When the HA receives this registration request, it stores the filtering criteria for this MS in the table and sets the B flag to 1.

the FTP traffic goes through the WLAN, while other traffic, such as Voice over IP, goes through the UMTS.


The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) estimated [2] that there were about 3.5 million residential VoIP 911 calls in 2006.

failures in providing reliable and trustworthy VoIP services not only disrupt the the normal operation of our society but also may cost people s lives under certain circumstances.


In this test, the data rates are so low that all nodes are in LCL.


In a WDM network with tra.c grooming technology, multiple connections are multiplexed into a lightpath and transmitted simultaneously.

rerouting a lightpath in a WDM network with tra.c grooming requires more consideration since all the connections in the lightpath will be rerouted simultaneously.


The fact that TCP relies solely on end-to-end measurements of packet loss or delay as the only sources of feedback from the network means that TCP can, at its best, have a very limited view of the network state (e.g., the trajectory of available bandwidth, congested links, network topology, and tra.c).

a natural question here is: Can we build a system that observes the state and dynamics of a computer network and adapts TCP s behaviour accordingly?


This observation is easy to explain since CAN s diameter 1/2dN1/d is a strictly convex function with a unique minimum located at d =lnN (e peers per dimension).

keeping in mind that each dimension must contain an integer number of peers, the best practical diameter is achieved for d =log3N.for N =106,the optimal number of dimensions d is 12(k =24neighbors) and the optimal diameter is 19.


The negative effect of the handed off users is the interference increase in other cells as well as the loaded cell.

a proper adjustment of the pilot power of the adjacent cells is required to maximize the capacity gain while minimizing the interference.


Suppose the period of a 0-1 pulse wave is T with pulse time t. The Fourier series expansion for this pulse wave is 8 t 2 pnt 2pn f(t) = + sincost(3) T np TT n=1 Above equation indicates that the emission power of the LED is spread over the baseband (the .rst AC component) and all the harmonics.

it is nontrivial to measure the overall received energy.


CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISMS AND SERVICE MODELS FOR TCP/IP NETWORKS It is well known, the growth of the network traffic on the Internet as a consequence of the growing number of users and applications.

some points of the network can become congested during the office hours.


By our construction, these balls Bj(ßCjj) are all disjoint.

at most one of these balls contains i.Let Si denote the set of j .Sj such that Cjj=Ci and i/.Bj (ßCjj).


This approach was promising, but had a disadvantage in needing answer data for the learning process.

although statistical-based analysis allows us to identify a large variety of anomalies, those involving small tra.c .ows or those that are de.ned statistically close to global tra.c behavior cannot be identi.ed with these methods.


In practice, these two values are very close, since a probe is very small relative to the full queue size.

fk contains all the probes that are either marked as lost at link k or take the last free bu.er position at link k.Since t. Lk .


Packet misclassi.cation will lead to path reconstruction error for one group.

packet classi.cation must have high accuracy.


Instead, the link weight update function is rede.ned from physical-link-based to overlay-edge-based.

we only need to update the original auxiliary functions (Tab.


The pricing, which is the dual LP, is solved to identify whether the master should be enlarged with additional columns or not.

as opposed to an LP where all the columns are used at the same time to obtain the optimal solution, CG alternates between the master and the pricing model, until the former contains the necessary columns to .nd the optimal solution of the original LP.


Hence, we can potentially have two threads of the progress engine (one polling and the other handling the event) active at the same time.

we need to provide a thread safe mechanism to imple     (a) RDMA Read with Interrupt (b) RDMA Read with Interrupt Computation Overlap Protocol Operation Figure 3.


One of the main problems we encountered during testing was the limited speed of the TinyOS serial driver, which is only one twentieth of the maximum data-rate used (1 Mbps).

as the aggregate data-rate at the base station increased, some of the incoming packets were dropped at the serial port queue, negatively in.uencing the reliability metrics.


(42) Applying the same substitution to the second inequality in (41), we obtain: ** .p 0 < ßp + ßNx < 2.

(43) .xi x * system (30) is locally stable if and only if both (42) and (43) are satis.ed.


As the network approaches desynchronization, the slots converge to be of equal size.

the system always provides collision-free, fully-utilized bandwidth, and constantly adjusts to increase fairness.


At the same time, however, this topology allows us to maximally use additional metal layers.

the MoT designs will always be switch area dominated when given su.cient layers of interconnect.


We know that an extra distance .d will result into a phase difference(.f): .f = 2p.d /.

by observing the phase difference (.f) of the arriving signal, we can .nd the angle-of-arrival as: .


i.ALI V Ee Before step 2b we have that fi <ne +1 +1/c.

p i.ALI V Ee the total increase of CON in step 2b of the algorithm does not exceed X X 1 fi fipi = < 2+1/c nepi ne i.ALI V Ee i.ALI V Ee It follows that the total increase of CON in a weight augmentation step is at most 3 + 2/c.


Not less important is the fact that system developers have no chance to address the full capability of modern processes.

three different perspectives (system house, EDA provider, technology vendor) will be presented in order to reflect the interface problem and also to discuss existing solutions controversy.


Therefore, this has accelerated the installation of AP and leads to the increase power consumption in AP.

the power production cost and negative impact on environments have increased.


Figure 8(d) Savings (%) Savings (%) 40 30 20 40 30 20 shows that less than quarter of the savings are due to large full packet matches, while 20 % of the savings are due to matches of size less than 150 bytes.

while full packet matches provide 20-50% in overall savings, in order to get the maximum bene.t of redundancy elimination, we need to index the vast majority of small packet matches of size less than 150 bytes.


Every wireless node may not necessarily comply with the SLA of that network.

a wireless ad hoc network can contain two kinds of nodes: nodes that conform to the SLA nodes that do not comply with the SLA Nodes that conform to the SLA can perform PDAC and effective transmission rate reservation for QoS traffic flows within that network.


When using an Axon network, however, the additional cut-through latency added by each Axon is minimal, and thus the .le system performance remains nearly constant as the network size increases.

% Packets routed by CAM 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29210 211212 213 214   Size of CAM (number of entries) Figure 5: CAM E.ectiveness At Varying Sizes theperformancepenalty of using centralized network storage is signi.cantly reduced with an Axon network.


Each Message represents an event, such as a user input, incoming protocol packet, timeouts, errors and so on.

the resultant design and implementation of an application, as well as its interaction with DOORS, is largely asynchronous and message-based.


Hence, once the corresponding packets are sent to the controller (PacketIn ), the controller installs a rule to forward directly the remaining ones (FlowMod ).

a careful and reduced selection of packets may support an analysis where the controller acts as the main interface between the network and the security applications.


The redundancy can lie in the close physical distance of neighboring sensor nodes or in the similarity of reported data at application level (e.g., data mining).

we propose two DPM schemes employing these two kinds of information for the time-driven applications respectively.


Raw Protocol Every POSIX socket command is mapped into the TOE-Em by identifying the command .eld on the raw protocol header.

every time a socket function is invoked at the WS, a frame is created containing the raw protocol header.


Each network link is allocated to an IEEE802.1q VLAN for early implementation, but this method cannot accept enough network links because the maximum number of IEEE802.1q VLAN tags is 4,096.

all network links will be allocated on a single .at VLAN, and each network link is separated by IP address ranges using an IP alias on the current implementation.


The appropriate implementation will be selected adhoc at runtime.

any IPL application will run on top of di.erent networks without the need of changing the code, recon.guring or recompiling.


Results show that the proposed formula is more accurate for the standard LTE than the alpha-Shannon capacity.

the proposed formula can improve the estimation accuracy of link adaptation techniques to achieve better network performance.


Provided that min-RTO > SRTT+ max(G; 4 RTTVAR), RTO is again set to 3 sec.

in this scenario where timeouts occur but exponential backo.


Such queries are useful for constructing feature(s) distribution maps of the monitored area.

we need a neighborhood-wide ( localized )de.nition of the k-data coverage query.


Though algorithms to calculate IA vectors are proposed in the literature for di.erent channels, the time and space complexities of those algorithms are very high.

the challenge shifts from beingable tosharea slot among many MSs to providing on-line algorithms that can schedule many MSs in a speci.c network.


Consequently, c0 v 2n 12c0 Prnd Pr X =| Area(T )|· = 1 -v 2 a t n · k · ln n .

using Lemma 3, similar to the proof of Lemma 9 (by de.ning variable Xi,j,f ), we can show that the number of nodes that will get a copy of the data for multicast within nodes U1' , with high probability, is at most v 2nf 2nf | Area(T )|· = (2r · .c5 ka + k · p · r 2/2) · a2 · Ca2 · C v v rf = (4c5.


For example, even with k8and m10, if the separate attack paths diverge such that there are 10 completely independent edges per attacker, this will require roughly a billion combinations to be considered.

there is a design tension in the size of k per-packet space overhead is reduced by a larger k, while computational overhead and robustness bene.ts from a smaller k. 5.2 IP header encoding To allow for practical deployment requires that we overload existing header .elds in a manner that will have minimal impact on existing users.


Proof: Disconnecting the communication graph G of a set of sensors creates (at least) 3 disjoint sets of nodes, the set of nodes W that is removed, and two sets of nodes V1 and V2, such that there are no edges from any node in V1 to any node in V2 in G. By Theorem 1, if it is possible to draw a continuous path between two nodes so that every point on the path is sensor-covered, then there exists a communication path between those two nodes.

to disconnect the graph it is necessary to create a sensing void, so that it is impossible to draw a continuous covered path connecting a node in V1 to a node in V2.


Radio communication is the major consumer of energy in small sensor nodes.

the optimization of networking protocols can greatly extend the lifetime of the sensor network as a whole [6].


The NP-hardness of such a problem clearly derives from the NP-hardness of the channel assignment and routing problem.

we propose a heuristic that seeks to minimize the maximum total utilization among all the collision domains in the attempt to make the total utilization of all the collision domains below 1 and tries to turn o. as many radios as possible.


As a consequence, the nature of the web traf.c has changed as well.

although a large amount of work on traf.c characteristics [4, 5, 14, 19] was done a decade ago, they apply techniques developed for static pages which may no longer be suitable.


Furthermore, the .rst segment must be available in the client s bu.er following the startup delay tj .

the following relation must be satis.ed: k-1 tj(k) = tj + li,1 = k = K. (3) i=1  Many choices of segment sizes satisfy the above constraints.


