The wide variety of application characteristics means that there are no clear Java (augmented by the RTSJ) pro.les (subsets) that are applicable to all applications in that area.

it is possible to identify the main characteristics of each area and provide a supporting Java pro.le with some optional components.


They then engaged Aruj as a galley slave.

their ship was damaged; hence, the Knights had to wait for another vessel to leave the island.


Taking values from the right is simple, since these are in order, and can be extracted directly with the take8 function.

indices of values that are picked from an offset above the current node require careful calculation.


Decisions on the use of a pattern in a software design form a speci.c but important class of design decisions.

despite their importance, these design decisions are often mistaken and rarely documented.


We can use clever pattern matching on results that we already know to manipulate this constraint so that (Lookup name s :=: u) ~ True is in the context.

this constraint is distinct from the 15 As part of promoting and re.ning datatypes that derive the type class Eq, the singletons library generates instances for :=: and an instance for the type class SEq, the singleton counterpart of Eq.


Industry initiatives in utility computing (e.g., [22]) are often based on cash and rely on recycling of currency within the larger common market.

problems of secure bidding, payment, escrow, and contract accountability remain.


The hash table should have a longer lifetime than the iterator.

in Figure 9(a) the hash table resides in subregion subpool; in Figure 9(b) the iterator hi is allocated in the parent pool, which is inconsistent.


As a result, test environments for performance evaluations are usually very heterogeneous.

a performance analyst requires a uni.ed view on the measurement data in order to analyse them properly.


Interview 3: Tracks as an Authoring Tool Mark .nds the comments view pretty interesting and believes it would be useful with even only 2 to 3 people in a team.

he would need to have a local server to support the comment threads since the machines used for analysis are standalone (not connected to the internet) due to security reasons.


When recognizing this, the error can be .xed and the same sequence can be executed again, now not resulting in a violation.

what do we know if a constraint is not violated?


)]F (hylo-unfold) 2Formally, when the data type has a type parameter a, the functor is written as Fa.

we avoid writing the type parameter for the sake of simplicity in notation.


Accordingly, relating the number of all killed mutants to the total number of generated mutants is appropriate to measure the e.ciency of the applied testing strategy.

a mutant cannot be killed under all circumstances.


In general we want good recall because otherwise the models may miss relevant characteristics or add irrelevant ones.

we want to minimize the false alarms because we don t want developers to waste resources investigating them.


a significant effort will be directed towards developing intelligent parsers to extract critical information from file wrappers in future.


An operational scenario in CAD system for Police At the basic operational level, all CAD systems are similar basically, they support the dispatch of units to incidents.

there are also differences across CAD systems.


Structural Testing Based on Minimum Kernels Elena Dubrova Royal Institute of Technology, IMIT/KTH, 164 46 Kista, Sweden Abstract Structural testing techniques, such as statement and branch coverage, play an important role in improving dependability of software systems.

.nding a set of tests which guarantees high coverage is a time-consuming task.


Several compiler proofs have now been published [9].

under realistic conditions, the industrial benefit of the code generator verification approach could not yet be shown: There is currently no formally proven compiler in use which has reached industrial maturity.


The most aggressive default optimization level, e.g., -O3 in the GNU C compiler, corresponds to a pre-set combination of compiler optimizations, with each optimization parameterized using simple analytical models or heuristics.

it has been widely observed that there exist combinations of compiler optimizations that outperform the default optimization levels for many programs by a signi.cant margin.


This was supposed to be the interface for those development groups that did not have to actively model any information (implementation and quality assurance groups).

it soon became visible that the number of diagrams needed for software documentation caused severe performance problems both on the client and the server side.


The hardware cannot safely reorder memory operations across hard fences since that could violate the semantics of a synchronization access and introduce a false race.

the hardware can safely reorder memory operations across regionsdelimitedby a softfence.


Indeed, starting from the left and until the fourth universal quanti.er, these types offer a common structure.

at that point, the former exhibits an occurrence of the atom c, whereas the latter exhibits an occurrence of a.


Both a discourse model and the Filtered Components field in the retrieval-by-reformulation interface (Figure 4) are used to remove irrelevant components specified by software developers.

the former is used not only in the current delivery but also in all following deliveries in the same development session, whereas the latter is only used for the current delivery.


For instance, the atomic memory objects can be cached in NVIDIA Fermi GPUs and the L2 cache hit bandwidth is enhanced signi.cantly in NVIDIA Kepler GPUs [3] (for instance by 73% in Geforce GTX680).

there is a lack of systematic exploration in the application of native atomics to general commutative computations operations.


Using a static analysis on the observed run s, we .rst collect all null-WR pairs a =(e,f).

then, we prune away null-WR pairs for which there is no lock-valid run in which f is reading the null value written by e. Then, for each null-WR pair a =(e,f)left, we use our precise logical prediction algorithm to obtain a lock-valid, datavalid and creation-valid run in which f is reading the null value written by e. instead of using run sfor the purposes of the prediction, we slice a relevant segment of it, and use the segment instead.


As explained in Section 4, the user of the API may choose to generate an XML with no meanings, only with the values of acceleration measured on the axes.

figure 7: meaningsType complex type de.nition the meaning element is de.ned by an abstract type called meaningType.


Numerous TDD-based controlled experiments have been reported and surveyed[9, 6, 2].

nearly all of the controlled experiments looked at sophomore-to graduatelevel classes, not CS1 or CS2 courses which present unique challenges.


In general, it can be observed that the found publications have proposed reuse of existing approaches, as well as their adaptations to the SoS context.

there is not a consensus about what exactly should be considered when evaluating SoS architectures.


To cope with such constraints, log-based NAND flash file systems such as JFFS2 [1] and YAFFS [2] have been developed, which have shown the optimized performance for the flash memory.

most CE devices have been choosing the File Allocation Table (FAT) [3] as their file system to provide compatibility with PCs.


As a consequence, we implemented the component reconfiguration engine and all of the other kernel components by exploiting this framework facilities.

current implementation of the Spring dependency injection container does not natively support dynamic component addition or removal; as a consequence, we had to adopt the Spring Dynamic Modules extension, that targets this issue by integrating Spring with OSGI framework features for dynamic service load/unload.


MOPs have been implemented for a few mainstream objectoriented languages, for example OpenC++ [2] for C++ and OpenJava [3] for Java.

there are no MOPs existing for Fortran and C, which are two programming languages widely used in High Performance Computing (HPC).


Refactoring this constructor to Ironclad C++ converts the parameter to type aptr.

in cases where a string literal was originally used to call a function with a Slice parameter, the Ironclad C++ code required more than the one implicit user-de.ned conversion allowed by the C++ standard [16].


Of course, our proposal naturally assumes an access model that does why else would one want to move a method de.nition if it does not change what state it can access.

one can easily superimpose an access model of choice the design.


Pipelining is especially crucial on in-order processor architectures, which cannot rely on an instruction window in hardware to extract parallelism between loop iterations.

in-order architectures also tend to suffer more from long-latency operations likecache-missing loads, because the processor pipeline has to stall if neededdataisnotyetavailablefromthe memory subsystem.The high static instruction-per-clock rate (IPC)of pipelined loops often only limited by the number of parallel execution units in the target processor can be substantially reduced by memory stalls at runtime.


If a variable, in an ID state, is explicitly defined without being referenced, it enters State A.

it is not an anomaly to reference or to kill such a variable when it is at an ID state.


INTRODUCTION Research on static code analysis aims to increase the pro ductivity of software developers and to facilitate the creation of reliable software.

without an intuitive, mean ingful, and responsive user interface, it is doubtful that an analysis will achieve this goal on a large scale.


In initial prototype displayed only a single line of example code.

in order to annotate the types of the variables and keep it on a single line we had to use non-standard Java syntax.


This is promising as our RS code has only 25% redundancy to that of 100% with replication.

with additional node failures, simple replication is able to provide better availability than RS.


Consequently, there are many unit testing frameworks available for all kinds of programming languages [14].

there are still not many efforts for creating unit testing frameworks for BPEL, with the exception of [16].


Both of these method declarations are allowed, because in general, each class could be compiled independently of the other particularly, if the container A were a package instead of a class.

in the method body of A2.B2.n(), it is not clear which method m() is referred to.


Actually, this code is only a statistical approximation of the Gaussian random codes.

this is how we generate and use Gaussian random codes in practice.


QB S handles both join idioms mentioned above.

the loop invariants and postconditions involved in such cases tend to be more complex as compared to selections and projections, as illustrated by the running example in Fig.


It is to be noted that, while dead memory recycling is indeed able to reduce the memory space demand (which can be observed as several drops in the curve when going from one epoch to another), these savings are not suf.cient to enable the application to successfully .nish its execution.

if no recycling scheme is employed, we would incur the insuf.cient memory error much earlier (the .fth epoch), as indicated by the Memory Demand (no recycling) curve, which shows the memory demand of the application when no dead memory reuse is employed.


Number of cache lines to be reloaded cache lines to be reloaded by the preempted task, as shown in Approach 2.

due to the existence of multiple feasible paths in the preempted task, the preempted task cannot access all the memory blocks in one run after it is resumed.


Meanwhile, MobiSN provides core implemented core functions and services for a mobile ad-hoc social network, such as the profile generating, friend matchmaking etc.

due to the high dynamism of the vehicular social networks, it is hard to track down every possible scenario in advance, while MobiSN does not provide the extensibility support to developers, thus it is difficult for it to provide sufficient applications and services to users of vehicular social network systems.


