Floorplans with a positive queue factor (+Q) had uniformly worse power supply noise than .oorplans without any queue factor (No Q) at all.

it adds a current weighted correlated switching activity to the cost function based on whether two blocks share the same queue or not.


When the industry is entering the nanoscale era, the worries about reliability is even worsened, as their bottom-up manufactering processes are inherently prone to defects and their runtime faults are expected to be high, caused by shunkened device demensions and low supply voltages.

the stress time window for NBTI and HCI is illustrated in Figure 4 for an inverter circuit.


In [4], this technique was extended-up by using the ordering and partitioning of the coefficients for the Semi-Parallel FIR filter architecture, where the hardware is duplicated and coefficients are partitioned into groups of coefficients.


Note that, this comparison does not include the overhead due to memory read in the digital design.

the DWN can detect the polarity of the current flow at its inputnode.


Also, it can shorten the test application time because the length of the scan chains becomes shorter.

ncan be represented by the following binomial distribution if the probability of a scan-out response being an unknown (p)is the same for every response: (sn {N=n}=n) p (1 p)s-n(4) We can now re-express the E[f(K)]in Equation(3) as a function of N(denoted as EN[f(K)]), and a response s unobservable probability () becomes: s = .


If a node has already forwarded a packet for the source node, it is reasonable to assume that, because it already has spent energy for forwarding, it wants to maintain a good status in the eyes of the source.

the model can be seen to be information about nodes that belong to its neighborhood Gi and nodes that belong to Gi are assumed to have beliefs about the class of node i and vice versa.


It follows a similar design to the successful Cray T3D and Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

we evaluate the performance of peta-scale targeted applications from scientific fields including astrophysics, climate, combustion, fusion, and materials science.


An 8.3GHz Dual Supply/Threshold Optimized 32b Integer ALU-Register File Loop in 90nm CMOS Steven K. Hsu, Amit Agarwal*, Kaushik Roy*, Ram K. Krishnamurthy, Shekhar Borkar Circuits Research Labs Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA  steven.k.hsu@intel.com ABSTRACT In high performance microprocessors, integer execution cores are one of the hottest thermal spots and peak current/power delivery limiters.

putting a level converter in front of flop is significantly inefficient and imposes delay/energy/area penalties on the design.


Recently, we are focusing on an accurate integration of all known degradation e.ects [1], based on a characterisation of transistor level degradation models.

nominal VDD refers to the voltage reaching the power stripes, not at the DC/DC converter, or the power pins.


Un-calibrated Worst case readings of Thermal Assist Unit(TAU) readings for IBM25PPC750L Processors (°C).

this design suffers from relatively low accuracy.


The short output cycle leads to non uniform output distribution, which is easy to be analyzed and attacked by enumerating all states of output.

using higher precision and coupled map can increase the output cycle length and complexity, but cannot increase the number of usable parameters.


Existing SDM based bit stream IIR filters [8-10] make limited use of the over-sampled bit streams, encoding either the input signal or the filter coefficients in the bit stream format, while representing the other in a conventional multi-bit format leading to simpler multipliers.

the constant coefficients .... and determine the zeros and poles of the filter.


They .rst employ a model for system energy consumption that estimates system energy consumption from system resource usage statistics obtainable in software.

the share received by player i, fi(v), is uniquely given by v(S .


As an DDD expression is exactly symbolic and does not have any approximations, it is proved to be accurate compared with SPICE (which uses the simple linearized device models).

on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol.


[8] H. Chauhan, Y. Choi, M. Onabajo, I.-S. Jung, and Y.-B.

in the phase fk, the Ck is disconnected from the CX and the transistor MNk is used to avoid charge accumulation [15].


If critical data set is large, however, private caches may perform poorly since each core s caching space is limited to its own cache slice.

[13] Intel Corp. A New Era of Architectural Innovation Arrives with Intel Dual-Core Processors, Technology@Intel Magazine, May 2005.


The result is shown in Figure 2. that the Taylor expansion becomes inaccurate.

the model that we use is generic, but in this paper we assume a set of synthetic (not based on actual process data) but realistically large values for the variability of the input parameters.


As we pack more and more transistors into a single chip, the pace of productivity gains has not kept up to address the increases in design complexity.

results over the benchmarks show that the proposed synthesis-during-planning approach can reduce the chip peak temperature by 6.6 oC on average, and improve the overall timing yield by 8%, without causing overheads on wirelength or chip area.


Example 3 is a case where ASDC helps model checking even though there is no locality and the approximate system should be increased to the exact system.

for most practical, industrial strength designs, abstraction, either manual or automatic, is required to make formal veri.cation tractable.


This can be enforced if a balanced leaf-assignment is made for the accesses within a given C-Table row; all accesses within each row are distributed evenly amongst all leaves.

post-layout simulations show that a 32-input node has a small enough cycle time to keep a 2-input root node busy.


Accordingly, if a horizontal line is drawn across the graph at 325ms, we see that that is indeed a lower bound in the graph.

mWeb: a framework for distributed presen- tations using the WWW and the MBone.


Brief Announcement: Flashcrowding in Tiled Multiprocessors under Thermal Constraints * Enoch Peserico Dip.

only a smallfractionofthemareactiveat anygiven time roughly the same number as in a classic architecture, or perhaps a few more(those that canbe purchased with the thermal budget of the missing padding).


Silicon nanophotonic technology provides a long-term solution to this problem.

the Mach-Zehnder modulators used in these systems are impractical for systems requiring many optical channels due to their large area and relatively high BTE.


Address system veri.cation The challenges of system veri.cation are multiple.

the methodology is too language centered, while an ideal universal veri.cation methodology should be language independent: veri.cation is not a matter of syntax, but of semantics.


Fir is a finite impulse response filter.

this coding practice makes the software code concise and readable, but may limit the performance of synthesized hardware.


The corresponding C++ implementation consists of the function call sequence < f s2(), f s3() >, which must be invoked n times for generating the .rst result.

the main f or loop that is used to call f is split into two nested loops, one of them moved inside function f. In this way, the C++ function can iteratively read and elaborate multiple inputs (i.e., through a loop added to the code) during one single invocation.


In the case of the adpcm and efft benchmarks, a 4 bit LST index has been additionally provided to the CDMI, effectively utilizing the hardware support for loops with control structure.

the transactions to the data memory are effectively pipelined and the address calculation logic in the CDMI adds no delay to the memory access time.


At the minimum, it can replace the random geometric patterns for sound visualization on many Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

the central frequency F[ j] = ... 1 0 L[ j] threshold1 of each sub-band equals the musical notes (G3, G#3, A3, A#3, < etc.).


A maximum fanout free cone (MFFC) of node n is a subset of the fanin cone, such that every path from a node in the subset to the POs passes through n. Informally, the MFFC of a node contains all the logic used only by the node.

it is interesting to observe that the previous work recovers area at each node in the reverse topological order, whereas our mapper works in the direct topological order.


For nodes with non-unique signatures, tie-breaking is done by assigning one such node an unused label and then node signatures are updated based on this.

if an inductive invariant (or a counter-example) is computed to witness a proof (or a failure) of one property, it can be readily remapped to be a witness for the other.


EVX with ALU-partitioning compute 64 bits of the vector data per lane regardless of the size of vector elements (e.g.

it provides limited speedup over the scalar baseline for most of the kernels or even performance degradation due to VCU initialization, with the exception of ICCG, Ipred, Matrix and PiCell.


The execution of 12 butter.ies type B (4 sub-words x 3 unroll factor), also highlighted, takes 21 cycles.

a single Multiplier is included in the scalar datapath of the proposed architecture and a Multiplier-based implementation would be highly ine.cient and unfair as reference.


BASE ARCHITECTURES In [13], the authors explore the Hadamard separability property, using two RAMs to store intermediary transform results.

especially in the case of a 4x4 Hadamard, it is de.ned as M 4 2 × (max(|y1|, |y2|) + max(|y3|, |y4|))i i=1 (9) SATD4×4 =1 2 ; T X(x1, x2, x3, x4) .


It is worth noting that the end-to-end latency of a Xeon-server read operation is several times longer than that on the SLICE.

the challenge will be to .nd distributed applications that require so much throughput.


DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper we have presented a method for measuring glass-toglass video delay, we have shown how this method can lead to insights in the causes of such delays and how it can help evaluate the effect of possible solutions to delay problems.There are a number of areas in which we want to extend this work in the future.

in order to calibrate the two measurement systems in this case requires the ability to determine the output delay of the videoLat system on the sending side and the input delay of the videoLat system on the receiving side.


because X cell must result in wild match, the data comparisons occurred within 0~11th TCAM cells are all redundant, such that the X sequence does not pull down the ML.


The test resulted in the same accuracy of UI-CS by using the training data of 4 subjects compared to 11 subjects at the UI-CS condition.

uD-CS is more than 0.9 even at the minimum value.


An advantage of the proposed circuit is the output voltage settles at the desired voltage level regardless of the output current demand.

when the output voltage is larger, the e.ective voltage across N5 is smaller, limiting the maximum current that N5 can supply to the load circuitry.


In Figure 10, LS stand for level shifter and ISO stands for isolation gate.

9.1 Synthesis The 200MHz minimum frequency requirement for the logic module could only be met at 1.2V supply.


From a resource-utilization perspective, a control application should be implemented with the longest possible sample period that can assure stability and performance.


Such screen sharing capabilities allow various multimedia .les to be easily accessed through mobile platforms, and played (in real-time) through larger screens; thus, has the potential to enable a variety of attractive entertainment applications.

specif- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Theoretically, the orthogonal iteration can start from any matrix.

for i = 2,3,... K (i) T (i-1) Z =a·.PCellk ·diag(F ..Cellk )·PCellk ·Q k=1 a T (i-1) F (23) 3.


To demonstrate the proposed methods, a simulation-based optimization has been developed to implement on-chip decaps design automatically.

in contrast to traditional .at power distributions without power gating, gated power distributions have unique sources of supply noise and the tradeo.s between them.


1: Cross-sectional view of an n-layer vertically stacked active layers interconnected through vias.

in this section, we quantify the delay in a bus (connecting the processor core to the memory) formed by a 3-D vertical via configuration.


