Moreover, synthesis results prove that the proposed approach can offer a fully compliant WiMAX decoder, supporting the whole set of turbo and LDPC codes with higher throughput and an occupied area comparable or lower than previously reported .exible implementations.

the mentioned design case achieves a worst-case throughput higher than 70 Mb/s at the area cost of 3.17 mm2 on a 90 nm CMOS technology.


The next sections will discuss the second major paradigm change, namely the emergence of flexible multi-processor SoC platforms.

we will address the need for developing appropriate parallel programming models for these platforms, in order to simplify the automated application-to-platform mapping.


However, since automated extraction tools are usually involved, a one-to-one correspondence between all register .les of the transistor-level and gatelevel representation may be lost [4][10].

state equivalence information between the transistor level and the test model may not be fully available to the engineer.


Although HAsim gracefully degrades its performance in the presence of limited resources, introducing more resources both speeds simulation and enables HAsim to scale to simulations of larger numbers of more complex cores.

large HAsim models need large amounts of fast memory.


Each permutation imposes a specific placement for each module and there is a one-to-one relationship between a sequence pair and its packing.

( a b , a b ) place a to the left of b ( a  b , b a ) place a below b Given a sequence pair, one can construct an oblique lattice structure with the lines labeled in the same order as they appear in - (G+ , G ).


Insertion of Intermediate Code One approach to decode instructions is to decode instructions just in time.

the control signals are decoded only when they are needed in the next pipeline stage.


Notice that these performance counters are strongly correlated with the power consumption of the caches and cores.

when the cores and caches are experiencing high activity, the I/O and DDR channels will experience low activity and vice versa.


In addition to allowing policy modification ease, implementing within the MASH environment allowed us to leverage existing, well-tested MASH components to lessen the implementa- tion effort.

we used MASH's Announce Lis- ten Manager, HTTP Server and Adaptive Timers.


Dimensionality Reduction by Random Linear Projections: As shown in [27] by the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma, the g 2 distance is preserved in the projection domain with high probability by random projections.

all the useful information is preserved in the projection domain.


3 shows that reduction of the number of switching times implies better reliability of the EWOD device.

when the number of switching times of an electrode increases, the contact angle change (..) decreases, and thus the reliability of the chip decreases.


Although specific selector implementations are not our main focus, one possibility is programmable selector hard- ware.

registers in the selector can be written by pro- filing software via special instructions.


The figure shows that the adaptive scheme can be used in a network with multiple traffic classes.

the adap- tive scheme can provide different levels of QoS to different classes.


The perload con.dence has precedence over the branch con.dence.

regardless of current branch con.dence, if a perload con.dence falls below to a certain threshold, we stop prefetching for that load PC.


Instead, the bandwidth matching1 technique [4] is utilized to map the external TAM wires to the internal VTB lines.

by introducing frequency converters V T B - DIU (V T B - MIU ) on the input (output) of the core under test, the internal VTB lines is able to operate at a lower frequency fs that satis.es Wext × ft = Wvt b × fs, where ft is the tester frequency.


Without the speed-up method, we cannot obtain solutions for the benchmark circuits, ispd 10-f07 and ispd 10-f08, within 12 hours.

the resulting worst-case clock skew of SHAB-CTS* is almost the same as SHAB-CTS, implying that our speed-up method can substantially reduce the runtime while maintaining high solution quality.


We can avoid complex forwarding logic by using the separate per-thread register files of the SMT architecture as future files [14].

as each instruction retires from the RUU, it updates the appropriate perthread register file, as in a standard SMT processor.


= .0, .1, .2 ... .B-1 is the total number of wavelengths associated with the system, we can see that this is exactly the same number of wavelengths transmitted/received from every system board.

the number of outgoing or incoming wavelengthsper systemboardisthesame.


parameters have greatly different constraints.

frontend parameters like channel length and oxide thickness are set to their minimum possible values that maintain manufacturability.


We should leverage such an advantage to compensate the disadvantages of ISP (lower MOPS/mW).

we introduce structurally complex agile baseband implementations to exploit the dynamics in wireless communication systems, targeting substantially boosted energy efficiency.


First, users prefer a voice with the same accent as their own.

american participants preferred an American accent and Swedish participants prefer a Swedish accent.


Note that the derived condition must agree with those generated from the inputs.

a derived condition is invalid if it conflicts to a condition generated from the inputs.


Processes have unique id's, but they do not have any information about the number of processes in the system.

the protocols cannot rely on any bounds on the maximum number of processes that partici- pate.


It will be clear in Section 3.2.2 that our partitioning and merging processes result in tiles with at most one opening on each side.

we prevent any detour inside a tile for better resource utilization and higher routability for practical applications.


The method is focused on those aspects of psychological and sociological states that are crucial for the performance of the crew.

we focus on measuring of emotional stress, initial signs of conflicts, trust, and ability to collaborate.


Although it ignores the details of the pulse s leading and trailing edges, the basic features of a transient noise are captured.

the model captures the average (or maximum) value of the noise through the amplitude and the transient nature of the noise through the pulse width.


Higher sensing speed needs more driving current consumption for the voltage level shifter.

the voltage-mode delay-line A/D converter is not suitable for load sensor.


By the second interview about two weeks after acquisition some subjects began to temper and qualify their opinions about use of phones in public places.

many who thought they would never talk and drive also admitted to doing so.


3.3.6 Eliminating Spawn-Point Redundancy Aspawn-point s1 implies another spawn-point s2 for a given target t if any path from s1 to t passes through s2.

if s2 is reached along the path from s1 to t, spawning when the main thread reaches s2 is redundant.


Putting the pipeline at this location creates a large margin for the delay variation and enables us to compensate a degradation of 90% ((4 - 2.1)/2.1) on the request path and 55% ((4 - 2.6)/2.6) on the response path.

if the variation causes that the delays of the request and response paths increase by 90% and 55%, respectively, we are still able to compensate it by switching to the pipeline mode.


The aim of this work is to analyze the TID effects in a low-pass Switched-Capacitor (SC) filter using the Oscillation Based Test (OBT) approach.

we try to explore the capabilities of such a defect-oriented test technique to perform on-line measurements of the TID in ICs.


The prerequisite of our extended scheme is that i that follows theprotocol faithfully.

s assigns i *** * channelreciprocityholds forareasonably longperiodof probability 1 to action(ci,r )where r = Ri and c ii i = timeandthatweneedtoachieveahighlevelof accuracy J w(1-a)Ric ,(k = |S|).


It is observed that although the 3D VRM has higher temperature sensitivity, the overall losses are lower.

the 3D VRM with the interposer filter configuration has great potential due to low losses as well as lower temperature sensitivity.


An internal node is considered untimed stable if a change in evaluation on an internal node is acknowledged on a primary output.


However, our design-description techniques and interoperability requirements will play a crucial role in guiding the development of any new system-level language.

the work of the VSIA helps to identify and prioritise the support of possible design-format features.


As we can see, the IPC obtained for the clustered microarchitectures is very close to the performance of the unified configuration.

even without replication, the inter-cluster communications mildly impact performance and thus, the potential benefits of replication are minimal.


They can only be detected at a single site and require opposite transitions on for that fault.

when the detection OBDD is traversed, the choice of which path to follow at a given node is a random choice weighted by the number of minterms that lead to detection along each of the two paths.


A few code dissemination protocols (e.g., [2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13]) have been developed recently to propagate new code images using the ad-hoc wireless network formed by the sensor nodes.

deluge [5] uses an epidemic protocol [9] for ef.cient advertisement of code meta data and spatial multiplexing for ef.cient propagation of code images.


Minimum delay is equal to (cycles / maximum frequency).

the reported values for the worst case degradation reflect the degradation in delay that would be suffered, if the designer required maximum frequenc y.


Although NoCs can borrow concepts and techniques from the well-established domains of computer networking and telecommunication infrastructure, it is impractical to directly apply standard solutions from these domains.

noC routers must be small, energy-efficient, and fast.


The order is based on their optimal regions where supply nodes are sorted according to their demand intervals in a lexicographical order on the 2-tuple (intervalmax, -intervalmin).

the demand intervals are sorted in ascending order accordingtotheir intervalmax value; within that order, intervals with the same maximum coordinates are sorted in descending order according to their intervalmin value.


Although the set of odd numbered output positions has a large set of overlapped pre.x operator nodes, as do the even ones, there is no overlap whatsoever between these two sets of components.

the hardware is divided into two disjoint sets with a clear cut .


One of most challenging constraints on the device is its limited endurance.

after a limited number of writes on a memory cell (on average about 107 -108), the cell is stuck at one of its two states representing either 0 or 1.


Conclusion and FurtherWork We have presented a global modeling approach for Transaction Level Models consisting in separating details that are needed for all TL activities.

our untimed PV modelsuseblocktransactionsand smart yielding to ease modeling and improve simulation performance.


Performance predictability is an important issue at all levels.

processor binning (and pricing) depends only on microarchitectural issues.


The scenarios shown in Figure 4(b) purposely depict the duty cycles of the positive pulses on the inverter input as unequal.

the duty cycle is greater than 50% for the scenario on the left, i.e., .tOL > .tOH, while it is less than 50% for the scenario on the right.


We can formulate both the resource usage and delay for the hybrid multiplier analytically.

given a hybrid multiplier .n={m1, m2, , mN}, the area cost for Mn (i.e., S(Mn))can be recursively estimated as S(Mn) = S1(n), and .


Thorough surveys of relevant test compression techniques can be found, for example, in [10] and [17].

the Embedded Deterministic Test (EDT) a distinct form of dynamic reseeding Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


Attention must also be paid to bends in interconnects.

90-degree corner bends must be avoided, since the current density in such bends is significantly higher than that in oblique angles of, for example, 135 degrees (Figure 8).


), size, TSV number, tier number and packaging style.

the gate-count size of benchmarks varies by 51.3 times; and the number of TSVs varies by 280 times.


In a normal form game, all the players act simultaneously without any knowledge about the other players actions.

the players simultaneously choose a strategy si .Si such that their respective payoffs are maximized or minimized with respect to the payoffs of the other players.


