Table 5 summarizes the circuit performance, mask data volume, and parametric yield given a 10% CD variation tolerance budget for all RDRs considered in this work.

if this spacing becomes too large it can actually jeopardize manufacturability since many modern lithography systems are not adept at printing intermediate pitch values [5].


For 8-way associative cache, the heuristic returns solutions quite fast (Table 1), but optimal algorithm fails to terminate within 10 hours for some big benchmarks.

the trace T can be partitioned into K traces T1,..., TK one corresponding to each cache set.


The percentage of stack references is heavily a.ected by cadpcm and dadpcm benchmarks, because both have a lot of memory references but only a few of them are located in the stack.

then resets the valid and dirty bits of the evicted registers.


The wiring required to clock each cell individually would easily overwhelm the simplicity won by the inherent local interconnectivity of QCA architecture.

but, during the first calculation, we store the sum of all outgoing wire lengths in every vertex.


(2)Fault transformation: The multiple fault f m is represented by a single stuck-at-1 fault fs on the fanout stem k. This pair of transformations is called MS (multiple-tosingle) transformation, and a circuit model obtained by transforming a circuit C with a multiple fault f m is called MS-model (of C) based on f m .

next, an MS-TEM Cms(S,FS) and its single fault set FCms(S,FS) were obtained from C(S) and FCm (S), and a test set for MS-TEM Cms(S,FS) was generated by using a single stuck-at fault combinational ATPG based on [5].


Much effort has been devoted to the development of functional speci.cation languages based on models of computations.

in addition, retargetable compilers and high-level synthesis tools are being developed on top of this infrastructure.


Accelerating High-level Bounded Model Checking Malay K Ganai and Aarti Gupta {malay | agupta } at nec-labs dot com NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, NJ USA 08540 Abstract: SAT-based Bounded Model Checking (BMC) has been found promising in finding deep bugs in industry designs and scaling well with design sizes.

references [1] A. Biere, A. Cimatti, E. M. Clark e, M. Fujita, and Y. Zhu, "Symbolic model checking using SAT procedures instead of BDDs," in Proceedings of the DAC, 1999.


Starting from the primary outputs, traverse the circuit to the primary inputs, and order the gates according to the their (reverse) topological levels.

we need to test whether or not f is a member of the ideal J +J0.


The weight indicates how important to satisfy the corresponding equation.

depending on the weights (of thesamearray) in p 0and p 00, we select the memory layout to use in determining the loop transformations in p. The second way of resolving such a con.ict is to employ a compiler technique called procedure cloning.


T1 - 1In - 1In T2 - 2In ... ... (4) M = ·· · to the thermal model.

iCCG was not able to fully utilize the GPU resources due to the limited parallelism found in the triangularsolution algorithm.


After global placement, we adopt the Tetris legalization technique [10] to legalize block positions with minimum displacement, and detailed placement techniques, such as cell matching and cell swapping [5] are used to further improve the placement results.

di.erent from RUDY [20] and Tsota et al.


The measured temperatures are displayed at the top of the .gure (Temp-40 indicates measurements performed at 2Hamming Distance is de.ned as the number of bits that differ between two bit strings.

naturally the higher this number of devices, the more accurate the statistical analyses of the corresponding memory will be.


In this paper, we presented techniques to guarantee timing requirements on isochronic forks for QDI asynchronous circuit implementations on nano-crossbar arrays under extreme delay variations.

before the transition, the output F is 0.


FEDERATED SEARCH, INTEROPERABILITY AND STANDARDIZATION While interoperability may imply standardization, the degree of standardization, in practice, should place no greater burden on data owners than they otherwise bear in fulfilling their respective missions.

second, multi-layered federation allows for managing collections of content databases in a decentralized way.


We split the signature for the PC from the signature for the other architectural state due to implementation issues.

checkExpectation Unit Nostradamus detects errors with its CheckExpectation unit.


Some important data-bits, such as the source tile id (important for the retransmission scheme) and phit types (distinguish continuous packets in router and arbitration), are encoded with 3-time-repetition scheme.

this paper is focusing on the energy-ef.cient design of buffers, a group of the most important components in NoC.


The main computation requires considerations such as choosing the variables to represent system state, whether and how to replay the computation, microarchitectural issues (pipelining), and environmental issues (input/output latency or stalling, or consistency and coordination with other modules).

optimizations for performance or area are still possible, such pipelining or transferring checkpoints to main memory instead of dedicated registers.


DESIGN DECISIONS While early OOO implementations had a central register update unit (RUU) for bookkeeping, most modern implementations decentralize the information and have a separate reservation station, ROB, and register .le to improve throughput in the presence of speculation.

at some point the ROB will be full and no new primary instructions will be issued.


Assuming the maximum variability to be 3s, the Spec Violation Metric is defined as: 3s SVM =# SP (1) # SP where SVM is the Spec Violation Metric, #SP3s is the number of significant points in the 3s variability range, and #SP is the total number of significant points.

a larger differential bit line voltage decreases the chances of an erroneous read.


INTRODUCTION With high switching frequencies, fast signal transition time and low resistivity copper technology in modern VLSI designs, on-chip interconnects often exhibit transmission line behavior.

is then extracted from the waveform as the signal slope at t=trin/2+tf, where tf is the time of flight, (LC)1/2 (here L Vouti  trouti Vdd Capacitive noise Aggressor current Ii Time trin/2+tf 0 Figure 2.


As a result, even if the number of backtracking is O(m), the ML-OAPDRFST construction may still take O(mn log n) time in the worst case rather than O(m) time, and thus their whole algorithm would take at least quadratic time.

moreover, since the last three steps of the algorithm are the same, we conclude the following by Theorem 4.


Compared with a good power-aware baseline mapping, dynamic power in the FPGA interconnect is reduced by between 1-14%, again depending on the map Table 3: Critical path delay results.

we use a fast random vector simulation to ascertain if correct functionality was disrupted.


As a result, the output transition region is very narrow, as seen in Fig 2.

and Eshraghian, K., Principles of CMOS VLSI design: A system perspective, Addison-Wesley, 1992, 2nd edition [4] White, J.K., and Vincentelli, A.S., Relaxation techniques for the simulation of VLSI circuits, Kluwer, Norwell, 1987 [5] Sakurai, T., and Newton, A. R., A simple MOSFET model for circuit analysis, IEEE Trans.


Several studies [12, 16, 22] have been conducted to speed up the simulation of cache memories utilizing the LRU (Least Recently Used) replacement policy.

this strategic tree structure facilitates the simulation of a large number of cache con.gurations simultaneously, with minimum amount of effort on searching cache sets.


The results are based on circuit simulation including device models for resistive switches based on the electrochemical metallization effect.

for particular neuromorphic architectures moderate variations of Gj,i can be tolerated [1,6].


In an n-well process, widely used in current technology, all NMOS transistor bodies are connected to ground through the substrate, whereas the PMOS transistor bodies can be connected either directly to Vdd or to the virtual supply vsup.

the drive current degradation due to the lower mobility of the node voltages in the circuit become close to Vdd or ground, including the virtual ground (vgnd) or virtual supply (vsup), in the case of PMOS or NMOS gating, respectively.


Layer 4-7 switches can read application-level information in packet headers such as Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

each PE employs a di.erent TSL, which is optimized for a speci.c function.


This caused space between cells that would not exist in manually laid out tiles.

instead, the safest approach is to simulate the entire FPGA in the same manner that it will be used in silicon.


Power e.cient standard cell library design.

table 3.1 shows the errors in the suboptimality estimates for this work (soc+ ), and as a reference we provide estimates (soQ)derived from work in [3].


Furthermore, the organization of our memory system is different since our memory system is flexible about changing memory modules.

transaction injection multiplicity is the number of requests read from the FIFO in a cycle.


The length of any selected path is longer than the length of any unselected path.

accidentally detected path delay faults by random filling for unspecified bits are not included in these results.


WLRG is similar to LQF, which is also based on higher priority for higher number of requestors.

the dark line shows i/p 0 connecting to o/p 63 through the local-switch on L1, down the L2LC, and then through the inter-layer switch on L4 on every other layer.


[18] performed a per-frequency and core CPU power characterization of two di.erent blade servers.

nemesis is aDell Precision T3500 with an Intel Xeon W35304-core processor, 4 GB of RAM, 2 hard drives (a 2 TB Seagate Barracuda XT and a 3 TB Seagate Barracuda), a 1 Gigabit Ethernet card integrated in the motherboard, and a separate Ethernet card with two 1 Gigabit ports.


The SRAM cells in the LUT can be programmed to implement any four-input logic function.

the X-axis is the clock frequency calculated as the reciprocal of critical path delay.


References [1] J.Halter and F.Najm, A gate-level leakage power reduction method for ultra-low-power CMOS circuits, Proc.

each node in a particular gate tree corresponds to a gate in the circuit, as shown in Figure 2.


An alternative approach builds Pareto tradeoff curves for each basic block via detailed synthesis [7-9], then uses these to parameterize a system-level model.

two broad approaches have been suggested: Equation-based methods avoid simulation entirely, and strive to represent the design at all levels in an analytical form [3-5].


Similarly, a minimum hyperplane is obtained via an element-wise minimum of the coe.cients and the o.sets.

eXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The algorithm in section 4.3.4, along with the computations from section 4.3.3, have been implemented in C++.To solve the required linear programs, we used Mosek [10].


Some would speci.cally ask Whom will I talk to on that number?

having a long detection duration will make the caller wait that much longer before he hears back his recording and the acknowledgement message.


proposed a test parallelization (scan-chain subdivision) combining scheduling scheme to minimize test time under power limitation.

compared to the case (Figure 6(1)) where we don t use groping, the total test time is reduced by 5.


All the experiments were conducted on a Linux based machine with 2.4GHz processor and 4GB memory.

our 0-1 ILP approach can also be accelerated by .rst computing the connected components of a con.ict graph and then solving a smaller 01 ILP problem associated with each connected component.


different con.gurations of a space compactor may result in different percentages of responses being observable.


Animals and birds use their hair, fur and feathers to express their emotions, and groom each other when forming closer relationships.

nojima, T., Ooide, Y., and Kawaguchi, H. Hairlytop interface: an interactive surface display comprised of hair-like soft actuators, In Proc.


