Speci.cally, theydeveloped a minimum input theory to ef.ciently characterize the structural controllability of directed networks, allowing a minimum set of driver nodes to be identi.ed to achieve full control.

the structural controllability of a directed network can be mapped into the problem of maximum matching [7], [17], where external control is necessary for every unmatched node.


Second, considering the relation between the input and threshold values, an input with a larger weight in.uences more than an input with a smaller weight.

cofactoring on the input with a larger weight is more likely to lead toward a constant cofactor, thus terminates the recursive process faster.


A second, more important, asymmetry that exists in the chain is the difference in the capacitive loads driven by the outputs of the FFs (not shown).

the slave components of the FFs drive an additional fanout load (in addition to the input of the next FF).


On the other hand, the policies that determine the actual allocations are beyond our scope.

we assume the desired resource allocations are given to us, presumably through a combination of application and system software policies, and it is the proposed mechanisms that assure the requested allocations are provided by the shared cache hardware, thereby achieving QoS objectives.


Though the values are di.erent for each run with the same weights, the values re.ect the weights impact in general.

the larger weight is set for one criteria, the less value for this criteria of the .oorplan Parquet will most probably generate.


This is partly due to our particular workloads.

the decision support database workloads exhibit complex memory access behavior, and it is not easy to extract exploitable patterns.


Note that identifying the corners in this set which result in extreme signal arrival times is not very challenging.

it would be enough to consider corners c1 and c2 to .nd minimum signal arrival times, and corners c14 and c15 to .nd maximum arrival times.


The combined frequency of all the L patterns increases from 27.46% for the unit-length architecture to 41.62% for the multi-length architecture.

for the multi-length architecture, the possibility of having an L patterned switch box is comparable to (if not more than) that of a vertical or horizontal pattern.


It can be observed that the bandwidth of the mWNoC with three non-overlapping channels improves compared to the initially proposed mWNoC with single wireless channel [12] for all the system sizes considered.

for higher system size the performance gain is more.


The ISPL of a net {u, v} is the shortest path length between u and v in H' = (V, E{u, v}).

the shortest path is computed after temporarily deleting {u, v} from H. The ISPL of a hyperedge, or a multi-pin net, is the maximum length of any intrinsic shortest path taken over every pair of nodes in the hyperedge.


the cell node two step Monte Carlo if the detailed waveforms are needed for further circuit inspection.


The key to our approach is that this sacri.ce of speed be non-linearlyrelatedtothe amountofpowersaved, allowing large gains in power savings without signi.cantly disrupting execution performance.

we found the L2 (and optional L3) cache exhibited unbalanced access patterns,whereinlargeportionsofthe cachemay beunusedat a given time, while otherportions maybe more heavily used and subject to thrashing.


The distance between two points on the chip should be the length of a shortest wire that does not cross areas where all routing planes are blocked, and that allows e.ective bu.ering with legally placed repeaters.

small macros can usually be crossed (when over-the-cell routing is allowed), but wide macros without bu.er bays cannot be crossed if no repeater can drive a wire of that length.


In this paper, we have developed statistical delay models and proposed a statistical design flow for enhancing the yield of a pipelined design considering inter-die and intra-die variations.

in this paper, we have developed: x Analytical models to estimate the mean and the standard deviation of the overall pipeline delay from the individual stage delay distributions.


Due to the fabrication limit imposed by the self-assembly process, only regular structures [2][3][4][5] can be manufactured.

crossbars have been shown to suit well to the implementation of regular computational arrays such as programmable logic arrays (PLAs).


And since there are m unknown variables (weights) per neuron, at least m equations, or training time points, are needed to .nd a unique solution.

nTrain,min = m. In our thermal simulations, given ncells number of thermal cells in an active layer of an IC, there are 2ncells inputs to the neural network (past temperatures plus the power inputs for each cell), related to outputs follows: X(tn) X(tn+1)=W ·, (5) U(tn+1) where W is a ncells × 2ncells matrix containing the weights of the NN.


One solution can be obtained by using a di.erent weighted BCD representation during the summation process.

the bits are recoded to another valid decimal representation which allows the carries to be generated correctly when a shift occurs.


Next, if the designer provides the 1/(prop rise+prop fall)/(leakpwr) cost function, where leakpwr is the measured leakage power, CeS will select the best NMOS-PMOS size match, from the previously selected set, that presents the best delay and leakage power tradeo.s.

the selected match will present the best delay and leakage power tradeo.


A necessary prerequisite to compact the comparison operation and 2:1 Mux operation to an ALM is that the output of the 2:1 Mux only feeds to a DFF.

we need a DFF immediately after the Max operation.


The decap s effective resistance at low frequencies is given by: L Reff = (2) 6µ OX ( GS -VT ) CWV where µ is the mobility, VGS (or VGD since source and drain are tied) is the voltage across the oxide, and VT is the threshold voltage.

from (2), Reff is proportional to the channel length L. for faster transient response, a decap design should maintain L in a reasonably small range to keep Reff small.


If we denote the bottom tier (with connection to the heat sink) as tier K, and the top tier as tier 1, then to minimize the temperature, the TSV area in bin i of tier j connecting to tier j+1 should be proportional to the lumped power in bin i of tier 1, 2, , j.

the optimal solution of problem (P1) shall satisfy j nj j * jk ()ai =Atot ·.pi ..pik (15) k =1 i =1 k =1 The proof can be derived based on the induction on the number of tiers with Theorem 1; this is because the optimized temperature in a tier is uniform and can be treated as thermal ground to further optimize upper tiers.


This strategy can be viewed as compacting the test pattern in a horizontal manner.

instead of compacting all the test patterns as a whole and hence the length of every compacted test pattern remains the sum of all cores WOCs, we propose to partition the entire SI test set into several groups and compress them separately so that the test pattern length for each group can be less.


the target has to handle not only interrupts for I/O commands emanating from the NIC, but also interrupts triggered by the SATA storage controller to signal completion of previously posted I/O operations.


n = m) and (2) it maps each input pattern to a unique output pattern.

reversible functions represent bijections.


Each recursion step builds the Composite Table of a node z.

the Composite Table is built row by row.


Formal methods can also be useful for system replay.

algorithms developed for model checking can be useful during the rootcause step as well.


Notice that the Conv cache scheme imposes an upper-bound since this cache does neither use way-prediction nor is implemented with the slower eDRAM cells.

these values are the maximum performance that a HER cache can achieve.


We evaluate online analytics on a commercial database.

we run a mix of queries 1, 6, 13, and 16 from the TPC-H benchmark on IBM DB2.


Such algorithms arebeginning to emerge (for example [8]) and this paper investigates the algorithmic impacts of one such lowpower circuit phenomena.

[2] reported a data reduction algorithm to be usedin futureportable EEG systemswhichis basedupon takingatwo scaleContinuousWaveletTransform (CWT)of the input EEG signal.


For example, 3ican be generated from iby just one addition, but generating ifrom 3irequires (ij)= ji) more complex hardware.


INTRODUCTION Wireless communication is very popular and is likely to remain so in the future.

medium-and shortrange wireless communication methods (such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee and WUSB) are becoming ubiquitous on personal devices, such as cell-phones, headsets, cameras and memory sticks.


In the conservative strategy, we limit ourselves with the given register usage behavior of the application being executed.

we duplicate active registers in the unused ones without affecting the original execution cycle count of the application.


The voltage noise of an active core is mainly affected by adjacent woken-up cores and the latencies(i.e.,associatedinrush currents) with whichthey wake up.

we may exploit knowledge of a core s location to reducepessimism.


We implemented the Lillis algorithm and tested both methods against the same set of benchmarks.


4.1.1 Arbiter Implementation The proposed arbiter implementation is equivalent to the FQ algorithm outlined in the background section, but is optimized to reduce circuit complexity and support common performance optimizations that reorder requests after they have entered arbitration.

this implementation reduces circuit complexity by eliminating the priority queue in the implementation outlined in the background section.


Moreover, the wide array of existing techniques to test, diagnose and achieve defect tolerance in memory [2] can be used for the proposed framework that utilizes a memory array as the primary computing element.

the paper makes the following major contributions: 1.


Similarly, a permutation of the tasks {spopt+1,...,s|V |}does not change either parameter.

when popt is 0, all static-orders have the same makespan and peak temperature.


These routings are computed using the LP models developed in Section 5.3.  nm-gravity-opt: When thebaseTM D is Bimodal, we also consider an optimal routing for Gravity TMs (the reverse would not work, as routing for bimodal TMs are de.ned only on subset of OD pairs).

a routing f such that optU(DG)= perf(f, {DG}) (where DG is the gravity TM).


There are i - 1 items less than i, and we want to know the probability that a certain number j are selected.

we want the probability of drawing exactly j colored balls in n - 1 draws from a bucket containing N - 1 balls, of which i - 1 are colored.


In this paper we describe a new scheduler that converts a rich set of scheduling constraints into a system of difference constraints (SDC) and performs a variety of powerful optimizations under a uni.ed mathematical programming framework.

we show that our SDC-based scheduling algorithm can ef.ciently support resource constraints, frequency constraints, latency constraints, and relative timing constraints, and effectively optimize longest path latency, expected overall latency, and the slack distribution.


Finally, the search could be extended to .nd some small optimal 5-bit circuits.

a simple calculation shows that using CS1 it is possible to compute all optimal 5-bit circuits with up to six gates, and thus it is possible to search optimal 5-bit implementations with up to 12 gates.


Then, clustered objects are processed and placed together for most part of placement .ow and start to be dissolved slowly at late stage of the .ow.

during the early stage of the placement algorithm, a global optimization process is performed on highly clustered netlist while only local optimization/re.nement is executed on the almost .attened netlist at later stage.


Bene.ted from these parametric LUTs that can capture the variations of transistor parameters, we do not need to update the LUTs for every parametric SPICE simulation.

only one-time data transferring of the parametric LUTs from CPU to GPU is required, which can greatly reduce the overhead of CPU-GPU communications.


selected and applied in serial scan mode, with the objective ofminimizingthe cost function under optimization.

each ofthe encoding con.gurationscanbecharacterized and annotated with the corresponding design parameters.


