Furthermore, existing data licenses, such as Creative Commons and others conforming to the de.nition of open from the open knowledge foundation16 focus on property rights, not on processing rights, and require an all or nothing decision.

they are licenses for data, not for processing of data.


However, while obtaininga provably secure construction, they sacri.ced computational e.ciency to a certain extend.

every ntor instance requires two online discrete logarithmic (DLog) exponentiations on the client side and 1.33 exponentiations on theserver sidein ntor, where only one online exponentiation each was required on the both sides in the original fourth protocolin[15].


P.Complete) had the lowest average leakage rates, no matter how many recipients the recommenders were allowed to return per suggestion.

from Figure 4, the smaller the number of recommended recipients, the larger the advantage of P.Complete over the other solutions.


The remaining non-zero entropy candidate blocks are then examined further to determine the position of the modification within the 4-KB block.

we took the XORed 4-KB block and found the first non-zero byte at the starting position.


We also select a policy scope, which is essentially the set of applications that should be analysed and for which enforcement should take place.

these are the applications that are likely to be under the control of an attacker willing to take advantage of a kernel vulnerability.


This introduces a new source of vulnerability that must be dealt with.

(i) the privileged controller at the center of the control loop, and (ii) the interfaces to the various actions and sensors in the infrastructure.


By contrast, the JCS approach sets up the host in a way that large portions of application activities become irrelevant to system protection.

by executing applications in isolated and monitored VEs created on demand, we minimize the overheads to monitor VE integrity.


The second soundness subproperty is that we do not infer any contradictions with respect to negative rights.

we never infer that a user is authorized to both write and denyWrite, or rewindBranch and denyRewindBranch to the same object.


However, these pre-computed and stored values are much vulnerable to leakage, in view of the various side-channel attacks (see, e.g., [41, 12]) discovered in recent years.

the powerful cold-boot attack [41] allows an attacker to reveal information about memory contents, particulary the values that are pre-computed and stored in memory, in the absence of computation and even after the device is powered down [57]!


This is the point of view with which we developed ULISSE (Unsupervised Learning IDS with 2Stage Engine) [27], a network-based anomaly detection IDS with a novel two-tier architecture which analyzes network packets overcoming the dimensionality problems which arise in the application of unsupervised learning techniques to network-based anomaly detection.

we use the two-tier architecture to avoid discarding the network packet contents: the .rst tier is an unsupervised clustering algorithm which reduces the network packets payload to a tractable size.


A feature that is desirable for any mobile agent system is instant revocation of permissions.

permissions granted to an agent can be expanded or withdrawn dynamically (e.g., when the agent misbehaves).


In this model, privacy of the inputs is ensured against parties that do not cheat but try to infer additional information from the observed messages.

this model guarantees that even an insider that is able to access the communication records of the secure computation is unable to obtain additional information about the inputs.


Additionally, Figure 4 provides information where we consider the response time of victims ( unavailable+slow , dashed line).

next to being unavailable, we also add hosts to the fraction of a.ected target if their response times were signi.cantly slower than in the non-attack phase.


Then we solve the LP and check the value of the HTH variable in the solution, which would serve as an indicator for the existence of HTHs.

if the characterization result of the HTH variable is close to 0, we conclude that no HTHs are on the chip; otherwise, we assume some HTHs exist.


Nonetheless, despite the seeming impossibility of solving this problem, we show that it is possible to reconcile these two demands.

we show e.cient protocols for privacy-friendly symmetrickey authentication, which we expect will be well-suited to library RFID applications and of interest beyond RFID.


Generic sort However, we can do better if we have more information about the given protection domain kind.

if a protection domain kind K provides a fast method to shuf.e vectors, an ef.cient method for sorting can be implemented [26].


While it is established that classi.cation performance degrades with time for a .xed model in adversarial applications [52], a fundamental question is to measure the system s con.dence in its mistakes.

low-con.dence misclassi.cations may be a sign of  Drift 1.


This was considered in the work of [20], however the number of revocations permitted by their public-key scheme is bounded.

if the number of revocations executed in the life-time of the system ex- ceeds the bound, this would allow previously revoked users to gain unlawful access to the system.


The client keeps the sequence of each .le in a secure storage area.

there is no need to retransmit the key IDs sequence whenever playing a .le.


Second, we were able to address and answer questions about attack optimisation.

in our attack the role of fake repeaters (the sybils) is to target a speci.ed subset of repeaters by sending them specially crafted update messages.


Consider any session-key reveal query made by A against a session run by the uncorrupted player B with  z a peer player Z .

b, B, = ,Y Denoted by ( Z, Z g = gy ,X = g x) the corresponding session tag, where the DH-exponent y is generated by (and thus known to) C on behalf of B, but the player Z may be a corrupted one and thus the secret key z or the DH-exponent x is in general unknown to C. the values (Y, y, Zcy ) are (o.ine) generated by C on behalf of B , and can be exposed to A upon its state-reveal query against this session.


The .atter portion of the distribution in high-rank region is due to the nature of link sampling via route measurement.

multiple links are sampled together when each route is measured and there exist no duplicate link samples in a route in general due to the loop-freeness property of Internet routes.


Assuming that other subjects behave properly (in a technical sense), if a subject has enough permissions to carry out the obligations imposed on her, then she is accountable for the unful.llment of the obligation.

although the obligation policy cannot be enforced, at least one can reasonably hold a subject accountable for failure.


Many of the traditional security parameters may be applied to registry security.

the registry contents must be authentic verifiably placed in the registry by a known source (typically the registry owner or maintainer),  authoritative verifiably submitted to the registry by an authorized originator of the data (typically the organization providing the Web service),  unmodified verifiably identical at the time of retrieval to what was originally placed in the registry,  current warranted (typically by the registry owner or maintainer) to be the most up-to-date information supplied by the service providers.


An over 50% growth of relative latency is caught between the two generations.

dRAM read latencies (in ME cycles) of IXP2400 and 2800 are 248% and 606% that of IXP1200.


3.2 Relation to Previous De.nitions We say a group key exchange protocol is UC-secure if it securely realizes the (multi-session extension of ) ideal functionality FG KE .

for any adversary A there exists an ideal adversary S such that no ppt environment Z can determine whether it is interacting with A and players running the protocol in the real world, or whether it is interacting with S and dummy players communicating with (the multi-session extension of ) ideal functionality FG KE in the ideal world.


Brent Waters SRI International Menlo Park, CA bwaters@csl.sri.com get together and build a pirate decoder D. Then there is a tracing algorithm Trace that takes the public key PK as input and interacts with Das a black-box oracle.

the algorithm outputs the identity of at least one of the users who created D.Ø TraceD (PK) .T.Note, however, = that there is no way to revoke the traitor broadcasts can always be decrypted by all users.


However, as the basic (H)MQV is role-independent, for two sessions between the same pair of players A and B but with the opposite order of DH-component exchange (which may be made by a cross-message attack [25]),4 player A (resp., B) thinks it is interacting with a responder B (resp., A), while the session-key outputs in these two sessions are the same.

two sessions (between the same pair of players) output the same session-key but with role confusion between each other.


The published key update information aims to bind the unrevoked identities with the current time period.

only those unrevoked users can use these information for the current time period to update their private keys.


Secondly, they require direct encryption, where the encryption function is addressindependent.

two ciphertext pages corresponding to the same plaintext data must be identical, regardless of where the pages are located in the main memory.


Assume that RS is not strong ind-private.

there exists an adversary A which can (E, t, q2,s2,u2,v2)-break the ind-privacy of RS.


Our type quali.er inference on this benchmark staticallyquali.ed expressions written to all but 9 out of the 1348 sinks.

for over 99% of the output sinks, our approach can statically determine a single, precise context.


Finally a set of constraints {c1,...,ct}is violated if at least one ci is violated.

we can determine whether there exists a plan that violates a set of constraints by determining if there exists a plan a that satis.es a constraint expression in disjunctive normal form, where each clause is a conjunction of Type 1 constraints.


As passwords are the most common method of authentication, the password problem is important, and is made worse by the increasing number of users and the number of different systems they access [15,18].

users now need to remember not just one password, but many.


The RHA4 model can be used to control changes to the UA relation and the role hierarchy.

the user-role assignment (u, r) can be added to UA (by administrative role a) provided r .s(a);  the user-role assignment (u, r) can be deleted from UA provided r .s(a);  an edge (r, r ' ) can be added to the role hierarchy provided r, r ' .s(a);  an edge (r, r ' ) can be deleted from the role hierarchy provided r, r ' .s(a);  a role r can be added to R with parents P .R and children C provided C, P .s(a);  a role r can be deleted from R provided r .s(a).


There was no monitoring and feedback in the experiments.

there was no independent recount option.


The main difference between this and our work is that, in our approach, a policy is aiming to protect an object that is distributed to client platforms, and is enforced by a general-purpose trusted reference monitor.

our architecture is more .exible for highly distributed computing systems such as decentralized dissemination control and VoIP applications.


An administrative model speci.es how policy is developed and maintained.

it answers questions regarding which entities are authorized to specify policy for which resources.


The costs of agility need to be managed.

agility should not cause the system to be overwhelmed.


The other information is optional but can help both the accurate detection for the proxy and the targeted alerting service for the user.

the phone model helps the proxy to determine the general capabilities of the smartphone.


This paper is concerned with illegal information .ows through the .xed-priority scheduling subsystem.

we investigate how malicious code (e.g., a virus or a Trojan Horse executing inside a virtual machine) can exploit the scheduling subsystem to illegally transfer information and how this information leakage can be prevented by modifying a budget-enforcing .xed-priority scheduler to treat potentially-leaking blocked threads as if they were ready.


Regarding conditional privacy preserving, some recent works such as [5] propose to achieve the goal by using group signature schemes.

each vehicle in the system is assigned a group private key.


