Pattern Morphing By definition, the density-based pattern representation will produce different output vectors for the same pattern in different orientations.

a pattern and its rotated or mirrored versions have different density vectors.


We present an algorithm for computing structural correlations that is substantially di.erent from conventional points-to analyses and has advantages for analyzing very large systems.

we combine very precise but separate local analysis of individual functions with demand-driven and space-e.cient interprocedural search algorithms.


ToderiveJSS,our schemeinvolves sampling ambient noise values regardless of whether the channel is idle or busy.

each node will sample n measurements of ambient noise at a constant rate, and denote them as s = [s1 ,s2 ,...,sn].


For GD-GhOST and Universal Mobile Caching the credits for the components (algorithms or criteria) were updated on-line using the proportional weighted averaging described in Section 4.

no warm-up or training period was allowed for the adaptive caches.


Effective algorithms for computing BDD-and handling BDDs have been described in the literature [5].

operations on boolean functions (such as AND , OR , and o) can be ef.ciently performed using BDDs.


For a total BRAM count of NB at the system level, there is a tradeo.

between the number of instantiated CCs, NC C , and the number of BRAMs, R, allocated per CC: R = L NB J. NC C Unlike traditional graph coloring implementations where the number of colors (resource units), R, is a .xed constraint, the number of allocated BRAMs per CC, in TDGC, can range across a set of values that ful.ll the previous constraint on R. by modifying the CTA region schedule we can generate di.erent HRG con.gurations that have di.erent Algorithm 2: TDGC Flow overview Input: HRG: Gin, Throughput: TPci Output: New HRG: Gout 1 arrs .


Although conventional floorplanning techniques are applicable to current MPSoC designs, there is a new problem as the system grows from multi-core to many-core.

if multiple identical cores are adopted, they are preferred to be placed in a regular array.


All arithmetic for these GF(2)-linear RNGs is performed modulo 2 and can be implemented very ef.ciently in hardware using elementary bit-wise operations such as exclusive-ORs (XORs), bitmasks and shifts.

we focus on GF(2)-linear RNGs with extremely long periods ( 219937 -1, although we de.ne long as 21024) and proven statistical properties.


We treat each hash function as an independent random oracle.

we assume that the values {Hi(s)}s.{0,1}* ,1=i=l are independent and uniformly distributed over {1, .


ACE bits are the bits that are required to be correct for the correct execution of the program.

only the errors a.ecting ACE bits generate an erroneous output.


The fundamental reasons for this are not manufacturing limitations, as might be suspected, but EDA limitations, and the changes required to take full advantage of the X Architecture are significant and numerous.

routing must be not only octilinear, but also gridless and non-preferred direction.


In this work, we study the suitability of using the proposed schemes for workload execution scenario based classification.

for a given workload characteristics threshold, we calculate how many sampling points in a trace that represents workload dynamics are above or below the threshold.


Thus, it is reasonable to make these new instant dead blocks bypass L2 to further reduce access energy consumption.


To maximize reuse, it is highly desirable that classes be usable in a local method, and as localizing parameters.

the three overridable public methods of Object  equals(), hashCode(), and toString() should be local whenever possible.


However, according to the original SMV semantics only those bad states are real bad states from which it is still possible to continue execution afterwards forever (EG1 holds in addition to ¬p).

a state after which immediately, or after a while, no further transition is possible is not considered as a real bad state.


As we wish to model the design space as a whole, a model of this component should also take into account that con.gurations are subject to a set of constraints.

all combinations of parameters are not allowed which lead to a highly irregular design space.


This paper addresses the problem of full utilization of register .les during behavior synthesis.

the contributions of this paper are as follows: i) A distributed register-.le microarchitecture (DRFM) is presented as a .exible synthesis template.


Finally, each droplet d ij can either move to one if more than one droplet are around cell (x, y) of its four adjacent cells, or stay at its original location.


Low-power Dual-element Memristor Based Memory Design Dimin Niu , Yiran Chen , Yuan Xie Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Seagate Technology, Bloomington, MN, USA {dun118, yuanxie@cse.psu.edu} yiran.chen@seagate.com ABSTRACT Recently, the emerging memristor device technology has attracted signi.cant research interests due to its distinctive hysteresis characteristic, which potentially can enable novel circuit designs for future VLSI circuits.

characteristics such as non-volatility, non-linearity, low power consumption, and good scalability make memristor one of the most promising emerging memory technologies.


If a set S gets executed, its execution unit must have been recon.gured before that happens.

recon.guration also takes some time: .S, U¯SeS = US .


XFI allows several software modules to execute in the same, privileged address space, through the enforcement of memory access constraints and restrictions on both hardware and software interfaces.

xFI requires all computed memory accesses to be checked at runtime by a memoryrange guard.


A key observation is that CDCs are not compatible, unlike CODCs [22].

some POs of the network may produce incorrect values if CDCs are derived for several nodes and used independently.


Figure 8: Maximum Allowable Headroom in Synthetic Applications Table 2: DIMSim Performance Analysis for JPEG and H264 Benchmarks rations are simulated for a higher miss rate.

when much earlier time for smaller miss rate hence the signi.cant varithe given miss rate is smaller, only a few large cache con.gurations ations in the simulation time.


Thus, the deregistration occurs at a time of the form treg + kT, where treg is the registration time, k is an integer, and T is the timer expiration period.

deregistration occurs at the earliest time instant of this form such that the MT is not in the overlay.


Given the characteristics of the 802.3 standard clocks (125MHz±100ppm), the maximum difference between two standard clocks is 200ppm.

the fastest clock will swing 5001 times when the slowest one swings 5000 times.


We then replace all communications by non-blocking FIFO send requests.

all requests are sent as fast as possible until the request buffer of the FIFO module is full (the number of in-.y requests is limited by the implementation), which makes the prefetch function wait.


, n}, we denote v(S) as the game surplus if played by coalition S. Shapley value de.nes the only way to distribute the the grand coalition surplus v(N) among the n players that satis.es four simple axioms: E.ciency, Symmetry, Dummy, and Additivity [1].

the share received by player i, fi(v), is uniquely given by v(S .


Superblock Size 30 Now, there is an advantage to reducing cross de pendences to the case in Figure 3c versus the case in Figure 3b.

while considering candidate instruc tions for pairing, we only need to consider instructions between the candidate head and tail for potential dependence cycles.


We can see that our method results in 99%less number of via violations.

the antenna avoidance in layer assignment can greatly improve the feasibility of jumper insertions.


By employing the revised system model, the PED increments in the n-th and (n+1)th layers can be computed independently for n=1, 3, 5, or 7.

and can be calculated simultaneously, because nn is zero for n=1, 3, 5, or 7.


STATISTICS OF TA The mean and variance of TA can be obtained using a numerical di.erentiation of HA(s).

the cdf is de.ned as FTA (T)=Pr(TA <T), which is the probability of acquisition given an allowed search time T. when TA >T, the acquisition failed within the given time T. An accurate cdf evaluation formula using the Gamma approximation [2] is given by 1 FTA (T)= G(a,T/b) (31) G(a) 2 where a= TA/s2 , b= s2 /TA,and G(x,y)is the incom- TA TA plete gamma function.


Since they contain only redundant information, they can be completely reconstructed should they be lost.

this means that damage to any page on the disk can compromise only data on that page.


We examined the behavior of DRAM main memory in Figure 2.

figure 2(a) shows the hit rate of a .le bu.er cache for web server applications.


The second, called High-ILP (HILP) is intended to emulate a more aggressive microarchitecture assuming that other emerging bottlenecks are solved to better stress the LSQs in our experiments.

the HILP con.guration assumes perfect (oracle) load-store dependence prediction and branch prediction.


Also, we .nd that the average CVF across all benchmarks is 32.5%.

67.5% of the soft errors occurring in I-cache cannot escape the instruction cache and thus have no impact on the system reliability, indicating that it might be possible and more cost-effective to protect the instruction cache lines selectively.


Hence multiple vias are often used, whereby the geometry of the via array is very significant: Multiple vias must be organized such that the resulting current Attention must also be paid to bends in interconnects.

90-degree corner bends must be avoided, since the current density in such bends is significantly higher than that in oblique angles of, for example, 135 degrees (Figure 8)    Figure 8.


1, are important in performance optimization and tradeoff analysis.

given a region in the parameter space (such as a hypercube), the problem solved is to .nd the corresponding boundary in the performance space.


2.2 Timing Error Masking with Approximate Logic Generally speaking, a suspicious FF is driven by multiple paths, and timing errors may occur only when speed-paths are sensitized.

timing errors may be activated by only a few minterms of the truth table for a suspicious FF, denoted as critical minterms.


This approach is again readily extended to additional sources of variation.

the variation in Vth can be expressed as an exponential multiplicative term in Equation (5).


Prior counter.ow approaches handle metastability quite suboptimally.


When available, such information on the composition of the workload can be utilized to characterize the run time behavior of queries.

we categorize queries along these mixes of workload based on complexity and the nature of the query -whether it is an analytic query or a tactical query.


On the other hand, architectural optimizations can be used to increase the e.ciency of a design that employs error resilience.

one would make di.erent, sometimes counterintuitive, architectural design choices to  Figure 6: The goal of a gradual slack [18] or soft processor [16] design is to transform a slack distribution characterized by a critical wall into one with a more gradual failure characteristic.


Smarter RET strategies are required that are more mask manufacturable and less prone to data explosion.

the suppliers of model-based OPC packages may currently be too focused on achieving the perfect physical model with their algorithms and should now consider the mask manufacturability implications of their models.


Fourth, the memory is perfectly wearleveled.

the wear-out is spread over all memory blocks, without hotspots.


Naturally, the error correction must take place directly on the measured physical parameters.

if the PUF is post-composed with a random function, the correction must take .rst.


Given an arrival time and a required arrival time, the slack at a circuit node quanti.es how well timing constraints are met.

a positive slack means the required time is satis.ed, and a negative slack means the required time is in violation.