Suppose that in=HI and in=LO; therefore, MN3 is turned on, andMN4isturned o..

functionblock(which prepares out signal) is closed, and the complementary functionblock(whichprepares out signal) goes open.


This is because the series resistance associated with Lg contributes to the input matching of LNA.

for given QLg there exists an upper bound for Lg beyond which perfect input matching is impossible.


Given such an application that requires t memory arrays and a FPGA architecture with a maximum of N(= t) on-chip embedded memory arrays and k-LUTs, .nd a mapping such that the number of k-LUTs used is minimized.

the utilization of the n (= (N - t)) available on-chip embedded memory for implementing the combinational elements of the circuit is maximized.


Please note that it is irrelevant which particular net isassigned to a pair of pin locations because a net does notprefer a certain pin location.

the subsequent assignment of the specific nets to the pairs of pin locations has no effect on the objective and could aswell be created randomly.


The constraint is then formulated as a penalty function that is added to the ob jective function for the placer.

cells with region constraints contribute a penalty mi to the placement objective as given by: mi(xi,yi)= m(xi,xli ,xhi )+ m(yi,yli ,yhi ), (1) where function m(xi,xli ,xhi ) (similarly, m(yi,yli ,yhi )) is de.ned as: 8 >  xhi (2) > : 0, xli = xi = xhi cells placed outside their constrained regions will increase the objective function by a quadratic term that is proportional to the distance between cells and its desired region boundaries.


This work presents the results of a study to address this issue.

a computationally-light, compact diversity antenna has been developed to mitigate frequency-selective fading.


H, msg .M: P(P ' (msg, Pi), *)and P(P ' (msg, Pj ), *) are computationally indistinguishable.

each message sent to an honest party has at least k indistinguishable recipients.


As is shown in Table 2, over 40% 9-input nonimplementable functions are covered.

we can avoid about half of the matching at server side for nonimplementable function using such a cache.


The use of small buffers (a few entries) in each cluster permits the design of .exible mechanisms to map data from L1 to the buffers.

we propose a dynamic binding between addresses and clusters, and data can be mapped to the buffers in a linear or in an interleaved manner.


If asynchronous level converters are not permitted, then assigning gates to low supply becomes very topologically constrained.

all gates which have been assigned to a low supply voltage can only contain low supply gates in their transitive fan out.


Thus, a tighter constraint is assigned to this.

if dD> TD(1 - E), where E i clk is pre-de.ned small number, oci .


Other operators can be ordered with regards to the efficiency (increasing order): VR (Variable Replacement), CVR (Constant for Variable Replacement) and CR.

when the circuit descriptions include constant declarations, CR seems to be the most efficient operator.


The potential savings in this case are harder to predict.

significant savings are still possible if the solutions to each of the m extensions can be found by augmenting the partial solution obtained for the prefix with assignments to previously unassigned variables.


Using a performance model, we can compute all of the  above.

in this paper, we examine objects that carry instruction information along the pipeline.


.2W .W Therefore, = 0 and as Ta increases, also in .Ta.SL1 .SL1 creases.

.W = 0 for all valid values of Ta .SL1 and SL1 = max{s|T (s) <Tmax }.


Our technique actually .nds one of such constraints that minimize the total leakage power.

if we give this constraint (e.g.,85oC) to the thermalaware technique, it will eventually give out the same results as our technique.


Region Boundary -In the non-dynamically scheduled pipelines, frame boundaries and basic block bound- aries form barriers across which instructions cannot be moved.


To help users find their target command, the interaction for exploration follows the fundamentals of Menu-based Interaction.

the system lists the available items based on the current context and users select an item.


This groundwork resulted in the development of a number of ad hoc prototypes.

i developed a captioning system for videos on the Web and a pan-and-zoom utility that helped users to tell stories around their photos.


It is identified that VDD tuning and PMOS sizing are the most effective techniques to mitigate the impact of NBTI (Sections 3.2 and 3.3).

an optimal VDD exists for the minimum performance change during static stress.


The e.ect of the electromagnetic coupling between the antenna and the interconnects on the device operation has to be evaluated.

the device operation has to be studied for any faulty switching caused by the electromagnetic coupling between the antenna and the interconnects.


The power results, expressed in mW , for all the experiments are collected in Table 1.

columns Orig and Opt report, for the original and for the minimum leakage circuits, the leakage power (PL), the dynamic and internal power (Pdyn+int), the total power (Ptot) and the corresponding savings and penalties.


Mathematically, this problem can be formulated as the following optimization problem: Z µv+3sv `´2 T=arg min h(v, T) - max(v, 0)dv (4) E[h(V,T)]=µm µv-3sv where µv and sv 2 are the mean and variance of the random variable V , respectively; while µm and E[h(V, T)] are the exact and approximated mean of max(V, 0), respectively.


While a vast body of past work address the power-performance optimization in NoCs, reliability concerns are rapidly becoming a fundamental design challenge in them [17].

the asymmetric utilization seen in NoC components, substantially exacerbate aging degradation.


Introduction to Special Issue: Novel Paradigms in System-Level Design This special issue of the ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems contains a comprehensive review of emerging directions and disciplines in system-level design in the context of newly emerging design platforms for embedded applications.

the focus of the four papers included here is centered on the ideas of communication , platform-based design , schedulability analysis , and architecture exploration as foundations of ef.cient design for complex (possibly recon.gurable or distributed real-time) systems of the future.


Overall approach In our approach, the SG algorithm evolves a populations of input sequences.

it evolves a set of test benches looking for the fittest one.


Intuitively, before ranking a DFM rule, one must know if the DFM rule of interest affects yield at all (i.e., if R is independent of L).

the following hypothesis should be tested: H0 : pij = pi· × p·j .vs.


Interestingly, our proposed hybrid method represents a new Pareto solution which is signi.cantly faster than the statistical method and offers a higher estimation accuracy than the analytical method.

our results show that the hybrid method presented in this paper is able to reduce signi.cantly the maximum estimation error of the analytical approach, up to a factor 4.


As a result, in the downstream design stages, designers can concentrate only on register-to-register path delay to optimize circuit performance.

if only path delays between registers are maintained (for example, by using such as static timing analysis (STA), SSTA, etc.


Instead, we have emulated the potential errors, variations, and unmodeled e.ects of silicon by software.

we arti.cially perturb our timing models to create an alternate version of a circuit that is supposed to represent the true circuit on silicon, and we used the delay of that circuit as a silicon measurement .


The use of these two bitvectors enables INDRA to perform incremental backup and state rollback concurrently without the overhead of an explicit memory rollback.

whenever a malicious exploit is detected, INDRA will immediately process the next request without inducing an explicit rollback, i.e.


Table 2: Results for VIS benchmarks Circuit Name Verilog Lines Property/Result ITC99-b01 91 controller property passed ITC99-b12 494 controller property failed as specified in the benchmark ITC99-b13 274 Absence of reset, passed In the ITC99-b12 UCLID generated a false negative due to the absence of integer semantics in the concatenation UFs.

it determined that {1 b1,1 b1,1 b1,1 b1} " .


considered the optimization of embedded mini-contact enhanced TEC devices using a simulation based approach [11].

they examine the optimal current setting and mini-contact size of a TEC device embedded in a chip package using a finite element model.


By doing this transformation, we hide the performance overhead due to disk spin up.

as explained earlier, this preactivation eliminates potential performance penalty.


datapath and controller) grow very fast as the size of application becomes larger.

the controller s FSM can become very large and degrade the performance.


In this work, we investigate a new way to reduce energy by deduplicating computation.

we propose a technique called Execution Drafting (ExecD) which identi.es and exploits commonality between applications executing on a multithreaded processor.


A nonmeasurable state is thus a state that provably can not reach the goal states on the concrete system.

the state depths in a given trace segment on the concrete system can only vary in a very simple way: If state n has measurable depth k+ 1, then if state n+ 1 is measurable, its depth is lower bounded by k. a legal transition in the concrete system that starts in a measurable state may either correspond to a one shell progression towards the goal, or it may correspond to one or more steps backwards.


3.4 Path Recomposition The main idea of path recomposition is based on concatenation of consecutive paths into a single path.

we consider a conditional construct consisting of one predecessor path and two successor paths.


Formally, a lower bound for the L(1, 1 .... ,1)-coloring problem is also a lower bound for the L(61,1,..., 1)-coloring problem, with 61 _> 1.

lower bounds for L(1, 1) and L(1, 1, 1) hold also for L(2, 1) and L(2, 1, 1).


3.2 Test Point Structure Design To measure the delay for one of the parallel paths, we insert a test point .ip-.op (D-type) at each reconvergence point.

we feed the data input of the D .ip-.op with the output of the last gate on the path which enables us to measure the path delay by using clocking and standard scan chain delay-fault testing methods.


(2) However, a technology mapping with too high logic density (more saturated usage on logic pins) may adversely yield a routing requiring some extra routing tracks (one extra track on four out of fourteen benchmarks).

a best mapping result does not necessarily imply a best final routing.


This time, however, the sought after correlations are waferlevel.

instead of completely eliminating some speci.cation tests and predicting them from other low-cost tests, this approach performs these measurements on a sparse subset of die on each wafer, and subsequently uses statistical spatial correlation models in order to predict performance outcomes at unobserved die locations.


If we allow a threshold of N /4, almost 90% of the nets are covered.

only 10% of the nets were estimated wrongly to extend beyond a quadrant of the device.


INTRODUCTION The initial motivation for developing a high performance sensor platform was interactive media.

our intent was to explore the possibility of generating musical content derived from the collective movement of multiple dancers in real-time.


Each benchmark specification contains a description of the information that needs to be reported (recall Section 4.2 -Reporting of Results).

the following items should be included in every submission:  Hardware~software Architecture - A detailed description of the configurable hardware employed, and if applicable, any information about the software environment, for example, operating system.