With GMMs, each sound class is modeled as a mixture of several Gaussian clusters.

in order to form the STDMFCC feature vector, 74 coefficients were selected from the C(q,n).


REFERENCES [1] L. Aksoy, E. Costa, P. Flores, and J. Monteiro.

{0, 1}.. (2) In (1), .... in w is an integer value associated with each of .. variables .... ,1 =.. =.., in the cost function, and in (2), A·x =b denotes a set of .. linear constraints where b .Z.. ×Z.. and A .Z.. .


Section 6 presents simulation experiment results comparing interval caching with RAM and .le-level LFU with .ash memory.

continuous read and write operations are involved in the bu.er cache.


The body bias coe.cient has been traditionally thought to decrease with process scaling, making ABB less e.ective in highly scaled process technologies.

this paper proposes a variation-aware methodology for the simultaneous gate sizing and clustering for postsilicon tuning with adaptive body biasing.


As indicated in Section 2.2, the parameters to  Equation 1 allow other levels of granularity of delay variations to be measured and analyzed.

figure 11(a) and (b) give the results for the 8 and 16 segment analyses, respectively, for 36 chips.


in[6],wehavedemonstratedpreliminarycon.guration compressionresultsusingadictionary-basedapproach.However,theapproachthatisproposedinthispaperissignif-icantlydi.erentthantheoneproposedin[6].In[6],the Con.guration LZW Bit-Stream Compact Representation DICTIONARY INDEX DICTIONARY Selectively delete substrings Heuristic Selectively delete nodes INDEX INDEX Figure2:Ourcon.gurationcompressiontechnique decompressedstringsaredeliveredinthereverseorder.In addition,theheuristicproposedin[6]onlydeletesallthe leafnodesfromallthesu.xtreeswithoutconsideringhow theindexsizeisa.ected.inthispaper,adi.erentapproachisproposed.Ourgoalistodeletestringsand individualnodesinabottom-upapproachconsideringthe overallsavingsinmemory,thatis,boththedictionaryand theindexmemory.Asaresult,byapplyingourtechnique tothecon.gurationbit-streamsin[6],thememoryrequirementsforstoringthedictionaryandtheindexcanbefurther improvedby6;13%(seeSection5).


[18] Preeti Ranjan Panda, Alexandru Nicolau, and Nikil Dutt.


In this section, we examine the asymptotic performance of PBcast andderive theoretical formulas for .nding optimal forwarding probability p. In PBcast, every node relays a packet that it receives for the .rst time with some probability p. Let us assume that at any time slot, in which the packet travels in the network, we color eachnode as blackor white withprobabilitypand1-p, respectively.

43rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2002.


We also observe that the data access patterns usually can be implied by information such as where in the virtual memory space the data is allocated and how the references of data are handled.

to copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


[9] H.Lang,J.Pfeifer,andJ.Maguire,Usingon-chip testpatterncompressionforfullscanSoCdesigns," Proc.ETW,2000,pp.47-52.


Preliminary results show that the critical path for the crossbar architecture is much slower than that of the switch block architecture.

one choice would be to make the inverter and buffer the same height as the mux.


Nevertheless, if the lengths of the remaining auxiliary cores do not satisfy the minimum width rule, we should not remove it.

it is still inside the sidewall and will not generate incorrect feature.


In order to tune our model to Xilinx FPGAs, we used empirical curve-fitting to determine the coefficients given in Equations [10]-[12].

figure 5 shows the performance of the star topology using our three homogeneous and three heterogeneous NoCs.


On one hand, sacrificing security for testability by continuing the scan-based DFT restricts its use in privacy sensitive applications.

in this paper, we will show how scan chains can be used to discover a secret key from a hardware implementation of AES.


It pregenerates sequences of processor instructions based on user specified constraints.

throughout the project, verification work was happening in parallel on various design targets ranging from a single block (designed by a single designer) to the full Cell chip.


2.2 Conditional branches Due to the nature of SIMD, all PEs perform the identical operation in each cycle.

incrementSamplePosition(); testRight(); testLeft(); testTop(); testBottom(); }  As mentioned earlier, mapping the baseplane image onto the viewplane is done using standard 2D texture mapping.


6.2.6 A Device Cell of a Majority Gate Interacting with a 90-Degree Cell Thisaseisidentialtothease6.2.1.Thedevieellwill simplygiveitsdatatotheg0degreeoutputellofthemajoritygate.


3.2 Algorithm In this section, we present an algorithm to solve the OFFRP.

each type is characterized by two sides of a tile that intersect with the wire.


With at most two tunings, the permanent defected unit will eventually reach an error count larger than 2, which indicates that it is the unit that causes the error in this data-path.

deterministic test patterns have been used in both of these studies to achieve high fault coverage.


Traditionally, TMR has been successfully applied in FPGAs to mitigate transient faults, which are likely to occur in space applications.

transient faults, also called Single Event Upset (SEU), are the major concern in space applications [1], with potentially serious consequences for the spacecraft, including loss of information, functional failure, or loss of control.


Our approach is centered on the concept of misinterpretations.

the precision mode is not applicable to instructions that have a precision .eld.


If no such area exists the module searches relations in the list with relatively small traffic between the tasks and interprets them as predetermined break points.

the adaptation of the underlying hardware architecture at runtime using dynamic and partial reconfiguration, like it is done in reconfigurable systems, involves additional challenges for operating systems.


An example of the signal-processing portion of the computation, as expressed in the X language, is provided in Figure 8.

with two processors the speedup is almost 2, and with four processors the speedup is nearly 4.


Overall, the elementary programmable logic block in Xilinx FPGAs is called a slice.

high Performance Reconfigurable Multi-Processor-Based Computing on FPGAs.


Almost the whole set of functions has been achieved.

in this work, a reconfigurable 2-input dynamic logic cell designed using DG-CNTFET devices is able to achieve a more complete set of functions by exploiting sum of products (SOP) and product of sums (POS) to express logic functions.


We need a very simple, lightweight mechanism which can be inserted inside the warping optimization loop.

experimental results show our algorithm is competitive.


By jittering the interarrival times of the CBR UDP packets using a normal distribution (mean: 20ms, stddev: 1ms), we reduced the probability of the phenomenon occurring to the point where we did not observe it in any of our subsequent tests.

the FC Inactive .ow reached the same cwnd value every congestion event and never triggered the heuristic.


First identi.ed by E. F. Rent and published by Landman and Russo [8], Rent s Rule says that the number of wires that must cross into or out of a region of N components is reasonably modeled by: BW = cNp (1) where p is the Rent Exponent, which is typically in the range 0.5 0.7.

assuming the data bits stay .xed, this also reduces the number of instructions, since an instruction now applies to a group of W bits.


Utilizing Idle Resources in Already Scheduled Basic Blocks An operation can be conditionally speculated only if there are idle resources in the basic blocks that comprise the conditional branches of a if-HTG.

advanced Compiler Design and Implementation.


We end the section by presenting the overall approach.

before switching, the magnet must see a clock .eld of at least HminExtra -HmaxExtra (line 4) such that the total .eld for metastability becomes HminExtra .


As the comparator is based on MOS technology, effect of temperature on it is minimal [18].

calibration requires going through temperature steps in a tester, increasing test application time and cost.


Instead of the traditional energy consumption structure ET > ER EL > EP, where ET , ER, EL and EP represent the energy consumption for transmitting, receiving, idle listening and processing, the energy consumption structure is like ET » ER EL > EP.

at the same time, any routing algorithm at the data link layer can be implemented according to application requirements.


For example, suppose there is a 3-bit word variable with an initial interval [0, 7] and an initial bit-vector XXX, where X stands for unknown, if its interval is shrunk to [2, 3], then its bit-vector can be set as 01X correspondingly.

this strategy is called the 1BUIP scheme, which requires one implication vertex of the current decision level on the cut.


[17] Y. Sato, S. Hamada, T. Maeda, A. Takatori, and S. Ka jihara.

when the delay sizes are small, delay defects can be hardly triggered in the test mode at a low frequency, and have to be tested at the normal operation speed with timing-aware ATPG methods.


It can be observed that NEMS-based sleep device outperforms CMOS-based sleep transistor in terms of off-state leakage current.

in Figure 11, simulation results are shown for the two dynamic ORgates discussed above with different number of inputs (fan-in).


In Proceedings of VLSI/ULSI Multilevel Interconnection Conference, 2005.

based on Friedberg s chip measurements [9], we assume the gate length of all the transistors in each small sub-array are strongly correlated.


System-level designers only need to supply high-level NoC parameters to use our tool to explore the systemlevel impact of variation-induced timing violations.

we perform the following hybrid modeling procedure: we use STA to detect only the paths that are likely to fail, the worst-case input patterns that stress these paths, and then perform circuit-level simulation only for these paths and these input patterns.


Our technique .lls DRAM idle rank cycles with scheduled writeback requests.

compared with the cache line interleaving mapping scheme, the page interleaving mapping scheme tends to collect small chunks of idle rank cycles into large runs.


FinFET devices also show better voltage scalability because of less leakage power consumption [3].

the FinFET devices outperform bulk CMOS devices in ultra-low power designs by allowing for higher voltage scalability.


Table 6 shows the effect of the same tests as in Table 5 except performance improvement metrics were generated with a 10x internal clock relative to the ATE tester clock.

conclusion A technique for high compression ratio was described which exploits the high number of Don t -Care bits that occur in test sets.


Typically current starved VCOs are extremely sensitive to temperature variations and hence can potentially add noise to the process-reading during digitization.

the above result motivates us to design threshold tracking circuits which utilize the sub-threshold mode of operation.


Nevertheless, Bias-Free predictor can bene.t further by words, they convey the percentage of branches that .nd a tag match in a table with the longest history.

this necessitates the RS structure to include few additional recent occurrences of a non-biased branch in addition to the most recent occurrence in the global history register.


http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular diseases/ [2] J. M. Rabaey, Low Power Design Essentials , Springer, 2009.

the values in Table 1 correspond on total data deterioration of the less-significant data.(c.f.