Thus, we can generate w. It follows that zcan be generated as z=1- w. For all of the above cases, we proved that zcan be generated with the two operations 1- xand x· yon the input probability set S={0.4,0.5}.


We simulate 2 cores with L1cachescon.guredto match ourLeon3 emulationsetup and removethe L2cache[18].

figure 3b reveals the accuracy of our estimates to PrimeTime results for Libquantum.


A general framework for analysis is beyond the scope of this paper, and is the topic of our accurate statistical timing analysis considering correlations.

assume that [A, B] .F: p A = ao +(aiXi + aiXi 2)+ arXAr (20) i=1 p B = bo +(biXi + biXi 2)+ brXBr (21) i=1 then C = aA+bB +c can be expressed using the quadratic model as follows: p [] C =(aao + bbo + c)+ (aai + bbi)Xi +(aa i + b bi)X2 i i=1 +(aarXAr + bbrXBr ) p = co +(ciXi + ciXi 2)+ crXCr i=1 J where cr =(aar)2 +(bbr)2,since XAr and XBr are independent standard normal RVs, and XCr is an independent standard normal RV speci.c to C. F satis.es property 1.


This is because the total energy dissipation and the delay change in opposite directions with respect to W0.

short circuit energy dissipation occurs when NMOS and PMOS transistors establish a direct path from power supply to ground because they are simultaneously turned on during input transition as shown in Figure 1.


our synchronization approach is similar to the one describedin[4] in the sense that it is basedonsynchronizers for inter-domain communication, but we use the issue queue as the interfacing structure, without the need of additional storage structures.


Therefore, the charge injection design is the best choice for low supply voltage, nano-scale CMOS implementations.

0 [2] G. Kasai, et al., 200MHz/200MSPS 3.2W at 1.5V VDD (V) Vdd, 9.4Mbits ternary CAM with new charge injection match detect circuits and bank selection scheme, IEEE Figure 9: Number of wrong sensings of the four designs in consideration (50000-cycle Monte-Carlo simulations).


by choosing E small enough so that µE satis.es (18), and by applying Lemma 8, we obtain .E x P [YE >x] ~·Ge(), (25) 1 -.E r/µE + .E -1 where .E = ./µE.


At the cost of doubling the amount of local on-chip memory in each sorter stage, the size of the sorted sequence is doubled as well.

the multiplexers contribute to the majority of the implementation cost in terms of LUTs.


Background noise tends to be normally distributed and wide sense stationary over time constants larger than the time constant of a typical passing object.

above 18 Hz and an additional 12 dB/octave above 220 Hz.


Resolving this unit clause with the clause (z) which is part of the initial set of clauses leads to the empty clause and completes the proof.

modern CEC programs (such as [13]) employ a variety of techniques to simplify the SAT problems.


We can observe that the number of marker updates is from 5X to 13X and from 7X to 40X less than the traversed list nodes of SuSeSim and the CRCB algorithm, respectively.

since they do not use the marker pointers to point to the boundaries of markers, the counter structure is a two dimensional array that records the total number of misses of each cache con.guration.


It is based on reducing test cost by using a low frequency Automated Test Equipment (ATE).

carboneroand S. Mir1 ST Microelectronics, 850 Rue Jean Monnet, 38926, CROLLES, France 2 TIMA laboratory, 46 Avenue Felix VIALLET, 38031 GRENOBLE, France Abstract This paper is aimed at studying defect-oriented test techniques for RF components in order to optimize production test sets.


less than 1% improvement over an equal-target delay or SDGG point (marked with a square.)

wID variations produce different electrical characteristics across a die [7].


Standard argumentsfor asynchronous(async) circuit design include robustness to process/voltage/temperature variation, and average-caseinstead of worst-caseperformance.

a messageisbrokendowninto contiguouspacketsto be sent over the network as fast as it will allow.


Making the DV network modular provides a solution to both issues.

under the same traffic load, the routing performance of the single DV and modular DVs in two-stage configurations is found to be exactly the same for various subsets of header bits in each stage.


4.3 Linear program speci.cation In this paper, we restrict ourselves to the discussion of an example application which is modeled as a linear program (LP).

for this particular problem, the authors propose a heuristic algorithm which reduces the computational overhead compared to solving a LP online.


We .nd that, with one exclusive read port and one exclusive write port and four internal subbanks, this bank can also be accessed within 0.5ns.

a traditional victim cache may not be effective in capturing these L2 cache misses.


requires that (S -xtpr)(1- ft) k be less than pr2.We have K « Smax = pr2 K + xt · k(1 - ft) In the basic scheme, the estimated maximum supported network size in coverage area is linearly related to the ra k tio K .

the network density n = q according to Equation (3) and d ' = drequired, increases linearly with q as well.


Smaller threshold voltage of access transistors facilitates writing 1 because of decreasing the voltage drop between BL and Q.

there are no write-half- selected disturbances for the half-selected bit-cells, since storage nodes of which are blocked.


as memory energy per access can be improved by exploiting row buffer locality upon accesses to high-density regions, we propose Bulk Memory Access Prediction and Streaming, or BuMP.


The total idle-to-idle dynamic energy consumption is determined by the number of idle clock cycles, which is in turn determined by texe - f1 m NmMb.

since we scale the supply voltage for the SVCS CPU, it is not necessary to reduce the clock frequency beyond Vdd = kfc as far as the total energy is concerned.


A group at ICS FORTH has proposed several ASIC based architectures to efficiently perform the packet buffering and manage large number of queues at very high speeds [13].

it reduces the interconnect latency by enabling the threads to issue only one command for an enqueue or dequeue operation.


3.1 DDR2 SDRAM In modern DRAM systems, the memory array is hierarchically organized as banks, rows, and columns.

figure 3 illustrates the power savings under different PHA-WB sizes, relative to a system without PHA-WB and shown in percentage.


One of the main obstacles in such an approach is that given a Toffoli gate, there are multiple ways of substituting an equivalent quantum circuit.

it is easier to come up with a good procedure for substituting these gates in the circuit to yield the most simpli.cation.


PHONE INTERACTIONS Figures 2 and 3 illustrate aspects of creating an audio-visual story on the media-phone.

the target audience are more technologically and textually literate than ours, and the forms of content possible less constrained.


In addition, we gave an overview of how these aspects have been tackled by different symbolic and analytical approaches proposed thus far.

if, for example, the pulse arriving to the input of a flip-flop represents a 0-1-0 transition, then its rising edge needs to reach the threshold level of a flip-flop (or latch), at least a setup time before the clock edge, and its falling edge needs to reach the threshold level of a flip-flop at the earliest a hold time after the clock edge.


The .gure indicates that in the area close to the origin the deviation is slightly higher than for the rest of the spectrum.

since q is .xed and only p varies, the modeled and measured misses demonstrate linear behavior.


From each candidate basis path, an SMT formula is generated such that the formula is satis.able if and only if the path is feasible.

the veri.er is said to be complete if it outputs NO when S1E |=F.


Determining the sources and magnitude of variation in a design is directly tied to the gathering of measurement data.

experimental data from [3] confirm preliminary simulation results showing that actual worst-case noise occurs when the victim and aggressor lines switch at slightly different times.


Next, we compute the corresponding residual and project it onto the coarse grid using a restriction or projection operator.

analysis of substrate coupling can be performed using the generated model or by timedomain solution of a set of di.erential equations involving the 3D representation matrix.


One contributor to the increasing number of speed defects is the decreasing margin between inaccuracy of timing calculation and minimum gate delay.

not all possible transition faults are covered due to CPU or vector size limitations.


A partial solution becomes complete when the orientations of all cells are determined.

by varying this number, di.erent tradeo.


PDC architectures have better results in terms of energy consumption and performance, since the cache stores compressed instructions, thus increasing the processor-to-cache bandwidth[1, 6].

design and simulation of a pipelined decompression architecture for embedded systems.


At present, we feel that more experience is needed before particular combinations of induction and deduction are deemed more useful than others.

inductive logic programming [35], an approachto machine learning, blends inductionand deductionbyperforming inference in .rst-order theories using examples and background knowledge.


Motivated by these observations, we instead propose a dynamic scheme, which is implemented using a helper thread.

since we are solving this problem at runtime, our approach approximates the ideal solution by redistributing only the resources of the slowest and the fastest threads in the system at every application epoch.


Also, their in-order traversals are both ABCF DE .

after obtaining the set Lp of a net p, we can update the value of the corresponding Mi .


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

as the channel length becomes shorter both channel length and drain voltage reduce this barrier height.


But, it has the longer access latency and generates more on-chip network traffic than a private L2 cache.

of International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), pages 264-276, 2006.


DESIGN METHODOLOGY The design .ow of the SUNMAP tool is presented in Figure 4.

as the link power dissipation is much lower than the switch power dissipation, we get large power savings for the butter.y network.


( 1) ¸» (4) « 2S&#169; k 0 ¹» ¬¼ where Ncode is the length of ranging code.

the crosscorrelation method exhibits an excellent performance when a size of ranging code is sufficiently large.


It uses only slightly modi.ed scoreboarding logic, and the only additional hardware requirement is the ability to track the currently active idempotent region and only issue instructions from that region.

we argue that our idempotent processor with a 4-entry SDB and a non-blocking cache has better power and complexity characteristics than the representative processor developed in Section 4.


(b) The energy minimum point is raised by 200mV giving better performance and reduced variation.

in the case of full speed operation this technique also reduces leakage in the idle times that are present due to the variation in the distribution of arrival times of data in self synchronous signalling.


The innovation in our work lies in two factors.

the pair (ql, q2) represents how the control state of Ml and M2 is related, whereas r captures how the data is related.


First, we experimentally show that the existing poweraware physical synthesis already simultaneously optimizes for fault tolerance, and provide a theoretical justi.cation.

existing power-aware synthesis .ows already optimize for fault tolerance to a certain extent, and minor changes in the implementation can result in much higher fault tolerance.


We note that all analysis in this paper is conducted over 24 hour periods.

in fact, there are 1,008 /16s between LBNL s two /16s, strongly indicating that this scanner was simply scanning a large swath of the network sequentially.


Second, weexplore andvalidate the principle of lateral and vertical linear superposition of stress ten-sors(LVLS), considering all chip/package elements.

we cannot arbitrarily increase the package-bump pitch considering the package size increase given the required number of pins.


IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION The Neuron design flow uses industry standard hardware description languages and synthesis tools.

eDRAM as level 2 cache allows Neuron processor has more memory space, and would reduce the capacity of on-chip eDRAM requirements, thus reduce the chip die size and cost.


We also understand that the gate delays vary as a result of switching activities of neighboring wires (due to the effect of crosstalk on delay), so this effect is calculated dynamically during the ATPG process as well [13].

given that the initial charge stored in the dynamic node is Qid, crosstalk drains .Q from the dynamic node and charge sharing causes a redistribution of the dynamic node charge, causing a reduction of the voltage by some factor K. Qid-.Q The two effects can be combined to give vD = × K, where vD Cinv  5 Simulation Results We applied our method to a dual-rail domino Wallace tree multiplier cir is the voltage at the dynamic node and Cinv is the input capacitance of the static inverter connected to the dynamic node.


of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2005.

for the hybrid I-cache, the HDG outperforms all other methods in reducing the leakage energy and the performance overhead is only mal feedback-control theory to adaptively adjust the cache decay interval for leakage reduction.


Opo solves this problem by avoiding coordination and bi-directional communication.

tDoA wearable sensor systems also exist, but require infrastructure nodes to operate, limiting their usability [22,46].


The peruser key is derived from the L2 session key that is established through EAP-TLS process in 802.1X authentication.

theft of Service A malicious user may spoof the IP and/or MAC address of legitimate user to take over the WLAN service.


1 7 are repeated again till there is a single root node.

we try a longer lu, obtained by performing a binary search between the current lu as minimum and the li as maximum length.


If a task is runnable, it is placed in a run queue (selection of the run queue is determined by the scheduler), waiting to be selected by the scheduler for running.

4-thread overhead, TP=60sec, TL=1sec  5.3 Interactive Application Performance Results We use response time (defined in Sec.


Finally, we exploit the tunability of our tra.c generator to study applications with di.erent locality, analyzing the impact of the Rent s exponent on energy consumption.

the authors are unaware of work that employs Rent s rule synthetic traf.c as a generic model of parallel applications.


Fair cache sharing and partitioning in a chip multiprocessor architecture.

performance Variability Runtime behavior of parallel multithreaded applications exhibit certain characteristics that make them amenable to intra-application cache partitioning.


Unlike OpenMP, MPI can be used on both shared or distributed memory architectures.

program memory footprint of the MCAPI code library is about 25 K B, from which 7 K B is for top and 18 K B for transport layer.


Statistical static timing analysis has been proposed as a way to re-  978-3-9810801-3-1/DATE08 &#169; 2008 EDAA  ducedesign timingmargins[15,16], and some commercialdesign toolssupportittosomeextent[24].

the unacceptable results of the horizontal slicing scheme stress the importance of accurate validation methodologies like the one presented in this paper to assess level shifter overhead.


ISLPED 02, August 12-14, 2002, Monterey, California, USA.

equation (1) shows the maximum number of training iterations for the DFE architecture as a function of the processing speed increase, K, the total length of a packet, L, and the length of the training sequence, T. A training iteration is defined as one pass through the training preamble updating the tap weights for each symbol.


However, these results are directly related to both the devices assumptions as well as the peripheral logic.

each trace has 100 million branch instructions.


Note that we could increase T to 128 by assigning 128 2-port SRAM blocks to each DLB-BF.

fIB Calculation and Distribution A classic route controller distributes to each line card the same FIB derived from the central RIB.


Previously, the largest range was achieved when cluster size and LUT sizes areboth varied.

from this point, we extend the region of interest using our standard threshold that the boundary of interest is if a design requires a one percent area increase for a three percent delay improvement or a three percent area increase for a one percent delay improvement.


The upper part of each bar indicates how much more energy could be invested in the cache to achieve an ideal cache.

as we show in this work, in the quest for an ideal memory system, spending energy on the data cache may be a better investment compared to the instruction cache.


In step 2, the architectural feature selection, it is possible to double the XTensa registers in order to decrease the WindowOverflow and WindowUnderflow functions calls.


PM : xi(P) = ybi,m (3) P .Pi: P ends in m If a logical buffer bi is not allocated to a physical memory m, the corresponding variable ybi,m is set to zero, hence no path to this memory can be chosen.

for the .rst scenario, we must consider the binary variables xi(P) and get the following bandwidth constraint: ET for all e .


Root mean square error value (RMSE) of a step period shows small variations of the period (Table 1).

the stance phase ends with preswing period, which begins when the opposite extremity contacts the ground.


The time constant R.C is proportional to the time required to charge a capacitance C through a resistor R. Since the propagation delay of an LUT is independent of the logic function implemented, R is a constant.

the minimum and maximum logic depth of the combination of the balanced XOR-trees is 2 and 9 respectively.


A direct comparison between the last two columns of the table indicates that, in very high frequency regimes (where cross-over is low), the consumption of the latches with resonant clocking is almost the same as with conventional square clocking.

[3] M. Cooke, H. Mahmoodi-Meimand, and K. Roy.


For example, [7] states that a 0.3V change in Vgs, Vgd leads to a decade change in Igate.

also, the leakage reduction is dependent on the PI state probabilities.


Speci.cally in the gate sizing optimization problem, as the probability of failure of constraint satisfaction increases, the utility of the improvements in the objective functions as a result of the failure of the constraint decreases rapidly.

if the coe.cients in the objective function are considered as random during the modeling, then experimentation with di.erent values of b, will provide the designer with a complete frontier of the optimal solutions.


Consider standard replacement policies such as LRU (Least Recently Used), MRU (Most Recently Used), FIFO (First-In, First-Out), or LFU (Least Frequently Used) used to manage each set of a set-associative cache.

adapting between LRU and LFU replacement policies on an 8-way 512KB L2 cache yields a 12.7% improvement in average CPI on applications that exhibit a non-negligible L2 miss ratio.


The state assignment table in Fig.1(a) shows that the four flip-flops receive 16 triggering actions from the clock in one cycle.

eng.-Systems University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA90089, USA massoud@zugros.usc.edu circuit has no effect on the circuit functionality during some time period, then this part is functionally redundant in that period.


For a .rst-order loop .lter 1 F(s)= , (2) 1 + s .1 the poles of the transfer function are ({ ) .1 4Kv s =- 1 ± 1 - .

we see that for the simple PLL loop perturbed from lock, linear as well as nonlinear VCO macromodels work well.


Due to their complexity, allocators are in the critical path of many routers[21,2].

theallocatorthusgenerates maximum matchings in cycles 1 and 2.


on Low Power Design, From the FFT pareto curve of Figure 10 it is visible that there is Monterey CA, pp.347-352, Aug. 1996. some slack.

the more time of the overall budget is committed to the memory accesses, the more restrictions are imposed on the data-path schedule which has less freedom for the ordering and the assignment to the functional units.


It offers high regularity and direct support of the multi-cycle on-chip communication.

wirelength comparison of MCAS-Pipe vs. MCAS.


When considering an electronic system or a functional unit (either combinational or sequential) within a system as a black box, its power consumption profile over time can be considered being stimulated by the activities of its primary inputs (and outputs if they represent states of an internal state machine) over time.

estimation error for average power is 3%.


if the inputs are connected as in Figure 5(b), only the two lower transistors are in recovery mode (see Figure 2(b) ABC = 010).


New states are added to the cache coherence protocol to enable forwarding of data and to maintain multiple versions of the same cache line.

lEVC can provide a controlled increase in concurrency to provide better performance than the base LogTM system with lesser hardware requirements than other proposed approaches.


Sub-bank autonomy and packet-based interface protocol are devised to simplify the MC design.

these MCs are required to have either peer-coordination [11] or smart application assignment [12] to achieve better memory performance, which aggravates the design complexity.


)]=[S][E][B] , (2) where [S] is the normalized n ×n voltage eigenmatrix of the system and [B] is a column vector describing the boundary conditions.

if it is not the case, the signal delay due to the glitch has to be taken into account since the vi-glitch-peak may exceed the 50% of the .nal value.


A negative VS will increase the read-0 current (IR0) and bring it closer to the P .

the smaller read access transistor degrades the read current difference IRdi.


Functional Verification of the POWER4 microprocessor and POWER4 multiprocessor system.

in IBM Journal of Research and Development, Volume 46, Number 1, 2002.


This is not trivial, considering that the SRAM counters are updated at line rates, while the rate at which the DRAM counters can be updated is much smaller.

the following section demonstrates that the LR(T ) algorithm can be e.ciently implemented with minimal hardware complexity.


INTRODUCTION Interchange formatshavebeende.ned for the interchange of queueing network models, Petri nets models, and others.

openWorkload represents a workload with a potentially in- ICPE 12, April 22 25, 2012, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ACM 9781450312028/12/04.


Since the actual recovery on bu.ers is done in the downstream router, that owns bu.ers, the upstream router sends to the downstream one the VC id that must be left idle, while all the other idle VC can be switched o. to recovery NBTI.

these new packets are eventually stored in the input ports of the upstream router.


As design complexity increases, circuits consume signi.cantly large current, which causes it to insert an unacceptably large size power switch.

by replacing each power switch si with a resistance ri, the course-grain structure can be described by the model shown in Fig.


As a result, the major overhead of DRAM copy is relatively small.

this is not a problem because large regions in the virtual memory space typically have the same state of protection and access bits.


in this case we obtain a CMDP, where the cost of upgrading the links is expressed by the cost function d(Section 2).


When reaching a node, its father node s orientation and the accumulated deviation so far are known.

if an illegal or empty {IL} orientation set occurs, a fixing mechanism is applied and several iterations are carried out before admitting failure.


To reliably identify bistability in the first step, we employ the presented Bayesian approach to identify the model parameters that are geared to expose the stability property.

genetic memories behave on a set of mechanisms which have their intrinsic biochemical characteristics and dynamics.


time reduction [%] 78.7 16.1 70.6 17.2 70.1 17.0 Worst-case bandwidth [MB/s] 901 1050 1144 respectively.

it is always recommended to apply this heuristic when using the policy.