Since each tile in the .xed-dissection layout can be considered independently, we may reformulate the MDFC PIL-Fill problem on a per-tile basis.

for each tile the following optimization is separately performed.


However, the product of a·KB is much larger than q so leakage is much more affected by temperature than the variation of the threshold voltage.

our sensor is far more sensitive to temperature than to threshold voltage variations.


These choices were essential to significantly reduce the computation overhead without much compromise on performance.

each state-variable should first define the space over which its probability density will be estimated by the algorithm.


To demonstrate that our MG UARD can detect hypervisor rootkit, we developed two in-house KVM rootkits based on kvm-kmod-3.5.

one KVM rootkit hijacks kvm_vmx_exit_handler, and the other rootkit hijacks kvm_x86_ops, to introduce the illicit behavior.


The most ine.cient parts of the computation are instead related to adaptive gridding.

the cost of generating communication schedules and the Berger-Rigoutsos algorithm are the largest parallel performance bottlenecks.


The improved genetic algorithm we propose starts from a software tree representation and progressively builds a partition of the problem by looking for the best compromise between raw performance and hardware area increase.

it tries to .nd the most interesting parts of the input program to be implemented in hardware, given a limited amount of resources.


To avoid worsening the diagnosis signals routing problem, we design both the SPC and the PSC to reside locally to a memory under diagnosis.

in our scheme, each e-SRAM possesses its own SPC and PSC.


This provides a signi.cant performance boost for the implementation of fast-adder structures on FPGA.

cryptography applications bene.t most from such a recon.gurable array.


We describe the features of the VoiceDraw application, our design process, including our user-centered design sessions with a voice painter, and offer lessons learned that could inform future voice-based design efforts.

we offer insights for mapping human voice to continuous control.


pdf | ·= 0, ,M systematic approach explore the correlation among2p 2 m=1 performance functions.

the same prior distribution {pdf(E(l),a(l) | 80, ,M); l = 1,2,...,L} is now shared by all modes/corners, since they are defined by using the same parameters {8m; m = 0,1,...,M}.


LAST-USE-OPT represents an optimal version where we detect the last-uses of the objects by looking at the object traces we gleaned.

in this post-processing based approach, we have a prediction accuracy of 100%, and we get rid of the useless duplicates without any delay.


However, the presence of channel correlation reduces the effective degrees of freedom, so-called rank deficiency, causing the reduction of the capacity of MIMO channel.

as the channel correlation of the i-th hop channel increases, the capacity decreases due to the rank deficiency.


MODEL OF INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY In this regard, a number of solutions to this problem was offered.

iS security model based on statistics and expert knowledge and working as part of the development system security analysis in conjunction with specialized hardware and software complex, has been implemented [6].


We argue that our path-based decomposition is sound and complete.


Due to the limited space, we omit the details of our IK methods, but highlight three issues that differentiate our problem from that of similar problems in robotics: Natural postures Since the limb contains a large number of dofs, there are multiple postures to achieve a given wrist or fingertip position.


Third, we .nd that exposure of users to common foci appears to increase the probability of edge formation as compared to an absence of such interaction points.

bias owing to group af.liation is a more dominant factor for edge formation for relatively new source nodes.


After accounting for the di.erence between the input and output token cardinality, the iterations of function calls over the data tokens do not change.

the main f or loop that is used to call f is split into two nested loops, one of them moved inside function f. In this way, the C++ function can iteratively read and elaborate multiple inputs (i.e., through a loop added to the code) during one single invocation.


scattering parameters, noise .gure, 1-dB compression point, third order intercept point) using the alternate test principle [8].

we .rst collect a representative sample of CUT instances with the embedded sensors from different lots, wafers and sites on the same wafer.


When a cache set is selected by the indexing logic for an IL1 read, its bitmask is ready to use, without the need for Rtag comparison.

the bitmask for each cache set is generated before any read has been made to the set.


As described, the model can be derived from theoretical approach and the contrast and contrast-gradient provide strong correlations to hot-spot sensitivity.

the hot-spot information is embedded in original design layout and we have discovered a method to extract it.


The experimental results show that applying our ILP formulation after placement can resolve a large potion of con.icts.

our .ow considering DPL during placement can obtain zero con.ict under reasonable runtime.


First, the interconnection flexibility of modern devices will encourage the self-intersecting path problem.

high connectivity allows a routing node to easily re-discover itself after going through a pipelining resource.


ACE bits become un-ACE bits after their last use.


every pair of outputs are XOR ed, all XOR-outputs are OR ed together, and the resulting Circuit-SAT instance is converted to CNF-SAT using known techniques (a number of optimized reductions have been proposed recently with large circuits in mind).


PrimeMod improves theIPC compared to Xor, obviating the fact that the logic for generating the index cannot be ef.ciently implemented for L1 caches.

if the hash function could be implemented in less than 1 cycle it would be 6.8% better than the base case.


These qubits absorb less noise and hence require a lighter error correction scheme.

the error correction needs fewer physical ancilla qubits for every physical data qubit (a ratio of 1 to 2).


We designed our system on the lower right side of the FPGA matrix array.

we placed the configuration IP near the ICAP port that is located in the lower corner of the FPGA.


However, manufacturing processes for TSVs have been shown to introduce new failure mechanisms.

thermo-mechanical stress and electromigration introduce reliability threats for TSVs, e.g., voids and interfacial cracks, which can lead to hard-to-predict timing errors on critical paths with TSVs, thereby resulting in accelerated chip failure in the .eld.


A significant body of work has since been published which applies ACO to different types of problems.

aCO has been used as a way to solve task mapping and scheduling problems while optimizing for performance [6], [1] and energy [4].


This class of techniques is introduced to minimize the Energy-Performance-Area (EPA) overheads required to mitigate the increased error rates.

oCEAN applies nonlinear programming to achieve the minimal energy overhead possible.


this framework, technocrats at both ends of system development process/technology and circuit/system  will be able to accurately estimate the lithography-aware electrical yield/performance of an SRAM array and other process sensitive designs.

our methodology can be used to (1) determine the sensitivity of circuit/system level electrical parameters to lithography parameters (2) evaluate the impact of process fine tuning on SRAM array electrical yield and performance (3) do lithography-aware SRAM cell/peripheral circuit optimization  Fig.


However, this can potentially lead to missing some optimization opportunities.

epoch e+2 (and the next several epochs that follow it) could also bene.t from the throttling and pinning decisions taken for epoch e+1.


It s worthwhile to underline that satellite connection is only used if pre-existent wide area terrestrial networks are out of order or no-existent.

in this scenario a ViaSat s SurfBeam DOCSIS [8] two-way broadband satellite system, operating in KA band, which integrates a Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP), could be used.


This paper discusses the utilization of high level C models throughout the Specification stage, the Development stage and the Verification stage of a design.

we show that verification hooks built into the model facilitates the verification task, and we illustrate the methodology with examples taken from a typical Image Processing application the resizing of an image for vertical and horizontal zooming.


In general, there is no preferable style according to this factor.

different approaches may represent the most efficient structure according to the target logic function.


With stable net delays, the optimal permutation can be obtained more efficiently.

in this case the input pin movement pi.tj would result in a delay reduction of .ij=dc(pi)-dc(pj); the slack of pi after it has been moved to tj would thus be s(pi|j)=s(pi)+.ij=[s(pi)+dc(pi)]-dc(pj).


As this is a bus mastering design, all references to PCIe reads and writes below are from the perspective of the FPGA.

reads transfer data from the host to the FPGA and writes transfer data from the FPGA to the host.


In general, at PIRs above 0.08, the proposed architecture outperforms the conventional one in terms of EDP.

when the local communication rate is 50%, a significant improvement is achieved owning to the balanced traffic distribution over the two network layers A and B. V. CONCLUSION A locality-aware on-chip interconnect architecture where local and non-local communications were carried out separately by dividing the physical channel width was proposed.


We de.ne TFOedge(ni,k1 ) as the nodes in the transitive fanout of ni which have a forward depth of exactly k1 levels from ni.


Therefore, the ultimate goal is to test the ensemble of critical paths under di.erent manufacturing process conditions.

the selected paths need to cover the entire process space.


as compared to Wang s design [5], a 4x throughput improvement is observed.


Quantitatively, the predicted time with FPGA G/S model is 197.2 seconds if all G/S in FLASH larger than 16K are ported while porting the top 33 results in execution time of 198.7 seconds for accelerator system.

even though we eliminated 107 blocks from porting to G/S hardware, we did not lose anything from the 1 ... measured -predicted ... benefits of the accelerators.


On a microprocessor core, however, test solutions requiring massive chip-level changes might not be exploitable.

any solution based on a scan approach may be inapplicable.


Since the miss distance of the underlying cache is K, after a miss of d, at least K different blocks need to be accessed in order to evict d from the cache.

all the accesses to d are hits as long as the number different blocks have been accessed after the .rst miss to d does not exceed K -1.


Also, this paper explores new methods to allow fast acquisition of interconnect thermal profiles of complex structures from closed-form aspects.

to save computation time and memory cost, a novel and accurate empirical model is developed that allows equivalent mediums (isotropic and anisotropic) to replace the detailed interconnect information in non-critical regions with minimal error.


In read operations, trd should be long enough so that the sense ampli.er can complete the data detection.

trd is determined by the sense ampli.er performance.


TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN BEYOND CMOS The discussion on trends benefitted from an excellent overview on Nanoelectronics given b y Jeffre y Welser (Semiconductor Research Council and IBM) coming from a series of global workshops held in 2010 organised by the National Science Foundation and the National Nanotechnology Initiative [1].

the USA Semiconductor Research Council and the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative have identified five research vectors: .


At the circuit level the delay of most cells are well known to scale about proportionally to FO4 [19], [20].

we verified that the TFET gate delay is tracked very well by FO4 in the voltage range of interest, as the scaling factor of NOT, NAND2, NAND3, NAND4, NOR2, NOR3, NOR4 at low voltages is always within 13% of the scaling factor of FO4.


