It has achieved 230 FPS with 640 x 480 resolution and 64 disparities.

the produced disparity maps are not very accurate.


O0 and hence an accurate support function representation is maintained.

in the linear subsystem of DI-PLL, the formula form of the support function representation is di.cult to use since the reachable state space computation contains the intersection operation between the linear and nonlinear reachable state space and vectors in Ot can only be mapped to Ot-.t.


In these proposed memory systems, data is distributed by hard  Figure 1: NAND .ash Figure 2: MRAM ware between NVM and CM to achieve a balanced read/write performance.

these approaches are typically designed for speci.c memory levels (e.g., cache and main memory) and do not e.ectively leverage applications data access characteristics.


Progress is currently measured by improving routed wirelength and place-and-route runtime on large benchmarks.

these results now appear questionable as (i) major placers were shown to be tuned to particular benchmark suites, and (ii) some reported improvements could not be replicated on full-.edged industrial circuits.


Fortunately, techniques such as increased layer thickness, chemical polishing, and intensive encapsulation, are developed and applied to eliminate the presented OLED degradation issues.

oLED cell aging effect is still inevitable, mainly because of the transportation layers current conductance performance, namely the hole transportation layer (HTL) and the electron transportation layer (ETL).


In this case, the signal vld_1 is already available in the RTL.

it is possible that there is no RTL signal corresponding to the signal driving the input of register vld_2: always@(posedge clock) begin case (select): 4 b0000 : vld_2 <= in1; 4 b0001 : vld_2 <= in2; .... end One option for the tool is to duplicate the logic driving the input of register vld_2 but that is clearly sub-optimal from a power savings stand-point.


Wear leveling can also be done at OS level, where OS periodically remaps a heavily written page.

oS-based wear leveling still requires per-page write-tracking counters and incurs slowdown due to remapping.


For all these transmissions, Node A s CCA interval overlaps with over the air transmission of Node B, thus, Node A will infer that there is an ongoing transmission and backo..

this would not be a prudent judgment since, if Node A had gone ahead with its transmission ignoring the result of the CCA, there would have been no collision.


For a region with coverage holes, the effective cross-section function is much more complicated, and will be denoted by f (y,.,vT).

it is easy to see that f satis.es bounds similar to (6)-(9): f(y,.,vT) =0 for w (y,.)


For example, under such a construction, if we use a hierarchy of two levels of the muldirect encoding for a total number of colors K, such that the number of Boolean variables used for the first-level muldirect encoding is n, then the number of Boolean variables used for the second-level muldirect encoding will be .K/n.. More recently, Kwon and Klieber [22] have proposed a SAT encoding for CSPs that, based on our terminology, can be classified as direct-i+direct for a 2-level version, where i is the number of Boolean variables used in the top encoding, and could include more than two levels, but with the direct encoding used at each level.

our method for hierarchical composition of encodings is completely general, and allows for any simple encoding to be used at any level of a hierarchical encoding.


Earlier iterations of the MDGRAPE-4 NoC did not reach 8GHz and so tolerable skew was initially much greater than the anticipated 15ps of clock skew.

the .nal 8GHz circuits could not operate reliably with skew far in excess of the clock skew.


Note that Phoenix s coverage of design defects is lower than the coverage of hard or soft faults by certain reliability schemes often over ninety .ve percent.

given the very high cost of design defect debugging, we claim that Phoenix is very cost-effective (Section 4).


Each workgroup carries out the same overall kernel computation, but has a designated subset of the input and output space.

there are a few key execution issues when workitems within the same workgroup execute on different paths.


In this paper we use Multicore Association Communications API (MCAPI) for the logical communication, and show how it simpli.es FPGA designs and even porting applications between on-chip FPGA processors and .xed IPblocks.

raising the abstraction introduces also performance overheads that we consider as well in a case study.


Most significantly, the newly proposed model shows the correct sensitivity to switching patterns under different spacing conditions.

without considering inductive effects, an RC line model does not demonstrate the correct delay dependence on switching patterns (Fig.


Although routing rules are included to reduce the likelihood of equivalent faults, faults F10 and F11 both have critical area and have the response 11111111.

since F11 has nearly 25 times as much critical area as fault F10, the response 11111111 can most Also, a strategy to reduce the likelihood of equivalent faults is described.


We do not include IO blocks when evaluating the effect of different hard blocks, because the power of IO blocks depends heavily on the standard used.

as a .nal .oorplan, which accurately models a Virtex-4 FX100 device, we include the IOBs with LVCMOS standard.


An ideal futility ranking scheme based on OPT ranks a cache line with high re-reference potential as less futile.

a practical futility ranking scheme may not always achieve this effect.


(ii) uni.ed linked-list: Out-of-order writing operations are complex within a linked-list.

an easy solution is to implement Q(b)linked-lists instead of Q,sincebis the number of banks per group and two operations over the same bank are always performed in strict order.


If the value of given jEM,max is smaller than the self-consistent solution, the MTF is better than expected 10 years due to the temperature caused by SH e.ect with this current density.

the resulted design has larger area because the current density of such wires can be higher.


Traditional application-specific designs hardwire the connection of these computation and communication resources.

hardwired designs do not extend easily for alternate applications.


In early generations, NSGA2-P is still the winner.

the resampling-based approaches shows a better capacity of .ltering noise over time.


When the regulator is embedded on LSI, the Nmin0 can be reduced.

the power efficiency of the regulator degrades the total power efficiency and limits the maximum energy gain obtained in the infinite DVFS cycles.


There is extensive literature on simulating the propagation of sound, including re.ections and diffraction.

prior methods do not provide suf.cient .exibility and ef.ciency that is needed for use in interactive virtual environments.


Similar to the aforementioned steps, VCC3A, B, and VCC detect the ESD connected components, ECC3, ECC4,and ECC5, respectively.

the p-vertex, A, detects no ESD connected component, since all the np-vertices have been visited.


In addition it is a fanout point of two pipelines.

d2 cannot evaluate until the acknowledge signal is received from G3 and is thus stalled.


If these lower level entries are reused, they are promoted to the most recently used position.

if they are not reused, the portion of the cache in which lower level entries compete with upper level entries is small.


3.3 Converting a Set of Assignments into a CNF Formula The modified SAT procedure in the previous subsection provides a set of all the assignments satisfying g(X).

it should be converted into a CNF formula to use it in the proposed model checking algorithm.


As baseline Strata performs no dynamic optimizations, it is impossible to overcome the performance loss of partial inlining.

any work striving to gain performance based on the increased context of partial inlining must first overcome the negative impacts of using partial inlining before performance gains can be realized.


The higher the segment count in the FU, the higher is the guardband reduction.

the area, power, and delay overheads also increase signi.cantly.


of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University University of California, San Diego Seoul, Korea 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 {chunmok, jihong}@davinci.snu.ac.kr dhkim@ucsd.edu ABSTRACT In shared bus-based multiprocessor system-on-a-chips (MP-SoCs), snoop-based schemes are widely used to maintain cache coherency.

many of broadcasts are useless because remote caches seldom have the matching blocks and their tag lookups do not supply data.


The number of VT options is usually around 4, and thus we have found that the optimization of VT in the continuous domain and then later mapping it to a discrete value is not effective.

finding the exact optimum solution for discrete VT assignment will require an integer program whose run time is prohibitive even for modest sized designs.


In reality, it is impossible to fully simulate a perfect AWGN source since it would require infinite bandwidth.

if some finite noise bandwidth is assumed and the duration of calculation time step for both circuit simulators is less than the half of maximum switching period of the PWL noise voltage sources, each data point can be regarded as a set of discrete data points sampled from a continuous AWGN function at each time step for complete recovery by Nyquist rate.


As shown in Figure 14, when m is doubled, throughputs increase by roughly a factor of 1.2 for non-pipelined designs and by roughly a factor of 2 for pipelined designs.

despite having smaller area and critical path delays, smaller fields make it more probable that the set of coefficients corresponding to the set of received encoded messages are linearly dependent, preventing recovery of the original messages [23].


We limit deadspace insertion because it can increase area and wirelength overhead [20].

when design quality is judged unacceptable, the amount of deadspace must increase to ease deadspace optimization and TSV insertion.


Some level converter circuits can cause DC current to flow due to different supplies.

the proposed CPL level shifting multiplexer does not have the DC current since none of the NMOS have a current from VDD to VVDD via PMOS transistors.


The fourinput LUT was selected because 4-LUTs have been shown to allow area-e.cient mappings of a wide range of circuits [14].

our carry chain design required that the logic block be able to generate multiple outputs.


In in.nite queue models the loss probability is often approximated as PL(x) P (Q>x).

this approximation usually provides an upper bound (sometimes a very pour bound) to the loss probability [14].


These ones connect the x_din and x_rok signals of the selected input channel to the external output channel interface.

before be connected to out_val, the x_rok signal goes through the OFC block.


For the transaction on inp for instance, a C++ source code fragment is: execute_vc() { if (data present on port I) then { read data value; do processing;  } // else do nothing return; } In this fragment, the code related to port_O and port_P has been left out.

the code implements the specification of the inp interface in Figure 6.


A designer is interested in .nding a circuit topology and parameters that result in the desired circuit performance.

basic circuit analyses (transient, periodic steady state, small-signal ac, etc.)


As it demonstrates, in more than half of the time, the diverged warp has the opportunity to combine with another warp by searching across the warp scheduler.

the two warps are likely to use the SP and registers belonging to the same lane and encounter the lane conflict.


The first so- lution devoting to such problems has been reported in [15] which provided a wide range of design considerations for the server which broadcasts periodically over multiple physical channel air-cache, and for the mobile users to influence the broadcast strategy for their benefit.

[15] assumed the channels to be homogeneous and data items delivered to be equally sized.


The Cell-ID method is the least costly and has been available in networks for the past few years.

its weakness namely in poor accuracy (cell size) has hindered its broad acceptance in location services [5, 6].