Each Ui for i<n, computes xXi = H1(ski,xi) L ' and t= H2(yxi ), extracts ii-1 L kn = maskn .

this restriction prevents the adversary from revealing the ephemeral keys of participants during the protocol execution process, that is, the GBG model restricts the adversary s ability to attack the objective GKA protocol using the revealed ephemeral key during the protocol execution process.


Given an n-block set, it divides the chip into at least n rooms and assigns no more than one block to each room.

it is usually difficult to get enough space at target regions to insert thermal vias.


In this paper, we consider the fact that the pro jects in a shuttle run may require di.erent technology processes.

the LHS of (3) is equal to the width of die k if rk = 1, otherwise it is equal to the height of die k. if xijk =0, no matter rk=0 or 1, the LHS of (3) and (4) is negative.


Flash on disk for low-power multimedia computing.

solid state disk: A new storage device for video storage server.


First, larger subarrays can have a number of sections with different access frequencies within subarrays.

second, the cache requires an accurate mechanism to identify the subarray to be precharged prior to an access.


Implementation of LFF As discussed in the last section, it is reasonable that a packed rectangle must occupy at least on empty corner of the current packing configuration.

in the terms of the flexibility definitions discussed above, we define one choice of this kind as a Candidate Corner Packing Step (CCPS).


In SRAM cells, it induces static 978-3-9815370-0-0/DATE13/ c .2013 EDAA noise margin variability which causes failures [4] in some cells (also known as hard errors) when working below Vccmin.

then, a swap operation between this block and the one stored in the SRAM way is triggered.


On the reduced con.guration, Struct-All minigraphs (circle) compensate for half of the original 18% perfor mance loss, yielding an average slowdown of 10% relative to 0.7 1.2 the fully-provisioned baseline.

on a mini-graph processor, the instruction cache .ll path recognizes the special instruction and performs the following transformation (Figure 2c).


The example used is a CMOS low-noise-ampli.er with a carrier input frequency of 1GHz.

pERIODIC STEADY STATE A nonlinear RF/MM-IC circuit can be described in general by a di.erential-algebra-equation (DAE) shown below, d f (x(t),t)= q(x(t)) + j(x(t)) + u(t)=0.


Given three rational numbers a, b and t, and a rational discount factor .

a positional strategy is a function s : Vi .


2 (a), the beam bends slightly, but does not touch the drain terminal.

[19] H. Kam et al., A new nano-electro-mechanical field effect transistor (NEMFET) design for low-power electronics, Tech.


For example, if a 3-bit vertical fault occurs in the first bit of byte 0 of the first three rows (left array), the fault affects bit 0 of byte 0, bit 0 of byte 6 and bit 0 of byte 7 of R1 and R2 (right array).

categorize R3 faulty bytes based on the two known bytes and remove all other bytes from R3 faulty sets.


By dynamically distribute the blocks in their room according to the buffer insertion budget, we can favor the later buffer planning greatly.


According to the fifthcolumn of Table 3 the maximum error of WminGL determined with ßW lies below 11%.

the outputs of the model are the interconnect parameter dimensions within the range of process variation that yield the best- and worstcase delay of a stage.


Thethreetablesaredynamically built and updatedfor each instrumented loop when it is executed.

the energy consumption of the instruction decoder (I-decoder) to decode one instruction is also given in the table.


Figure 5: Distribution of de.ection count Given a topology, the de.ection count D is the most cru [4] W. J. Dally and B. Towles.


At the same time, the slowdown of the industry s frequency roadmap does not have a significant impact on the buffer explosion problem.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


Such a finergrain management, in turn, increases the energy benefits.

the main reason for this behavior is that satisfying intra-reference locality brings more benefits since this captures access behavior across loop iterations.


Increasing power consumption leads to increasing energy costs as well as impacts chip reliabilities.

[20], de.nes three regions of operation, pictured in Figure 1.


Assume there are 3 clock sinks (S1,S2,S3) in the clock network.

2.3 Simpli.cation of the problem A real clock network design contains many more constraints, ground rules, wiring blockages, vias, environmental extraction, wire inductance, reliability rules, etc.


At this point, word-level abstractions are still available in the design.

we prove that the reference is a correct model for multiplication with a simple transformation algorithm that produces a standard representation for multiplication.


The sensor devices are either mobile attached to the user [26] or are placed stationary in the user s environment as found in vision based [14, 4] or pressure pad systems [24, 18].

[12] S. Fudickar, B. Schnor, J. Felber, F. J. Neyer, M. Lenz, and M. Stede.


Translations of (A[*])  For (A[+];B), it is similar to (A[*];B) but the repeat operator + does not accept empty string.

the operations, (address = HADDR) and (ReadorWrite = .rst address.ReadorWrite), in Fig.


As data rates increase, timing accuracy becomes critical and jitter budget gets tighter.

* ** .r(t + kTc)= .r(t + kiTc)+2Np (11) kkl where N is an integer.


For an upper triangular block system G + sCe, its poles (eigen-values) are e the roots of its determinant |Ge+ s e C|, which are determined only by the diagonal blocks m Y |Ge+ s e| eCii|.

in the comparison of the macromodel building and simulation time, all reduced models have similar accuracy.


The parameter-based intrinsic capacitance is in agreement with the ITRS predictions, but the total gate capacitance in the PTM FinFETs is much higher due additional fringing capacitance associated with the 3D nature of the device.

[27] M. Guillorn et al., Finfet performance advantage at 22nm: An ac perspective, in VLSIT, june 2008, pp.


We found that the two local government communication officers and TSC manager in Sterkspruit were by far the most enthusiastic users.

first message: Lwazi: Description of Meeting: <(TTS:) Weekly progress report meeting> Date:  of  Venue:  Starting Time:    End time:   Message: <(TTS:) All CDWs are requested to attend this weekly meeting where community participation strategies will be discussed>.


A more recent exampleof a potential intrusive verification flow is the drive for directly handling process-variation related problems in design [1].

for more complex cells and for cells with multiple stages such as mux and buffers, the model of [8] exhibits larger error.


This setup is simulated using 65nm standard CMOS process design kit.

pCRAM technology typically lays a larger area in comparison with the OxRRAM and requires a relatively higher current for reset operation due to underlying physics of phase transition in chalcogenide materials.


We repeat the experiments from Figure 9 with different authentication requirements, with and without parallel authentication of Merkle tree levels, and using different authentication code sizes.

this root code, in effect, prevents undetected tampering with any part of the tree.


The switches MP2 and MP6, which redirect the current either to the output node or the calibration hardware act as first cascode devices.

as far as the charge that is needed to be supplied by the clock driver to turn on these four switches, it should be invariant with the data pattern.


We model variations in the width and thickness of the interconnect via Gaussian distributions with a standard deviation of 0.1 µm.

inductance 101: Analysis and Design Issues.


This means that the PST buffers can be used to introduce beneficial clock skew to satisfy timing constraints.

we then run timing verification on the structural Verilog with ATPG patterns as inputs to these circuits.


Ideally, without any extra overhead due to time  sharing, a VM in the co-run con.guration should perform equally to the same VM in the capped solo con.guration, since both con.gurations provide the same CPU share to the VM.

such time and spatial sharing of LLCs will pose an interesting challenge for context preservation and prefetching.


Evaluation In the second phase we had eight users new to Mailman testing the system and the tutor in a controlled experiment.

several potential gains of tutoring have been identified in literature.


For the computationallyintensive Audio and MPEG benchmarks, all frames are equally effected by voltage scaling, a 50% reduction in processor speed increases all frame completion times by 50%.

a read from this register returns the current physical processor speed, which can be used to test system operation.


Then, we propose a routing graph, called preferred direction evading graph (PDEG), embedding the optimal solution for the OAPDST problem.

(b) possible candidates of essential vertices.


Recently, there has been extensive research of using PRAM as the replacement of traditional memories at various level of memory hierarchies, such as last level caches [2], [3] and main memory [1], [4] [10].


We need only a few routing elements to connect the IO-Pads to their respective cells.

our discussions relate to both the horizontal and vertical spans, and hence we assume that all discussions are w.r.to horizontal span till Section 4.4.


The Art of Computer Programming: Seminumerical Algorithms, volume 2.

the organization of the paper is as follows.


To meet the real-time requirements, the weight of the master with the minimum latency requirement should be much larger than the others.

for a two-level TDM arbitration algorithm, the 1st level uses a time wheel where each slot is statically reserved for a unique master and the 2nd level can adopt any arbitration algorithm depending on the target application.


We .nd that A-Bottom and B-Bottom can handle 8 requests at a time; A-Top and B-Top can only handle 1 read; C-Bottom and D-Bottom can handle 8 combined requests; C-Top and D-Top can handle 1 combined request.

these constraints ensure that at no time does the IR-drop go above 75 mV.


Grid Size (# nodes) r CPU Time 9K 3 41 mins 14K 1 1.26 hrs 20K 3 3hrs 43K 4 4.17 hrs 76K 4 9.8 hrs 119K 7 22.32 hrs 170K 5 1.5 days In our experience, the values of r are very small, in the range 1-7 or so.

the following matrix is well-de.ned:  (r(r-1 (r -1 -1 CC Cs G + G + HGs Gs + .t .t .t (Cs r-1(44)0 Gs + .t and is non-negative, and it is trivial to verify that this matrix A -1 A -1 is in fact .


In the worst case, each step consists of a shift operation, a logical AND or reset operation, and a memory access.


In our examples, explanations, andformulas, we will denote the simulation vectorassociatedwithnet n as f (n) andwe referto the ith bit within this vector byusingthe notation f (n)[i].

an XOR-gate is not monotone because the value at the output ofthe gatecanchange inboth directions by addingan additional fanin.


Nevertheless, we think that further investigations are needed to get better insights into what stripe size should be chosen for a SSD RAID con.guration and workload, and consider this issue as future work.

spare capacity is not the only factor of impact for write ampli.cation.


6.1, where the noise in the wire lengths in alu2o 400 is shown.

we will actually focus only on cells having 2 and 3-pins, because these cells are placed .rst, as mentioned previously, and they end up being in the way as mentioned in section 4.3.


This innovative device utilized voluntary and re.exive eye movements, which were registered by video-oculography and computed online, as signals to drive servo motors which then aligned the camera along the user s gaze direction.

entwurf und Realisierung einer zweibeinigen Laufmaschine.


