In fact, we can show that for two users and two paths this is the worst case.

the model and its conclusions still hold.


E. Packet Interarrival Times CBR traffic has fixed-size packets and a constant packet arrival rate.

by using simulations the previous section results may be useful for streaming video protocol designs, new network router queue management disciplines that react to streaming video flows, and understanding interactions between streaming audio and traditional traffic.


That is, FTP 1 experiences less contention than FTP 2 and FTP 3 due to its FT P 4 FTP5 FTP6  FTP3 FTP2 FTP1 Figure 19: Grid topology  400 350 300  more goodput than FTP 3 and FTP 4, respectively.

this effect even has a stronger impact when transferring small files, as it is the case in this scenario, since TCP should be able to utilize the available bandwidth quickly in order to get benefit from the pause times, when the other flow is idle.


In addition to the channel loss per unit length, additional loss is seen.

the values of resistance, reactance and subsequently the attenuation become very high if we assume wave excitation on the surface of skin.


The Schematic Diagram of Route Reply 6.4 Route Maintenance Many factors lead to the appearance of route maintenance, for example, node movement, malicious attacks, and the change of network topology.

[25] Vaidya, N. H. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MAC and Transport Issues.


Notably, ARPSI only forwards unicast control packets and broadcast control packets to neighbors that are one hop away.

due to the swarm intelligence, ARPSI can adapt to mobility, and continues to find nearby anycast servers proactively.


The Twitter user ID together with this token is then used by the TDS to query the Twitter server to verify the identity.

1Download: http://code.google.com/p/twimight it has the disadvantage of being a purely besteffort technology and comes with potential delays in tweet delivery depending on the density of people and on their mobility.


Firstly, an independent clustering algorithmis morecoste.cientintermsofprogramming e.ort.

applicationdevelopersoroperators may wanttoadjustthegranularity ofin-networkdataprocessing withdi.erentlocation boundaries depending on the situation.


Optimal distributed algorithms for sorting and ranking.

denoted as bl, is de.ned as the number of links in Pl and Ql, i.e., bl = |Pl| + |Ql|.


Our analysis can be of great value to content providers and site administrators due to the large amount of network tra.c generated by UGC.

we try to answer the following questions: what is the underlying distribution of non-popular items, what shapes the distribution in one way or another, and how much bene.t the Long Tail can bring for UGC services.


During the transmission of this probe train, either the bottleneck queue occasionally empties or it doesn t. If it never empties then the probe rate is almost certainly infeasible.1 In this case, it is highly likely that some queue build up occurs during every sequence of 9 or 17 out of the 100 equally spaced probe packets, and thus a 9-packet probe train would also likely obtain the same infeasibility result.

we .nd that the AQP,2 estimates are between 0.7 -1.0 times the Pathload estimate in nearly every experiment that we have run (over hundreds of paths), and are often between 0.9 -1.0 times the Pathload value.


First, does the methodology work for other scenarios?

it is easy to see that BI R captures impact of carrier sensing on the two senders.


In our experiment, we choose sc = 1, 500 bytes, C = 10 mb/s, and .

the probing bias is also overcome quicker.


The two paths differ at the 3rd and 5th hops, which would commonly be interpreted as a path change.

a practical guide to (correctly) troubleshooting with traceroute.


A router interacts with the BGP Engine in the same way as it would with a normal BGP-speaking router, but the BGP Engine can send a different route to each router.

[22] J. Rexford, J. Wang, Z. Xiao, and Y. Zhang, BGP routing stability of popular destinations, in Proc.


As a general qualifier for this processing performance increase, Moore's Law [5] is often used to relate processor performance per unit cost to the number of transistors on an integrated circuit, empirically showing that these metrics double approximately every 2 years.

rEFERENCES  [1] IEEE Std 802.11-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-1999), Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, Jun.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Internet]: Measurement  General Terms Measurement  Keywords Routing, Data-Plane, Control-Plane, Reachability, Limitation of data, Default-Routing Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

the AS s operator is likely to be interested in knowing that they have limited reachability, and may put upwards pressure on the guilty party to ensure that the problem  Figure 7: The number of ASes showing conclusive, and probable evidence for reachability problems (log-scale).


We devel oped an intensity .uctuation model in Aqua-Sim to impact the received SNR.

networking architectures and protocols have to be redesigned for the underwater paradigm.


The false positive rates are con.gured to be low, so the overhead this introduces is minimal.

we vary the fraction of vehicles carrying a PND and randomly select a further set of vehicles to act as mobile seeds carrying a PND with the seeded content.


But since we want our mobility model to be self-contained, i.e., independent of scenario-speci.c operational data, we use well-known distribution functions by performing a .tting of the IDLE times.

it is unclear to which amount these models re.ect the characteristic movement patterns of the scenario they are based on.


ADPQ will adaptively set a quantum based on the QoS parameter called Maximum Latency defined for rtPS in IEEE 802.16 standard.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


[53] Y. Zhang, M. Roughan, C. Lund, and D. L. Donoho.

the intradomain routing determined by traf.c engineering should be robust against such interdomain route changes.


This layer consists of either a tree-based data index or a locality-preserving mapping of the datatothe peers.

the second con.guration uses a single continuous SFC for the complete octahedral map and therefore achieves better query resolution performance.


Where such sampling involves passive measurements, either uniform, or Poisson, the previously reported results apply.

n the discrete-time series Xi by sampling at time points ti, drawn i=1 j=1 k=1 from a Poisson process with rate ., then the sample mean X N = PN where the latter sum converges.


With Trickles, responsibility for data retransmission lies with the server application, since a reliable queuing mechanism, such as that found in TCP implementations, is stateful and holds data in a send buffer until it is acknowledged.

section 6 evaluates our Linux Figure 1: TCP versus Trickles state.


To establish a common key with a given neighbor node, a sensor only needs to check whether it has a predistributed pairwise key with the given node (because each pairwise key is associated with a sensor ID).


With this comes an on going battle against wasted spectrum.

this TCP/ IP-based technology, which the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 is developing, builds on CDMA2000 and would offer theoretical maximum rates of 280 Mbps.


Furthermore, the reuse of legacy applications can signi.cantly reduce the e.ort required to create realistic test and evaluation environments.

[18] M. Yarvis, P. L. Reiher, and G. J. Popek.


Bestperformance can be achieved if TNAPI is combined with PF RING.

people are even building monitoring devices based on commodity hardware that can be used to capture tra.c in 10 GE networks [4, 5] this is not an easy task, since it requires careful con.guration andoptimization of the hardware andsoftware components involved even the best hardware will su.er packet loss if its driving software stack is not able to handle the huge amount of network packets.


H * (HTH *)-1 Zero-forcing: W = c · Wzf = .Zeroforcing beamforming employs the CSI to precode the databearing symbols so that they sum to zero, or a null , at unintended receivers.

zero-forcing requires the computation of a matrix inverse, a calculation with the complexity of O(M·K2).


The stated goal of MACAW is to set the backoff counter of a flow proportional to the contention experienced by the flow [2].

it is easy to see that this scheme has an equilibrium point that is equal to the optimal value r~ that satisfies ~ = 0.


The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network.

flooding usually covers all the nodes in a network, but can also be limitted to a set of nodes that is de.ned by a geographical area (also called geocast .ooding [15]) or by the time-to-live (TTL) parameter of m. a node receiving the .ooded message only rebroadcasts it if it is within the speci.ed area or if the message s TTL is greater than 0.


In addition, our results match observations previously made over entire networks for FastTrack [17], older variants of Gnutella, which did not use a two-tiered hierarchical topology, and Napster [6].

we observe that eDonkey and eDonkey/Overnet produce results extremely quickly: after two minutes, for nearly all queries, the sender has received over 85% of all query returns.


Upon receiving L3-Route.req, the network layer exchanges L2-LinkStatus.req and L2-LinkStatus.conf to L2-1 and L22 in order to acquire the status of both links (Fig.4(7)).

3.1 CEAL Architecture The information in each layer should be abstracted before it is sent to another layer.


For example, TCP, the dominant transport protocol utilized by almost all applications, uses the IP addresses of the two end hosts as a part of the connection identi.er.

it is possible that some dynamic updates may fail to reach the authority DNS servers due to unexpected errors or failures.


In [7, 15], two planar subgraphs relative neighborhood graph (RNG) and Gabriel graph (GG) are used as underlying network topologies.

[5] which constructs a bounded degree and planar spanner for a given points set V .


real-time tra.c has stringent bandwidth and delay requirements.


Also, analysis of timestamps the next morning con.rms our batteryless prototype operated continuously.

the extended version triggers no false alarms any more (seven b/ tags).


To solve this problem, we have border routers .ood their existence internally.

in the case of single-source multicast, a more ef.cient tree can be constructed by having nodes route towards the source.


Therefore, the delay introduced by weight calculation is negligible.

our solution simply normalizes the total transmission power locally at each base  -1 K cm = lh m.kl (m =1, 2, ...M) (8) k=1 The conjugate beamforming weights are then scaled via: W = H * · diag(C) (9) Where C is the scaling vector given by Clocal =[c1,c2, ...cM ], from Equation 8; notably the globally scaled conjugate can also be found in this form, using Cglobal =[c, c, c, c...], from Equation 7.


The throughput achieved by the TUs can only be known after those TUs win the contention.

since each sender covers its relay area, it also covers this circular sector correspondingly.


4.1.2 Impact of Noise at PHY layer and DetectionAlgorithm Figure 7 shows the mean and 95% con.dence interval of the noise .oor values reported by the HAL for di.erent power levels of the input signal generator.2 We observe that the noise .oor does not change until around -70 dBm; beyond -70 dBm there is a linear increase in the calibrated noise .oor.

with detailed knowledge of the noise level, adaptive channel selection algorithms could be implemented which could reduce the degradation in performance.


A part of our system, called mobile bug which detects the call/messages within a radius of 1.5m with the help of the voltage variation in the signal.

note that for any given speed of the vehicle, there is a corresponding pulse frequency.


Tcpdump was used to collect every packet transmitted and received from the remote Iperf server.

close examination reveals that the interloss data contains (at least) two distributions.