The dispersion through the network helps reducing the contention and, thereby, the latency due to contention.

the network should have small depth in order to reduce the latency due to propagation.


Effecting tailoring of a single process for all software projects -The online accessibility of the process has allowed it to be used in a variety of courses.

a method for easily documenting a particular tailoring of the process is still needed.


DELAY Strategy: The scheduling algorithms immediately dispatch the jobs upon their arrival.

if a batch with large number of jobs is arrive in the full load condition both the existing and newly arrived processes suffer from poor response time.


It suggests a large range of dialog styles, where other approaches often only generate one single result (typically, a sequential navigation).

the originality of the proposed technique is that it involves UI description at several levels of abstraction.


SOFA performs global wear leveling across a set of SSDs by striving to equalize the write count of every SB in the underlying set of SSDs.

a standard SSD array only supports local wear leveling on individual SSDs.


It is now easier to see that AND/OR decompositions of goals (Figure 3a/3d), if mapped into features, produce sets ofMandatory and OR-features respectively.

alternative and Optional feature sets do not have counterparts in the AND/OR goal models.


For example, to generate contention with a locality of four (e.g., every fourth access causes a pagemiss), we insert three elements after each original element.

for each additional element we will use one extra cache-set, limiting the amount of locality we can generate without consuming too much of the shared cache capacity.


Teammates may be aware of the importance of continuous integration.

this practice may be applied more properly if one of the team members actively pushes the team in this direction.


Whenever video playback is paused and annotations are added to or removed from it, the current frame number is used to associate annotations with the video, as it has already been explained in section 4.1.

keeping track of the video progression in terms of frame number, required the combination of the FPC interface and its mapTimeToFrame method.


Failure recovery is mentioned as one of the use-cases.

the P2P network is again on the infrastructure side.


There are several attempts to remedy this defect including Murthy s work [21] and ours [19].

due to its simple semantics, most researchers use the original shift and reset operators.


Compatibility between the structure of context and license are the essential requirements to enable interoperability.

.xing these two entities will severely limit the .exibility of the model.


In the .rst evaluation, the PMO approach produced no false warnings since there were no interactions among database queries.

in the second evaluation, running the tests generatedby the PMO approach resultedinfalse 3 http://odyssey.codeplex.com/  Table 1: Results of Two Empirical Evaluations Subject Medical Device LOC 2994 C 12 M 46 CM 91.9% CP 64.4% CM -CP 27.5% Odyssey 1227 2 53 89.7% 77.2% 12.5%  void SaveCategory(Category category){ ... if (category.Id == 0) Dal.CreateCategory(category); Dal.UpdateCategory(category);  ... } public void UpdateCategory(Category category){ int n = Execute("update Category ...", category.Name, category.Order, category.Id); if (n != 1) throw new DBEntityNotUpdatedException(); } Figure 2: An example segment of Odyssey code warnings for 8 methods of class BizContext, as compared to no false warnings when running tests generated by MODA.


Note that the current algorithm presentation is for conceptual clarity and our actual implementation is more e.cient.

for example, in line 4 of Algorithm 2, it seemingly requires to scan H. H[j] must be following H[i]because H[j]=e H[i].


The adaptive variant of the analysis incurs additional overhead due to class retransformation, which will temporarily undo optimizations performed not only on the retransformed class, but also on methods in other classes containing, e.g., inlined code from the methods in the retransformed class.

in the long run, the adaptive analysis should incur lower overhead.


For one operational profile, detected redundant computation may be used to improve program's performance.

for another operational profile for the same program, different redundant computations may be identified for which different performance improvement may or may not be achieved.


INTRODUCTION Many assumptions are gathered during the elicitation of requirements.

good requirements need to be complete, consistent, and correct [6].


For example, a sorted and synchronized list would inherit the basic list implementation twice.

a similar implementation as used in CaesarJ could be used to avoid code replication.


This separation of the guarantee will be helpful in our veri.cation, because each part is treated differently.

we still need to consider the dif.culty that even if an aspect B does not interfere when activated before or after an aspect A, it might interfere during A s execution.To handle this, the speci.cation is further extended to include internal assumptions that describe for each aspect A what is expected of aspects to be executed during A.


We could try to build a custom binary translator that specializes for each row in Table 1.

to support these specializations, there are several design problems that are shared by all of the target characteristics.


Because the fmap is polymorphic in two type variables, Fmap is polymorphic in two kind variables .1 and .2.

the type of sFmap is both kind-and type-polymorphic.


2.9 More on Operator Overloading So far we have only described operator overloading in its basic form.

additional features are required to allow the cre- ation of types with the richness of Java's primitive types.


Since Scala has only a natural-language semantics and no formal semantics, it is impossible to give a completely formal semantics of Ozma.

since Ozma is related to Oz, which does have a formal semantics, we refer interested readers to [20, chapter 13].


These techniques would be applicable in the current evaluation too.

we believe that it is unlikely that they would scale to large enough structures to get the optimal coverage obtained here.


No U3 products currently exist and no U3 prototypes have been announced to date.

the platform does have the potential to provide a more general framework than web browsers that can run on a USB drive.


Some of the found barriers seem general enough to be relevant for other tools.

the number of participants is yet too small to be statistically signi.cant.


Tool support for crosscutting concerns of API documentation Michihiro Horie Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ohkayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan www.csg.is.titech.ac.jp/~horie ABSTRACT Writing detailed API (Application Programming Interface) documentation is a signi.cant task for developing a good class library or framework.

existing documentation tools such as Javadoc provide only limited support and thus the description written by programmers for API documentation often contains scattering text.


The authors deployed Tahoe-LAFS, QFS 17, and Swift18 in a multi-site environment and measured the impact of WAN characteristics on these storage systems.

the authors deployed their experiments on a multi-site data center with very different characteristics to our scenario.


a straightforward (pre-emptive) process scheduling strategy that does not pay attention to data locality might obtain the schedule illustrated in Figure 1(d), where at each time quanta each process executes the half of the iteration space of a nest (assuming all nests have the same number of iterations).


as x2 is not determined, x1 is also not determined.


CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this contribution, I proposed a validation process for agent-based simulation models combining speci.c face validation techniques with statistical methods.

such a process remains quite vague without illustrating it with meaningful examples.


is simply pointer passing through a virtual function call.

the data.ow graphs that the P2 planner generates from OverLog speci.cations have many more branching points and tuples traverse more than one path.


Finally, it is tempting to remark that the MA X SAT instances we produce are easy because they tend to consist of mostly Horn formulas.

mA X SAT is known to be hard even in the restricted case of Horn formulas [14].


A timebased measurement unit makes it hard to establish a contract concerning the resource usage between a client and a server, as the client does not exactly know how much workload can be completed within a given resource limit (since this depends on the hardware characteristics of the server).

using the number of executed bytecode instructions is independent of system properties of the server environment.


The natural way of dealing with this challenge in component-based development is to identify such elements and make them available as an additional required component of A and B alike.

to our knowledge, no component-based development method currently provides a systematic approach for performing this task.


specialized hardware that does not currently exist on commodityprocessors[15,26], or are only applicabletodeadlocks[10,23].

kivati is able to detect and prevent atomicity violations on commodity hardware with low overhead.


In the last few years, smart city concept has played an important role in academic and industry .elds, with the development and deployment of various middleware platforms.

this expansion has followed distinct approaches creating a fragmented scenario, in which di.erent IoT ecosystems are not able to communicate between them.


TUTORIAL HISTORY No public tutorial has been given of the upcoming CVL language so far, so the proposal SPLC presentation is the first ever opportunity for the broader public to evaluate the proposal.

one of the forerunners of the CVL was presented as a research paper in SPLC 2008 (Haugen et al.


These restrictions ensure that the programmer cannot distinguish between a class instance and a clone of it, allowing a compiler to manipulate class instances directly, similar to primitive types.

as far as we know the impact of such a modi.cation on performance and expressiveness has never been evaluated.


In order to achieve consistency of the state of the system, reaching agreement (consensus) among a set of peers is needed.

it has been proven that solving consensus in asynchronous systems deterministically even with only one process failure is impossible [5] unless the system contains a failure detector [3].


5 Note that 49 and 10 are already unreachable, but the analysis does not detect this, because the abstraction formula is not computed for such non-abstraction states.

this does not cause a problem because all computations needed for the 5 construction of non-abstraction states like 10 are inexpensive compared with the cost of abstraction computations.


As well, they are also widely supported in other ESB products.

given that the cache and delayer mechanisms are not usually included in a native way, their implementation would usually require an ad-hoc solution.


For an assignment of 1:2 (or 33%:66%), the scheduler may service a few requests for pro- cess p, and correspondingly, about twice as many requests for process q.

if these processes maintain only one outstanding request at critical moments, then as in the pre- vious example, the work-conserving scheduler is forced to al- ternate between requests from the two processes.


The Uncoordinated Functions root cause and the API Issues bug-introducing reason are the third most positively correlated pair with a 1.76 lift.

the Synchronization Issues root cause and the Change Condition .x strategy are the most negatively correlated categories of different characteristic aspects1.


The Story Engine (we used IDtension [16]) provided us with a high level actions generator, which outputs commands like "X encourages Y to perform t", "X insults Y", etc.

a level was missing between these two engines: The behaviour level.


Generally speaking, these types of extension make an AOM more complex.

we could add specialized behavior by simply adding source-code, in which case the flexibility of the system would be a tradeoff (you need to write a lot of source code to adapt to new requirements).


For instance, as there are native keywords in its methods, the cn.edu.pku.nativeCall class will be classi.ed as anchored automatically.

such methods may never be invoked, so that this class can be of.oaded.