In functional veri.cation of such a system, we used a processor bus functional model (BFM) to combine native software execution with a cycle-accurate interconnect simulator and an HDL simulator.

we found that significant extensions need to be made to the conventional BFM methodology in order to capture various data-race cases in simulation, which eventually happen in modern multiprocessor systems.


performance, while ReadyDrive [6] enables Windows Vista PCs equipped with a hybrid hard disk (a new type of disk with integrated non-volatile .ash memory) to boot up faster, resume from hibernate in less time, preserve battery power, and improve disk reliability.

.ash memory does have several unique characteristics that introduce challenges to the management issues.


A. Motivational Example There have been several variation-aware high-level synthesis (HLS) algorithms proposed that seek to maximize the timing yield of a circuit caused by process variation [4, 14].

our stallable-FSM architecture is free from timing fault through fault recovery.


Joint Sizing and Adaptive Independent Gate Control for FinFET Circuits Operating in Multiple Voltage Regimes Using the Logical Effort Method Xue Lin, Yanzhi Wang, and Massoud Pedram University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, 90089, US {xuelin, yanzhiwa, pedram}@usc.edu ABSTRACT voltagescalability.

another important operation to minimize the energy-... point of FinFET circuits, the optimal FinFET has been proposed as an alternative for bulk CMOS in current and future technology nodes due to more effective channel delay product, typically lies in near-threshold regime.


As the number of segments grows, the e.ective trace bu.er size increases.

the increase in the e.ective trace bu.er size is not necessarily equal to the increase in the e.ective trace depths.


723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN46202 USA jzheng@cs.iupui.edu teleconferencing, tabletop human computer interaction, virtual reality, and multimedia presentation.

wireless technology has been developed to facilitate location free applications such as Internet, data exchange and sharing, phone, etc.


Obviously in many applications all the inputs and outputs are not independent.

typically there is a large degree of correlation between the various inputs and outputs.


Shorter iteration lengths make this iterative diagnosis method more effectiveby reducingthe size ofthetrace.

executing fewer instructions in each iteration may result in short traces that may not utilize the microarchitecture fully, leading to fewer fault activations, and hence, fewer divergences and loss of diagnosability.


These data structures provide a large amount of inherent dynamic parallelism, because the application can potentially spawn a concurrent activity for each element to explore.

they also present very poor spatial and temporal locality, because any element can point to any other element, leading to substantially unpredictable, .ne-grained, memory accesses.


In the worst-case, when one four GNRs in both the p-type and n-type GNRFETs are N=9 GNRs, the delay increases by 6 77%.

there is a 12 30% decrease in the delay of an inverter when one four GNRs in both the p-type and n-type GNRFETs are N=18 GNRs.


For small systems (<64 nodes), the ....2 term becomes negligible and a linear relationship approximately models the effect of the CAD tools distribution of the topology over the FPGA fabric.

as systems and their corresponding network become very large, the tools are challenged to find available global resources, which cause a significant decrease in performance resulting in the ....2 term.


China chuzhufei@mail.nbu.edu.cn, {xiayinshui, wanglunyao}@nbu.edu.cn ABSTRACT To implement multi-voltage technique in SoC designs, level shifters (LSs) are essential modules which translate signals among different voltage domains.

inserting LSs requires nonnegligible area and timing overhead.


It can be easily done in the compiler for the target architecture.

the functional models of the processor extension have no visibility into the application code utilizing the processor extensions.


As we explained previously, some of this information willbeavailable through the discoveryprocess itself (e.g., the authentication methods supported in L2).

other pieces of information, such as L3 security policies, optimizations supported, etc.


Finally, to satisfy the requirement that the integral (sum) of the co-occurrence distribution is equal to one, the co-occurrence matrix p(S, E) is normalized across the whole matrix, that is: p(s ,e ) = occr / m n occr (15) i j ij ..i=1 j=1 ij 3.2.2 BIC-based Cluster Number Estimation In the above co-clustering algorithm, the row cluster number k and the column cluster number l are assumed to be known.

in an unsupervised approach, it's not possible to specify the cluster numbers beforehand.


In contrast, adaptive routers avoid congested links by using alternative routing paths; this leads to higher throughput.

due to the extra logic needed to decide on a good routing path, adaptive routing has a higher latency at low levels of network congestion.


4.1.2 FPGA Implementation and Results of AES Implementation choices are not detailed in this paper.

the reader can refer to paper [25] for more technical information.


Three-dimensional integration to create multi-layer ICs [46] is a concept that reduces the number and the average lengths of the longest global wires seen in traditional 2-D chips by providing shorter vertical paths for connection and also allows integration of disparate technologies and substrates.

this technology still needs to overcome difficult challenges such as the development of new system architectures and tools.


The failure rate for a given system can be modelled as a function of the failure rates of its individual subsystems, suggestions being present in the MIL-HDBC-217 document, which is publicly available [44].

this document has been strongly criticized for its failure rate estimations based on the Arrhenius model, which relates the failure rate to the operating temperature: E .=Ke KBT (1) - where K is a constant, KB is Boltzmann s constant, T is the absolute temperature and E is the activation energy for the process [18].


Note that the completion time obtained using the proposed droplet manipulation method is slightly more than that for direct-addressing method.

this increase in completion time is acceptable considering the significant reduction in input bandwidth.


If the range of wire width increases, our model may not be applicable.

these models are reasonable for the general wire width range limited by recent process technologies.


In fact only the timing consequences of two cooperative tasks (T7 and T8) needed to be considered.

in the general case the ERCOSek task behavior can be far more complicated disabling an easy approximation by MPA.


Even though the measure cannot be used for an absolute evaluation of a system s throughput (as heuristic cost depends on the net numbers and their detailed topology structure), the .gure shows that relative correlations are well mapped, so that the cost can be used inside an optimization engine.

wirelength and throughput are very loosely correlated, if at all (see result section for numerical examples).


At scale factor 100, power consumption decreases from a peak of 10.4 W to 0.13W, an 80x reduction.

the 10.4 W power consumption looks like an extreme data point.


In our simulations, the design corner can be setup as the follows: Based on the impacts of the major sources of device variations, the worst corner happens when L, Vth and t show positive deviations from their nominal values and W shows a negative deviation from its nominal value.

the worst corner of A is dif.cult to determined: a large MTJ surface raises the magnitude of MTJ switching threshold current while causes the reduction of MTJ resistance, which can improve the NMOS transistor driving ability, and vice versa.


For the remaining circuits, on average, there is still a speedup when .ne-grained signals are implemented on the FG resources.

the speedup range changes from 42x faster (spi) to almost 50x slower (wb_conmax).


access to vendors so that they can easily communicate with our system (Bernard, 2004).

if you hire an ethical hacker and do nothing else, it can be useless.


The LP-DRAM cells presented in [38] for four different technology nodes 180/130/90/65nm have areas in the range of 19 26F2.

a typical SRAM cell would have an area of about 120 150F2.


Coordinated, Distributed, Formal Energy Management of Chip Multiprocessors Philo Juang Qiang Wu pjuang@princeton.edu jqwu@cs.princeton.edu Li-Shiuan Peh Margaret Martonosi Douglas W. Clark peh@ee.princeton.edu mrm@ee.princeton.edu doug@cs.princeton.edu Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Princeton University Princeton, NJ  ABSTRACT Designers are moving toward chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) to leverage application parallelism for higher performance while keeping design complexity under control.

to date, no power management techniques have been proposed for coordinated power control of multiple processor cores.


These techniques can mitigate the impact of process variations at the early stage of a design .ow.

most of these optimizations are physical-unaware the work on high-level is unable to address the impact of interconnects and spatial correlations of process variability.


The DME, and many other algorithms, require that the CDN s abstract topology to be generated initially by another algorithm, such as Mean and Median Method (MMM), Geometric Matching Algorithm (GMA) or Balanced Bipartition (BB) [2].

the topology governs the pairing between nodes, impacts the location of the Steiner nodes, and as a result, influences the total wire length.


This may result in increasing the wiring congestion on chip and can result in latency errors, as identi.ed in [10].

in incremental conversion, converters can be built to control the interaction of IPs located closer to each other.


With the algorithm described in [19], uncapacitated Minimum Cost Flow Problems can be solved in time O(|V (G)|(log |V (G)|)(|E(G)| + |V (G)| log(|V (G)|))) = O((n 2 k + nk2 + (n + k)2 log(n + k)) log(n + k)) which is O(n 2 log2 n) if k is .xed.

for VLSI instances with several millions of circuits, the algorithm is much too slow, since its running time grows more than quadratically with n. There are other algorithms that exploit the special structure of the Transportation Problem.


This interleaving results in a row-con.ict for each access and therefore signi.cantly increases the latency experienced by each thread.

with a Marking-Cap of 5, PAR-BS would service A s 5 15For example, STFM delays requests from threads that are estimated to be slowed down much less than others.


Furthermore, most of these existing techniques either provide a unidirectional design space [1, 17] leading to accumulative error or have a narrow and restrictive design space [16, 20].

the inexact logic minimization techniques provided a richer design space, but overlooked the inherent compensation ability that could be gleaned from these logic transformations and relied on absolute or worst case statistical measures as the guiding principles that more often than not lead to pessimistic under-designed inexact systems.


On one hand, it assesses whetherfor agiven topology aninvestment on afaster link pays o. in terms of total energy.

it investigates whether di.erent link synthesis techniques can put well-known performance-power trade-o.s between various kinds of topologies in discussion.


In order to increase the global throughput of the circuit, four round instances are implemented.

these blocks are not serially pipelined as it is usually done when implementing unrolled ciphers.


A circuit with single clock can be easily modeled cycle accurately in C-level.

a circuit with multiple (asynchronous) clocks needs to be modeled carefully to prevent cycle errors at the point of clock domain crossing even though each block is modeled cycle accurately.