The adversary generates g by decreasing the magnitude of signal channel indicators according to H = D(h).

when the BS calculates the SINR for the sel.sh UE using g, it will be similarly tricked into believing that an even great extent of cooperation is needed.


Since each car can initiate a broadcast packet, the overall packet generation rate of the system also increases.

as can be seen in Figure 7(a) and Figure 7(d), the success rate of all protocols, especially the .ooding based protocols, decrease signi.cantly.


As a result, clients can not be reached directly from outside; instead they have to initiate each connection.

in our architecture the client will establish the connection to the server using HTTP.


At each hop and after each cluster construction, another creator is chosen randomly at the same hop outside previous clusters then, the cooperator is chosen also ifpossible outside previous clusters, otherwise it will be inside.

formed clusters will partially overlap and the common part is neither very large nor very small, which is a good compromise.


In the type of bursty convergecast as experienced by Lites and ExScal [2], it is more dif.cult to perform data aggregation at the mote level because motes detecting an event can be multiple hops away from one another and the length of a single sensor data entry is more than half of the packet length.

the current implementation of RBC is based on the paradigm of implicit-ack to reduce the number of packets competing for channel access.


4.2 Realization of the MHD and DTD Algorithms with Lower Overhead However, a node which is ready for packet propagation should know the remaining energy level of its successor or node n0 in advance, which will provoke extra energy consumption.

in order to avoid additional energy cost, the adaptive algorithms will introduce the proportion P (ni), two counters CM (ni) and CD(ni) for node ni during the whole lifetime.


As explained before, MUSC uses a softstate approach to maintain per-session and per-flow state in its databases, contributing to the system robustness.

two different timers are used to control the propagation of periodic messages and to remove state in the MUSC databases.


In addition, (h -1)( D +tx ) is the expected time required for s1 to reach the node G2.

as a result, packet arrival of s1 at G2 coincides with packet release of s2 at G2.s1 and s2 will finally coincide at node G2, and their aggregation will be possible.


The traditional Transport Control Protocol (TCP) might not be able to perform e.ciently in ASNETs.

we propose a Reliable TCP for Popular Data in Socially-aware Ad-hoc Networks called RTPS.


Figure 3(a) shows the hit rate for requests on channel 1, while Figure 3(b) shows the hit rate for requests on channel 3.

we consider requests on the most and least popular channels, respectively.


The pair (r, s) is now a valid DSS signature on the hash value h(m) with a = aHNi · aF Ni and k = kF Ni · kHN .

it can be veri.ed by MD in the same way as a non-distributed DSS signature with ephemeral key k and secret key a.


The advantage we have over traditional backscatter is that ambient backscattering devices can decode each other s transmissions.

they can potentially perform carrier sense: detect the beginning of other packet transmissions (preamble correlation), and detect energy in the middle of a packet transmission (energy detection).


Let Q denote the number of vehicles in the waiting queue, and the length of the queue (denoted by lq) can be calculated as: lq = Q · .d, where .d denotes the average spacing of each vehicle in the queue.

the message delivery delay along this road segment includes two parts: (1) carrying delay (denoted by dc): the message is carried by the vehicle on the road until catching up with the waiting queue at the downstream signalized intersection with the speed of the vehicle; (2) forwarding delay (denoted by df ): when the vehicle catches up to the queue, the message can be immediately forwarded to the downstream intersection by the vehicles in the queue with the speed of wireless communication.


In this paper, we assume that the hopping sequence of a node depends only on its local clock value and its MAC address (i.e., its seed).

whenever the local clock wraps around, the hopping sequence also wraps around.


Bldg 1 has private APs per apartment unit resulting in a dense wireless deployment.

some APs experience occasional high airtime utilization (> 60%) due to neighboring sources of tra.c.


The approach we followed was to build that capacity into the installation of the entire network, and all the other subsystems required, as part and parcel of the training.

we proposed that the TA call for and appoint members of the community who were interested in the training sessions, provided that we o.ered them transportation and food during the proceedings.


Limited information disclosure: Competitors are often reluctant to disclose detailed internal information to each other.

we must work with inputs that do not directly disclose unwanted information.


Unlike the public sector, demonstrable return on investment is paramount for the viability of private sector WSN applications.

designing WSNs for the private sector often requires optimizations that are overlooked for public sector applications.


However, since there is not any pre-deployed infrastructure in the MANET to act as a central authority, traditional access control strategies are not applicable well here.

in a wireless and mobile context, a distributed authentication approach is able to assign the workload of authentication to each node individually.


In other words, the probability that any ping going through e will fail is Xe = 0.2.

out of the 50 pings, 25% of them will go through the problematic edge, out of which 20% will fail.


However, more advanced applications such as power quality monitoring, advanced distribution automation, etc., depend upon many additional parameters (e.g., active and reactive power, phase and frequency) collected at much higher frequencies.

in such cases, each meter will necessitate a higher data transmission rate and more stringent latency requirements [2, 8].


Our main target is edge networks, such as company and campus networks.

we introduce .ow causality to take into account application programs that use multiple application protocols.


Haggle maintains a list of messages sent.

if two nodes are in contact again in the future they will not exchange TTR values again, unless the TTR values have changed since the last contact (because typically, the TTR value of a node will not change).


The response time increases almost linearly with D. However, as the value of cnt increases and becomes comparable to the total number of vehicles in the target road-segment, a VITP request would have to cover a large percentage of the target vehicles in order to satisfy the Return Condition.

the query message would have to re-visit many vehicles before succeedingto discover unvisited vehicles.


The user-centric service creation and execution model will repel the operators for a number of reasons: loosing total control over the customers and the deployed services, revolutionary changes to the existing IMS service model, dependency on the expertise of the end users, etc.

an IMS service model that secures the interests of all three parties the operator, SPs and the end users is needed to build.


However, we anticipate that the BS should be connected to the wired medium with a link, whose bandwidth is larger than the theoretical maximum bandwidth of the WiMAX network.

simple First-Come-First-Served will su.ce.


In the simulations, the WSN sink sends packets that carry the data of the road segments until the last car of the group.

a forwarding route is composed by using the other cars, who also receive such road information.


According to Kanaparti [3], in order to allow an enterprise to create unified communications solutions designed to work with its own set of applications and technologies, adherence to open standards is key.

enterprises will continue to have a choice: to install multiple applications from a single vendor or have the option to incorporate best-of-breed products from proprietary and open source domains, considering that both adopts open standards.


In other words, if an attacker has spent 10 hours getting the secrets from one node, he/she might have to spend another 10 hours to do the same thing for another node.

achieving non-repeatability is a unique objective for code obfuscation in sensor networks because of the large number of sensor nodes in typical sensor-network applications.


However, in these experiments we consider two local networks with a shared medium and so at any given timestamp we assume that only one of the interfering nodes would have control of the channel and be transmitting.

the worst-case CIR is then given by: .I.. ....... .


1.2 IP-address lookup in virtual routers The key challenges in running virtual routers are scalability and the performance, as a physical router may need to support tens or hundreds of virtual routers.

scalability and high performance in packet forwarding and IP-address lookup is vital for the success of virtual routers.


Otherwise, it will dynamically choose multiple paths except for the shortest one, due to the queue length potential .eld dynamically changing.

it is possible for PRTR to .nd an appropriate detour path to cache excessive packets when congestion occurs, which decreases packet loss at nodes in the shortest path dedicated to real-time tra.c.


Number of Features sible explanation is that only the long term mean value of timescaledependent features is predictive, and that RuleFit discovers this and only builds the means of these features into the predictor (or ignores them).

we train predictors with timescale-dependent features computed with t =1 day.


This is doubly harmful since the nodes that die early are precisely the ones that are needed most to maintain the network connectivity (and hence useful service life).

it is better to use a higher power cost route if it avoids using nodes that have a small amount of remaining battery energy.


As mentioned earlier, the BD scheme was proven secure in the standard model by Katz and Yung [13].

an adversary will not be able to obtain any subgroup key, including the .nal group key K, as the BD scheme is se (Lv) cure.


In our scheme, a sender node can transmit to multiple downstream nodes using different antennas, while a receiver node can receive packets from multiple upstream nodes.

a group of neighboring nodes can take advantage of the meshed network topology to cooperate in transmission and form a virtual MIMO array.


This combination pro- vides a distance-driven tracking strategy, in which the registration rate is adopted to the user velocity, such that highly mobile users updates their location more often than lowly mobile users.

the worst case performance of the interactive strategy is bounded from above by a pre-defined parameter.


A clear diurnal pattern emerges: traffic peaks during the day and falls at night.

a great number of network devices work in idle state in these richly-connected data center networks.


For the situation when there are no active RSUs near the vehicle, the system s response time and performance would be a.ected.

we are looking forward to design detailed protocols to solve this problems.


However, to maintain scalability in the case of mobility is a challenge.

we provide a smooth location management scheme for mobility with a low signaling cost compared to the approach based on distributed hash table.


However, accurately characterizing churn requires .negrained and unbiased information about the arrival and departure of peers, which is challenging to acquire in practice, primarily due to the large size and highly dynamic nature of these systems.

the characteristics of churn in large-scale P2P systems are not currently well understood.


Hence, the nodes are able to deceive the attacker with high probability.

the success probability of the attacker function decreases with the increasing .


the virtual sensor is T k 1 Ev = kev k2Q( v )(et + er) (32) ks 2 0.1 The threshold vTwhich evokes cooperation decreases as Non-cooperative k max =2 k max =3 k max =4 k max =5   0 200 400 600 800 1000  ks Global Missing Probability the number of cooperating nodes k increases.

q( vT) increases with k. We have Ev >k3Q(T/s)er/2, ks thus the virtual sensor energy consumption is at least O(k3).


Speci.cally, if destination Y allocates a smaller guarantee than sender X (i.e., BX.Y >BX.Y ), and X Y if Y marks this .ow as unbounded3, meaning that Y allocates to X.Y its maximum fair share, the sender simply deems the demand of the .ow as the destination s guarantee and hence sets BX.Y = BX.Y X Y for the next epoch.

our approach ensures that taking the minimum of source and destination VM-to-VM guarantees does not limit VMs from achieving their hose model guarantees.


Notice that some of the practical weights we discussed above change frequently, such as battery level and quality of links.

a dynamic update method for our backbone is needed.


