However, in the hybrid scheme, the provisions of (enhanced) weak DAD are also incorporated.

the timeout-based mechanism will detect duplicate address within a single partition with a high probability.


So, they do not take into consideration explicitly the special properties of multimedia data and real-time communication.

they do have some drawbacks when one attempts to exploit these methods for the envisaged application.


Next, in Figure 3(b), the U RL2 request from C lient2 is not in the IBR table either.

iProxy fetches V ideo2 from the video provider and calculates its IBR value, I BR1, which is close enough to the IBR value of V ideo1.


By caching frequently accessed objects and serving requests for these objects from the cache, proxies can yield a number of per- formance benefits: (i) deploying a proxy in a local area network or near a slow inter-continental link helps reduce client response times, (ii) deploying a proxy near an access link (i.e., the link that connects the organization to the rest of the Internet) helps organizations and network service providers reduce their network bandwidth usage, (iii) deploying a proxy close to web servers (referred to as server- side caching) helps reduce load on these servers, and (iv) deploying proxies in the network core helps reduce aggregate network load on backbone links.

by absorbing a portion of the workload, proxy caches can improve client response times as well as increase the capac- ities of servers and networks, thereby enabling them to service a potentially larger clientele.


SIC: MAC LAYER PERSPECTIVE Similar RSSs increase the relative capacity gain with SIC; thisimpliesthatintryingtorealizethese gains,thetransmissionratesofthetwopacketshavetobe dissimilar.This isevidentfromEquation(1)and(2), whererate r 1 depends 1 2 ontheratioofthe two RSSvalues, but r 1 onlydependson theratiowith noise.

whenthetwoRSSare sim 12 ilar, r 1 willbelow, and r 1 will be muchhigher in comparison.Convertingthistothetransmission timeofpackets, wenotethat onepacketwillincura long air-time,while the otherpacket(transmittedin parallel)will.nishmuch quicker.Ironically,thetransmitterthat experienceslonger air time (i.e., T1)actuallyhasastrongersignaltothereceiver; but its rate must still be low, because, to achieve SIC, it has to cope with the interference from the other transmitter(T2).


Speci.cally, VLB s requirement for a per-server processing rate of 2R 3R is derived assuming that all VLB phases impose the same burden on the servers; in reality, certain forms of processing will be more expensive e.g., IP route lookups vs. load-balancing.

we need to understand whether/how VLB s analytically derived requirement deviates from what a practical implementation achieves.


Even though .ooding isvery simpleand reliableapproach,itproduces a high overhead in the network.

it leads to excessive contention, collision and redundant rebroadcasts.


(17) Ti j j=1 Indeed, the right-hand side is the rate of successful encounters, for an individual holding a collection of i coupons: K j y j istheprobability thatthe encounteredindividualhas a collection of jcoupons and theremainingfactor i / K is jj the probability that the encounter s collection of j coupons is a subset of the instigator s collection, given that the instigatorhas icoupons.

the sumin(17)is theprobability thatthetarget user scollectionisasubset oftheinstigator s collection, given that the instigator has i coupons.


The wireless channel is distinguished by its broadcast nature; when omnidirectional antennas are used, every transmission by a node can be received by all nodes that lie within its communication range.

if the multicast group membership including multiple nodes in the immediate communication vicinity of the transmitting node, a single transmission su.ces for reaching all these receivers.


In fact, the more times this happens, the more con.dence one has in this conclusion.

we make a modi.ed rule that if a node does not 0.2 0 Figure 10: Illustrating the termination process.


The eviction process deletes a neighbor from the table if the estimated probability of it being alive is below some threshold pthresh .

we are interested in .nding a value for pthresh such that the total number of lookup hops including timeout retries are minimized.


5.2.2 Techniques for identifying the keywords: Keywords are known a priori by the protocol implementations.

when application data arrives, the program compares thekeywords against the received applicationdata.


the virtual node locations or the demanded bandwidth, to always achieve the best possible service quality.

inPs need to dynamically update the embedding of the VNs to avoid the waste of resources.


All the nodes that coexist in the same region form a cluster.

a message can be routed to the cluster of the destination with a high success rate.


We get a contradiction to our assumption.

i overlaps with the last time slot of I.


Whileproprietarymiddle-boxesarepopularpointsolutionswithin enterprises,they are not as attractiveina cloud environment.First, cloudproviders cannotbene.tfrom atechnology whosegoalisto reducecustomerbandwidthbills,andthusarenotlikelytoinvestin one.Moreover,a .xed client-sideand server-sidemiddle-boxpair solutionisinef.cientfor a combination of a mobile environment, which detaches the client from a .xed location, and cloud-side elasticity which motivates workdistribution and migration among data centers.

it is commonly agreed that a universal, software-based, end-to-endTREis crucialintoday spervasive environment[4,1].


However, the communication quality is drastically degraded due to handovers even under the existing studies such as Mobile IP, when a vertical handover occurs.

users are not satisfactorily able to receive services provided by various applications such as .le transfer and video streaming.


We ensured that no fragmentation occurred on either side of the AP.

for each NetDyn frame on the wireless side, there was a corresponding frame on the wired side.


For a large number of nodes, the probability that a node can access the channel for k consecutive transmissions is approximately n1 .Thus, k for large node densities, we can assume that any node can capture channel for multiple consecutive transmissions with very low probability.

with very high probability, subsequent packet transmissions by the same node see approximately independent channels; this is especially true if n times average packet transmission time is on the order of Tc.


The Smart Flooding (SF) and the Association Inspired (AI) algorithm abstract mechanisms which are included in most existing routing algorithms.

they are representative examples for imaginable simple proactive and reactive start-up algorithms and allow to illustrate the inherent optimization potential of the start-up phase.


Client 1 generates jobs at intervals 1, 3,... , client 2 generates jobs at intervals 2, 4,... , and client 3 generates jobs at intervals 1, 4,... .


Control information, including data availability and data request, must be exchanged following the pace of data delivery.

the intensive data volume in multimedia applications leads to intensive volume of these control messages.


Once a positive decision is made, no further aggregation is required.

this algorithm can greatly reduce the number of data packet required and save energy used for cooperation.


Alternatively, we might achieve protocols that succeed with high probabilityin N. However, inlarge networks, N may notbeknown a priori.Furthermore,ahighprobabilityguaranteein N typicallyinvolves O(logN)operations which,forlarge N, maybetoo costly.

bydevisingLasVegasprotocols, we avoidproblematic assumptions when n « N. Channel Utilization: Sendingorlistening on the communication channelbyAliceandBobismeasuredindiscreteunitscalled slots.


Atmospheric scattering allows the establishment of non-line of sight (NLOS) links with UV; UV photons are scattered multiple times between transmitters and receivers.

even if there is no direct line-ofsight(LOS)path, communications canbe established.


In cases where aggressive contention fails, non-aggressive contention is taken place to deliver data packets.

hCGR can maximize packet delivery rate while keeping its overheads reasonably low.


Third (lines 15 28), node v and w negotiate which node is transmitting to a node that is neither REACHED nor DELEGATED.

line 19 is executed when v does not have better link quality to a common neighbor u compared with w. v gives up transmission to u and marks u as DELEGATED.


In case the victim is on a wireless network, an attacker does not need any hardwired infrastructure, a mobile computer is suf.cient.

arbitrary users on the wireless network may carry out the attack.


On the other hand, network activity that is not correlated with, or immediately preceded by, mouse clicks is probably less important and can incur some delays without degrading the applications interactive performance.

our na¨ive all-click (AC) switching mechanism transitions the WNIC to CAM upon each click and transmits all network I/O that follows the last mouse click within some time interval in CAM, thereby minimizing delays by already being in the high-power mode before I/O arrives and serving data with higher throughput than was measured for PSM.


Each node may have O(n)neighbors in G. Channel assignment can be decided after checking the channel assignment of all those neighbors.

the total worst-case time complexity of Algorithm 1 is O(Kn3 log m + m 2).


It may be that such customer aggregation is the most important reason for creating large classi.ers.

we believe rule databases of up to 100,000 rules are of practical interest.


new distinct vertices are dominated by u2.Again, as OP T is a weakly-connected dominating set of G,there must be another element of OP T at distance at most 2 from either u1 or u2.This vertex, called u3, dominates at most .

new distinct vertices.We repeat this argument until we have included all |OP T | elements of OP T .G can contain at most n = (.


It is important to note that after one party has .nished its computations and has sent o. its data to the other party, it only waits to receive back results but does not perform any additional computation.

the two processes do not compete for the CPU or cause timing con.icts.


As shown in Fig.6, the .rst try is at time16(whichisthe .rst activetimeunitof B after time 13) and the second tryis at time24.


We note that if a connected component of G1 is apath, a node v at the end of the path will be connected to either e v S or eRv .

in that case in step 1.i, it will be assigned either Wv(S)or Wv(R).


5 As in Section 3 we model the road as a line (1-D).

our densities will be given in [vehicles/m] instead of [vehicles/m2 ] adding up all vehicles circulating in the different lanes.


Our approach follows the same principles.

speci.cally, when the interference signal starts,it causes adramatic increaseindecoding errors.As shown inFig.6(a), these errors appear at thePHYlayer as large differences between the received symbol and the nearest constellationpointsintheI andQdiagram.We refertothesedifferences assofterrors.foreachOFDM subcarrier,the802.11n receiver computes the soft-error, and normalizesitbythe minimum distance of the constellation.


Further, isolated black blocks can be overridden by the surrounding white blocks at a distance.

we should avoid isolated black blocks in our encoding and avoid sampling colors at block boundaries for decoding.


Observe that, although our analysis is based on the centralized method, it is easy to show that all results carry to the distributed implementation (Algorithm 6).


This paper is unique in a sense that it describes an advanced network in rural areas.

this paper offers two contributions: First, we describe the design of the Serengeti network and discuss how the design meets the objectives of the ICT4RD program.


We .rst observe that since the transmitter chooses the best subchannel to the legitimate receiver, it is quite likely that .R > .E.

the proposed approach is to use the resulting wiretap channel (said to be stochastically degraded) to deliver a secret key created at the transmitter, without leveraging the presence of a public, noiseless, side channel for discussion.