Vulnerability of user authentication on subpage means a possible vulnerability only on subpage.

when users pass through authentication process on subpage, data is not encrypted.


In order to use a company fax machine, an employee is required to log his usage .rst, e.g., where the fax is sent to and with how many pages.

it is a violation of the company s policy to send a fax unless it is logged, whichis a compensatory action.


to the client, who measures the time T from the moment when chal lenge Qwas sent.

we structure queries here in multiple steps, where a step consists of a set of .le blocks arranged such that an (honest) server must fetch one block from each drive.


Recall that when one rOnl user sends a message to another, the reply to that question need not come from the original recipient.

if some rOnl user Alice sends a message to another user Cindy, Cindy may choose to forward the email containing the question to a third party, Bob.


Note that each of the above steps makes no assumptions on the target system aside from the presence of a DMAcapable bus and an IA32-derived architecture.

virtually any modern OS for this architecture will make use of hardware paging for features such as process isolation and virtual memory, as well as interrupt handling for features such as device service requests and scheduling.


The Radon Transform is the integral transform consisting of the integral of a function over straight lines.

it is the projection of an image along the speci.ed direction[20].


Some degree of trust in physicians seems inevitable.

con.rmation of treatment relationships after the fact may be necessary when information is required for urgent medical treatment.


The algorithm is based only on the frequency values themselves and does not rely on the distributions of particular characters.

it does not matter whether the character with the most occurrences is an a ora / .


Otherwise, we use a faster approximate solution.

during the .rst compilation phase, we prepend each instruction that contains free-branch opcodes among its immediate or displacement .elds with an alignment sled.


However, this approach does not fully achieve the desired properties of PIR.

it does not hide from server the relationships between retrievals: the server can always learn whether a request is for the same record as some previous request, and how popular records are.


On a warm boot, there is no interruption in power and memory is usually left intact.

a reboot initiated by the Linux kernel sets a CMOS.agthatinstructstheBIOS tobypassmemory tests.


This knowledge can be possibly used to perform more effective attacks.

3The .nal form of the security-enhanced transformed query is represented with the matrices Tis that are described in Section 5.2. when the original data have independent columns and no more than one column having Gaussian distribution, an attack called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) [23] can be applied to effectively recover the original data from the perturbed data.


However, such an approach can only provide weak traceability3 .

if two users, Alice with attribute set SA in CP-ABE and index kA in both systems, and Bob with attribute set SB in CP-ABE and index kB in both systems, collude to make a decryption blackbox D with attribute set SD .


The relation between > and > is many-to-many association.

a system can have multiple permissions derived from it, and multiple systems can have one common permission derived from them.


By default, all streams created by a client within a 10 minute period are carried over the same circuit.6 Tor uses a di.erent scheduling mechanism to share bandwidth between streams than it does between circuits, providing an opportunity for new attacks that correlate streams.

we will show that packet scheduling of streams that use the same circuit creates special characteristics that can easily be recognized bya completelypassive attacker; this canbe used tolink the streams as belonging to the same user and thus compromise some of the unlinkability protections provided by Tor.7 4.1 StreamThroughputatDifferentTimeScales ConsiderthescenarioinFigure9: Aliceiscommunicating simultaneously with Eve1 and Eve2.


To ef.ciently resolve the protection granularity gap, in HookSafe we relocate kernel hooks from their original (widely-scattered) locations to a page-aligned centralized location and then use a thin hook indirection layer to regulate accesses to them with hardware-based pagelevel protection.

we create a shadow copy of the kernel hooks in a centralized location.


a, f(x) = S. for any input that satis.es the promise of f,the two functions are equal, while for all other inputs, any output is acceptable for f .


4.3 Whole-System Malware Analysis When the malware executes, SEMU monitors and logs key events in both user-and kernel-mode.

unlike the user-only tracing common in current tools such as TEMU, Anubis, CWsandbox, and Ether, SEMU monitors and logs control .ow in the kernel whenever the processor switches to the kernel to serve a malware s request.


For example, VALUE is probably more complex.

it may be a function of system value and rate of use.


The authors would like to thank Oak Ridge National Laboratory s Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research Group who gave advice and direction for this work.

dr. Erik Ferragut, Dude Neergaard, and Dr. Frederick Sheldon.


Clearly, this also reduces the possibility of .nding a suitable path in the dominance graph, thereby increasing the number of false negatives.

one obvious choice of l can be derived from the security lattice L. note that L is .nite, hence the Hasse diagram7 of L contains a path of maximal length lmax .


RELATED WORK Before presenting our study on learning-based detection of malicious JavaScript code, we .rst review some related work.

we discuss related approaches for analyzing and detecting malicious code in webpages.


When R is obvious from the context, we simply write G = (V, E)for the dominance graph, S for S(R), and O for O(R).

we write E * to denote the transitive closure of the binary relation E. (v, v ' ).


At the same time, isolation is achieved by putting the monitor code along with its private data in a separate  Figure 1: (a) In-VM and (b) Out-of-VM monitoring hypervisor protected guest address space that can only be entered and exited through specially constructed protected gates.

our system is designed in such a way that normal operation of the monitor can continue without hypervisor intervention, but any attempts to breach the security of SIM is trapped and prevented by the hypervisor.


When a client requests a .le, the server sends the .le after encrypting it using the required number of key stream frames selected randomly from the corresp onding key stream pool.

our scheme encrypts and decrypts a plain .le by using bitwise exclusive-OR operations between the .le and a sequence of key stream frames.


We should note that by small we are naturally referring to a small amount of anti-malware software running on end hosts, but also a small amount of supporting infrastructure (ideally none).

a tiny piece of software on the end host plus a massive local cloud infrastructure to maintain does not equal small.


We discuss client-and server-side mitigation mechanisms.

we propose and evaluate an inbrowser protection script, entirely composed in Java-Script, which is practical, feasible and has low-overhead.


When we dampen the processing power using cpulimit to 10%, we observe that the speed falls commensurately, i.e., to about 10%.

this still means that we are able to make one access decision is less than 1 ms. even if we were to support up to 100 sessions on a low-capability device such as a WiFi network access point, we would be able to processes thousands of access requests per second.


Incoming tra.c is both logged in a trace database, and fed to the unmodi.ed application/OS running on our emulator 1In the emulator we employ dynamic taint analysis to detect when a vulnerability is exploited to alter an application s control .ow 2 This is achieved by identifying illegal uses of possibly unsafe data such as the data received from the network [31].

there are three steps to accomplish this: tag data originating from an unsafe source as tainted;  track tainted data during execution  identify and prevent unsafe usage of tainted data;  data originating from the network is marked as tainted, whenever it is copied to memory or registers, the new location is tainted also, and whenever it is used, say, as a jump target, we raise an alarm.


We show that we can keep only one LFSR (e.g., L(1)), discard the , L(f+1) rest (e.g., L(2) , · · · ) and represent the outputs of the discarded LFSRs using the internal states of the remaining one (e.g., L(1)).

the actual implementation of an s-gate will be more or less like Fig 4.


Similar to [5], spamc was run against emails with all network tests being disabled at spamd process.

we used the heuristic part of SpamAssassin as all network tests and blacklists were disabled.


That is, we do not implement the usage restrictions at the level of Java API or operating systems calls but rather assume that this is done by the trusted applications (this assumptions can clearly be justi.ed in the running example of this paper).

the enforcement component restricts usages by providing a key to trusted applications, in addition to implementing required actions [13] (e.g., deleting a data object).


For social experiments with cyber security, the adversarial roles are key in informed consent.

information about the role to play in the experiment should be made available to stakeholders, in combination with associated attributes, e.g.


Our evaluation results also show that the temporal factor plays an important role in Top N location recovery.

the Top N location coverage rate will signi.cantly increase along with more tracking days.


However, C requires that neither H nor a successfully authenticated representative learns anything about the authentication rules.

for example, the hotel cannot tell whether two authorized representatives are from the same organization, the anonymity of representative is protected from the hotel even in a successful authentication.


SAAM can resolve new requests by extending the space of supported responses to approximate ones.

sAAM provides a richer alternative source for authorization responses than do existing approaches.


(v0) consists of all possible transitions between states using requests, starting with initial state v0.

in such a system each sequence of states xv triggers n-1 transitions traversing the states xv, denoted as (xr, xv) .


The set TRUST LEVELS is the set of possible subsets of [-1, 1].


Notice that our example attack did not depend in any way on how we compute this function.

it is the speci.cation itself that was fundamentally faulty, not the implementation.


We .rst reveal the value of V1 to the second player (the .rst player already knows this value).

we condition the game G on the value of V1.


Alves-Foss et al argue that it should be possible to cleanup all information related to a particular object and thus tear down part of the Chinese wall with the approval of an external agent [31].

they argue that con.ict-ofinterest information may actually con.ict only for a limited period of time.


This section extends the results in [MPR09] to the noisy channel setting.

we analyze the transcripts of the protocol and show that they proceed through well-de.ned stages that depend upon the partitioning of the function.


These approaches have focused on abstract models to represent the spatial and temporal constraints, whereas our work focuses on creating an enforcement architecture and an implementation for such a system.

our work expands on the GEO-RBAC model by examining the design necessary to enforce such constraints.


Each tree constructed by Dijkstra s algorithm is interpreted as a set of shortest paths for the purpose of estimating the gradient.

the shortest path yields the distance x(si,ti) that contributes to the numerator of the objective function.


As long as the positions are not perturbed 444  (a) Phase Shifting (b) Shifting Directions (c) An Example (d) Tag Detection Regions Figure 4: The QPSK Tagging Scheme too much, the data carried by the signals can still be correctly retrieved.

qPSK can tolerate noise to certain degree.


APPENDIX A: Privilege Propagation Algorithm Below we give the XML version of the privilege propagation algorithm .rst presented in [11].

this version only considers propagations down in the AOG.


The memory state of each dormant event process includes just a list of modi.ed pages and the modi.ed pages themselves.

event processes do not keep their own page tables.


