In systems that have well defined communication patterns and usually operate on massive sets of data, the latency and energy cost for configuring the fabric can be amortized by setting up the routing path ahead of time or by sending multiple chunks of data once the path is established.

3.4 Selective LRG and MRG In this scheme LRG update is applied to a selective section of inputs.


size of one BF (bits) error detected total number of errors Error Coverage Total overhead 1K 3211 3662 87.6% 32% 512 2908 3326 87.4% 16% 256 3010 3461 86.9% 8% 128 3130 3669 85.3% 4% 64 4276 3507 82% 2% TABLE II RESULTS OF FAULT INJECTION EXPERIMENTS FOR THE SECOND ARCHITECTURE As expected, even with a large Bloom Filter, the error coverage is less than 100%, due to the aliasing of the modular operation.

1 When no false positive occurs, the set of Bloom Filters provides a one-hot encoded word as output, while with the occurrence of a false positive in some of the Bloom Filters that does not correspond to the requested key, the output word has multiple bits to 1.


This is because of the (relatively) considerable contribution of the intrinsic delay of TSV-bu.er to one of the two branches at a merging point with low capacitive load.

if we use half duty clock signal, we can use any test clock over 5MHz.


In Section 4, analytical constraints on the repeater widths and locations are derived that must be satis.ed to minimize repeater power dissipation.

when the numbers of repeater widths and locations are large, the DP algorithms become very timeconsuming [14].


Our strategy uses machine learning techniques to capture the impact of the parameterization of the tool on the target metrics, given the characteristics the inputs.

graphical representation of the internal processes that must take place in order to predict the Pareto parameter-values for a new input.


We found that the energy consumed by this additional hardware is less then 0.01% of Also the Figure 6: Modi.cations to the underlying hardware.

the approach in [9] requires training across each cache line.


These more complex gates have deeper transistor stacks, which also reduces leakage.

in Custom Integrated Circuits Conf, pages 457-478, 1997.


The cores are pre-designed and each one occupies an area of 1.2 mm 2 .

this problem corresponds to a routing problem and we solve it in two steps.


Power data is collected using a 0.1 injection rate using the uniform memory distribution workload.

the bandwidth between two 3Dstacked chips is a function of the chips common surface area, whereas the bandwidth between 2.5D-stacked chips is bounded by their perimeters.


In the worst-case, when cost restrictions are not imposed during scheduling, we observed that bu.ering is required for up to eight in-.ight critical tasks.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.8.1 [Hardware]: Performance and Reliability Reliability, testing, and fault-tolerance; C.3.3 [Computer Systems Organization]: Special-purpose and Application-based Systems Real-time and embedded systems * Meyer is now with the ECE dept.


Other than the area and corresponding leakage power arising from such large pull-down transistor sizes, operating at low temperatures leads to another problem for this type of circuit.

by taking the maximum of the rise and fall delays, gate delay represents the maximum operating frequency of the level shifter.


The moment of inertia for a simple prismatic beam is given by, I = 112 Wh, e r3 r and substituting yields, knL 2 E hr f= ------------- ------------(6)n 2S UL2 12 At first glance, this expression appears to be sufficient for analytical evaluation.

a manhattan brick mesh of the 3D device was created and harmonic analysis was performed.


The result is the same sound source being rendered exactly at the same position under B acoustic properties.

each threadiscalculating serially twosamples.


That is, we are going to discover melody repetition more than timbre repetition.

this process is iteratively processed until all the repeating segments are labeled.


(a) A placement which contains two symmetry groups.


8(b), it is assumed that the capacities behind the top or bottom row and between two adjacent pins are constrained as 2.

if a bubble-sorting solution(BSS) with the minimum swap passes, the solution will is defined as an optimal BSS.


For small values of r, the oscillator can either lock-up or exhibit stable oscillations for 0.31 < r < 0.638.


INTRODUCTION As the complexity of Systems-on-Chip (SoC) increases, traditional bus-based interconnects become limited in terms of ef.ciency and performance.

connection setup and tear-down The con.guration network supports setting up and tearing down communication channels, con.guring and reading back credit information, and con.guring the buses adjacent to the network.


By this equation, when the coupling capacitance between an aggressor and a victim in a certain pitch is 1x, the victim will see 8x coupling capacitance when there are eight aggressors in every direction.

despite the far aggressor has less than 50% capacitance of the close aggressor, Vfar reduces by only 40mV.


e The run time complexity of our algorithm is O s2 ),where s is the number of states in the original ASAP schedule.

figure 1: Template architecture for target application domains: multimedia and communication.


4.2 Improving Numerical Stability To address the aforementioned numerical issues, two efficient techniques will be developed in this sub-section: (1) preconditioning, and (2) adaptive algorithm selection.

the incremental change of the power grid voltage is almost zero at many internal nodes, resulting in a unique sparse pattern.


8 Conclusion Projectors are showing the potential to create new ways of interacting with information in everyday life.

hERELD, M., JUDSON, I. R., AND STEVENS, R. L. 2000.


However, not all possible layouts can be represented.

3.1 Abstract Layout Representation Similar to the MBS, two sequences de.ned as follows are used for abstract representation of 3D layouts.


TFET based pre-amplifier design with ~nW power raises intriguing opportunities for ultra-low-power analog circuits and sensors for low-throughput applications.

the inaccuracies of the model increase at higher gate voltage.


Actually, VPR calculates the timing cost with Elmore delay model [16].

the benchmark circuits are mapped to an array of minimum size and routed in routing channel tracks of 1.2 times the minimum for each circuit.


BACKGROUND To put our Tag-Less Cache (TLC) design in context, we compare it with standard cache organizations1 in terms of energy and performance.

we can therefore conserve energy on cache misses by not reading the data-array at all.


Everything is done transparently to the user/developer.

the network topology can be modi.ed (remotely activating or deactivating only a subset of the underwater nodes), the settings of the selected protocol and experiment parameters can be tuned (policies to be followed by each device; which node has to act as collection point, if any; which nodes have to generate data; what traf.c load has to be used, etc.


To avoid the control information leakage, we introduce the notion of a safe partition and a minimal safe partition and devise a method to partition a program while concealing the program control information.

mobile Code Server Program Dynamic Partitions Program Mobile Code & DataOptimization Program Figure 1.


The VC cache can prevent the bitlines from being discharged in accessing 0 , such that the power dissipated in accessing 0 is much less than the power dissipated in accessing 1 .

compared to the baseline conventional cache implemented with the way-prediction, the use of VC cache can result in roughly 18%~22% reduction in total cache power consumption during a read access, and reduces the total cache power consumption during a write access by about 36%~40%.


arr r N. valid_array_in_cas arr (REPLICATE N r) four_port =.

this can be veri.ed in a very short time using the infrastructure developed in this research because all the results are veri.ed under the universal quanti.cation of system parameters.


· it requires minimal modi.cation to the base WRR scheduling algorithm, since the base scheduler does not need to be aware of the Borrow-and-Repay process.

[19] Xilinx, Inc. LogicCORE IP multi-port memory controller (v6.04.a)., 2011.


4.1.2 FPGA Implementation and Results of AES Implementation choices are not detailed in this paper.

[36] W. Yu, R. Qiu and J. Fritts, Evaluation of Force 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.1 0.15 0.2 Extracted 29 39 40 40 40 40 Only detected 4 1 0 0 0 0 Not detected 7 0 0 0 0 0  Motion-JPEG2000 for Video Processing, Department Table 7: Gaussian attack of Computer Science, Washington University in St. Louis, Technical report, November, 2001, [Online] Available: http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/yu01evaluation.html  APPENDIX A.


Next, we observe from the GL reduction trend (= g-ratio) that the min-FF vs max-FF retiming objective has little impact on the GL power consumption.


It is easily seen that choosing too small forgetting factor for RLS is detrimental.

4.1 Preprocessing First, we have performed normalisation of all signals, and removed obvious outliers.


To achieve the same accuracy, VP has to various non-ideal effects (e.g., measurement noise) and apply it to practical integrated circuit design and testing problems such as wafer probe testing and post silicon tuning.

the differential entropy should be minimized in order to reduce the uncertainty and, hence, achieve an accurate estimation.


The start and stop time of conversations were de.ned by silent audio segments: If during 2 min no speech data was detected, the last detected speech segment was de.ned as the conversation s end.

these systems can only recognise speakers with a pre-trained model.


Figure 7 depicts its PTAT behavior demonstrating it varies ±30% over the temperature range.

self-biased current source circuit [4] 4.


Take an example of the R-node as shown in Fig.

the solution will not be good enough if it is for 15nm technology.


In Section 4 a new con.gurable Gate Array is presented suitable for the architectural approach adopted.

in order to overcome this limitation, a direct access to memory of the gate array was provided [10] with dedicated instructions accessing blocks of memory, but again complex addressing strategies can hardly be handled with this kind of solutions.


In Section 4, we introduce necessary system support and the cache organization in which the compiler analysis is utilized.

for an L2 cache access of shared data the cache bank to access is directly decoded from the physical address and a L2 miss results directly in access to main memory to retrieve the data.


While a process is similar to a kind of advice, crosscutting concerns can still be found inside the code of a process.

the only example given is the management of distributed clocks in hardware systems; an implementation does not seem to exist.


Besides buffer map, each node needs to have a sliding window which is used to store a number of displaying segments.

the buffer of the previous users are used.


global coherence protocol increases exponentially.

[10] J. Kahle, M. Day, H. Hofstee, C. Johns, T. Maeurer, and D. Shippy.


Performing complete synthesis of the architecture for each case significantly increases the exploration time and introduces non-determinism due to the specific algorithms used for optimization by Synopsys Design Compiler.

[6] describes a preliminary version that was revised significantly in ref.


The overall function is explained below: 1.

figure 6: Candidate subcircuit enumeration.


In Figure 7(a), time frame T3 is dominated by T6 because MIC(C1,T6) is larger than MIC(C1,T3) and MIC(C2,T6) is larger than MIC(C2,T3).

given the MIC(Ci,Tj) information, we use EQ(3) to estimate Lemma 2: The increasing number of time frames leads to smaller MIC(STi,Tj): IMPR_MIC(STi) for all i.