The simple approach taken here of issuing queries at a low rate from hosts at around 100 PlanetLab locations, will not scale as ISP networks transition to IPv6.

it is important for the research community to measure as many network properties as possible while the scale of IP address blocks is still relatively small.


After receiving the ticket, the sink authenticates and shares keys with nodes.

our motivation is to bring the more bene.ts from the consolidation of WSNs and 3G mobile network (3G-WSN) based on the standard architecture.


Subsequently, delivering incoming data to the intended receiver will now involve T instead of I, thus, Susan ends up with only two authentication requests the last user in the cascade and the .rstuserinthecascade(theintended receiver).

we solved two of the three previously identi.ed problems, namely (1) contacting every user in the cascade, and (2) there is only a single point of failure left, the last user in the cascade.


We compare the performance of these classi.ers using real-world traf.c traces from three networks in two use settings, and demonstrate that the classi.ers can successfully group protocols without a priori knowledge.

labeling a single protocol instance is suf.cient to classify all such traf.c.


In order to defeat this attack, the tunnel ID has to be changed at each hop.

each forwarding peer has two di.erent tunnel IDs, one shared with the predecessor and another one shared with the successor.


This is not surprising since Skype s natural inter-packet latency (15 to 30 ms) was higher than that of ping .oods (about 10 ms).

here we will focus only on audio quality.


(2) In the training data, TP is su.cient, while TK is insu.cient without the samples for {.1, ..., .U }.

the decision boundary of C0 will be biased towards the negative class.


Note that we have a large degree of freedom in de.ning what is an unacceptable rate because the consequence of a spurious connection drop is only that the client needs to reconnect with a range request.

from the perspective of the client, a spurious connection drop is equivalent to a server switching to the same server.


A networking device owned by an individual user may prefer not participating in the routing to save its energy and resources.

if we assume that all users are sel.sh, incentives must be provided to encourage their participation and thus maintain the robustness and availability of networking systems.


Due to routing instabilities, requests sent during the same session might end-up at different SIP servers.

the SIP server should not maintain any state information about the running calls as otherwise SIP requests arriving at a different server can not be processed.


Given that z after a successful transmission the network is in state Yi, j,the AP stores in its output queue (md -j)TCP data segments and (mu-i) TCP ACK packets.

if follows that {Z|Yi, j} =m-i-j.By a exploiting this observation, the q z as: d mu m a qz = .


Similarly, Bob can decode P1 by P1 =(P1 = P2 ) = P2.

in order to relay P1 and P2 to their intended receiver, the relay only needs to transmit one packet (i.e., the XOR packet) instead of two (i.e., P1 and P2).


[3] However, the enterprise PoC of the shipbuilding industry is not a low-speed communication environment that the OMA targets, not an ordinary conference communication environment that the IEFT targets, but a private communication method that can replace wireless sets and TRS and that can be used in shipyards.

it has different features from general PoC and conference from the aspects of bandwidth, reliability, and security.


The switch is configured for appropriate definition of flow , which could be TCP/UDP flow, or MPLS flow, or whatever, and discards packets as instructed by the server.

it is expected that the number of packets sent and discarded, and thus per-flow throughput, of both proposed mechanism and real WFQ scheduler is consistent.


As the number of constraints and candidate trees is related to the number of nodes and links, the time required for obtaining results can be prohibitive.

the CP results presented may not be optimal, but nonetheless they required fewer time slots than the heuristics produced.


telephony) are both less bursty and less responsive to congestion.

it is potentially good for both classes of traffic if they don t share a queue with the other.


Thus, we can save about 0.4 Mbps of bandwidth for other applications without observing any negative in.uence on the levelofawarenessgivenbythebeacon messages.

thebandwidthkept available for event-driven safety messages increasesby 80% in this con.guration.


Since we assume that the clock of node B is better than the clock of A, the di.erence between tA and tB indicates how good or bad the clock of A is in relation to B s clock.

we use the o.set to lower the rating .B and use it as new initial rating .(t0).


RFC 2778 de.nes PUAs as having almost the same function as the monitors.

from now on, we will use the term PUA when referring to these monitors.


Since this process is transparent to higher layer protocols, traf.c demands remain the same over LAGx.


Our architecture (shown in Figure 1) is based on three key ideas: First, in order to satisfy requirement R1, we need MAPLE to store per-packet latency measurements in some scalable way; any form of aggregation within routers cannot be used to satisfy R1.

at its heart, MAPLE contains a scalable packet latency store (called PLS) designed to simply store latencies of all packets in a scalable and e.cient fashion.


To allow receiver 2 to decode the basic layer whenever receiver 1 can and to ensure that the remaining signal after subtraction has enough strength over noise, the channel quality to receiver 2 should be better than that to receiver 1; that is, the two channels should be asymmetric.

we also refer to receiver 1 as the weaker receiver and receiver 2 the stronger.


For example, the average change in Mobile Revenues received for the period Dec 05 to Dec 06 according to [2] was about 8.8% with a figure of nearly $1300 Million received by the 10 top mobile cellular operators in Africa.

as shown in [4], the determination of demand for services can be directly correlated to disposable income.


In order to .nd the home node in GHT the malicious node just needs to know the key (k) of the targeted application either to retrieve information or to perform a DoS attack to degrade the application s performance.

all the security in GHT depends on how easy is to derive the key of an application.


(6)  Given eti, the corresponding received energy eri is given by  ()-n x eri = etiL(d0) .. (7) d0 The link-reliability requirement can be expressed as dl =Pr{eri = t} () t xi n =Pr .

= etiL(d0) d0 txn i etiL(d0)dn = e - 0 (8) Under min-hop routing, the maximum number of links of an end-to-end path is K. in order to guarantee the constraint dp on the path reliability, the minimum link reliability must be 1 dl = dp K .


However, in this algorithm the utility level is adjusted in descending order.

during the .rst route discovery, only the nodes with reachability levels of Rn > 0.75 will retransmit.


For intra-BSS traf.c, we consider that the downlink transmissions from the AP to the MSs are given a higher priority than the uplink transmissions and do not compete channel resources with the uplink transmissions, as it has been shown that IEEE 802.11 DCF has serious unfairness between the uplink and the downlink transmissions and the downlink transmissions experience a higher collision probability [14].

in the remaining part of the paper the BSS transmission throughput is only for uplink transmissions.


In addition to the above considerations, the reference model considers the shared-medium aspect of wireless networks, namely, that collections of nodes are divided into contention neighborhoods in which, for example, received traf.c contends with outgoing traf.c (unlike wireline networks).

this fairness reference model differs from classical objectives in the fairness granularity (TAP aggregated vs. per-node or per-.ow), the basic resource considered (time vs. throughput), spatial properties (no spatial bias and maximum spatial reuse), and the medium (multirate shared wireless channels vs. wired links).


This is due to the reason that more slots are available for data transmission because collisions due to acknowledgment packets are also avoided.

nodes do not have to wait for the acknowledgment packets and more slots will be available for the data without waiting for acknowledgement packet.


Otherwise, TCP s response of congestion window reduction will reduce the throughput of the connection.

a routing protocol not reacting quickly enough to topology change and congestion exposes TCP to the adverse e.ects of link breakage and congestion in the network.


Operations when IPPnP user connects to gateway We add codes to do nothing if the source IP address is the same with the target IP address.

it can avoid the Windows problem of conflict of IP address.


Since Algorithm 1 schedules the nodes level by level based on TAgg, some nodesindi.erentlevels cannotbe scheduled at the same time even though they are far apart.

we modify Algorithm 1 to schedule such nodes more e.ciently.


Almost all the pauses are longer than 200ms, so cwnd is reset to its initial value.

service B e.ectively exhibits an ON-OFF behavior similar to that of Service A.


Like with complete partitioning there is a minimum ca- pacity that is exclusively used by GPRS traffic.


The reason is that the requirements on the existence only provide constraints for completed sessions.

the requirements on the matching relation can be met by a matching relation that considers all incomplete sessions to be matching to all other sessions.


The lookup request then continues its search in the squares of (Ls i )8 and might choose the path such that it visits p only on its last step, v which is at the latest after .tlookup = .2i.8 5(seeproof of Lemma 4.1).

the lookup request reaches p at the 5Apointer to t is either a LPt,aFPt or a TFPt .


Channel Rank (rij (fj )) For the transmitter-receiver pair i - j, this is the index k of the the highest transmission rate for transmitter i allowed by the receiver j, Tk, such that the channel fj is .at fading.

ch fj rij (fj ) = argk max Tk|Bk <B c (5) We recall that, if the coherence bandwidth of the channel fj (Bc ) is greater than the bandwidth used for the signal (Bk), then the channel is .at fading.


Thus packets are sent to and from the NetFPGA in the same way that they would be sent to and from a NIC.

click can easily be con.gured to send packets to and receive packets from theNetFPGA simplyby using the appropriateinterface names.


Although NC was developed for ideal networks represented as directed graphs, recent practice networks standardized case of Internet communications and telecommunications, use of protocols to handle communications.

the question arises where NC should take place in the OSI protocol stack .


Considering smokeping [10] tool results of RTT between edge networks and roots server is measured around 100 ms, which we consider to same as T3 in our architecture.

the resolution delay Ttot = 103,420ms, which is better than the one proposed in [9].


That is, we choose the Fi that minimizes the projection of yi * onto S .

in summary, our identi.cation algorithm consists of: 1. for each hypothesized anomaly Fi, i =1, ..., I, compute yi * using Equation (1) Cy * 2. choose anomaly Fj as j =argmini .


However, in a large-scale cloud, VND table servers will need to perform real time data processing and table queries for many tenants, which could become a major scalability bottleneck.

our scalability discussion is focused on the query performance of table servers.


Network organization can also be changed by topology control protocols, which turn o. nodes producing redundant or unnecessary data to the application [14].

as transmission power control protocols are complementary to topology control proto cols, networks striving energy-e.ciency should employ topology control proto cols to lessen the amount of transmitted data, at the same time transmitting the remaining information at the lowest transmission power necessary to provide an e.cient communication among the active nodes.


Since the connection is released between C and GPN after job submission, C considers PCH as the access point to rejoin the grid.

pCH should be kept updated during GPN movement.


De.ne the join time of a receiver to a wave as the wave time at that receiver when the join is sent for the wave.

a receiver with join time zero joins the wave when the beginning of the wave would arrive at the receiver.