In this Figure, squares correspond to the NISU B algorithm, while circles are obtained by using the version with the Reduced Composite Table (NISU B RCT ).

iP blocks can be safely re-used only if they do not affect other sensitive components.


The beamforming matrixisde.ned up to an arbitrary(dk ×dk) square matrix.

sIGNAL MODEL In this section we describe the cognitive radio scenario that we study inthepaper and wegive a shortintroduction of IA.


Before describing the details of GRA, we need to define what internal and external edges are.

no matter whether a router considers the redundant via insertion issue or not, it is usually necessary to perform redundant via insertion after the routing stage to further improve the yield and reliability of vias.


We will use the terms deadlock freedom and progress interchangeably in this paper, though our solution will strictly adhere to the formal speci.cation in Section V. The methodology that we are proposing in this paper is based on the principle of proving liveness using intermediate safety properties .

morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA, 2003.


Setup (long-path) constraints ensure that the sig * This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant CCF-1320585 and a grant from Mentor Graphics.

denote Ic and Oc as a set of pins in I and a set of pins O that are de.ned with a complex timing constraint c as de.ned above.


Our simulation methodology falls in the more accurate but slow category.

note that the power consumption is constant.


wleak,while ytomain .Ho tdur to to yleak 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.4  Amplitude (V) 1.2 1 0.8 1 0 -0.5 0.9 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time (nsec) Vth (mV) Vth (mV) (a)WaveformsofHS-Dominogate (b)NormalizeddelayvsVth (c)Normalizeddynamicpowervs (Vdd=2.5V) Vth Figure4:BehaviorofHS-Domino Thecontention-freeoperationisclearlydemonstratedinFigure4(a)whereduringtheprechargephase(CLKgoesLOW), thekeeper'sinput(gate)remainsHIGH.


We could notice for large designs, GDRouter is also e.ective in improving detailed routing routability.

after detailed routing, the detailed routing routability is obtained in terms of the number of unassigned global segments, with the indication of where the actual detailed routing congestion is.


ity of direct matrix multiplication ..(..3) is certainly larger The approximated HPWL using the logsumexp model in than 2D-FFT ..(..2........).

this will make coalesced access di.cult and signi.cantly degrade the performance.


With an analysis to Figure 5, we have Pins(ex3) = 2.

let the notation TCi represent the designated clock arrival time of register Ri.


Proceedings of the International Symposium on Microarchitecture, 19(4):23 29, July 1999.

adding these pipeline latches to our design creates problems for the designer, because di.erent inputs to a logic block may now take di.erent numbers of cycles to reach the logic block.


Let Dh (Dv) be the maximum connection count on H (V) cut lines, Th and Tv be the available horizontal and vertical track counts.

in general, these approaches either reduce total wire length [11-13], via count [10], or minimize congestions by re-distributing local demands [14-18].


Ti means how many positions from the bottom of Ri-1 are not used, and Bi-1 means how many positions from the top of Ri-1 are not used.

the spacing between a dummy feature and a signal wire must be larger than the min-spacing requirement s. 2.


The veri.cation was conducted using a Linux version of Cadence SMV in a Pentium IV 1.3 GHz workstation with 1 GB of main memory.

transfer Cancellation Due to the pipelined nature of the AMBA protocol, a master initiates transfer i +1before receiving the response for transfer i. if transfer i resulted in a SPLIT or RETRY response from the slave, the master must cancel the transfer i +1.


[2] C. Bienia, S. Kumar, J. P. Singh, and K. Li.

if the processor cannot complete its transactional execution successfully (transactional abort), then the processor discards all transactional updates, restores architectural state, and resumes execution.


The second behavior, global alert, is used when the leader wants the attention of all the followers regardless of distance.

when the follower performs an undesired behavior, or is in an unsafe state, the module will perform an alert in a clearly perceptible way.


Since these situations are undesired, the delay differences between the new and the old implementation should be very small.

the last step is to extract signal probabilities (probability that signal value is 1 ) and switching activity from the VCD .le.


Design iterations are fast because there are so few corners.

a general trajectory sampling method stores the linearized conductance and capacitance matrices, G and C, that are returned at each time point k by the Newton-Rhapson algorithm during transient simulation [1], [2]: G(k) C(k) = .i(v)|, = .q(v)|(2) vk vk After running projection-based MOR, the reduced matrices can be used as a low-order expansion point in a piecewise model [2].


Note that CFDs do not use ADCs, but the data is included to give a reference.

given that the resolution of a CFD does not scale with technology (CFD performance has remained fairly constant over the last decade or more), our algorithm outperforms the CFD with a 500MHz ADC (available now in parallel ADCs, and expected soon in serial ADCs).


In addition, considered with the unbalanced write-pressure over each partition, we proposed a partition-level wear leveling scheme to further improve the lifetime of hybrid cache.

the SRAM L2 cache consists of sixteen SRAM banks and provides total 8MB capacity, which has similar area as the hybrid cache with 26MB.


SmartTestGen Tool Architecture TABLE I CE N T R A L I Z E D IN F O R M AT I O N TA B L E Block Handle.

as regards to the decision coverage, for 11 models STGen achieves higher coverage than Reactis, while in the remaining cases the coverages obtained are equal.


Schematic of the Voltage controlled delay line.

this current source can provide high static supply and substrate noise rejection without the extra supply voltage required by cascode current sources.


The reason was the missing inductance of the wire bond compared to the properly working version with the transceiver chip in a package.

thereby, the optimization focus is dynamically set.


The above discussion means that the variation of current can be translated into output load while keeping the gate delays equal.

4.1.2 Comparison with direct delay modeling We compare the proposed model with a model which deals with delay directly.


An inverter in a cascaded repeat is a stage, and the size ratio between two consecutive invertersisthe stage ratio.

again we use enumeration to .nd the min-power solution.


Whiletransactional memory hasbeen extensively studiedforthegeneralpurpose computing domain, there have been relatively few works that consider adopting TM in the embedded domain (e.g.,[5,9,13]).

the memory model of a MPSoC de.nes the responsibilities and challenges of the programmer with respect to management of data.


Vertical nanowires are simultaneously precharged (pre2 is asserted).

inputs are received from vertical nanowires in the left plane.


Dependent instructions of these L2-miss loads cannot execute because their data is not available.

furthermore, resources allocated (the entry in the RM and the set of registers) for the replicated instructions are deallocated, and if possible, new replicas are created with the new source operands or detected stride.


This behavior can be clearly predicted from the optimized value for the current consumption given by (6) keeping in mind the dependency of Cload on the full-scale voltage similar to what discussed for resolution.

if the two settling contributions are determined dynamically such that the two above terms for the current are equal, some power can be saved.


The stress conditions contain two parts, one for the inputs and the other for the primary nodes.

the gate voltage at node PNr-2 must be Vdd and its source voltage at transistor TR j is located between nodes PN j-1 and PN j .


The scalable e.ort MAC incorporating segmentation with error correction scheme incurs roughly 25% area overhead.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

based upon the psychological implications of highness for social relations and nonverbal behavior [8], perceptions of power [16], and expressing authority [1], it is plausible that this vertical dimension would influence the psychological experience of thrown voice locations, too.


The circuit has low barrier schottky diodes and capacitors which form a charge pump [10].

the network is comprised of two layers of sensor nodes characterized by different complexity and capabilities (see Figure 2).


Hence, 3DM requires smaller number of arbiters and the size of the arbiters is also small (14:1 vs. 10:1).

all these approaches assume that planar 2D cores are simply distributed on multiple layers and then a 3D-aware interconnection fabric connects them.


Focusing on the dark areas in each graph, which present concentrations of errors, we .rst see that for all systems consistently the top left area shows increased error density.

mechanisms based on page retirement have potential only for protecting against hard errors, which are due to device defects and hence tend to be repeatable.


For example, the upcoming Intel® Core 2 processor is reported to provide wider superscalar execution with larger buffers as compared to previous Intel® Pentium-M and Core 1 microarchitectures.

store Queue Index Prediction example illustrating (a) a store updating the SPCT, (b) a misforwarded load using the SPCT to update the FSP, (c) a later instance of the same store updating the SAT, (d), a later instance of the load using the FSP and SAT to compute a SQ index, and (e) the load using the predicted index to directly access the predicted SQ entry.


f x2 pn fx2 path4 path1 : f .¬x2 .¬x1 x1 pn path2 : f .¬x .

for threshold equivalence checking, CNFs are generated to represent the equivalence relationship between inputs and outputs according to the inequalities.


access to vendors so that they can easily communicate with our system (Bernard, 2004).

fifth, think like criminal hackers, only regular system checks with sophisticated tools are not enough.


2, assuming 8 buffer slots per input in all con.gurations: (a) 8 slots per input for a WH router; for VCbased routers: (b) 2 VCs per input with 4 slots/VC, and (c) 4 VCs per input with 2 slots/VC.

results for homogeneous folded networks will be provided in our last set of experiments.


Perez et al [37] experimentally compared twelve of the recent and/or well known prefetching schemes using the SPECcpu2000 benchmarks, and found that the Global History Buffer (GHB) with its PC/DC (program counter/ delta correlation) variant [25] scheme works the best among the twelve prefetchers.

the results clearly demonstrate that the performance of the epoch-based correlation prefetcher is sensitive to available memory bandwidth.


Then we calculate the mapping cofactors F ' using the cofactor mapping matrix: .. 0 .


Preand post-scheduling memory allocation strategies on MPSoCs.

our approach accommodates the precharacterization of all accelerator processes and handles the physical constraints (capacity and bandwidth) imposed by the physical memories available for a given target technology.


are a .nite set of inputs, outputs, states, state transition function d : S × I .

there is a need for e.cient test reduction techniques.


6 shows the average numbers of ADBs inserted by CLK-ADB [16] and our ADB-Pullup when the number of modes varies.

in addition, we proposed an e.ective solution to the combined problem of ADB insertion and bu.er sizing.


The second stage is a positive and negative pumping circuit.


The maximum performance improvement is 36.6%, and the maximum energy reduction is 15.1%, with 20.3% dynamic energy reduction and 9.9% leakage energy reduction.

in comparison with traditional cache design, the proposed thread-associative memory introduces new microarchitectural features to handle inter-thread con.icts.


