This delay imbalance favors ANT because a skewed distribution implies a low frequency of errors when the architecture is voltage overscaled.

in a VOS scenario and perhaps others, the noise model .


In contrast to other parametric test methods, delay measurements benefit from the fact that the delay of each path can be measured separately.

the resolution of delay measurement for one path is independent of the other paths in a logic block and other logic blocks on the chip.


Unlike a traditional computer where data can be offloaded to a higher-level memory until needed, droplets that are waiting on other dependencies must be stored on the array using the same electrodes that might otherwise be used to perform operations.

the number of droplets being stored on a DMFB is inversely proportional to the amount of useful work that can be done.


FAU LT-TO L E R A N T GAT E SE T While every unitary complex matrix quali.es as a quantum gate in the mathematical formalism, most implementation technologies only allow a direct physical realisation of relatively few gates [11], [12], [13], [14].


Second, Distance-based Cross-Core prefetching may be usedfor multiprogramming with no additional hardware.

since each DTentry has a context ID, prefetching is based on patterns seen in thesame application (though it might be based on multiple threads).in a scenario where multiple single-threaded workloadsrun, prefetching would only be initiated based on patterns seenwithin cores, as in uniprocessor Distance-based prefetching.


Due to the constraints of consumer system integration(formfactor, packaging, power, heat), each application or class of applicationstill callsforaspeci.ccircuitinorderto .tintotheperformance/powerbudget.Inthat context,being ableto rapidly explore thedesign spacetakingintoaccountthespeci.citiesoftheapplicationis a necessity.

theMPSoCdesign approaches aim .rstly at clearly separating computationfrom communication, usinginterfaces that are standardized, allowing toquickly exchange one IP by an other and to add or retrieve a processor.


However, in minimum cost timing bu.ering, a bu.er insertion may result in many nondominated (C, W, Q) tuples with the same C value, where Q denotes the require arrival time (RAT).

in slew bu.ering, at each bu.er position along a single branch,at most |B| new solutions can be generated through bu.er insertion since C, S are the same after inserting each bu.er.


Furthermore, the computational performance is also a.ected by the e.ciency of parallel pipelining, thus thoseparameters mustbe consideredtodetermine some ceilings in the roo.ine model.

the roo.ine model of a vector processor with the vector cache is de.ned as shown in Figure 2.


That enables the issue of a single request to the memory controller queue; processing of multi-line requests that are directed to the same DRAM page together as a single request in the queue; and, in the end, close the page after completing all of the prefetches.

multi-line requests: a) improve bandwidth use, b) simplify our priority scheme by executing back-to-back page-related requests, and c) improve our controller e.ciency for closing the DRAM pages.


The re-execution scheme assumes that a fault is locally detected at the end of the task execution.

other than the overhead of re-executing the task, the detection imposes additional overhead.


The goal of the optimization for such a case is to bring down the read µ/s to the minimum required value of 6, thus increasing the write stability and reducing the need for aggressive assist technique application.

since it will be clearly difficult to obtain write µ/s>6, either the cell size can be modified or the body bias impact can be considered.


Communication between clusters is through Gigabit Ethernet on host computers.

we adopted the hybrid of the two solutions discussed in the previous section.


However, the texture cannot be read and written at the same time.

two copies of position texture and velocity texture are needed while one stores position and velocity information of mass spring system in current time-step, the other one stores the next time-step information that needs to be updated.


are adjustable through 12 control bits from the shift registers.

a total of 8 digitized signals pass through four 8x1 multiplexers and the resulting four signals act as controlling signals at three 16x1 multiplexers, the outputs of which feed a dependent current source (DCS) for a voltage to current conversion.


Network cost is dominated by the cost of channels, and in particular the cost of the long, global, inter-cabinet channels.

reducing the number of global channels can signi.cantly reduce the cost of the network.


Sp' } = {1,3,4} corresponds to a recovery sequence {xi}0=i=6 = {0101100}.

the read-optimal and balanced recovery scheme is symbols d0,1, d2,1 , d5,1 are recovered by row parity, and symbols d1,1 , d3,1, d4,1 are recovered by diagonal parity.


3(b) tC-Q1 represents the characteristic clock-to-Q delay and tC-Q2 a 10% increase in tC-Q1.

those setup/hold skew pairs that lead to 10% degradation in clock-to-Q delay in the second waveform are the setup/hold times.


If task u sends data to task v, the consumer task v cannot execute until all the data are available.

if two adjacent tasks are clustered together and scheduled at the same pipeline stage, their execution order within the processor should ensure that u executes first.


However, each test pattern is applied for all (pseudo) inputs and (pseudo) outputs.

easily testable cones, which require only a small number of test patterns, nevertheless get exercised by all testpatterns, eventhoughtheyhavebeentested out foralongtimealready.


In the case of a load/store instruction utilizing the CPSI and CDMI blocks for low-power address transfers, the request to the memory subsystem can be sent at the beginning of the .rst stage, while the data is effectively returned at the end of the subsequent pipeline stage.

the transactions to the data memory are effectively pipelined and the address calculation logic in the CDMI adds no delay to the memory access time.


This is because the coefficients were obtained through the regression with singleaggressor test cases.

another set of coefficients for equation (1) can be obtained with multiple-aggressor test cases and used separately for multiple-aggressor cases to improve the accuracy.


), leads to a higher current flowing through the secondary diode during an ESD CDM transient.

the size of the secondary P+/NW and N+/SX protection diodes was designed with a perimeter of 100 µm to be able to handle a current greater than 1 A.


Note that tr is a function of the input transition time (tin) and the output load.

the iterative effective capacitance equation for matching any .% point of the gate output transition time can be written as: Exp G t ,, r ,c =c +k .c where c .= c rc eff () (r n p f ) n Exp ()f ª y ln(1 -.)


As mentioned in Section 2.2, flip-flop-based synthesis and placement have considered the extra hold time margin .

we consider the input design satisfies setup and hold time constraints in this paper, The hold time are still safe after including and .


It is obvious that if scheduling and FU allocation can be solved exactly for a MSV, the number of cycles with non-maximal FMSVs will be always fewer than or equal to the result with maximal FMSVs that cover the non-maximal FMSVs.

only maximal FMSVs should be considered under an area constraint.


For each of these dominant leakage states, we select the leaking transistors and set them all to a high Vth.

for each library gate we have several mixed dual-Vth versions.


On the right side, the second thread is in phase C. At some point in time before phase C .nishes, thread one switches to phase B, which has a di.erent shared resource usage.

we can expect that phase C s performance will be di.erent due to the di.erent shared resource access characteristics of phase A and B.


Both sleeping live lines and dead lines cause data lost.

both requires an access to a lower cache when the lost data is referenced after lines wake up.


= Lemma 1 is straightforward to show, as there is no dependency between the two-pattern test Ti and Tj for logic simulation and determining which paths are sensitized.


However, if pin pi+1 s y-coordinate is outside of the Steiner range of si, we have to backtrack FST s Fk, k = i - 1 to 2,in Fi from back to front until the distance between pi+1 and tk in x-dimension is larger than that between pi+1 and pi in y-dimension.


However, such a potential has been exploited only partiallybecause of the di.erent nature of energy and aging: asaperformance .gure, agingis a.ectedby theworst idleness pattern.

largepotential energy savings usually turn into limited aging reductions.


In contrast, using a single precision .oating-point notation, high resolution operations are achieved whereas the dynamic range allows the algorithms to operate with both the largest and smallest possible values during the polynomial interpolation (40953 and 4E-4, respectively).

we justify the use of the single precision .oating-point arithmetic (32 bits) instead of the .xed-point notation.


If the processing capability is high, it means the operation has small computation workload and can process a large volume of data.

it can be considered as data-intensive operation.


If we only consider O(n) pairs of vertices, we will have only O(n) Steiner point candidates, which is more ef.cient for the Steiner point selection.

the bottleneck has become how to choose O(n) pairs of vertices to generate desirable Steiner point candidates, which is our OAVG construction in Section 3.3.1.


Then, we build a PCDT graph based on startpoints, the centers of the end-zones (ozs), obstacles, particles U, and the boundary of the SRG plane.

the start-points and the ozs become vertices of triangles.


The same also applies to the following cycles.

the forward feasible channel set at any cycle can be recursively derived from the set at the previous cycle.


Each sensor will have n lines intersecting it at the nth measurement since we assume that all of the sensors angles of arrival will be detected.

we will always know the position of the actual sensors.


The reason for this change in the stability is due to the introduction of the term 1ih2, which is usu ally much bigger than R, to the eigenvalues (R ) of the new system.

the stability is now dominated by this term instead of R as in the original system (1).


The e.ectiveness of bus-invert coding decreases with increase in the bus width.

for wide buses, the bus is partitioned into several sub-buses each with its own invert bit.


the two POWER7+ processors provide a total of 64 hardware (or physical) threads.


Due to the non-volatility nature of flash, a flash cell can keep its charge for a long time until the cell is erased.

one can anticipate that the ma jority of errors in reads to the same flash page appear in the same positions.


Thus, our statistical values will save 28% of the power consumption compared to worst-case values.

our methodology has a lower power cost than the worst-case analysis.


Consequently, NetLog, stores and maintains the timeout and counter information of a .ow table entry before deleting it.

should NetLog need to restore a .ow table entry, it adds it with the appropriate time-out information.


This model accounts for spatial overlap of damaged areas, but it does not account for spatial locality of errors such as correlated media errors on the same track or cylinder of a disk [1].

the expression derived for the MTTDL in the case of latent errors with auditing is a coarse approximation.


Intrinsic reliability issues due to TDDB, electromigration and thermal cycling are additionally intensified by non-ideal scaling, increased transistor count, power densities and adaptive processing [19].

dynamic reliability management is investigated which aims at postponing device failures by means of microarchitectural awareness of lifetime reliability [18].


Despite its importance (see [4]), cost evaluation is mostly neglected.

cost evaluation with a competitive runtime complexity is required in such investigations.


As listed in Table 1, the optimum setup time for the SAFF is negative.

in order to achieve a minimum TD-Q delay the input data signal should arrive later than the positive edge of the clock signal.