For example, when the maximum congestion is 2, the sub-intervals are {[2, 1.9), [1.9, 1.8), [1.8, 1.7),..., [1.1, 1)}.

the solution quality of FGR is much worse than other routers on 6-layer designs in which it only solves 3 of 8 benchmarks [3] [4] Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol.


2p4 0 <y<m (m-1)(n-1)(n+m-4) (5) For paths with more than four bends, we approximately consider them as four-bend paths: ' ' Dtp4 Dt 4+(x, y)= p4 4(x, y) p4 =1 - p1 - p2 - p3 As shown in Figure 1, each path with more than four bends Figure 1: Example of transforming a four-bend path to a six-bend path.

the Do(xi,yj ) wire density for the line segment xi,yj is .


Let Ainand Aoutbe the values in array A before and after the execution of the program in Figure 3(d).

if these program fragments are not simple enough, it applies the rules shown in Table 1(b) to simplify the programs recursively till the programs are simple enough to be analyzed symbolically.


We show next in the paper how the use of redundant-encoding-of-attributes can help mitigate this weakness of ECT.

if the data from a location is the same but the attribute, line address in this case, is di.erent and the code detects it, then the ECC check logic will .ag this as Error .


the transitions label may include operation for the time variable update.


Intercore routing algorithm starts by .nding the shortest path of the link with the lowest communication load.

it di.ers in considering more layout knowledge for BA synthesis, and suggesting a new pruning method to remove poor quality BA.


Once the maximum frequency is determined for that Vdd level, this measurement becomes another point of information for the next fmax search at the next Vdd level.

for the .nal version of the paper, we are planning to extend our experimentation to a larger set of benchmark circuits and provide more results.


Figure6.TaglessHitICOperation  Figure 7.

each of these schemes requires greater complexity than the four simpler policies that we have presented.


[10] Koranne, S., Element Interconnect Bus , Practical Computing on the Cell Broadband Engine, Springer US, pp.

5.1.2 Controller FSM  The block level power management is done by utilizing flow prediction and buffer power gating.


[2]S. Narendra, J. Tschanz, A. Keshavarzi, S. Borkar, V. De, Comparative Performance, Leakage Power and Switching Power of Circuits in 150 nm PD-SOI and Bulk Technologies including Impact of SOI History Effect, in Proc.

pch = - -- - - 100 d ref delays of the leading edge in experiments with the pulse width set to 250 ns, 500 ns or 1,000 ns (note, the smaller values of pulse delays, e.g., 300 ns, are not relevant for the 500 ns and 1000 ns pulse width experiments).


Duxbury [5] (software) and Embosser (hardware) Duxbury is a software that will convert text into Braille.

figure 5 ADA requirement for aisle space More than 24 in length must be 36 minimum Less than 24 must be 32 minimum  Figure 6 ADA Requirement for wheelchair turnaround must be 60 minimum in diameter 3.4 Training 3.4.1 Faculty and Staff Training on interaction skills, etiquette, and operational procedures, was prepared and provided by the Adaptive Technologist with assistance from Disability Services and the Assistant Director of SCS.


Our multi-output GP learns on-line that the wind speed measurements of the Sotonmet and Chimet sensors are correlated, and then exploits this correlation in order to reduce the number of times that these sensors are sampled (inferring the wind speed at one location from observations of another).

references [1] Microsoft SenseWeb project.


In fact, both functions combined can be realized with one additional circuit line only (see Figure 2(d)).

here, line 1 and line 5 can be merged leading to the circuit depicted in Figure 4(d) where line 5 has been removed.


A supernode Nis de.ned to contain three subnodes: UN, dN,and SN.


[39] S. Di, D. Kondo, and W. Cirne, Characterization and Comparison of Cloud versus Grid Workloads.

extracting the mathematical models of the dynamics of time series has the following implications: Extracting a good model for describing the dynamics of the system enables one to establish a method for forecasting the workload.


In addition, simulations cannot be used for area estimation.


REFERENCES [1] W. K. Mak, J. W. Chen, Voltage Island Generation under Performance Requirement for SoC Designs.

are set to be 80% and 50%, respectively.


Shortcomings of the techniques S1 & S2: In the aforementioned conventional PDN design methods, the optimizations of the TSV-placement and TSV-sizing are performed independently.

in this work, we assume that a via-last approach is used in 3D-ICs fabrication, in which routing issues are more severe compared to the via.rst approach.


To derive PERI, we use the principle of the skewness, i.e., the relative difference between the mean and the median.

as shown in [12], the ft() PDF t µ M 1 Ft() CDF 0.5 t Figure 1 The PDF and CDF of a random variable t impulse responseht() is greater than or equal to zero over allt and y 8= 1 .


Any gain in diversity and multiplexing is accompanied by higher energy consumption.

the path loss model is still free-space loss.


While the climber moves, the accelerometers coordinate systems will change with respect to each other since the nodes get rotate.

sos: A dynamic operating system for sensor networks.


The Galaxy S3 Android device API allows binary or detailed analog-to-digital proximity measurements, which can be used to detect di.erent surrounding placement environments.

speci.cally, we compute the percentage below a small distance |{i|di<DT h1}| threshold Pclose = , percentage between a N small distance threshold and a medium distance threshold |{i|DT h1=di<DT h2}| Pnear = , and percentage above a N |{i|di=DT h2}| large distance threshold Pf ar = .


The size of this region decreases when the relative length, chip area and operation frequency increases [1], as shown in fig.

this implies a clock distribution network carrying the clock signal(s) to every node requiring it.


As the increasing number of the external pins on LSI boundary is slower than the increase of the size of an LSI, the number of scan Corporate Semiconductor Development Division Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. 1, Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan Tel:+81-956-9511 Fax:+81-953-5018 e-mail:{yosimura, ohta}@mrg.csdd.mei.co.jp  FFs on a scan path connected to the external pins increases relatively.

(Definition 1 : Fault Detection Probability) The fault detection probability PD (POi) at a primary output POi is defined as the rate of the number of signal lines which are reachable from a primary output POi to the total number of signal lines in a circuit, provided that when a signal line l which is reachable from POi is reachable to k primary outputs, signal line l is calculated with 1/k.


As we notice that the region size L is always less than 2W .In section 4.2.1, we know that all windows inside such a region share the center (2W - L)x(2W - L) area.


by independent software vendors, ISV), and 2) can they be integrated in a larger system without any unexpected side e.ects to application or system.

cost is the area (estimated by the design .ow) in 90 nm of a NOC running at 500 MHz with 32 TDM slots, and includes local busses, NIs, and routers.


If a '1' is stored in the PMC (wi ith a low value of resistance), the voltage at D is at VDD while thhe voltage at DN is discharged through M3.

as described previously, the restore operation permits the data stored in the PMC to be written back in the SRAM core, thus correcting the SEU.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.0 Computer Systems Organization, GENERAL, Hardware/software interfaces C.3 Computer Systems Organization, SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS, Microprocessor/microcomputer applications C.5.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, Microcomputers D.2.9 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Management K.3.1 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

had we chosen to use Boot Camp rather than Parallels, we would have been forced to buy two Deep Freeze licenses.


Many of the design tasks can be e.ciently solved through iterative optimization processes that enable to change the design solution in case some of the constraints are violated.

lQ stands for prioritizing service of the input with the largest number of .its in the bu.er.


During RTA, local anneal temperature can vary across the die due to differences in the radiation reflectivity of the layout patterns.

while measuring on-currents, the sink devices must be cut off to prevent a large voltage drop in the column drivers.


In order to increase the storage density, embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) macrocells are an interesting alternative to SRAMs.

a Multilevel DRAM with Hierarchical Bitlines and Serial Sensing.


Moreover, the increase of nonlinearity or scaling of write current can also reduce the energy consumption and area overhead of the cross-point array.

the following sections V B1 V B2 V B3 V Bn RV Vwm V wm V wm-1Vwm-1 Vw1 V w1 RVVB1 VB2 VB3 VBn  Figure 1: The circuit model of the cross-point array.


MST algorithms run faster, but might doublecount the overlapping net segments.

this makes the runtime overhead of the maze router a negligible factor for the overall runtime.


Although several architectural DMR proposals suggest thatDMR can easilybe turned on and off(e.g.,[19,32]), a key observation of this paper is that dynamically switching between DMR and non-DMR within a single system is not as straightforward as it might appear.

serialized accesses can possibly reduce the complexity of the cache controller.


If the circuit has been determined to oscillate after L time-units, the algorithm takes a snapshot of all unstable state values (pipeline .ops).

p is a multiple of the oscillation period.


In our settings, the salient LED zones are dimmed to 80% of the initial luminance.

having understood these power saving tradeoffs, we limit the reported experiment results in the rest of the paper using the values of: , .


PROCEDURE PLACEMENT ALGORITHM 32 In this section, we present our procedure placement algorithm 33 for a speci.c cache con.guration by utilizing IBP.

the colors are used to guide procedure placement.


For example, it appears likely that the combination of poor current drive (even at the ballistic limit where contact resistance dominates) and low gain, as well as physical issues such as the increasing difficulty in achieving alignment between process layers [9] will tend to favour modular or locally connected architectures.

[33] McFarland, G.W., CMOS Technology Scaling and its Impact on Cache Delay, PhD thesis, Electrical Engineering,Stanford University, 1997.


rAG can be used to generate a switch arbiter for a 128x128 terabit switch which, assuming as stated in [5] that the critical path is the switch arbitration logic, achieves throughput 1.9X higher than PPA and 2.4X higher than PPE for the same 128x128 configuration.


For each path, the .rst node u must either have no child or all of its children are marked.

we only consider the capacitive crosstalk between two neighboring parallel wires and suppose the neighborhood distance is D =.


The whole algorithm to switch near-simultaneously (MISS).

compared to TST A, T. Np is approximately proportional to · TST A if the average Niter number of iterations at each integration step in step 2 is Niter .


From the given stage in the Petri net, either the left transition or the right transition may .re.

by comparison, the Table 4: Effect of varying if-/else-computation latencies Nif Nelse Normalized Throughput 2 2 0.86 2 4 1.12 2 6 1.29 2 8 1.42 2 10 1.51 baseline MOUSETRAP implementation obtained an execution time of 3.2µsec and energy consumption of 33 × 104 units; these numbers do not vary with the branch probability because this baseline implementation does not use the new approach of this paper, and therefore cannot preempt wasteful computation.