While these previous works propose useful solutions, in this paper we focus more on the synthesis problem.

given this temperature inversion e.ect, we propose a new synthesis strategy for multi-Vth circuits that will automatically produce temperature-invariant designs, thereby guaranteeing that the circuit will meet speci.ed timing constraints for all allowable operating temperatures.


S´em´eria [21] described how data structures in ANSI-C can be allo cated into separate memories.

they present an implementation of the malloc/freeconstructs in C used for dynamic memory allocation.


4.3 Bundling the 3-pin Nets For a 3-pin net with pins p1, p2 and p3, we know its x wire length follows: H P W Lx = max(xp1 , xp2 , xp3 ) - min(xp1 , xp2 , xp3 ) = (|xp1 - xp2 | + |xp2 - xp3 | + |xp3 - xp1 |)/2 Its y wire length has the same property.

the HPWL of a 3-pin net is equal to half of the sum of the Manhattan distances between every pair of pins in this net.


It allows veri.cation of properties speci.ed in a temporal logic, common forms of which include safety, liveness etc.

we have used the Cadence SMV model checker [3] to automatically verify safety properties in the AMBA protocol.


The Java written FPGA API contains native C methods that can actually access the FPGA board through the native board device drivers.

the outlook of the FPGA API is uniform like the other Java APIs (image, sound), which are platform independent, but the implementation of those APIs are platform dependent.


For example, video codecs, which are increasingly being included in wireless devices like cell phones, utilize large data bu.ers and signi.cantly su.er from cache thrashing [1].

embedded systems, where power e.ciency is paramount, mostly choose primary (L1) caches that are direct-mapped as opposed to being associative.


In the following, we use the Cityblock weighted distance Dcw in Equation EQ(4) to represent the effective distance between every two nodes in the multi-dimensional space.

when we say the distance of two nodes which can be hotspots or non-hotspots, we refer to the Cityblock weighted distance of these two nodes.


I =(0.98· N)p · (4) 1+ f 1 We can interpret the Rent parameter p in Equation 4 as the Rent parameter of the architecture.

it describes the architecture s interconnect supply.


We plan to investigate architectures and execution environments with many workloads running executing.

we would like to apply the resource-based and performance-based approaches to virtual machine environments.


Data-flow semantics allows static scheduling of a description.

a typical non-termlnatlng signal processing task can be mapped onto a finite schedule that can be repeated in- definitely for infinite execution with bounded memory.


MRI and CT give anatomical or structural information.

they produce a picture of the inside of the body.


In our experiments, the overall circuit delay is controlled within the bound of the conventional DSTN.

pDSTN1 and PDSTN2 have the same global circuit slowdown as the conventional DSTN.


CONCLUSION In this work, the susceptibility of bandgap voltage reference circuits to EMI has been investigated by a simulation approach.

a bandgap reference voltage with low susceptibility to EMI was designed.


We compare ICRWE against three empirical methods, namelyEM1,EM2 andEM3 respectively.

eM1 assumes the .rst two metal layers (M1 and M2) have 3 We assume all pins are on M1.


Each node of the state tree is associated with a so-called gate tree which issearchedtodetermine the group Vt-assignment.

for a state tree with k nodes, there exist k copies of the gate tree.


Ensuring feature boundaries to be protected by the sidewall is the key to avoid overlay when generating the .nal feature patterns.

we observe that the sidewall must have thickness ws = 2 ·wo to fully tolerate the overlay.


We only consider predicting the values of load instructions that have -in the past-satis.ed the equation: -MaxAV D = AV D(L) = MaxAV D where MaxAV D is a constant set at the design time of the AVD predictor.

in order to be identi.ed as an address load, the data value of a load instruction needs to be close enough to its effective address.


To support full predication, every instruction has a condition as an additional 978-3-9810801-8-6/DATE12/ c @ 2012 operand, which de.nes the predicate of the instruction.

the instruction is executed if the predicate is true (i.e., the condition is met); otherwise, the instruction is suppressed.


from RTL simulation to gatelevel simulation), and also before and after a series of continuous design changes at the same abstraction level.

except the very 1st simulation, there are three kinds of earlier simulation prior to the current simulation; i) higher-level simulation, ii) same-level simulation before a design change, and iii) same-level simulation without any design changes.


But we go further in relying only on minimal amounts of recorded data, and nothing else.

we attempt to overcome the limitations of Salaam in the following areas: 1.


Experimental Results This section presents the results of the introduced techniques applied to a complex speci.cation of an ECU network from the automotive area.

this speci.cation of an Adaptive Light Control (ALC), cf.


To keep the analysis time manageable, only the critical area with a radius equal to half the pitch of the corresponding layer is used since this quantity is proportional to the weighted critical area for most defect sizes of interest.

radii of 0.08µm are used for metal layers 2-6, while radii of 0.15µm are used for the metal layers 7 and 8.


Also, Fig.9 shows that the error in the measurements decreases as M increases, achieving sensitivities of fractions of dBm very quickly.

because of this important feature, the evaluator does not limit the dynamic range of the 100 120 140 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 FFT bin Fig.


This allows a very .exible temporal resolution of the execution trace.

it enables speci.cation of properties across a wide spectrum of temporal granularities, from cycle level to transaction level.


The main parameter in designing the auxiliary amplifiers is their unity-gain bandwidth that should be about half of the frequency of the folding poles.

the unity-gain bandwidth of the auxiliary amplifiers X and Y should be chosen about half of the frequency of the poles P2 and P3, respectively [9].


Experimental results reveal thatthe newly proposed algorithmis capableof enhancing detailed routing routability.

gDRouter reduces number of unassigned global segments by 90% for ISPD98 [3] derived testcases and around 60%for ISPD05/06 [4,5] derived testcases with 2.9× runtime overhead.


As indicated in Section 2.2, the parameters to  Equation 1 allow other levels of granularity of delay variations to be measured and analyzed.

we are interested in determining if the variation in Ion current, as shown in Figure 10, is correlated to regional delay variations.


The number of execution cycles is a positive contributor for the high-end server for three benchmarks though, namely kmeans, specjbb and x264.

the high-end server bene.ts signi.cantly from the larger caches and branch predictor as well as the larger width compared to the low-end server for these workloads.


granularity, is not considered in any of the above algorithms.

they are not actually working in the way of fragment retrieval, this is an intrinsic deficiency compared with our method.


The queries were generated at a uniform rate within an 8-minute period.

with 18 queries, a query was generated for execution at every 28.2 seconds, whereas with 60 queries, a query was generated at every 8.1 seconds.


In addition, it would be dif.cult to estimate the crack length in the case of nonuniform TSV placement structures.

the TSV KOZ must leave additional margins in such situations.


The target bus also enforces response ordering according to the protocol speci.cation.

responses are returned in the order the requests where issued(withina thread[2,25],if applicable).


Moreover, this error is also known as highfrequency error.

the obvious error occurs at regions where mesh grid doesn t cover.


This is achieved by mapping logical registers to physical registers dynamically during the execution.

each new logical register value is mapped to a different physical register.


DREAMS can also be used as on-going monitor of the fabrication process.

monitoring rule-failure rate gives insight into what part of the process has to be tuned since a given rule is concerned with particular features fabricated by specific steps of the manufacturing process (e.g., a via type between two adjacent layers i and i+1).


The fourth scheme, CachePart is a state-of-the-art operating system directed cache partitioning scheme proposed in [27] (also similar to [17]).

the cache partitioning policy implemented is the reactive miss rate equalization scheme of [27].


Stargets in a reverse chronological order.

the .rst Si selected for transfer sequence generation is the farthest state Si in Stargets from SI .


Experimental results show that most critical ILP constraints are reduced by our reduction technique, which improves the runtimes for the test cases from more than one day to only seconds.

this ILP reduction maintains the same DPT con.icts.


source and repair symbols, gets assigned a unique encoded symbol ID (ESI) which identi.es the given symbol.

if the ESI is less than K, then it is a source symbol, otherwise it is called a repair symbol.


in quantum circuit construction, and have been demonstrated experimentally in multiple quantum information processing proposals [10].

cNOT is a very popular gate among experimentalists, frequently used to demonstrate control over a multiple-qubit quantum mechanical system.


In this paper we focus on a system approach.

the application, in our case the LDPC decoding, is taken into account in the design space exploration and its inherent fault tolerance is exploited.


While evaluating a gate, if the value of the gate output is already .nal it is safe to stop the evaluation.

when the partial value of a gate is a singleton, gate evaluation can be terminated.


Another solution can be an FPGA emulator combined with an ESL simulator.

a part of custom RTL design is synthesized into an FPGA while its execution is synchronized with top-level ESL-simulation.


As we discussed in previous section, the relationship between previous and current operation determines actual delay fault rate which is below the rate of long delay propagation length.

the delay fault and error rate can be reduced further by manipulating the order of inputs.


To make GPUs more accessible to non-expert programmers, library and compiler developers have extended target independent high-level languages to of.oad some part of the application to GPUs.

writing applications in terms of parallel patterns is becoming increasingly popular.


The environment in April of 2003 consisted of numerous Novell products and versions.

netWare versions 4.11, 5.1, and 6 were installed.


The reuse cache RC-8/4 increases the percentage of live lines up to 55.1%.

with half the lines of the baseline cache, RC-8/4 almost doubles the number of live lines compared to the baseline cache (55.1% of 4 MB vs. 16.1% of 8 MB).


The proposed work relaxes this assumption in order to push the boundaries of achievable energye.ciency.

most algorithmic low-power approaches focus on heuristics to reduce the number of macro- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


As feature size becomes smaller than the optical wavelength used in the lithography technique, more layout objects are influenced in the optical radius.

the detection method should consider larger area to check whether a design layout is problematic.


This execution in the IXU reduces the energy consumption of the OXU.

the energy consumption of the IQ is greatly reduced.


Typically, f j is 0 when there is no violation, and it is a non-decreasing function for positive vj.

f j (vj )=0, when vj =0, (7) '' f j(vj )= f j (vj )= 0, when vj = vj = 0.