Further, once an attacker manages to compromise the application, the authentication framework fails.

this initial certi.cate is tied to a certain application A that the sensor node plans to connect to.


The remote routing table is responsible for communicating with other routers and forwarding events in the distributed system.

merging of external .lters for peer-to-peer routing tables is more di.cult.


We use TCP as a case-study to showcase the accuracy and e.ciency of the models that can be built using the proposed framework.

this ensemble average dynamically varies with queue size and drop probability.


The idea is to provide a central location for managing reputation.

section 5 reviews related work and contrasts it with our proposed solution, and Section 6 concludes the paper.


The new special settings of such systems require careful examination, and rethinking concerning the methodologies and technologies used for coordination.

we would like the sensors not to know what is the command (or if there is a command at all) in the arriving message until the actual activation.


The results demonstrate that the impact of SRTP to VoIP should not be disregarded.

the set of bars on the left side represents the averages for G.711 codec.


If these estimates are incorrect and nodes are unable to correctly determine their neighborhood, then topology information throughout the network will be incorrect, likely reducing the performance of the routing protocol in terms of packet deliver probability, delay, etc.

the next section develops the performance model of the neighbor discovery schemes speci.ed in [3, 4].


In the Markov chain, state i represents the number of MNs registered to the LMA, and ai,j the transition rate from state i to state j.

the proposed scheme achieves actual load balancing among the LMAs.


During the years of 2002-2005, for instance, Microsoft Windows worms like Blaster, Nachi, Sasser and Zotob infected a large number of systems on the Internet.

eNVIRONMENTAL METRICS AND AUTOMATED TOOL Another supporting evidence for this new temporal formula is its application in calculating the environmental score.


Previous work has shown that point-to-point latencies remain roughly constant over short intervals of time[20].

these rendezvous assignments are symmetric: we also assign the upper right nodes to one node from the bottom row.


In the demonstration, RSS is the primary physical layer modality.

a server collects information from the landmarks.


With a link quality distribution as indicated by Figure 1(a), a node in a .eld of sensors will hear from many more weakly connected, distant nodes, than from well-connected ones.

data packets originating from the node, i.e., outputs of local sensor processing, are queued for sending with the parent as the destination.


We analyzed two further properties of the movement patterns, the contact duration and the inter-contacts time.

this analysis is con.rmed by the examination of the available real traces.


Direct cache access for high bandwidth network I/O.

sNICh provides an extremely e.ective way to exploit server DMA engines to accelerate packet copying among virtual machines.


For this reason, in the chirp receiver bandwidth of the band pass .lter hBP (t) BBP can be set to BBP Bv and still on time o. time  Figure 1: Signaling strategies.

iEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 41(8):1784 1791, Aug. 2006.


By considering all the possible values of y, we have: The probability that there are N - N + i IDL UTs CON ,n+1 CON ,n,h n changing to CON at the frame boundary is: NCON (22) .

generally, other video source models, for example, the mini-source model, can also be employed and the performance results should be similar.


In addition, we consider each PoP as a candidate for hosting up to k controllers.

the rationale behind the bound is that the probability of not having an operational path from the source towards the sink, cannot be larger than the product of the failure probabilities of .


In the next section, we evaluate the performance of this approach with respect to di.erent centrality metrics.

the content is to be replicated on friends devices who are likely to consume the content.


Other algorithms have attempted to minimize end-to-end delay mod- We also note that these results indirectly indicate that for any net work node v, the routes to destinations that are distant change much less frequently than routes to destinations that are close by.

sIGCOMM 03, August 25 29, 2003, Karlsruhe, Germany.


In NGC 01, pages 30 43, London, UK, 2001.

ito.ers a totallydecoupling way of communicating since the destination address is not needed and the parts involved in the process may not be on-line at the same time.


In addition, Se,0 n r n k - 1 r=0 rr are pair-wise disjoint.

for a j-square S, let D<j be the S set of active disks with level less than j and intersect with jj D =j D>j }j S. Similarly, we de.ne D, , ,and D. For a SSS S j-square S, let OP T S<j be the set of disks from OP T (DS ) with level less than j and intersect with S. Similarly, we jj =j >j }j de.ne OP T, OP T , OP T , and OP T. SSS S For each level j, let Dj (r, s) be the set of active disks at level j respecting to shifting (r, s).


bij (t) = bij , .t), which is also in compliance with .rst empirical observations from [6] with dynamic links over NLOS portions (i.e.

we use an approximated version of the true constant distances (e.g.


Since every node can deterministically monitor at least its neighboring edges, = E. Also, Dv .

this cannot be true because no simple paths from v to u would transit u in the middle of the path.


Here, two name servers each for domains fake.com and example.com are listedinthe NS records.

26,111 (18.8%) of its 139,126 A records were orphans.


Energy consumed for computation, Ecomp can be defined as Ecomp = .

(11) Length_of_Query This is exactly the same idea as of bandwidth estimation.


INTRODUCTION Many delay sensitive multimedia applications such as TV over IP or multi-party video conferencing require content distribution from one source to multiple receiver nodes.

deployment of IP Multicast is not widely available in today s Internet.


The .rst delay occurs regardless of intra-and inter-MBS zone handovers.

rEFERENCES [1] B. Li, Y. Qin, C.-P. Low, and C.-L. Gwee.


FC[C.srcIP ].count +0.25 //src,dst contacted previously 13 end 14 if FC[C.srcIP].count = k then 15 add new entry for index C.dstIP into S 16 return (True) 17 end 18 end 19 else if IsLocalAddress(C.srcIP) .

the TRW algorithm must wait for each new connection attempt to check whether it is successful or not.


3.2 Macroscopic Quantities As in Section 2, the .rst step is the proper de.nition of macroscopic quantities.

the optimal tra.c .ow, that minimizes the number of nodes needed, happens to be the same as the electrostatic .eld that will be created if we remove the data sources and substitute them with positive charges, and we remove the data sinks and substitute them with negative charges!


We need at most M = L + G - 1 static paths, where each path can support up to 2R,tospread tra.c uniformly over any set of n = N = G × L linecards that are present so that each pair of linecards are connected at rate 2R/n.

third, the crossbars in each group can be protected byan additional crossbar slice.


The above procedure of Step 1 has a time complexity of O(N), whichisasfast asusingBesnetsto .nd the best group.

tra.c load and signal strength) of various networks are the same, in order to focus on the e.ects of mobility-related factors.


For an urgent message, the face using the protocol with the lowest latency will be used instead of the other ones.

aCM Mobile Networks and Applications, pages 183 197, 1996.


= 3 is valid for a wide-range of ISP network sizes and SRLG failure probabilities.

hence it is very likely that a network fault is caused by failures of a small number of SRLGs.


While DENs can be considered more important for the applications, from a network point of view the CAMs, also called safety beacons,are consuming most of the bandwidth and lead to congestion problems.

in classical IEEE 802.11 networks, adaptive data rate is achieved either through mechanisms based on historical data [17], or by solutions relying upon feed-back from receivers [7].


The application we propose, named Millipede because of the shape of the crowd, is formed of two distinct pieces of software.

a unidimensional coordinate system is enough.


subtitles), all of them available in different resolutions, viewpoints and/or quality.

this page features some controls to enable the selection of a camera angle, the selection of a sound track, the activation/deactivation and selection of a subtitle track, and the ability to seek into the media presentation time line.


fig.5 shows the authentication phase of improved scheme.


Unless the low rate .ow s link quality improves, by moving closer to the AP for example, it will lag behind high-rate .ows.

the main reason is the time incurred due to retransmission attempts and channel contention, especially as N2 and N3 move farther away, they consume increasingly more air-time due to their lower data rates.


To solve the problems of existing isolated broadcasting stations, such as the inconvenience in accessing the services (via different hostnames or IP addresses), lack of interaction between audience and broadcasting hosts, limited types of programs, and lack of coordinated supervision, we design a web-based platform, DJ DreamFactory, where average users are able to easily set up network broadcasting stations with minimal effort.

users can receive broadcastings in the channels, produce broadcasting programs in the media studio, maintain personal profile in the personal zone, and participate in social network activities in the communication platform.


Equipping the PdP node with two FEs instead of one can double its speed.

the results in Table 2 show that less out-of-order packets will occur if the packet classi.er takes into account the packetprocessingpower(CPU cycleis just one aspectof the   350  90 Forwarding rate (Kpps) Forwarding rate (Kpps) 250 60 200 Forwarding rate (Kpps) 150 50 40 30 100 20 50 10 0 0user one two three kernel user one two three kernel user one two three kernel Click FE FEs FEs Click Click FE FEs FEs Click Click FE FEs FEs Click (a) 64-byte packet(b) 512-byte packet(c) 1500-byte packet Figure 11: Packet forwarding speed in case of large routing table.


3.3 Caveats Obtaining several independent inexpensive Internet accesses seems trivial at .rst glance; Simply checking the o.ering in the desired geographic area and obtaining two or more connections from local Internet Service Providers.

mOBILE IP-BASED APPROACH Our proposed approach[6] in providing business-grade connectivity economically is based on connecting sites over the Internet, over standard commodity consumer-grade connections.


The STL solution makes container shipments more predictable and more secure.

devices with short range radio only are not practical, as an infinite number of readers would be required for tracking and communicating with the device.


The only di.erences between successive time steps will be which links are up and which are down.

for example, a message of size 2 (a = 2) will only be able to traverse links that last for more than 2 time steps, whereas a message of size 0.5, will be able to perform two hops during each time step.


In RAMP, additive increase is employed to accumulate nodes reputation/trust as incentive of routing cooperation while multiplicative decrease is used to exclude the sel.sh/malicious nodes more quickly.

the related work is surveyed in Section 2 with the assumptions outlined in Section 3.


An English word is used for service name, and its definition for descriptive service attributes.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design wireless communication, network communications General Terms Algorithms, Design.


Since we are interested in the regime where the graph is connected (hence no isolated nodes), the .rst terms in upper bounds (2) and (3) are order optimum.

proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(28):9507 9511, 2008.


R = {,,...,} (5) ,k =0,1,2,... 5.2.2 Generation ofRule Sets In our experiments, we emulate a sudden drop of throughput from 4 Mbps to 400 Kbps after playing the .rst three fragments.

section 4.2) does not test the available bandwidth lower than the least video bit rate.