The static indexingis able to reduce the number ofcon.ict missesby41% on average.

for some applications like astar, gcc, or sjeng it incurs in more misses than the base con.guration.


While CAMs built using fully associative memories may have single-cycle access time, they do not scale well to larger target pattern sets.

cAMs built from regular RAM require multiple cycles for lookup, which does not support the situation where target patterns appear on the bus on every cycle.


In [3] the performance impact of IBM AME on the performance of SAP ERP systems is analyzed.

the author does not provide any insights into configuration of the testing environment, configuration or the AME factor.


4.1 Main Concept The speciality of the component architecture concerning the timing veri.cation is the high grade of variability which originates from distributing the components and the ability to parameterise the components.

the static timing analysis takes advantage of the development infrastructure because the execution contexts of all components are more or less known.


Of course, this is not an exact indication of where dyfl instructions could be removed by static analyses e.g., an instruction may be redundant in one runbut notin another,oritmaybe that code motion can changea polarized dyfl instruction into a non-polarized one, or vice-versa.

a high fraction of polarized instructions would intuitively suggest that further static analyses might be straightforward.


In contrast, researchers agree that the Cycle Count Accurate Model [1, 15] is more suitable for system modeling for its appropriate timing accuracy and low simulation overhead.

the challenge is how to build an equivalent CCAMM (Cycle Count Accurate Memory Model) from a CAMM.


Figure 1: Schematic structure of a GRLS system Using frequency dividers is a common industry practice for generating clock frequencies due to the simplicity of the problem of clock division.

we innovate over existing approaches by building our local Clock Generation Units (CGUs) as clock division blocks supporting multiple input clocks to give more .exibility in the choice of the local frequencies and ultimately achieve higher energy savings through DDVFS.


If the pattern in (a) is chosen, the resulting scheduling solution is shown in (b) with the restriction that the execution time of p1 and p2 cannot overlap.

if we choose the pattern in (c), the latency of the .nal synthesis result in (d) is almost half of the latency in (b).


1, s, s3,..., we should use exponential functions with base s. Adding the constraints that p(G) s are integers, we are able to obtain the exact solution using the MLP model.

if there is no such relation between cell sizes, we can solve the MLP model with the p(G) s being real variables, and use the smallest available cell size that is larger than the calculated value as the cell size assignment.


As we have previously shown, DVFS has a useful property: B1T = B1E1/0.95 B1E2 = B1T · 0.85 Note that above BIPS predictions do not account for transition overheads.

at design time, the cost of switching among modes is well known as well as the BIPS and Power Matrix scalings.


This gives a power suboptimality of 3 -(T -vth ).

the interaction between gates is overlooked in this case.


Extensive validation experiments were performed for several combinations of network topology, routing algorithm, buffer size, mean message length, and flit size.

for the sake of specific illustration and brevity, we provide results for the following cases only: Average Message Latency (Cycle)  400 100 0 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 Traffic Generation Rate (Message/Node/Cycle) Traffic Generation Rate (Message/Node/Cycle)  Figure 3.


If we split a stochastic bit stream 1 into L shorter streams, the computation delay reduces to of the L original one.

as a trade-off, we need L copies of the original circuit to process L bit streams in parallel.


This is again mainly due to the fact that wire RC is dominant in the longest wire.


Only the interdevice synchronization runs locally in the smartphones and the run time is extremely small compared to the actual audio recording process and thus will consume negligible amount of energy.

the beamforming and localization algorithms run only on server side and thus will not consume any extra energy in the smartphones.


Implementors using the Windows ReadyDriveTM are advised to use part of the .ash memory as an OEM-pinned data section, as shown in Table 1, which contains code blocks critical to quick application launches [16].

the manufacturers advice does not include the determination of performance-critical data.


Just as is observed when measuring current output, array size is signi.cantly limited when the rows are .oating.

these results show that grounding just the unselected rows allows for memory sizes up to at least 64 × 64.


To deal with this, some tools employ automatic logic reduction using sophisticated heuristics (refer to the Automatic region in Figure 5).

even though the problem size may be reduced, it may still be too big to solve by the formal engines, particularly for complex end-to-end properties.


When the mobile network is connected through Wi-Fi, the quality of the VoIP session is good.

once the MR looses its Wi-Fi connection, it only uses the GPRS interface for all traf.c.


RELAT ED WORK One common approach to post-silicon coverage evaluation is to use in-silicon coverage monitors [11] [13].

adding coverage monitors to the silicon is costly in terms of timing, power, and area [14].


Although the authors in [6] suggest that their sizing algorithm is optimal, we believe that manual optimizations can be further achieved in our architecture because we have control over the design of delay elements, unlike in [6] where they assume a speci.c library of cells.

we leave the exploration of further optimizations as future work.


If the final merging of faults produces a valid incorrect output, no fault will be detected.

if two of the three faults, whether they be merging or in the same path, produce a valid incorrect output, the third fault will be propagated to the BDD output unaffected.


of Cores 50K 100K 200K 400K 100 200 400 600 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 4 8 16 WS 0.8% 3.0% 3.6% 5.1% 4.2% 3.0% 1.3% -2.5% 2.5% 3.0% 2.1% 1.3% 3.0% 3.9% 3.5% PE 21.3% 33.5% 18.5% 10.5% 25.7% 33.5% 35.4% 19.5% 30.3% 33.5% 30.7% 31.8% 33.5% 32.4% 35.8% rank [6] to improve DRAM performance and save power.Sub-rank compensates for the reduced bank level parallelismcaused by bank partitioning; it also reduces the number of devices involved in a single memory access, thereby reducing DRAM power consumption.

sub-rank reduces memory peak bandwidth and increases data transferring time, its improvement of performance is slight and sometimes it even hurts system performance.


[8] suggested adjustment based on channel environment, i.e., let sensors with higher goodput increase their sending rate and sensors with lower goodput decrease their sending rate.

parameter tuning is likely to be very di.cult and it is not clear if this approach is scalable.


A few recent proposals have explored bypass algorithms for LLCs.3 One proposal [6] remembers the tag of a bypassed block (if the incoming block is bypassed) or the victimized block (if the incoming block is not bypassed) to observe the next use to the bypassed/allocated block and the saved/victimized block, and accordingly learns whether bypassing is a good decision.

this proposal randomly selects incoming blocks for bypassing based on a bypass probability, which is adjusted dynamically based on the e.ectiveness of bypassing.


It is therefore possible that multiple check points are scheduled for a particular victim late event.

it is easy to show that the transition time of the leading edge of the noise pulse is a lower bound on the amount of time by which the check point progresses forward in each iteration.


For loops with a high trip count, the execution time is almost proportional to the II, so reducing the II is crucial.

when the number of iterations is rather small, the time consumed by the prolog and the epilog may be higher than the time consumed by the kernel [21].


The buffer insertion scheme employed here is similar to the length based buffer insertion in [2].

we allow the Steiner points and wiring paths to be adjusted.


To address variability, these efforts so far have focused 1 0.9 on statistical analysis [14] and techniques to address systematic variation through measure, model, mitigate approach (DFM) [15].

0.8 in order to address variability directly, new system and circuit techniques must be devised that can sense variability and 0.7 dynamically critical circuit parameters to adapt the behavior of the circuit.


Therefore, we expect that the proposed charge recycling technique, which simply changes V0 from VDD to VDD/2, does not change the positive peak value of the GB.

as seen from (17), the leakage power consumption has increased by a factor of (1+1/2n) compared to the conventional power gating the negative peak value of the GB, and the GB settling time bothmethod.


Recon.gurable platforms are able to perform complex tasks ef.ciently using hardware accelerators, while adapting to the changing requirements with the recon.guration.

the recon.guration itself is an energy consuming operation [4] which should be managed properly in order to gain the bene.ts from the hardware acceleration.


L. 2.3 ChainMap Duplication The exclusivity constraint of chains is de.ned as the requirement that a chain net be a single-source, single-sink relationship between adjacent LEs.

when the network is viewed as a set of LUTs, as in SIS internal representation, it means that a node t can have at most two chain outputs u and v. there are constraints on which LUTs can be part of the same LE, assuming that an architecture allows a full K-LUT function on the chain.


One note here is that even though the number of returned relays from both algorithms are identical, the actual candidates may not be the same.

the shortest-path based algorithm returns more relays compared to the ones returned by the other two algorithms.


Over a traditional physical register .le mechanism, we need only: (i) the ability to update the register rename map when the result of an instruction is one of these selected values, (ii) additional state bits to the instruction window entries to keep track of the selected values, and (iii) suitable modi.cations of the control logic.

in addition to the normal broadcast for instruction wakeup, a re-broadcast is still necessary when a physical register is remapped.


The conclusion in [3] indicates that for ReRAM with a large SET current (> 500µA), strong CFs exist in the cell and thus only HRS retention failure is observed in these cells because the ruptured CFs are more like to be reconstructed.

for ReRAM with a small SET current (< 100µA) [19], only LRS retention failure is observed, because weakly formed CFs are more likely to be ruptured due to the random degeneration of oxygen vacancies in the CFs.


However, the extra instructions executed by the software I-caching system increase the total energy required to complete a computation and therefore reduce this difference.

(it is also possible that a software I-cache could manage the instruction memory more effectively, thereby reducing the energy expended during misses.)


As shown in Remark 2, the functions f4 and f5 have the same space of null linear structures, namely {0x00}.

the space of null linear structures of g4 = w 3 is {0x00} whereas H .


In the remainder of our experimental analysis, we focus only on Scheme-II.

whenever the power increase and additional circuit overhead Scheme-II+ brings can be tolerated, one can use Scheme-II+ and all observations we make below regarding Scheme-II apply to Scheme-II+ as well.