The optimized mapping through NSGA-II algorithm along with our approach is shown in Fig.8(b), where performance bottlenecks denoted by red boxes have restricted the latency proportion and saturated throughput to be about 184% and 12.2 GB/s respectively.

4 n ¦ni 1 PSAi, j ¦ ( i 1 p(i1, j,v,n1) p(i4, j,v,n4)p(i, j,v 1,n 1)) (20) 4 n n ,n 14 n ¦ni i 1 m m v-m where, p(i, j,v,m) Cv Fi, j (1-Fi, j ), i1, ,i4 zi, i1 i4 we derive the parameter blocki,j based on Eq.21.


4.2 Methodology to design efficient LT-RTPG The number of transitions that occur at state inputs during scan shifting is determined by only the number of taps of the LT and independent of the tap configuration of the ).

reducing the heat dissipated during test application is becoming a very important objective these days, particularly for the large VLSI systems.


Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) [14, 6] is a widely-used technique to scale a core s performance and power (e.g., Intel Turbo Boost [1]).

we limit the number of single-thread workloads to 14 to ensure that the number of singlethread and multi-thread workloads is equal, so that the single-thread results do not dominate the overall average performance data.


ClkIn2, t = T) is -t »-2t ÿVDD RC RX RC XR (8) V () t =-e 1-e + V , 12 RX +2R RX +2R DD / -t »-2t ÿVDD RRC RC XXR (9) V () t =-e 1+ e + V , 2 R +2RR +2R DD 2 XX / where V1(t) = VClkOut1(t) and V2(t) = VClkOut2(t).


Many existing CMPs use writethrough L1 caches [26,4, 19] to avoid large coherence traf.c from their small L1 caches.

on average across all commercial workloads, private caches have 10% RWS misses, while CMP-NuRAPID with ISC has only 2%; a reduction of 80%.


In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, pages 115 130, 2003.

we can summarize the major contributions of this work as follows: We quantifytheimpactof conventionalcompiler-directed I/OprefetchingonsharedcachesatI/O nodes.Theexperimental data collected using four high-performance applications that use disk-resident data sets reveals that, while conventionalI/O prefetchingbrings certain performance bene.ts,its effectiveness reduces signi.cantly as the number of clients is increased.


we argue that there is a signi.cant barrier to this form of attack as well (cf.


in PCRAMsim tool, MOSFETs are chosen as the default PCRAM cell selector device at the expense of larger area, though the BJTselected and the diode-selected designs are kept in the PCRAMsim model.


[5] George V. Leming and Kundan Nepal, Low-power FPGArouting switches using adaptive body biasing techniques, in IEEE 2009.

island- style FPGA architecture threshold voltage and the current that makes them susceptible to process parameter variations and reduced noise margin.


However, the mobility change of the flexible TFTs under bending is not a symmetrical distribution (-25%~10%), which violates the assumption of normal distribution in previous works.

the column Cpk shows the synthesis results by the proposed approach with the objective function mentioned in Section 3, which tries to optimize the power and yield simultaneously with equal weights.


Unfortunately, these bits and the logic to process them will be kept in the debugger process, necessitating control transitions all the way from the hardware layer to the user space software layer and back (as shown in the .rst half of Figure 1); also, we incur the costs of switching between the original process s virtual address space and that of the debugger where the counter is kept5 .

11http://recon.cx/2008/archive.html [11] P. A. Karger and D. R. Safford.


In this approximation, the potential drop across the inversion layer is ignored for the calculation of the bulk charge density Q´B.

the charge sheet current expression is then written in terms of the surface A similar procedure can be applied to calculate the total charges.


Alternatively, one may still insist on having the current-continuity equation(s) as part of the full set of equations that needs to be solved.

from 1993-2003 he was heading the Technology CAD group at IMEC.


The comprehensive description of making of a SS device can be found in [6].

looking at Figure 7 and Figure 6, we can observe how the timing improvement varies as row utilization is varied for different Vth values and routing layers used.


[29] C. Stauffer and W. E. L. Grimson, Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking, in Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 1999, pp.

it also imposes additional computation overhead for the smartphone.


This is a reasonable assumption for today's machines since their caches (especially the L2 caches) are typically large enough to hold the data accessed within a few iterations of the innermost loop.

slipstream processors: Im- proving both performance and fault tolerance.


This can be achieved by adding a hold latch as in the enhanced scan or a MUX at the input of the combinational circuit (Fig.

it is becoming mandatory for manufacturing test to include delay testing along with stuck-at tests [7] [8].


One might expect that the respectively constrained problem, here termed USRCEX, is simpler.

we are the .rst to consider the send-receive correlation problem more fundamentally.


To retain the communication among sub-circuits, the boundary node waveforms are converted to piece wise linear (PWL) voltage sources, thus the voltage waveforms remain the same, although each sub-circuit is simulated independently.

the off-chip inductive parasitic effects are also considered.


1.2 Our Contribution Insertion of power switches is very important for power gating designs.

pDA and cell phones, increasing power lasting capabilities has become great concern in IC designs.


produced a misprediction, while in our case only 6 operations .The 16-bit Accum submodule in the ADPCM decoder [3].

with multicycle FUs multispeculation will also reduce the average latency of the circuit.


At higher levels, systems were designed under the premise of fault free underlying hardware.

the OS can for instance be executed on multiple cores which execute in a lock-step fashion.


Rather than optimizing the thermal pro.le of a single architecture instance, new synthesis methodologies and tools have to be developed taking into consideration the thermal features of the various architectural 978-3-9815370-0-0/DATE13/&#169;2013 EDAA instances mapped onto the CGRP through recon.guration.

[29] George L. Nemhauser and Laurence A. Wolsey.


This corresponds to performing a resolution on the learned clauses, and results in less number of learned clauses.

all paths leading to 1 that are shorter than the maximum clause length are enumerated.


We .nd that for B =32 and B =64,the curve for MTS is almost the same.


It is clear that there is a significant difference between the SPEC workloads and the other workloads in terms of the optimal pipeline depth.

both of these effects should shift the optimum pipeline point to lower values ofp.


Obviously we have to investigate more ef.cient approaches which query only those peers that are indeed capable of understanding and answering the query.

for some properties it may also be advantageous to create value indices to reduce network traf.c.


The use of BIST does not impact the memory redundancy analysis and laser repair processes.

in order to circumvent this problem, semiconductor manufacturers started to add redundancy into their large embedded memories to perform repair after manufacturing.


As a result, the .ash device exhibits performances close to SLC (particularly for random data accesses) while keeping the area e.ciency of MLC to a great extent.

instead, a large table enables .ne grained data manipulation (page-level), and thus higher performance and lifetime, but at a signi.cant increase in device cost.


Since the head and viewing positions remain .xed, this prototype is not a practical 3D display solution.

ever since, researchers have proposed and developed devices to stereoscopically display images.


Non-ideal SB-GNRFETs have reduced current and consume less power than the ideal ones, resulting in a very low total power.


As the role of .ash memory increases in storage architectures, solid-state drives (SSDs) have gradually displaced the HDDs with higher access performance and lower power consumption.

the SSD controller needs to implement a .ash translation layer to make the SSD as an emulated HDD for most operating systems.


It should also be noted that the base station, in determining and updating the downlink fading characteristics, relies on uplink data.

5.4 Mitigation Strategies In this section several di.erent strategies to mitigate the aforementioned DSA threats are presented.


Analytical and partitioningbased techniques are developed to explore the tradeoff between wirelength, interlayer via counts, and thermal effects.

the forcedirected paradigm relies on an encompassing arrangement of IO pads, which 3D ICs may not have, to produce a wellspread initial placement in order to proceed efficiently and effectively in subsequent iterations [4].


But, we compute R[ x(1)i, x(0) ] as follows.

for real combinatorial circuits, we can expect that the time complexity is much less than O(n m).


Let Ti denote the clock arrival time of register Ri.

our heuristic approach provides a good alternative to solve the problem in polynomial time complexity.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.3.1 [Memory Structures]: Semiconductor Memories Static memory (SRAM); B.8.2 [Performance and Reliability]: Performance Analysis and Design Aids General Terms Design, Performance, Reliability  Keywords SRAM, Write margin, Dynamic noise margin, Reliability, VCCmin, Static Noise Margin, Variation 1.

the current noise circuit can be considered as a good approximation of the write circuit.


Based on the relationship between TQM and PCM (8), knowing one of them can help obtain the other, and maximizing TQM is equivalent to maximizing the PCM, be it 1-layer or m-layer.

these observations are consistent with our theoretical conclusions.


Equation (4) indicates that we can reduce the rotation time t2 by decreasing the average rotational inertia or increasing the applied moment.

[10] Reiffenrath V, Krause J and Dlach H J, et al.


If the placement is dynamic, data can be transferred between di.erent levels in the memory hierarchy.

the di.erence in latency is comparatively stable: the latency with Monet varies from about 2 to 3 times the latency with GAUT.


PIF records and replays spatial region records with eight instruction blocks.

for the DSS workloads, we collect traces for the entire query execution.


Our experiments show that the average log size is 38KB.

furthermore, it provides faster data recovery to any-point-in-time than traditional techniques because of the drastically smaller amount of storage space used.


The shaded nodes are those involved in the transition, i.e.

we have also used 5 tree-like circuits with numbers of levels from 2 to 10 (numbers of gates from 3 to 1023).


We use the clock buffer as the root of the positive tree TP and use the clock inverter as the root of the negative tree TN.

in this circuit, the positive tree has 16234 positive-edge-triggered flipflops and the negative tree has 10495 negative-edge-triggered flipflops.


While this tool was reportedly integrated into a commercial tool, it is not available for comparison.

in [7], a discrete dual-VT solution is obtained by modeling each gate as a parallel combination of a high and low VT cell.


[57] S. Siltanen, Geometry reduction in room acoustics modeling, Master Thesis, Helsinki University Of Technology, Department of Computer Science Telecommunications Software and Multimedia Laboratory, September 2005.


We believe this memoryless feature captures the type of node failures we are targeting (i.e., deploymentbased failures).

we use minimum availability (minA) as a performance metric.


Initially, candidate arrays for allocation are identi.ed (step GC1 ) and an interference graph, GI , is generated (Fig.

communication tasks comprise data transfers to/from o.chip memory.


