For an information flow system the history consists of a time-ordered sequence of actions, each of which records a flow that was allowed at a given point in time.

it is assumed that the history is a time-ordered sequence of records each of which denotes an authorization that was granted.


the Deny-overrides PCA uses the preference D > P > NA; in addition, it treats IN as always equivalent to D. whenever a sub-policyreturns IN, the policy would return deny.


Initially, each permission forms a cluster by itself.

one starts with the set of clusters S = {{p1}, {p2}, ··· , {pm}},where p1,p2, ··· ,pm are all the permissions.


giventwoprime numbers p, q, a factor n = p ×q, and a random number s (seed)such that s is relatively prime to n; meaning that neither p nor q is a factor of s. The predictability of the numbergeneratedisbased on thedi.culty of factoring n, i.e., given n one needs to determine its two prime factors p and q. Duringthe secure authentication, everyEApresents a certi.cate, whichisgenerated as apart of theSP.Asdetailedin [21], eachSP, amongothers,de.neand storeprincipalidentities,issuerof thecerti.cate, alegitimate evaluatorID,and a securitypro.le of agiven asset(orTOE).each asset is assigned a lightweight version of X.509 based SP containing evaluator s unique ID, evaluator s public key information,identityanddigital signature oftheissuer, time stamp, serial number, version, last evaluation date, period of validity, and digital signature algorithm (the algorithm is for signing the certi.cate).


PRIVACY VIA SAFE FUNCTIONS Rather than hiding the shared access policies from the SCSs in the confederation, in this section we consider a solution in which all shared access policies are allowed to be publicly known, thereby accommodating the use of default policies.

we ensure that the policies are safe, in the sense that even if a party obtains the output of the SMC protocol, it will not be able to deduce any information regarding the inputs to the function.


A data owner has di.erent trust relationships with di.erent parties and he should be able to set the access control policies accordingly.

we map the policy model of visibility policies to the following levels of access control: A1: for each tuple A2: for each party, all tuples corresponding to items that the party possessed A3: for each party, all tuples corresponding to items that the data owner previously possessed These levels are a subset of visibility policies [6] which havebeende.nedfor mobilephysical objects, such asgoods in a supplychain, and canbe enforced via authentication[8].


generosity of the password scores as follows: Si = Sj .li > lj , pwi = pwj .

if two sites have the same password but di.erent sensitivity levels, the more sensitive site has a lower score.


The PKS uses a Peer-to-peer overlay network to route messages to the target CAs and federation authorities.

we use a simpli.ed version of the Chord protocol based on the PEACH [22] system.


The performance is measured in terms of the average required number of observation samples, E[N] in order to derive a decision, which essentially denotes the delay in detecting a misbehavior instance.

we evaluate the performance with respect to the following parameters:  Speci.ed values of PFA and PM (or probability of detection, PD =1 - PM).


Then, for each client player A ,the server B can pre-compute (Y, Ay) and stores the pre-computed val ues in the entry of player A in the database.

the server can also enjoy o.ine pre-computability to accelerate online e.ciency.


In short, we believe dynamic white-lists are powerful tools for increasing the security of C code by restricting memory writes.

in this paper we use the approach to prevent format-string attacks.


The larger the number, the more likely a faulty diagnosis will result.

we need to determine the quality of data from the data itself.


However, future systems could avoid this complexity and avoid compatibility problems by simply following this principle from the start.

we recommend future systems provide di.erent APIs to separate internal communication from external communication.


The required root s bandwidth for Flash worms stays at peak for small values of L and reduces gradually as L increases.

at L =0.1s, the Flash worm needs a signi.cantly larger bandwidth of 60 Mbps (compared to the uniform bandwidth 1 Mbps using our recursive topology).


Fortunately, if we start monitoring the packet transmission, we should see an increase of the roundtrip times as the user connects to more and more hosts (see Figure 1 ).

we use the changes of the roundtrip time to signal the change in the connection chain.


Each sub-botnet will be identi.ed by its unique passcode that is hard-coded into the bot s binary.

all bots within the same sub-botnet share the same passcode so that they can communicate with one another and also with the botmaster.


A second obstacle arises from the fact that interrupt vector handlers are speci.ed as linear addresses, while the attacker s device is restricted to a physical view of memory.

the target kernel is executing in protected mode, with a set of paging structures mapping linear addresses to physical addresses.


Whiletheseconstraintsare certainly not foolproof, our experiments demonstrate that our heuristics are e.ective in practice.

our scan searches for a block of contiguous memory that satis.es the following properties.


Another alternative is to de.ne a mapping from to to be a function (> hQpXewpX'Qp-aQEXewEX'QE.

the mapping of states, state-transition rules, and queries may depend on each other.


In this paper, we focus attention on the constraints related to the capability.

we consider the following .ve constraints, that would be useful for prohibiting unintended propagation of capabilities.


Forging for the same participant: (....,1,....,2, ··· ,....,.. ) .

.. * after observing ..,... tags (....,1,....,2, ··· ,....,.. )fromthe ..-th participant, the adversary generates a ..,.. of the same forgery .. * party for some time interval .. .


In an ideal scenario, the parties would all have access to a trusted entity PT who would compute the function on their behalf.

each party Pi would simply send its input si to PT , who would in turn evaluate (out1,...,outn)=f(s1,...,sn)and return the result outi to party Pi.


Iterating over all possible key byte candidates should thus produce a number of trivial collisions for all key byte candidates.

the attack presented in [36] is no attack at all as it can not distinguish between correct and wrong key candidates.


We leverage machinelearning techniques to capture the patterns of good and bad PIPs.

we use support vector machine (SVM), a state-of-the-art supervised classi.cation technique, to train a robust classi.er using a number of salient features extracted from service logs.


As mobile apps start to handle security-sensitive data, smartphones become an attractive target for attacks.

data such as personal photos, location trails, and online banking information have a high value to spammers and identity thieves.


Here, we propose building each kernel function with and without hardening, within a single split kernel.

this allows trusted processes to be run under unmodi.ed kernel code, while system calls of untrusted processes are directed to the hardened kernel code.


Hence, Bob may infer some information regarding the records of Alice by inspecting their distribution.

bob can compare their distribution against his data that are mapped to the same blocks.


To mitigate this problem, we introduce the notion of identitybased steganography.

we de.ne identity-based steganographic tagging (IBST), which allows a sender to produce a steganographic tag for a recipient s identity such that the tag can only be recognized by the intended recipient using her (identity-based) private key.


4.2 STAC with state transitions Another STAC scenario we are interested in is where accessibility to the mapping does not only depend on the current location and time, but also on the mobile user s previous spatio-temporal characteristics.

we want a stateful form of access control, where state is de.ned as being at a speci.c location in a speci.c time interval.


Paths may also be manipulated to route traf.c through malicious ASes for monitoring [6].

if an adversary can redirect traf.c (as above), then it can monitor, record, or even modify that traf.c as it transits its network.


A search algorithm Search which takes an encrypted index and a trapdoor, and returns any matching items.

if the trapdoor was generated for a given category and keyword, the search should return locator tags for all items within that category which include that keyword.


P[V, R, E] assigns a policy predicate to each event identi.er.

policy predicate policy(e) mediates the triggering of events of type e.  5.2.4 Authorization A protection state (i.e., a state of the protection system) contains the information by which authorization decisions are made.


Each of the classifiers was trained and tested using 10-fold cross validation.

the data set was separated into 10 disjoint sets of the same size and one set was used as the testing set while the other nine combined were used to train the classifier.


It can be seen that the necessary features clearly dominate the .nal anomaly score (note that the necessary feature axis is log scale).

the use of multiple exploits in the same page causes the anomaly score to explode.


The SQL metric de.ned above is a reasonable metric, but it does not cover all natural notions of quality of service.

in the case of LBSs, an important criterion to take into account is the additional bandwidth usage.


Each set contains target hosts whose current state is the name of the respective worm set.

all target hosts that are (represented in the worm as being) in state TS are in the TS set of the worm, all target hosts in state VIS are in the worm set VIS, and so forth.


To see this, note that as long as there is no wrap-around modulo q, f1f2(c1 + c2) (mod 2) = 2(f1f2(e1 + e2)+ f2g1s1 + f1g2s2) + f1f2(m1 + m2) (mod 2) = m1 + m2 (mod 2) and f1f2(c1c2) (mod 2) = 2(2g1g2s1s2 + g1s1f2(2e2 + m2)+ g2s2f1(2e1 + m1)+ f1f2(e1m2 + e2m1 +2e1e2)) + f1f2(m1m2) (mod 2) = m1m2 (mod 2) since f1 = 1 (mod 2) and f2 = 1 (mod 2).


To our knowledge, this is the only reported implementation that supports GF (2m) for variable .eld degrees m. All other implementations described above target either one or a small number of speci.c curves.

none of them can handle a curve that is not speci.ed at implementation time without requiring the software to be modi.ed or the hardware to be recon.gured.


Our implementation modi.es the pseudocode listed in Algorithm 1 in order to improve the processing of path conditions containing p * .

we process both possibilities for p * when we meet it, rather than simply putting one aside for consideration later (as we do in lines 11 and 26 of Algorithm 1).


But this No Free Lunch theorem seems not to imply that all attempts at optimization are futile.

problem-speci.c considerations may lead to better solutions than a blind heuristic search process, for which the theorem holds [16].


The web application must continue to work properly when we enable taint tracking.

the behavior of the web application with taint tracking enabled should be identical to its behavior without taint tracking, with only one exception: if a sink check detects an attack, then processing may be  halted.


Thus, if the key ring size is large or it receives a lot of broadcast messages, the computation complexity can be signi.cant.

cSN trades o. communication with computation.


3.1.2 Protégé Protégé is also a free, open-source editor, but is more text-based, when compared to CmapTools.

information is manually typed in and displayed in the form of a class hierarchy.


Additionally, as we will see in the next section, it lacks some of the properties that make the Jaccard distance so attractive.

techniques exist that allow the e.cient search for a behavioral pro.le s nearest neighbor when the Jaccard distance is used as a distance metric.


We assume each federated organization to be composed by service providers collecting users information and interacting with users and other service providers through negotiations.

we refer to the scenario of user Alice who is a student of Sabanci University.


Issuer attributes are applied both in the Resource and the Action to distinct authorities of the role speci.cation and role assignment.

if the role assignment issuer is the same as the role issuer, it means the role assignment is performed by the originator through UAC AR.


For example: The conversation requires a common language (including both vocabulary and sentence structure) They are a two-way conversation Both expect answers to questions asked Both expect answers to be given in a timely manner Both expect communications to be in the proper context.

an answer should make sense given the question asked  All applications communicate via these types of electronic conversations , and any form of web application security must be capable of understanding all these conversations, and be able to distinguish one conversation from another while listening to both sides of every conversation.


To avoid repeatedly searching the hierarchy tree for the same value during the shortest path computation, we propose to assign each node a hierarchy code (Hcode), indicating the position of each node.

the root node is assigned an Hcode equal to 1 , and its children nodes are named in the order from left to right by appending their position to the parent s Hcode with a separator .


[23] demonstrate the use of a type-quali.er-based tool, CQUAL [5], to determine inadequacies in hook placement.

their analysis determines that a resource has been authorized by a hook before a conceptual operation is performed on it.


The scheduling parameters, the scheduling algorithm and therefore the resulting schedule are public information.

the events which trigger releases must be publicly visible.


The type of hint received determines the amount of work a user must do to recover the session key, and thus whether or not the user is provided with a cue.

a high-quality hint is given to the privileged users, a lesser quality hint is pro 1If a degraded user can modify their system so that the service degradation is unobtrusive we still view the system as successful because the act of modi.cation demonstrates they experienced the cue.


c(Di, Dj ) = 1 if and only if Di Dj ,  = Di D[s], Dj D[s] and Di and Dj are in con.ict (i.e., = = in the same Con.ict of Interest class).


CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, we attempted to design a security infrastructure that would remain as transparent as possible to mobile users when accessing LBS.

our main objectives were to: -Identify a suitable mechanism providing end-to-end security at the application level.


We identify the instance with the corresponding structure, where the universe of the structure is taken to be the active domain of the instance, and where we distinguish the constants in the universe.

we require that if his a homo- W morphism and is a constant, then n(h)(as already de.ned in Section 2.2).


Speci.cally, for any given two set of features, a feature with the largest di.erence between the two sets is eliminated before computing 1-norm pairwise distance or Manhattan distance.

n N D1(Fa, Fb) = | fi b - fi a | - max | fi b - fi a | (1) i i=1 where Fa = is the vector of N distance mea- N surements of user a and Fb =< f b N 1 , ..., f b > is the vector of N distance measurements of user b.


As a .nal contribution, we give a non-interactive adaptively secure threshold signature scheme in the standard model that retains all the useful properties (including the erasure-freeness) of our .rst realization.

pedersen s protocol can still be used in the key generation phase if a set of uniformly random common parameters which can be shared by many public keys is set up beforehand.


They also motivate the question: given a query language, it is possible to achieve the group-exponential property with the strict IF provided there exists an obfuscation algorithm for this query language on a single record?

given a class of predicates over single records and an ef.cient obfuscator for the corresponding circuit class, does there exist an obfuscator for the entire database that realizes the group-exponential ideal functionality for that query language?


To .nd such code paths, we perform static analysis on the reverse engineered Dalvik bytecode contained in each app.

we elect to use a conservative program analysis, based on symbolic execution, to determine which callbacks can result in a call to a method of interest.


We prove that such signatures o.er stronger privacy guarantees than purely anonymous and purely con.dential schemes.

any transmission of an IND signature simultaneously hides both the signer and the associated message.


However, the probability of undetected attacks becomes very low using this multilayer intrusion detection approach as intruder has to cross barriers at four layers one after another in order to attack a node.

it is really hard for the intruder to deceive the intrusion detection algorithm.


While it is dif.cult to determine with certainty that a particular piece of code has been deliberately inserted by a malware author to prevent dynamic analysis, we checked for the presence of many repeated calls to API functions that serve no apparent purpose.

during manual analysis of a few samples, we observed repeated calls to GetTickCount and GetCommandLine.


To avoid discrepancies in .ag calculation, we disable the lazy .ag calculation.

eFLAGS are immediately calculated after each instruction that changes EFLAGS.


To encrypt a message, M, the encryption algorithm .rst creates the .rst two elements of the ciphertext, which in the Waters scheme are independent of the identity; next these two elements are hashed to determine a one-time identity ; .nally the ciphertext is completed by constructing the third element to form an encryption to the identity determined from the previous step.

the identity that we encrypt to is actually determined by the .rst two elements of the ciphertext itself.


We aim for a security framework that addresses privilege escalation attacks and considers the above mentioned problems.

we require an e.cient and system-centric monitoring that controls communication channels in Android s middleware and in the Linux kernel, and tackles the known confused deputy attacks without false positives, but is also .exible enough to cover future privilege escalation attacks.


In this case, security is done on a can prove basis, where it doesn t matter how the certi.ed data is proven.

the veri.er does not have to follow established protocols or intentions.


Every level will be set an integer xij ,( j = 1,Lmi ) .

if the service ability of peer  is low, will be small and will be big if the ability is high.


for an overview of these types of attacks.)

account takeovers and additions of machines controlled by adversaries to honest accounts may be realistic threats.


However, the particular implementation described in Fig- ure 2 allows an attack on the system when 5 _> 2, whereby a member who is active in time j -1 and revoked in time j can still find Kj.

in session j -1, if user U, is active, he can remove the masking polynomial from pj-2(x) sj-l(N,x) to reveal pj-2(i).


The Permit-overrides RCA prefers P to D to NA.

if any rule evaluates to P, the result is P; otherwise if no rule evaluates to P, and some rule evaluates to D, the result is D; .nally if all rules evaluate to NA, the result is NA.


Multiuser systems also run several system applications that have privileges that typical users do not.

these system applications may perform vital and security-sensitive operations for the system, so their compromising would lead to a compromised system.


Aggregating all Facebook pages about q, sentiment orientation of u towards q (Sq u)is s +/s -if the number pages with positive sentiment orientation is greater/lesser than the number of pages with the negative sentiment orientation respectively; otherwise o s .

if the sentiment orientation of q and Sq u is same, then, = = u is added to the set uq otherwise to uq .( () = + + o uq =u .


To this end, we notice that a dynamically allocated hook is typically embedded in a dynamic kernel object.

a dynamic hook will be created when the hosting kernel object is being allocated and instantiated from the kernel heap.


The main advantage of OAA is that the outer IP address can be updated without breaking the communication using the inner IP address.

this makes possible mobility across anyWLAN domain.


We found that this hook was not analyzed properly by TA H OE.

this hook updates a data structure internal to LSM-SELinux, and does not contain any access vectors.


We then examine white hats contributions along several dimensions.

we provide evidence about the diversity inside Wooyun s white hat community and discuss the importance of this diversity for vulnerability discovery.


The mechanism allows for the exclusion of up to a .xed number of users.

although the excluded users receive the public update message, they are unable to recover any useful information from it.


In this evaluation we considered critical errors only.

a participant could not correctly authenticate with the system within three tries.


Notice that this intuition is already adopted in XACML v3 for the target evaluation.

if at least one element (AllOf) matches the query, then the element (AnyOf) containing that (AllOf) evaluates to Match regardless if an error occurs in another element (AllOf) of the same (AnyOf) [2, p. 81-82].


With forward safety below we express that unless a is already authorized to c, authorizing b to c after a is authorized to b does not grant a authorization to c. From the standpoint of intuitive appeal, we see forward safety as the natural counterpart of forward availability.

simply because b is now authorized to c should not give a authorization to c via b.


Since our goal is to enforce access control, we will assume Bob is an authorized client to the geospatial provider with certain access privileges.

we do not focus on authorization or certificate verification for Bob and instead we pretend there is an authorization module within the confines of the service provider that performs this functionality.


approach could be easily circumvented by running the code within a debugging environment that halts execution of the code before the deletion occurs.

the notion of a ROK entails a stronger protection method wherein the process of reading the key results in its immediate destruction.


Meanwhile, since SB invokes system calls on behalf of the protected applications, our architecture does not require modi.cations of the underlying OS.

existing applications can run on top of SB without change, and existing OS can use SB to provide strong trusted computing and security services, such as isolated runtime space and controlled accesses between processes, for applications.


Intuitively, if the oracle responds TERMINATE then low-security information is suf.cient to determine that c will terminate.

command c is guaranteed to terminate for any execution of program c0 that starts with an initial memory that is low equivalent to m0 and reaches castp[c], after producing an output trace o' that is low equivalent to o, in memory m' that is low-equivalent to m. Formally, if O(p, m, o)= TERMINATE, then '''''' .m0,m,o.m0 L m0 .


When H decides that d may no longer reside on the system, part of the cleanup process must involve taking action against running processes which have accessed d. Determining which processes have accessed d is a matter of information .ow tracking [24, 13, 41].

if a process has read data from f , and then communicates with another process, the latter process is considered to have had access to d. Once the system knows that set of processes, it must somehow make them inaccessible.


4 Data Storage Storing volumetric data on a uniform grid has several advantages.

random access can be done in constant-time making fast ray-tracing possible.


And, s may later read o1 as well, because l(o1) = u and therefore SIMPLE-SECURITY-BISHOP is always true for it.

the order in which s reads sanitized and unsanitized objects matters.


1.1 Digital Certificate Basics The X.509 PKI standard defines a digital certificate as a data structure that binds a public key to a person, computer, or organization, and verifies the identity of public key s owner [26].

it combines a public key with the owner's identity and that could be his name for example.


All these features are achieved by specifying protection objects through XPath-compliant expressions.

the object specification of an access control policy consists of two components, namely path and target, where target is an XML document or DTD/XML Schema, and path is an XPath-compliant expression denoting the nodes of the target on which the policy should apply.


Next, to guarantee a strong key from R1, the CC applies a cryptographic hash.

to generate a 256-bit AES key, the CC computes K1 =H(R1), where H is the SHA-256 hash function.


Observation 2 Given the HT functionality, the network can ef.ciently generate and disseminate hash trees.

hT functionality gives us the ability to construct protocols which use network-wide authenticated hash trees with very little overhead.


The use of HCBE in implementing role-based cascaded delegation achieves properties that cannot be realized in conventional credential systems.

the use of HCBEscheme allows the authentication information of an arbitrarily long delegation chain to be captured by one short signature of constant size.


Our main contribution is a provable security analysis of the SSH protocol.

we show the various signed-Di.e Hellman ciphersuites of SSH are ACCE secure in isolation, under reasonable assumptions on the underlying cryptographic primitive.


By utilizing Goldreich[12] s (., d) - hitter2, we can represent the subset I with log|F | + 3log(1/d) bits, where |F | is the size of the encoded data .le, and d is the error probability.

given a data .le less than 1024 TB (i.e.


In the interpreter labels are propagated explicitly during evaluation in the opcodes, as discussed in Section 3.1.

a result is labeled with the join of labels from the values which directly in.uenced that result.


X and Y can detect a Masquerade attack in case that the adversary is in the common area occupied by their ranges.

we assume that an adversary A of range R is inside the area where the communication ranges of the two nodes are intersected (X and Y) in order to be able to communicate with either node.


In order to handle negative authorizations, they de.ne two corresponding classes for each role, each permission or prohibition has corresponding classes for roles and users.

for each permission, there is a class of roles that has that permission, and then a class of users that has that permission.


Entity Issues Action ] [,,owo I p,omen .on I lmp,omoo .on ] Figure 1: Event Graph for Access Control Decisions In real systems, the policy enforcement mechanisms may be compromised by either maliciously by attackers, or ex- posed as a vulnerability due to poor software engineering.

different types of "faults" or deviations from authorized behavior may manifest themselves.


We assume that S-box input masks within one round are all not necessarily the same, but all AES rounds share same maskedS-boximplementations(asthe originaldescription [11] allows).

i-th S-box in any round has the same input mask ni that is randomly chosen in each execution as we are considering now the modi.ed method.


Our experiments con.rm Asonov and Agrawal s observation that the period from push to release is typically about 100 milliseconds.

more than 100 milliseconds is left between consecutive keystrokes, which is large enough for distinguishing the consecutive keystrokes.


We will order the .le actions by timestamp, and look for con.icts to verify or refute this assumption.

if the .le similarity metrics dictate a tra jectory di.erent from that indicated by the timestamps, we will modify the trajectory and perhaps adjust timestamps for groups of users located in a di.erent time zone.


2.2 User Privacy Goals Our main user privacy goal is that user data should be protected within the formal guarantees of di.erential privacy (DP) [36].

each client should know its own privacy loss as de.ned by DP with respect to each publisher and each data aggregator.


Therefore, we correlated this value with the other information provided in the submission header and bot connection patterns to our server.

we were expecting that all submissions with a speci.c nid would report the same values for the os, cn, bld, and ver .elds.


In Fig 6 (a), there is no pixel of the original background color once the filling algorithm is applied.

we are sure this object does not contain any circles.


In particular none of the strategies employed by the various decision makers the government on one hand, and every actor in the system on the other would be e.ective if money, which underlies all economic systems, is being forged too often.

the approximate non-forgeability of money is a necessary condition for the management of any monetary based economy.


Af aims to fully recover the original message.

on input of an image I(M), its goal is to output M. While we evaluate Af s e.ectiveness based on how closely its output matches the original message M, we are not overly strict with this evaluation.


3.1 Inferring Fine-grained Permissions To answer these questions, we developed Re.neDroid, a static analysis tool that analyzes an app s Dalvik bytecode to infer which of our .ne-grained permissions are used by that app.

re.neDroid infers which network domains are accessed, i.e., InternetURL( d) permissions (category 1); which contact columns are used, i.e., ContactCol( c) permissions (category 2); which phone states are read, e.g., for ReadPhoneState(p) permissions (category 4); and which system settings are written, e.g., for WriteSettings( s) permissions (also category 4).


Intuitively, for a query, an issuer is a-user speci.ed innocent, if the anonymiser generates the same region for any user in the region with the same speci.ed value a.

in the generalised region, the most probable user has a probability smaller than a from the attacker s point of view.


An important limitation to using restricted pages by crawling is that most OSNs restrict crawling to a small number of partners only.

crawling restricted pages is not a technique available to general attackers.


The using of Zi ti (and the introduction of Q ' i,Q '' i and Q ''' i )enables us to prove the index-hiding prop v erty while achieving (e.cient)ciphertext size of O( K +l).

when reducing the index-hiding property to vi ·wvc) the 3-Party Di.e-Hellman assumption, ftsi(wand fp bc ac will contain terms of g and g respectively, where the simulator cannot compute, and only with the help of Zi ti the simulator can cancel them and form the challenge ciphertext, i.e., let Zi contain the term g c and ti contain the bc ac vi ·wvc) in ftsi(wti ti terms b and a, so that the terms g and g and fp can be canceled out by those in Zi , while Q ''' i = g can be formed using terms A = g a and B = g b .


As a potentially malicious player, the publisher may try to violate the privacy of users with correct clients.

because the publisher distributes queries and collects answers, it is in a position to selectively query clients, drop selected client answers, and add answers beyond those required for DP noise.


Itkis and Reyzin [21] propose a FSS (based on the Guillou-Quisquater [18] scheme), which does not have linear dependence on T in any of its parameters, and optimized signing and verifying time.

signing and verifying in their FSS scheme is comparable to (about twice as expensive as) the underlying [18] standard signature scheme.


[0, 1] P 2. i Wi =1 and where '' ' F (z1,z2,...,zn)= W1.z1 + W2.z2 + ... + Wn.zn ' with zi being the ith largest element in the collection z1, ..., zn.

z' is an ordered vector composed of the elements of Z put in descending order, which means that the weights Wi are associated with a particular ordered position rather than a particular element.


The scheme is terrorist-fraud resistant if the simulator s probability of success equals (or is greater than) the adversary s probability of success.

an attack is successful if the prover s help enables the adversary to succeed in one session with some probability, but this probability diminishes in future sessions if the prover is no longer available.


MP3 .les recompressed at a higher bit-rate) authors observed that there are many more quantized MDCT coef.cients with small values in a single compressed MP3 .le than that in the fake-quality MP3, no matter which bit rate the fake quality MP3 is transcoded from.

the detector just measures the number of MDCT coe.cients assuming ±1 values and comparing this value with a given threshold: if it is lower than the threshold, it is decided that the .le is a fake-quality one, otherwise that it is a single compressed one.


SSC s control plane therefore enables us to implement a full-.edged cloud infrastructure using the enhanced hypervisor privilege model from our prior work [7].

it enables the implementation of networked services atop an SSC-based cloud infrastructure.


Using in- formation of the threats, i.e., the effects, targets, and tech- niques, appropriate recovery actions can be carried out.

the technique dimension determines what type of heterogeneous replication should be used, i.e., how to use the heterogeneous replications, for the damaged service(s).


In our BLAC system construction we will need a generalized version of the above S-protocol to prove that a user is not currently on the blacklist.

we need a protocolthat allows onetoproveinzero-knowledgethat,for some n> 1 and for all i =1 to n, x .logbi ti, where ti .


Actually, computing the answer for a query never took more than 100 microseconds.

the transformed Divide-and-Conquer algorithm (row 8) even enabled the DC to accomplish the computation without querying the DP at all.


Because of this, network based security technologies such as Network based Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPSs), .rewalls have received remarkable attention to defend our crucial computer systems, networks and sensitive information from attackers on the Internet.

there has been much effort towards high-performance NIDSs based on data mining and machine learning techniques.


The proposed OPOR extends the POR model in [35].


Therefore, a key property we need to show is that IFEDAC maintains the integrity levels for subjects correctly.

if a subject has integrity level £ according to IFEDAC, then the subject is benign for integrity level £ in the sense that any operation performed by the subject re.ects the intention of only those users in £.


However, they may be practical during startup, when the server issues a batch of tickets required for basic operation, and delays any operations requiring further BottleCap invocations until some later point.

both of these limitations espouse the same basic idea: that tickets should be issued in bulk, with fairly long validity periods, so that the number of BottleCap invocations is minimised.


However, if the attacker uses Hc as the attack vector a (i.e., a = Hc), then the L2-norm of the measurement residual of za is equal to that of z,as shown in Theorem 1.

if the attacker chooses a as a linear combination of the column vectors of H, za can pass the detection as long as z can pass the detection.


We are ignoring some details here to focus on these two features of the structure.

note that what is encrypted for the last layer is just the symmetric-key material to be used for passing data back and forth and then just empty padding.


For these purposes, we propose to employ the functionality of a reverse engineering tool such as Bauhaus [23].

bauhaus lets one deduce the resource .ow graph (RFG) from the source code [23].


In addition to collecting and analyzing the information gathered from the victim s device, a zero-permission malicious app needs a set of capabilities to pose a credible privacy threat.

it needs to send data across the Internet without the INTERNET permission.


Even though each course is only offered once every two years, the student would be able to complete the option in two years regardless of which year the student starts the option.

the student could take the two course sequence Operating Systems/Computer Security before or after the two course sequence Internet Protocols/Internet Security.


A little thought shows that such a constraint de.nes the following constrained sets: {(u, r), (u, s)}, {(v, r), (v, s)}, {(u, r), (v, s)}and {(u, s), (v, r)}.

we could introduce a fourth parameter in our de.nition of constraint which determines the direct product semantics of the constraint: that is, whether we should iterate over both the scope and the constraint set or simply over the constraint set (as we currently do).


Proof Trees have been used in previous work for authorization purposes.

our work borrows some ideas from that of Minami and Kotz [7].


As such, we are only interested in large count values.

for count values, the BS will run the one-sided Grubbs test for computing the p-values.


This is done in P C M.C heckOC () function.

we check if the memory words at the offsets speci.ed in the offset constraint are valid addresses.


Our .rst dataset, called the Peter Pan (PP) dataset, was de rived from Barrie s homonymous novel.

we downloaded the text10 and, after .ltering out chapter names, front/back matter,aswellasalldoublequotecharacters,we divided it into sentences.


3.2 Extension of the authentication procedure In this section we will see a practical demonstration of the feasibility of the integration within the Uni-Fy gate of other authentication mechanisms.

we will see a secure authentication scheme based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [12] and related to the scheme that is used in 3GPP/IMS security framework [11].


We will henceforth assume that the adversary cannot issue a SessionStateReveal, Expire, SessionKeyReveal or Corrupt query while a party is executing one of the four main steps of the protocol.

the adversary can only issue one of these queries at the end of steps 1, 2, 3 or 4.


Each time the hidden compo- nent returns a value to the open component, it potentially provides some information on its behavior.

if the hidden component returns a value that is used by the open component in its computations, the value should be collected for use in a procedure for recovering the hidden code.


The breadth and depth of simulated scenarios will be expanded when the HackSim test-bed has been implemented, with the results being reported in a subsequent paper.

the expanded scenarios will cover a full range of possible outcomes.


Speci.cally, we observe that, one s privilege changes are often associated with task changes, which do not happen frequently.

once a user is assigned a task, she obtains the privileges that the system deemstobe necessaryfor ful.llingthetask.


The interface of personal devices and the ones connecting to health and wellness service provider are designed using a formalized and structured method that adheres to a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) design principles.


3.2 Con.dence Factor We follow the principle that the more you interact with a relay, the more con.dent you become about its behavior, and associate a con.dence factor with our local reputation score.

if a user A performs n1 and n2 (where n1 > n2) interactions with relays B and C respectively, then the reputation score reported for relay B is more close to its stable score than that reported for C. We, therefore, formulate the con.dence factor as a monotonically increasing function of the number of interactions with a given relay.


= , T = top Another distinction of LolliMon is that its predicate clauses are not restricted to a Horn clause form, but are more general linear logic formulas as de.ned in Appendix 7.

this means that hypothetical goals S => S are allowed.


The two approaches can be integrated together in a given system, cooperating with and supporting each other [15].

hard trust can verify functionalities of soft trust solutions, and soft trust solutions can help in selecting suitable and complementary hard trust solutions (and determine when they should be applied).


Mailbook can encode or decode a usual data unit within 1 second.

the dispersed algorithm increases a little overhead on user s computer.


when the parent nodes belong to distinct clusters, we have to determine the cluster label of the joint child.


2.2 Authentication The LSP is a central component of the EPD infrastructure, which by design requires all systems that participate in the EPD to trust it.

the LSP authorizes all requests in the system.


to redundancies in the assignment of permissions to roles.

if p1 <p2 then the set of roles to which p1 is available should not be a subset of the set of roles to which p2 is available.


However, we have to be careful in initiating the of triggering the slow path automaton representing any signature ri.

we have to ensure that the slow path automaton begins at a state which indicates that the prefix pi of the signature ri has already been detected.


Theorem 1 shows that ind1+key1 security of the encryption scheme is suf.cient for the privacy of HK1.

we now show that it is also necessary.we show that for any encryption scheme .Enc that is not ind1+key1 se , .PSS , .IDA cure, .= HK1[.Enc , .ECC ] can fail to provide privacy.


The attacker s action set is denoted by Aa = {k1 =1.1,k2 = -0.8} which correspond to two false voltage values that the attacker may choose to inject into the STATCOM.

the values for the attacker s actions were chosen because based on the output of the Simulink simulation, they were e.ective in 4we studied the Markov game generated from Scenario 2 in Section VI(B) of [7], where load L3 is a variable load instead of a .xed load.


A problem with many behavior-based detection techniques, especially those that focus on system calls, is that they follow a program-centric approach.

these techniques aim to model the execution of individual programs.


to break UF-CS-CMA of the credential scheme) is de.ned to be U F -C S-C M A SuccA (k) A credential scheme is said to be existentially unforgeable under a chosen message attack if the probability of success of any polynomially bounded adversary A in the above experiment is negligible.


AnEAis,indeed, aprincipal(asoftware agent or code) that remotely performs attacks, collects attack data, and generates evaluation information from the attack data under the control of a legitimate RSEP evaluator.

eAs conduct evaluations, collect and process evaluation data, and store the evaluation results into security pro.les ontheback-end service containers(TOEs).


Despite the above worrisome trends, today, a user has very limited information at the time of installing an app on Facebook.

the problem is: given an app s identity number (the unique identi.er assigned to the app by Facebook), can we detect if the app is malicious?


Due to the complexity issues mentioned above, instead, here we propose a simple yet effective greedy heuristic to approximately achieve the task.

we intend to group local structures so as to approximately minimize the total number of edges to be added while transforming local structures.


While PKC uses public and private keys to achieve cryptographic assurances, we still need to prove the ownership of the public key, which should be distributed in a manageable way.

public key must be distributed as digital certificates.


By doing so, we can encode each value in such a way that arbitrary parties can increase this value by exponentiating the signature, but cannot decrease the value without being able to take roots in the RSA group.

we encode the signature on the value in a vector dimension as the distance from that value to the maximum value for that dimension, and then embed that distance as a root in the RSA group.


This overall goal must be tempered a few realities.

if a device has a no entropy source (or a very weak entropy source), then a global eavesdropper can always learn the device s secret key.


Unfortunately, this wealth of information, as well as the ease with which one can reach many users, also attracted the interest of malicious parties.

spammers are always looking for ways to reach new victims with their unsolicited messages.


The idea of using an abstraction is not new.

the Identity Metasystem[29] advocates an abstraction called identities whichis similarto ourcard model(cf.


Thus, as soon as the adversary mis-guesses one challenge, it makes the prover compute a di.erent response in this lazy phase, which cannot be used by the adversary in session sid.

we merge authentication with distance bounding and use the reader s challenge bits in order to compute the authentication string.


With the addition of the subprotocol, the revised Rabin protocol can now be proven secure assuming it is computa- tionally infeasible to factor the product of two large primes.

if Bob could cheat Alice with non-negligible proba- bility, he could also factor ra with non-negligible probability without any interaction with Alice at all.


Our new signature scheme immediately yields important new applications.

we extend the BiBa signature scheme to design a new protocol for authenticating broadcasts, such as streaming information broadcast over the Internet.


2 Taking things together yields the theorem.


Most proposed malware detectors that use system calls follow a program-centric analysis approach.

they build models based on speci.c behaviors of individual applications.


We .nd that the accuracy impact is negligible: in the Bathroom trace, the di.erence is just one frame (40 ms).

one RGB event contained a QR code and was let through, but the policy was applied by the next RGB event.


paypal.com.009djv94x70nub33.org/cgi-bin/webscr/ is lexically broken into (tokenV alue, relativeP osition) pairs as shown in Table 1.

a token is considered previously seen if both elements, the token value and token s relative position, match.


Despite the restriction on s, processes outside the restriction can use pk(s) through y.

y refers to pk(s) in the process that checks the signature on M. XOR Finally, we may model the XOR function, some of its uses in cryptography, and some of the protocol .aws connected with it.


As before, C2 has a second role, which is to help the simulator answer decryption queries (except on the challenge ciphertext), by way of the underlying IBE system.

a crucial point to note is that, in the Boneh-Boyen IBE, C1 is based on a generator g that in the simulation is passed on unchanged to the adversary, and is independent of the target identity.3 In the KEM, this translates into a chain of maps C1 .. w .. C2 that are preserved in the simulation, and allow the challenge ciphertext to be constructed without cyclic dependencies.4 we have the following result, stated in the context of a .xed encoding for simplicity.


It allows a system to change obligation requirements quickly when .aws in existing policies are found, to react to new circumstances promptly, and to accurately enforce complex obligation requirements.

supporting obligations in policies can be an important part of translating high level security goals into low level policies.


3.3 Proper Axioms in .-.-F IBLPs The application-speci.c information in an ASAC policy speci.cation is expressed by using .ve types of rules:  Aset of rules(AU X ) that de.ne the auxiliary predicates that appear in the axioms in .

;  A set of rules that specify permission-level assignments (PLA);  A set of rules that de.ne denial-level-assignments (DLA);  5an agent s status normally persists cf.


De.ne the event DBox to hold when M. = M. The lemma states that for all but a negligible fraction, .4, of choices for {Ij }j.

[m] we have E Pr[DBox] > 24m the tracing algorithm will implicate the PKG for all but a negligible fraction of choices of dummy attributes.


Instead, we use a simple but reliable heuristic that the number of instructions in a function is usually much larger than that in instructions pointed by gadgets in ROP.

the number of instructions pointed to by a gadget is usually smaller than 5, while there are usually more than 50 instructions in a function.


By using a zero-knowledge scheme, an attacker could intercept the tra.c between the network and computer or between the computer and the device, but would not garner any useful information.

finally, by hashing Commit(Presult), the tuple, and the nonce, T is creating an integrity check for S. the hash provides a means by which S can con.rm that the tuple was received by T , and the commitment has been forwarded through C intact.


Further, one isolation runtime is bound to one particular guest.

every guest logically has its own separate copy of the hypervisor code and data.


Assume that there are it key factors related to the target that need to be observed by its security mechanism.

there is an observation vector, v =(v1,...,vit ), that must be observed by ft when making decisions based on users requests.


The WilmaGate system shares aspects with both aforementioned projects.

it tries to maintain the Open Access nature of StockholmOpen while allowing less stringent policy coordination requirements; moreover, the initial authentication system, based on the captive portal approach, mimics and extends the NoCat architecture.


The scenarios we present are such that outsourced computation is actually valuable.

the cloud service may collect encrypted data from multiple sources and do computation on that data before providing useful encrypted content back to the user.


Also, it calculates the physical addresses of the monitored regions by simply using the constant o.set between the virtual addresses of the linear-mapped kernel region and their corresponding physical addresses.

the physical address of the kernel symbol in a linear-mapped region can be calculated by subtracting the linear mapping o.set (i.e., 0xC0000000 ).


While this may have some functionality and usability advantages, there is also a rather serious security disadvantage.

when a user invokes WinZip 9.0 s extraction utility on an archive containing both encrypted and unencrypted .les, WinZip 9.0 will ask for a passphrase.


Most approaches introduce even more security clues but fundamentally keep relying on users to distinguish fake websites from legitimate ones.

browser vendors respond by shipping scarier certificate warnings that are more difficult to bypass.


For our experiments, Zan s automatic use of the JSON.parse() function did not a.ect any of the 1000 websites we visited.

all eval strings were processed identically in Zan when compared to processing them with eval().


HighRank, MinRank, direct, UOV, UOV-Reconciliation (UOV-R), and Rainbow-Band-Separation (RBS) attacks.

we imposed the following conditions: (1) v1 = o2, (2) o2 ' = d2, and (3) v2 = o2 +o2 ' -d2.


A possible alternative to handle revocation is to add traceability to the DAA scheme, as many group signature schemes do.

we give the revocation manager the ability to open a signature and identify the actual signer.


Our approach is based on a very small set of logic predicates, which are suitable for modeling the topology of networks, and a set of derived predicates that express relevant properties of the modeled networks.

the derived predicates introduced in this article formally express anomalous con.gurations of IP packets, which correspond to possible intrusion e.orts by a malicious user.


This compares with Shannon s non-interactive channel capacity of 1 - H(E).

for a small enough E, our result gives the .rst separation between interactive and noninteractive channel capacity, answering an open problem by Schulman [6].


MTDs can be both proactive and reactive.

they may be in Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The private-key setting has the unique compli- cation of access to an encryption oracle (this complication has been explicitly noted [2]).

in the public-key setting, the adversary is given access (via the public-key) to as many encryptions as she chooses, at all times.


We are interested in obtaining a subset of services (e.g.,the most frequently accessed services) used by a user that can .ngerprint the user with high con.dence.

these services represent a distinct activity pattern that distinguishes the user from all other users.


By using this approach we avoid some well-known dif.culties in proving noninterference directly for the concrete machine.

when frames allocated in low and high contexts share the same region, allocations in high contexts can cause variations in the precise pointer values returned for al 4 It would be interesting to describe an implementation of the memory manager in a still-lower-level concrete machine with no built-in Alloc instruction, but we leave this as future work.


As a proof-of-concept, we present a new technique to break system authentication by designing a malicious VMM built atop a VMI [13] that pulls guest-OS state from the outside VMM and enriches the VMI with context-aware, reactive capability.

unlike traditional VMI, our VMI requires access to only a small subset of the guest-OS states, but offers write-access to states in addition to read-access.


JK KK H(S|F )= - Nj pij log2 pij (9) N j=1 i=1 where J is total number of branches made after the split caused by applying feature F on dataset S, pij is the probability estimate for class i in branch j.

h(S|F ) is the weighted sum of the entropy H(Sj ) in each branch j after a split.


We focus on the multiauthority case, where multiple policies are used to authorize a single access request.

we expose the problems in choosing the PCAs ahead of time i.e.


Assuming the monitoring error is non-zero, it is better to overestimate the trustworthiness of an entity rather than underestimate it.


tor is not adequate for determining gait cycles because sometimes minimum at a cycle start may not be greater than the minimum inside the cycles.


Firstly, it is not secure against malicious clients.

suppose the client feeds not a, but a related ciphertext a ' to the secure computation protocol.


In this paper we propose a novel and practical identi.cation and authentication model to be applied for eIDs, which keeps the advantages of user-centricity but allows for selective disclosure possibilities to better protect citizens privacy compared to existing national eID solutions.

it supports selective disclosure such that any service provider can still verify that the subset of revealed data has been certi.ed by a trusted authority.


Our construction is proven to be secure.

experimental results show that the proposed solution is e.cient and practical, and that the novel technique of matchthen-decrypt can greatly improve the e.ciency of decryption in anonymous ABE.


Towards Digital Video Steganalysis using Asymptotic Memoryless Detection Julien S. JainskyDeepa KundurDon R. Halverson Texas A&M University Texas A&M University Texas A&M University julienj@tamu.edu deepa@ece.tamu.edu halverson@ece.tamu.edu ABSTRACT This paper studies the potential for passive steganalysis in correlated image frames using non-classical detection theory.

an algorithm for digital video steganalysis, named MoViSteg for Motion-based Video Steganalysis, is developed that exploits the temporal correlation among individual image frames in video signals to enhance steganalysis performance.


The reason is that PIO con.guration space accesses are always emulated, no matter what con.gurations we used.

we could access only the devices of our VM, therefore restricting the attack to an intra-guest or intra-host scenario.


CONCLUSIONS We investigate the overheads associated with changing access control lists to implement response actions in computer network defense.

we compare and contrast the costs of enabling dynamic access policies in two standard implementation mechanisms, viz., access lists and capability lists.


To be useful, a mix server must prove that it has correctly mixed the set of input ciphertexts.

a mix server must prove that the set of ciphertexts it outputs matches exactly the set of input ciphertexts it received.


Furthermore, it is well known that in order to create a secure system, system designers and developers need to consider security aspects on multiple abstraction layers, such as hardware, operating system, and application level.

for designing secure embedded systems, a careful coordination and integration of applications, operating system, and the deployed hardware is mandatory, given the fact that the options and opportunities of software and hardware are much more diverse than it is the case for the PC world.


However, string user is not changed throughout this code segment, thus in fact either the two if branches are both taken or the two else branches are both taken in any legal execution, as shown in Figure 1.d.

it is not possible to have one if-else statement taking if branch and the other taking else branch, as shown in Figure 1.e.


9.3 Server performance To understand whether VE R SU M can support many clients, we measured the throughput that a VE RSUM server can achieve.

we measured the throughput of three different types of requests that the VER SU M server supports: queries on the output ADS of the Bitcoin computation (proofTxnSpent), prefixes requested during the conflict resolution protocol (getPrefix), and DetermineNext proofs requested at the end of the conflict resolution protocol (proofDetermineNext).


We .nd that this speci.cation and reference implementation establishes clear semantics for the TMI architecture.

they help identify and resolve ambiguities that apply to implementations such in our prior work [Birgisson et al.


The stroke is dilated to cover its surrounding contour line.

the dilation algorithm switches the contour line to the color of the stroke body to merge them.


[6] introduced the notion of deniable encryption and gave several constructions for sender-deniable encryption.

their work shows that public-key senderdeniable ad-hoc encryption can be built from translucent sets and trapdoor permutation, where each ciphertext encodes a single bit.


PROBLEM STATEMENT 2.1 Notation A key aspect in our work is encoding programs so that they run on multiple platforms.

we need a vocabulary for specifying particular platforms, programs for those platforms, and speci.c o.sets within programs.


Inserttheaccesspatterns (i.e.,E0 (O, L), ... , E1 (O, L)) into the version-tree with root node (CR3,S).

store the access time, location L, and di.s of the changed blocks for write operations, into the versiontree for that process.


Additionally, the increased error rates mean that password-entry has to be repeated which gives further possibilities to steal the password.

an attacker can more easily see the input and thus get access to the respective service.


However, we believe that our images are robust against current machine learning methods since line drawings contain less information that photographs.

line drawings lack color, texture, background objects and scenery, as well as high-level semantic cues like grass, sky, buildings, faces, and the like.


The main cause of failure of manual or automatic classi.cation is that binary images of malware samples may di.er, even if the samples have similar function and behavior because they use common basic source code.

very di.erent binary images can be created by source-code modi.cations or di.erences in the compilation environment.


Suspicious sites Of the 422 sites, 326 sites exhibit what we would categorize as suspicious behavior.

these suspicious websites inspect a large number of external links, and some of these links are dynamically generated, or they are located in an invisible iframe.


The dynamic re-moduling techniques described in this paper may be adaptable for use with IPSec and TLS in long-lived systems, but this is a subject for further research.

our re-moduling protocol relies on clearly distinguished, a priori, parent and child roles which do not exist, in general, between IPSec or TLS nodes.


Notice that the parallel computation of Ab and Ay amounts to about 1.2 modular exponentiations.

the session-key computation of T-KEA takes about 2.2 exponentiations, which is, however, still in sharp contrast to the about 1.27 exponentiations of (H)MQV in such a scenario.


5) Separation of Concerns: A particular feature of MDSA is that it allows the separation of concerns between involved stakeholders.

thanks to its model-merging concept, it allows for example unclassified, general-purpose Common Criteria change policy modeling and MDSA toolset development and the accreditation of platforms and unclassified services and components, while the application of the generic models and tools to specific (classified) systems during accreditation is done by cleared personnel.


Even so, we are con.dent that our techniques apply more widely.

we believe that the safety constraints of Table 2 could be easily reformulated for other SFI-based platforms (e.g., XFI [20]), and still provide the immutability guarantees necessary for safe runtime code modi.cation.


In 1994, Tversky and Koehler argued that people do not subjectively attach probability judgments to events; instead they attach probabilities to the description of these events [46].

two di.erent descriptions of the same event often lead people to assign di.erent probabilities to their likelihood.


)= 1] Experiment 1 In this experiment we modify the way the challenger constructs the challenge ciphertext.

it constructs the challenge ciphertext as jNs jjNs C = (((1+N)mf )·(r1), ((1+N)mf )·(r2)) (mod Ns+1) where both r1 and r2 are random elements from QR(N).


The goal of our system is to detect stalling loops and to mitigate their effect on the analysis results produced by a sandbox (such as ANUBIS).

our system must ensure that the analysis makes suf.cient progress during the allocated analysis timeframe so that we can expose as much malicious activity as possible.


As a result, there has been interest in developing technologies [9, 13, 24] and protocols to address these concerns.

privacypreserving protocols [11, 12, 18, 20] that allow multiple parties to perform joint computations without revealing their private inputs have been the sub ject of much interest.


let us consider the circumstance that each vehicle i (of n total) in an AN initially has an opinion ( ) about a scalar, real quantity of interest.


On the contrary, when a is biased towards the distance to old RBAC con.guration, the overall outlier rate is high, while the distance between the two RBAC con.gurations is signi.cantly smaller.

we .nd that the outlier rate corresponding to a = 1 is 41.1% and 87.7% lower than that corresponding to a = 0 on the EMR and synthetic datasets, respectively.


Conversely, if p is a plan for C then it is a plan for G1 .···.Gc and there exists a work.ow expression of the form .1 .···..c for which p is a plan.

p is a plan for C if and only if it is a plan for .1 .···..c for some .i .Gi, where .i is a Type 1 constraint and .1 .···..c represents the constraint set {.1,..., .c}.We call .1 .···..c a simple constraint expression.


As we assume an originator has put limited trust on her collaborating organizations based on pre-established relationships, we introduce a special type of administrative delegation, called Delegation of Delegation Authority (DoD), as another layer of authority decentralization to achieve distributed role assignment.

doD enables an originator to partially delegate the role assignment authority to trusted collaborating organizations or trusted individuals.


proposed two approaches [40, 14] that use memory address-space randomization (ASR) to foil exploit attempts, and then automatically generate signatures through forensic analysis of the related exceptions.

cOVERS [14] was the .rst to propose a novel construction of application-level signature which uses .eld length to characterize a bu.er over.ow vulnerability.


Hence, these attacks cannot bypass TZ-RKP s control of system critical functions, even if they compromise the kernel control .ow.

attackers cannot change the state of the MMU, memory translation tables or even switch among di.erent processes without passing through TZ-RKP.


With the adopted r key evolution, if si is removed from Rj ¯, the sink will not be able to correctly compute Kjr¯+1 .

sj would r¯+1 r¯r compute Kj = F(Kj ||Rj ¯)while the sink would compute r¯+1 r¯r it as Kj = F(Kj ||Rj ¯{si}).


Table 2-1, Learning Dimensions and selected attributes Dimension Dialectic Mode Style Grasping (Perceiving) Experience Apprehension Direct apprehension of immediate comprehensive experience Concrete Experience Comprehension Indirect comprehension of symbolic representations of experience Abstract Conceptualization Transforming (Processing) Experience Intension Intentional reflection Reflective Observation Extension Extensional action Active Experimentation The grasping, or perceiving, dimension exists between the dialectic of Concrete Experience (CE) and Abstract Conceptualization (AC).

the grasping dimension represents two different methods for perceiving, or taking in materials i.e.


Figure 7 shows the mapping between contexts and sanitization functions for our application; which is a strict subset of mapping in previous work [20].

it permits only quoted attributes which have well-de.ned rules for sanitization [27].


In all cases the fitness function takes the form of Algorithm 2, augmented with an additional term to measure the likelihood of an attack being executed.

since all individuals have a fixed length of 30 instructions and it takes 11 instructions to describe the attack, there are up to 19 instructions denoting introns with respect to the malicious code (effective NOPs).


To this aim we use two techniques, described in [11], which allow to reduce the diameter of a directed graph.

we restrict our attention to the graph HT ,because the diameter of the graph G, denoted in the following by diam(G), could have already been reduced by employing similar techniques.


Because predicates are speci.c to a vulnerability, they can detect the triggering of that vulnerability with perfect accuracy.

a correct predicate generates no false positives or false negatives.


for regular simulators Sim, running ms * .


A group g in an equivalence class qid consists of the records in qid that have the same value on the sensitive attribute.

a group contains all records in the table that are indistinguishable wrt QID and the sensitive attribute.


We have consolidated and systematized previous work into a comprehensive security analysis of the PN.

our work enhances the framework of security technologies presented in ITU-T X.1111.


Second, the output is not a description of an attacker for a .le that has been stored already but for a .le that should be stored.

this game also covers the case that an attacker tries to cheat during the Store protocol already.


4.1 Attacker and User models In this scenario where the user is willing to move while a certain degree of uncertainty about his precise location is retained, it is necessary to clearly de.ne what are the assumptions made on both the user and the adversary side.

it is important to de.ne the capabilities of the user in terms of the movement and the adversary in terms of the number of location responses he might obtain.


In ad dition, by gaining more followers, Twitter criminal accounts can evade existing detection approaches such as Twitter Rules and break through Twitter s Follow Limit Policy 1 , while maintaining their high visibility.

accord ing to Twitter Rules [8], a Twitter account can be consid ered to be spamming, and thus be suspended by Twitter, if it has a small number of followers compared to the amount of accounts that it follows.


In this last phase, the focus shifts from the single component to the entire voting system.

it is now important to evaluate how a compromised component can take advantage of the legitimate information .ow to take control of other devices, with the goal of eventually controlling the entire voting infrastructure.


On that, suppose that .brian is willing for his transaction history to be released to Goods4U s subsidiaries for the purpose of future marketing if .paul speci.es that his transaction history can be so released.

.brian permits .paul to speak for him in terms of the assignment of principals to categories (pca).


Some people may think about making use of cellular networks to conceal the full authentication delay.

suppose WLANs are covered by a 3G cellular network and a mobile terminal hands over from 3G to a WLAN, the mobile terminal can keep the 3G connection until the WLAN authentication .nishes.


The building blocks are general enough to be used in other protocols for forecasting and benchmarking, as well as in other applications.

the division protocols presented in this work, to the best of our knowledge, are the .rst attempt to perform division in secure multi-party computation as well as to perform computations on .oating point numbers.


Backlisted fraction: Measures the amount of IP address space we blacklist , as a fraction of total IP address space.

blacklisting fraction for any one netblock and held out IP address (one experiment) is the ratio of the size of the union of the clusters that contain the B - 1 malicious IP addresses to the total size of that netblock.


In our vision of a true Web SSO system, a user should log into her IdP once and gain access to all websites that she has an account with, without being prompted to login again on each website.

when accessing N RPs using one IdP, the user should provide her credential exactly once to the IdP, consent at most N times (one for each RP if the consent was not recorded for future use), and should perform a logout process only once from the IdP.


The loss of q 2 comes from the fact that the attacker can D choose the index k and the value d adaptively depending on the seed.


Otherwise, the analysis results would not be signi.cantly affected.

when an instruction sequence .nishes within a few milliseconds instead of microseconds, we do not consider this as stalling code.


The reason why we use a XOR gate is that its output can serve as an indicator of whether gate i switches or not.

if we assume that the original section of the dual circuit represents the status as of clock cycle t, and the dual section represents that of clock cycle t + 1, we claim that the output signal of the XOR gate i '' is 1 if and only if gate i switches from clock cycle t to t + 1.


However, it is not true for some matchers that are not crucial to the signatures and are used solely for reducing false positives, e.g.,the matcher for checking the WINRPC version .eld.

they are not rule .lters but traf.c .lters.


Using Hall s matching theorem, any schedule should have at least d+ 1 tokens in the duration of [ti(j-d),t(N) + .].

at least d+1 (N) tokens should be scheduled after ti(j-d) at t.As DLP do not have dummy tokens for fi after ti(j-d), DLP uses exactly d+ 1 tokens during [ti(j-d),t(N) + .].


To address that, we propose a key technique called return indirection, which is inspired by the nature of returnoriented programming: namely it requires the attacker to supply return addresses of his choice to pinpoint and execute various gadgets.

during the attack, these return addresses need to be pre-populated by the attacker (and therefore not saved from previous call instructions).


Maliciousness For monitoring the malicious score of each AS and, at the same time, convey the idea of maliciousness as related to the magnitude of activity, each AS bubble is formed by a set of overlapping circles that continuously shift their position, both horizontally and vertically, with offsets proportional to the AS s maliciousness score.

the wider bubble vibrates , the more the AS is rogue.


For a set of authorizations cai.caki, i = 1, ,n, we use (cai.caki)- to denote any set of authorizations obtained by reversing the sign of a subset or all of the authorizations in cai.caki.

for each specific authorization cai.caki, (cai.caki)- has (2n+1-1) possibilities, considering there are (n+1) concepts in cai.caki, i = 1, ,n. we use ca- to denote the authorization having the same components as ca except that ca and ca- have the opposite sign.


In this second experiment, the consumption on workdays and weekends are analyzed to determine whether the household inhabitants stay or leave home.

we compare the pro.le It is notable that for the given resolution of Smart Metering accurate pro.les can be learned for the consumption data.


The low-watermark policy [4] can avoid these drawbacks of the strict policy by permitting subject integrity to be downgraded at runtime.

this policy allows applications to be invoked with high integrity, and the integrity level to be downgraded if the application subsequently reads a low integrity object.


In this context, ensuring prover privacy with respect to Man-in-the-Middle (MIM) adversaries in authentication and distance-bounding protocols is no longer su.cient.

in any authentication protocol insiders such as veri.ers and the managing back-end server can potentially forward users data to governmental agencies or to other third parties.


BLADE s design principle, unconsented-content execution prevention, is motivated by a fundamental practice in the way browsers handle web stream content.

when receiving data content from a web server, browsers handle the content they receive in either of two basic ways: supported .le types (e.g., html, jpeg, pdf) and unsupported .le types (e.g., exe, zip).


Any update to the guest page table (GPT) in the guest kernel is trapped and propagated to the SPT by the hypervisor.

the hardware performs the address translation solely with the shadow page table.


For example, if an administrator chooses to place a server behind a .rewall as part of a strategy, it may involve additional cost as well as bring down the response-time of the system; or if he/she chooses the countermeasure of temporarily increasing the access privileges needed to access a server host before it is patched, the server might have to deny requests from clients without higher privileges for the time being.

the administrator may prefer to include some countermeasures over others in his/her strategy, based on factors such 1We abuse notation here by using the mapping .


2 Overview of Amazon EC2 The Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is an Infrastructureas-a-Service cloud provider where users can rent virtualized servers (called instances) on an hourly base.

each user is allowed to run any pre-installed virtual machine image (called Amazon Machine Image, or AMI ) on this service.


Since, the columns of the master matrix is permuted randomly during the code generation, the t-marked positions in the blocks of Ms+1,2s+2t and Ms+1,2s+1 are masked with that permutation.

the traitor coalition will not be able to di.erentiate a t-marked position in block Ms+1,2s+2t from a t -marked position in block Ms+1,2s+1.


Internal structure of SALSA The SALSA design tool allows application designers to specify mission/application logic, and the contract governing interactions among participating organizations.

the designer can specify the follows: - workflow domains that may represent organizations - task specifications (e.g., inputs, outputs, invocation method for the underlying component) in each workflow domain, and - control logic and data flow among tasks.


x and are compressed conventionally and sent at full rate as the decoder side information.


We start our simulation of the IND-CPA game by running a regular instance of DistKG(1., t, e), except that for server T£ we cheat without A noticing, and this results in a simulation that provides g a as Tl s contribution to the jointly computed public key pk.


some components of a sensor may be more protected from attack than others), for our model we will only consider trust as a function of the connecting nodes.

every connection from node x to node y will have the same level of trust.


Our rule for exploits constrains aggregation to those with the same pair of (possibly identical) attacker/victim machines.

only exploits between the same pair of machines are aggregated.


We also note that the boundary between feedback reports (for horizontal trust) and other credentials (for vertical trust) may not be all that clear.

a feedback report may be used in both vertical and horizontal trust decisions.


The relationship between such information and RBAC components in the model structure is often unclear.

these models de.ne user, role, permission entities and entity relationships as their core components; but they lack the de.nition of an entity that contains spatio-temporal information in the model and also its association with the model entities.


We rely on the three metrics introduced in Section 3.4.

we compute the genomic privacy of each family member using the expected estimation error in (6), the (normalized) entropy in (7), and the (normalized) mutual information in (8) on the targeted SNPs, and we average the result based on the number of targeted SNPs for each individual.


It is important to observe that we do not allow key-dependent queries to the decryption oracle.

note that if we allowed such queries then one could query the decryption oracle with the function g(s)= Encs(s)and obtain s (this is possible even if one restricts the functions in Cto be deterministic, as we could de.ne the function g(s)to be the encryption of s with the random coins set to a .xed string, say all zeros).


In particular, not only does this type of proof of possession not su.ce to prove secure the MS-Bo and MS-LOSSW schemes, but there are actually attacks against these schemes if such proofs of possession are used [9].

(if we attempt to drop the KOSK assumption and substitute these proofs of possession instead.)


To tackle this problem, we use the string representation of the selector and issue the Objective-C Call NSSelectorFromString to retrieve the selector s runtime address.

we create a hashmap objcHashmap that stores all selector runtime addresses.


Unlike previous measurements and analyses [35, 23], we measure a large number of disjoint incoming/outgoing routes to/from a bottleneck link.

we gather all visible links 1-hop before/after the bottleneck link, and this additional information helps us infer the link types at AS boundary without much ambiguity.3 Fig.


Clearly, unlike a wireline medium, the wireless physical channel cannot be abstracted using simple per-link parameters.

from a networking standpoint, there is a need to model wireless  Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


This method can be very e.cient when the number of handover processes is large.

subscribers can use pairing-based cryptography based on bilinear maps and encrypt their identities and send the message to the MME.


The transforming, or processing, dimension exists between the dialectic of Active Experimentation (AE) and Reflective Observation (RO).

the processing dialectic represents two different methods for processing material i.e.


More precisely, we included the top 1000 most popular websites published by Alexa[2], over20,000pro.les of theMySpace[4] social network, and the results of ad-hoc queries on popular search engines.

we queried Google and Yahoo with various combinations of terms such as porn, free download, warez, online game, ringtones, and torrents.


In this paper we take the .rst step toward addressing these questions.

we propose new symbolic reasoning techniques for automatic input generation in the presence of complex functions such as decryption and decompression, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques by .nding bugs in real-world malware.


3.3.3 The Meta-policy Speci.cation (ACC) The rules in ACC, that de.ne the predicate access/4,are policy rules about policies (i.e., meta-policy rules).

di.erent access policies can be expressed as holding with respect to any number of factors e.g., di.erent ob jects, priv ileges, status levels, con.ict resolution strategies, systemsituated factors, and times.


In the book, Mr. Goldratt establishes that the goal of a business is to maximize its throughput while minimizing its operational expense [4].

the goal of a business or product is to make money.


The trend holds even when focusing on information relevant permissions only.

excluding the INTERNET permission necessary for advertisement revenue (and a few others commonly required by third party ad libraries), free apps still request for more permissions than the paid apps.


This is theoretically okay; however, it has a negative impact on alert correlation in practice.

if the IDS fails to detect one of the attacks that prepare for later attacks, JIGSAW will miss the opportunity to correlate the detected attacks.


First, he formalizes a fragment of UML in which only a simpli.ed version of sequence diagrams of UML 1.5 is included.

while his work is based on formalized parts of UML that we do not consider, our work is based on STAIRS which provides a more in depth formalization of UML 2.0 interactions than what is considered in J¨urjens work.


In this paper, we suggest storing the representation of virus signatures in a hash table which speeds up the scanning while utilizing low amount of memory.

we store a constant size hash value of the signature computed using the DJB algorithm [9, 16] as its representation instead of storing the signature itself.


However, a closer examination of the presented results reveals that most experiments are performed on a relatively small scale.

this is true for the analysis of false positives.


During our study we evaluated many di.erent values for both the threshold t and the classi.cation algorithms.

we evaluated three popular classi.cation algo rithms: Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Decision Trees and Random Forests.


When the same URL is requested, the use of caching saves considerable overhead at several stages of Senser s operation.

the consensus IP of the web server that hosts a given URL as well as the routes from each proxy to the resolved IP address are unlikely to change frequently, and therefore bene.t from client-side caching.


[19] provided a way to discover identities of mobile users by associating the users encounters in the physical world with their social graphs in the cyber space.

all the above papers try to de-anonymize traces that were intentionally anonymized previously.


Security automata have been also used for de.ning the formal semantics of some policy speci.cation languages like PSLang [20] and ConSpec [2].

conSpec has been speci.cally designed for high level languages, e.g., Java, which makes it suitable for the Android environment.


The Li are hierarchy or relation literals that establish a connection between p and q for mission m. Data redirection rules must encode useful relationships between principals.

data should only be redirected to principals that: a) are authorized to read the data themselves; and b) are mission-related to the original requestors so that they can propagate some (or all) of the bene.t of the data to the mission without breaching con.dentiality.


The sequence numbers give us the write order for the three blocks.

b2 must have been written after b1 but before b3.


5.1 Passive Mode Operation of SDT The active mode of SDT is designed to support real-time detection of misbehavior by adversaries.

a malicious or sel.sh peer is disclosed and expelled from the network as soon as t good peers detect her misbehavior, e.g.


Other instructions will be translated into nop , expecting that the results of these instructions be correctly replayed from the log.

no translated code will be generated except advancing the program counter to the next instruction.


In this way, we address the autonomy of organizations and their concern for mutual protection.

each organization maintains and executes its portion of workflow, and any data to and from other organizations for receiving and sending should be exchanged according to the organization s security policies [3].


CONCLUSION The OAuth protocol was initially designed for website authorization, but the industry has imposed additional duties on the protocol over the years.

it has become the de-facto protocol for authentication and authorization in mobile applications.


Entities that have achieved their maximum utility values are forced to quit the protocol.

the application will not consider rational those moves taken by a participant after achieving all their goals.


The sample is then executed in a controlled environment, which makes it possible to observe the traf.cthatisexchanged betweenthebotandits commandand control (C&C) server(s).

one can record the commands that the bot receives and monitor its malicious activity.


.ck, ci.scj, i = 1, ,k. (2) Relationship from the intersection concept to any of the overlapping concepts.

if ci = c1nc2n nck, ci.scj, j = 1, ,k. For example, nuclear missile is the intersection of nuclear weapon and missile .


Instead, we propose an approach to achieve emulation of emulation-resistant malware samples under a practical emulator by modifying only a few aspects of the emulator s behavior.

the approach should automatically diagnose and ameliorate new attacks that malware authors might devise.


Our segmentation attack has achieved a success rate of 91% on the sample set.