The R-PUF is a PUF with a mechanism that is able to transform it when required into a new PUF with a new unpredictable and uncontrollable challenge-response behaviour.

a problem with the R-PUFs that are described in [7] is that none of them seem to be implementable in a practical way for security purposes.


seen at the input of a clock/data recovery circuitry) can be approached in a couple of ways.

since our equalizer is defined as a frequency-domain transfer function, we can simply take the pre-distorted transmitter output signal and multiply that with the S-parameters of the link and receiver transfer function.


It is thus commonly assumed that on-ship signal wires are EM-safe.

this can be a wrong message to circuit designers.


The CMP takes 3T to .nish all six jobs and all of them meet their deadlines.

if users manually downgrade the third and sixth jobs to Opportunistic jobs (Figure 3(b)), the system can accept and run more jobs simultaneously and reduce external resource fragmentation.


If all equilibria are unstable, then it is impossible for the circuit to settle at some stationary state.

our analysis does not rule out the possibility that the circuit has some chaotic or higherharmonic behavior.


Inthe extreme situation where wires are far apart, the inductive coupling between wires become negligible and the figure of meritthat characterize the relevance of volume discretization derived in the previous section can be applied to each wire.

measures must be taken to handle inductive coupling when it becomes significant.


This result has been obtained by .xing the unspeci.ed values to their default values.

the error coverage achieved by randomly completing the unspeci.ed values is 56.7%.


However, the model is rather abstract and the predicates seem dif.cult to derive.

we provide a clear distinction between the architecture layer and the mapping to the implementation.


The .oorplan con.gurations are represented by normalized Polish expression (NPE) [17].

the NPE can only represent slicing .oorplans, which are exponentially less than the general .oorplans [15] as the core number increases.


Although the forward latency in each individual stage is improved in the adaptive pipeline, the overall end-to-end pipeline latencies are almost the same in baseline and adaptive designs, since the latter requires the additional left and right interface stages.

their .xed overhead has less impact as the pipeline depth increases.


(4) There is no DC-connection between the power supply and the ground in a stable state, leading to minimum static power dissipation.

recent technology scaling introduces increasingly signi.cant leakage power consumption.


For example, integer adder, which occupies most of the circuit area of an integer FU, comprises 4k - 6k transistors [10], [22].

an FP multiplier and an FP adder, which require fast transistors as integer FUs, comprise over 200 k transistors[22], which is several tens times of that in integer adders.


For this purpose, a drop threshold is selected so that if aX,i or ßX,j is smaller than this threshold, it is deemed to have small value and will be placed into a drop candidate pool to be pruned from the variation vector representation.

dropping aX,i or ßX,j with small magnitude is the same as applying truncation to the variation vector.


Cost Analysis Under the same redundancy ratio, the proposed repair scheme has higher hardware cost when compared to other TSV repair solutions, i.e., our redundancy scheme requires three 1-to-3 muxes for each TSV, while signal-shifting and signal-switching have one 1-to-3 mux for each signal TSV.

the extra cost is justi.ed by the corresponding signi.cant TSV yield improvement.


AUDIT was able to generate a stressmark that works around the FPU throttling restrictions to increase the size of the droop.

it is not able to match the droops seen without FPU throttling because it is now limited to using fewer highpower floating-point and SIMD operations.


However, it still cannot get the optimal solution for many cases within the given time limit.

the proposed SA based approach can achieve approximately the same test time as 5TS+ILP with 10 times shorter computational time.


b) Updating TInterference due to interference in DRAM bank: Because thread C has issued a request, other threads with requests to the same bank have to wait for R to be serviced and therefore experience an increased stall-time.

increasing TInterference of these threads by the service latency of R is too simplistic as it ignores memory-level parallelism [8, 2] of threads.


The most direct method is by the addition of extra transistors inside the memory element such that the input stage is slowed in order to filter fast transient pulses.

such a scheme is infeasible since, in addition to the large overheads incurred in power and delay, it increases the effective device area susceptible to direct particle strikes thereby making the flipflops more vulnerable to SETs.


Traditionally, the time-domain DTS s should perform two-point calibration to have their accuracy approaching to that of the voltage-domain ATS s. For reducing calibration time and cost, a dual-DLL based DTS [8] was recently proposed to adopt one-point calibration that can still removes the effects of process variations.


This results in Pmax(ni)having twice thedelay of Pmax (nj ), and thereby a higher probability of violating the target clock speed.


It is shown that for deep-submicron technologies dynamic logic is much more sensitive to single event transients than static logic.

the use of a static keeper may increase the robustness of dynamic logic against single event transients by orders of magnitude.


It should be noted that, every statement is either unconditionally executed, or is in the forward cone of some branch condition.

we compute the backward and ancillary cones of every condition to compact the set of conditions whose evaluations are tobe recorded,thus reducingtheoverheadsofcoverageextraction.


When a set of .oorplanning instances falls within the operating range of PATOMA, resulting solutions are slightly better than Capo s and are found several times faster.

pATOMA seems to trade robustness for runtime and in some cases generates solutions with remarkably long wires for example, Figure 4 shows PATOMA solutions for the IBM-HB+10 benchmark and the cal040 design, which have 1.4x and 9.7x worse HPWL, respectively, compared to the best seen solutions.


As a result, anydistribution of the iterations of such a loop is legal (i.e., semantically correct).

as will be demonstrated later, different distributions can have signi.cantly different data locality (onchip cache performance) behavior.


To resume execution after the con text switch (or a return to the previous program phase), there are cache misses as instructions are again fetched.


The above quantity was also scaled by multiplying the above product by a constant K. we experimented with K = 0.015 and calculate our power budget based on this value.

k may take different values based on the chip test environments.


In [15] the BDD-based over-approximation is used to guide the SAT solver with the information obtained by the over-approximation, whereas in [7] and [22] the reachable state space is over-approximated by a computed invariant.

in contrast to these methods we iteratively strengthen a computed invariant by using an over-approximated set of counterexamples.


3.3 The Manufacturing Barrier: Integrating TFET and FinFET Technologies TFET technology is at an exploratory stage and it is too premature to analyze it from the yield and cost perspectives.

from an integration perspective, TFET and FinFETdevicescanbefabricatedonasinglechipina monolithic fashion using a silicon substrate.


For small wordlengths, either direct realizations of minimized logic functions or look-up tables can be used.

these approaches are inefficient for medium and large wordlengths.


In parallel, in order to reduce arbitration latency, Arbiter2 arbitrates among its received bus requests.

it grants AHB2 to its selected master only when it receives the grant AHB2 signal from Arbiter1.


Numerous algorithms make use of this fact by analyzing the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the recorded signals.

the use of FFT results in loss of temporal information and affects the detection accuracy.


since the sub-threshold leakage continues to dominate total standby leakage in current technologies, its marginal reduction cancels out any increase of gate leakage.


This run-time behavior of the system is well suited for higher levels of abstractions, at the behavioral or system level or to model mixed hardware/software systems at the transaction level.


UNC recommends tilting the screen to make it more perpendicular to the projectors; in their experience, using keystone correction affects image quality.

in this situation the user preferred to tilt the screen in the opposite direction, making it more perpendicular to his view, and therefore more oblique to the projection direction.


In the presence of noise, reverberation, or competing sources, grating lobes can severely complicate identi.cation of the true DOA.

as arraysize decreases, the resolution achievable with the array also decreases.


GA-based scheduling procedure = EQ 1 describes the scheduling problem as a non-linear cost wsi function with linear constraints.

we cannot apply any and dependent timing constraints.


RELATED WORK The value of I/O sharing has been recognized by others for both mobile and non-mobile systems.

existing solutions have three limitations: They do not support unmodi.ed applications, do not expose all I/O device functions to the client, or are not generic to I/O classes.


However, for smaller L2 cache sizes, the SINIC network buffers over.owintomain memory.Theoverheadofthe resulting DRAMto-cache buffer copies causes signi.cant bandwidth degradation (a 40% reduction down to 6 Gbps with a 1 MB cache).

without the zero-copyoptimization,V-SINIC provides similar performance characteristics, though at a slightly reduced performance level due to additional overheads in the device driver.3 the zerocopyoptimization eliminates thebuffer copyentirely, making performance insensitive to the cache size, and allowing the system to saturate the network in every con.guration.


We can reduce this requirement by employing larger parity groups.

doing so slows down recovery and increases 120  the risk of contention in the home of a parity page belonging to a 7 Related Work particularly popular parity group.


State of the art systems manage thermal emergencies by increasing the fan speed, gating the memory accesses or both.

these techniques induce energy and performance overhead.


Both exact and heuristic methods have been developed to tackle this problem.

in this paper we are not only concerned with the complexity of the circuit resulting from a BDD, but to an even greater extent, the power dissipation.


In 8-bit and larger designs the area is dominated by large multipliers.

in 4-bit designs the area is dominated by linear components, like adders, multiplexers and registers.


For example, if the gray shaded CFU in Figure 2 was selected then it would be possible to execute 12-15 on it.

a CFU for 12-15-18 could have been chosen later, which would have helped performance more.


Low number of transitions is achieved by using a proper encoding, called di.erential bar encoding (DBE), which allows to achieve one transition per transmitted pixel.

the encoding proposed in this work, called Limited Intra-Word Transition (LIWT), builds upon [3] and [4], in that it transmits pixel di.erences and uses the di.erential bar encoding as encoding basis; it generalizes the DBE by allowing codes with more than one intra-word transition per pixel.


Such value is an essential input to the instruction set extension search algorithm, as it is a nonnegligible part of the speedup Table 1: Speedup results for two selected kernels of the JPEG  Atasu 1.1 0.9 Biswas coherence violating 9.0 1.3   Biswas Data Cache Flush 1.3 0.2 Biswas no Data Cache 6.2 0.7 Biswas corrected M(C) 1.1 0.9 Coherent DMA 6.3 1.0 Speculative DMA 9.6 9.0 metric that such algorithm tries to optimize.

due to the dynamic nature of the speculative DMA transfers, the value calculated statically for .overhead as in [4] may be extremely imprecise.


they may produce sub-optimal circuits or fail to solve the problem.