The block size is 256 symbols, and the PN code length is 64 symbols.

the PN code duration is 32 ms, which is much shorter than the channel delay spread.


RSAI30 was factored by NFS using 10% of compute time with MPQS.

the Mojave hardware implementation will bring the fraction down to ~2%.


The heuristic can be easily altered to determine a high leakage vector by suitably changing the input constraints for the constituent cells.


When a block is evicted from the local private partition the arbiter selects the next shared way and spills the block to the corresponding node.

all shared ways are used equally and in circular order and nodes with more shared space receive more spilled blocks.


In fact, it is equal to the noise variance s2n .

filter output ( y ) should be a close estimate of signal ( s ) in order to minimize the expectation of error.


DC offsets) and low-frequency AC noise have indistinguishable effects on circuit response when they are observed over a bounded time period.

we can analyze the mismatch effects by performing a frequency-domain noise analysis with pseudo AC noises, instead of the lengthy Monte-Carlo simulations with randomized DC offsets.


For instance, if an SDT system is protecting a web server against possible attacks, but causes 30% slowdown, a company may need 30% more machines to handle the web traffic they expect.

the causes of SDT overhead should be studied rigorously.


From the perspective of NBTI recovery, most of the recovery happens in a short period of time: a few seconds after the start of the recovery [6].

keeping a cache bank in the recovery mode for more than few seconds is not very beneficial.


The CGs are tied to ground by the two additional n-type devices.

both pull-up devices are in the off-state.


However, almost 30% nets of a circuit still cannot be observed after a post-layout circuit editing is applied in a 90 nm technology [8].

an automatic routing tool is needed to create a layout which is friendly for applying FIB probing or circuit editing.


Assuming that the wire width and wire-to-wire spacing are uniform, the width of and the spacing between the diagonal wires are about 70% of the same dimensions for the horizontal/vertical (h/v) wires.

the resistance of a unit-length diagonal wire segment is twice as great as the resistance of a unit-length h/v wire segment.


Now in a real system this delay time will vary for each cache congruence class and for each occurrence of a cache miss.

the average behavior will smooth off the abrupt onset of the curves.


NBTI models which do not include the recovery effects can lead to overly conservative guard band.

it is critical to be able to physically measure the NBTI recovery effect, and to model and simulate the NBTI effects by partially or completely subtracting NBTI recovery effects in a realistic way.


This information cannot be reconstructed simply from the acceleration trace.

in our solution we maintain a list of all registers that should have been modi.ed by a completed instruction.


The propagation or masking of an error by a module depends on many variables, both static, e.g., the logic function implemented by the module, and dynamic, e.g., the current value of the other inputs of the module or the state of internal registers.

several different signatures are possible for a single fault, especially when complex circuit topologies and functions are considered, since dynamic factors may change which comparators are triggered.


Obviously, with more number of registers covered by ECC, the cost will also increase.


This index points to the .rst entry in the TT for this basic block.

when an application loop basic block is complete, a lookup into the BBIT produces the TT index for the next basic block.


In practice, we do not know the wafer spatial signatures in advance.

we adopt the sparse regression idea in [8] to automatically select an appropriate set of basis functions from a dictionary that covers all possible spatial patterns.


As an example, increasing .Toh from 100ps to 200ps only results in 9% increase in the Robustness Function, whereas increasing .Toh from 200ps to 300ps causes a 42% improvement.

identifying the most economical scheme requires careful investigation of the Circuits , Research Report, http://esdat.ucsd.edu/~chong/nia.pdf.


It is well known that chopper amplifiers remove offset and 1/f noise [1].

this is an appropriate technique that fulfils the requirements for low-frequency systems like temperature, magnetic and pressure sensors interfaces [1][2], for instance.


An interval description does not permit making statements about which values of the variable are more likely.

if in addition to the range, the statistic metrics, such as mean and variance, are known, the interval methods are incapable of utilizing this additional information in computing the arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /, max, min).


2(i)(i) (C- µ) jt Nelit; It should be emphasized that, the relative supply noise j.I sensitivities with respect to the decap candidates within the 9: t=t+1; same block would be similar even the absolute deacap sen sitivity values may have changed signi.cantly (after applying the block level decap budgeting step using CE method).

the SCE decap algorithm only requires one time adjoint sensitivity analysis throughout the decap optimization procedure.


Actually, computing .L() is exactly the essential problem to solve in the analysis of LRU caches.

we can use the over-approximate AI-based LRU analysis introduced in Section II-C to ef.ciently bound .L().


This step ensures that the test will be executed as often as the application allows and can help the designer in the design space exploration.

the proposed method generates a solution composed of the self-test program (set of selected selftest routines), the minimum test period that does not disturb the application, and data and program memory sizes required for the whole system (meeting the initial constraints defined by the target platform).


As average node degree increases, a fixed change in link width will result in more wires being added for higher average node degrees, thus further impacting performance.

................ is expressed as a change in link width amplified by the average node degree.


Obviously, a better timing accuracy allows the use of the TLM model for early performance evaluations, but unfortunately a better accuracy induces longer development time and slower simulation speed.

a trade-off has to be found according to the use case [2].


eu,v.E v.V In this equation, the .rst term is a constant.

the second term becomes the objective function of min-area retiming.


We de.ne critical slack as the minimum slack among all instances of a net.

the max-slack problem is to maximize the critical slack of a net.


Power gating does not create any power overhead because as discussed previously, the operating frequency is decreased due to the voltage drop of the switch and total power consumption value is conserved.

the NVSRAM configuration and power gating only creates an average overhead compared to the design with SRAM.


As mentioned, this can be done because we will make the answer prefixclosed, a requirement for an FSM.

(the X computed is the most general prefix-closed solution.)


During run-time, we know the value of Vin(t), and we look-up or interpolate the other parameters.

one can translate the model into an equation that is differential in nature and implicit with respect to the output.


In our experiments, the size of write address list ranges between 1K and 8K entries.

the maximum area overhead of write address list is 79KB (=8K*79b).


For instance, the result of (obtain, {pi, vpc}) affects the value of vpc that further determines whether collection of children information is allowed in COPPA policy 1.

the smaller the count number in a pre-obligation temporal constraint is, the stricter the temporal constraint is.


For example, the micro-controller for a recently developed biochip for n-plex bioassay can only activate 64 control pins [7].

it cannot directly control thousands of electrodes.


4953 × 30/6 = 24765 6-bit words are needed for each context.


It is easy to see that our acceptance probability a satis.es the three conditions above.


We also note that the standard deviation drops as the number of comparisons increases.


Note that, after .nalizing the learning phase, the runtime selection of a cache con.guration does not require previous tuning of all available microarchitectures before the selection of one with the highest performance, as proposed in other adaptive methodologies [2, 19].

our on-line control method requires lower overhead for the determination of the stable state of the microarchitecture than prior reported studies.


One of our desiderata is that the new PUF is solely composed of gates in order to enable integration of the PUF with parts of the design, thus preventing removal of the PUF from the circuitry without signi.cantly altering or damaging the original design.


the approximation of the partially coherent aerial image intensity can be written as: I (xi , yi ) .


Unlike VFs the CFs do not suffer from the problems of limited input/output signal swing and have higher bandwidth.

it is attractive to design a polyphase filter based on CFs only.


Power consumption is minimized by routing over minimum hops.

the ILP also routes the traces in shortest paths subject to bandwidth constraints on router ports.


However, a large number of independent control pins necessitates multiple PCB layers, which adds significantly to the product cost.

the design of pin-constrained digital microfluidic arrays is of great practical importance for the emerging marketplace.


asdiscussedearlier,inthecontextofembeddedenvironments,boththedictionaryandtheindexareconsideredin thecalculationofthecompressionratio.Thesizeofthe deriveddictionarieswascomparabletothesizeoftheoriginalbit-streams.negativecompressionoccurred, Table1:Compressionratiosforthecon.gurationbit-streams Implementation Bit-stream size (bits) Compression ratio LZW Compact Heuristic Lower Bound MARS RC6 Rijndael Serpent Two.sh FFT-256 FFT-1024 4 x FIR-256 FIR-1024 3608000 2546080 3608000 2546080 6127712 1751810 1751840 1751840 1751840 179 % 119 % 198 % 165 % 186 % 140 % 159 % 180 % 177 % 96 % 69 % 104 % 95 % 103 % 85 % 89 % 97 % 96 % 82 % 59 % 89 % 79 % 86 % 68 % 72 % 80 % 79 % 73 % 48 % 81 % 67 % 76 % 56 % 64 % 73 % 71 % Table2:DictionaryandIndexmemoryrequirements.


In fact, as we will discuss later, there exists a certain scheduling and binding condition where the use of firewall register will cause functional errors.

if we want to take advantage of firewall register, we must avoid scheduling and binding a design in that way.


inimize:Pp+Pa (16) Intermsofdecisionvariables,theaboveiswrittenas: inimize:Pp 1 + Yi,v,I,(I+Li,v-1)*P(iVvVIIM)(17) N Iv iEF ,v ThePpisusedasaconstraintlater.


Although the average distance from invalidation to subsequent load coherence miss is much longer in SPECweb99 than in TPC-H, the ECDC protocol is able to retain cache lines for a longer period of time than in TPC-H (approximately 50,000 cycles as opposed to 5,000 cycles).

a signi.cant fraction of false sharing misses are avoided.


When the advanced loads are used for speculative register promotion, groups of references are handled together.

not only the latency of loads is hidden, but also redundant loads are removed.


The end of an epoch is determined by the ability of the local cache hierarchy to buffer the memory updates issued during the epoch.

it is designated by a cache miss on a cache set in which all of the cache lines are already marked as volatile.


Moreover, this minterm belongs to the di.-set.

after changing the value of signal r under this minterm, the output values of old and new circuits will be equivalent under this minterm.


Second, because the granularity of programmer-de.ned data updates can be larger than the interface width of the persistent memory, a single update is typically serviced as multiple requests.

sudden power losses or crashes can leave an update partially completed, corrupting the persistent data structures.