In this regime, the probability that two or more occurrences of such interarrivals is highly unlikely.

we used the .rst half of the trace to develop and calibrate our methods, then applying them to infer descriptors for about 40 different applications in the second half of the trace.


Cooperative sensing among cognitive radios.

in order to effectively track users, the sensing contributions that they make must be authenticated.


Information Processing and Management, 19(4):255-261, 1983.

the initial string Welcome to Your is in a separate chunk from the string Garden Environment because a line break tag () separates the strings.


Then, we assess the results of the permissive mode under 3 levels of restrictions in terms of throughput and collisions.

we consider that a one hop transmis-Figure 6: Comparison of the theorical maximum capacity in number of packets on various densities.


Existing results are described in the .rst and last rows along with the relevant citations.

every simulated round generates a variable number of hitting game guesses.


In our dataset, we .nd that an end user 13 views 14.12 videos (mean, 6 median, 30.13 std) per day.

4.1.1, 3GOL tra.c will not harm existing 3G tra.c.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

round trips due to .lled corner bu.er can be reduced by increasing the corner bu.er size but round trips due to ejection con.icts has to be addressed separately.


Estimated queueing delay is expected to be approximately the same for .ows sharing the same bottleneck, assuming an accurate baseRT T for each .ow.

in section 4.4.1 we obtain insight into the magnitude of this bias.


Second, we develop a modi.ed BP routing policy and show through simulation that if applied on nodes V, it stabilizes any arrival vector in .G(V).


Due to its Gaussianity, it lends itself to rigorous analytical studies of queueing behavior.

we observe exactly the contrary in the LBL data [ 111, since there are not enough active connections to give a full fGn beta component once the dominant connection is stripped away.


From this perspective, we .nd interesting the load balancing technique proposed in [6].

there is a one-to-one mapping between the .ow-id of the probe and the .ow-id of the response.


DENM dissemination delay (ms) Figure 1: DENM DD for different priority classes (20 platoon veh., 100 ext ra veh., s end rate CAM/DENM: 10Hz , periodic DENM repet.

improved service for safety messages in C-ITS applications has been considered previously, e.g.


MPTCP is not pareto-optimal: performance issues and a possible solution.

as part of our ongoing and future work, we are investigating whether an attacker can infer additional metrics for other paths.


Experiments with email and news reader applications show that IMP provides predictable usage of budgeted resources, while lowering application response time compared to the oblivious strategies used by current applications.

additionally, recent work [25] has identi.ed personal patterns in different users battery recharge behaviors, which suggests it may be possible to predict the budget period for the available battery energy.


From here it can be seen that at the highest transmit power setting, the edges of the network can reach each other with high probability (though the corners cannot).


We deliberately keep these points very generic in order to make them applicable to many different mobility models.

hence, we analyze, how (a) Clique Size CCDF (b) Cliques Per Node CCDF Figure 7: Synchronization of nodes locations (DART trace).


examined .le popularity in the Kazaa network, and its effect on the total traf.c volume [22].

we see that in all cases, RapidShare has higher content availability than BitTorrent.


Because a very large fraction of spam comes from Windows hosts, our hypothesis is that many of these machines are infected hosts that are bots.

figure 2 suggests that many spamming hosts reside in IP address space that is allocated to the Asia-Paci.c region (e.g., 61.0.0.0/8).


As we only considered real torrents, we captured a large variety of client con.guration, connectivity, and behavior.

it prevents the reappearance of rare pieces and of the last pieces problem.


As previously said, we do not make use of the standard SIP ports for this call.

we implemented the whole .ow chart presented in Fig.


A 3D model of the performer will then be constructed from the streams and placed on the virtual stage to interact with other performers.

section 4 introduces the user model, which includes the amphitheater and the hierarchical prioritization.


The truthful auction s revenue su.ers signi.cant degradation as spectrum supply increases and eventually decreases to zero.

they do not consider the truthfulness of buyers.


For both these activities, it is important to monitor the flow and transformation of SIP messages as they traverse the network.

[We ran our classifier and SIP Express Router (SER) 0.9.6 [10] on a dual 3.0 GHz Xeon with 4.5GB of RAM.


We analyze the protocol components to show the possible errors that can happen.

to capture this effect purely without interference from other factors, we assume a static and stable network (no mobility and no failures) with nodes having accurate and symmetric radio ranges.


We choose flow sizes and deadlines to illustrate the impact of a deadline-aware protocol.

halving the flows windows in response to the ECN feedback causes the flows to thrash instead of gracefully converging to the available bandwidth.


We evaluate in what follows the worst and average distances between the di.erent communicating entities.


Notice that such an ideal behavior is not checked by the semantics and, in fact, key variables have the same computational import as variables and can be thus instantiated with any term.

the abstraction, given a .-spi protocol, yields a CR protocol that is proved to be a faithful abstraction of the former.


Interestingly, we demonstrate that the allowance of certain data forwarding loops can actually reduce end-to-end data delivery delay.

delaywith and withoutOpportunisticLooping   6 ImplementationandEvaluation We have implemented a complete version of the DSF for- it should be emphasized that although opportunistic looping reduces end-to-end delay, it introduces additional communication overhead.


MIMO in either direction of FD) was not considered.

at higher transmit powers, FDoS provides a large UDI suppression of up to 20 dB per DL stream in the 2 antenna case even without any clock sync between the nodes.


The DAD for link-local address is done by the same mechanism as described in [5].

if not, neighbors must ignore the Neighbor Advertisement.


Several researchers have proposed simple modi.cations of IEEE 802.11 to incorporate power control.

the number of nodes in the carrier sensing zone for 80and 90m distance networks in Table 2 is 6 (12 - 6=6) and 8 (12 - 4 = 8), respectively.


They can register at the fusion centre on-line using the intrinsic security of the wireless physical channel.

v is generated from a random number, has N elements, and the top value of the chain is V0.


(v) Dummy packet ratio the ratio between the number of dummy data packets and real data packets given a speci.c playout time window and buffer size.

figure 5 depicts the traceable ratio over different path lengths of routes for ANODR and DSR.


Besides there is the limitation that readers do not allow modi.cations of Query messages, making any such approach impractical.

the results show that bursts are variable in length, even though they are allowed a maximum length of 1 second.


It maintains several thresholds that are used for determining if a cell can be accepted or not in QS.

in our scenario, instead of 1000 bytes packets we used 53 bytes fixed size cells.


Both approaches rely heavily on self-observation (local viewpoint) to avoid credit-forging problems suffered by other previous approaches.

the missed conviction is always higher than zero when there are selfish nodes.


From Lemma 2, each Slave-designate belongs to exactly one cluster.


In such a situation a single wireless network may not provide enough bandwidth to accomplish the desired task.

these building blocks provide the basis for resource management which are then exposed and controlled through the policy framework.


Up on the reception of these three duplicate acknowledgments; TCP sender assumes that out-of-order delivery of packets as a sign of network congestion (packet loss).

both Reno and Newreno are able to retransmit only one lost packet within one RTO when the sender is in fast recovery phase.


Their ob jective is to minimize the maximum channel utilization experienced by an AP.

if it has STAs, it should be counted exactly once, no matter how many STAs are assigned to it.


Although many researchers have explored power management strategies, we believe that ours is the .rst work that also focuses on provably bounding the performance slowdown.

inactive events longer than 1000 s (around 2% of all inactive events) were excluded from the total inactive time represented by the dashed line.


The silhouette coefficient of different k  4.

with the rapid development of new network applications in recent years, traffic that cannot be identified by classifiers accounts for an increasing ratio, which brings a great challenge for network operators.


To produce Weighted Max Min Fairness instead of Max Min Fairness, a core router replaces the sum of IE .ows, N, in Eq.

the router at link A-B issues feedback such that the traf- Used for load balancing PATH_UTILIZATION POSITIVE_FEEDBACK NEGATIVE_FEEDBACK WEIGHT Explicit feedback to prevent oscillations Used to prefer shorter paths Figure 2: Probe Packet.


The results from both levels were consistent with each other.

those people within a social network in Del.icio.us have common interests.


The jitter is a very important parameter for real time service.

here, the inter classes priorities, Px, are kept the same between connections of the same list, to ensure more service differentiation between service flows.


In all cases the request component is responsible for sending and handling incoming service requests.

even though some components were implemented individually for each protocol, the same type of components was used in all implementations and all components have the same type and number of interfaces and receptacles for their bindings.


Finally, we use a combination of control-plane and dataplane information to look for actual interception in the Internet.

the hijacking AS would not be able route this tra.c onto the owner and hence, interception would not be possible.


a delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets.


pR .ev -emin .emax -emin wvu = , lv =.., .e = (1) e + l ·.e ..e .

bottleneck multicast trees in linear time.


Similarly, a pre.x may experience multiple BGP routing changes in a short period of time (e.g., a neighboring AS may send multiple updates as part of exploring alternate paths).

this approach is problematic for several reasons.


This solution requires almost negligible infrastructure, can allow seamless handovers between different networks and thus almost completely fulfills our aforementioned requirements.

the change between different networks should not cause material data loss, the transition itself should not last long and the long-term connection-oriented protocols should run in a seamless way.


The common belief is there is very little loss in large operational backbone networks, since they are usually over-provisioned.

regarding traces collected at multiple monitoring points, we .nd that joint coding or compression of traces further reduces the marginally compressed traces at the individual monitors.


The association delay in the outdoor environment has a mean of 110 ms, with values ranging up to 220 ms.

outage Duration under the Di.erential Capacity Policy is Similar to the Non-Mobile Case.


The proposed algorithm uses RTCP feedback and MAC layer rate change information to recover network from the quality degradation of active calls.

rELATED WORKS The authors of [1] proposed a model that classifies packet losses as congestion and wireless losses.


As source node and destination node are neighbors, they have obtained enough prior knowledge of the idle period before actual data transmission, which improves the probability of successful reservation.

the simulation results show the energy consumption performance stability of the three protocols when the length of data packet is 1024 bytes.


and Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from POSTECH in 2005 and 2011, respectively.

design patterns: elements of reusable objectoriented software.