In contrast, if condition (8) does not hold, then two poles are not sufficient to model the noise waveform.

by introducing an approximation, the noise glitch obtained with the QLTA procedure can be modeled with a 2PM function.


RDR is similar to the ILR technique in [10].

the criterion to move a cell is no longer the score based on bin cell utilization change and HPWL reduction.


Hence, we have shown that parallel probing is an efficient and cost effective set-up procedure for circuit switched NoCs that can be used for dynamic circuit configuration in real-time and high performance applications.

due to the relative long setup time and the high resource usage during setup, it is only suitable for certain applications.


Typically, the matching requirements for nets have been imposed as length matching constraints in the literature, especially for board level routing.

matching the wirelengths exactly does not guarantee that the interconnects have identical electrical properties.


Note that all gates can be simply assigned with the lowest available Vt level if timing is optimized without considering power.

we still include Vt assignment in the presentation in order to be consistent with the algorithm description in Section 4, which introduces the algorithm for timing-constrained power optimization.


The far greater accuracy of the time-shifted nonlinear phase equation stems from its provable correctness for small perturbations [10].

despite being nonlinear, time-shifted oscillator macromodels still have the drawback that they are small signal models extracted from linearizing oscillators about their steady-states; they only work well when perturbations to the oscillator are small.


For every value of d, we show the total number of faults with d(g1,g2,AND ) =d or d(g1,g2,OR ) =d, and the number of undetectable faults with this value of d. Table 4 shows that many undetectable faults have d=0.

not all the faults with d=0 are undetectable.


For a worst case, these values are of 91%, 127% and 135% for Martin, Sutherland and van Berkel, respectively.

the worst case is the one where glitches have bigger heights.


There is a number of methods that do not model electrical masking, and instead just focus on logical masking [5][7][8][10] and, in some cases, on latching-window (timing) masking (described in Section 2.4) [2][5][7][8][10].

approaches that completely overlook electrical masking and simplify modeling by assuming logical and latching-window masking only, are unable to estimate the magnitude of error masking due to electrical effects, and thus provide too pessimistic error rate values, in many cases overestimated by more than a factor of 3X.


We used BPTM BSIM4 model for simulation to estimate gate current (Igate ) and propagation delay (Tpd).

due to unavailability of silicon data we used an analytical formula for area calculations.


Overview of the SURFER technique modules, they can be defined as reconfigurable partitions as well.

developers are free to divide the system into modules as they see fit, following the good practices of design modularization, since the gains attainable in repair time are not limited by their size.


Static vs. dynamic data.ow: in ASH, at most one instance of an operation may be executing at any given time, because each operation has a single output latch for storing the result.

a superscalar processor may have multiple instances of any instruction in .ight at once, because the register renaming mechanism effectively provides a different storage element for each instance of an in-.ight instruction.


2.1 The Baseline Issue Logic Without loss of generality, we have considered a 2-way wide pipeline.

our implementation is easily extended to a 4-way or a 8-way case.


[17] selects the non-X responses to be masked out intelligently using a stuck-at ndetection metric, such that the impact of masking on the defect coverage is reduced.

sole dependence on the SSF fault coverage may not be justified because a very small percentage of all defects behave as single stuck faults [7].


In figure 3, the schedule tree for the flat SAS in figure 2(b)(3) is based on the split {}BC}.

we could also A{, take the split to be {, {}.


For instance, fragmentation is possible if we have logical queues with cells scattered through many physical queues, so that all the physical queue identi.ers are used, even though the overall DRAM occupancy is low.

we believe that using a reasonable value of P, the probability of this DRAM fragmentation problem arising may be very low.


Gi 3.4 Global Constraint Relaxation Based on the above, our problem reduces to visiting the vertices at the intersection of a global constraint hyperplane with the local constraint hypercube.

the number of these vertices may Initial global constraint hyperplane  b constraint Figure 2: Before theraise,a,b,and c are left out of G and KnHG includes .ve vertices.


In raytrace, the application with the largest reduction, as many as 52% of the intolerable misses are eliminated for the base ECDC protocol.

approximately half of these misses are potential synchronization to truly shared data, which will probably not yield performance improvement.


[1] studied the impact of thermal stress on mobilities, and performed static timing analysis considering stress e.ect.

temperature also a.ects the gate delay by changing the mobility Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Hence, some have suggested decreasing the switching frequency at low load currents to maintain optimum efficiency [14].

in this application the PWM frequency must be fixed to avoid in-band harmonics (and simplify control), so the frequency cannot be varied to match the switching losses to the large variations in conduction losses that result from the wide range of load currents.


most circuits are DAGs, with reconvergent fanouts.


We will refer to this type of analysis as unbiased analysis.

if additional or partial information is available, whether it is from historical data or from process experience, then one could make use of this information so as to bias the robustness metric computation.


To offset this, one could increase the number of entries in the first level as in configuration (ii) to ensure the work- ing set is captured by the first level.


Examples for semantically correct transformations are the exchanges of the constant 4 with the constant 10 in a projection predicate.

the transformations can be applied to allow for a larger variety of queries by allowing different semantics of the query.


Much of the literature in this area [3] [6] is based entirely on the use of one-dimensional models that account for stress components only along the longitudinal direction (i.e., along the channel direction).

.nite element simulations in [1], [2] show that STI stress in the transverse direction, perpendicular to the channel direction, also impacts the circuit performance.


In fact, the noise ampli.cation at the carrier frequencies is directly proportional to the number of channels.

the noise ampli.cation away from the carrier frequencies has a much milder dependence on the number of channels and does not increase much more as the number of channels is increased.


They also show poor c_ratio values and have the lowest scoring, so they are not included in the model.

degree two to four congestion metrics show average rankings and are included in the model.


These operations can be implemented with simpler, faster circuits, and consume less power than an equivalent FP circuit.

addition and subtraction are more complicated in LNS, and commonly implemented using the trascendental functions sb(z)and db(z), de.ned as: logb(1 + Z)= logb(1 + bz)= sb(z), z<0 (8) logb(1 -Z)=logb(1 -bz)= db(z), z<0.


The test structure is similar to the one used in the line library.

we merge all the regular segments and only extract the capacitance of the corner segment.


Such that the assignment is part of each of those rounding modes.

for each rounding mode there is exactly one sub-expression which is related to the rounding mode.


Region-based design is mostly done manually based on a design s logic hierarchy.

logic boundaries may not be good for voltage supply partitioning.


Optimal energy assignments can then be obtained [7].

a probabilistic multiplier is an array of PFAs, as shown in Fig.


Most of the cacheinsensitive workloads show little decrease in the L3 miss rate with the exception of twolf and vpr.

the total misses for twolf and vpr are very few at these L3 cache sizes, and as a result show little performance improvement.


From Figures 12 and 13, we note that the increase of the frequency of oscillation versus the transmission line width increase continues for wider strips.

the power consumption as a function of transmission line width does not show a definite trend, for wider transmission lines.


In this case, the global router needs two more layers for passing nets because the global bin edge capacity is reduced by 1/3.

detail routing fails even with 15 layers, the maximum number allowed by the commercial router.


The Internet Underwater: An IP-compatible Protocol Stack for Commercial Undersea Modems Yifan Sun Tommaso Melodia Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering State University of New York at Buffalo State University of New York at Buffalo ysun24@buffalo.edu tmelodia@eng.buffalo.edu Abstract Recent underwater sensor network research has focused on developing physical, medium access control, and network layer protocols to enable high data rate, energy-ef.cient and reliable acoustic communications.

it is now essential to design and standardize architectures that will enhance the usability and interoperability of underwater networks.


In works [12] and [3], a mathematical programming based algorithm was proposed to minimize the decap insertion.

these methods are not e.cient enough for very large circuits.


Our CDR sensor is composed of a reference ring oscillator (Reference RO) and a stressed ring oscillator (Stressed RO) which is conceptually similar to [17] [18].

the Stressed RO is designed to age at a very high rate by using high threshold voltage (HVT) gates (to expedite aging so that ICs used even for a very short period of time can be identi.ed) while the Reference RO is gated off from the power supply during chip operation, so that it experiences no stress.


Note that the whole-circuit peak current happens at the moment of state transition.

since the current waveforms of combinational logic have some overlaps with the current waveforms of registers, the whole-circuit peak current is larger than the peak current of registers.


12) is also compromised when i=5 with 8192 input PlainText data.


MISA algorithm .nds a potential slack which correlates strongly with the total budget in the graph.

both ZSA and MISA algorithms cannot solve the budgeting problem optimally.


However, they do not consider and discuss the suitability of the gates positions, since the optimal gates positions may have already been occupied by other cells or it will incur a lot of overlaps.

todeal with thisproblem, wehaveto resort toEngineering ChangeOrder(ECO).ECOis not always e.ective or e.cient since there are a lot of gates, removing these overlaps may deteriorate other performances greatly, such as increasing the chip area and the signal net wirelength, and thus increasing the power inversely.


Lagrangian relaxation(LR)based optimizationisproposed in[8].

.nding anoptimalgatesizing solutionisNP-hard[1], and the suboptimality of sizing solutions has not been quanti.ed and analyzed suf.cientlyfor availableheuristics.


The CR used in ISC has the same capacity advantages that we discussed for read-only sharing in Section 3.1 It may seem that private caches can avoid coherence misses in read-write sharing by using an update protocol, making the communication state unnecessary.

unlike ISC in CMP-NuRAPID, an update protocol requires the updates to go through the bus for copying the data to the reader s caches, incurring an overhead on every write.


If the quality constraint is met (line 11), the algorithm proceeds to the next iteration (line 13) where the steps described above (lines 5-15) are repeated.

if the quality constraint is violated, the current approximation is ignored and lines 7-15 are repeated with the next candidate from the sorted candidate list (ApproxC andS orted ).