Using the random walk technique, a chain of nodes is thus built as messages pass from one neighbor to the next.

this process has a higher latency in returning results than flooding.


Systems like Incoop [2], Haloop [3], DryadInc [25], Yahoo continuous bulk processing (CBP) [16], Comet [11], and Nectar [10] achieve this by allowing their applications to reuse existing computation results.

those systems are not designed for scenarios with fast continuous data updates and timely computation results.


These keys alone cannot be used to augment the arguments of Skolem functions f or g (since both already contain the keys).

if we compute the implied dependencies on the source join, we wil l see that d, p .


These approaches define specific notations for modelingrequirements such as PLUCs of the PLUTO approach [20] andgeneric requirements specifications [23], from which test cases canbe created.

they embed test data in the form of parameter values.the category partition method used in PLUCs does not consider the testing order because it just creates test cases throughthe combination of chosen categories.


The process is also designed to allow for people interchangeability so that if people leave the project team then new people joining the team can gather the required knowledge from available documentation.

agile methodology assumes a stable and multiskilled team.


Dowlatshahi and Safaei developed a multiparty voice communication algorithm for P2P networks where streams are selectively mixed acording to upstream and downstream requirements, thereby reducing bandwidth requirements between peers [Dowlatshahi and Safaei 2006].

a minimum spanning tree is constructed based purely on delay constraints and coordinates in the physical network thus, nodes may be far apart in the virtual space, but have to forward packets for which they have no interest in.


In previous work [4], we have successfully used traces to parallelize sequential loop-oriented Java applications.

the prototype used in that work only dealt with simple dependences that arise from induction and reduction variables.


If this type of parallel algorithms is implemented on a par- allel processing system with a shared memory, memory con- flicts will occur frequently on the shared memory as the num- ber of processing nodes increases, and it is hard to achieve linear speedups in the calculations.

this could be implemented on a distributed memory parallel com- puter with a message-passing mechanism, where objects are distributed to each local memory.


Such a studio is a prerequisite for e.ective applying our method at university.

more and more Software Engineering programs include a kind of software studio or software-oriented internship[6, 20, 21, 27, 29, 30].


Conclusion We have proposed the DRFx memory model for concurrent programming languages.

like prior data-race-free memory models, DRFx guaranteesthat all executions of arace-freeprogramwillbe sequentially consistent.whiledata-race-free models typicallygive no or weakerguarantees for racyprograms, DRFx guaranteesthatthe execution of a racyprogram willalsobe sequentially consistent as long as a memory model exception is not thrown.


Table5showshowwellourtransformedloopsperformedin relationtotheoriginalloop'sidealshedule(thesheduleon 8F Us 16FUs Clusters 2 4 2 4 II 27.2 19.7 29.8 35.8 Copies 7.0 0.4 7.2 2.0 Table4:Transformedvs.OriginalPartitionedLoop 8FUs 16FUs Clusters 2 4 2 4 II 21.7 10.8 20.6 27.8 # Improved 150 133 147 164 Table5:Transformedvs.Original"Ideal"Shedule anarhiteturewithasingleluster).Theaverageperent improvementinIIovertheoriginaloderunontheideal arhiteturewas10.8.27.8%.Mostoftheloopsinourtest suite,65.78%,notonlysignifantlyimprovedovertheoriginalloopsheduleonthepartitionedarhiteture,butalso improvedovertheoriginalloopsheduleontheidealarhitetureswithoneregisterbank.The"#Improved"row showshowmanyofthe211loopstestedatuallyallowedus togetbetterresultsthanthatavailable(foruntransformed loops)withthe"ideal"aseofasingleregisterbank.The loopswheretheIIdidnotimprovewithunrollingwereases wheretherewasatieorasmalldegradation.Theseloops didnothaveenoughdataindependentparallelism.


The latest generation sensorboard features a Texas Instruments CC-1000 radio enabling the high-precision radio interferometric self localization approach we have developed separately [7].

we leave the integration of the two technologies for future work.


It is observed that the lifetime of the proposed ERA-WL was at least multiple times of that of both DWL and SWL under all of the evaluated traces when DFTL or FAST was adopted, because the proposed ERA-WL performs wear leveling based on the write errors in blocks and could precisely identify the time to reset transient errors by erasing blocks.

dWL and SWL only consider the P/E cycles of blocks, but neither erase blocks to prevent unrecoverable errors caused by transient errors in time nor distribute more eases to the blocks having fewer write error bits.


To limit latency and resource consumption, some of the authors only retract events that have a strong impact on the generated output or use partial events to restore the correct state for the replay.

as all those systems use query languages and are imprecise, they are unsuitable as a generic speculation component.


In particular, our technique improved the bound from vanishing quadratically fast to vanishing exponentially fast.

this improvement is restricted to the case when the vectors at issue are binary and does not apply to the tug-of-war sketch in general.


Visibility and control similar to gdb can be obtained.

gdb and JTAG both enforce an interactive debugging style and require software execution to be paused to gather and observe execution state.


It has been developed on top of Tcl/Tk providing a set of platform independent, powerful widgets.

it has been implemented in a very toolkit independent manner, making it easier to port to other GUI toolkits.


With a UDP payload of 100 bytes, the entire packet .ts into a single mbuf object and in the kernel-groupcast case is simply copied within the kernel when creating packets for each recipient.

for a UDP payload size of 1000 bytes data is stored in an mcluster object and in-kernel copies of the payload data are avoided.


This avoids cyclic dependencies between software modules and eases development, testing and veri.cation.

real-world implementations rarely re.ect the layered design entirely.


As we know, High Level Architecture (HLA) [2-4] has been the dominant distributed simulation standard for the past few years.

the HLA relies on the centralized Runtime Infrastructure (RTI), which limits its flexibility and scalability.


For example, if the models are represented using EMF, the mapping of metamodel elements to methods can be generated automatically, with no manual intervention by the user.

in other standard or custom model-transformation frameworks, less automation may be possible, which would require the transform author to provide the information manually.


In general, only a single copy is needed to break the interference.

if we wait until later, each of those names may interfere with many of the other names in the union, necessitating many more copies to ensure breaking the interference.


Because lock contention is a well-known bottleneck on multiprocessors, manyclassical solutionshavebeenproposed to reduce its e.ect.

compared with the multiprocessor systems, multicore architectures have two special features.


These tools also supports iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams.

our tool supports evolution of context of autonomous decision making.


Logically, a bottom-up approach requires the least wasted effort.

it means that the system is not, in any meaningful sense, demonstrable till late in the development process.


The accessibility of the world has a severe impact on the effectiveness of an agent.

when the world is static and deterministic, accessibility does not influ- ence the effectiveness of the intention reconsideration strategy.


This would not change the computation but only where a value is computed.

such re-grouping and function movement will in.uence the cost and performance in the implementation, because there communication inside a block, e.g.


Most of the prior software related work so far targeting CMPs focus on performance and power aspects.

as technology scales, components of a CMP are being increasingly exposed to both transient and permanent hardware failures.


Space limitations prevent us from providing detailed figures illustrating the method at each analytic step.

figure 1 presents icons representing the general form of the analysis or analyses produced at each step.


Therefore, we are not aware of any bias we may have introduced during the analysis.

conclusions might have been in.uenced by reviewers opinions;  Specialist s suggestions: Besides publication databases, we have considered primary studies suggested by a specialist in the robotics area.


Each of them supports a subset of known characteristics of cloud computing.

it is impossible to have a hybrid cloud which is made of some of these platforms.


Agents are abstracted entities akin to objects in the object-oriented paradigm.

agents in JACK are autonomous entities that exhibits intelligent behaviours structured around the BDI, (Belief Desire Intention) theory of agency [21].


Unlike the purely economic model, in a software context instead of extracting additional rents, the most successful individuals are free to contribute to other areas of the project, improving the overall project.

there is an alternative way to think about economics that is just as easily applied to software engineering teams, that of Keynesian economics.


They have been heavily researched in the 1960s, but were obviated in the 1980s when multitasking operating systems became popular.

research interest in VMMs has recently been rekindled, with the focus shifted from merely multiplexing hardware to ensuring security and reliability in software systems [21].


Increments in the DPR increase the temperature and power consumption of the USV but decrease its end-to-end latency.

decrements in the DPR decrease the temperature and power consumption of the USV but increase its end-to-end latency.


Of the six weeks of a regular iteration, four weeks are assigned to normal iteration mode and two weeks to endgame.

as deadlines approach, there are occasional special iterations that consist mostly of endgamelike work.


Furthermore, debugging is more di.cult because reasoning is done at the level of code, rather than at the level of the abstract model.

automatic code generation should result in faster development with higher quality code since it eliminates errors, which are often the result of manual coding.


1.9) and showed that FindBugs produced a much lower warning count.

they did not compare the details of the warnings produced by PMD with FindBugs.


The storage requirements and workload performance overhead of direct tracing are high.

both could be mitigated by using deterministic record-replay to capture execution, and expanding the log into a trace on demand [38].


So, selecting one or more of these remaining options can still help us satisifice both NFRs.

if the dependency was to be total, then we would need to select all the options.


Therefore, it is clear to observe that most of the ratings associate with conceptual cohesion.

further analysis is necessary to clarify other issues: Why did 7% of the participants rate the .rst class as more cohesive?


The assumption of no tamper resistance lowers the production cost and enables the production of a high volume of nodes.

it requires novel approaches to security protocol design.


