we .nd that the design of service control-planes becomes more complex over time with growing service size.


Loosely speaking, we investigate two contrasting approaches; one where only a subset of data packets must be acknowledged, and another where only a subset of intermediate nodes must ack5.

we construct, (a) the PAAI-1 protocol: every intermediate node sends an ack for only a selected fraction of data packets; and (b) the PAAI-2 protocol: only one selected intermediate node sends an ack for each data packet.


We have also studied the performance of DBL for less extreme (although, still very demanding) traffic.

we have studied bursty traffic situations in which there is one output (referred to as the subject output), for which traffic is arriving continuously at a specified fraction of the link rate.


the coordinates g0 ... gn-1 of the noise vector g are independent and identically distributed random variables that follow a normal distribution with zero mean and variance s. we assume additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).


The instantaneous number of new contacts of a node m (denoted by conm) is the number of hitherto unseen neighbors that are now a neighbor.

s conm(ti) = Nbrsm(ti) - j Nbrsm(tj)), j =1 ... i - 1.


The premise we need to justify, however, is the exchange of benefits.

why would a transient resource (of a device) offer its resources in the first place ?


The scaled pixel values are interleaved and transmitted with AM.

every two pixel values are transmitted as the I and Q components of a complex symbol.


Divert is able to signi.cantly cut the tail of the distribution.

the largest burst loss length of Divert with H =1 and T = 1 is less than 20 whereas that of scheme A is 52 and that of scheme B is 61.


Considering the de.nition of the Xtc p (t)and Xack (t)processes, we can write: Xtc p (t)=Ytc p (t)+Ztc p (t) (3a) Xack (t)=Yack (t)+Zack (t).

(3b) From the set of equations (2) and (3), it follows that modelling the bidimensional process {Xtc p (t),Xack (t)} is equivalent to modelling the bidimensional process {Ytc p (t),Yack (t)}.to compute the probability distribution functions of the number of TCP data segments and TCP ACK packets in all the output queues of the wireless network, it is suf.cient to compute these probability distributions only for the output queues of the Su and Sd stations.


the time scale of multipath fading, and that at which .ows originate and depart from the system.

if the fading process is relatively fast, fairness is likely to be achieved well within a .ow s lifetime and hence a processor sharing discipline may serve as a good approximation for pf scheduling.


In spite of these valid concerns, we believe that there is value in exploring an FSO-based all-wireless design since it could lead to unprecedented bene.ts.

pursuing such a vision could open up other avenues amenable to more incremental adoption (e.g., hybrid/augmented networks) and inspire other novel use cases for FSO in DCs.


when we have more information on the wireless channels.

when the same APs are used in Scenario A and Scenario B, the resulting EBF of the packet service .cN(t)(t) fk (.


The signi.cance of this metric lies in the essential role it plays in how well a backbone-based routing or data gathering/dissemination protocol performs.

it can be deemed a major qualitative parameter in the performance evaluation of an algorithm that generates a backbone.


Two of our proposed techniques show significant improvements in inaccuracy levels.

a technique we call smart prediction achieves highly accurate perceived energy levels under all traffic loads.


Therefore the second possible position is only 17, and the third one is 34 which is not valid as it exceeds 32.

side Channel with PIM has only 2 states in 4 symbols in PIM.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we have considered the DTLS-based multicast communication method recently proposed by the IETF.

we have highlighted that it displays inef.ciencies in protecting unicast group responses to multicast messages.


The key characteristic that sets our work apart from related work is that it takes into account link correlations.

we considered the model where we know which links are most likely to be correlated (e.g., links from the same local-area network or the same administrative domain), however, we do not know the exact nature of the correlation (i.e., we do not assume knowledge ofany correlationcoe.cients).Weformallyprovedthat, under certain well de.ned conditions, it is feasible to identify the probability that each link is congested from end-to-end path measurements, even in the presence of link correlations.


By design, OFC and TE server failure/restart are all hitless.

absent concurrent additional failures during failover, failures of these software components do not cause any loss of data-plane traffic.


The channel needs to exhibit long periods of stable behavior interspersed with sudden changes.

we need to create square wave patterns such as in Figure 2.


More precisely, for i =1, we write: P <i Q,if P is at least as good as Q,subject to P, Q .Pi(P(v, v0)) for some v .V,  P .

i Q, if some element in Q depends on all the elements in P.for all p .P,there exists q .Q such that p .


Diagnosis and Design for Diagnosability for Internet Routers Lee Barford Agilent Laboratories 3500 Deer Creek Road, MS24M-A Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA lee_barford@agilent.com Abstract This paper deals with diagnosis and design for diagnosability at the system level.

diagnosis and design for diagnosability of high-end Internet routers in manufacturing test and design validation are considered.


Here the speed difference is intended as the modulus of the speed vectors difference, and thus accounts for vehicles movement direction.

we are interested in explaining the shape of the degree PDF in the case of models belonging to group III, as it gathers the models which more realistically reproduce the case of traf.c lights-ruled intersections, frequently encountered in real-world traf.c.


Then, the temporal network HR,D,[t,t+.fA.

(b)) contains a strictly time-respecting xx ' path with probability at least 1 -(ld(b+1))-., for every time t. x ' will learn of information originating at xwith a propagation delay that is poly-logarithmic in the size of the smallest disc containing both of them.


We believe that the more frequent the wireless nodes encounter with each other, the faster the data dissemination.

the shorter the contact interval, the shorter the delivery delay.


When links e1 ,··· ,eF fail, the corresponding virtual demands in XF can be as large as xei = cei (i =1,··· ,F).

we replace the rerouted traf.c onfailed link ei with a virtual demand equal to the link capacity cei .


Indirect reciprocity is essentially the concept of I help you, and someone else will help me .

a group of individuals exchange altruistic actions so that all of them can be better o.. To better describe the possible cooperation relationships among the the set of nodes without social trust, we introduce the physical-coalitional graph GPC = {N , EPC }.Here the vertex set is the node set N and the edge set EPC = {(n, m): PCP S PC enm enm · (1 - enm)=1, .n, m .N }, where enm =1 if and only if node m is a feasible relay (i.e., e P =1) nm and has no social trust towards node n (i.e., e S =0).


BLOOM FILTER-BASED SERVICE DISCOVERY Bloom filter is a method to strike balance between storage and computation.

it is a summarization technique to compress information into a less amount at the cost of some possible loss.


functions) in such a way that the outcome of the game played by independent agents according to the rules set by the mechanism designer will be the desired outcome, which is called the social optimum.

the game should be designed in such a way that choosing a strategy that results in the social optimum is a dominant strategy for each player, where dominant means that no player has an incentive to unilaterally deviate from the strategy.


Models such as QRE or noisy introspection are very useful as an empirical structure for uncovering features of payoffs from .eld data, or to obtain relationships between observables and primitives of interest [17].

models and equilibrium concepts for bounded rationality can help reconcile data observed experimentally with a game theoretic analysis.


By constructing ef.cient random sampling mechanisms and interactive proofs, we enable the user to verify that the answer given by the aggregator is a good approximation of the true value even when the aggregator and a fraction of the sensor nodes are corrupted.

we present ef.cient protocols for secure computation of the median and the average of the measurements, for the estimation of the network size, and for .nding the minimum and maximum sensor reading.


The design of fast retransmit assumes packets are sent in bursts so that when a packet is dropped, each of its successive packets will elicit a duplicate ack.

to trigger the fast retransmit before a retransmission timeout, there should be at least three additional packets released within an interval of (RTO - RTT) following the departure of the dropped packet.


5.1 Overview Based on wireless channel measurements, we .nd that there exists a paradox of achieving e.ective authentication and e.cient key extraction simultaneously.

while requiring stable channels in terms of RSS variations for authentication, the system needs unstable channels to provide more randomness and higher entropy for fast key generation.


Find X0 to minimize L(X, {Xk}, Y , Y0, Z, W, M, {Mk}, N, µ) with other variables .xed (k = 1, 2, ..., K ).

this gives: minimize: (M, D - AX0 - BY0 - C Z - W ) +(M0, X0 - X) +µ/2 D - AX0 - BY0 - C Z - W 2 F +µ/2 X0 - X 2 F minimize: X0 - X + M0/µ 2 F + D - BY0 - C Z - W + M/µ - AX0 2 F Let J0 = X - M0/µ and J = D - BY0 - C Z - W + M/µ.


To access control information, including both NetFPGA status registers and the shared SRAM memory, a simple interface is provided that allows Click elements to write and read state of the offchip SRAMs.

the 2 MB shared SRAM can be both read and written by programs written in Click to facilitate communication with the shims, without needing to modify or add status registers contained in the CNET infrastructure.


A similar technique can be applied to our approach.

mail-to-mail or Web-to-mail converter will extend the usability of our system.


3.4 Matching Our goal is to determine the relative accuracy of historical routing state, i.e., periods of link up and downtime, extracted from syslog messages.

we seek to compare the failures extracted from syslog messages to those extracted from IS-IS LSPs.


4.1 Asymptotic Sigmoidal Pricing We employ a static scheme for assigning cost units to utilizing a resource.

carrying out a functional requirement ..,.


The email client only uses the small in-box to handling email receiving.

when receiving an email, the client only inserts it into the small inbox and up-dates the metadata without using the large inbox.


Our approach to analyzing the DNS traces is data-driven and context-aware.

we apply a clustering methodology that is guided by DNS syntax and semantics to decompose the query/response traces into the three major categories described above.


Therefore, its proof is not included in the Appendix.

the above two lemmas imply that for .xed S, the optimal strategy has a threshold structure with respect to u.for any set S .


The average reduction in overhead for the two scenarios was66%.

meshMon was able todetect a highpercentage(86.6%) offaults using only one-third of the monitoring bandwidth as compared to the simple approach of using all 2Adetailed description ofboth scenarios isin afull version of this extended abstract.


One of the fundamental differences of our work from other existing research efforts lies in the appropriate and more realistic definition of users utility functions, which in turn requires and necessitates different treatment.

instead of simply expressing the tradeoff between the amount of a user s reliably transmitted bits and corresponding consumed power as assumed in [6], in our study in order to fulfill simultaneously multiple services QoS performance requirements in an environment where the service performances are interrelated, a user s utility that reflects his service QoS-aware performance efficacy as a function of his achieved goodput per joule of consumed energy is considered.


