ROSE is orthogonal to the existing fault tolerance techniques such as [3, 4, 5, 6, 7], but with advantages of negligible overhead on area, performance, and testing.

rOSE can change the topology of the LUT-based logic network, and as we explain next, this can limit its applicability in the overall design .ow.


2.2 Challenges in Memory Compression LCP leverages the .xed-size memory pages of modern systems for the basic units of compression.

three challenges arise from the fact that different pages (and cache lines within a page) compress to different sizes depending on data compressibility.


As such, they have the ability to make wiser scheduling choices as they are able to go over the full or partial search space.

online schedulers have to make the scheduling decisions quickly as otherwise the system utilization can be significantly reduced.


Several fault tolerant approaches have been proposed in the past that cope with soft errors in FPGAs [3], [6].

given that the feature sizes of the future beyond nanometer technologies will continue to shrink, the implications caused by soft errors are expected to deteriorate [10] drawing the attention of researchers from both domains of fault-tolerant computing and design automation.


(2) The number of test vectors included in CR is typically high, sometimes very high, compared to the number of test vectors in C .

by dropping unnecessary test vectors it is possible to obtain a test set which is in most cases smaller than C .


The work on instruction strands is targeted at a microarchitecture that exploits the natural dependences in a program by issuing dependent sequences (strands) from simplified FIFO issue queues.

most sequences of dependent instructions tend to be rather short, often only two or three instructions.


Figure 7 and Figure 8 will show that any group of three 2:1 multiplexers can be converted into a 4:1 multiplexer.

additional control logic is needed to convert the control lines into the two-bit binary control needed for the 4:1 multiplexer.


Since different workloads have diverse characteristics, no one allocation scheme can possibly fit all workloads.

are there certain workloads that will be best suitable for a particular type of scheme?


The increase in the code size is about a factor of two.

when compared to the size of the whole application, the overhead in the code size is much smaller and is not likely to cause significant increase in instruction cache miss rate and consequently increase in energy consumption in the instruction memory hierarchy.


Conclusions The results we obtained demonstrate that the CAD algorithms are dispersed widely in the quality vs. runtimes tradeoff spectrum from a speedup of 8x to a 4.5x quality degradation.

compared to the slowest combination of algorithms (Scatter and Original Pathfinder), the fastest combination (Annealer and Simple Router) produces only 1.2x degradation in the quality of the solution with 8x speedup in total runtime.


This operation is repeated at a certain period.

there is not enough time for saving and restoring the data within the period.


However stringent design constraints in embedded systems often preclude the adoption of the expensive resource redundancy.

a software solution to a processor failure migrates (or remaps) tasks on a faulty processor to other live ones in static or dynamic ways.


In fact, con.dence intervals drawn via bootstrap [4] is a big reason why standard Monte Carlo analysis [5] has remained a strong contender in this area.

even these intervals may be extremely biased for low error rates.


We can reduce test time by increasing the bit-width of SoC functional interconnects and SoC external I/O ports.

we consider that the cost for adding extra SoC I/O ports is much higher than that for increasing internal interconnects.


3.3 Dynamic Circuits Dynamic circuits are used for improving circuit performance.

they suffer from severe leakage current and noise problems, especially at nanoscale technologies.


There are three crossing points, two of them have direction V and the top one has direction H. After changing the placement, every CDT edge remains valid (no overlapping with blocks).

the direction of the top most crossing points cannot be horizontal due to the slope of the corresponding CDT edge changed from negative to positive.


If a high-level synthesis tool performs global, inter-procedural, flow-sensitive alias analysis [16], then in some cases the tool will identify all pointsto possibilities for each pointer.

this global analysis is likely infeasible for large applications and, more importantly, is still unable to determine which of these many possibilities will define a function input at runtime.


This technique is applicable to any SRAM-based FPGAs, the compression algorithm is based on the principles of dictionary-based compression, and it does not depend on specific features of the configuration mechanisms.

this approach requires an external hardware that executes the decompression process and controls the configuration operations of the SRAM-based FPGAs.


Shortening Flylines Between I/O-Bumps and Package Balls Previous sorted method intuitively succeeds in producing a zero-crossing package routing.

regarding the pack 1The monotonic package routing is a routing method which routes nets from die bumps to package vias on package top layer without U-turn path.


The BTM method is considered more accurate than UTD and can be formulated for use with .nite edges [6].

the BTM method is compute intensive, which has led to different techniques to improve its performance [8, 18].


4.1 Data Locality In a 32-bit processor, the memory space is 4GB.

few programs actually utilize the whole memory space.


2 has two reuse options: in references Q[k][i] and R[i][j].

reference R[i][j] appears twice, in read and in write, therefore there is only one best reuse option.


IdealSPD can match the main memory performance of Vantage on many mixes (albeit with twice the capacity) and R-NUCA s low latency on some mixes.

idealSPD struggles to do both due to its shared/private  (a) Recon.guration interval (b) Jigsaw UMON con.guration Figure 12.


This .lter can also be used during CPPR, wherein if paths are being traced in a non-decreasing order of pre-CPPR path slacks, tracing is performed only as long as for each path traced, the pre-CPPR path slack is smaller than the pre-CPPR slack-limit threshold.

a post-CPPR path slack that is smaller than a threshold post-CPPR path-slack-limit may indicate a design problem that forces a designer to perform design updates or optimization.


Due to the high computational complexity of .nding exact worst-case response times, the proposed methods are based on heuristics that can analyze large system con.gurations e.ciently.

the heuristics are pessimistic; that is, the obtained response times are upper bounds on the worst-case response times.


In [6], an upper bound and a lower bound of the faulty cell locations are identified in the first step, followed by a statistical method to rank each candidate faulty cell location in the second step.

the method proposed in [6] cannot handle the diagnosis problem if multiple intermittent faults are in the same scan chain.


Some designers have access to suf.ciently good statistical MOS models to consider doing statistical analysis, which is inherently more accurate than PVT.

since Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are far too slow within the design loop, MC is traditionally run as a veri.cation afterthought.


They both o.er very expressive speci.cation languages and highly sophisticated theorem provers.

pVS has a well-deserved reputation of providing powerful proof automation tools in the form of decision procedures.


When designing a standard cell, such rules may not apply if its diffusion region does not have those jogs.

when abutting two standard cells during detailed placement, the Ushape and stair-shape jogs are very likely to show up if adjacent diffusion regions have different widths.


point, and by using two steps to transfer the state.

the .nal message latency could still produce a large inter packet gap at the client and a.ect video quality.


We need to point out here that the set of codewords that have the minimum Eng may not be the set of codewords that gives the minimum Eexp.


However, their method is a reactive one as it triggers a reduction in quality only after the battery voltage falls below a certain threshold.

our method tries to proactively regulate the system power pro.le by using the information provided by power monitors.


Previous works have shown that partitioning based strategies based on power management techniques can effectively control aging effects and can extend lifetime of the cache signi.cantly.

such a bene.t comes as a tradeoff with performance which reduces proportionally as the time elapses.


In contrast, the new solution proposed here is very memory efficient for whole program partitioning.

this solution (of keeping nothing in the memory) is bad for performance due to frequent fetches it might need from the server.


Masters, especially, data intensive masters may need to be redesigned in order to overcome the limitation of the existing OCNs (by performing parallel memory accesses with multiple transactions and bus ports).

such redesigns may need a significant restructuring of internal architectures of those IPs, e.g., loop and memory access parallelization2 [4], etc.


These studies have only focused on improving the performance of lifetime of SSD cache where they deploy a single SSD device.

our study is quite di.erent in that data corruption and SSD drive failures are considered.


The data indicates that the fusion algorithm used to combine speech and gesture events has to address both SAT and SBT patterns of temporal integration.

in taking care of the larger delays of the order of ±1500 ms, the challenge would be to deliver real-time feedback to the user.


In [4], it is shown that the presence of metal interconnects placed on the same layer as that of the antenna in parallel orientation to the antenna decreases the antenna gain in the lower frequency range and increases it in the mid-band and high frequency ranges.

[4] does not analyze the e.ect of the radiation from the antennas on the local metal interconnects.


Di.erent from PC localization and spatial localization, temporal localization proposed in [24] groups the addresses occurring in the same time period.

after stream localization, the miss sequence order in global stream is lost, which might be useful for timely prefetching or controlling cache pollution.


First, the input capacitor of the switching transistor is typically tunedout by an inductive load.

beyond a certain transistor sizethe inductance values required to tune out the input capacitance may become too small to be realizable.


In the iterative approach, another iteration of placement can be performed in the retimed circuit (Figure 1(c)) to further shorten path pr.

it is not as ef.cient as the simultaneous approach which can lead to the best solution in one round.


The processors with too few operating modes cannot completely exploit the execution slack.

too many operating modes would introduce extra complexity for hardware designers with very little energy improvement.


Electrical Simulation Experimental Results Fc (MHz) 4.5-5 4.2-4.9 Q 100 25 Output Swing (V) -0.9/+0.9 -0.45/+0.6 Current consumption (µA) 248 263  Our results show that this design approach achieves good performance results, showing good matching between simulation and experimental results.

there is significant decreasing in the filter s quality factor performance in the experimental results.


NB and IB are constants across different cache con.gurations and are available through pro.ling.

hm is unknown and may change across different cache con.gurations.


Reactive versus proactive replacement Cache replacement in processors typically occurs only in response to a cache miss.

the counter management architecture updates the DRAM counters in parallel to the updates to SRAM.


Data must be sent on all available network links exiting a node to achieve this maximum bandwidth, therefore the packet injection routines were revised to inject packets on all available outgoing FIFOs.

packet ordering is only preserved when transmitting on a single link.