This signi.es that performing a search for the best parameter at the left of the saturation point will probably lead to bad choices when evaluating on the largest input size.

performing beyond the saturation should lead to good choices when evaluated on the largest input size.


Previous literature[6], [7], [8], [15], [16], [25] proposes solutions to support OpenCL or CUDA on multicore CPUs.

they focus on how to ef.ciently and correctly execute a kernel for a given work-group size rather than how to .nd a good work-group size.


Finally, the static approach does not need to pay the cost of copying the code at run-time (including potentially expensive I-cache .ushes), that the dynamic approach has to pay.

in our experiments this copying takes 5ms for a 10000-line program (190KB generated code) on a Celeron800, so that should usually not be a problem3 .


Interfaces are defined to restrict the communication between elements via web services, and elements register and locate services through a repository using policies specified for services.

in this paper, we focus on how to implement selfmanaging, autonomic behavior for a new or existing single server application.


Instead, they report an atomicity violation if and only if the observed trace is not serializable.

imprecise tools, such as Atomizer and others [13, 31, 34, 33], generalize from the observed trace to also report errors which may (or may not) occur on other possible traces.


INTRODUCTION Array-based languages such as MATLAB [13], Python (particularly NumPy [22]) and R [19] have become extremely popular for scienti.c and technical computing.

many implementations of such languages were not designed for performance.


both groups have a statistically better effectiveness after training than before training, measured by the percentage of semantic expressiveness achieved.

the interaction between Pre/Post Exercise and Cross Training is not signi.cant at the 0.01 level.


Thus, the worker that made the work offer continues as though it received a sequential result by calling itself recursively.

if the work item is not accepted, such as might be the case if another worker made an earlier offer to the idle worker, then the Recurse routine ends up calling the sequential subroutine recursively.


In the next .gure 8, we see the signi.cant change in the performance of the PRIZES algorithm when we add selforganization.

we also note that too much selforganization seems to perform worse in high query scenarios.


Without having something to force the right join points to be exposed, there is no reason to expect this to happen naturally.

our pointcut interface serves as this 2 the authors do not propose enforcing this style by a language design change.


While annotation and clustering can be automated well, test plan specification needs still much human interaction.

also for the third phase we can profit from automation to assist the tester s activities.


The authors mention that the main deterrent for users to use that mobile Internet TV service on 3G is the cost.

if the data plan has a flat fee, then this is not the case, and what the authors observe is less use of the service over 3G because of potentially worse performance.


A strict de.nition of the SPL described in a feature diagram could be one such as in Fig.2(a).

sPL engineers could decide to eventually design a SPL such as in Fig.2(b) which also allows the de.nition of px = {f1,f6,f4}.


Implicit enumeration methods such as binary decision diagrams, BDDs, or interval decision diagrams, IDDs, aim at this goal [11].

the construction of these graphs tends to be time consuming and their performance highly depends on the speci.c problem.


no longer encodes the value of i, so the algorithm does not know which query point colored a given pixel.

qi s being independent implies that there is at most one query point for each pixel p that could color p, namely, the query point closest to p and it lies within distance r from p. In our case, the query points lie on a grid Qand we assume that r < s.B/2.


That is, if a complex character is identified, it is not necessary to evaluate every simple form which may be embedded inside it.

sometimes such a decision cannot be made with reliability and a preferred method is to retain the alternative solutions for later evaluation.


The standard implementation(that does not use re.ection) de.nes a tiny accept method that is overridden in all the nodes, that calls the appropriate visit method for that node.

n¨ ageli[26]discusses ownership in design patterns, and showsthat previous ownership work was not .exible enough toexpress thevisitor pattern.A visitorisalwaysmutable becauseitmay accumulate information during thetraversal of the nodeshierarchy.some visitors only need readonly accessto the nodes, and some needtomodifythe nodes.In the former case,theownerofthe visitor and nodes maybedifferent, andinthe latter case,itmustbe the same owner.


Since knowledge in software development projects is scattered acrossvariouspeople, systems, formats and spaces, the creation of a Software Engineering Semantic Web could help software developers to share a common format for integration and combination of data drawn from diverse sources.

as in the case of the Wikipedia, most of this knowledge is explicit, but not machine-understandable.


Presently, the elaboration of quasiquote patterns introduces a number of universal patterns in invisible parts of the term where the user would not be able to predict or control the contents, such as machine-generated unused names.

the locations at which these patterns are inserted is primarily heuristic, and not motivated by deeper theoretical concerns.


On the HDD in Hystor, the request arrival rate reaches over 1,800 requests per second.

since these requests happen in the background, the performance impact on the foreground jobs is minimal.


This strategy avoids a single point of failure which would jeopardize system reliability.

performance has to be evaluated, especially in the case of a large N .


Two classical techniques allow this di.culty to be worked around: class inheritance and delegation.

on the one hand, inheritance is not always applicable: the case of .nal classes apart, some libraries use factory methods to create objects and prevent constructor access.


This is because Y~,, = Yo 'J"°h('~";)r."; Y~ mod- o Yp ' ¢rxl ~)'o h(mw'ru) )yuh(m.,,rtl)F, ~u ~?

'e modn _- ((ro'rO Y,Ye )-Y~h¢"'";) -' e, " '-~ ....., o" .. ~, r Yl, ) ;~_-(0r'4 y.-i g ~r'4o Yl, modp = g;e~ modp it is even more difficult than solving discrete logarithm problem for the attacker to solve Y'0 from the equation r,)-~;-'~..,4r' ;,.y~'hc..,.,;r' Y'o= (r 0 y~, ''~ g modp.


Results: EBSE promises a number of benefits by encouraging integration of research results with a view to supporting the needs of many different stakeholder groups.

we do not currently have the infrastructure needed for widespread adoption of EBSE.


By listening for these announcements, clients detect DPs and switch to use a DP-specific protocol.

when a DP is unresponsive, clients revert to use the ordinary discovery protocol.


Reference immutability A readonly reference [2, 5, 12, 22, 25, 29, 31] (or a const pointer in C++) cannot be used to modify its referent.

the referent might be modi.ed using an aliasing mutable reference.


2.2 Recursive Types The standard implementation of Hindley/Milner-style type inference fails at programs like [ f ]0+[x : xs]1- =[add ([ f ]2- xs) ([ f ]3- x)]5+ The reason for this failure is that x must have type a and type list a at the same time.

x could be assigned the recursive type µa.list a, which is theoretically sound.


For instance, Disney s Second Screen1 allows an iPad app to synchronize additional content to a movie playing on a Blu-ray player.

making synchronization work in the local network environment is far from simple.


Embedding a static ID is lightweight especially when done with JIT-compiled code because the static ID is a compile-time constant.

embedding a dynamic ID requires looking up the current dynamic ID.


Since we only increase the size of the pathTo and pathFrom sets, if we use bit matrices of size V 2 to represent these sets and we only turn on bits once, we will limit the total amount of work to O(V2).

in the strategy above, we may attempt to turn on the same bit many times.


In this regard, rescheduling and scale-up adaptation logic in Rainbow-DCAS replicates as closely as possible the original adaptation logic in their respective embedded code-based counterparts.

it is important to identify two main di.erences between the alternative implementations of adaptation mechanisms: 1.


In other words, UML may be considered as a multi-purpose language allowing defining software object-oriented terminal models and also allowing defining MOF metamodels.


Ideally every component corresponds exactly according to a specifcation that contains no questions of interpretation, and behaves exactly the same in any environment it is deployed.

this ideal picture is often not the case, specifcations may be ambigous, components may contain bugs and the bahaviour may vary in diferent contexts.


Their trace .les were gathered with Merlin [17] and provide, inter alia, an object s times of birth and death, and allocation site.

gathering traces with Merlin is slow: for example, instrumented javac may run for a week, whereas our Mem-Trace tool gathers the trace in 3.5 hours.


There is no limit on the number of teams per institution.

each person may participate on only one team.


If the identifier space is too large, some nodes will be overloaded.

small identifier space will bring the same problem as millennium bug.


PCC uses only one integer to represent a calling context, which is more concise than DeltaPath.

pCC collects fewer unique calling context encodings due to hash collisions, implying that some calling contexts obtain identical encoding results.


For instance, GR(1) uses kripke structures, state machines with propositional valuations on states, where the environment and the controller update and read respectively controlled and monitored propositions.

in many settings such as requirements engineering, architectural design and selfadaptive systems, a message passing communication model in the context of a distributed system is typically considered.


(3) The higher the URC, the more often restart occurs for this message,andthusthe morelikelyitisthatthenetwork stack musthandleseveral messagessimultaneously.

this metric does not measure the accumulation of load due to simultaneous transmissions of di.erent messages.


Given a list of names, say @ John , @ Mar y and @ Bob , the following piece of code appends @ Doe to each of the names, yielding @ John Doe , @ Mary Doe and @ Bob Doe : names = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@ John ,@ Mar y ,@ Bob ,nil]; [[names collect] concat: @ Doe ]1 Varying receiver Natural order.

we are not limited to iterating over the receiver of the argument message.


The work is motivated by the experimental results from the authors previous work [1], which show that 9 to 40% of conditional statements in large program exhibit correlation which can be detected statically during compile time.

it is reported in [2] that only about 45% of the conditional statements are analyzable due to some limitations of symbolic evaluation and the compiler.


We can observe that, regardless of size, Af and Am are very similar for Space.

for Replace, as for the remaining programs, the difference is substantial and tends to grow as test suite size decreases.