When combined with the PID controller, the DTM-BW scheme makes the temperature to stick around 109.8.C.

[21] Micron Technology, Inc. DDR2 SDRAM system-power calculator.


Many authors have published results on different pass-transistor logic families, each claiming to be in one way or another superior to the competition.

for example, it is noticed that the PMOS tree transistors in TGL appear not to be contribut- ing as much to the gate performance in terms of delay as those in DPL, since they are in general much smaller relative to their NMOS counterparts.


UTLB: A mechanism for address translation on network interfaces.

the subsequent compress operation is able to retrieve a large number of data blocks from the buffer cache at the I/O initiator node, rather than having to issue RDMA transfers.


In principle, one warp in Xalu or Xmem state denotes contention for resources.

we use the kmeans benchmark used by Rogers et al.


The member nodes are one-hop away from the cluster head and within the communication range of their respective cluster heads.

(ii) Channel dependent time slot allocation at the cluster head: Based on the obtained requests and the quality of link to the member node, the cluster head will optimally allocate time slots to its member nodes.


The developer has to write a chain to connect all .ip-.ops in modules, which is called a scan chain.

in general, the source-to-binary approach realizes better performance because it allows more sophisticated optimizations.


Comparing OTSM and OTSMP in facerec and mcf indicates that PS further contributes to cache-miss reductions for these programs; this is because there are many memoryblocks with stable IRGs.

memoryblocks have many di.erent reference probabilities, and thus have a wide variety of IRG distributions.


Nearly all of these girls were teenagers.

she defines an online community as a group of people who interact in a virtual environment.


The rest of this paper is organized as follows.

due to the linear time complexity of our approach, as will be seen below, it is actually possible to apply it to within-die variations as well.


Throughput degradation is 16% for F=0.8 in a 16-core processor and the average degradation is around 11%.

not many existing applications offer high parallelism and not all of the cores are active at the same time.


The rest of paper is organized as follows.

error (MPa) Threshold 10MPa Threshold 50MPa Threshold 50MPa Critical Region Avg.


Therefore, compared to a pure cache-based architecture, the HSC can potentially combine the advantages of both caches and SPMs to achieve better performance, energy ef.ciency, and/or time predictability.

the normalized leakage reduction (NLR) and normalized performance overhead (NPO) of the PD method with different drowsy periods.


The reason for choosing this ordering is that we can increase sharing since larger templates (templates with more arguments) can reuse the smaller templates.

creation of denormalized BDDs while performing Boolean operations.


A SCAN operation starts at the beginning of the second of these phases.

suppose that the parity of t does not match the parity of the phase.


if there is such a relationship, then for each correlation between XFNPTR and some ZFT, the possible values for WFT are the union over the the ZFT.


The runtimes are measured when the software is able to achieve the user defined frequency requirement.

in the case of FPGAs, the FPGA vendors design their FPGAs such that the end user of FPGAs does not have to directly account for many of the deep sub-micron effects.


Local operators, such as the Laplacian operator, often need to access a pixel more than once.

our approach allows to write DSL code from that HIPAcc can derive a test bench that can be used by Vivado HLS.


We avoid con.icts by formulating a priority order for the 5 types of matching, proximity and symmetry requirements derived in Section 4.

the transistors P1 to P3 and  P8 P9 P10 P13 P12 P11 P14 P15 P16 P1 P2 P3 P4O- P5 I+ N1 N2 P6 I- P7 O+ Ibias N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N14 N12 N11 N13 N3 N4 Figure 10: Schematic of circuit 3 [17].


Hence, it has become critically important for any transistor-level optimization to consider the e.ect of these layout parasitics as an integral part of the optimization process.

in a physical layout, an MTS is typically implemented as transistors that are connected to each other by diffusion.


Inthe case of the 64 groups division, ourtechnique reduces energy consumption by 19.8% fornon-DVS.The energy penalty due to hold buffers was suppressed to 40.6% pp.1504-1511, Sep., 2004.

this circuit detects RefReg s setup error, which is caused by the path delay deterioration due to the voltage decrease, by delaying ExpReg s clock phase.


Unfortunately, as the number of sources of variations increases, the corner-based method becomes computational expensive.

for statistical STA it is not a convenient solution.


For the MDE workloads, the queuing delay is less signi.cant than for the MEM workloads.

in Workshop on Modeling Benchmarking and Simulation, 2006.


The M state in MESI does not suf.ce for ISC, because M indicates a dirty block with only one tag copy, while C represents a dirty block with multiple tag copies.

unlike ISC in CMP-NuRAPID, an update protocol requires the updates to go through the bus for copying the data to the reader s caches, incurring an overhead on every write.


The search time on n identical cores can be reduced to t/n when the whole search can be fully parallelized.

it can be found that by using the commercial constraint solving engine, only one benchmark item can be solved within time limit.


Again, H1 AF-coupling between Magnets A and B produces a strong in-plane .eld in one half of Magnet D. This in-plane .eld B.

this would reduce their in.uence on the Cout magnet.


The priority-2 algorithm, when compared to the traditional LRU algorithm, achieves more number of hits for high priority thread in both the test-benches, irrespective of the access patterns of low priority thread.

read: Upon miss, read the required cache line from the lower memory hierarchy.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS We implemented our 2D and 3D IC designs using Global-Foundries 130-nm PDK and 44 single-port SRAM macros generated  TABLE III.

there are less routing congestion problems in the advanced technology nodes.


This work assumes that the extracted netlist contains (N)AND, (N)OR, NOT, tri-state buffer and .ip .op primitives.

existing design error debugging techniques [8] may not be applicable/ef.cient when applied to extraction errors.


As a result, EAs, including MOEAs, have to search landscapes with both feasible and infeasible regions.

[8] G. Xie, H. Xiao, Modeling and Automated Design of Operational Amplifier Based on Evolutionary Algorithm (in Chinese), Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrument, 23(1), 99-95, 2009.


The later allow the comparison of the obtained results with other ob ject segmentation approaches.

the adopted ratio generated an average of 15% of windows containing parts of the object.


Compared to PrimeTime running on a lightly-loaded 64-bit, 2.2 GHz AMD Opteron 848, we achieve an average speedup of 33Million×!

if the required timehas elapsed, the componentpowers are computed over the last 50ms interval.


Applying this methodology the verification task starts as soon as the functional specification is signed off and it runs in parallel to the models and design development.

since VHDL simulator is used, the advantage of having fast SystemC simulator is lost.


UNIFIED TIME DELAY MODEL The 50% rise time td can be obtained by equating the transient voltage at the end of the line to VDD/2.

t>3tf), the time domain solution can be written as -rt 2lo fin(, t>3) =eVDZ (11) VLtf DZR o+ tr 22i+ jklmpqr +++ +++ .


for Class3 and Class4, considering the following sleep transistor sizes: 2X, 4X, 7X, and 10X PMOS for a 7X switch.

the FPGA delay can be calculated as follows: 3.1 Overview In this section, we evaluate four FPGA hyper-arch classes: Class1, Class2, Class3, and Class4 (see Table 4).


As soon as the memory controller receives the requested line address, it would know the real location of the line and would access the data from that location.

a practical way to use stacked DRAM is to design it in conjunction with commodity DRAM.


In terms of depth, BDS-PGA produced 6.2% better results here, while ABC was 16.5% better.

finally, we synthesize function f as H1G1rH2G2, producing f=bcrad.


MAPG-Counter uses thispredictor todirectitspowergating strategy.

a coreis neither allowed topowergateduring a memory stall, nor allowed to wake-upfrom apower-gated state, untilithas registered with the WUC and been assigned a wake-up mode.


All computation is based on pure hardware logic, matrix, or vector operations.

we .rst examine the asymptotic tradeoffs and then describe each of three architectures.


To reduce simulation time, a detailed timing-accurate simulator (performance simulator ) can be used to simulate intervals selected as phase representatives, i.e.

for the last row in the co-phase matrix, we can see that thread 1 and 5 are in di.erent phases (C and D respectively) than the current phase combination (A and B respectively); the Levenshtein distance is 2.


For instance, the tools still require that the user specifies manually the size and location of the PR regions, and the location of the interconnecting points (the bus macros ) along the perimeter of the PR regions.

the available designs can take advantage of different optimizations.


Wethen repeattheinsertionprocessforthe newly evicted elements.

we can see that when using H3 hashfunctions,performanceincreases steadilywhenincreasingthe number ofhashfunctions uptofour.


both analysis would lead to very similar results.


For a set of mtest vectors, V1,V2,...,Vm, the number of total weighted transitions is m f-1 () ({}) LL WT V1,V2,...,Vm = i· vj .vj (2) oi oi+1 j=1 i=1 where vj is the oi-th bit of the vector Vj.

the proposed heuristics are not capable of handling large designs.


This feature is different from 3D displays, where the angular density of reproduced rays is dominant.

figure 6 shows an result of the BRDF display with a light source.


The Brillouin frequency shift of the SMF is measured to be 0.07nm.

[3] R. W. Boyd, D. J. Gauthier, and A. L. Gaeta, Applications of slow-light in telecommunications, Optics Photon.


For NCTSF library, in which all gates are invertible, the reversible cascade can be built from either end.

in Notes of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Logic and Synthesis, Laguna Beach, CA, May 2003, 226-230.


These 3 types of MC simulations could be performed for each of the earlier mentioned sets of MC simulations, i.e., ISPD MC and SLSV MC.

the performance of bu.ers depends on process and voltage variations, making the CNS problem even more challenging.


It is easily seen that on each curve, the Tox value at which the leakage begins to change at exponential rate is about 17° A.

in each LUT, we observe that the delay depends strongly on the number of transistors in the chain that are at ToxLo or ToxHi , and very weakly on their position.


Shunt-peaking in MCML gates and its application in the design of a 20 Gb/s half-rate phase detector.

this solution was discarded too, since it requires the insertion of two transistors per cell.


Otherwise, R produces two samples in the last two of the three consumption clock cycles, by setting its output signal vr to true.

still we can schedule them such that bu.er of size 2 su.ces.