Scheduling, one of subtasks in HLS, assigns operations of a behavior description with specific clock cycles based on data dependencies and given constraints of area and/or delay.

it basically performs tradeoffs between design cost and performance.


However, the property does not hold in TPL.

we cannot .nd all legal stitch locations by using the projection method in TPL.


This is mainly due to the imperfect decision making about which code segments to offload.

the DFE might be activated for a code segment that contains loads to data that is used again (i.e.


However, this approach has some performance rami.cations as well.

since this scheme increases the number of misses and the bus tra.c, it incurs some performance penalty.


History based RegularRoute to tune number of choice of global segments 10.

repeat Phase 3 until reaching maximum iteration or detailed routing routability stops improving  Figure 3: Flow of GDRouter in ICRWE phase, pin distribution is analyzed based onGriddedVoronoi Diagram.


Even more interesting, different obligation cycles may have different initiators even though all of these initiators should belong to a same role: company7.

the employee who deals with a customer at the beginning may not be the employee who will send privacy notices to the customer repeatedly.


Without the enhancements described in Section 5.2.1, once Monjolo begins discharging, it continues to discharge until it reaches a point in time at which the recti.er is in an off state.

monjolo uses any on state to prolong its wakeup duration and does not discharge Cstore until the subsequent off state.


The example also shows that a sneak leakage path may exist in a data dependent fashion.

simulation may not reveal the presence of the sneak path if the appropriate data vectors are never used.


This is presumably because of large variation in the eyeball position in the camera coordinate system.

subject A may have placed his eyeball nearer to the inner focus of the mirror compared to other subjects.


In contrast, the dead spaces for the non-hierarchical previous works all grow dramatically as the circuit size increases.

the empirical runtime of the MB*-tree approaches linear in the circuit size while the other previous works cannot handle large-scale designs.


xD satisfying the condition max{.y/.xi} = 1.

it means there are more than one converging paths in the network which propagate transitions towards the output.


After the configuration phase, the partitions are accessed in a sequence so that the topological dependence among the partitions is satisfied.

a partition is evaluated only when all its input values are available.


In this case, we divide the function into multiple steps.

s stages required for a function can be split into sets, $1, $2,..., Sk, such that each set Si can be realized by a cache module.


The number of added FFs can be set such that the value 2K >> 2K .

the value K isset by the designer such that for a uniform probability of selecting the state, the probability of selecting a state in the original FSM is extremely low.


By switching between the reference, and the approximations with and without the audio-visual metric, we can clearly hear the improvement when more clusters are used in the view frustum.

the car on the right has a siren whose sound is audibly displaced towards the centre with the audio-only metric.


4T-DECAY THERMAL/LEAKAGE SENSORS The sensor we propose exploits the relationship between leakage current and temperature.

subthreshold leakage current increases exponentially with temperature: -q· Vt/(a· Kb· T)ILeakage = k· e where q and KB are physical constants, a and k are device parameters, and T is absolute temperature.


Then an M-path is defined as a path of state transitions which can form a complete bus transfer in the FSM model.

an M-path, which is a finite sequence of state transitions, is actually a simple transaction.


Different from the past efforts in error correction codes or the work in trading the space utilization with reliability, we propose a disturb-alleviation scheme that can alleviate the negative effects caused by program disturb, especially inside a block, without introducing extra overheads on encoding or storing of extra redundant data.

a methodology is proposed to reduce the data error rate by distributing unavoidable disturb errors over the .ash-memory space of invalid data, with the considerations of the physical organization of 3D .ash memory.


3 2 1 0 8x 107 7 PLL is not Locked PLL is Locked 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.78 3 3.5 Time 0 x 107 Figure 4: Frequency of the VCO 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Time x 10-7 Figure 6: Bounds of the VCO Phase State variable number of cycles found is compared with our results.

the reported number of cycles for MC technique are performed by randomly choosing the initial value of fi v .


In this paper we examine some of the circuit level challenges to overcome in the development of crossbar array based circuits.

we discuss reading and writing the crossbar array based memory from CMOS, compiling a solution for reading very small currents through these molecular devices, and a metric to calculate voltages for writing to the crossbar array.


The swaps are repeatedly conducted until an equilibrium is reached.

the amount of distances can no longer be reduced by swapping any pair of devices.


Since our STT-RAM is at the L2 level, one simple way is to utilize the dirty bit in L1 to pass or terminate the writes into the L2, analogous to the write removal technique at the memory level [7].

each L1 word is tagged with a dirty bit, and only dirty words are written back to L2 upon eviction.


Towards this, pole-placement is performed by an appropriate choice of the controller gain K which places the poles of the closed-loop system (4) at desired locations.

in addition, in our setting, we need to ensure that the closed-loop system meets the requirements C1 and C2: C1 Settling time ts: This is the maximum time that the output y(tk)of the control loop takes to reach a close proximity of the reference r. the maximum time to achieve y(tk) r. Each control application has a given settling time requirement ts.


2.5 TestAction element The TestAction element defines a standard function to support the containing test case.

it has detailed information to execute an action which cannot be divided into smaller than.


2.1 Controller Design  There have been many proposals for designing high-performance, low-latency protocol controllers, especially for coherence protocols, and several micro-architectural techniques for both hard-wired and programmable controllers have been developed [24] [25] [26].

programmable protocol controllers have been the subject of extensive research and have successfully been implemented in many academic and industrial projects: FLASH [13], Typhoon [12], Impulse [18], S3.mp [19] and Alewife [20] are just a few examples.


Flexibly nonlinear: Given that the size of the nonlinear problem is modest, we have significant engineering choice in the form of the geometric warping transformations, and the overall objective function.

since we are not restricted to a quadratic form (either classical [3, 6] or generalized [8,9]) we can directly optimize metrics regarded as mathematically difficult, for example, exact half-perimeter wirelength.


Designs can be expressed at a variety of levels of abstraction in SystemC [9, 12].

accurate and high-speed simulation at high levels of abstraction is a key tool, enabling designers to model the behavior of large workloads on complex systems.


More- over, hardware pipelining becomes non-viable for some block ciphers.

this is true when the pipeline's atomic 128~ 32 Copies of S-Box Sk 32 Rounds Linear Transformation I ~ K3~ 12g" Figure 1: Serpent block diagram operation is the algorithm's round function.


This paper introduces and analyzes the role of local decision policies in a DFTM environment, and presents a precise formulation for when it is bene.cial to activate a given DFTM algorithm with respect to metrics that combine performance, reliability, power consumption and battery life.

local decision algorithms are described in the context of an imaging array application running on a network of resource-constrained processing elements.


It is readily evident that the update mechanism of es is essentially the same as that for controlling the commit phase in processors with out-of-order execution and in-order commit.

we can employ a reorder buffer (ROB) [14, 15] per active duplicable task.


5) with an on-chip bias current generator3 tracks the M1 threshold voltage to reduce swing voltage, avoiding the needless waste of energy.

when M1 is fabricated with higher (or lower) threshold voltage than the nominal value, the lower (or higher) Vref is applied to the NMOS-based drivers to increase (or decrease) voltage swing.


From another perspective, hardware components in a system may change but we would like to minimize the impact of hardware component change to other parts of the system.

it is desirable to separate out the parts that are not hardware specific.


And finally the correct bits will always automatically be written independently of the way in which the 32-bit data word has been routed into the ESB.

reordering the bits in the 32 bit data word will have no effect on the logic needed to implement the CAM write since the same ordering will apply to both the CAM read and write mode.


The data collected using RADAR described in Figure 1 can be summarized in the format shown in Table 1.

3.2 Causal Inference As noted in [15], an association between random variables R and L does not imply a causal relationship between R and L. even if a DFM rule is associated with yield loss, it does not imply that violating the DFM rule will cause yield loss.


Previous works on logic recti.cation are limited to either single-.x or partial-.x recti.cations.

only one or part of the erroneous behaviors can be .xed in one iteration.


4.3 Ranged Fill Compression As noted in [4], excess .ll features can be deleted without affecting the density variation to meet the Min-Fill objective.

we can exploit the allowed range of .ll features for each tile to relax the LP constraints in order to decrease the LP solver s runtime.


Notice from Figure 2 that the relative tuning range is not the same for all VDD values.

we measured frequency spans of approximately±14% at VDD= 0.5V and ±8% at VDD=1V w.r.t.


The goal of the technique is to improve the reliability of the system due to transient faults, and, at the same time, to limit the negative effect the execution of a higher number of tasks has on the architecture s aging.

given a task vi executed at frequency .i and with its k replicas vj each one working at a given frequency .j, the reliability due to i transient faults can be computed as k Rrepl j = 1 - (1 - Rvi (.i)) · 1 - R j .


One approximation that our proxy metric adopts is that the literal cost increase is the sum of literal cost increases for each output individually.

an n-output function is treated as a collection of n single-output functions.


In this case, the runtime system distributes the available SPM space among these applications proportionally with their request sizes (lines 11 through 16).

each application gets the (Request(i)/T otal) of the SPM space.


In contrast, DynaTune can transform the speculative operating frequency into throughput more effectively: for TU+dyn (RZ+dyn), the average operating frequency is increased by 32% (25%) over that of TRA, resulting an average throughput gain of 20% (15%).

60% of the frequency increase can be effectively transformed into throughput gain.


[22], our method on the average reduces 20% (50%) dead space for the .oorplanning with hard (soft) blocks.

our .oorplanner is more e.cient than the previous works.


That is, not only it enables more efficient designs as a universal and programmable gate, but also, by enabling coplanar line crossing, removes one of the main constraints in the circuit design.

not only it enables more efficient designs, as a more efficient logic gate, but also allows more efficient design at a circuit level by being used as via and reducing the complexity of overall VLSI design.


INTRODUCTION Cut enumeration is an important step in many synthesis algorithms.

technology mapping and resynthesis through re-writing require the ability to generate all cuts (of a certain size).


Similarly, in the absence of data transitions, the bus lines are set to VM operation mode.

if the data Din[0:N] does not change for Cp clock cycles, the bus lines automatically shift to VM operation to reduce the static power dissipation.