Step (2), the intuition is to increase the energy di.erence due to the con.icts related to the hotspots in the ground state (i.e., .EAF , .EF M or .ET U RN ), so that the energy of the ground state is increased.

the energy of the LC state is decreased relatively.


As a result, we can reduce the active power in SoCs with the parallel processing architecture even though ap and Cp increase by parallel processing.

the active power can be significantly reduced by lowering the supply voltage down to less than 0.5V.


The parameters, a and ß govern the nature of connectivity and the significance of the traffic pattern on the topology respectively.

a bigger a would mean a very locally connected network with few or no long range links similar to that of a cellular automata based topology.


Another interesting observation is that every two lines with the same color intersect at a point around n = 25.

a crossbar circuit has a higher transistor density than its MOSFET counterpart with the same lithography technology when the dimension is less than 25.


If the simulator polls a particular stage .rst, it always will get priority over others, different from the real implementation.

observing a rule which should not be present is equally important as not observing a rule which should be present.


All other instructions following this mispredicted branch can be squashed.

the stream id works as a cheap and ef.cient mechanism to replace the global branch mis-predict signal.


Therefore, the control algorithms need to be carefully designed, which is quite challenging and we expect that it can be done elegantly using the DESTECS model-driven approach.

fault detection, isolation and repair strategies will be the major challenge in this case study.


2004], sources are grouped together Figure 2: Overview of our overall sound rendering pipeline.

we introduce an improved hierarchical sound source clustering that better handles visible sources and a premixing technique for progressive per-source processing.


Several aging sensors have been proposed to monitor possible performance degradation due to NBTI (e.g., [3, 4, 1, 5]).

the recently proposed sensors in [1, 5] feature lower power consumption and area overhead than previous alternate approaches.


The key idea of the metho d is to exploit correlation in data collected at multiple populations to improve the accuracy of the proposed estimator.

we emphasize that data collected at di.erent design stages, di.erent con.gurations and di.erent corners are not independent, but are correlated.


However, because of reliability concerns, there is a limit to the magnitude of substrate bias.

the voltage gap between gate and substrate should be limited to the burn-in power supply, which is typically 1.4 times the Vdd level.


Conclusions In this work, we explore the ability of OBT for testing continuous-time low-pass Butterworth and elliptic filters.

fifth and seventh order structures are targeted.


The salient characteristic of invariance checking, in general, is the fact that only functionally illegal outputs are .agged as violations.

a fault that causes the generation of an erroneous,  62 Figure 1: Overview of the router pipeline.


High ranking criterion E: Prede.ned ranking ratio with which inclusion probability is calculated.

100E% point delay from the worst (slowest) point.


In the second step, path sets are derived for passing observable points within failing test patterns for those candidate sites that remain after step 1.

new path sets are derived by switching the role of passing and failing points, that is, passing points are treated as failing points and failing points are considered to be error free.


That is, if the working set of the currently-processed record .ts in the cache, Stream-Ascend can signi.cantly reduce both the ORAM capacity requirement and the number of ORAM accesses.

we make the following contributions: A general model is proposed to securely interact with any tamper-resistant hardware.


As mentioned previously, if the solution L generated by the basic SDS is not optimal, we only need to shape the intersection soft blocks to improve L. In this way, the problem now becomes shaping the intersection blocks to minimize the layout height yn+1 subject to layout width constraint xn+1 = W .

it is basically the same as Problem 1, except that we only need to shape a smaller number of soft blocks (i.e., the intersection soft blocks).


Thus, it is evident that interconnect impact on delay, which determines the operating frequency of the chip, and on the power dis  rd sipation is more than 1/3.

the delay impact is high in case of synthesized blocks, pointing to room for improvements in algorithms, practices, in current synthesis and physical design tools/methodologies, despite active researchinpast severalyears.


We stress that the objective space of our bi-objective problem is not given explicitly, but rather implicitly through the instance.

we access the objective space I of .via an appropriate oracle.


We have shown how this approach copes with the numerous challenges commonly encountered in this process.

it naturally supports architecture deviations, and yields maximal .exibility to cope with unexpected, yet typically frequent, changes in the speci.cation.


The resulting bound is weaker than, or at most equal to the linear relaxation one.

if the costs are uniform (which is the common case in VLSI), a simple dual ascent yields the classical independent-set based bound.


Di.erently, in McPack port packing and the following moment matching based model reduction are intrinsically interleaved.

the port correlation found at a particular frequency expansion point will be only used to drive the transfer function moment matching expanded at the same expansion point.


Ef.cient execution of large transactions should not slow down the execution of smaller transactions.

we should be able to begin and end small transactions quickly with a little overhead on the normal execution path.


One last consideration when designing a communication schedule is the likelihood that certain sensors can be attacked.

an IMU is in general much harder to spoof than a GPS or a camera.


In such a case, the cell area of a dual-bitline array is usually wire pitch dominant.

the transistor (diffusion) width plus spacing is smaller than two times the bitline (metal wire) pitch.


Because readers do not advertise that they are in the process of reading (which would defeat the purpose of having the tag entry), a replacement invalidation may occur in the middle of a read.

there is a chance that one of the cores having a tag copy may start to read the block before the invalidation and end reading after the invalidation.


PROPOSED APPROACH TO PATH-DELAY FAULT GRADING The approach presented in this section is aimed at path-delay fault grading of functional test programs for processor-based systems, over a user-defined list of potentially faulty paths.

the proposed methodology allows evaluating the effectiveness of software-based test programs in exciting and propagating path-delay faults effects without using any scan structure.


DC power dissipation in transistor M2 of the LNA as a function of the amplitude of the RF signal applied to the input of the LNA.

to .x V out to a value V ref , we increase CALP if V out > V ref or we decrease CALN if V out < V ref .


However, the language includes many of the programming constructs supported by the general purpose veri.cation languages, and we suspect that our experience is highly relevant to the general languages.

we have found that learning to fully exploit the language takes several months for an experienced veri.cation engineer.


Note that we conduct GLC for these paths in an iterative and incremental manner.

the solved gates in the original paths are considered known in the next iteration, so that the linear system s size can be reduced because many paths would have overlapping gates.


4.3 Unmodi.ed Applications In DataSafe, the con.dentiality-protection policy is de.ned for the data and packaged with the data (see Section 5.1), not de.ned by a particular application or its programmer.

the data s policy is enforced no matter which application is accessing the data; therefore, applications are agnostic of DataSafe s operation and do not have to be modi.ed to work with DataSafe.


In PRNS processing, scaling by powers of two is an important operation and it can be ef.ciently implemented  J in the diminished-1 system.

2kAis computed 2n+1 as follows: The number A -1 is rotated k bits to the left, where the bits shifted out of the most signi.cant end are complemented and shifted in the least signi.cant end.


As mentioned earlier, since DBG nodes IU,i, j and IU,i', j exhibit locality (as they access the same data block), the .nal schedule should place such nodes into consecutive slots as much as possible.

the access to IU,i, j should be followed by an access to IU,i', j.


The basic concept on which the new architecture relies upon is that there are many cases in practical applications where arithmetic operations are executed by hardware units on input data of a much narrower width than the available one.

when the numbers to be processed have a dynamic range which does not utilize all the available input bit-width, the arithmetic unit tends to consume unnecessary power, due to the fact that a portion of the logic is exercised although it is not contributing to the calculation of the .nal result.


Hence, it has become critically important for any transistor-level optimization to consider the e.ect of these layout parasitics as an integral part of the optimization process.

out of the design optimization approaches outlined in Figure 1, Approach 1 is not practical for deep submicron geometries.


2.2 The attack Our attack is based on the observation that the KDC has no means to verify whether or not an incoming AS_REQ * message is fresh.

while the KDC checks that the timestamp t indicates approximate current time, this does not guarantee that the AS_REQ * message was constructed recently.


Also, we implement fault simulation on the GPU, which allows each of the gate evaluations in afault simulator to utilize the same thread code, with no conditionalcomputations between or within threads.

we implement pattern-parallel and fault-parallel fault simulation.


Therefore, we propose to apply the median heuristic back and forth until a stable solution is obtained.

we sequentially .x the ordering in one layer and reorder the vertices in the other layer with the median heuristic until no change is made in a round.


For example, in EAI, integration services are built on the contentbased Pub/Sub systems that can accommodate EAI with intelligent routing capabilities.

integration servers receive events from the source systems, and transfer events to the correct target systems according to the contents of the events and the business rules, if necessary.


INTRODUCTION The ITRS has identi.ed reliability as a growing challenge for users and designers of all types of integrated circuits [3].

wearout faults are expected to increase exponentially as feature sizes scale past 65nm [16].


But this ap- proach has serious drawbacks.

it requires a system that is strong enough to implement 079 (a failure detector that is strictly stronger than ~2), and it requires all processes to send messages forever (just to implement 079).


All the Mij tokens are controlled by the DIPA logic inside the IMs.

only the IMs can release or grab the Mij tokens.


Wiring cost: the sum of the bounding box dimensions of all the nets.

if there are Nnets,and bbx(i) and bby(i) are the x and y dimensions of the bounding box of net i, Nnets X WiringCost = q(i) · [bbx(i)+ bby(i)] i=1 where q(i) is used to scale the bounding boxes to better estimate wire length for nets with more than 3 terminals, 2.


Second, this plot shows that the body current is insignificant even for relatively large forward bias voltages.

for a VBS less than 0.5 V the body current is less than 1 nA.


The oracle policy can improve 350% fairness on average.

tEA-TM is a fairness-improving scheme which can greatly help smooth the EL unbalance in a multi-core processor.


All other experimental conditions are identical to [7].

we use the same 65-nm technology parameters and transistor models from bptm [18] and same set of benchmark circuits.


3.2.2 Closure constraints The first type of closure constraints requires that each net was routed no more than once.

among each pair of i variables (xn ,xn j), at least one is assigned to zero: i j x. x= 1 , .i, j .