This power reduction tendency implies that reducing power consumed by time-consuming packet forwarding becomes important compared with power consumed by memory devices.

in this paper, we address a tradeoff relation between power consumed by packet forwarding/packet level caching and traffic reduction due to caching in terms of power consumed by an ICN network.


Once Web pages (or main objects) are identi.ed, we can derive relevant model parameters such as the number of embedded objects, total page size, total page time, and inter-arrival time.

detecting Web page boundaries is crucial to the model accuracy.


Inaccurate threshold values cause a large number of false positives and false negatives.

various simulations are performed using different value of tolerance factors.


In a mobile network scenario, damage to a network may be an irregular and inef.cient routing behavior.

if there is an evidence of routing problems in the network, the relevant danger signal might be raised.


As well, the progressive introduction of IP technology in the radio access network also constitutes a main pillar in the way to the definition of more efficient and less complex network architectures capable to accommodate such radio access heterogeneity.

within testbed goals is the control and interworking of these IP-based functionalities like QoS-aware mobility with CRRM.


The cross-traf.c intensity at link Li is denoted by .i.We assume .i <Ci for 1= i= N. Since none of the links in P is congested, the arrival rate of .ow jat any link it traverses is xj.

we have .i =xri <Ci, 1= i= N. (4) We further de.ne the path con.guration of P as the following 2× Nmatrix C1 C2 ... CN H =.


The intuition behind this is that the number of intercepting rules with a given packet and the number of wildcard rules in the two-dimensional space do not increase proportionally with classi.er size (as discussed in Section 3).

the number of pre-classi.er entries and general blocks do not scale as well.


In large grids, multiple active nodes will appear in one grid.

at this point, the density of active nodes cannot be controlled by grid size.


Then, by the shortest path property, we have cvu+Dud =Dvd<cvw+Dwd (12) This implies that Dvd;Dwd <1 (13) c vw and Dvd;Dud =1 (14) c vu Using equations (13) and (14), we get Dvd;DudDvd;Dwd (15) cc vuvw Using equation (15) and the fact that V(x)is a monotonically increasing linear function of x, we conclude that V(Dvd);V(Dud)V(Dvd);V(Dwd) (16) cc vuvw In other words, the force in the direction of uis maximum and positive.


(b)Two-Round Scheme you transmit redundancy, r1 , in addition to the native packet then you can deliver p(r1 ) fraction of packets.

we want to choose the r1 that maximizes p(r1 ) max (1) r 1 + r1 We solve this optimization numerically for the empirical CDF of the amount of redundancyrequired to recover a partial packet using a symbol size of8bits, i.e., the graph inFigure 15(a).


In addition, a collision probability is high due to the shorter backoff time.

this option is suitable only for small and very low data rate networks.


Hence the problem of billing arises here also.

schemes which are applicable for MANETs can also be applied to these networks.


Communication is commoly assumed to dominate the energy consumption of each sensor and, thus, we disregard any other energy spent in other tasks as sensing, processing and when the sensorisidle[4].

thelifetime(andthe energy hole problem) is closely related to the total amount of messages transmitted by the nodes situated either one hop away from the sink or H-sensors 3 .


Cloud computing offers pay as you go services where users can get more or less resources on demand.

the attacker can request for more resources making other co-located users not to be able to get more computing from the cloud when needed (denial of service).


For instance, a secondary user may be likely to have a valuation for some paired channels to provide LTE-based services, and have another di.erent valuation for unpaired channels to support WiMax services.

it is necessary to allow users to express di.erent valuations on multiple channel bundles.


If these two conditions are held, then the algorithm removes the link.

even after deletion of a link, there is a path between two nodes, and thus the network remains connected.


For low node densities, the amount of residual energy is still high due to the loss of connectivity after a shorter time period.

disconnected source nodes do not issue any data packets that must be forwarded by other nodes.


(2) The solution of the equation is Xa = 0or Xd = 0, i.e., either Node a or Node dmust be collinear with Nodes band c. This contradicts the fact that Nodes a, b, c and d form two triangles.

if Lad is known, one can readily determine whether Node a and Node dare on the same side of Edge bc.


Additionally, the routing must be recomputed before any messages may be forwarded.

there may be some additional delay before a link will be used.


As noted earlier, optimal MIM-aware scheduling is NPhard and graph coloring approaches are not applicable because MIM con.icts are asymmetric in nature.

new algorithms are required for effective MIM-aware scheduling.


On the other hand, setting a high value of t defeats the purpose of setting an upper bound on the time-period.

we consider monitoring the utilization in a dynamic fashion in order to determine at what time instants to inject the packets.


In FICA, we replicate a bit on four subcarriers when we require high reliability.

with fourtime replication, we can encode six bits(24/4)to represent the resolution results for each channel.


ij The selection of packets coming from the M queues is made using the criteria of the Dynamic Load Balancing algorithm [20].

some degree of disordering is produced, and reordering buffers are required at the destination nodes.


QSI1 and QSI2, on the other hand, target the product of lasR and lasI transcription, namely, the LasR receptor and AI, which have signi.cantly higher molar concentrations compared to the lasR gene in the cells; this requires a much larger amount of QSI for e.cient inhibition.

since we use the same degradation rate and the same dosage for all three QSIs, QSI3 can remain e.ective for much longer than QSI1 and QSI2.


This indicates that the feasible solutions to the LP and hence the extreme points (optimal solution) of the polytope are also integral.

solving the LP relaxation of SPP automatically yields integral solutions and hence the required partitions of minimum cost (delay).


However, a naive policy that always selects the highest quality path would violate the routing protocol s path weights and potentially lead to oscillation.

oMS ensures that over longer time scales relevant for traffic management policies, traffic is split according to the ratios determined by the routing protocol.


While the SoftAP can sleep at will, it can only do so when the client agrees, to avoid possible packet loss.

before entering sleep mode, a SoftAP sends a sleep request to its client.


In other words, I is the collection of the subsets of .. which can transmit successfully at the same time over the same channel.

note that .. can be regarded as a generalization of the conventional con.ict graph of the underlying SC-SR wireless network by adding a self-loop at each link and assigning each edge a weight speci.ed by the function ...I is essentially the collection of the independent sets of links in the underlying SC-SR wireless network.


Despite all the efforts that have been put into adding reliability and high availability to networking systems, errors such as software bugs, hardware failures, and con.guration errors are inevitable, and could severely impact the performance of the network.

parallel to developing new debugging tools, it is necessary to improve the support for recovery from errors.


For the sites C, D and E these latencies were 3.5 ms, 3.5 ms and 3.0 ms respectively.

the primary contribution to these latencies are packet processing and overlay forwarding on the end-hosts themselves.


you imagine parameter A to model the CR s power output and parameter B to be its data rate, it becomes evident that parameter A and B cannot be assumed to operate in isolation.

we have to populate our model with additional terms that account for any interactions between any set of variables, thus r = wA * fa + wB * fb + wC * fc + wA:B * fA:B + wA:C * fA:C + wB:C * fB:C + wA:B:C * fA:B:C  or in the general case: P r = w0 + i wifi .i .


The default F-RTO settings conservatively halve the congestion window when a spurious timeout is detected but remain in congestion avoidance mode, thus avoiding the slow-start phase.

the impact of spurious timeouts on throughput are now signi.cantly smaller than they were 10 years ago.


However, at times of severe congestion, reception reports may get lost in collisions, while at times of light traf.c, they may arrive too late, after the node has already made a suboptimal coding decision.

a node cannot rely solely on reception reports, and may need to guess whether a neighbor has a particular packet.


In our implementation, PROMISE calls the selection algorithm no more than .ve times during a 60-minute streaming session, and each call takes a few tens of milliseconds on a reasonable PC.

although designing more ef.cient selection algorithms is possible, we believe that the payoff will not be significant.


On the other hand, the creation of multiple parallel paths may lead to faster delivery.

in summary, component routing algorithm can be described as follows.


For example, a client can indicate to the AP that it would like to enter power-save (PS) mode (e.g., to conserve battery).

the AP starts buffering packets that are destined to the client.


To study the impact of propagation RTT on the RD ser-Link z1-z2 Link y1-y2 vices, we vary M from 80 ms to 1.5 s. As the maximum propagation RTT grows, the per-.ow amount of packets in side the network increases.


The average number of sensors pd2 r that are expected to be located in a cell is m*L2 .

the average pd2 r number of sensors that share the polynomial of a particular cell can 5*m*L2 be estimated by Ns = pd2 .


This is a very important performance measure since it is a measure of protocol fairness.

the sought value for this metric is one that is as close as possible to zero.


Once it frees up enough space for an incoming image it often creates suffi- cient room to accept a few more.

we observe a pattern where the average Quality Factor value drops in steps and then increases a bit before another drop.


For routers not routing through it, the updates are pure overhead.

poisoning causes affected routers to issue an additional 1.03 updates and and unaffected routers an additional 1.07 updates.


For the sake of clarity in this use case, we will assume that each node knows which services (ASs and corresponding AMs) can offer.

each node has a local repository with the locally published information.


Figure 4(a) shows the percentage of back-of.ce traf.c of the total Web traf.c for each vantage point as a stacked bar plot.

we depict the volume of back-of.ce traf.c found with the different methods: (a) information from the CDN only (the bottom bar), (b) information from the IPs-CDN and IPs-DPI+Manual (the sum of the bottom and the middle bar), (c) all information including ZMap (the sum of all bars).


In case of (H3), the aggregated acknowledgments are sent after every correct message transmission.

the perfor- mance reduction compared to (H1) is more significant than between (H4) and (H2).


Further, over 99 percent of visits to a speci.c destination on TCP port 80 lasted for 10 or less .ows in a row.

it appears that users tend to switch web destinations fairly often as was noted in [13].


As a DHT, Kad requires all participating peers to be able to directly receive unsolicited TCP and UDP packets.

none of the Kad peers are behind NAT devices, eliminating the NAT problem.


Search in Maude-NPA In this section we give a high-level summary of the general approach advocated in this paper for formally analyzing protocols modulo theiralgebraicproperties, withparticularattentiontothe way this approachisimplementedinMaude-NPA.Forfurtherinformation,please see[21,22].

given a protocol P,statesare modeled aselementsof aninitial algebra TSP /EP ,where SP isthesignaturede.ningthe sorts andfunctionsymbols(forthe cryptographicfunctions andforall the state constructor symbols) and EP is a set of equations specifying thealgebraic properties ofthecryptographicfunctions and thestateconstructors.astateisan EP -equivalence class [t] .