This work explores how the MAC layer can reduce the network transmission overhead of heterogeneous applications by taking advantage of protocol commonalities to aggregate outgoing packets.

this aggregation creates a train of packets destined to the same receiver.


The schedule of a message is feasible if the message can be delivered before its deadline.

a message has a feasible schedule if it can be finished at the highest transmission rate.


On the other hand, the disadvantage is that it may add extra delay to some packets.

suppose the client will wakeup at time T1 to retrieve the (predicted) bu.ered packets at the access point.


Those nodes would compete with most others in their layer, often causing the death of their competitors.

the death probability at bottom and top layers is quite low, while the death probability close to the waist is higher.


We also compute performance consistency measures using the same method of [33].

we plot CDFs of normalized per-handset throughput and latency performance.


Speci.cally, after the contention period ends, the succesful nodes transmit training blocks in separate time slots in order of their contention winning sequence.

the node with the smallest contention subcarrier and time slot index transmits 4 OFDM symbols, the .rst one is a symmetric pseudorandom sequence for time and frequency synchronization via Schmidl-Cox [16], and the next two symbols are the preamble used for channel estimation.


The major di.culty in this problem lies in the fact that changing the location of one version of a multimedia object may result in a redistribution of multimedia objects in this storage and in the system.

within the limitation of the storage space, the distribution decision should guarantee that the bene.t of placing a new version in a storage should be greater than the lost of removing other versions from the storage to make room for the new one.


The key principle that JF use to facilitate the attack is targeting end-toend congestion control.

many applications such as .le transfer, messaging, and web will require reliable, congestioncontrolled delivery as provided by protocols such as TCP.


Generally, an entity will specify how to describe the trust relations established between it and its intended entities.

the trust relations are built over the trust evidence gained by the previous interactions of entities within a network.


In contrast to clean slate approaches in the recent literature, we seek to deliver content e.ciently leveraging current networking devices with programmability.

we propose how to deliver content across Internet service providers (ISPs) on top of OpenFlow.


ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN COMMU-NICATION Among the hardware comp onents in a sensor node, the transceiver [7] is the highest energy consumer.

the energy consumed by the transceiver is related to events in the communication and network organization.


As well, delay-tolerant message generation paradigms can be anticipated.

the recording of sensor values from many sensors to a single node for long-term trend analysis can be tolerant of delays on the order of days where message .ooding is impractical due to energy concerns [25].


2.2 Complexity As it turns out, even simple and highly restricted variants of the dynamic spectrum allocation problem are computationally hard.

the throughput problems are hard even if demands have in.nite duration (i.e., .t= 8), and sometimes even in single-hop scenarios or when there are no prohibited bands, i.e., |P| =0.


In this work, we propose a lightweight WSB architecture where the USB transmission protocol and Wi-Fi MAC are directly cooperative with each other to match the transmission behavior and prevent buffer overflow in the network.

we utilize the Transmission Opportunity (TxOP) parameter in the Wi-Fi, which is utilized to temporarily guarantee the wireless medium for more bandwidth.


However, they cannot handle general request sets but only speci.c kinds of sets.

they study the question of how many time slots (colors) are needed to schedule a set of communication requests ensuring strong connectivity among n points placed arbitrarily in two-dimenisonal Euclidean space.


All VOQs have been suspended by the synchronization mechanism.

for VOQ A to send frame 1, VOQ C must .rst forward frame 3.


Indeed, in order to guide a peer joining the network towards its best position in the selected SONs, each peer maintains a SCI which contains summarized information about the concepts which can be reached in each available direction.

for each SON SONi the peer belongs to and for each neighbor nj , the SCI represents the set of SONi s concepts which are reachable in nj s subnetwork through a clustroid concept and a radius such that all such concepts are within the radius from the clustroid.


According to [34], this implies that in the actual binomial case we have 1 Pr IR > + o(1) |S | =e KC(t) · O(n -4) 2 R.S =O(n -3).

there are at least (1/2-o(1))|S | = (1-o(1)).2 2f(ar)2 r-cells, within which all nodes will get jµ-informed in time slot t + 1 with probability 1 - O(n -3).


Another concern regarding WiFi is the danger of information leakage and electromagnetic attacks.

attackers can also use high-power radiation devices to produce heavy interfer ence and disrupt an entire facilities network.


This set of values is not compliant with the 802.15.4 standard.

macMaxCSMABackoffs, macMinBE, macMaxBE, are set to values beyond the maximum ones allowed by the standard, while macMaxFrameRetries is still set to its default value.


In the ARQ approach, we note that one single bit error causes the retransmission of the whole packet, and thus Ci(t) is a step- wise function varying in a packet length time scale.

ci (t) = C/ki, where k is the number of transmission for the head of line (HOL) packet of flow i until successfully received by its receiver.


A key goal in XIA is to build security into the core architecture as much as possible, without impacting expressiveness.

we require that the semantics of a communication s security correspond to the speci.c functionalities being exercised.


Simulation results show that our approach is robust even when used with a coarse-grained forecasting method.

simulation results across three backbone networks show that up to 95.5% of the network could suffer collateral damage without protection.


Subsequently, the LSA is refreshed periodically starting from this time t. Since these times tare randomly distributed for different LSAs, the refreshment periods for the LSAs are no longer synchronized as before.

random changes in link states after the startup period reduce the effect of LSA refresh synchronization.


There is another subtle issue that also arises with naive upgrades: simply stopping the old controller and starting the new one can introduce new bugs.

invariants that depend on the controller correctly tracking certain pieces of state can be broken after the upgrade.


(0,1), we also prove that if k is the activity threshold, then, a.s., an O(k)-active .ooding protocol completes in the same time as .ooding without constraints on the activity, up to a multiplicative constant.

the reachability threshold for the .ooding protocol is essentially of the same order of magnitude as the activity threshold for this protocol to complete in optimal time, up to multiplicative constants.


We find that the TCP-AP variants significantly outperform the NewReno variants, both in terms of aggregate averaged goodput and fairness.

tCP-AP achieves about 91% more aggregate averaged goodput than TCP NewReno, while TCP-AP with delayed ACK achieves about 58% more aggregate averaged goodput than TCP NewReno with delayed ACK.


Moreover, assume that Na(N) lim =0, (15) N.8 ß(N) Then, the steady state distribution of {X(t)}t=0 is such that `´ lim P |F (X(t))- sup F (X)|>o(N) = o(N), t.8 X.D where limN.8 o(N)=0.

lim lim F (X(t))=sup F (X), in probability.


Following the taxonomy established in [2], this device could be considered a channel-oblivious memoryless jammer.

in contrast to other smart jammers (e.g see [3]) this jammer ignores the IEEE 802.11 MAC procedures and constantly transmits energy to the channel regardless of its state and independently from its past actions.


For the secondary queue, the ULP way we have adopted when the network is in congestion is not like the way in [3-5, 7], which simply abandons P and B-Frame packet, or like the way in [6], which removes totally B-Frame packet but decides whether P-Frame packet is to be removed according to 50% probability; instead, here we throw away the B-Frame packet first, then we go to the queue to find P-Frame packet to substitute for transmission.

the transmission of queue is not forced to stop, instead, the right to use channel this time is transmitted to another packet of higher priority, this is because in our architecture, P and B-Frame belongs to the same queue.


A worst-case counter update sequence takes the following form: .rst come q + r(= C) update requests for distinct counter indices a1,a2, ..., aq+r, and they then repeat for T -1 times in total, followed .nally by q update requests for counter indices a1,a2, ..., aq.

inside this window of t cycles, counters a1,a2, ..., aq (q of them) are accessed T times and counters aq+1, ..., aq+r (r of them) are accessed T -1 times.


As expected, our analysis has shown that the lifetime of a network employing a cell-based energy conservation technique depends on the density with which nodes are distributed throughout the region where the network is deployed.

the analysis has shown that when the node density is large enough to ensure that the resulting network is connected with high probability, the network lifetime is very likely to be extended by a multiplicative factor of at least h, with respect to the case where no energy conservation is used.


Second, we show how our distance metric can be used to infer a partial topology.

we are able to infer the fact that certain nodes share a common router along the paths to all measurement points.


We .nd that there are a few heavy hitters, but the contribution from these heavy hitters is only a small fraction of the total events.

non heavy hitters contribute to vast majority of the events.


3.1 Channel Assignment and Resource Contention During initial experiments, unfavorable results for nonoverlapping channel assignments brought us to question whether radio-to-radio packet processing or wireless channel interference dominated the performance characteristics of a given WLAN.

did it cost more to pass a packet to another radio on the same access point than it did to reuse the same radio on the same channel?


While deployment of such a widespread wireless monitoring infrastructure is still feasible in building-wide settings, the logistics of densely deploying and managing such infrastructure is impractical when the wireless networks are signi.cantly larger in scale.

it is virtually impossible to densely deploy wireless sni.ers to monitor the performance of a cityscale or a nation-scale cellular data network.


Unfortunately, topic-connectivity per se does not address critical reliability requirements for the pub/sub overlay.

there is no guarantee that topic-connectivity is preserved under even a single node crash.


However, either one is .ne, i.e., either u waits for w and v, w may switch immediately, or v waits for w and u, w may switch immediately.

there are two valid dependency trees, one  Figure 1: Illustrating loop freedom Figure 2: Illustrating multiple min-Figure 3: Illustrating circular de(§2).


Yet the decoupling between construction and con.guration that SDN provides also enables new business models for RWNOs.

these two tasks can be conducted by completely separate entities.


We also note that RA offers substantial reduction in network footprint compared to SP-RE.

when redundant content is duplicated across multiple destination PoPs (i.e., as .inter .


A simpler alternative which does not guarantee globally bounded stretch is to set Du =du.

instead of computing and maintaining the cost lower bound as described above, we simply use out best estimate of the current cost from the internal view.