Asa simple check, the clients can check for conservation of resources in the Ri,j , or other similar consistency invariants across distinct reports [11].

if the provider has a cap M j on how much of resource j it can allocate per time quantum, the clients can check if u .t, i Mi,j = M j .


However, our algorithm always tries to do in the global.

constructing DT, OACDT, OAMST, FCT, and .-OASMT pay respect to all obstacles and all terminals.


The optimum value for X which maximizes ESR(X) is obtained by equating the derivative of this ratio to zero which results in X=1, or CG=CP.

in order to obtain the best energy saving, we need to have equal capacitances in virtual ground and virtual supply.


It is important to understand the limitations of the technique to use it effectively.

we have discussed the problems that arise in connection with shallow properties, we have shown what kind of properties can be used to target speci.c states, and we have explained the relationship between coverage estimation and vacuity detection.


To reduce the resource requirements, the Karatsuba-Ofman Algorithm (KOA) [22] reduces the number of sub-multipliers by replacing the multiplication operations with several additions.

let a = A × B ,a = (A + A )×(B + B ),a = A × B .


The denormalization and normalization represent the computational overhead in this scheme.

the overhead comes largely from the substitution operations in line 11 of Algorithm 2 and line 13 of Algorithm 3 and the support computation in line 1 of Algorithm 3.


to imagine the routing of a net simply as a global, unnested collection The process of garbage collection is simple and straightforward; of intervals (or .at wires) in two-dimensional (or, for multi-layer routnevertheless, it a necessary and important procedure for removing exing, three-dimensional) space.

we do not explicitly encess routing segments that arise from our approach to restructuring code net topology, as we instead operate on segments obtained from tree topologies.


The reason for this is inability to statistically guarantee adequate spread-overtime of the exercising the any particular operational condition approximated by the model.

over a particular performance benchmark suite, it may be shown that a component model has a Y% timing inaccuracy, but this increases to an, e.g., 5xY%, under particular operation.


The key technical challenges of this process that are addressed in this paper are the pro.ling and application mapping.

we focus on issues of: Abstract Application Representation.


(6) To quantify how well timing constraints are met at each circuit node, slacks (slack) can be computed based on the aforementioned conditions.

slacks are positive when the required times are met, and negative otherwise.


We register the beacon arrival times from a single Wi-Fi AP on smartphones, by adding .ags inside the smartphone s Wi-Fi driver.

for Galaxy Nexus, we register the timestamps inside ISR of the Broadcom Wi-Fi driver [14] to reduce the extraneous jitters introduce in further OS processing.


The wormhole flow control relaxes the constraints on buffer size at each router by controlling at the granularity of flit, instead of packet.

this flow control enables more efficient use of buffer space than store-andforward and Virtual Cut-Through flow control [9].


In order to achieve better performance, we can simply increase the number of pipelines.

we only need to replace the FPGA chip with the larger one, so that more pipelines can be integrated.


We reduce this trace of N memory references into a set of N unique references, where N =N.

the original trace contained repetitions of these N memory references.


In this paper, we propose some solutions for the bootstrapping problem, implicitly or explicitly using a taxonomy de.nition:a baseline approach where documents are classi.ed according to class labels, and two clustering approaches, where training is constrained by the a-priori knowledge of the taxonomy structure, both at terminological and topological level.

we propose the TaxSOM model, that clusters a set of documents in a prede.ned hierarchy of classes, directly exploiting the knowledge of both their topological organization and their lexical description.


This decision can be formulated as: aE(X)bE(X)+c(11) where ais the cost of one coverage item as yet uncovered, cis a .xed cost of one unit of testing time, and bis the variable cost of testing one uncovered branch.

the decision to stop is when E(X)d, for d-c, and a;b checking this decision is to be made sequentially after applying each test pattern or case.


Therefore, a BTB hit in the Tmode means that there have been no cache misses since the previous BTB hit.

the whole instruction block, whose start address is related to the PBAreg and whose end address is speci.ed by the current branch-instruction address (or PC), resides in the I-cache.


Denote by C, D, and Othe subsets of Rwith domains that are contained, disjoint, and overlapping the domain of the cut-rule.

we consider two basic forms of branching: standard splitting, where rules with domains that overlap the cut-rule are replicated and associated with both decision branches (that is, one branch get rules C[Oand the other branch has rules D[O) and common branches, where overlapping rules are assigned to a third, common branch (the common branch has the Orules and the two decision branches have rules Cand D.) The common branch is explored by any packet that is evaluated at a node; by evaluating the cut-rule only one of the decision branches is explored.


A near critical path in this paper is a path that consists of some nets with very small slack such that the timing closure of the design may be violated by multiplexing them.

a net should be multiplexed when its slack is larger than the delay overhead of multiplexing.


Here, a mechanical stress buildup causes a reversed migration process which reduces or even compensates the effective material flow towards the anode (Figure 6).

a conductor line is not susceptible to electromigration if the product of the wire s current density J and the wire length l is smaller than a processtechnology-dependent threshold value (J·l)threshold [3].


In this way, PLI routines do not block the simulation anymore.

we let PLI just do those tasks that would not be blocked and can be executed in zero time.


2 two waveforms representing the current injected into Gnd/Vdd: the solid curve is obtained by circuit level simulation, while the dashed one is derived by using exclusively library characterization information.

we used gate delays from the library in order to determine the switching instants of each gate.


The size of each island is chosen such that intra-island computation and communication can be done in a single clock cycle.

the data obtained from a local register can be processed by a certain functional unit, and then be stored to a local register within only one cycle.


The problem with the former is that it chooses the blocks by using a static estimation of the worst-case execution path.

the estimation is made before the block selection is done and the worst-case execution path remains the same during the entire analysis.


Note that, we have:  SSS iU j IU,i, j = ID.

all IU,i, j s when combined together cover the entire computation domain.


Server manuals tend to be purposely vague astowhensuchfeatures are enabled(CPU and memory bus throttling can be automatically activated by the server), or possible performance impact.

for the memory options it is di.cult to predict how they a.ect performance and power consumption.


and (ii) an algorithm can be chosen according to one s objective, whether tightness of the error bound or computational ef.ciency of the algorithm.

algorithm 1 will be chosen to provide the tightest error bound, and Algorithm 3 will be chosen when computational ef.ciency is the priority.


This number is used both as the number called first by the click-to-dial server when placing a call, and the one dialed when another subscriber tries to reach the user.

when a live contact is called, it is based on a dynamically current telephone number set by the live contact him/herself rather than on a static number entered by the caller.


To show the practicability of our methods, we apply our re-synthesis techniques after the circuits have been optimized for timing.

we synthesize and optimize the benchmark circuits using a commercial synthesis tool .rst, which has already try to balance sequential logic for performance improvement.


One of the important characteristics of wireless communication is the feasibility of communication without a physical connection between two nodes, thus ensuring continued communication even when a few poles are down.

redundant paths for communication are possible without additional cost.


Since the false delay path occurs between the launch pulse and the capture pulse, our goal is to minimize the impact of IR-drop effect during this test cycle.

our goal is to minimize the switching activity of gates between the lastshift cycle (before launch cycle) and the launch cycle (after launch cycle).


Unfortunately, traditional DRAM technology faces serious challenges in high power consumption, serious process variation and poor scalability [6].

the path to scale DRAM under 22nm is still unclear [6].


Historically, database designers have studied transactions in great detail and have been concerned about the issues of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability (ACID); these issues, except perhaps durability, are concerns in TM systems as well.

the term atomicity in the TM context usually refers to both atomicity and isolation.


It is easy to show thatAa and Vr are generated because we start with improved initial approximations.

if we start with AoB and VoB as initial approximations, the .nal solutions similar to those in (21) and (22) will not contain such correction terms.


Sarkar [24] describes general algorithms to partition and schedule functional parallel programs on multiprocessors.

the idea of using a clustering prepass used here was inspired by Sarkar s work.


If the implementation di.ers from the speci.cation, the source of the error is of interest.


Further complications occur because the properties of a given polynomial depend on the length of messages to be compressed.

some polynomials give higher Hamming distance at smaller message lengths but perform poorly compared to alternatives at higher lengths.


Also, as microarchitects try to exploit ever more ILP and thread level parallelism, there will be even more redundancy that can be leveraged for improving reliability and yield.

emerging SMT processors will have more redundant hardware and fewer singleton resources.


It is important to remember that these restrictions are not required of input programs; rather, the Commute function of Figure 6 recursively simpli.es its program parameters until these conditions are met.

these conditions must be met by program Snand Tn in Figure 2, not by programs S and T. 1.


We can conclude that every swapping with Wi will cause increment in the optimal wear rate.


Maximal Parallelism A layout has maximal parallelism if the addresses of data in any interval {t, t+1,...,t+n-1} of n consecutive addresses are mapped to n di.erent disks.

for every starting point t with 0 = t = bm-n and every i and i ' with 0 = i<i ' .


(Notice that in Formula (11) the original free variables .s 0 are renamed to .s to avoid confusion as the time index 0 of .s 0 is merely a relative reference time point rather than the absolute initial time point.)

formula (11) is treated as the .nal state set F .


Since C(U(s)) = C(D(s)), by Lemma 2, we have that s cannot be moved to increase total cost.

every unevaded CLS of T cannot be moved to increase total cost.


Whenever a fault occurs, the system enters the critical state, where non-droppable tasks should seamlessly continue their execution (i.e., being schedulable), while droppable tasks might be dropped to save space for the high-criticality ones.

droppable tasks become a candidate to be dropped when the system enters the critical state.


The turns-per-day metric is, therefore, of paramount importance.

it is very important to allow the user to iterate several times a day during this phase.


5.1 Sinusoidal Waveform In this example, ISCLEs is applied to generate a DC-in DC-out sinusoidal function generator.

the aim is to minimize the squared error difference between target DC response and synthesized circuit's DC response, for several different input DC values.