This extends the amount of ovescaling that can be done for a given error rate target.

we demand hardware to be overdesigned to meet the mindsets in computer systems and software design of the past.


In Design Automation Conference (DAC), Anaheim, CA, June 2005.

we used two types of functional units (adders and multipliers) to bind operations in a set of scheduled DFGs.


As the spacing between wires continues to shrink, the magnitude of the coupling capacitance increases and it now dominates the wire ground capacitance.

since we always use the late victim arrival time distribution to compute the skew window, we conclude that the mean values of all feasible skew distributions must lie within the skew window.


CACTI 3.0: An integrated cache timing, power and area model.

comparing algorithms for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power cpu.


Using the ACM (Advance Compact MOSFET) model [2], we can deduce some equations that represent the T-shape association characteristics.


Users asked about a range of agricultural topics.

also if you feel that I am guilty, then you can take necessary steps and deactivate my number.


hole-.lling can be accomplished by manipulating the mapping table: set the physical page pointer to the junk value and mark the page as trimmed.


These logic optimizations are based on the physical information generated by the initial global placement.


In this work, we aim for improving this.

the computational cost is a major problem in this .eld.


Second, our study optimizes core count and multicore con.guration for general purpose workloads similar to the PARSEC suite.

asymmetric Multicore: All cores (including the large core), contribute to execution of the parallel code.


3 Experimental Work and Conclusion Afeasibility test for position detection using RFID textile was per-formed.AnRFID readersystemwas installedatthe bottomofeach shoe.

in order to solve these problems, we applied .at yarn weaving technology.


These efforts are either hardware based (e.g., reducing disk speed if the associated latency can be tolerated by the application) or software based (e.g., restructuring code for taking best advantage of available low-power capabilities provided by the disk system).

as compared to the hardware-based work, our approach takes a totally different stand.


Of the commercial applications, the ECDC implementation is not able to improve the performance of either SPECjbb2000 or TPC-B.

lepak and Lipasti identi.ed another source of unnecessary communication, caused by writes that either overwrite a value with the value already resident at that memory location [23], or revert a location s value to a value that previously existed at that location [24].


This may be done by using a larger base cell with more transistors.

such re-spins are required for several reasons, such as: A revision in the functional specification to respond to issues exposed in system-level prototyping, product tests in the field, or changes to standards or protocols used in the ASIC.


It also overcomes the Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) bandwidth limitation.

ros et al [12] considered a generic scheme for 32 bit vectors and stated that up to 3-bit changes are profitable.


Let T =(OP,RES,Q,d) be a type and s .Qbe a state of T. H conforms to type T initialized to s, if there exists a sequence of states s0,s1,s2,... such that s0 = s, and for each i = 1, (si-1,opi,j,si,resi) .

the nodes on the critical path form a sequence that conforms to type Ta initialized to s, since we can think of the unsuccessful nodes on the critical path as aborted operation executions that cause a state transition.


Under the LRU   Figure 2: CFLRU page replacement example is E,D,C,and B,always evicting the least recently used page .rst.

the rest of this paper is organized as follows.


Reusability increases productivity and confidence in the robustness of the software component itself.

note that, nodes with different architecture still need to be implemented independently.


29 imposes less overhead as compared to Eq.

suppose that a static schedule like what is shown in Fig.


Buffers do not have any ability to perform programmable routing but may be present in the architecture at various places to repower signals.

a LAB-based routing architecture consists of a tightly connected block of logic elements connected to a less connected routing fabric.


Because the short channel effects are so well controlled in FinFET, the body does not need any significant impurity doping.

bSIM-MG also accurately models the transconductance as shown in Fig.


Hence, for a given MIPS required to perform a specific computation, it would be challenging for lowdensity STT-MRAM to compete with SRAM in terms of active power consumption.

battery-powered connectivity products usually have small form factors, limiting the battery capacity to 200 mAh or less.


Emerging research suggests hardware acceleration [3-5] that aims to speed up the processing time of vessel segmentation algorithms, thus realizing their use in biometric systems.

the proposed algorithm processes 7 megapixel images in less than two minutes, facing memory shortage issues stemming from the use of such highdefinition images.


Keywords V-NPN transistor, deep n-well CMOS process, input bias current cancellation, low-noise, high-precision, operational amplifier.

circuit diagram of complete three-stage operational amplifier and the errors are bias point independent.


After redistribution, the summation of Ek v (x, y) (Ek h(x, y)) in the same division still equals one.

to avoid over-estimating congestion, we perform a preliminary estimation step .rst to determine which regions are likely to be over-congested.


The SAM model explicitly hides many important details.

a nanoscale decoder is required to address each intersection of the MLA independently.


These vendor CSMs claim to primarily address accuracy concerns associated with the dominant delay model [2].

the Ceff techniques are known to introduce large error in slews at receiver inputs at the end of long RC/RLC interconnect.


this reasoning is corroborated by the modeling of influence of SEU effects as published in [12, 18, 19].


In this hybrid architecture, the processor and the accelerator both have their own local memory.

although object-oriented languages like Java strongly emphasize the connection between the object s data and its functionality (methods), in our approach the decisions on data and method placement are treated separately.


Since the benchmarks were specific compute kernels, our experiments revealed that the benchmarks exhibited relatively stable characteristics throughout execution.

the execution time and EDP significantly increased by 39% and 22%, respectively.


Multiplexing and column isolation transistors dissipate a small amount of power and can be disregarded.

these techniques either cause a timing overhead or require extra circuitry, in any case the SRAM memory becomes more complex.


It is evident that it is monotonic and its range is [0, 0.5].


While our design minimizes numerous error sources while maximizing clock speed, it constrains the scheduling of the error correction operations.

they face certainconstraintsthat makedeveloping afault-tolerantlogical qubitchallenging.


For each module instance, a new context is created for the variables of that instance.

of the Design Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), pp.


[2] A. Agarwal, D. Blaauw, and V. Zolotov.

pCA tries to reduce the dimension of a statistical data set by merely examining the statistical property of the data while neglecting the interaction inter-dependency between data sets.


For entropy gain split outputs 0.1, 0.9 and 0.49, 0.51 are the same because in both classification is the second class.

cONCLUSION Two of the most important criteria used for evaluating inductive machine learning algorithms are generalization and understandabil- ity.


This allows us to later recover the absolute ground-referenced DC value by scaling and shifting the analog signals with respect to the reference and ground voltages.

these .gures do not include the cost of transferring data to a server, which would favor processing on the phone and transferring a substantially smaller dataset.


But too many speakers in the system make the ISO/MPEG call for proposals of speakers simpli.cation based on 22.2.

(10)  3.2 Training Model The power function of perceptual distance and physical distance is expressed as: .p = kfa , (11) r In which, a is the power and k is a constant.


In addition, the multipliers and accumulators in the asynchronous data-path consist of fine-grain partitioned bit-slices that are selectively activated by mask control signals.

secondly, while ripple-carry adders have relatively long worst-case delay, the bitpartitioning of the multiplier array (including the ripple-carry adder) leads to very good average case delay for this application.


Adding repeaters at lower power levels reduces the noise more than adding repeaters at higher power levels.

the analytic model exhibits good agreement with SPICE.


This concept has been preserved for the next standard versions as well.

recon.gurable (FPGA) implementations require trivial hardware costs (low number of recon.gurable cells -419 Xilinx CLBs and 1024 Altera LCs for a 16-pixel line processing) and low frequencies (varying between 11 and 25 MHz)  All these design achievements have been validated both for Altera and Xilinx FPGA families.


Figure 11b shows a similar graphwhere choosing the estimate with the lowest cycle count (E2) results in the selection of the memory configuration H4 that, in fact, does not provide the best performance (in terms of cyclecount).

instead, it is important that the estimates trend in the samefashion as the cycle-accurate measurements.


As an example, the comparator could be designed in order to give to its output: i) (1, 0) or (0, 1), as Pass indication; ii) (0, 0) or (1, 1), as Fail indication and in the case of faults affecting itself.

we analyzed the possible effects of such faults by means of logical and electrical level simulations.


In addition, the golden model itself may not be available.

6 (a), we de.ne two new terms: the explicitlytriggered HT and the implicitly-triggered HT as follows.


We take the following measures to improve the efficiency refreshing.

deciding the appropriate values of thresholds is a hard problem and, more importantly, their optimal values should depend heavily on the workloads.


With teams distributed globally the verification challenge is to integrate and coordinateall efforts to finally ensure that the overall system is working.Thenext three chapters deal with the main aspects mentioned above: reusabilityaspects in functional verification, simulation speed and model size and systemaspects including the hardware/firmwareco-simulation.

this leads to certain differences in the verification methodology.


During this period its inputs must be held constant.

the action of writing (storing) into registers occurs very frequently in any design.


The .ow f is selected based on the current mapping mapi and network Ii.

we compare UMARS only to [7], and a more extensive comparison with traditional algorithms [11, 12, 17, 18, 19] is of value.


Such improvement can usually be obtained by minor changes of wire width or space allocation in the layout.

shifting the power grid can be too disruptive for a conservative design methodology.


We assume a tester is used to measure the on-chip path delay which has a measurement error of 5% of the path delay.

this approach is only applicable to large sequential circuit Trojans.


To implement hardware accelerator, the challenge is to substitute the function in the software implementation with the code to access the accelerator.

gLSVLSI 08, May 4 6, 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA.


We believe our work is the first to fully automate the synthesis of multithreaded in-order pipelines from an unpipelined datapath specification.

manually pipelining a datapath can be tedious and error prone.


It is important to have sub-VT compatible SRAMs for sub-VT systems.


6.1 Collaboration Mechanism In mobile ad hoc networks, the attackers can launch attacks when they are close to victims.

correlationAlert name Routing_Disruption_Attack alertident analyzerid 1 alertident analyzerid 4 alertident analyzerid 6 source 22 END Figure 8: An example of one aggregated alert.


978-1-4577-0995-1/11/$26.00 &#169;2011 IEEE 162   On one hand, the high number of control signals increases the risk of instability and the inability to realize some functions in the case of the presence of defects on one control signal.

dTIS 2006, 5-7 September, 2006, Tunis, Tunisia, in press.