3.2 Source indistinguishability: de.nition and requirements The described key exchange protocol requires the source indistinguishability property.

if two parties, A and B, run the previously described key exchange protocol, an eavesdropper should not be able to distinguish the packets sent by A from the packets sent by B.


This protects Bob s privacy by preventing Alice from inferring whether Bob possesses credentials in PRequest based on his behavior.

if Bob always fails to respond when he doesn t understand a request, Alice can tell whether he ful.lled the policy protecting her request based on whether he responds at all.


As with a Web cache, a DNS cache records information about a user s recent activities.

if the user visits a Web server at www.whitehouse.gov, this will cause a DNS lookup for www.whitehouse.gov, so an entry for this address will appear in the DNS cache of the user s PC.


A future goal is to use this implementation as an in-line network encryptor.

to be applied in-line to a network that uses ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cells to transport data.


The computation of the decryption function can itself be outsourced to the cloud.

using the cloudassisted MPC protocol of Asharov et al.


We observe that we can achieve this with number of hashes for B1 as k1 =2,and number of hashes for B2 as k2 =2.

we achieve space ef.ciency with no additional hashes.


We suggest that, where possible, TCB interface functions should be atomic operations, and, if they modify global state, this should not have an effect on the behaviour of subsequent invocations.

we discourage a TCB design whereby it is necessary to pair operations together (such as lock and unlock operations), or where there is an assumed ordering to the operations.


Compared to the de.nitions in the MTM and TPM speci.cations we can achieve signi.cant savings.

most of the data required for changing ownership and all data related to locality is unnecessary.


When instantiating our de.nition, the guideline is to make evparams minimal so as to give the least amount of information to the adversary.

in the known candidates [15, 12], evparams only needs to contain the zero-test parameter pzt (as well as the global modulus).


The new decision set D4 = {1, 0, ., T} can be intuitively obtained by considering the powerset of the two-valued decision set.

the powerset of D2 is de.ned as P(D2) = {Ø, {0}, {1}, {0, 1}}.


However, existing approaches either provide privacy at the expense of accuracy, or rely on assumptions that restricts their usefulness.

cloaking and noisy techniques introduce arti.cial measurement errors in the original location, perturbing the result of the distance computation.


Informally speaking, computing F(v) requires a hint ; the amount of hint that is available is inversely correlated with the amount of work that s expended when generating F(v).

users in R are unable to recover a hint from the header, and so it is infeasible for such users to recover SK, while users in D recover partial hints from the header and thus are able to recover SK with some work, and users in P recover a complete hint (i.e.


Then, we can say that S is survivable to A, if ~Va E A : 3s E S : --(a -+ s~)" is true.

the set S may include network elements such that several network elements are vulnerable to each of the attacks in A, but for each attack there is always network elements that survive it.


Extracting these sub-patterns would allow an attacker to guess a partially retrieved pattern s missing parts easier.

an attacker can incorporate the physical attacks with the behavioural attacks to fully retrieve the pattern.


The protocol variants we propose have a number of advantages compared to the state of the art.

we combine the security and performance advantages of almost all previous protocols in one protocol.


We posit the following individuals: Joe is a user, and WSM is an intermediary web service providingservice to users, part of a system that includes access toa centralized medical database web service WSM DB {to be continued...}  4.2 Roles As in many other systems, roles are an important component of our authorization scheme.

due tothe inherently volatile and popular nature of the web, webservices cannot in general be expected to know the names ofevery possible invoker a priori ; thus, authorization for privileges will be granted to known roles, and individuals mustprove that they may assume claimed roles.


However, the reality is that when one user s process executes a program controlled by another user (possibly a trojan planted by an attacker), both the invoker and the controllers of the program content may affect the requests made by the process.

the master of the process is a set containing both the invoker and the controllers.


If our technique is targeted to specific attacks like buffer overflow, format string attacks, the number of possible attacking store instructions will be much smaller and the results will be much better.

the attacking stores will be a subset of all the stores and our scheme protects against any store that is illegally attempting to write to a memory location.


To ensure that a customer is not denied access to the systems after a network or a computer failure, the server should record used values of m only after the completion of the protocol.

if the client already supplied the current value of m to the server, but did not successfully .nish the protocol, it should be able to use that value again when it restarts the protocol.


Hence, pj (·) depends on the distribution of intra-die variation.

pj (·) can be modeled as a Gaussian distribution, if the intra-die variation of Vth follows a Gaussian distribution.


Now suppose we are given another identi.cation problem in a second register, quantum state ßY for a random bit Y , and suppose b = De(ß0,ß1) is the largest value for which we can obtain a (b, e)-predictor for Y .We now want to determine the optimal probability with which we can identify (again with error at most e or something related) both states simultaneously.

what is the maximal probability p = De(a0 .


It maxi from the authorized k-trust level mizes the likelihood the client reaches a .nal state ones Table 3: Access control strategies As part of our future work we would like to integrate our approach with an exception-based mechanism tailored to support access control enforcement.

in a step-by-step approach, whenever a client cannot complete a conversation because of the lack of authorization, some alternative actions and operations are taken by the Web service.


In the .rst stage of the signature generation, tokens are extracted from the malicious data X+ .

every substring contained in at least d network .ows with a minimum length of l is chosen as a potential token for the signature.


This restriction apparently incurs two type of costs, that is the administrative cost of setting up the .rewall and the functional cost in terms of reduced functionality on host 2.

each recon.guration may incur a certain cost that must be considered together with security.


the user should be able to extract c from cd given a collection of ancillary c passwords yielding w' that is close to the secret wc.Thus we want a decryption scheme Dec such that Dec ww, [cd]= c i. c w' is close to wcin some appropriate metric.


Further, it is subject to a variety of attacks.

it only seeks to make unauthorized inference harder instead of preventing it completely.


The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces necessary background on current European eID solutions and TPMs.

section 2.3.4 describes the TPM 2.0 authorization model in detail.


For each particular case of the threat agent storm acting against the asset power line, we may be able to obtain certain information.

we may know the wind speed, the type of power line, and/or whether the attack results in a breakdown or not.


More speci.cally, we chose Adobe Acrobat Reader 9.00 and those 4,869 samples forwhichILCexecutionwasdetectedinthatviewerinthe 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Code Ratio Figure 2: Code Ratio Distribution Number of Partitions Number of Partitions .rst experiment.

we performed the following steps to measure the quality of the extracted ILC: we analyzed 4,869 PDF samples in Acrobat Reader 9.00 with enabled MVD,  all consecutive memory pages were concatenated to code regions, resulting in either one or two versions each:  one initial region, if only one dump version of each contained memory page exists, and additionally one .nal region, if more than one dump version exists for at least one contained page the code ratio of each region was determined by using IDA Pro,and  all valid strings from each region were extracted and counted.


Note that our DLL-based algorithm is OS-dependent.

we need to determine important DLLs and the corresponding probabilities separately for different OS's.


It comes in di.erent .avors and strengths depending on the assumptions that one makes about the behavior of the participants in the protocol and x 3The exponentiation X = g (and Y = gy) can be performed o.-line.

in HMQV the eventual exposure of an ephemeral value x (resp.


7http://www.kindi.com/swf-encryption.php  The focus of the experiment then shifts towards motivating human-6.3.1 Study Design, Goals and Process solvers to perform at their best by employing meaningful interfaces and by framing the underlying task in a way that is amenable to these solvers.

since attacker s goal is to minimize the delay incurred by the human solver in responding to the challenges, we model human-solver attack as a reaction time [20] task described below.


() While each successful password produces 1 + n-1 r pos m sible candidate passwords, each failed login attempt identi () n .es mr incorrect passwords.

these are passwords we can remove from the existing set of candidates.


This pro.le can be customized and/or synchronized anytime;  Session pro.le: consists of the execution context of the user.

it indicates the user s status, which is determined by his last performed actions.


Let G(h)= H and G(low)= L. Consider program cast[while h> 0 do h := h - low]; outputL(1) This program is accepted by the type system, because the termination level of the cast is L, and so the pc level of the output command is also L, and thus the output command type checks.

the termination of the while loop here depends on the values of low and h. when low > 0, the while loop will terminate regardless of the value of h; when low = 0, termination depends on h. At runtime, according to S-CAST, the termination oracle needs to examine variable low, and execution continues only when low > 0.


the number of pixels in a game scene, M is the number of sample frames, and M « N ) since the foreground object masks are readily available as part of the output from the previous phase.

the most time consuming part, which is the extraction of foreground objects (O(MN2)) from sample frames, has been covered in the previous phase.6 1 2 3 4 MBRfinal 5 6 7 8 Figure 4: Eight sub-areas generated according to moving area of foreground objects The Edge-based method employs a different design principle than MBR-based method.


This callsforbetterdocumentation and more rigorous formalization of API semantics.

aPIs shouldpresenthigh-level abstractionstodevelopers,such as con.dential and authenticated tunnel, as opposed to requiring themto explicitlydeal withlow-leveldetails such ashostname veri.cation.


We assume also that given a session ID, it is possible to identify the unique SDP with which the session is associated.

there exists a function from the set of all valid session IDs to the set of SDPs.


Let the random variable Xk denote the event of success in dt = {tk,tk+1}.

1 if a block is created within{tk-1,tk}, Xk = 0 otherwise.


Availability attacks have been further analyzed in [1,9] for resource constrained attackers with full-state information.

this work considered DoS attacks in which the attacker could jam the communication channels and prevent measurement and actuator data from reaching its destination, rendering the data unavailable.