With the impact of cost crunch in every industry including semi-conductor industry across the world, complexities of 22nm CMOS may appear to be way out in the distant future.

more than the technology Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The nonlinear model reduction was achieved by successively reducing these linear systems with increasing number of inputs, for approximating the first order response x1 , second order responsex2 and third order response x3 , respectively.

the efficacy of model order reduction eventually suffers from the rapid increase in the number of inputs to the successive linear networks.


Although many recent designs try to rely more on software, many modern embedded systems use hardwired logic for performance-critical portions of the given algorithm, which is mainly because hardwired logic provides performance higher than software.

the performance is achieved at higher manufacturing cost.


StreamIt applications do not exhibit this behavior in our experiments.

for high error rates, applications tend to exit loops early, causing the application to complete faster but with degraded output quality.


Compared to these other approaches, we generally start from di.erent assumptions and work toward di.erent goals.

as shown in section 5, our approach can potentially be used for source separation.


Current placement tools try to provide a solution that is delay-optimal, among other objectives.

they ignore the gains that may be obtained via sizing.


For single-.it packets, a starvation threshold of eightcyclesprovidesa marginal(1.5%) throughputincrease due to improving fairness, while for eight-.it packets it has no e.ect.

setting a starvation threshold smaller than the packet length reduces performance gains because starvation control releases connections before packets can be fully transferred.


These margins are set conservatively, and are on the order of 15% to 20% of the supply voltage [6].

standard applications running under normal conditions do not exhibit voltage variations anywhere close to the worst-case margins [10].


Gate sizes determined in this manner correspond to a circuit sized for minimum delay.

these sizes can also be used as an initial feasible solution for an exact sizing tool, instead of using the original unsized circuit.


In [12], a static estimation based on a designer-speci.ed evaluation scenario is proposed.

the estimation is not cycle level and is not applicable to custom HW.


[10] explored the limits of cache leakage power reduction by using circuit and architectural techniques.

all the prior works focused on traditional caches, not the caches in hybrid SPM-cache architectures.


Or, increasing the switching current can decrease both mean and variation of the switching time, which also helps to reduce write failures.

this approach requires a larger NMOS transistor in STT-RAM cell, making memory density lower.


a strong bene.t in terms of resource savings.

the impact on the latency varies from benchmark to benchmark.


The power reduction method in [4] assumes the earlier arrival of the remainder signal than the quotient at a same stage.

this assumption cannot be guaranteed in the dynamic overlapped execution between two adjacent stages.


SDR solutions can migrate between di.erent wireless standards, depending on coverage and cost considerations, simply by loading di.erent software.

for an e.cient SDR solution, the e.ectiveness of the embedded compiler is paramount.


In this scenario, the processor can execute I1, I2 because they are independent of L1.

instructions In+1, In+2  cannot be executed because the fetch and decode stages of the processor are stalled due to the full filling of the ROB.


However, there exists some overlap between gains in clustering and placement.

routing stage has much to those in the deterministic .ow.


This is a strict definition of tamper-resistance.

if one considers tamper resistant partitioning of programs with function calls, one will not be able to partition a whole program in any meaningful manner under this definition.


These conditions are also given for the case of multiple variable expansion, providing an incremental mechanism to perform functional transformations involving any number of variables that can be applied in a very efficient manner.

we will show in this paper that relevant simplifications can be obtained when this framework is applied to the particular case of AND-OR-NOT networks, resulting in important savings in the computational effort.


Instead, an additional way is activated only when the target block of the current miss has been referenced before within a certain time interval.

if the data of the current miss had not been accessed recently, the data will be loaded to a cache line in the target cache set and the least recently used (LRU) cache block in the same cache set will be deactivated.


Distributed and shared memory communication is addressed in [3, 17, 34, 38, 44].

neither of the works give any details on how to support multiple communication paradigms, i.e.


This cumulative number is 4313, 5897, 12931 and 33603 for the 1, 3, 5, and 10 breakpoint flows respectively, in contrast to 2858 for MorePlace and 2686 for the one-pass flow.

unlike MorePlace that requires the addition and deletion of only 231 and 185 repeaters respectively in its final iteration, the one-pass flow layout is unrealizable because it still requires all 2686 repeaters to be added to its converged netlist.


Furthermore, existing fault-tolerant techniques typically use a single fault map and a centralized fault protection scheme which cannot be scaled for large CMP architectures: as a result each access needs to go through the fault map first, and no parallel cache accesses are allowed.

these schemes miss the opportunity to leverage the scalable interconnection network (e.g., NoC fabric) to achieve fault-tolerance of the caches in these emerging multi/many-core architectures.


These behavioral and attitudinal results support our hypothesis that people whose voices were spatially lower  than an agent s voice would be more influenced and feel that they had to try harder to influence the agent than people whose voice agents were at the same height or higher than the agent s voice.

the opposite was not supported by these data.


As shown in this figure, d (labeled as Delta Delay) and the period are constant across stages.

the reset phase gradually decreases from right to left while the evaluate phase gradually increases from right to left across the stages of the pipeline as predicted by equation (7) and (8).


The results show that the proposed method is still effective when the GI network has a relatively long latency cycle.

in the case that the latency becomes more severe, an application-specific optimization (topology and floorplan) of GI network design will be required, which is our future work.


Temporal streaming reduces coherence stalls by streaming repetitive, temporally-correlated coherence miss sequences [30].

all of these approaches target only limited classes of memory accesses and a significant fraction of memory stalls remain exposed.


Process PK+1, in turn, has a next pointer pointing to process PK+2.

assume that before the coprocessor can follow the link to process PK+1, PK+1 ends and is removed from the tasklist by the host processor.


By increasing the I-cache size by only a few bytes, these benchmarks bene.t since the additional cache space is used for lockdown of functions on the WC-path.

aDPCM exhibits a stepwise WCET decrease with increasing cache sizes.


When the clock does not contain jitter, every cycle of the clock presents at the same position of the window.

a jittery clock appears at various positions due to timing deviation.


We know that Procedure 3 does not reduce the numbers of detections by De.nition 2, since it only adds tests to the test set.

the averages shown in Table 2 are computed based on the selected test set, without trying to order the tests so as to maximize the numbers of detections of every fault.


However, the use of these methods is only interesting when the SNR is low.

the use of these methods is only interesting in the case where the SNR is below a certain SNR limit (10 dB in the present study).


On the one hand, encoding a memory line with write-twice WoM code allows us to perform one proactive-SET on every two writes, mitigating bit change increases.

the write-twice WoM code requires 50% extra space.


While the heterogenous implementation with 3 CLB columns and 1 resource column has an operating frequency of 88 MHz, the homogenous implementation with 4 CLB columns is able to operate at only 64 MHz (we consider the adjacent column pair of BRAM (embedded memory) and MULTX18 (embedded multiplier) as a single resource column for generating numerical data).

these heterogenous resources are typically limited in number and present in speci.c locations.


No such information can be gleaned from the equi-tailed bootstrap con.dence intervals as they rely exclusively on the sampled data.


For this reason, the simulation of the Error List, generated by using this error model, allows to represent the most common metrics for functional testing.

the description of the potentialities of the choosen error model is not one of the goals of this paper, the interested reader is referred to [21].


A wide variety of schemes have so far been proposed for implementing stereoscopic displays on which 3D information can be displayed easily.

no single-display scheme has yet been proposed that satisfies all the requirements of being able to recreate the dynamic parallax shifts that occur when users move around the object, while being able to display suitable stereoscopic images simultaneously to at least 3 users without any flicker or distortion.


The rationale behind our two-level Security Refresh scheme is that, given a refresh interval, a small sub-region effectively triggers address remapping more frequently because of a smaller number of memory blocks within each sub-region.

an outer-level SRC occasionally remaps an MA of a given memory block across sub-regions.


Process technology solutions, e.g., Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) [19, 24], to reduce soft errors by raising Qcritical by extending the depletion region or increasing the capacitance while maintaining or reducing Qcollected have been proposed.

technology engineering may require the expense of additional process complexity, yield loss, and substrate cost [1].


During normal operation, the circuit will tune the PV load to match with the calculated voltage or current at the MPP [9].

with the ISLPED 07, August 27 29, 2007, Portland, Oregon, USA.


Therefore the maximum sustainable throughput increases.

even with four controllers the saturation point degrades considerably when the hotspot fraction rises.


Therefore, points, which suffer low voltage, are more likely to get compensation from their neighbors.

as vias become dense in M5-M2, potential between any two local points becomes smaller, so current almost flows from a vertically through vias, which suggests that the current flow direction is the main reason of the locality .


The leftover overhead in the case of using the heuristic algorithm in this set of experiments is about 1030% because of the assumption in the heuristic algorithm that small types of physical memories are more suitable in the solutions which work on reducing the leftover simply because they are able to cover small uncovered parts with less implied leftover.

this is dependent on the con.gurations of the small types (e.g., it can happen that the thinnest con.guration of the small type is wider than some con.gurations of the large type, which is the case in the set of experiments in Table 3).


In contrast to SRAMs and DRAMs, flash memories do not require external power to store data due to its nonvolatile nature.

high-voltage, slow-write operations with limited read/write endurance overshadow its inherent advantages such as high integration density and simple architecture.


Magnetic disks have only one head and have to access the data serially.

most SSDs are built on an array of .ash memory packages, which are connected through multiple channels to .ash memory controllers, and provide internal parallelism at different levels [3].


These ideas are not used by many real applications as either complete ordering information is required or Lamport clock is suf.cient.

dCC tracks the ordering information accurately with fewer than N components.


Such simulation models are the basis to quantify network delays, throughputs, and packet collisions.

these models do not reveal the timing and interrupt properties of applications, operating systems, and hardware components which are extremely important for examining resource constrained sensor networks.


The modi.ed target compilers emit C code instead of target machine assembly to enable native compilation.

the e.ort of applying this approach is not less than retargeting a real compiler.