= (e - 2)ln v 2 0.01/3 min1/2, 2 =16 × 0.71 × 6.40 = 72.7 As described in [20], the modeler de.nes number of simulation traces which are required to achieve a given (c, d)-approximation.

in most cases time limits are more important than the number of traces and a.ects the values of c and d. time limit is set for simulation and the con.dence interval is computed based on the generated traces.


A key component for oracle construction is the approach which can compute the optimal layer assignment solution subject to a given total cost bound W .

the approach can answer the following query: given a cost budget W , whether there is a solution satisfying the timing constraint with cost no greater than W .


Table 1: Experimental Data #nets initial C D F COST data1 data2 data3 data4 data5 316 192 160 160 160 175 418 252 250 271 316 192 160 168 164 356.45 620.00 414.30 434.73 406.14 847.45 1230.30 826.30 852.73 841.14  3.6 Via assignment method Our via assignment method is a greedy-based heuristic.

the method gives an initial via assignment and modify the current via assignment by the modi.cation with the maximum gain among all EXCs, ROTs, and MSEQs under the monotonic and detour-preventive condition.


For example, in Figure 5, the bold path s1ls2ls4ls7ls10 shows the wakeup scheduling Scheduling (A) where the time duration 't(s1, s2) is zero meaning that sleep transistors (S1, S2) are the initial group to be turned on.


As for Out 2, since its worst delay is less than Dmax-d, by adding the faulty delay d, we obtain a delay lower than Dmax.

the delay fault cannot affect the value used by the system (i.e.


In contrast to the past work, this work presents a PCM translation layer that considers how the main memory is used by the operating system together with the usage patterns of storage by trading their performance and reliability.

a joint management scheme is proposed to improve the capability of PCM as both main memory and storage so as to enhance the performance of the entire system.


We then use this as a starting value for our evaluation, and estimate during simulation the impact that an increasing number of break-even cycles has on the performance of the power-gated design.

we force the FSM to remain in a state (see Section 2) for an increasing number of cycles, ranging from 10 to 100, and then evaluate the number of clock cycles the FSM remains in lower states.


Furthermore, we demonstrate that this cost reduction is adaptive to both the extent to which the individual node subscriptions correlate, and the amount of information about the other node subscriptions available to each node.

in the worst case scenario when subscriptions are completely uncorrelated or unknown or both, the message dissemination costs are no worse than those of name-independent DHT systems.


Thermal modeling is achieved by considering the heat conductances and capacitances of the cells [15], [29], and the model is similar to .rst-order RC circuits.

we consider the model presented in Figure 1.


5.4 Extension to multi-target preparation REMIA can be extended to handle the sample preparation problem of multiple target concentrations (or multi-target preparation for short), which was firstly discussed in [23].

a set of target concentrations should be prepared at the same time.


pe2Ode( pei) ODE Binding constraint: valid( pe2Type( pei), ode2Type(oi)) = true Each ODE has been mapped to one PE.

the objective is (minimize cycles per step): Min {max (CompCost(pe2Type(pei), pe2Ode(pei))) + CommCost} the objective is to allocate a valid set of PEs (satisfy the FPGA resource constraint), and to find a valid mapping from ODEs to PEs (satisfy the ODE binding constraint) such that the throughput of the system is maximized.


Thus from the point of view of conserving energy it is desirable that the nodes do not perform receive operations during the sleep state.

the results highlight the importance of developing ef.cient mechanisms which enable the receivers to wake-up just-in-time (possibly for a short period of times) to receive packets from their neighbors, or to develop ef.cient mechanisms to synchronize sleep schedule of neighbors.


The encoder implementation with two ME modules shows that this is indeed the case.

the P2P implementation with 2 ME modules has a throughput of 90 Frames/sec, which is about 87.9% improvement.


Since M1 works on arrays of data tokens, the model C++ throughput is augmented, while the functional latency is reduced.

the new functional latency involved by loop rolling is the following: F unctional latencyMC++ F unctional latencyM1 = .


First, by testing 40 chips only, BVP accurately capture the spatial variation of delay, while VP fails to achieve the same accuracy.

bVP provides superior accuracy over VP in this example.


Depending on the shape of underlying systematic process variation of each die, the proposed procedure adaptively and objectively selected the  6B-1 most appropriate model orders.

for the majority number of dice, we found the .rst order polynomial successfully describes systematic trend.


Such clustering constraints can be hierarchically speci.ed.

a cluster may contain not only device modules but also other clusters which contain other device modules or device groups.


Further, let the mutual inductive coupling of a signal pin to its neighbor s neighbor be expressed as k2 (likewise k3, k4, etc.).

we assume that kx = 0for x > p. if p = 3, then we ignore the inductive cross-talk due to the 4th neighbor and beyond, by setting k4 = k5 = ... = kn = 0.


Theorems 1 and 2 provide a theoretical foundation for any work-maximizing, DVFS control policy.

the theorems specify the speed levels needed and indicate that it is advantageous in terms of maximizing the work completed to alternate between the high and low speeds while allowing the chip to reach the maximum temperature at the end of every high speed application interval.


In this section we use the stochastic approach to estimate the SNR.

this method has the advantage that it is not constrained to some .xed leakage model (like the Hamming Distance).


Rj (7) j=1 Equation (6) implies that Elmore delay is an additive with respect to capacitance along any source-sink path.

if we add the coupling capacitance Cx at position x, the delays at all nodes below the position x will increase by Cx · Rx.


Table 3: Results using SNDRs with an upper bound on track cost of 7. testcase track cost capacitance reduction (%) reduction (%) aes_cipher_top 53.8 12.15 eth_top 46.8 13.14 jpeg_encoder 48.1 12.37 mc_top 49.1 12.45 mpeg2_top 52.5 12.14 tv80s 48.0 11.49 usbf_top 48.1 11.11 wb_conmax_top 49.7 13.16 wb_dma_top 52.7 14.28 Last, to assess the potential for area recovery using various SNDRs, we perform an additional study using a set of SNDRs which maintains track cost less than the original .xed NDR.

we explore reduced-area SNDRs of (1W2S), (2W4S) and (3W6S).


Well-known example designs are such as BL [29], FTL [1], DFTL [11], BAST [17], and AFTL [34].

fTL adopts a page-level address translation strategy with the advantage in performance and concerns in the huge amount of mapping information.


For this purpose, we employ the spatial interpolation methodology based on GP [10], which was summarized in Section II.

for each new wafer, we collect a sparse subset of die from each individual cluster and subsequently train k spatial models in order to predict the test outcomes at unobserved die locations, as shown on the right hand side of Figure 3.


In our approach, we remove the control edges from the graph and then we change the scheduling algorithm with respect to [3].

if an operation is scheduled before the branch condition no sharing of resources is allowed, while a resource sharing can be exploited if the operation is scheduled after the branch condition.


This technique, referred to as channel modulation in the rest of this paper, relies on the well-known observation that the thermal resistance of microchannel heat sinks reduces with increasing aspect ratio of the channel cross-section [10].

keeping the height of the channels constant, while reducing the channel width increases the cooling ef.ciency.


Therefore, the gate is more robust to variations when the input-range is different from zero.

if our modeling is based on static timing analysis, optimality (best cell delay is obtained when the input-range is zero) and robustness (cell is more robust for input-range 0.5 - Fig.


Then our intuition is that the number of writes per cache block has a correlation with its trigger instruction.

trigger instructions could be a hint to predict the number of writes for a cache block, or eventually, write intensity of a block.


The main challenge is to design techniques to guide the memory controller in selecting power states, so that it can avoid exceeding the budget while minimizing transition overheads.

when the power budget is relatively low, some applications may suffer performance degradations; nevertheless, it is important to minimize these degradations by intelligently selecting power states.


We discovered a surprising connection between LL/SC and WLL/SC.

we present an efficient algorithm that, for any m > 0, transforms an m-bit WLL/SC object into an m-bit LL/SC object using only registers.


To realize the synchronous reaction, there must be conduction wires to connect synchronized devices together in wiring step.

introducing the synchronous reactions will inevitability incur wire congestion, detour, thereby increasing the complexity of wire routing if device placement and droplet routing in .uidic-level synthesis are not carefully designed.


This directly translates into higher energy consumption at both modes.

considered designs are overdesigned to operate reliably at ULE mode.


A basic characteristic of all space and finite memory compactors is that they compact test response for each test separately and store the compacted responses in the ATE.

test responses of more than one test are not combined in the compaction process as in the time compactors.


First, the number of auditory categories obtained by co-clustering is closer to the number of ground truth categories, than that achieved with the Xmeans.

the co-clustering can provide a more exact approximation of the actual semantic content classes existing in audio streams.


In our test pattern generation, a fault size is considered as a lower bound of the delay s range that the generated test patterns can detect.

we use a speci.ed fault size for test pattern generation to detect transition faults with delay greater than or equal to the fault size.


As a result, wavelet decomposition is the collection of average and details coefficients at all scales.

the wavelet transform of the original data is the single coefficient representing the overall average of the original data, followed by the detail coefficients in order of increasing resolutions.


This feature increases the solution space of our ILP.

a na¨ive formulation may increase the size of constraints and the complexity of ILP.


The work presented here describes a performance enhancement technique for a particular asynchronous design style referred to as Phased Logic (PL) [3].

a method for the automatic insertion of slack matching buffers is described.


For such an algorithm it was easy to construct the worst case function.

for n = 3 such a function was constructed (it is unique) and called 3 17.pla.The cost of realizing this function was 17.


Deciding When to Launch Attacks on Process Control Systems Marina Kroto.l Hamburg University of Technology 21079 Hamburg, Germany  ABSTRACT We introduce a new problem formulation for understanding the threats and vulnerabilities of process control systems.

we consider an adversary that has compromised sensor or actuator signals of a control system and needs to identify the best time to launch an attack.


This work presents and discusses gridless pin access.

we show how to create a feasible and e.cient gridless routing approach that can be .t into existing gridded routing .ows, creating a practical overall routing solution.