In this paper we present XDP, a three-step approach for mixed-size detailed placement.

as we will show in Section III, this strategy may not .nd a legal solution either.


if a peak has occurred after 360 ms (90 samples) of the previous peak and the maximum derivative of the signal is at least half of the previous peak (i.e.


By implementing pre-charge with a clock-controlled multiplexer, we keep the memory element in each slice free for use as a register.

table 1 shows the key guesses for maximal correlation for each bit.


Minimum skew utilization Previous research efforts have shown that communication dissipates significant amount of energy [7].

the cost associated with receiver and transmitter nodes of a partition is zero.


[16] ZITZLER, E.; LAUMMANS, M.; THIELE, L. SPEA2: improving the Strength of Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm for multiobjective optimization.

the mechanism did not obtain good results for data cache.


This is done in a way which ensures that a consistent global assignment exists iff X3C has a solution.

it is also NPcomplete even though the proof is signi.cantly more tricky.


Further analysis shows that knowledge base data elements tend to be multiple cache lines in size on the original system, and remain multiple (if fewer) cache lines when compressed.

the spike for one processor, one context demonstrates the parallelization overhead of our approach.


Transition phase classi.cation and prediction.

at the beginning of program execution, the phase signature table is empty.


of the 2003 International Conference on Supercomputing (June 2003), pp.

the L1 caches of each PE must be connected to one another with a coherence network to arbitrate the sharing of data lines and maintain correctness.


PSTSWM moves through large data arrays with unit or constant stride and little operand reuse.

by using a 2D longitude/latitude domain decomposition, the physics is perfectly parallel and requires no interprocessor communication.


Note that, in this context, idle refers to channels which are marked as idle in the channel map, since this is the only information available to a CPAN piconet and its coordinator.

as sensing is performed in discrete intervals, any change in the state of a channel can be detected only upon the next sensing event; therefore, state changes in the channel map are always delayed with respect to the actual changes.


8T memory cells can even tolerate voltage drops of 500mV.

1, we model the in.uence of changes in the supply voltage VDD as a bit-.ip probability Pcell f ail in the memory cells.


In the conservative method the progress of each process is synchronized at every simulation time.

with the proposed method, one of the two veri.cation domains, i.e, simulation domain and acceleration domain, leads the other.


[16] N. Binkert and et al., The gem5 simulator, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, vol.

the sensitive data will not be lost during reboot or suspension and hence is susceptible to attack.


bn are multiplied by the sum of the measurement and control latencies to obtain the maximum change in delay that could occur during the period the system needs to measure and respond to a guardband violation.

8 shows calibrated slack measurements tsR,i for the 19 RUMs in the fpmult benchmark over the operating temperature range.


Duringtheexperiments,we empirically set a. to 1.80 to reduce probability of missing distantimpulsivesounds.

of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo 2005, volume 1, pages 1 4, Zurich, Switzerland, 2005.


Such an intuitive perception of external direction can also be very useful brain-based navigation interfaces [8, 9].

reactive BCIs may have the potential to reduce the mental effort required to navigate.


[2] R. J. Widlar, New Developments in IC Voltage Regulators, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.

bVR circuits have been adapted to CMOS process using vertical bipolar transistors and OpAmps [3] seeking to break the barrier of 1.2 V , with a supply voltage near to 1 V , and even below this voltage to reduce dissipation.


3 illustrates the situation, where OL=0.4 and OL=0.6.

at the next cycle, pulse mismatch creates another ¨.


This body bias generator keeps Vt (VrefP) of PMOS fixed regardless of the variation of both temperature and process.

the block diagram of the low power body bias generation circuits.


o m 2 ddnCr g 0 y rya ]i the selection of a suitable codec that improves QoS often regardless of the underlying network, fast hardware that can process (e.g., compress) data better, and high-end speakers enhancing the sound quality, to name a few.

o m 2 d w d o C n d C o Q r 2 JC n m e d 2m om m e o C Dmea wQDrC n D .


The protocol proposed in this work starts with the similar technique but focuses on keeping it simple and cost effective.

by following this procedure the destination will receive more real time packets in less time than normal scheduling procedure.


an assignmentof a di.erent setof values to the state variables.

the circuit C can be used to accurately estimate the degraded delay of the corresponding RTL operator by computing the signal probabilities for all internal nodes [6].


For example, in AMBA AHB, a transfer has an address phase and a data phase, and two transfers could be overlapping.

the translations of the symbol layer can be implemented easily.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

rEFERENCES [1] M. S. TAWFIK AND PATRICE SENN.


The reason for this performance di.erence is that the multi-channel estimator only needs to detect multipath arrivals over the delay spread of the individual channels, which is of length Np, whereas the single channel estimator needs to detect multipath arrivals over the delay spread of the overall channel, which is of length Nh.The ratio Nh/KNp is in general quite large, on the order of tens to thousands, for low SNR.

a target false alarm probability of 0.01 is used with the structured estimators to obtain the corresponding thresholds, .c and .p, for the single channel and multi-channel estimators, respectively.


In order to remap a block to another block, we perform bit-wise exclusive-or operation of block index with the contents of the remap register.

blocks in Figure 1 are arranged by considering the optimal mapping (000, 010, 100, 010).


Tycoon: Theoretical framework and software tools for multimodal interfaces, 1998.

a multi-agent architecture is supported to ful.l this need.


For the delay-based simulations, an SDF (standard delay format) .le, generated by the Xilinx annotation tool, is provided to VSS.

real circuits are likely to be much less regular than the circuit of Figure 2, and we therefore conclude that it will 2LUT input pins are logically equivalent.


In case of multiple consumers per message, it is easy to see that topics are the better option.

system developers have to decide at design time what message communication patterns to use, e.g.


Selecting new modeling spaces The .rst design performed with extensive modeling spaces surely will have high error, and the circuit could even not to work properly on simulation.

vDD VDD M8 M6 Vout M4 CL Vin- M9 M10 (b)Telescopic operational ampli.er.


The amplitude of the hazard pulse may reduce, the rise and fall times increase, and eventually the hazard pulse may disappear.

it is clear from Table 1 that the forward body bias technique is very effective if we require a modest 20% reduction in the undetected soft error rate.


Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 1(1):6 26, 2002.

the performance gain for the adi benchmark is small (4.3%).


[22] P. Y. Chang, M. Evers, and Y. Patt, Improving Branch Prediction Accuracy by Reducing Pattern History Table Interference, in International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques, October 1996.

it is not dif.cult to observe that it is the non-biased Branch A that steers the control .ow through either the Branch B or the Branches C and D that subsequently leads up to the Branch E. As a result, the change in the direction of the Branch A provides suf.cient evidence to cause a change in the direction of the Branch E. In other words, the control .ow through either the Branch B or the Branches C and D in the two program paths merely reinforces the prediction decision of the Branch E that can independently be established by correlating only with the non-biased branch A.


Observe that except for very small cutmax (in this case 16 and 32) the performance of codes degrades only marginally as cutmax is decreased.

this means that using our codes, the increase in transmitter power would be less than 17%, while the area of the decoder reduces to a quarter, which is desirable in many applications.


After the comparison, if the results match, we mark the simulation pass as successful.

it was shown in [15] that using three or four stack entries is reasonably accurate for this purpose.


http://www.eeta-sia.com/STATIC/PDF/200903/EEOL_2009MAR02_STOR_AN_01.pdf?SOURCES=DOWNLOAD [40] SSD Extension for DiskSim Simulation Environment.

figure 20 (b) shows that SSD4 consistently outperforms SSD3.


Asia South Paci.c Design Automation Conf., Jan 2005.

ptrace assumes that the processes are mature and stable device models are available so that SPICE simulations can be carried out to obtain circuit level power and delay.


A functional emulator was also developed for the HPL-PD ISA within the LSE system.

if the fault is permanent, then a recovery mechanism which leverages system recon.guration may be necessary to avoid propagating faults through the use of a failed component.


This means that the number of evaluations of the FD constraint per implication can depend both on the current ranges and number of variables.

these constraints enforce the functionality of datapath primitives.


the speedup can be achieved by this architecture is limited by the serial nature of the computations involved in the factorization.


Results are summarized in Tables II and III for CP1 and IP3 predictions respectively.

if all these differences are inferior to the threshold, the prediction is considered reliable and device specification is computed as the mean of the values predicted by the different models.


2.2 Gated Clock Tree It is very often that only a portion of the circuit is active.

[8] equalize the number of logic gates in all the paths from the clock source to flip-flops.


This is why FPGAs will always offer signi.cant opportunities of improvement over any microprocessor with .xed communication buses.

there have been doubts that the same bene.ts can be attained for general scienti.c applications.


Throughout this paper, we consider the sixth order accurate approximation to the Laplacian, which approximates the second order differential in each dimension with the following stencil: d2 pi 1 (2pi-3 - 27pi-2 + 270pi-1 - 490pi dx2 180h2 +270pi+1 - 27pi+2 + 2pi+3)+ O(h6), (2) where pi is the ith grid cell in the corresponding dimension.

video sequences are then played back during the study.


Until the cache is completely filled, the tasks (only whole tasks are allowed) are allocated to the cache from the lowest address to the highest.

since tasks in cache will wrap around the cache, an offset Zr, can be added to each task allocated to processor r, and the task can be placed from memory location tx + Zr + I*sizeof (cache r) to memory location tx + Zr + i * sizeof (cache r).


Much current work is addressing these problems from the power generation side by developing and optimizing transducers for energy harvesting.

figure 3: Power-on-reset circuit The power-on-reset circuit was simulated using a postlayout extracted netlist in Spectre.


Other processors such as the Pentium 4, squash only instructions dependent on the load.

moreover, clocked precharging requires precise timing on the precharge clock which is often dif.cult to engineer.


PSet takes moretestrunstostabilizethanAVIO,becauseitcaptures more constraints than AVIO.

theperformanceimpact due to false constraint violations is discussed in Section 5.3.


Input vector control for post-silicon leakage current minimization in the presence of manufacturing variability.

since the PUF s overhead is much larger than the FSM s overhead, adding the value of the overhead of the PUF to the system causes the overhead to decrease as we increase the number of the IPs sharing the PUF.