As an example, the amount of .uid that can .ow through a valve providing an input for a chemical process is limited by some quantity determined by the physical construction of the valve and cannot be exceeded.

notice that the size of the dotproducts that are computed in parallel is independent of the control horizon length T (refer to (5b)), thus computational resource usage does not scale with T. The remaining operations in the interior-point iteration are undertaken by a separate hardware block, which we call Stage 1.


A special class of macros is built to test conditional and unconditional branch instructions: in this case the result produced by the instruction is the execution of one instruction flow or another.

generated sequences are very effective, but the methodology exploits a deep knowledge of the processor and it cannot be easily applied on general designs.


But even if his method is asymptotically optimal, the algorithm still must traverse the entire circuit (i.e.

our proposed algorithms are described in detail in Section 5 and experimental results are presented in Section 6.


In ii+1 M the last stage the leaves will include all of the possible candidate vectors to solve (4).

also PMA s critical path is independent to the parameter K. Finally, the PMA enables us to exploit a pipeline architecture which results in a high-throughput system.


Hence, it can be ignored in terms of area evaluation.

the analysis of the area occupied can be generalized also for amplitude information encoding.


As the players make their moves simultaneously, they do not have a chance to learn each other s private information by observing each other.

the coupling capacitance of a net depends on its wire size, the length of overlap, and spacing between adjacent nets.


Without loss of generality, we assume that Gis strongly connected, which is consistent with [17].

the register on edge (E, A) is moved ahead to increase t(B).


Upon completion of the burn-in process, each chip must proceed to the functional test area to be tested.

it is important to note that it is not always possible run at the optimum conditions given market conditions, equipment availability, and premiums for special runs this is where the true beauty of the Response-Scaled Run-Plot bears itself.


[25] T. Wollinger, J. Guajardo, and C. Paar.

the delay of the FSM can a.ect the speed of the IP and thus, delay is the most important design metric in our implementation.


Such a design would allow reusing all the work performed in the front-end of the pipeline, offering significant energy reductions at the expense of a small decrease in performance.

increased Scalability and Power Efficiency by Using Multiple Speed Pipelines§ Emil Talpes and Diana Marculescu Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217 {etalpes, dianam}@ece.cmu.edu Abstract One of the most important problems faced by microarchitecture designers is the poor scalability of some of the current solutions with increased clock frequencies and wider pipelines.


Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 356-359.

we have chosen the induction loop for the vehicle detection in our ALPR system.


network activity also causes non-negligible CPU activity, as shown in Figure 7 for a few experiment con.gurations for Nemesis.Overall, the lowest CPU frequency yields the lowest total power consumption during network activity periods.


We also assume that the connectivity information between the scene triangles is precomputed.

some of our subjects speci.cally complained about having trouble associating voices with the pedestrians.


I would also like to acknowledge our distinguished speakers and article contributors.

these articles cover issues speci.c to both design methodologies and CAD tools for system-on-chip (SOC) communication infrastructure design, wireless (and ad-hoc) network design, and automotive electronics.


Usually a software related bug relies on the trace of the program .ow and register content.

the standard interface was presented in [6] to decouple the debug support from processor cores and other active data accessing units, which allows the debug support being reused across heterogeneous SOC platforms.


These classi.ers work with different sensor features to gain different perspectives and uncover different patterns.

mobiCom 14, September 7-11, 2014, Maui, Hawaii, USA.


POWER GATING SPECIFIC CELLS When power gating circuits are in standby mode, outputs are .oating which leads to large short circuit current in the blocks that are connected to the outputs.

as an example of c5315, 13 out of 34 circuit rows have Vdd rails; 27 out of 30 circuit rows in case of s1423.


A router can also ignore a fault if it cannot be reached from this router (such as faults in another network slice).

columns with more eligible outputs will tend to drain faster, leading to more space in their subswitch row buffers.


Similarly, all blocks with footers have their virtualground lines near supply potential.

simulations were performed at nominal process conditions with a supply voltage of 1.0V andtemperature of 85C.


Thus, if v is a successful operation execution, it should be ordered after u; moreover, u must cause a state transition (to produce the state seen by v), even if it is an unsuccessful operation execution.

in general, E involves multiple and possibly concurrent executions of procedure EXEC UT E(op).


ssm_unlock (address) The ssm_unlock will clear the L-bit of the SSM entry without checking identity.

evalua-tions using both micro-benchmarks and benchmarks are per-formed on the blade enclosure.


Our SoftUPS application is built using custom-developed HomeOS driver for the iPS, and utilizing drivers for their EnviR bases station.

by not requiring a battery backup our solution has no losses, no recurring cost, and unlimited .exibility in device operation (within a power-budget), while still providing utilities with the intended e.ect of load reduction.


In this approach, the mathematical representation of the amplitude spectrum of the received signal Xn in frequencydomainis assumed tobe apiecewise Nth orderpolynomial signal expressed asfollows: K L Xn = .k[nk-1 ,nk]pk(n -nk-1 )+En (7) k=1 where .k[nk-1 ,nk]isthe characteristicfunction,pk(n)is anNth order polynomials and En is the additive corrupting noise.

sPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES 3.1 Matched Filtering Matched .lter is the optimum detector of a known signal in the presenceofadditiveGaussiannoise.Itisthelinear .lterthat maximizes the SNR of the output.


Testing all the memories in these SoCs sequentially would take a long time.

experimental results showed that the proposed method reduced the area of the memory BIST wrapper by up to 40.55%.


(1), arrival times can be exactly represented by piecewise-a.ne functions, since they are the result of a sequence of min/max and sum operations between piecewise-a.ne functions and a.ne functions.

for the solution of linear problems we have used LPSolve 5.5 API.


We also did not inject SIE if the current guest level was 2.

the statement that we have chosen as an access point for inserting LE trigger is CPU_to_memory_access, which represents load/store CPU instructions.


CEEI solutions also satisfy SI because users start with an equal division of resources.

in a multi-resource setting, elasticities quantify the relative importance of each resource to an agent.


The dynamic power of a gate is a.ected by the total size of its fanout gates in the circuit.

statistical Gate Sizing for Yield Enhancement at Post Layout Level.


Cardinality of Differential Behavior Equivalents From Theorem 2, we see that two extended scan circuits can be identified to be d-behavior equivalent or not, only by checking their fundamental behavior sets are the same.

next, it is switched to scan mode to scan out the contents of scan registers.


The global manager can thus monitor the frequency and the location of these events and eventually trigger a recon.guration to exclude the affected circuits before they become permanently damaged.

the distinctive contributions of this paper are the following:  We come up with a feature-rich NoC switch that makes an important breakthrough in state-of-the-art NoC architectures.


We capture this effect with the .... coefficient.

requp allows to run at most algorithms while providing an effective mechanism for sharing (100/28)×.


Although SRAM-based FPGAs provide all these advantages, as the feature size and threshold voltage (Vth) reduce, the overall leakage power is rapidly increasing [1][2].

[2] The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), 2009 edition, in http://public.itrs.net.


From the .gure, we can observe that the one-way cross-correlation technique provides accuracy of 1cm for distance between 1m-4m.

figure 1(c) shows a comparison of the correlation peak value between a one-way traversed signal and its correspond   (c) Comparison between correlation peaks.


We de.ne the literal set L as L ={li} ={x¯1,x1,x¯2,x2,...,x¯n,xn,},i=1,2,...,2n Accordingly, the cofactor set F is de.ned as F ={fi} ={fx¯1 ,fx1 ,fx¯2 ,fx2 ,...,fx¯n ,fxn ,},i=1,2,...,2n Shannon Expansion can be implemented by simply using aMUX with xi as the select bit and the positive and negativecofactors connected to the positive and negative MUX inputs,respectively.


Because of the TEI phenomenon, the FinFET-based circuit is getting faster with rising temperature, which allows us to drop the supply voltage level below Vbase while maintaining ftarget .

if Policy I cannot be applied, check whether there exists k such that TVk < TVk Find the smallest k value if such k eq t h .


with X =10, substantial reductions in error magnitude nodes is well below the number of available channels.


On average, DIP improves throughput by 7%, TADIP-I improves throughput by 14% and TADIP-F improves throughput by 18%.

such optimizations are beyond the scope of this paper.


gPUs use highly banked register .les to provide suf.cient bandwidth for concurrent threads.


5 Conclusions L0/.lter instruction caches can greatly reduce the energy consumption of a processor by allowing the most frequent instructions to be accessed in a more ef.cient manner.

hotSpot cache: Joint temporal and spatial locality exploitation for I-cache energy reduction.


We .nd that, for a speci.c interval, a real-time schedule using the lowest constant speed is not necessarily the optimal choice any more in minimizing the peak temperature.

in what follows, unless otherwise speci.ed, we assume that (i) Gk (or G(vk))isa positive, monotonic increasing, and convex function of k (or vk), respectively and (ii) B > 0.


Results show that our method achieves the best stimuli quality when compared to two alternative methods for verifying new functionality.

the veri.cation efforts required for .avor and non-.avor features are comparable.


The overall length of the ring interconnects was 10.7 mm with an average path length of 2.88 mm for 3.5 hops.

[5] A. Kumar, R. M. Pathak, M. C. Gupta, and Y. P. Gupta.


Every simulation .nishes when all the con.guration lines have been applied.

figure 3: On-line control algorithm used in [8] frequency of the load/store domain is modi.ed accordingly to cache con.guration.


Table I: Experimental results for Interconnect Diagnosis both for Predetermined and Adaptive Methods.

the oscillation ring based technique is an ideal approach to interconnect diagnosis.


This is enabled by the parameter distances as robustness objectives.

algorithms for modern circuit simulation.


For each occurrence of e1 in time interval [0, 10], the inner formula F[0, 5]e2 must be satis.ed assuming that the occurrence time of e1 is time 0 for F[0, 5]e2.

the best place to stop the simulation is not always clear and depends heavily on the model and the properties.


If an allocation is not PE, there exists another allocation that should have been chosen to improve total system utility.

if amem > acache, then the workload .nds memory bandwidth more useful (e.g., dedup).


for each node to be solved, 1000 experiments will be executed.


Generic platforms can be also developed byconsidering most common features in different people.

in order to collect a large amount of energy it is not only sufficient to aim for a high pressure; we also need a large force, i.e.