The node v3 will detect the two faces having the boundary edge vw in common.

intersection between v3v7 and the source destination line the next selected rule may be one of both possible ones.


Similar to the previous scheme, all the involved parameters are integers and bounded.

we are able to enumerate all possible values and .nd the optimal parameters.


The di.culty with this approach is that it cannot detect selectively malicious nodes.

it is necessary for the bandwidth veri.cation mechanism to continuously monitor each node s bandwidth.


Otherwise, we can verify rq (0) x that DecryptNode(CT,SK,x)= e(h, g) .

the decryption algorithm begins by simply calling the function on the root node R of the access tree T. If the tree is satisfied by S, then we set A= rq (0) rs DecryptNode(CT,SK,R)= e(h, g) R = e(h, g) .


In SOS, the identi.er used to which the hash function is applied is the IP address of the target.

chord can be used to direct a packet from any node in the overlay to the node that the identi.er is mapped to, by applying the hash function to the target s IP address.


Thus, ij no feasible .ow decomposition of .

can route .ow for .b a through any nodes in N  N X it remains to ab .


This makes N5 believe that N7 is providing a shorter route to N1 than the one through N4, and hence N5 picks the route through N7.

n5 selects a suboptimal route to P , since the route to P through N7 is actually longer than that through N4.


It has a power budget of P per transmission that must be allocated between x1 and x2.Since the AP has no channel knowledge, we decide to split the power equally among Alice and Bob.

the AP sends (x1 + v x2)/ 2 so that each symbol has power P/2.


the required memory of each entry is Each bit will be an input of the corresponding bit-level state machine.


Only few meters can be served in the service range of one 802.11n device.

we notice the technique of TV White Space (TVWS) [8].


Observe that rv is the mean of this distribution.

since by linearity of w expectation variance is additive, the sum of k - 1 indepen v dent estimations of rv has standard deviation T(J /(Bk)), w implying that we have a constant probability that an error in this order occurs.2 with probability 1/2, any ap 1If messages of v are triggered by messages of w or other nodes, the error gets even larger.


The BRA adopts branch policy to further invite the weak grids participating in the defense barrier.

the BRA outperforms BTA and SA and approaches to the optimal performance produced by MDP.


BGP path discovery: as mentioned in Section 8 our datasets do not contain paths from every source to every destination and even for those we have, the issue of missing data arises.

we note that PathMiner could bene.t from techniques that allow it to have better snapshots of the global interdomain routing system.


The quadrupling result of bandwidth gives no credit for this.

in practice, the epoch doubling al- gorithm will give much better performance than a 4X blow up in bandwidth.


In fact, the invariant is false for protocol Q. .

in order to prove the invariant for QCR, we must be able to distinguish between the di.erent semantics of BS2 within the context of QCR and Q. .


Taken a couple as reference, the presence of the other couple may have two possible effects on the performance of the reference couple: if the two couples are within the same carrier sensing range they share the same physical channel.

the throughput achieved by each couple is minor than that measured in isolation (i.e., 4.4 Kbps).


The open nature of the standard speci.cation has several pitfalls, both on a technical and a human level.

our evaluations in the remainder of this paper are based on examining the four validation checks listed above.


Figure 4: Vulnerability distance with respect to the correlation of keys in VANETs For decreasing the probability of track attack and minimizing the storage cost, we set the best pseudonym changing ' interval ta little larger than the time that a vehicle moves ' do+2×r within the vulnerability distance: tvo sec.

furthermore, in order to prevent attackers from knowing the right timing to broadcast bogus messages, we let the pseudonym changing interval Tp be uniformly distributed ' between [0, 2t]: { 1 '2×t" , 0 = tp = 2 × t' fTp (tp)= ,E(Tp)= tsec (3) 0,otherwise the attackers cannot acquire the exact pseudonym changing time, and choose a proper timing bene.cial to it to send bogus messages without being evicted.


The schedules from the OA(2,k,17) can tolerate higher variance in the node degree.

if node degree can be controlled through, say, a topology control protocol, or the network topology is controlled when the network is established (as it might be for a sensor network) then a higher strength code is the better choice.


If the outside temperature is 24°C (75°F) and the air is headed straight into the zone occupied by the nascent birds without being heated first, then weather would be too hard to resist.

proper heating/cooling solution should be provided along with appropriate ventilation.


Note that there is no .xed allocation of space to each client, but the cache is shared among all clients.

an active client would usually have more entries in the proxy cache than a less active client.


This election procedure means that the election of new CH for each round is directly ensured by an old CH bypassing BS services.

the number of control messages and overloading of network is limited.


In such a case, an adequate buffer dimensioning is a powerful tool to obtain a smooth user experience.

we compare in the next set of experiments the seconds of video that are received in two different scenarios.


The approach was to minimize the total energy expenditure to reach the destinations.

some nodes are overused and their batteries are thus depleted.


This procedure implies that the growth of the packets in the multicast transmission is by far less than the growth of the packets in the unicast transmission.

possible congestion in the network is limited compared to congestion in the unicast transmission of the video.


This means that the initial queuing delay will be completely exhausted.

the initial queuing delay can be calculated and found to be the absolute value of Dk-1 , |Dk-1|.


It shows that the mapping of SNR to a modulation and code rate is stable across time and space.

mapping subband SNRs to bit rates requires only a table lookup which reports the SNR values that cause a transition from one set of modulation and code rate to the next.


In the above model, the number of losses Lt seen by a .ow is i determined by the queue management algorithms used.This fact is discussed in greater detail in the next section.

it should be noted, however, that we do not claim that this model is realistic.We only claim, and show in our later results, that it reproduces the TCP Game behavior seen in the more realistic simulations.it appears to capture the aspects of reality most relevant to the question we are addressing.


Furthermore, as the conventional route maintenance scheme seeks an alternative route only when it detects a link failure, it cannot prevent packet losses due to route failures and requires more network resources for route reestablishment by means of RREQ (Route Request) flooding.

in order to provide robustness for route maintenance, DARC monitors the congestion status of every node.


For example, in the case of delay sensitive applications, the data rate is more important than the error rate.

the modulation scheme that enables the higher spectral efficiency should be selected.


Crucially, the recipient cannot distinguish between hash values and random bitstrings, and thus has no way of knowing whether a given value in the proof is the label of an inner node or a dummy node.

a bit proof does not leak any information about the presence or absence of any pre.xes in the MTT, other than the speci.c pre.x to which the bit belongs.


lying on communication among peers or a central control authority.

this approach can overcome the drawbacks discussed above and is able to scale very well to large network environments.


For the given situation, condition T02(i) < T01*(i+1) is not satisfied.

item version i will never arrive at node 2 via node 1.


Note that the leaf nodes in the same level of the allocation tree correspond to a set of data items to be put in the same broadcast disk.

the allocation tree in Figure 3a corresponds to the case that all data items are put in one broadcast disk.


According to [11], under high utilization, an average node in the data center has about ten concurrent .ows more than 50% of the time, and at least 5% of the time it has more than 80 concurrent .ows.

packet drops at the node s switchport once every few seconds are realistic.


The analyses of most systems, including those of Onion Routing and Crowds, make an obvious independence assumption of adversarial control: if m nodes are malicious in a network (crowd) of .

the of systems against a static adversary, we now concern ourselves )2 .with the impact of a time-bounded adaptive adversary.


the sensors .lled by bricks has to keep active.

a localized distributed algorithm cannot supply an optimal solution in such a scenario.


Each controller coordinates communication between subgroups and manages its membership independently.

membership changes can be con.ned to the corresponding subgroup in which the changes occur.


Each source node is creating data tra.c with a .xed data rate .

bps, that must be delivered to one of the destina [] 4aD2W d C(n) =n log n. (6) log 2 we have that: 1 o= d, when 0 <d< , 2 1 1 =o=d, when <d<1.


in order to eliminate the possibility of receiving data after silently closing a connection (i.e., an undesired silent closure), the server s protection period should be at least t4 - t2 = (t4 - t3 ) + (t1 - t0 )= RTT.


Assume that signal power decays as 1/da, with the distance d and path-loss exponent a, the maximum range A in dB attenuation corresponds to a maximum distance dmax as « Psend A =10log=10a logd.

10 10 Precv we can estimate the proportional increase in range stemming from a .A dB increase in maximum attenuation (say, from 10A2/(10a) .A/(10a) A1 to A2)as d2 = 10A1/(10a) =10.


Each node maintains a path list in its route cache and the path, following the rule that the first node is destination node and the last is source node, is recorded.

assume that the link (D, E) is broken, there is no other path to the nodes A, B, C, O, P and Q. the states of those paths travel (D, E) will be set to fail and node E will notify its upstream node F. First, node F checks its route cache and updates the states of the paths, which travel (D, E), to be fail.


The other part will be attached with the query message and sent to another route, under the condition that these two routes have to be disjointed paths.

none of the transit peers will see the completed requester address.


Indeed, we argue that network access management must be enforced by identifying the sensible contexts in which the hacker tries to drive the system to, before performing the potential dangerous action.

our claim concerns a human-centered management of security as opposed to computing-centered security.


Similarly, each switch in an LiHN can reach any host with a label that contains one of the HN s coordinates in the ith position.

routing packets downward is simply based on an Li switch matching the destination label s (i - 1)th coordinate to that of one or more of its Li-1 neighbors.


However, our simulated C -topologies were not fully-connected but multihop.

the calculated 30% breakdown point is an upper bound for our simulation scenarios, which agrees with the data presented in Figure 6b.


Because .ij is the is nonnegative at fi.

xk never drops below fi; 11 truncated congestion, .i <n × = .


Coding/decoding is not dependent on the protocol stack used.

it can be done in the cross-layer management entity.


Whenever the bu.er level falls below a speci.c threshold, both links will be fully utilized until the bu.er level exceeds the threshold f. Thereafter, the 3G mobile link will be disabled and only the Wi-Fi link is utilized again.

the required throughput can only be set to either maximum bandwidth or 0.0 Mbps.


Multi-radio techniques are especially useful in wireless networks characterized by high bit/frame error rates due to channel fading, shadowing, and mobility.

several works have been done out in the literature with the focus on the improvement of loss resilience in wireless links.