The environment and applications should also determine the level of agility that is needed.

given certain applications and settings, one could reduce the costs in providing agility.


uk/explanation/, last access: 21 October 2009 SecureWindowControlCompliantSection = Section AND not(section connectedBy SectionConnector some StandardWindow) Read: any OWL individual that is asserted to concept Section and is not connected to any OWL individual that is asserted to concept StandardWindow by relation section connectedBy SectionConnector will be classi.ed as secure section regarding the secure window control.

the reasoner checks if only safety windows are used in the server room (section) where the customer data is located: (1) our solution checks how much potential control implementations exist (e.g.


mashup components are each loaded in their separate iframe.

within WebJail the secure composition policy is expressed by the mashup integrator, and attached to a particular component via a newly-introduced policy attribute of the iframe element of the component to be loaded.


The Generalized-TRBAC (GTRBAC) model [12] incorporates a set of language constructs for the specification of various temporal constraints on roles, including constraints on their activations as well as on their enabling times, user-role assignment and role-permission assignment.

gTRBAC makes a clear distinction between role enabling and role activation.


8.1 Retroactive Privacy Adv has non-negligible advantage over 1/2 in the retroactive privacy game (see Section 3) only if it can infer information about a from interaction with Snd, Rcv and Rt after the message Ma has expired.

adv can only interact with protocol participants after content packets used to encode Ma have been removed from Rt s PIT and from all caches.


3.1 Role-Based Access Control We shall now review some concepts of the ANSI/INCITS RBAC standard [1] required for the present analysis.

we are interested in the following ones:  PERMS, the set of all possible access permissions;  USERS, the set of all system users;  ROLES, the set of all roles;  UA .


The scheme is e.ective against single-snapshot attacks but not multiple-snapshot attacks.

the di.erences between just two snapshots of the storage can expose the access key used1 .


Section 4 describes how this framework can be used to e.ciently process trust management queries.

we present a compilation procedure for transforming a collection of CTM policy credentials into a set of dynamic views over a relational database, and describe a novel hybrid algorithm for processing capability review queries over trust management policies.


The constructor for generating an intent instance is hooked in our implementation to label an intent message with its app origin.

we added an origin property to the intent class.


To better understand users real world behaviour, we would like to conduct more ecologically valid tests of this prototype.

we would like to explore how password managers can .t into the larger picture of users password management strategies and coping techniques.


Since only packed objects can leak to the heap, the restriction that packed objects must be in a policy-adherent state is a potential limitation of the type system.

it might often be desirable to leak an object that is not yet in a policy-adherent state to the heap, but later retrieve it and restore it to a policy-adherent state before the program terminates.


Compartments contain arbitrary software, e.g., a complete legacy operating system (Linux in our case), and may communicate only via well-de.ned interfaces.

a malicious compartment cannot read arbitrary memory of other compartments.


Generating a self-signed certi.cate requires the private key of the user, whereas a CA-signed certi.cate only claims the user is owning the private key.

for creating a CA-signed certi.cate it is su.cient to provide a valid challenge to the CA.


From Theorem 7, the bound of the incubation period decreases as Ratk increases.

if Ratk is .xed, the bound of the incubation period decreases with increasing n, which implies we can reduce the upper bound by adding extra counters.


We solve this problem by manipulating Vdd of the circuit.

we select a set of Vdd values for the circuit and apply each of them to all the gates in M-GLC.


ADDING TAGS TO CODING In this section, we describe how authentication tags can be transparently added to the coding module at the physical layer.

we focus on the coding module that tries to enhance the error tolerance of communication systems.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partly funded by the Co-operative Research Centre for Smart Internet Technology, Australia.

the author would like to thank Hartono Kurnio, Qiong Liu, Adam Muhlbauer, Rei Safavi-Naini, Farzad Salim and Sid Stamm for their contribution to projects surrounding the SITDRM software.


Firstly, most people are sensitive to sound from some hundreds Hz to some thousands Hz, and people can only feel little when the sound is lower than 200 or higher than 15 kHz, considering the limited volume of the phone.

you can hear almost nothing if your cell-phone is playing a clip of music with null spectrum between 200 and 15k Hz.


Hypervisor-based Prevention of Persistent Rootkits YOSUKE CHUBACHI TAKAHIRO SHINAGAWA KAZUHIKO KATO University of Tsukuba University of Tsukuba University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tenno-dai,Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tenno-dai,Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tenno-dai,Tsukuba ,Ibaraki ,Japan ,Ibaraki ,Japan ,Ibaraki ,Japan bachi@osss.cs.tsukuba.ac.jp shina@osss.cs.tsukuba.ac.jp kato@osss.cs.tsukuba.ac.jp ABSTRACT Rootkits are prevalent in today s Internet.

persistent rootkits pose a serious security threat because they reside in storage and survive system reboots.


Therefore, we can directly compare the values of these static function pointers guided by the system.map in the physical memory of SVM which is trusted, with the memory from GVM, to identify which kernel function pointer has been contaminated, and then recover it from the trusted value which is present in our SVM.

if the value of a function pointer does not match in PM and G-PM, and if this function pointer is not pointed to kernel modules (usually in kernel heap) in our trusted kernel, then our MAK E UP tool will recover this contaminated function pointer.


2.2 Situation-aware Trust The new concept of trust in VNETs introduces entity and data attributes, social and proactive factors to handle various situations and their changes.

our solutions focus on three main aspects: (i) policy control, (ii) proactive trust establishment, and (iii) social network impacts on establishing trust.


We showed that protocol speci.cations simplify manual feature selection process that often plays a major role in other anomaly detection approaches.

most attacks discussed in the experimentation section could be detected by simply monitoring frequency distribution information associated with state machine transitions.


3) Non-blocking: the AEC can neither be blocked from happening nor delayed, and the existence of it cannot be hidden.

whenever a node outputs accept, it is assured (w.h.p.)


Therefore, if a valid password is given, the SP can consider that the login operation was done of the user's own accord.

sPs can confirm the intention of users with password-based authentication.


Our implementation of the artifact retriever traversed these two .le systems mounted at /proc and /sys.

we slightly adapted the directory walker to handle looped symbolic links that are prevalent in procfs and sysfs.


We argue that our system could help in the validation or extension of this analysis to regions all over the nation.

the homomorphic techniques described in this paper could allow researchers to aggregate the number of preterm births in various counties across the nation that are below the US poverty line.


An important motivation for such systems is self-scaling.

increased participation increases the capacity of the system.


We emphasize that the digest of the chat log is performed over the chat message ciphertext (without decryption and with the {z, X} pairs) from Ui s view of the chat.

the chat log does not include data transmitted in other operations such as key update.


When a malware uses IP .uxing, most of the collected network traces will involve di.erent endpoints.

instead of having ten samples of conversations associated to a single endpoint, we will have ten di.erent targets associated to one conversatione each.


We assume that historical constraints are orderindependent.

we assume the business logic encoded in the application imposes an ordering on execution.


WCORE, Pj s IC-Commitment will be reconstructed correctly.


Next to DNS, we also monitored if the attacked services still accepted TCP connections, and if so, we measure the communication latencies.

we focus on those victims with no change in the DNS records.


(v, C) > 1 - d, then Pr [T v = accept] = s (d).

if Pr [T v = accept] >s (d), then there exists a codeword u such that |agree (v, u)|= dn.


In this type of attack, in addition to knowing the parameters L and D, an adversary knows the distributions of answers to the questions used by the system.

for each item used during the authentication phase, the adversary knows the percentages of users who chose like and dislike respectively.


It also provides the .rst steps towards a formal foundation for model-driven security in the setting of UML interactions.

the contributions of this paper are: 1Also termed unpredictability [22] and probabilistic nondeterminism [30].


The construction procedure, albeit not formal, can be considered as a proof of the .rst part (the functional completeness of {., ., ¬}) of Theorem 1 because all construction steps are interpretation-independent.

for any interpretation of the D-algebra, the approach for constructing the proof is the same.


CONCLUSIONS We have presented ARPKI, a new public-key infrastructure that o.ers very strong security guarantees.

it o.ers resilience against impersonation attacks that involve n -1 compromised entities.


However, OSBEs require that Alice and Bob agree on the signature Bob needs to have to decrypt Alice s message.

alice needs to disclose her policy to Bob, who must then reveal his entire credential, minus the signature, before they can proceed.


It does not need to know any of the exported functions.

the ARMlock_CALL command always transits to the entry gate of the next domain, which further dispatches the execution to the target function.


Coupled with overlapped enforcement, more complex policies would amplify the trends shown in our experiments.

potentially more work could be performed in parallel with the main execution.


Theorem 1: The modi.ed GSP satis.es the following properties: 1) It s not pro.table for a bidder to move up more than one position.

when she submits a true value, if her position is the k-th highest rank, then moving k- 2 (or higher) by overbidding is not pro.table.


The Trusted Computing Group (TCG) began its mission to promote the use of an open standards-based interoperability framework to embed hardware with software to improve computer security.

the TCG promotes the use of trusted hardware called the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) in conjunction with TPM-enhanced software to offer improved protection against attacks.


From the attacker s point of view, this attack is particularly appealing since it can be carried out in a stealthy manner; by injecting a stream of packets with small deviations from normal voltage, the attacks may remain undetected by the system until it results in a catastrophic result (i.e., a blackout), similar to the way Stuxnet [6] was carried out.

given the actual voltage v, the attacker constructs a series of packet that indicates a voltage value of kv + b,where k and b are constant multiplicative and additive factors determined by the attacker.


These conditions turn out to be quite reasonable in practice.

our models of of Vista and Asbestos in Section 5 satisfy these conditions, and most of ourqueries on these models satisfy these conditions as well.


Although both had a URL containing the attacking machine s IP and port number, the padding after the URL differed.

lSASS-0 identi.ers had taken the following form http://:/x.exexdfxdf ... xdfMozilla/4.0 and the 0xdf characters padded the identi.er s length to a .xed value over all exploits (37 bytes).


If their are no message differences from step 33 to step 41, a 2RPC will extend to step 41.

if 2RPC happens, collision will happen until step 41.


The improvement over RMI is possible because the rgoto and lgoto operations provide more expressive control flow than procedure calls.

an RMI call must return to the calling host, even if the caller immediately makes another remote invocation to a third host.