1.2 Related Work Signi.cant research e.orts have been dedicated over the last decade to the study of wireless networks through gametheoretic tools.

several papers (see, e.g., [8, 9, 10], and a recent survey [2]) have studied the equilibrium properties of power allocation games, where mobile users adjust their transmission power to meet some objective (such as maximizing the throughput, or the energy investment per bit).


We measure the severity of triangle inequality violations as follows: for each node pair, we ask what the shortest path is between the two that passes through a third node.

for all pairs of Relative Path Length Figure 2: Severity of triangle inequality violations: the cumulative distribution of mink(d(i, k)+ d(k, j))/d(i, j) over all pairs i, j. nodes i and j, we compare d(i, j) with mink(d(i, k)+ d(k, j)).


Minimizing both the metrics simultaneously should be di.cult under an e.ective incentive mechanism.

the two metrics should be inversely proportional.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we provide a re.ned framework on performance characterization of the LQF policy, based on the idea of local pooling introduced in [6] [10].

we introduce the concept of link s-local pooling, which allows heterogeneous characterization of individual link performance, as opposed to treating all links the same.


In this paper, we focus on p2p streaming applications.

we argue that the Bit-for-Bit model, widely adopted in p2p .le sharing, is not applicable in p2p streaming.


This can be achieved by generating the keys used to secure the redirection messages in a more secure way.

it is possible to use SSL keys to do that as described in [14].


In the theorems and formulas presented here, it is assumed that the antennas are perfectly directional.

the signal strength throughout the area covered by a directional antenna with the given angular aperture is uniform.


But then, if the message is sent, the sensor uses a second random value to decide what transmission range should be used for the epidemic dissemination, instead of a constant value.

it is the combination of these two random decisions that determines the actual set of neighbors that will receive and potentially further disseminate the message.


Hence, it becomes important to construct a good mesh so that good quality trees may be produced.

we attempt to ensure the fol- lowing properties: (i) the shortest path delay between any pair of members along the mesh is at most K times the uni- cast delay between them, where K is a small constant and (ii) each member has a limited number of neighbors in the mesh which does not exceed a given (per-member) bound chosen to reflect the bandwidth of the member's connection to the Internet.


As we discussed earlier, due to the small size of our testbed, the scope for .nding noninterfering paths is small.

two simultaneous, bulk-transfer TCP connections constitute a fairly high load for our network.


any di.erence in utilization is most probably not a result of the reaction of TCP sources to packet drops4 .

we associate these slight differences between link utilizations with imperfections in the load balancing scheme deployed in the system, rather than thechangesinbu.ersizes.


Due to the wireless nature of sensor networks, it is impossible to design a scheme that is totally immune to DoS attacks, so our goal is to reduce the damage of the attacks on the entire network.

we want to contain the damage of DoS attacks to a small portion of the sensor nodes.


Analog components like sensors are usually sensitive to power supply noise.

the voltage .uctuations may have impact on the conversion accuracy of ADC3 even when there is small variation of the reference voltage.


Thus, sensory motion anyway present in the network serves as a low cost replacement of network information propagation.

we investigate two variations of our method: a)the greedy motion of the sink towards the region of highest density each time and b)taking into account the aggregate density in wider network regions.


(14) j06 =j Dove-tailing DRFQ (§5.5) and memoryless DRFQ (§5.4) are thus special cases of bounded DRFQ.

when = 1, the functions B1 and B2 reduce to functions F and S as in the previous section, and bounded DRFQ becomes equivalent to dove-tailing DRFQ.


This treatment, however, does not work well due to the variation in the arrival rate of these packets that the router must accommodate.

an adversary may produce a large volume of such packets in an e.ort to depleting a puzzle router s CPU resources.


Forthepayo.function of each user i, we chooseitsgoodput.

every single user will choose the rate strategy that maximizes his expected goodput, with respect to the joint strategy S-i played by the other players.


Accordingly, we also propose resource degrade and upgrade algorithms as calls enter and leave a QAP, respectively.

the resource upgrade algorithm is to support early resource resumption as some calls terminate or handover out of a QAP.


dATA VIC   Merger Merger Merger Merger a neural-event packet does not contain any information about its destination(s), only the neuron that has fired.


While being in the spirit of Canetti s UC model [13], the IITM model has several advantages over the UC model, as demonstrated and discussed in [23, 25].

as pointed out in [25], there are problems with joint state theorems in the UC model.


between the e.ectiveness of friendly jamming (we evaluated up to 13 jammers) and its cost.

we observed what we call the power ampli.cation phenomenon an e.ect that aggravates the known hidden station problem when the number of jammers increases.


For any pair of positive integers (n,k) such that 4k divides n, the family of graphs de.ned as above is denoted by Gn,k .

we have Gn,k = {Gn,S,C | S is a (n/k)-tuple of edges of Kn * , C .C }.


T as a linear weighted sum of the values attained by each feature where the weights are given by ßj for each feature j .

f : yi = j.F ßj xj + ß0 we use the LASSO, also known as L1-regularized Linear Regression [18], where an additional constraint on each feature allows us to obtain a model with lower test prediction errors than the non-regularized linear regression since some variables can be adaptively shrunk towards lower values.


EVA L UAT IO N Next, we evaluate various practical aspects of our Full-duplex Backscatter prototype.

we .rst measure the effect of our low-power backscatter cancellation technique described in §4.2 as a function of the input power level.


This is due to the RSS memory footprint of these runs exceeding 32GB available RAM.

all runs is Set A for network sizes of 60K nodes and greater can only run at 2, 4, and 8 core allocations (as their memory footprint is about 4GB per rank).


The aim of the present paper is to extend the analysis of the Aloha protocol proposed in [3].

we wish to determine the probability of successful transmission (or, more aptly, reception) in a random time slot one of the most fundamental performance quantities in the network when all the nodes employ a common transmission power.


The two connectivity ranges can be loosely characterized as sparsely-connected or wellconnected .

in the two ends of the connectivity spectrum, a multi-con.guration protocol that switches routing according to connectivity performs similar to an adaptive protocol such as R3.


Cryptographic overhead of all-anonymous NTDP Extension of this work includes introducing simple intelligence into the RDIS generating and packet forwarding schemes.

clustering and MultiPoint Relay (MPR) techniques can reduce the transmission overhead of the protocol.


2.5.2 Employing self-consistency checks The strategy of employing self-consistency checks works by exploiting additional properties of the measured phenomenon to see if they agree with behavior re.ected in the initial measurement.

test whether properties that must hold do in fact hold.


for the network G. A multicast rate vector .S bits/sec is feasible if there is a spatial and temporal scheme for scheduling transmissions such that by operating the network in a multi-hop fashion and buffering at intermediate nodes when awaiting transmission, every node vi can send .i bits/sec average to its chosen k - 1 destination nodes.

there is a T< 8 such that in every time interval (with unit seconds) [(i - 1) · T,i · T ], every node vi .S can send T · .i bits to its corresponding k - 1 receivers Ui.


Con.dence Level (): The con.dence level or the acceptance threshold is a user-de.ned parameter that re.ects the desired user s con .dence.

any sensor with probability pof sat lOO isfying the given predicate should be excluded from the answer to the posed query.


The equilibrium at each level of our supply chain model are established and several properties are investigated.

in the case of a power-based pricing scheme, the service provider and the spectrum owner tend to share the gross provider pro.t.


[33] outlined pitfalls in measuring link capacities of cable and DSL networks by using existing bandwidth estimation tools.

the accuracy of these tools is greatly in.uenced by the rate regulation schemes used in cable and DSL networks.


We select the .rst such unscheduled packet or buffer cell, whichever occurs .rst, i.e., on a smaller wavelength.

if it is an unscheduled buffer cell on wavelength i, then based on the construction algorithm, any packet on a wavelength between wavelengths 1 and min{i+ d,W} (which is the largest wavelength i can be converted to), cannot be scheduled to buffer cells on a wavelength larger than i.all of these packets are scheduled to buffer cells on wavelength ior smaller, but there is still a buffer cell on wavelength ithat cannot be used.


In other words, nodes are turned o. and on independently and the duty cycle can be di.erent for di.erent nodes.

we show that in an intermittent network, FansyRoute can deliver 50% more packets than single path protocols with less than 5% of the replications from .ooding.


The time duration of each visit on a channel is de.ned as a slot, where each slot has a .xed length.

time is divided slots that are maintained by individual secondary users.


Thus AMPA maintains relative differentiation between the flows some as the network size.

if the network is overloaded, AMPA favours high priority flows, and when the network is in normal condition, AMPA try to serve all traffics.


In such scenarios, we can quickly generate the appropriate tags by examining the URL itself.

we use the mapping between a website class (Column 2) and IP tags (Column 3) in Table 1 to generate the tags.


Then, equations (3) and (5) become -ad = z0 , i.e.

dmin = 6z0 d (6) a -a 6D min and thus, 6Lbd 6Lb 1 × when dCS < Dmin (7) = 2 2 d a a Te = ( 6z d ) ( 6z ) 0 0 Te increases as the communication distance d decreases as predicted in [8].


While we could not simul-taneously examine different beamforming sizes and different CSI estimation frequencies in real time, we have collected traces of the channel coefficients and emulated the channel offline.

we replay the channel using the recorded traces but assume dif-ferent beamforming sizes (2 and 4), and different CSI estimation frequencies (10 ms and 100 ms).


Issues left unsolved in Zhu and Sivakumar s CtS proposal include: 1) Throughput CtS introduces long delay and thus affects the network throughput negatively.

the loss in throughput is exponential to the gain in the energy.


Since we know that Positive Ratio of MP reaches 1 after 100 seconds if Ls = 1, this indicates that MP answers positively (meaning shared congestion) only when Ls is very close to 1.

mP always gives a negative answer if there are multiple points of congestion, regardless of the degree of shared congestion.


In SQoS, however, this authentication is integrated with a mechanism that prevents excessive .ooding.

since QoS-Guided Route Discovery requires a .ood of the network and hence provides a means for an attacker to perform a Denial-of-Service attack (consuming all network resources), a secure ad hoc network routing protocol must enforce limits on the frequency at which each node can initiate such .ooding.