All of them are implementation rather than application oriented languages and therefore represent a bias towards a specific implementation technology.

other heterogeneous modeling techniques have been proposed, but none addresses the problem in the same way as MASCOT.


INTRODUCTION Veri.cation remains the most effort-demanding phase in the modern microprocessor design process.

for functionality checking, the data associated with events should be recorded and transferred off-platform for postsimulation analysis in software, where the validity of the recorded sequence of events is checked.


In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, 2006.

a whole program can be analyzed by applying the following concepts on each array in the code.


In this paper, we critically evaluate these methodologies from a rare fail events perspective and propose the CDF matching approach as a comprehensive and efficient methodology for accurate statistical leakage modeling of independent and identical variability sources.


It requires only data cache access and it raises no costly false alarms.

to account for the .rst difference, an invalidation updates multiple SSBF entries.


In Section 2, we provide an overview of digital microfluidic biochips.

partitions with no droplets (at any point in time) should be avoided because no droplet manipulation is done in this region with the additional set of pins assigned to it.


4.2.1 High-level Approximation Models Any approximate computing technique can be thought of as introducing errors in the computations that are being approximated.

our primary contribution is the analysis and characterization of inherent application resilience present in a suite of 12 widely used applications from the domains of recognition, data mining, and search.


The technology independent subnetlist was recombined with the sequential and multi-output combinational cells, and this new netlist was placed with Silicon EnsembleTM, in order to generate the initial placement for the congestion-aware technology mapping approach presented in [15], and summarized in Section 3.

on Computer Design, pages 206-210, October 1997.


It is well known that FPGAs are less energy efficient than dedicated logic due to the overhead of reconfigurability.

all of these configurations are defined by control bits stored in local configuration SRAM cells (not shown).


Architecture and cad for deep-submicron fpgas.

tackling this issue should not be left solely to CAD developers.


(1) requires the metal density mi as an input which is essentially the summation of the wire density wi and the dummy density di in a global routing cell vi.

a Timing-Constrained Algorithm for Simultaneous Global Routing of Multimple Nets.


[15]T.Krishnaetal.Towardstheidealon-chipfabricfor1-to-many and many-to-1 communication.

for broadcast traf.c, to the best of our knowledge, no prior theoretical analysis exists.


For the elimination of the redundant ADBs in the buffered clock tree, initially, a sorted list of all the ADBs can be obtained by using a topological sorting in the corresponding ADB-connection graph.

if a buffer, Bi, connects to a set of p flip-flops with their latencies, d1, d2,.., and dp, and a set of q buffers, B1, B2,.., and Bq, with their latency ranges, [l1, u1], [l2, u2],.., [lq, uq], as illustrated in Figure 2(b), a feasible set of buffers inside the clock sub-tree can be replaced with a set of ADBs and the delay values of the inserted ADBs can be assigned to minimize the latency skew at the buffer, Bi.


Large variability in request processing times can greatly a.ect the accuracy of EUCs.

in the case of PRO, the FIFO bu.er of each VC can hold one data packet.


As we can see 1, MAP-I provides 5.4% speedup and a full tags-in-SRAM design gives 11.8% speedup over the baseline.

subsequently other works [14, 15] proposed miss predictors to achieve the same e.ect as a MissMap, but with signi.cantly lesser SRAM overhead (in the order of a few kilobytes).


The rationale is simple if the measured data access time to two back-to-back accesses a1 and b0 is longer than that to another back-to-back accesses a2 and b0, we can conclude that a1 and b0 are located within the same bank while a2 and b0 are accessed in parallel from different banks.

so far, we have laid out a logical basis for the two-level Security Refresh scheme.


For example an encoded addition takes three times as long as an unencoded one.For multiplicationweeven encounteraslowdownfactorof38 [17]andhavetobe ableto processvalues which are twice as large as the code words themselves.

[11] N. Oh, S. Mitra, and E. J. McCluskey.


[11] M. Lai and D. Wong, Slicing Tree Is a Complete Floorplan Representation, DATE 2001, pp.

b. Kahng, I. L. Markov, Optimal Partitioners and End-case Placers for Standard-cell Layout, IEEE Trans.


The malloc and free corresponding to these locations cannot be optimized.

pointer q points to a single location set which represents the elements of array table.


Section 3 presents the power consumption model and its verification.

please note, however, that the 300 scale factor case has more outliers compared to the scale factor 100 case.


about R) is transferred within Cwithout irreversible information loss from C(1) or C(2).

layout, clocking, and logic diagram of the single-FET-type NAND-NAND NASIC full adder circuit considered in this work.


The threads are non-speculative and their produced values can be integrated into the main thread via register integration.

the renamed predicate register .le serves as an overriding branch predictor for the branch predictor in the fetch unit.


tually, this means CPL and DPL can be thought of instead as code privilege label and data privilege label, allowing the creation of many labeled code/data contexts.

the size of the implementation, in terms of kernel modi.cations, indicates that the e.ort required to re-engineer a system to enable process context separation is relatively high.


This is very expensive, and reducing the number of simulations is necessary.

it consists of an input pin D and a clock pin clk.


This approach most likely creates some devices that are not possible within a real manufacturing environment.

for the accelerometer, this level of Compaction would reduce test cost by more than half.


In Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 1990.

the 2-way set-associative cache has signi.cantly higher miss ratio to begin with (See Table 2, Appendix A).


Problem 1:Given Wand the test set parameters for each core, determine the TAM width and a wrapper design for each core, and a test schedule for the SOC that minimizes the total testing time, such that the total number of TAM wires utilized at any moment does not exceed W. .

precedence and power constraints in the test schedule and test preemption were not considered.


The final pixel costs calculated by using the left image as reference are stored in cost memory buffers, and are reused for the computation of the right disparity map by the CVFDSU.

due to its edge-preserving ... ..... ,.., (1) .


The chosen manufacturing options of Tox and Vth are handed over to the manufacturer for chip fabrication.

in the right-hand side of Figure 1 cell latency increases (compare the two last rows) and one of the cells violates the target delay of 540ps.


FPGAs increase performance by allowing customised processor architectures.

this work expands on VERTIPH s features, concentrating on its recently developed representation of parallel processing and pipelining.


This has prevented bipolars from um11.36 9.12um  Figure 4: Conventional layout of four HBTs in SiGe 7HP (DT area = white regions).

ring oscillators were chosen to test the feasibility of the DTI sharing ideas because their architecture makes testing easy and reliable.


In ITEA Modeling and SimulationWorkshop, 2003.

pentium4 was particularly suitable for our experiments.


That enables the issue of a single request to the memory controller queue; processing of multi-line requests that are directed to the same DRAM page together as a single request in the queue; and, in the end, close the page after completing all of the prefetches.

note that di.erent system con.guration may shift the optimal pagemode hit count.


This characteristic can be directly obtained by plotting ID vs. VGS from the switching waveforms.

when measuring from the measurement terminals (Port B), 5 nH stray inductance can also be observed.


The resulting induced .eld drops much faster with distance than that of a monopole (each segment current alone).

when ld, the loop forward coupling inductance becomes » negligible compared with the loop self inductance.


We show a plot of power dissipation vs. PSN R for mobile calendar clip in Fig.

the subsampling ratio is set to m = 4 for all simulations.


the envelope or the operational Q-C curve also changes.


The projection process greatly affects the ef.ciency of the entire optimization, since there may be O(n2Jedges in the worst case.

first, we partially differentiate (with respect to Wito get an optimal value of Wisuch that (is minimized.


The proposed method has minimal impact in Room 1 (80 ms) and Room 2 (240 ms).

6, taking place at a very reverberant room referred to as Room 5(reverberation time of 940 ms).


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

chip-tochip variations can cover signi.cantly wider limits within the operating range, and therefore it is not practical to apply margining techniques to this type of variations.


1 (a), the cycle C1 =(u, w2,v2,u)with w(C1)= 4T - 20 is of type P and Bound(C1)= 5.

wave pipelining requires tighter timing constraints.


The gap between this line and the dotted line indicates the improvement in terms of ef.ciency that can be gained by using the proposed DP solution.

such time-correlation has been observed to vary over time, due to non-stationarity of the environmental conditions driving the acoustic propagation in the ocean.


The system we have built is still fairly bulky, but the trend is for miniaturization of projectors.

our system is based on autonomous units, similar to self-contained computing units in cluster computing (or ubiquitous computing).


This is because time consuming procedures may rarely switch control .ow to other procedures or be frequently called by other procedures.

as shown in the Table 2, for each con.guration, the cache miss varies signi.cantly across different code layouts.


b is the bytecodes loading time when a cache miss happened in JOP.


2For multi-agent applications which are very static (.xed organization, .xed behaviors, etc., and with a small number of agents), the most critical agents may be identi.ed by the application designer at design time.

but as we want control to be as much automatic as possible, we would like to estimate and infer such dependences.


of Posts and Telecommun., Nanjing 210003, China yuewenjing@sjtu.edu.cn; {zby, cuijw}@njupt.edu.cn  ABSTRACT In cognitive radio systems, cooperative spectrum sensing can detect the presence of the primary user accurately.

[6] F. F. Digham, M. Alouini and M. K. Simon, On the Energy Detection of Unknown Signals Over Fading Channels, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.55, no.1, pp.21-24, Jan. 2007.


A 2:1 change in LAB aspect ratio causes only approximately 20% change in the optimal ratio of vertical to horizontal routing wires.

lOGIC BLOCK ARCHITECTURE The Stratix LAB contains several new features compared to previous Altera architectures to improve both density and performance.


To manage NAND .ash memory, .ash translation layer (FTL) is designed to emulate it as a disk drive, by mapping logical addresses to physical addresses at a granularity of page-level or block-level [11 15].

wAB-FTL is more applicable in PCM-based embedded systems.


Furthermore, load value approximation decouples the fetching of a cache block from the cache miss itself.

simply identifying data as approximate for the entire application may be unwise.


Then we give the complete implementation and prove its correctness.

the register that process p reads from during step U +t +1depends only on its state at the end of step U +t.


This convex hull is equally intersected as illustrated in Fig.

the system level sizing may drive circuit parameters into regions which are actually not achievable on circuit level.


There are no real data written so that the data bus is not occupied and only the local write driver in the subarray is used.

figure 4 shows corresponding control logic and data path.