UMTS utilization versus request bit rates Figure 9 shows the UMTS utilization versus request bit rate  with and without chunk de-association.

the shift ratio is then gradually increases as the nodes increases from 12 to 18.


Within PHOXTROT, various photonic technologies are being developed, but the research activities also examine how these can be deployed at the different packaging levels.

networks with a single node are not classified to belong to any family.


Entropy estimation: The entropy of traf.cdistributions(e.g.,distribution ofpktsperdstport) is usefulfor anomalydetection[29] and traf.cclassi.cation[43].Inparticular,entropy-based analysis captures .ne-grainedpropertiesthatcannotbeobtained withjust volume-based analysis.

for example, to obtain the network-wide FSD, we takeeachper-ingressFSD and normalizeitby thenumberof .ows originating atthatingress.


categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.1[NetworkArchitectureandDesign]:Packet-SwitchingNetworks;C.2.2[NetworkProtocols]:ProtocolArchitecture(OSIModel) General Terms:Design,Theory Keywords:Chip-multiprocessor,CMP,Interconnectionnetwork,NoC,Migration,Network-drivencomputing 1.


ACM/IEEE MSWiM 99 (Seattle, WA, Aug. 1999).

[17] Song, L., and Kotz, D. F. Evaluating opportunistic routing protocols with large realistic contact traces.


each peer periodically sends several tcp packts to the same set of ip addresses.


If we apply LT code at source and make relay nodes forward encoded packets in the right time sequence, the capacity can be achieved for large k. However, the timing information among intermediate nodes implies coordination, which is not possible in vehicular networks.

each vehicle s direction of motion is chosen uniformly at random after every 20 seconds.


Hence,clock drifts in the order of ms can be tolerated,and yet typically clock drifts are in the order of microseconds or even less.

performance of a novel self-organization protocol for wireless ad hoc sensor networks.


a station may not always have pending data to transmit.


Scalability: The cost of a Chord lookup grows as the log of the number of nodes, so even very large systems are feasible.

the results given in this section can be viewed as the worst-case scenario for the query failures induced by state inconsistency.


The heartbeat message enables the OpenFlow controller to detect the failure of a vSwitch.

given that the overall delay is still very small, well below 1ms, we believe this satis.es the requirement of most applications in the data-center scenario.


Responsive to drastic channel changes: The algorithm should respond quickly to signi.cant channel changes.

if the loss ratio is between PMT L and PORI ,the current rate is retained, and the estimation window keeps sliding forward, until the loss ratio of the most recent ewnd frames leads to a rate change.


MR3 , in turn, generates an update message to its parent-MR, MR1, containing its MNP and the MNPs hosted by its child-MRs, in this case MR4 s MNP.

thus they own a CoA in addition to their assigned HoA.


if the port fails to receive BPDUs from its peer bridge for an extended period of time, it may start forwarding data.


By projecting the locations onto a grid-like struc- ture, and assigning local rebroadcast algorithms to those locations, we induce an SDS that directly represents the communication system at a point in time.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The probability was never much more than 0.8, most likely due to MAC-layer collisions between beacons.

they found that simple radio models can sometimes be effective in cases where either the applications or the metrics describing the applications are insensitive to the abstractions in lower layers.


Contrary to the previous experiment, in scenario 2 every turn is preceded by a floor request.

last, [14] suggests the creation of shared trees in SSM to accommodate multi-source functionality.


Consider the following BS warp_drive console output: D2D slot 7 direct-mode measurements: =>Rx SN: 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 =>RSSI : 188 180 186 183 174 190 192 180 187 181 D2D_CTRLMSG_RPT_MEAS received from Node 9 @ FID=59 D2D slot 7 direct-mode measurements: =>Rx SN: 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 =>RSSI : 296 300 286 305 297 281 299 293 301 293 In this experiment we see that the RSSI values of the direct link from SAMPLE RIGHT , averaging around 300, is signi.cant stronger than the SAMPLE BS values of approximately 180.

at this point the node hasn t been assigned any uplink or downlink data timeslots yet.


From Figure 11, we can see that as long as the maximum congestion window size of TCP is smaller than 8 packets, the two flows can share the bandwidth pretty well.

we configured the Linux kernel to use TCP NewReno and disabled the TCP SACK and TCP window scaling options.


When the queue length is 40, eW and eta are both 2.2%.

usually, ta varies itself within a certain range and correlation exists in the ta sequence.


Figure 1: Daily variation in DNS replies from authoritative nameservers to local resolvers Figure 2 shows the number of the three DNS errors.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.0 [Computer Communication Networks]: General General Terms Measurement, Management, Security Keywords DNS, Classi.cation, DNS error, Mis-con.guration Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Tenants can own a number of VMs, and each tenant shares resources in a server with the others.


This will result in wastage of buffer space for pipes with smaller BDPs and wastage of capacity for pipes with larger BDPs.


We run a depth-.rst search algorithm on the graph to identify those nodes.

since MIRO provides ways for ASes to violate these guidelines, convergence problems could potentially arise.


They are response packets from the server, ACK packets from the client, and FIN packets from both sides.

our analysis shows that performing all the processing on the microengines give better performance.


Although the latter will not re-adjust to obtain their fair share of the beacon interval, they can still be expected to have bursty PSM traf.c starting with a PSM beacon.

[5] A. Balasubramanian, R. Mahajan, and A. Venkataramani.


[19] P. von Rickenbach and R. Wattenhofer.

the primary goal of Dozer is to reduce idle listening and overhearing.


R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2003.

for feasibility of analysis our model assumes a constant compressibility factor for text responses, and we tested several plausible values for this factor.


Tone-Lohi suf 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Offered Load [pck/min] Figure 2: Network throughput vs. offered load.


SOME BASIC GRAPH THEORY With this network model, we can represent an ad hoc network at each time instant as an undirected graph G.A graph G = G(V,E) consists of a set of n nodes (vertices) and a set of m node pairs (edges, links).

if (k- 1) nodes fail, the graph is guaranteed to be still connected.


in amplify-and-forward, the relay ampli.es the combined data with interference terms.


vanilla, ASAP, and E-ASAP Vanilla (Baseline) ASAP E-ASAP Transport layer protocol UDP for queries TCP for the rest UDP UDP Parallel retrieval from multi-servers Yes No No Application-layer relays No Yes Yes Reuse delivery path N. A.


In order to achieve the Self-Powered WSN paradigm, the limited energy storage of the nodes leads to the necessity of harvesting the available energy which can be found in the close environment of a sensor node.

having an average harvesting power PS, and a certain communication rate, R in packets per second units, the needed storage capacity to achieve a certain ploss is directly given by: P C = f-1(ploss).


(15) and (11), we have: Figure 3: Relationship between Pmiss(T ) and Pshort(T ) for Poisson and uniform distribution.

this constraint is not fundamental and can easily be relaxed.


All e.cient geometric routing protocols use greedy forwarding as their basic operation.


Based on predicted trajectory and previous encounters with vehicles in other paths, A decides to relay the message to B instead of carry-and-forward it to E. After B takes the message, it relays it to C because the delay for C to carry-and-forward the message en route is less than B (due to delay of passing construction area).


To that end we need .rst de.ne the cost function of the search strategies.

the entire network consists of two levels: the high level Internet-based servers and the low level mobile hosts, as illustrated in Figure 1.


In the low-load, 40pps, scenarios, LDR maintains a very high delivery ratio at all mobility speeds.

(2) Feasible Distance Condition (FDC): Node I must set rrD# = 1 in a relayed solicitation for destination D that it forwards if snXD---- SUb ~ and fdXD _> fdD #.


In steady-state operation, the proxy typically encounters an average queueing delay between two thresholds and remains in serving the current spatial layer.

the video stream can be served in the highest resolution (1080p) since the capacity of the link is su.cient to cope with the video bit rate of 15 Mbps.


Poster: INPRESS -Indoor Climate Prediction and Evaluation System for Energy Ef.ciency using Sensor Networks  Jae Yoon Chong1 Jinwook Baek1 Sukun Kim2 jaeyoon.chong@alumni.cmu.edu nujabes8@alumni.cmu.edu sukunkim@sinbinet.com 1Independent Research Initiative in Sensor Networks (IRISEN) 2Sinbinet Abstract Modern buildings include an indoor climate control system, installed and operated to maintain a comfortable environment for the building occupants.

each subplot shows a large error value only at zero, which indicates that the prediction errors were uncorrelated in time.


Measurements were made on Dec.20-24, 2004, six observations per day.

we propose a dynamic decision scheme based upon the emergency of child peer status.


In practice, the interesting regions for the four effective SNRs do not overlap because at a particular effective SNR value only one modulation will be near the transition from useless (BER 0.5) to lossless (BER 0).

they may implement soft Viterbi decoders with more or fewer soft bits for their internal state, or indeed might do hard decoding instead.


In this case,the wireless link of AP a is ¯¯ (NBV), B = {b1, ··· , bn} as the users normalized bandthe bottleneck that a.ects the bandwidth allocation.

the initial color of each node with load Y is black, while the other nodes are colored white.


Moving from a game-specific model to a wide range of existing online games (including console based games)  Using a number of users for subjective testing in line with accepted test models used in telecommunications based scenarios recommended by ITU-T  Expecting a level of correlation in excess of 95%.

model Calibration To make the proposed model applicable and usable a calibration process was carried out.


(Projectnumber: 0421010012 -M47020012) Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

transparency to changes in IP address is achieved by ensuring that the original IP addresses of a packet is restored to the instant when the connection is established.


The following summarizes the goals of our call admission policy in order of importance: 1.

the threshold access sharing with CBR traffic receiving prioritized admission needs to be evaluated in the context of fairness.


6.2.2 Lookup, insert and delete performance Subsequently, we measure the PIT access (lookup, insert and delete) performancebyENPT.Wedonot measurethe update performance, because updating PIT means appending interfaces to a speci.c PIT entry, whose performance it very close to that of lookup.

then the code series areusedtolookup, deleteandupdatethePIT,asshownbyFigure6.