Usually they are input using buttons on keyboards, keypads, mobile phones and the like.

the goal was to compare PassShapes to standard PINs.


Ideally, in order to reduce the attack costs, the attacker would like to compromise as few meters as possible.

the attacker wants to .nd the optimal attack vector a with the minimum number of non-zero elements.


we need to show that = P(x,y)~µ,protocol randomness[Tout .f(x,y)] <.


It shows that, the correlation vector does not change signi.cantly with time.

on average the correlation vector changes by less than 0.025 of its original value over a perio d that spans a whole month.


The questions this security evaluation attempts to answer are 1) what could cause an observation attack (on the evaluated system)tobe successful,and2)whatistheextent of the damage to which a successful observation attack can lead.

we want to .nd out if we can recover some of our participants authentication tokens (image portfolios or PINs).


Even if friend requests are unsolicited, they are not always the result of spammers who reach out.

many social network users aim to increase their popularity by adding as friends people they do not know.


Overall, the Redirection Table plays a crucial role in the above-sketched process, as it speci.es the interrupt vector and delivery mode of each interrupt pin.

the delivery mode is fundamental to accomplish the goal of triggering an SMI when an arbitrary, custom and prede.ned, keystroke sequence is observed.


This, in turn, limits the depth of the circuits we can handle.

the noise grows by a multiplicative poly(n) factor on each recoding, which means that after O(d) O(d) depth d, it becomes n .Since n <q/4 < 2n ' ,wecan handle circuits of depth O (n E) (here, the .rst inequality is for correctness and the second for security).


The hierarchical structure makes it possible to define metrics for these three levels.

software architect can define low level base measures to collect raw data from the system.


A .uent is a property (of the world) whose value is dependent on situations.

a .uent dynamically changes when the situation does.


If we specify a constraint that they cannot read FinancialInfo, since update implies read in the ATG, a negation of the privilege to read implies a negation of update (and also extend).

when constraints are given, they propagate in the direction opposite to the direction of the edges in the ATG.


The three analyzed malicious applications share a core functionality that results in their detection by DroidBarrier.

they try to gain escalated privileges by running an exploit and subsequently calling the su utility.


The uptime of spamming hosts, determined by passive .ngerprinting, suggests that the spammers used multiple IP addresses on each machine.

we observed that an entire class C of IP addresses shared the same uptime for a period of four months.


In addition, the event log now connects the endpoint identity to the properties of the underlying platform.

the remote attestation quote of the platform properties is linked to the SSL certificate and thus the domain name.


To achieve these goals we reorganize the layout of the transition table in a more regular way.

we allow compressed states to consist of either 4 or 8 labeled transitions.


If it is the case, the value k is a possible candidate for k. After testing all values, the set of possible candidates contains in average 210 elements.

the set of candidates is reduced from 232 to 210 .


Notably, the accuracy for users in the lowest con.dence class, even though low in absolute terms, was more than double the accuracy of the Facebook baseline (0.25 to 0.52).

although greatest absolute accuracy is achieved for users with a high con.dence factor, on average even users with a low con.dence factor bene.t from our predictions.


It is important to note here that the di.erent paths through CAs are disjoint and hence statistically independent.

knowledge that all the signatures on one path checked out in no way in.uences the probability that the signatures on another path will, because only one CA signs Bob s certi.cate.


More details on Mebrootcanbefoundin[9,12,25].Inthispaper, wewillfocus onTorpig, introducing Mebrootonlywhen necessaryto understand Torpig s behavior.

hereinafter, we present the life cycle ofTorpig and the organization of theTorpig botnet, as we observedit during the courseof our analysis.We will use Figure1as a reference.


However this is mitigated as the considered encryption scheme are generally implemented in a few instructions (around 10)  we implement a simpli.cation procedure on the computed set of invariants: if fi entails fj (for i .= j), then we can safely delete fi from the set of assertions {f1,...,fn}.

we keep only the minimal preconditions with respect to strength in our computed set of invariants (the usual Hoare logic corresponds to the degenerated case where this set has a minimum element, called the weakest precondition).


Re-linearization also a.ects the running time of the homomorphic multiplication.

one needs to additionally perform roughly logt q polynomial multiplications and additions.


For this reason, we decided to focus our effort on those MSI .elds that were either more interesting from an attacker s point of view, or had clear constraints set by the vendors.

here we present the results we obtained by fuzzing the vector .eld of a compatibility format MSI data component and the don t care .eld of a remappable format MSI address component.


(39) j v (v )2t-jThus, the upper bound on Ab j (k)is given as L nUx 2Q+ESjj,supJ.

by applying j = t in (39), we obtain an upper bound on the reconstruction error of the reconstruction mechanism in the encrypted domain.


Because we treat primitive chars as untainted, in our basic approach these methods would replace a character (tainted or not) from the underlying string with an untainted char (newChar or ch).

our basic approach would clear the taint bit on the character of the string that was replaced, resulting in loss of taint information and, potentially, missed attacks.


In addition to clients trusting completely unrelated roles for di.erent responsibilities, another way to achieve separation of responsibilities is through delegation.

a role can delegate some of its responsibilities to other roles.


A major weakness of TrustMe is that if any THA peer randomly chosen at the bootstrapping stage is an adversary, the identities of the reporting peers are disclosed.

trustMe does not support, or at best partially supports witness anonymity.


In addition to computing the traf.c density of each geographic location £, the preprocessing step also computes a probability distribution function (PDF) p£ of the length of a trip that originates at £.

it computes the following quantity for each location £ for all values of len.


If any of them does not hold during the usage process, the ongoing access is revoked by the system.

an access control in UCON is not a one-time check and enforcement, but a continuous process.


It is apparent that it may be impossible to .nd an assignment of authorized users to work.ow steps such that all constraints are satis.ed.

in this case, we say that the work.ow speci.cation is unsatis.able.The Workflow Satisfiability Problem (WSP) is known to be NP-hard, even when the set of constraints only includes constraints that have a relatively simple structure (and that would arise regularly in practice).1 1the Graph k-Colorability problem can be reduced to a special case of WSP in which the work.ow speci.cation only includes separation-of-duty constraints [21].


This Intent contains detailed information about the completed in-app purchase.

it contains purchase information that has been generated by the Play Store server, and that has been signed with the developer s private key.


First, the function has sight of the complete system state.

every bit that makes up the system state is visible to an external function, even areas which are not accessible from within the VM.


These sequences can be easily found on the x86 architecture due to variable-length instructions and unaligned memory access.

consider for instance the following x86 code with the given intended instruction sequence: If the interpretation of the byte stream starts two bytes later, the following unintended instruction sequence would be executed by an Intel x86 processor: 00 00 add %al ,(% eax ) 00 e9 add %ch ,% c l c3 r e t solutions only securing returns in function epilogues are not able to detect ROP attacks that are based on these sequences.


ShiftRows: Each row of the state is cyclically rotated.

row 0 is not shifted, row 1 is shifted by 1 byte, row 2 is shifted by 3 bytes and row 3 is shifted by 3 bytes.


{1,...,n}colludes to build a pirate decoder D. Then the tracing algorithm Trace takes a tracing key tk as input, interacts with D and outputs the identity of at least one colluder (also traitor) in T .Ø TraceD(tk) .


The client application bundles together the encrypted document, the encrypted symmetric key - along with the disclosure time - and clear text including the string representing the disclosure time: it creates an extended document.

with the term metadata we mean the bundle containing the encrypted symmetric key and the string containing the disclosure time; 6.


The channel attenuation and 100 50 0 Transmitter-Receiver Separation (m) Interference Range vs. Transmitter-Receiver separation creases, approximating the interference range as a multiple of the transmitter-receiver separation, is no longer accurate.

for very weak links (i.e., when the receiver can just barely decode the signal from the transmitter), the interference range can be arbitrarily high.


In the extreme case, such predefined security policy can become a one-size-fits-none strategy to end-user security, because many security decisions are contextually dependent [39].

they are difficult to describe ahead of time, for all cases, and all possible situations for end-users.


Aggregation and .ltering of network records must be deterministic and reproducible over the entire processing chain.

it must be possible to tell whether a network record is missing because it did not happen or because the information was not retained.


EXI S T I N G MO D E LS F O R SEC U RE CH ANN EL ESTA B L ISH M EN T. When studying the combined properties of a key establishment and a secure channel protocol, one usually considers a security game where the execution model and the attack interface for key exchange and secure channels are glued together; and the adversary tries to break the secure channel using additional information that possibly leaked during the key-exchange phase.

such a model also allows to analyze protocols that do not clearly separate the two components.


However, what we argue in this paper is that unless exponentially large l is used, the IND-sID-CCA of Chen et al s scheme can be broken by the polynomial-time adversary, which invalidates the security result (proof) presented in [9].

(the recommended size 512 for l is not su.cient to prevent the attack but if l is exponentially large, the scheme can not be used in practice.)


It is unlikely, however, that this adversary s misbehavior is economically advantageous.

the target may move portions of an archive to geographically remote locations but, during an audit, it must relocate the data back to the target.


An atomic location is de.ned to be a rectangle, which is de.ned by the co-ordinates of its lower-left and upperright corners.

6 a rectangle is a pair [l, r], where l, r .S.A location is the union of one or more disjoint atomic locations: clearly, the set of locations is a subset of 2S and .


To have a thorough understanding of the philosophies behind malware design, we have spent considerable amount of time analyzing the behaviors of malware programs.

since 2008, we have read, recorded and analyzed the technical details of 2,600 malware samples of a wide range of formats and varieties, such as viruses, worms, backdoors, rootkits, and Trojan horses.


We provide further details on the individual classi.ers below.

for each classi.er, we brie.y describe its testing process (how it predicts a label from the features of URLs) and its training process (how it learns the decision rule to predict these labels).