Code density optimization for embedded DSP processors using data compression techniques.

if we choose to have the uncompressed data as a group of m-bit words, we divide the scan elements into m-scan chains in the best balanced manner possible.


where the voltage source is proportional to temperature gradient according to Equation (2).

just maximizing the output power of the energy transducer alone can result in a sub-optimal solution, because the most efficient system operating point is often quite different.


Our approach utilizes more routers in an e.ort to generate alternative paths in the NoC that lower con.ict between various transactions.

such an approach does lead to modi.cation of the routers.


Note that the derivative .E/.RX is negative.

to reduce power, a lower CX and a higher RX should be used since dynamic power only depends on CX.


In 3D-FPGA architecture, a new type of via is used to connect metal layers in various 3D-planes.

therefore, reducing the number of routing TSVs is very critical in quality of 3D-ICs because silicon area is saved and also more TSVs can be used for thermal management.


Parallel resistors and capacitors are used to minimize the parasitic self inductance of the passive components.

the measured frequency response of the evaluation board did not agree with the simulated frequency response because of unintended vias connecting two critical power supply decoupling capacitors and a recessed ground plane.


However, during backtrace, if we are selecting the easiest way to justify x to 0, our algorithm would prefer to backtrace through B since it has a 0-controllability value of 2 which is less than the 0-controllability value of A (3).

in a the forward logic simulation performed by the ATPG, only the implications h = 0 and n = 0 would be known.


Furthermore, it has been shown that with 3D stacking [1, 24], STT-RAM can be integrated with conventional CMOS logic [4].

dally.ADelay Model and Speculative Architecture for PipelinedRouters.In 7th HPCA, 2001.


Among them, chip identi.cation using power-up values of SRAM cells, called SRAM .ngerprints, has been emphasized lately [6 10] in part because SRAM cells are virtually free in a lot of cases (e.g., caches in the modern microprocessors, emerging use of SRAM-based FPGAs, etc.).

accuracy is represented by system error rates.


Given any partition, there can be at most m times of involved discretization process since there are only m sets of Fsmall,j (note that at any partition differently colored capacitance can be actually from the same Fsmall,j in Figure 5).

[8] J. Wang, X. Chen, C. Liao and S. Hu, The Approximation Scheme For Peak Power Driven Voltage Partitioning , in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, 2011.


The STPN dynamic behaviour is represented by the RSG (Randomized State Graph) which has a qualitative component (transition Ti) and quantitative components (the .ring probability and the .ring date of the transition Ti).

consequently to the use of multiple channels, SPA improves the network throughput compared to the IEEE 802.11 DCF.


[25] H. Zhang, Y. Deng, J. Kye, and M. D. F. Wong.

in this study, we perform wire sizing on the set of selected nets.


The driver buffer of bj is the buffer inserted at node v8 in our example.

without knowing the Sink 1 Sink 2 B Sink 3 delay from sink1 to node A, we can t prune any solution at node B.


Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy s National  Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04 94AL85000.

none of these resource-conscious scheduling policies take into consideration of system reliability.


For path ordering during optimization, considering the slack in the prioritization function results in higher power than the case where only toggle rate is used.

after partitioning, CRISTA downsizes cells on the critical path and upsizes cells on the non-critical paths: critical paths are made slower while non-critical paths are made faster.


They compare the execution time of the two applications on a platform including a conventional DMA and a platform including the proposed DMA on its clusters, when increasing the size of the DMA data FIFOs that determines, in a conventional implementation, the number of outstanding transactions that can be performed by the DMA to hide the external memory latency.

in the following, all the results are obtained performing cycle accurate simulations on a RTL platform including one cluster of OpenRISC processors as described in Figure 1, connected to a L2 memory that store the program and the data buffers used for the experiments.


This device .lls the gap between inexpensive watt-meters and expensive networked enterprise energy monitors.

such systems are designed for commercial environments and are often ill-suited for homes.


The nanotube memory, NRAM, offers a much smaller area than an SRAM cell.

[4] A. DeHon, "Nanowire-based programmable architectures," ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, vol.


For the remaining input vectors of the circuit, g = h. Therefore, line g can be eliminated and replaced with line h. When line g is eliminated, all the logic that drives only line g can be eliminated as well.

using accurate fault simulation of zero resistance bridges the experiments conducted in [5] indicate that A dominate and B -dominate faults capture the dominance behavior exhibited by bridges.


Weighted Graph Construction Using Power And Routing Cost In power driven scan chain ordering [4], we can de.nitely get low transition scan chain order.

the nodes will be grouped when their associative edge cost are below a threshold value.


According to the second law of thermodynamics, the total entropy of the whole system cannot decrease, which means that the entropy in the rest of the system (out of the signal channel) must increase by dS.

the NBL can represent a multidimensional vector system utilizing the orthogonality of independent noises [1].


low power CMOS digital design for multimedia processors .


The related function was complex, with many low-controllability parameters.

functional coverage is implementation specific and coverage spaces need to be defined manually.


We call such a network an input interconnect block (IIB).

consider a programmable interconnect consisting of IIBs and external routing muxes.


The awareness of across chip line width variations can account for as much as 40% tightening of the bestcase to worst-case timing spread [9].

the aerial image at a .xed defocus value z can be computed by the method shown in [15].


A full SET pulse (SET-sweep pulse) is also used to program the cell into the SET state.

be con.gured to support SLC accesses on the .y by incurring only a little hardware overhead.


The principles, however, apply to other abstraction schemes as well.

the re.nement minimization procedure is greedy, i.e., it tries to reduce the re.nement set by removing each variable from the set, one at a time, and check to see if any of the ACEs re-appear.


Figure 11 shows the IPC impact of reducing write ports by 2 (a 25% reduction in the number of write ports).

it is evident that we have a plenty of under-utilized cycles over which we can distribute the reading of operands from the register file and thus reduce the number of ports.


In all the scenarios the RS-system reaches the maximum bandwidth using an amount of storage smaller than the corresponding FF-system, with an improvement that goes from 40% in case of small values of K down to 15% for K equal to ten.

hence, in the case of a persistent congestion the .its of a worm end up being stored in the router queues while the channel FF-repeaters are empty.


input Z-16 X +Z-16 Z-16 Complex To Real/Imagconj + ÷2 ÷2 Complex Slide Integrator || || Bit Selec -tion Find Phase NCO X Figure 11.

oFDM systems are extremely sensitive to timing and frequency synchronization [4].


The con.guration packets are processed as received and the con.guration sequence ends with a StartSpine command that changes the sensor node state to Data On.

network simulation is the most viable approach to make this timing analysis.


D. Summary Server applications require large memory capacities, resulting in high memory energy consumption.

server applications operate on vast datasets and a large number of accesses go to pages that were not previously visited.


To calculate one interpolation point, we need 8 data values for cubic and 16 data values for bi-cubic interpolation.

cKZ for bi-cubic interpolation is a relatively better solution than SKZ.


Inthe contextof chip multiprocessors,Hammoud et al.

reducing con.ict misses in uniprocessor caches has been a hot topic of research [16, 20, 31, 32, 35].


1 Introduction Symbolic model checking [3] has become one of the most successful and reliable methods for formal veri.cation as this veri.cation technique works completely automatic.

in Section 5, we consider as examples the generalized railroad crossing [12], and Fischer s mutual exclusion protocol [16].


Theoretically, the relationship between leakage power and temperature should be exponential.

after that, we analyze the power difference when PG is enabled (Section IV-D) and derive a new power model.


MLC PCM tends to have tighter ranges and thus requires more precise control.


The delay in the critical path due to addition of the monitor was 2ns.

[18] A. Bogliolo, L. Benini, and G. DeMicheli, Regression-based RTL Power Modeling ,ACM Trans.


By defining the protocol as tasks and/or functions in the interface, the target modules can communicate across the interface by simply calling these tasks in the interface.

with the reality of legacy VHDL code in use, the question of interoperability is critical.


Theyare in most cases not computer professionals.

the Intel architecture has virtualization support for an additional privilege level eVT-x) on all devices with the exception of some Atom versions.


Our proposed mechanism has been developed to take advantage of both the shadow memory and the partial-subblock TLB.

supporting this does not require much effort on the operating system.


The considerable time consumption of these methods multiplies when the design problem is extended to multiprocessor systems with complex cache hierarchies (see Fig.

a hierachy can contain n levels of caches and each level Li can contain mi caches.


A phase block may consist of a single cell.

a A  C ZC X Z (a) X A A Z X Z  X (b) Figure 2: (a) a crossover and the simulation result (b) a crossover with input C absent and the simulation result Consider a crossover shown in Figure 2 (a).


The Exception 2 output is propagated to the Exception 3 where the result of the adjustment of the exponent will be evaluated.

the limitations on data access and the little amount of specific resources for scientific processing in FPGAs still a problem to be addressed observing the characteristics inherent to each application and each platform.


Moreover, they neglect the dependence between temperature and the total power consumption.


The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows.

electronic circuits have shown unique properties as displayed by the famed Rent s rule [9, 17].


For each parameter the circuit designer specifies: (i) signal name; (ii) format e.g.

in: Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL 2002), 2002.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.4.3 [Input/Output and Data Communications]: Interconnections Topology;J.6 [Computer-Aided Engineering]: Computeraided design General Terms Networks, Algorithms, Performance  Keywords Networks on Chip, adaptive routing, deadlock-free routing, application speci.c 1.

this technique is more prone to deadlocks than other switching techniques.


In addition, the depth of TSV (~ 20 - 50 µm) implies performance impact when signals crossing TSV are on the chip critical paths.

taking advantage of the very small vertical interconnects and the intermediate metal layers available in the 3D 14nm FDSOI technology, fine grain partitioning is achieved.


Section 2 discusses prefetching algorithms, and in particular localization, and introduces the GHB data structure.

in the case of milc the coverages are similar so the better performance of PC/DC/MG is mainly due to its better accuracy.


Linearly Compressed Pages: A Main Memory Compression Framework with Low Complexity and Low Latency.

the size of the compressed data region is nC* .


The second method is where the primary disk is made always active and the backup disk is kept is sleep mode.

in the first method, both the disks are always made active.