One simple way to combat growing error would be for each node to relocalize the network continuously.

thiswouldwaste computation and communication resources when observed and predicted ranges match.


If there had not been an empty frame in d-group 1, then distance replacement would have created space for block B within d-group 1 by demoting another block to d-group 2.

at no time does distance replacement evict a block from the cache.


The de.nition of hot predicate exhibits the two main characteristics of problematic regions of the code: .rst, the time spent and number of accesses are unusually high for a set of accesses, and second this problem occurs several times in the execution, further degrading performance.

such hot predicate, even if detrimental for performances, may have no impact at all on the parallel scalability of the application considered.


The seamless compatibility to existing HDDs allows to use SATA and SAS SSDs not only as individual devices but also in RAID con.gurations without requiring any changes on the host side.

since SSDs have di.erent performance and reliability characteristics and work internally in a di.erent way compared to HDDs, it is di.cult to predict the behavior of SSDs in a RAID setup.


We present results for a 32KB data cache with 64-byte blocks.

we have observed similar results for 16KB and 64KB caches.


As shown in Figure 1(b), the con.ict-free decomposition can be achieved with one stitch.

stitch is manufacturing costly, so its number is preferred to be minimized.


Furthermore, gate-level 3D integration requires redesign of all blocks since existing IP blocks and EDA tools do not provision for 3D integration.

3D place-and-route tools are not yet available on the market, and IP providers have heavily invested in legacy 2D IP blocks.


In the rule-based method,the .ll metalisregularly spacedbetween adjacent signal lines and causes increases in coupling capacitance.

the model-based .ll generation methodologydoesnotplacethe .ll metalinaregularpattern,which has the tendency to reduce the capacitance increase as has been observed with rule-based .ll generation methodologies thatproducestaggered .llpatterns[9].


As shown in Figure 3, although the capacitance values of each general signal net vary widely, those given by the wire load models are the average values.

the capacitance values for each clock net given by the wire load models differ markedly from those of the actual layout.


Existing techniques naively assume such threads always exhibit high ILP and will ef.ciently use the resources given to them.

some compute-intensive threads exhibit low ILP even though they incur very few cache misses.


The cross coupling term increases with line length and does not become small as compared to the self inductance of the lines L11 as the line length increases.

the loop inductance of a complete current loop formed by two parallel straight rectangular conductors, shown in Fig.


These facts suggest research was conducted primarily to develop practical products in the engineering field, but in the fields of art and toys development was conducted exploring expressions freely.

as recent robotics research are expanding to topics such as communicating with humans and relaxation, there is a possibility that robots inspired by plants may be actively researched.


PROPOSED SOLUTIONS Adaptation of H.264 bitstreams using BSDL in its present state, while theoretically possible, is implausible for any bitstreams of real-world length, due to the scalability issues discussed in section 3, as demonstrated (section 5).

it is possible to address these issues with a number of simple modifications.


In capture mode, since the duration is very short, it has limited effect on the CUT s accumulated test power consumption.

because test vectors are generated to detect as many faults as possible and hence often triggers more transitions in capture cycle, the main duty in capture power reduction is to keep it under a safe peak threshold, especially in at-speed testing.


The Start-Gap can be used for uniform wear-out of cache lines.

it can leads to either large overhead of largely degrades cache performance.


3.2 Best Effort, Low Latency, and Cost Our approach for GS did not change.

the inclusion of BE tra.c was a mistake, and it is no longer (by default) used in the NOC for three reasons.


The PWM cell current steering is inexpensive and provides precise luminance control.

it is known to be less power ef.cient in high luminance region [17].


If the delay element is designed to generate a small duty cycle pulse for driving the gate of the charge-sharing transistors, full charge-sharing will not take place, and hence, the power savings will be reduced.

if it is designed to generate a long duty cycle pulse, then it can cause timing violation by elongating the write cycle, thereby, missing the memory access clock cycle.


The ideal creative process strived for was to follow the underlying narrative in all streams.

eventually the dance artist would be seen as creator of the final piece using the tools that the composer and designer have provided through their creative work prior to the performance.


A recent proposal shows how to design an address-oblivious dead block predictor that exploits the reuse probabilities to improve the replacement decisions in an inclusive LLC [4].

our bypass algorithms identify a block that would be dead-on-.ll in the LLC at the time of .ll.


An ideal clustering algorithm should result in a number of separate clusters with very small sizes to reflect the abnormal wafers, rather than merging them into the main clusters.

detecting such small clusters is often not possible with the k-means clustering algorithm [13], as will be demonstrated by our experimental results in Section 5.


Congestion (conflict) info is propagated from the congested destination (or congested link) to the sources via the feedback loop such as back-pressure through buffer overflow, delayed permit, increased retransmission, and/or choke packet [12][13].

these methods suffer from unnecessary occupation of network resource (e.g.


Note that circuit sizes of 32bit adder and target functional units are di.erent.

leakage power and stored energy are proportional to the circuit area (.size) and transistor widths of switch boxes are proportional to the stored energy with .rst-order approximation.


We .rst develop a sequential algorithm to combine the AoA estimates produced by the receivers to estimate the node location under LOS propagation that has linear complexity in the number of measurements and is approximately maximum likelihood.

nLOS multipathsoften resultsinAoA estimatesthatare far fromthe true node bearing and act as outliers in the localization.


Previous works [12-14] perform congestion-driven adjustments during placement.

the estimated routing congestion may not faithfully represent the required routing resource.


4.2 Experimental Results To evaluate the accuracy of the MCDSE cache hit rate estimates,one could compare the estimates to those obtained via cycle-accurate simulation.

some cache hit rates are more importantthan others.


Also we would like to point out that the focus of this paper is not on the partition algorithms.

a good hierarchical and passive model order reduction algorithm.


We proposed and investigated the on-demand precharging technique.

we showed that the on-demand precharging technique degrades performance signi.cantly because its subarray identi.cation is untimely.


Conclusion Multi-level cell (MLC) design is an attractive alternative for improving density and performance of MRAM.

two-terminal STT-MRAM MLCs suffer from several limitations like, poor reliability, limited performance and reduced read-margins.


That means, only one sample is su.cient for estimation.


Every k-LUT can implement any function with no more than k inputs.

in practice, k is usually small, for example, 4-LUTs are widely used in commercial FPGAs, as the area of a k-LUT grows exponentially with large k. PLA based devices usually have large basic cells.


Finally, the pl2sp() function from Parquet-4 that we use to obtain the .nal overlap-free .oorplan has a time complexity of O(n ),where n is the total number of modules.

in practice, we .nd that the runtime associated with this function call is negligibly small compared with that of solving the optimization problems (2) and (12).


Optimum performance is achieved only after translation and optimization have been performed, i.e., in the steady state.

because optimization is performed dynamically, one must also consider the time it takes to generate the translated, optimized code, i.e., the startup time.


The only fault-tolerant clock generation approaches for multi-synchronous GALS systems known to us are the Byzantine fault-tolerant DARTS approach [9, 10] and our selfstabilizing Byzantine fault-tolerant FATAL algorithm proposed in [5].

both approaches are complex and require a fully-connected interconnect topology.


Elements in the vector objToStore are stored in the bufer 1Some compilers and ISAs generate specialized code so thatcertain copies bypass the cache.

for instance, Intel s C compiler and libraries will use a non-temporal store for memcpy() if the size of the data moved is larger than 256KB [9].shorter instances of copying continue to lead tosigni.cant cache data duplication.


Platune offers many configurable parameters and prunes the search space by isolating interdependent parameters from independent parameters.

the level one cache parameters, being dependent, are explored exhaustively.


That work uses a Utility Monitoring Circuit (UMON) [13] for adapting insertion policy in the shared LLC by collecting run-time miss rate information of the individual applications with different associativity.

the use of UMON comes at the cost of additional hardware overhead, which requires per-core storage overhead of 7.4 KB, altogether leading to a 29.6 KB storage overhead for a quad-core system.


This is shown in Figure 3a, which shows SPICE simulation results for a 20-stage inverter chain in 0.18µm technology.

at subthreshold voltage the cycle time tclk increases exponentially by voltage scaling while the leakage current continues to reduce approximately linearly.


STT-MRAM has no leakage from the memory cell and a comparable read speed as SRAM.Recently proposed Multi-level cell (MLC) STT-MRAM [7, 8, 9, 10] can store multiple bits per cell, reduce per-bit cost, and make STT-MRAM even more attractive for constructing large and low power onchip caches.

while MLC STT-MRAM improves density, it has almost doubled read and write latencies.


At .rst glance, the lack of energy storage elements seems to imply LDOs will have much lower area overheads.

a large decoupling capacitor is still required because the feedback loop in LDOs has limited bandwidth.


PTSV,route (Figure 11) : This parameter affects the three metrics in the same way as PTSV,place.

the range of PTSV,route is larger than PTSV,place because of via-last fabrication.


This abstraction is a useful way for propagating global invariants that can greatly speed up RTL model checking of logical properties of networks [7], and can make certain properties inductive [6].

such formal modeling has not been demonstrated to be useful for performance (QoS) properties.


The allocation is considered fair if workloads experience equal slowdowns.

we .nd that equal slowdowns cannot guarantee game-theoretic properties (e.g., SI, EF, PE).


This happens because with consensus, even if multiple clients contend on who will become the leader and be the .rst to recon.gure the system, all other clients .nd out about changes to the con.guration only after the consensus algorithm has reached a decision, and then, a single new con.guration exists.

in the consensus-free approach writers see all Figure 2: Average recon.g latency.


A noise analysis confirmed that the active shielding results in enhanced noise immunity compared to the fat wire.

active shields are not as good at screening functional noise as passive shields.


The GeForce 8800 s synchronization paradigm is local to a thread block, and is very ef.cient.

threads belonging to differentthread blocks of even the same grid cannot synchronize.