Five random variables have been accounted for in spacial correlations.

the intradelay of a path is simply a linear combination of RVs.


And it is not easy to set good criteria for tie break.

the weight of such an edge corresponds to the number of additional instructions.


We observe a M. M. Islam, and P. Stenstrom, Characterization and noticeable variation in the prevalence of such loads in several applications.

on a hit, the load request accesses the RFCP to obtain the value.


As discussed above, we need to update slack at the inputs of a node, v', only when the changed node, vc, is present along a proper subset of the inputs.

cODES+ISSS 08, October 19 24, 2008, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.


Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling is employed to optimize power.

we can modify the tables v to replace 1 or -1 values with twiddle factor values from the previous cycle.


This result indicates that moderately sized BFPs are able to differentiate between the majority of matching addresses and those that have no match in .ight.

as previously shown in Figure 3, a small fraction of the addresses in .ight are typically matching.


2.1 Global Routing In the 2D global routing problem, a placement solution is partitioned into a 2D array of global cells (g-cells), and then is modeled into a grid graph G(V, E), where V denotes a set of g-cells, E denotes a set of grid edges (g-edges), and two abutting g-cells are connected by a g-edge.

s(Rx,y,w,h)= S(Rx2,y2,w2,h2) 2. foreach net n in S(Rx1,y1,w1,h1) 3. if n is not in S(Rx,y,w,h) 4. insert n into S(Rx,y,w,h) 5.


At receiver side, new architectures for PWM and PAM demodulation are proposed.

the capabilities of data communication become a bottleneck of the whole system.


Several techniques have tried to address this issue either by computing the discrepancy or disparity of sampling[8][7] or by changing the variance of the sampling distribution [10], to guide the direction of the growth to where it would encounter more samples.

in Algorithmic and [1] R. Alur, T. Henzinger, and P.-H. Ho.


On the one hand because they enable a system designer to fully exploit the hardware s capabilities: A lot of building blocks can be integrated, their interconnection for a speci.c application is performed adaptively by the network.

in the following section we propose an architecture that allows the trace-back length to be adjusted dynamically, saving power by disabling the unused stages.


The model consists of seven attributes: the type, pipeline, and stage of one instruction; the type, pipeline, and stage of a second instruction; and the register interdependency that may exist between the two.

as depicted in Figure 7, the processor consists of four execution pipelines: branch (BPipe), simple arithmetic (RPipe), complex arithmetic (MPipe), and load/store (SPipe).


The size of both sub-bins have to be equal to have a regular bin structure.

multilevel hypergraph partitioning: Application in vlsi domain.


the risk profile of a specific attacker.

of course, the additional cost, deriving from the setting aside of the benefit, could move the optimal working point of the chain as a whole and cause a loss of concurrency power w.r.t.


Quantitatively, the predicted time with FPGA G/S model is 197.2 seconds if all G/S in FLASH larger than 16K are ported while porting the top 33 results in execution time of 198.7 seconds for accelerator system.

6 BACKGROUND The prevalence of Gather/Scatter operation in application can be seen in sorting algorithms, hash searches, and sparse-matrix vector multiplication[23] to name a few.


In the case of fall-detection the most relevant components are sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes or magnetometers for sensing, processor for calculation and eventually wireless interfaces for communication tasks.

threshold based algorithms [1] are less calculation intensive and therefore can be executed on mobile devices [15, 23, 8], excluding the necessity to stream.


The intrinsic delay, i, can potentially depend on the input slewof the gate and the gate size.

to create the layout of a 5mm long buffered interconnect, we.rst create the layout to de.ne the chip area using Cadence SoC Encounter (version 6.1).


The uniqueness constraint is imposed to ensure that a data transfer can only occupy a single channel at any cycle.

ech, qwi is the resource variable which represents the number of wires allocated in channel chi.


If we can arrange to read the memory sequentially, we can amortize the energy reading from the array core across v all the M bits read.

in both cases, they suggest a geometric relationship on the cut sizes at successive tree levels in the recursive bisection.


...., ......, etc) of transistors may change drastically.

resistive network) can better approximate the original graph s power dissipation for arbitrary input excitations, the support-graph preconditioner will be more e.ective in approximating the dominant eigenvalues of the original system, thereby more signi.cantly reducing the number of iterations for .nding the solution.


OS support The OS implements functionalities outside of the concealed execution environment to support the singlethreaded nature of TSM and to improve performance.

the security provided by cryptography depends on the safeguarding of cryptographic keys from adversaries.


In such cases, internal signal interconnect area is also considered.

when minimizing area for QCA, the number of gate inputs must be considered differently than in CMOS.


Moreover, the heart failure pilot study has demonstrated that data from peripheral wireless health monitoring devices can be integrated successfully into the proposed system.

the networked wellness system summarized in this manuscript takes a different approach, employing comparatively simple micro-electronic edible sensors, which can be produced in high volume at ultra-low cost.


Testing should provide suf.cient product quality at affordable costs for the application market addressed.

impact of Thinning and Packaging on a Deep Sub-Micron CMOS Product.


A global alignment homography Gi transfers image Ii in Pi into the global reference frame.

euclidean reconstruction In the absence of Euclidean information in the environment, we .nd Hi0 by computing the 3D pose of Pj with respect to the screen.


Restricting the predictor to learn correlations only with non-biased branches enables a modest length global history register to reach very deep into the program s execution history to .nd correlated branches and provide highlyaccurate branch predictions with a modest storage budget.

for incorporating such a predictor into a commercial processor, we advocate using probabilistic 3-bit counters [10] in the BST.


Figure 3 shows one BeepBeep experiment result using two HP iPAQ rw6828 apart from 10 cm.

meanwhile, each device will also record a few seconds of continuous sound from its microphone, and thus each recording should then contain exactly two Beep signals picked up by its microphone.


This complete HW synthesis/SW compilation phase requires 10-12 hours for a complex MPSoC architecture with 8 processors and 20 additional HW modules.

this enables long simulations of MPSoCs as thermal modelling requires.


Because in previous micrometer technologies, a failing cell experienced all three kinds of failures (hold, read and write), it was not necessary to analyze separately the cell s stability for the read or write operations.

the comparisons of the simulated read margin with (a) the calculated read margin with Vdd = 800mV , (b) V1,2 and V3,4 with Vdd = 800mV , (c) the calculated read margin with Vdd = 600mV and (d) V1,2 and V3,4 with Vdd = 800mV .


In our formulation, we de.ne Nm number of .j variables, where Nm is the maximum number of Sdnf segments we can possibly form.

moreover, we assume the delays of additional speedpaths are also measured.


By replacing their simple passive backend electronics with BEI, it may prove possible to develop a machine capable of near-perfect brain tumor resection (surgical removal) since a study [11] concluded that tumor cells could be reliably detected with 95% accuracy and only a 12% false positive rate by their conductivity alone.

in our case, the gain control was implemented in the low impedance internal path of the instrumentation ampli.er.


We can easily show that this model arises when considering the traffic pattern generated by the successfully transmitted packets (not collided) in a slotted Aloha multichannel system, under the simplifying assumption of global Poisson arrival traffic (the traffic corresponding to new and retransmitted packets).

with traffic intensity increases, the number of iterations also increases.


An advantage of such address based localization approaches is that they do not require the PC of the missing memory access instruction, which may be dif.cult to obtain at the site of the prefetcher.

this indicates that subgraphs stay similar across large spans of time.


The existence of long-latency operation results in the extended execution time of CSA, and consequently, power and performance overhead.

4 shows LL, LS and LA tracking VDD scaling for C2SAs in both 180nm and 70nm technologies.


A T-algorithm decoder can be described with one additional characteristic, pruning threshold.

reasonably sized subset is stored in a look-up table.


Attempts have been made to develop accurate temperature evaluation models to be included within the chip design process.

bCB is one of the commonly used materials and it has a thermal conductivity of 0.29 W/m-K.


Section 2 presents an overview of the e.ect of low Vccmin on faulty bit rates in caches.

performance variation is still high because some paired cache lines have a faulty block in the same location in some cache samples.


Such applications are particularly relevant for the ICTD community as they leverage the high penetration rates of mobile phones, require only the ability to make a phone call, and perhaps most importantly, can be used by both literate as well as non-literate users.

our proposed solution builds upon the Salaam method.


2 shows an example of deleting dense meander segments with widths no larger than three units.

instead of simply enlarging the widths of existing meander segments in the given routing, which is rarely optimal when multiple wires compete for the available free spaces, we establish a mathematical model for meander segments sharing the same free space and the routing patterns in subareas.


1 the input gain g to our for p = 1 ideal accumulator becomes zero, killing our approach.

s. modulator bit-streams collected on the dSpace system can be read-back to the host computer for later o.-line processing, but the host computer can program the dSpace software for test-signal generation as well.


Age group In the Age group experiment (Figure 15 (e)), there were no signi.cant differences in terms of LF/HF, and MPR and FPR were small (Figure 16 (e)).

picard discussed the importance of sensing the user s vital signs for better human-computer interfaces [27].


In PLGs, the relative placement of the modules is .xed and the routing between modules is attained using routing boxes in MSL.

this method can be used only when the MCT size is not too large (within a few GB).


TECHNOLOGICAL DETAILS The IC has been designed and fabricated using Maxim GST-2 semicustom double-poly self-aligned Silicon bipolar process, that features npn and pnp transistors, diodes, polysilicon and NiCr resistors, capacitors and three metal layers for interconnections.

price-competitive solutions are required for systems Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


Figure 6 shows that the combination of ComboFTL optimized for performance with our soft partitions is able to simultaneously achieve the largest lifetime and the higher performance.

3.3 Lifetime of Soft Partitions Let .MLC and .SLC be the wear associated to an MLC and SLC, respectively.


It essentially consists of the unique class identifier (the CLASSID), a function table for the implemented operations, an absolute pointer to the base class in memory (if any), and a reference to the linked list of implemented interfaces.

the code is completely relative except for operation invocations.


In this scenario, the parties .rst agree on the keys that they will use for their communication and on their expiration times.

we veri.ed the following two claims: S: claim(S,Secret,m) and R: claim(R,Secret, m).