As we can see in the above equation, the characteristic of the ISI terms depends on the results of the relation mod(lk - l, Np).

as we will see in the simulations, the ISI e.ect cannot reduce necessarily by increasing the number of PN sequences, especially, for Np << L. In the remainder of this paper, to simplify the theoretical analysis, we assume orthogonal PN sequences.


The subgraph eccentricity of bi with respect to bj (represented as SEcc(bi,bj ) ) is de.ned as the eccentricity of bi with respect to only the nodes in SG(bi,bj ).

sEcc(bi,bj )= Maxbx ESG(bi ,bj ) (Dist(bi,bx)).


To tackle this problem, we design .ne-grained capabilities that grant the right to send up to N bytes along a path within the next T seconds, e.g., 100KB in 10 seconds2.

we limit the amount of data as well as the period of validity.


The reader will summarize the responses to all such queries and determine whether there are multiple, one or no tags hav- ing the prefix q.

while the reader is repeatedly sending the query string, it will summarize the responses as follows: If the reader detects a collision for the query string, it will conclude that more than one tag have a matching prefix.


In particular, we de.ne the capacity C(n) of the network as the supremum of all rates .

(n) that are uniformly achievable by all sources in the network, multiplied by their number n. the capacity is the supremum of all achievable aggregate throughputs, under the requirement that source nodes create tra.c with the same rate.


Registries already follow RFC 2050 [14], which mandates that when they allocate IP space, they must also delegate control of a corresponding branch of the reverse DNS.

when IANA allocated the block 129/8 to ARIN, it also delegated 129.in-addr.arpa.


As a result, if two PPG signals have the same values of these features, they are considered diagnostically equivalent in this paper.

the signals may not match sample-tosample,but are equivalent for diagnostic purposes.


larger than 1 1+ 1 ,which can be zk log(pz.c)+1 made very close to 1/z by slightly in.ating the stages be 2 yond ze .


Additional authentication options would add considerable value to this wireless gateway solution.

adding the ability to authenticate to the gateway, using a certificate-based solution, would be ideal.


For example, in RnL [9], all tags from a marker contain the same cord .

a substring (the cord) of every tag from a marker is the same.


The main motive here is to .nd a balance between 3G and WiFi connectivity in densely populated areas.

to supportthegrowing needfor mobile connectivity,theoperators have to massively overprovision their 3G networks, or otherwise o.oad some of the tra.c to WiFi networks, saving this way money from 3G network extensions and implicitly increasing their revenue.


We have implemented the kibbutz and tested it on Samsung Galaxy Nexus devices: a two-device kibbutz nearly halves the networking related power consumption.

two Galaxy Nexus devices can stream radio 35% longer than if they were running independently.


Thus, our second goal is to improve the quality of evidence and the range of tools available to investigators.


While a number of studies have analyzed short-term unfairness due to various aspects of the wireless medium ranging from channel errors to contention, (see [1, 5, 6] for example), none accurately characterize the time scale in which 802.11 stations alternate domination in SIS scenarios.

in our analysis of the SIS group, we model short-term unfairness of IEEE 802.11 with and without RTS/CTS, derive the behavior of the .ows from the collision probability, analyze the transient behavior of the system, and accurately predict the timescale of this unfairness as a function of key system parameters.


The Androidbased Google Nexus One seemed attractive.

documentation for the Nexus One s Broadcom BCM4329 802.11a/b/g/n chipset claims technologies to reduce active and idle power consumption , including an on-chip power management module.


Moreover we also assume that the available whitespaces in a given location vary slowly over time.

we do not address the issue of correctly detecting primary transmitters and accessing the whitespaces over very small timescales (e.g., [11, 27]).


pi,t can spend some extra energy .bj,t > 0 in the time slot t and keep all the battery levels nonnegative.

there is a directed path from the node i to the sink on which every node can spend some extra energy in time slot t and keep its battery levels nonnegative.


It would be useful to be able to use these capabilities in the decentralized environment, but this will require signi.cant further investigation to see how well the assumptions of the centralized model can carry over to the decentralized case.

there would need to be some mechanism by which the members of the mesh conference can agree about who has control over the conference and is authorized to make these decisions.


In our study we focus the attention on the games with transferable utility (TU).

the utility can be divided in any manner among the coalition members.


The target actual uplink rate * indicates the ideal value of RTi, a user s actual transmission rate per time slot, at which its service QoS requirements are fulfilled, while the Margin Factor (MFi) determines acceptable bounds of its actual achieved throughput deviations with respect to the target actual rate.

a RT user s margin factor determines the minimum acceptable levels of its expected actual throughput (i.e.


This fact illustrates how the meshed connectivity of multihomed M nodes increases the likelihood that a T node will receive updates from a peer or customer.

increased multihoming at the core of the network causes a larger growth in the factor qc,T than increased multihoming at the edges of the network.


Here Ok is the encryption oracle encrypting with pk(k): Ok(x) = [ {_}_]](x, [ pk(k)]], s), where s is a random seed _ freshly generated by the oracle.

key privacy holds, if no algorithm B can distinguish if the encryption oracle encrypts with key k or with key k ' .


This is especially true for the inbound direction as the flow of traffic depends on the forwarding decision made at other routers in other Autonomous Systems.

in order to engineer the way traffic enters a network, the route selection process at other routers has to be influenced remotely.


The best data rate to use depends on the channel condition before transmission and is a.ected by various factors.

path loss and interferences from other access point (APs) or devices operating on the same frequency.


In the analysis below, we assume a log .le is recovered from a seized machine and that, unbeknownst to investigators, the machine has never been tagged.

any bit .elds that contain apparently valid tags contain bit strings drawn from some unknown distribution, which we assume is independent of the tagging database.


Meeting network-wide traf.c engineering objectives effectively is very challenging today (in part because of the dif.culty in predicting traf.c volumes accurately).

current intra-domain routing and TE practices cannot easily adjust to variations in traf.c volumes.


Majority of requests are concentrated on a small number of documents.

we find that 0.1% 0.5% URL and parameter pairs (i.e.


In this paper, we consider the following question: can we design a compact routing scheme for this problem?

when the condition that packets route along shortest paths is relaxed to allow some bounded stretch (where the stretch |p(u,v)| of path p(u, v)from node u to node v is de.ned as , d(u,v) where d(u, v) is the length of the shortest u-v path), can routing tables be constructed that use sublinear space at every node?


Each application has its own way to send out Interest and Data packets, and the mechanism of sending out packets in.uences the size and access frequencyof PIT.

each application has its own way to construct and destruct PIT entries.


The core can classify all the packets heading towards the congested link into multiple .ows according to buckets (IP buckets or main buckets), inbound interfaces and the boundary routers from which they enter the core.

each .ow can be characterized by the attribute vector (bucket, interface, boundary router), which we refer to as a virtual port ; de 1 b ,··· ,x U b be the bit rates tio of 16, if all these packets are puzzle solutions, a puz-note these ports 1,··· ,U.Let x zle router needs 88MB memory to keep all the client nonce these ports demand, let r 1 c ,··· ,r U c be the rates of computa 1 b ,··· ,r U b denote the bit sequences within a nonce period of 20 seconds.


It is important to correlate Figure 12 with Figure 4.

the relationships among the entities at the FC-2V sublevel of Fibre Channel are equal in the two figures.


Hence, a sheet is bounded by some Y-curves and possibly the boundary of the object.

we also call as junction points the Y-curve points where more than two sheets intersect.


Indeed, a lower bound of the number of downloads D from the central server is: XX XX D = Ni,j 1Ni,j>0 + j.C i |C j .i where the equality holds for in.nite-capacity caches.Without caching, PP the number of downloads from the central server is ji Ni,j , and,hence,caching reducestheloadatthe serverbyafactor a: a = µ · 1 - 1 S « with P P P P µ = j.C i Ni,j P j P i Ni,j and S = j.C i Ni,j P j.C P i 1Ni,j>0 .

µ is the fraction of updates needed in subnets covered by caches and S is simply the mean number of updates per subnetover subnetsthat deploycaches.Asimilar approach canbe used to derive the bene.t in terms of bytes.


Again, the deployment is done in two phases; in the first phase, the next time cells weighs are predicted while in the second phase, we deploy the sensors based on predicted values.

based on the available history for each cell, the cells next time weights are predicted.


(9) i.Bt The second constraint ensures that a packet is processed at a consistent rate across resources.

for a backlogged .ow i and its head-of-line packet at time t, let tt i,r be its packet processing time on resource r, and t t r ri = arg max i,r (10) Table 1: Main notations used in the .uid model.


The absolute values will vary with di.erent devices and network con.guration or conditions and application use, but the overall results remain.

energy consumption of the di.erent idle radios is similar, but cellular networks are signi.cantly less e.cient for current applications network usage patterns [5].


8.3 Exploiting Physical Layer Information In recent years, researchers have started to exploit the .ne-grained physical layer information to improve the performance of both categories.

pinLoc [20] applies high resolution CSI .ngerprints to combat the instability RSSI .ngerprint, at the cost of higher complexity in constructing a .ngerprint map.


The results obtained show that TPA outperforms TCP, both terms of throughput and energy consumption, especially when problems related to linklayer contentions became more evident.

with respect to the best TCP configuration, TPA increases the throughput up to 26%, and reduces the number of (re)transmissions up to 80%.


The strategy proposed here allows increasing the ef.ciency of the channel by increasing the length of the transmitted train, without compromising on the packet error rate, i.e., keeping the transmitted packets short.

we decouple the effect of the packet size from the choice of the length of the train, i.e., the number of consecutive packets transmitted backto-back by a node: while the former determines the packet error rate, the latter can be increased as needed to increase the channel ef.ciency.


OFf is most closely related to work on tools for exposing and tracing program and network state in SDN.

ndb [11] and its successor NetSight [12] o.er some similar features as OFf.


This is critical in determining the effect of a power change on the rate that can be supported by a subcarrier.

it seeks to answer: By increasing (or decreasing) the transmission power on a sub-carrier by a certain magnitude, what is the higher (or lower) rate that that can be achieved on that sub-carrier ?