INTRODUCTION Cathodic protection (CP) is the most effective electrical method of controlling and reducing corrosion on metallic structures such as water storage tanks, lock gates and dams, steel pilings, ship hulls and interiors, and water treatment equipment, located underground or underwater.

the CP method has been widely used on the metal pipeline systems for the transmission and distribution of gas, petrochemical, and water [9, 10, 12].


We can claim that TA-resistance is successfully implemented as intended.

tA-resistance can be checked with the cycletrue functional simulations.


Taking into account the emergence of specialized and/or general purpose microprocessor resources in recent system-on-chip (SoC) designs, the need for fast power estimation becomes crucial.

considering embedded processors, the opportunity to characterize an instruction set architecture (ISA) allows the feedback of important power .gures to the compiler designer.


Next, we studied the tradeoff between performance and energy.

we evaluated energy consumptions under different recomputation scenarios.


In order to facilitate multi-applications and/or to fit large applications in the card, one must break them up into pieces.

the smart card memory would only hold those parts of applications that are currently active or readyto-execute.


When considering an electronic system or a functional unit (either combinational or sequential) within a system as a black box, its power consumption profile over time can be considered being stimulated by the activities of its primary inputs (and outputs if they represent states of an internal state machine) over time.

transient power consumption modeling problem can be represented as a dynamic system modeling problem.


ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4.1 Feature Extraction Early experimentation mainly focused on establishing a set of low-latency features that could be generated from our sensor data with meaningful interpretations in a dance context.

we wished to highlight the unique ability of our system to analyze relationships between the movements of multiple people.


An interesting question arises: how much optimality, in terms of energy reduction or throughput improvement, is lost due to the discretization of V/F levels?

we aim to quantify the di.erence between the theoretically optimal solution assuming continuous V/F levels with the case where only few discrete levels are available.


Figure 3 illustrates our algorithm in pseudo code.

this modified procedure, InterpolantConflictAnalysis, is called whenever a 2 some clause in A or B becomes false, which makes A or B false (empty set in the subspace).


The method is based on modifying the LCN by adding additional input variables corresponding to the internal lines of the circuit.

for each internal line in the circuit, two new variables X and Y are introduced.


This prevents memory controller queues from becoming full, which would otherwise result in read stalls and therefore degraded performance.

we explore a new class of power-aware memory controllers based on the idea of tokens.


This work evaluates many alternative policies for the creation of fragments within the Strata SDT framework.

we examine the effects of ending translation at conditional branches; ending translation at unconditional branches; whether to use partial inlining for call instructions; whether to build the target of calls immediately or lazily; whether to align branch targets; and how to place code to transition back to the dynamic translator.


The problem can be reduced to check the (unique) existence of .xpoints of the vector function fx (y):= x F(xx,xy).

it is desirable to compute the .xpoint x=Fx' (x )depending on the inputs x in order to generate an y equivalent acyclic equation system.


Past research has proposed ways to make the SQ more scalable by reorganizing the CAMs or using non-associative structures.

the Store Queue Index Prediction (SQIP) approach allows for load instructions to predict the exact SQ index of a sourcing store and access the SQ in a much simpler and more scalable RAMbased fashion.


Within a batch, the scheduler attempts to schedule all the requests of a thread simultaneously (to di.erent banks) so that their access latencies can be overlapped.

the scheduler tries to exploit memory-level parallelism (MLP) by looking for bank-level parallelism within a thread.


In this experiment, a small portion of the tracks (5 tracks, globally, which was the worst case track overhead in the first experiment) were reserved in advance for the possible fault reconfiguration in the future.

initial detailed routing was performed by VPR with 5 less tracks than those available in XC4000X series.


We make use of slightly larger SVW structures than used in the SQIP study [21] because we use the reference input sets for SPEC which results in larger memory footprints for several benchmarks.

we use a 4K-entry SSBF with 16-bit SSNs (8KB state total) with a similarly con.gured 4K-entry SPCT using 8-bit partial store PCs (4KB).


Rerun exploits the dual of conventional wisdom in race recording: Rather than record information about individual memory accesses that con.ict, we record how long a thread executes without con.icting with other threads.

rerun passively creates atomic episodes.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The target MP SoC platform described in Figure 1 has been con.gured with a set of .xed parameters and a set of variable parameters to explore, such as the number of threads per processor, interconnect and memory latency, NOC topology, etc..

the simulated target architecture includes the parameterizable PIRATE NOC-IP interconnecting the following 12 nodes: Four ARM v7 processor cores con.gured with 4 pipeline stages and a variable number of threads per processor;  The con.gurable memory sub-system composed of 3 nodes: Global SRAM, Stacked Memory, Packet Memory;  The Concurrency Engine to support both thread and processor level parallelism;   The Packet Engine to support packet I/O;  The Horba (Hardware Object Request Broker) Engine to coordinate objects communication;  The Client Ware Master;  DSOC (Distributed System Object Component) Engine.


However, under such a scenario, the operations of block B are also affected.

the precision of block s B output (QB) becomes 36 bits (=24+12), also reduced by 8 bits (20% reduced accuracy).


INTRODUCTION This paper argues for standardization of characterization techniques for OFETs, employing methods that differ from those utilized for Si FET analysis.

we discuss the shortcomings in measuring OFET behavior with conventional Si methods for determining the threshold voltage (Vth), mobility, and contact resistance.


directories with linguistic labels and documents associated to the nodes.

to verify the proposed model on realworld data we decided to use data collected from the Google web directory [14], which can be considered a meaningful example of taxonomy because the nodes represent the categories encoded by a linguistic label, and the edges represent the relationships between categories.


In the link scheduling, each link is allocated CID (or link-ID) randomly, and assigned priority according to the CID.


we put more weight on the switching statistics on these memory blocks.

for example, assume B1, Bm+1 and B2m+1 share the same permutation and we know B1 will always be loaded to the cache, then the permutation will bias to B1.the permutation is suited better for B1.Miss rate and execution frequency statistics of the memory block are obtained by analyzing the dynamic trace during the benchmarking of the program.


Instructions from both states then move to I D. Instructions which move from I D have a transition time of 1 cycle and instructions which originate from I D&ROBF ull have minimum transition time of 3 and maximum transition time of 113.

a full ROB takes minimum 3 cycles and maximum 113 cycles to make itself available again.


The security of an SoC depends on the resistance of these IP cores to attacks exploiting the existing on-chip DFT.

cryptographic IP cores, such as AES and RSA implementations, must be protected from such attacks.


2.4 Requirements Mat ´e s hard virtual/native boundary prevents it from being able to support a range of programming models.

it fails to meet three requirements: Flexibility: The Mat´ e VM has very concise programs, but is designed for a single application domain.


In fact, it seems that the current design does not target any formal logic model.

evaluating program logic conditions described with any of the logics above requires costly propagation of the relevant information to the tracing process (in most cases, the debugger process), which stores it and performs the actual evaluation.


In the experiment on this twotier 3D chip, we choose 2 of these power pro.les and each of them represents the power pro.le on one tier.

the benchmark we use in this experiment is a combination of two of these power pro.les, each power pro.le corresponds to one tier.


One the other hand, a more sophisticated model was required for the OneNAND® which is an active device, but we could easily find an already-existing inhouse model for such a widely used component.9 We took a practical approach to create a model of host device.

the host model plays the role of input-pattern generator; it reads a script file and, in timely manner, generates a stream of ATA commands to the virtual host-interface model.


Delay propagation for the combinational circuit is the same as that in the traditional gate sizing problem [14].

for the nodes along a single branch, the overall delay is computed as the sum of the delay at each node.


Since both F1 and F2 have only rising transitions and feed into an OR gate, whichever rising signal arrives earlier will dominate the OR gate s output.

the earlier arrival of either F1 or F2 determines the output value instead of the late one.


Therefore, the problem attacked in this paper is to reduce power consumption while keeping the amount of replication under control.

given a .xed amount of extra memory we can use for replicating read-only data blocks, our approach makes best use of that space for reducing the power consumption of the banked memory by exploiting the available low-power modes.


initial condition that maximizes the settling time.


Lastly this paper shows that the design of image-processing algorithms such as the 2-D DCT/IDCT can benefit from asynchronous techniques.

while the input ANDing logic can be used in synchronous designs, synchronous designs cannot easily achieve the average-case delay gains derived from the fine-grain bit-slice partitioning.


However, the runtime for practical circuits is much shorter because their interconnecting structures are far from random.

not every pair of blocks is connected and therefore it is not necessary to examine all of them.


CONCLUSION The embedded system was created as a SOPC (System On Programmable Chip) in the FPGA environment.

estimation Time(µs) the IDS system can be controlled by the NIOS II processor created in the FPGA environment.


Our Hybrid scheme chooses to keep the ways on as long as possible.

hybrid scheme turns off a way only if its delay exceeds 5 cycles or it has excessive leakage power consumption causing a violation.


In evaluating our proposal, we .nd it instructive to examine systems with similar goals.

consider Linux Vservers and Solaris Zones, which achieve context separation (i.e., process hierarchies roughly corresponding to separate physical machines with separate root contexts) by applying distinguishing labels to kernel data structures of processes belonging to di.erent contexts.


Since it is likely that perturbations injected earlier in the synthesis .ow produce larger .uctuations at the output, we focused on perturbations at the highest level of abstraction provided to the designer, the behavioral description of the circuit.

our framework is applied to designs written in Verilog.


For SKZ implementations, we have used only one memory bank.

we need two memory read operations for cubic interpolation and four for bi-cubic interpolation.


Besides, our approach is always able to generate a DVI solution in which the number of inserted redundant vias is the same or larger (i.e., #RVI is the same or larger), as compared to the commercial tool and MIS-DVI.

for each test case, our approach always generated an optimal solution, but the commercial tool and MIS-DVI did not.