However, matched data and unmatched literals also share many repeated patterns since they are part of the same content.

if we compress unmatched literals by themselves, we fail to exploit this redundancy between literals and matched data.


C(p): at most one packet from dup(p), and at most two packets from C(p)dup(p).

the weight of an optimal solution w.r.t.


If the attacker has the private key for an encrypted message, it can decrypt and read the message with little need for any computational sophistication.

in addition to considering the feasibility of breaking the cryptographic mechanisms employed by a protocol, it is also necessary to evaluate what information is available to the attacker that could allow it to bypass the feasibility limit of the cryptographic mechanism.


Because of the additional status information forwarded to RSU, the reception rate does not decrease when the vehicles have just left the range of MTD.

the curves do not fall smoothly in these road segments.


Also, this will allow for blacklisting the address of a compromised node.

we relax the original de.nition of inoculation.


CAN uses a d-dimensional Cartesian coordinate space and each node only maintains the pointers to its 2d neighbors.

each hop on the CAN overlay traverses an approximately uniform distance in the key space.


Each mesh node is equipped with a dedicated access point to aggregate the tra.c originated by mesh clients within its coverage area.

mesh nodes constitute a wireless mesh backbone providing a wireless infrastructure for mesh clients.


More records are allocated dynamically as needed.

the number of streams that can be tracked concurrently is not limited by Scap.


However, as most existing systems like Vivaldi [3] are based on a Euclidean distance model, the Triangle Inequality Violations (TIVs) have been a major cause of inaccuracy in estimation.

several studies have been made to attenuate the impact of TIVs, among which is the two-layer NC systems like Pharos [2].


For each request, rl, we can compute a distance dl that is the num- ber of positions up the stack that the requested document is moved.

a request string rl,r2,.., r .... Can be con- verted into a distance string dz, d2,.., d,... that preserves the pattern of activity, but does not depend on document names.


because the base layer has to contain essential information such as headers, motion vectors, and low-frequency DCT coefficients.

we restrict the validity of the model to .= 0.1 .


[15] suggested that, by setting the maximum node velocity to 4 meters per second, we could cover most mobility effects by just vary the pause period.

we used this maximum speed and considered different pause period: 800 seconds (lowest mobility) and zero second (highest mobility).


The sni.er module identi.es that the same chunk is being transmitted in two di.erent streams by looking at the Ditto header, which contains the chunk id.

as a .rst step the sni.er needs to overhear the ditto header of a particular chunk in each stream in order to make use of inter-stream re-assembly.


If we express s(t) as j2Sf t ` c s(t) Re^~ sb (t)e (2) ~ here Sb (t) is the base-band analytic signal of s(t) and f c is the carrier frequency.

the channel output can be expressed as following: ª j2Sf W (t ) ~ º j2Sf t ½ c c y(t) Re®«¦a n (t)e n sb (t Wn (t))»e ¾ ¯¬ n ¼ " (3) n(t).


This is also technically dif.cult because, in the absence of any additional redirection services, it would require endusers to know which ISPs offered such lookup services (at any point in time, they would have to know which ISPs were offering IPvN) and which offering ISP is best suited to serving the enduser in terms of network proximity.

relying on ISPs to provide a lookup service would likely interfere with universal access.


In other words, S-NC makes a dynamic forwarding decision by providing the freedom for the MAC layer to decide among a set of nodes (rather than a single next-hop).

it can achieve a higher coding Table 1: Comparison Between Structure-based and Structure-free Routing with Respect to Decoding Gain Routing Selected Received packets Decoding Scheme Relays at the sink Gain Both E p1, p2, p1+x 1.5 Both D p1, p2, p1+y+w 1.6 Structure-based Both C p1, p2, p1+p+q+r 2 (CTP) C,D D,E p1, p2, p1+p+q+r, p2+y+w p1, p2, p1+y+w, p2+x 2.25 1.75 C,E p1, p2, p1+p+q+r, p2+x 2 Structure-free (S-NC) C,D p1, p2, p1+p+q+r, p2+y+w 2.25 opportunity by exploiting the information about the existence and number of data in neighbor nodes; also it can balance energy consumption in the network.


As described later, the clock drifts are handled through time-slotting mechanisms.

we restrict our attention to mobile nodes with a relative phase offset between them.


With the appropriate scheduling algorithms, scalable coding would ensure that the users with good channels receive additional layers and achieve better playback quality.

it is important to extend the schedulers for scalable unicast streaming to handle multicast scenarios.


Our adaptive algorithm has the following salient features: (1) it provides control over the time-scale of monitoring and allocation via two tunable parameters: P(= W) and cr (in general, larger recomputation periods and smaller cxs bias the allocator to long-term variations in the load), (2) it allows control over the allocation via a set of rules to constrain the allocation, (3) it employs techniques to provide stable overload behavior, and (4) it exploits the semantics of each class by using different metrics (median and percentiles of the distribution) to estimate bandwidth needs.

the bandwidth allocator meets all of the requirements outlined in Section 3.2.


There is one violation in CPV when the total number of cars on the main road is over 400; there are 2 violations in PV when the number of cars is over 420.

the accuracy level required is 1m for PV and CPV.


Then, by de.nition it should satisfy D(p ' ,v,0) <D(p,v, 0) = t+1 and hencealreadywouldhavebeentransferredtoorbeyond the arrival queue of node v,by inductionhypothesis.

thus, the packet p is at the head of its relay queue and there is no packet p ' in its Schedule Priority List that can be moved to v. the stable marriage algorithm schedules this packet p in time slot t+1 and moves it from the relay queue of v '' to the arrival queue/departure queue of node v. Thus, A(p,v, 1) = t +1 = D(p,v, 0).


But under high contention, a node is in HCL and transmits only during a few designated slots.

a large slot size can incur a large delay.


In general, the probability of two nodes meeting in an Opportunistic Network is symmetric. '


They also must share at least one port with pI .


In this case, the message will not be sent.

in some unfavorable cases, the message will not reach the server.


Additionally, many mobile devices are now being used to temporarily browse the WEB.

we argue that a collaborative browsing system must construct a collectively built history of visitation, furthermore, every user must maintain its own copy of this history.


Otherwise, the effect of these changes will get nulli.ed by the effect of the network state changes caused by new routers that are coming up during the startup period.

the LSAs will again stabilize at the end of the startup period and the LSA refreshments will remain synchronized.


Images, audio and video contents are for example stored in the Android MediaStore content provider.

all media content published or downloaded by our system is available to all applications in a standard Android manner.


Assume now that the phone obtains location update responses  from N neighbors: 0=.

if .. , the phone triggers its GPS receiver and waits for a .=0,(0)] according to (3), .. / of errorsthe RMS error receivers estimate and report as their accuracy.


However, low speed Ethernet cards consume about 200 mW , which is not a signi.cant consumption considering that a server or a home PC consumes tens to thousands of Watts.

so far Ethernet power saving strategies did not rise the interest of researchers and developers, due to the irrelevance of potential savings for low speed connections.


The continuous deferral is the cause of the performance issue of link (a, b); in fact, (a, b) can transmit only when both nodes 1 and 2 are silent.

decreasing the transmission rate of (a) (b) Figure 1: Example of transmission alignment due to (lack of) carrier sensing.


Equality holds in (13) only when Wk = Wk-1 (ifC~ ~ 0).

this merging process can preserve bandwidth utilization only when all bandwidths {Wi}L=2 are equal.


3.2 Rooted Tree Method The partitioning algorithrn of this approach14, lo] is an external-memory extension of the Lipton and Tarjan s planar separator algorithm 161.

it can only partition planar graphs.Also the disk-based data structure selected for storing pre-computation information requires a lot of space, thus it may not be suitable for large graphs.


Since dx i=1,··· ,M M ×( min i ) =D, (18) we can have min i=1,··· ,M Ci M = ( min i=1,··· ,M dx i ) ·( min i=1,··· ,M Ci) D .

(19) the routing scheme design is relaxed to be a problem of maximizing the minimum value of the right side of (19); in other words, the right side of (19) should be increased by the routing scheme as much as possible to achieve the objective in (17).


In our method, terminals do not discard these overheard frames destined to other terminals, but the overheard frames are e.ciently used to reduce redundant tra.c.

content is delivered to multiple terminals by a single transmission as with multicast, and the download speed is improved.


and then analyzes the data of.ine in order to shed light on the impact of various smartphone application features and their respective radio energy costs.

aRO helps provide developer with suf.cientcross-layerinformation(TCP,radiostates,etc.)


Moreover, the user-mode application can still enjoythe core dedication service provided by Sora platform.

researchers can write high-performance user-mode process programs with minimal disruptions.


The drawback with this is that the jumping master cannot know whether these slaves got the information about that it will be present or not.

to increase robustness for this approach the slaves should preferably continue to listen for the jumping master for a while directly after the master s RV point before they should consider the jumping master as not being present.


Net-Lord reserves an address space forTenant_ID=1, and each NLA must obtain an IP address in this address space.

when thehypervisor boots,itbroadcastsaDHCP request directlyover the L2fabric, using its hardware MACaddress, and the DHCP server Figure3: Flow ChartforPacket Send responds with suf.cient information for the NLA to continue with further operation in theTenant_ID=1 space.


We chose all parameter values that can be implemented for a real-world scenario.

numerical results show that the CBPs increase by the enlargement of coverage area and through the dense time slots in which the communication occurs.


With physical channel estimators, the measurements are conducted by the receiver, but the information of each neighboring node must be available at the sender node.

periodic information exchange is always necessary for estimating channel quality, which is only possible by dedicated broadcast.


That is, an AS path traverses a sequence of customer-provider edges, zero or one peering edges, and then a sequence of providercustomer edges.

each AS pair in an AS path can be assigned either a customer-provider or a providercustomer relationship: every pair before the AS with the highest degree in the path is assigned a customer-provider relationship, and every pair after this AS is assigned a providercustomer relationship.


As far as the other nodes are concerned, the location service is functioning normally.


(2) where, yn(x1, x2,.., xn) means the instantaneous reward if we stop using the channel after time n; (M) E(V n+1 (x1, x2,.., xn, Xn+1 ) | X1 = x1, X2 = x2,.., Xn = xn)represents the maximum expected reward if we wait to stopping using the channel after time n+1.

it is better for the modem to stop after time n when the instantaneous reward is larger than the maximum expected reward.


