reducing the system design cycle.


Chronodot is a selfcontained real-time clock module with its own power supply.

[2] J. Gupchup, D. Carlson, R. Musloiu-E., A. Szalay, and A. Terzis.


Stack layouts or system call names can be changed by a simple re-compilation.

one challenge in replicating multithreaded applications lies in ensuring identical execution of replicas.


Their goal is to determine the padding delay for each path rather than to decide where to insert delay.


Inter-instruction dependencies are resolved through various static and dynamic techniques.

dealing with this complexity calls for extended and innovative design verification efforts.


4), which is used to compute the restoration range.

the authors de.ned two kinds of restorations, forward and backward.


This phenomenon occurs because as the set size increases, shell sort has more temporal locality.

thus it is important to correlate only metrics that have a mostly linear relationship.


One is to store both X(i) and Y(i) with the same index i on the vector cache in advance of the loop execution, called Case1.

figures 4 and 5 show the correlation between the relative memory bandwidth and the computational e.ciency.


Small LCD displays mounted with antennas are put on the communication sheet to pick up signals.

figure 6 Zooming in a map across media for location-specific information visualization.


To obtain high-efficiency, DC/DC converters using a fixed Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) and Divided Switches with Current Control (DSCC) have been reported [1][2].

an FCOC circuit is shown at Block (A) including three Aj's (j=1,2,3) circuits in Fig.


In Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Euromicro Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Processing (EURO-PDP 2000), pages 406 413, Rhodos, Greece, Jan. 19 21, 2000.

as an example of the area reduction resulted from using networkpartitioning, Figure2showsa mesh implementation of 16-node application before and after partitioning.