While performing stochastic simulation, each swap is determined according to the pdf of such VD.

pdfk(VK D) effects the possibility to simulate such variable values.


In order to prove the effectiveness of our design choices, we show some results obtained by following different approaches.

we implemented an architecture based on a preliminary form of Algorithm 2, which did not permit pipelining controller and data path operations.


However, this does not mean that our power reduction approach heavily relies on the timing-driven synthesis and placement.

our leakage power reduction approach can also be used to any of existing arithmetic circuits consisting of FA/HA cells.


Since no part of an application resides outside the card, for an attacker a smart card is like a black box in which nobody knows what is happening.

one is unable to observe the properties of an application from outside the card, offering tamper resistance.


We discuss, in Section III, how to incorporate the above stochastic trap models in circuit simulation, i.e., describe techniques for the joint analysis and simulation of an electronic circuit and a number of traps.

we describe (i) a stochastic, hybrid, Monte Carlo type simulation algorithm, in Section III-B, for the joint simulation of a circuit described by a set of nonlinear differential equations and a number of traps represented by the .ne-grained Markov chain model, (ii) a stochastic, Monte Carlo type simulation algorithm, in Section III-C, for the joint simulation of a circuit described by a set of nonlinear differential equations and a number of traps represented by the coarse-grained Langevin model.


Hybrid routing: When the current node is other than the top or bottom layer, then depending on the location of the destination node relative to the current node, the routing is performed.

if the destination node is above the current node then the static XYZ/YXZ routing is performed.


But the same methods for the level of synthesis process are not developed at all.

as soon as we want to apply synthesis tools to construct a new circuit, these tools have to predict how different components of the circuit can be reused in the scope of the same project (or possibly future products).


On average 3D-SWIFT achieves 17.8% and 38.4% performance improvement over 2D and 3D-WIDE, respectively.

cactusADM has 2.18X improvement with 3D-SWIFT.


When the operating system allocates physical pages, it does it in such a way that co-resident threads map their heaviest quadrant to a different quadrant in the physically-addressed cache.

thread 0 might be constrained such that virtual pages are mapped to physical pages with the same address modulo the cache size.


We distinguish various DFAR classes conditioned on the topology of the recognition system and the type of data leveraged.

active DFAR systems incorporate a transmitter as part of the recognition system while passive DFAR systems exploit ambient signals.


Since ..(0)= 0 in this special case, it follows from (4)that: ..(...)= A-1..(...)(8) and .... can be expressed as: .... =emax A-1..(...)(9) ...(...).F where emax is an operator that denotes element-wise maximization of its vector argument, under the given constraints.

.... is the result of the for-loop: for(.. =1,...,..){maximize the ....h element of the vector A-1..(...),over all ..(...) .F}.


It is noteworthy that many analog and mixed-signal circuits are designed to be linear in operation.

these circuits strive to behave as linear systems and minimize their nonlinearities.


As we experimented with our CC design, we observed some interesting results.

in an experiment with 4 cores running 4 copies of SPEC2000 benchmark art, the performance of CC was better than both the private and shared cache baselines.


As a result, the OR-tree s input of the critical group G1 was reduced to 4.

the latency of the OR-tree on 0.7V is 400ps in the conventional method compared to 65ps in our proposed technique.


It is worth noticing, that in these cases the availability and accurateness of GPS signals is not always assured due to the urban canyon effect [10], thus it might be adopted a range-free location scheme.

this paper focuses on APIT algorithm and proposes an improved version, called API2T, allowing better performance and comparable complexity in severe propagation conditions.


If a traversal of a contour is started wth the RU direction and at the point with the smallest y coordinate (if there are multiple points point with the smallest y coordinate, choose the one with the smallest x coordinate), the direction pairs enclosed between parentheses in Table 1 would NOT appear.

in Table 1, the ways of switching for the direction pairs without and with parentheses are independent.


Semantic clobber antidependences are determined using LLVM s built-in alias analysis infrastructure.

mayalias and must-alias clobber antidependences on heap and global memory form the semantic clobber antidependences in the program that divide idempotent regions.


Observation 1: Out of all the simulations we ran, NoCAlert registered zero false negatives.

all faults that violated network correctness were successfully captured by NoCAlert.


The numerical intuition of ßi is that, besides the actual observations (xi), we add the hallucinated counts (ai) to adjust P (.|d).

intuitively the 4These hallucinated counts ai can be any positive integer or 0.


First, we use an idealized study to show that clustered microarchitectures are capable of achieving performance that is almost identical to monolithic machines.

partitioning the window and execution resources does not, of itself, impose any signi.cant performance penalty.


The .exibility of a super-gate G is de.ned as the sum of the bene.ts of all the super-gates within the subtree rooted at the super-gate G. The .exibility of a super-gate indicates how much its ATEP can be affected by other super-gates.

the larger a super-gate s .exibility is, the more probable it is that the super-gate s ATEP will be affected by other super-gates.


Towards this end, this paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of two communication architectures targeting multimedia applications.

we compare and contrast the Network-on-Chip (NoC) and Point-to-Point (P2P) communication architectures in terms of power, performance, and area.


Representing XOR expressions: The Shadow Logic Function for XORN can be conceptually understood because a change to any input will invert the output.

the output of XORN is un-tainted only when all inputs are un-tainted.


Based on these factors, we calculate the probability confidence of whether a frame represents the boundary of a musical phrase.

if the frame is not an energy valley, it is not possible to be a phrase boundary, and its boundary confidence is zero; otherwise, its confidence is calculated based on the energy decrease and duration of its note.


Toward addressing these issues, in this work we propose innovative policy enforcement techniques for adaptive sharing of users outsourced data.

we introduce the notion of self-controlling objects (SCOs), that encapsulate sensitive resources and assure their protection through the provision of adaptive security policies.


Our schemes so far, however, do not by themselves actually prevent such incorrect behavior.

because we assume that the servers and the network are completely untrusted, it is always possible for these to simply fail or refuse to work correctly.


normalized repeater size (w /w ) opt 2 b 1.5 1 0.5 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 B  D  E F p erformance r atio A C power ratio  area ratio 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 normalized segment length (l/l) crit Figure 6: Minimization of total buffer area and power for a 15% of performance degradation for uniform buffer insertion 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.5 normalized repeater size (w/w ) bopt 2 1.5 1 0.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 number of buffers Figure 8: Normalized relation between performance, buffer area and power as function of the number of buffers 0 normalized segment length (l/l) crit Figure 7: Area and Power vs Performance degradation The closed contour shows all normalized segment length and buffer size combinations resulting in the same performance, in Figure 8 further displays the effectiveness of our trade-off model.

figure 8 shows along the horizontal axis the number of buffers and along the vertical axis the normalized performance (w.r.t.


To guarantee convergence, we assume that the two suboptimizations are ideal.

we require: 1) that the Vdd optimizer returns the energy optimal supply voltage, Vmin, for a fixed set of gate sizes, W and 2) that the gate size optimizer returns the energy optimal set of gate sizes, Wmin, for a fixed supply voltage, Vdd.


With temperature control as a key limitation to processor performance, many recent works in computer architecture focus on issues of thermal control [9, 10, 15, 18, 22, 23, 29, 33].

some of the more closely related works explore temperature-aware design issues in multithreaded architectures similar to ours.


As depicted in these figures, in general, 2D-HERT is the most efficient optical architecture under various traffic patterns, while ETorus leads to the worst power and delay metrics compared to the optical architectures.

averaging through different traffic patterns, 2D-HERT ONoC reduces data transmission delay by 18%, 4%, and 70% over OXbar, LR, and ETorus, respectively.


User-perceived performance is affected by latency.

it is greatly affected by unexpected latencies.


Instead, the device driver can simply issue the L INK command, denoted as L INK(p, l, len), to logically copy data of len LBAs from LBAs l (l + len)ofthe storage to pages p (p + len) of the data buffer.

when the device driver plans to issue a command L INK(p, l, len), it actually calculates the starting memory addresses addrp and addrl (of PCM) for page p and LBA l, respectively.


Since no isolation exists between the clock ring and circuit registers, it is a dif.cult task to extract the clock signals with required skews from a rotary clock ring.

when the clock pin of a register is attached to the rotary ring interconnect, the clock load induced by the register can change the wave propagation behavior, resulting in the variation of the clock skews and rotary oscillation frequencies.


In the beginning of the repeated loop, we first check if the current variable x meets the terminating condition (line 6).

either it is the UIP variable in the conflict analysis, or we have encountered the conflict at decision level 0 (i.e.


= 1, gains and output DC levels cannot be matched simultaneously for matched gains and output DC levels of the GPC ampli.er do not change the functionality of BPSK, yet they both result in minor the basic GPC ampli.er.

.< 1 requires that the performance degradation as analyzed below.


(3) 66960 three-layer implementations; 3883680 four- layer implementations; and so on.

(4) _~ 18,2 e(r-~) r-layer implementations, for r _> 2, taking into account the 3 * 2 ~-~ possible combinations of primitives, the six possible key ordering, the 31!/(32 -r)!


In the quest for improving cache performance, designers must take into account not only hit rates, but also the delay and energy overhead associated with their techniques.

simply focusing on increasing the cache hit rate without considering the associated complexity could be misguiding.


In comparison to Figures 2 and 3, we observe a higher STP improvement over naive scheduling for 6-job mixes (17%)thanfor4-job mixes(11%) forthetwo-threadedSMTprocessor; onthefour-threadedSMTprocessor, we achieve an average 25% STP increase for the 12-job mixes compared to 13% for the 6-job mixes.

similarly, we observe a higher ANTT reduction for 6-job mixes(13%) than for4-job mixes(9%)for the two-threaded SMTprocessor; forthefour-threadedSMTprocessor,the average ANTTgoesdownby 16%forthe12-job mixes compared to12% forthe8-job mixes.the morejobsinthejob mix, the better the probabilistic symbiosis model exploits the potential performanceimprovement through symbioticjob scheduling.