If the transactional execution completes successfully (transactional commit), then memory operations performed during the transactional execution appear to have occurred instantaneously, when viewed from other processors.

if the processor cannot complete its transactional execution successfully (transactional abort), then the processor discards all transactional updates, restores architectural state, and resumes execution.


Thus, CMP-Private migrates [6, 14] single requestor data and replicates all shared data without the storage overhead of home blocks associated with a distributed directory protocol.

cMP-Private s unrestricted replication of shared data can increase off-chip misses and coherence invalidations.


Ideally, one should find an effective capacitance and then calculate on-resistance of the driver for this value of the load capacitance.

we have seen that the resistance value and more importantly, the voltage breakpoint, do not change significantly by using total capacitance instead of the effective capacitance.


The reason for this behavior is that when power is scarce, cores in the homogeneous CMOS system are forced to operate at very ine.cient operating conditions when compared to TFET cores employed in our heterogeneous processor.

the homogeneous TFET processor still su.ers from the limited maximum frequency of TFETs, which signi.cantly degrades sequential region performance.


Complete and practical methods have been proposed to check multi-cycle paths [12].

false path verification remains a bottleneck from the computational point of view.


Considering the second generation HMC prototype provides 160 GB/s with a single HMC [4], the actual bandwidth available to the CPU is fairly limited and the high bandwidth bene.t of the HMC cannot be fully utilized with the PCN or hybrid network.

with the MCN, all processor bandwidth can be used to access local HMCs and the throughput is improved by up to 1.5× for MCN UGAL.


PRET DRAM Controller: Bank Privatization for Predictability and Temporal Isolation* Jan Reineke Isaac Liu Hiren D. Patel University of California, Berkeley University of California, Berkeley University of Waterloo Berkeley, CA, USA reineke@eecs.berkeley.edu Berkeley, CA, USA liuisaac@eecs.berkeley.edu Waterloo, Ontario, Canadahdpatel@uwaterloo.ca Edward A. Lee University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA eal@eecs.berkeley.edu  Sungjun KimColumbia University New York, NY, USAskim@cs.columbia.edu ABSTRACT Hard real-time embedded systems employ high-capacity memories such as Dynamic RAMs (DRAMs) to cope with increasing data and code sizes of modern designs.

memory controller design has so far largely focused on improving average-case performance.


The main idea of MSV is to apply different voltages on circuit blocks or islands to meet the minimum necessary supply requirements.

multiple voltages Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Parallel-connected memories are tested concurrently, and the power consumption is the sum of the power consumption of each memory.

serial-connected memories are activated one by one.


The architecture in [5] not only supports both WiMAX and LTE modes but it also features a very small area occupation.

it does not reach a high enough throughput for the WiMAX standard, while our decoder has both smaller area and higher throughput than [7].


It can generate depth optimal mapping solution in polynomial time.

flow-based algorithms lack of flexibility as they find only one or two depth optimal rain-cuts for every node.


Smaller time periods enable the policy to be more responsive to variations in the traf.c characteristics.

if the traf.c pro.le changes rapidly, this might lead to excessive oscillations between the con.gurations, thus potentially degrading the performance due to the recon.guration overhead.


It is of course possible to reduce average power during scan testing by simply scanning at a lower frequency.


Such stalls due to the throughput discrepancy in the asymmetric con.guration contribute signi.cantly to several benchmarks slowdown.

again, the absolute slowdown due to the FIFO stalls was rather insigni.cant, even in the worst case in gap.


Figure 7: Multi-CCR tri-state driver The TBNM can be further simpli.ed by keeping only the last CCR.

correlation of the P and N control signals must be preserved.


For instance, if the buffer size is chosen arbitrarily to be 2.8K, then Markovian analysis would predict a buffer over.ow probability of about 10-2.

nonMarkovian analysis based on the Norros formula would predict an over.ow probability about one order of magnitude higher, which matches the simulation results very well, as can be observed in Figure 8.


As mentioned in the problem formulation, the input labels of a gate do not contain different instructions because of the assumption that there is no pipeline feedback.

for a modern microprocessor, a resource hazard is resolved automatically with a hazard detection unit, e.g., the pipeline-stall and flush mechanism or a data-forwarding unit.


However, some of their conclusions, such as exploiting bank-level parallelism and selecting the correct transaction size to reduce latency, hold true for any system.

analysis on DRAMs is performed with real-time memory controllers that provide bounds on worst-case bandwidth and latency in [12] [14].


Therefore (5) is simpli.ed as: Ai (Ai -Aj ) += -lIi (9) Ri0 Rij A vector potential current source I i can be de.ned as: Ii = lIi (10) which is controlled by the electrical current Ii.

integrating (2) along z-direction at the h-.lament surface Si leads to the following inductive electro-potential drop at ai: .Ai l = -Vi (11) .t Consequently the voltage-controlled vector potential voltage source Vi is de.ned as: Vi = Vi/l (12) The VPEC model for two h-.laments includes following components [1] (see Fig.


The left .gure in (a) shows the case when the iterations that accessAandB are assigned to two cores with no af.nity, whereas the right one illustrates a potential con.ict if the iterations that do not share data are assigned to cores with cache af.nity.

if two iterations do share data, it is better to assign them to cores that have af.nity at some cache (see the right part of Figure 3(b)).


For the coverage metric based approach those statements are considered as part of the feature.

in most cases the value is never read before the register gets a new value assigned.


The importance of the noise area estimation on PDN analysis have been proposed and discussed by Intel [1] and Hashimoto s group on device level [19].

to the best of our knowledge, none of prior works 1D0 100ps according to our HSPICE simulation with 45nm PTM HP model [18].


THE MIXED-PATTERN ESCAPE ROUT-ING ALGORITHM As mentioned in Section 1, MPER can be solved by a uni.ed model.

it is very di.cult to take the wire length matching rule of di.erential pairs into uni.ed model since it is only for di.erential pairs.


Both architectures presented by [7] and [8] support variable block size.

our design uses a very optimized way to interpolate and organize samples of an unique block size in order to use less clock cycles.


Other workhas shownaudible soundcan be a goodresourcefor localizing devices.

most of the previous workuses on-device loudspeakers to actively emit known .nitelengthrepeatablesignals, suchas chirpsorpeaks[9, 17,20].This approach can be intrusive and sometimes annoying ifthe systems require frequent location updates of their devices.


Axelsson [2] argued that the well-established signal detection and estimation theory bears similarities with the IDS domain.

the bene.ts of the similarities for the design and evaluation of IDS in practice are as yet unclear.


Optimization of a TDM NoC in terms of area and power consumption was done in [21] by coupling with a memory interface and removing the buffers and .ow control by implementing a Direct Memory Access (DMA) access table inside a NI.

the approach is speci.c for DMA clients and is not applicable for clients with diverse requirements on bandwidth and/or latency.


Still, the current parser imposes some restrictions on input language.

for example, macros entangled with other expressions or statements do not parse correctly, like below: if ( #ifdef SPECIFIC_ARCH foo() #else    foo.c  int counter = 0;    func  counter++;    Figure 2: A sample aspect bar() #end ) baz(); according to our observations, such a hacky code is rarely used in products, because it degrades maintainability and readability.


To improve of the accuracy of Elmore delay model, it is possible to use higher order moments to get the more accurate delay and sensitivity.

the computation effort for the exact sensitivity for each parameter is computational expensive [9].


CORBA is not well suited to hardware because of its software history.

cORBA provides an open framework into which optimized ESIOPs could be proposed and standardized by the OMG.


C1 can be determinized to generate one deterministic converter.

since the goal is to add more IPs, the non deterministic converter C1 is used for the next stage.


Each of the transforms is carried out by a local method that produces a value thatis consumedby another method.The composition of methods in this way lends itself well to pipeline parallelism where each of the .ve methods is concurrently operating on different (but successive) macroblocks in the same color channel as illustrated in Figure 4.

the in troduction of pipeline-parallelism in an imperative language is intrusive, requiring the incorporation ofbuffering stages between method-calls or the use of other schemes that ultimately obfuscate the program.


BPDG: BLOCK PREFERENCE DIRECTED GRAPH The substrate noise model in Section II-B is one of the most compact models with high scalability and accuracy.

it is still computationally expensive to perform a substrate noise estimation even with such an ef.cient model during simulated annealing-based .oorplanning, because every noise estimation after a movement requires the accurate location of every block (substrate noise is exponentially sensitive to geometric distance [5], [14], [15]), whereas area and wirelength can be calculated approximately.


PANELIST VIEWPOINTS Anirudh Devgan: Low cost and parallel computing has emerged as the platform of choice for the computer hardware industry.

to unleash the true power of this new computing platform, dramatic and fundamental changes are essential in the EDA software industry.


OPERATION Pan and zoom can be done with either the mouse or keyboard, whichever a user .nds most familiar.


Single Click, Double Click, Right click, Drag Start, or Drag End) through a form of Morse Code [8].

this system requires a specialized hardware card installed on the computer that reads and digitizes the air .ow through the user s straw.


Using an energyoriented cache interface (one load or store per cycle) as baseline, MALEC achieves 14% speedup.

a performance-oriented interface (up to two loads and one store per cycle) achieves 15% speedup, but consumed 48% more instead of 22% less energy than the baseline.


Implicit TOA: The (correlation) coe.cient vector obtained from the recovery algorithm provides the measure of time-delay without further processing.

other popular dictionaries such as the FFT and DCT do not provide as good a sparse approximation as the proposed correlation domain, and also, do not satisfy the remaining two requirements (important for ranging).


Forward body biasing (FBB) decreases the threshold voltage to increase performance of the gates.

lowering the threshold voltage increases the subthreshold leakage exponentially [7].