Yu and Prasanna [4] developed an energy-balanced task allocation (EBTA) algorithm to meet the deadline of a real-time application running on homogeneous sensor nodes connected via multiple wireless channels.

they did not consider the broadcasting nature of wireless communication in their model and the multiple wireless channel technique is not widely used in the real world sensor nodes.


Method hot func2 is hot because it is invoked from a hot loop.

although method cold func is called from a hot method it is not itself hot since it is not called from any loop, and does not contain a loop in its body.


INTRODUCTION The problem of e.ciently allocating a number of concurrent potentially real-time tasks onto one or a few processors is important to the .elds of real-time and multiprocessor scheduling, hardware/software co-synthesis and compilation.Dynamically scheduling and then performing each context switch consume time, reducing system throughput.

embedded systems designers can sometimes take advantage of application information to statically schedule or even eliminate context switches.This reduces the instruction throughput required, allowing the use of a slower processor clock or even a less complex and less expensive processor.Slower processors have a lower demand for instruction and data throughput, potentially averting the need for memory hierarchies, superscalar instruction issue and branch prediction.Using a processor without such features simpli.es system design, performance prediction and analysis.Lower clock rates lead to bene.ts such as reduced power and energy consumption, reduced electromagnetic emissions and susceptibility, easier hardware design and debugging, and simpli.ed power supplies and distribution networks.


The distribution editor of the EDOS project [17] provides a means to check the consistency and installability of a set of interdependent packages.

in the distribution editor, this information is not used for analysis or for application-level installation.


Our virtualization model is largely common to L4 s normal execution model: we use i) L4 threads to virtualize the processor; ii) L4 memory mapping mechanisms to provide and manage guest-physical memory, iii) an IPC to allow emulation of sensitive instructions through the user-level VMM.

in virtualization mode, threads and address spaces have access to an extended ISA and memory model (including a virtualized TLB), and have restricted access to L4-speci.c features, as we will describe in the following.


Clusters with combination(s) of these interconnects are being deployed to leverage their unique features, and to provide network failover in wake of transmission errors.

wide variety of interconnects pose portability issues.


One of the biggest chal- lenges in this connection is to prevent the garbage collector of Java's memory management to interfere with real-time task scheduling.

resource reservation is not ad-dressed by this specification, which would prevent an imple- mentation of our concepts on top of this platform.


Instructions in the program may operate on non-constant addresses (for example, array indexing leads to variable offsets from a .xed address).

if the exact addresses cannot be computed statically, we perform no further analysis and assume that the memory access is a cache miss.


The first of these alternatives is to keep a short history of predictions and chose the maximum of the recent predictions.

in this situation, this procedure is inadequate because the phases are unlikely to line up with scheduling quanta boundaries.


Rolebased access control can applied to solve such problems at di.erent levels [29].

some information might be accidentally leaked out.


SINR3 achieves lower average BER than original average BER.

there is a restriction in the original TAST code that obstruct its use in multiuser MIMO-OFDM closed-loop systems: For linear receiver, because  has no effect on SINR, we e TAST code must be a square or rectangle code, i.e., the number of p i /4 can replace the rotation M2 in (6) with a 2 × 2 FFT basis sub-carriers (or time intervals) must be the same as or be integer times of the number of antennas, and in every sub-carrier (or time interval), the antenna number must be the same.


Hence, we can make no clear statement on removing clones caused by .ne-grained extensions or crosscutting concerns.

the detected clones where mostly identical (type-I) or had only slight differences (type-II).


Then, the path with the shortest transmission time between any two nodes can be found.

the shortest path for any two nodes may change over time because of the dynamic topology.


Several key-value storage libraries rely on caching to compensate for their high read ampli.cations [6, 28], making query performance depend greatly on whether the working set .ts in the in-memory cache.

sILT provides uniform and predictably high performance regardless of the working set size and query patterns.


As clearly indicated in Figure 12(b), the graphs of BITVEC and BITVEC+ are the same until a certain instrumentation step after which BITVEC can no longer instrument while BITVEC+ uses increment based scheme to further instrument the graph.

figure 10 also shows that although BITVEC+ can achieve higher sampling periods compared to BITVEC , but it can introduce interference as indicated by a drop in Figure 12(b) between steps 40 and 50.


Second, our prototype checks on every read in a transaction whether the value should be read from a .rst-class heap or the regular heap.

only mutable values may be written to, so, since our heaps are lazy, only mutable values will ever be in a .rstclass heap.


From 2003 to 2010, technology shrank from 130nm to 32nm, following Moore s law.

physical on-chip power limits and design complexity forced architects to stop using clock scaling as the primary means of improving performance.


NOR Yes No Filesystem File storage; Calibration Tables  MicroHash MMC Yes No Yes No Stream/Index Stream Storage and Indexing      ELF NOR No Yes Yes No Filesystem Same as Matchbox  YAFFS NAND No No Yes No Filesystem Portable devices  medium.

memory is often a scarce commodity on small sensor platforms, with Telos and Mica motes containing 10KB and 4KB of RAM, respectively.


This is especially needed when domain speci.c modeling languages are used.

language-speci.c knowledge is required for improving the quality of con.ict detection.


For example, participants were instructed to middle-click on a cell to bring up the cell s arrows.

the tutorial did not explain how to interpret the visual feedback they received as a result.


At this point, we note that vertices (2, 2, 14) and (2, 2, 16) represent the same job (j2) scheduled at the same time (t = 2).

the energy consumptions for these two vertices are different.


3.4 Location Estimation Since three spinning beacons are used in the example deployment, Doppler-angulation calculates three orientation angles and three corresponding lines toward the target.

as Figure 4(b) shows, varying angular errors affect varying shifts in these orientation lines away from the target.


However, that would be a tedious and error prone process.

for parsers that use Parsec s LanguageDef abstraction, adding the check to the lexeme combinator would handle many cases, but even then, many primitive operators such as char, digit, and satisfy do not use lexeme so we would have to be careful to also add checks to such primitives.


With at least 2f +1 execution replicas in other BFT-SMR systems, a recovering replica is guaranteed to get at least f +1 valid and matching checkpoint messages from other execution replicas, allowing checkpoint creation and validation to be done exclusively within the execution cluster [Yin 2003].

zZ runs only f +1 execution replicas in the normal case, and thus a new replica may not be able to tell which of the checkpoints it is provided are correct.


The assumption for this inference is that in reliability analysis, experimental or historical data are often more readily available, which makes statistical approaches such as survival analysis more convenient and likely more realistic.

data is generally more difficult to obtain in security and survivability analyses, and analytical approaches can be leveraged to play more important roles.


The type system is used to trigger DMA transfers from the main CPU to the PEs.

due to this di.erent hardware model, Cn does not support poly values in compound data structures.


Once we know the argument type, s, we can use fpoly to type check the argument itself, so that information from the function s type is pushed into the argument, just as discussed in Section 2.1.

unlike the all-or-nothing approach of local type inference, boxy types support a mixture of inference and checking.


X10 supports generics in whichthe type parameters are speci.ed using [] (line 1).

in X10,type parameters are not erased during the compilation, thereforeprogram can introspect the information during execution (line 16).X10 does not support dynamic class loading in favor ofoptimization opportunity by wholeprogram analysis.


In the general worst case, the GPU-based implementation also has a running quadratic worst time.

since a large number of cores perform the computation at the same time, the hidden quadratic constant can be divided by a large factor.


On the one hand, code transformations are simpli.ed since the code need not explicitly handle inter-processor communication.

transformations must properly handle the asynchronicity that arises among activities and must respect the synchronization constraints imposed on theseactivitiesbythe semanticsofthevarious language constructs.


It is clear that considering recommendations from various usability research studies on navigation model are all very important and should be implemented for designing wellorganized sites and it may also help improving the adaptive display methods that can be more effective at directing people to the right place by matching user expectations.

mobile computing is evolving rapidly and due to variations in mobile devices screen size, its' features and other related issues, these differences may lead to different rules, such as when the web site is adapted the preferred and optimal page length will also depend on the page's content [8] and what is recommended today may not fulfill the requirements in future changing environment.


[21] provided a static off-line scheduling algorithm and a number of on-line algorithms with good competitive performance, all for aperiodic tasks.

the algorithms assume cubic rule of power-frequency relation and knowing the computational requirement of tasks a-priori, which do not apply in our case.


Herbort and Ratz s method avoids the manipulation of matrices.

it may create a large search tree whenever the projections of the fis have a lot of zeroes that are not solutions of the system.


The effectiveness of TS relies on the various analytical skills of the experts, the systems, the tools and repositories available to answer a range of problems that clients pose [13].

there are many drawbacks in current TS communication media: factors that negatively influence the effectiveness of TS service.


The advantage of this kind of preprocessing is that the translation does not have to deal with discrete zero-crossings.


The probability of correct classi.cation as FP is also small because both FP and NFP corpuses contain the same .x-on-.x lines.

if the module is misclassi.ed as NFP, the module s FP lines, which are similar to the .x-on-.x lines, are stored in the FP corpus with the TOE procedure.


In these ap- plications, load addresses often depend on long-latency instructions too.

sPECfp applications have fewer conditional branches and they are resolved faster.


This would work, but it would require a major effort from the programmer, who would need to understand the low-level implementations of both programs in full detail.


Using implicit concurrency allows kernel code to be written without explicit attention to timing issues; for example, there is no need to bound the execution time of a pure sub-computation because an interrupt will eventually cause a thread switch if necessary.

under this approach, many of the state-based assertions given in this section are not really true because another thread may execute in between two apparently consecutive operations.