Path allocation problem -When there is an input port of IMk containing packets destined for aMi , IMk needs to find j, such that Mij ·Akj =1, and lock Aij and Mij for the group of packets of the same sustained period in the input port.

the group of packets needs an available output port of the IM, and an available MUX.


This .gure shows that RDP provides the best ED2 product results among all techniques (10% on average better than RaT).

rDP provides 7% lower ED2P than RaT for 2-thread workloads.


be suf.cient, we present in Figure 5 the contribution of inter-nest constraints and intra-nest constraints to the execution time savings.

for each application, the left portion of the bar (in Figure 5) shows the percentage of bene.ts that are due to just optimizing inter-nest data locality.


Modern and projected future SSDs have characteristics that make them compelling points for embedded data processing that .lters/aggregates.

their internal bandwidths often exceed their external bandwidths by factors of 2 4×, and the bandwidth growth over time is expected to be rapid due to increased internal parallelism.


Since it is easier to in.uence the bisection of a smaller number of cells from the partition information of a larger number of cells, we re-order the types in decreasing size.

t1 corresponds to the cell type that contains the largest number of cells, t2 corresponds to the second largest, and so on.


Exploiting Locality to Ameliorate Packet Queue Contention and Serialization Sailesh Kumar John Maschmeyer Patrick Crowley Washington University Washington University Washington University Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 +1-314-935-4306 +1-314-935-7551 +1-314-935-9186 sailesh@arl.wustl.edu Jrm5@cec.wustl.edu pcrowley@wustl.edu ABSTRACT Packet processing systems maintain high throughput despite relatively high memory latencies by exploiting the coarse-grained parallelism available between packets.

multiple processors are used to overlap the processing of multiple packets.


Then, the least active literal among the chosen literals is used to perform consensus operation with the clock gating condition so as to shrink the clock gating condition.

it tries to remove cubes one by one from a clock gating condition while keeping the Boolean function to maintain an enough (active) CAP level.


It should be noted that the mechanisms investigated in this paper generate physical addresses directly only when we are absolutely sure (i.e., they are not speculative).

they target optimizing references to the page that has just recently been referenced.


However, as it can be seen from (3), each neuron yi is affected by only m weights wij , 1= j = m. Hence, the training of these m weights is dependent only upon the difference between the output yi and the corresponding target output ti.

each set of m weights is trained simultaneously within the set, and is independent of the other sets.


skip modulator is proposed to raise the efficiency between PWM and PFM curves in Figure 1.

the efficiency drop between PWM and PFM modes can be raised by the novel DSM mode.


Interestingly enough, Fiala and Roth demonstrated the benefit of using a remote panoramic imaging system for tele-operation [5].

it removes the need for a closed-loop feedback for the remote low-FoV camera, and then reduces the overall latency.


This feature is different from 3D displays, where the angular density of reproduced rays is dominant.

a BRDF display requiresawiderviewing angle(which leads toa lowerangular density) and a 3D display requires a higher angular density (which leads to a narrower viewingangle).


The objective of this paper is to parameterize and explore the performance of pipelined interconnect structures.

we try to answer the following questions: What are the benefits of registering the IO terminals of logic units?


In this paper, first we show that these power reduction techniques can be suboptimal when thermal effects are considered.

we propose a thermal-aware cache powerdown technique that minimizes the power density of the active parts by turning off alternating rows of memory cells instead of entire banks.


In layer 2, to avoid copy attack owing to the high redundancy of music signals, we further associate each beat with its two direct neighbors.

a set of hash bits that come from the left and right beat are concatenated to the hash sequence of the current beat.


As can be seen in Figure 5(a), caching shared data (cache data) has a different impact depending on the benchmark.

radix and Matrix feature signi.cant  x 108 no_cache no_cache.SB cache_data cache_data.SB cache_all    77 x 10x 1015 15 Execution Time [ns]  2 10 5 0 10 5 0 0 4 816 4 816 4 816 #PE #PE #PE (a) FFT (b) LU-1 (c) LU-2 8 76 x 10x 10x 103 15 2  Execution Time [ns]  1.52 1 10 5 0 1 0.5 00 4 816 4 816 4 816  #PE #PE #PE (d) Radix (e) Matrix (f) Norm Figure 6.


The inhibition that a neuron m experiences is the sum over the receptive .eld correlation terms multiplied with the corresponding neuron output values.

if neurons m and n have similar receptive .elds, neuron m will have strong inhibition of its membrane potential when neuron n is active.


In order to disable as many links as possible, we try to to minimize o.-chip link activities.

we focus on prefetching since it has been known to generate a signi.cant amount of extra o.-chip tra.c due to useless prefetches [22].


B. MCLRP: Minimum Cut Length Rectangular Partition A general used objective for rectangular partitioning is to make the .nal partitioned rectangles as close to squares as possible [9].

the objective is to have the aspect ratio of the partitioned rectangles as close to one as possible.


Concurrent testing (Section 4): We show that OBD defects require more sophisticated approaches for fault excitation and detection.

the window of opportunity for detecting OBD defects before they reach their .nal hard breakdown status depends on the latency of the detection mechanism and the delay caused by these defects.


In this paper I will argue that the practical benefit to ER-CMOS is as a complementary approach for managing signal energies inside a CMOS VLSI chip through the judicious use of special driver circuits for the large on-chip capacitive loads.

eR-CMOS is advantageous for signals that require high fan-out.


To obtain a more reliable similarity measure and improve the clustering robustness, the self-tuning strategy [27] is employed to select context-based scaling factors in our approach.

for each data point ui, the scaling factor is set based on its context data density, as: s = j id (u ,u ) / n i .


The objective here is to escape route as many nets as possible, while maximizing routability and minimizing the total wire lengths.

we determine the metal2 segments of a set of nets around metal1 terminal clusters in such a way that the overall detailed routing problem is simpli.ed.


Second, we consider wires to be suspicious if they are activated rarely rather than never at all.

we are not simply looking for unused logic.


Performance summary on Quick Sort N Prop D EMM Explicit Sec MB Sec MB 3 P1 27 64 55 >3hr NA 3 P2 27 30 44 >3hr NA 4 P1 42 601 105 >3hr NA 4 P2 42 453 124 >3hr NA 5 P1 59 6376 423 >3hr NA 5 P2 59 4916 411 >3ht NA Note that property P1 depends on both the array and the stack, while property P2 depends on only the stack for correctness.

for P2, the contents of the array should not matter at all.


The bank selected to hold a data value is determined by the data address, which leads to the unbalanced bank usage in a block.

the number of blocks that each bank can support is different, and the minimum number finally limits the quantity of blocks the shared memory can support.


To store data at crosspoints requires that NWs in each dimension of a crossbar be addressable.

it must be possible to cause one (or a few identical) NWs in each dimension to have a low resistance while the others have high resistance.


(7) h The derivative of a function f(t) in its BPF representation (f(t)=f(T m)f(m)(t)) can now be computed by d d f(t)= [fT f(m)(t)] =fT D(m)f(m)(t).

(8) (m) (m) dt dt d f(t)is also a linear combination of BPFs dt with the coef.cient vector being D(T m)f(m).


Figure 3 also includes an example of a constraint statement.

the register-dependency bias, which causes the generation engine to select the same registers for adjacent or near adjacent instructions in the test.


3 shows a module class count stim containing a thread process stimgen, two input ports dout and clock, and two output ports load and din.

clock is a behavior port since it provides events that trigger the stimgen thread process within the module.


Applying the above algorithm, we have Bins = {"A" }, Bin2 = {"B',"C"} and Bin1 = {"D","E',"F" }.

"A" is broadcast on channel 3 (the fastest chan-nel), {"B","C" } on channel 2 ("B" is before "C" in each cycle), and {"D","E',"F"} on channel 1 - the lowest ("D" is transmitted before "E" which is before "F').


This likely indicates that we are not correctly identifying all scanners.

in § 3.2 we noted that 76% of hosts with no LPR DNS Other 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Figure 4: Services scanned as a function of time.


The assumption, although simplistic, is strictly conservative.

a non-uniform distribution for a given device provides more opportunities for energy saving and reduces delay (since a single activation of the chip can potentially handle multiple buffered requests).


+1,j + 1) then must follow, completing the induction.

this shows that t .,i1 = t0 +2(W - 2)d+ and hence, by using (1), t .,i1 - t .,i = (i ' - i)d- +2(W - 2)e. Overall, since i and i ' >i were arbitrary, from the two cases and symmetry for i ' <i, we conclude that .


One of the largest concerns around an adult-oriented TLD was the trademark resolution process, an issue ICM Registry acknowledged even in their earliest proposals.

due to the social stigma associated with the adult entertainment industry, brand and trademark holders wanted assurance that their marks would not be unfairly associated with the xxx TLD.


Hence, in practice, any delay vector D of length n + 1 will be considered to contain m bins (where m is some constant and divides n + 1), where (n +1)/m successive elements are equal.

if o =(n +1)/m, di = dj if Li/oJ= Lj/oJ.


Introduction The design of a memory hierarchy for an on-chip multiprocessing environment is one of the key challenges introduced by the shift towards Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs).

cache data access is often a principal bottleneck in such systems, as multiple threads compete for limited on-die memory resources and accessibility.


Their corresponding level of applicability to a given design however cannot be predicted a priori.

it is very difficult to know beforehand how much yield will be recovered through the partial or full application of a given DFM rule.


Figure 9 shows that our proposed scheme can seamlessly work around both the one huge obstacle and the small obstacles; the system continues to generate periodic waves sweeping the area outside the holes in coverage created by the obstacles.

the wake sensors sweep the obstacle along its boundary and form aclosed wave pattern as soon as they pass the obstacle, so that the intruders nearby any obstacle can be detected.


The process of interaction with the elements of a secure system is associated with higher levels of threats.

we can link an attack to its risk value and determine it by the multiplicative criterion as a product of its occurrence probability and severity of possible consequences.