On the hardware platform depicted in Figure 2, most functions making up a specific application are therefore implemented as software tasks, without the benefit of hardware acceleration to increase their operating speed.

this necessity for many software tasks is actually beneficial for the demonstration of autonomic workload balancing, as migration of tasks for workload balancing becomes more complex and interesting with an increasing number of migratable tasks.


For memory instructions, a frontend execution is performed out of program order like in a normal processor at the execution stage.

in a naive SMDE, memory instructions are issued entirely based on their register dependences.


Another recent work [10] uses a one-at-a-time approach to build throughput sensitivity models for a few selected critical paths, and these models guide the .oorplanner to optimize the system throughput.

such oneat-a-time approaches may not provide an effective sampling that captures the essence of a large solution search space.


60 % of this time is spent in resource binding, since it is formulated as a network .ow problem.

the logic synthesis tool takes between 2 to 8 hours for synthesizing these designs.


This approach can increase the effective FPGA area, allowing high parallelism in the application tasks.

the context reconfigurations can cause performance decrease.


Unlike CMOS devices, however, majority of these devices are not suitable for implementing cascaded, irregular logic structure.

dense and periodic structures of most emerging nanodevices as well as their bi-stable nature make them amenable to large high-density memory array design.


Note that, if the memory con.guration de.ned in had been used, then the platform would have had to be operated at 133 Mhz and 1.1 V, which would have led to higher power consumption.

if the platform was operated at 118 Mhz (the optimum speed for ), it would have led to a total CPU utilization of 104.1%, resulting in failure to meet performance requirements.


It is interesting to notice that the .rst three con.gurations (tickless-100, non-tickless-100 and tickless-1000) do not show any signi.cant variation.

the last con.guration, non-tickless-1000, has a power consumption 2.75% higher than the rest, with a slight increase in temperature.


Thus, conditional clocking would save us only 1.5% of the total chip power.

conditionally clocking the main power grid would increase the clock skew [5,p.265](as conditional clocking almost always does).


When using such a system in a business context, contacts in a mobile phone are generally not close friends and on the contrary might be competitors that should not be trusted.

there is always a high security risk, when sending sensible company information over a multi-hop MANET, regardless of the means of authentication involved.


This inverting scheme is robust even if the inverted outputs are not always driven but a following buffer is possible.

the evaluation time of the whole structure is affected.


It is shown in [2] that 95.7% noise reduction can be obtained by this technique.

[2] uses two parallel traces for each signal line, which can not e.ectively handle asymmetric noise sources.


Since sequential consistency and memory coherence are equivalent for executions that use only one shared variable, some of their results apply to memory coherence as well.

the general problem of verifying sequential consistency for one location (memory coherence) was left as an open problem in [7].


Other work such as CLooG-VHDL focused on the generation of VHDL from a polyhedral representation [17], operating only on a subset of af.ne programs.

our work is applicable to any polyhedral program that can be input to CLooG.


Table 4 indicates that for programs like gcc and crafty, the overhead of software .ltering is quite low for both mechanisms, as they rarely use tagged data in comparisons or logical AND instructions.

utilities like twolf and bzip2 generate these cases more frequently.


(3) t - u w - (2t - u) If u = t - 1, then for n large enough, (3) is less than ` ´ M(n, k, t) = n-t , and hence |B| = M(n, k, t).

w-t if u = t, then |A1 n A2| = t, which implies A is t-intersecting.


noise from aggressor m on the noiseless event v at node l and a new noisy event vn at l is computed and scheduled.

during the computation, the noise alignment is constrained by the timing window at node k. if the optimal aggressor input alignment time taiopt > t, as shown in Figure 6(b), there exists ambiguity as to whether the aggressor can transition at the optimal time, since the time window at k could end before taiopt.


Mehdi B. Tahoori Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany mehdi.tahoori@kit.edu chip as well as increasing costs associated with photolithography fabrication.

exploiting Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) and semiconductor Nano Wires (NWs) based on bottom-up self-assembly fabrication is a promising alternative for current CMOS technology.


Refreshing the cache lines will increase their lifetime, which can be bene.cial to system performance.

frequent refreshes block normal cache accesses and reduces the effective bandwidth, which can degrade system performance.


[12] consider deadspace redistribution for buffer and signal-TSV insertion.

we focus on meeting multiple objectives.


Note that the transistors in the delayed WEN generator can be shared over all columns hence the actual area overhead is indeed smaller.

we included these transistors in the area penalty estimate to be conservative.


Third, all previous works can handle only the symmetric placement with respect to only one axis.

there exist some analog designs that require modules to be symmetric to two common axes simultaneously.


The purpose of a tag is to differentiate entries written by two different SC operations.

since the number of unique tags is finite, in any infinite run, two different SC operations are bound to use the same tag.


More recently, others have built a voting machine on a FPGA platform [22].

none of these systems were subjected to formal veri.cation.


Instead of decoding all the control signals and propagating them along the pipeline, the instruction information is carried along.

the instruction opcodes are not in the same position for different instruction class of processors.


These new devices present key advantages such as scalability, nonvolatility, low leakage and resilience to errors over traditional DRAM or SRAM.

each new device also exhibits unique characteristics that often require customized memory design in order to achieve high density, low latency, and high reliability.


Ideally, we canincrease Vt as highas possible to achieve maximal leakage reduction without delay penalty.

an ex-  Figure 5: Delay and power comparison between LUT-SVST and LUT-SVDT in the ITRS 100nm technology.


This work took into account static and dynamic variations over the rated voltage with a single power supply.

dynamic voltage attacks can result in oscillations around the this nominal voltage.


Since each type of cache has inherent drawbacks (as explained above), these works employ various mechanisms to mitigate these limitations.

nahalal dedicates part of the cache to shared data, and the rest to private data.


GATE LEAKAGE CONTROL FOR MTCMOS In the previous section we assumed that only regular Vt transistors are used in the logic.

usage of low Vt transistors in speed-critical paths of current microprocessors becomes unavoidable in order to decrease the delay further.


In particular, existing performance-driven partitioners either try to modify the input of multilevel FM partitioners, by means such as reweighting [2], or else apply novel approaches such as min-delay clustering [7].

these approaches may be impractical because of large cutsize [6] or large runtime [2].


It can be seen that many circuits can be estimated well by models of other circuits.

the model made by ibm08 circuit is more successful compared to other circuits, as indicated by the higher correlation coef.cients and c_ratio of lengths estimated by it.


Sinceweassume theexistence of atriplewell process, thebodies of both NMOS and PMOS devices can be biased independently.

the algorithm can be easily modi.ed for a twin well process.


CONCLUSION Previously, many researchers have proposed and demonstrated a variety of novel systems and algorithms for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications.

the presence of the human body causes adverse issues to on-body wireless communication network systems such as reduced range and biological effects due to the Pr GtG Pt = significant radiated power absorption from the body.


Design space exploration for multiprocessor SoC architectures under area and thermal constraints is presented in [6], while in [10] thermal aware floorplanning is advocated.

the temperature issue has been completely ignored in the proposed DVS techniques for real-time embedded systems.


The use of sampling [8] reduces the possibility of memory explosion.

the use of BDDs can still be time consuming and inef.cient in terms of memory usage for large circuits.


PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE As mentioned before,TSV is an important element for connecting tiers together in 3D technology.

the number of used TSVs is important because Actual pitch of a TSV in modern technologies is about 20µm to 40µm.


The problem of minimizing power consumption of the clock tree has been addressed in the past, and techniques have been proposed to drive physical design of the clock tree starting from a high-level of abstraction.

most of the attempts made so far to attack this problem have not found a direct validation in industry-strength design .ows.


The obtained GPS trajectory data will be uploaded to the server eventually that can convenient check historical trajectory for people.

take the limited storage space into account, the data uploaded to the server should be reduced as far as possible, so only the critical points will be stored, which is the indispensable trajectory points in the path.


Modern synthesis tools are quite efficient at removing unused logic or simplifying circuits when given constant values as input.

these tools cannot optimize circuits for which they do not know in advance the values that will be fed as input.


To address this model di.culty, statistical learning based timing analysis approach has been proposed [9].

this technique requires the use of post-silicon delay test that has limited diagnosis resolution.


Compared with Parquet 4.5 and B*-tree based .xed-outline .ooprlanner, the proposed method got, respectively, improvement of 13% and 7% in wire-length, while achieving 100% success rate.

we validate once more by experiments that aspect ratios close to one are good for wire-length.


Consider two sounds with the same note but played by different instruments, they will have the same fundamental frequency but different timbre.

conventional Euclidean distance or cosine distance considers the absolute value of the partial difference, and makes the distance between the same notes relatively large and thus cannot represent accurately the actual similarity between them.


When applying stochastic clustering and placement concurrently with deterministic routing, the wire length overhead increases to 3.2%.

the stochastic routing reduces wire length by 4.5%.


INTRODUCTION Reliability and yield analysis of embedded SRAM memory modules are critical to designs of modern microprocessors, 3D-ICs, and mixed-signal SOCs.

nanoscale SRAM designs are greatly challenged by prohibitively high computational cost due to the extremely large number of repeated SPICE simulations considering parametric variations [1 4].


The notion of filter cache introduced in [16] and the Zero Cache presented in this study are conceptually similar.

in contrast to the filter cache which is designed to filter all the memory accesses, our proposed technique keeps track of only ZLDs to exploit zero-valued locations.


TPC-C usesa relativelylarge amount of memory for the sector map.

theDRAMbu.erisquiteineffective for TPC-C due to low locality in the DRAM bu.er, and using the DRAM space for the sector map results in better performance.


Hence, we can envisage using the SoT fabric to efficiently build reconfigurable circuits such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).

specific architectural organization should be used in order to keep the wiring complexity minimal, such as in [3] where a matrix arrangement with fixed interconnection pattern was proposed.