Also, because we mount the directional antennas perpendicular to the z axis, rotation around the z axis is the most challenging in terms of directional channel changes, as illustrated by Figure 4.

we believe the evaluation with the motor platform will reveal key insights into the feasibility of directional antennas.


Once Wi reaches CWmax, it will remain at the value of CWmax until it is reset to CWmin.

the current contention window (CW) size is given by Wi= 2iW, i = m (1) Wi= 2mW, i > m (2) i .


We have already mentioned that an intermediate node needs to receive and transmit in each direction, a .ow will require 4 slots per frame.

if we have nctl = 1, and ncon = 1, we are left with ndat = 8, which can support 8/4 =2 voice calls throughabottleneckintermediate node.For F = 60 ms, the data path delay in an 8-hop path would only be (8/2) × F = 240 ms (this isbecause, due to our scheduling algorithm, a data packet traverses two hops, in each frame), which is good for real-time voice.


However, idle listening is essential in order to receive messages from other nodes that need to be forwarded along to the next hop.

we propose an asymmetric system with very simple wireless sensors sitting alongside capable routers.


As cB < A every minor player will accept a link with a major player even if it reduces its distance only by one.

the link (r, x) is formed if the change of cost of the major player r, .C(r, E + rx) = cA - |S| - 1 (1) is negative.


Then BER(Eb, J, n) = Pr[d =1 and d = -1] + Pr[d = -1 and d = 1] n =2 * Pr[ vipni > 0 and d = -1] i=1 nn Eb J =2 * Pr[d pnipni + ripni > 0 and d = -1] nn i=1 i=1 nn Eb J =2 * Pr[- pnipni + ripni > 0 and d = -1] nn i=1 i=1 n J =2 * Pr[- Ebn + ripni > 0] * Pr[d = -1] n i=1 n Eb = Pr[ ripni >n] J i=1 where pni is a random variable independent from the adversary s ri choices.

lni=1 ripni is the sum of n random variables of equal probability taking values {-1, +1}.


For a given application, the link can be optimized if the sum of the CTAs for the two hops with Si and Sj is smaller than the CTA required for the direct link with Sl, i.e., given Rl+1<D=Rl, Ri+1<D1=Ri, and Rj+1<D2=Rj, thus D=D1+D2=Ri+Rj, a 2-hop connection via DEV3 is better than the direct connection if and only if: CTA(i,app) +CTA( j,app) < CTA(l, app) (6) Substituting (4) into (6) results in: km[TP(l, size) -(TP(i, size) + TP( j, size))] > TO(app) (7) Equation (7) implies that the link can be optimized by a 2-hop connection if and only if the reduction in payload transmission time is greater than the additional overhead.

given rate index i, j, l, the frame payload size threshold (Pth) for a specific traffic type can be derived.


for n = 100, .n = 0.9, and various adversarial drop rates .. For a test that has signi.cance level a = 0.01, (2) dictates that n1 = 81 (a = 0.0046).

receiving at most 81 responses occurs about 0.46% of the time given our choice of .n and n, and we can conclude that there is a greater than 99% chance that the route is faulty.


Otherwise, network lifetime becomes much shorter even if the responsiveness is improved.

from the viewpoint of network lifetime, single-hop delivery is not the most suitable option and its use should be minimized.


Recharging is almost impossible during the operation.

energy-ef.cient solutions are required for long-term applications.


One design decision taken in our tra.c simulator coupling concept is to hide the di.erent interpretations of the simulated vehicles, made by the di.erent tra.c simulators, from the other simulation participants.

a message is modi.ed before it leaves one of the tra.c simulation federates.


We have observed the same qualitative result for other traces and di.erent values of the detection threshold.

in the rest of the paper, we use time bins of 5 minutes.


A grant conveys to certain principles certain rights to certain resources under certain conditions.

since grants specify information about principles, rights, resources, and conditions, they in fact play of the role of rights expression in the REI Layer of Figure 2.


Given that |LIR - BIR| can range from 0 to 1, the mean and the median are quite low.

our methodology works quite well in this scenario.


Since our main research on XCAST is in the area of real world deployment of XCAST6 version 2.0[13], our motivation is to realize an XCAST6 simulation environment which can complement our real world XCAST6 deployment when faced with time and resource constraints.

our target in OMNeT++ was the implementation of XCAST simulation on the IPv6 stack.


The overall aim of the policy model is to choose the best available access network taking the end-user s preferences on various variables into account.

a cost function has been defined using three parameters: monetary cost, power consumption, and network load.


The distribution of the amount of generated tra.c is similar to that of population.

much tra.c gathers to some LEO satellites covering populated areas.


Di and Dj con.ict if either has a SINR below the threshold of its required data rate.

the con.ict degree of Di is the number of link requests that con.ict with Di when considered in this way.


Reference [2] showed that beacon message obtained from the MAC Layer has an e.ectiveness to promptly detect the change in the wireless link quality.

we take a cross-layer approach to inform the HM of the change in wireless link condition from MAC Layer to Transport Layer (See Fig.


It will pose a demand to rebuild the whole structure at that time.

some head room are reserved for each level and a threshold to the array width is pre-de.ned.


The only improvement is that ring topology overcomes the single-link failure problem.

the latest research paper [5] proposes Multi-Depot Ring-In brief, the goal of designing MDRS-2DR topology is to guarantee that each customer can receiver required contents from more than one server through more than one way.


Secondly, there is the bound on total down time in replacement process t2 by the application.

the maximum response time Tmax is: Tmax =t1(remainingenergy)+t2(downtime) This Tmax is included in the HELP message, HELP message is propagated within Rmax radius (unit of distance).


rapid replicates packets in decreasing order of their performance metric.

the protocol attempts to greedily marginal utility at each transfer opportunity.


Thus, it is obvious that a WLAN is always under the coverage of a UMTS.

when the MS finishes a handover to a WLAN, it enters the "Returning Home" scenario, where one interface is attached to the home link and the other interfaces are attached to a foreign link at the same time.


We also note that although the increasing t improves the packet delivery rate over that of one link, the increased t also adds more delay to the network.

a suitable m and consequently t could be derived to further minimize the sourceto-sink delay.


RELATED WORK Metrics used by conventional routing protocols for the wired Internet typically do not need to consider any energy-related parameters.

rIP [9] uses hop count as the sole route quality metric, thereby selecting minimum-hop paths between the source and destinations.


In case the CP-ABE attributes are compromised, the message is still protected by the additional locationdependent encryption layer.

the hybrid encryption technique allows to realize end-to-end encryption while being able to handle expressive policies.


Our premise is that these past proposals for distributing monitoring functions do not push the envelope far enough.

this not only restricts the scaling opportunities, but also constrains the detection capabilities that a network-wide deployment can provide on threekeydimensions:  First, these focus on strictly on-path distribution.


INTRODUCTION Carrier sense is a mechanism common to almost all modern wireless communication stacks.

an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of carrier sense in the real world has implications for many wireless systems.


We calculate FSO transmission power for a given range, d meters, such that a receiver that placed exactly on the transmitter s normal experiences a bit error rate of 10-6 .

for distances greater than d meters, the receiver experiences increased BER but still continues its communication.


To extend the lifetime of the network, the routing path should take the energy into consideration.

the quality of path is de.ned as the average energy level and the least energy level over all relay nodes of a routing path.


As we relax the alert threshold, the recall rate is increased 0.6 Cumulative distribution but the accuracy is decreased.

there is a trade-off between the recall rate and the alert accuracy.


In the MPEG-2 codec, a loss event affects not only the slices contained in the lost packets, but also the other slices in the same frame, while in the H.264 codec, only the slices in the lost packets are affected.

the value of ( tof the MPEG-2 codec tends to be larger than that of the H.264 codec, even if they are experiencing the same loss process.


If a station is under saturation condition its mean arrival rate is larger than its average transmission rate.

the buffer over.ow may occur for the station making the network unstable.


If service delivery relies only on a single network path and there is no path between the service provider and user that meets the throughput requirement, then this Cloud service may not be supported.

a networking system that utilizes multiple paths for data transmission would be desirable to Cloud service provisioning.


The number of services and the amount of mobility is hard to predict.

we prefer to set w slightly higher than the wo we calculated for the static situation, as the protocol will then operate in the linear region.


The fairness properties of asymmetric topologies are illustrated in Figure 8(b), which depicts the long-term fair in such topologies would result in collision, i.e., if S1 does not set ness index vs. the Ef.ciency Index .. We observe that the fairness its NAV and starts transmitting there would be a collision at R2 .index varies drastically with ..

there are only two narrow regions when inferring the channel state locally, we have in which the fairness index is smaller than 0.5.


To explain the role of aqos , we introduce the following scheduling parameters for a connection with index i: ai: (arrival time) the slot number at the beginning of which the .rst group of tslot × Rencoded bits of the connection can be transmitted, fi: (connection s length) the number of slots required to transmit all encoded bits in the stream to the intended user at the distinguished rate R, ci: (completion time): the last slot number used in serving the connection.

(the total processing time of the connection at the base station is given by 1 + ci -fi slots.)


In this way we can observe the following sequences and the number of their occurrences within the time window: 111 occurs 6 times, 110 2, 100 2, 000 6, 001 1, 011 1.


···· Finding not only a parent but its own child In relation to the above two points, a participant joins the tree not only as a leaf host but also as an intermediate host of the tree.

it must find its own child simultaneously.


The duration of the active DD phase equals the duration of the response scan window plus the transmission time of an IS packet, i.e., Tact =tIS+tacqu+Wscan ·s, (see Fig.2).

the duration of the active phase is also modeled by a random variable Tact with a uniform distribution over [E[Tact]/2, 3E[Tact]/2].


A major portion of the energy for mobile devices is spent on communication [13, 15].

designing algorithms that can e.ciently use multiple interfaces will greatly improve the battery lifespan.


In other words, stealth nodes cannot communicate with one another, nor will service nodes communicate with stealth nodes for any purpose other then replying directly to requests issued by stealth nodes.

stealth nodes are invisible to each other, and when quiet , their presence is invisible to the service nodes.