Message 2 is sent in plaintext but eavesdropping is not a problem since the information is almost public and is preferred to be sent in plaintext to facilitate authentication.

if the messages exchanged in an authentication protocol do not carry appropriate freshness identifiers, then an adversary can easily get himself authenticated by replaying messages copied from a legitimate authentication session.


compared to a coherent demodulation, this method is less performing in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.


For instance the average number of pan European fixed and mobile access players is expected to fall progressively from seven to four [4].

preposition 3: the BEC that identifies IPr as a third party, will consider that the relation between AgSPr and IPr is a partnership.


We now brie.y describe the key sub-components used in the prototype.

(1 - d)tiri = b si, which ensures that the production of data from the sensor, and transmission of data from the radio are matched i.e.


So if MED is enabled in an AS, we can also select a value for it s policy.

recall that during the BGP decision algorithm, stage 1, weinstall the route with the higher Local-Pref value, so each ASmust de.ne this attribute for each route created.


SNMP enables network management functionality but its focus lies more in the status of the network device itself.

during the lease time period, the device must renew its lease to indicate the middleware that it is still available.


Routers A and B each receive two routes with identical AD values.

routers A and B lose their routes from A.1 and B.2 respectively.


The last column shows the energy consumption (computation plus communication) when no data filtering is performed in the sensor nodes.

the 1994 ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on the Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems, May 1994, pp.


The understanding of its equilibrium is an area of future research.

for short, we say that a peer is a leecher when it is in leecher state and a seed when it is in seed state.


The mean cross-correlation results were almost the same as those in Figure 17; the variances were larger due to the presence of randomized synchronization o.sets.

if congestion occurs on links other than the links between S and T , DX and DY become independent.


We used a robot to facilitate the measurement and evaluation process by automating the mobility each monitoring technique requires.

figure 5 depicts the hardware prototype that is composed of a mobile robot, a multi-radio wireless router, and sonar sensors.


To provide a precise forensics analysis, we in fact need to traverse the time dimension back and forth.

similarly, the clean snapshot of the system is restored and replayed, with the ClamAV turned on.


{50,100,...,1000}, k =9 and three values of required .ow.

to generate edges and interfaces we proceed as follows.


Early Measurements of a Cluster-based Architecture for P2P Systems Balachander Krishnamurthy, Jia Wang, Yinglian Xie I.

network-aware clustering based scheme helps reduce dynamism in the F2P network.


8, when we vary the duration of t3 - t2 from 0 s (the neighboring node responds to the REF beacon right after it .nishes receiving thepacket) to 25s(theneighboring noderesponds 25s after it receives the REF), the synchronization error of the MU-Sync increases with the duration of t3 - t2 .

typically, each clock may have slight di.erences in angular frequency due to the manufacturing process.


This phenomenon is called resource modi.cation; it it tends to occur often with news sites such as cnn.com.

server load does not affect the sizes of responses.


Beside their common usage for short and medium range communications, recently they have also been shown to be available for long-range underwater communications when modulated at low frequency [1] [2].


severe retransmission of management frames, can be exploited by malicious users for security attack.

x 104 2 the university was open on that day.


Of course, we would expect to identify larger campaigns of promoted tweets.

dISCUSSION Twitter Account Markets are considered a problem by Twitter.


This discrepancy hints that despite technological advancements, there will always exist an economic challenge in deployment of high-end cellular technology in sparse rural areas.

farmers in Macha can now call the Zambian Food Reserve Agency (FRA) to get information about crops prices.


One of Reaching a Concave Node the .rst works in this area was Compass Routing II [12], also called Face Routing , proving that Delaunay triangulations of point sets on the plane support compass routing Y[km] 1 0.8 and guaranteeing delivery.

we intend to study the e.ect of snapping , nodes quick change of virtual placement after losing a dominant neighbor, on the routing and repositioning algorithm.


We have modeled the delivery pattern and found that its computational complexity is O(aN )(a is a natural number) when brute-force search is employed.

this assumption can ease our analysis and it obeys the IEEE 802.11 standard.


how to schedule all-to-all communications on general trees optimally.

[20] J. C. Mart´inez, J. Flich, A. Robles, P. L´opez, and J. Duato.


[1] dealt with the switching of sensor state between active and idle mode, while Zhang et al.

the wireless sensor network platform is considered to be a linear two-dimensional grid structure; moreover, our communication restoration model considers a disjoint group of base stations and it employs meta-heuristic approach [14][15] to relocate the alternate base station to restore the communications with minimal energy consumption.


This demonstration signi.cantly extends the demonstration of Transit Portal that we Copyright isheld by the author/owner(s).

the system must keep track of which resources have been allocated to which downstream virtual network, as well as enforce those resource allocations and managepotential con.icts.


[24] B. Parno and A. Perrig, Challenges in securing vehicular networks, in Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-IV), 2005.

for a processor with equivalent performance to our Core 2 machine, inserting all of the 25,000 certi.cates of a revoked vehicle could be done in less than 100 ms.


In the, perhaps unusual, case that the Correspondent Node is also a Mobile Node, both these extra headers might be required in every packet.

a CASE THAT FAILS One entirely reasonable rationale for a node to move is that illustrated in Figure 1.


This is expected because STBs location is less likely to change over time.

hourly dwell time (DWL-H): For each hour, we calculate the average dwell time per channel change.


3.2 Backoff over Multiple Collision Domains For the ease of introduction, the above description of Back2F makes a simplifying assumption that all the contending nodes belong to a single collision domain.

with 128pt and 64pt FFT, we can use every 2nd and 4th subcarrier respectively for Back2F.


Note that the size of a cluster is typically small.

peers supporting the same concept form a cluster, and all clusters in the same SIG form a hierarchical tree, called the cluster tree.


The logger component running on each node responded to this query and sent the logs to the log-listener program.

during our deployment, our log-collector constantly received such updates and displayed the change in schedule state with the help of log-listener program.


In principle, increasing the version or decreasing the granularity increases the data rate but decreases robustness to errors.

n82 is able to realize the maximum possible throughput that can be achieved with QR codes at a granularity of 5.


We study the stochastic evolution of cwnd in terms of cycles.

if the variable pipe remains equal or above floor[cwnd/2] when the first partial ACK is received the SACK loss recovery mechanism will stall because no segments can be sent even if one or more segments have been determined as lost.


A uniform sampling duration t along the dive trajectory at velocity U translates to grid distance of Ut cos .g (Ut sin .g) along the horizontal (vertical) dimensions, respectively.

are key inputs to models that predict transmission loss (and hence system performance), and need to be known accurately for good system optimizations to occur.


When best equates to shortest paths, the algorithm is guaranteedto converge.

itcomprises: a set of labels L;  a set of signatures S;  a set of weights W;  afunction f that maps signaturesinto weights;  a total order :on W;and  abinary operation .thatmapspairs of alabel and a signature into a signature,i.e.,.


To the best of the authors knowledge, we are the .rst to describe this new type of attack.

figure 2 illustrates the MPTCP connection setup steps for the scenario of Figure 1.


This behavior in these protocols has two problems.

we are aware of several existing research work mentioning their solutions to transport content over current Internet infrastructure.


Figure 10 confirms that multi-channel multi-path CAMRA-RLB and CAMRA (max redundancy) schemes are able to mitigate the impact of frame losses, caused by interference produced by cross traffic.

first, we classify the available paths according to their network performance and their ability to support the current streaming service.


The TH precoding is a successive precoding method, in which the interference from previously precoded users to the current precoded user has to be canceled during the feedback precoding process.

furthermore, a new approach is presented to reduce the amount of information required to send the beamforming vectors from the base station to users.


On the other hand, each phase in the distribution stage consumes O(i) slots to be completed and, hence, the distribution stage consumes O(ilogiN) slots.

although the linear SL scaling law still persists under two-phase cooperation, Table 1 shows that varying the parameter i from 1 to N varies the scaling laws between the two extreme strategies.


Once a given interface is selected, client-originated packets are source-NATed (both IP address and port) using the IP address of the selected wide-area interface.

the streaming session duration was approximately half an hour, which corresponds to a mid-size clip.


INTRODUCTION Small-cell (loosely referred to as femtocells) overlay architectures hold the promise of signi.cantly increasing the available wireless broadband capacity, especially in highlytra.ced public indoor spaces (such as shopping malls, subway stations and college/o.ce buildings).

in this study, we assume that we know the transmit power Pi (=100 mW) and 3-D location for each FAP and the true distances for each (UE, AP) combination.


So, we need at least d' number of dimensions to surround and identify outliers.

in CTOD, we will use a punishment function to degrade the trust of a misbehaving node.


Obtaining provably legitimate Internet topologies.

given a candidate hybrid relationship with NP pre.xes tagged P, NP T pre.xes tagged PT, and NF T pre.xes tagged FT, we begin by inferring all interconnection PoPs for the P pre.xes.


In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, pages 1388 1397, 2001.

the average total communication cost (Figure 4 (e)) improves (up to about 7%, but mostly lower) when a large fraction of nodes is low power; the costs are similar when a small fraction of nodes is low power.


When using FNP s PSI protocol, the individual amount of data transmitted in each round of the PROS protocols is small (bounded by n 2).

c can tell which elements of S are also in her set.


So far, we have only modelled the computational aspect of selected cryptographic primitives, but one could easily insert cost associated to memory consumption or other resources.

we consider that one cannot consider protocol resilient unless it keeps track of the server cost in each session.


Figure 5: Mean of daily relative speed of the two main Chilean ISPs in December 2011 for Movistar and VTR plans  4.2 Defending the users rights As we stated before, Adkintun started monitoring and gathering data since September 2011, but it was in January 2012 when we presented the data to the users and started to publish it via social media and Internet forums.

they have di.erent objectives than our work, e.g.


Section 3 contains more detail on this topic, and how our formalism can model existing policy for local preference groups, selective export, etc.

we found that, during the replay period, the recorder spent 634.5 s of computation time overall.


[30] ZHANG,L., TIWANA,B., QIAN,Z., WANG,Z., DICK, R. P., MAO,Z.M., AND YANG, L. Accurate online power estimation and automatic battery behavior based power model generation for smartphones.

after the Always IMP: energy 4 IMP: data  IMP: both 2 user reads an article, the benchmark pauses for a random think time uniformly distributed between 30 and 60 seconds, then moves on to the next article in the feed, continuing until the feed is exhausted.


axis also (roughly) corresponds to the average queueing delay.

the ai(·) processes each given by passing p(·) through a low pass .lter all oscillate around the same value, namely, the duty cycle of p(·).