However, the problem of determining MDDV is very different from determining minimum leakage vector in many aspects: Cost Function: The optimization objective of MLV problem is simply the algebraic sum of all leakage power values of individual gates.

the optimization objective of MDDV is to reduce delay through the circuit which depends on relative delay among competing paths thus more dif.cult to optimize.


When 16-bit multiplication is needed, the entire multiplier is used.

if only 8-bit multiplication is needed, the 8-bit feedthrough logic is enabled and the Y inputs are gated.


We will use the term token to denote a data item and its associated request .owing in the forward direction.

an antitoken refers to control information .owing in the reverse direction.


This implies that in a 4x4 CGRA, it is not possible to map application DAGs in which any node has more than 4 degrees.

most CGRAs allow a PE to be used for routing only, which makes it possible to map any degree DAGs onto the CGRA.


As the number of threads increase, it increases the opportunity to exploit more parallelism and improve the performance.

it increases overheads of thread scheduling at the same time.


For instance, a signal with good signal for medical relevance analysis, and a signal with is considered as good signal.

a ..... ... does not have sufficient quality and real .


8 Conclusion Our surveys revealed that all tested bezel sizes had a signi.cant impact on overall depth perception especially in the near .eld compared to non-bezeled projections.

bezels seem to help, or at least do not interfere, with counting tasks by partitioning the viewspace despite the less pleasing subjective appeal of the stereoscopic images.


Recently, a NN-based simulator for 3D ICs has been presented by the authors of [9].

they tackle only the thermal modeling issue of conventional aircooled ICs, without considering liquid cooling.


In this case, the SS and FF corner delays are close to the worst and best case delays.

after a 300µsec hold time, neither process corners captures the worst nor best cases as shown in Fig.


Many previous works have discussed small-scaled examples and showed that for earlier technology nodes, an RLC based on-die model does not deviate much from an RC model [3, 4].

for 32nm microprocessor, due to the higher metal stacks and larger design size, the metals wires on the top metal layer (tm) can be longer than 1 millimeter with a larger current loop.


Addressing these limitations, our previous works [13, 16] present techniques for executing program codes in NAND .ash memory satisfying their real-time requirements with smallest possible RAM.

they are developed focusing only on soft real-time applications.


Other interesting aspect of this methodology is that the Reference Model (RM) can be written in virtually any high-level language, making it simple and easier to maintain.

the method proposed can not be applied to reference models written in a nonexecutable description (e.g.


In Two-TSV model, coupling components are only determined by the distance between two aggressors.

if the locations of multiple TSVs are considered in modeling, the charges on the victim TSV is mainly determined by its nearest neighbor, which is a major factor in multi-TSV model.


The center of this hyper-ellipsoid is regarded as the nominal point that allows maximum device parameter variations because it has largest distance to all boundaries.

if the feasible region has a strange shape, using a hyper-ellipsoid to approximate the realistic feasible region may not be the best solution.


Cache modeling has to be integrated in nativebased cosimulation due to the large effect caches have on system performance.

the cache model applied to date in native cosimulation is based on tag searches, similar to ISS cache models.


In answering question 5, all of the users felt that the functionality added to Tilt n Roll++ was intuitive to use.

because the Bluetooth connectivity screen remained unchanged, connection difficulties still persisted.


(1- p )(1- p ) + (1- p ) (1- p ) - (1- p ) (1- p ) vw vwvw Next, as an external redundant wire with four wire segments with length l1 , l2, l3 and l4 and three vias is added onto the L-type wire to construct a local cycle, the connecting probability, Pext (l ,l ,l ,l ) , of the local cycle can be obtained as L 1234 l +l 3 l +l +2l +2l 42l +2l +2l +2l 12 1234 1234.

(1- p )(1- p ) +(1- p ) (1- p ) -(1- p ) (1- p ) vwvw vw it is assumed that a U-type wire, Ul1, l2, l3, is constructed by three wire segments with length l1, l2 and l3 and two connecting vias.


Vector architectures provide ef.cient execution for programs with mostly regular memory accesses and simple control behavior.

the vector model is less effective on programs that require computation across multiple vector elements or access memory in an unstructured or irregular fashion.


To the best of our knowledge none of them make use of instruction replication.

heuristics proposed in this paper to reduce scheduling length can be also applied to acyclic code.


They target unicore systems and use PRISM to find optimal power management policies for given task arrival distributions and constraints on expected wait queue size.

we are interested in analyzing the trade-off between verifiability and other metrics for multicore schemes.


Also, .ushing out dirty data in a large granularity would be an option.

random writes may not continue to be a critical issue on high-end SSDs.


So memory latency has trivial effect on the applications performance and energy.

sPEC2000 benchmarks have larger memory footprints, thus using MPI in the state description enables the rule learner to distinguish between memory bound versus L2 cache bound phases.


In application set number 7, CONTROLLED prefetching decreased in 19% the processor penalty when compared with FIXED prefetching.

it increased in 19% the processor penalty for application set number 2, when compared to FIXED, although it minimized in 45% the penalty of same application set when compared to NO PREFETCHING.


Since the size of the MEDL is physically limited, there is a limit to the number of rounds (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16 depending on the particular TTP controller implementation).

there is a minimum number of rounds min_rounds that is necessary for a certain application, which depends on the number of messages transmitted.


The MTJ with the low-Ms free layer shows a significant reduction in write energy.

the benefits diminish as the write latency is reduced, so this technique provides larger energy savings for the low-speed STT-RAM designs.


(1) may not be satisfied, also decoupling effect should be considered, which can alter the resonance frequency.

we believe that the actual risk exists in logic design and we should develop methods to estimate the resonance risk.


In addition, dynamic write-ability metrics have an advantage over static metrics because they take into account timing constraints.

these metrics are much more expensive in terms of runtime.


LOGIC STYLES To enable the use of simple single-rail logic equivalent to static CMOS, an inversion is necessary.

this is still one of the main problems as explained above.


This is not surprising, since it was conceived to sustain up to 40Gbps of tra.c.

the ported switch is able to process all the received tra.c without losses when it receives up to 10Gbps of tra.c; whereupon it starts dropping some packets.


This methodology is based on CSP trace equivalence but we are yet to characterize what classes of SystemC models will result in equivalent models after the transformation (the examples we have tried produced trace equivalent code).

our future work is focusing on a necessary and sufficient characterization of the nature of SystemC Table 1.


As a result, numerous devices are required to implement Boolean functions that are not unate, i.e., linearly separable.

such functions are widely used, especially in digital arithmetic.


The improved-performance NO RAce dual phase operation domino circuit (NORA) [1] alternately uses PMOS and NMOS type logic gates.

the design of the NORA dynamic circuit only focuses on positive logic functions, and requires the application of the full customer design technique.


Therefore, we concentrate on the problem of low-leakage SRAM design when only two threshold voltages are available.

it is possible to extend the results to handle more than two threshold voltages.


Usually a PDN is modeled by RLC components, which is a passive network.

if the active voltage regulator module is included, Z(s) may not be passive.


It is seen that when Pout(1) is less than 0.5, the SSPD gate has a similar power consumption to that of the same-UNG conventional gate.

the power advantage due to the static-switching behavior becomes apparent for output state probabilities greater than 0.5.


When operated in ss corner, the drain current at 0.4 V varies to 0.1308 µA, a change of 78.58% compared to the current in the tt corner.

if we boost the VGS to 0.8 V, then the drain current at 0.8 V is 52.23 µA in ss corner, a change of 37.18%.


It is important to note that entries in the same PC localized miss stream are ordered chronologically, but two chronologically consecutive misses will not necessarily belong to the same miss stream.

thus, if a prefetching algorithm issues a number of prefetching requests based on a PC localized stream, each prefetched data item for a dynamic instance PCni is expected to be used in following instances PCni +1 to PCni +d,where d is the degree of prefetching, and before memory accesses from some other PCj 2.an indeterminate number of memory accesses can appear between the prefetch trigger at PCni and the use of the prefetched data by PCni +1 to PCni +d, as long as these requests are not classi.ed in the same localized stream of PCi.


7 Example of redundancy in a slicing tree representation representation is intuitive and simple to implement.

there is redundancy in the representation.


On the one hand, our results indicate that increasing the number of WDM channels alone can have a large performance impact for bus-intensive applications in the CMP con.guration studied.

other CMP organizations (e.g., a larger number of cores) may require other organizations that present very di.erent power/performance/complexity challenges (e.g., number of modulators, power and bandwidth requirements at the nodes, etc.).


Consider for example a cache line which exhibits a burst of temporal reuses due to spatial locality, especially with current cache block sizes of 64 or 128 bytes.

such a bursty pattern typically manifests at the L1 cache only.


In order to take advantage of reuse locality, replacement in the data array is based on recency.

tag replacement is designed to protect both private cache lines and recently reused lines.


This is not surprising since ODs was hand-tuned for various SPEC benchmarks.

as shown later, ODs saves less energy than PD.


Therefore, .eld-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are suitable devices which allow the integration of highly parallelized algorithms on the one hand and recon.gurability on the other hand.

one considerable disadvantage of the deployment of FPGAs is the e.ort for debugging the implemented signal processing algorithms.


The average iteration computation time in sp is IP(sp) = (se.glbClk - sb.glbClk)/nIter(sp).

since memory constraints limit the throughput, IP(sp) does not always equal the IB of the SDFG considered, but rather the IB of G' mentioned in Theorem 1.


If variability is highly spatially correlated within the chip, designtime optimization will be ineffective and may even lead to large yield losses.

with the increase of intra-chip variability, the effectiveness of post-silicon adaptivity decreases.


Also, the FS shows a regular behavior, which facilitates the data reuse and the memory project to store the samples needed.

the high cost in processing time prevents its use for large SAs, especially necessary for high-resolution videos, as the number of CBs increases exponentially with the expansion of the SA.