First, given a symbolic behavioral state, it is possible that there is more than one symbolic suspended status associated with this state among all the possible symbolic suspended statuses.

given a process, it may be resumed at possibly many locations (wait statements).


SAT-based BMC with EMM and PBA  The dependency of the property on any memory module for a given depth i is determined easily by checking whether a latch corresponding to the control logic for that memory module (the logic driving the memory interface signals) is in the set LRi.If no such latch exists in the set LRi, we do not add the EMM modeling constraints for that memory module.

we abstract out that memory module completely.


Therefore, the interconnection network between consecutive levels must provide a high degree of signal mixing.

in an ideal interconnection network: (i) each input drives the same number of gates (k); (ii) no two gates share many inputs; and (iii) after hlevels, each output depends on all inputs.


Indeed while voltage scaling may offer one the most efficient techniques for reducing the power consumption [2], unfortunately it makes circuits more sensitive to reliability issues in latest technology nodes.

low voltage does not only slow down circuits, but also increases delay variations and memory failures [3], further threatening the correct functionality of WBSN nodes.


3.1 Route Planning for Wash Droplets without Capacity Constraints If the assay preceding the washing operation leaves a small amount of contamination, we may assume that only one wash droplet is su.cient to absorb the residue left by the assay.

we assume that the wash droplet does not become saturated while removing residues, and hence, capacity constraints need not be considered.


A various tools for use in verification have been placed on the market.

transaction-level methods of verification are coming to play a major role[1][2].


The design s1269 utilizes almost 100% butitdegrades due to the fact that there is no special set of variables.

all the state variables are in the interesting variable set thereby degrading the State Var.


The second parameter can be dynamic and is set by the user before or after deployment.

higher SDT rate (1/z), results in lower life time and higher redundancy.


Second, can this trade-off be manipulated?

can we add energy-cognition to PTHSEL (forming PTH-SEL+E) and allow it to select p-threads that minimize energy consumption?


For example, if March C-is transformed into a transparent wordoriented March C-for testing an Nx32-bit memory, then test complexity (TCP+TCM) of Scheme 1 [12], Scheme 2 [13], and the proposed scheme is 90N, 260N, and 50N, respectively.

time complexity of the transparent word-oriented test transformed by the proposed scheme is only about 56% or 19% time complexity of the transparent word-oriented test converted by Scheme 1 or Scheme 2, respectively.


Sparse model coefficients: While a large number of basis functions must be used to span the high-dimensional, strongly-nonlinear variation space, not all of them play an important role for a given performance of interest.

only a small subset of model coefficients corresponding to the important basis functions are non-zero, rendering to a unique sparse structure [7].


One way to implement operand indexing is to have an opcode .eld in addition to other .elds mentioned previously in the RB and search in parallel the entire RB for matches.

an instruction that .nds a match in the opcode and operand .elds can read the result value from the RB.


We should be able to store the state in the graph and the description of the edges more compactly in memories.

the vertex outputs require at most O(N) memory locations.


At that moment, we conclude that a gives the largest value such that f(X)is (with high probability) greater than a, i.e., f(X) >a.

a is the maximum lower bound on the minimization objective function f(x), and thus achieves the minimum.


Therefore, the vector cache is one of the promising solutions to cover a lack of the memory bandwidth.

in Case 2, the 2B/FLOP system with vector caching of the 50% hit rate achieves the same performance of the 4B/FLOP system without caching.


The floorplanning problem that we investigate here considers several components in its objective function that are important tradeoffs in 3D architectures.

we consider the die area (footprint), the performance of the microarchitecture in BIPS, the maximum on-chip temperature, and the wirelength so that the power from the interconnects can be reduced.


Fractal coherence applies the property of observational equivalence [21] between a larger system and its smaller sub-systems.

the larger system s observable interactions with entities outside the system are identical to those of the sub-system with entities outside the sub-system.


For instance, mobile devices, like PDAs or phone cells, which represent an important segment of the market, or embedded systems, like GPS systems.

the use of caches is almost as spread as the use of microprocessors.


If the shade can be colored as red, green, or blue by using different color filters, then pixels can be displayed in color by mixing three sub-pixels in different colors at different grayscales.

the perceived brightness of a pixel is determined by its transmissivity and the backlight illumination.


In many fields, model and techniques that leverage Shannon ideas and results were developed.

a number of human psychological models for a variety of tasks and activities have been proposed and analyzed.


Now, suppose we have an algorithm to compute, for each suspect fault Ik, the probability Pkthat ej(the ej in the .gure) is 1 (I: j:m).

the algorithm outputs a probability vector for j kk each Ikas Pk[PP Pkml.


Among these memory technologies, ReRAM has been demonstrated with excellent scalability beyond the 10nm technology node [17] and with the capability of high density due to multi-level cells (MLC) and cross-point array structures.

since the MLC ReRAM memory structure has reliability advantages over the cross-point ReRAM structure (see Section 2.A), it has recently been studied extensively.


In the method, audio data were collected in a clean environment, so a target sound can be easily manually or automatically segmented as a syllable-segment.

tDMFCC was extracted within a syllable-segment (i.e.


n  (C1,..., Cn,w)= C where C = (C, X),C = Ci, i=1 E Pr[X = c|c .

c]= Pr[Xi = c] × w(Ci) .i,c.Ci the set of GBTs in C is the union of all the GBTs in C1,...,Cn.


While the proposed idea of post-silicon tuning looks simple, a number of comprehensive CAD algorithms and methodologies must be developed to optimally design the proposed resonator array with redundancy.

the following two critical problems must be solved.


We formulate the problem as an optimal stopping time problem for the attacker.

we formulate the problem as a Best-Choice Problem (also known as the Secretary Problem ), in which the adversary is presented with a time series of system states (obtained by sensors) and has Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


3.1 Optimal allocator We consider an allocator as optimal if it utilizes the maximum number of FPUs for all requests.

if the number of FPUs is Mand Nprocessors make request for FP operations, the allocator is optimal if the following conditions are met: 1. )


We compare the results of our pin assignment algorithms amongst each other with a special emphasis on the results of the pin assignment algorithm of Section 4.4.This is reasonable because the algorithm of Section 4.4 finds the optimal pin assignment with respect to a linear objective.

when optimizing SHPWL and AVG Flylines, the generated pin assignment is the global optimum with respect to either SHPWL or AVG Flylines.


From experimentation, with the TREC-9 collection and creating five document clusters, it has been found that the coverage of all terms, minus the stop words, for each cluster by using the terms from the centroid document are 93%, 96%, 98%, 94% and 93%.

the terms from the centroid documents cover at least 93% of all the terms within their respective clusters.


Another disadvantage of their approach specifically in domain of NoC is the complex control logic of the DAMQ buffer.

every read and write operation needs there cycles to complete, which might be excessive in an on-chip router.


In standard mirroring, each disk is mirrored to k- 1 other disks, so if one disk fails, only k-1 disks can carry the load of the failed disk.

each of these k- 1 disks should carry 1/(k- 1) workload of the failed disk, so the reconstruction workload is bounded by 1/(k- 1).


The Fredkin gate interchanges two bits if the AND of a set of control lines is 1.


Figure 7(a) shows the first approach that uses only one implementation for each type of operator (node).

we restrict ourselves to type 2 adders and type 2 multipliers.


An earlier attempt employing both a cross-language pronunciation transcription and a data-drive approach to automatically process speech was reported by Constantine and Chollet [5].

they employ a relatively simple variation of Genetic Algorithms to generate phoneme transcriptions based on a multilingual speech database.


In most of these cases, the best processor size determined for a given nest in one visit is still valid in subsequent visits.

we may not need to run the training period in these visits.


Therefore, we used sequential I/O to normalize the effects of the RAID cache.

we wanted the RAID cache to affect all I/O equivalently, rather than randomly.


Assuming that the distribution of L across the wafer can be approximated as a normal Gaussian distribution, the number of failures increases as the variance (or the width of the normal distribution) increases.

the fraction of SRAM arrays operating at/above a certain target frequency reduces with the increase in variance of the L distribution.


The previous algorithms do not take this difference into account.

the cells within the bins with congestion level n may move into the bins with congestion level n-1 or the bins with congestion level n-2 with the same probability.


To illustrate this, instead of providing higher throughput at high SNR, relaxed reliability requirements on the underlying hardware are possible.

at high SNR the error-resilience requirements can be relaxed for the same QoS.


By forcing FlatFractal to take the same actions as TreeFractal, we ensure that FlatFractal s sub-systems inherit observational equivalence from TreeFractal s sub-systems.

though the state with the sharer list contains complete global information, FlatFractal cannot use the global information (as a conventional directory might) to deviate in its actions from TreeFractal s logical hierarchy s actions.


PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE In order to propose a power-ef.cient FPGA architecture based on NVM technologies, designers encounter several important design decisions.

the power ef.ciency of NVM technology used as the con.guration bits, the power consumption of the NVM PCs, and the integration of the NVM PCs with the FPGA resources are of decisive design importance.


In this work, we model the problem of improving locality, i.e., reducing interaction distance, of a given quantum circuit by graph theory.

we use the minimum linear arrangement (MinLA) problem in graph theory to .nd optimized local quantum computation, in terms of the total synthesis cost or latency, in architectures with qubits arranged in a line.


We propose the history based detailed routing to reduce runtime overhead.

for the nets that are not rerouted in incremental global routing, we will recommend to use the choices of global segments of last iteration, or in other words, we rank the recommended those choices with higher priority.


It also allows dynamic recon.guration while the non-volatility can be used to reduce the power consumption.

mRAM is less sensitive Figure 6: Functional test of the dynamic recon.guration of the LUT.


It can be also shown from the above equation that xdynamic is inversely proportional the value of dCH .

the more sensors a cluster has, the less percentage of its sensors are chosen to send data.


However, the performance requirements of its predefined frequency-voltage  pairs need to be met for a wide range of process, voltage, temperature, and delay variations.

dVFS systems must be designed for worst-case conditions to improve yield.


Table 2 collects clock tree power results.

column Gated Module shows the power savings w.r.t.