Many proposals have emerged, which have had only very restricted success beyond the laboratories.

minimum direct interaction with the network is desired to hide its heterogeneity.


More precisely, during the write operation, power is dissipated by fully discharging either the bit-line or the bit-line-bar.

found that circuits above the NMOS sleep transistor and circuits below the PMOS sleep transistor in MTCMOS eventually flip their voltage levels in either active-tosleep or sleep-to-active mode transition.


PathFinder does not update the present sharing of any node until we have found a complete route from a source to sink.

we repeated the testing methodology used on the original RaPiD architecture on architectures with double and quadruple the number of pipelined switch opportunities.


The combination has been successful for implementing memory hierarchies to support traditional workload of computer systems including virtual memory and .le servers.

sSD bandwidth used by existing streams B .


Supporting demanding wireless applications with frequency-agile radios.

rather than making the radio pipeline multimode, we aim to treat it as a skeleton or barebone which supports a family of transmission protocols in a cognitive environment.


Moreover, there are techniques such as Frequent Value Cache [35] to take advantage of frequent value locality [34].

as a result, load-value prediction techniques may not be able to reduce the power/energy losses in the memory system.


This step is potentially exponential, though in many practical cases the number of cycles is not large.

to copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


When searching for data, the block indicated by the MRU bit is probed.

as the location cache is triggered much often than the L2 cache, its power consumption cannot be ignored.


For other benchmarks the larger DMC s provide lower miss Thus, a signi.cant number of locations containing frequent rates.


S, k1 <k2 (4) Besides, a stage will not enter into the subsequent stage until all included operations have been .nished.

we refer to this droplet transportation as connection between these devices.


An adaptive insertion managed cache of 4MB increases throughput by 18% and an adaptive insertion managed cache of 8MB increases throughput by 33%.

for cache fitting applications, LRU works well if the application can have the required cache capacity.


We are currently working on applying this method to timing analysis of sequential circuits.

significant savings are still possible if the solutions to each of the m extensions can be found by augmenting the partial solution obtained for the prefix with assignments to previously unassigned variables.


Moderator Professor Bashir Al-Hashimi University of Southampton, UK bmah@ecs.soton.ac.uk Abstract The verification of modern hardware designs requires an enormous amount of simulation resources.

i will focus on a market analysis of hardware-assisted verification, highlighting the reasons for the recent success of this unique verification technology.


Since these algorithms differ from one feature to the next, and therefore different kinds of similarities occurs, changing the feature under observation, the application aware approach must de.ne some managing rules for each different feature.

the ratio of undetected error is less than expected, (should be 25%, since M = 4), since the aliasing does not occur when the fault inside the TCAM produces a pseudo-HIT.


Datapath-oriented FPGA research has investigated logic con.guration bit-sharing [4], as well as interconnect con.guration-bit sharing and bus-based multiplexers [34].

for both the M-CAD and M-HOT .ows, the compile-time  Frequency (MHz) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 HOT Wf=0 HOT Wf=1 HOT Wf=4 Wf=0 Parser Max Wf=1 Parser Max Wf=4 Parser Theoretical Max Frequency CAD Wf=0 CAD Wf=1 CAD Wf=4  10 100 1000 CLBs Figure 7: Frequency versus area tradeoff for the ethernet benchmark.


s(vi)is a partial solution at node vj ,say s(vj ).

a good solution for one scenario may be a poor one for another scenario.


The theory devised onwards assumes the scheduling using .oating non-preemptive regions and proposes a new approach to safely but more tightly bound the preemption delay suffered by a task when compared to the state-of-the-art.


Also, when a use-case is in its steady-state (for example, a minute into running a video), the IPs are in the active state and quickly consume data.

we capture this for data frames of different classes of applications (audio/video/graphics) and propose techniques to reduce the data movement by short circuiting the producer writes to the consumer reads.


The goal for traditional execution is for this speedup to be as close to 1× as possible.

for example, the performance of executing an xloop.or is limited by the inter-iteration critical path for each CIR.


This is one of the most important aspects of EMMON, since it shows that our hierarchical architecture can scale easily to thousands of nodes by dividing the network into patches.

the idea behind this simulation model was triggered by the need to build a very reliable model of the IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).


the signals are connected by standard circuit elements.

this number can be used without additional justi.cation.


In the aforementioned researches, authors attempted to reduce TSV s by changing the structure of 3D-switch box.

traditionally, the structure of 3D-FPGAs inherits 2D-FPGAs architecture by stacking more than one 2D-FPGA layer (aka Tiers) on top of each other.


However, a careful control of voltage scaling is required not to increase the dissipation of dynamic power signi.cantly.

(1) Requiring body biasing and voltage scaling for year-by-year basis: Fig.


the running time of our method keeps stable when the difference in routing resource between layers increases, but that of CC method signi.cantly increases.


The over.ow will be resolved by iterative rip-up and reroute.

it is essential to develop 3D-speci.c design tools that take a thermal co-design approach so as to address the thermal effects and generate reliable and high performance designs.


When floating, the gate operates as a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and the current output is determined by the previous value.

the method is sufficiently flexible that it can easily be extended and generalized to other MVLs.


A common implementation optimization is to have sharers directly send invalidation acknowledgements to the originating requestor rather than back to the directory, advocating the need for client-to-client communication via forwarding.

despite differing goals, both Fractal Coherence and HCC are compatible with MCP through the addition of permission query support.


Graph indicating the average deviation from the miss rate goal for the SPEC workload.

ulmo searches only those tiles whose molecules have contributed to the application s cache region.


$10.00 Wei-Ngan Chin Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore chinwn@comp.nus.edu.sg aliasing, where it is challenging [8] to maintain invariants of aliased objects otherwise.

after a call to the ll build method, any caller will only be allowed to read the list, and cannot update it in any way.


After the read FET is completely switched-OFF, the restore signal is deasserted ensuring that FET switching transients do not affect the state node.

assuming that the majority of the potential drop occurs between the two GNRs, the potential difference between the two nanoribbons is then the applied bias.


INTRODUCTION To cope with power/performance trade-off , the accepted solution to integrate multiple cores in a single chip poses new communication challenges, and Network-on-Chip (NoC) [1] emerges as a viable and effective design paradigm to manage performance and reliability requirements.

chan, J. Sartori, P. Gupta, and R. Kumar, On the ef.cacy of nbti mitigation techniques, in Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE), 2011, march 2011, pp.


The detail of problem formulations and algorithms are described in the following sections.

perhaps the most well-known buffer insertion algorithm is Van Ginneken s classic dynamic programming algorithm [3], which has led to several extensions [4, 5].


The fact is that in the largest solution the state (b1,a2) can be reached from the initial state via either the string v1u1 or the string v1u2v1u1, that behave di.erently with respect to progressive composition, as explained in Sec.


The backpointer does add some extra space.

to minimize number of cache line evictions, we use a smarter replacement policy to evict the page with least allocated data (LAD+LRU), and we use micropages to reduce cache line evictions caused by sparse data access patterns.


The acknowledgement is a single bit for indication of success or failure of packet transmission.

oFDMA has been shown to be vulnerable to numerous attacks that seek to attack the equalization through specifically jamming the pilot tones [7].


Loop unrolling, replication and vectorization are 3 parameters that help reach the best compromise between resource utilization, latency and throughput.

the PCIe connection has a maximum bandwidth of 500 MB/s per lane, meaning the DE4 board s maximum bandwidth is 2 GB/s.


But a .ner modulation means shorter delay periods.

we propose a new power-gating architecture that reduces the turnon current through sequential activation of an optimallysized set of sleep transistors.


Thus, the Effective Number Of Bits (ENOB) of the A-ADC is independent of the hardware resolution M. This signal theory is completely dual with the Nyquist one where the time instants are precise, and the amplitude of samples is quantized.

moreover, the Figure of Merit (FoM=2.1019) is twice higher than the one of recent classical synchronous Nyquist ADCs.


If the average inter-repeater distance along a net is below a minimum value, repeaters are deleted from the net.

similarly, we determine the repeater needs for the longer nets (with unrepeated length greater M 3 M 6 than 4 l ) using l .


STG Optimisation in the Direct Mapping of Asynchronous Circuits D. Sokolov, A. Bystrov, A. Yakovlev  School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Abstract Direct mapping from Petri nets (PN) and Signal Transition Graphs (STG) avoids algorithmic complexity inherent in logic synthesis methods based on optimal state encoding.

in some cases (e.g count) petrify failed to resolve a CSC con.ict (even if it was reducible) and our algorithm has completed the job.


The .nal bar is the performance of a uni.ed machine: a single PE processor with twice the resources.

however, with our proactive data partitioning, all three of these benchmarks show some speedup over the baseline case.


Second, the computation intensive portions of applications from the same domain (e.g., encryption) are often similar in structure.

this does not mean that growing toward node 6 is bad decision from an area standpoint, however.


As a result, the total power and area consumed by the new buffer network are still smaller similar to [8].

for the new proposed buffer the delay increases more smoothly and when the load capacitance is 200 fF, the average delay is only 80.86 ns.


DESIGN PRINCIPLES Avoid Cascading Errors Speech recognition is imperfect and recognition errors are ultimately unavoidable.

by creating a good touch-screen design, we are also creating an interface suitable for stylus use.


we propagate pins from other gates in external regions to the boundary of the region being optimized, using the method from [6].

the next problem is the geometry of how one unit cell is warped.


Previous work has demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the number of necessary GCs to eight or less [1][7] focusing solely on using GCs for control-flow mispeculation recovery.

restoring from a GC may require multiple steps since the appropriate value must be shifted into the RAT bit.


The majority of FPGA implementations are static and require the system to be completely erased before modifications can be loaded.

[13] Mosley, R. Reconnetics: A System for the Dynamic Implementation of Mobile Hardware Processes in FPGAs.


Inputs Clock (a)  Inputs Emulation Clock Memory elements Main  Clock (b)  Figure 4: (a) A sequential circuit, (b) The sequential circuit emulated at the switch-level To ensure proper operation, the time between two main clock transitions must be longer than the time it takes the combinational circuit (which is emulated at the switch-level) to reach a stable state.

in order to attain a better utilization of the FPGA resources a mixedmode emulation approach has been used.