For example, an error rate of 0.3 and a ratio of 4 causes NFP detection to take 4.19 times as long as correct detection.

this extra run time occurs only when the detector is in an error state.


When the local thread makes no reuse at all, the shared cache space is increased so other nodes can take advantage.

when reuse is high, the cache behaves as private to reduce cache misses.


8, Random Mask is also compromised when i=1 and i=5 with 8192 input PlainText data.

lRCG is still intact against both DPA and CPA as discussed in the next paragraph.


Stage N Stage N+1 Stage N-1  6.2 Sharing Gating Logic The ODC and STC analysis detects potential enables for the clock of a state.

it does not pay off to gate a single state.


The adder operates normally (in single clock cycle) if it is found to be fault-free after the manufacturing test.

if the adder is faulty, the addition is performed in two clock cycles.


Evolutions of these techniques were proposed, such as the SoC Lock Cache [6] which implements the test-and-set instruction as a memory-mapped load instruction.

this approach is optimized for locks (one physical bit) that prevents it to ef.ciently implement semaphores or barriers.


The proposed circuit is similar to a previous current window comparator [9] in the aspect of comparing current signals at high impedance nodes.

the proposed circuit takes voltage signals as input, needs only one reference (instead of two as required in [9]), has a symmetric structure and several other advantages.


The most common digital PAPR reduction technique with distortion is successive clipping and filtering [16]; by successively clip and filter the signal in the digital domain, both the PAPR and the out-of-channel emission is reduced.

convergence and optimality cannot be guaranteed.


With a high-frequency EWOD chip, the completion time of frequency-sensitive operations can be e.ectively decreased while the completion time of other frequencyinsensitive operations can also be partially decreased [13].

for a high-frequency pin-constrained EWOD chip, although the number of control pins can be e.ectively reduced by broadcast addressing technique, reliability of the chip degrades if the signals are shared arbitrarily.


This gives the placement tool a large amount of free-space in and around the center of the placement region.

the .xed nodes in superblue15 and superblue10 fragment the placement region into multiple sub-regions.


TR A N S M I S S I V I T Y A N D RE FL E C T I V I T Y F O R T H E 1 -D CA S C A D E O F MR R FI LT E R S  The derivation of transmissivity and re.ectivity for the cascade of N identical MRRs is not a trivial task because of the involvement of N-times multiplication of transfer-matrix of a single MRR as given in Theorem 4.

if the determinant of a resonator matrix [m] is 1 (which is the case in practice [14]), a matrix can be written in such a form that .M.


Our initial evaluation of these results indicates that the existing policy to maximize use of our local cluster is a good choice at this time.

we anticipate an increase in users requiring large numbers of cores as they scale up jobs that, for instance, utilize compute intensive programs such as MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation (MEEP), abinit, and Large-Scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS).


In the case of very narrowband filters, as required for .. modulation modulation method used here, too much quantization noise would be present in the output resulting in a poor SNR.

when a non-saturating filter is used, the bandwidth can be reduced to much lower frequencies.


Therefore, if we perform the delay insertion in clock control path R3.R1, the minimum clock period can be further reduced.

previous delay insertion researches [4-7] is that they only focus on clocking constraints of data paths.


Given a layout, let us consider the change of D after routing through an edge e.We considertwo casesfor routing e: If ..H > 0, then as shown by the argument and example afterTheorem2, D couldincreaseby alarge amountdueto thelargecardinalityofsetQ1,so weelaborate costfunctions to avoidusing edge e onthe routingpath.

if ..H =0, then as revealed by Theorem 2, .G =-b.Md , i.e., the largest possible reduction in G is b.Md .


The NO_WR reply could be forwarded to the consumer processor, preventing it from updating its MyProducers.

by that time, MyProducers has already been updated, and reverting it to an accurate state would require costly buffering.


It contains several stepsin the performanceof the best sequence found sofar, with thevery best not being found until after several thousand samples were evaluated.

this was not typical of most bench-marks,.gure11(b)isanexample(forUTDSP FIR-256)thatshows the typical behavior.


The main disadvantage of a NEM relay is its large mechanical switching delay (>1ns [Akarvardar 07, Chen 08]).

this drawback can be avoided if NEM relays are used for FPGA routing switches because they do not change states after FPGA configuration.


With the function call nesting level deeper and deeper, those partitions will cost too much memory.

they will not be invoked until the called function returns back.


While the speculative double-sampling methods do not require any safety margin, they are somewhat dif.cult to use in highperformance processors.

our non-speculative method is quite attractive with respect to almost all of the aspects noted in TABLE I except for the need for a small safety margin.


Our work focuses primarily on large L3 caches which typically have lower peak temperatures, so we believe that the thermal contribution to variation will be relatively small.

on-chip thermal sensors could be combined with structures like the DEGREE register to adjust power estimates for runtime conditions.


Traditionally all cells used in an SRAM block are identical (i.e., the transistors with the same name in two different cells have the same width and threshold voltage) which results in identical leakage characteristic for all cells.

as we shall demonstrate later, by usingnon-identical cells, yet with the same layout footprint, one can realize more power efficient designs.


The new capabilities of SystemC 2.0, such as those added for transaction-based communication and test-bench Specification and monitoring, facilitate this SoC modeling.

an obstacle to the adoption of abstract modeling as standard design practice is the lack of well establishes methodologies for the assessment of model precision.


These include Lord's ctool [16], Crew's ASTLOG [9], Shigeru Chiba's Open C++ [5, 6], and Sri- vastava and Eustace's ATOM [20] object-code modifica- tion system.

it appears that the first three would have required extensive retooling to support the analysis we needed.


Horizontal handoff is easily achievable as the protocol itself provides the handoff mechanism.

when the user moves to a different network e.g.


Furthermore, it is common to insert repeaters for long interconnects to reduce delay.

what impact does switching of repeaters have on interconnects they are supposed to help when on-chip inductance is considered?


ASICs, on the other hand, typically have better performance.

if there is a change in the protocol or the application, it is hard to reflect the change in the design.


I/O caps that provide more sophisticated routing capabilities (such as packet networks) free logic space on the bricks.

if the I/O cap is too specialized, it cannot be re-used across a variety of brick and mortar chips.


On the other hand, inductivereasoning may seem out of place here, since typically an inductive argument only ensures that the truth of its premises make it likely or probable that its conclusion is also true.

one observes that humans often employ a combination of inductive and deductive reasoning while performingveri.cation or synthesis.Forexample, while provingatheorem, one often starts by working out examples and trying to .nd a pattern in the properties satis.ed by those examples.


In both designs, the most-recently-accessed cache line will be moved to the direct-mapped location.

exchanging large cache lines consumes large amount of power as well as bus bandwidth.


This is a reduced number of measurements compared to measuring with each possible application since the number of scl settings is bounded while the number of applications in the hosting platform can grow unbounded.

the number of measurements as described above is still exponential in n since all possible scl settings are to be covered for each of the (n- 1) scl instances, which is (smax × wmax )(n-1) number of measurements.


As it is a SIMO system, the reduction cost does not depend on the port number.

5.1 Sensitivity Based Pruning the projection matrix V in [16, 13] is .at.


Comparably, Blacksholes is more write intening up of the prediction threshold.

our proposed sive and Fluidanimate is more read intensive.


For some time, FPGAs have included hard embedded multiplier blocks to improve multiplier performance [3][4][5][6][7].

the multiplier size required for a particular calculation may not match the particular size of the embedded multiplier blocks.


These methods provide interesting ideas for improving cache performance but rely on hardware modi.cations that are unavailable in any commercial processors.

our method is a software-only scheme applicable to a variety of commercial processors.


The threads may also be part of the same application, in which case the application executes faster.

parallelism is often a precious commodity because of Amdahl s law.


Finally, [12] uses FPGA prototyping to speed up co-veri.cation of C/C++ SW simulators, achieving 1 MHz.

these works do not enable extraction of statistics of the three architectural levels we propose (interconnections, memory hierarchy and processing cores), and use them to perform MPSoC run-time thermal analysis.


The discovery of the memristor presents a promising hardware realization of neuromorphic systems with incredible power ef.ciency, allowing ef.ciently executing the analog matrix-vector multiplication on the memristor crossbar architecture.

during computations, the memristor will slowly drift from its initial programmed state, leading to a gradual decline of the computation precision of memristor crossbar-based computing engine (MCE).


Due to the memory scrambling and the irregularity of the applications, there is a signi.cant probability that the new thread could issue another remote operation, increasing the injection rate of external network operation.

switching among more than two threads should not change the injection rate, because of the ratio between RTT and thread switching latency.


Ingeneral, wire sizing and wire spacing are weaker optimization knobsand their effect at the system-level can be ignored.

we optimize only the number and size of repeaters during interconnect optimization.we support the use of double-width and double-spacingdesign styles which the system designer can invoke to optimize interconnect area, delay, noise, and power.


If the predicted computation error is less than the maximum tolerable computation error (dpredict < sup d), the calibration mechanism will assume that there s no need for calibration.

(Line 35 ~ 37 in Algorithm 1) once the predicted computation error is greater than the maximum tolerable computation error (dpredict = sup d), the calibration mechanism will assume that it s necessary to calibrate the MCE before the next time of I&B operation and start to predict the best calibration time by solving the equation sup d = f(T , d).


The value of distL1 and distL2 can be obtained from profiling on representative input or set to a fixed value by default.

it is not feasible to profile all input sets.


In our framework, we can thus construct complex composite analyses with a few lines of programming.

instance PROVER CL (s) ZCHAFF (s) c1355 0.3 2.4 c1908 bug 0.0 3.2 c1908 0.0 3.5 c2670 bug 0.2 0.0 c2670 0.1 1.8 c3540 bug 1.0 0.0 c3540 1.0 51.6 c432 0.0 0.1 c499 0.1 4.5 c5315 bug 1.7 1.1 c5315 0.8 46.4 c6288 4.2 [>60 min] c7552 bug 2.2 0.4 c7552 2.2 84.5 c880 0.1 1.4 Table 1: ISCAS 85 benchmark results when we are experimenting with di.erent compositions (for example, when developing default analyses), it is desirable to avoid writing code and recompiling altogether.