Then the temperatures are normalized so that they add up to 1.

v j = 1 to n, Temp(j) is scaled to Temp(j)/)'~=1 Temp(k).


In this slightly simplified version of the original CMOL FPGAs [43] complete logic gates are implemented in CMOS subsystem while memristive devices are used only to connect selectively CMOS gates.

figure 8 shows one of the many possible signal routings for NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates and a D-type flip-flop which were successfully programmed and tested.


Because correlations do not impact the resulting mean µ, we can also say that µ+3sind <µ+3sa < µ+3sb <µ+3sfull .

the 3sworst-case delay of the path increases monotonically as the correlations increase.


By using two ideas, which are the statistical corner conditions in a single layer and the statistical corner correction between layers, the guardband width from the fast corner to the slow corner decreases by half, compared to that by the conventional corner conditions, in average.

if the capacitance or resistance variation range is +/-20% in the conventional corner conditions, it shrinks to +/-10% in the proposed statistical corner conditions.


Therefore, the realization of arithmetic logic operators can reach a high level of compactness.

with this technology, a full-swing 2-input XOR, reported in Fig.


It is possible to reduce the number of fault pairs considered by excluding from P fault pairs that are known to be easy-to-distinguish.

if two faults cannot be detected by the same test the fault pair can be excluded from P .


The entropy or information rate is a measure of unexpectedness and varies with the program behavior.

we .nd that the stack references contain the least information content, and are thus highly predictable.


The details of Steps 1,2 in Fig.1 follow straightforward data parallelism.

logic simulation uses parallel arguments made in [18, 19, 20, 21].


If TDM is combined with SDM, it can exploit the released frequency to pack more tests in parallel.

space-and Time-Division Multiplexing (STDM) reduces test time further, by trading-off the number of ATE channels with the frequency at which test data is transferred.


We also infer that, from the standpoint of single-thread performance, the microarchitectural diversity provided by G21 is highly representative of the entire design space.

g21 can be used in lieu of the full design space if we do want to distill a smaller number of cores by leveraging knowledge of the workload.


INTRODUCTION More and more functional veri.cation [5, 7] is adopted to detect design errors exploiting coverage metrics [3, 11] or high-level fault models.

some high-level fault models [4, 2] have been recently proposed to include the characteristics of traditional coverage metrics [9] (e.g., statement, branch, condition coverage) and logic-level fault models [1].


To compare multi-corner and statistical results, we project the statistical slacks to their worst corner values as follows: depending on the sign of each sensitivity, the corresponding process parameter is moved to its +3s or -3s corner to convert the canonical slack into a single number.

2Some of the placeable objects are large macros or memory blocks, so in this case the larger chip has fewer objects.


Assume that reuse vector for this loop nest is ir =(r1 r2 ... rn)T with a single non-zero element (say rk) for now.


The source driver supplies the desired voltage level (called grayscale voltage) according to the pixel value.

ideally, the pixel value transmittance, t(X), is a linear function of the grayscale voltage v(X), which is in turn a there are 256 grayscales, then the source driver must be able to supply 256 different grayscale voltage levels.


To apply our approach, a lightweight algorithm should be available to compute a coarse estimate of the feature, and a closed-form expression or heuristic metric is then used to predict the quality of upper-layer application based on the coarsely estimated features.

our approach can be applied to structural damage localization [18] and most applications based on time di.erence of arrival (TDOA).


Encoding the prior information based on coefficient magnitude: Several previous works in the literature have  demonstrated that when approximating a nonlinear function such as pdfE(x) or pdfL(x) in (13)-(14) by a set of appropriately selected basis functions (e.g., wavelet basis), many of the resulting coefficients are close to zero [23].

these coefficients carry a unique sparse pattern.


Extracts X(t) which is the forecasting result for the original time series using Equation (2).

we can .nally obtain X(t) by using Equation (6) given W (t).


The averages for the 100 workloads used in the experiments in Section 5 are 16.2, 35.9 and 40.0% for LRU, DRRIP and NRR respectively.

83.8% of the 1 This example workload is composed of the following applications: gcc, mcf, povray, leslie3d, h264ref, lbm, namd, and gcc  lines stored in the SLLC do not provide any bene.t, and replacement algorithms proposed in the literature are only able to reduce this percentage to about 64.9%.


Our results showed that all the P-states are not needed in the context of a coordinated solution.

we find that having the two extreme P-states (P0 and P4 in Blade A and P0 and P5 in Server B) can get behavior close to that when all the P-states are considered.


The above observation motivates us to place the dies of the same technology process in con.ict-free positions on the reticle so that they may be extracted from the same wafer at the same time.

we must minimize the horizontal con.ict or vertical con.ict situations for the dies of the same technology process but we are not concerned about the horizontal/vertical con.icts for the dies of di.erent technology processes.


The No ECC row represents the cases when there is no error and ECC is not necessary.

block size k=6 in IBS and fth = 2.6x standard deviation in KSC (see Figure 5 and Figure 6).


We give an overview of techniques used to observe the failing path on the tester, identify the dominant devices impacting the delay of the path, and learn from the failing path to .x other similar paths in the design.

we describe a Support Vector Machine based approach for learning from speedpaths observed in silicon.


Speci.cally, for an n-level cache design, each level has identical power consumption in order to minimize total power consumption.

all points representing the caches are on the same iso-power line.


Unfortunately, this simple masking strategy is vulnerable to an equally simple attack.

the cloud can identify the rows in the constraint matrix with all negative coe.cients and recover the original set of constraints by multiplying them with -1.


It consists of one .nal pass through all the transactions identi.ed so far checking if any transaction A is the su.x of another transaction B.

if B has a preamble after which it matches A completely.


Such information can be accurately captured in the proposed AF B(x) measurement.

assuming that rc = 11, we can obtain AF B(0) = 0.213, AF B(1) = 0.667 and AF B(2) = 1.063 for the three blocks in Figure 3.


First, we develop a set of constraints to ensure that each function input is mapped to a con.guration pin.

a function of n inputs mapped to a con.guration with m .


Then, as many gates as possible are exchanged by appropriate MG and HVTO gates so that maximum delay is not increased.

critical paths consist solely of F-MG gates whereas all other paths apply a combination of the three gate types so that path delays do not exceed critical path delay.


While the number of nets in large netlists is typically proportional to the number of cells, many of those nets are not internal to physical clusters which serve as blocks during .xed-outline .oorplanning.

physical clustering reduces the number of movable objects much more than the number of nets.


To take the reliability issue into account, we .rst introduce a voltage-constrained compatibility graph Gvcc , which is a restricted graph derived from Gc.

we add a voltage di.erence constraint into compatibility graph to form voltage-constrained compatibility graph.


INTRODUCTION Interconnect prediction plays an important role in different stages in the design cycle because interconnect delay dominates the path delay in the deep sub-micron era.

at floorplanning and placement stages design tools need fast yet accurate estimations of the physical parameters (wire length, source to sink Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


It is clear that F-BM-based re-synthesis converges much faster than the SAT-BM-based one.

within the same time, F-BM-based re-synthesis reduces more LUTs.


Figure 4 shows the percentages that are relevant for the DMC comparator and Figure 5 shows the percentages that are relevant for the traditional comparator.

figure 4 shows the percentage of cases when a given number of bit pairs (implemented as the P blocks in Figure 2) match within each of the four 8 bit groups.


The inductive-coupling can enable the customization of hardware components (or chips) in a package to satisfy the application requirements at a low cost.

we can add, remove, and swap the known-good-dies (e.g., processor and memory chips) in a package to meet the requirements without making new mask patterns.


6.2 Prioritized NAC In this section, we make several observations that improve the effectiveness of NAC by allowing us to apply the N sets of local optimum read reference voltages in an order that minimizes the latency overhead of NAC.

we observe that some sets of local optimum read reference voltages provide better error correction capability (as they are associated with neighbor cell values that are more likely to lead to errors) and we prioritize their use when NAC is triggered such that we can reduce the number of steps in NAC correction.


Although several attempts try to establish metrics that measure and describe the achieved level of security of a system, no allencompassing framework exists, that is a able to cover all the diverse aspects and points of view.

the metric must be appropriate for the evaluated technology and the results of the evaluation must be understandable for the target audience.


The universal composition theorem of Canetti [12] states that running the composed protocol p. has essentially the same e.ect as running the protocol p in the F-hybrid model.

if p securely realizes some ideal functionality G in the F-hybrid model then p. securely realizes G. The security of cryptographic protocols analyzed in the 1An event is negligible in k if it happens with a probability that is less than the inverse of any polynomial in k  Functionality FGKE FGKE proceeds as follows, running on security parameter k, with parties U1,...,Un, and an ideal adversary S. Initialization: Upon receiving a value (new-session, sid, pid) from party Ui for the .rst time (where pid is a non-empty set of distinct user identities), record (sid, pid, Ui) and send this to S. In addition, if there are already |pid|-1 recorded tuples (sid, pid, Uj ) for Uj .


Unfortunately, polynomial representations of some very important Boolean functions are not possible when using BDDs.

bryant proved that the size of any BDD which represents integer multiplication is exponential in the word size [2].


The request fails to exploit distance locality.

the request may incur signi.cant latency to reach the directory even though the data is located nearby.


Microprocessors can continue to execute until their instruction window becomes full.

there are a lot of in-.ight instructions in the microprocessor, even when the memory access occurs.


For VCK high, the output node maintains its value even if the input changes.

this circuit structure is self-latching allowing to implement pipeline at the gate level.


In the proposed scheme we also provide users the flexibility to define a tolerable fail rate.

the target operating region can be defined of less pass rate, e.g.


Our objective is to develop automated compiler support based on the latest advances in polyhedral frameworks (e.g., [12, 38]) to greatly reduce the human design effort currently required to create effectively synthesizable speci.cation of designs using HLS tools.

we develop compiler support for source-to-source transformations to optimize critical resources such as memory bandwidth to off-chip memory and on-chip buffer capacity.


As shown in the results of Figure 2, small LER on gate causes huge amount of leakage current.

small improvement of gate LER can reduce lots of leakage current.


Next, we see that the Laplacian kernel-based soft weighting scheme outperforms both term weighting and binary weighting across all vocabulary sizes except vocabulary size 10.

soft weighting achieves the minimum misclassi.cation rate at 7% (93% accuracy) when 125 motion primitives are used.


To stem this trend, and to relieve the pressure placed on memory bandwidth by supply pins, the supply pin count should ideally grow no faster than the total pin count growth rate of doubling every six years.


6.2 Hardware working set analysis Besides collecting working set signatures, hardware can also be used for estimating working set size and/or to de- tect working set changes, thereby reducing software over- head.

detecting working set changes in hardware avoids invoking the VMM between each inter- val; the VMM has to be invoked only when the working set actually changes.


We observe using bucket heap that UI-Route is able to improve speedup by about 17%.

the time reported in this paper should be viewed as a generous upper bound on a custom implementation.


The veri.cation method described in this paper requires that the primary outputs must cut the circuit.

if all primary outputs are removed from the netlist, the netlist would become acyclic.


The display case itself is no larger than a standard corporate ID badge holder with dimensions of 90 x 55 x 8mm, see Figure 1 and 3.

the depth of the badge is less than the Active Badge which was worn daily for many years [12].


Our derivations provide valuable design insights and allow an in-depth understanding of key design implications of memristorbased memories.

we investigate the design of read and write circuits and analyze data integrity and noisetolerance issues.


In order to achieve the densities pre-sented above, it will also be necessary to develop a con- figuration approach for the switches in the MLA that is implemented with nanoscale components.

a nanoscale decoder is required to address each intersection of the MLA independently.


The single ML power results are summarized in Table 1, in which the worst and best values are for X=0 and X=120 cases, respectively.

the average value is obtained by averaging the results of all 121 cases, i.e., X=0~120, if every case has the same occurrence probability.


As a consequence, the GPU platform is a natural candidate for implementingfault simulation.

we implement a pattern and faultparallel fault simulator.


3.1 Communication Order Detection In this step we try to find a transmission order of data communication that leads to the minimum latency, with the freedom to change the order of computations in processes as well.

we show that our problem can be transformed to the resource-constrained scheduling problem.


The vanished data will make the normal coherence protocol unable to ensure the consistency in cache hierarchies.

subsequent requests to the vanished STT-RAM block can not get the correct data using the conventional cache coherence protocol.


Similarly to the underlying protocols, abstractions established in distributed object programming, such as the remote method invocation (RMI, typical for client/server interaction), the tuple space (emerged from parallel computing based on distributed shared memory) or the publish/subscribe (for mass dissemination of events) abstractions, do indeed also make sense in P2P settings, and have already been used successfully in such contexts.

the publish/subscribe abstraction captures many characteristics of P2P environments, and has been widely employed to model and implement remote interaction in P2P settings (e.g., [12]).


The standard cell library we have used for our experiments is the 130nm HCMOS9 provided by STMicroelectronics.

our implementations have been designed by modifying one of the .ip-.ops of the above library by using the Cadence Virtuoso tool and following the rules of the standard cells in the library.


The second f or loop (Line 9) assigns the magnetization state of each magnet according to the binary bit information from q.

the magnetization state of magnet i, Myi , is set to Ms (resp., -Ms) if bit i of q is 1 (resp., 0), where Ms is the saturation magnetization of the magnet.


Thus, in write-through mode the costly tag comparisons during read-miss snooping are completely eliminated.

during write-through mode the Shared Signal is simply equal to the cache line s state value (1 if S,0 if I).


3.1 SER estimation The overall SER for the circuit under test (CUT) can be computed by summing up the SER of each individual node in the circuit.

nnode SERCUT = SERi (3) i=0 where Nnode is the total number of possible nodes to be struck in the CUT.


To be able to use the huge quantity of hardware resources available inside today s FPGAs, new electronic system level (ESL) design methodologies and tools are necessary.

the ever increasing density of transistors, the complexity (number of gates) of assembled hardware functions and the apparition of new 3D ICs have the consequence that energetic needs are rising, and will drastically continue to do so.


One way to avoid pruning receivers unnecessarily due to the ripple effect of the worst receiver is to prune the worst receiver(s) sequentially.

try to prune the worst receiver(s) in each step and then determine if there are still receivers satisfying the pruning condition; if so, repeat the process until the pruning condition goes away.


As a result, we choose to annotate the integer  values only for cost functions.

we approximate the  values of blocks that fan in or out from the block in question.


After performing a test, it should be assured, that the TPM is in the same state as it was before.

this means: we unload all loaded keys, free all used resources, terminate all key handles, and switch back eventually changed authorization data to the original one.


Here, we refer to an original TB as a virtual TB.

after TB combination, one TB contains two virtual TBs.


Note that the corresponding page of the data in the primary block might still be occupied because of a hash collision.


Furthermore, while the size of the page-level mapping table needs the total number of sectors, the size of the block-level mapping table requires only the number of blocks.

since the size of RAM to form the mapping table is propositional to mapping granularity, the block-level scheme is significantly effective to reduce the amount of used RAM compared to pagelevel mapping scheme.


Intersection/overlap: A detailed geometric analysis is performed using the candidate matrix D and rule-violation database VD.

for each failed IC, the information associated with each of its candidates is augmented to include the count and type of its associated rule violations.


Using RLL/RSC instead of CAS Using Moir's idea [16], it is straightforward to replace the CAS instruction (on Line 8) in our algorithm with RLL/RSC instructions.

use the following code fragment in the place of Line 8.


Counter-based Component Power Estimation We use the component access rates either given directly by a performance counter or approximated indirectly by one or more performance counters to weight component power numbers.

we use the access rates as weighting factors to multiply against each component s maximum power value along with a scaling strategy that is based on microarchitectural and structural properties.


Obviously, to ensure that an outlier rdoes not get connected before the program terminates, we should avoid either of the above two cases.

we should require the following two (necessary and suf.cient) conditions.


Most published works on FPGA router focus on congestion issues and timing performance.

they try to find paths that have minimum delay, while honoring the exclusivity constraints that no wire segments are used by more than one net.


In this paper we present an experimental routing framework that explores the trade-offs of regular and structured routing architectures.

we propose two regular routing models and compare them with traditional ASIC routing.


point out in [5], the critical path of a quantum circuit could be signi.cantly reduced if the ancilla preparation work were done in parallel with useful computation.

the speed of a quantum computation would be limited solely by data dependencies between encoded qubits.


Consequently, this decreases the minimum amount of movement of the coordinate of the end-effector, because the coordinate of the end-effector is calculated by sequential transformation of the 3-D frames of each joint.

a rise in precision of the potentiometer leads to a rise in precision of the exoskeleton device.


In this example, not all the input signal values from 1st to 10th cycle are responsible for this erroneous output value, but only the input values at 6th cycle (....1, ....2, ....3)= (1, 5, 2) are.

we need only the input values (....1, ....2, ....3) = (1, 5, 2) for debugging the error.


We did not ask the participants to carry the device in a certain orientation or with a certain hand, and did not attempt to guide their walking speed during the data collection process.

we attempted to capture data from each participant s natural walking motion.


Consequently, power-ef.cient clock distribution methods have been extensively researched [7].

the rotary clock technique is one low-power clocking approach that utilizes the LC oscillating principle to reduce power consumption [15].


INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) are rapidly becoming a viable option for overcoming the performance and power bottlenecks of global interconnects in multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs).

3D-ICs offer reduced interconnect lengths, which reduce power, decrease latency, increase bandwidth, and thus increase performance.


We assign an LoC of n% to a static instruction if n% of all previous dynamic instances of that instruction have been critical.

an instruction s LoC is the frequency at which it has been critical in the past.


For a single faulty node, the respective e.ects are always limited to increasing skews by at most a few d+, since we can work around the defective node in our reasoning.

when inductively constructing a zig-zag path (which will imply a skew bound), we can switch to the other causal link of the current node if we run into a Byzantine node.


In this section we assume that the application requirements can be satis.ed with a range of network transmission delays, and examine how an adaptive packet transmission scheduling strategy can reduce contention on the channel and reduce overall energy.

we observed that transmission delays of up to 50 ms do not have a noticeable e.ect on the quality of fall detection (percentage of correct detection over percentage of false positives and false negatives).


Previous works have addressed the problem of LIS performance in di.erent ways.

the insertion of relay stations and the sizing of the input queues in the shells are the two main optimization techniques that have been proposed.


Copyright 2007 ACM 978-1-59593-627-1/07/0006 5.00 As the supply voltage is lowered, the circuit delay increases and hence the ration of leakage energy over dynamic energy increases as devices spend more time leaking.

as the supply voltage falls below the threshold voltage of the devices, the delay increases exponentially leading to a rapid increase in the leakage energy.


Experimental results show thatGDRouter is capableof improving detailed routing routability in terms of number of unassigned global segments.

the number is improved by 90% for ISPD98 and around 60% for ISPD05/06 with 2.9 × runtime overhead.


The next step of our research project will consist in evaluating the interface.

we will ask subjects to perform a given task with our interface and with a 2D direct pointer.


Note that since triple patterning lithography constraints are seamlessly integrated into our coherent design .ow, we do not need a separate additional step of layout decomposition.

the output of our framework is decomposed layouts that have resolved cell placement and color assignment simultaneously.


When a multiple step BDF method is used, the derivative is approximated by the formula: k x.n = a0xn + X aixn-i (1) i=1 where coef.cients ai and a0 are functions of the present and past time step sizes.

the leading coef.cient a0 determines whether the matrix has to be refactorized.


Remove PIs From Preimage In preimage computation, we only want the FFs in our .nal solution, and the PIs should not be included in the preimage.

two different solutions that differ only in the PI variables can be viewed as the same solution.


ISCA 00 Vancouver, British Columbia Canada Copyright (c) 2000 ACM 1-58113-287-5/00/06-1 $5.00 .ow and memory access patterns.

it is the fact that memory addresses are dif.cult (if not impossible) to statically predict in part because they often depend on run-time inputs and behavior that makes it extremely dif.cult for the compiler to statically prove whether or not potential threads are independent.


It is reported when the attack occurs, the router s LSA which is modi.ed by an attacker is removed from all routers tables in at least 5 seconds (based on Section 12.1.6 of the OSPF protocol description, the router which loses its LSA will generate an LSA with a new sequence number after .ve seconds).

the number of the tokens in certain places (routers kernel tables) decreases for a while.


In our implementation, this is realized as a lifetime, or window of cache time for each reference count value.

for a window of k cache writes, if value v is written to cache on write i, v will be evicted on write i + k. We evaluate both uni.ed and data (non-uni.ed) cache con.gurations, and with each, we simulate write-through, write-back, and dusty policies.


We maintain that this may lead to misleading conclusions since the actual set of active users is dynamic and varies as a random process as new data .ows are initiated and others complete.

while users are generally assumed to be uniformly distributed in the cell, the location of active users in steady state does depend on the scheduling employed.


In practice, typical placers produce alternating H-V cut sequences.

horizontal cuts (H) are followed by vertical cuts (V), and vertical cuts are followed by horizontal cuts, and so forth.


E. Setting of Test Limits The lower and upper BIST limits, denoted herein by ml and mu, are optimized, in order to obtain a desired trade-off between yield loss and defect level.

we apply the rule-of-ten [12], which suggests that it is at least ten times moreexpensivetoshipafaultydevicethanto discarda functional one.


In addition, we also need to update the routing address to make correct routing decision.

for example, if the original design use the four most signi.cant bits (address[15..12]) to locate the different slave cores while the address bits [11..0] are used for the memory element inside it.


Now, good temporal locality will exist if consecutive iterations of the innermost loop access the same element of B after the transformation.

we need to .nd []' T -1 a T such that TfrB = 01 .Let Q = .


If A s sibling B is not a leaf because the sibling file portion has been further split, then it is necessary to perform a depth first search (DFS) in the sub-tree rooted at B until a leaf vertex is found.

in order to remerge with the neighbor region nearby and if A is the left sibling of B, the DFS must visit left siblings before right ones.


For the down transition, the constraint on the delay of branches is d1 = d2.For the down transition these delays are the sum of delays of the paths from input X to corresponding devices at the pulldown network.


The algorithm consists of three stages: (1) 3D analytical global placement with density optimization and whitespace reservation for TSVs, (2) TSV insertion and TSV-aware legalization, and (3) layer-by-layer detailed placement.

the global placement is based on a novel weighted-average wirelength model, giving the .rst model in the literature that can outperform the well-known log-sum-exp wirelength model theoretically and empirically.


When asked about what they thought when they saw other people using mobile phones, reactions were surprisingly negative and strongly felt.

subjects had concerns about using mobile phones while driving and in public places like restaurants.


More speci.cally, when r < t, we need to consider two cases:  When the .rst node of a chain is scheduled, all the remaining nodes can also be scheduled.

there are either no any inter-chain data dependences, or the existing interchain dependences are such that all the chains can be scheduled one after another.


The computation of V 0 can be parallelized as Ns vector inner products (correlations) Vi 0 = Si T r. Since the columns Si of S are generated as .ltered circular-shifted versions of the transmitted DS-CDMA spreading sequence, the computation of V 0 is equivalent to matched .ltering the received signal r. MP maximizes (3) iteratively, one channel coe.cient f qj at a time, using a greedy approach in which qj and f qj are selected such that the increase in (3) at each stage j is the largest possible.

the multipath signal components are estimated via successive interference cancellation.


Programming is made easier (both in C and VHDL) because no explicit reference to the dual-port memory is required: It is important to stress that all of the experiments are performed by simply changing the input data size, without the need of modifying neither the application code, nor the coprocessor design.

no modi.cations are needed even for datasets which cannot be stored at once in the physical ly available dual-port memory.


Walking speed estimates have numerous applications ranging from dead reckoning to indoor and outdoor navigation to health monitoring.

we plan to use speed estimation to approximate people s locations in a building as part of our on-going work on crowd-sourced positioning systems [14].


A number of tools have been developed to enable veri.cation engineers to have more control over the generation of random tests.

some of these techniques involve the use of program templates that de.ne the structure of the desired test, along with primitives to control the randomization of the related data, such as opcodes, register operands, and memory addresses [4].


We see that even a very small CHT is able to store most captured loads.

an 8-entry CHT is able to successfully capture 65% of the possible source correlations.


Given the internal organization of the stripes in SRC, the allocation of various blocks can a.ect the performance of the cache.

how the read and write blocks will be distributed among the stripes has to be determined, which we refer to as the allocation issue.


Moreover, I intend to explore how different levels of metadata in terms of quality and correctness affect the workflow.

the intention is to perform comparisons by using a number of prototype implementations, some of them with advanced content analysis algorithms and some of them with primitive ones.


In a PXBar, every output port is associated with a distinctive MUX waveguide, and all the input ports can access all the waveguides.

each input port has to connect to N different waveguides to send data to the different output ports.


T T 3 Columns with the same characters in both rows are known as matches and different ones are known as mismatches .


In a real-world application, incentives will come in the form of savings on utility bills but feedback, especially feedback at the plug-load level, is more dif.cult.

this type of study, in which two particular dormitories were engineered to provide high resolution feedback, is infeasible at large scale.


Accordingly, the process characteristics may be far from ideal for implementing analog circuits.

high threshold voltages and low operating voltages to reduce the power consumption of digital circuits provide little headroom for analog designs, complicating the * This work was supported in part by grants from Intel, SUN Microsystems and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.


2 can be f 4 C L K delay target whereas critical block meet the yield with respect to twocycle delay target.

the critical blocks can operate in two-cycles while the non-critical blocks can operate in single-cycle.


During the error simulation phase, when one error is detected, the erroneous description and the error free description must be reset to proceed with the simulation of the next error.

it is necessary that all internal signals of the erroneous description do not keep the old value imposed by the previous injected error.


Such an optimization is only possible by performing scheduling and resource allocation on the structural level for the selected DFG.

the usage of the operators and the resulting design latency depends on the scheduling and allocation steps of the subsequent high level synthesis that has not been considered during the TED decomposition.


A sensitive delay L preserves its state when -values arrive to the delay, and instead of the current state value it emits the input value.

a -value jumps over the value that arrived at the delay at one clock cycle before.


My doctoral thesis aims at the development of a framework that comprises the underlying technological infrastructure for realizing multimedia authoring tools that fit the current media landscape.

i am interested in evaluating and comparing automatic and manual processes on the authoring workflow.


3.2 Recovery Alterations 3.2.1 ROB-head Recovery The problem with the previous recovery implementation is not so much delaying recovery until the detected fault reaches the head of the ROB, as restarting the threads from the faulty consumer instead of from the faulty producer.

previous slipstream implements consumer recovery instead of producer recovery .


Moreover, our work complements the test-set compaction [1-4] and test-response compaction [6] based approaches.

our work can be applied after these procedures to further minimize total cost.


m = m') and  it maps each input pattern to a unique output pattern.

a reversible function represents a bijection and, therefore, a valid coding.


In Table 1, e.g., a CFst(L,0,1) is detected by .ve different Read operations.

the BISD circuit will export 5x(logN+!logkl)bits of diagnosis data for this fault, but only logN+kbits are actually required.


The breakdowns given in Figure 6 clearly show that Case 1 and Case 3 dominate execution behavior, Case 1 taking the biggest share.

our approach makes good use of and preconfiguration on average response times of  our scheduling strategy digital signature for each outgoing packet in a networked architecture, User requests and packet send operations configuration reuse.


3.1 Fundamental Idea The idea of the Mixed Gates design technique is the combination of advantages from gate level and transistor level approaches.

high accuracy and applicability for a standard cell design flow.


Acknowledgments We are grateful to many fellow researchers and our reviewers for providing feedback and suggestions.

the .rst author would like to thank Hugo Fortier and the RECON conference11 presenters for the many inspirations, and Daniel Bilar and Victor Grinberg for useful discussions of the ideas that lead to this paper.


Therefore our extended synthesis subset includes most of the class related language constructs provided by C++.

this means the ability to: declare classes;  create new classes by means of inheritance from already existing classes;  derive classes from multiple and virtual parent classes;  declare data members of scalar and complex type, including class types and array types;  declare member functions and operators;  rede.ne member functions and data members in derived classes;  declare constructor methods;  declare class templates with scalar and type parameters.


Hence, in practice it is extremely difficult to ensure that wires which take widely different routes maintain closely-matched delay and power consumption.

when the logical atomicity of a link is broken at the physical level, we experience significant length, resistance and load deviations among different wires of a link.


The GMRES method with the standard Krylov-subspace based iteration converges fast only when the eigenvalues of Jfhas a clustered distribution (close to 1).

t the circuit time-constants need to be much smaller than the period T. Unfortunately this is not always the case for RF/MM-IC designs since the time-period T become very small at this frequency scale.


The random variable e3.z3 = e1.z1 +e2.z2, serves as a place holder to store the moments of (e1.z1 +e2.z2).

rather than propagating an uncorrelated component (a) PDF (b) CDF z in the canonical form, we propagate its 2M moments.


Typically the coverage gap is a function of the input scenarios.

we often .nd that the RTL properties succeed in covering the original speci.cation Aunder some input constraints and fail for the rest.


In this paper, the impact of parasitics of the non-regular topological geometries on the rotary operating characteristics is presented.

partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) analysis is used to show that the corner geometry in a custom ring increases the mutualinductance approximatelyby 80%.


(generally assume that .<n), at each layer, each wire cost but not wire delay is scaled by a factor of x. followed by down-rounding.

n for each edge e and layer l,wire cost w(e, l)is scaled to .


A network is reliable if all the injected packets reach their destinations.

the network is counted as unreliable even if all packets reach the destinations except one packet.


Dual-Edge Conditional Pre-charge Flip-Flop, DE- CPFF Once node S is low , it can return to the high level only if input D is low .

it does not exercise pre-chargeevaluate sequence in each clock cycle.


Note that such probability is not negligible and cannot be accepted.

we demand the probability of detection of any misbehavior to be 1 - e, where e is exponentially small with respect to the number of hash functions.


Since QGEN2 currently does not allow any recursive use of substitution tags, only non-recursive query evolution is considered in this paper.

one element is exchanged with another element.


Each such constraint is referred to as the locality constraint as it imposes a condition that needs to be satis.ed by the data transformation matrix Mxif we are to optimize the locality behavior of the corresponding reference.

let LCi;j;k;pdenote the locality constraint due to the kth reference to array Xjin nest iof procedure p. The set of locality constraints of procedure pis denoted by LC(p)=LCi;j;k;p: ijk it contains all constraints due to all arrays, all references, and all loop nests.


There are only two statement reorderings consistent with this partial order: the original program, and the program obtained by reordering S2and S3.

the statement order shown in Figure 1(b) is not consistent with this partial order.


There are other properties of a song that we could consider exploring to see whether any benefits exist.

we could explore increased or decreased bit rate and sample rate, as these properties can affect the size and quality of a song file.


However, it does not perform well for noisy signals.

outliers (called leverage points in the literature) can signi.cantly perturb the correlation.


Inaccuracies in the analog di.erence be 2.2 Model of Bonding and Package Parasitics Bonding and package parasitics e.ects cannot be neglected in an accurate mixed-signal IC design, as they severely a.ect the stability of bias voltages.

bondwire and pin parasitic resistance, inductance and capacitance constitute an RLC network which can cause the internal supply voltages to be signi.cantly di.erent from external voltages.


The novelty of this paper is in characterizing the e.ect of the radiations on the metal interconnects under varying sizes and topology.

the following scenarios are studied as the contributions of this paper: 1.


events, and Db is the delay through a pipeline buffer.

in the worst-case, we would have to insert buffers on all mismatched cycles.


At the end, we collect all patterns falling into group 9 to form the superset.

after the training, regression simulation can help to quickly identify additional patterns that have similar delay characteristics as those long-delay patterns identi.ed by the statistical timing simulator.


The custom interconnect and the communicating elements are mapped onto the recon.gurable fabric.

salve nodes might be memory modules or any other memory-mapped hardware peripheral, possibly generated by means of high-level synthesis [13], [14], or manually optimized for application-speci.c purposes [15], [16].


In each round, the top 32 frequent values pro.led in a different stage is stored in FV table to work as the frequent values for the whole application.

we examine the ef.ciency of using frequent values of different stages.


As the counterpart, if the task instances have already good fault detectors (e.g., in the case of curve d), the system reliability will be improved more smoothly by inserting more redundancy, i.e., both DUF s and SDCs can be eliminated at the same time.

the e.ect of active redundancy could be ampli.ed by good fault detection.


The reconstruction workload bound is 50% and 25% in standard mirroring and chained declustering, respectively.

two disks in standard mirroring and four disks in chained declustering would shoulder a heavy workload as a result of the redirected load from the failed disk, and result in a service bottleneck under degraded mode.


This lets us scale the supply voltage aggressively for low power dissipation.

the proposed technique: Isolates the critical paths and makes them predictable (by decoding few primary inputs) under parametric variations so that with reduced supply voltage, possible delay errors are deterministic and can be avoided by two cycle operation.


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Simulation environment In order to perform a complete evaluation of the proposed routing algorithm, we modi.ed the open Noxim [7], which is an open source SystemC simulator for mesh-based NoC.

we modi.ed the router architecture by adding additional ports for communicating the DP values and introduced a routing-table updating scheme as described in previous section.


The resulting received signal strength maps are much more descriptive regarding the coverage regions of the two sources.

the estimate for the sensor node mounted on the train in Figure 10b has the maximum at exactly the correct region, and the attenuation follows the layout of the rooms well even without the latter information being used in the predictions directly.


While the safety property can be usually checked very ef.ciently, the liveness property and the con.ict analysis can become very dif.cult.

statically determining the sequentially composable relation is not rule r1 when(.1) next(a)= b .


Moreover, the .uctuations in the IPC can change the activity patterns of the blocks, resulting in variations in the power densities.

.oorplanning can affect the temperature pro.le not only through heat spreading but also because the spatial and temporal distributions of power densities vary due to wire-pipelining.


Starting from the primary outputs, required arrival times (rat)are computed by subtracting the delays across a path, and performing the maximum (minimum) in early (late) mode of such accumulated times at a convergence point.

in early mode, the earliest time that a signal transition must reach any circuit node is computed.


Instead, more energy-scalable algorithms and implementations are entailed to provide flexibility while maintaining the required energy efficiency.

energy-scalable implementations can exploit data format properties to offer different tradeoffs between accuracy and energy.


Although for a circuit represented by the array model, all units in the array are seemingly employed, some of the units are actually unused.

some units have no effect on the circuit's behavior, e.g., units with their outputs not referred, a unit with its input-pins connected together, even numbers of NOT gates linked in serial, etc.


5.3 Summary In the first set of experiments, CMP and SMT clearly demonstrate their superiority over SS and FGMT in exploiting the packet-level parallelism available within these workloads.

the ability to issue from multiple threads simultaneously is key to this scalable performance.


In the remainder of the paper, we present data derived us- ing rePLay as a substrate.

we are modeling an x86 machine that creates frames of rePLay micro-operations that are optimized, scheduled, and stored in the frame cache.


Columns 7-10 use 2-literal watching based BCP.


Such techniques severely reduce features in the data, and may result in important information being discarded [4].

the results do not account for the information that may be inherent in all the variability apparent in the data.


In other words, if loadX accesses srcX_1 in its first iteration and srcX_2 in its second while loadY accesses srcY_1 and srcY_2 in the same order, there is a high probability that the following will hold: | srcX_1 | - | srcY_1 | = | srcX_2 | - | srcY_2 | In this paper, we design a cache architecture that takes advantage of this knowledge.

our contributions in this paper are: 1) We introduce load source correlation, 2) We show that there is a strong source correlation in a variety of networking applications, 3) We design a memory subsystem that utilizes the correlation information, and 4) We present simulation results indicating that our proposed architecture can be efficiently used in Network Processors to reduce the energy consumption and execution time.


In this paper, we present an architectural technique to reduce the power consumption of multi-core processors.

we: a) present simulation results showing that most of the misses in networking applications are caused by only a few instructions, b) devise a power reduction technique, which is a combination of a locality detection mechanism and an execution engine, c) discuss a fine-grain technique to offload code segments to the engine, and d) conduct simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our technique.


In the future, we will generalize our analytical models so that more classes of loop nests can be treated.

extensions to loops not having constant bounds will be developed.


Simpli.ed Implementation of during() B. Synchronization and Time Modeling The ideas presented up to now allow running a piece of code in parallel with a SystemC simulation, but up to now, the task can hardly communicate with the SystemC thread.

it cannot call SystemC primitives like wait() and notify(), and shared variables between the SystemC thread would create race-conditions.


This principle provides the basis for right-to-left digit serial integer operations.

if we assume we have determined the low order (k-1)-bits of the result from the (k-1) low order operand input bits, incorporating the k-th bits of the operands, the k-th result bit can then be determined with the (k-1) lower order result bits inherited from the preceding serial computation.


In this study, we set out to conduct a more thorough analysis of the performance characteristics of the Vocal Joystick in the context of target acquisition tasks.

we were interested .rst in determining whether the Vocal Joystick used as a pointing device can be modeled by a Fitts law performance model, and second in calculating the Index of Performance (IP) of the Vocal Joystick with respect to the mouse.


The new index expression is then Mp(RpTk -1Ifik + fop).

now, to have spatial locality, the innermost loop in Ifkimust access consecutive elements in same row of Ap.to have spatial locality we need to satisfy the relation: ()() Mp RpTk -1(Ifki+ Ufdim(IJk))+ fop-Mp RpTk -1Ifki+ fop= Ufdim(Ap),where dim(Ifk)and dim(Ap)are thedimensions of Ifk and array Ap, respectively.


In this work, we modify data layouts in memory to allow the compiler place more banks into low-power mode and/or keep banks in low-power operating modes longer.

our approach is geared towards increasing the effectiveness of compiler-directed low-power mode management.


For the following theoretical examinations it is assumed that the electrical conditions are only determined by the mutual interaction between a load device and the RS.

the device voltage VD as well as the device current ID change only, if the conductance G changes due to (10).


Note that a conversation (our name for messages which ping-pong back and forth) is not the same as repeating an RPC interaction many times.


For synthesis and EMB mapping, our objective of using functional decom- position is to use the encoding function outputs as the EMB outputs.

for a k x m EMB, we choose k in- put variables as bound set for functional decomposition and these become the inputs to the EMB.


V. TH E DE S I G N SPAC E EX P L O R AT I O N EN G I N E An engine based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm has been designed to automate the described DSE process by evaluating at the same time both the two reliability aspects.

the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II [18]) has been adopted, due to its capability to perform an ef.cient multi-objective optimization; indeed it features an advanced ranking and elitism mechanisms that allow to preserve diversity into the pool of candidates solutions (i.e., the population) considered during the design space exploration, thus supporting the exploration of several directions minimizing the risk of getting stuck in local minima.


The experimental results show that the average bit error rate caused by program disturbance could be reduced from 64.03% to 71.13% under different address translation schemes.

the proposed scheme could further reduce the average read/write response time from 21.26% to 33.42% under BL and BAST in the experiments.


There exists a signi.cant amount of parallelism inside loop iterations, in particular when prefetching is implemented.

some operations inside a loop iteration can be executed concurrently, and synchronization is (possibly) required at the end of the loop iteration.


(6) .TRi i The assignment of subsequent VCBs is then the conditional probability of the allocation of previous VCBs.

we take the probability for the .rst VCB and examine the PoissonProcesses of each transaction for the time it is occupied.


To satisfy the strict reliability requirements of mission-critical systems, various redundancy-based error detection solutions have been proposed [7], [14], [20], [22], [21], [26].

lockstepping is a popular hardware based error detection scheme and is widely implemented in systems requiring high-reliability such as the IBM S/390 G5 [20] or the HP NonStop servers [26].


IN T RO D U C T I O N In this paper, we propose an automatic technique to synthesize a speci.c type of quantum circuits that has applications in, at least, quantum circuits for number factoring and quantum walk [6].

we aim to synthesize a given lookup table (LUT) by reversible gates.


(2) Some edges are almost always among the most critical edges in the timing analysis graph.

no matter how the CLBs and IO pads are placed, the criticality values of some edges are always high.


This is because thermal models, based on equivalent circuit models, cannot adequately capture structures with complex shapes and boundary conditions, which in turn gives rise to uncertainty in identifying local hot spots.

it is extremely difficult to obtain exact solution of the heat transfer equations that arise from realistic die conditions [8].


Although the shrinking clock signal in the proposed method will be less sensitive to the PVT variations compared with delay cell-based shrinking pulses, the quality of the shrinking clock would su.er from jitter or skew in the tester clock signals.

jitter and pin-to-pin skew in the clock signals from the ATE directly a.ect the amount of shrinking.


While the W fresh items are in arbitrary order, it is possible to take advantage of the fact that the B old items are previous outputs of the selection network, and hence can be sorted or partially sorted if we wish.

if we can get independently sorted lists of the best B old candidates and the best B new candidates, we can merge the lists in a single step by reversing one list and taking the pairwise min.


Lazy Duplication: Our last selective scheme, referred to as DELAYED, defers the creation of the duplicate to a point, where we expect the object to be long-living and frequentlyaccessed once it reaches that point.

this scheme is lazy in creating object duplicates.


For all these reasons, the proposed NLFSR utilizes LFSRs, whose outputs are combined using non-linear functions.

we utilize 3 LFSRs (L1, L2 and L3) of varying lengths n1, n2 and n3, as shown in Figure 2.


The key is to leverage TCM to reduce the memory bit error rate to relieve the burden of BCH codes, at no cost of extra redundant memory cells.

we designed a TCM-BCH approach geared to 2 bits per cell NAND .ash memories, and its effectiveness has been demonstrated by simulations based on an approximate memory cell threshold voltage distribution model.


Because each .ne-grained access reads or writes only 8B of data, it requires a factor of 8 more memory requests to achieve the equivalent throughput of coarse-grained accesses.

.ne-grained accesses will saturate an address/commandbus(ABUS) that is designed for coarse-grained accesses, and greater command signaling bandwidth is required for .ne-grained accesses tofully utilize theDRAMbandwidth.


Susceptibility of Analog Cells to Substrate Interference Franco Fiori Politecnico di Torino Dipartimento di Elettronica C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 29, I-10124 Torino, Italy .ori@polito.it Abstract This paper deals with the susceptibility of smart power integrated circuits to substrate interference.

propagation of RF interference through substrate and its effects on analog cells are investigated.


However, for mixed-size placement, the size range between large and small objects can be as large as a factor of 10,000, and the radius of in.uence of a cell s potential will need to change according to the cell s dimension.

a larger block will have potential with respect to more grids.


V (representing some input, output, or PCHB/WCHB module) is associated with three delay attributes: the evaluation delay (denoted v.teval ), the precharge delay (denoted v.tprech ), and the combined delay of completion detector tCD and, for the PCHB case, C-element tC (denoted v.tc).

v.tc = tCD + tC for PCHB and v.tc = tCD for WCHB.


On average, the speedup over the random schedule is 1.60x, and over the baseline is 1.43x.

hj, bprj, and mmm see large speedups of 1.96x, 2.39x, and 2.00x, respectively.


Since the LIN and RIN are complementary, for the output to be 1, (see Figure 1) just over 1/2 (or more) of the transistors in the LIN must be active.

the function is 1 if and only if (n+1)/2 or more of the inputs are 1.


Although the notion of YAPD can be applied to different power reduction techniques, in this paper we use a scheme that combines Selective Cache Ways [4] and Gated-Vdd [30] as the example of a yield-unaware power reduction technique.

we modify this yield-unaware scheme with YAPD to investigate how the yield is affected by our optimization.


We demonstrate that our approach can significantly increase microprocessor chip yields (normalized with respect to chip area) compared to the traditional approaches, for upcoming fabrication technologies.

we demonstrate that our approach dramatically increases effective computing capacity, measured in MIPS-per-unit-chip-area.


For one thing, we will focus on combinational circuits, which are the crux of the problem, and we will only discuss the problem of estimating the largest circuit delay.


EnerJ prohibits approximate integers from being used as array subscripts.

in the expression a[i], the value i must be precise.


An example of Harr wavelet transform on data {3, 4, 20, 25, 15, 5, 20, 3} As a result, wavelet decomposition is the collection of average and details coefficients at all scales.

the wavelet transform of the original data is the single coefficient representing the overall average of the original data, followed by the detail coefficients in order of increasing resolutions.


Conclusion In this paper, we presented a complete design framework of DG-SiNWFET technology involving process, design and automated tools.

we showed how transistors with controllable polarity are interesting from an arithmetic logic perspective and we proposed a credible route for its very large scale integration, through the Sea-of-Tiles organization.


Further study of the source code of the .oorplanner in [27] reveals that the subgradient method stops after a given number, 20, of iterations to trade-off the quality of the solution and the running time.

the running time of their .oorplanner will be further degraded if smaller deadspace is desired.


While performance modeling was extensively studied in the past, the evolution of today s AMS circuits has posed a number of new challenges in this area.

the recent adoption of several emerging design methodologies (e.g., reconfigurable analog design, adaptive post-silicon tuning, etc) leads to highly complex AMS systems that integrate numerous nanoscale devices.


The meaning of the N + 1 nodes at level k is clear: starting from the left, the first node corresponds to the fact that all N customers are still to be placed in queues k,... , 1; the second node corresponds to the fact that one customer is at one of the queues K,... , k + 1, so only N -1 customers are still to be placed in queues k,... , 1; and so on, until the last node, where no customers are left to be placed in queues k,... , 1.

the common property distinguishing the paths o~ = (iK,... ,ik+l) leading to the nTM node at level k is that they correspond to having as- signed the same number L ----iK + ... + ik+l of customers to queues K,... ,k+l.


Moreover, when calculating the maximum temperature difference to the hotspot, the result depends only on the distance from the hotspot.

in this model, for all of the points at equal distance from the hotspot, same maximum temperature difference to the hotspot is assumed, while this is not correct, i.e.


Resolving the Memory Bottleneck for Single Supply Near-Threshold Computing Tobias Gemmeke2, Mohamed M. Sabry3, Jan Stuijt2, Praveen Raghavan1, Francky Catthoor1, David Atienza3 1 imec 2 Holst-Centre / imec 3 ESL-EPFL Leuven, Belgium Eindhoven, The Netherlands Lausanne, Switzerland tobias.gemmeke@imec-nl.nl  Abstract This paper focuses on a review of state-of-the-art memory designs and new design methods for near-threshold computing (NTC).

it presents new ways to design reliable low-voltage NTC memories cost-effectively by reusing available cell libraries, or by adding a digital wrapper around existing commercially available memories.


By modifying processor frequencies, this completion time can be either shortened or stretched.

by reducing the frequency value in order to keep the slack time the shorter possible, the energy consumption is reduced, while the functional properties are still veri.ed.


3(a)) is still achievable with newly-constructed coarse grids.

given the 3 vertical lines and 4 horizontal lines that go through the boundaries of voltage islands, no matter how we assign the other 3 vertical lines and 3 horizontal lines (see the dashed lines in Fig.


Potential for Power Reduction The improvement in throughput achieved by selective protection of significant data bits translates into improvement of yield and offers the potential for power savings through aggressive voltage over-scaling beyond i) the limit of reliable operation of 6T memory cells and ii) the limits imposed by the inherent error resilience of the fully unprotected system described in Section 5.

as discussed in Section 6.1 the proposed storage scheme can limit the throughput loss, providing acceptable performance even under high number of defects (1%10%) which could be induced by aggressive voltage scaling down to 0.6V (Fig.


R(q)represents the e.ective frequency for a particle hit of charge q in unit time according to [24][31].

1 -q R(q)= F ×K ×A ××exp( ) (5) Qs Qs where F , K, A and Qs denote neutron .ux (> 10MeV), technology-independent .tting parameter, the susceptible area in cm 2, and charge collection slop, respectively.


It shows the energy savings that would be lost if sonar presence sensing were disabled.

the CDF shows that for half of the users, presence detection contributes at least 10% of the total display energy savings.


This enables streaming multimedia to be consumed by a wide range of devices with varying processing power and memory capacities, across networks with divergent bandwidth and error characteristics.

devillers [4] proposes a generic adaptation architecture which allows processing nodes to perform the adaptation without specific knowledge about the bitstream being performed.


We use an oracle predictor to transform misspeculated loads to NOP instructions at the issue stage, avoiding data cache accesses down the wrong path, and thus any possible impact of them on processor performance.

either the possible bene.cial e.ects due to wrong-path prefetching or detrimental e.ects caused by cache pollution are avoided.


With in-place updates, Kiln can achieve 91% of native system performance, which is about a 2× improvement over log-based persistent memory designs using NVRAM.

we make the following contributions: We propose a persistent memory design that closes the performance gap between systems with and without persistence support.


Then it signals the Reseeding Counter to increase its value by one and as a result the next reseeding is performed by the Seed-loading Mechanism.

the Seed-loading Mechanism synchronizes the reseedings Linear Feedback Logic ...


These models, however, need to be verified and validated using on-chip measurement data.

assumptions and approximations that are made in such models can be investigated through careful test structure implementation.


The main idea of this algorithm is that we arrange the on/off timing of the cells so that the resulting currents will be similar to a sinusoidal wave including the resonance frequency.

we first divide cells in two classes, one has 0 degree phase deviation and the other one has 180 degree phase deviation.


Since using spin as a state variable is a promising direction for future logic devices [5], many proposed beyond CMOS devices are based on spintronics.

a device in a non-local spin-valve con.guration combined with the spin-transfer-torque switching (see Fig.


A rule-violation instance is associated with a candidate if any of its bounding boxes intersects/overlaps with the layout locations of the net and/or defects associated with the candidate.

the analysis determines if bounding boxes of an implicated section of geometry associated with a candidate overlaps or intersects any region corresponding to a rule violation.


If and only if ci is assigned to kth row, aik = 1.

aik determines the y-position of h hh wij ij wji ji , ij ci.


Similar to solving AI, HW/SW codesign have uncertainties that need to be solved to achieve satisfactory trade-off solution between hardware and software.

the scheduling and partitioning in HW/SW codesign are well known to be an NP-complete (Nondeterministic Polynomial time) problems.


conditional coverage items are directly implied by the RTL code and can be extracted automatically (explained below).


Unlike the previous works, our approach can guarantee the close proximity of symmetry modules and signi.cantly reduce the search space based on the symmetry-island formulation.

the packing time for an ASF-B*tree or an HB*-tree is the same as that for a plain B*-tree (only amortized linear) and much faster than previous works which need at least loglinear time.


To quantify the alleviation of congestion brought by an unused block, we de.ne a factor Satx,y indicating the e.ective percentage of Ux,y.

for CLBx,y, (1 - Satx,y) fraction of Ux,y is alleviated.


A module is defined based on the existing cell placement and the location of the TVSS lines (or alternatively, the sleep transistor cell that lies underneath this line) over the standard cell layout.

module (r,i) denotes the module that is formed around the ith sleep transistor in the rth row of the standard cell layout.


As such, a holistic hardware/software approach to handling voltage emergencies has the potential to provide additional advantages beyond the fail-safe capabilities of hardware-only solutions.

voltage-monitoring hardware coupled with a dynamic optimization system could be used to sense voltage emergencies, modify the problematic code sequences, and avoid future voltage emergencies in thosecodesequences.


By contrast, manufacturing yield and lifetime reliability decrease at alarming pace while the physical limits of nanotechnology are being approached.

reduced design and process error margins due to material defects and imperfections have to be dealt with.


v 2 2p 2) ISI Model: The error model above ignores the possibility of ISI.

it assumes that the previous PTL differential output has been completely dissipated when the SA thresholds the current output.


In Figure 1, c3 and o194 are mutually inclusive.

under any execution scenario, one cannot be exe- cuted without executing the other.


This approach is not as general as ours, as it does not provide the capability to reason directly about memory components.

it is limited to reasoning about reads and writes.


Note that even though the don t care literals are directly integrated into zChaff s literal pool, they must be differentiated from other normal literals since a don t care literal is never allowed to be watched.

there should be no implication on a don t care literal.


For two opamps, the layout generation time spent by PM-RC was less than that of PB-RC.

the parasitic solving time by PM-RC is 22% less than that of PB-RC.


It also holds a property that any path in the path graph has known path delay after tests.

if a path can be traced in a path graph, the path is either robust-testable or the path delay is a linear combination of other robust-testable path delays [4].


One explanation for this is the faster computation of branch outcomes and targets, due to shorter load latencies reducing the number of speculatively executed instructions.

while the number of committed loads is unaffected by Base2ld1st1cycleL1, the number of executed loads is 9% lower than for Base2ld1st.


MATCHING FOR NPN-EQUIVALENCE Given two functions f(xx) and g(xy), optionally with their care-conditions fc(xx) and gc(xy), respectively, we decide whether f and g can be NPN-equivalent under the care-conditions.

this problem can be divided into two subtasks by deciding whether f and g or whether f and ¬g are NPequivalent.


Since WPAN devices are typically operated in energyconstrained environments, they must be able to operate with much lower average power consumption than the existing wireless network components.

because of the limited battery life associated with each device, as well as the difficulty involved in performing frequent battery replacement for a very large number of devices scattered over a large area, such as in the case of wireless sensor network applications, energy efficient operations constitute a mandatory requirement for WPAN devices.


In addition, we impose limitations on the subnetwork size.

if a subnetwork has more than 50 inputs or outputs, then the node pair is rejected without calculating RY .


The existing communities are repeatedly bi-partitioned in a depth .rst manner.

in the example, at the next level in bi-partitioning, nodes in community 0 are split into communities 0 and 2, while nodes in community 1 (assuming that communities 0 and 2 cannot be split further) are split into communities 1 and 3, and may yield a chromosome such as The .tness function (network modularity) is computed after every partitioning.


Even though ECC can correct certain bit errors and .ash .rmware keeps aging under control, endurance characteristics of .ash storage get worse over time.

raw bit error rate increases exponentially with PE cycles [9, 2], which leads to uncorrectable ECC (UECC) errors.


After that, we formulate another scheduling for the simulation of stems as an optimization problem whose objective is to minimize the memory storage of logic values needed.

we need not allocate memory to store the values for all the stems.


However, most of the previously proposed Trojan structures are constructed to evade conventional functional/structural testing so that Trojaninfected designs can pass commercial testing and be delivered to end-users.

ample research has been conducted in order to enhance Trojan detection methods during the IC supply chain, but this research has focused primarily on enhancing the robustness of detection against Trojan designs that show a speci.c power pro.le.


This may be complementary to the other views of the solution space.

the view of the solution space we propose is based on the trunk decomposition [13] of existing global routing structures (determined by any desired means) and then perform congestion optimization by moving wiring segments in the decomposition.


In order for protocols to maintain security, we must guarantee that the subset of cells that match between two PPUFs is unique between every pair of PPUFs.

if a third PPUF can match the same con.guration as two matched PPUFs, the security of the communication link between the two legitimately matched parties is compromised.


It turns out that very often there are only a few sets of ranges that occur in the output packets, and we can draw them by assigning each of them a unique real color 1.

if we .nd that bytes 0 32 for many of the outgoing frames are in.uenced by bytes 24 25, we would assign the incoming range 24 25 a color (gray in this case) and draw both 24-25 of the incoming frames gray, and all the bytes of the outgoing frame in.uenced by 24 25 in gray as well.


This can be achieved by exploring the permutations of hybrid multipliers and obtaining a Pareto-optimal [23] set of candidates.

for any two given multipliers, no given one is clearly better than the other in terms of both resource usage and computational latency.


The comparator consists of an offset cancelled input stage using a new autozero technique.

this circuit is suitable for portable applications, where, usually, very lowpower, compact and high speed circuits are required Categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.1 [Integrated Circuits]: Types and Design Styles Advanced technologies, Input/output circuits.


In the sustained mode, a locked input/output pair tries to sustain their matching until a timeout period (TP) has been reached or the VOQ is empty.

upon finishing serving a packet, the source PE will keep locking and serving the same VOQ, until the VOQ becomes empty, or a TP has been reached.


So far, our schemes provide tamper-evident trusted storage.

they guarantee that any incorrect behaviors by the storage server, virtual counter manager, or network whether caused by random faults or malicious attacks are guaranteed to at least be detected by the client s devices.


If we can stagger the reading in the case where one becomes available before the other we can utilize the read ports more efficiently.

there is a potential to reduce the number of register file read ports without impacting performance to an unacceptable degree.


3.2 Skew Constraints Skew derivation should be restricted by Inequalities (1) and (2) main focus of VLSI research, clock scheduling was also applied to circuit noise minimization in [4].

it was used to minimize peak current in [7].


Audio data is immediately processed such that speaker related information is extracted, however speech content is removed.

this work makes the following contributions: 1.


Let the Boolean variable Ej,i,w,r denote the address comparison of the read port r at depth i, and the write port w at depth j, defined as Ej,i,w,r=(Addri,r=Addrj,w).

then the forwarding semantics of the  memory can be expressed as: (Ej,k,w,r.WEj,w.REk,r..0:p<W .j<i<k(¬Ei,k,p,r.¬WEi,p)) -(RDk,r =WDj,w) (3) data read at depth k through read port r, equals the data written at depth j through write port w, if the addresses are equal at depth k and j, write enable is active at j for the write port w, read enable is active at k for the read port r, and for all depths strictly between j and k, no data was written at the address location Addrk,r through any write port.


According to this trend, we expect that with one or two more metal layers, designs of such a size with pin density of 0.4 may always be routable.

the threshold pin density causing routing layer inefficiency is still 0.5.


In this case, the jammers emulate legitimate TD-LTE nodes by using Sybil identities and based on their geographic location, they can a.ect the eNB s cell coverage.

if the Sybil node emulators are closer, less power is launched and accordingly cell coverage degrades for legitimate border nodes.


The multiplexer causes the state of the latch to be toggled ifthe far end of the line is at a logic high state.

the far end of the line is now a level sensitive circuit, rather than an edge sensitive circuit.


With ever increasing IC complexity and shrinking feature sizes, however, systematic yield loss mechanisms started to dominate for technology generations of 0.18um and below[3].

to keep the IC yield at economically acceptable levels for the ever increasing number of contact and via holes, their fail rates had to be kept at the levels of few per billion.


The procedure to estimate the leakage power map is given in Section III.

we solve following constrained optimization problem to reconstruct the power map of the die.


Unfortunately, checking con.uence is generally undecidable so that developers are responsible for guaranteeing this property.

the CAOS semantics (and therefore the assertions presented in the previous section) do not require that a given model is con.uent, and its compilers will not check for it.


The larger the number of components the harder the challenge.

since the interface primitives are called within separate SystemC processes, they introduce serialization into the data transfers across the corresponding components.


Therefore, proper initial guesses for each envelope step need to be provided such that the resulting solutions form a smooth envelope.

the solutions should have either the same phase or phases that vary only slowly between envelope steps.


It just means that the upper bound on block aspect ratios guaranteed by the analysis here for the given algorithm is at least 3.

consecutive-pairwise area bounds tighter than 2 (e.g., ai/ai+1 = 1.5) are not guaranteed to reduce the maximum aspect ratio below what can be attained with ai/ai+1 = 2.


In the general case, if transitions occur on several inputs, or a transition propagates along several reconverging paths, then the derivative .y/.xi may depend on the influence of other transitions which may result in a glitch at y.

the value of the function .y/.xi = f (x1, x2, ... xi -1, ... xi +1, xn) depends in this case on the literals where values are nondetermined (unknown), and the calculation of .y/.xi is impossible.


Reversely, the Sensitivity (S) of predicted relationships is the probability of .nding them in the system output when they appear in the gold standard.

r and S are precision and recall of the predicted set of relationships with respect to the true set of relationships: R(X ) = P (r(d, d ' ) .


However, low-power design .ows often imply multiple Vth values.

when using devices with larger Vth, the di.erence (Vdd -Vth(T )) becomes small, causing the delay to decrease as temperature increases.


5 CONCLUSIONS This paper has presented the OO system-level design features offered by the SystemC-Plus Methodology supporting them by a real-world case study.

it has focused on polymorphism in HW design analyzing potential benefits and drawbacks.


This is in turn followed by a discussion of how an implementation may be synthesized from high-level control models (in Section 4).

we show how schedules in automotive-speci.c bus protocols like CAN or FlexRay might be synthesized in order to meet control performance requirements.


The MPEG2 encoder contains 22 components, whose data .ow can be modeled by a live and safe stochastic timed FC.

3Generally, the more number of linear functions are used, the more accurate the approximation can be.


This is referred to as the cold-start problem.

the system needs to be warmed up when employing sampling in time   so that the performance characteristics during the evaluation are representative for as if we were to run the entire workload.


One of the key test methodology challenges is to facilitate this solution during the course of fault simulation.

placement of SBST code should be done without requiring a huge physical memory model of several gigabytes, which will adversely affect fault simulation speed.


In general, finding policies for POMDP models is known to be computationally intractable.

calculating exact solutions for the finite-horizon stochastic POMDP problems is P-SPACE hard [16].


Although several other thresholding techniques were found to work similarly [7-9], we chose a modified form of [6] based on minimum mean squared error from the empirically (human) determined optimum threshold over a test set of 100 documents.

the method chosen had the lowest probability of "catastrophic" failures that prevent downstream processing from successfully analyzing the captured content.


GOALS OF THE STUDY In the study, the tool will be implemented and the participants will be asked to give their feedback on their overall reaction and satisfaction of the system and the functionality of the application.

the key questions are related to the errors and the speech that the system gave as well as the ease of use and the task completion time of the survey.


On the other hand, some simpli.cations have been done in the problem formulation to avoid overwhelming the algorithmic-CAD community with complexities of timing analysis.

only a single clock domain exists for each benchmark design, and there are no extra timing overrides such asfalsepaths.


To avoid the thorny issues of dealing with and reporting on others data, a different approach for researchers studying attacks on anonymization is to focus on the anonymization techniques rather than the anonymized data.

the researchers can re-apply the anonymization used by a particular data provider, but to data 4This is not always true, as some data providers (partially)anonymize using keys that they subsequently discard [8].


V. CUSTOMIZING CAC H E LINE TURNOFF FOR PREFETCHED LINES Until this point in our experimental evaluation, all the cache lines are treated exactly the same way, whether they have been brought into the cache through prefetching or through a normal load operation.

a prefetched cache line is put in SD power mode if it is not touched during the decay interval.


{0,1,2,3,4,5}t , where r zj = bijxi mod 6 (2) i=1 that is, simply a linear combination, determined by (1), for j =1,2,...,t. Or, in matrix notation, where B = {bij }denotes an r ×t matrix with entries {bij }of equation (1): z = xB mod 6.

certainly, di.erent x s may lead to the same z,since t = o(1) r << r, for large enough r. Now, from (1), polynomial Q(x,y) with any substitution o(1) of the y s can be computed from the t = r values of z. i .... (i) plugging in y=(0,0,..., 1 ,0,...,0), we will get modulo 6 the following polynomial: xi +4(xi1 + xi2 + ···+ xig )+3(xj1 + xj2 + ···+ xjk )(3) where di.erent indices denote di.erent numbers.


We can see that, while the savings we achieve generally reduce as we increase the capacity of the client-side cache, the results are still good.

evenwith thelargest client cacheweused, our .ne grain scheme achieves about 14.6% average improvement in execution latency with 8 clients and 9.1% improvement with 16 clients.


However, the effective supply voltage of SRAM cell does not become near zero immediately when the sleep transistor is turned off.

the effective supply voltage gradually decreases.IfthepowergatedSRAMcellwakesup beforeitseffective supply voltage reaches a threshold, the states of SRAM cells automatically recover.IfthepowergatedSRAMcellwakesupbefore its effective supply voltage reaches a threshold, the states of SRAM cells automatically recover.


As the structural dimensions of electronic interconnects become ever-smaller, new factors come to bear, which reduce reliability and which previously were negligible.

there are material migration processes in electrical wires, which cannot be ignored anymore during the development of electronic circuits.


Many circuits were modified to enhance margins for NBTI.

current-mode latch sense amps used for L1 caches and TLBs (Figure.


The results with thisscheme,giveninFigure21, areobtainedusingtracesfrom ourapplications.This hypotheticalschemeeliminates harmful prefetches in an optimal fashion.

for each prefetch, it determines whether it will be harmful or not, and if it will be harmful,that prefetchis dropped.For easeof comparison, Figure21also reproducesthe resultswith ourscheme(the.ne grainversion).Wecan seefromtheseresultsthatthedifference between our scheme and the optimal one is not too much in theseapplications(theaveragedifferencebeing 3.6%).


Accountability: to be able to map security-related events to system entities.

it is possible to trace back any message to its sender.


We demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach using a variety of previously published circuits.

we reduced the sizes of the best known Toffoli gate quantum realizations on average by 19.2% and the costs of a set of benchmark circuits on average by 30.2%.


Dynamic Write Margin Sensor In scaled technologies it has been shown that write failures are higher than the read failures [7].

tCRIT is wider than the read WL pulse duration.


It is the boundary when the task starts generating requests for a device which could have been idle previously.

it is the largest msuch that w((t,mn +1) prw (t,m )andw((t,mv) n w((t,ma+e1) -ihw (t,ma++1)for task t. w((t,mv)is a subset of w (t,ma ,1)whilew((t,mb+11)is not a subset of w((t,mv).


The B*-tree, in contrast, has been shown an ef.cient and effective data structure for .oorplanning [6, 9, 20].

(the B*-tree tool is available on-line [4].)


Sum hash function To implement the Sum technique, we utilize an array of flip-flops.

for every possible outcome, we implement a D flipflop.


Typically, service providers like Google or Facebook collect gigabytes to terabytes of user payload data to compute user pro.les from.


The number of scanned APs for a day was 367 at least and 1,573 at most, and the number of rows in the database was 50,160 at least and 248,700 at most.

the average amount of data for a day is 4.5MB to 22.3MB, which is a reasonable cost considering that the data storage of recent mobile devices is at least 4GB.


Increasing the number of nodes should result in a linear decrease in performance as adding one node to a toplogy results in a fixed gain in routing demand.

going from 10 to 11 nodes or 100 to 101 nodes would result in the same increase in routing demand and consequently the same decrease in maximum performance.


Recent advances in applying statistical inference and optimization heuristics have enabled qualitatively new capabilities in microarchitectural analysis.

three fundamental advances have dramatically lowered the cost ofearly-stage performance and power estimation: (a) sophisticated sampling of instruction traces and design spaces, (b) predictive modeling to reduce the reliance on detailed simulation, and (c) heuristics for combinatorial optimization.Each technique in isolation is insuf.cient for analyzing microarchitectural adaptivity.


network operation speed is independent of logic depth but is determined by the clock frequency at which single gates can be operated.


Table 1 Circuit Information # Gates 600k # FFs 35,566 # Scan Chains 64 # Clock Gating Elements 984 Gated FFs Rate (%) 82.9 # Vectors CCx4 3,700 CCx8 3,755 CCx16 3,896 Test Coverage (%) CCx4 85.7 CCx8 85.7 CCx16 85.7 CCx4, CCx8, and CCx16 have 16, 8, and 4 external scan inputs, respectively, for the 64 internal scan chains.

the compression ratios for CCx4, CCx8, and CCx16 are 4x, 8x, and 16x, respectively.


We selected enough pilots such that the total number of fault injections we had to perform for validation (for pilots and the population) was over one million for each of control-and store-equivalence (1,378,000 for control and 1,093,000 for store) across all fault models.

for validating control-equivalence, we performed approximately 1,092,000 and 286,000 injections for integer register and address generation unit fault models respectively.


We then describe a multimodal interface for a photo browsing application and a user study to understand some of the usability issues with such interfaces.

we study walk-up use of multimodal commands for photo manipulations, and compare this with unimodal multi-touch interactions.


4.2 Validating the setup Duplicating a Web 2.0 workload is a signi.cant effort and involves .ne-tuningvarious software settings and con.gurations that necessitates propervalidation.Wevalidated ourexperimental framework both functionally and with respect to behavior and timing.

we automatically veri.ed whether the .le sizes returned bythe duplicatedworkload matchthe.le sizes observedinthereal workload.


Even though these approaches take into account temperature variations across various regions of the chip, they do not account for variations over time.

they optimize clock distribution for a given (non uniform) temperature pro.le, but they cannot account for the fact that such a pro.le can greatly change during system operation, depending on environmental conditions and workloads.