Hence, we believe that the proposed self-calibrating SRAM can reduce standby power without significant yield degradation.

in our simulation to determine the adaptive source biasing voltage for a 2KB memory array, we pick a chip from an inter-die corner and find the total number of failing cells (NF) at a source bias N = NP F cells hfcell (5)  1.2 1  1 I n put : # of redu n d an t col .


In this line, all the temperatures considered in the MISO ARX models are actually temperature gap w.r.t the ambient.

(5) From (1) and (4) it follows that ¯ T (t)= .¯T(t).


This further increases the pipeline critical path.

since SPM is designed for fast local access, the hybrid cache is typically at the primary (L1) cache level, which generally requires a parallel access to tag/data array.


Although data can be modi.ed, it is not feasible to do it in a predicable manner without the knowledge of the encryption key.

in Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pages 165 180, San Diego, CA, October 2000.


The iterations terminate when no additional energy bene.ts result while operating within the target error rate.

since X has a small number of paths, very few timing errors are introduced when the paths in X are relaxed.


The y-axis represents the useful instructions issued and the x-axis represents core cycles.

compile-time techniques have limitations because they fail to capture the dynamic behavior of the applications, they require time and memory-consuming static analysis, and their results are usually input-dependent.


Fast pll simulation using nonlinear vco macromodels for accurate prediction of jitter and cycleslipping due to loop non-idealities and supply noise.

the PPV macromodel, as developed so far, only predicts oscillator behavior under electrical perturbations (such as power supply interference and thermal noise); it is not variability aware, i.e., it does not take into account, e.g., random and systematic process variations.


Smart Dust: Communicating with a Cubic-Millimeter Computer, pg.

the run time of partitioning by exhaustive search naturally increased exponentially.


on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 22(11):1588-1593, Nov. 2003.

the rest of this paper is organized as follows.


The major differences between DRAM and MRAM LPDDR3 devices are: Small page size: MRAM page (row buffer) size is 16 folds smaller than DRAM.

it is necessary to explore alternative memory technologies.


This is because sub-threshold leakage is lower for stacked devices and hence BTBT dominates at a lower RBB value.

while the sub-threshold leakage decreases with increased RBB (due to the increase in VT of the device), bulk BTBT current increases with RBB.


Moreover, recent measurements have shown the importance of Multiple bit/multiple Cell Upsets (MCU) which results in an increased MCU occurrence to the total number of upsets [14].

there is a need for cross-layer resiliency to protect only what actually matters.


3In our experiments, Feng Shui 1.2 misinterpreted row infor mation in PEKO01 benchmarks.


It is because in these two types, we can expand one extra column in existing shift register array and apply two-column-shift operation directly (3rd to 18th column are shifted left side to 1st to 16th column).

the subsampling pattern is decided before SAD Tree starts to work.


This con.rms our discussion from Section 3.2.

it can not determine the concrete error positions, since a correction can be inserted at any of the gates g3, g4, and g5, respectively.


To aid with this process, researchers have developed a number of anonymization techniques to scrub data for release [10, 18, 5, 14, 13].

the authors de-anonymization scheme clearly has signi.cant merit, since in addition they employed the same anonymization techniques as used on the LBNL traces on their own packet traces (in line with the approach for which we advocate above), for which their de-anonymization techniques worked well.


In Table 3, we compare our results with four recent TAM optimization approaches [4, 7, 8, 9].

we are able to .nd the optimal solution in only three iterations using the iterative descent procedure, as compared to 100 iterations using the brute-force search.


As the soft error injection rate increases, a conventional implementation of the image segmentation algorithm rapidly degrades until the output image is no longer recognizable.

(6) t=0 i=0 j=0 Based on equation (4), (5), and (6), we obtain i j t· t x y Pt = Pi×N+j = , (7) Mr-1 Nr-1 tu · tv x y u=0 v=0 where tx and ty are, PX PK tx = · , 1 - PX 1 - PK PX 1 - PK ty = · .


To accessdatafrom arow Aofasubarray, theDRAMcontroller first issuesanACTIVATE commandwiththerow address.


As de.ned earlier, xm and v are: xm =[(xu|s0)D0 T + s0 × [1]n0 ×1]/m (19) (xu|s0 - xm)D(xu|s0 - xm)T+(s0 - xm)(s0 - xm)T v = (20) m - 1 Those two variables xm and v illustrate the underlying characteristics of the conditional chip oxide thickness distribution given measurements s0 at n0 sites.

we can perform a re.nement step iteratively to reduce the deviation to a negligible level, i.e.,tomake uchip xN+n0 by repeatedly replacing uchip in (13) with xN+n0 and then computing xN+n0 with (16).


International Conference on Military and Aerospace Programmable Logic Devices, sep 2000.

[16] J. Wang, B. Cronquist, and J. McGowan, Rad-hard/hi-rel fpga, in Proc.


with aggressive scaling of new memory devices, the wire width and spacing of bitline pair become the bottleneck to further shrinking memory area, diminishing the bene.t of device scaling.


each node can continuously monitor thebuffer evolution ofitsprevioushop byusing a simple sniffer routine such as tcpdump;(iii)we coded three newfunctionstothewlancon.g commandin orderto access theinstantaneousbufferqueue occupancy andto access and modifythe maximalMACqueuelength(usuallylockedto50 packets).


Albeit rigorously formulated, the methodology was rather limited in performing aggressive optimizations because of the halo inherently inserted by the heuristic .exibility functions.

this is an amenable feature to enable e.ective hierarchical design with minimum risk of incurring in iterations and redesign.


part of an active tree), or touched (part of an active tree which is in the process of being torn down).

directory-based protocols face well-known problems in delay and scalability.


the proposed methodology allows evaluating the effectiveness of software-based test programs in exciting and propagating path-delay faults effects without using any scan structure.


INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, we have witnessed the rapid pro liferation of the wireless technologies that are widely used in various areas including consumer electronics, education, energy, health care, and public safety.

if the received energy has an energy level higher than the energy threshold as well as the bandwidth of the received signal is higher than bandwidth threshold, the received signal can be considered as a desired signal.


We know from Section 4 that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd power switch, which are , can only be implemented using PMOS switch.

we formally The proposed joint optimization algorithm consists of an outer describe the design optimization problem for UDVS as follows: loop and a kernel algorithm.


ANALYSIS OF SIMULATIONS To analyze performance of the IEEE 802.11 Ad-hoc Network, 4 different simulation are conducted.

in WLANs, the design of MAC protocol is further complicated by the presence of hidden terminal and capture effects.


Last, the wire load between two pins p1 and p2, WL(p1,p2), could be estimated by, WL(p1,p2)= MDh(p1,p2) · Uh(p1,p2)+ MDv(p1,p2) · Uv(p1,p2) (3) where MDh(p1,p2)(MDv(p1,p2)) represents the Manhattan distance in horizontal (vertical) direction.

when the ECO size is large, those spare cells may not always be found in the ideal area and tools need to search for the nearby gates to substitute.


High-Speed Digital Design A Handbook of Black Magic.

a complexity-reduced RLC circuit model is described in Section 3.


VEtime depends on the voltage across the PCM cell (Vin,out).

after the above calculations, R0 is multiplied to obtain Rreset as drift value at node t8 (Figure 12).


[20] A. Pappachen et al., Resistive Threshold Logic, IEEE Trans.

not only the nanotechnology devices, the design automation research has also triggered a vigorous growth on threshold logic circuits.


Otherwise we determine the uncovered input space.

we often .nd that the RTL properties succeed in covering the original speci.cation Aunder some input constraints and fail for the rest.


The ANSI-C code implements the ISA only and is not a cycle-accurate simulation.

the assignment is returned as an equality constraint, after renaming of variables.


We performed the same experiments using a combination of STDMFCC and LLF together, resulting in approximately recall of 85.3%, which is lower than with STDMFCC alone.


in [25], spatial correlations are extracted based on direct measurement at sampling sites across a chip, which is unlikely to be available in a production chip for process variations, while IR drop and on-chip temperature variation spatial correlations can be extracted in generalized least square .tting [14].


Given that the completion of an OCPce port request requires all OCPi ports to acknowledge (step 5), no upcoming con.icting OCPce port request will be completed, because the blocked OCPi port will not acknowledge its corresponding system intervention.

a typical optimization that a system architect applies to non-broadcasting coherence schemes is 3-way communication (or 3-party transaction).


Note that, in Theorem 1, a(t) covers any deterministic arrival curve, linear and nonlinear.

tH To estimate Hurst parameter H, there are a number of methods: analysis of R/S (Range/Scale, rescaled adjusted range) statistic, analysisofthevariance-timeplot,theWhittle estimation and analysisbased on waveletfunction[13].


Keywords chemical ICs, lab-on-chip Electronic information technology and the underlying semiconductor industry dominate our professional and private activities.

the platform is interesting for both, the beyond CMOS and the more than Moore approaches.


The correct Verilog code would look like: o1 = (({1 b0,b4}+{1 b0,c4}) > 5 hF); This problem also occurs with right shifts (>>) and other types of comparisons (e.g., , ==, !=).

its size equals the sum of the widths of all the .elds in the structure.


A hard limit to voltage scaling for SRAM is the data retention voltage (DRV) [6].

leaving the transistor bodies floating in FDSOI helps avoid the bank leakage imbalance problem reported in [5] caused by the Reverse-Body-Bias effect in sleep mode.


The phase noise at 3 MHz offset is below 120 dBc/Hz.

modern BiCMOS technologies provide thick top-metal layers, reducing the sheet resistance of the metal.


High-speed phase-locked loops are becoming more popular, requiring designers to use RFstyled analysis such as Harmonic Balance to simulate phase noise and jitter effects.

to further improve yield, designers will be analyzing not only process variation effects but also layout variation effects, such as interconnect and special variation effects.


If perfect texture overlapping between both GPU clusters is achieved then the amount of memory bandwidth required for fetching textures is reduced by 50%.

ideally, if the 4 frames processed in parallel perform all the same texture accesses within a short time span, up to 75% memory bandwidth savings for texture fetching can be achieved.