Noh andRieger[24] introduce the random-walk closeness centrality metric, which measures how fast a node can receive a random-walk message from other nodes in the network.

degree and RW-1 select only mobileuserswithhigh centrality into the target set and ignore these vagabonds.


The percentage of 6to4 was higher for FA-tests, whereas the percentage of native IPv6 was higher for JStests.

our method not only measures the fraction of clients that prefer IPv6 over IPv4, but also the fraction of clients that are IPv6-capable (including latent Teredo [16] capabilities), or use an IPv6-capable DNS server for query resolution.


Ifthe SINRperformance arequite the same for the proposed game and the SA, on the contrary we can observe a great di.erence in terms of power allocations.

usersthat causehighinterference transmittingathighpower will obtain high value of pricing, due to the fact that O(p) is strictly increasing with p. The pricing function is written as follows: .


This would require an XRL intermediary, but the .exibility of our XRL resolution mechanism makes installing such an XRL proxy rather simple.


[16] demonstrated that Akamai generally picks servers that yield low client-perceived latencies.

at .rst, a web client issues a request for an embedded object that resides in the images.pcworld.com domain.


Figure 1 shows a photograph of the measurement area as seen from the base station.

figure 8 shows the eigenvalue ratios as a function of XPD for both polarizations with the best fitting linear curves.


However, they have an impact on the network-level clustering, and thus their presence cannot be neglected;  lane changes do not have any noticeable effect on the network topology: urban scenarios, with roads whose length is in the order of the hundreds of meters, do not leave a lot of chances to perform overtakings, as it would instead happen in highway traf.c.

4.2.3 Discussion The results of the network connectivity analysis shown before invite to re.ect upon two issues in particular: the need for realism in vehicular networking, and the opportunities that a topological study offers to network protocols evaluation and development.


The mobile ad-hoc networking community has focused on techniques for determining endto-end contemporaneous paths in a network of mobile nodes.

outside these islands, end-to-end connectivity becomes expensive, slow, or simply unavailable.


[17] M. Whaiduzzaman, M. Sookhak, A. Gani, and R. Buyya.

finally, for a more detailed simulation framework and a characterization of vehicular physical channels (and the VC-optimization involved) see [6].


This also makes it possible to increase allocation at the wireless hop when congestion in the Internet path gets alleviated.

subnet Bandwidth Manager [19] is a a signaling protocol for RSVP-based admission control over IEEE 802-style networks.


Note that in HD-MIMO nodes, due to the half duplex nature, only half the number of RF chains (Tx or Rx) can be used in any transmission.

in the point-toreceiving antenna pair as R1 R 1,and measure the amount of receive SI cancellation for each of the transmitting antennas.


Otherwise, LPa,b sends the request to his super peer SPa.

the successor SP of the failed one may randomly promote an LP from the candidates that have stayed longer than a certain time threshold, and as a result reduces the frequency of alternating SPs.


Advertisers are interested in the end user profile data, but the privacy challenges must be solved before any public trials.

according to Gaynor [6], network operators do not have the breadth of knowledge to innovate in various customer segments.


To copyotherwise, torepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.cpermission and/or a fee.ACM CoNEXT 2010, November 30 December 3 2010, Philadelphia,USA.

ourexperimentsshowthat ACORN (i) outperformsprevious approaches that are agnostic to CB constraints; itprovidesper-APthroughputgainsfrom 1.5xto 6x and (ii) inpractice, its channel allocation module achieves an approxi 1 mation ratio much better than O().


Scalable peer-to-peer overlays have also been studied in the content addressable network (CAN) [22] and Chord [29] projects.

while DTN messages originated by the application may contain integer ADUs, the forwarding process may lead to message fragmentation [26].


Such type of model should be complemented with appropriate mechanisms for efficient and appropriate accounting, which is out of the scope of our work.

we employ a cross-layer interaction with the routing layer in order to provide a virtual infrastructure that helps authentication and access control in such dynamic environments.


The .gure shows that under normal case, the node forwards around 4500 packets (a similar result is also obtained with sel.sh attack).


As can be seen in Figure 11, the MIPv6 completely breaks down during the pingpong movement.

assuming that the access technology in use is 802.11b where the message/link corruption in the effective coverage area is zero [8], we can eliminate the out of sequence behavior by simplifying the handoff procedure as follows.


A speci.c architecture is unlikely to be optimal for all QoS metrics at all times.

(9) v shows the CRLB for sdb/n = 2, which is actually a more likely ratio in outdoor areas [9].


An instance X is denoted by a p-dimensional vector (x1, x2,..., xp), where xj stands for the score of feature fj of X.

only one sample is left out at a time for the test subset.


Let T RA =tr | tr is a trace for S' and tr has the same system input as observed on T r} (2) be the set of possible system traces for S' when rerunning the system S' with the same system input.

rerunning may not always be feasible in practice given the time, .nancial cost or the potential impact on patients [14, 3].


tCP with a =0.01 maintains the maximum throughput achieved by 8 .ows even in a more crowded setting with 14 .ows.


The traffic share of particular path i ( P ) can be calculated as below: i .

d n MDM .with the assumption that D as the form of i M/M/1 , and it has to be equal for all the paths it can be calculated as follow: 11 = =c .i, j (16) MDM MDM µ-.


for example, the packet arrival process in this paper is only required to be mutually independent and temporally i.i.d., while the packet arrival processes in [4, 5, 6] have to meet additional conditions.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

eNSURING CORRECTNESS IN SmartRE As we saw in the previous section, there are three key features in SmartRE: (1) it allows a packet to be decoded multiple hops downstream from the ingress where it was encoded, (2) it splits caching (and decoding) responsibilities along the RE elements on a path, and (3) it uses a network-wide approach for allocating caching responsibilities.


According to the 802.11 scheme, only one transmission can proceed at a time since all nodes are within the carrier-sense range of each other.


It is easy to see that both strong and differential consen- sus imply standard consensus.

for each phase k, 1 < k < t+ l, it holds that every correct player pi holds a valid value vi (i. e., v~ E Z) at the end of the phase.


This is because it will have gone past client A before it visits AP 2, from which it can obtain a copy of data.

for simplicity, we only evaluate this prediction model, and more complicated models are left for future work.


Simulation results show that a signi.cant improvement of traf.c ef.ciency can be achieved by the utilization of the merging assistance application, as mean travel times in dense traf.c can be decreased by up to 30% assuming ideal conditions.

simulation results indicate that equipped vehicles still bene.t from lower mean travel times in these scenarios.


The maximum variation of the average RSS in a cluster is found between two sensors located at (R - Rcluster) and (R + Rcluster) meters away from the PT, respectively, where R is the distance between the PT and the center of a cluster, and Rcluster is the radius of a cluster.

figure 8: Performance comparison (in PMD) of energy detection: AWGN channel vs. shadow-fading channel (when noise uncertainty is 1 dB).


INTRODUCTION When a new technology reaches the market, we often focus on the want or need that it can ful.ll.

figure 4 shows the average packet loss rate in each state by the population density in urban regions of that state.


This is not a fundamental design decision trees make it easy to implement resource accounting and trace the provenance of delegation decisions.

an OpenFlow .ow table that realizes the above two-atom policy tree must have entries for all four cases.


3.1 MAC Layer QoS At the MAC layer, CSMA/CA is employed to mitigate channel access collisions.

alert or emergency messages for grid failures are random, occur in bursts and require very stringent latency.


These bounds improve previous results [9] for networks with up to 26 nodes.

if the interference graph of the network is a tree, then the local pooling condition is satis.ed and GMS is throughput optimal.


Once that occurred, we can see that the rest of data quickly converged on the actual available bandwidth.

the time update equations are used for projecting forward both the current state and the error covariance estimates, to obtain the a priori estimates for the next time step.


As mentioned earlier, the core mechanism in BVR is the construction of reverse path trees similar to [22, 34].

we model obstacles as horizontal or vertical walls with lengths of 10 or 20 units.


About 16% of the HTTP traf.c involves Direct Download providers, with one provider in particular heavily dominating this traf.c (93% of DDL traf.c volume).

unlike previous studies we expect to .nd our dataset rife with NATs (within the DSL customers home networks).


By simulation with names extracted from the IRCache traces, we demonstrate that our forwarding engine achieves a promising performance of 8.8 MPPS and our NDN router can forward NDN traf.c at 20Gbps or higher.

cONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK In this paper, we proposed a design of an NDN data plane based on hash tables, which not only enables high-speed forwarding but also provides DoS-resistance for an NDN router.


If the new cell does not have enough channels to support the hando., the call is dropped.

we consider a second order Markov process.


Since the announcements are sent along random directions, the nodes receiving each announcement will be different with high probability.


Therefore the operating system can use a pretty simple model of operation, e.g.

wedoneed totrack thetimeswhentheresource is being used by these other tasks that are outside our control, and reduce the allocations to our clients accordingly.


[4], after each successful transmission, the authors propose to smoothly reset the CW values based on the actual average collision rate.

the packet arrival rate and the transmitted packet rate between the two transmissions are noted as follows: Ar =.×t (8) Sr =µ×t (9) It is worth mentioning when Sr = Ni , that .


The underlying reason is that current 3G/4G standards support soft handover/handoff [20], which enables to simultaneously connect to multiple base stations and send/receive data to/from them.

we then con.gure phones to use 3G networks only and perform the DLUDP-200kbps experiment on Route 13 at the speed of 104 km/h.


Then in Section 4.2, we study the more general and realistic mixed retransmission model.

gAMER will .nd the minimum energy path s .


The endpoint maintains a probability distribution on what it thinks the network s con.guration may be.

we have found that the ISENDER can usually quickly pare down the prior to a smaller list of possibilities as it homes in on a good estimate of the network parameters.


Opt(y)- 1 r + r 1 ' 10: if tky = r and ty > Opt(x)then 11: Opt(x).

if gic+ i gmci <B, the adversary selects the link li with the maximum value of GD(i)as a victim link and jams the link until li starts to use p(ti).