It is observed that the number of the LSAs does not oscillate and remains constant.

if according to an another implementation, it is preferred to accept the newly arrived LSA and discard the existing one (in our model in Figure 5, it is enough to change the fourteenth row of RecentFunction to be else zAA[p1] ), the Age Increment Acceleration vulnerability can be exploited.


A1}, .ve frames are needed as shown in Figure 4(a).

if the input order for LU T2 is changed to {c .


Hu et al [25] presented a method for data cache locking in Itanium and Xscale processors based on the length of the reference window for each data-access instruction.

we present a locking scheme for the instruction cache.


The dedicated counter required by this traditional approach can be maintained if one of the clients is known and guaranteed to be online all the time, or if at each moment at least a majority of the client s devices are online and reachable by any client device who needs access to the counter value.

in the general case where the client s different devices may be of.ine at any possible time, it is impossible for the client s devices to reliably and securely maintain and agree on the current value of the dedicated counter.


When a single 1 is present at the input, it is not strong enough to turn the output to 1 at the end of the cycle.

when two or more consecutive 1 s arrive, the output transits from 0 to 1 .


8 a) is capable of blocking current in both directions when the channel is pinched off by reverse biasing the gate.


In [10] a scheme was proposed to monitor the (approximate) residual energy in the network.

to the best of our knowledge, a general approach to the network health monitoring and alarm propagation in a wireless sensor network has not been studied.


If at most one error is created in a code word by the intra-chip channel, the block decodes the received message correctly.

if more than one error occurs, the Hamming Decoder block might decode incorrectly.


Prior research [4] has investigated similar comparisons on the Nao robot, where a ceiling microphone was also employed.

speech recognition was conducted o.ine using recordings and hence there was limited interaction between the robot and the user.


During past years, substrate coupling has been extensively studied [2].

in deep submicron low-voltage IC technologies with high-resistivity substrate, propagation of disturbances through the interconnections can be a problem even worse than substrate coupling.


Our study shows that the instruction cache has a much lower latency break-even point compared to the data cache.

as we show in this work, in the quest for an ideal memory system, spending energy on the data cache may be a better investment compared to the instruction cache.


Interestingly, as nanomotes are expected to operate in the terahertz band [3], the absorption coe.cient and the packet error rate (PER) at the receiver are also heavily in.uenced by the molecular composition of the reactor.

unlike a home or an o.ce environment, the chemical composition of the reactor varies rapidly due to the chain reactions consuming certain molecules and producing others.


First, the EPI of vector instructions with register operands is about 2X compared to scalar instructions.

because the VPU is 512-bit wide, fully-utilized vector instructions are actually 8X more energy ef.cient than scalar instructions.


The values in Table 1 were obtained by running the programs to completion or near completion on reference inputs.

to exploit the frequent value locality phenomenon in practice, we need a fast method for identifying the frequently accessed values.


Baseline Core-Based Parallel Issue Host-Centric 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 These results can be non-intuitive since the Host-Centric policy, essentially, requests the host and the target blocks sequentially, differently from the other two policies.

it is important to note that the RDB configuration plays a key role in these results, especially for the Host-Centric policy.


In this scenario, the oldest data in PHA-WB will be written to the DRAM.

when the PHA-WB has a large number of entries, choosing the oldest data may be expensive.


Defect excitation refers to setting the test pattern input values so that there is a difference between the logic value in the good circuit and the logic value in the defective circuit at the site where the defect occurs.

observation of the defective site allows an incorrect logic value to propagate to a primary output or scan chain element.


On the other hand, the K-best algorithm has advantages of .xed complexity and .xed throughput, which makes it more friendly for hardware implementation.

when K is large, the complexity of the K-best algorithm dramatically increases because a large number of paths have to be extended and sorted.


it does Having established that Hint (N , p, D) converges as N increases, establish that the stated number of configuration bits is we define: sufficient.


Therefore, the first few tasks of a schedule have lower chance to obtain dynamic slack time as compared to the tasks that come later in the schedule.

as the number of tasks in a schedule increase, this slack shortage that only exists for the first few tasks becomes proportionately negligible.


If the new request could preempt the current request immediately, then its deadline could be satisfied.

if there is a non-zero preemption latency, the deadline may not be satisfied.


{0, 1}|Kf | which have not been discarded by the DFA for each fault point f. Currently, determining the cipher dependent value of |xf | is still an open problem [3].

coherently with the observation in Section 2.1, i.e., willing to provide conservative estimates for the DFA ef.ciency, it is possible to assume |xf |=1 for all f.F chosen by the adversary.


We could extend this method to consider internal gates in the logic.

in this case switching activity at the output of a gate depends not only on the switching activity at the inputs and the logic functions of the gate, but also on the special and temporal dependencies among the gate inputs [19].


The major di.erence is that a manoeuvre is a continuous behaviour corresponding to a controllable and smooth motion.

the continuous behaviour triggered by the apparition of a fault is rather uncontrollable and random.


Accelerators have been widely used by traditional routers and NPUs.

due to their proprietary nature, design details of these accelerators have not been publicly discussed.


(1) with equivalent load impedance is valid to estimate the peak of the transfer characteristic.

the frequency fopen becomes antiresonance frequency on the segment A-B and the transfer characteristic at fopen becomes minimum.


CONCLUDING REMARKS In this paper, we have made the case that repeaters, which are already a problem at the full-chip level, will become critical at the synthesizable block level also.

since blocks actually implement the logic (unlike the full-chip level that focuses primarily on block assembly and the handling of global nets), the exploding repeater count at the block level has numerous algorithmic implications for post-RTL design.


Our preliminary experiments on determining building orientations using extracted straight-line perimeters of buildings on Google Maps map views achieved 0.1. accuracy in the orientations of the detected lines.

we found detecting straight lines became much more dif.cult on satellite views,primarily due to the existence of cars, trees, and road marks on the map.


The benchmarks that bene.ted from this the most were the same ones that bene.ted from chaining of function calls, namely g721 and mesa.

additional pro.ling indicates that our pre-screening heuristic was only moderately effective on g721, pegwit and rasta, suggesting that additional improvements may be possible.


Unlike with the immediate post-dominator method, threads T0 and T1 can reconverge early on step 23 in cond3, because both threads execute code block cond3 in their own branches.

this approach only works for unstructured control .ow.


When a load issues, it performs an associative search on the store queue to .nd any earlier stores to the same address, with a hit resulting in data being forwarded from the matching store to the load.

a store does not execute in that even when its address and data are ready, the store makes no attempt to communicate this information to other instructions.


Delay between fetching a new bu.er for the DMA to .ll was minimized by prefetching an additional spare bu.er and making it available at the instant it was requested.

the MSP430 DMA causes truncation of the 12 bits ADC data  Figure 9: System Architecture of the End-to-End Acoustic Ranging System.


In particular, for each upstream downstream routers pair, the NBTI degradation is evaluated in the downstream router by means of sensors, since it physically hosts the VC bu.ers.

the selection of the downstream router VCs that can be recovered is in charge to the upstream one, since it has all the required traf.c information and performs the VA stage for the VCs in the downstream router.


In some cases, EBP with ECM generates even less tra.c than the baseline.

hWP results in increased tra.c on most benchmarks because of inaccuracy in its predictions and the associated cache pollution.


In such a case, Tonchip and Toffchip can overlap.

in practice, the error introduced in this way is quite small considering that the memory access time is about two orders of magnitude greater than the instruction execution time.


Future research includes studying the impact of the new partitioner within the framework of top-down, partitioningbased, timing driven placement.

note that after a length-l path has been placed, its total hopcount is basically equal to l. by reducing the hopcount at the upper levels of the partitioning hierarchy, we may be able to reduce the number of long edges in the placement of the timing path.7 We also seek e.cient ways of biasing the partitioning result for d(k), k>2.


This is not a serious issue for DRAM as multiple transient errors simultaneously induced by alpha particles in a block as small as 64 bits is rare [9].

pCM is less likely to have transient errors.


The underlying assumption for wiring blockages is that two layers of metal are reserved for global routing that is allowed to run over the cells.

for the purpose of verifying our approach, the router described in the following is su.cient.


Serge Goossens CoWare, Inc. Interleuvenlaan 15A B-3001 Leuven, Belgium http://www.CoWare.com Serge.Goossens@CoWare.com programming model, high .exibility and IP availability, this concept is clearly advantageous for today s small and medium scale embedded systems, where a small number of blocks exchange moderate amount of data.

shared busses are not eligible for high throughput requirements and chip-wide interconnect, because of the limited scalability with respect to performance, number of connected blocks and range of coverage as well as limited support for QoS requirements.


It may contribute to more flexible design and control of the final optical buffer system.

sL based buffer suffers from the property of constant delay bandwidth product [7].


It has been applied to many scientific and engineering problems, such as electromagnetic problems [11] and quantum eigenvalue problems [10].

using DSC method to find the steady state response in nonlinear circuit has not been explored.


However, the k-anonymous and MixZone models must reserve a fixed number of users and a fixed size of place in order to apply their algorithms, as mentioned in the related works.

the dummy model is relatively free because it generates the data using functions.


An important point to mention here is that the particular optimization for delay-power tradeoff is done using only a single wire.

there can be a third source of power saving which comes about through a decrease in the number of repeaters in a different way.


Recently we have observed new activity in CAD research due to changes in modern FPGA architectures to accommodate features such as dual supply voltage [4], dual-output basic logic elements (BLEs) [12] and multi-level logic hierarchy [8].

these clustering studies are limited to modifying existing solutions to support these new architecture features.