We assume that TPM ExecuteHashTree, like other TPM commands, is an atomic operation.

we assume that the TPM will not allow other TPM commands to be invoked while TPM ExecuteHashTree is still executing.


Although the technology to achieve the objectives (SR1) to (SR3) is partially available, it is not widespread.

a secure user interface (SR3) can be realized only with certain types of secure hard ware.


Several issues are worth future research.

we plan to develop better ways to specify hyper-alert types, especially how to represent predicates to be included in their prerequisite and consequence sets to get the best performance for alert correlation.


Likewise outputs F1, F2, and F3 have clear independence of relationships between their inputs terms and the output terms of the circuit.

input A drives only output F0 and no other.


In this example network, .ow FA and N other .ows traverse router RD,1 that deploys a single-link protection mechanism, enforcing that each .ow gets N1+1 of the link capacity.

fA shares link L2 with N other .ows in a bandwidth-fair manner.


EVALUATION APPROACH The evaluation begins by extracting all of the 47 features described in Section 3 from email messages described in Section 6.

the classi.er sees each email as a 47-dimensional vector, where each element is the returned value of one of the 47 features.


Webtrust for CAs does this to some extent by way of a web seal on the CA s site, but this requires out-of-band examination by the Relying Party, at least on occasion.

the fact of accreditation is not machine readable.


6.3 Computational Ef.ciency One of the goals of ShadowReplica was to also make DFT more ef.cient computation-wise.

we not only desired to accelerate DFT, but also do it using less CPU resources.


From the command structure in ABAM, it can be seen that a command allows conditional creation of an entity.

a subject or object is created only when certain conditions are satis.ed.


The external view of the VM is shown on the left side of Figure 5.

xterm window 2 lists the .les under the directory /root/demo/ in the VM; while xterm window 3 enumerates current running processes inside the VM.


However, upon closer investigation we found that this was not a false negative.

in LSM-SELinux, the authorization query posed by this hook always succeeds.


Thus, if a certain process instance is broken, a corresponding review process is triggered.

a review process has to check all broken task instances included in the broken process instance: The mapping review : PT .. PT is called review process de.nition.


7.2 Comparisons of Different Classi.cationMethods In this set of experiments, we compare our IFSS with di.erent ensemble methods obtained using di.erent combinations of feature representations, training sets and base classi.ers.

we use: (1) API calls and interpretable strings as diverse features, (2) DB T 1 consisting of 491,733 PE .le samples obtained from the history data set of Kingsoft Anti-virus lab, and DB T 2 containing 530,448 PE .les which is the data collection of the week from Jan. 1st, 2009 to Jan. 7th, 2009, (3) associative classi.er described in Section 5.1 and linear SVM [14] implemented in LibLinear package as heterogenous base classi.ers, to construct di.erent classi.ers.


First, it loses the critical cumulative ACK property of Savage s solution.

an acknowledgment for a set of packets does not necessarily imply that all packets in the set were received, which opens itself to the lazy opt-ack attack.


We then adopt the bounding assumption that the difference between minimum and maximum network latency is free time for an adversarial server.

during a period of low latency, the adversary might simulate high latency, using the delay to cheat by prefetching .le blocks from disk into cache.


Beyond graph, G (similar to Figure 2d), which may be constructed remembering the previous n - 1 characters of context, a as the cross product of G1 =(V1,E1) and G2 =(V2,E2).

state can remember whether the previous context includes G =(V1 × V2,E), where E contains the labeled a  tag that has not yet been closed with .


For example, the application that authorizes a $10 purchase from Amazon is probably not the same one we want to do our banking with, and neither would be suited to sending encrypted messages to our mistresses.

it is important that the user be able to clearly understand what he is doing when using the Nebuchadnezzar, and this is likely to require a diversity of user interfaces.


CA1 RegReq 5.80 1.72 0.18 1.61 UpdateReq 5.90 1.69 0.19 1.71 CCReq 2.39 - 0.22 2.51 CA2 RegReq 5.97 1.70 0.24 1.37 UpdateReq 5.72 1.93 0.24 1.44 CCReq 2.40 - 0.25 1.28 ILS1 RegReq 10.09 1.38 0.37 1.72 UpdateReq 9.32 1.40 0.36 1.90 CCReq 5.68 - 0.15 1.24 request to the time that CA1 sends the response (which went through all required entities), without considering network latency.

we measure the total processing time spent by the entities involved.


Although there are existing approaches that rely on the SMM to initiate runtime integrity measurement, HyperSentry solves the real-world problems involved in this process using commodity hardware.

hyperSentry provides a stealthy measurement invocation, in-context integrity measurement, and attestable output.


It is obvious that the solution of at least a part of the most urgent tasks can give a strong impetus for the development of the specified scope in depth.

the big data IT expansion is possible for the following important applications: .


This extension is essentially the same as for RBAC1.

cRBAC1 is de.ned as follows: Definition 5 (CRBAC1).


More generally, tm/n is i th input nondeducible despite J, for a set J of size k, if it can be guaranteed that 1 + k < m < n - k. If k = 1, then the smallest m and n to satisfy the above requirement are respectively 3 and 5.

for t3/5, if the adversary knows the output as well as one of the inputs, it still cannot infer any of the other 4 inputs.


Moreover, rather than using just a few taint bits, SAFE associates a word-sized tag to every word of data in the machine both memory and registers.

sAFE tags can be pointers to arbitrary data structures in memory.


We can also use polymorphism in other ways, of course.

we consider how to use polymorphism for encoding says.


However, one of the problems of this approach, is that the parsing is performed asynchronously.

we can only access the iframe s fully populated DOM tree from its onload callback, which is triggered some time after setting the srcdoc attribute.


Interestingly, relatively little academic research has been published in recent years on this topic.

anecdotal evidence strongly hints at criminals using cracks and keygens as an attack vector to distribute malicious software such as trojans or viruses.


There are many possible video-password schemes that belong to this class, which use di.erent types of information (e.g., timestamps, text, click-points, and drawings) as part of a user s authentication secret.

a particular video-password scheme (e.g., Click-Based Video-Passwords) requires a user u to remember some speci.c types of information (e.g., timestamps and click-points) cued by video vu.In this Section, we .rst review these types of information, and then use these types to de.ne video-passwords.


Let U be a set of users and let Rel(U)denotethesetof all binary relations on U.


even if we give the adver- sary the power to pick two messages/90 and P1 of its choice, it still cannot distinguish an envelope containing Po from one containing /91.


For the role mapping problem, we propose three different algorithms to deal with different scenarios.

if an exactly matched role set exists for a user s request PRQ, we extend a simple algorithm proposed in the literature [3] to find it; and if such an exactly matching role set doesn t exist, we propose two new algorithms to find a sub-optimal role set based on the availability or least privilege needs.


To handle this discrepancy, [4] suggests to explicitly consider only trusted setup constructs that are global, namely only a single instance of this setup exists in the system.

this construct exists even in the ideal model , where the protocol is replaced by a trusted party , or an ideal functionality representing the task at hand.


the probability of choosing a next state is only dependent on the current state of the markov chain.


Since we cannot know where Eve is or what kind of hardware she has, we design our system to be con.gurable for different adversaries.

the terminals need to change the parameters of the system depending on how strong an adversary they want to be secure against.


In Figure 3 we show the false positive and false negative rates for each user on the testing data without a smoothing window.

for a particular user x, the false positive rate is the percentage of user x s data points in the testing data that are labeled as intruder and the false negative rate is the percentage of the intruder data points labeled as x (the valid user).


Moreover, these considerations enable us also to .x our decision threshold to an empirical value of about 0.25.

when the .nal output value F lies under this threshold, we will reject the attribution of the attack event under scrutiny to the current phenomenon whose fuzzy system is being evaluated.


In this paper, we present a formal framework for the analysis and comparison of decision sets centered on the notion of decision reduction.

we introduce the notion of safe reduction, which ensures that a reduction can be performed at any level of policy composition without changing the .nal decision.


More work could be done to study other, maybe better suited, distance functions.

we are currently studying lexical distances as an alternative.


6.4 Non-Slanderability In this paper, we assume the existence of a distributed trust mechanism, e.g., one of the protocols proposed in [22, 20, 35].

together with the traceability property provided by SDT, the maximum number of claims that the adversary group can send against the same good user for the same reason is the number of adversaries in that group, which is assumed to be less than t. adversaries cannot collect enough number of claims, i.e.


It also has userfriendly facilities such as a GUI and con.guration mechanisms that simplify network topology design.

iMUNES is a viable alternative to live experimental testbed networks.


By placing the .lter in front of the JavaScript engine, the .lter can interpose completely on all content that will be treated as script.

because the JavaScript engine has a narrow interface, we can have reasonable assurance that the .lter is examining every script before it is executed.


By tagged TLS, we mean the generic TLS ciphersuite from Figure 2, without any of the SCSV/RIE extensions shown in green, but where an arbitrary string can be placed in the extC and extS .elds.

it is a normal TLS ciphersuite, but with an arbitrary extension .eld that just carries strings that are not being interpreted as having any particular meaning.


Unfortunately,current memory encryption and integrityveri.cation designs are not yet suitable for use in general purpose computing systems.

we show in this paper that current secure processor designs are incompatible with important features such as virtual memory, Inter-Process Communication (IPC), in addition to having large performance and storage overheads.


Secondly, since there is no sketch of £1 into small dimension £1, the sketches do not compose as easily as they did with £2.

since the median operation is not linear we will not be able to achieve a (1 + c,d)-approx.


The heuristic proposed in [9] to build a D2FA aims to maximize space reduction given a worst case time bound, the latter expressed in terms of the maximum number of states visited for each character processed.

the heuristic explores the tension between increasing the number of default transitions to reduce memory size and decreasing their number to reduce memory bandwidth.