Non-triviality: If no participant crashed and all participants want to join the proposed group, the common decision must be commit.

uniform Agreement: No two participants decide differently.


Thepresence of a wireless infrastructure within a network, however, raises various network management and security issues.


Here the node u is close to the base line and again l1 is very R1 u R0  Figure 6: Propagation of node position estimating starting from the reference nodes and moving outward.

in the section 4, we shall use the the Minimum Initial Error (MIE) heuristic to select the RCS.


As seen in the .gure, l1 has been up for a long time and then turns down, whereas l2 turns up and down more frequently.

the dependency between neighbor contact pairs cannot be ignored.


Our work systematically investigates the dynamics of TFRC, TCP, RAP, and the SQRT binomial algorithm under variable bandwidth conditions, using persistent loss rates, long-and short-term fairness, utilization, and smoothness as metrics.

in Figure 7, each column of marks shows the results from a single simulation, with one mark giving the observed throughput for each of the ten .ows.


the problem formulation has a high complexity, despite the fact that LP itself is expensive to solve in time complexity.


I will present some of this work, and conclude with research challenges that remain to be solved.

mobile devices are expected to demand additional spectrum beyond what is available as the TV white spaces.


TheErlang Bformula is no longer applicable.

it is assumed that the signal to interference ratio (SIR) at each position within the network can be derived based on adistancedependentpathloss and a random variable indicating a shadow fading component.


With such a variety of potential anomalies the concept of automated detection is difficult.

european Airport ATC Network Failure In 2008, a European airport ATC system experienced a far more disruptive and prolonged networking failure.


VANETs are di.erent from mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) in many aspects.

while residing in high tra.c condition, the node chooses a fast relaying based on geographical broadcasting toward the destination.


The IMEC SE consists of two core components: an analogue RF front-end SCALDIO (SCAlable raDIO) and a DIg  (a) USRP N210 -FFT 128 bin (b) Atheros AR9380 -FFT 56 bin (c) IMEC SE -FFT 128 bin Figure 1: Screenshots of PSD estimations for di.erent devices and con.gurations  (a) NITOS ACM card (b) Testbed node attached with the developed hardware solutions Figure 2: Hardware components and modi.cations to sensing devices ital Front-end For Sensing (DIFFS).

uSRP N210 is capable of monitoring 25 MHz of bandwidth, limited by the maximum bandwidth of Gigabit Ethernet, while the USRP E110 device is limited to bandwidth sizes up to 8MHz, due to the reduced sampling rate and processing capabilities.


In steady state, TCP sends a new packet only after receiving the ACK of an earlier packet.

the scheduler sends out packets to the interface driver until either the channel queue is empty (in which case, Tfin is set to the maximum of its current value and Tmin ), or Tfin exceeds Tmax .


AGENTS 01, May 28-June 1, 2001, Montr´ eal, Quebec, Canada.


Given that adding privacy is possible, we are now interested in understanding what privacythe opportunistic network users actually want.

our early work suggests that it is possible to modify social network routing to add privacy-enhancing features.


This redundancy lessens the impact of attackers met along the way, though if a .xed number of attackers is present, the higher cost may be justi.ed by its e.ectiveness.

some attacks still result in poor performance, since they go beyond the protections a.orded by probabilistic, fully decentralized means.


Also, there are an increasing number of cases in which satellite-based LBS are provided to various application fields such as emergency rescue, logistics control, navigation, and telematics along with active studies on related technologies and standardization.

also, being unable to identify exact positions and paths of victims under hostage or other criminal situations may lead to extended harms and injuries.


the 3 blocks along the diagonal) tend to have less severe TIVs (darker) than edges that cross clusters (lighter) 2.

on suitability of Euclidean embedding of Internet hosts.


Unlike the .ooding scheme in which a received message is re-broadcasted to next hop nodes, whenever a sensor received a HELP message, the sensor will store the distance/hopcount information if it is the .rst HELP message received.

this shortcut will result in less movement.


This means that packets traverse to the sink through a higher number of hops, leading to energy consumption from many nodes.

in event-based networks data packets are produced only upon the observation of a specific event that satisfies a pre-specified condition.


The broker only knows who originally broadcast an OID and who is interested in resolving it.

rather than using the maximum clique cover, we compute a minimum clique cover: the smallest msuch that C1 .C2 ..... Cm = R .{u}.


OSPF-OMP [40], an Internet draft, describes another technique that .oods the realtime link load information and adaptively routes traf.c across multiple paths.

ui(n) because uM (n) is a linear combination of link utilizations at step n, whereas ui(n) is the maximum utilization at step n. uj (n + 1) <uM (n) .


however, a number of factors have undermined the accuracy of this association.

this identi.cation string MUST be SSH-protoversion-softwareversion SP comments CR LF.


3.3 Basic Design without Differentiation Each node in the sensor network is either in sleeping mode or in working mode.

t should not be very large, which may lead to unbalanced energy consumption.


Session-speci.c .elds can typically be updated using only state inferred from output of the veri.er.

compute decision procedure (STP) (s) .029 .013 0.10 .652 .142 .95 7.54 2.02 5.73 Total time to solve formula (3+4+5) (s) .142 1.744 15.29 Table 4: Checksum replay performance.


3.5 Fault Tolerance Rings are well known to be less fault tolerant than a multi-rooted tree: two link failures in a ring partition the network.

for rack level shuf.e traf.c, the normalized  Network Latency without Congestion # of 64-port Switches Wiring Complexity Path Diversity 2-Tier Tree 1.5µs (3 Switch Hops) 17 16 1 Fat-Tree 1.5µs (3 Switch Hops) 48 1024 32 BCube 16µs (2 Switch Hops & 1 Server Hop) 32 960 2 Jelly.sh 1.5µs (3 Switch Hops) 24 240 =32 Mesh 1.0µs (2 Switch Hops) 33 528 32 32 (with WDMs) Table 9: Summary of different network structures with 1k servers  throughput is about 0.75.


The similarities to our Peer-Assisted CDN are that both systems exploit the peers to distribute the .les.

on the placement of web server replicas.


the wireless network should contribute less than about 60 ms to the total end-to-end delay.


RAMC: A RSU-Assisted Multi-channel Coordination MAC Protocol for VANET.

vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: Fair Transmit Power Control for Safety-Critical Information.


All available software blocks are listed on the left side of the  Figure 1: Overview of RaPTEX Software Toolchain interface and can be added to the application through a simple click and drag.

we do not discuss the simulator further in this current work.


We can conclude that the exact form of the repulsive term is not essential for the convergence of the algorithm, but the repulsive term needs to start dominating the pairwise potential at an appropriate distance around ~ 0.25R from the entering node.

such a mobility scheme requires an addressing space with speci.c properties.


There are other MAC layer techniques [13] that build on the PSM to achieve further energysavings.

within a mode, the higher data rates seem to be more robust.


It should be noted that IP FRR does not consider post-failure traffic re-optimization, for instance how to re-balance the overall traffic loading after the affected traffic is re-routed onto the repair paths.

the link weights used for the three traffic scenarios may be different.


Importantly, the user payload additional includes a one or two byte CRC to detect packet error with a high likelihood.

packet level interleaving has the ability to cope with lengthy bursts of error on a wireless channel.


Under the former case, the residual WAN bandwidth after accounting for cross-traf.c is above 8Gbps needed for IB DDR 4x, but in the latter case the residual bandwidth is below 7.6Gbps.

in general, latency-sensitive applications may have to be suitably enhanced to account for the larger RTT of wide-area connections.


ASes are often not homogeneously con.gured [10], a per AS-granularity might not be suf.cient.

we need to be able to discriminate between hidden upstreams, and default routes, and so our set of tested ASes must be restricted.


In conclusion, PinIt enables centimeter-scale RFID positioning in both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios.

their median error distances in stage 1 are considerably higher.


Then, both Aand Cwould switch to the route via AS 3, which may lead to a change in the properties of the endto-end paths for traf.c entering AS 1 at routerC.

router Adoes not need to advertise the 1m2k..1t.


Security mechanisms similar to those proposed in NLSR [22] could be implemented in DCR.

section 8 shows that DCR also has performance bene.ts in the data plane compared to routing protocols like NLSR that do not enforce loop-free routes to content.


allow the QoSManager to be noti.ed about the state of various links in the network.

all the research works reviewed lack a management layer in the wireless network to react dynamically to the continuous .uctuation of the radio resource.


Two existing research proposals were shown to be special cases of our more general design.

figure 6 Operations for building recursive namespace Figure 6 shows three operations that are used to build the namespace, each with a different purpose.


Such a scheme is useful because it insures that anyaccidental information disclosure in oneperioddoes not assist unanonymization in otherperiods.

several other groups have exploited .ow characteristics for tra.c engineering purposes.


The browsing tra.c then eases o. at 13:53:00 and the synchronization service takes advantage of the spare capacity again, with the .le synchronization completing at 13:57:00.

what is also clear is that access to OSNs is not uniformly available to the world s citizens.


The event whether a node has data to transmit can be viewed as a Bernoulli trial.

for TDMA and E-TDMA, we set 0to 0.815 [10].


An extreme case is illustrated in Figure 1(b).

iEEE Mobile Computings 7, 11 (2008), 1374 1387.


Due to this, a new type of hidden terminal problem occurs in this multi-channel environment, which we refer to as multi-channel hidden terminal problem (we identify this problem in more detail in Section IV).

this metric will directly show how our protocol achieves this goal.


In this case, n pairs of conversion functions must be de.ned for Ai because each of its component Aid, d = 1, ...,n, requires a pair: (1) Fid.0d: Sid .S0d, and (2) F0d.id: S0d .Sid.

we propose to extend the routing algebra framework as follows.


More speci.cally, using the port(s) listed in the 2nd column of the table, we extract 10,000 unique .ows containing the port(s) from the NetFlow dataset beginning at 10:00am on 02/17/2006 to generate the corresponding .owset F for each application TAG.

we introduce our proposed tNMF graph decomposition method and address key practical issues in Sec.