An alternative set of approaches can be drawn from statistical decision theory, in which we choose G (X) = Gi if Pr(Gi|x = X) = max Pr(g|x = X).

gE{1,...,K} we choose the class with maximal conditional probability, given the feature vector X.


INTRODUCTION A VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork) is an ad-hoc network that allows providing communications among nearby vehicles with the primary goal of improving traffic conditions.

it is a kind of MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc NETwork), where devices are vehicles and the ad-hoc network is formed spontaneously by nodes in movement.


5.1 Simulation Setup As mentioned above,in our simulations welet the number of users be time-variant.

we let users arrive according to a Poisson process with rate .


OVERHEARING SROLE While modrate functions as expected, we were initially surprised by its modest gains given the dramatic differences in reception ranges shown in Figure 2.

modrate is often able to signi.cantly increase overhearing opportunities as shown in Figure 6, yet throughput gains are limited.


3.2.1 Node abstraction The interface abstracts from the underlying hardware.

it provides node entities with one or multiple antennas that can be mapped to any combination of WARP antennas in the testbed.


In addition, let CI be the feasible region of resource allocation.

the resource allocation vector x is feasible if x .CI .


To cope with this situation, throughout the 2nd phase of the algorithm we exploit pricing to bring about a Pareto improvement in integrated network s performance via cells load balancing.

our intention is to take advantage of the pricingbased algorithms for solving individual cell s resource allocation optimization problems (EORA_NSA) to shape incoming users behavior, in terms of different access networks cells selection towards improving the performance from an integrated system viewpoint (NCS_ NSA).


Edman and Yener also used their setup, based on USRP2 software de.ned radios,1 to attempt toimpersonatelaptop-based nodes.

by recording many 802.11b frames, they trained their software de.ned radio attacker to reproduce the modulation attributes (e.g., average phase error and frequency o.set) of the legitimate laptop-based nodes.


In this section, we investigate the impact of node dynamics on protocol performance.

we address the question of how high a rate Figure 4 plots the total number of nodes (S-nodes and T-nodes) and the number of S-nodes in the network at each snapshot, for experiments with .


Also, the congestion window handling of later SACKs will only take care of newly acknowledged TSNs.

when the missing TSNs are eventually acknowledged later, the window must not grow.


Further, the privacy region becomes the convex hull of the k' positions, yielding a privacy area that may be much smaller than the expected s. To counter these problems, we must have some control over the distribution of the dummy positions in location privacy queries.

we must avoid extreme cases in which many dummy positions are clustered very closely.


To study these protocols at large scales, we construct a .ow-level simulator for PDQ, D3 and RCP.

we use an iterative approach to .nd the equilibrium .ow sending rates with a time scale of 1 ms.


NAA impacts the sensitivity of this behavioral approach.

the distribution of hosts and network applications across those hosts impacts the normal tra.c patterns on an enterprise network.


In addition, apart from feasibility, the first experience in the system usage has exhibited efficient and scalable performance for the implemented mechanisms to support mobility.

the tracing and discovery service has shown good scalability while increasing the number of mobile entities involved, mainly due to the delegation and distribution of registering duties over all involved places, without forcing to maintain a centralized and strictly consistent naming service.


The deviation can be in terms of amplitude, phase timing, or width of the signal pulse.

jitter is how early or late a signal transition is in reference to when it should transition.


7.6 Non-monotonic algebra As an example of an algebra that is not monotone consider the algebra of the previous section but with the ordering of the set W being inverse-lexicographic, instead of lexicographic.

(x1,n1)(x2,n2) if and only if n1 <n2, or n1 = n2 and x1 = x2.


Instead of attempting to embed all the nodes in a global Cartesian-space based on RTT measurements, Netvigator performs local clustering for proximity estimation.

one scheme Netvigator [29] uses to estimate latency from a node X to another node Y is based on MIN-SUM formulation: latency(X, Y )=min {d(X, l)+ d(Y, l)}, l.L where L is the set of landmarks and milestones and d(X, l) denotes the measured latency from node X to l. In the S3 architecture, distributed Netvigator uses web service interfaces of sensor pods to con.gure periodic invocations of traceroute sensor from each machine to chosen landmark nodes.


As a result of such competition,ISPs are evolving theirbusiness models and selling transit to their customers in many ways to try to retain pro.ts.

many transit ISPs implement pricing strategies wheretraf.cispricedby volume ordestination[9].


Recent lower bounds [31] suggest that the O(log N)sorting overhead is fundamental to achieving good delay bounds.

any scheduler that has a complexity of below O(log N) must incur a GPS-relative delay proportional to N, the number of .ows.


5.3 Results In this section, we quantify the effectiveness of using multivariate, network-wide analysis of routing updates to detect network disruptions that might otherwise be missed.

we .nd the following: (1) the subspace method detects every documented link and node failure on the Abilene backbone network and nearly two-thirds of documented failures on Abilene peering links; (2) the amount of routing data that must be processed to successfully identify network disruptions are reasonable, suggesting that our techniques could ultimately be incorporated into an online detection system; and (3) though speci.c parameters in the subspace method are tunable, the technique works well for a wide range of settings.


PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITY In this section we present an evaluation of the performance of Netkit.

we consider emulated network scenarios consisting of an increasing number of nodes and measure the startup time of the emulation.


In a well-functioning network characterized by clients with low mobility, we expect clients to have high persistence values.

clients stay connected to an AP for long periods while they are static, and only infrequently change APs during movement.


In this scheme, a complete data index for the broadcast is re- peated every (~)th of the broadcast.

the entire index occurs m times during a broadcast, where m is a parameter.


This paper presents analytical results that shed light on the latency of opportunistic forwarding in wireless networks with duty cycling.

we give approximation formulas and bounds for the expected latency of opportunistic forwarding in presence of duty cycling for general .nite network topologies, and an exact formula for a speci.c regular network topology that captures some common sensor network deployment scenarios.


In fact, it results in at least two message round trips, requires to perform a number of cryptographic operations, and assumes that DTLS client and server have been already provided with some preliminary security material.

two main approaches to provide preinstalled cryptographic keys are admitted.


We know from the design of MRSCBF that elements are inserted into SCBF i with sampling probability pi.

to .nd out the number of occurrences of x from the observation T,we use the principle of MLE, i.e., we would like to .nd f that maximizes Pr(F = f|T).F = argmax Pr(F = f|T).


of L Aquila DIEI/DEWS L Aquila, Italy fabio.graziosi@univaq.it ABSTRACT In this paper, a general framework for performance evaluation of cooperative spectrum sensing methods over realistic propagation environments is proposed.

the framework accounts for correlated Log Normal shadowing in both sensing and reporting channels, and yields simple and easy to use formulas for computing the Detection Probability of a distributed network of secondary users using Amplify and Forward (AF) relying for data reporting to the fusion center.


Therefore, to compute the probability of convergence to the all one state, it su.ces to analyze the evolution of the marginal probabilities.

let pti be the probability that player i cooperates at time t.Then for each i .


Our goal is to extend this representation so as to include cross-layer interactions with upper layers, especially the transport layer, where multimedia tra.c may require special handling.

the structure of ns3 for LTE includes four modules which can be implemented with interchangeable solutions.


The motivations behind our work are (i) to relax some of the limitations of [6] and [5] and (ii) to obtain results under a more general network model than the models used in these studies.

the results of these works are strongly dependent on the propagation model (P/x.


SETTINGPARAMETERS In the following analysis, our goal is to choose a sampling rate p, and stash size W that will maximize the expected number of delay samples that we extract from FineComb.

we would like to maximize the expected number of packets that are hashed to usefulbuckets, so that we can estimate delay as accurately as possible.


However, as R becomes very large, the aggregate noise startstocancel outthebene.tbecausethetarget signal decreases quickly with the distance from the target.

the measurements of sensors far away from the target contain low quality information and hence fusing them leads to lower detection performance.


SIMULATION RESULTS We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms via simulations.

static wireless mesh networks are constructed with N nodes randomly located in a 1500×1500 m2 region, and source node is randomly chosen.


Assitive environments, however, have critical privacy requirements.

data security and privacy must be maintained to protect patients from having their health information exposed.


The reason for this is that a high-performance DTN can overwhelm the slower wide area link causing packet loss.

the set of applications that run on a DTN is typically limited to parallel data transfer applications like GridFTP or FDT.17 user-agent applications associated with general-purpose computing and business productivity (e.g., email clients, document editors, media players) are not installed.


Our proposed system, ISPY, exploits a key observation about IP pre.x hijacking: due to the rich connectivity of the ASes in the Internet, a pre.x hijack almost always pollutes a signi.cant percentage of the ASes, i.e., those ASes will route any packet destined to the hijacked pre.x to the attacker s network, as opposed to the victim s network.

when a pre.x hijack is ongoing, the victim s network will experience failure in probing a large number of networks, as the probe reply will be routed to the attacker s network.


Suppose that the estimation algorithm of transmission success rates gives accurate results.

(the algorithm outputs accurate transmission success rates if the input were really the number of packets received.)


On the other hand, nodes in a mobile network could be MNNs which could support MIPv6 to avoid triangle routing or LFNs to which network mobility is transparent.

our solution is compatible to NEMOBSP for LFNs.


The next question we address is how important the fast .ows are.

how much of the total bytes transferred are accounted for by the fastest .ows?


Since our algorithm requires global topology, a natual approach is to implement it at the base-station.

the base-station runs the feasibility check and if feasible, it broadcasts the solution to all the nodes in the network so as to instruct them on how to relay data .ows to the base-station.


GPA does not have enough information to make a prediction.

there is no cell Cl in VM with a signi.cant transition probability Pe.In this case, the prediction will be yield to the local prediction algorithm (Figure 6).


The signature action is a spoofed service request.

a UDP datagram that pretends to come from one of the trusted addresses, although it did not originate from the corresponding interface.


In the late 1990s, a larger series of projects from various parts of the world further addressed key issues related to stratospheric telecommunications, including the design of efficient wireless communications systems, the study of radio propagation and potential interference with terrestrial and satellite systems and the development of modular communication payloads.

among the multiple initiatives, European projects FP5 HeliNet [4] and FP6 CAPANINA [5] addressed these issues through the investigation of the means for HAPs to deliver broadband services.