Assuming that node I overhears the RTS from node C and B is transmitting a CTS frame to A, if node I transmits to J, this results in a collision at B when A transmits its DATA frame to B.

neither PCS nor VCS by itself can determine whether the channel is busy, or whether a node is free to transmit.


In the first part of IEP, the encountered nodes exchange their summary vector (using a HELLO message) including delivery predictability values to update the internal delivery predictability vector of each node, and later they exchange bundle information including destination and size of the bundle combined with the updated delivery predictability.

nodes are able to decide which bundles to request for and to be forwarded to the other nodes based on the forwarding strategy used.


5(c), we also observe that to sat isfythe same numberofrequests,the required numberof groupsof patches is larger than the required number of groups of .les.

the user population covered by each group of patches is smaller.


( t  (t ) x x x f f f f the optimal sending-rate of user1 is Cl/6 and that of user2 is Cl/8.


Also, the IP interface o.ers more queue slots than the VHF interface that o.ers only two slots per priority class.

queue management and .ow control must be well-de.ned on MICS s side.


The spatial correlation between intervals is taken into account.

all neighbors have the same retransmission intervals.


If c is too short, the multiple channels may not be utilized; On the other hand, if c is too long, the packet may su.er the long delay and under utilization.

choosing appropriate values for c and d is crucial to the performance of this scheme.


Even if a node is captured, it only reveals its individual secret key.

the adversary cannot spoof paths in its feedback message.


Any route that an algorithm converges to can be withdrawn in the next E-BGP update, thereby causing route oscillations to continue inde.nitely.

in order to prove convergence, it is necessary to assume that the E-BGP routes stabilize.


On the other hand, a high value of TMRA could lead to the storage of stale routing information in the nodes so when they route packets to the gateway, packets losses may be provoked.

the advertisement period must be chosen carefully in order to prevent the MANET to be flooded with control packets unnecessarily.


This is because the total idle energy cost grows exponentiallywith increased hop counts.

for long-hop networks, aDapTN will gainmore bene.ts.


The temporal correlation in sensor drift decreases with temporal distance.

all other things being equal, the uncertainty of the model (i.e., the residual error of the predictor) increases with the elapsed time since the last drift measurement.


We know that normalized .e and .m cannot exceed .U, which decreases with N and increases with A provided that .U <0.5.

in the regions above each of the curves, the normalized per-node end-to-end throughput of 0.1 is not achievable, whereas it may be achievable (by all nodes or on average) below the curves.


In a neighborhood with n nodes, in order to not exceed the decoding capacity of any node at data transmission time, the number of streams that can be simultaneously transmitted in the neighborhood is constrained.

we constrain the number of transmitter nodes as well to this value to avoid unnecessary channel measurement, reduce processing complexity at a receiver, and better serve higher priority packets.


,m}.This cycle has to contain the remaining .ower nodes, which contradicts (3.5).

the seed is on the inside, and the claim follows.


So our method isn t convinced that all routing paths support the shortest path between source and destination.

we consider a selection algorithm for providing efficient routing path.


However, if the power control is applied, the cell coverage of pico or femto base station can be decreased due to the reduced transmission power.

the user terminals which are located at the edge of the cell experiences radio link failure or severe performance degradation.


Unfortunately, both of these require a centralized server to store user credentials, which is in tension with our goal to keep the system completely decentralized.

we advocate the use of PGP and its decentralized web of trust , to enable end-hosts to self-sign their frames.


V }, where Pi[v|u] is the probability with which node i moves from a street u to another street v within a city represented by the graph Gi(V, Ei).

the selection engine computes the utility function Uf (t) that maximizes the meeting probability between connected nodes Nc t and the unreachable destinations Nu t of the message at time t. The selection engine detects the probability of divergence between two space syntax tra jectories at time t + 1 in order to eliminate outliers.


Since everymessage incurs this overhead, the total overhead increases linearlywith the size of the process group.

if 1 us overhead is incurredper message, for 61 processes it would be 61 us.


Then, if there is enough capacity to transmit, TSi is scheduled for transmission.

otherwise WCBS operatesreplenishing thecapacity and,if necessary,postponing thedeadline.while WCBS usesaconstant TXOP assigned during the admission control phase, UTSS can make this parameter variable each time TS is scheduled for transmission.


By this assumption we see that i .i = maxj bj.

we can assign all the data streams (deterministically) to the fastest server, say 1, and let b = b1 =maxj bj.


We note that, 3G/4G operators do provide security mechanisms via NAT and .rewall.

a mobile device does not have a permanent and public IP address.


The synchronization assumption has the potential of allowing more concurrent channels to be available when call arrival rate is low.

for low call arrival rate, a channel assignment algorithm with the synchronization assumption is likely to produce a lower failure rate.


Furthermore, packets buffered at P RADS2 (100 packets on average), while waiting for all packets originally sent to P RADS1 to arrive and be processed, each incur up to 96ms of additional latency (7% more than LF PL+ER).

applications can bene.t from choosing an alternative version of move if they do not require both guarantees.


consumed hardware resources in our implementation, as further discussed in Section 3.3.

the optimization task from (1) becomes (()) Ssc.


That is, different operating points in the tradeoff between cache-.ll and redirection percentage, while all yielding the same byte hit rate , can translate into diverse consequences depending on the server.

the individual servers ability and willingness to cache-.ll (i.e., the CDN s preference at that server) is an important factor that needs to be properly taken into account in caching decisions.


The glacier is a slowly changing environment that doesn t require monitoring every few seconds like in the case of a surveillance network.

it requires less sensing and hence less communication.


Furthermore, VANET in cities will have few issues such as difficulty in receiving signals due to radio obstructions; scalability will be very high due to open network environment; consistent changes in neighbouring network density based on the time and area.

it is quite challenging to design routing for city vehicular scenario.


All communication process of UE is based on this reference clock.

synchronizing the reference clocks between UEs is a very essential process, especially in D2D communication.


Assuming that a local observer O has seen a packet .ow going through an MPR Procedure Probabilistic Flow Routing II(Node i)  if a .ow has to be sent to D then Find the shortest distance l between i and D Find a path of length l = l' = l + k to D (Mi1 , Mi2 , · · · , Miy) l Build the .ow tag with Function Tag+ Broadcast the packets with this tag node M * , let de.ne the following set Di,O = {t|.a path from Mi to t through M * } (8) for a given MPR node Mi.

the probability distribution of Pr[S = Mi] is de.ned as follows: 1 |Di,O| Pr[S = Mi] = · (9) nt n - 1 where nt is the number of MPR nodes which may eventually go through M * i.e.


That is, we can say there is strong probability that the neighbor node exists in the circle with radius r which have center point at the distance 2r from the node.

the neighbor node exists inside the circle with radius 3r with strong probability.


We want to remark that the fact that the load observed at the APs and number of registered users are only loosely correlated have been observed in several papers that have analyzed user traces collected from real world network deployments [1, 4, 17, 26].

our QoS-RWP model is able to reproduce one of the most important behaviors observed in real-world deployments of wireless data networks, i.e.


We observe that there is no strong di.erence between the two methods.

the ability to control path o.ered by the proposed method does not signi.cantly impact the fairness of the local packet distribution.


To calculate the expected value of Sb,i, we .rst need its probability density function P {Sb,i = s}.

the probability that a run starting at location i will be of length s is the product of the probability that s consecutive slots are b and s + ith slot is b, where b =1 - b..


This means that no other update can be sent over this session until M seconds later (M is by default set to 4 to 5 seconds).

when RR2 .nishes processing the withdrawal from PE2 and sends its own withdrawal to RR4, RR4 realizes that there is no path in its table, and it sends a withdrawal to PE3 at T =4.7 second.


( lr)  The asymptotic behavior of the minimax moving distance remains the same as the two-phase sensor mobility scheme.

the two-phase sensor mobility scheme is order optimal in achieving the maximum barrier coverage while minimizing the maximum moving distance among sensors.


This growth places significant stress on the cellular network.

there has been considerable research in developing solutions to help cellular network mitigate this problem.


In particular, the key observation behind our approach is that the migration of single VMs, completely ignores possible information about amount of tra.c between the VM and the others within the DCs.

a more e.ective method is based on the analysis of the VMs communication patterns in order to .nd subsets or clusters of VMs that are very tight among them.


If we assume that the multicast source is not at the edges of the network, then the number of destinations in each side of the cut is proportional to f(n).

by adding these two values and dividing the result by n,the per sourcedestination capacity corresponding to this cut can be derived as T(r(n)) + T( f(nn) ).


Instead, we use a heuristic and lightweight approach to increase the intra-connectivity of mobile nodes.

the intra-communication reliability is also improved.


The packet generation time and transmission duration of SIB1 are double of those of MIB, respectively.

sIB1 packets are generated for every 8 frames and its replicas are transmitted for every 2 frames.


However, if the mobile actual RTT = 20 ms actual RTT = 80 ms actual RTT = 120 ms ways responds with TCP ACKpackets immediately after the observed RTT (ms) 250 200 150 100 50 0 250 200 150 100 50 0 250 200 150 100 50 0  beacon and the TCP connection becomes synchronized with the PSM-static beacon period.

the observed RTTs are rounded up to the nearest 100 ms.


Figure 4 speci.cally shows the implementation of a single FeedbackXNOR circuit when C =3.


However, if this is not the case, we propose that the MGs of cooperating operators could be authenticated by the respective AAA of the other operators in context of FSASD.


Second, these subsets are replicated to the mobile device proactively and transparently, whenever network connectivity allows to do so.

data are still available when no network connectivity is present, while access times are signi.cantly reduced since data can be reused from the local replica.


The victim should receive all hash values to identify a marking router.

this scheme is equivalent to the hash-fragment marking with b = 16, bd = 5, bid = 3 and fth = 23 = 8.


5.6 Load Distribution Compared to CamCube and CDC, SWDC utilizes random links as shortcuts.

packets may overload certain links or servers.


(3) After deciding which sensor is the cluster-head, the neighborhood of the cluster-head joins this cluster.

the cluster-head will be approximately in the center of the cluster, meaning some sensors nearer the sink will have a greater transmission distance.


This communication overhead is quite small as the BCPs are small due to our use of checksums.

we focus on the communication overhead of BM as it relies heavily on reliable multicasts to deliver header information reliably whenever a coded packet broadcast occurs.