The reliability of the system RS is de.ned as the capability of the softerror recovery functionality.

rS can be expressed as the number of errors that is recovered upon the occurrence of soft errors during a period of time.


By contrast, we only insert AIs causing replacement mistakes in MHT.

the MAT instruction based method cannot save information long enough, since the MAT is flooded with AIs.


Rn+k-1 can also be used as a repair completion signal.

the repair phase can be finished as soon as Rn+k-1 becomes 0.


Hence, we focus on selecting paths to explain the behavior based on those worst-case patterns.

in our experiments we focus on explaining the tail of the pass/fail behavior, not the average.


Past studies have observed that the overall cache miss rate (measured in terms of misses per access, or MPA) is a simple function of the sum of the miss rates of the contributing threads [15, 18].

for N threads, where M P Ai(pi) is the the miss rate of of thread i with cache allocation pi: N X 1 OverallM issRate = M P Ai(pi) (2) N i=1 Combining this observation with miss rate data for each application of interest on a range of cache sizes, a simple search algorithm can statically determine the optimal cache allocation p1, p2, ...pN for applications 1 - N that minimizes the total misses incurred.


Wireless sensor networks, however, also create complexities of their own.

sensor nodes have severe energy constraints.


2.5.2 Algorithmic Approximation Approximable classes may also specialize method de.nitions based on their quali.er.

the programmer can write two implementations: one to be called when the receiver has precise type and another that can be called when the receiver is approximate.


Basically, the policy authorizes some permissions to a parent who has allowed some operator to collect his/her children information.

permissions assigned to a parent who has allowed operators to share his/her children information are different from those of another parent who has not.


However, this is nothing but the availability of the immediate neighboring routers.

instead of predicting the number of flits transmitted over the next k steps, we aggregate the availability information already predicted by the neighboring routers.


Typically, a processing core can run faster with lower temperature.


MOTIVATION A characterization of the interconnections in ULSI circuit designs is needed because the contributions of the on-chip interconnections to the size of the capacitive loading on the global clock are not well defined during the majority of the duration of the chip design project.

wellunderstood values of the load in these designs are not typically available until as late as near the time of tape-out.


Based on this information-theoretic framework, an optimization algorithm is developed to select a set of optimal sensor locations by minimizing the uncertainty (i.e., the differential entropy) of on-chip temperature variation.

once the temperature is measured by on-chip sensors at these selected locations, the full-chip thermal map can be accurately estimated by the proposed information-theoretic framework.


Each of these sub-problems is a Quadratic Programming problem (QP), which can be solved ef.ciently.

the original highly complex problem is turned into a sequence of quadratic programming problems.


SUMMARY We have identi.ed an important problem with N1 coupling based designs.

the LC state might not be the ground state.


Since the output range of a Reduced Swing Inverter is limited around 2.5V, Vgs of MP1 and MP2 is reduced.

both PMOS transistors are operated in near-sub-threshold region, which means that pull up transistor is weakened by the Reduced Swing Inverters.


Since k2 = a +1 and l2 = b - 1, the BRV between them can be calculated as fr = If2-If1 = (a+1 b-1)T -(ab)T = (1 - 1)T .

the data block has a reuse distance of (1 - 1)T .


Given the homogeneous scale of the ob jects in the dataset and the amount of windows, these windows will usually only contain part of the object.

the adopted ratio generated an average of 15% of windows containing parts of the object.


BACKGROUND Memory Power Model: We base the power model for the mem ory subsystem on recent advances that have yielded memory chips capable of operating in multiple power modes.

our model follows the speci.cations for Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) [32].


Second, we are exploring the application of the StressTest infrastructure to other application domains.

we are working to deploy the same mechanisms to perform feedback-directed random test generation on communication protocols and interfaces.


CONCLUSIONS We have presented the novel aspects of the MDGRAPE-4 NoC which we hope will .nd broader use in future NoCs.

the quadrature capacitive signalling and quadrature sense-amp architectures should enable reductions in power consumption, area and delay for a broad range of NoCs in current and future nanometer CMOS technologies.


Since it is inefficient to have only one clock tree for all different power modes, in this paper, we propose to use an adjustable feature of ADBs to assign different values of ADBs for different voltage modes.

given a power mode such as mode Active1 in Figure 1, we first insert ADBs into the clock tree and then assign certain values of ADBs to minimize the clock skew for this particular power mode.


Off-chip technologies have much lower LC cutoff frequencies and behave as LC transmission lines This gap in performance between on-chip and off-chip interconnects can be bridged by exploiting interconnects at the package level for on-chip global wiring.

interconnects at the Wafer Level Packaging layers are well suited for the global wiring applications [14].


This processing we mean the protection of only the most significant data by any of the above techniques.

in case of HW assisted unit is accompanied with a 64KB L1 SRAM that is split into instruction and data memories, 32KB each.


Because we needed a large number of experiments, we focused on two small units from these designs, but as often arises in practice, we examined the integration of two separate designs.

the DUV is the USB Packet Disassembly Unit (usbf pd) from the USB Function Core integrated with the USB Receive Unit (rx phy) from the USB PHY.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have investigated the detailed routing architectures of programmable logic cores.

we have focused on rectangular cores, and have made three contributions: 1.


This is consistent with the results reported in [8] and af.rms that the hardware Trojans do not violate the circuit speci.cations.

a transmission of a Trojan-infested circuit with the Trojan activated appears to be perfectly legitimate and within the margins allowed for process variations and operational conditions .uctuation, hence the Trojans evade detection.


However, if the number of configurations is greater than the size of the LFSR, some extra gates will be needed in order to actually connect each configuration control line Di to a tristate gate that is used in more than one configurations.

for controlling a tristate gate in multiple configurations, an extra gate, which receives as inputs the respective configurations control lines, is required.


Analysis of the effects of natural disasters on ICT systems have mostly followed nonsystematic anecdotal approaches both through public inquires conducted by regulatory agencies or other government offices [2], or through news releases from ICT network operators [3].

analysis of the effects of natural disasters on ICT infrastructure is at a similar stage than first forensic studies when investigators relied on witness accounts.


If the OS is informed of the degradation status of each core, it can make better decisions on job-to-core mapping and increase overall processor lifetime.

we evaluate three task mapping schemes to study the implications of process variations: lifetime minimization (LTMin), which results in the worst-case power and lifetime for a given workload; random, which is the expected case with conventional mapping; and lifetime maximization (LTMax), which uses a greedy approach that tries to maximize overall lifetime.


That is, the rise and fall edge responses must have the property that vR(t)= vhigh and vF (t)= vlow for all t> (D + NT ).

that vR and vF have known values for large time leads to an explicit formula for conditional PDF of VtN .fV N |BN (v|0) = d(v - vlow ) t fV N (v|1) = d(v - vhigh) (8) t |BN where again d is the usual impulse function.


Whereas the concretization function can be expressed within the language, the abstraction function that would go the other way cannot.

the latter requires inspecting values of the abstract type code.


In this session, we will show from Raphael RI3 inductance extraction results that if a signal wire is guarded by two ground wires of at least equal width either on left and right in the same layer or on the layers above and below with or without local ground plane(s), then this kind of multi-conductor systems may be linearly cascaded to determine the total effective loop inductance.

the total loop inductance is the serial or parallel combination of the loop inductances of the cascaded segments determined individually.


We have obtained the results given in Table 3 for n processes.

we have determined the the largest number of macro steps it may take for a process to complete its task, i.e.


Speci.cally, we use a m-th Markov model to model the sequence.

we use the consecutive previous m symbols to predict the next symbol and calculate its probability.


If we recompute the timing of the network .ow graph, then the arrival time on any output-pin node is strictly greater than the maximum in the rise and fall arrival time of the real pin.

if the network .ow graph has no timing violation then the design must be timing valid, but the opposite may not hold.


The special case is that the polygons are overlapping with theboundary of the sample region, but notintersecting with the sample region.

for a signi.cant example, the x coordinate ofpolygon s right orleftboundisthe same as one of the horizontal coordinates of sample region.


When an edge is bidirectional, this is a shorthand to indicate that the reaction is reversible.

there are actually two reactions represented.


Based on this, we augmented the transceiver with a novel capability, namely, adaptive transmitting power tuning.

instead of using the worst case transmitting power regardless to the destination, we propose of runtime tuning the transmitting power based on the recipient of the current communication.


can be tuned putation tasks running in parallel, the solution obtained at t4 may not be trusted if the maximum permissible time step is already employed at t3.

the LTE tolerance may not be satis.ed at t4.


However, this decreases the cache size from 32 kB to 30 kB, since we loose one way.

we can nearly double the associativity (from n to 2n - 1) at the cost of loosing one way of capacity.


Wire length is lowest for H noc1 and increases as we duplicate links to create other hybrid NoC designs.

h noc1 and H noc5 respectively have 25% and 3.6% lower wire length compared to a mesh.


4.1 Machine Parameters We hook up the GEM5 simulator with MGUARD simulator to model a quad-core system.

the multicore cpu is integrated with 2MB L2 cache and an on-chip memory controller.


We studied a set of proposals for creating such a terabit density disk [45, 31, 43].

we are interested in the feasible values for BPI and TPI, given all the constraints related to the recording medium, head design, and noise margins, for constructing reliable terabit density disks.


It is worth noting that BalanceMMC may .nd a strongly connected component where the slacks are all ones when zero-slack arcs still exist.

it may terminate when .nding a cycle with arcs whose mean weight is not exactly the maximum.


In this paper, we propose a new technique, referred to as Bayesian Virtual Probe (BVP), to efficiently measure, characterize and monitor spatial variations posed by manufacturing uncertainties.

the proposed BVP method borrows the idea of Bayesian inference and information theory from statistics to determine an optimal set of sampling locations where test structures should be deployed and measured to monitor spatial variations with maximum accuracy.


These amendments resulted in experimentation with a variety of musical material.

it was found that interesting results would be acquired when using music that already exhibited simple, repetitive structures, little or no vocals, and which was highly quantised in terms of its rhythm.