In the .rst set of experiments, we aim to achieve the minimum live latencies in both the server push and no push cases.

since segment duration is the major source of live latency, we con.gure it as a small number (i.e., 1 sec) in both cases, and we compare the two cases in terms of the live latency and the request overhead (i.e., request rate).


At the resulting CD of 1848msg/s, the channel is signi.cantly overutilized.

to use the channel e.ciently, an adaptation of Tx parameters is necessary to keep CD at its optimal level when vehicle density changes.


The .rst problem we note with current RELs is the dif.culty of reuse.

because the extensions in current RELs are content-based, rather than functionalitybased, reuse is di.cult.


In certain scenarios it performed best, while in others it performed worst.

it has shown an unpredictable behavior while at the same time rejecting connection requests.


On the other hand, the table shows that there are a small number of networks in which we observe more nodes and links in the networklayer topology.

we see this for AT&T, Tinet, NTT, Sprint, Layer42, and Hurricane Electric (abbreviated as HE in the table).


That is, end-to-end transport does not involve the termination and subsequent re-initiation of the access protocol procedures at every intermediate hop.

medium access control is pathoriented in that access to the channel at the source is for multiple hops enroute to the destination and the packet does not have to recontend at each intermediate hop.


Identifying Persistent Items Over a Fixed Window: Devise a space-e.cient algorithm that takes as input a prespeci.ed window W = S1 n and a persistence threshold a, and at the end of observing the stream, returns the set of all items that are a-persistent.

the algorithm will report every item that is a-persistent in W and will not report any item that is not a-persistent.


In this paper, we will show that a chip multiprocessor is an efficient and flexible architecture for SDR.

we implemented an SDR architecture for IEEE 802.11a receiver baseband processing on a chip multiprocessor.


{vj | ij (t) }, and a subset of the =Øedges Ei(t)={ejk(t)|vj ,vk .V i(t)}.

we de.ne the subgraph Ci(t)=G(Vi(t),Ei(t))as the component within which vertex vi lies at time t. the component Ci(t)is the graph representing the portion of the network that vehicle ican reach via multi-hop communication at time t. The size of the component, Si(t)= IVi(t)I, is the number of nodes that belong to it.


Subscripts are as follows: t|t is the current time period, t-1|t-1 is the previous time period, and t|t-1 is the intermediate steps [33].

r is often determined before using the filter.


in the following .gure, we illustrate properties Pd, d = 0,..., 4, calculated for a given graph G of size 4, where for simplicity, values of all distributions P are the total numbers of corresponding subgraphs, i.e., P (2, 3) = 2 means Generalizing, we de.ne the dK-distributions to be degree correlations within non-isomorphic simple connected subgraphs of size d and the dK-series Pd to be the series of properties constraining the graph s dK-distribution to the same form as in a given graph G. Pd tells us how groups of d-nodes with degrees k1, ..., kd interconnect.


We formalize the concept of reachability graphs.

under conditions that hold for all empirical datasets, we prove an additive prop- Table 1: Notations used in this paper Notation Meaning N Number of vertices G A time-varying graph (TVG) t Edge traversal time of a TVG .


EVOLVING DYNAMICS OF IPV4 AND IPV6 INFRASTRUCTURE Continuing to explore our hypothesis that a maturing IPv6 network should look more like the IPv4 network, we compare the evolution of routing dynamics in IPv4 and IPv6.

we focus on the evolution of update churn, correlation between the update churn seen from different vantage points, path exploration, and convergence times in IPv4 and IPv6.


Given the available resources and the ease of connecting to their providers, how successful can we expect any OC scheme to be?

the ERA attempts to capture the OC-friendliness of a given networked setting.


In order to solve such a problem and make the TEMP IP solution more reliable, in Section 3.3 we introduced a new approach based on the SIP presence model for determining the correct TEMP IP.

with the help of other STAs we are able to .nd a TEMP IP with no time constraints without adding to the total handoff time and therefore reducing to zero the risk of having a duplicate IP address.


A middlepipe propagates callback triggers through modi.cation of responses.

middlepipes add markers to the response headers in a standard way.


While our paper has focused on IM, we believe that the ideas developed in this paper can be applied to more recent social networking applications.

our analysis of the issues with client consolidation and standard gateways, the use of bypass gateways, and the need for a deployment path with the appropriate incentives, are all applicable to the general problem of interconnection.


It serves as an abstract concept and is able to quantify the real congestion of the channel including overlapping transmissions.

the channel load is the sum of all transmissions which (on their own and without the help of other interfering transmissions) would block a node from sending3 .


It is then a function of both the number of nodes present in the network and the current time slot.

it decreases as the elapsed time gets larger because the number of nodes competing for the channel also decreases.


While we agree in principle, their priority progress streaming approach requires a large amount of bu.ering to hide TCP throughput variations.

this smoothing bu.er is required to hide the rate-halving and recovery time in TCP s normal approach of probing for bandwidth which grows proportionally with the round-trip time.


To collaboratively generate the shared secret key between one sensor and the CU, all the available sensor nodes are selected as one-hop relay nodes.

multiple paths, each with one relay node chosen from other nodes are built between that sensor and the CU.


In this paper, we try to bridge this gap by introducing a fully distributed, randomized protocol called TWIN for building a dominating set in logarithmic time, w.h.p.1, in a wireless multi-hop network based on more realistic radio propagation and interference models with respect to those commonly usedin thedistributed algorithms community.

we assume radio wave propagation obeys a costbased generalization of the log-distance path loss model, which can be used to resemble a close approximation of the well-knownlog-normal shadowing model.


Investigating further, we observed that all metrics hint to a large number of UDP .ows incoming to the MiniPoP that are never answered.

28% of UDP .ows coming to the MiniPoP are unanswered, and 65% of this is due to Kad and KadU clients.


CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION We address the current wireless data network congestion problem using a pricing approach.

we focus on time dependent pricing scheme where prices are time varying.


Hence, the hp of a stream request, defined as the product of viewbased priority number and role-based priority number, provides sufficient randomness for the low-level resource allocation.

the hp value is no different from a random value in forest construction.


Further, because of 802.11 randomjitters,thetwocollisionsarelikely to have different offsets, i.e.,.1 .= .2.SaythattheAP cancomputethese offsets(asexplained in §5.1), the AP can then .nd a chunk of bits that experience interference in one collision but is interference-free in the other, such aschunk1inFig.

2.AZigZagAP usesthischunkto bootstrapits decoder.sincechunk1isinterference-freeinthe .rst collision, the AP can decode it using a standard decoder.


Thecache-updateprotocolleveragesthisobservation: a stalehost mapping needstobecorrected only whenthat mapping is used to deliver traffic.

when a stale mapping isused,somepacketsarriveat astaleLA aToR whichdoes not host the destination server anymore.


Specifically, the supplicant can re-use the values of SNonce until a legitimate handshake is completed and a shared PTK is achieved between the supplicant and the authenticator.

the supplicant does not update its nonce responding to each received Message 1 until Message 3 is received and verified.


We proposed a new DHT paradigm called Stealth DHT that is capable of tackling these problems.

a Stealth DHT simpli.es the DHT operations for stealth nodes, which leads to improved performance.


Twometrics are usedinour experiments: (a) The computational overhead per node the total number of CPU cycles and the CPU running time that are required to .nd a shared key divided by the number of communicating nodes.

the reported computational overhead for RPB is the overhead of the receiver side because the sender has lower computational overhead than the receiver.


This recovery strategy has extensively been studied in unit disk and quasi unit disk graphs.

a unit disk graph connects any two nodes if and only if their Euclidean distance is less or equal to a unique sending radius r. the transmission area of each device v is a circle with center v and a unique radius r. The class of quasi unit disk graphs extends the concept of unit disk graphs by allowing a limited variation of the transmission area of each device; it may be of any shape provided that its boundary lies within a minimum and maximum circle while the ratio over the minimum and v maximum circle radii is limited by 2 [1, 16].


To reflect the two main properties of radio irregularity, namely non-isotropic and continuous variation, we adjust the value of path loss models in Equation 1 based on DOI values, resulting in the following formula: Received Signal Strength = Sending Power DOI Adjusted Path Loss + Fading (2) DOI Adjusted Path Loss = Path Loss × Ki (3) Here Ki is a coefficient to represent the difference in path loss in different directions.

ki is the ith degree coefficient, which is calculated in the following way: .


For example, node Ni will have a distinctive secret key SK(C, Ni ) with node Nj SK(C, N j ), so that Ni cannot decrypt the encrypted messages SK(C, N j )[MSG] of Nj, vice versa.

when a secret key becomes a unique evidence for a specified entity, the unique secret key also acts as a means of authentication.


Departing: 61.9% This implementation updates the RR array as packets leave the router, and thus does not update the RR array for expiring packets.

when a TTL=1 packet arrives at a router, the router does not add an address to the RR array.


With that in mind, this paper intends to extend the idea of QoS through multiple RPL instances by exploring the e.ect of tra.c differentiation at the network layer.

how distinct OFs over the same physical network can provide QoS tra.c di.erentiation for multiple tra.c classes.


4.3 Handling failures and asymmetry Perhaps surprisingly, many failures in a symmetric network can be handled seamlessly, because they do not violate the symmetry property.

complete node failures that is, failed end hosts or switches remove all shortest paths between a sourcedestination pair that pass through the failed node.


The client application monitors its IP address by sending a HTTP request periodically.


Types of operations: We subject Maple to 3 types of operations: (1) augments, where Maple evaluates a policy, augments the trace tree, generates .ow table updates, and installs the updates at switches; (2) lookups, where Maple handles a packet by looking up the cached answer in the trace tree; and (3) invalidations, where Maple invalidates part of the trace tree and deletes rules generated for those subtrees.

we evaluate host invalidations, which are caused by host mobility and remove all leaf nodes related to a moved host, and port invalidations, which support topology updates and remove any leaf node whose action uses a given port.


(R2 .o.Oo): .s .S : |sp|=E, where |.|denotes the Euclidean distance (all other distance functions in the following refer to the Graph distance ).

for all points of R2 not belonging to a hole there is a nearby sensor.