In this case, there is minimal di.erence between accounting for multi-con.cits or not.

in terms of throughput, if bit-rates are adjusted after the schedules are computed, multi-con.cits can be ignored.


For example, in .gure 2(b), only the RTS frames sent by C and D may have  Figure 2: Active transmitting neighbors in the saturated and unsaturated situations Figure 3: Three di.erent transmission patterns according to B collision with the RTS frame of B, while the RTS frame E sends will never have collision with B s. If there were W distinct time slots available for contention, the probability that a node can successfully transmit a RTS packet is given as: ..M-1 M 1 p =1 - 1 - (6) Nneighbor W Since W represents the average number of time slots and nodes are only permitted to transmit packets at the beginning of each time slot, W = Tavg.

in the subsequent expressions related to equation 6, W is replaced by Tavg.


If a base station is deployed far from the data sources, many sensor nodes need to relay data packets.

the energy consumption of those sensor nodes will signi.cantly increase.


Such large performance penalties arise when actual traf.c demands deviate signi.cantly from prediction.

it is important that a traf.c engineering algorithm is robust when such deviations occur.


A mobile s location, including itsCell-ID form, is generally regarded aspersonal information.

as the SS7Box deals with the Cell-ID of mobile phone users, con.dentiality and privacy concerns are very important.


At a distance of 15, all nodes were essentially covered for the 25 x 25 range, but as the number of nodes was increased, so was the number of floods that occurred.

it is safe to say that for a high number of nodes in the 25 x 25 area it is desirable to have a lower send distance, while for a low number of nodes in the same area it is desirable to have a higher send distance.


The color pattern was chosen to match Figure 5: low Hamming distances (darker in Figure 5) should, in theory, result in higher error rates (darker in Figure 9).

if coding were the major in.uence, the pattern should look similar to Figure 5.


V M S T (G(d|k ck)), edge BM (QI k, Qk J , d|k ck) cannot be qiqj .

there exists an edge qsqt = qiqj such that vk .


)of T(t) nodesofsatisfes n=t(nT-1)+1 (1) ThefollowingLemmaharaterizesthesizeofthet-horizon T(t) ofthegraph,andfollowsasanimmediateonsequene ofLemma2.

lEMMA3.SupposeVEVcVTisanendnodeofafat T(t) tirein.Thethorizon1(V,t)ofVistheunionofthe nodesinallthetfattiresforwhihVisanendnode,i.e., 1(V,t)=tdv+1.Ontheotherhand,ifVEV-VT,then Visontainedintheinteriorofsomefattirehavingend nodesaandb,inwhihasethethorizonofVistheunion ofthenodesinallthetfattiresforwhiheitheraorbis anendnode,i.e.,1(V,t)=t(da+db)-t+1.. NowonsideratreeTofdepthr,whoserootvertexhas yhildrenandwhosevertiesatleveliallhavexhildren, i=1,,t-1.Then,thenumbernTofnodesofTsatisfes: r-1r-1 nT= 1+y+yx++yxyx+1(2) Substitutingequation(1)intoinequality(2),weobtainn= t(nT-1)+1:tyxr-1 .-11-r 1<y<ntx (3) NowonsideranyplaementofkserversatasubsetSof T(t) vertiesin.ItfollowsimmediatelyfromLemma3that thesizeofthet-horizon1(S,t)ofSisgivenbythefollowing.


The results show that without protection, a small fraction of malicious nodes can signi.cantly degrade the accuracy of legitimate nodes coordinates.

the coordinates security problem can be stated as, how can the system be protected such that the accuracy of the good nodes coordinates with respect to each other is unaffected by the behavior of the malicious nodes?


The results depicted in Fig 12 con.rm that misbehaving peers will be forwarded less queries than well behaved peers.

most of misbehaving peers will not be able to make a pro.t, as shown in Fig 11.


Private mutual contacts capture the intuition that it is very unlikely that external peers which are part of a botnet will be communicating with many internal hosts that do not belong to the botnet.

private mutual-contacts can be strong indicators of peer relationships among hosts within a botnet.


Any other neighbor that is not selected as an MPR by the node, reads and processes the packet but does not retransmit it.

MPR Figure 1: Selection of MPRs of Node k. The thicker lines represent the retransmission paths of packets from Node k. the network tra.c is reduced.


The median relative difference for each .ow size: 60% for 10 KBytes, 49% for 100 KBytes and 28% for 1MByte.

throughput for smaller .ow sizes is more affected by the choice of the network for the primary sub.ow.


1   4.2 2 -NE-perfect Unicast System 1 Although the unicast system .LBC is 2n -perfect, which is asymptotically optimal, it may not be acceptable in certain circumstances.

again, we try to relax the dominant strategy requirement for the terminals.


Most people prefer to use meshes instead of well-defined primitive geometric nodes.

it is important to display an arbitrary geometric mesh data efficiently.


Theoretical Potential: Because the supremum can be limited by persistent problems that occurred in all runs, further utilization of the connection is possible.

we have also shown a rough computation of the theoretical potential in Figure 9, computed as follows.


Due to the low authentication rate in FEAT, Dave may be unable to authenticate Alice s transmission if the transmitted message signal does not contain enough number of frames to embed a complete authentication sequence.

it is imperative to utilize a short digital signature so that the authentication sequence will be short.


The combination of weights is same as that of S4 in Section 5.2.

the computation distribution scheme selects the con.guration C4 (speaker identi.cation task computed remotely and other classi.cation tasks computed locally).


The .gure shows that at larger ranges, there are no longer two distinct levels in the CSI measurements.

we need to de sign a different decoding mechanism to achieve higher ranges.


We assume no topology control is applied and all nodes move at will.

the source node needs to find a way to avoid sending too many packets through denser areas.


However, the results of using di.erent setups are similar to the results shown in this paper.

we only show the results for the above setup.


We quit row 1 once we reach a column j such that Stability table [1, j] = False.

the routing protocol could have ideally used one single s-t path from the beginning time instant of G1 to the ending time instant of Gj-1.


When sensors are deployed in the hostile environments for each specific application, an adversary may capture sensor nodes and intercept or control packets.

security services are essential to preserve the confidentiality, integrity and availability of transmitted data [1].


Figure 10(c) shows that Hybrid Divert performs as well as the better transmitter (A) when it uses di.erent path-switching thresholds for di.erent paths.

divert can adapt remarkably well to extremely asymmetric, dynamic channel conditions (e.g., R1) by making small adjustments to H and T. In our mobile environment, Divert performs no worse than the best available path when the available paths are extremely di.erent (e.g., R1).


In Real-Time video streaming, each frame must be delivered and decoded by its playback time.

any packet that is retransmitted due to lost in transmission or late arriving is considered useless if its decoding and display deadline is too late to be displayed.


Further recall, that the recon.guration is delayed until the marker is selected by rw.

it is assured that all events s of the outgoing sequence with t(s) = end(Ri) are produced, otherwise events with greater timestamps would be produced.


Also, by considering nodes s, i,and das vertices of triangle, by triangle inequality, we have dsi =dsd +did.

the optimization problem can be stated as follows.


represents the reverse Laplace-Stieltjies Transform.

the model of the server can be reduced to a two-state Markovian process with rejection probabilities attached to each server state as shown in Figure 4.


From the experiment setting, it takes 30 [msec] for one getReq packet processing.

for 1 Figure 8: Total task execution time for the range of PAUSE THRESHOLD: comparison with the theoretical estimation.


For the link li,j with the largest din i,j (G ' ) in G ' , i,j (G ' ) -dout ) =dout we must have din ).

when we assign color i,j (G ' i,j (G ' Algorithm 2 Centralized Scheduling under Protocol-Interference Input: A communication graph G=(V,E) of mlinks.


10 The SINR of the outer zone MS in both algorithms are related to 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1/r.

this ratio r is a key design parameter in the ORAA and MORAA.


Sender A transmits a packet to the nexthop receiver B at time t0, B fails to receive the data, while C and D successfully receive the data that B has lost.

c and D contend with each other to be the intermediate helper of B.


We note our USRP system is di.erent from the CRAWDAD measurement system, Sigtek model ST-515, which has a much higher bandwidth (40MHz) than the USRP (10MHz).

the CRAW-DAD measurement system can observe richer multipaths.


However, with BASIC more collisions occur, and when nodes retransmit packets, additional energy is consumed.

the net result is that BASIC consumes more energy than PCM.


In both this con.guration and the IDS Router con.guration from our earlier experiments, each packet is processed by one IDS element; the difference is that in the diverging con.guration, there are two IDS elements, each of which processes half of the packets.

we can expect that, if the overhead of our divergence handling strategy is low, the con.guration with two GPUIDSMatchers should achieve similar throughput to the con.guration with a single one.


3.3 Multiple Networks, Cooperative Clients In the third case multiple independentlyadministered networks serve clients that will cooperate within each network.

pocketSniffer can assume that clients provide truthful measurements but that each network acts in a self-interested fashion.


The aim of the industry, however, is to manufacture tiny cheap sensors that can be scattered everywhere and disposed when they run out of their batteries [1].

intolerance to internal and external noise, imprecision, and inaccuracies are inevitable and highly expected among those cheap sensors.


The main di.erence is that link layer apps are connected to the link layer controller and are capable to exchange control information by means of events.

link layer apps provide an elegant way to decouple application speci.c parts from the pure data transfer functions.


Also, due to standard activity, most protocols are open and known publicly.

attackers can easily unveil the security holes in these protocols and exploit them to launch attacks.


), there is no dif.cult for us to simulate OK and OS .

this game is perfectly indistinguishable from the previous one, and we have Pr[Guess2] = Pr[Guess1].


Recall from §6.2 that each intermediate node Fi on the forwarding path either generates a new ack or reencrypts the ack received from downstream.

an ack packet traversing the path has a constant size (O(1)) at any point in time.


Emerging smartphone applications, such as participatory sensing, media sharing, mobile health monitoring, and video chat, are increasingly employing the uplink.

the mentioned interference has become a key bottleneck in the capacity of infrastructure networks with a large number of mobile clients.


Since the vehicle mobility is high and vehicles leave and enter the network frequently, the topology of this network changes fast.

uMB protocol is designed to operate without exchanging location information among neighboring nodes.