Finally, auth isaMAC of(ids, count, type) using a key known to the trusted third party only.

we may use a marking technique that sets one HTML or HTML/SSL cookie, one cache cookie and one browser history cookie for each IP address8 used by the trusted third party, in addition to one HTML cookie, one cache cookie and one browser history cookie associated with the domain of the trusted third party.


However, the decrypted private data could still be misused, and the trusted agents could compromise private data by themselves.

encryption/decryption, especially public key encryption/decryption, involves high computational complexity [19].


Despite its recent introduction, the relative leakage model has already attracted considerable attention [1, 30, 3, 25, 2, 11], due to its elegance and generality.

one natural application where protection against memory attacks is very relevant [1, 2] is the setting of identity-based encryption (IBE) [34].


As such, rather than randomly selecting the nodes whose probability have to be increased, we decided to select them in a particular area, to check if UAR shows this anomaly.

we select 20 nodes among those with distance 5 to node v.As expected, the UAR measure detects these nodes, as con.rmed by the jump between trends in Figure 6.


This latter option allows for a great deal of .exibility and can be implemented by leveraging the new instrumentation package introduced in Java 5 (http: //java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/).

unfortunately, the current implementation of the Java 5 instrumentation package is still incomplete and does not yet provide some key features needed by WA S P. it does not allow for clearing the final .ag in the string library classes, which prevents the MetaStrings library from extending them.


As a result, all the masquerade attempts of adversary nodes can be detected except if adversaries follow the time schedule.

tDMA is a digital transmission technology that gives the opportunity to multiple users to access a single radiofrequency channel without interferences by allocating different time slots to different users within each channel.


An outgoing .ow oj is a matched schedule for fi if and only if Nfi (t') -Nfi (t) =N(t' +.)

-N(t) (1) oj oj ' for any time interval of [t,t],t' =t,where Nfi (t) is the total number of packets arrived at .ow fi until time t. ' the number of packets arrived during [t,t] at .ow fi must be smaller than or equal to the number of ' ' packets sent by .ow oj during [t,t+ .


For computer security analysis to be practically useful in determining airworthiness, we must reason about possible crew actions in response to (detected or undetected) attacks.

to connect security results to airworthiness, we must connect MCIS output to pilot actions to overall .ight safety.


A number of previous studies discuss the combination of di.erent machine learning methods [16, 5].

the general subject of classi.er combinations has been considered and justi.ed theoretically by Kittler and Hatef [19].


icate is the same as in classical Datalog, with the condition that the sequence of states in the derivation of the body of the rule must be continuous.

the .nal state of the derivation for each predicate must be the same as the initial state of the derivation for the next predicate.


Role-based access control (RBAC) is a powerful concept for simplifying access control.

enterprise Roles spanning across di.erent IT systems are increasingly used as a basis for company-wide security management.


[1,l], T rapdoorKai = Qi.That is, Mallory wishes to uniquely identify the underlying keywords of each of the queries Qi.In this paper, we show that Mallory has a very high probability of succeeding if she has access to the following background knowledge on the document set.

mallory knows the underlying keywords for k of the queries in the sequence Q.Mallory has access to the set KQ .KB ×Q,where KQ is de.ned as {(x, y)|(x .KB ) .


Unfortunately, the decidability of most DLs stems, in part, from a severe restriction on the types of relations that can be expressed between individuals in the domain of discourse.

2http://ksl.stanford.edu/projects/NIMD/Kani-dl-v1.owl 3http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-time/ most DLs, including SHIN, exhibit some form of tree model property, i.e., every satis.able KB has a tree shape model.


The .rst one is a compositional Hoare logic for proving INDCPA-security.

we introduce a simple programming language (to specify encryption algorithms that use one-way functions and hash functions) and an assertion language that allows to state invariants and axioms and rules to establish such invariants.


To calculate the access between subjects and objects, the corresponding tree have to be bypassed in reverse order.

first, all the nodes of the first subtree visits in reverse order, left to right, then second subtree and so on.


METHODOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT The course has been brought about and further re.ned using action research methodology with diaries, oral re.ection, and questionnaires being the primary data sources [3].

the course was developed through continuous re.ection on, and adjustment of, the actions taking place in the classroom.


In this case, UP satis.es R plus all policies in F j.

uP satis.es all policies in F and F is consistent.


Unmapped page (64k) code region (cs) Unmapped (64k) data region (ds) Trampolines (64k) | Unmapped (64k) | ld.so code (LC) | Unmapped (LC) | Unmapped (LD) | ld.so data (LD) | Application code (C0) | Unmapped (C0) | Unmapped (D0) | Application data (D0) | Library 1 code (C1) | Unmapped (C1) | Unmapped (D1) | Library 1 data (D1) | Library 2 code (C2) | Unmapped (C2) | Unmapped (D2) | Library 2 data (D2) | Unmapped gap for expansion | Unmapped gap for expansion | | Heap | | Unmapped gap | end of cs Stack end of ds Figure 4: A layout of the NaCl address space for dynamic linking/loading.

pIC code is oblivious to how hardware segments are con.gured.


[25] focus on HTTP-based malware with the objective to automatically generate network signatures for malware.

they use single-linkage clustering over three stages, mainly to reduce computational complexity: .rst, a coarse-grained clustering is performed; each of the corresponding clusters is then subdivided into a more .ne-grained set of clusters; and, eventually, similar clusters are merged together to avoid redundant signature generation.


It is also important that the business processes affected by the address revocation is kept as small as possible.

when there are multiple suppliers, the revocation of alias addresses due to the mal-behavior of a supplier should not affect business processes served by other suppliers.


j, the corresponding sets of strings are not equal, too, that is .

the set of strings is built and put in one-to-one correspondence to the letter .


This encryption is malleable, as a change to any bit in the ciphertext will correspond to a change in the corresponding bit in the plaintext.

if Eve can guess the plaintext of a message, she can then change the ciphertext to decrypt to any other message of the same length, without knowing the key.


In this paper, we presented the design and evaluation of Aquarium, a system that uses computational techniques to improve crowdsourcing in identifying phish.

we outlined the design space of techniques for improving the wisdom of crowds, investigated the use of clustering and weighting of votes, and presented the results of our evaluation.


INTRODUCTION Malicious web content has become the primary instrument used by miscreants to perform their attacks on the Internet.

attacks that target web clients, as opposed to infrastructure components, have become pervasive [28].


In the pipelining model, threads are divided into I/O and analyzer threads.

some threads are dedicated to packet capture and .ow management, while the others focus on pattern matching of the received packets.


Security-relevant objects of type C(f) are like typical objects except that they are not permitted to escape to the heap.

they cannot be assigned to object .elds.


Beyond suspicion means from the attacker s viewpoint the issuer cannot be more likely than other potential users in the anonymity set to send the query.

users in the anonymity set have the same probability to perform an action.


5.2 MACs obtained from UHFs A UHF, however, is not a cryptographically secure primitive.

it is not generally collision-resistant against an adversary that can choose messages after selection of ..


In this paper, we evaluate the potential for and impact of the large scale infection and coordination of mobile phones in attacks against the core of a cellular network.

we character ize Denial of Service (DoS) attacks using selected service request types on the Home Location Register (HLR), the central reposi tory of user location and pro.le information in the network, by a botnet composed entirely of mobile phones.


Unfortunately, the JavaScript architecture makes doing so quite difficult.

javaScript is unable to read local files from a disk.


This is because negative ratings not only degrade the reputation of the users whom these ratings are about, but also improve the reputation of the other users, and vice versa.

non-local reputation functions typically require fewer ratings in order to adjust the overall picture , i.e.


{u}that can satisfy f upon .nishing all steps of the task.

if u is about to perform the last step of the task instance, it is required by the policy that Upast .


CASE STUDIES AND FINDINGS The selection of the examples presented in this paper was based on the analytical framework discussed above.

cases where higher levels of participation of stakeholders in policy and decision-making process were explicitly addressed, seemed the best candidates to analyze the role and impact of crowdsourcing, in its various incarnations, in governance processes.


A variable x .ows from a label s P or lower in a substitution environment s, written x T P,if x/µ@P ' .

s for some µ and P ' such that either P ' P,or µ s isa variable and (inductively) µ T P. x .ows from a label P or lower if x is an instance of a value substituted at P or lower.


In this paper, we point out that the existing MAC-based based approaches to application authorization alone are not su.cient for defeating modern malware.

the kernel must have secure mechanisms for authenticating and identifying processes, beyond the simple and easy-to-forge process ID (PID) or process name based identi.cation.


Tji .. SRB and SRTrequire that agents be self-responsible for their beliefs and delegations (trusts), respectively.

the provenance of i s conclusions, whose deductions are independent of all agents except i, is i itself.


Speci.cally, we get the following result, answering Question 1 above in the af.rmative: For any constant rate p1there is a constant >1 such that for every kand suf.ciently large nthere is an (n,N,k,m)multiset batch code with n/N?pand mO(k).

one can insist on adding only an arbitrarily small percentage to the original storage, yet reduce the load by any desired amount kusing only poly(k)devices.


We describe a novel method of constructing very ef- ficient fair-exchange protocols by distributing the computa- tion of RSA signatures.

we employ multisig- natures based on the RSA-signature scheme.


To minimize storage overhead and simplify system administration, CryptoJails utilize a copy-on-write strategy.

requests to read .les not stored in EFOs (e.g., libraries, system con.guration .les, etc.)


A set of web pages can be modeled as a single HMM state only if all the pages produce similar probability distributions of observations.

pages p1 and p2 can be represented by a single state s only if Pr[o|p1] Pr[o|p2] for all observations o.


In particular, the behavior of the web application with taint tracking enabled should be identical to its behavior without taint tracking, with only one exception: if a sink check detects an attack, then processing may be  halted.

the taint mechanism should be transparent: it must not disturb the execution of legacy code.


CONDITIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE EXPERIMENTATION In the original paradigm, Van de Poel [38] proposes conditions for responsible experimentation.

he proposes four preconditions under which social experiments are justi.ed, and four requirements for such experiments.