WEIRD Testbeds with Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Technology for User Applications, Telemedicine and Monitoring of Impervious Areas  Silvano Mignanti Gabriele Tamea Ilaria Marchetti Sapienza University of Rome Sapienza University of Rome Sapienza University of Rome Italy Italy Italy silvano.mignanti@dis.uniroma1.it gabriele.tamea@dis.uniroma1.it ilaria.marchetti@dis.uniroma1.it Mario Castellano Antonio Cimmino Fausto Andreotti INGV Osservatorio Vesuviano Alcatel Lucent Italtel Italy Italy Italy castellano@ov.ingv.it antonio.cimmino@alcatellucent.it fausto.andreotti@italtel.it  Mariarita Spada Pedro Miguel Neves Giada Landi Wind Portugal Telecom Inovacao Centro Pisa Ricerche Italy Portugal Italy mariarita.spada@mail.wind.it estpneves@ptinovacao.it g.landi@cpr.it Paulo Simoes Kostas Pentikousis University of Coimbra Portugal VTT Finland spsimoes@dei.uc.pt kostas.pentikousis@vtt.fi  ABSTRACT Categories and Subject Descriptors Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks based on IEEE 802.16d/e C.2.1 [ComputerCommunication Networks]: Network standards are soon to be deployed in several countries.


ENHANCED DIRECTIONAL BROADCAST In this section, we describe our Enhanced Directional Broadcast EDIB protocol.

both DIB and EDIB will select the re lay vehicle whose distance from the sender is close to the transmission range, and more out-of-range failure transmissions will occur.


The difference in computational requirements is still signi.cant: 182 seconds for GNP compared to less than 1 second for the virtual landmarks method.

the choice of how many rows or columns to use in forming L has a strong effect on the quality of the resulting embedding.


It is based on the following greedy approach: whenever a multicast Steiner tree is required, choose the Steiner tree that will exist for the longest time.

nevertheless, the run-time complexity of OptTreeTrans depends on the underlying algorithm or heuristic used to determine the constituents of the stable mobile multicast Steiner tree.


HOME CACHING IN PRACTICE The previous section demonstrated how home caching can improve page load times in the best-case scenario, but the results measured the bene.ts in isolation from other optimizations (e.g., browser caching) and also assumed that these cache hits could be realized in practice.


One can avoid this by viewing the problem as a constrained optimization problem.

our key observation is that many BR to BR matrix elements are empty as a result of the fact that there may be multiple BRs within each PoP, and so traf.c will .ow only between the closest of these (as determined by IGP routing).


The DOM tree is further transformed to an internal tree structure in JavaCAD with roughly the same topology, viewed as the corresponding semantics tree.

keywords are assumed to appear independently in the description text.


Random backoff is driven by capture effect, and is thus unfair with regards to different contenders.

note that the y axis uses logarithmic scale.


The live forensics includes re-examining the switch port status, ARP [19] cache, ping, and finger replies, etc.

this email is designed to trigger a follow-up investigation by the MSA tool presented in this section to automate the process and establish the likelihood of a genuine spoofer or a false positive with high con.dence to assist the network security crew in their daily operations by supplying the results of the analysis and event reconstruction back to the same RT ticket.


[20] D. Guo, S. Shamai (Shitz), and S. Verd´u, Mutual information and minimum mean-square error in Gaussian channels, IEEE Trans.

m = 16 subcarriers and the average SNR for both main and eavesdropper channel is GR =GE = 10 dB.


to quickly adapt to the changing neighbourhood, the NM uses the level-3 Beaconing Service (BS), that periodically broadcasts HELLO packets to all one-hop encounter nodes and listens to their beacons.


The TTDD protocol consumes more energy because grid structures must be created in proportion to the number of nodes, and update packets must be regularly sent to maintain paths between source nodes and sink nodes.

c. Performance evaluation according to sink node velocity Simulation was performed to comparatively analyze the performances of the two routing protocols by varying the sink node velocity.


2 shows RTM NEWMSG message structure that we have de.ned for our needs concordant to original Netlink.

in the common case a message transmitted using NLng is received by another node running the same middleware.


The algorithm is based on exploiting a repeating preamble by computing the cross correlationofasignalwithadelayedversionofitself,andcomputing the phase offset across the correlation values at different delays to compute the CFO.

thus as long as the number of bit .ips at the demodulation (BPSK) stage are less than the correcting power of the channel code, the data eventually gets decoded correctly.


To achieve this, we have two ways to proceed: (1) to minimize the total energy spent in the next round, or (2) to minimize the maximum energy load on a sensor in the next round.

they usually assume a time-driven scenario, and are frequently based on single-hop communication between the sensors and the mobile sink.


One is based on the hierarchical agglomerative clustering method.

moreover if the data source is centralised, we can have a delay between the failure event and the arrival of its noti.cation at the server.


Then there are only n c+1 distinct values for the cost of .ows on an edge and all edges below it.

once added, these links are assigned weights and affect the SPRT of the new network.


Users build a reputation within one community, and sometimes several reputations within several communities, but each reputation is only valid within the corresponding community.

we then sum up these values together with the corresponding numerical value (representing that outcome) (Formula 4).


The announcement of planned frame exchanges allows dealing with hidden MPs and can lower the interference.

application of these protocols has limited performance.


Sensor r receives such message while travelling, and consequently stops because the contention for position x was won by sensor q. Sensor r sends an InfoStopped message to alert its neighborhood of its new position and starts a timeout.

although Figure 13 evidences that the number of message exchanges is quite stable even under an increasing number of available sensors, the energy consumption related to this term can be also a.ected by the sensor density.


In SGRP, the satellite failure is reported to the MEO layer by its neighbors immediately.

the delays of SGRP and shortest path are very close either under normal condition or when a satellite fails.


If a cluster contains less than log N nodes, we pad with dummy nodes to achieve exactly log N nodes.

in compar ison, the best known ORAM scheme has O( log2 N ) blowup.


Traf.c Types and Growth in Backbone Networks.

content is available in many network locations and can be downloaded by traversing different paths in a network.


sAC 21302, Madrid, Spain C 2002 ACM i-511113-445-2/02/03...$5.00 the idea of layer-7 routing (or URL-aware routing, content-aware routing), routing incoming request based on its requested content, has drown a large amount of attention recently, both in the academic [1,2,3,4,5] and commercial communities [6,7,8,9,10].


[20] Atul Adya, Paramvir Bahl, Jitendra Padhye, Alec Wolman, and Lidong Zhou, A multi-radio uni.cation protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, in BROADNETS 04: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Broadband Networks (BROADNETS 04), Washington, DC, USA, 2004, pp.

duplicate IP packets are dropped gracefully at the receiver (TCP duplicates are dropped at the transport level, and applications using UDP are supposed to handle duplicates).


Further, many MPI applications [2, 17] use point-to-point communication with large messages [29, 28].

in.niBand Architecture supports both channel semantics and memory semantics.


In T. VazÃ.co, M. Freire, and I. Chong, editors, Information Networking.

the AID protocol does not address the intermittently connected network problem.


this simple solution may signi.cantly increase the completion time even when there are no 3G savings.


The problem here is that incoming TTLs for received packets might di.er at the node undertaking the reconstruction relative to the node that built the compensation packet.

we say that a compensation packet is recovered if all contained data packets have been received or have been recovered.


In the former case, each sensor directly sends the gathered data to the selected uw-gateway.

although time slotting eliminates the asynchronous nature of the protocol and the need for excessively long control packets, thus providing savings in energy, guard times should be inserted in the slot duration to account for any system clock drift.


Lemma 1: Given a convex distortion function E[d(k1, k2)] with two protection variables k1 and k2, .E[d(k1,k2 > 0 and .E[d(k1,k2 2 > 0are the necessary conditions that the proposed cross-layer framework always give a lower distortion than a system without protection.

(5) can describe the end-to-end distortion over a channel achieving rate, l , with a compound average SER, perr,l.j=1 Rj which allows the receiver to decode the coded wireless multicast signal up to layer l: _ 2 Dl = (1- perr,l )2-nR + perr,lsl , (5) When MDC is additionally considered on top of the scalable bitstreams and SPC, the source information bits that were originally transmitted by kl number of channel symbols are encoded into protected information bits that require n number of channel symbols for layer l. only (kl/ n) Rl bits in each channel symbol are available for describing layer l of the source symbol.


And second, how can we make sure that a new architecture we design today will not be ossi.ed 10 20 years later?

we are also grateful to those anonymous reviewers that provided constructive comments and to our shepherd John Heidemann.


Here w(e)= IT ·c(e) l,where c(e) is the capacity of link e if there is no interference, and T is a given period for a schedule.

there exists a node set with size at least |Vk 1|+ |Vk 2| |Vk| 1 22 max{|Vk |/(6a+1),|Vk |/11}= = (6a+1)2 +11 Ca such that all nodes in the set interfere with each other.


We then use the routes from Oregon or ASs BGP tables to derive the best routes to customers pre.xes.

pre.xes from peers have lower local preference than those from customers, or pre.xes from providers have lower local preference than those from peers.


If the (re)transmissions of the .rst subframe continues to fail, then the maximum number of aggregated frames could decrease due to the constraint.

we can conclude that the adequate A-MPDU length selection is important to enhance the performance of A-MPDU.


In the future, we will add more sensor nodes in the test for practical lessons.

hence, the CH needs load balancing to avoid excessive battery depletion.


In Section II-A, we described how King can pick appropriate name servers A and B from the sets of multiple authoritative name servers.

finally, we demonstrate that King is able to predict when its own measurements are likely to be inaccurate.


An estimator with small variance is faster because the estimation process needs to be repeated fewer times to achieve the required reliability.

some prior schemes require modi.cation to tags and some demand unrealistic system parameters.


IC is also used for convey side information, i.e.

a New Approach to Channel Access Scheduling for Ad Hoc Networks.


The service rate of the queue of user RU RU k from RU, rk (t), can be computed similarly, based on ck and kRU * (t), where kRU * (t) denotes the queue selected in time slot t for transmission of data from RU.

the BS transmission power can be adjusted as 2min{QBS (t),c BS (t)}/W BS T k* -1 p BS (t) = (9) .BS (t) where .BS is the receiver side GNR of the link between BS and RU and can be computed based on (1).