As the Program Dependence Graph (PDG) in Figure 1(b) shows, there are cross-iteration dependences that inhibit DOALL.

both DOACROSS and DSWP [21] are applicable, and their respective schedules are shown in Figure 2(a).


We are very interested in determining whether uniqueness types are subsumed by, or can be integrated with, related resourceconscious logics such as Bunched Implications [19] or Sch¨ opp and Stark s dependent type theory for names and binding [24].

this technique for encoding .nite partial maps only works for functions whose domain is a set of names.


3.1, 3.2) L&B server cannot rely on receiving a registration event (which comes from a single log .le typically) .rst anymore.

the gLite L&B server drops events related to nonregistered jobs.


Therefore Houdini s method of inferring unwritten properties should be helpful.

hiding inferred annotations confused users (leading to unnecessary annotations).


They are implemented as assertions allowing hence simulation-based verification.

static verification of this kind of contracts would certainly be enough.


Asblockswithrecentlyupdatedsectorsresideinthe PMA, the PMA can be regarded as a cache with hit rate r. Now, with probability r, a sector write can be done with cost CPW .

with probability of (1 - r), a sector write pays a cost of CDefusion + CF usion + CPW because it incurs a Defusion to evict the LRU block from the PMA, a Fusion to migrate the newly referenced block to the PMA, and a write of the requested sector to the PMA.


In fact, this type of bugs can be caught more easily if 2nd-Strike is based on more application-speci.c typestate instead ofgeneric ones on pointers.

the stress testing cannot manifest .ve out of thesix bugs, at least within 24 hours.


By manipulating flexible points [4], the optimization portion of coercion transforms a simulation to satisfy specified objectives and properties.

optimization-based coercion alone is not sufficient to guarantee that validity-determining properties, physical laws and user conceived constraints, are preserved.


Thus, the size of the solution space for this optimization problem is O((max{wi}×h)t).

clearly the solution space is large, even for small values of w, h, and t. the solution space may be significantly pruned by imposing architectural constraints, such as the limit on the number of replications allowed.


From the table we see that the new approach performs 2We only list those cases where at least one of the two tools completed 3D and P are biased in favor of characteristic functions well with s3271 and s4863 but cannot complete s3330.

we were able to complete s3330 with VIS, but not s3271.


Inconsistent convex hull ideal reals, without any uncertainty, then SI MPL E CO N V E X HUL L in fact computes a convex hull.

under uncertainty (for example, due to .oating-point error), the decision Lturn(u, v, w) can evaluate nondeterministically.


It s reasonable to expect this even though i is a function de.ned in the MATLAB library.

if the .ow-insensitive analysis were to look at the occurrence of i on line 2 before the one on line 1, this would be an error.


With retest-all, the turnaround time required for a test session increases as the number of DD-instances (DDi all) increases.

for incremental testing, the test time varied depending on the number of DD-instances covered by generated con.gurations.


However, these researches still need some effort to conclude the proposed models and to prove its trust, and needs a definition on which requirements are essentials to measure quality in components.

by looking at the works covered in [6], which represent the history and the current state-of-the-art in component certification, we may notice that this is a still immature area.


Other users will probably .nd it only mildly better or perhaps even worse than their existing email tool.

it is those overloaded users who are the least willing to tolerate an unstable prototype to manage the email that they are already struggling with.


The magnitude of the weight de.nes how strong the correlation is.

the sign indicates whether the correlation is positive or negative.


There was a time when technology companies differentiated themselves by the features that they were able to design and build into their systems.

over the last decade adherence to standards has become more and more important.


As done in [6], this allows us to consider interleavings at the level of collection operations, without considering interleavings of their internal operations.

the key insight that we use is that before and after each collection operation op1 executed by the MUT, the environment chooses a collection operation op2 to execute that does not commute with  1 V compute(K k) { 2 V val = m.get(k); 3 if (val == null) { 4 val = calculateVal(k); 5 m.putIfAbsent(k, val); 6} 7 return m.get(k); 8}  (a) (b) Figure 3.


An Externally Replicated Experiment to Evaluate Software Testing Methods Sheikh Umar Farooq Department of Computer Sciences University of Kashmir, India suf.cs@uok.edu.in ABSTRACT Context: Many empirical studies have been carried out to evaluate software testing methods in the past decades.

we are still not able to generalize the results, as most studies are not complete and differ significantly from one another.


The satisfaction condition above may be used as a condition for checking the correctness of model transformations.

it s important to note that proving that a model transformation satis.es a model transaction may not be a trivial case.


Admittedly, the community that is interested in building data collection tools seems to be converging to an implicit paradigm of constituent components for the tools, as indicated by an agreement on the need for client-server components and con.guration interfaces[13][8].

it has only been roughly outlined and has not yet been made explicit in more speci.c terms.


C2 applications are open in that developers may encode a range of recon.guration policies in connectors.

in comparison with OpenRec, this enables only a limited form of openness and blurs the separation of recon.guration and application concerns.


Diverse types of approaches have been proposed to monitor requirements at runtime [9], e.g., performance and event monitoring techniques [14, 4].

the characteristics of SoS lead to additional challenges: requirements may exist at di.erent levels e.g., at component level, system level, or SoS level and may be overlapping or con.icting.


In the case of scale up, if the size of a data request queue associated with a particular processor node remains close to zero consistently, the adaptation mechanism considers this as an indicator of good performance, implying that there are active DRPPs which probably are not necessary and have to be deactivated.

if the queue size increases consistently, scale up tries to increase performance by activating new DRPPs.


CryptDB is built on top of MySQL, a database that stores data in specialized data structures like B+ trees and optimized for data retrieval using indices and supports transactions including updates.


Such a maneuver is forbidden with a higher priority as the direction rule (or the sidewalk rule, respectively).

spending 10 steps heading in an incorrect direction (or going on the sidewalk) is considered to be less safe than performing the dangerous maneuver.


Caboom does not facilitate portable modification of source code af- ter its generation.

modifications that are applied to the UML diagram are portable to the models.


Distributed AOP defines many new concepts like remote pointcuts [1], which are similar to traditional remote method calls, since execution is implied on a remote host; component-aspects [2,8], which introduces some features from component models, and aspect group notions [3], thus establishing a context where aspects can be deployed in a set of hosts.

we can find three major drawbacks in these current distributed AOP works.


7.5 Properties The classical veri.cation properties of safety ( P never occurs , where P is an undesirable property) and liveness ( P eventually occurs , where P is a desirable property) are of course still useful.

there are two special cases to consider depending on whether instantaneous transitions are to be considered.


This solution is very simple, and exhibits none of the symptoms of the other approaches.

there is no standard signature for such a function intended for large-scale reuse.


Performance comparison in uncoordinated crwodsourcing As shown in the previous figure, the uncoordinated search approach (also used by Google s OpenSpot) fails to help smart parkers do a better job than ordinary drivers in the search of parking spots regardless of how many drivers participate.

the coordinated strategy we proposed in section 3 guides smart parkers more wisely.


The translation from Java would remain unchanged; only programs which violate our memory discipline will exhibit new behavior.

there is no clear advantage to the compiler writer or the programmer.


The main novelty of this approach is the use of a fully operational network (3G) to debug the malfunctioning home network, which will be accessed via Wi-Fi.

this scenario raises security and privacy concerns that have to be addressed.


by considering HDDs long latency of moving parts.

since the absence of these long latency parts, these schemes may not work well for SSDs, and thus many researchers suggest using Noop scheduler for an SSD based system [3, 4].


A .nal comment: most of the early bad frees reports in perl were not bugs.

once we had understood enough of perl s internals to correctly place scopes and zero references correctly, manyof the remaining bad frees corresponded to actualbugs.


Typically, an architecture-independent pro-gram representation (e.g., bytecodes for the Java language) is shipped to the execution site and interpreted by a vir-tual machine.

to overcome the performance lim- itations interpretation usually imposes, these systems now employ just-in-time compilation [25, 2, 19, 11].


This is mainly because the size of the code memory is a discrete function (rather than continuous) and the performance of the collection algorithm depend mostly on when the collection is performed during the application and what methods will be called in the future.

a class of values that perform well on most applications exists and the ones we used for profiling are one of its members.


DISCUSSION The conducted study suggests that mutant classification strategies have a lower effectiveness when compared to testing by using all mutants.

they have a decisive advantage which is their ability to isolate equivalent mutants [22] and [21].


In general, when joining two quanti.ers .U(F1 .e)and .U(F2 .e)from different quanti.ed domain elements, a safe answer is .U(F1 .F2 .e)(meaning it overapproximates the .of the two inputs).

doing such a simple conjunction of guards will almost always lead to imprecision.


VM SYNTHESIS ON AMAZON EC2 In this paper, we have presented VM synthesis as a technique to rapidly of.oad customized application VMs to cloudlet infrastructure near a mobile device.

the technique is much more general than this, and can help whenever one wishes to transfer VM state across a bottleneck network.


In the past most of the techniques used were manual, such as drawings, physical models, or interactive displays, and were used in face-toface situations such as workshops and exhibitions.

recently, academics and practitioners have begun to explore applications of digital media to participatory design, looking at interactive websites and geographic information systems (GIS) in particular [19, 4].


Many sensor deployment strategies and coverage recovery algorithms have been proposed to improve the sensing coverage and remove detected coverage holes.

in many situations, full coverage can not be guaranteed or consistently maintained throughout the network lifetime.


We force the preservation of branch targets by restarting the encoding procedure whenever the sequence contains such a target.

by using a plurally parsable code, we are still able to efficiently encode the resulting pre-target subsequences.


Exactly which elements are reused may not be known at compile-time.

even without that precise information, in many cases, as in the above examples, it is often clear at compile-time, itself, that reuse exists.


Existing variability management approaches focus on describing variabilities in a product line and managing their impact on the derived products.

existing architectural design and decision support tools [17] cover various architectural aspects, views, and reasoning of decisions but lack adequate support for interaction with variability decisions.


To achieve that one needs to specify some (possibly arbitrary) static tie-breaking rules.

there exist instances for which no Nash equi 2Price of stability is de.ned as the ratio between the social value of the best Nash equilibrium and the social optimal solution, while price of anarchy is de.ned as the ratio between the social value of the worst Nash equilibrium and the social optimal solution.


Historically, soft errors primarily occur in memory.

soft errors in microprocessor logic will soon also become common [30].


1 An alternative approach, as used in Java, combines the MoveNext() and Current operations into a single virtual call.

this precludes the use of non-reference types or null elements in collections, because the combined method returns null to indicate that there are no more elements.


Since operations in the modulo scheduling framework are repeated every II cycles, such an adjustment neither changes the resource occupancy nor affects the operations outside the recurrence cycle.

it may consume too many routing resources since it widens the distance between producers and consumers more than necessary, especially for loops with large IIs.


Support for Seamless Linkage betweenLess-Detailed and More-Detailed Representations for Comic Design  Junko Ichino Abstract University of Electro-Communications Through a study of comic design practice, we observed 1-5-1 Chofugaoka that comic designers created three components Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585 JAPAN character-config, plot, and storyboard and used a ichino@is.uec.ac.jp trial-and-error approach with iterative progression from less detailed to more detailed representations during Tomohiro Makita the early stages of design.

existing comic University of Electro-Communications design tools do not support these tasks very well.


Users that are physically working on hosts are equally served as users that work remotely (e.g., via VNC software1).

only users with physical host access need a separate host to work with.


GCIMS Architecture 4.4 Implementation of Architectural Strategy The integration of all these criteria produces a different perspective on the implementation strategy for clinical information systems, namely, each community has to be responsible for creating and evolving their own CIS.

to satisfy systems wide access and reuse of ALL data there has to be a unifying coherence that they all participate in.


Moreover, these models are independent of any organizational development setting, software application domain, choice of programming language, etc.

all of these life cycle models have been in use for some time, we refer to them as the traditional models, which are used for software evolution [43].


In normal cases, t1,2 will preempt t3,1 at t = 3.

since t1,2 has 0.16 time units of the slack time, the activation of t1,2 can be delayed to t =3.16.


This would make model transformation more modular and maintainable.

the graph-based approach lacks a good support for synthesizing an ef.cient model transformation from multiple transformations.


Often, design patterns are identified by experts in the field of application of the patterns [10] and the process these experts follow is seldom described.

literature documents two types of methods for design pattern mining: a).


For example, here are the types of the data type constructor App, and its monadic counterpart (remember that Expr = Q Exp): App :: Exp -> Exp -> Exp app :: Expr -> Expr -> Expr The arguments of app are computations, whereas the arguments of App are data values.

app is no more than a convenience function, which simply performs the argument computations before building the result: app :: Expr -> Expr -> Expr app x y= do{ a<-x; b<-y; return (App a b)} This convenience is very worth while.


This may be due to the high false-negative rate, which indicates a tendency to classify fault-prone modules as non-fault-prone.

the model still correctly classified 86.7% of the binaries as fault-prone or not during this period.


When the actual run-time checker jmlrac is executed, appropriate errors are thrown if the annotations are violated [4].

since the way to signal speci.cation violations is encoded in the programming language itself, the JML errors are treated as any other kind of exception.


Whilst critical branching nodes determine whether T will be reached in the control .ow structure of the program, other branching nodes may also exist within p that control assignments to variables that are also responsible for determining whether T will be executed or not.

it is not possible to know which of these branching nodes should be included for the purposes of computing the .tness function, since P is not known a priori (.nding P is in general undecidable), and neither is the exact sequence of nodes in each p. The path problem exists in the example of Figure 1a where there are four potential paths ending in T .


Exp where source types (that is, the types in the object program) of e1 and e2 are unconstrained.

with GADTs, we can explicitly mention source types as type arguments to Exp to encode the three typing rules: data Exp t where Enum :: Int .


It is easily avoided using a perthread bypass .ag [17].

a side-effect of bypass is that initializers for classes used by the analysis are run while the bypass is active and so are not analysed; if the same classes are used later by the program, their initializers will not be re-run, and so will not be covered.


NICE [17] provides a platform for implementing cooperative distributed applications over the Internet and facilitates the implementation of different trust algorithms based on reputation.

hTrust and NICE do not provide a set of complete and effective guidelines that specify the necessary constraints on the structure of these components and their interactions.


Yuji Kyoya and Kunio Noguchi Software Engineering Center Toshiba Corporation Japan (CMMI-SE/SW) has been developed to solve the problem of using multiple CMM models for different areas of application, CMM has been working so well in many organizations that they do not have plans to replace CMM with CMMI immdediately.

similar to the other SPI models/standards, it does not address the connection between its maturity levels and the business goals of an organization.


Thus, the contribution of new threads to power consumption beyond the 50% utilization point is lower.

for mcf, we observe that the power consumption saturates at 25% utilization.


3.4.2 For New Languages Used in VEE Implementation Dimension is currently written in the programming language C. C is used to implement many VEEs, and these VEEs can use Dimension through the three communication interfaces (i.e., three functions written in C).

dimension needs some reconfiguration if a VEE is written in a language that cannot directly call functions written in C. For example, the translator in Jikes RVM [1] is written in Java that cannot call C functions directly.


If the user wishes more than 10 percent performance improvement using both types of devices, the normalized throughput between the faster device and slower device should be less than nine.

one restriction is that the application should allow changing the number of devices used and the amount of workload distributed to each device.


Note, however, that more is required: m in turn invokes a poly- morphic method p, which needs a dictionary of its own.

we ap- pear at first to have a major problem: the "top-level" invocation of m must construct dictionaries for the complete transitive closure of all polymorphic methods that could ever be called by m. laziness again comes to the rescue: we can simply leave an empty slot in the dictionary for m, filled in dynamically the first time that p> is invoked.


The concern would then be that b should not be incorrectly classi.ed as live.

b must be in the recursive closure of the forward acquaintance relation from the root and hence by successive applications of Rule 2, will be considered live regardless of the application of Rule 3.


If such a separation does not exist, positive and negative entries in the corresponding eigenvectors might not be particularly distinct.

such a situation possibly implies a system where all classes are more or less coupled leaving no room for identifying reusable components.


We shall further discuss the impact of relaxing these assumptions in Section 10.

note that accidental collisions (not deliberately caused by the adversary) may be handled to some extent by a probabilistic primitive (as they can be treated akin to transmission errors).


This provides total application isolation and reduced start-up time of application.

many embedded systems do not have adequate memory to start multiple JVMs.


A more aggressive approach would be to reduce the processor speed before the queue is full (i.e., using a lower set-point) to save more power.

there are two side e.ects from the performance viewpoint.


More precisely, the LC model allows the exploration engine to introduce inconsistencies into the environment, while keeping the state of the unit internally consistent.

the exploration engine must track the propagation of the inconsistencies inside the environment and abort a path as soon as these inconsistencies in.uence theinternal state of the unit on thatpath.


Of those, only the last one takes into account the current load and the heterogeneity of the environment.

to use minmax, the total execution time of each BLAST task must be known.


[9], where it was shown how structural links can be generated from the structure of documents.

for the associative Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The risk is further reduced by de.ning the concept of idempotent mixins, i.e., mixins that can be repeatedly applied to a class with no adverse effect.

m-Evolution can still fail if mixin M cannot be applied to V for one of two reasons: If V is a final class, or if the application results in accidental overriding [2] (i.e., a mixin which introduces a new method m() is applied to a class that happens to have a method m() of its own, which the mixin is not meant to override).


principle [6], it is inevitable to bring in modi.cation to the observed object.

considering the accurate volatile information gathered from the remaining memory, this little modi.cation within Vis installation is acceptable.


[g]then the type containing just a with that signature was their meet Tn U.

because of the arity problem, we could not see how to de.ne the join (least upper bound) of arbitrary types.


In order to process the request for a document, T++ needs to get an instance of the corresponding class, de.ned in the shared library.

the only available information is that such class is a subclass of the Page class.


Different description techniques imply different mechanisms for interaction, such as request-response and one-way message passing.

all description techniques agree that the basic mechanism for interaction is one-way message passing and define their more complex interaction mechanisms as one-way message passing patterns [14].


First, it is dif.cult to %Error of Prediction 200 dividing the space into several equal-sized regions.

this 100 determine how many sub-models to use.


For each combination, all tasks are executed as described in Section 3.1.

the framework can be con.gured to detect that a task has already run with a particular parameter combination in a previous run and to re-use the data produced by that run.


It may be obvious to the programmer that resultString and the heap are never intended to have intersecting addresses; hence no violations should occur.

it appears the compiler would need to conduct either an advanced general analysis or an analysis quite specific to this situation to assert this non-intersection in all cases.


We give details about the most important ones for our proposal.

the complete description of the metamodels and their diagrams are available in [18].


We believe the dif.cultly of controlling various sources of nondeterminism is a key issue in applying SCT to existing code bases.

non-systematic techniques (discussed in §7) are able to handle such nondeterminism.