91 out of 100 challenges were segmented correctly.


One may tempt to use existing general solutions to the twoparty Secure Function Evaluation (2-SFE) [55, 30, 28] (e.g., Yao s scramble circuit protocol [55]) for policy-hiding access control.

alice inputs her certi.cates and Bob inputs his policy; and they run a 2-SFE protocol to evaluate Bob s policy on Alice s attributes in her certi.cates.


Secondly, taking into account the timing of interaction record of the interactive peers in the computation of direct trustworthiness, we set different weight to denote different time interaction records.

those new records will be set higher weight than those old records.


One major change introduced by OAuth 2.0 was the concept of bearer tokens [28].

a user s access token was no longer bound to a relying party; any party in possession of this token could freely access the user s protected resource.


If the storage system plans on providing .le secrecy as part of security then it follows that the users must be able to authenticate themselves to the system as a .rst step in authorization.

the users must show who they are before the system can determine what they are allowed to do.


Hence, EKDLMS derived from the EMSK is also a unique key between the COSEM server and the AMI server.

since each COSEM server generates a unique EKDLMS from EMSK, the DKDLMS can be securely distributed between the COSEM server and DCS.


The second notable characteristic of the PSN is that it is a common identifier.

it is wellsuited to being used by different information collectors across a wide range of unrelated transactions, increasing the ease with which a wide range of information about a person can be aggregated into a single overall dossier.


In a serial connection, if B is unknown, A and C are dependent on each other.

there are evidential influence between A and C if the evidential state of B is unknown.


However, the Gen-2 standard only requires that the TID identify the manufacturer and give enough additional information to determine the tag s capabilities.

two classes of TIDs are de.ned: the E0h class, where the TID consists of a manufacturer ID and a 48-bit serial number, and the E2h class, which merely de.nes the manufacturer and model.


a · x + a · x · m · y = c We use Mathematica to prove that no such c '' exists assuming the veri.cation condition is correct via the Mathematica Script API.

we utilize the F indI nstance function to mathematically .nd proof over non-zero real numbers then subsequently try .nding a solution over integers.


The weight associated with each believable boundary pixel is relative to the inverse distance between the concealed pixel and the boundary pixel.


This can also go the other way when botnet-infected machines are used in denial-of-service attacks and SPAM campaigns, making port 445 attacks the conspicuous species in this case.

the resource that both port 135 and port 445 species consume that leads to competition between these two species is the patience of the people that control machines on the subnetwork.


To get a more concrete insight into the possible clustering of users pro.les, we studied the variability seen by users for each of these two variables.

we computed the standard deviation of the mean area and mean pressure exhibited by each of the users represented in Figure 2(a), and then plotted these values on a CDF (Figure 2(b)).


STEP-1: Calculating the similarity matrix Using definition (1), we can calculate the similarity between each two regular expressions of a rule set.

for a rule set with N regular expressions, an N by N adjacent matrix W is generated.


On the downside, because the TPM is implemented in software, this approach does not o.er the same security as a hardware TPM.

a software TPM does not provide functions such as active shields or active security sensors for preventing unauthorized access.


Sensors have different responses for most specific attacks except cropping.

it is not only possible and practical to distinguish allowed modifications and attacks, but also possible to detect the attack method.


For the i + 1 update, Ai+1 is chosen so that the kernel of Ai+1AiAi-1A now includes a new uniformly random vector.

a random vector it is chosen, and Ai+1 is chosen randomly in the form prescribed by the update algorithm up to the additional constraint that Ai+1AiAi-1Ait is the all zeros vector.


We are not attempting to verify the exact location of the prover.

the locations claims we verify are not claims of particular point locations (plus or minus some error distance), but rather just presence in a particular region of interest R. This model accords well with our anticipated applications.


5.1 Performance To evaluate the impact on system performance, we have performed benchmark-based measurements.

we use three application-level benchmarks and one microbenchmark to evaluate the system.


In case of deny, thePDP(6) requests theServerRBACManager to traverse in the encrypted role hierarchy graph in order to .nd if the base role, from which the Requester s role might be inherited, has permission to access the requested resource.

the access permission could be de.ned for the based role instead of the derived role.


3.1 Experiment1:PrecisionandSpeed Weperformed 3 sessions on context-free text and3 on context-rich text, each with a different victim.

we asked the victims to type naturally, as they would do in their daily activities.


Consequently, if cost encodes only administrative costs, it is reasonable to assume that cost(UT , UT ) = cost(UT , UT ) for all user-task assignments UT and UT .

it costs the least to make no changes at all.


Hence, we apply a constraint on the set of tokens: a token ti is discarded, if it is substring of another token tj , unless there are d further occurrences of ti independent of tj .

the token ti is only kept if it occurs often enough outside of tj .


Our access control enforcement mechanism is then implemented by exploiting this knowledge.

the idea is to de.ne security policies as rules (see Section 4), whose antecedents state conditions on SNKB, and consequents specify the authorized actions.


To connect to same network such as ftp or telnet from a host, MAC address of opposite host should be known.

using IP address, users connect to Internet.


The proposed solution is to measure the movement pattern performed by a user while answering (or placing) a phone call.

the considered pattern initiates from the moment the user presses start to answer an incoming call or to initiate a newone up to the moment she brings the phone to the ear.


This .-cluster construction doubles the size of tag output elements.

it imposes a small communication cost that is independent of ..


For all group operations, the standard JAVA BigInteger class was used.

a multi-base exponentiation was implemented as several exponentiations.


For console applications, ServiceTable points to the system calls exposed by OS image ntoskrnl.exe, via the system call table SSDT.

the OS initializes the ServiceTable pointer once via the internal (non-exported) KeInitializeThread function to point to the SSDT table.


Using a virtual machine image as a carrier for the Trojan horse makes the hacker s job easier, because the virtual machine image encapsulates all software dependencies of the the Trojan horse.

the dependency on the victim s software stack is eliminated.


If we chose gc,t = g ac,t , for example, then it would be possible to cycle through candidate seed values by computing g rc,t and repeatedly multiplying by g. 2.2.1 Identity-based public keys Here we brie.y and informally sketch a technique for distributing the public keys {yI } of defending servers in an identity-based manner.

we show how yI can be derived from a string representing the identity I (e.g., a domain name) and a master private key.


Per-channel puzzle distribution: We want the bastion to be able to compute and disseminate puzzle information on a per-channel basis.

the bastion should be able to publish information for a particular channel number c that may be used to deduce the corresponding puzzle for any defending server.


., im} has not been investigated in the literature, we postulate that the existing OPMPHF schemes can be used to hash such an r uniformly on the interval [1, m].

each of f ' (r)and f '' (r) is random and uniformly distributed over [1, m].


In this paper, we look at how IPv6 IIDs are assigned in practice.

we classify the IPv6 server and client addresses from various trace files.


THE PROTOCOL In this section, we present our solution.

to help the reader capture the insights of our .nal proposal, we refer to the case where just one node is captured and describe in the following two reference solutions: Benchmark protocol.


Sensor information given to the presence inference engine is authentic.

we assume that each RFID tag is correctly bound to its owner.


With active security, we look to go one step further and upon detection of a compromised system, effectively turn that system into one that closely monitors the activity giving the attacker the perception that they re interacting with a real system when, in reality, it s a system that records their actions, decisions, and reactions, giving insight into their methodology.

we can migrate the malicious code and its open network connections to a dedicated virtual machine.


In the example in Figure 1, RegEx signature R1 contains equal length sub-signatures r1, r2, and r3.

signature R1 can be matched if and only if these three sub-signatures are found in an incoming packet2.detection of any two sub-signatures in a packet is not enough to guarantee that the packet matches to R1.


To offer more course choices for our students with the same number of faculty, individual courses will have to be offered less often.

since we are a relatively small computer science program, all the computer science electives (that is, the courses in the options) will be offered once every two years.


Another limitation is that HookSafe assumes the prior knowledge of the set of kernel hooks that should be protected from rootkit attacks.

hookSafe itself is not designed to automatically discover those kernel hooks.


3.9.1 Con.dentiality The time to compromise any component i by multiple, parallel attackers is the smallest of n samples of a random variable distributed according to f(t).

this is the 1st order statistic, t(1), and, as is shown in the technical section of this paper, E(T(1)) .a as n .8 where a is the leftmost value in the support of f.a is the largest value (supremum) for which f(t) = 0 for all t<a.


We can show that the privacy of an NFA, F = (V, E, e, <), is only dependent on E, the labeled edges: no matter how the state indices, V , are set, the texts accepted by the NFA is unchanged.

the language L(F ) is independent of V , and its disclosure does not leak any information on the NFA except its size, |V |.


Figure14: Derivation ofrole engineering artifactsfromBPMN collaboration models: Integrated meta-model   Figure13: Examplefor thederivation of role engineering artifactsfrominteraction models Credit application process     Figure15: Examplefor thederivation of role engineering artifactsfrom collaboration modelsindescriptive conformance class Figure 15 shows an example of how we identify role engineering artifacts from the XMI representation of BPMN collaboration models in the descriptive conformance class.

figure 15highlights an excerpt ofFigure8 and shows what role engineering artifacts canbederivedfrom the corresponding XMI representation.


The difference between Strong Password-based EAP methods and Password-based EAP methods is that Strong Password-based EAP methods provide a way to use passwords for identification without transmitting any data that can subsequently be used to determine the password which is the only thing that is required for authentication.

both sides can determine that they know a secret with having ever revealed what the secret is.


Since x(t) is decreasing with respect to t for any b, the optimal multiplication rate is b* = 0.

it is not necessary for the predator to have the ability to multiply.


As confirmed by studies in [17], a set of independent behaviors can be used to differentiate a specific category of malware programs from other categories and benign programs with very few false positives.

the set of independent behaviors can be used to detect malware effectively.