In other words, Wi is exponential with mean 1/((n- i).ps).

e[Wi]=2tne/(n - i), and n-1 X E[W]= E[Wi]=2tneHn =2tne(lnn + .


For example, in IEEE 802.11b/g the number of non-overlapping channels is 3 and in 802.11a it is 12 where 8 are used for normal access and 4 are used for outdoors point-to-point connections.

even with maximum separation it is possible that many APs would share a channel.


After the simulation runs one has access to the routing information base (RIB) of all quasi-routers.

we can now compare for each AS the AS-path that is recorded in the BGP data to the AS-paths chosen in the simulation.


Assume that the distance between an FA and an arbitrary MHA follows the uniform distribution with parameters [0, H], because without considering region restriction, H > Kj .

the probabilities that the current FA within and out of the regions of MHAs serving the jth multicast group members are  H and 1- Kj H respectively.


4.1 Feasible re.nements In example 2, it is evident that if the SESP is incapable of providing a PKI based authentication of the sender, then it cannot document the message based on the feedback.

we allow a variation in the re.ning scheme to only provide feasible feedback.


However, NetLord encapsulates all tenant VM addresses, and also hides most physical NIC MACaddresses from most switches (as we will soon 1http://eucalyptus.cs.ucsb.edu/ describe).

augmenting SPAIN with NetLord greatly reduces FIB pressure, because the switch FIBs need to hold only one entry for each .VLAN, switch-MAC.


When N : C, the above rounding mechanism coupled with the selection of at most N sessions with the largest .ow value out of (at most) C, will provide a guarantee of 2NC .

lSDP provides a performance guarantee of max{ 12 , 1 - C(C-1) 2N } when N 2 C, which is the case of practical interest, where the number of channels will be much more than the number of components and relays.


An adversary A should be able to forge MAC to success the attack.

our protocol is secure against the man-in-the-middle attack while the adversary has no e.cient way to forge MAC.


Our receiver design in §4.2 can reliably detect Wi-Fi packets as small as 50 µs to a distance of more than two meters.

the Wi-Fi reader can transmit a 64-bit payload message with a 16-bit preamble in 4.0 ms. We can transmit more bits by splitting them across multiple CTS_to_SELF packets.


In network sharing scenarios, load can only be shared between overlapping sectors.

we adopt the following alternative de.nition of distance weight: |Ai nAj | wi,j = , |Ai .Aj | where Ai is the area covered by sector i.


If a trace .le is still desired, the mediator has the capability to write the .le as it receives the data.

previously written scripts can operate with only minor modi.cation in order to redirect the trace output to a socket.


All cells of the same packet arrive at the switch contiguously in the same input-port and are destined for the same output-port.

we refer to a packet simply as a sequence of cells and assume that its size is known upon arrival of its .rst cell (e.g., the total size is written in the header).


Once that occurred, we can see that the rest of data quickly converged on the actual available bandwidth.

the Kalman filter is of higher accuracy, over a longer measurement time.


In this case, two receptions map this bit to 0 (-0.15 and -0.2) whereas one reception maps it to 1 (one positive value of 0.3).

a majority vote would decide that the bit should be 0 , which is the opposite of the previous answer.


SleepWell does not incur this cost, as it sleeps through the long durations of neighboring traf.c.

relative gains grow as links degrade to 18 Mbps and lower.


On the left, as the machine of A moves physically, it goes out of range of LAN L1 and enters the range of LAN L2.

its attachment in the lowest level changes from a1 to a2 .


Using MEMS sensors, there has been studies to identify animal behavior [3 6], which rely on data loggers [6].

the studies rely on the recovery of devices to extract information.


Additionally, ubiquity is creating new opportunities for crossing more borders: natural, social, spatial, and temporal borders.

information regarding individual identities is becoming an increasingly valuable commodity and protecting identities has become an urgent need [1-5].


Considering the any-to-any reachability model of MPLS VPNs, we could accommodate the possibility that any PE can potentially communicate with any other PEs in the VPN, even if they have not in the past.

we can solve the LCR problem using a full-mesh full full conversation matrix Cfull =(c ), where .i,j (i =.j) c = i,j i,j 1,c full =0.


But DRVC does not consider inter-vehicle communication under the situation of no existing base station.

we propose an intervehicle communication protocol based on a group of vehicles.


Note i=1 that each singular value is the square root of the corresponding eigenvalue, which in turn is the energy attributable to the respective principal component: IXv iI=v iTX TXv i =A iv iT v i =A i(5) where the second equality holds from Equation 1, and the last equality follows from the fact that v ihas unit norm.

the singular values are useful for gauging the potential for reduced dimensionality in the data, often simply through their visual examination in a scree plot.


As discussed above, this corresponds to the header space hc = C - A - B.

we wish to Ps(1011) = {1xxx, x0xx, xxx1, xxx0, 10xx, x01x, x01x, xx11...} The total number of possible .ows that include the packet are: L L L |Ps(p)| = =2L - 1 k k=1 we turn to heuristics in the following section to .nd the most general rule to install.


For all four traces, we computed NBR using probing packet sizes between 50 and 1500 bytes with 50-byte increasing step and probing train lengths between 2 and 512 packets with 2-packet increasing step.

in total, we have 256 × 30 = 7, 680 di.erent probing constructions for each of the four traces.


i.e., equal to the narrow link capacity, CapProbe still works.

when cross-tra.c is TCP, CapProbe measures the right capacity even for highly congested links.


Traditionally, the concept of trust has only been viewed as a belief or feeling regarding the behavior of peers [9]; however, in our research, we define an entity s trust as representing the extent to which a peer node would be trustworthy, secure, or reliable in any interaction with the node.

trust-based reputation is used to evaluate other nodes ability to fulfill an expected action, and a node can take advantage of this reputation information to make decisions when it must choose a set of trustworthy nodes for its packet forwarding.


That is, while traceroute returns a list of IP addresses each representing a router on a path, tracenet attempts to return all the IP addresses assigned to the interfaces on each visited subnetwork on the path.

the collected information (1) includes more IP addresses belonging to the traced path; (2) represents being on the same LAN relationship among the collected IP addresses; and (3) annotates the discovered subnets with their observed subnet masks.


Note that, in addition to eliminating the effects of the IP-layer timers, Virtual Multi-Homing eliminates the dependence of outage times on route propagation times.

we expect Virtual Multi-Homing to yield an outage time of 25 seconds (when used with SONET physical layer links), independent of the number of routes advertised by the customer.2  5.


This constraint is determined by the service type and quality of service (QoS) of the respective PU [2].

the burden is on the SU to design its transmission power such that it is allowed under the interference power constraint while at the same time maximizing its own capacity.


We also assume that thehardware can automatically adjust the operating rate to match the offered load.

the savings we report are on top ofthosethat arepossible withlocal adaptation whenitis appliedto theresultsobtainedby.rst runningTRUMP.


The feasibility of .1 leads to the constraint, & Development Program of the National Research Founda-F1(.2) - .1 > 0.


Simi-larly, Youku streams low bitrate video clips to the Nexus One smartphone but high bitrate ones of the same videos to the iPad 2.

the same application may behave differently on different devices.


In particular, the lower bound is achieved for a distance of about 420 meters.

finally, we should mention that, in a real scenario, the transmitting terminal is unaware of the distance towards the receivers since all communications are broadcast-based (similarly to, e.g., digital television).we seek a global optimization that is applicable to all possible receivers independently of their position, and based on well-known data such as the distance towards the road vehicles go through.


LEACH neither has a service orientation concept nor is it about query routing from the base station to each node.

we need to modify LEACH so that it can be used for routing queries from the base station to the individual nodes to provide a response to users queries in a service oriented fashion.


Our computations show that, the capacity loss due to FCC imposed power caps is less than 10% in the .rst case, and less than 6% in the second case.

the FCC s recommendations for 512-698 MHz are almost optimal in terms of capacity for any whitespace width.


Some operating systems support built-in video decoders; e.g., Android 2.3.3 supports 3GPP (.3gp), MPEG-4 (.mp4), MPEG-TS (.ts), and webM (.webm) [1].

the OS can give us a hint as to what video format can be decoded.


This is because the broadcast nature of the wireless does not allow every AP in Symphony to suppress a packet.

even with increase in APs, the number of APs that suppress at least one client do not increase, thereby also limiting the number of packets exchanged on the backbone.


T T RT Notice that, if T T RT = GCDi(Ti) then T T RT 1.

by setting T T RT as stated in Corollary 1, substituting T T RT =1 in the schedulability condition U : 1 - a, it results that this last becomes U : 1 - a , that is, the WCAU is equal to 1 - a for BuST and FDDI-  M. In the same way we can see that, by setting T T RT =  0.5 · GCDi(Ti), the WCAU becomes equal to 1 - 2a for 2 FDDI.


In section 3, the IWF is implemented in OMNeT++/MiXiM.

several existing MiXiM modules are extendedin ordertopermitthe use of multiple sub-channels for the communication between nodes.


We demonstrated that the sampling operation is more efficient on MICA motes while the computationally intensive beamforming routine is more efficient on the iPAQs.

to have a scalable system, we advocate a hierarchical network level architecture comprising of a few macro-nodes in a sea of micro-nodes.


Other point is that FLARE uses an advanced location service which maintains occupied destinations locations and estimates destinations locations to prevent the overhead caused by additional location updates.

the increase of the control overhead is limited even though the node s speed increases from 5m/s to 25m/s.


(Reusing the engines is of course With each cut, a node or a leaf is created.

it is obvious that possible but would increase processing time).


This makes it less suitable for interactive applica-tions.

on the Nexus One, another power saving scheme called PM_FAST is used.


This comes from the fact that in a dense network there is a larger number of possible choices of the candidates sets.

limiting the maximum number of candidates makes the selection of the candidates sets more critical.


k=1 is also known as the cumulant expansion (the lower limit of the summation is 1 rather than 0 since .V (0) = 0) and the kth derivative, .

(k)(0) is known as the kth cumulant6 of V. V the log moment generating function is also known as the cumulant generating function.


The communication complexity during the convergence period is determined by the number of random walks each node should start, i.e., the value r(n)calculated above, multiplied by the length of each random walk.

the total communication complexity during the convergence period is n· r(n)· Tactual mix =T(n 2 · r(n)).


4.1 Case I: Expanding Attack Surface usingVirtual Identities Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are prone to passive reconnaissance attacks due to the open wireless communication.

it is crucial to hide node identities and tra.c .ow information from adversaries.