In our previous work [9], we have shown that NEC SX vector supercomputers can achieve high performance due to a high memory bandwidth and a large number of memory banks.

as recent advantages in VLSI technology have been accelerating processor speeds, the gap in performance between memory and processors has become remarkably exposed year by year in high performance computing.


One of the surprising results of this study is that a simple conditional branch counter scheme performs quite well and agrees with the unbounded BBV scheme 83% of the time.

it does lead to shorter average phase lengths and higher performance variance within phases compared with the BBV and working set schemes.


(1399 mWatts = 25% of the range between the lowest possible budget, 1176 mWatts, and the highest possible budget, 2067 mWatts, plus the lowest budget.

out of these 1399 mWatts, the difference between the accessing and active power consumptions, 867 mWatts, is reserved to allow a chip to be activated.


The (energydelay, performance within 50%) objective function favored the EV6 and EV4.

if the objective function is allowed to vary over time, or if the workload is more diverse than what we model, wider heterogeneity than 2 cores will be useful.


For entropy gain split outputs 0.1, 0.9 and 0.49, 0.51 are the same because in both classification is the second class.

the first one is a much better classification then the second one.


Because of the matching problem of the TA and the output bu.er, the conversion gain (power gain) of the implemented SCF mixer is small, about 12.4 dB at 400.1 MHz input.

the measured results have the same tendency with the simulation, as shown in Fig.


When F is very low (in the order of 0.1%), all the protection mechanisms reduce the probability of incurable fault-occurrence (IFO) in the protected router by a factor of six, which corresponds actually to the ratio N/NB.

when F increases above 10%, the ROBUST design provides considerably higher reliability improvement than the BulletProof and Vicis, which drop considerably.


- - %-% ß% a% a%-ß% ß% % aß a .and .values for different transition points are reported in [9].

aWE can perform highly accurate interconnect timing analysis; its efficiency is much lower compared to Elmore, D2M, and TFA.


The GPUs equipped with such large LLCs can enjoy far-.ung intra-and inter-stream reuses.

there is no comprehensive study that can help graphics cache architects understand how to e.ectively manage a large multi-megabyte LLC shared between di.erent 3D graphics streams.


We believe that the simulator can easily catch bug No.15.

without formal approaches, it is extremely difficult for random simulation to catch bug No.16.


One may argue that the translated trigger events do not uniquely identify the targeted trigger event due to this time difference.

as long as the time difference is shorter than how many clock cycles of data is sampled, the behavior of the circuit can still be captured when the targeted trigger event occurs.


The MESIscheme is traditionally deployed on existing multiprocessor architectures in order to maintain an easy and straightforward programming model.

the hardware complexity and induced system traf.c for keeping all caches coherent is rather expensive.


Only small size of partial tag bits are stored in the cache to reduce energy consumption.

this scheme su.ers when the locality of addresses changes.


Leakage power s impact depends on its fraction of the total power, and this increases with capacity.

the results in Section 5 show that, for bandwidth-intensive computing systems, the high band width usage promises that dynamic power consumption will domi nate.


With the increased availability of mainstream multi-core processors the desirable solution should incorporate the better utilization of the available compute resources.

while SystemC does a notion of simulated concurrency, the de-facto usage of the language has been in a strictly sequential model with no concurrency between the processes.


Other algorithms for scheduling broadcasts are dealt in [7, 8, 11, 12, 15], Those methods are based on the assumption that there ex- ists a single physical channel for data broadcast.

there are many scenarios [151 where a server has access to multiple low-bandwidth physical channels, which cannot be combined to form a single high-bandwidth one.


For a small noise offset, the cell maintains its state because it has a stable operating point in the vicinity of the initial state (VL = 0 and VR = 1).

as the noise is increased, the shifted curve moves far enough such that it intersects the forward inverter characteristics at only one point (as labeled P in Figure 4).


The inclusion of a scheduler into MSim provides the users with the full tool chain, which can transparently transform normal application executable (e.g., the one compiled by gcc that is unaware of memcomputing) into the one that utilizes the potential memcomputing resources.

the scheduler itself is optional and users have the freedom to make use of the MSim s microarchitecture level simulation engine independently if desired.


As the ROB entries are released, their physical registers are also released early.

rOB entries are not released if a store address is not known yet, or when there exist chains of very close dependent instructions.


All N-Ways share the same write data bus and therefore receives every data on the bus regardless of the intended destination Increasing bundle size reduces the area cost of the data distribution.

this also poses bitcell write-ability challenges.


These components are designed by most of the telecom manufacturers present on the market.

the ATM domain focuses on not only elaboration and manipulation of standard ATM cells, but there is also the need to manage custom representations (Figure 2 shows the structure of a real custom ATM cell).


HLS tools also allow the exploration of different micro-architectures since the creation of RTLs with different latency/throughputs and hence different control/computation structures is now much easier.

the use of HLS creates the need for an automated flow to ensure the correctness of the synthesizable SLM that is the input to HLS and the RTL generated from HLS.


This is due to the large reduction in sleep transistor area Time (secs) [Log Scale] 100 10 1 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G19 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17 G18 G24 G20 G25 G21 G26 G22 G27 G23 G28 (3247 to 153).

the BP technique produces large gnd reductions in the sleep transistors total area.


The leakage power saving achieved by OPT2 is 50% in 50nm technology.


eax) is higher since all the "sub-registers" must be taken into consideration.

the hardware accelerator is handling the aliasing through its normal functionality.


Hence, any probe searching algorithm with reasonable hardware cost is applicable.

to achieve high performance we implemented the adaptive parallel probing algorithm proposed by Liu et al.


PC / PC EVAL PC / F F F EVAL EVAL (a) (b) (c) Figure 1: Dynamic function blocks: (a) Footed with separate controls (b) Footed with uni.ed control (c) Non-footed pipeline protocols, and the models are then placed in a partial order.

there are several key differences between our work and theirs.


At the same time, it maintains the shared view of the memory, and thus provides an important productivity advantage.

this partitioned global view of the memory entails a more complex addressing mode to map the programmer s view of the memory to the actual physical layout of the memory.


Power and Spreading Code Assignment The simulated traces are generated for a normalized transmit power.

the MBMS bearer can be transmitted with different power resulting in different SINR values.


who can extract the aspects that can be mapped into local assertions.

there are high-level guidelines that we gained from experience and that can be used to guide and simplify this task.


The above process now has to repeated for all the threads in the program.

in homogeneous multithreaded programs, all threads execute the same program code; thus, we analytically derive the IPS values of the other threads based on the frequency of the core they are executing on and the measured IPS values of one of the threads.


Note that an approximation of this form would allow us to accommodate additional leakage power sources, if the gain in accuracy were likely to be signi.cant.

within an ordinary temperature range of 25°C to 120°C we may expect an error of less then 5% with a simple linear model [13].


This delta time should ideally be a constant value for a constant bit-rate stream as produced by the transcoder.

the .gure clearly shows that the SSES scheme introduces a large delta at the hand-o.


Second, traditional scalar processors are optimized for low-latency operations and do not exploit parallelism beyond what is exposed in the instruction window of the processor.

as there is limited/no dependency between the tuples of the streams, hardware level data parallelism techniques such as SIMD processing on FPGA-accelerators become more attractive.


This di.erence of bus transaction may make e.ect of access latency so big.

it isn t change the essence of SCIMA that reducing data tra.c by software control.


To complete a benchmark involving interprocessor communication, topology (a) required, as expected, less clock cycles, with about a 10% advantage due to lower access latency towards shared devices.

11x11 ×pipes switches have a maximum working frequency of approximately 780 MHz, while 5x5 switches can reach 925 MHz (a 19% gain).


When a increases, the success probability becomes higher (100%) because the weight for area optimization is larger and thus the dead space decreases.

the success probability decreases again if a is too large.


It may seem that, with the above approach, existing cell characterization should be changed for two-ramp input waveforms.

this is not required because the far-end waveforms that are propagated to the next stage do not show the plateau effect and can be modeled by a single ramp.


As the average node degree increases up to 24 nodes, the network interface for each node is distributed to allow the CAD tools to use the available routing resources (much like the star topology).

this is a much more difficult problem than that for a star topology since there are many more links in a fully connected network.


It is seen in Column 12 that the size of solution-set is reduced by several orders of magnitude because of the optimization techniques proposed in Section 4.

the SAT based technique aborts for these large circuits because they lack the circuit knowledge and try to specify all the variables in the CNF.


CICA Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil +55 51 33167036 Sevilla, 41012, Spain +55 51 33163382 erika@inf.ufrgs.br +34 955 056 666 andradejr@eletro.ufrgs.br luba@imse.cnm.es ABSTRACT Analog BIST and SoC testing are two topics that have been extensively, but independently, studied in the last few years.

current mixed-signals systems require the combination of these subjects to generate a cost-effective test solution for the whole SoC.


[7] suggest tying commonlygated .ip-.ops together by fake nets; this biases the placer to place such .ip-.ops closer together, hence reducing the wiring overhead of gating logic.

the possible increase of signal wire length (not counting the fake nets) is not mentioned in [7], and no empirical data on realistic benchmarks are given.


Kumar et al [5] present a technique to bridge mismatches using supervisory control theory, while Tivoli et al [7] present adaptor synthesis, where an adaptor is generated to control a multi-component real-time system such that given timing as well as functional requirements (expressed as automata) are met.

these approaches are also inapplicable to SoC construction.


Another set of work migrates the write-intensive cache blocks to other cache lines in the same/different cache set or in the SRAM in order to reduce the average write frequency of the STT-RAM cache lines [4].

there exist intrinsic limitations in both approaches, which cannot be resolved independently The static optimization decisions are made at compile time without run-time information, thus compiler may generate misleading hints to the hardware.


With tighter bounds, more pruning will happen in branch-and-bound.

it is much likely that the derived MP has too many integer variables and branch-and-price must be adopted for its solution.