For example, as shown in Figure 2, the distribution of wires according to wire length is different for 3-D ICs using varying numbers of device layers.

it is expected that for a typical custom-logic circuit with a modest number of device layers, the wire-length distribution will be shifted away from long, global wires towards having more short, local wires, thus lowering the total overall wire length and hopefully also the delay and energy consumption of the circuit.


The speci.cation of the LMQ states that an interesting RAW collision occurs when the reader from the LMQ shares the same address as the writer and its data is fully contained in the writer data.

the reader and writer have the same address and the reader access length is less than or equals the writer access length.


There is considerable hardware support for implementing isochronic forks in most synchronous FPGAs.

due to their regular structural organization, it is possible to find many forks which meet the isochronic requirement.


Tuple types are anonymous and de.ned structurally.

two tuple type declarations that employthe same types in the same positions are the same type and will interoperate.


In our scheme, we utilize a similar notion.

we introduce a Page Hit Aware Write Buffer (PHA-WB) for DRAM page hit rate optimization.


Many of the synthesis frameworks leverage off the optimization frameworks of the compilers of the target high level language.

the Modula Pipeline [5] compiler focuses on using vectorizing compiler analysis of loops to synthesize ef.cient pipelined implementation in hardware.


The new version, called API2T, is able to face the incorrect estimation of node localization by reducing missing detection probability and, thus, providing a better accuracy as shown in the simulation results.

a remarkable performance improvement is provided for random topologies and low density of anchors, as it might happens in emergency scenarios.


For the .rst time, we are able to simultaneously consider high temporal and comprehensive spatial adaptivity.

we optimize ef.ciencyfor many,short adaptiveintervals and identify the best con.guration of 15 parameters, which de.ne a space of 240B points.


While such designs enable better energy ef.ciency and higher bandwidth than the traditional low-swing signaling generated by simply lowering power supply voltage, they require differential wiring, clocked sense ampli.ers and an additional power supply voltage.

the additional power supply dedicated only to the NoC low-swing datapath can be a substantial system overhead in multicore processor design.


Figure 4 and Table 1 show some of the possible scheduling instances, with different combinational resource and register allocations.

solutions (a) to (d) allocate exactly one register for each combinational operation, whereas solutions (e) and (f) allow combinational propagation of data thus requiring less registers and cycles (traded off by a possibly longer cycle time).


Among them, the Raw machine [24] has an architectural con.guration different to the traditional VLIW clustered core presented in this paper.

a Raw machine consists of a mesh of clusters (also referred to as tiles) connected through a static and a dynamic network.


In the latter, monitoring input signals are demultiplexed, based on an address bit, to one of two out put channels.2 The arbitration node then combines input monitoring signals onto one output monitoring signal, as shown in Fig.

recent studies still predict signi.cant challenges, and shortcomings, under extrapolated technology trends, in terms of system latency, throughput and power [19, 18].


1 (f), there are only maximum LW/wJLH/hJ characters.

in such case, characters are usually be placed on the stencil in a row-based manner, shown by Fig.


All othervariablesusedinthe equationsabove are temporariesand canbe discarded after their use.

let us .rst understand the implications of the problem.


Microprocessor designs are, in general, more .exible and able to operate on a relatively wide range of clock frequencies.

if reconvergent fanouts exist, the same vertex can be reached from the same primary output, through distinct trails.


METHODOLOGY As described in Section 2, both delay and power dissipation are functions of segment length l and repeater size s.It is well known that delay optimal values of l and s exist [4].

the total length of the bus is L and the interconnects have resistance r per unit length, bulk capacitance cb per unit length, and coupling capacitance cc per unit length.


This approach to de.ning a class is useful for short classi.cation and computer implementation, but it is di.cult to visualize.

another possibility is to chose the control set such that the remaining function is as simple as possible.


This metric only requires the care vectors for each clause of the expression thus eliminating the need for impossible vectors at the expression.

the aim here is to generate good validation test benches directly at the RTL.


On the other hand, new technology nodes provide smaller transistors that degrade faster if Vcc is not scaled down because the electric .eld density increases.

while average performance is good for low faulty bit rates, those techniques may su.er high performance degradation when the faulty bit rate grows.


This work concerns the practical use of carbon nanotube in digital memories, in particular this paper presents a simple yet effective hybrid word-line/bit-line design solution that aims to complement metal wire with CNT in order to well leverage the low resistance property of CNT and meanwhile embrace the drawbacks inherent in CNT.

the effective length of copper word-line/bit-line is reduced by half and hence the effective resistance of the word-line/bit-line is reduced by 4.


[8] consider the data path level delay insertion in clock skew scheduling.

2.2 The Lower Bound of the Clock Period Since sequential timing optimization is to shorten the clock period by adjusting the timing slacks among the data paths, the lower bound of sequential timing optimization is determined by setup constraints [10].


The effectiveness of X-.lling is determined by the number and the characteristic of X-bits.

we sort these true non-essential fault candidates by removal gain(tf, v) and remove fault with the maximum removal gain(tf, v).The removal of true non-essential fault continues until no region has WSA larger than the threshold value or no true non-essential fault can be removed.


Already, we see the deployment of specialized languages such as CUDA that are not usable between similar architectures (e.g.

the shrinking chips scenario is likely to happen only if we can .nd no practical use for dark silicon.


With only two threads, certainly one thread may stall for a long period of time, for instance due to an L2 cache miss, while the other exhibits the periodic behavior such as that shown in Figure 4.

no further instructions are fetched from the thread until the data returns.


11-21% area overhead compared to the regular design.

several means of reducing leakage power have been proposed.


[3] Y. Zorian, D. Gizopoulos, C. Vandenberg and P. Magarshack,  Guest Editors Introduction: Design for Yield and Reliability , IEEE Trans on Design & Test of Computers, vol.

if there is no object intersecting with DRW(i,j), we add a vertex vi,j to the conflict graph.


phoenix: An Architecture for Defect Detection and Recovery 3.1.


OSG probes showed about a 90% success rate in July 2009 and failure rates of close to 40% in January and November 2009, as well as February and November 2010 and January 2011.

the raw data input from the probeLauncher is processed to produce a score for each site.


distributed systems will be also promising computing resources in EDA industry.

solutions are obtained without re-factorizing matrix during the transient computing.


By far the most successful technique for dynamic power reduction has been clock gating [5][10][13].

at such a high level, it is difficult to guarantee a strong correlation between the high level estimates and the final power dissipation.


For validating the analytical formulas of yield computation we compared our technique (12) and Monte-Carlo calculation of chip yield for di.erent Vdd values.

it is rather slow and requires a large number of samples to ensure accuracy.


The feature boundaries are protected by the sidewall, and the boundaries of trim pattern locate inside the sidewall.

[10] Y. Ma, J. Sweis, C. Bencher, H. Dai, Y. Chen, J. P. Cain, Y. Deng, J. Kye, and H. J. Levinson.


Assuming that B(i * , j *) contains the highest element of the B matrix we search the maximum values of D(i * , j *), H(i * , j *) and V(i * , j *) as in Eq.

6, although the clock frequency introduces a lot of noise in the graph.


Thus, it would be 9 cycles * 2 = 18 cycles.

since the SystemC models would be developed in cycle accuracy, we allowed the each model s error window to ±1% of RTL s.  3.


All phases are identical considering the operation of the reseeding scheme, with the difference that in each phase a different cell of the LFSR is used to feed the scan-chain of the CUT and therefore a different vector sequence is produced.

the Seed-loading Mechanism synchronizes the reseedings Linear Feedback Logic ...


OS Support (Section 4.7) In this proposal, the TSM runs in a single thread.

although we consider mainly software attacks, we also consider a few simple physical attacks [2], including probing of external buses and reading or modifying external memory and disk storage.


X-axis represents the normalized value of F and Y-axis stands for the counts.

eq(11)(12) together forms a convex program, whose optimal solution a can be calculated e.ciently by using gradient methods or other algorithms [25].


Feature Unit COTS 40nm Custom SRAM [12] 40nm Cell-based SRAM [13] 65nm Cell-based imec 40nm Dyn.

other portionns of the memory still feature full-swing dynamic and static operaation that benefits from power reduction with supply voltage.


[5] I. Pomeranz and S. M. Reddy, On determining symmetries in inputs of logic circuits, in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp.

the improved approach aims at each MEG and generates the corresponding pattern sets for each MEG.


Ternary GNTRAM memory was implemented with a heterogeneous integration between CMOS and graphene technologies.

[45] Ki Chul Chun; Jain, P.; Jung Hwa Lee; Kim, C.H.


INTRINSIC NBTI VARIABILITY AWARE RUNTIME TECHNIQUES TO MANAGE STATISTICAL PIPELINE PERFORMANCE A pipeline is designed to accommodate stages of equal delay.

the interface trapping induced PMOS Vt degradation (.Vt it) is modeled as shown in Equation 2 in accordance with the reaction diffusion theory, while the hole-trapping (.Vth) mechanism saturates at nominal voltages within tens of milliseconds [1].


Its advantage is that it can bring higher restoration results.

after the initialization (line 1-7), different combinations are enumerated with the lexicographic order.


Especially, it is theoretically clear that the OMR and ER cover the LR and GR, respectively.

in this paper, the function is called the internal function of the LUT.


Fault Related Properties Suppose we want to express the property that it is not possible for a node N to reach a certain unsafe state if the network starts from one of the initial states.

for ease of analysis, most work in the fault-tolerant literature makes the independence assumption: assume that abnormal events are independent.


[17] C. Kulkarni, F. Catthoor, and H. de Man.

this is not always true, since increasing the hit ratio past a point comes at the cost of bringing substantially more data into the levels closer to the CPU (e.g, by increasing the cache line size, or through prefetching [21]), resulting in useless or redundant fetches, and increased memory traf.c.


By moving the mechanical handle, which contains the webcam that records the scope's interior, users are invited to make their own video.

literally translating the physical human gesture into a digital language, she draws a conceptual link between mass culture, technological mediation and psychological processes.1 Osciloscopiando, is part of the series of works, Recycling Junk , a body of work that shows the beauty, harmony, and symmetry of discarded electronics.