CT 'must be indistinguishable from CT to anyone who does not possess either of the credentials corresponding to P and P'.

the recipient of a message learns nothing about the credentials he would need to possess in order to decrypt the message, unless he actually has them.


If passwords were randomly chosen, the weakest Amazon passwords would come into range after about of 220 106 attempts, and UsaJobs passwords after 252 4.5×1015 attempts.

there are nine orders of magnitude di.erence between how hard it is to bruteforce an Amazon password and a UsaJobs.gov one.


3.1 SQLinjectionde.ned Let us assume a standard syntaxforSQLqueries, andde.ne two queries q and q ' tobe equivalent(denoted q q ' )if the parse structures of the two queries is the same.

two queries are equivalent if the parse trees of q and q ' are isomorphic.


Because failing to answer correctlya single challenge leadstofailingthe whole authentication session, even a low error rate over all challenges can translate intofairly high authenticationfailure rates.

seven challenges per session may still be too many.


Service matching In the cases where the ssh-based identi.cation failed, we attempted to compare the banners captured by NMap with the information extracted from the services installed on the AMIs.

we compared the service name, the service version, and (optionally) the additional information .elds returned by the thirty common ports we scanned in our experiment.


This example also shows that more vulnerabilities may mean less security since the network in Figure 2 has more vulnerabilities than both networks in Figure 2.

the number of vulnerabilities and the least effort required for reaching the attack goal are both insuf.cient for characterizing the security of a network.


and, -given d and the neighborhood connectivity constraints imposed by wireless communication (e.g., the number ' of nodes nin a neighborhood), what values should the key ring size, k,and pool, P ,have for anetwork of size n?

if memory capacity of each sensor limits the key ring size to a given value of k, what should the size of the key pool, P ,be?


Note that the client of a nondeterministic service can invoke the operation but cannot control what is the result of it.

the behavior of the service is partially controllable, and the orchestrator needs to cope with such partial controllability.


In this paper, we address this gap by analyzing these regular expressions and developing memory-efficient DFA-based solutions for high speed processing.

we make the following contributions:  We analyze the computational and storage cost of building individual DFAs for matching regular expressions, and identify the structural characteristics of the regular expressions in networking applications that lead to exponential growth of DFAs, as presented in Section 3.2.


in the scenario of multiple signers sharing the same con.rmer.

the adversary cannot break unforgeability w.r.t a speci.ed signer, even if he knows secret keys of other signers and the con.rmer.


The main bene.t of this second strategy is that it is immune to the physical and o.ine attacks of the previous strategy.

since any password guessing must occur online (i.e., by interacting with the storage server, or perhaps with the user), such attack can be quickly detected and interdicted.


In fact, our main construction in Section 4 also will not satisfy this property the very moment corrupt = false, but will only make S pseudorandom when the .rst call to next is made (which is the only thing that matters at the end).

looking at the analysis of [1], the (truncated) PRG G ' inside the refresh procedure is only needed to ensure the state pseudorandomness of their construction.


When a service provider needs to decide whether a query (or service request) from a user should be permitted, it consults the trust policy engine to see whether the corresponding policy predicate permit()is true.

a trust policy speci.es the conditions for allowing each service.


Table 1: An overview of existing platform-level exploits in Android     Figure 1: The RiskRanker architecture potential security risks into corresponding detection modules of two orders of complexity.

we analyze each app from an Android market with a set of analysis modules designed to detect behaviors that we classify as high-or medium-risk: The .rst-order modules handle nonobfuscated apps by evaluating the risks in a straightforward manner; The second-order modules capture certain behaviors (e.g., encryption and dynamic code loading) that are in themselves not of concern, but that in conjunction with others may form malicious patterns and be instrumental to detect stealthy malware.


However, developing mechanisms intelligent enough to respond to a more dynamic attack remains challenging, especially if adversaries deliberately attempt to target nodes other than the HLR.

because a signi.cant amount of context is lost as messages move between mobile devices and the HLR (e.g., granularity of location), it will likely become dif.cult for a provider to separate attacks from other traf.c.


Since the .ow-sensitivity nature of BOSH, it is less vulnerable to single-point of leakage.

knowing a single value of a tag does not lead to the leakage of other tags in a code region.


Another concern about data sharing using public services is how to share different data with di.erent users.

users should be allowed to specify the access policies for their data.


Speci.cally, a PUF ROK for remote use would function in a manner similar to a TPM.

bob s TPM-like PUF ROK would generate a public key that Alice would use for encryption.


In the current state of the art, however, perfect soundness results in poor scalability.

since MOPS is designed to be a practical tool for checking safety properties on large programs, it tries to strike a 3the tool is sound for the theorem the program satis.es the safety property  irq_DISABLE() Yield()  irq_ENABLE() (a) An FSA describing this property.


This means that an attacker can use conditional jumps or other operations to obfuscate the execution path of the shellcode.

self-modifying shellcode that is laced with conditional operations raises challenges for emulationbased techniques as they must execute all possible execution paths.


However, in the .nal matching function f (found by applying the Hungarian algorithm on the cost matrix), these two neighbor nodes can be unrelated, in which case, the true edit cost between i and j is higher than the estimate.

because the cost matrix is predetermined, the algorithm will only be able to consider the local structure of the nodes without any information about the matching.


3.2 An example An example of default transition construction with the proposed scheme is given in Figure , where the same DFA as in Figure 2 is used.

figure (b) represents the directed space reduction graph.


Finally, in the third level (right) there is the data unit implementation.

the container X is dispersed into several data unit x i and send out as the attachment of emails.


10 shows the set sizes of the mincuts and the selected bottlenecks for chosen ratios bC of 0.7 and 0.5 for varying sizes of D. The plots for the three countries show that |M(S, D)| is one to two orders of magnitude larger than |B(S,D)(bC )| in the entire range of measured |D| and bC .

the attack against the selected bottlenecks requires a much lower adversary s .ooding capability than for a mincut while achieving substantial connectivity degradation; e.g., 70%.


PPGCT.Finally, securityofthePPGCTprotocol(Sec.4.3) against semi-honest adversaries relies on that of the underlying PSI protocol, to which it is immediately reducible.

(a semi-honest participant with a non-negligible advantage in distinguishing between real and simulated executions of PPGCT would have the same advantage in distinguishing between real and simulated executions of PSI.)


we do not wish to allow any permissions that are not in Q, but want to authorize as many permissions in Q as possible.


Disk state reconstruction: It is straightforward to reconstruct the semantic view from the raw virtual disk blocks of a VM, if we understand how .les and directories are organized in the virtual disk.

our method casts the corresponding device drivers as well as .le system drivers of the guest OS for disk semantic view reconstruction.


Thus, R = u Ru,where R is the outcome of the transformation function (i.e., the observable trace).

if two actual events ei and ej are associated with the same user (i.e., ei ~ ej)and ei = trns(ei)and ej = trns(ej), then we de.ne a relation ~o between ei and ej.we de.ne ei ~o e j if ei,e j .RIu for some u .U.


Hence B solves A the BDHP with probability: -1 -1 (qC (qC + 1))qC (1 - qC (qC + 1))ß qC ß =( )qC ( ) qC + 1 qC + 1 1 -qC ( ß = (1 + )) qC qC + 1 ß = e(qC + 1) where e is the base for natural logarithm.

b solved the BDHP with non-negligible probability, which contradicts with the BDHP assumption.


Similarly, the hardening binding is left unmodi.ed across fork, clone and execve system calls.

the task_struct entry is essentially copied on fork.


With this design, we can achieve the privacy requirements listed in Section 2.

the privacy of a patient who submits a rating rijk for physician j and condition k is not compromised because the recommendation system service learns no information about the user s identity and thus is unable to make any inferences about the health history of any particular patient.


switch(x) { case a : y= a ; break; case b : y= b ; break; ... } Note that the above code fragment copies the value of variable x to y, without propagating the taint status.

y will always be untainted, even when x is tainted.


Because of the notion of "rendering", correctness in our protocol does not guarantee robustness in the traditional sense.

dishonest users may try to alter their inputs based on those of honest users, or dishonest users and servers may collude to change input or output values in the middle of a mix network execution based on input val- ues and intermediate transcripts.


Filter operations are designed so to not amplify the signal, even if sometime some output values could slightly exceed the maximum value.

output vector components yi that exceed the maximum representable value are clipped to the maximum value that the electrocardiograph can record.


But as long as a su.cient amount of noise can be inserted in the physical observations, this does not change our conclusions.

we have for the three considered assumptions: a3.


4.3 Discussion of Results Our previous numerical examples demonstrate the importance of taking a holistic approach.

di.erent attacker models (e.g., whether an attacker makes his or her controlled path unavailable) could lead to di.erent security assessment results.


Di.erent semantics of this kind of requirements are discussed in [35].

using our system, enforcement of usage control requirements is not restricted to the initial data provider and the initial data consumer, but rather to all (transitive) consumers of a data item, as long as they are equipped with LEI and DDI.


CONFIDENTIAL INDEXING Our solution for producing privacy-aware indexes builds on the observations made in the previous section characterizing vulnerabilities from inferences.

to block such inferences, we require that di.erent occurrences of a same plaintext value be mapped to di.erent index values whenever such occurrences are subject to di.erent authorizations.


Figure 3 shows the algorithm of parameter con.guration for our GCK hash function.

constraints 1 and 4 make HA theoretically collision resistant; constraints 2 and 3 ensure HA reaches the level of security .


Our strategic objective is to create a new intrinsic passive metering technique and the .rst IC auditing technique using a combination of statistical, majorization, and IC characterization techniques.

we propose a new intrinsic passive metering scheme based on physical level IC characteristics, such as threshold voltage (Vth) and e.ective Copyright 2011 ACM 978-1-4503-1005-5/11/10 ...$10.00.