Examples of simple behaviors are: data integrity, algorithmic properties, well formed expressions.

by using formal methods the verification activity may concentrate just on the expected behavior of the Design Under Test (DUT), because the formal analysis itself takes care of the DUT implementation details.


In addition, the intensity of the gating activity also depends on the current consumption of each module.

even if a module switches less frequently than the others, it still can induce intolerable noise if it draws a signi.cant amount of current.


Dynamic Adjustment Figure 3: F Measures as scaled with window size for average and for different users as test subjects As shown in Figure 3, different curves result from leaving speci.c users out of the training in a cross-validation setting of the data set in [8], using different window size each time.

the way in which an individual user might perform particular actions either conforms to the model or shows their necessity in the training set for a more robust model for other users.


In the .rst case the number of steps taken to advance to node k from k-1 is 1, however in the second case the number of steps required is 1+ Tk (one step to reach node 0 and Tk steps to reach node k from node 0).

this means the average number of steps taken from node k - 1 to node k is the average of 1 and 1+ Tk.1+ (1 + Tk) Tk = Tk-1 + .


Second, in order to avoid signal crosstalk, before the two signals of di.erential pair meet with each other, no other signal is allowed to be close to.

the routing path between di.erential-pair pins and median points do not allow other signals to cross or go along, as shown in Fig.5.


This factor of 0.7 is the ratio of the diameter of the circle and the diagonal of the square enclosing this circle in Fig.4.

the corner conditions are brought closer to the center condition.


A privacy risk in this approach is the e.ect of clustering .

the polymer numbers for a multiplicity of objects would together constitute a unique identi.er.


To cope with various hardware platforms, the Adaptation Layer abstracts the hardware andprovides a separationbetweenthehigh-levelfunctionalities and the low-level implementation of the GFE.

the adaptation layer interfaces and handles the interactions between the speci.c hardware implementation and the management modules.


We will further restrict the exploration space assuming our circuit block in examination is a combinatorial block standing between edge-triggered .ip.op s: therefore, primary inputs transition time and arrival times are assumed to be given.

we will assume that all primary inputs will only switch at time t =0.


To gain an insight into the potential uses of large transactions, we look elsewhere.

we examine four multi-threaded workloads that use locks for mutual exclusion.


Clock meshes are used in designs in which clock skew, due to both, variations and design missmatch, is required to be very small.

clock meshes are used whenever its input skew is large and it needs to be reduced.


Section 3 deals with the di.erent drivers and the software layers required to control the network.

the development of speci.c communication functions to help parallel programming will be detailed.


In order to avoid this high overhead, the redundant thread in our study will use the same per-thread resources with the main thread.

the redundant thread follows the main thread immediately, they interleave at the instruction-by-instruction basis and execute at the same speed.


1 suffers from low resilience to defects.

when an ADC fails, the corresponding tile of pixels becomes inaccessible by the ISP that could result in drastic degradation in image quality.


A congestion pattern in PS0 pipelines involves a pattern of adjacent stages in alternating states of precharge and precharge-release, since the pipeline has a capacity of only 50%, hence ackk+1 = 0 and ackk+2 = 1.

a right vector of alternating values, 101, is a signature of congestion.


When we issue instructions we can check whether the counter value is zero or not, to determine which memory structure to access the write-back queue or the register file as illustrated in Figure 4.

the DWQ performs a very similar function to the load and store buffer for L1 data caches.


Since a voting machine determines its output when two of its inputs have generated correct results, the final delay will be dominated by the second arriving signal.

the final delay of a TMR for the same computations is not determined by the latest delay.


Since fetching the entire cache block for bypassed data with little spatial locality will cause cache pollution and extra traffic, they used small lines (equal to the element size) for the buffers and optionally fill in consecutive blocks when spatial locality is detected.

they are using a single buffer to serve the purpose of both a victim cache (for scalar data) and a prefetch buffer (for stream data).


Although interconnection network design has matured over the years with respect to multiprocessor architectures, NoC design comes with a different .avor because of the area, energy and reliability constraints in deep sub-micron design.

vulnerability of the NoCs to increased probability of permanent/hard faults resulting from accelerated aging effects and manufacturing/testing challenges in deep sub-micron design makes reliable communication a major challenge.


Later on as applying EP within each subcircuit, the wirelength would not become a big concern, because this is only a locally packing exploration among a small number of modules.

in the spirit of DDM,instead of deferring the decision on the slicing tree structure among all modules in the circuit, .rst we .x the high-level slicing tree structure among the subcircuits by partitioning, and then defer the decision on the slicing tree structure among the modules within each subcircuit.


The attacker can access and change all data stored on the devices and backups, possibly supported by court orders or subpoenas that oblige users to disclose data.

she may compromise the principals keys, including long-term and ephemeral secret keys, and she can coerce users to reveal the passwords used to secure decryption keys.


Various enumerated types are defined in the model such as MDType with the values cMD, mMD1, mMD2, csioMD.

5.3 Creating Alloy Model UML classes are directly translated to signatures in Alloy.


The results support our prior conclusions for the MaxBIPS policy, showing the effectiveness of CMP power management with adaptive global policies.

maxBIPS, which can tailor each core s power mode dynamically with respect to local workload variations under the global power budget con 6.1.1 Trends under CMP Scaling Comparing our policy results across different CMP scales shows important trends.


These properties will influence register binding and steering logic allocation, i.e., MUX generation, during high-level synthesis.

since FPGA is not efficient in implementing wide input MUXes due to limited routing resources, smaller numbers of functional units allocated but larger number of wide-input MUXes incurred may lead to an unfavorable solution.


2.3 Control-Independence Architectures to AlleviateFetchCriticality Inaprogram .owgraphwesaythat oneinstruction X postdominates another instruction A iff all paths through the .owgraph from A to the exit pass through X [7].

x postdominatesA if X isguaranteedto execute after A executes, regardless of intervening control decisions.


When the temperature shifts every 20 °C, detect the polarization of differentiation coefficient (di/dt) the operation of the low power body bias generator is started between the immediate value and previous value of the drain again.

the body bias generator can prevent dead lock and leakage current in the monitor circuit.


In the optimization stage, the raw .tness then puts emphasis on the LUT count, the propagation gate delay and the program length.

the major objective of the optimization stage is reducing the LUT count and then the propagation gate delay.


Thethird pattern shown in(c) istakenfromoneofthelastepochsofneighbor m,and demonstrates an entirely different behavior than the previous two.

here we observe that one of the clients (P5) is the victim of most of the harmful prefetches.


With the effective density model, the discretized formulation (effective) shows that effective local pattern density is dependent on the window size wand the r-dissection.

we have to consider the effect on the formulation of the further division of layout during post-.lling density analysis.


Late-binding is turned on, but it is not used.

some attributes in the requests can have unde.ned values, but the generator never sets the values of the attributes to be unde.ned.


In this paper we focus on the issues related to the choice of a suitable set of samples of the cross-correlation function Rxy(mi), i=1,..,n, as DUT signature, and, at the same time, to the definition of an effective classification procedure [5-6].

we make the choice of the DUT signature on the basis of the sensitivities of the cross-correlation samples to the circuit specifications sj, expressed in terms of the partial derivatives wij =wRxy (mi)/wsj.


The above messages along the aggregation hierarchy logically build a commitment tree which enables the authentication operation in the next phase.

once the base station receives the .nal commitment, it veri.es the coherence of the .nal counts, c1, c2,..., cb, with the number of nodes in the network, N. the BS performs P the following sanity check: ci = N. A simpli.ed version of the aggregation-commit phase is illustrated in Figure 1 with an example of a small network.


When we resolve the local miss mi2 (to .nd out whether it is a hit or a global miss) the variable temp state has only been updated with mi1 and not the addresses between mi1 and mi2 .

to resolve the local misses, we only consider the preceding local misses of Yi and the cache state after Y1, .


However, even though there is no edge between M1, M2 and M6, it is not guaranteed that the three modules can be turned on simultaneously.

the graph is only good for determining any two modules can be turned on simultaneously, but not more.


Note that any reasonable (or allowable ) IDS should have detection rate greater than the false positive rate (1 - F N > F P ).

an IDS should be doing better than random guessing, which has F P =F N =50%.


Hierarchical wiring fault The first wiring fault which we have investigated is a faulty routing between the outputs of an adder block which represent a subtotal of the multiplication and the in- puts of the next adder block.

we have shifted the subtotal by one position.


Hence, while traditional architectures have assumed that each level in the memory hierarchy has a single, uniform access time, increases in interconnect delays will render access times in large caches dependent on the physical location of the requested cache line.

access times will be transformed into variable latencies based on the distance traversed along the chip.


Also, the approach may be infeasible in embedded controllers because it requires a design-for-testability (DFT) insertion at the controllerdatapath interface to accomplish the splitting.

it is not possible to modify an embedded module designed as a hard core.


We reduce the variety of operators we need to deal with by simply rewriting some operators away.


in HSPICE, and then replace the CACTI results related to those essential circuits with our HSPICE results.

we only use the skeleton of the CACTI DRAM model, and .ll in the contents with HSPICE PCM model.


Finally, as the need for aggressive speculative compiler technology increases, more sophisticated disambiguation/anti-aliasing techniques, relying heavily on symbolic analysis will also become necessary.

traditional optimizing compiler approaches are at best conservative for data-dominated applications that heavily employ pointer-based data structures.


For both approaches, the incremental nature of Fd is exploited during the construction of the formula.

.rst the formula F0 =(x1,...,xn) is built for depth d =0.


For the purpose of predicting the two types of power supply noise, characteristic of an interposer, such as LSI package and PCB, is conventionally used [8].

because package interposer is in between the LSI and the PCB, the power supply voltage .uctuation on the LSI and the conducted noise are estimated from the re.ection and the transmission characteristics of Z-parameter of the package interposer, respectively.


Schedule Comparison We compare the two schedules by varying the number of sensors, their accuracies and the number of attacked sensors.

the number of sensors vary from three to .ve; the lengths of the intervals are increased from 5 to 20 by increments of 3 for each interval.