The specification has been downloaded by over development of on-chip interconnect solutions.

the first AMBA specifications, ASB and APB, were released in 1995.


[4] Geoff Mole et al, Philips Semiconductors Next Generation Architectural IP ReUse Developments for SoC Integration , IP-SoC 2004.

another generator is also automatically called to generate the register test from the memory map information inside the IP-XACT file.


Our task is to decide the position of each block and the route of each bus, such that all the buses are 0-bend, 1-bend, or 2-bend and each bus ui can go through all its blocks.


D A C 2007, June 4 8, 2007, San Die go, California, USA.

policies with parameter value, TT H < 20 ms and are able to achieve 59% improvement over the conventional mean-based policy for the metric µ+s.


The tuning consists of two parts, i.e., the reduction of the policy sizeby utilizing aspeci.cpolicy writing tool[10], and the tuning of kernel and userland by removing unneeded functions and redundant permission checks from the kernel, by reducing .le size by removing features unnecessary for embeddeddevices, andby reducing memory usageby removing unnecessarydatastructuresfromthekernel.

proper interfaces for the hardware accelerators should be added and the related function calls in the SELinux code need to be modi.ed accordingly.


It is possible that the artificial examples constructed by our algorithm may not appear in every real-life circuit.

[23] C. Legl, B. Wurth, and K. Eckl, A Boolean Approach to Performance-Directed Technology Mapping for LUT-Based FPGA Designs, Design Automation Conference, June 1996.


The conflict graph proposed in [8] provides a global view of all nets in a layout to obtain a highly decomposable layout with less yield loss.

dAC 10, June 13-18, 2010, Anaheim, California, USA.


operations that alter machine state stores and message sends can be executed conditionally depending on the value of one of their inputs.


Focused ion beam (FIB) is one of most popular probing technologies.

2 illustrates an example of using FIB technique to observe a target signal inside a chip.


[6] Y. S. Dhillon, A. U. Diril, A. Chatterjee, and A. D. Singh, Analysis and optimization of nanometer CMOS circuits for soft-error tolerance, in IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, pp.

for SER reduction, it is not efficient to track the change in the soft error rate of a circuit by re-computing it every time.


Furthermore, consider a 2-way set-associative instruction cache to which the basic blocks B2and B10(address range: 76-88) would map as shown in (b).

the cache activity (at the granularity of a cache sub-bank) is altered in such a way that any circuit-level leakage-reduction technique can pro.t from it.


Asia and South Paci.c Design Automation Conf., Jan 2003.

wire density rather than congestion should be a uni.ed metric to improve both CMP variation and timing.


For example, with t1 = 00001111 and t2 = 10101001 (considered above) we obtain dif f (t1,t2) = {-1, 0, 2, 5, 6}.

there are also circuits for which the test vector chains are unable to reach 10detections for all the faults.


In Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS/Performance, 2012.

past work has shown that server application instruction miss sequences are highly repetitive.


Different steps can be used to eliminate the errors.

a memristor for learning circuits requires a "neutral" voltage range separated by two threshold voltages (VT- and VT+) as has been observed experimentally for example in [20, 25].


The energy e.ciency is further improved by employing the proposed sequential tag-data access in read and partial-lineupdate in write operations.

the performance and energy consumption are evaluated using bitcell and circuit parameters obtained using physics based simulator that can comprehend di.erent types of MTJ stacks [16] along with a circuit simulator.


Subjective listening only test, such as MOS (Mean Opinion Score), can investigate the exact intelligibility of human, but it has some drawbacks, such as financial cost, time cost, and the inability in real-time applications.

it can detect 59% of the silence, which results in 34% energy saving.


3 ()V ×--W (V ) PV ~expI q.V mkT () sleep SB SB sleep 0 D DD SB (3) ()af ()++C C PV ~2*..WW V 2 switching SB sleep nmos drain INT SB .. where, I0 is the current of an 1µm NMOS at Vgs=0, Vds=VDD and Vbs=0, m is the sub-threshold swing factor, .D is the DIBL coefficient, Cdrain is the drain capacitance of an NMOS, CINT is the interconnect capacitance connected to source-line , a is the transition activity (~1%) and f is the frequency of operation.


Regarding to SPEC applications, for some of them like 400 and 403 it is increased signi.cantly as well.

then, we split the execution of each application into chunks of 1 billion instructions and we generate a trace for the odd chunks so that we can analyze the behavior of DynamoRIO for different phases of the applications.


The signal FoN to[d] collected by the current switch is a 3-bit vector to denote link status along the other three directions except d and is transmitted to the neighbor along d. Figure 3: Fault information transmission mechanism.

as the CMOS technology scales down to the nanometer domain, smaller feature size, lower voltages and higher frequencies increase the number of occurrence of intermittent and transient faults, besides manufacturing defects and wear out e.ects which lead to permanent faults are also inevitable [1].


When taking the average of two or more tone models their durations have to be aligned.

rWC music database: Popular, classical, and jazz music databases.


The result of the race between the two ROs is determined by fabrication variations.

the 2-bit data xABxBC will be 00 , 01 , 10 , and 11 with probabilities 1/6, 1/3, 1/3, and 1/6 respectively.


Figure 2 shows an overview of load value approximation.

mPKI is affected by value delay because the approximator is working with stale data, skewing its con.dence calculations that determine whether or not data should be approximated.


This graph is called the potential reachability graph.

5(a) is more compact, since the a+ b+ y- a+ b+ y-  x+ r+ s- x+ y+ b-  r+ y+ b- x- b- y+ s+ b- y+ x- s+ r- a- y- b+  a- y- b+ y- (a) (b) (c) Figure 5: Example with unsolvable CSC con.ict.


We also .nd that by leveraging knowledge of an application s sharing characteristics, we can predict both how an application s threads should be mapped when running alone as well as with another application.

figure 22 presents the average LLC reference rate for a thread of each application.


This increases fault aliasing possibility, thus directly impacting diagnostic resolution.

for faulty signals that can directly reach an output position, the manifestation is consistent.


However, using a topology with similar structure but with more forwarding nodes (mesh topology with sink node in the corner), load balance induces a lower radio energy consumption.

we are currently developing an algorithm to organize the network which will balance the load between nodes basing on remaining nodes lifetime.


The representation of numbers using a signed digit system makes the use of positive and negative digits, {1,0, 1}, where 1 stands for -1.

before the construction of the look-up tables, we determine all the constants at minimum depth 1, 2, and 3.


Table 1 summarizes the setup and the parameters of the simulated multi-core architecture.

comparing line 1 and 3 sensor-less has a greater idle-burst10 than sensor-wise.


Time and energy overheads for using PCM, Flash, and STTM.

energy harvesting typically provides (more than two) orders of magnitude less energy than the conventional batteries.


SPEC focuses more on operations internal to servers, therefore emphasizing Tier 2 (processor, memory, etc.

examples can be found in the revisions from SPEC CPU92 to SPEC CPU95, SPEC CPU2000 and SPEC CPU2006 and also in revisions of many other benchmarks[13].


5.6 Scaling the number of coresIn Figure  10, we show how TreeFractal and FlatFractal scale as we increase the number of cores from 16 (default) to 32.

though this somewhat restrictive ordering curtails overlap among invalidations to multiple sharers, we saw modest performance loss in one benchmark.


As Vddsup increases the PMOS transistors leakage is reduced, so that the amount of reverse body bias that can be applied to the nmos transistors can be increased, continuing until a maximum value of Vddsup and V is reached.

power would not be saved by actively raising Vss and consequently, no power is wasted on circuitry to drive Vss high.


Random graphs with communication energy busy=60, energy idle=30 (a) Energy core (b) Energy total (a) (b) Figure 5.

also, we have used four different processor types (refer to Table 2) as have been used in [6].


The e.ects of variations in temperature are presented in section 3.2 and the variations in gate oxide thickness are discussed in section 3.3.

the e.ects of variations in power supply voltage (VDD), temperature (Temp), and gate oxide thickness (tox) on the clock propagation delay (TC-Q)and setuptime(TSET UP )of eachregister are demonstrated.


On the other hand, if we try to build a very complex model shown in Figure 2(c), this model covers a very small space.

based on the improved model and/or the improved methodology, more accurate design optimization can be carried out before the next stepping.


From the formula, we observe that, if there is only 1 .le server, the expectation of completion time is m2+1 t, which conforms to the distribution of our assumption.

the Panasas Activescale Storage Cluster: Delivering Scalable High Bandwidth Storage.


Re-developing a new standard-cell library for each process update is very time-consuming and costly.

layout decomposition for double patterning lithography.


A minimum vertex coloring of that graph yields the minimum number of prelude vectors that are needed.

our technique can still enhance the compression ratio of the previous technique as long as it has test patterns in the serial scan mode because we can compress those serial patterns by using prelude vectors.


During the execution of the annotated software, the memory references obtained from the machine code during model creation are fed into the abstract cache model.

this is achieved by safely approximating all possible executions of a program.


Historically, reliability has been addressed through robust manufacturing processes.

early research on CAD for digital microfluidics-based biochips has been focused on device-level physical modeling of single components [6].


Note that in radix-2 and radix-4 designs, if the butter.ies in Figure 1 are used without modi.cation, multiplication by j still involves a complex multiplier.

the split-radix algorithm is based on successively decomposing an N-point DFT into an N/2-point DFT and two N/4-point DFTs as follows: N .


This is accomplished by adding additional layers of interconnect fabric.

8 show how throughput and delay in the CMeshX2 topology behave with a different (e.g.


A region that is undetected but does not affect program output is unACE.

the ACEness of group G containing B bits at cycle C can be expressed by: B  ACEG,C = ACEb,C (4) b=1 This model of multi-bit ACE analysis is simple and can be computed easily from single-bit ACE analysis.


For instance; in the case of an 8-input OR gate, for a UNG value of 0.273 then for the new proposed technique we need a keeper ratio of 3 and we will have a delay of 2.294e-11 and a power consumption value of 3.678µW.

it can also be seen from figure 5 that at any given value of power consumption, the new proposal has a higher UNG compared to that of Standard OR domino.