Combined Place and Route While the previous results demonstrate that trade-offs exist among different placement algorithms and routing algorithms, they do not address the critical question of deciding which set of algorithms should be chosen for a specified trade-off.

given that the user is willing to trade-off some quality for an improved runtime, should a faster placement algorithm and a slower route algorithm be chosen, or a slower placement algorithm and a faster route algorithm?


The .gure shows that the metric (µ+s) is highly sensitive to the value of the policy parameter.

policies with parameter value, TT H < 20 ms and are able to achieve 59% improvement over the conventional mean-based policy for the metric µ+s.


The two ring frequency distributions obtained after the header and footer stepping contain very useful information about process variation.

the following information can be derived from the two distributions: The standard deviation of the first distribution is a measure of the FET level random variation in the PFET devices while the standard deviation of the second distribution represents random variability in the NFET devices.


This is due to the fact that the power model of our SRAM is not sensitive to data variations.

the ASIC library assumes the same power for a read access regardless of the actual bit values being read.


There is one type of the structured element.

the structured element can be programmed as a logical element and sequential element.


Note that predicting a nonhead miss when there is in fact no nonhead miss will incur a significant penalty over the baseline, which correctly continues along the trace.

whenever the trace cache provides a correct multiblock trace for execution (i.e.


EVALUATION We evaluate the impact of rank subsetting on memory power,processorperformance, andsystem energy-delayproduct using the con.gurations described in the previous section.

we focus on understanding the interplay between subsetting DRAM ranks and utilizing DRAM power-down modes as the capacity and the reliability level of the memory systems are varied, which was not studied before.


This observation suggests the possibility of making such ECGbased biometric system adaptable .

the biometric system can possibly be regularly updated on a daily basis so that the updated model will be utilized for the next 24 hours to validate or recognize the identity once any subject puts on the device.


When the binary digits {xQn; n = 1,2, ,N} are stored in an SRAM, the stored value {yQn; n = 1,2, ,N} can be different from {xQn; n = 1,2, ,N}, since each bit cell can possibly fail.

the stored value: N Q nQ y =L2- y (5) n n=1 can be different from the actual quantized value xQ.


Prior work on memory dependence prediction has already shown that there are stable patterns between loads and the store instructions they receive their values from [5, 15, 25].

a static load that is dependent on an earlier store is usually dependent on the same static store for each dynamic instance of that load, and furthermore the relative position of the store will also be the same.


Second, we modify the transformed program (that contains the actual computations) such that all communications are blocking FIFO receive requests.

until the data is available on the FIFO, the program will wait.


We show in the following that the bene.ts of the aforementioned two approaches can be combined.

incremental cycle detection can be augmented with the capability of performing selective theory deduction, and at no additional cost to the incremental algorithm in [26].


Based on the simulation studies with an industrial 90nm technology, it is observed that the degradation of circuit performance due to NBTI can be effectively mitigated by VDD and Vth tuning, PMOS sizing, as well as reducing the duty cycle.

an optimal VDD exists to minimize the performance degradation.


Similarly, the data edges ED in a .-CDFG are equivalent to the data edges of the DFG after EC.

the removed operations VR have neither incoming edges nor outgoing edges.


As we can see, the WIC scheme can improve the energy e.ciency of all these three cache memories.

the L1 instruction cache energy consumption is reduced because WIC can decrease the cold instruction misses by storing Java binary code directly into the L1 instruction cache.


Thus, the improvement of these programmable routing elements by using the proposed nanorelay-CMOS switches will determine the FPGA performance.

the proposed cFPGA includes new CB and SB designs to utilize nanorelay-CMOS components.


News media may also serve as a source of information, but this information needs to be considered in the context of the type of work performed by these media outlets.

since the focus of reporters is going to be necessarily be on the most heavily damaged areas, relying on such information without considering a proper context may lead to the erroneous impression that a hugely vast area was completely obliterated by the disasters when almost always the reality is that intense damage is usually observed in very bounded and relatively small areas.


WithCOGS, we conduct an empirical characterizationof entry guards fueledby real data onTor routers capturedby the Tor Metrics Portal.

we analyze natural churn, entry guard rotation, the number of entry guards chosen, and other parameters in terms of their effects on security and performance through large-scale simulation ofTor s current entry guard selection and rotation algorithms.


Of these approaches, only [2] attempts to capture systematically a subspace of asynchronous pipeline protocols.

petri Net models are used to capture the behavior of a family of static 1 A similar modeling approach for individual protocols was used in Yakovlev et al.


The reason is because it has been observed that the cache ef.ciency is low, which is the fraction of data that will be a read hit in the future before any evictions or writes [4].

cache blocks that are not actively accessed are not likely to be used in the future.


When Vdd scales, Icell keeps the same as Idata as long as the Vdd is sufficiently high to keep the current mirror functioning right.

oLED color distortion occurs only when the Vdd is too low to supply Icell = Idata.


Further analysis showed that the control logic allows the instruction code to be either fetched from the ROM or from the input register.

selecting a testing mode always allows arbitrary code execution.


This happens not because there are no available .its at the inputs, but because the majority of the output ports are blocked due to back-pressure .ow control.

a full input buffer blocks the upstream output port, which inevitably remains idle waiting for a credit to return.


Methods that rely on asymmetry sieves, such as those proposed in [7, 12], are said to be based upon the so-called negative-thinking paradigm [14].

they obtain the symmetric variable pairs from the set of all variables pairs by systematically removing all asymmetric variable pairs.


Moreover, we show that with effective power management of individual drives, this performance can be achieved using a very small power budget.

we show that our power management strategy can result in the performance comparable to an always-on RAID system while using p /mp15atr the power of such a RAID system.


Not all 2-level IIBs with a depopulated second-level crossbar are type-3 IIBs.

iIBs based solely on depopulating the intra-cluster crossbar of a VPR-style IIB, like those in [10], are typically not type-3 IIBs.


In our simulation, we manually set m to 2.

we apply a blended Markov model with order-0, order-1, and order-2, respectively, to the data sets.


This architecture allows unvetted application programs to use sensitive data while enforcing the data s associated con.dentiality policy.

dataSafe prevents secondary dissemination by authorized recipients of sensitive data, protects data derived from sensitive data, and protects sensitive data at-rest, in-transit and during-execution.


we have plotted FB Gdiff = (GR FB)max (GR TB)max for the hottest resource in each We generate the power trace file for HotSpot using the values PR TB benchmark.


The model presented in [22] was fully incorporated in our circuit simulation flow using SPICE allowing for the hybrid simulation of CMOS transistor devices and ECM devices with representative parameters (see Fig.1c or [22]).

a circuit using TSMCs 40nm CMOS technology was designed and some expected performance figures were derived from simulation.


For implementation on the XBOX360, Eden Games adopted a variant of the recursive variable budget technique described above.

a budget of 8 clusters was used at each recursion level.


Combining these results with the activation probabilities of each bit-slice obtained in Table 2, provides more reliable average delays.

for the DCT we obtain an average delay for the multiplier of 3.5ns, which is about 1.7 times faster than the worst-case delay.


A T2EC cache line is fetched to the LLC, modi.ed in the LLC, then evicted to DRAM like a normal cache line.

the LLC is dynamically partitioned to dataandT2EC cachelinesandT2EC storage overheadsare eventually amortized to DRAM.


The method of l solving (9) is discussed in [16].


Be sure to place signs where they make sense to be placed.


Here we note that, as for the hold timing constraint, each edge ((da,dq), (da,on)) depends on the the binding solution, and is not .xed before binding.

we can only say that if dq is bound to the same register with dp , then (da,dq)is needed, and if on is bound to the same FU with oa , then (da,on) is needed.


it should not depend on any subjective measure.


Considering the three cases mentioned value predictor; it is also related to the size of the windows we above (lucas, vpr, and facerec), the stall-based model hardly choose.

our naive predictor assumes that the next produces ED2P savings, while the miss-based model offers a 12% window exhibits the same characteristics as the current window.


3.1 Identifying Important Variables To generate the unsatis.able core, additional bookkeeping is required during the SAT solving process.

for each con.ict clause, its complete con.ict graph must be recorded to memorize all the clauses that are responsible for it.


New energies of states of molecular orbitals Enew are obtained by adding the selfconsistent .eld energy USC F and the contribution of the gate potential to molecular orbital shift eVge f f .

in our model when the electrostatic potential is applied to the gate electrode, only a part of this electrostatic potential would e.ect the molecular energies.


Arcs represent the compatibility between data.

for each vertexpair, the arc (....,.... ) is added to ...... if .... and .... do not have lifetime overlapping even before modi.cation, and .... is generated earlier than .... .


The goal for traditional execution is for this speedup to be as close to 1× as possible.

for traditional execution, we simply wish to reduce the performance overhead of using the XLOOPS ISA compared to the general-purpose ISA when executing on traditional general-purpose microarchitectures.


At the same time, however, LFSRs have several desirable properties in the context of random number generation.

a maximal-length LFSR with a characteristic polynomial of order n goes through all 2n -1 states before repeating a previously generated state.


Each loop iteration consists of three phases: in put reading (lines 16-18), computation (line 20, hereby omitted), and output writing (lines 22-26).

during the input and output phases the process communicates with other processes using the interface primitives.


It is true that, by adding more measurements, we can eventually reach the point where the two populations are linearly separable.

in high dimensions, the measurement patterns are sparsely distributed, leaving a wide empty space between the two populations, where a linear boundary can .t.


PERFORMANCE EVALUATION We use our real-life data of .lters and corresponding traf.c to study the memory, worst-case time and average-time performance of the different classi.cation algorithms.

understand memory versus time tradeoff of the different decision trees and compare standard and common branches decision trees.


We apply the IA to the 135 matrix reactions in the 1000 mitochondrial conditions obtained with 1000 di.erent values of fumarate.

we take into account 135 decision variables of the model, namely the .uxes of the reactions in the matrix.