In both SOM and SDM, the thresholding verification is done only when the acknowledgement reaches back to node A.

the system will detect the malicious attack only after running the complete protocol, which in our example pertains to transmission and reception of two packets per node.


Moreover, dissipated energy may have a large impact on these delays.

pEQ is evaluated through the following metrics: Sink-Source-Sink Delay - latency from the moment a subscription is sent to the moment the first corresponding event is received at the sink; Average Delay -average latency from the moment an event is transmitted to the moment it is received at the sink;  Average Event Delivery Ratio - number of distinct received events to the number of originally sent events ratio;  Average Dissipated Energy - total dissipated energy to the number of nodes ratio.


the number of devices that arrive in the waiting time of a device (which is proportional to CWmin), leaving the collision probability unchanged.

we require alternate approaches to reducing the packet collisions.


B4 switches employ ECMP hashing (for topology abstraction) to select an output port among these next hops.

rAP translates each RIB entry into two OpenFlow tables, a Flow table which maps prefixes to entries into a ECMP Group table.


Observe that the TCP .ow obtains 64% of the idealized objec 1200 tive throughput, whereas the UDP .ows obtain 75%.

by throttling uncontrolled UDP .ows at the input, IFA ensures that an upstream TCP .ow can obtain nearly its fair share, with the dif 800 Goodput [kb/sec] ferences between TCP and UDP shares in isolation explored previously.


However, the starting edge node is a special case because it is the first node to be identified as an edge node.

(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are used to define the reference line as shown in Figure 1(a).


It is obvious that all MAC protocols have drivers thanks to the unceasing parking sensing.

the a higher energy depletion deviation except TDMA.


3.3 Signal Strength For tracking signal strength variations, we acquire the Arbitrary Strength Unit (ASU) value from Android OS once per 500 ms. ASU is an integer value ranging from 0 to 31.1 Then by using the formula: dBm =2 · ASU - 113, we can acquire the signal strength power in Watts.

dBm value is always odd in our measurements, which we will see in Section 5.


It starts transmitting packets which interfere with Flow 1 and 2.

flow 3 shows low delivery ratio since must compete against the other two .ows.


Exceptionally, num erts which vehicles in the same cell measure can be di.erent with each other due to packet loss.

the biggest one among num erts, pNA[( n+1 )] and NA[( m+1 )] 22 is stored at NA[( m+1 )], where pNA[( n+1 )] indicates the 2 2 number of vehicles in the cell v belongs to.


However, no laboratory environment can fully replicate the scale, complexity and diversity of a large scale operational network.

once a change has been certi.ed in a lab environment, it is then tested on a relatively small scale in the network.


In such a case, a programmer is only required to develop thread-safe applications suitable for execution in a multi-processor environment; the existence and usage of hardware multi-threading becomes transparent.

a hybrid architecture that supports both data-caches and multi-threading in hardware simpli.es programmability of NPs signi.cantly.


Listening to the channel to measure local loading incurs high energy costs if performed all the time.

cODA uses a sampling scheme that activates local channel monitoring at the appropriate time to minimize cost while forming an accurate estimate.


4.1.1 Neighbor s forwarding ability To model a node s forwarding ability, a selection probability gd(j) is assigned to each neighbor node j based on its PWM value dij ,for a speci.c ultimate destination d at time t. Probabilistically, the transition must go through the nodes that have maximum PWM meaning they are less affected by the primary users.

gd(j) is found based on the odds on PWM probability distribution as follows.


Otherwise, it will undermine the orthogonality among subcarriers since the concurrent senders are not actually transmitting on orthogonal frequencydue to the offset.

in FICA, all nodes should have their frequencycalibrated.


This reduces the interference footprint to a negligible level.

unlike traditional RF technologies, FSO communications from multiple senders do not interfere, unless the senders are aligned to the same receiver.


However, this consumes additional power and can reduce battery lifetime, which is especially problematic for handheld devices.

with client-initiated schemes such as those described above, there exists a fundamental trade-off between energy and lower handoff delay.


In addition to the backscattered signal from the sensor, a wall-re.ected multi 1 path signal, S1, is also received at the reader.

the backscatter signal received by the reader is the summation of 1 two signals: wall-re.ected multipath signal S1and sensor 1 backscattered signal S2.


After the MS moved out of the WLAN, the FTP traffic was redirected to UMTS.

voIP and FTP traffics over UMTS resulted in a rapid increase of the traffic received in GTP tunneling.


Thus, corresponding approaches are not suited to highly mobile environments [2].

realizing classical Pub/Sub in VANETs is a subject for further exploration.


Single node failure (n) A node of the network (selected uniformly at random) fails.

all traf.c to, from and through the node is affected.


In addition to the supported secp160r1 curve we implemented optimized modular reduction for secp192r1 and secp224r1 curves using qualities of pseudo-Mersenne primes.

we investigated the limits of common sensor node hardware regarding elliptic curve key length.


When the each node knows the own unique number(..), the nodes automatically conduct the communication process according to the algorithm.

the sink node sends the beacon signal to every node using the first slot in superframe structure.


If a task is broken down to N pieces, the central server would have to aggregate N partialresults, which wouldbe an extra overhead atthe server when the phones return their results.

if two packings produce the same minimum bin height, we would prefer one with fewer partitions.


The weights of this function can be tuned depending on the preferences introduced by requesters.

it is possible to define trade-offs between different parameters such as the desired quality that should be provided, requirements or the price to pay for a service.


In lpbcast, every node starts 4log n rounds with fanout 3 and each message traverses the network over an average path of / v n .

each node sends 12 n log n messages in total.


The load LMC generated by a complete Pool refresh in multicast mode is R LMC = Rlm + Pilu i=1 The above formulas for LDA and LM C show that service discovery in DA mode is usually much more e.cient than the multicast procedure.

the multicast discovery should only be used as a fallback mechanism when no DA is available.


We know that if neighbors are perfectly synchronized, t0 will always be the same.

c by computing the maximum difference among different t0 s, c we can measure the MPO among k neighbors transmissions.


We .nd that the reader achieves the maximum coverage when the distance is 1.5m.

we set the distance to 1.5m to guarantee the reading performance.


The GlacsWeb nodes are battery powered and once they are deployed there is no possible way of retrieving them.

there is no way of recharging or changing the batteries.


We also use two parameters u and v to specify the weights of TL(B) and MEC, respectively.

the dual objectives function is as follows:   (6)  .


By the de.nition of S(·),we have that R (si) is assigned to source node S(R (si)) in solution ..To simplify notation, de.ne function G(·) as G(·)= S(R (·)) .

(7) relay node R (si) is assigned to source node G(si) in .


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION When nodes get disconnected from controllers, SDN applications lose visibility and control of the network.

in order to exploit the full potential of the SDN paradigm, it is important to design reliable southbound interfaces between nodes and controllers.


First, while we do generate long .ows in our simulation (according to the .le size distribution reported in [23, 33]), these .ows are of .nite size.

they are downloaded in .nite time, which can sometimes not be long enough to allow synchronization.


Each sequence period includes a parity slot at which time instant all nodes with the same seed are guaranteed to rendezvous on a channel indicated by the seed value.

6.2 Implementing QCH in DSA Networks In this subsection, we discuss some of the important issues that may arise when implementing a QCH system in DSA networks.


In GF, nodes exchange their location information with neighbors; forwarding decisions are made by selecting a neighbor that is closer to the destination.

gF relies on an underlying localization mechanism that allows the sensor Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The core cellular network is operatedas a black box, so it is not easy to obtain protocol traces from cellular network operators.

we seek to retrieve protocoltraces from user devices.


Despite this, a node X.that is connected to clique node ialmost always (beyond cliques of a certain size) observes enough route changes that it suppresses routes from i.

withdrawal triggered suppression does not manifest itself in the loss of connectivity to dfrom nodes in the clique, but only in nodes attached to the clique.


In the extreme case, when every user uses concurrent downloading with same degree, for each connection the reduction in its transmission rate will cancel out the reduction in the amount of data transfer.

no user can get improvement in his downloading latency.


The above-described model is a discrete-time Markov chain under the assumptions that the arrival times at each empty node are i.i.d(in our discrete-time model they follow a geometric distribution).

an empty node has an arrival with probability g at any time slot.


When the LDC-UWB signal power is .xed power per pulse, the interference to wideband OFDM is mitigated with reducing duty-cycle of LDC-UWB system.

when the LDC-UWB signal power is .xed power per pulse, the duty-cycle of LDC-UWB should be chosen low values of 0.1 % and using PRF = 3.9 MHz is absolutely essential.


Forlarger valuesof n, Pe is even smaller.

we see that even a small r is su.cient to keep Pe very small.


The user directly utilizes his/her public and unique identification information as its public key.

it can make the key management easier and minimize the cost of the conventional public key cryptosystem.


In anypath routing, the routing algorithm results in several next hop candidates for each destination.

a forwarding algorithm is required to select the best next hop candidate for each packet.


Figure 14: Uncovered area for node i We also observe that by the end of the simulation time (700 slots), with both direct and gossip-based discovery in the obstacle scenario, not all the neighbors are discovered.

the schemes achieve a fraction of less than 1.0; in the empty room scenario, this fraction is 1.0.


In particular, ISPs may want to violate the preference condition to (1) have di.erent preferences for di.erent neighbors and (2) perhaps even prefer peer or provider routes for some (high-paying) customers.

we ask the following natural questions: Would violating the preference condition lead to routing instability in NS-BGP?


Assuming the blind actuation has a negligible power usage, we have considered the arti.cial luminance is the main source of the power usage.


Furthermore, it is probable that future CR nodes will be hand-held devices with integrated antennas.

it will be di.cult to separatethe antennafromthedeviceduringperformance evaluations.


If eventually all nodes have been in the wireless transmission range before, the probability for entering the next state becomes 0.

the probability for retaining in a state is (.b + i)/.


Since in typical applications t =r, the network is guaranteed to be connected when 1-coverage is guaranteed.

in the following we focus on the sensing coverage.


often tend to operate in low-power modes than the MAPs.

although clients can hear MAP beacons, the uplink communication link is, often, particularly bad.