For simplicity, we assume that the uni.cation procedure tries to match its second argument against the .rst one whenever possible.

mgu(t, l) = s whenever var(t) n var(l) = Ø and t = ls.


Computational re.ection [2, 3] is a technique that allows a system to observe and maintain information about itself (meta-data) and use this information to change its behavior (adapt).

the system maintains a causally-connected self representation.


More interestingly, such an ability can also be directly used in applications which require proximity knowledge, e.g., social networks and mobile advertising.

each node has to send its own information to its neighbors while trying to discover the identities and other potentially useful information, e.g., routing tables, from its neighbors.


For example, it is important to e.ciently identify the locations of mobile sinks and disseminate information from multi-source nodes to the multi-mobile sinks.

a stationary dissemination path may no longer to e.ective in mobile sink applications, due to sink mobility.


The ACTP has been tested over a set of classical examples, like the negotiation process that is defined in the Contract Net Protocol.

the test cases involved multiple failures of several components of the communication process.


This would result in broadcasts that consist of N signatures and up to N sets of revoked data.

the messages would typically be roughly N times larger than in the single-CA case, and thus would decrease the timeliness of the information by a factor of roughly N, as well.


To this end, for a given client, we replace the server selected by Akamai, Sakam with the representative of the cluster to which Sakam belongs.

we assume that all clients that would have been sent to any server in a given big cluster in the existing platform, will be served from the cluster center in the consolidated case.


The Skype client then returns plain text messages to the application.

the Skype API has a search users command that takes a search string as a parameter and returns a list of users whose ID, birth name, or e-mail address matches the string.


In this paper, we focus on the distance-dominated communication-related power consumption in WSNs.

we are interested in topology control, an underlying process even below the traditional layer structure.


While any approach based on approximations, tends to be amenable for false-positives, the above approach is as robust as the data captured since the convex is localized with respect to either each key parameter identified or the set of identified related parameter blocks.

convex hull is not taken for the complete set of parameters but computed for each of the identified set of parameters.


In this case, n2 is increasing in n, i.e., there does not exist a converging process C(t).

the model here is not appropriate to study this case, and di.erent methods are needed.


Traf.c Engineering (TE) refers to techniques for optimizing the performance of operational networks.

traf.c engineering attempts to ameliorate congestion-control problems by allocating resources (e.g., bandwidth) ef.ciently.


Since P ' P does not =Edy =Edy necessarily need to be true, using the de.nition of recognizability we know T .P .

p is not strongly IEdy A denotes the attacker s knowledge.


As can be seen, when the number of beacons is less than 35, the size of Region II is larger than the size of Region I.

the size of Region II is nearly 2 times greater than the size of Region I when beacons are less than 25.


3.1 Information Management in VANETs Regarding distributed information management, there are several approaches which discuss intelligent retransmissions of broadcast messages to realize persistent availability (e. g. [16]).

vehicles within an area retransmit information according to dedicated rules.


integer programming and local search) that can potentially rectify the above ine.ciency.

the approach transforms the STP-MSP from a Euclidean problem to a discrete problem on a graph.


Both D and L are con.gurable parameters and each represents a tradeoff between responsiveness of the detection component and unnecessary invocation of the diagnosis component.

with a low value of D or L, any change in delays/losses will be detected quickly but it may also result in invoking the diagnosis component unnecessarily.


The resultant qi,h(r)is proportional to the link quality between the BTS i .Dh and the SHO user h [3].

qi,h(r)= qh(r) ×wi,h,where wi,h is the weighting factor of required transmission power a wi,h for the link between BTS i and user h. is designed as wi,h = Li,h/ Li,h.


In this case, if the broadcasting process is not properly designed to handle that problem, the delivery capability will be hampered.

when a vehicle receives a message and such vehicle does not have any neighbor to continue disseminating it, then the vehicle simply rebroadcasts the message and then discards it.


This example illustrates both short-term and long-term unfairness, both per-node fairness and per- flow fairness.

simply looking at the through- put evolution of flows 4 and 11 in two time intervals [20,25] and [30,35] illustrates the different fairness characteristics observed in different time intervals.


The provision for upstream communications during SMTP handshake in [15] is inadequate for the purpose of providing policies Figure 2: Service Level Agreement Policy (SLAP) The choice of selecting between one of the above transmission schemes is entrusted to SLAP.

sLAP must .rst evaluate the trustworthiness of a sender and its SESP and accordingly grant them the desired service level, as pictured in .gure 2.


HFTs provide a model for resolving con.icts in a hierarchy of policies, and a formally-veri.ed compiler from such hierarchies to .ow tables suitable for OpenFlow switches.

hFTs use con.ict resolution operators within and between each node in the hierarchy to .exibly resolve con.icts.


Strictly speaking, this network may need channel capacities which are a constant factor larger than the design it is trying to route.

if we construct the network to a dd (c,p), where c= k×c, any design dominated by a (c,p)Rent Relationship will be routable.


Handover between WINNER and legacy networks if the WINNER system and legacy networks are not tightly or very tightly coupled.

if the different RATs are connected through gateway(s), then a handover between these heterogonous networks will be an IP handover.


Moreover, since the links are chosen in a round-robin fashion, free riders are given repeated bene.t.


The modelover-estimatesifanyofthe achieved throughputs when applying the test input rates xs, is less than the corresponding estimated output rate.

the estimated output rates ys are not feasible.


Therefore, after local defects are turned off by breaking the links between state 0 and state 1 nodes, the degree on a cycle which makes a nonzero class in .rst homology of the Rips complex Rr(X) is determined by the number of wavefronts already generated and their directions of propagation.

degree on all cycles is determined absolutely by the number and directions of the waves they pass through.


To gracefully cope with churn, P2P systems must be able to e.ciently handle the signi.cant fraction of peers who join the system for just a few minutes.

churn could signi.cantly a.ect the connectivity of P2P overlays.


Furthermore, while all objects react to relevant events, di.erent classes of objects react in di.erent ways.

object behavior changes over time and is not uniform across all nodes.


Given that past studies of the Internet peering ecosystem assumed exactly the opposite of what our .ndings support, there is a need for a major overhaul of the mental picture that our community has about the AS-level Internet, not only in terms of local and overall structure, but also with respect to its evolution in response to often rapidly changing business conditions locally at an IXP or within the larger Internet.

we argue that assessing the standing of a network within the Internet s ecosystem has to account for network-speci.c features (e.g., business type) and some notion of traf.c that this network is responsible for, either as a source, sink, or transit entity.


We do this by considering the Jaccard distace of the label sets L(x) and L(x ' ), which is de.ned as follows: ` ' ´ |L(x) nL(x ' )| J x,x |L =1 - .

|L(x) .L(x ' )| the Jaccard distance captures the extent to which two label sets overlap, as a fraction of the total number of labels in both sets.


To see why, notice that while Tier 1s are more central (and thus have short paths to most ASes in the internetwork), they are also more expensive.

a Tier 1 is always a provider/peer of its neighbors, so even if those neighbors learn a short path through the Tier 1, they will prefer to route over a (potentially longer) path through one of their own customers.


For each TCP connection in our traces, we compute the through put for every 50 Kbytes sent.

we .lter out very short con nections, where throughput has not stabilized (e.g., the connection Percentage of hosts 70 60 50 40 30 20 10is in the TCP slow start phase [13]).


Fortunately, depending on the extent of the dataset that is collected and the nature of what-if scenario, machine learning algorithms can reveal the dependencies among the variables and use the dependency structure to intelligently re-weigh and re-sample the different parts of the existing dataset to perform this transformation.

if the what-if scenario is expressed in terms of the changes to values of the variables that are observed in the dataset and the changed values or similar values of these variables are observed in the dataset even with small densities in the original dataset, then we can transform the original dataset to one that is representative of the what-if scenario as well as the underlying principles of the system, while requiring minimal input from the network designer.


They can work in an asynchronous mode, and directly handle variable length packets.

each input port or output port periodically chooses a packet with an arbitrary length to send to or receive from the crosspoint buffer, and does not need to wait for other input ports or output ports.


INTRODUCTION In wireless networks, node selection among competing nodes has been widely adopted in various applications such as cooperative communication schemes [2,4], medium access control (MAC) layer scheduling schemes [6], forwarding algorithms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [7], and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) [5].

a distributed and fast relay selection is an essential operation for data routing in mobile networks with dynamic topology changes and short lived links [3].


We observe that the ordering of .ow assignment affects the performance.

we .nd that assigning .ows in order of descending Di.Perf (f)*vf [i] performs very well, where Di.Perf (f) is the predicted performance difference between the best performing ISP and the worst performing ISP, and vf [i] is .ow f s volume during time interval i.


Our microbenchmarks demonstrate that SIC can allow a receiver to reliably recover packets under interference, even when the interfering signal is stronger.

sIC improvestherobustness ofareceivertohiddenterminalswithout requiring other changes to the MAC or physical layer.


the new objective function is represented by equation 13 and the additional rule space constraint 14 is added.


MeshDV combines proactive route computation for routers and on-demand path setup for clients.

the proactive route computation on the mesh backbone can be done using the traditional hop-count metric as well as the physical transmission rate (cross-layer) metric.


The challenge facing Internet research and engineering is to recognize and leverage this reality at minimum to accommodate it; if possible, to use it to strengthen the technical architecture.

the technical architecture must accommodate the tussles of society, while continuing to achieve its traditional goals of scalability, reliability, and evolvability.


Node it updates its path to be the most preferred path (according to .it ) consistent with P t-1.

(a) Pit,t EFit is consistent with P t-1, and (b) Pit,t =it P it .


i ii j=1 In the former case the user is said to be blocked, in the latter to be dropped.

we de.ne Pi(drop instant k)= k-1 « Y (0) (j) (j-1) (k) (k-1) = Ai(r)Ai(r|r) 1 -Ai(r|r) iii ii j=1 which is the probability that the user is dropped at the kth evaluation.


if k+ 6.7355p0 = 4.6946, a global cascade occurs.


We now show that there is some time T0such that for all t.T0, con.g(t)is a valid con.guration.

after t.T0, all the invalid external routes are .ushed out of AS0.