We assume that all the intra-tile wires regardless of dimensions, are latency-optimized.

compared to inter-tile wires,  8 AF = 1% AF = 0.1% 10 100 100 0 5 10 15 20 10 relative power 6 10 90 90 80 80 4 70 10 70 number of wires relative power 60 60 2 50 50 10 40 40 30 0 30 10 20 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 101010101010 wire length (gate pitch) 10 10 00 Figure 3: Wire distribution of our base chip.


PROBLEM DEFINITION Given a set of Boolean functions representing an arithmetic component, our goal is to enumerate all possible factorizations which expose CSEs common to more than one of the functions in the set.

we look for all those which (1) are Pareto-optimal that is, circuits that are better in area and/or in critical-path delay than any other and which (2) are not equivalent for logic synthesis.


Here, since we bring the data to a single location to evaluate the gate, we must v pay O( N log(N)) energy for every data fetch from the banked memory.

we are not exploiting any locality in movement of the data.


Second, the number of hot subarrays at any moment is typically small.

most cache accesses within a short time are localized to a small number of cache subarrays.


The reason is that most of the error bits caused by program disturbs could be led into another reliable block whose sibling reliable block is currently free when .ash space is not fullyutilized.

the percentage of disturb errors on invalid data decreases as the .ash space utilization increases, but this agrees with the aforementioned observation that high space utilization of .ash memory would reduce the probability on allocating free reliable blocks from free or semi-free physical block.


This paper aims to address the shortcomings of the existing analog optimizers.

the focus is to investigate the benefits of using discrete optimizers instead of the conventional continuous optimizers.


Our methodology aims at minimizing the total number of component synthesis to achieve a rich set of target system implementations.

we propose: 978-3-9810801-8-6/DATE12/ c.2012 EDAA · a concise component-library format, which preserves the freedom of system designers to select a wide range of component implementation alternatives to .t the speci.c design context of a system; · an algorithm that, for a given system design context, prunes the design space of a component to minimize the set of its implementation candidates for integration into the system.


Moreover, because all signals belonging to thesameI/O interfacewillbevery likelyrouted tothe same I/O interface in other chips on the PCB, it is desirable to have the I/O cells belonging to the same interface physically close toeachother (oreveninapreferredorder), which reduces the delay and SI variations between signals of the same interface.

di.erential signal pairs are usually required to escape and to be routed together on the package.


Such techniques are generally applied to internal nodes with high capacitive load that heavily contribute to total power dissipation.

the clock system, composed by flip-flops and clock distribution network, is one of the most power consuming subsystem in a VLSI circuit [13].


However, when we are working with an SPM where the different lines have different latencies (i.e., without assuming the worst-case latency for all lines uniformly), the execution can easily lead to faults if we read data from a line which has high latency and assume that it has a low latency.

dropping the worst-case based design option requires us to carefully manage the data SPM performance as much as possible without causing any access timing failures.


The numerical index in Figure 6b indicates the sequence of packetization in an SB.

the CRI is packetized first, followed by SCF and BL.


To discuss the question, we focus on a .oorplanning implementation.

we decided that the best choice of a .oorplanning strategy was that of a simulated annealing approach.


In practice, this parameter is de.ned by the nominal wake-up latency.

transfers are drowsy until the interface can ensure correct timing (e.g., current DRAM DLLs require 768ns).


Going into more details, low-and mid-frequency range is more favorable to the CC-Latch (and pTERF), because of its superior cross-over suppression property.


the slope of the gm-VCM curve of a differential pair when turning on, the effective voltage, VDS,sat, of the tail current source transistor should be increased.

the effective voltages of the transistors which realize the current sources IN1 and IP1 should be increased.


each arbiter outputs 1 if and only if the .rst 0 .


Weobservethatlargerthecacheblockis, shorterthelength of thedormantperiodis.

sincelargerblocks store moredata,thelength of theperiod between their two consecutive accesses is smaller, leading to lessfrequentinvalidations; and as a result,theimprovement in APEC through invalidation becomes less.


We use fin and fout to represent input and output layer transfer functions, and index i, j, k to indicate neuron indices in the input, hidden and output layer respectively.

we choose a linear output function, sigmoid hidden layer functions and formulate our ANN kernel calibration process in Eqn.


Although it is clear that it is not possible to obtain arbitrarily low values of area and negative slack (the Gaussian distributions are truncated), better results with respect to the original .le can be obtained by running several synthesis .ows on transformed input .les.

we note that the best performance area-wise and slack-wise shown in Table 2 were not obtained with the same design: the samples create a Pareto-curve from which designers can select the trade-o.


To cope with this problem it is necessary to take a di.erent perspective on baseline noise and ECG components contributing to the ST segment.

they should be analyzed in a domain that is not the frequency domain.


In our agent algorithm the probability of a random stream is constant, while probability of helping another agent is inversely proportional to the number of own goals that an agent had reached.

agents that reach their own goals early are more likely to help other agents that have fewer goals covered.


The .rst method .nds the washing paths by diagonal searching.

the next destina- Table 4: Diagonal searching vs. horizontal searching.


Besides, it can handle designs with non-uniform wire widths well and obtained better routing solutions than previous works.

our gridless router is the .rst to complete the routing for the set of commonly used benchmarks of non-uniform wire sizes listed in the preceding section.


The proposed method generates test functions for each transition fault under any activation/propagation sensitization criterion and at the same time allows the event to propagate along any path in a subcircuit whose paths have exactly the same delay.

using a dynamic programming algorithm, k subcircuits are de.ned: The .rst contains all longest paths, the second all second longest paths, and so on.


Improved Procedure Placement for Set Associative Caches Yun LiangTulika Mitra Advanced Digital Sciences Center School of Computing Illinois at Singapore National University of Singapore eric.liang@adsc.com.sg tulika@comp.nus.edu.sg ABSTRACT The performance of most embedded systems is critically dependent on the memory hierarchy performance.

higher cache hit rate can provide signi.cant performance boost to an embedded application.


This is done in order to avoid any arti.cial improvement of the quality of the results of our method.

keeping such paths in the lists of candidate paths would lead to cases were the number of combinations is large but where many of these combinations can be easily removed by our branch and bound approach.


In reality, however, there will be more to consider in the loss function than just upper and lower space.

the algorithm as described so far would produce a very large number of jogs, and very long jogs.


Our implementation is as robust as LU factorization based direct methods, and can be orders of magnitude faster than SPICE for time-domain simulation of VLSI circuits with a large amount of linear parasitic elements.

the efficiency comes from the following four ideas: 1.


This hierarchical switch arbiter is a distributed switch arbiter whose individual 2x2 and 4x4 SAs operate in parallel with one another.

the upper level switch arbiters (relatively located at the right side of Figure 5) arbitrate the ORed requests from the lower level switch arbiters in Figure 5, while a internal BA of a lower level SA grants one request regardless of an ack signal from the higher level.


Section 4 describes our proposed architectural synthesis methodology.

we will focus on the global interconnect sharing algorithm.


The degree of correlation among the peer interests can be adjusted by changing the bp and bn parameters while keeping the bp/bn ratio intact.

the resulting topic frequencies will be the same, although the correlation between the peer subscriptions will be the highest when bp .


Crack topologies of interposers vary in positions, sizes and directions.


A method to alter the delay must be chosen that is adaptable while in use.

a dynamic window-size algorithm is chosen, where the constraint optimization problem tells us the left hand side of the constraint and the minimization goal wants to shrink the window size as much as possible while the right hand, the constraint threshold, limits this shrinking.


Thereafter, the U-method, which uses a unique input/output (UIO) sequence to verify the ending state of each transition besides testing each transition at least once, is widely used in protocol conformance testing.

this method involves deriving UIO sequences for each state of M. A UIO sequence for a state of M is an I/O behavior that is not exhibited by any other state of M. the test sequence u is regarded to be a UIO sequence for state (1 == if and only if si in) 1 jn, ji.


The values in this register file include an incremental count and an accumulated count.

the register file contains the number of cycles since pa_start and the accumulated number of cycles for this code region over all previous invocations of this assertion.


Problems were formulated through a discussion held within the group that prepared the problems.

during the preparation of the second problem, the problems presented by other groups during the first round were referenced, and each group conducted a brainstorming session to discuss their next problem.


We then randomly added conditionality to these circuits by introducing several modes of operations.

for each benchmark circuit and for each mode of operation, a subset of channels are randomly selected as random seeds of the mode, and in subsequent steps of the algorithm adjacent channels traversed by Breath First Search (BFS), are added to the mode with certain probabilities.


We see that, on average, considering all levels in the hierarchy (L1+L2+L3+L4) bring 21.8% and 12.7% improvement over the L1+L2 and L1+L2+L3 versions, respectively.

for the best results, it is necessary to consider the entire cache hierarchy in distributing loop iterations among cores.


The proposed architecture requires 2log2N butter.y units compared to 4log2N in the prior designs.

the proposed design reduces the num  Figure 3: Proposed 8-parallel architecture for 16-point radix-2 FFT.


Therefore, the effect of decoupling capacitance becomes smaller as the distance increases, which is shown in Figure 6.

when on-chip inductance is taken into account and switching speed becomes faster, we must place decoupling capacitance at a closer place to current source.


We observe that while the results with this 1D allocation are not as good as those with the 2D allocation, the former is still able to generate good results.

figure 8 presents a comparison of 1D and 2D allocation policies under our configurationsensitive process scheduling.


The Extended Greedy heuristic does not have a bounded performance ratio on general instances: it is east to construct contrived instances on which it does not perform well.

it is motivated, however, by particular observed properties of our .lters data: One property is that our .lter instances have long commutative stretches (rules that have the same action commute).


We note that the side-channel nature of the DFA allows to attack the three DES executions separately, starting from the last one.

from a DFA standpoint, it is possible to attack the Triple-DES cipher through simply retrieving the secret-key of the last DES instance, peeling away the effects of its encryption, and repeating the procedure for the other instances.