If the x86tier does not perform periodic synchronization and only wakes up once an hour to send and receive updates its average lifetime is found to be 75 hours.

the cost of this gain in system lifetime is that the expected time to get an update is 1 hours, where p is the probabil p ity of a network connection being available.


In order to have correct computational results, it is important to validate dimensional unit correctness of a program.

standard type systems do not enforce the correct use of units.


Other approaches such as split tiling [7, 13], overlapped tiling [11, 13], and diamond tiling [2] have been proposed to address the loss of concurrency when time-tiling stencil computations.

as explained in the next section, all of the previously proposed approaches have some limitations and drawbacks in the context of GPU computing.


the programming tasks were designed in such a way that generic types play a central role, and we were careful to at least attempt to make them reasonably representative of what a programmer might try and accomplish.


The expenditure of traditional performance testing can include but not limited to: 1) salary of engineers; 2) cost of purchasing and maintaining infrastructure; 3) cost of licensing and services.

the expenditure of cloud-based performance testing can include but not limited to: 1) salary of engineers; 2) cost of cloud pay-as-you-consume resources; 3) cost of licensing and services.


Not reproducing the exception during replay would result in a complete execution of the method, which does not correctly reproduce the recorded behavior.

there is no point in getRatio s code in which the fact that an exception has occurred is explicit.


HTM aware scheduling eliminates priority inversion for all the workloads we investigate, and enables better management of very high contention in ways that are not possible with traditional locks.

it is unable to have a signi.cant impact on the performance of workloads with normal contention pro.les.


This in turn reduces the probability of creating a real deadlock.

if we consider too .ne-grained abstraction for objects, then we will not be able to tolerate minor differences between two executions, causing threads to pause at fewer locations and miss deadlocks.


The support for contiguous arrays does not impose any slow-down on the array access barriers.

a worst-case analysis of a system must assume that the memory is fragmented, and thus arrays have to be allocated as trees.


Given the scope of the line, many combinations of pre-built core assets can meet the same functional characteristics in the product.

the internal properties of each con.guration may lead to variable behavioral facts that di.erentiate the quality characteristics of each possible system inside the product line family.


Note that this constraint does not require any additional implementation e.ort from developers as they would also have to implement the evaluation criteria within some extension point of the EC framework.

moving the evaluation criteria to classes that de.ne the optimization problem eliminates the scattering of application-speci.c code within di.erent extension points of the EC framework (as shown in Figure 1C).


9An alternative approach would be to use the heap primitive as a whole object [18].

being able to split an object allows for more .exible reasoning.


In addition, it permits greater .exibility in working around typechecking errors than working with existing code does, and it can be more bene.cial than annotation of existing code, since it provides earlier indication of errors.

annotation of existing code is more quanti.able, since it is possible to track the time spent annotating and the problems discovered in original code.


In this case, such a chain is treated as not a monolithic chain but a sequence of subchains; and, our algorithm schedules each subchain separately.

the algorithm also tries to use the same TR for all subchains of a given chain as much as possible.


Java therefore may seem a viable candidate for real-time systems, especially to an organization that has adapted Java as an enterprise language.

even a casual inspection of Java reveals a number of obstacles that interfere with real-time programming.


If we had not allowed copy folding during the construction of SSA form, the initial union-.nd sets would contain only values that 1 The seeming exception to this is a 4-node parameter, v, whose de.nition is in a block, bv , not necessarily dominating the block, bphi, in which v is used as a parameter.

the movement of the value from the variable to the 4-node actually takes place along the incoming edge to bphi, and this edge is dominated by bv .


The query supported by Prospector is very useful where a developer is interested in converting Tin to Tout.

not all of a developers programming intent can be represented with an input and an output class.


There are validity issues with possible bias from previous experience with the system and the learning effect of using Archium after having used CBSP.

this is an exploratory case study and provides a much needed replication of the case studies presented in the CBSP and Archium papers since there have been no attempts to replicate those case studies in the literature.


Each event is still represented by a single number (expected frequency).

cP s statistically-sound distributions are for a single event across multiple program runs.


6.2 Applicability to Other Domains The solutions presented have a few domain-speci.c components (e.g., the distance metric in the nearest neighbour search and the speci.c error .lters used).

beyond those components, the various algorithms should be applicable to other problems in the transportation space that involve .nding patterns in a large body of data.


Contrarily, bottom-up design delivers robust systems and can be fruitfully used in pervasive environments.

predicting and controlling their behaviour by design is not an easy task.


In summary, providing on-demand reservation to devices increases the available memory size in the system.

the on-demand reservation time can compromise the enduser latency if the reserved memory is not carefully used.


Note that even if the number of VP instances goes over the optimal value, the synchronizer still preserves the simultaneous simulation of all nodes.

balancing out the number of VP instances hosted across the VPs, or alternatively increasing the computational resources available to the VM, helps to increase the overall simulation perfor 5 mance.


Our foundational structures lenses and their laws are not new: closely related structures have been studied for decades in the database community.

our treatment of these structures is arguably simpler (transforming states rather than update functions ) and somewhat more re.ned (treating well-behavedness as a form of type assertion).


We introduce a cost model to guide the decentralization algorithm that is based on throughput as the primary performance metric, for multiple instances of a program running on a server.

much of the past work on dependence-based partitioning and scheduling seeks to minimize the completion time of a single instance of a program running in isolation.


These devices were not used for applications considered in this work.

this feature is added to create a generalized tool.


The optimal software pipelining algorithm, which is given to answer Question 2 above, enables us to complete the theoretical treatment on time optimal software pipelining.

the algorithm L3: if cc0 r0 := r1 if cc1 cc0 := (r1==0) store(r2,r1) L2 store(r2,r0) L0 L1 Figure 2: A tree VLIW instruction is of little practical importance; it suffers from excessive overhead in computation time and code expansion.


reorganizing data on disk based on when it is needed), but Windows has more information about accesses and dependencies.

we treat the VM as a black box, so we assume that all accesses are unrelated.


For this only program counter (pc) is saved but no registers are saved because it can cause long delay in context switch which may offset the benefits of CPU sharing.

since all the hardware details are exposed, compiler can prudent decisions regarding register sharing etc.


The asymptotic running times of the .nite map and the priority queue operations are the same for both approaches.

priority search trees support range queries more e.ciently.


Therefore it is at best risky to draw general conclusions (external validity).

our intent was to modestly determine whether CACC can be useful and coste.ective in an industrial setting, which does not require external validity.


Particularly since LSB matching has the e.ect of masking the true cover variance, this explains it has proved a tougher nut to crack than LSB replacement.

the assumption that pixels can be modelled as i. i. d. random variables is unrealistic.


As a result , the algorithms which process data in the sensor nodes and the quantity of temporary information that can be stored need to be limited.

the data transmission for the of.ine storage, query and data analysis in a central node is an expensive procedure in WSNs, since wireless communication consumes a large amount of energy.


We note that the locks in encounter mode are held for a longer duration than in commit mode, which accounts for weaker performance under contention.

one does not need to look-aside and search through the write-set for every read.


CONCLUSION Supercomputers present an interesting point in the design space with respect to dense integration, low per-node power consumption, datacenter scale, high bisectional network bandwidth, low network latencies, and network capabilities typically found in highend network infrastructure.

an esoteric and highly optimized software stack often restricts their use to the domain of high-performance computing.


Language is indeed an important factor that largely accounts for the success of offshore IT work in countries with strong English language capabilities, such as Ireland, the Philippines, India, and Singapore [6], [15].

there are several other countries, considered followers in global competition, which are increasing their presence in the global IT market.


This multicast transport level solution is geared to the single writer semantics of web objects.

buddyCache uses application level multicast and a sender-reliable coherence protocol to provide similar access latency improvements for transactional objects.


RELATED WORK Solving security issues for untrusted JavaScript has recently received wide attention both in industry and in the research community.

most of the recent work concern the context of current version of JavaScript (EC-MAScript 3).


The node manager assigns the CPUs comprising an execution object when creating the object, and does not choose from available CPUs when dispatching a thread.

a rebalancing mechanism, described in Section 4 can relocate threads and create new execution objects if needed.


Of course, there have been improvements to the algorithm.

it is a rather philosophic question, if these improvements are actually improvements to the same algorithm, or if, in truth, describe other, admittedly, very similar algorithms.


Because of the complexity of most SCs, the design of an SC will always require knowledge of processes that are unfamiliar to any SC team member.

there is no easily accessible library of general process templates, a set of reference models, that can be serve as guides to process design.


For some benchmarks, this may well hold, though in such cases it isn t clear why the faults from the previous evaluation could not be used.

since the evidence that coverage is not usefully correlated with fault detection, when size is held constant, is also weak, adding information on coverage comparisons between suites/techniques as an additional support for a claim of effectiveness could be useful.


The main part of the business reporting is running on HQ s server system.

the data is distributed among the company s supermarkets and managed by Data Managers.


Local changes, involving only one or a few actors, do not break the rest of the system in spite of a signi.cantly modi.ed temporal behavior.

any design methodology that relies on precise speci.cation of timing such as RTL, where designers specify behavior cycle-by-cycle would have resulted in changes that propagate through the design.


OVERVIEW OF DYNAMINE A great deal of research has been done in the area of checking and enforcing speci.c coding rules, the violation of which leads to well-known types of errors.

these rules are not very easy to come by: much time and effort has been spent by researchers looking for worthwhile rules to check [27] and some of the best efforts in error detection come from people intimately familiar with the application domain [13, 30].


Output BANK{} END  gain the benefits from both cache partition and bank partition.

since there are two extra bits (21~22) for bank coloring, BLP can also be orthogonal to cache partition.