The correction-based methodyields(amongst others) the error candidate {g4 }, because a the correction logic can insert a 1 at g4 that leads to the correct output.

the gate g4 can not be subject debugging algorithm exploits this observation and tries to identify k gates, such that every counterexample activates at least one of them.


Corrupted .its can be detected either in hardware by means of error correction or error detection/retransmission mechanisms, or can be handled at higher network layers (e.g., connection oriented transport layer).

fast error recovery requires a hardware implementation of error control, thus increasing switch and/or NI complexity.


For example, the STG in Figure 4(a) can be transformed as shown in Figure 4(b) by output exposure and removal of redundant places p2 and p4.

if the place p3 is eliminated as shown in Figure 4(c), then the tracker cannot distinguish between the output being not yet set and the output being already reset.


For most cases, the GA based approach [16] has the lowest number of inter-island links compared to [9] and VISION.

[16] accomplishes this by having many more cores being assigned higher voltages thereby reducing the variability of the voltage distribution of the cores.


NTC is showing great promise as a technique to extend battery life through optimizing energy efficiency.

the end-user s overall experience is still the most important metric and that experience is influenced by performance, response time and battery life; not to mention price.


Due to severe W2W variation, the baseline yield in 3D chips is significantly low.When adopting naïve way-reduction schemes (nw-sp, nw-wp, and nw-bp), yield is improved compared to the baseline schemes by36.7~41.3%.

our proposed scheme shows still higher yield than the naïve way-reduction schemes by 17.4~22.0%.


As explainedlater on, this implies also a relevant power cost.

when pipeline stages are inferred, the additional area overhead of the 2-ary 2-mesh is marginal.


Hence, for obtaining the same performance improvement as TPGR, we need to perform multiple iterations of P&R, which can be more costly in terms of running time than TPGR and there is no guarantee that this iterative process converges at the end.

the TPGR flow is a one-shot optimization process based on a stable and rather efficient optimization method.


In this readback-again strategy, the user memory contents in the frame written back is always updated because of the second readback period, and system-level user  Stall operations are not stalled for memory writes to error-free columns that are read back for configuration error detection.

this readback-again approach still creates an unnecessary overhead by stalling the system-level user operations for the second readback of a faulty frame when the user memory contents in this frame are not updated since the first readback.


Hence, there is no better alternative than using a local search where decoder and cell-array interactions are neglected.

in practice given enough Monte-Carlo simulations are made, the worst case delay range of both decoder and the cell-array when simulating both together is still captured.


Reverse body biasing (RBB) is one of the most widely used methods to reduce subthreshold leakage, which has already been introduced by [1].

the increasing RBB increases drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and substrate doping Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


1.5 JVP produce slightly better results than VP.

1.4 300 setting a proper threshold ...., in unit of .., is non 1.3 intuitive for the user.


If a region is located inside a bank, then our current side-channel attack model cannot identify the exact mapping from a physical address to a memory line.

the side-channel attack performed in Step 1 can still reveal all phys 2In the case of a system using a closed row policy, the memory linesize can be as small as the last-level cache line size.


2Analytical variation models can provide fault distributions very swiftly, since no actual simulation is required.

they make assumptions to simplify complex equations that involve hundreds of physical parameters, signi.cantly compromising accuracy; consequently, there is no widely accepted analytical model for determining the delay distributions under PV.


In the case of debugging, the utility of the shortened recompilation cycle is obvious.

the need to compile a partition only once per set of experiments is perhaps more bene.cial.


In one approach, we extracted keywords and phrases from articles appearing often within each peak [3] and simply used the most commonly occurring words or phrases.

we noted that certain pictures or scenes in the news are often repeated by multiple news programs during important events.


Furthermore, compared to the simulation results with SILCA, a similar speedup over SPICE3 has been achieved by the preconditioned GMRES method.

the proposed preconditioned GMRES method is free of numerical stability problems as encountered in SILCA.


Further, since our proposed method applies the net bounding-box model to evaluate the routing congestion, instead of Steiner tree decomposition or LZ-shaped global routing, our algorithm is much more e.cient in .nding placement solutions without any routing over.ows (about a 6.28X speedup over ROOSTER on average).

even if the NTHU router can .nd a legal global routing solution very easily in shorter time on the placement solutions of ROOSTER than ours (excluding bigblue1 ), ROOSTER incurs a large wirelength penalty due to its tendency to spread the modules too much for routability optimization, which results in a very sparse net distribution.


The prediction failure rate for RS codes used in practical applications is very small.

ignoring these cases may bring signi.cant performance degradation to the KV decoding algorithm.


For instance, the circuit shown in Figure 2 is a result of moving F F2 forward by a delay d. The corresponding path delay distribution, shown in 2, is sub-optimal in terms of its longest path and incurs timing errors if operated at 4d.

since logic cone X has relatively few paths, the path wall is pushed in to a delay of 3d (due to logic cones Y and Z).


Figure 17 shows that if running on FIOS, the value of I/O throughput of these virtual machine decreases only about 6%, from 230MB/sec to 216MB/sec, while the number of normal VM increases from 1 to 5.

if running on Xen, the value of I/O throughput suffers a significant decrease about 75%, from 171MB/sec to 43MB/sec.


7.3 A hybrid VMM For clarity of comparison, we have discussed the software and hardware VMM as entirely separate entities.

both VMMs are part of the same binary in VMware Player 1.0.1, and nothing forces us to rely exclusively on one technique for executing a guest.


Since this is a combinatorially expensive search space, memory compilers interpolate across a large space of depth and width combinations and use lookup table techniques to converge to the best con.gurations.

even such approaches cannot handle both dimensions simultaneously and it common practice to identify the best depths .rst since the range of memory depth instances is considerably larger (bits.Mbits) in comparison to the range of memory width instances (1.2048).


For both access patterns, when m + k is less than the available cache, the total working set fits into the cache and LRU works well.

when m + k is greater than the available cache, LRU discards the frequently referenced working set from the cache.


The runtime for this experiment is less than a second.

it should be noted that the AllSAT problem is an extension of the boolean SAT problem, which is NP-complete, and the complexity of the QBF problem is in PSPACE.


Such routines produce all simulator elements by reading from the database the VHDL Component to be Testedand the Error List.In the current implementation some modules are written in VHDL and other modules in C to improve the simulation performances.

if the used VHDL simulation environment does not allow such a mixed simulation, C modules can be rewritten in VHDL.


For instance, G/DC performs best for lbm because its coverage is much higher (with prefetch degree 16) despite its lower accuracy.

in the case of milc the coverages are similar so the better performance of PC/DC/MG is mainly due to its better accuracy.


To seek a more robust parameter reduction under these cases, we adopt the same notion of reduced rank regression as described in the previous subsection but cast it under a more general quadratic model.

consider the following quadratic regression model it turns out that an optimal model in the form of (11) is di.cult to solve.


If the clock network is a tree, uncertainty analysis can be carried out using gate-level statistical static timing analysis [8, 15, 1].

such an approach is not directly applicable for a mesh-based clock network due to metal loops (cycles) present in the mesh.


Figure 9 show that the proposed XOR-XNOR circuit is faster the existing one under any supply voltage.

the propose circuit consumes more power but the power delay product is still better than the compared one as shown in Figure 10.


Since the dc-pair at node C does not reside in its new DC region, we could not .nd an embedding for TC to achieve the same delay and capacitance load.

the dc-pair at node B does fall in its new DC region, we are able to .nd an embedding for TB that yields the same dc-pair while .xing the wire width of BD.


If the accesses are evenly distributed to every portion of the .le system, certain amount of data have to be accessed from the MLC regions.

if the access pattern is biased and there is a part of .le system is not frequently accessed, then that part of the .les can be partitioned to the MLC regions and most of the frequently-accessed data can be accomplished by only accessing the SLC regions.


4.2.1 Processing system features By design, the features from video system are synchronized with the frame-level annotations.

the audio features are computed at a higher frame rate (100 fps) and need to be synchronized with the ratings and the video frames (30 fps).


Vdd(5) µ(VddNOM - VthD)a The same VddNOM is used at the beginning of the service life when, because Vth=VthNOM, the same path only takes tZG: VddNOM tZG .

a (6) µ(VddNOM - VthNOM) since the processor is clocked at the same frequency throughout the whole service life, keeping these paths so fast is unnecessary.


For example, deeper pipelines may imply more complex algorithms.

wider machines may also imply more complex algorithms, so one might conclude that higher performance implies more complex algorithms.


This is important to achieve high prediction accuracy.

sampling too fast also increases energy consumption and reduces system lifetime.


Although the smart camera can be supplied with a battery module, in many applications such as multimedia, home care, etc., this is not a critical requirement as cable power supply is usually accessible in such applications.

wireless communication of the system is crucial due to demands of scalability and portability.


Hence, the overall system performance is not degraded compared with the baseline as shown in Figure 2(b).

without criticality method produces shorter running time of non-critical thread 0, 1, and 2 at the cost of more energy consumption but not that of the critical thread, thread 3.


It is well known that the un-ordered problem can be solved optimally by a network .ow approach.

when it comes to ordered escape, all existing approaches [5][6] to the problem cannot guarantee to .nd a routing solution even if one exists.


The omission of the standby energy consumption in previous minimum energy analyses was first noted in [6].

no detailed analysis of its impact on Vmin and the cutoff structures was presented.


of Computer Science, Columbia University Ferrara, Italy Ferrara, Italy New York, NY, USA Abstract Asynchronous networks-on-chip (NoCs) are an appealing solution to tackle the synchronization challenge in modern multicore systems through the implementation of a GALSparadigm.

they have found only limited applicability sofar due to two main reasons: the lack of proper design tool .owsas well as their signi.cant area footprint over their synchronouscounterparts.


4.1 Complexity Issues The complexity of processing a node during BTA is linear with respect to the number of tasks assigned to the corresponding slot (variables r and u need to be computed for each task).

this number is typically very small and does not grow signi.cantly when the system becomes more complex.