Thus, for any two cache sets Ci,Cj,wehave Mi n Mj =f.

the trace Ti corresponding to cache set Ci only contains the memory blocks Mi from the original trace T .


For extremely small tasks (10 cycles) the barrier time is dominating in all cases (= 90%).

2012 EDAA fast synchronization protocols.


We also observe that 3-D technology parameters such as inter-layer via capacitance have signi.cant impact on these savings.

as shown in Figure 8, we can see that wafer bonding outperforms the packaging technology.


[6] Critical Blue, http://www.criticalblue.com, 2003.

on Compiler, Architecture and Synthesis for Embedded Systems (CASES), 2001.


Note that COm for nm can be determined by using procedure 1.

c will iterate over the different inputs of nm.


Again we used an exhaustive search algorithm to find an optimal solution for comparison.

the technique proposed in [3] addresses per resource voltage synthesis.


The template includes four basic instruction statements for Store, Load, Add, and Sub.


If we can confirm that input i is asymmetric to the other inputs, the SASIs representation is (i) (1 2 .

x .....x X xx 1 2 n 1 2 n and the inputs in every xi can be permuted in any fashion without changing the functionality.


Introduction and Motivation Today, highly integrated embedded systems have a wide range of usage in many innovative European industries, such as telecommunications and automotive.

developing hardware and software elements separately might lead to speci.cation and implementation inconsistencies.


Further, this heuristic can increase the number of early communication instances.

dAC 2005, June 13 17, 2005, Anaheim, California, USA.


The only certainty is that they do not behave as .ash chips.

some block writes will result in .ash page writes with a minimum bookkeeping overhead, while other block writes will trigger some form of page reclamation and associated erase(s).


As shown from the large gap that separates the singular values into subsets of large and small singular values, we can conclude that we may need only 30 paths to predict remaining paths with very high accuracy.

rEPRESENTATIVE PATH SELECTION In this Section, we consider representative path selection 100 0 10 Normalized Singular Values A (b)(a) for a given error tolerance E. -1 -1 1010 4.1 Exact Selection Normalized Singular Values of A -3 -3 10 10 We .rst consider exact selection with E =0.


While sophisticated packaging techniques help squeeze large datasets in small memories, such techniques are costly and not scalable.

the access to IU,i, j should be followed by an access to IU,i', j.


EDCs/ECCs impose significant overheads in terms of area and energy; these overheads increase as a function of interleaving EDCs/ECCs to detect/correct multiple errors.

the static power and area overheads of checker/generator circuit are negligible (less than 1%) in comparison to the overheads of redundant bits.


The tree s topology may change only very slowly over time through re-balancing, deletion and insertions.

as such, the comparison of SPM performance with cache was limited to simulation results.


The learned model is then deployed in production to predict the termination point when testing future ICs of the same type.

this beneficial property helps to yield a parsimonious model, in addition to achieving high accuracy.


1 shows the block diagram of the proposed VCO.

increasing each device aspect ratio of active loads(Mp2 and Mp3) enhances the oscillation frequency.


Consequently, the driving force behind the proposed algorithm is the goal of using the empty space in the initial partitions by .tting there smaller partitions.

the same methodology can be easily extended to multitasking environments for sharing the CTT space among multiple processes.


We also showed that the role of the seed in not crucial.

the primary inputs are addressed by indexes 0,1. .


The underlying image (without labels) is an actual screen-shot from the application.

most of these users also said that they really liked the base (shoulder) rotation, since it felt intuitive to the arm.


However, (12) is not a method that .nds the .rst multipath component, but a method that .nds the largest multipath component.

the channel model can be rewritten as Lp-1 h(t)= Q aj d(t - jTc - t), (8) j=0  where Lp (= LK) is the number of paths; aj is the channel coe.cient of the j-th multipath; and t is the channel propagation delay.


Based on ibm12e of the IBM-PLACE 2.0 benchmark suite.

compared to Tetris, the histogram of the movement using our approach Abacus is better, the cells are moved less, and the peak is nearer to zero movement.


A key issue is that these queue operations are protected in critical regions such that the queue operations are atomic and the queue administration remains consistent.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.2 [Design aids]: Simulation and Verification.


Scenario 2 (Nk< 3): In this scenario, there is only one (two) k-type resource(s).

because of utilization of the adders as indicated in the RUG, an extra adder (EA) is needed to construct two TMR structures for adder-based reliability enhancement.


NANO-PIPELINING ALGORITHM We present our algorithm for nano-pipelining of a pipelineable RTL architecture in this section.


References [1] J. Peterson, Petri Net Theory and the Modeling of Systems.

rT level is too detailed to be efficient enough during exploration of the design space.


IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, 6(4):677 686, 1998.

2.1 Representation Transformation A set of bahavioral blocks are grouped as tasks to describe the .ow of the data stream, the design can be described as the tuple G= ,where T consists of a set of task graphs, and Eis the set of dependency edges between task graphs which ensure correct sequencing or paralleling E.T ×T.


For example, if the solutions calculated at subsequent envelope step have very different phases, then sampling synchronization is completely lost and the envelope is not smooth anymore, hence cannot be followed ef.ciently using large envelope steps.

our simulation results show perfect match with SPICE-like transient simulation, validating ef.ciency and accuracy of our method.


Even as we increase window size towards microsecond granularities, 80-90% of these windows encounter idle memory.

in International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 2007.


In the algorithm, tags are randomly assigned to time slots of a frame and when two or more tags collide in a slot, the collisions will be resolved by another DFSA algorithm while the other tags in the next slots will wait.

rFID tag anti-collision algorithms will play an important role in the IoT, since a large number of nodes is expected in this new paradigm.


Off-the-shelf modems can be employed for networking experiments.

the Simulink model of a typical rModem configuration is given in Figure 2.


In addition the whole project group should be able to use the pertinent insights from fieldwork intuitively to guide their design work.


The Virtual Channeled router has 4 buffers with each input channel.

after Step1, the packet will reach to a node whose Row Number is same as destination.


Within this context, unipolar operation executes the programming/erasing by using short/long pulses, or by using high/low voltage with the same voltage polarity.

[11] E. Linn, R. Rosezin, C. Kugeler, and R. Waser, Complementary resistive switches for passive nanocrossbar memories, Nature Materials, 2010.


As projection based-MOR method becomes less effective for increasing terminal counts, we should try to minimize the terminal counts of subcircuit.

theorem 1 also indicates that for hierarchical reduction process, we should always use the same order for all the reduction processes.


The common scenario involves a packet arriving after the .nal network poll but prior to the re-enabling of the interrupts, which might allow an important packet to go unnoticed.

gROPP, W., LUSK, E., DOSS, N., AND SKJELLUM, A.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

this approach is based on optimizing routability instead of timing.


{ngenko, nanni}@stanford.edu DACYA/UCM, Juan del Rosal 8, Madrid, Spain.

those parameters have been decided to generate congestion on the network after evaluating a large range of values for them by con.guring our emulation environment via the C .le of the processor.


As CMOS processes are typically getting more and more optimized for the needs of digital circuitry, this trend can influence the future milestones for analog design.

to make a connection between digital domain and TMSP, time to digital converters (TDC), as a counterpart of ADC in voltage domain, are essential.


Threads are the atomic units of parallel computation, and thecode they execute is called a kernel.

orientation of the threadsin them) and size (i.e number of threads in them) that execute thesame kernel can be batched together into a grid of blocks.


Figure 8 demonstrates the gain of an inverter in the form of a hysteresis loop.

current steering with mCell MTJs results in the power supply sourcing 10 s of microamps of static current per gate, albeit from sub-100mV supplies.


The .gure shows the dependences of the techniques and their outputs.

the smaller netlists have a signi.cant fraction of gates devoted to irregular control logic, which is hard to identify in a fully automated solution.


The sbb address would be used as the tag and the tag s associated data would be incremented upon a hit.

we now consider the power overhead of the frequent loop detector.


3.1 Pattern Generation BSC (PGBSC) As mentioned before, two test vectors are needed for each of the six integrity faults.

the most important ones are: crosstalk (signal distortion due to cross coupling effects between signals) [3] [4], overshoot (signal rising momentarily above the power supply voltage) [5], re.ection (echoing back a portion of a signal), electro-magnetic interference (resulting from the antenna properties) [7] and signal skew (delay in arrival time to different receivers) [8].


In this sense, this work presents an analysis about the new challenges to implement Boolean functions using IG FinFETs.

[5] Chiang, M., Kim, K., Tretz, C. and Chuang, C. 2005.


these static recon.gurable co-processors embedded into an SoC, namely embedded-FPGA (e-FPGA), have allowed processors to follow application developments.


Briefly, PbO is dissolved in oleic acid and heated to 150°C.

the layered device consisted of a 40 nm poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) spin-coated on an ITO-coated glass slide and annealed at 120°C for 30 min in vacuum.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.4.1[Data Communication devices]: Receivers General Terms Design.

lesser resolution setuphas lesserswitching capacitance.


3.2 Library Representation Each component of the target FPAA library is likewise represented in all possible ways using the set of basic functional elements.

without second order effects such as sensitivity, distortion, noise, offset and so on, the behavioral model cannot be used in selecting a speci.c topology.


So we can directly implement DLS-aware AWT without any hardware modi.cation of the LED backlight system.

context processing aims for extreme backlight dimming by re-mapping the original colors.


It was experimentally determined that the polynomial of Vdd0.3 approximates the dependency of capacitance on voltage with a reasonable level of accuracy.

a key feature of a power element is that it does not store power or energy numbers, instead stores the physical parameters (e.g., switching capacitance, resistances, current sources or effective leaking device width) that can be used to compute power at any process, temperature, and voltage condition.


The power consumed in the clock generators is given by Eq.

8, for linear array, the power decreases up to 32 sub-blocks due to decreasing H-Tree capacitance.


From Figure 8, trends of change in delay and power with line length are as predicted in nominal corner.

most solutions in literature discuss unidirectional buses.