The pro.ling results are shown in Figure 9, with a maximum d of ±16.We .nd that many workloads only have spatial locality spanning about four neighborhood cache lines or less.

demand fetch will work well for these workloads.


time  time time time 1671 1.9 1586 time 4.9 292 time time time time time time 281 0.9 279 time time explanation sought for the assignment .

clause is constructed as follows, (13) Table 1.


Thus, a faulty cell can only be replaced by its physicallyadjacent cells.

a complicated shifted replacement process is required to utilize the spare cells located in the boundary row/column; this results in an unacceptable increase in the reconfiguration cost.


We don t access the RAM of TLB until it s necessary.

the dynamic power of RAM can be controlled to a lower level, and the RAM can stay in low-power state for a longer time.


Among these replacement policies, NRU needs the least storage and is the simplest, while the performance of NRU+OBM is comparable to that of L-RU+OBM and SRRIP+OBM.

we mainly focus on the study of NRU+OBM in the following experiments.


Under priority mapping combined with fine-grain turnoff, only one copy is utilized heavily until it overheats at which point other copies are used while the first one cools.

the combination achieves utilization symmetry both across and within copies; this combination is our third contribution.


The TRRT consists of a set of simulation traces that are continuous in time.

a path from any node to the root of the tree is a complete reversed simulation trace of the circuit.


This reduces the receiver dimensions, simplifying its project and enhances the electronic system's reliability.

motivated by the adoption of the digital TV standard in Brazil which intends to use the H.264/AVC video coding standard [2], some effort has been employed to develop dedicated hardware architectures for a standard compatible video decoder.


2.5 MGUARD Overview Our solution to these challenges is to move all the new components off the critical paths of AMB, in contrast to Vigilare [31] that snoops the bus and is bounded with the bus speed.

our solution is as close to the physical memory as one can possibly get by integrating programmable detection modules directly with the DRAM DIMM devices.


For instance, IBM targets 114 SDC FIT, 4,566 system-kill DUE FIT and 11,415 processorkill DUE FIT for Power4 processors [2].

to minimize the reliability cost, designers should develop or choose the most cost-effective mechanisms to meet the pre-de.ned reliability goal in terms of SDC FIT and DUE FIT.


Due to the di.erent number of rows in each architecture, each FPAA column may accomodate more CABs.

inter-CAB/intra-column interconnect limitations have to be adjusted accordingly.


In practical situation, such case rarely occurs and most of data can be represented by much smaller number of bits.

we expect much more power reduction in practical applications.


Using clock buffer CKBX4 in TSMC 65 nm cell library for illustration, its delay at the high voltage level and at the ULV level is about 0.04 ns and 2.38 ns, respectively.

for the same register, the clock skew of its clock arrival time between the high voltage level and the ULV level may be over 10 ns.


As described before, the ULP goal is achieved by turning off, the FPGA when not in use.

taking advantage of the non-volatility, NV-FPGA can save the leakage power, which is otherwise wasted.


We received feedback from medical interpreters that the system should provide support using voice data.

in this study, we considered the support for multilingual communication by voice data in the medical .eld.


In CMOS circuits, most of the power dissipation is caused by charging and discharging load capacitance of gates.

it is crucial to minimize the number of signal transitions in circuits for low power design.


Any placement that satis.es the given constraints is represented by a sequence pair.

an optimal packing with no violation of constraints is included in solution space of feasible sequence pairs.


The FSD parameter to the BDW collector controls the rate of GC by stating the ideal free-space that a given GC should  em3d raytrace 1 1 2 db 1 1 1 jack 2 2 1 bisort 0 0 0 tsp 0 0 0 power 0 0 0 compress 0 0 0 mpegaudio 0 0 0 GeoMean GC-intensive 3.2 2.0 2.4 Overall 2.1 1.4 1.7  Table 7: Live hardware parameters Processor PowerPC 970 (Apple G5), 1.8GHz, 8-way issue, 200 maximum instructions in .ight Caches 64KB direct-mapped instruction L1, 32KB 2-way associative data L1, 512KB 8-way uni.ed L2, 8 L1 and 8 L2 MSHRs Memory 512MB Prefetch Prefetch into L1 using dcbt instruction obtain after each collection cycle as a fraction of total heap size.

fSD 3 (the BDW default) states that GC should free up a third of the heap at each GC, expanding the heap as necessary only  db 0.7 10 10 0 -1 33 tions).


Security and performance analyses show that our protocol is superior to existing protocols.

this paper demonstrates great potentials in the application into low-cost RFID in IoT systems.


The scheduler checks the resources available (FUs are the only resource considered in this discussion) to .nd the earliest available cycle for the operation to execute and schedules it at that time.

using the example from Figure 2(a), assume operations are numbered with their priority, so operation 1 would be the .rst one scheduled.


we may conservatively estimate path footprints by using RP(x, v)rather than RPa(x, v|¬y).


that helps the designer decide on the on-chip memory con.guration (in particular, memory capacity) can be very important.

recent studies have addressed memory architecture design and automated software optimization for data reuse [4 6, 8, 13, 15, 18].


These y 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Figure 5: Tunnel diode phase portrait algorithm have no knowledge of the system s state space; hence the guidance and growth of the RRTs is only locally optimal.

they are not very e.cient at generating traces toward the goal regions.


hardware reconfiguration, which means that parts of the device can be updated while others continue in operation within the FPGA [2].

large hardware applications can be split into subtasks that can be dynamically allocated into the same piece of hardware according to the tasks partitioning and scheduling (virtual hardware) [19][20].


Gathering a set of particular performances pi into a vector gives us an idea of the total performance of the system.

x Performance model P Figure 2: Electronic system S parametrized by X with excitation E and response Y leading to a performance P seen from a designer s point of view, the key relationship is: P = F(X) (3) The mathematical modeling of this relationship is called performance modeling.


Since it would be impossible to accurately formulate the relationship between the node s activity similarity and the transitions of the control signals by a combinational logic.

we conduct some experiments to explore the correlation between the total transitions of the control signals and thetotalidleperiodsof theresultantsubtreesby merging two registers (or nodes).


From the perspective of software, a memory system is a .at address space, consisting of a sequence of pages.

previous persistent memory designs need to explicitly create multiple regions, logs or temporary data copies, to maintain multiple versions of data.


Flexibility functions are introduced to capture the complexity of implementing a speci.c set of performances.

in place of optimizing for power or area, the optimization problems maximize the .exibility of achieving the optimum set of performances (i.e.


8: end for Another important observation is that if all cells have identical quanta, then security of the PPUF is compromised as there are only very few possible values for the initial arrival time of PPUF output signals.

we add a small random component to the chosen quanta at each cell to ensure that each cell has a unique set of achievable quanta.


So, when D is OFF, dbar gets enabled and discharges the gate of the diode-connected NMOS to gnd.

the circuit eliminates off-state static power consumption.


To account for global di.erences inkeybetween the MIDI reference and the recorded stanzas, we revert to the observation by Goto [6] that the twelve cyclic shifts of a 12-dimensional chroma vector naturally correspond to the twelvepossible transpositions.

it su.ces to determine the cyclic shift index .


A neural network with a three layer topology (input,hidden and output layer) is commonly enough to perform the same complex nonlinear input-output relationships as any network with more than one hidden layer [11].

a three layer topology is proposed and a node in the hidden layer performs a transfer function as stated in (1).


T, such that .tripleti .N F(tripleti)= F and N has minimum cardinality.

definition: Aset N of triplets is a minimal solution iff none its triplet can be removed without affecting the detection of F. each tripleti .


All but the simplest programs make use of data and instructions in a dynamic way that is impossible to fully predict before execution.

a software caching system must have a runtime component to handle these unpredictable requests.


Pollution in the local history tables for the Checker affects more negatively than a lack of timely updates.

relying on the observed branching trends captured by the GHR in the Checker may be more bene.cial than allowing too much pollution into its local predictor tables.


First, the number of layers will reduce each IPs on a layer that can communicate independently.

the total bandwidth is increased with the number of layers.


The weight function is used to give a decreasing signi.cance to the two consecutive executions of the same block that are further apart in the sense of the above notion of distance.

it is a non-negative real function W (z) that is decreasing, i.e.


As ants traverse the con-struction graph, the decisions they make about which edges to take are random but weighted by the amounts of pheromones that have been deposited on the edges.

ants will typically follow the path created by a good solution while differing in some deci-sions, and this allows other solutions in the neighborhood of a good solution to be searched.


3.1, each column has at most one care element.

this function can be represented by only the column variables x1 and x2: f =1·x¯1x¯2 .4·x¯1x2 .3·x1x2 .2·x1x¯2.


Moreover, as b < 2-17 it is safe to use tan(b) b.

we will use the follwing approximation for computing the numerator: n = tan(c) + tan(a) + b (5) We need to compute a bound on the error of this approximation.


Such cases often occur because external scan inputs drives many internal scan inputs in test compression.

in priority-based FF-silencing, FFs are sorted in the order of their priority values, and FFsilencing is conducted in this order so as to maximize the effect of suppression a transition at a FF.


The remaining conditions ensure that latency constraints are satis.ed.

there is a minimum length schedule with a scheduled no later than b, and the edge (a, b) does not increase the minimum schedule length.


Because the design space of the possible topologies is so large, choosing the bestone is a dif.cult problem that cannot be solved only by experience.In fact, the problem is even harder given the heterogeneity of cores,and the traf.c patterns among them.

the development of automatic tools to design NoC isa key enabler for the success of the NoC design paradigm.


However, combining balanced mapping and fine-grain turnoff creates an unexpected inefficiency in port usage because neither technique achieves utilization symmetry within a copy.

we advocate a counter-intuitive strategy of priority mapping, which maps all high-priority ALUs to one copy and all low-priority ALUs to another copy (e.g., priority 1 and 2 to one copy, and priority 3 and 4 to another), to be used with finegrain turnoff.


Maximal identification of mutual exclusiveness is good because mutually ex- clusive operations can share resource.

by maximizing resource sharing we can minimize the area which will be necessary to implement the dat- apath for the given application ([13, 14, 15, 16]).


(x,y,z),AjDw If one region (x, y, z) is highly correlated to action Aj, it will then have relatively small within class distance (x,y,z),Aj (x,y,z),Aj Dw and large between class distance Db , which gives large .sher score F(x,y,z),Aj .

.sher score can be an indicator of correlation between an action and regions.


The multiplicities relate to the feature model in Figure 3.

platform architects model the three platform types Telematics, Powertrain, and Assistance independently and embed them as platform parts in the hierarchical platform type Arduino Car.


In this situation, the second peak current of NDRL must be under the current of NDRD when V =V H .

an bias bias expression concerning to a maximum FF is obtained, H MAX H (13) ... .


4.2 Dichotomic Finite-State Machine As was pointed out in the introduction of this work, the number of processors and individual cores used in today s chips is increasing rapidly every new generation.

the number of possible states and state transitions in the Figure 4: Structure of MCjammer.


In addition, the low-slew+high-skew method [2] achieves lower energy than unbuffered H-tree at the cost of low Fmax.

we conclude that a simultaneous management of variation-aware slew and skew proves to be an ef.cient way to obtain a low-energy and robust clock network targeting at a high Fmax in ULV circuits.


Extensively studied in [8] by TCAD simulations, such an approach demonstrates the ability to reach the same level of performances than FinFET LSTP transistors at 22-nm technology node for a slight area overhead of 8%.

the circuit-level opportunities compensate the initial limitations, such as the increase of parasitic capacitances, found at the device level.


As such, errors in physically adjacent codewords in a chipkill-correct memory system typically lie in the same symbol position.

each codeword does not need to have its own dedicated correction-check symbol because a primary function of the correction-check symbol is to locate the symbol in the codeword that contains error.


w(xxhas to be either wlo or whi to maximize the delay.


Asa voltageprogrammingpixel,thedriving transistor must supply a certain amount of currentdeterminedbytheOLED optical e.ciency, for a given gate voltage regardless of the OLEDbias.

thedrivingtransistor of the2Tpixel showninFigure1isbiasedin a way thatit remainsin strong saturation for the entire range of the gray-scale OLED operation.


(5) The instruction packet and the data packet, designed to trigger the sampling and carry the data respectively, both contain  routing table information in the packet format.

when the control node initializes a cross-transect sampling mission by sending an instruction pack through the routing table, each sampling node receiving the packet one by another will obtain its up and down adjacent node along the transect line .


peak_current_Z1; We have the results that peak_current_Z1 = 2*c, S1,1 = 1, S1,2 = 0, S3,1 = 1 and S3,2 = 0.

as a result, we have TC1 = d1, TC2 = d2, TC3 = d1, TC4 = d2, TC5 = d2, TC6 = d2 and the peak current is 4*c. the peak current is reduced from 6*c to 4*c. We further reduce the peak current by re-scheduling zone Z2 under TC1 = d1, TC2 = d2, TC3 = d1 and TC5 = d2.


C shows the intra-wave fault situation, where the broken .rst half of the datawave propagates too far and goes beyond its limit because of the unexpected earlier release from the switch.

it can not be covered by its associated request signal level properly.


We also observe that the F2F improvement numbers are better than the SVT case.

the 3D power bene.t not only carries over to dual-Vt designs, it actually improves.


First, reducing the scrubbing period results in an increased reliability, but also in an increased penalty on the I/O performance.


In this context, we also uncover a new opportunity in reliability driven routing in an hNoC, by demonstrating that a substantial portion of the data packets routed in the network are non-critical (i.e., system performance is insensitive to their latency).

utilization in centrally placed buffered routers can be reduced by minimizing non-critical packets routed through them.


Computation-bound programs require less capacity of cache memory than memory-bound programs.

more cache banks are assigned for cores with memory-bound programs.


For high density plasma (HDP) oxide deposition, which is the mainstream oxide deposition technology, the deposition pro.le exhibits a slanted sidewall.

features on the oxide layer appear as shrunk nitride features [3, 9, 10].


[6] introduced an imaginary proximity net which imaginatively connects the clustered devices.

the devices will be mutually attractive when minimizing the wire length of the proximity 50


When the host injects a virtual interrupt, the corresponding completion should go to the host for emulation and not to the physical EOI register.

during injection mode (described in Section 4.1), the host temporarily traps accesses to the EOI register.


the .rst step in our system design .ow is to convert this sequential program into an executable parallel speci.cation, in our case Kahn Process Network (KPN).


Unfortunately, there is no simple way to extend the ideas of testing placement optimality to logic synthesis because of the inherent differences in the two problems.

little progress has been made on testing the optimality of logic synthesis algorithms.


The last group of POSIX API functions is composed of those functions whose implementation is strongly dependent on the hardware platform.

a general platform execution support model is not possible.


Equation (4) can be used recursively, meaning that the output voltage at each time instance can be written as a linear function of the sources of variation.

vo(ti) which is the summation of the normal distributions of process parameters is modeled by a normal distribution.


However, only the input state of the circuit as a whole can be controlled and the logic correlations of the circuit restrict the possible assignments of gate input states.

selection of the circuit input state and of which gate is assigned a high-Vt group must be made simultaneously to obtain the maximum improvement in leakage current with minimum loss in performance.


In a dependence graph, the branch misprediction penalty cannot be eliminated by setting the edge weight to zero, as zero-weight edge still implies an ordering dependency between two instructions.

the branch predictor design falls into the structure category.


For 32-bit (64-bit) operands, this results in a chain being 3 (6) slices long.

carrychains result in lower latency for wide operands.


For example, instead of being restricted to chip peripherals, I/O cells now can be placed anywhere on the die, and the placement of I/O cells also needs to consider the bump locations on the package in order to minimize the number of extra die layers for connecting I/O cells to the bumps.

the traditional timing-drivenI/O placement formulation [2,3,4,5] without considering package design issues is no longer applicable.


On the other hand, dieto-die temperature variations are a function of total chip power and correlate strongly to with-in-die process variations such as withindie channel length variations.

we will calculate the total chip power and die-temperature self-consistently as in [14] to study the impact of die-to-die temperature variations.


In some cases, the value for extra_coms is high, so if we do not carefully select the graphs to be replicated, there may not be sufficient resources to replicate all the necessary instructions.

it is important to reduce the number of extra instructions that need to be added.


The cache compression schemes increased the dynamic energy consumption and shortened the lifetime without bene.t.

future work will focus on proposing a novel scheme to overcome these drawbacks.


In such a scenario, it is not known apriori whether VDDI  VDDO.

a single supply voltage level shifter (SS-VLS), is desired which utilizes the supply voltage of the VDDO domain alone.


We estimatethespatiallocality of apageby averaging the number of words used in each fetched cache line for that page.

we can estimate the average tra.c for fetching a line from a page as follows: The costfor a coarse-grained access(64B) is73B:64B data, 8B ECC, and 1B for control.


On the other hand, CMOS gates are non-linear devices and the estimation of gate delay is inherently more complicated.

delay calculation based on look-up tables is widely used [2, 3].


This increase in delay is, however, quite small (and hence negligible) in the region to the left of the line that is marked by Z.

from Figure 5(b) and (c), we conclude that for a given output load, we should use the minimum W0 value that does not result in a significant delay increase (i.e., move us to the right of line Z), which, in turn, may cause a required arrival time constraint violation.


With only intra-die variation, the effect of logic depth prevails over the effect of the max function.


It is desirable to distribute the total power P to maximize the minimum capacity of each hop channel.

the optimum power allocation problem for a dual-hop MIMO relay channel can be formulated 1 .. 2 ..1 .. 2 .. C. max min CP ,CP (7) ... ... 2 ..1 .. PP ..1 .. where P .P2 .P.


(4) If we execute loop nest Lj on the embedded processor, all the dirty data that may be accessed by Lj must have been written back to the disk.

we have the following constraint: m (1-Hj)+Di,j Ji,k (Rk,j +Wk,j )=1, .i, j.


The optimized LTPS TFT system can have many other applications due to its better performance (compared to standard TFT) --low cost and ease to fabricate on flexible substrate.

high performance and/or ultra low power electronics designed using the proposed TFT can be integrated together on the same substrate with display (say, SystemOn-Panel) opening up plethora of many new applications.


Modern VLSI designs often contain rectilinear obstacles such as macro cells, IP blocks, and pre-routed nets.

the obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner minimum tree (OARSMT) problem has received a lot of research attentions in recent years.


However, the device placement problem in a biochip differs from the classical circle packing in the following two aspects: (i) The layout of a digital micro.uidic biochip consists of a discrete electrode array; hence the devices (which are represented by the centers of the corresponding circles needed to be packed) are constrained to lie on integer grid points, and (ii) for two devices da and db, the radius of the C(da,db) circle 2 , depends on the device pair.

the de.nition of tangency of two circles should be modi.ed as follows.


L2 power would be even higher if high-speed and thus, high leakage transistors were used.)

numerous architectural techniques have been developed to mitigate interconnect energy in last-level caches.


An expression of the form {X}k means that message X is encrypted using the key k. Kerberos, as speci.ed in [7], is a full-featured protocol whose messages can have a size of several kilobytes, which poses a problem for sensor networks since radio communication drains the nodes battery.

we conduct our energy evaluation with a lightweight version of the Kerberos protocol with short messages as summarized below (see [4] for details).


Pattern routing uses an L-shaped or a Z-shaped route to make the connection, which gives the shortest path length between two points.

the wire length is minimized, and we do not include wire length in the cost function at this stage.


The Gauss-Jacobi method is easily parallelized.

we can apply the proposed method to very large scale problems ef.ciently.


The symbolic addresses of array data variables can be represented by their array indices.

the symbolic address generator can be implemented in the custom Address Calculation Unit (cACU) style preferred by Miranda et al.


In fact, the use of heuristic H2 leads the sensor to register its identity before achieving the period T .

the registration of sensors will be distributed on tags according to the variation of their speed.


The speed of convergence and quality of finally results are dependent of these GA parameters.

a tuning process is required to meet the design expectations.


POWER ISSUES As discussed above, portability has become an increasingly desirable and in many cases required feature for computers, communication devices, and microinstruments.

issues involving power sources, low-power design, and low-power sensors and actuators have to be considered carefully.


In an embedded system, memory system occupies a large portion of power budget and area.

in order to properly design low-power wearable systems, the memory demands of application must be served efficiently.


Unfortunately, this implementation limits the power supply to values higher than 1V, since there are two stacked resistors.

the biasing current IB is mirrored into resistor R2 and transistor Q6, through the mirror formed by Q3 and Q5.


Since the computation is ROM based, only the initial con- figuration is necessary.

the larger sizes in the results, 768 x 512 (TV-image) and 1920 x 1152 (HDTV), do not rely on the flush time.


Second, the Reservation Station is also enhanced to store the name of this copy register to enforce the copy operation during the execution of the instruction.

the path between the register file and the RS should be modified to contain this information.


Here we describe in detail the characteristics of multi-level memristor operations: 2.1.1 Multi-level Memristor Reads As the number of bits being stored in a single memristor increases, the ADC must distinguish between more values, and the range of resistive values mapping to a single digital value decreases.

more precise read operations require longer latency.


However, intuitively, the number of samples 2m a.ects the values of Pe, the more samples, the smaller the value of Pe.

as trade o. between the sensing performance and the number of samples 2m, the error probability introduced by reliability parameter is assumed to be Pe =0.01 in the following examples.


I where f(x) is the PDF for IREAD distributed normally with µ=µI and s=sI as above, and F(x) is the CDF of IREAD.

p2, P3, and P4 are examples of the order statistics of IREAD and equal to I1k:1, I1k:2, and I1k:1k.


When stored in NVM, keys are always present in the device even when it is switched o..

attackers can easily subject those devices to physical attacks using a variety of tools in order to get access to the secret keys.


Noise on the reference voltage line has a small time window to affect the correct operation of the sensor: it is dangerous only when the cell s voltage approaches the reference voltage.

even in noisy environments we expect transient faults not to be common.


Merely controlling the amount of coupling capacitance is not adequate, since the same amount of coupling capacitance may cause different delay depending on its location.

coupling aware timing instead of only coupling capacitance needs to be optimized directly.


We should notice that, the upper and lower boundaries of write speed are restricted by the voltage constraints and noise immunity issues, which are denoted as Vmax and Vmin.

for a low-power design, we should partially program the low resistance side of the memristor and program at the speed of Speedmin.


Now for all addresses a =b and indexes i of ps ' , we have IR(s' ,ps ' (i),a)IR(s,ps(c(i)),a).

the fact that for all such a, we have tag2(v ' (i)(a))=tag2(v(c(i))(a))is compliant with def.


The .uctuations from the nominal value are consistent across the power grid, and it has been shown that frequency .uctuations measured at locations physically far apart but connected on the same power grid have a similar value [3] [10].

the ENF signal recorded at any location in the network of the power grid can serve as a representative signal for the ENF in the area covered by the power grid.


In this caase, the region is the surface of the six-dimensional unit hyper-spheere and vol is equal to 813.

(16) is approximated by (12), using a well known MC method.


Of course, the wire length of the net, as a conventional metric, also needs to be minimized.

the weighted sum lwp + alp is a good con + ßnsp cost metric to minimize when we route a single net, where lwp , lp con and nsp denote the wire length, the con.icting wire length and the number of stitches produced by the path p computed, respectively, and a and ß are user de.ned parameters that specify the relative importance between them.


Simply hiding internal memory addresses alone will not address this issue properly.

we need to constantly update the address mapping to obfuscate any relationship among information leaked from side channels.


Excessive power levels during test may: (1) cause structuraldamagetothesiliconorpackage,and(2) causea large voltagedropthat maylead toerroneousdatatransferin test mode, thus invalidating test and leading to yield loss [11].

peak and averagepowerreduction methodologies targeting compression-based scan designs are of paramount importance, which has led to the development of numerous techniques in recent years [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15].


Most IP vendors have produced large quantities of AMBA compatible IPs.

the AMBA bus has been the representative of the SoC market despite its limitation in performance with the growing SoC scale.


For reads, the chunkserver veri.es the checksum of the data blocks before returning any data to the requester.

chunkservers do not propagate corruptions to other machines.


Similarly, tiles T(0,1) on clusters 0, 1, 2 and 3 are connected together with another AWG and so on.

we will require 16 AWGs for connecting all the tiles from di.erent clusters.


Since all the possible routing paths of t must pass exactly one line segment in S, the sum of the new probabilities of the line segments in S should be 1.

the Do(xi,yj ) wire density for the line segment xi,yj is .


Just as how the number of replica sites necessitated additional bits, this choice will also require such additional bits.

in our experiments, we just use one replica and one replica site.


Error/Fault Recovery: The concurrent error detection scheme allows detecting errors induced by temporary faults affecting processing nodes, routers or links as soon as they occur.

instruction replay (a mature technique already used in some commercial microprocessors like the IBM Power 6 processor [12]) or message retransmission for faults affecting links and routers, will be used to recover from temporary faults at low area, performance and power penalties.


However, simple loopy BP on stereo matching problems does not produce the best disparity labeling results in practice ([10]) and can occasionally diverge.

we chose instead sequential tree reweighted message passing (TRW-S), which shows superior quality thanks to an attractive convergence property for its sequential order of update [19,20].


Further, it is typical to limit the voltage drop within 10% of the supply voltage to guarantee proper circuit operation [2].

iR drop is a .rst-order effect and can no longer be ignored during the design process, and it is of particular importance to consider the P/G network synthesis for reliable circuit operation.


digital media forensics are established as a consequence of modern digital information technologies and communication systems such as for example the Internet and VoIP.


Different from the latter, the length of the simulation intervals is set to 500 cycles.

there is a faster response to the generation of additional load and a faster improvement of the initial distribution of active model parts.


Each PE array and its corresponding 2-D SAD tree compute the 41 SADs of VBS for one searching candidate each cycle.

eight horizontally adjacent candidates are processed in parallel.


We do not show leakage power here because the FPGA chip we used has no turn-off mechanism to shut down the leakage of unused components.

the leakage power is a constant in every result.


But it may generate redundant patterns for some recognized asymmetric VPs.

simulation with randomly generated patterns is inefficient.


Similarly to the step (A), the algorithm of the step (B) must apply some transformations over the graph to map each found SP kernel to a switch network.

the first step consists in merging the rounded vertices of the template shown in Fig.


Furthermore, all the on-chip memory access can be done within one clock cycle.

we achieve seamless connection between memory access and execution benefiting from the device s distributed memory and postfabrication programmability characteristic.


In that case, the number of changed bits of the uncompressed sets and the compressed sets are the same.

only if the value of the write counter of the uncompressed sets is smaller than that of the compressed sets, all incoming blocks in the follower sets are stored uncompressed.


contrast, each of them, we separate the energy consumed by the is given by, .. combinational logics and flip-flops.

significantly slows down the circuits, including both the combinational logics in the pipeline stages and the DLs that determine the transparency window sizes.


(A4 xor B4) has 25% probability of evaluating to 1.

the throughput of the variable-latency adder is on average 1/(0.75*4+0.25*8)=0.2 whereas the simple 6-bit ripple carry adder has the throughput of 1/(1*6)=0.167.


If there is no guard bits with the adder for storing the supplementary bits due to an over.ow then this constraint must be taken into account for determining the common binary-point position.

in order to avoid over.ow the common binarypoint position mc is de.ned as follows mc =max (mx,my,mz) { mx' = mc (3) my' = mc  m' = m zc If there is guard bits with the adder, the word-length of the inputs and output are di.erent.


Notice that the .ring of GMG transitions is persistent, i.e., a transition cannot be disabled by the .ring of another transition.

a transition t that becomes enabled at time twill .re at time t+d(t).


For example, a conservative policy that always gives prefetch commands lower priority than regular commands may unnecessarily block prefetch commands behind regular commands that cannot issue due to con.icts in the memory system.

rather than dictate a particular policy at design time, Adaptive Scheduling uses feedback to dynamically select from one of .ve policies in order of decreasing conservativeness: Only issue a command from the LPQ (1) if the CAQ is empty and the Reorder Queues are empty, (2) if the CAQ is empty and the Reorder queues have no issuable commands, (3) if the CAQ is empty, (4) if the CAQ has at most 1 entry and the LPQ is full, (5) if the .rst LPQ entry has an earlier timestamp than the .rst CAQ entry.


Consider first the effect of a local event e for level k: Since e is independent of all other levels, we know that e , xe((~,ik,Z)) = ~ × x;(,k) × and the rate of e is W~[ik,jk] for each jk E 2d~(ik).

for each state in C(p, ik), we know that event e is enabled, and leads to states in C(p, jk) for jk E X~(ik).


sounds show the large temporal variations and fast spectral transitions among neighboring frames.

tDMFCC that is used to represent temporal variations within a syllable-segment of bird sounds [6] based on two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) is also expected to effectively capture the large temporal variations of malicious sounds.


As a result, a given input signal traverses several clock zones before it reaches the input of the logic block.

significant latency is contributed by interconnect.


However, an embedded processor usually has much more than three components to test.

an automatic method for test exploration is required.


So the constant multiplier can be simpli.ed.

also, because log 2(n) LSBs of one of the multiplier inputs are always set to 0 s, the same number of outputs are always 0 s. the .rst log2(n)stages of the ripple carry adder can be eliminated.


Unlike in power and ground routing algorithms our algorithm calculates the unknown currents on the fly during Steiner tree based layout construction.

no postprocessing steps are needed to generate design rule correct layout.


The volltage at O1 is given by the difference between the supply vvoltage and the threshold voltage drop across AMB1 (VDD VVth).


However, this work relies on a wake-up timer to control exiting the lowest-power state.

if ultra-low-power operation is required, the technique is best suited to periodic sampling or sensing of events that occur at predictable times.


With 4GB interposer-mounted DRAMs placed beside the GPU processor, the maximum temperature is 78.4 .C.

it is feasible to employ interposer-based memory integration.