[16], [17], and thus is also an important characteristic of any security implementation.

the option of applying high-dimensional subspace based leakage models raises the question: How large should the selected subspace Fu,t;k be?


Figure  4 shows a small network of nodes, including regions with defective links, and a via/anchor.

this reduces the critical path of a bit through the node.


For intensity estimation, physiological signals were also closely examined.

[6] concludes, that lifestyle activities include more components to increase metabolic equivalent than walking or running, thus a di.erent treatment has to be used for them when estimating their energy expenditure.


The DRM system sets a maximum supply voltage based on the degradation characteristics modeled during operation, and exceeds the nominal supply voltage when possible while meeting the required reliability constraints.

both approaches focus on short time scales, and more critically do not explore the control system required to obtain performance gains.


accesslatency fordataaccessesthathitintheon-chip cache -due to communication over theNoC.Private caches,onthe otherhand, enjoyfasterhitdata accesslatencybut sufferfromlow capacityutilizationduetodata replication.

similarly, data replication is not used in thelastlevel cacheof the state-of-the-artNoC-Cacheco-designed system[7] which we compare with.


Table 3 also illustrates if the reference O-GEHL predictor is essentially using long or short (L or S) history length and the value reached by the update threshold at the end of the simulation of the trace.


A survey of boolean matching techniques for library binding.

the second column gives the leftover bits, and the third column gives the leftover percentage with respect to the size of the virtual memories, while the fourth column gives the mux cost when the leftover is minimized, and the runtimes in the last column stand for the mapping multiple VMs onto multiple PMs.


The largest cause, once again, is synchronization overhead, and furthermore, it takes as long to speculatively perform a placement move as it does to fully evaluate it, limiting speedups when the acceptance rate is high.

we refer to this tuned version of the algorithm as pipe7, since it allows seven moves to exist at a time, one being evaluated and six being speculatively proposed.


There are some implications of including PCBs in the architecture in terms of extra delay and power consumption that need to be considered in the design.

iNTRODUCTION A considerable amount of research is currently focused on developing nanoscale devices and alternative nanotechnologies to supersede conventional lithography-based CMOS technology.


We extend our prior work on the Mat ´ e virtual machine (a tiny bytecode interpreter) [15], generalizing its simple VM into an architecture for building application speci.c virtual machines (ASVMs).

if a thread accesses a resource it does not hold (e.g., it incorrectly released it) the VM triggers an error.


That is, the matrix Re may contain extra rows and columns due to unreachable states; this occurs when ,S is a strict subset of ,~.

3.3 A simple case of exact aggregation We first discuss a special case where exact aggregation nat- urally arises, as preparation to our approximation approach.


also, the false alarm rate decreases with the increase of the mobility, This is what we have expected.


Incorporating routability models in the optimization ob jective during placement could e.ectively optimize routability.

in the macro-based hierarchy grouping stage, we construct a set of HGs based on the design hierarchy of macros, where an HG is a group of blocks which are candidates for clustering.


This .exibility however is limited and precludes certain potentially useful solutions (e.g.

multiple nets must compete for wiring and bu.ering resources and it is clearly not su.cient to, for example, maximize the performance of a particular net without paying attention to some measure of cost incurred.


We show the speech recognition performance when no enhancement is employed using a clean acoustic model, together with the results when using traditional speech enhancement techniques.

this is equipped with microphone array processing technology [12].


Though it is feasible in general to explore completely different approaches (e.g.

this means the algorithm must maximize the minimum delay slack (constraint minus actual delay) rather than simply the length of the longest delay path (because the slowest clock may not be the most critical), and must be amenable to more than one constraint.


In Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Austalasia and South East Asia, ACM Press, 285 286.

by simply analyzing a few pixels of the video stream, we are able to quickly determine the 3D position of the target with respect to the handheld computer.


In addition to reducing the algorithmic work, methods could try to reduce the "useless time" in the branch misprediction loop.

some portion of the L2 latency is a function of the L2 cache size.


In traditional resource-constrained scheduling, priority functions like nodes on critical path .rst are applied uniformly to all nodes.

[7] B. Jeong, S. Yoo, S. Lee, K. Choi, Hardware-Software Cosynthesis for Run-time Incrementally Recon.gurable FPGAs , ASPDAC, 2000.


as our results show, this is only true down to a certain m value, after which a relatively small gain in delay causes a signi.cant increase in CPU time.


Inside SBox, old_mask is used to select the upper part, where the data are the values from the MA address of SBox (address is masked by 0), or the lower part, where the data are the values from the complement of the MA address of SBox (address is masked by 1).

[10] Information and Physical Security Research Group in YOKOHAMA National University, available at http://ipsr.ynu.ac.jp/circuit/index.html [11] Kocher, P., Jaffe, J., and Jun, B.


V controls the error rate of each segment and can be adjusted/tuned in the .eld.

sRAM is based on 6-transistor (6T) cells (or enhanced 8T or 10T cells [25]), which incur signi.cant area overhead and high leakage power.


If these matrices have very large scale, the computational complexity will become worse than that of parse matrices.

4, compared to the results of the Method of Characteristics (MMC).


Communications of the ACM, 5:394 397, 1962.

whenever our estimation is not very accurate, or proving the unsatis.ability indeed needs almost all the variables, the SAT problem is considered dif.cult.


Several methods to detect voltage droop are discussed in literature.

the on-die circuit monitors voltage droop by comparing the die voltage to a reference voltage.


Modeling Interconnect Variability Using Efficient Parametric Model Order Reduction Peng Li, Frank Liu, Xin Li, Lawrence T. Pileggi and Sani R. Nassif Department of EE, Texas A&M University, USA, IBM Austin Research Laboratories, USA, Department of ECE, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Abstract Assessing IC manufacturing process fluctuations and their impacts on IC interconnect performance has become unavoidable for modern DSM designs.

proposed to construct variational models by fitting the projection vectors over the samples taken in the variational parameter space.


We use the approach proposed in [16], which has been used successfully in clocktree design.

figure 3) we estimate the slack as RATC -ATR -cwire dist(Pl(C),P l(R)) = 2.


In the simulations, a thicker-oxide for 2.5 V PMOS transistor from the IBM 130 nm CMOS process was used, with a long channel L = 40 µm and W = 1 µm.

the necessity of trimming due to high process variability which impairs the transistors behaviours, together with the electrical parameters variations also present in the electrodes fabrication [12], limit the practical implementation of this approach, especially in biomedical applications for which multi-channel circuits are required.


It is never intended to be a recommended con.guration, but just a practical workaround that is used to prove the real-time operability of smartphone SDR, under the current smartphone architecture limitations.

we bypass the smartphones native baseband and protocol processing chips through their USB interface.


[6] D. Nicol and P. Heidelberger, Parallel execution for serial simulators, ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, Jul.

it is possible to reassign those objects manually.


5.2.2 Retiming With all large delays pipelined, the target clock period becomes 1.75ns, the delay from the input .ip-.op of a logic block to its output register, giving a clock rate of 570 MHz.

similar to Amalgam s RC, global communication is performed by a vertical global bus which gives the architecture a direction of computational .ow.


For the present work six applications from two benchmarks called Mibench and MediaBenchII were selected.

the last population is considered a solution to the problem.


GOALS OF THE STUDY In the study, the tool will be implemented and the participants will be asked to give their feedback on their overall reaction and satisfaction of the system and the functionality of the application.

by giving the user the ability to create a survey over the telephone, they are not limited to location.


For the first eight registers, we use an x86-like notation for readability (e.g.

in addition, the practical problems of implementing a CISC instruction set like the Intel x86 (aka IA-32) introduces additional performance challenges.


As discussed in section 2.2, our linear programming formulation corresponds directly to eye-masks.

83% eye-height for two-level signaling provides 50% for four-level, and a 93% eye-height for two-level signaling provides 50% for eight-level.


The high write current and small volume results in very high power density in the active memory element.

for this work, switching dynamics was simulated by selfconsistent NEGF-stochastic LLG simulations and assuming 80% flipping as the switching threshold.


6.4.2 Hardware Due to the small size of digital signage devices, they cannot house multiple hard drives for redundancy, so solid-state drives are essential.


For instance, a tight design with highly congested area needs a larger maximum row white space.

the problem of allocating white space without much loss of placement quality (e.g., wirelength) is not trivial.


In [15], the scalability of weak consistency model in the NoC based multi-core architectures is discussed.

the atomicity over the synchronization operation is achieved by using two special purpose micro-operations sl and ll and the synchronization supporter.


In empirical modeling, small signal equivalent circuit is simulated using behavioral simulator.

but it comes at the cost of input common mode range (ICMR) and output swing (OS).


The expression of the minimum energy consumption, as derived in EQ1 is also shown.

though the active switching energy increases due to the increased Vdd, the gain from the leakage energy from both standby and active modes is dominating.


FLOW-BASED BOUND-FEASIBILITY COMPUTATION LetQ={QiI1:i:n}bethesetofnonstraining retangles,eahofwhihorrespondstoamodule.


While the maximum VDD may be only 1.2V in a 0.10µm process technology, the VT will be ~0.35V yielding an achievable energy efficiency improvement, VDD2/VT2, still in excess of 10x.

in addition, a methodical design approach must ensure that no signal is ever floating for more than a half-cycle to prevent functional errors.


Synphony C. Available online at: synopsys.com.

they can be declared differently depending on whether they have a variable length (up to a static upper limit = 255) or a .xed length (Listing 2).


The global upper bound Oub is maintained during the searching, and it is updated whenever a better one is found.

design automation of PCB routing becomes a necessity.


Neither satis.ability (SAT) solving nor decision diagrams of any sort provide robust and universal frameworks to deal with arithmetics.

sequential implementations can be handled by unfolding into a combinational netlist.


Theload capacitance is the sum of the input capacitance of the next repeater, ci, and the ground (cg) and coupling (cc) capacitances of the wire driven.

[16] which accounts for crosstalk-induced delay: dw =rw(0.4cg + .2 i cc +0.7ci) (9)  3B-1 where dw, rw, cg, cc and ci respectively denote wire delay, wireresistance, ground capacitance, coupling capacitance, and input capacitance of the next-stage repeater.