Since the survivalprobability ß (n,c)introduced in Subsection 2.3 is N the probability that the packet has not been trapped after a random walk of n hops, we obtain in terms of probability notation Pr{D (c)>n}= ß (n,c),n = 0.

nN if we denote by FN (n,c) the cumulative distribution function of the global delay, we can then write F (n,c)= Pr{D (c)= n}=1-Pr{D (c)>n} NN N (18) =1-ß (n,c).


Moreover, it requires only a small per-node state.

sSR has been considered to be well-suited for large ad-hoc networks.


At the same time, R2 is aware of the transmission and does not reply with a CTS message.

s2 increases its contention window and enters backoff.


case of a population wide competition between bids (as used in the earlier variant of the model [12]).

variation operators may now be de.ned for independently investigating team composition (team population) and bidding strategy (learner population).


Although MEDD has a slightly smaller success ratio in dynamic routing when the bu.er limit is small (= 2), the delay improvement of MEDD is consistent in all cases (at least 18%-25% shorter than MDP and at least 13%-18% shorter than MED).

the overall message delivery performance of MEDD can be guaranteed, especially when a su.ciently large bu.er size is provided (= 5 in the simulated network model).


The benefits of employing WBANs within space suits include (1) weight reduction and protection against mechanical/material wear associated with wiring; and (2) ability to monitor multiple vital signs to better understand the burden of space missions on astronaut health.

as we look to the future, there exists a compelling need for designing and implementing WBANs within a space suit environment.


Consequently, the maximum throughput decreases; for short packets by as much as 25%.

although overhearing avoidance saves energy, it must not be used when maximum throughput is (at times)required.


Since we normalize the area of the whole network to unity, combining the above results, the upper bound of Ataa is O(1) with PNC.


In MiRA, intra-mode probing is always given higher priority and takes precedence over inter-mode probing.

probing in MiRA always starts to probe other rates in the same mode (SS or DS).


V (ti) Average change rate of the value of basic events that are associated with s within the sliding window Dl [ti  dl, ti].

v (ti) is given by V (t )-V (t ) (13) id = ii-1 V '(t ) l Similarly, we obtain the acceleration in the basic event change rate associated with the s, which we denote as V (ti), as follows: V '(ti ) -V '(ti-1) (14) V "(ti )= dl Let us now describe constraints on lazy sampling.


However, if an AN runs out of energy, the whole cluster coverage is totally lost, which can jeopardize the entire mission in some cases.

we are more concerned about the energy constraint of ANs.


A type guard is either true or a conjunction of one or more of these atomic predicates.

a data object is guarded by zero or more keys; at a given program point, all the object's keys must be in the held-key set in order for the program to access the data object at that point.


.y = @y2A = @h2A p + @2A q = htx1p +.htx2q, h ' y3 h33 where .htx2isthechannel vectorforthesecond transmission.However, since tx3is carrier sensinginthe2-dimensional space orthogonal to tx1 s transmission,it computes: « « « ' w.1 · .yw.1 · htx1p +w.1 · htx2q .w1 · htx2 .y == = q.

.· .y ... w2 .w2 · htx1p +.w2 · htx2qw.2 · htx2 as opposed to the scenario in which only tx1 was transmitting and tx3 saw that the second degree of freedom is unused, tx3 ' .


The NS-2 scheduler calls the handle method for the event that was scheduled by the CommandParser just as if it came from the TCL script .le.

the NS-2 TCL script is amended to include the code required to execute the remote command sent by the user from the visualization instance.


identifying attackers who are transmitting messages to the entire network using a singleidentity, or using multipleidentities with only a single radio transceiver.

such transmissions expose the attacker to an increased risk of detection[4].


The smallest pre.x that contains them is the level 2 pre.x 11xx.In order to merge 1110 and 110x into 11xx, we need to expand the range by only 1 (from [3, 14] to [3, 15]).

we prefer to merge the rightmost two pre.xes by expanding the range from [3, 14] to [3, 15].


Channel scheduling of devices in the DCH state, both up and downlink, is performed by RNCs with a granularity of 10ms or 2ms [14].

once in DCH, devices use as many 10ms/2ms scheduling periods as their traf.c demands, with little spectrum waste.


Under burst arrival, the incoming packets of adjacent time slots have bigger chances to destine to the same output port.

if the SOL of a virtual queue is empty, it is very likely that its HOL is empty as well.


Using network traffic information, we deduce the volume, direction and pattern of communication among various components.

machine-to-machine dependency can be easily identified.


Experiments have confirmed that these physiological stimuli are universally measureable, the duration of their capture takes low latency, the values of individuals' physiology are distinct and vary by time [14].

these kinds of physiological signals provide ideal media for authentication, much effective than traditional biometrics such as fingerprints that could be copied for impersonation.


When an algorithm is applied over a mobile sub graph spanning multiple static graphs, the algorithm is offered only limited choices in selecting a multicast Steiner tree and is forced to lose sight over its design objective.

kou s heuristic is merely used as a tool to find the stable mobile multicast Steiner tree.


IPv6, native IPv4, STUN, STUNT, TURN), the host selects IPv6 in preference to the others, if it is available.

as IPv6 usage spreads, it will naturally become the default method of communications.


Conditioned on h, it is clear that ISI1 de.ned in k=1 (18) is a discrete type random variable with a .nite number of values, i.e, ISI1 = {Ij }NI with some given Ij s. The j=1 occurrence probabilities of Ij s, which are called pj s, can be easily computed via computer simulation.

we assume that the random variable ISI1 takes Ij s with the given probabilities pj s. Conditioned on ISI1 and bi, the .nal test statistics yi is a Gaussian random variable with variance s2 given in (14).


This stubtranslates the call into a control message containing the desired function number and its required parameters.

this message is sent to the slave node (2).


7.2 Comparison with S2 and LC The number of packets alone gives little information on .ow sizes: assuming typical IP packet sizes, .ow sizes can vary in a factor of 37 depending on whether packets are of minimum or maximum length.

we implemented S2 and LC natural ly identifying bytes as items.


Thus, in order to model DDOS attacks, we consider the attack as propagating in a tree T ,where the root of the tree T is the victim, V ,each internal node in T corresponds to a router X on the Internet, and each leaf in T is a (possibly compromised) attack host.

t is a subtree of the Internet, where we are modeling only the in.ow of packets to V .


By log n bounding the size of paths to O( ) and introducing our log log n Collect phase, we are able to choose disjoint paths using only polynomial computations and storage.

our work contributes a new, practical and formally round-optimal Byzantine gossip protocol.


In addition, some contexts information may be only qualitative description available.

the quantization and semantic abstraction of context information should be done before inference, and each core context and element of set can be mapped a value or semantic class.


We use an FM sketch to store the average of these relative distances as the center of the aggregate s area (C in the .gure).

when v1 creates an aggregate A1, it will approximate R1 - v1; when v2 receives A1, it computes a new aggregate that will approximate avg(R1 - v1, R2 - v2), and so on.


Due to inaccuracies in RSSI and AOA calculations node m has to compute a new estimate and move to it.

the process continues until node m reaches node s. even with the inaccuracies in the RSSI and AOA measurements, node m will eventually reach the position of node s. Moreover, we have also introduced a connectivity check (Section 5) that filters out incorrectly identified edge nodes.


Here attacker node periodically drops in every second for a short duration which is randomly chosen between 50 ms to 250 ms.

jF nodes generate no tra.c themselves; like non-malicious nodes, JF drop for only a small fraction of time; yet, with this dropping pattern during a maliciously chosen period, the following behavior results.


We employ a FTDI 2232H chip to convert USB commands from the Raspberry Pi into JTAG command sequences for the Cortex-M3.

we are able to periodically read the content of speci.c memory locations on the Opal node and report changes to the control server.


Moreover, after the MTCP flow transfers data more than S , it converts max to a normal TCP flow and competes for the bandwidth in the same way as the other TCP flows.

a MTCP flow is TCP-friendly in the long term.


Each P2P client, or peer, downloads as well as uploads data, so the system s overall capacity increases as the load increases [1, 2].

unlike the client-server model, P2P systems are self-scaling and do not require an investment in dedicated servers.


The basic principle in the gating process is to provide a probable region around the predicted target position that the subsequent position of the target can coincide in this region.

the .ltering process is simpli.ed by eliminating unrelated observations and the performance of the track localization is improved by dealing with only the most probable observations.


monitors to a problem of identifying the interior graph of Gex using two monitors (again we have no prior knowledge of link metrics in G or Gex).

we can apply Theorem 3.2 to obtain the following result.


On the other hand, the available location privacy gain (upperbounded by the density of nodes and their locations unpredictability) and the user-centric location privacy level might encourage sel.sh mobile nodes to change pseudonym and obtain a satisfactory location privacy level.

using a game-theoretic analysis, we investigate whether location privacy can emerge in a non-cooperative system and despite the cost incurred by a node in changing its pseudonym, di.erentiated privacy levels, and the need for coordinated pseudonym changes to achieve a confusion point.


,1) ~N(0,s2), ci from (2) we see that the pulse receive time at node i, tn,i, is a Gaussian random variable.

to achieve synchronization node iwill ci try to estimate the random variable tn,i using a series of m pulse receive times as observations.


This implies that not only the distance between the two nodes needs to be incorporated, but also their absolute positions in the scenario.

in this model two factors attenuate the received signal: A deterministic path loss pl and a stochastic shadowing s. The .rst one is computed using the formula from[16]: pl(pi,pj)[dB]=10.log10 (d(pi,pj)) « c (1) +20 · log10 , fc · 4p where .


Another issue is that messages from di.erent nodes do not obey causal order.

it is possible that a process receives V ' before V .But as V ' has a larger identi.er than V (by one as the counter is increased upon each view change), V can be safely ignored.


Shorter t values increase the chance that a source with no knowledge of the secret key can present a purported HMAC-t on the plaintext message that will pass the veri.cation procedure.

t must be chosen to optimize the trade-off between security and ef.ciency.


These new credentials areheldin an environmentprotected by TC mechanisms.

we act on the assumption thattheseadditional security measuresjustify strongersecurity assumptions concerning the storage and usage of those credentials.


We will give the formal description of this process and the proof in Section 4.4.

our main focus next is to .nd sets I and O of an optimal scheduling.