For any given disk request that requires accessingtheplatters(i.e., cannotbe servicedfrom the disk cache), the access time of the request is serialized through the seek, rotational latency, and data transfer phases.

although the arm and spindle assemblies are physically independent electro-mechanical systems, they are used in a tightly coupled manner due to the way thatdisk accesses areperformed.


To carry out the proposed feature measurements, we introduce 4 types of feature-centric operators constructed under Table 1: Hotspot signature measurement operators operators operation description (features to measure) fcorn(·) corner information: CV(convex) / CC(concave) fext(·) external inter fragment distances fint(·) internal inter fragment distances fmisc(·) miscellaneous information  9A-1  Effectiv e radius Fragmen t a t i on based  (a) (b)  centered at each fragm e nt conte xt char acteri z a t ion Figure 3: Fragmentation based hotspot signature extraction the shared object environment of [16], as shown in Table 1.

operator fmisc(·) requests extra information regarding Frag, such as fragment orientation (X or Y axis) and the length of Frag, etc.


The most significant difference between our work and [12] is that we provide a detailed comparison of lifetime- and temperature-aware task mapping.

we analyze two variations on temperature-aware task mapping to show that tem-perature-aware task mapping cannot be used to optimize system lifetime.


Although both our method and [6] use MFFCs, the heuristics are different.

our work employs reference counting for efficient computation and evaluation of MFFCs with duplication, which facilitates logic sharing.


This paper provides a step in this direction.

this paper provides an analytical model in the form of a simple equation that describes the maximum operating frequency (performance) of a NoC as a function of various network parameters related to the overall network topology.


Completeness is achieved by refining abst(X) to eliminate such cases.

if X* denotes an assignment of values to variables such that ** * abst X lprop X 0 and conc X 0 then X* represents a spurious counterexample that must be eliminated from the space of consistent assignments in the abstract model (line 9).


It is important to note that the HMM as used in these systems uses of.ine learning.

the model is taught, until accurate parameters are obtained.


Note that the numbers of latches, gates, and inter-cell connections for the architecture with distributed control in [8] assume all three control signals are computed in the control cells.

the modi.cation mentioned in [8, Section 3.2.2], which computes one control signal locally and leads to a minor improvement, was not re.ected in Table 1.


Figure 3: Single stack based timing simulation for the SSBDD in Figure 2 Note that despite node k2 has a transition, we did not examine this macro input at all.

we have to check all of the macro inputs and calculate derivatives for all x(mi).xD only in the worst case.


Now if we multiply both sides of TfrB = 01 by T -1 we obtain frB = fq2.

the reuse subspace vector forms the last column of Q.


This means that neurons representing temperatures at nodes closer to the outlet would require a larger proximity distance than those near the inlet to attain the same level of accuracy.

for the same value of proximity used for all neurons in a 3D ICs, the training residuals (or the run-time errors) for neurons near the outlet would be larger than those near the inlet.


They are necessary for the implementation of malicious backdoors.

if the output of a circuit or gate is carrying a stealthy, malicious signal, then some or all of its inputs are weakly-affecting.


This glitch, however, is harmless since it merely affects the data path, and has no impact on the handshaking signals.

the only impact of this glitch may be a slight unnecessary consumption of energy if the contents of the latch change as a result of this glitch.


This means that we have abandoned the idea that any range uncertainty has .nite support, but use the interval to capture the central mass of an in.nite, continuous distribution.

we employ the bounding mechanics of the af.ne interval model, but interpret any .nal af.ne result as a combination of normal random variables.


The .nal logic equation for the enable signal is thus as follows: enable = (l XNOR b) & (f XOR l) & (d XNOR b) (1) Interestingly, the above logic implementation of the latch enable may glitch in a particular scenario; however, those glitches are completely harmless.

when an idle pipeline stage (with its latch disabled) receives an antitoken from its right neighbor, the current stage s latch may temporarily become enabled (for a certain combination of gate and wire delays), even though it is ideally supposed to stay disabled.


This engine is integrated with a standard SAT solver.

bDD Learning is performed in conjunction with other learning mechanisms in the SAT solver, e.g.


A key observation is that in presence of process variation and uncertainty, designers have limited control over the circuit s characteristics with the design parameters (e.g., transistor sizes).

unless the transistor sizes of one design are sufficiently different from those of another, process variation can render them essentially equivalent with the similar performance ranges.


Lemma 1: A monomial candidate_p1 computed in (1) is a good candidate to be added to p1 if 1) those monomials produced by candidate_p1u p2 and have the highest complexity, are found in existing_mon.

the complexity of those monomials found in existing_mon should be greater than that of monomials which do not exist in existing_mon and 2) those monomials produced by candidate_p2up1 and have the highest complexity, are found in existing_mon.


A memory trace s is said to be serial if, for all indices i, we have op(i)=R implies both lw(s,i,addr(s(i)))= 0 and val(s(i))=val(s(lw(s,i,addr(s(i))))).

in a serial trace each read action returns the value of the last write action to the same address2.


From the power angle, dynamic power that is expended in writes to replicated lines will be higher due to the extra write(s).

the more replicas we generate, the more dynamic energy consumption we incur.


Assuming there is no preference in binding operations to resources, the probability of an operation v to be bounded to resource rT(~,),~ is ~ .

aT{v} 1 p((vi,rT(~i),j) E Ebi,~a ) --(1) a~-(~)  The probability that a DFG edge be mapl)ed to a resource connection edge can be derived from Equation 1 as follows: 1 (z) (IT( vl )aT(vj ) Lemma 2.


SENSITIVITY OF H-TREE SECTOR The effect of process variations on the performance of the resonant H-tree sector is explored in this section.

six types of circuit variations are considered: the driving buffer output resistance, on-chip inductor and capacitor size, and signal and shielding transmission line width and spacing.


This gate flips the nth line if the control lines are all one.

we have: xi(out)=xi (i<n), xn(out)=x1x2 xn-1.xn.


These approaches exploit the tradeoff between the capacity and the performance of HDDs.

the dual copy method [24] improves the rotational latency by duplicating the same data on two different HDDs.


3.2.3 Properties of the kmflow Algorithm We can prove the following properties for the algorithm discussed above: 1) If a node v is labeled as label(v), then it can be implemented with a depth no more than label(v).

label(v) is the upper bound estimation of the depth of v in the mapping solution.


In addition, the probability that the distance of an active user to the BS is between r and r+dr is proportional to the load generated by these users, namely d.(r)/C(r).

the density of active users is inversely proportional to their peak rate C(r).


6.2 Performance Analysis Moving from the coverage analysis results, performance limits of the communication protocol have been evaluated by focusing on the WSN Patch level, i.e., the portion of the EMMON network below the gateway.

using the previously referred toolset, several scenarios were identi.ed based on all the combinations of the input parameters in Table 1.


Therefore, recent findings of a switching mechanism, which does not include local melting and can be realized with significantly lower powers, have created high hopes and expectations [11].

for superlattices of chalcogenides with tailored thicknesses very significant reductions in power consumption for the switching process have been reported.


We want to create a good architecture with the specified parameters.

the unspecified properties of the archi- tecture should be set to "reasonable" values.


The objective of this flow is to faacilitate fast assay synthesis while minimally compromising the quuality of results.

we show that a virtual topology, whhich constrains the allowable locations of assay operations such ass mixing, dilution, sensing, etc., in lieu of traditional placement, can significantly speed up the synthesis process without significcantly lengthening assay execution time.


Mappings: The relation between application and architecture is shown by a set of mappings.


If the designer knows that it is unlikely to detect multiple faults at the exact same time, then it is possible to reduce the table size to one.

the designer can tradeoff between the time to determine a new fault-free path and the silicon area overhead.


2b) Apply Fairness-Rule: If the ratio Smax/Smin >a,thenSTFM decreases unfairness by prioritizing requests of thread Tmax with largest slowdown Smax.

dRAM commands are prioritized in the following order: 2b-1) Tmax-.rst: Ready commands from requests issued by Tmax over any command from requests issued by other threads.


Low-voltage critical paths are shortened through application of custom microprocessorstyle design techniques.

logic functions are aggressively integrated into edge-triggered latches resulting in improved delays, set-up times, and hold times.


Notice that there are three 5-nodes in Na(v).

the node u can be in three different positions relative to the node v. One such position is shown in Figures 10 and Figure 11.


For indication, CPU time of 10 GA generations (500ms) is 181 seconds and simulating 100 chromosomes for 500ms alone (without GA) takes 177 seconds, which means that GA accounts for less that 3% of the CPU time.

the energy harvester has a large storing capacitor of 0.22F and even for one chromosome, simulating the voltage across it with time step of 0.1ms for 100 seconds takes almost 10 minutes.


Sizing rules represent an optimal compromise between design performance (e.g., gain) and process yield.

sizing rules guarantee the proper function of a building block and its robustness, e.g., towards mismatch or Early effect.


Functional interdependency is found when an infrastructure requires in order operating adequately that another infrastructure operates well.

in the case of ICT infrastructures, functional interdependency is found with respect to the following interdependent infrastructures called lifelines: electric grid to power sites, water supply for cooling of large centers, and roads for delivering fuel for gensets and deploying portable gensets to distributed sites.


We employ an E-greedy action selection policy.

with probability 1- E(for some small E;we currently use E =0.05), nodes select the greedy action that maximizes the utility u(a).


V. SIMULATION RESULTS We examine the performance of the logic hardening scheme, represented by yield, de.ned as the percentage of successful logic mappings in a number of trials.

we use the metric of RunTime-Constrained (RTC) yield [28], by setting a runtime upperbound for searching for a logic implementation in the experiments, and gathering yield data over 104 defective crossbars.


Empty-slot batching attempts to alleviate this problem by allowing requests to be added to the current batch if less than Marking-Cap requests from that thread for the speci.c bank were marked so far in the batch.

if at the time a new batch is formed, a thread does not utilize its entire allotted share of marked requests (i.e.


Peak performance gains over the 10year workloads ranged from 20-35% compared to a nominal DVS controlled system.

the profile in Figure 5 shows a 26.7% peak performance improvement.