Heat generation and hence local temperature rise in a cell depends on the input data pattern.

to obtain the worst cast temperature map, an exhaustive set of test patterns need to be applied.


However, these techniques are not considered in this paper as they increase the fabrication cost.

a low-power architecture that could be implemented in standard CMOS technology is in high demand.


Generally speaking, operation scheduling determines the cost and speed trade offs of the design.

extensive work has been done to develop efficient scheduling algorithms, which either tend to minimize the total execution time or the amount of hardware resources required.


BIP inserts the incoming line in the MRU position only if the BIPCTR is zero.

bIP incurs a storage overhead of 5 bits.


However, the downside is that the number of variables is exponential in the number of loops.

the full union quickly becomes infeasible for higher numbers of loops.


In other words, we can skip two consecutive buffersby cascading every third clocked power in a buffer chain such asfi, fi+3, fi+6, fi+1, , and so on.

we can substantiallyreduce the circuit complexity by skipping the buffers in the buffer chains in 8-phase nRERL.


At the same time it performs better than FEASCHK on Blocks 2-4.

the runtime of these methods is very dependent on the topology of the circuits.


Recent studies report success in mechanical probing at array pitches of 40 µm[7]; however, such probing solutions are still being researched and it remains to be seen how easily they can be used in practice.

alternative solutions that do not rely on probing must also be investigated.


The .rst constraint is that the sum weight for all documents must be .nite.

we must employ a function with a converging integral.


ROBDDs (Reduced and Ordered BDDs) based on Shannon s decomposition nodes naturally correspond to circuits built by Shannon s decomposition.

not only BDDs can be used as compact and convenient representation of logic functions, but also as a structure for direct synthesis of transistor networks corresponding to logic cells.


ENERGY AND DELAY EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS 3.1 Probability Distribution Peaking The optimality of the WCM algorithm relies on the information of the probability distribution of the data stream because it maps the data with higher probability to the code with smaller ivs[9].

the data set with probability distributions that have sharper "peak" has higher potential for energy saving.


In particularly, for the capacitive LTGs and RTD-based LTGs, the circuit area is proportional to the weights and threshold value of an LTG [3].

in this work, we adopt the summation of the weights and threshold value of gates in threshold networks as the cost function when synthesizing a threshold logic circuit.


The error model excludes explicitly the incorrect behavior of the elementary operators (e.g., +,.,.,).

only single bit input or output errors are considered, including all operator s equivalent errors.


In Rebound, checkpointing and rollback mostly follow the Re-Vive scheme [23] within each interaction set, rather than globally across all processors.

creating a checkpoint for an interaction set involves writing back to (off-chip) memory all the dirty lines in the corresponding processors caches retaining clean copies in the caches plus the processors register state.


2) PD to PD separation: Two PDs may have undesirable crosstalk if the distance between them is too short [17].

the distance between two PDs should be no less than a minimum value of LPP.


For the STT-RAM cache and workloads in section 4, the results show that the optimized ratio is in the range of 4 to 7.

the threshold 21 cycles in subsection 3.1 is plausible, for the ratio between SAP and FAP is nearly 4.


The results also show that TSVs should be tested at multiple voltage levels inwhether a small deviation of T from that of the fault-free case is due to a TSV defect or due to variations in the gates or both.

for each measured T , there is a certain range of faults that correspond to it (aliasing).


R. and the attacker s action .ka as ][ a .ak u .


The rest of the errors occur very infrequently.

we focus our analysis on symbol errors for the rest of the paper and we use them as a model for our fault injection strategy.


Moreover, these correlations may not even be explicit in the application code.

we must rely on our expertise of wireless communications to propose an effective monitor for the HLR algorithm.


If input incoherence occurred, the register updates and memory writes on the vocal still satisfy conditions (2) and (3).


From the results presented in Table 2, we can conclude that our approach is particularly strong in the .ne localisation of the segment boundaries: we outperform Kaiser & Peeters system for a tolerance of 0.5 s. However, increasing the tolerance to 3 s has a much larger bene.cial e.ect on their performance than on ours.

their results for a tolerance of 3 s is signi.cantly better, especially the


With this method, conserving QEMU s emulation speed is difficult; performing dynamic pipeline scheduling and cycle estimation between each instruction execution would reduce emulation speed significantly.


However, the messages belonging to a certain task graph can belong to any domain (ST or DYN).

in the most general case, tasks belonging to a TT graph, for example, can communicate through both ST and DYN messages.


Figure 1: Bypass wiring complexity (a) I W = 2 (b) I W = 3 tion parallelism by the microprocessor.

designs of arithmetic units such as adders, shifters, and multipliers are critical in deciding the overall performance of microprocessors.


As we can see from the above numbers, in 4,707 of the words, the five listeners could not agree on a label.

we can say that labeling spontaneous speech data into emotion classes is not an easy task, since the emotions are not classified easily and may even contain a mixture of more than one emotion.


Total delay of n-stage pipeline system is: ttotal-delay = tdcycle,1+tdcycle,2+· · · +tdcycle,N , where N= n or n+1 for n even or odd, respectively.

total de 2 lay is: ttotal-delay = tcrit,1+tcrit,2+· · · +tcrit,n + n × tD-Q, where tcrit,i is the critical path delay in stage i.


In practice, people often treat systematic components of the variations, which are generally traceable according to process models, in the same way as random variations in process corner based methodologies.

the process corner models are unnecessarily pessimistic.


We canseethatuser x s randomcheatingbene.tshimselfin28oftheseruns, which implies that a user s random cheating has some chance of bene.ting himself.

if a user chooses his cheating strategy smartly, his cheating would have a good chance of bene.ting himself.


Unlike Simulated Annealing (SA), LFF is a deterministic packing algorithm and runs without topological representations.

it is able to tell the difference among geometric floorplans with the same topological structure, which is helpful to get a better result for buffer planning since buffer insertions are quite sensitive to a geometric change.


The L1 cache is local to cores whereas global memory is accessible to certain cores via hypertransport links.

certain memory transfers between local and global memory take place over hypertransport links.


In the following equations, M P I is misses per instruction, AP I is accesses per instruction, C P Ibase is the base CPI of the CPU, and C P Imemory is the CPI added due to miss penalties.

m P I M P C = C P I M P A(p) * AP I M P C (p) = C P Ibase + C P Imemory M P A(p) * AP I M P C (p) = C P Ibase + M P A(p) * AP I * M issP enalty (3) Equation 3 determines MPC as a function of cache size with a given MPA curve.


, which is larger than the one previously found.

step 9 of the subroutine will choose the ?


Therefore, the paths obtained by tracing back the propagation may not be the shortest paths for net 1 and net 2 respectively.

we will connect the new location to each associated subnet one by one, and update the over.ow of the routing edges after obtaining the shortest path for each net.


A weighted average is taken of these cache distances and is used as the working set estimate.

while this estimate is not perfect, as it assumes a fully-associative cache, it can be useful as a heuristic to help determine how long certain accesses would likely prefer to be in the cache.


Manual: Meaningfulness: The new .avor statements are manually integrated into existing test-templates.

meaningful injections can be reached by an educated selection of the .avor statements insertion points.


So, there might not be enough information in the unloaded responses to narrow down the suspected list further.

the average number of suspected faults are generally increased when more chains become faulty.


In addition, the in-used blocks with a virtually erased reliable block (referred to as virtual free reliable block) need the involvement of live data copies and physical block erases before the virtual free reliable block could be used for data storage.

virtual free reliable blocks should not be used for the free reliable block allocation unless the in-used blocks with one free reliable block are used out as well.


wi i=1 p1 = and p0 = 1-p1 m Thus, the steady state probabilities of the states of the Markov source are set to be equal to the mean value of the bit probabilities of the tests in T. It should be noted that in computing the mean value the positions where all tests have Xs are ignored.

the state transition probabilities, p01 and p10, of the Markov source are set to: .1 (1- wi)wi + 1 .1 wi(1- wi + 1) i=m-1 i=m-1 and p01= p10= (m -1) ·p 1(m -1) ·p 0 the method of [12] sets the transition probabilities of the Markov source after setting the values of the steady state probabilities.


we model the scheduling problem with (1) data dependency constraints between tasks, (2) constraints that represent resource contention and (3) an objective function that aims to yield the minimum execution time of the task graph.


Different stages of explored systems can be shown on a monitor screen and the desired functionality can be visually evaluated and appreciated.

interaction with peripheral devices is important.


Since the functional units consume more values than theyproduce, there are fewer inputs to the crossbar than outputs from it, and thus the crossbar is not square.

the cost to add an output port to the functional unit (or attaching another device to the crossbar) is signi.cantly more expensive than adding an input port, primarily due to the high number of capacitive loads within the crossbar.


The reason for this is that the module is only 5 CLBs wide.

only 40% of all hex lines can be accessed within the module bounding box via Table 1: Impact of wire blocking on latency and number of unrouted nets (only for the synthetic module).


The characteristics of the router does not allow us to analyze the co-simulation approach from the HW/SW partitioning point of view.

we applied the methodology to another example: the TPWire network protocol [19].


This gate .ips the value of (n + 1)st qubit if and only if the control lines are all one (positive controls).

action of the multiple-control Toffoli gate may be de.ned as follows: xi(out) = xi(i < n + 1), xn+1(out) = x1x2 · · · xn .


In general, the performance loss introduced for few of the structures is very low.

our proposals are very suitable for any kind of structure in the processor.


Therefore, a lower supply voltage can be used since defective pixels are now allowed to extend charging time.

the proposed circuit is capable of not only improving the yield, but also the reliability under low voltage operation.


By using the binary search algorithm, we obtain suf.cient resolution only at the third step of calibration.

only a 4-bit .ash ADC is required to measure the test results with high resolution.


Further, leakage reduces to 10% of the original using supply gating with PMOS transistors (see Section 3).

if for some design, 25% of the slices can be switched o., then the leakage power is reduced by (25 × 0.9 × 0.45) = 10.125%.


EFL relies on the fact that time-randomised (Evict-on-Miss) caches used in conjunction with PTA remove the dependence of execution time and WCET on the actual addresses accessed by the program.

by controlling when each core is allowed to evict lines from the LLC and by appropriately producing LLC evictions at analysis time, EFL e.ectively obtains trustworthy and tight WCET estimates.


Furthermore, the probability for the lower signi.cant bits to be correct is at least 1/2 [7].

the maximum error frequency of the FIC-TS adder is at least 1/2k+2.


On theotherhand,Swim requiresmuch morecachespacetoimprove its performance.

in this case, performance improvements depend much more on the other application that is executing simultaneously.


When the upset effect happens during the propagation time, the scheme presented in figure 6 is not capable of detecting in which redundant block the fault has occurred, only detecting that the system is in error.

after fault detection with no correction (syndrome 0101), the system should be reinitialized or some results should not be considered.


In the considered core based SOC environment SLR is an intrusive technique which leads to core redesign.

a solution which guarantees total power reduction during scan from the system integrator s perspective has to be non-intrusive and test set independent.


given a set ofpi and Ri values, it is simple to calculate R using the recursion in (4) and equation (2).


Other mitigating factors include the fact that the adaptivity logic is only activated on accesses to the L2 cache, and that the timing of the adaptivity logic is off the critical path of the L2 cache and therefore can be implemented with lower-power and/or less leaky transistors.

overall, we consider it unlikely that power will be a concern, or even a net overhead.


Thus, we can think of them as aborted operation executions that do not cause a state transition, and can order them arbitrarily among the critical path nodes, with the resulting sequence still conforming to type Ta initialized to s. By (2), nodes on the critical path are in timestamp order.

if we order all nodes in the dependency forest by increasing timestamp, the resulting sequence conforms to type Ta initialized to s. This sequence also satis.es the second requirement of a linearization, i.e., respecting the order of non-concurrent operation executions.


Compared with conventional techniques for noise optimization, the proposed technique results in wider transistor width and smaller gate inductance.

higher quality factor can be designed for spiral inductor to reduce its noise contribution.


Examples that are more recent are selective embedded just in time specialization (SEJITS) [2] for highly productive languages like Python and Ruby.

the future of programming is likely to involve program generators at many levels of the hierarchy tailoring the application to the machine.


S|.i=1f (si)= f (n) As in the precedingsubsections, we also wanttoconsider ODCs.

we only checkfor equivalence ofthe simulation slices forwhich the target netis observable.


In this paper, we measure the perturbation to a placement by wirelength increase as wirelength has direct relationship with timing and is e.cient to compute.

the perturbation constraint a actually refers to the maximum tolerable wirelength increase ratio.


The result classi.cations of theinjection experimentsin this work are basedonthefactthat only user-visible corruptions really matter.From an architecture perspective, this idea of failure may seem inaccurate, but it is consistent with recent symptom-based work and is the most appropriate in the context of evaluating our current work.

the main motivation behind our solution is that the cost of ensuring reliability canbe reducedbyfocusing onhiding onlythefaultsthat arenoticeable bythe end user at run-time.the metric ofimportanceis not the number of faults that propagate into the microarchitectural state, butratherthepercentage offaultsthat actuallydo resultin user-visible failures.


For example, one can easily envision that some types of maintenance will be required, at least in form of occasional adjustment of reverse and forward body biasing, to compensate for device aging or high operational temperatures.

we anticipate that DCD approaches will share both the techniques and resources with IC characterization and maintenance methods.


The system performance of three clusters is also different even though each cluster system has a homogeneous system configuration.

a benchmark test must be needed to measure the relative performance of four systems in DCG system.


The native simulation has no control of the standard C variables so must insure that the instruction prototypes and the custom type variables access the memory in a manner that is consistent with the standard C portions of the application.

a model of the load/store unit is attached to the load/store instruction model, as shown in block 2 of Fig.


To provide supplypowerduringpowergating, a separate non-collapsible voltage domain provides power to the retention .ip-.ops and SRAM cells.

as the power is gated from combinational logic and non-essential sequential cells, the separate voltage rail provides power to maintain core state.


Only the hot arrays that are split from A are considered for coloring and those no-hot portions of the live range of A will be accessed from off-chip memory.

algorithm 5 An algorithm for splitting and spilling live ranges in on-demand splitting.


But energy e.ciency of transistors is improving only by 1.4×, which, under constant power-budgets, results in a 2× shortfall in energy budget to power a chip at its native frequency.

our rate of utilization of a chip s potential is dropping exponentially by a jaw-dropping 2× per generation.


First, RAID does not reuse the same RS check symbol intended for erasure correction for error detection.

it does not exploit the strong detection capability of RS check symbols (i.e., the ability of a single RS check symbol to guarantee detection of single-symbol errors and to provide high detection coverage of double-symbol errors), as does Multi-ECC.


The increase in pin count can make it impossible to configure an emulation system.

it is preferable to take the former approach.


When o.-chip bandwidth is more constrained, as in our 8-core con.gurations,AGMSiseven morebene.cial andimportant:System throughput increases are 85% with ECC and 116% without ECC.

we conclude that adapting access granularity willbe moree.ectiveinfuturesystems,whereo.-chipbandwidth is relatively scarce.


In theory, the chip-level oxide thickness mean is equal to the sample mean of all the sites, denoted as xN+n0 : 1 xN +n0 =(s0 × [1]n0 ×1 + uxu |s=s0 × [1]N×1 ) (16) N + n0 The deviation between xN +n0 and uchip is primarily due to the estimation error and may degrade the analysis e.ectiveness.

we can perform a re.nement step iteratively to reduce the deviation to a negligible level, i.e.,tomake uchip xN+n0 by repeatedly replacing uchip in (13) with xN+n0 and then computing xN+n0 with (16).


We do this to separate any circuit-specific implementation details from our analysis to concentrate on how the presence of the strobe itself affects yield.

since we need not refer to any specific topology of non-strobed SA, we can instead focus on how the constraints of each signal change.


FlatFractal also allows such requests by transitioning directly from X to Y.

for serial requests (described above) and for non-conflicting concurrent requests there is a one-to-one correspondence between TreeFractal s quiescent states and FlatFractal s states.


Our proof also shows that FIFO has two page faults on any block with a request to pk-1.In any k consecutive phases, k -1 of these contain such a block.

in any super phase the total number of page faults is k(k-1) + k- 1=(k+1)(k-1).


The reason of the nets which are failed during FIBdriven routing is that PD and O restrict the routing resource.

we sequentially release PD and O on the routing grids to make routing have more resource in the routabilitydriven routing stage.


The multi-megabyte instruction footprints of scale-out workloads can be readily accommodated in the LLC while the vast datasets dwarf the LLC capacity and reside in memory.

the majority of accesses to the instruction blocks hit in the LLC while many dataset accesses miss and are .lled from main memory.


2.4 Bypassing Depth After the initial placement bypassing is applied, the original data with once reuse count becomes instant dead block since their .rst loads are .ltered.

it is reasonable to make these new instant dead blocks bypass L2 to further reduce access energy consumption.


Since the inter-tier vias are fabricated as regular vias between metals, very small interconnect footprint of 100nm can be achieved [3].

compared to TSVs, high-granular and less capacitive vertical interconnects are obtained with 3DMI.


The policy stores a new coming block as the K-th least-recently-used one and adjusts K dynamically according to the application to be executed.

the policy can balance between early eviction of dead-on-.ll blocks and retainment of reusable blocks.


The difference between the Ref.8 and our experimental results may be due to the different type of fiber used or the different tilted angle.

the thermal effect can be eliminated by measuring the wavelength difference.


The crossing edges could potentially be add to the VCG between each pair of nets.

the longest path length could be increased with these new crossing edges inserted, and thus merging opportunities could be reduced.


XBM_AFSM STATE ASSIGNMENT: METHOD AND ALGORITHM  In the State assignment of asynchronous controllers, the state encoding must ensure that there is no critical race [12].

our genetic algorithm starts from an initial population of chromosomes, where each chromosome represents a potential solution to satisfy the condition XBM_SC (see Figure 3) [24].


A 2:1 change in LAB aspect ratio causes only approximately 20% change in the optimal ratio of vertical to horizontal routing wires.

this effect appears to be able to only contribute a relatively small shift in the vertical to horizontal wire ratio.


While the power draw of a TCXO during temperature compensation is high, as Figure 3 illustrates, TCXO manufacturers recognize that temperature measurement and compensation can be done relatively infrequently since temperature is a relatively slow varying process in many environments.

the dutycycling of the temperature measurement circuitry dramaticallylowers theaveragepowerdrawof thesedevices,making their power draw viable for many sensor network applications.


These NoC systems are not appropriate to be mapped for various applications at different times.

it is desirable to have such synchronous FIFOs for intra-island communication which do not have extra latency and power consumption overhead.


As a delay constraint, we limit the total circuit delay to the initial delay point of the circuit.

gates on critical paths are resized for SER improvement only if they also result in a delay improvement.


is a (a) den=50%, gA =gB =100% (b) den=50%, gA =gB =71% function of ti.


combined CDG+DDG is better than other intermediate representations previously proposed in literature.

future work will consider the introduction of speculative computation into the List based algorithm.


We assume that the faults spatial distribution is uniform over the component s area [1].

we derive area values for each major module (input buffers, crossbar, route computation unit, etc.)


Additionally, process parameter variations occurring during fabrication are becoming more significant, and manufacturing defects more likely.

it is increasingly likely that the fabricated chips fail in the field, mainly due to faults originated during manufacturing, and not screened out during testing.


5.3 Programming Speed Improvement Compared with read operation, the programming speed in .ash memory is one order of magnitude slower.

the programming speed is a main performance bottleneck for .ash memory.


Nevertheless, the mass spring model is well-suited with parallel structure because the computation of each mass node is independent at each time-step.

the mass spring model can take advantage of GPU computational power.


The total idle-to-idle dynamic energy consumption is determined by the number of idle clock cycles, which is in turn determined by texe - f1 m NmMb.