Also, it is shown in our experiments that the average checking speed is normally higher than the program execution.

our scheme normally will not slow down the program execution.


3.1 (Micro-) Architecture Platforms Integrated circuits used for embedded systems will most likely be developed as an instance of a particular (micro-) architecture platform.

rather than being assembled from a collection of independently developed blocks of silicon functionalities, they will be derived from a speci.c family of micro-architectures, possibly oriented toward a particular class of problems, that can be extended or reduced by the system developer.


A distributed directory is used to maintain the coherence among L1 private caches for shared data and among L2 hybrid caches for certain types of private data.

the placement and search policy after an L1 miss is described as follows:  Figure 3: Cache Organization Private: For a private access, we directly check the local L2 cache tile.


We demonstrate the application of the proposed bi-directional parallel circuit simulation in terms of time-domain transient analysis, mimicking digital timing applications, and shooting-Newton based periodic steady-state analysis.

we reformulate the standard shooting method in a newform, which admits the simultaneous solutions of an IVP and an FVP.


C. Features extraction The purpose of feature extraction is to .nd the main characteristics of a data segment that accurately represents the original data.

the transformation of large input data into a reduced representation set of features greatly simplifies classification work, giving advantages in terms of processing time.


eNVy [13] proposed to use an SRAM as a write bu.er.

every write request is cached and the FIFO (First In First Out) policy is adopted for replacement.


As the application program is .xed, there exists a lot of .exibility in choosing an optimal design for the application in question.

customized processors [4, 6] and con.gurable system-on-chip platforms [1] provide the designer of an embedded system with the opportunity to con.gure the memory subsystem for a particular application.


Register prefetching will be able to reduce overall cache tra.c only if the prefetched values are used more than once after being brought into the prefetch bu.er.

though prefetching employs spatial locality in bringing values closer to the processor, the actual utility (in terms of reducing cache tra.c) depends on temporal locality of the prefetched values.


TI is a new nano-device whose bulk acts as insulator and surface behaves as metal.

it has insulating band-gap state in the bulk and gap-less metallic state at surface.


The channel selection problem is limited by the classi.cation performance requirements of our system.

the screener must be able to maintain a minimum false negative rate.


The link ma t At the same time, the weight for both timing delay and resources trix is given by the equation 4 where the values are the conditional probability of B becoming either hardware or software given that A has occurred.

p (HWb|SW a) gives the probability of module of node B becoming a hardware given that the module of node A is software.


Gi Because A-1 =0, we can write i1 =i2 .A-1Hi1 =A-1Hi2.

(11) increasing any coordinate (component) of i is guaranteed to not decrease any component of A-1Hi.


only loads in Si that have been scheduled with the L0 latency and stores in Si must be scheduled in the same cluster.


A processor with a wider issue width requires larger and wider structures in the execution core to support more instructions that can be processed in parallel.

these structures include the instruction scheduler, the register .le, and the bypass network.


In this paper, we focus on the problem of broadcasting data over multiple physical channels that cannot be coalesced into fewer high-bandwidth ones.

we propose a novel scheduling scheme called Generalized Broadcast Technique (GBT) which can adapt the content of the broadcasts according to the client mobility and demand patterns.


Our idea is to approximate continuous-valued input slew by di.erent small-sized slew bins.

the input slew at each bu.er position is discretized into di.erent input slew bins, each of which covers a range of slew rate.


Coverage evolution when adding properties using the guiding coverage metric consequent of the property: Altogether, mem_ack is assigned to rack in state RE AD if no reset is requested.

the existing property only describes half of the READ state behavior class.


If the circuit can be placed in a known standby state, as described earlier, this delay impact may be avoidable if high-Vt and thick-oxide devices are carefully assigned.

a recent approach combining sleep state assignment and Vt assignment was proposed [12], however, this approach does not consider gate leakage current and as such cannot minimize total leakage current in 90nm technologies and beyond.


Architecture A fully parallel architecture has been developed to meet the characteristics of the MonProd and modular exponentiation algorithms.

the modular exponentiation Algorithm 3 consists of a sequence of MonProd pairs included in steps 1-2 and 4-5.


If the capacitor bank contains uniform sized capacitors, the CADB delay is linearly proportional to the number of capacitors activated in the bank.

as more capacitors are activated, the CADB delay will increase due to the more output load of the leftmost transistor.


In this paper, we study the cache space partitioning problem when the contending threads belong to the same application.

as opposed to existing cache partitioning schemes, we investigateintra-application cache partitioning.


Rint = .l (W0 T0 ) (11) Cint and Rint are affected in different ways by W and T, as illustrated by (10) and (11).

cint increases while Rint decreases with increasing W and T. This relationship implies that for small W and T, interconnects are resistance dominated while for large W and T interconnects are capacitance dominated.


Some portions of logic synthesis into neuron-like networks have been studied.

there is signi.cant research into how to build logic out of sum-and-threshold operations, called linear threshold gates or threshold logic gates.


Thus, an extensive set of gate-level power simulations (VCS/PowerCompiler) is launched within a Testbench Generation suite, specifically tuned to fulfill the many requirements imposed by the STBus protocols and, at the same time, to sensitize the node under a wide range of traffic workloads.

the test-benches can be configured in terms of average latency per master request and slave response and type of operations to be performed on the bus.


The concatenation is done by using the memory blocks in c2 from the bottom level to top level and from right to left to update c1.

the update is done from the least recently used to most recently used memory blocks of c2.


However, due to the nature of modern out-of-order processors we can not prove that VPMs will meet their QoS performance objective unless we assume performance monotonicity.

a thread s performance is a monotonically increasing function of the amount of resources a thread is offered.


2, as well as for the BIST controllers in [16] (for multi-port static RAMs), in [17] (for the Motorola high performance microprocessor e500 core) and in [8] (for Intel/HP McKinley microprocessor cache testing), none of them is generally Fault Secure with respect to its possible internal faults.

for all these schemes, the critical block is the output comparator.


The rate of Vc increase using the proposed active-decoupling circuit is also always slower than that using the conventional counterpart.

the proposed active-decoupling circuit improves the substrate-noise suppression from 3.6 to 6.6 times as compared to the conventional active-decoupling circuit when the 1 GHz noise-source amplitude increases from 100mV to 500mV.


In addition, dimension based clocks lack some properties satis.ed by the width-based clocks like chain clocks.

using width-based clocks, two events can be compared in constant time if the chain to which events belong is known.


This tradeoff between glitch reduction (and hence power), area, and delay will be quantified in this paper.

this paper examines the following questions: 1.


However,inFigure4, the numbers of symbols we need to read from Disk 1 to Disk 6 for recovery are all equal to 4.

the additional workload to recover data in Disk 0 are perfectly balanced among all surviving disks.


This work proposes a new fully polynomial time approximation scheme for the problem.

the new algorithm approximates the optimal layer assignment solution by a factor of 1+.


Concentric has been advertising heavily in the Boston subway system, but the company is fundamentally a West Coast ISP with delusions of grandeur.

concentric doesn t actually have any employees in Boston.


In order to determine the number of LLR bits that need to be protected in order to obtain an acceptable throughput even with a large number of faulty cells in the remaining bits (corresponding to a better yield), we performed a sensitivity analysis by utilizing the approach discussed in Section 4.

we consider zero or a very low number of tolerated defects (!!


It will turn out that HEX compares favorably to clock trees in most aspects.

with respect to robustness, our approach supports multiple synchronized clock sources and tolerates Byzantine failures of both clock sources and nodes.


4-Transistor Pseudo SRAM Cells Multi-independent-gate transistors also introduce novel opportunities to design versatile memory arrays.

we introduce a memory cell, that can play an active role in future systems-on-chip by enabling a dual operation mode between Dynamic RAM and traditional SRAMs.


While this density can be leveraged towards performance, the resulting thermal behavior deteriorates with smaller metal/insulator ratio and TSV-to-TSV distances.

the electrical insulation in the TSVs has thermal insulation effect in the lateral direction due to the nature of the materials used for insulation.


This meshing scheme then holds the smallest .lament width at the skin depth, and adjusts the ratio between adjacent .laments so as to .t the .laments inside the given width w. More precisely, given a conductor of width w and N, the number of desired .laments, the ratio r between adjacent .laments satis.es () Nf2 -1 r 2d , even N, {r -1 w =( ) (2) (N.1) f2 -1 r (N.1)f2 2d +drodd N. r -1 , While EM-1 and EM-2 perform excellently in terms of model and simulation accuracy and are widely used in practice, we will show that signi.cant savings in computation can be realized with alternate meshing schemes, at negligible loss in accuracy.

conventional EM schemes are an over-kill.


However, 34% of SPEC s execution (Region C) exhibit more cache misses from premature cache evictions due to eTLB evictions.

cache lines are evicted before they can be used again because their pages were evicted from the eTLB.


Experimental results on a set of industrial circuits show that by adding slack and FOM sensitivities, we are able to obtain better results for not just timing-driven placement, but also the physical synthesis optimization after it.

considering the FOM sensitivity to explicitly guide the net weight generation, we can further improve the .nal FOM measurement without deteriorating the worst slack and wire length.


a geometric parameter (p), for instance the width of a conductor, the thickness of each metal layer or the height of dielectrics.

this dimensional sensitivity can be computed by assembling the associated panel sensitivities: .Cij =Sk,ij (8) .p k.Sp where Sp is the set of panels incident to the geometric parameter p. these are the panels that show displacements according to the parameter variation.


This entire set of literature starts with the same set of assumptions, that the resistance was inversely proportional to the wire area, that capacitance was proporitonal to the wire area (plus fringing capacitance).


One of the major disadvantages for STT-RAM is the latency and energy overhead associated with the write operations.

a long-latency write operation to STT-RAM cache may obstruct other cache accesses and result in severe performance degradation.


Naturally, as accesses on the PCI bus depend on the peripherals connected to the bus which we don t know, the PCI accesses part at the bus uses user supplied information about access timings.

the user has to specify how long a PCI transaction, once initiated takes to complete for the devices mapped at speci.ed addresses.