Responsive neurostimulation impacts the efficacy of this therapy by critically increasing its temporal and spatial specificity.

depending upon the nature of training data and neural recording for each patient the best possible combination for the patient can be identified.


Our stream architecture is designed by .rst o.oading computing-intensive software kernels to dedicated hardware modules.

the background of this work is to build a heterogeneous cluster, called Chaolong-1, which contains X86 CPUs, GodsonT CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs.


Incremental testing is based on the idea of applying the 14T dependable mode incrementally to the word pairs to maximize the number of the word pair.

table II shows the architectural configuration parameters dependent on Vdd.


There are several relatively sophisticated metrics (K,L)connectivity [8], edge separability [9] and adhesion [10], which are potentially useful for our case.

[5] P. K. Chan, M. D. F. Schlag, and J. Y. Zien.


For SPLASH2, we use the default inputs, while for PARSEC, we use the simmedium input size.

for a .xed number of BHQ[i] entries, as the block size increases, we lose less window (Figure 8(a)), the hit rate increases (Figure 8(b)) and the number of comparisons decreases (Figure 8(c)) however, we saw in Figure 7(b) that false positives increase.


It does however make sense to plan for extensibility as monitoring scenarios tend to grow.

functionality offered by BAM tools in practice is limited to rather simple performance indicators such as flow time and utilization [16].


As such, the large-scale demand-supply matching can be e.ciently solved by the proposed two-step clustering in every control-cycle.

the bottom tier is for power management, including arrays of power converters and power switches.


of Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules: Materials and Processes, pages 117 120.

for the crack growing away from the TSV array such as side L and cor L, the ERR decreases monotonically similar to the case without an aggressor, but decays much slower.


By the weight assignments, we can directly have following two .ndings from Theorem 4 and Theorem 5: LEMMA 5.

the meaning of evading depends on PDEG, but the meaning of evaded depends on an evading line segment or via connection.


[19] X. Li, M. Tiwari, J. K. Oberg, V. Kashyap, F. T. Chong, T. Sherwood, and B. Hardekopf.

there are three major difference between software programming languages and HDLs: Timing Model.


[3] present a dynamic programming algorithm which also requires trace data.

large segments quickly become a handicap in the spu-gcc algorithm as the size of available memory is increased.


The design disables redundant threading on OS calls, leaving kernel code vulnerable to transient hardware faults.

for example, Compaq Himalaya systems detect microprocessor faults by running identical copies of the same program on two identical lockstepped (cycle-synchronized) microprocessors.


Leiserson, H. Prokop, and S. Ramachandran.

optimal access time a(x)= O(j(x)+ µj(x))= O(dx1/d)is achieved.


We developed the MAD-SS long-distance radio technology for communications between a ground-based sensor node and the broadcast nodes of the weather balloon; communications can be established over a Figure 2.

mAD-SS on Weather Balloon We developed a High-Speed Synchronization Method for Spread Spectrum [2] and implemented a MAD-SS.


In fact, the non-linear behavior of a RF ampli.er does not create a major problem in itself.

depending on the low gain requirement and the bias current, we can determine the NMOS load size M4.


Depending on the requirements of each specific design, the delay overhead of the combinational approach may or may not be acceptable.

circuits with very fine granularities have the greatest potential of reducing the MTTR, but present very large signatures to be handled.


Third, adding extra bypass/buffering adds an area overhead of 0.5% of core.

morphCore does not suffer signi.cantly from the problem of thread-imbalanceat-barrier because it switches into OutOfOrder mode when only 1 thread is active, therefore thread s waiting time is reduced.


PRELIMINARIES 2.1 Problem Formulation We use the timing-driven placement problem as the most immediate application of this framework, and refer to it throughout the remainder of this paper.

for each path p, we know that sp(d(x )) > 0and sp(d(z)) = 0.


Second, most embedded CPUs provide a hardware implementation of the I2C bus protocol.

this allows us to implement deterministic task execution which is notoriously dif.cult to implement on resource constraint microprocessors.


Since contemporary FPGAs contain a set of different embedded memory block sizes, mapping evaluation is performed for each block type to determine the most power-efficient choice.

all four memory blocks must be active during each logical memory access, so this is a high-power implementation.


This standard bus interface, along with the fact that each core component occupies its own face, allows for drop-in replacement of any of these components without redesigning the entire system.

design and implementation of a high-.delity ac metering network.


INTRODUCTION Technology scaling results in interconnect delay increasingly dominate gate delay which means that a design that meets timing in a zero wireload timing environment (e.g., after logic synthesis) may not meet timing after performing physical synthesis.

after placement and optimization, one can perform timing analysis to identify not only the most critical paths, but all gates that lie on paths that do not meet their timing constraints.


So, the cost models in compilers and synthesis tools for the various transformations have to be different.

in designs that are a mix of control and data operations, such as microprocessor functional blocks, these resources are often connected via steering logic such as multiplexors.


Addition network In fact, the number of speci.ed carries in column 2, 2 c=1, cannot be observed on the physical carry signals x C1,1 and C1,2 using BCP.

fortunately, there always exists a functionally equivalent addition network and an order of the addends such that the number of n+1 carries identi.ed by Boolean propagation is c. In fact, x a simple chain of half adders like in Figure 6 ful.lls this requirement.


Different RFs will have different throughputs, occupy different FPGA areas, and require different numbers of memory ports.

the RF binding problem can be formulated in terms of the workload concept as follows.


The multi-Vt logic cells are built with monolithic threshold voltage devices.

as illustrated, the MVT-LM pair yields diminishing SNM (approaching 0mV) at 300mV, which is even worse than the RVT/LVT pair.


These constraints are modeled by timing setup and hold tests (denoted as TS and TH , respectively), between the data and clock pins of the .ip-.op, as shown in Figure 3 (left).

to .nd the correct credit or slack, the minimum credit found across all paths needs to be computed.


Between 8 and 15 encryption threads, we are above the maximum number of threads that can truly run in parallel over the 8 cores.

to overcome this in terms of network packets, we propose the use of multiple GPUs (our server authorizes the use of up to four GPU cards) and the grouping of packets together to have .les of higher size, almost 64KB or even 128KB.


For cellular networks, statistical multiplexing over the air interface is particularly appealing, since the radio spectrum is an extremely scarce and expensive resource and therefore should be used very efficiently.

the two-state model is fully described by the transition probabilities between the states.


INTRODUCTION With the increasing presence of multimedia functions such as audio, video playback and speech synthesis in battery-powered devices and smart sensors, power management has become a top design consideration due to the limited energy budget and battery capacity.

all the arithmetic computations in the region as well as all the memory accesses within the shaded sequence in Figure 2.4 can be skipped upon a RACB hit.


The length of each internal scan chain, L, is 4 for the circuits S13207 and S15850, 9 for the circuits S35932 and S38417 and 8 for the circuit S38584.

the best previous result for each circuit is shown in bold font, and an improvement percentage is listed in the last column based on the comparison to the best previous result for each circuit.


During the phase f11 (or f12), the sampled RF inputs are accumulated on one CS, while the accumulated charge is read out to the next stage by another CS in the same time.


To reduce the sub-threshold leakage for efficient thermal design, Vt can be increased.

by the same token, the heat transfer rates qbj out of each of the six boundaries of the domain may also be written as: 6 qbj = .bfjTf + b0 j q ( j =1,2,...,6) (8) f =1 where bfj's are the coefficients relating heat transfer rate at face j to temperature of face f and b0j is the relative heat transfer rate at face j to heat generation rate q in the cell.


It should be notedd that the analyssis above was ddone using a linear electric field.

comes Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 {mk4kg, mrs8n, saw6b, jl5tk, rbc2w}@virginia.edu  ABSTRACT Recently, with the discovery of multiferroic materials, there has been a great interest in creating logic devices which exploit both magnetic and electric properties of these materials.


In other words, the number of outgoing or incoming wavelengthsper systemboardisthesame.

computation(RC), virtual-channel allocation(VA)andper.it stepsincludeswitch allocation(SA)and switch traversal (ST)[16].


The return value of FcmGen(k ), generated properties of subgraph k., is assigned as concurrent edge group of ns.

after reading all data, it saves the incremented index to the main memory.


This is re.ected in a type associated with each node.

note that different speci.cations are measured under different circuit con.gurations, different input signals and different kinds of simulations.


Spatial interdependencies (defined by functions of type f4), on the other hand, are between chains and are dictated by inter-node distance measurements.

they all confirmed the results presented here, which illustrate the power of collaborative tracking.


Similarly, player 2 cannot move to a vertex with a lower value and will never decide to move to a vertex with a higher value.

if such strategies can be computed in C time for both players, then a .nite-memory secure equilibrium in (G, v0) can also be constructed in C time.


It is important to note that the performability of both the conventional R system and the proposed RI system increase withincreasing supply voltage (and consequently increasing operational frequency), since more recovery executions can be performed within the task deadline.

to clarify this assume a conventional R system running at VR=2.5V.


However, the NR method or its variants often fails to converge to a solution unless the initial point is su.ciently close to the solution.

tABLE IV Comparison of computation time.


The director, as a TV journalist, had expertise in assembling stories from content representing social events and was, therefore, also interested in processing own material in a manner similar to MyVideos.

springer, 96 106 [16] Ursu, M. F., Kegel, I., Williams, D., Thomas, M., Mayer, H., Zsombori, V., Tuomola M. L., Larsson, H., and Wyver, J.


Data in MCTs can be used to construct a variety of macro-models such as neural networks[6], posynomials[7] and polysplines[6], etc.

modeling all parasitic capacitances reduces the performance deviation to negligible values.


UGAL matches the throughput of VAL on worst-case traf.c but results in substantially higher latency because of the packets that are sacri.ced to .ll the minimal queues before congestion can be sensed.

cONCLUSION Global adaptive routing is required to load-balance the global channels in some large-scale interconnection networks to achieve reasonable performance.


Thermal-aware 3d ic placement via transformation.

3D-ICs also face many challenges associated with the Power Distribution Network (PDN) design due to the increasing power density and larger supply current compared to 2D-ICs.