By over-sampling the input signal, S. ADCs achieve high performance through noise-shaping.

oversampling Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


the output node of buffer S) of sinks 1 and 16 are practically independent of each other.

if the link a is added between the sinks 8 and 9, even the nominal delays of sinks 1 and 16 become somewhat correlated due to the fact that both the sinks now have more than one source to sink paths and both sinks share the S .


A radiation-induced error in the cache is then likely to affect the execution of various threads.

fFT computation requires sequential iterations and, thus, a thread output may depend on previously executed threads.


This is obvious since good compression ratios are achieved through re-occurring patterns.

since the compression scheme cannot work well in those cases by principle, the relevancy of LUT comabout 850 slices.


To mitigate the overhead, [13] has suggested an ef.cient mechanism for controlling the state using a sleep counter.

[7], [8], [13] do not consider any power issue in their implementations.


For other supply voltages the charge values are different, resulting in different dynamic currents.

this effect is not very pronounced as the accuracy studies in Sect.


Figure 4 shows a typical digital case where there could be no error in the distinguishing between the fault-free and the faulty circuit.

figure 5 shows a typical analog case where there is no clear distinction between the fault-free and the faulty circuit.


As shown by the PDS designs in 2D ICs [6 8], stapling power/ground vias reduces the loop inductance of power/ground planes, and hence reduces the SSN (simultaneously switching noise) in package.

there is no in-depth study on design automation of PDS in 3D ICs.


Figure 2 depicts a three-level memory hierarchy where a slice pixel SRAM is allocated for the storage with rows of pixels since H.264/AVC features to access logically adjacent pixels in the vertical direction.

storing all pixels in rows of vertical pixels is unnecessary when the following decoding process is unrelated to the upper neighboring pixels.


We acknowledge that they are based on our interaction with only one artist, and that they will need to be supplemented by feedback from additional users in the future.

we found that the insights and design goals derived from an initial deep exploration can provide us and other researchers with a solid starting point for iterating towards a more general design in the future.


Thus more panels are created, which requires larger computational resources.

the combined BEM/FEM or BEM/FDM approaches improve FEM or FDM s computational efficiency by sacrificing some of the computational efficiency of the BEM.


This buffer stores speculatively-modi.ed lines as they are displaced from L2.

the buffer does not need to store speculatively-loaded yet clean lines that are evicted from L2.


From Figure 7(a), we can see that CORONA outperforms all network due to its enormous channel bandwidth of 2.56 Tbps as compared to PROPEL which provides only 0.16 Tbps, a 16X reduction.

pROPEL o.ers only 15% lower throughput than CORONA with a signi.cant reduction in optical hardware and network cost.


The .rst proposed approach (MBHO) is faster than the .at, but slower than the top-down approach due to the increased number of simulations at the lower level.

it also has to be considered that a single iteration has been considered in the top-down approach.


Therefore, the key reason that the native system runs fast is that it performs in-place updates to the real in-memory data, without explicitly duplicating the data like logging or COW does.

in-place updates are hard to implement in most previous NVRAMbased persistent memory designs [12, 13, 44, 45], which maintain persistence in a single-level memory.


In order to tolerate long delay variation, the redundant latch will be activated with an appropriate clock signal, and the latches for its succeeding stages will be fed with alternated clock signals.

it is difficult to tolerate runtime variations, such as voltage drops and temperature variations with this approach.


Nowadays, the ma jor drawback for going asynchronous is that they are di.cult to design, and opposite to the synchronous counterpart, the level of maturity of existing CAD tools for asynchronous design is still insu.cient.

in the last ten years several research groups around the world have developed CAD tools for the synthesis and veri.cation of asynchronous circuits which represents the .rst step in .ling the gap [1, 17, 20, 10, 5].


2 (saving on tACT, the time to activate a row).

it does not optimize the miss latency, since only the tag is accessed on a miss.


In the simulation, we set the sampling frequency to 16MHz.

we can scale the sampling frequency as needed.


Second, gate-alignment requirement for 1Dpoly induces negligible area overhead in FreePDK process, which uses the same rule for minimum and contacted gatepitch.

2D-poly leads to 32% larger variability compared to 1D-poly, which is mainly caused by CDU improvement associated with unidirectional patterning.


Thus, DFE are finding increasing use in many areas of high-rate data communication, including wireless communication where usually QAM modulation format has been employed.

equalizer is the computational intensive functional block and consumes the large portion of area and power in demodulator.


Sinan Kaptanoglu Actel Corporation 2061 Stierlin Court Mountain View, CA 94043 sinan.kaptanoglu@actel.com because it provides both a high quality CAD flow and a parameterized routing architecture generator, which are convenient for architecture studies.

the experimental approach could be time-consuming and the results obtained are limited by the CAD tool and the benchmark suite.


However, for pulsesignaling this critical pattern (in view of the high energy associated with it) simply cannot occur by construction.

from an electrical point of view, only a 1 .


This inexpensive manufacture technique allow us to build disposable PCB-based microfluidic biochips that can be easily plugged into a controller circuit board that can be programmed and powered via a standard USB port; see Figure 2.

a large number of independent control pins necessitates multiple PCB layers, which adds significantly to the product cost.


This provides a new core for lookup operations arriving in successive cycles and can thus provide high throughput.

this forces even small memory nodes into utilizing an entire tile resulting in reduced scheduling .exibility.


As expected, the mean values of the transient parameters improve for IVR, compared to the off-chip VR, due to higher bandwidth of the control loop and elimination of the package impedance.

variability in the transient parameters (s/µ ratio) is much higher for the IVR.


10), in spite of the fact that components due to SCE and NWE have been removed.

comparisons of the s of VT mismatch (.VT) of neighboring devices in an ensemble to the sVT of these same devices demonstrate that these intrinsic fluctuations, including components not dependent on area, are random across the entire range of device dimensions and body bias values, for both NMOS and PMOS (Figs.


First, reconvergence of circuit paths results in arrival times that are dependent, since they share a common portion of their path delay.

in [18] it was shown that ignoring the correlation resulting from reconvergent fanout produces an upper bound on the statistical delay and results in a conservative analysis.


Thus demanding a very complex control unit, which occupies a large real state on chip.

rISC processor works on reduced number of instructions, fixed instruction length, more general purpose registers, load store architecture and simplified addressing modes which makes individual instruction execute faster, achieve a net gain in performance and an overall simpler design with less silicon consumption as compared to CISC.


Both IF .lters are of 2-pole Tchebyscheff type, and using a combination of SMDs, integrated capacitors and integrated resistors, the performance is borderline.

keeping the IF .lters inside the MCM has the advantage of less noisy signals since the long lines going out and in the MCM are suppressed.


[Javidi and Okano 2002, Chapter 4] connect an HDTV camera with .y s-eye lens to a highresolution (1280 × 1024) LCD display.

the resolution of their integral image is limited to 62 × 55 pixels.


Moreover, the performance benefits are now restricted to the instructions that would access the next level of caches in absence of our proposed schemes.

unlike the other approach, this placement offers more design flexibility.


This link is exceptionally wide, with perhaps as many as 1000 bits.

because programs generally have good locality this link is infrequently used.


The maximum obtained speedup was 9,499× on an individual benchmark.

most of the encodings had comparable and very efficient performance when finding solutions for configurations that were routable.


This aspect of the problem speci.cation tends to favor the CC model, where the problem can be solved by having the former process signal the others through a single spin variable.

in the DSM model spin variables cannot be shared by processes (or else RMR complexity becomes unbounded), and so more elaborate synchronization mechanisms must be used.


This methodology has already been used in industrial context for the veri.cation of a wide variety of designs [12] including small or medium size processors [6].

these projects also illustrate that the integration of a thorough formal examination into industrial veri.cation practice requires larger changes to the education and opinions of veri.cation engineers.


For EEPROM operations, we obtain correct correlations.

for the ROM, ALU and DES Executions, the correlation is low (high positive values).


The AduC84x was a good all-round option with five parameters tops in their field compared to the rest, but in terms of the afore-mentioned accuracy parameters, the MSP430 had more: the best ADC sampling rate (2730 Hz) and reference-voltage drift (18 ppm/ºC), which were crucial for accuracy.

its gain-drift (15 ppm/ºC) and offset-error (± 2mV) parameters are the worst by comparison, but with calibration the offset error could be overcome, and the gain can be kept to a minimum.


Conversely, increasing the steal granularity beyond a single L1 group gives sizeable locality improvements.

figure 11b shows performance under low contention, when only 4 threads are online.


Many qualitative and quantitative de.nitions have been suggested [7, 10].

there have only been modest advances related to analyzing and making systems more tolerant towards malicious acts or unpredictable events.


In Figure 10(a), {v1,v2,v3}are the third kind elements of the horizontal CLS s. If not considering them as parts of s, we have U (s)= {e2} and D(s)= {e1}.

even C(U(s))=1=C(D(s)), moving s up must add a new via connection, v4, to make all line segments connected, which increases cost as shown in Figure 10(b).


The advantage of this gate 978-3-9815370-2-4/DATE14/ c @2014 EDAA Kae Nemoto2 Ilia Polian1 2National Institute of Informatics 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan {devitt|nemoto}@nii.ac.jp set is that it can be seamlessly integrated into very advanced QECC schemes, allowing for scalable, large-scale information processing [7], [9].

as quantum teleportation is inherently probabilistic the direction of qubit rotations is random.


This may be more di.cult in practice, both from the user s standpoint (supplying dynamic constraints) as well as the tool s (dealing with them).

dynamic constraints may a.ord greater accuracy in voltage drop estimation.


For two of the benchmarks (equake, tomcatv), the .attened butter.y on-chip network provides less than 5% reduction in latency.

for the other two benchmarks (barnes, ocean), the .attened butter.y can provide up to 20% reduction in latency.