The proliferation of camera phones and commercial cameras make visual localization affordable.

visual signals are a good candidate to help traditional wireless localization.


to more traditional computing environments like clusters or super computers, the network characteristics between grid sites are both very heterogeneous and dynamically changing.

communication libraries need to take this heterogeneity into account to maintain e.ciency in a world-wide environment.


On the other hand, for delay-sensitive applications if the queue threshold is set to a large value, the .ows would not meet their delay requirements.

it is required to control the queue threshold as well as sleep time according to the application requirements.


method as ZRP to discover the route from a candidate group member to the multicast group.

both of them have not improved the route discovery mechanism in ZRP.


L2 Cic,ir Assume that on average, Ncell sensors are expected to be deployed in each cell.

among all the sensors with home cell Cjc,jr , the average number of sensors that a sensor u can directly communicate with can be estimated by Ncell ×p(Cjc,jr , Cic,ir ).


Most of the time, the user will not use the entire 360 degree view o.ered by the cubicpanorama,but only aportion of the entirepanorama.

we only stream partial view panoramas, which contain segments of the view the user will most likely need.


When AFIFO size is large than 8, the pipeline can achieve stable throughputs regardless of the classifier types and the value of M. Further increasing the AFIFO size can not lead to significant throughput improvement.

in the left part of simulations, the sizes of AFIFOs are all set to 8 entries.


Furthermore, the traffic is bursty in nature.

halving the flows windows in response to the ECN feedback causes the flows to thrash instead of gracefully converging to the available bandwidth.


Due to the very small size of the test point, we assume the same signal propagation conditions within a test point; it means that all users located inside a test point have the same signal and the same RSRP, SINR and RSRQ.

a test point determines the resolution of the computation and the amount of data on signals.


Simple protocols do not use knowledge information in managing the messages.

they are the less demanding protocols in terms of computational capabilities andhavebeenamong the .rstprotocolsproposedintheliterature.


(10) 0 0 sin .m cos .m and V = [xm,ym, 0, 0]T (11) 'new ' 'new = · z bnew as ' new -1 ' new A U· (z -V) = b(12) A 'new ,U,Vand bnew are known, hence by now we have transformed the partitions created in the second iteration into linear constraints in the .rst iteration s coordinate system, with the same variable z ' .

we can combine these linear constraints with the ones in the .rst iteration and solve them jointly.


Mutation operators (see subsection 3.3) can either (a) switch a gene from one allele to the other or, (b) in the case of a .nite set of possible gain values (for noisy strong links), tune the allele selecting one of those values.

an individual with a strong link at a given matrix position is close (in the parameter search space) to an individual without a link at the same position, regardless of the actual gain of the link.


As mentioned earlier, when an AP has no more than eight antennas and a client has no more than four antennas, to maximize the number of streams CoaCa usually does not need to allow more than three APs to concurrently serve their clients.

even if the MU-MIMO network included more than three cells, they would not lead to a multiplexing gain increase.


{0,1,p} Finally, this transformation only occurs if the packet is currently at the .rewall.

in other words, the current location of the packet must be IP address 1: l1 .l0 transition relation for this particular .rewall is the conjunction of the three conditions above.


The data units in the old RDU set will not be used further since they are removed from all combinations.


Although the designs of data center networks as well as their costs have been addressed recently, the energy consumption of the data center architectures has not been analyzed in details.

in this paper, we devote special attention to the energy requirement of the structure of data centers by investigating the power consumption of the state-of-the-art data center architectures.


Re.ected in the stability condition, this also results in less constraint on C, R+,and N- than in RED.

both di.erences actually increase the stability region of PERT.


From the perspective of AS and by strategies of traffic-based probabilistic caching, intra-domain advertisement, intra-domain cooperation and content hierarchical caching, IDCC can reduce cache redundancy and improve cache utilization.

cache hit ratio is improved and user delay and cross-AS traffic are reduced.


However, due to the case (I) error, none of them can measure the forward capacity of FF paths accurately for all measurement scenarios.

we highlight this by / * for Cf in row 4 of the table.


However, they capture, only vaguely, demand side development .

many Kenyans are yet to find it useful and economically reasonable to interact with government through technologies.


it further reduces the number of based on realistic simulations where the mobility of people is driven by real-world data from a theme park.


However, there are several reasons why these properties are not measured: 1) different systems have their own measurement commands on system performance, which means it is not good for heterogeneous networks; 2) it is sometimes very dif.cult to implement on some development platforms, such as JAVA; 3) System Call is very expensive.

we try to .nd other properties that can be measure easily and ef.ciently.


The .uctuations in the replies of Refused errors also exhibited periodic huge spikes at a certain time (4-5am).

these characteristic phenomena in the two types of errors were not human oriented and were mainly caused by external reasons.


It serves the packets of various trafc categories in the same way, without any service's diferentiation support.

all kinds of data trafc, even those dedicated to multimedia like applications, sufer from delays and bandwidth variations during the network congestion phase.


Both one-way delay and round-trip time carry not only queuing delay of bottleneck but also measurement noise.

they use kinds of statistic methods to .lter out measurement noise at expensive of coarse resolution.


depends on the precision of the binarysearch) , and is feasible for R * .

the optimum solution of the dual program (6) is between R * and .R * .


Consequently, the relying party learns fAr , which is a statement derived from fAi .

the issuing and use of an anonymous credential can be modeled as presented next.


In contrast, RFID signals can penetrate obstacles and reach the RFID reader even when the object is occluded.

as in the line-of-sight experiments, with non-line-sight and occlusions, the path in RF-Compass is close to optimal.


If it does not drop the packet, it decides to forward the packet with probability pf given by 1  ... 7 p =~ f N K(1- E ) If the node decides to forward the packet, it sends an acknowledgment as a confirmation of forwarding, back to the source.

the acknowledgment serves the purpose of letting the source know that some node which is willing to forward the packet has already received the packet and the source should stop further retransmissions.


There are graphs for which under general demand distributions any oblivious routing scheme has a large compet itive ratio with high probability.

we usually (un less otherwise stated) refer to demand-distributions in which the demands for di.erent source-target pairs are independent.


Another limitation of the skip graph as it was proposed in [2] is that it does not describe the method by which keys are assigned to machines in the system.

the skip graph makes no guarantees about systemwide load-balancing nor does it make any guarantees about the geographic locality of neighboring keys.


Roughly, half of the time A starts before C and half of the time C starts before A.

the throughput enhancement is about 50% during the period between 16 and 26 seconds.


However, data item d3 is not retrieved, so the client switches to channel c1 again in time slot 23 for downloading it.


Solving the problem with the numerical integration method would result in a heavy computational burden.

we seek an approximate closed-form solution that would solve the integral problem much quicker than the numerical integration method.


However, the security in ad hoc networks is hard to achieve due to the limited physical protection to the nodes, lack of the computational ability and limited power.

in this paper, we propose a robust and secure data transmission scheme, based on identity-based cryptosystem, elliptic curve cryptography and hash chains, to satisfy the routing security and data secrecy requirements for mobile nodes' communication over ad hoc networks.


This increases the amount of data that can be encoded but also increases the amount of resulting noise in the audio file as well.

one should consider the signal content before deciding on the LSB operation to use.


The key limitation is switching time, which can take as long as tens of milliseconds.

it makes little sense to apply optical switching at the granularity of end hosts that transmit no faster than 10 Gb/s and that carry out bursty communication to a range of hosts.


Indeed, if each node in the clique receives n/c messages, with only small probability the received messages induce a partition of the nodes to c disjoint subsets.

in general, for graphs with large weak conductance we can only aim for each message to be received by n/c nodes (and for each node to receive n/c messages), but not necessarily as a well-structured partition.


We have implemented a matrix R(tk)=[.wh], which stores random variables ., with a unit-mean Rayleigh distribution, to account for the statistical attenuation in the channel from cube w and h.The use of Rayleigh random variable gives the worst case behavior of the channel (saturation condition), as it is often the case in shallow water environment (depth less than 100m) [3][8].

the statistical transmission loss is modeled as, D 2 TLij (tk)=TLij · .wh, (17) where i and j are the sending and the receiving nodes respectively, w and h are the cubes where i and j are located, respectively, .


Since some error patterns induced by the hidden collision might not be clearly di.erentiated from the errors from mobility, i.e., both can induce relatively more errors in the latter part of A-MPDUs, the above schemes might not work properly in the presence of hidden stations.

to ameliorate such a hidden station problem, we employ an adaptive use of Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) exchange.


First, our results are based on traces from a single video service provider that uses progressive download with byte-range requests.

our .ndings may not be representative of video service providers that use other streaming methods.


Long distance calls originating from a cell phone are either routed through the long distance network of the cellular operator or handed offto access tandems like wireline calls.

each LATAhas several central of.cebuildings that house at least one switch.


The reader is referred to [14] for a more complete discussion of the EM algorithm and its properties.

it should be possible to ef.ciently implement a loss rate inference procedure using the EM algorithm in sensor nodes with limited resources.


using DPI), encourage applications to obfuscate or encrypt their communications, and risk causing public backlash and regulation.

we advocate that the virtualization be driven externally via an explicit API open to all CPs.


The cost function w : E × R+ -R+ , gives the cost as a function of edge and time.

the interpretation of w(e, t) is the following: Let e be an edge from node u to node v. Given a message at u at time t, w(e, t) is the cost (delay) of sending it to v. if e is taken the message will reach v at time t+w(e, t).


The program sends p2 through the .rewall and also applies Updates (S T (dstip):=1) of the rule.

the entry indexed by the dstip .eld of p2 in the state table ST is changed to 1, as shown in sub.gure (c).


The promotion to the second round may be guided by this estimation.

if the protocol desires 5 nodes in the second round, and probabilistic estimates suggest 1.25 nodes on average per subcarrier, nodes ranked 4 or less can proceed to the second round.


Another issue posed to the client during a VoIP call is that apart from receiving packets from the peer, it is also sending packets to the peer at .xed intervals.

assuming it buffers any generated packets when it is in sleep state, it also needs to ensure that its sleep/wakeup schedule is such that these packets reach the peer by their playout deadlines If the client knew the network latency for each packet throughout the call (i.e.


If the state transitions of the automata Ai do not depend on thefailuredetector values, we say that the algorithm A is asynchronous.

for an asynchronous algorithm, a step is uniquely identi.ed by the process id.