Modelingofsuchatransistorhasbeenperformedfor di.erent materialsusingadvancedatomisticsimulations[11, 12].

in guided scheduling, the chunk size starts large butgradually reducesas moreloopiterationsarecompleted, which achieves a smaller scheduling overhead.


If a WR command is issued, the following RD command has to wait a minimum time of tW T R (write to read delay) .

simulation speed comes at the cost of reduced timing accuracy.


the best and the worst case timing scenarios.

mC2 s the data side (data array, error detect/correct logic, decoder and write demultiplexer) is run on a separate Vdd that can be aggressively scaled down.


Furthermore, currently the data of the different pollutants measured at the different stations in the city are aggregated to a single number, the air quality index (AQI), that is published once a day on a website.

when the car is in motion, the device samples the sensors every minute and store the results tagged with a location and time stamp.


Low power error resilient encoding for on-chip data buses.


Hence the .rst objective should be minimum latency to check if the system can meet real-time requirements.

the idea is to improve the system by adding a second immediate.


Speci.cally, we use the convergence [9], which states that as , it sand .

typically, the grid sizes during detailed routing are much larger than the coarse-grain grids of global routing, and the solution space for individual nets is much larger due to the .ne-grain modeling of routing resources.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.1 [Integrated Circuits]: Types and Design Styles VLSI (very large scale integration), advanced technologies, microprocessors and microcomputers.

as shown in Fig 4b, both LSDWDK and LSDFDK sacrifice some speed for reduced power.


is the physical (not electrical) layout of a PV panel.

this "design" problem is solved using an efficient search algorithm.


The obtained GPS trajectory data will be uploaded to the server eventually that can convenient check historical trajectory for people.

exploring End-User Preferences of 3D Mobile Interactive Navigation Design.


When two GNRFETs are connected, graphene-metal contact resistance exists externally between gates and drains/sources.

as EFC increases, both Exponential and Boltzmann fail, while Combined is accurate throughout the entire range.


We also show that the total area overhead of our approach is less than 1% for a shared-L1 CMP with 16 processors and 32 memory banks.

the amount of the slow-down depends on the type of the application.


The averages for the 100 workloads used in the experiments in Section 5 are 16.2, 35.9 and 40.0% for LRU, DRRIP and NRR respectively.

[14] S. Kaxiras, Z. Hu, and M. Martonosi.


In contrast to systems that are based on charge transport, spin dynamics opens the possibility for nonvolatile low dissipation memory devices, since charges do not need to be in motion for information transport.

for the recent, and not yet completed, benchmarking exercise, a set of criteria has been defined which can be adapted but must include gain, signal/noise ratio, non-linearity, speed, power consumption, architecture and integratability, efficiency, tolerances and manufacturability as well as the timeline of each potential technology.


Simulations show that for an Actel ProAsic3 architecture, on a benchmark set of 44 industrial designs, a 3X decrease in leakage is achieved.

all simulations presented were performed at 110oC where leakage and delay are more critical than at low temperatures.


DETAILED RESULTS In this section, we summarize the experimental results.

shift registers can be shared between two write operations (at labels lab1 and lab2) since they are on mutually exclusive paths.


Furthermore, existing fault-tolerant techniques typically use a single fault map and a centralized fault protection scheme which cannot be scaled for large CMP architectures: as a result each access needs to go through the fault map first, and no parallel cache accesses are allowed.

configurable isolation: building high availability systems with commodity multi-core processors.


The channel encoder uses a convolutional code with 64 states, non-systematic, non-recursive, and using the Maxlog MAP (BCJR) algorithm to encode b into c .

the variation between SQRD and MMSE-SQRD is due to the division of the vector multiplications and subtractions performed in two steps, to reduce the increase in hardware.


Adaptive Simulation for Single-Electron Devices Nicholas Allec., Robert Knobel., Li Shang.

existing SPICE models cannot model secondary effects and do not take into account device coupling [10].


This is due to the diffusion height of the minimum-sized cell being signi.cantly less than the row height of the standard cell.

vmin varies across different cell types {INV, NAND2, NAND3, NAND4, NOR2, NOR3, NOR4} and strength {X0, X1, X2, X3}.


Using layered communication architecture and standardized IIPs can fulfill these requirements.

for a total wire width of 15 µm, using copper wires with technology dependent constant ß=1.65 , minimum wire width w = 0.1 µm, minimum distance between two adjacent wires s = 0.1 µm, distance between the signal wires and ground plane h = 0.2 µm, wire thickness t = 0.21 µm (giving an aspect ratio of 2.1), the optimal number of wires is 19 if ideal drivers are assumed and no repeaters are used.


[15] R. T. Hadsell, and P. H. Madden, "Improved global routing through congestion estimation," Design Automation Conference, pp.

two different congestion reduction regions for our algorithm 6.


An example implementation of the nonblocking burst operation is shown below, which generates a transaction through the begin_transaction() and end_transaction() calls.

creation of databases with transaction level timing information from simulation of designs at both high-level and RTL implementation level for effective comparison of timing characteristics.


An algorithm was presented in [22] for retiming single-phase level-clocked circuits under both setup and hold constraints, but its worst-case running time was exponential.

optimizing two-phase, level-clocked circuitry.


Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference.

in both standard-cell and memory analyses the dynamic power has been the main contributor to the power consumption, since leakage power is not so expressive in the 0.18-µm technology.


We compare the access time, area and power consumption of proposed integrated cache against that of different conventional cache architectures in the context of Mibench benchmarks.

as we can see in Figure 5, for streaming benchmark bit counts our integrated approach achieves 37% improvement in access time over conventional 8k 2-way set associative cache configuration.


[32] United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

energy flow in the information technology stack: Introducing the coefficient of the ensemble at its impact on total cost of ownership.


As such, there are perturbations to the nominal discharge trajectory on BL B as shown in Fig.(2).

when the approximation order increases, the error estimation should move to higher order as required.


Each cache line is partitioned into n partial lines in order to utilize the energy-e.cient column selection of STT MRAM arrays (n = 4 in the given example).

the latency increase of STT MRAM-based caches is more graceful due to smaller cache area (Figure 2 (b,c)).


For C5315, using nominal transistor values, a target delay of 4.90 ns is always achievable using pre-manufacturing assignment.

6.3 Guard Banding Voltage Selection As a comparison to TuneFPGA, we also experimented with a pre-manufacturing dual-Vdd voltage assignment based on the work of Li et al.


We obtain the ideal case curve as follows.

there are some unique challenges to apply multi-Vdd/multi-Vt to FP-GAs.


Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol.3, no.1, (Jan. 2009), 44-55.

a digital mockup could utilize mathematical models of the physiological systems, of which many exist in the literature or on the web [12], to more simply produce the same system with greater flexibility.


on Computer Architec- ture, pages 56--65, May 1996.

we speed up the creation of a Node 0 Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Figure 3.


lindley s conclusion is reached under conditions that can be considered too restrictive, motivating the question of whether the channel with higher mutual information would offer lower Bayes risk in less restrictive conditions.


The key points are 1) a context-based mode prediction method to reduce the number of candidate modes 2) a sub-sampling based acceleration technique for integer Hadamard transformation 3) a reconfigurable intra-predictor circuit that generate predicted blocks with every mode selected by 1) in a sequential manner.

3.3 3-stage Job Interleaving Scheme The 66% theoretical computation reduction guaranteed by the proposed algorithm certainly comes at some cost in terms of processing time and hardware resource.


Higher bias currents result in faster operating speeds at the expense of increased power consumption.

the output delay of the MCML gate is determined by Cload · Vswing .p = (1)Ibias The logic function is realized by a network consisting of multiple levels of nMOS transistors, which is determined by the binary decision diagram (BDD) corresponding to the Boolean function being realized.


One approach to mitigate this trend and improve design techniques is to minimize the amount of design margins that are applied.

it is not in the scope nor can it be the intention of the RAP model to consider all possible error and transformation functions to be an integral part of RAP.


As technology scales, several billion transistors may be available on one chip, but as much as 10% of those may have >6s critical dimension variance.

we propose design and CAD solutions for variation tolerance.


in IEEE International SOI Conference, (2002), 58-59.

cNT devices have been demonstrated [50] in which both the top gate voltage and the substrate bias affect the channel conductance so eventually it may be possible to combine the reconfiguration advantages of the double gate approach with the high-speed and low-power of the CNT RTD devices.


Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 3 ed., 1989.

further as discussed in Section 5, because the pro jection preserves the structure, the obtained macromodel by TBS is intrinsically sparse, and does not require the LP-sparsi.cation procedure used in [2].


In the implementation of the 8bank CIM, the line remains in its initial location as long as it is not evicted from the cache.

traditionally, uniprocessor microarchitectures partitioned the cache based on content (e.g., Instructions Cache versus Data Cache in the Harvard architecture) and hierarchically (e.g., cache levels: L1, L2, etc.).


The trace self-concomitance s(b, T ) of a basic block b is a measure of how clustered consecutive executions of the block b are, and is de.ned as: s(b,T )= .

loop analysis has several drawbacks: (i) the structure and relationship of loops can be very complex; (ii) this structure can signi.cantly vary for different inputs; (iii) the precise structure of loops is irrelevant for the placement of instructions in the SPM because only relative (temporal) proximity of executions matters, rather than the precise order of these instructions (as provided by the loop analysis) [12, 13, 14, 15].


A search algorithm on such a library has a computational complexity of O(n · p), with n the total number of operation nodes of all patterns in the library and p the size of the pattern sought.


3(b), the three functions 1DLEDMEM, READDMEM 8 >>< currentR DR implementation register and W R1T EDMEM need to be de.ned, capturing for given writeR S. E stage will write address and data, if the respective transaction is issued on the R destR S.IR write destination data memory interface.

[18] R. Hosabettu, G. Gopalakrishnan, and M. Srivas.


In some instances, a Case 2 VGM value can be diagnosed as a Case 1 situation, which results ina pessimistic pulse width estimate.

in [11, 12] , the circuit simulation approachesassume a linear RC gate model which is not a valid assumptionas will be explained in Section 3.


The call alert functionality is then adjusted based on a reverse relation with loudness of ambient noise.

considering the fact that mobile phones are usually carried in a pocket or bag, capturing ambient audio is not usually practically perfect.