Each FIB entry contains a pre.x (4 bytes), a pre.x length (5 bits), and a pointer to the next-hop data structure (e.g., 11 bits to represent 2048 potential next-hops).

each entry is 6 bytes and all the entries together are about 1.5 MB.


For this experiment, we send a ping packet once every 30 ms, that is, once every 100 TDMA slots.

we see about a 1% hit in the transfer time of the large .ows.


Although it offers features for modern software engineering such as object-oriented programming, exception handling, and templates, C++ lacks strong typing, concurrency, real-time, and distributed programming supports.

concurrency and related critical aspects like timer management are handled using low-level operating system mechanisms.


The algorithm returns3(insteadof2) as the optimal number of hops.

transmission power will be minimal if 2 (= Kopt - 1) equidistant sensor nodes are selected for relaying data from S to BS.


The proposedimprovement consists of controllingthe amount of monitored tra.c based on the quantityof plots in the picture instead of the time interval.

the Hough transform is performed only if a certain number of plots p are displayed in the picture (regardless of the time interval corresponding to the tra.c mapped into the picture), and other pictures keep monitoring the tra.c until they display a su.cient number of plots, p. all the pictures stand for different time intervals and the Hough transform isperformed at di.erent instants of time for each picture.


SIMULATIONRESULTS Thefactors, which canin.uencethevideoquality,aretransmis-eral big packets at the beginning of the video.

at beginning of video transmission the delay for .ower scenario increases and reaches the maximum 0.45s, then decrease to normal level again.


This is a key attribute of EMBARC, reflecting its ability to control the channel load.

each node sends the extra messages dictated by its own dynamics, and collectively all nodes absorb this extra load in equal shares.


Here, we wish to highlight alignment, a physical layer coding scheme.

tra.c models, including burstiness, are not currently incorporated into our framework.


At an ingress node, multiple .ows can collide into one counter.

flows from mul tiple ingress nodes can collide into the same counter at an egress node, and mis in general not equal to n. a naive matching algorithm like above will not work in general.


of user (so, to minimize -vT (T,J)) but he wants to bring real harm for user transmission, thus he wants to minimize the user SINR.

we deal with non-zero-sum game framework and the cost to the jammer is the user SINR, so his payo.


by de.nition, Ri is a con.guration; Rd = .ik =1Rkd nRdj dd d ;and Ri = f, i= j.SD(G, d, Rd) is equivalent to the problem of partitioning Rd into k disjoint sets Rd1 , Rd2 , ..., Rdk such that (1) each Rdi is a con.guration, and (2) k is minimum.


Note that the utility function has been widely used to formulate the revenue of a causal system, being a concave non-decreasing function of the user-received services [22].

the problem is to .nd the optimal assignment that maximizes R(t)for the current time slot t .


For example, currently the latest iPhone version, iPhone 4S, cannot access 4G networks.

a more e.cient and low cost solution is desirable.


ß Then, the SINR of vr is SINR(vr)= .ph ·l-a pl = N+vl.Sj d(vl,vr)a pl ·dpl ·dd pl pl 1 .< .= .= N+vl.Sj d(vl,vr)a vl.Sj d(vl,vr)a vl.Sj d(vl,vr)a 2ad2(dl)a d = = ß.


It is easy to observe that the network lifetime bottleneck is one of the nodes in the second layer when s1 = s2 = ... = sk .

the objective of this paper is to minimize the maximum cost of the nodes in the second layer, i.e.


As far as we know, there exists no software to evaluate the exact capacity of a cell where users have very di.erent requirements in quality of service (QoS) taking into account the overhead induced by the contention process, and the collision.

it is necessary to calculate the probability of collision, errors over the channel, and also the average time spent in contention period.


Thisimpliesthat v is going to be informed by that neighbor by the second call to Sub-CABS in some previous iteration j, 0 =j =i -1.

node v can be scheduled to inform uin iteration i.


the expected path length E[l]is de.ned as an in.nite geometric series: 8 X i 238 1 E[l]= r =1+r + r + r +··· +r = (1) 1-r i=0 subject to 0 = r< 1.


These messages are like background radiation, almost any network is likely to have them in the inbound tra.c as hosts within try to connect to invalid/non-accessible addresses.

.ltering based on individual alerts would be di.cult.


However Dozer does not construct one global schedule for the whole network but splits it up at each node.

each node has two independent schedules; one in its role as a parent and one for its child role.


also appears in P1 least signi.cant digit between B and the destination.

by i andineachpath S0 in total, S0 is connected to 4 servers, denoted sepa-the algorithm in Table 1 is at most 2(i +1) - 1+ 2 = 2i +3.


Our server, S, successfully receives the spoofed source packets.

the NAT is malfunctioning by maintaining only an S to E mapping and relying on its routing tables to send rewritten packets.


For each packet P sent from source to destination, node i receives j>i(1 - .ji)zj, where zj is the number of transmissions made by node j and .ji is the loss probability from j to i.

the TX credit of node i is: TX crediti = P zi .


FPt i+1 on line 12 is contained in (Lt i+1)8, but only as long as dit +1 <a2i+1 .

the cost to send a message to FPit +1 v is bounded by c12 = .


The raw protocol used by the TOE-Em did not provide a way of handling .ow control.

sometimes the whole system hanged near the saturation point of the FEPC.


Furthermore, each NHLFE has a next-hop splitting ratio.

after looking up the label of an incoming packet in ILM, the router selects one of the NHLFE entries contained in the FWD according to the splitting ratios.


For each of the earlier e edges, if the earlier edge is of the form (c, d), with no nodes in common, then it can contribute at most two new diamonds.

if the edge is of the form (c, a), with one node in common, then it will only form a new diamond if there are edges (c, d) and (d, b) among the earlier e. we charge this new diamond to edge (c, d), and have already bounded the number of such in the earlier part of our argument.


Two scenarios are then possible:  a) Wrong prediction: the mobile is not in the predicted cell, that is cell(id, t + 1) P red(id, t + 1).


As a result, a solution to cross-layer optimization using the physical model is di.cult to develop and its computational complexity is likely very high for large-sized networks.

most of the current approaches to cross-layeroptimizationemploying thephysicallayer model followasimpli.edlayer-by-layer(or layer-decoupled )approach and thusyield sub-optimal solutions(e.g.,[5,8,10]) or instead, focus on providing asymptotic lower and upper bounds(e.g.,[13, 14, 18]).


The nodes no longer follow a simple one wakeup per period T pattern.

in addition, note that the base station and the nodes in the last level (leaf nodes) wake up only once, unlike other nodes which wake up twice in every period T. they save energy and consume less power for wakeup in comparison with other nodes.


We obtain the average number of chunks sent for time interval T to be NT (1 - pj ), where 1 - pj denotes the probability of one or more customers arriving at a given time slot.

the average number of chunks per unit  NT (1-pj ) time is less than or equal to limT -o T = N(1 - pj ).


Since the number of RDVs per cycle is relative to the cycle size, which is often di.erent for each protocol, it becomes an unsuitable metric to compare di.erent protocols.

we need to normalize the RDV per cycle in order to compare the protocols by de.ning the RDV per 100 time units, which is calculated according to Formula 3: RDV Normalized RDV = * 100 (3) cycle time Later in this work, we will refer to the normalized RVD performance, when talking about RDV while comparing the studied protocols.


The arguments to an operation consist of a list of capabilities (cryptographically secure names) for storage allocations on the same depot where the operation is being performed.

there is no implicit network communication performed by a given depot in responding to an NFU_op call.


We distribute the nodes randomly over a square field with a fixed average node density.

the field size varies with the number of nodes (80×80 m to 204×204 m).


However, this time each node can determine the costs of its outgoing links by itself.

if the claimed cost of AB is 3 when A takes a cheating subaction and B does not cheat, then the claimed cost of AB is still 3 when A takes the same cheating subaction and B takes any cheating subaction.


However, APOLLO is able to enforce a rate plan of 256Kbps at each node.

in this scenario, APOLLO allows multi 500 500 50 350 350 50 450 450 300 300 Throughput (kbps) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Throughput (kbps) 40 30 20 10 Throughput (kbps) 250 200 150 100 Throughput (kbps) 250 200 150 100 Throughput (kbps) 40 30 20 10 Throughput (kbps)      F1 F2      F1 F2    F1 F2  50 50 50 0 0 0 0 802.11 Apollo 802.11 Apollo 802.11 Apollo Protocol Protocol Protocol (a) A (Overutilized) (b) A (Close to plan) (c) A (Underutilized) (d) B (Overutilized) (e) B (Close to plan) (f) B (Underutilized) Figure 11: Throughput comparison of 802.11 and APOLLO in A: dominant .ow, and B: balanced .ow scenario.


The moving of Voronoi neighbor will greatly and easily e.ect one s area of Voronoi cell.

we only consider the force of one s Voronoi neighbor in our algorithm.


Two of the nodes in the same cell are connected by Manhattan Routing and will be considered as an integrated node in the next round.

the number of nodes remained for connection decreases by one at the end of each round until all nodes are connected.


This connectivity estimate combined with an estimate of the vehicle s mobility are input to an algorithm which computes the locations where the client needs tohando.


f(S, v)= IvwI and f(S, w)=0, which proofs the claim for this case.


(du + dv)a (2 · 2j/a)a 2a+j The interference at node u is upper-bounded by pu/ß ' ¥u because p satis.es the SINR constraint.


Since (¯aj : j = J ) belongs to the interior of  and .jj(q) = ., there exist an 5 > 0 such that for each vector q .0 there is some j = J 0 = such that j a¯j + 5 < .j (q).

(57) for the above inequality to hold, there exists some r with j = r such that 5 xjr j a¯r + < .j (q) (58) |r| qj or expressed di.erently, xjrr.jjr (q) 5 xjr .jj(q) r 1.


Previous studies suggest that spammers frequently leverage compromised zombie hosts as mail servers for sending spam [8, 23], and that many zombie hosts are home computers with serious security vulnerabilities [19].

a mail server set up at a dial-up or wireless connection is far more suspicious than one set up with a statically con.gured IP address.


This is because network updates are identi.ed by the transaction IDs of the corresponding messages (from the controller to the switches), and states collected in the switches (from their .ow tables) are identi.ed by the transaction IDs of the last message installed in the tables.

it is straightforward to determine if a state is collected before a particular update or after it.