However, we found this approach to be somewhat coarse.

the scores reported by the activity monitors manifest bipolar behavior.


However, when thermal effects are effects are considered to control the leakage power of on considered, physical locality (or density) should be chip caches.


Rather than chose a fixed approach, we took a more dynamic approach and extracted a proportional length of each song.

we extracted the first half of each song, which we expected would capture a representative portion of the song while still avoiding a significant amount of extraction processing.


As demonstrated by the above example, for con.gurations composed of only k-LUTs the problem consists of .nding which function inputs are mapped to which k-LUTs (if many k-LUTs exist).

partitioning the function inputs into groups corresponding to the k-LUTs (without determining the individual mapping onto the k-LUT pins) guarantees the existence of a solution.


When scheduling a basic block, local schedulers have the guarantee that all instructions will either execute or not.

all instructions being scheduled are control equivalent.


The organization of the data array section of one of the 512KB cache structures 2.2 Con.gurable Cache Operation With these modi.cations, the cache behaves as a virtual two-level, physical one-level non-inclusive cache hierarchy, with the sizes, associativities, and latencies of the two levels dynamically chosen.

we have designed a single large cache organization to serve as a con.gurable two-level non-inclusive cache hierarchy, where the ways within each subarray that are initially enabled for an L1 access are varied to match application characteristics.


At this stage, the machine codes of a binary will be extracted and translated line by line via a machine code diversi.er.

the opcode of each instruction will be replaced with another unique value based on an encoding map.


Experimental results based on three real-world circuit designs show that our P/G network analyzer is accurate enough and very ef.cient.

with our .oorplan-based P/G network analyzer, the power integrity-driven design .ow successfully .xed the IR-drop errors earlier at the .oorplanning stage and thus enabled the single-pass design methodology.


Information for fault database: The entries of the fault sites that are pruned by this technique record the information of the fault sites that represent them.

the de.nition records the identity of the .rst use (the program counter of the instruction and the faulty unit id, as in .gure 1).


It does not account for errors due to contamination that occur when data is read.

sectors could become unreadable during read operations owing to thermal asperities, caused by contact between head and disk surface or particle contaminants [19].


In conditional slack matching, however, whenever a re-convergent fanout is formed between the two modes, far less number of buffers are needed because the gap values can accommodate for large differences between arrival times in different modes.

it shows we achieve a 14% reduction of slackmatching buffers with 8 nodes and a reduction of 32% of slackmatching buffers with 64 nodes.


Our tool provides for circuit design several of the features that Web-CAT provides for program design.

jLSCircuitTester allows students to de.ne their own tests, and automatically determine whether their circuits pass their tests.


We furthermore assume in-order dispatching of same-task replicas.

in-order submission to the dispatch dissemination tree-like interconnect.


For CRC the cache energy is minimal when the cache size is .9bytes while the performability is maximal when the cache size is .10bytes.

as opposed to FPFFT, there is a Pareto-optimal set of the cache sizes: {.9, .10}.


Next, for LS placement, [11] tried to assign as many levelshifters as possible.

the timing may not converge after .oorplanning.


To implement the analytic simulation time prediction model we have been inspired by .tness prediction models used in other EDAs.

we consider the analytic model proposed in [17] for the Univariate Marginal Distribution Algorithm (UMDA).


The design achieves low power and high performance by taking advantage of the typically large fraction of zero and small-valued data in DCT and IDCT applications.

it skips multiplication by zero and dynamically activates/deactivates required bit-slices of fine-grain bit-partitioned adders using simplified, static-logic-based speculative completion sensing.


Schematic representation of our aging sensor.

starting from the monitored signal (Si), by means of a proper delay block (namely, a simple NOT gate), we generate an additional signal Ci that, together with the monitored signal (Si), provides: 1) a codeword belonging to the two-rail code (i.e., a no alarm indication), that is (O1,O2) = (1,0) or (0,1), if signal Si is stable during guardband TM (i.e., when TWC=1); 2) a tworail non codeword (i.e., an alarm indication), that is (O1,O2) = (0,0) or (1,1), if undesired transitions of Si occur during the guardband TM (i.e., when TWC=1).


While this study focusses on C programs, our methodology and algorithms are applicable to other programming languages as well.

they need only minor modi.cations to be applicable to garbage-collected runtimes instrumentation in the garbage collector instead of the manual deallocation routine.


Compared to the conventional cache, taking into account the area and power overhead of both the encoder/decoder and opcode field augment, the FOE scheme can reduce the average read power consumption by 4%, but increase the cache area by 5%.

it retains the same performance as the conventional instruction cache.


If the hypothesis is correct, however, choice of the subsets will be correlated to the actual computation.

the second-round bit will have been 0 in all traces in one subset and 1 in the other.


A good SPM management strategy is the one that converts temporal and spatial data reuses into data locality.

the SPM space should be managed in such a way that the vast majority of the data requests from the CPU should be satis.ed from the SPM, instead of going off-chip.


the leftmost cells if w is to the left of v) and reduce their .-value, if necessary.

we can always .nd sets of cells whose fractional size width.


.t in frames t in frames Figure 4: ConCor yields the correct o.set .tConCor = 50 frames.


We proceed by contradiction, supposing that Theorem 6.2 is false.

we suppose that some deterministic terminating algorithm A (consisting of subroutines Poll() and Signal() for each process) exists that solves the signaling problem using atomic reads and writes with O(1) amortized RMR complexity.


The high-level structure of the driver in Figure 2 does not provide any information about sequences of commands that the driver can handle.

there is no indication that a close request must always follow an open, while a timeout noti.cation can be handled in any state.


Likewise, the G3, G4, G5 and G6 contain 33, 21, 11 and 1-stage hold buffers, respectively.

the SBGS shorten the weighted average of the hold buffer stages from 69 to 24.5.


On the other hand, chips with thicker oxides can operate at a higher voltage for 3 Tq is de.ned as Tq =argTq {R(Tq )=Pr(t>Tq )=Rt}.

it is the quantile of reliability distribution for certain reliability target Rt.


Algorithm 1 NSGA Algorithm 1: pop .GenerateInitialPopulation 2: if generation =max generation then 3: rank .NonDominatedRanking(pop) 4: fitness .FitnessAssignment(pop, rank) 5: for i = 1 to N step 2 do 6: parent1 .Selection(pop, fitness) 7: parent2 .Selection(pop, fitness) 8: (child1, child2) .Crossover(parent1, parent2) 9: newpopi .Mutation(child1)  10: newpopi+1 .Mutation(child2) 11: end for 12: pop .newpop 13: generation .generation +1 14: end if 15: final rank .NonDominatedRanking(pop) 16: NonDominatedSolutions .popi, .i .final ranki =1 17: return NonDominatedSolutions  3.1 Pareto-optimal Solution A solution is called Pareto-optimal solution, if there exists no other solution for which at least one of its criterion has a better value while values of remaining criteria are the same or better.

one can not improve any criterion without deteriorating a value of at least one other criterion.


to build redundant models by changing the set of training devices.

the idea is to split the training set in a number of partitions and to build regression models for the different partitions.


These edges have their sources already scheduled and their sinks potentially form an entry point for a new edge.

these edges will eventually become bypassed once new edges are inserted.


The basic idea of the MSR multiplier [10, 9] is the following: ab = a(b0 + b1a + b2a2 + ···bm-1am-1) = ab0 +(aa)b1 + ···+((···((aa)a) ···a)bm-1.

the sum can be computed using an m-stage approach.


that symbols within the system have a consistent interpretation throughout the computation, or at least if they do not there is a component of the system which explains how the interpretation of the symbols changes as the computation progresses .

any external system which observes and/or initiates a computation must declare in advance how it is going to interpret those symbols.


Unlike standard Bayesian methods that specify an arbitrary prior, EB learns the prior distribution from data.

if a Gaussian prior is used for 2si,M LE is a biased estimator.


What is important, in many applications a constant-delay network can be easily transformed into a constant-depth one solving the same problem in equal time.

it can be done for the problem of sorting disturbed sequences.


Note that the scope of an LE only needs to be determined prior to the calculation and application of the pin permutation on it; following the topological order, it is possible to dynamically define a hierarchical LE according to the already optimized input slacks to a logic cluster.

if we want to group two LUTs Ls and Lt as in the preceding paragraph into an LE, the best practice would be to choose Ls to be the driver of the most critical input of Lt, since this gives an opportunity to move the most critical pin off Ls and onto Lt, which is likely to reduce the nominal cell delay of the pin (and thus may improve its slack).


For the results analysis, it was relatively easy to separate out the processor, memory subsystem, and compiler attributes.

by tweaking one or more parameters, bottlenecks could be detected.


At the design level, eff iciency(d1,d2) computes how e.ciently design d2 uses its additional area as compared to d1.

high e.ciency measures come from large decreases in execution time relative to the increase in area, assuming a larger design is faster.


One can observe from Table 1 that we are able to .nd link l2 « l1, because of which a2 is less than a1 and so are the skew variations.

experiment 2: The aim of this experiment is to observe the e.ect of the link on the delays of the sinks within a subtree, for example, sink delays in subtree Ti.this experiment demonstrates the Scenario 1 in the qualitative analysis.


In [17] and [18], program ming support is also provided.

[18] proposes a hardware real time operating system (HW-RTOS) that implements the OS layer in a dual-processor SMP architecture, and that allows specifying inter-task communication by means of dedicated APIs.


As shown in Eq(7), an ideal alternative distribution should simulate only the failure cases and follow the original distribution in that region.

the perfect and ideal alternative distribution is nothing but PDF (xi |f<t)=PDF (xi,f <t)/Prob (f<t).Byusingthe bivariate Gaussian distribution, .. 2(f-a0)2 2xi.xi (f-a0) .x + - .


The complicated internal design and divergent implementations behind the narrow interface would inevitably lead to many performance dynamics and uncertainties.

despitethe same interface,SSDis notjust another faster disk.