If a mesh tile is completely covered by the real TSV shape, Rz and Rx/y are directly obtained referring to the XY-mesh and Z-mesh size.

figure 2(c) is a plot showing the magnitude of current density distribution in the XY planes, when Z=30.0um, 29.0um, 1.0um, and 0.0um.


[5] L. Liebmann, Keynote speech: The escalating design impact of resolution-challenged lithography, ICCAD, 2013.

a tree with most signi.cant edges will be selected by running the maximum spanning tree algorithm.


Compared with the previous sub-threshold sizing method, the new sizing method shows a significant improvement on the balance of the rise and fall delay, power-delay-product and functional yield or minimum VDD.

as the transistor width increases the PMOS current quickly increases to 2 times the NMOS current.


In this example, there is not enough in-order space available for A2 if we want to share sub-block #5 among these blocks.

a Fully Associative Software-Managed Cache Design.


Also, the sorting and scheduling of new events can be performed in constant time by discretizing time.

we demonstrated the proposed method on benchmark circuits with extensive capacitive coupling and show that it obtains significant speedup over an iterative method.


Initially, we off-line group the modules, such as: (M1, M2), (M3, M4), (M5, M6).

the DIP-40 package [11] is adopted as the power/ground pad in the SPICE simulation.


In all the cases, the two-step method shows the best resolution, and its DR value is almost 50% smaller than that for random-selection.

the interval-based partitioning proceeds as follows.


In the third hop node 6 receives two probes from the same setup request.

the success rate should be related to the setup delay to make it a useful metric.


Note that the scope of an LE only needs to be determined prior to the calculation and application of the pin permutation on it; following the topological order, it is possible to dynamically define a hierarchical LE according to the already optimized input slacks to a logic cluster.

there can be multiple Boolean networks in a design.


Some closed form interconnect timing models and noise analysis techniques to evaluate the impacts of coupling capacitance and mutual inductance have been proposed in [4]-[9].

cC decreases when they switch in the opposite direction.


For the purpose of discussion, we divide the low-power tools into three categories: Section 2 explains power analysis tools, Section 3 covers automated power optimization tools, and Section 4 describes tools that aid global power management in multi-voltage and shutdown designs.

the power intent specified affects a large number of tools at various places in the flow.


However, the subsequent timing and routing cost of the clustered result may somewhat deviate from what is expected at such early stages.

in line 16, INTEGRA picks the nearest projected point and moves it within the feasible region until a legal point is found.


formally, let xi be the local feature vector associated with the ith window cell of the activity signal x,and let Pj denote the jth primitive (cluster) out of m primitives (clusters) in the vocabulary.


Sections 6 and 7 show experimental results.

in general, the number of terminals connected by m pin nets can be calculated recursively to give: p 1 p 1 Tm= km 1) m) (14) () (( net in an FPGA array of N clusters, the total number of m pin nets is given by:p 1 p 1 ((m 1) m) Net m ---------------------------(15) () kN ------------------------ m Note that this does not account for the number of I/O nets on the periphery of the chip.


It reduce the average memory access time when compared to hammer protocol (about 19% performance improvement on average).

eVALUATION To evaluate the proposed coherence, we have implemented its hardware architecture and the light weight coherence protocol using a System-C based cycle-accurate Cache-NoC simulator.


Each kernel pipeline receives the same data that it would receive without optimization, allowing each control thread to be processed independently.

2.2 Loop Nest Optimizations Loop Nest Optimizations are also well studied in the literature.


evaluation for area requires an area estimation model.


A trivial solution would be setting all variables to be 0.

b. Boundary Polygons We .rst de.ne some terminologies used in our algorithm.


Contrary toCon.guration 1, Con.guration 2protects the data not only during the arithmetic operations but also when stored in the register .le or memory.

robust multiplication and addition operations are implemented in software by using these instructions.


Because the XOR constraints necessary for evenly sensitizing a design are small with respect to the size of the design, our SAT engine experiences little performance degradation, compared to techniques where large XOR constraints are added to a SAT instance.

to stimulate a design uniformly, we generate small random XOR constraints that involve inadequately stimulated signals and derive stimuli with a SAT solver.


Moreover, adding these modes into M M diminishes optimization e.ciency because search space is extended.

mode switchings which cause such extra energy dissipation should be prohibited.


In Proceedings of the 10th Sympo sium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, Feb. 2004.

spatialcorrelating prefetchers [4,15,21] predict repetitive spatial layouts over contiguous regions of memory, which arise when applications organize data at a page granularity.


In[11], the problem ofalarge number of cutsis addressedby selectivelypruningcuts that seemtobe useless.

match-based.ltering after cut enumerationis used to ensure that the cutspassed to the technology mapper arefeasiblein theAXPLB.


The rationale in this case is to add a number of new tests in the set such that they still detect the targeted transition faults but through paths that have not been sensitized by the original test set.

columns 2, 7, and 12 show the size of the original test set (equal to the number of test functions generated) for subcircuits Cd, Cd-1, and Cd-2, respectively.


The reduced parasitics for interconnects can further significantly simplify the circuit and power distribution network design for high performance applications.

memory Integration Technology The main potential benefits of 3-D integration include reduced overall footprint, and reduction of overall wiring length for a given system configuration, with the associated improvements in propagation delay and energy per 1b: Wafer-level 978-3-9810801-3-1/DATE08 &#169; 2008 EDAA  1126 interconnect switching transfer, as much as 54% and 51% respectively by one estimate [4].


This ratio is similar to Piranha [5] and lower than CMP-NuRapid [8].

victim replication performs poorly for commercial and multiprogrammed workloads, being on average 6% slower than private caches and 11% slower than a shared cache.


These challenges include: Increased resolution -While 1080p is a common native resolution for many displays, this particular spatial format is popular because it matches current highde.nition video standards.

in this case, the input vector would instead have a 1 in the third value, and the coe.cient matrices would be updated with a w, tx, and ty values to choose and translate the window.


In addition, several prefetching and replacement schemes are also simulated .

a set of optimization techniques have been proposed and applied to improve the cache utility.


[16] proposed the .rst systematic study on the general layout decomposition for TPL.

if we can .nd at least one available color for each segment, then we can solve the con.ict by inserting stitches.


This panel brings together specialists from industry and ESL tool houses to discuss whether current ESL tools available are usable and meeting the requirements of the industry.

kalekos, CoWare, USA Pierre Paulin, ST Microelectronics, Canada Mike Meredith, Forte Design Systems, USA Masami Aihara, Toshiba, Japan Shawn McCloud, Mentor Graphics, USA Krisztian Flautner, ARM, UK Categories & Subject Descriptors: B5.1, B5.2, B6.3, B7.2, C.0, J.6 General Terms Design Keywords Electronic System Level (ESL) design, behavioral and system synthesis, electronic design automation Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).


Today s largest FPGAs incorporate billions of transistors and can implement large complex systems.

compiler passes performance results (IT: Iteration Method, IN: Insertion Method, IN3: Insertion-3 Method).


This can be done by making EQ and EQGLB high in the next clock cycle.

this section is divided into four subsections.


To illustrate the comparison between variability of the designed IVR and an off-chip VR, we also design an offchip buck converter as demonstrated in [14] with the design parameters shown in the Table II.

for the off-chip case the total impedance is largely independent of the VR variations.


In the general case, some code fragments are executed on the host machine and the others on the smart disk.

in Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, pages 451 465, 2003.


As the size of a deployment grows, management rapidly becomes a critical concern.


Correlation coef.cient of at least 0.3 was necessary to reduce the clock skew.

figure 11 shows the skew distribution of FPU without tuning variable clock drivers.


Moreover the timing analysis results show that this architecture has a worst-case processing rate of 465 VGA frames per second, far exceeding the throughput necessary to decode VGA resolution videos in real time.

the architecture presented in [8] proposes the use of a 4-tap diagonal FIR filter for interpolation luminance instead of the 2-D 6-taps filters generating losses in quality in the decoded video.


In each column we present the sequence of vectors applied to the CUT.

the sequence of patterns generated is of maximal length.


0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.1 1 20  >40 40 Vdd =1 V, Vripple = 100 mV, tr = 100 ps, tf = 300 ps, tch = 400 ps Note that Cr as determined by (10) increases rapidly dec with the e.ective radius based on the target impedance, becoming in.nite at dmax .


In the following, .ve Trojan types are covered, representing the majority of malicious functional modi.cations.

inductive aifblock := | anoif : assignblock->aifblock | aifsimple : expr->aifblock->aifblock | aifelse : expr->aifblock->aifblock->aifblock.


We assume that the ratios of and tb tb at these technology nodes are equal to that at 90nm technology.

the proposed on-chip structure facilitates speed characterization under various workloads and test condition s. Simulation results show that it o.ers very high sensitivity to noise even under variations.


The GPS receiver is also assumed to be used to provide an accurate common time reference to keep all nodes synchronized.

1, where we consider at most only the two hops away cells [14] that are interfering with the center cell (designated as cell 0).


DISCUSSION One concern with the results we have presented is that the seizures and spatial distribution of the seizures for a patient will change over time.

for patients where the subset algorithm used only a single channel, we did not run the screening algorithm.


With the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) model [3], the return path problem is solved by defining the concept of partial inductance whose return path is at infinity.

now, the physical meaning of partial reluctance is clear.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we developed elastic RESET (ER) to construct non-2n-state MLC cells.

if we  (a) mcf (b) libquantum (c) astar (d) xalancbmk (e) milc (f) bzip2 (g) lbm (h) wrf (i) gcc-200i (j) gcc-type Figure 12: Compression ratio of the whole execution (X-axis is normalized execution percentage).


[9] is 57% for the benchmarks used in our work.

the primary difference between these two .gures is that in Figure 1(b) only few of pixels are incorrectly computed thus causing an imperceptible difference while in Figure 1(c), a large slice of pixels are incorrectly calculated causing a perceptible change.


Besides, y(x) varies just ±5% in a 200 K to 400 K range.

as M3 is in SI and biased by the quasi-constant current its gate voltage is that of Eq.


Noise amplification (dB) Figure 3: Unmodulated carriers, diag(K f ):in-phase+quad.

r we use linear(ized) time,space}-varying, nonstationary formulations.