They are bit masks associated with a cache line where each bit records the access history from a particular L1 cache before the line s eviction.

gPU caches are not designed with enough awareness of massive multithreading, leading to poor ef.ciency.


Various layout [1,2], repeater sizing [3,4] and encoding [5,6] solutions have been proposed for reducing power consumption in on-chip buses.

incorporating such dependencies would involve complex models.


Hence, whenever a propagation invalidates an incoming disjunct, the number of disjuncts that results after the propagation is considered zero.

[11] D. Hovemeyer, J. Spacco, and W. Pugh.


Slopes illustrate the marginal rate of substitution.

the mechanism is computationally trivial.


K represents a physical connection between gate u and gate v.Each node p .

the proofs of the .rst two lemmas are omitted due to the limitation in space.


The covert channel could therefore not be identi.ed simply by determining the presence of Analytic cookies.

using the standalone mode provides a much smaller risk of being discovered.


[4] Y. R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York,(1984) Chap.10.

the energy flux density in optic fiber can reach high power density and nonlinear threshold value, even with lower input optic power [2].


Smaller page sizes manifest this fact due to frequent transfers.

the Cell BE consists of a 64-bit multithreaded PowerPC processor element (PPE) and eight synergistic processor elements (SPEs) connected by a high bandwidth bus in a single chip.


2T1R cell shows improvement in RDM over 1T1R cell at iso-WM; however, this comes at the cost of degradation in CTMR.


Form factor    Thinning and Joined Points Polygon Extracted Endpoints Fig 2. various stages for extracting polygon  2.3 Signature Classification Euclidean distance is the most common measure of dissimilarity and is used by our system.

iNTRODUCTION Off-line signature verification can be used in many applications such as cheques, certificates, contracts and historical documents.


ALL SPECint GraphicsPointer bzip2 gzip mcfparserperl twolf ammpartequake facerec fma3d lucas mesamgridsixtrackswim 1.21 1.26  missed/non-forwardings, causing loads to stall until all prior stores have committed.

conventional implementations of out-of-order instruction windows are limited with respect to how large they can be scaled before negatively impacting the overall processor clock speed and power consumption.


al., "Leakage tolerant mechanisms and leakage reduction techniques in deep-submicron CMOS circuits," Proceeding of the IEEE, vol.

the DC voltage of N_FOOT acts as a source biasing for the evaluation network without affecting the functionality of the circuit.


Barring unforeseen rapid adoption of restricted layout practices, DPL is likely to play a more important role than previously anticipated, since lithography alternatives such as hyper-NA immersion lithography and EUV are continually delayed.

a well-known example: the appropriate juncture for correction of poly-layer litho hotspots is after detailed placement, but before routing.


The dependency extraction methodology has been proposed, with an interval size I introduced.

finally, we would compare the size of attackboard with trace.


memristance at the ith input for the jth Boolean function 8: Memmax .

the delay of the threshold gate is almost 12 times the delay of the 4-input LUT.


To summarize, we develop a GPU simulator that depends on hybrid parallelism at different stages.

if a warp needs to wait for memory response, it will be suspended and a ready warp will start or resume execution.


The results that we provide prove the applicability of the suggested approach.

these techniques also suffer from run-time adaptation overhead.


The savings in energy per instruction (total energy dissipated) ranges from very low values to 8%.

since we were testing con.gurations with RUU sizes of 16, 32, 48 and 64 and with fetch rates of 4, 6 and 8, we had a total of 4 .3=12 con.gurations, requiring an FSM of only 12 states.


During BM addition, a similar concept to carry-save addition is applied: instead of propagating the carry from the LSB part to the MSB part as in regular ACSU, the carry is saved to the second clock cycle.

a .exibility in recursive architecture is that you can retime the feedback register to a place where it is easy to estimate the output and correct the timing errors as shown in Figure 7(b) where it maybe easier to correct errors at the output of block C than at the output of Block A.


The power consumption is averagely saved 14% when using longer sampling periods for lower priority traffic categories (TCs).

cWmin is power of the persistent factor (PF) and CWmin = PFu.


Each routing track in a routing channel is composed of a series of wire segments; and each segment extends across L logic blocks.

cONCLUSIONS This paper has explored the relationship between the bus-based connections and the area efficiency of multi-bit FPGAs.


For an isolated miss such as A, the processor has to wait until the memory returns its data.

cdemand miss is used to count the number of in.ight demand misses.


Section A shows comparison of generating bit level assertions with SAT-BAG and Goldmine [25], one of state-ofthe-art dynamic works.

word level assertions can have high input space coverage and high readability.


This approach has been adopted in work to dynamically individualize the mappings between human language descriptors and parameters for equalization and reverberation [2].

to evaluate the effectiveness of transfer learning in a controlled environment we required participants use the same set of terms, so that we could build a sufficiently large pool of same-word user-concepts.


To reduce the amount of tunnel rate calculations per loop, we devised a method to only update the tunnel rates and node potentials which have changed signi.cantly after an electron jump or a signi.cant change in the input voltage.

the analytical SPICE model used in the experiments was an extended version of the model designed by Inokawa et al.


Then all edges in the GH-tree with weights less than four are removed (line 2).


RA N D I M A FER NA NDO , M. J. K. 2003.

we use the second approach, i.e., to render mass spring object directly by fetching texture data in shader program.


The expression above for the total delay can be minimized and the minimum delay per unit length can be shown to be 2.13 rcFO1 ps/mm [6][11].

2.2 Clock Cycle Analysis A resource in a NoC can run at different speed.


Oursolution isbasedonadapting structuressuch as the victimcache,cache evictionbu.ersor missstatehandle registers to serve as replacement for faulty cache storage.

low vccmin fault-tolerant cache with highly predictable performance.


A gracefully degrading and energy-e.cient modular router architecture for on-chip networks.

william J. Dally Computer Systems Laboratory Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 dally@cva.stanford.edu  routers, without the latency and cost overhead of setting up and tearing down circuits.


0.3 Data units transmitted per unit time d  3.

differently from [5], our model takes into account the lack of CSI whenever a transmission is deferred by the controller.


The FPGA hardware and software setup is provided by the Canadian Microelectronics Corporation (CMC).

custom Computing Machines: An Introduction.


The results show the great e.ectiveness of our codesign .ow.

to minimize the net congestion in boards, we must .rst identify the essential ingredients of the design .ow that has high in.uence over the net congestion on a PCB.


The f ash software modules discussed above are usually implemented within solid statedisks (SSDs) in the form of f rmware or embedded systemsoftware.

pCI-E RC supports one or more PCIports, each of which is connected to a PCI-E switch deviceor underlying endpoint devices.


BACKGROUND In this section, we use a single variable and a single output to explain the trimmed-sample concepts.

only partial samples in Region II require simulations in this work.


The most salient di.erence between these devices and traditional CPU architectures is parallelism.

when nontrivial device kernels are used, OpenCL begins to trail CUDA performance significantly (especially in FFT).


6) to 505ps (INT RAMAX ) due to intra-die variation.

through the aforementioned results, we have shown that our proposed VR-ABB system can avoid parametric timing failures.


Simulation results with discrete-level DVFS are shown in Table 1.

an approach to cooling fan management that simply avoids thermal emergencies may result in excessive leakage power consumption in the microprocessor.


As a rule of thumb, it is best to pick the backward formulation if there are fewer primary outputs than inputs.

our wire delay estimation is conservative.


Since the selection logic operates at the clock frequency of clk2 which is n times slower than the sampling frequency of clk1, only every nth bit an adjustment of one PBS can be accomplished.

each of these groups is called a data bit stream (DBS).


the sum of the worst-case execution times of all events in all event streams happening during a time of length .t, having their deadline within that time, gives us an upper bound of the execution demand for any interval of length .t.


Exceeding the data.ow limit via value prediction.

while the above discussion mainly centers around the data TLB (DTLB), the instruction TLB (ITLB) has similar constraints except that the program counter is the effective address rather than the base-displacement computation required for data access.


High resolution data are needed when the crack is in motion.

distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks.


The module has already been able to refer to many variables in order to manage the CPU state.


All possible combinations of bit flips for the tested input signal were injected in the registers.

there is a strong drive to utilize standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and military devices in spaceflight systems to minimize cost and development time as compared to radiation-hardened devices, which brings the necessity of using fault-tolerant techniques in standard circuit to ensure reliability.


N-detect test compaction Recently, a physically-aware N-detectATPG algorithm has been developed [10].

the 19th International Conference on VLSI Design, pp.


The most accurate method is simulating a system s performance on a cycle-accurate simulator.

these systems bene.t from the lower redesign costs of recon.gurable technology, but they do not utilize the technology to obtain feedback as to the actual performance of their design.


The degradation is small in the mesh network, as the increase in the serialization latency continues to be dwarfed by the header delay.

a 1MB slice of the LLC has an area of 3.2mm2 and dissipates on the order of 500mW of power, mostly due to leakage.


A PASS signal from the property checker provides strong evidence that the acquired microprocessor is trusted because it is consistent with the de.ned security properties.

fixpoint update (u:updateblock)(t:nat) {struct u} := (* Non-blocking assignment *) match u with | (upd_expr bus exp) => (bus (S t)) = (eval exp t) | (updcons block1 block2) => (update block1 t) / (update block2 t) | upd_useless => True end.


a performance bottleneck is observed for a subset of video processing memory access patterns for which sub-optimal cache behaviour occurs [1].


Special care and several design iterations were needed to turn Hack into a highly modular and succinct architecture.

we describe four guiding design principles, and illustrate how they can be used to contain development complexity: modularity, abstraction, staging, and focus.


To demonstrate this, a TD component is manually added to the proposed random input models based on RD.

a complete set of aging models based on RD and TD is pre-sented which can predict circuit lifetime for any input patterns.


The simple circuit relies on a Self-Cascode MOSFET (SCM) structure implemented using 2 NMOS transistors with different threshold voltages, devices that nowadays are usually available in many standard CMOS processes.

the 2-T SCM voltage reference remains stable over the temperature range.


A novel GPU memory manager is developed to dynamically recycle memory pages.

it still requires extensive optimizations to guarantee a desirable simulation performance.


In most proposed implementations, configurable units are designed to have a number of fixed configurations, e.g.

there are three aspects of working sets that are of interest.