In principle, in order to collect the bandwidth Tik from APi, station k needs to connect to APi during a duty cycle fik = Tik/wik,where wik is the wireless capacity from APi to station k. By reducing the time spent on APi, the duty cycle fik e.ectively acts as a gauge that limits the amount of bandwidth that can be received from the AP.

tCP .ows adjust their transmission rate to meet the request Tik.


5.1 Measurement bias As discussed earlier, some link status change messages may be missing from the syslog due to its unreliable nature.

a down link state transition may not have a preceding up or vice versa.


the backoff delay) is negligible, and (ii) the maximum number of retransmissions allowed for each packet is unlimited.

the model matches simulations well only under light traf.c conditions and with very large packets transmitted at low data rate.


Robustness against obfuscation: Although we have tried to keep our analysis as general as possible, currently, our techniques are not fully resistant against obfuscation.

a protocol architect determined to hide her protocol message format might be able to do so.


Z-MAC uses the CCA and LPL features of B-MAC.

its energy e.ciency is no better than B-MAC s under lowdata applications.


In order to take advantage of these clustered sensors, a Wireless Array-based Cooperative Sensing Model (WA-CSM) is proposed in [4], which forms the closely located nodes into WA s. It has been shown that the cooperative sensing coverage of WA s can be represented by larger sensing circles with sensing range dictated by the number of sensors and the geometry of the wireless array.

the proposed WA-CSM is shown to provide a higher degree of sensing performance to the network than that achievable by using the sensors separately.


Unfortunately, no standard optimization techniques allow us to compute an optimal solution e.ciently, even when the paths Pd are .xed.

we have to rely on heuristics to .nd both the candidate paths Pd and the splitting ratios ap.


In this attack, JF deliver all packets, yet after placing them in a re-ordering buffer rather than a FIFO buffer.

we will show that such persistent re-ordering of packets will result in near zero goodput, despite having all transmitted packets delivered.


However, these solutions transmit the contents on overlay networks, and the efficiency of the underlying network is not improved well due to redundant transmissions.

information-centric networking (ICN), a clean-slate network architecture, was proposed [5-8].


We report a median improvement in localization accuracy of 66 % in X, 16% in Y and 86% in the Z dimension.

integration of Ubicarse with vision algorithms also serves to improve device localization.


Indeed, ECN-RED congestion feedback is based on a smoothed averaged, whereas QCN is based on instantaneous queue length.

with RED enabled, a transient burst will not trigger a reduction of the injection rate.


We can leverage TCP s .ow control and congestion control mechanisms to avoid network overload.

the combination of TCP with burst forwarding could provide reliable and energy-ef.cient transmission over varying network capacity, even in the face of the problems of TCP in low-power wireless.


In addition to this increased .exibility, we show our scheme with secure FM sketches (sedya-12), which provides a higher level of security in exchange for higher bandwidth requirements.

we illustrate that there is a fundamental tradeo.


SHA-256, binding the content identi.er with the data that it carries.

it is statistically impossible for an attacker to tamper with a piece of data without modifying its identi.er due to the preimage attack resistance of these cryptographic hash functions.


To fully guarantee path integrity, we make each router s authenticator depend on the previous segment embeddings.

a particular router s segment embedding will only authenticate properly if the packet has traversed the same path to the router that the original setup packet followed.


Therefore, by requiring |P(v0)| to be bounded, we can rule out -8from the set of feasible weights of a solution.

there is no solution when a negative cycle is present.


When combined, our performance functions thoroughly describe the important features of each link.

since we found the links to be generally consistent throughout our environment, we can extend our measurements of individual link performance to describe multiple links in series and parallel.


Subject to R = r, his expected e.ective budget re = E[Re|R = r] is no larger than X X i -1(d -1) r +(d -1) r  m = r + r (i -1)m b(d -1) bm(d -1)m i=1 i=1 because this corresponds to the case where all his samples were rewarded with the highest probability, assuming, for each, that all prior samples failed and raised counters in the most convenient way; even if they didn t. Given that PR m+1 rr+1 r (i - 1)m = (x - 1)m = and that the attacker i=11 m+1 must use d e.ective samples per entry, re re r 1(d -1) r m+1 E[No|R = r] =LJ= = + .

d d ddbm(d -1)m m +1 unconditioning from R, E[Rm+1 E[R] 1(d -1) ] E[No] = + .


In pathload, the default value for K is 100 packets.

with L=800B and T=100µsec, a stream carries 80,000 bytes and it lasts for 10msec.


For this reason, most of the false positives are nodes far from the BS (since their agents are located far too).

when these nodes are damaged the number of false positives is likely to decrease.


Since the pairwise distances of the centers of these disks is greater than r, then the disks must be nonintersecting.

moreover, any point on a disk in H is at a distance at most (a+1)r+ r 2 from v. the number of nodes in H is upper-bounded by the number of non-intersecting disks with radius r 2 whose areas are completely contained within the gray area shown in Figure 5.


A coalition including only providers or SUs will produce no valuable output.

we formulate a coalitional game on the set of providers and SUs with transferable payo.


Virtual Machines Placement for Network Isolation in Clouds Gyuyeong Kim, Hoorin Park, Jieun Yu, and Wonjun Lee Department of Computer Science and Engineering Korea University WCU Future Network Optimization Technology Center (FNOT) Seoul, Korea wlee@korea.ac.kr ABSTRACT Performance isolation is a serious issue in multi-tenant data center because interference among tenants can cause immense service troubles.

present data center provides performance isolation among tenants.


In particular, o.-channel reception is only e.ective at the lowest transmission rate of 1 Mbps or when the received signal is extremely strong.

while this technique may prove useful in some unique circumstances, it is unlikely to be broadly applicable.


Global delivery ratio and latency for traffic variation by leaf nodes, while the other nodes only relay received packets to their parent.

performance figures presented hereafter are related to leaf nodes.


These parameters can be accurately measured by EAR, based on MIB [9] and NIC buffer clearing time [26].

along with the high-throughput parameters, EAR can support such applications as VoIP, IPTV that use the time-related parameters.


Retransmissions: In the same way, we can use a feedback channel to inform transmitters of bit-level errors.

the transmitter only needs to retransmit the subset of bits that were incorrect, rather than throwing away the packet entirely and trying again.


For the viewpoint of deployment in this domain, a prototype should be rapidly experimented and applied to the real environment, where security requirements are very strict.

the system should run stably, considering reasonable performance.


Several researchers have observed asymmetric links that have a fairly consistent constant bias.

in at least some cases it is unlikely that bursty interference is the cause of link asymmetry.


When a packet drop happens, the source solicits a O(d)-sized onion report via a O(1)-sized probe packet.

given the end-to-end loss rate ., the overall communication overhead per packet is O(1+d.).


Guv da Guv iv i da da i uv Giv uv Since Kuv := and Muv := Nv, we have Guv da Guv iv = Ki (17) i Quv uv .iP + Muv .

i Qumu = Kumu .iP + Mumu , (18) i .Qumu i = Kumu .i.


Ambient backscatter lacks a centralized controller such as an RFID reader to coordinate all communications.

it must operate a distributed multiple access protocol and develop functionalities like carrier sense that are not available in traditional backscattering devices.


For each cell in S, the number of polyquadrates that contain the cell and have span at most t is T (1).

since there are m cells in S, the total number of polyquadrates with span at most t and intersecting with S is T (m).


To the best of our knowledge, there is no extension for statistical result aggregation and analysis available for Peersim.

performing network simulations requires this additional work to obtain practically usable results.


In the other hand, UDP is not a TCP-Friendly protocol.

uDP is not a proper transport protocol for streaming application with quality-of-service issue.


Even if the destination host is near to the source host, initial communication packets must be routed via HA.

communication in Mobile-IP causes large traffic.


This is the same characteristic of trend noise,and we handle it with the same technique of choosing the one with shorter collection time as a true table transfer.

mCT can correctly identify complete table transfers even in the presence of multiple partial table transfers close in time.


We note that the transmitter performs carrier sense only when it has data to transmit and before it starts transmitting.

upon detection of a competing transmission, microcontrollers (including the one used in our prototype) are able to sleep for the duration of the packet by masking interrupts caused by bit transitions.3 the power drain of the above operations is minimal.


0 A probabilistic Turing machine is a non-deterministic Turing machine which randomly chooses between the available transitions at each point with certain probability.

a probabilistic Turing machine can (unlike a deterministic Turing Machine) have stochastic results; on a given input and instruction state machine, it may have different run times, or it may not halt at all; further, it may accept an input in one execution and reject the same input in another execution.


this approach decouples the wireless part of the hybrid network from the wired part while preserving the end-to-end semantics of TCP.


The throughput of a transmission policy is AR.

a throughput optimal policy maximizes Rand therefore minimizes the system loss subject to system stability.


Indeed, it may be reasonable to consider that most of the nodes interested in the reception of the same data type i are placed close to each other.

it is possible to enrich the model choosing the set Di and Siv according to their geographical location.


Then, for a DF scheme, the outage probability of the source-relay-destination path can be described as P(CIN|OS,R,OR,D) =1 - Pr(zS,R >.th)Pr(zR,D >.th) =1 - (1 - P(CIN|OS,R))(1 - P(CIN|OR,D)).

(18) the overall outage probability of SC is obtained by the product of the outage probabilities of each branch, i.e., P(CIN|SC)= P(CIN|OS,D)P(CIN|OS,R,OR,D).


Itis convenientthereforetoseparateout the singular and non-singular parts of P(sr,0|z)as follows 1 1+aN 0 (z) P(0,0|z)= 1 × + .N(z) (30) N(1-z) 0 2 1-aN(z) where N-1 { 11 .N(z)= L N m1=1 (31) mn which can be derived by remarking that the vectors e z (1- cos(2p m1))(1-c2 (z))12 m1 2 N 1+aN (z) m1 } pN i2 e cm1 (z) m2 × -am1 (z) 1-aN (z) m1 m2 =0 1 } × pNV21-1-()cz i2 where am1 (z)is the smaller root of the equation 2 2 X- X +1 =0 cm1 (z) whose discriminant is positive for 0 <z< 1.

we .nd am1 (z)= m1 · (27) cm1 (z) Now, using partial fraction decomposition, we can write m2 -a-1 m1 (z) e is holomorphic at z = 1.