Delivering any MSG message to A ' , C ' also includes the message identi.er into the message.

a ' can send an MSG message to C ' with a di.erent format; it only contains an identi.er id and an energy level e.Upon the reception of such a message, C ' searches for the original message which is associated with identi.er id in its internal store, and delivers this stored message using the energy level e. Although A ' also receives the original message with its associated identi.er from C ' , he is not able to modify that, since C ' only accepts a message identi.er issued by himself andanenergylevel from A ' .A ' can only delete messages, since A ' can also send special DEL and JAM ' '' messages to C .


This relative degradation of SWARM performance with respect to AODV, comes as a direct result of coupling SWARM s multiple path generation mechanism with passive probing.

sWARM routing nodes are left exposed to rapid and extended changes in the network by the way paths are created and maintained.


The value of d de.nes the minimum measurable change in .fj,i, and hence the .nest quantization of cos ., i.e., its resolution.

the .nest quantization we have in computing cos .


There were also 15 incidents where the network operator and the tra.c data were in disagreement.

there were 11 cases of transient failures where the operator did not .nd a physical network issue even though there was signi.cant loss of tra.c observed for a short period of time (typically 5-10 minutes).


Figure 4 shows the Mean Opinion Score (MoS) obtained when using these three protocols.

the subjective quality of the audio call as seen by users.


Requirement 2 ensures that an initiator node appropriately identi.es the .rst k events.

it does not mistake a later event for an earlier one.


Yet, the objective of the IFA protocol is to provide inter-node performance isolation, independent of the traf.c types.

if traf.c originating at one TAP is continuously backlogged UDP traf.c, TCP traf.c originating at upstream or downstream TAPs should not be penalized.


and f, the more stringent are the requirements on being a weakly dominant congested link.

the de.nition of a weakly dominant congested link is the same as that of a strongly dominant congested link when .


In our NoC design, normal packets are not scheduled by our GSS flow controller.

our GSS flow controller for memorypackets and a conventional flow controller for other packets areparallelly performed.


The results show that: There is a nonlinear relationship between the number of micro sites per macro cell (N) and the tra.c capacity gain.

we observe that out of the scenarios we study N = 5 brings much higher capacity gain, irrespective of the other network planning parameters.


These two problems are solved separately and coordinated by the pricing vector .. 4.2.1 The multipath opportunistic routing problem (SUB1) It is straightforward to see that problem SUB1 is decomposable with respect to each player.

both the objective and the constraint can be decoupled, thus each player performs an individual optimization: X max ln(.k)- .k · x k (17) ij ij k x (i,j).Ek subjectto: constraint(7) and(8).


It employs rateless coding and .xed 16QAM constellation.

source bits are encoded by a Raptor code, then every four rateless bits form a symbol and is mapped to 16QAM constellation with Gray code.


(1) The number of POPs found for HE in Table 3 is 23 but in Table 5 the number of POPs found for HE is 24.

pOPsicle deployed at Equinix Chicago saw an extra node in Calgary, Canada (YYC) which is veri.ed with Datahive IX.


In particular, the ACS node power consumption is modeled as a constant term PC plus an additional term PD that takes into account the impact of load variation.


Let I denote the collection of the independent sets in ...

i is the collection of the subsets of .. which can transmit successfully at the same time over the same channel.


The experiments were conducted in a residential area with a high number of co-located WiFi networks.

the game state module of the client applies a game state if the current client scene is signi.cantly di.erent from the received game state.


While previous studies have measured how quickly and thoroughly administrators patch software vulnerabilities [25, 27, 35], we are, to the best of our knowledge, the .rst to study administration of certi.cates in the wake of a vulnerability.

figure 6: Fraction of domains that have at least one host that was ever vulnerable to Heartbleed as a function of Alexa rank, as well as domains that continued to be vulnerable at the end of the study.


618622, Taipei, Taiwan, 15-18 October 1996.

2 i=1 the mean data delay is given by ~ ~~ ~ ~ E[Td ] =E[D1] +E[D2] +E[D3] +E[D7] , (30) ~ ' =T +E[D ] 7 '3 where T = T +NT .


Smart office, kindergarten: systems containing wireless sensors will be an integral part of our office space.

we have the following delivery delays of an idealized point of the message.


We adopt the energy allocation index (EAI) which is a ratio: the remainder energy divided by the number of its possible children.

in the phase of routing maintenance, we design the different mechanism for the leaf node and router node.


For each relay group path, Cashmere incurs computational cost that includes encryption cost of L· Ce at the source, decryption cost of 2Cd at relay group root, decryption cost of Cd at each relay group member, and additional operations to refresh caches after relay group root failures.

if Cashmere is being used for one-way communication (anonymous message) the attacker infers the .rst relay group root on the chain (which includes the destination s re 1 lay group) as the source with probability if the L-n+1 .rst root is non-malicious, where n is the length of the chain.


We describe .rst the choke algorithm in leecher state.

as an example, the most popular peer-to-peer .le sharing networks [1] eDonkey2K, FastTrack, Gnutella, Overnet focus on content localization.


Meanwhile, in both scenario, with sociological knowledge, the transition between S state and I state consists of two transition .ows (i.e., from friend or from stranger) with different rates.

impact of human mobility on opportunistic forwarding algorithms.


in such scenario we can reduce the redundancy of data reporting and hence save energy of sensor nodes.


23 connections fail to give results because the correct correspondency sequence is eliminated prematurely during the searching process.

the magnitude of ack compression is small in this simulation scenario, so we did not observe the obvious sign that ack compression adversely affects the estimation performance here.


Switching an interface incurs a non-negligible delay (around 5 ms in our testbed), and too frequent switching may signi.cantly degrade performance.

the wireless broadcast property is used to e.ciently exchange information with multiple neighbors (for example, during route discovery).


With the help of the previous work [4], we can get the information of .ow setup time for three di.erent control plane cases: NOX, Beacon, and Maestro.

an attacker will still face two challenges: (i) how to collect T 1 and T 2 values, and (ii) how to know whether T 1 values are di.erent from T 2 when considering random noises.


The simulations were performed using the ns [22] simulator.

we assume that the traf.c demand matrix can vary rapidly or may be unknown.


In the SD prototype, this involves using the Linux iproute2 utility to set a routing table entry.

.nding optimal solutions to these problems may be computationally intractable.


To evaluate whether the allocated time-slots can support the required statistical QoS, Fig.

[8] Q. Liu, S. Zhou, and G. B. Giannakis, Cross-layer modeling of adaptive wireless link for QoS support in multimedia networks, ACM/Kluwer J. Wireless Networks, to appear.


de.ne the one-hop interference neighborhood of the (link, time slot) pair (i, t) to be the interfering links of link i at time slot t, i.e., I(i, t)= I(i)× {t}.


a) It is a distributed system which employs collaborating nodes to perform device monitoring which we will simply refer to as job in this paper.


Hence, the node i s OpUtility can be computed based on the Optulity of nodes in its relay set: i+ kj -1 OpUi = .


Second, in WRT the mobile device appears to the outside world (e.g., when accessing a server on the Internet) as part of its home network.

the foreign network F will typically participate in AWRT using its own access point to which M connects on the datalink layer (layer 2) prior to the execution of AWRT.


The database stores pro.les of basic services provided by their respective MSPs.

the cost-effectiveness is indicated by the number of successes yielded by each probe.


if the channel changes faster than this adaptation time, the performance of the rate algorithms can be unpredictable.


5.2 Fuzzy-logic network self-organization In order to improve NORA s performance, we propose the incorporation of fuzzy logic to the decision process, which is where NORIA (Network self-Organization Rule-based Intelligent Algorithm) comes into play.

in Engineering Self-Organising Systems, pages 1 19.


E-DSSA selects an available channel with highest time-slot from the channel pool of the BS (Selection).

channel (Ch) is a Time-slot Code pair (TS, C).


By default, we used recursive top-down forwarding in all our experiments, except when comparing the bene.ts of recursive versus iterative forwarding.

unlike DNSSEC, KRS records are signed by the publishers that owns the namespace to authenticate the KRS record at the consumer application.


Our payment scheme (2) is truthful and minimal among all truthful payment schemes based on PMST.

these line segments have decreasing slopes and there are at most r segments, where r is the number of receivers.


However,this is still avast amount, and a mere creation of several millions of objects would come at signi.cant cost.

we use two principal types of network sensors (i) signature matching sensors and (ii) traf.c .ow sensors, to provide real-time traf.c statistics.


Algorithm 1 SCA congestion avoidance window increase Require: ca increase thresh is the SCA parameter ca increase is initialised to 0 1: if ca increase =0 then 2: cwnd .

previous research has shown that the discrepancy between a Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


We consider a WLAN with an AP; each mobile node has a two-way conversation through the AP with a CN outside of the WLAN, and all the downlink .ows are aggregated at the AP.

correspond i=1 i ingly, we obtain the optimal contention windows for all the other classes [CW* ,CW* ] and the 2,min,CW3* ,min,··· S,min maximum admission region [N1 *,N2 * ,··· ,N*] S  4.3 Multiplexing at AP The contention window and admission region joint solution can be applied to analyze the statistical multiplexing at AP.


To show the potential of OET, we present a case study consisting of an energy-constrained battery-powered WSN which neighbours an energy-harvesting WSN.

as a result, the performance of these transferred tasks may be a.ected.


A database or archive might also be valuable for people who did not participate in the establishment of it, and publishing the data of a large survey usually does not mean that all the work is done.

a scenario is feasible where one turns to an nmVO to get, let s say the average loss of a link on Mondays between 2 and 3 o clock or the fastest path between two nodes.


In this section, we assess the performance and suitability of the proposed scheme.

to copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


the datapaths betweenthe nodes insidetheoverlaymaybe constructed on top of other overlay networks, rather than IP.


[2] Us census bureau, tiger (topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing system).


A positive answer to this question would lay a solid ground for the design of available bandwidth measurement methods and provide them with an assurance of asymptotic accuracy.

figure 8(b) shows the rate response curves for the four traces when the hop is probed using 16-packet trains.