This is further divided into two cases: one is when all tasks have completed their execution in each of their periods and are waiting for their next arrival times while residing in the delay queue (L20) and the other when all tasks except the active task have completed their execution (L23).In the .rst case, we can bring the processor into a power-down mode because there are no tasks that need it.Furthermore, we know how long the processor will be idle because the task at the head of the delay queue is the .rst on that will require the processor (recall that the delay queue is ordered by the tasks release times).This is the key ingredient of LPFPS.

we set a timer to expire at the next release time of the head of the delay queue and then put the processor into power-down mode.Because, there is a delay overhead to wake up from power-down mode, the timer actually should be set to expire earlier by that amount of delay (L21).


Given this consideration, designers cannot generously use TSVs for communication between device layers.

selection of TSV positions becomes important when designers seek to increase performance and reduce power consumption of bus architectures while using a restricted number of TSVs.


Once the optimal number of ECC checkers was established, the next analysis was aimed at determining how small the ECQ could be without signi.cantly impacting performance.

we started with the number of ECC checkers determined to be ideal in the previous experiment and varied the ECQ size.


If we can achieve the condition that gate, drain and source of the transistors in the NMOS logic tree are all low as shown in Figure 3(b), there will be no gate leakage in the NMOS logic tree.

for gate leakage suppression, inputs and outputs of every Domino stage in a Domino stage chain should be low in standby mode, while high Vt devices also need to be turned off to suppress subthreshold leakage.


Based on these results, we can draw conclusions about which parts of a specific circuit contribute more to transient fault masking, and which masking factors have more impact on fault propagation.

based on such information (e.g., Figure 1 and Figure 3(b)), one can decide which techniques, or combination thereof should be used to obtain best results.


This is because all the producer cores connected to a functional bus are loaded at the same time and only during the two capture cycles, the functional bus needs to be shared.

the additional testing time penalty is determined by serialized capture cycles for each consumer tested through the functional bus.


Those TLBs consume much additional chip area.

in- creasing the number of TLB entries is costly and difficult to apply.


For the higher fault rates, HEFT_EA provides 8-20% improvements over RESYN [14] and 8-10% improvement over xAVF [4] approaches.

hEFT_EA represents a scalable and effective system-level solution for balancing energy and reliability in emerging NoC-based MPSoCs.


For our proposed statistical regression, however, the moments E(f) and {E(f·.yn); n = 1,2,...,N} are related to the same performance function f(.Y).

instead of considering the estimators {an~; n = 0,1,...,N} as independent operations, it is possible to identify the interaction between these estimators and utilize it to improve accuracy.


Although fault-tolerant methods have been studied for long time, most of the proposed solutions are targeted to deal with a single fault at a time, and the occurrence of multiple simultaneous faults may lead to silent error propagation.

a fundamental challenge for nanoscale circuits is the improvement of the traditional methods and the development of new ones, allowing correct operation of the circuits in presence of multiple transient faults [8, 9].


The larger the weight, the greater is the likelihood that the SoC will be in that state within a certain time window.

the PSM provides an applicationdriven abstraction of the different power consumption modes in which the cores will operate.


After analyzing a single design point, we incrementally update the processing parameters by an amount proportional to their relative magnitudes in either the EDP or ENP gradient (Section A12.2).

the EDP (or ENP) of the next design point is expected to be less than that of the current design point.


In DAC12 contest, global routers BFG-R and NCTU-GR 2.0 are used to evaluate placement solutions.

we use BFG-R and NCTU-GR 2.0 to get two global routing results G1 and G2 for each placement solution, and then compute congestion penalty PWC(GP) by averaging PWC(G1) and PWC(G2).


Poly Contact  3.2 Net Partitioning Algorithm Routing track Partitioning the nets randomly may not be helpful, as shown in Figure 7.

an effective cost function is necessary to guide net partitioning.


At times it is even possible that none of the measurements are available.

for each point in time we use only the available measurements to compute the likelihood of the state.


During the iterative process, it may not be e.ective to maintain the detailed structural coverage results from one iteration to the next due to major changes in the implementation.

functional coverage based on assertions (how many times an assertion is activated) is often used as the metric to evaluate the importance of tests and to guide test template re.nement.


Actually, the oscillator phase noise L(.f) downconverts the nearby channels to baseband noise [8].

in the worst case (strongest out-of-band signal and weakest in-band signal), the following condition applies, where B is the channel bandwith : 1 L(.fch ) = (9) B · DR with B = 200kHz, the phase noise at 500kHz from the carrier should not exceed -108dBc/Hz.


These connections avoid critical shorts for long CNT curve, but they cause an increase of Vdd2Out and Gnd2Out Shorts of 6.5x and 1.5x, respectively.

the connections have no shielding effect and lead to lower robustness (e.g.


end for end  Though an output signal corresponds to a digital value, the circuit simulator outputs the signal as an analog value of the corresponding state (GND for logic LOW and VDD for logic HIGH), as well as intermediate values.


This is because the AA adds large-bit multiplication values between the coefficients and inputs, while the AI adds two smallbit inputs.

if a filter is changed by the flattened coefficients method, hardware complexity can be reduced because the number of both full-adders and flip-flops are decreased.


The channel bu.ers can be viewed as serial FIFO bu.ers as opposed to the parallel FIFO bu.ers used within the routers.

eliminating the HoL blocking is critical in our new design.


A particle strike occurring during the off-period of clock causes an SEU that .ips the output of the latch instantly and thus causes a soft error, which could affect the functionality of the block.

the Window of SEU Vulnerability (WOUV) for a positive latch is the time period when the latch is storing a value, i.e., its off-period.


Signals connected to grounded voltage sources have a given potential all over the simulation run.

the parallel simulator puts a grounded voltage source in each partition connected to this source, i.e.


One result from this trend is that security and privacy increasingly will in.uence the user s rating of a service, which by now is mostly dominated by factors like bandwidth, delay, or price.

it must be assumed that in the future more and more traf.c will be encrypted.


This is because the .ring rules and token production rules of a .ring are independent of the start time of the .ring.

if a .ring starts earlier, then tokens will only be produced earlier, which only leads to an earlier enabling and start of other actors.


Multiple faults can only increase the probability of multiple errors.

multiple errors must be considered when dealing with soft errors in current technologies.


It was noted that resistively isolated pockets of decaps can lead to multiple resonances.

accurately modeling the decap distribution is extremely important to analyze the transient behavior of power grid accurately.


For example, if a sequence pair violates block ordering for a bus, then some buses can not be assigned.

the target of the evaluation algorithm is to .nd a .oorplan which assigns as many buses as possible.


As these classi.cations must hold for all possible executions of a program, a precise classi.cation for every access is not always possible.

additional classi.cations besides hit or miss are used, for instance a miss for the .rst access to a memory cell only.


The cost in energy and time associated with the operation (operand load, execution, result storage) is shared by all the sub-words.

the fewer the bits required to represent the data, the more the data we can pack together and the cheaper the processing per sub-word becomes.


All inputs must be either arguments of the rule or can be fetched from the constant memory.

rules containing multiple FUs in a chain must be split and are executed in multiple steps.


5.1 Functional-Unit Rearrangement Since the energy of a set of functional units is dominated by the unit whose mapped voltage is the maximum (see De.nition 1), one heuristic is to avoid spreading high-voltage units into the clusters after partitioning.

our approach is to .rst rearrange functional units into a non-decreasing order sorted by their mapped voltages.


In each clock cycle, if x is less than .ve, then the value of x is incremented by two, else the value of x remains unchanged.

the next state function of x is given by ((x <5)?


Since WR-A arrives .rst and it requests fewer tokens than the DIMM s budget of 80 tokens, WR-A is served immediately.

aPT is reduced to 30 until WR-A .nishes.


Since a versatile DMFB is requested to carry out a series of associated chemical and biological reactions, a set of automation algorithms, such as synthesis and routing [7] [12], are essential for speeding up the design process, reducing the manual effort, and improving the design quality.

the design automation for DMFB has been becoming an emerging topic recently, and the related research works are proliferating.


Moreover there is no logic cell present between them.

logic cells placed near the placement blockage are likely to draw current from the sleep transistors present at the opposite end of the IP block.


It is important to note that no timing constraints were issued to Synplify or FPGA express.

it is possible to obtain even faster implementations.


In such situations the effective cache capacity reduces until the victim selection policy updates the re-reference prediction of the dead block to have a distant re-reference.

scanresistance using RRIP requires that the width of the RRPV register to be appropriately sized to avoid sources of performance degradation.


Compositional approaches model a system as a collection of smaller, more manageable components.

compositionality is a crucial strategy for tackling complex applications in a systematic way.


The rush current is typically constrained by the maximum discharge current (MDC) of Gi during active mode, since power rails are designed based on it.

once MDC is estimated, which we address in Section 3.2, we can accordingly choose the minimum size of footer that can accommodate MDC during wakeup.


Their operations are superior to the corresponding software operations even on a latest personal computer with a latest processor.

fPGA is extremely useful as an accelerator of software operations.


Phase change memory (PCM) [7], [8], resistive RAM (RRAM) [9], [10] and spin transfer torque magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) [11], [12] are three candidates in the emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies.

they are CMOScompatible, and can be stacked on the top of the CMOS circuit s. the logic-in-memory applications that integrate the above memories in the logic circuits, as shown in Fig.


However, it creates a resource overallocation problem.

the tradeoff between AL and resource utilization is an important issue.


We assume that memory locations are assigned consecutive addresses, starting at 0, in level order.

the level j(x) containing address x is uniquely determined by the 1 j(x)-11 relation s + ...+ s<x = s + ...+ sj(x).Letusnow de.ne a(x), the access time to location x,asthe worst-case duration of the interval from the time when a request targeted to location x is submitted to M to the time when the response to that request is inserted into MQ.


We propose another accuracy metric, ACCinf ,which pass rate and limited accuracy with respect to the ACCinf metric.

measures error signi.cance as Hamming distance, where Be is the the ETAI adder is preferred for applications which allow number of error bits and Bw is the bit-width of the data.


* For the sake of contradiction, we assume that an optimal r is not reached yet.

by Lemma 3 and m(x0) = xk-1, we have r *(xk-1) - r(xk-1) = r *(x0) - r '(x0) after r(x0) is increased to r '(x0) due to any of (1)-(4).