The challenging communications media created by the underwater acoustic channel force the researchers to redesign conventional networking algorithms.

the underwater environment presents an unreliable channel, due to extended multipath and high Doppler shift, together with long propagation delay, caused by the comparably low speed of sound (1500 m/s) [1].


This is because these values are specific to a particular atom-pair and the distribution of pairs among the pipelines is the same in both the Eself and GB pipelines.

if a particular pair is processed by the first Eself pipeline, it will always be processed by the first GB pipeline.


The increase in the number of MTs due to ghosting may be thought of as increasing the effective area of the overlay, from the point of view of paging.

if Ns MTs are registered with the overlay, we say the effective area is As = Ns/.. We are interested in the ghosting ratio As/Ao = Ns/No, which is always greater than or equal to one for a convex region.


Yan and Wong [13] recently pointed out that the network-.ow tile models used in [2, 3, 5, 11, 12, 14] are non-exact.

those models cannot precisely determine whether a routing instance is feasible or not.


Then the power consumption of the IP is reported according to the signal values during simulation.

the power back-annotated ViP model can estimate the power consumption on a cycle-by-cycle basis by monitoring its internal switching activities.


PROPOSED DESIGN EQUATIONS Starting from the established device characteristics shown in the previous section, we derive a set of compact closed-form expressions that provide important design guidance, which is employed in the following sections.

we show how the memristance can be controlled by the applied flux and we achieve the same goal for the memristor state.


5.2 Wire Length Savings This section uses the model presented in Section 3 to evaluate the amount of wiring spent in systems based on dedicated TAMs.

it evaluates the amount of wiring that could be saved by using NoC TAM.


SystemC-based system s Bridge test result  The bridge test did not use RTOS, but loaded a binary code to test functionality of Ethernet-DMA.

if the whole system was working properly with Ethernet-DMA, we would see whether the system got routed or not, transmitting the frames and receiving them at the same rate.


This is due to the fact that if dik is the same for two canonical forms X and Y , the PDF of the statistical min(X, Y ) is virtually indistinguishable from the PDF of the input which has smaller mean, independent of the tightness probability.

as long as x0 <y0, it does not matter if x0«y0 or x0 y0, the PDF for the statistical min(X, Y ) is essentially the same as the PDF for X.


Although the physical cell size is comparable to that of the SRAMs and the 7 '5$0 WHUQDU *175$0¶V GHQVLW EHQHILW FRPHV IURP the fact that it stores more than one bit per cell (log3/log2 bits per cell).

ternary GNTRAM showed a densityper-bit benefit of up to 1.68x vs. scaled 6T CMOS SRAM, 1.77x vs. gridded 8T CMOS SRAM and 1.42x vs. the 3T DRAM in 16nm technology node.


The reduction matrix needs to be composed of individual Krylov subspaces for only these k trajectory points and not for all the points in the model.

the for loop in Algorithm 1 needs to run for i = {1, 2, ..., k} instead of i = {1, 2, ..., s} (where s is the number of trajectory samples in the models, typically on the order of 10,000-100,000).


The state set C :={s|prop(s)=1} (3) is called induction commitment.

based on the above de.nition the inductive step for proving prop can be formulated as a bounded reachability check using the image operator as follows: we check whether only states in C are reachable from Hk in k +1 clock cycles.


As shown in these graphs, more leakage power can be saved as Ncsc increases.

the leakage power saving depends on the network load.


In this paper, we adopt the three-stage mixed-size placement approach because it is robust to handle macro orientations and pre-placed macros, .exible to consider various routability constraints, and easy to be integrated into an industry design .ow.

we focus on the second stage, macro placement, which is the key to determine the placement quality for this approach.


Notice further that valq[k mod 2] is not modified until q initiates an SC operation with scqq = k + 2.

the value of valq[kmod2] is guaranteed to be vq.k until q completes SCq,k+l.


In spite of the above bene.ts, which may or may not be present under the entropy loss function de.ned in Appendix B since it does not consider the detector as part of the communication channel, we see that these bene.ts would vanish if the a-priori information, cost assignments, and decision space T are known precisely.

such bene.ts stand on the weaknesses of the Bayesian method.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, we presented a method for creating a dynamicallyadaptive asynchronous interconnection network that rapidly recon.gures based on local traf.c conditions.

the network uses a new bi-modal arbitration node, which supports a single-channelbias mode when one of its two input channels is inactive.


In this paper, we show that these questions are relevant in practice.

we investigate simple add-step multipliers and show that simple design errors can lead to exponential growth of the *BM:Ds occuring during backward construction.


Furthermore, assume that .ip-.op F in .le II driven by clock1 is marked by path-trace at time-frame t7.

path-trace started from an erroneous output marking lines in combinational circuitry C as it reaches the output of F .


Each bus line is 1000µm long, 1µm wide and 1µm thick.

1the matrix is positive de.nite, and the resulting circuit model is passive.


4.4 Power and Area We have studied the impact in power, area and delay of the extra entries in the VC/MSHR/EB/WCB required by our approach.

we have evaluated the impact of adding 2 extra entries in a 4-entry MSHR.


At the end of this process, we get the number of cache lines ( |LOCKLIST |) as well as memory addresses which should be locked in this set ( LOCKLIST ).

we obtain the solution for both the unknowns of cache locking problem.


Throughout the discussion on the technology mapping algorithm (Section 3), unit delay and unit area models are used.

variation of interconnection delay and routing area is not directly considered during technology mapping of the original network.


However, learning with a high percentage of accuracy is feasible [2].

if one demands an almost guaranteed result, the problem becomes hard.


Today it is perfectly feasible to design a multiprocessor System-on-a-Chip on FPGA platforms.

soft processors on FPGAs (e.g., MicroBlaze from Xilinx [22] and NIOS /NIOS II from Altera [20]) offer a higher level of abstraction and present new options to the embedded designers.


This calls for improving the timing error resilience of a circuit.

it is desirable that Ps decreases gracefully as the delay of a circuit deteriorates.


By adding clearn to the SAT problem, we can prevent the SAT engine from searching the clearn = 0 subspace.


2.2 Motivation Although high memory bandwidth of HMCs is one of their most promising characteristics from the performance perspective, it rather shows several detrimental impacts on their energy e.ciency.

high-speed serial links consume a signi.cant amount of power even when they are not used at all.


Introduction The growing demand for embedded computing platforms, mobile systems, general-purpose handheld devices, and dedicated servers coupled with shrinking time-to-market windows are leading to new core based system-on-a-chip (SOC) architectures [1][2][3].

microprocessor cores (a.k.a., embedded processors) are playing an increasing role in such systems design [4][5][6].


Thus, the Dependence matrix of the O,I l,O (1,O executed by the same SMP node.

we per ,...,,..., form grouping to the Tile space JS, as indicated in Fig.


The .rst PV-tolerant design is the straight forward static NUCA design, much like that in a 2D CMP.

every subbank has its own speed, irrespective of the slowest subbank speed.


After memory is loaded, execution proceeds according to scenario 2 below.

scenario 1 is the same as scenario 2 with a disk load added at the beginning.


First, A starts executing, and when it is done with its .rst nested loop, B starts executing.

the second loop nest of A and the loop nest of B starts executing simultaneously.


Furthermore, as long as task t1F executes during the transition phase, none of the tasks t2U and t4U will experience blocking from t3A.If t3A would have higher priority than t1F then t3A s execution would not wrongly be delayed by lower priority tasks.

the AUTOSAR spinlock-based arbitration strategy inherently avoids the problems identi.ed in case of using priority ceilings for LRs [4], [6].


Summary and Conclusions In this paper, we have reviewed number of important issues concerning bio-electronic systems and interfaces, their design and fabrication.

the advantages of scaling and higher density integration have been discussed, and the potential advantages have been balanced against requirements of low noise design, uniform power density and surface temperature distribution, better component matching, and immunity to parameter variations.


Our technique reduces the power consumption, because a) the low temporal data is processed on the data filtering engine before it is placed onto the high capacitance system bus, and b) the conflict misses caused by low temporal data are reduced resulting in fewer accesses to the L2 cache.

we show that our technique reduces the bus accesses in representative applications by as much as 46.8% (26.5% on average) and reduces the overall power by as much as 15.6% (8.6% on average) on a single-core processor.


It includes many of the advanced design features proven in VHDL, but also provides further extensions in terms of data types, encapsulation mechanisms and assertions.

the interface construct encapsulates communication both at the netlist level, as a wire bundle, and at the transaction level, as method calls.


Second, if a memory region receives lots of writes, the writes often come from lots of frames.

since multiple frames are mapped to a single region, the write count is large.


Then the CFG is traversed while the following rules are examined to determine whether a sequence of memory writes (right-hand side of assignments) exhibit memory reuse: The analyzed memory writes are common pointer based dereferences.

these memory writes only di.er in their o.sets from a common base pointer.


However, the performance of VC flow control worsens relative to the fixed VC structures.

supposing the statically-allocated VCs implementation lowers buffer utilization due to lack of flexibility in buffer size.


Inparticular,recentlyproposed memory modelsforC++0x[9] andJava[30] arebased on thedata-race-free-0(DRF0) memory model[1].These models require that aprogrammer explicitly classify shared-memory variables into synchronization and data.1 The intentionis thatprogrammers use synchronization variables for all inter-threadcommunication and thatthere are nodata races ondata variables.

two threads in the program are not allowed to concurrently access the same data variable unless both accesses are reads.For suchdata-race-freeprograms,DRF0guarantees SC.Toprovide thisguarantee, DRF0 requires the language runtime to execute synchronization accesses in SC order with few optimizations.Onthe otherhand,the runtimeis allowedtoperform most sequentially valid (i.e., correcton a single threadinisolation) optimizations in synchronization-free regions of the program.


However, the transition rates have been replaced by transition probability.

for our example, Figure 4: EMC for the FT process with an initial state of 2 carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms.