(8) Compute impulse response h(t) in (6) with residues ark m = f and poles br.

j=1 Clearly, one needs to .nd an e.cient mapping between pa- the k-th order moments of random rameter space and performance space to obtain the stochas variable x can be written as: tic circuit behavior.


This suggests that BLE is more susceptible to bursty packet loss, in which case BLE requires a larger window, or human wait time, for the proximity detection to be reliable in the grey zone.

inside the white zone, BLE has a smaller con.dence interval than 802.15.4, possibly because BLE employs forward error correction rather than error detection.


2) The SECDED BFP model: as in DRM BFP model, the parity in SECDED changes in the presence of an odd number of bit .ips in a memory write.

the model of SECDED is more complex because, in a non-standard Hamming Code, the quantity qp(·) of bits covered by a parity bit varies.


Thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise are the most common known sources of noise.

rF systems are mainly concerned with thermal noise.


These emissions are pulsitile, repetitive, and uniform in polarity.

wave emissions are bipolar alternating the current direction between head-to-tail and tail-to-head.


The LPM for content names with more than 64 components might require up to 2 clock cycles, thus impacting worst case performance.

since T=64, only the .rst packet of a .ow reaches the FIB, whereas the remaining packets are directly processed in the LPM-C.


The result shows that on the average the gate leakage is the dominant component of the total leakage.

at higher temperature contributions of the subthreshold and the BTBT are increased.


Hypervisor Rootkit Detection A hypervisor is a trusted platform in the virtual machine environment by default.

many attacks target hypervisor to obtain a higher level privilege of either a guest OS, or even a host OS without being detected.


With migration towards high-radix routers, the lowradix topologies such as the k-ary n-cubes [7] are no longer suitable.

the folded-Clos [5] (or the fat-tree [14]) is a topology that can take advantage of high-radix routers.


In line with our CEP approach, current trends require BAM to extend processing functionality and call for a tighter alignment of BPM and CEP in business process analytics: There is (1) the drive to provide richer types of observation which necessitates more event processing functions such as event pattern detection and (2) the need to provide more online observations when data comes from multiple event sources [5].

even when this information is retrieved, business processes remain static and cannot be changed dynamically to adapt to the actual scenario [8] and therefore require guidance for translating insight into action.


We regard the human body as a conductor in the 6.75 MHz frequency range used for communication.

there are variable coupling capacitances that emanate from shoes and clothes.


Applications for this systeminclude the collection of motes after an experiment, important not onlydue to the still sizable costbut alsodue to environmental considerations, and also the tracking down of malicious nodes that actively disturb the operation of the network.

by far the most important application is the support of the deploymentphase.


As a result, we may incur a performance penalty compared to a single run of BMC when examples are within capacity limits.

as demonstrated by problem two, there are examples within the range of BMC where the decomposition into many simpler searches outperforms a single BMC run.


As more dies are stacked, more compressive stress occurs in die0 due to the additional stress from dies above.

we see that this difference becomes smaller as we go to the upper dies, e.g., die1 stress in a three-die and a four-die stack.


Thus, as more prefetching transactions are performed (very aggressive prefetching aggressiveness), the miss rate in the first levels of cache tends to be lower.

a very aggressive prefetching can cause cache pollution, increase network traffic, and thereby degrade the system performance.


We .rst generate M samples variation sources and then compute the M samples of chip leakage power.

because the random variation is unique for each circuit element, when the circuit size becomes large, a large number of random variation samples need to be computed.


We emphasize that our SCGL heuristics are different from equivalence check point matching.

the fundamental question remains: Does there exist a class of problems where the SCGL heuristics provide a better solution while the equivalence check point matching does not work?


By comparing greedy and greedy-return methods, Figures 7 and 8 show that when the divergence degree is low, such as with a divergence degree of 8, the greedy-return method can usually provide better performance.

with increase in divergence degree, the greedy-return method may introduce additional overheads by excessively scheduling the threads in the return branch.


These standards are SystemC and SystemVerilog.

design and verification sources that are written in these new ESL-based languages are not easily reusable.


Results indicate that the FPAA-based evolved SNN controller does not achieve the same level of fitness as the evolved software SNN.

the FPAA system does display increased relative performance and robustness in adapting to changes in the environment.


In this paper, we borrow and/or adapt synchronizer architectures from previous work in [17, 18], where design issues are discussed for the synchronizers in isolation.

the focus of this work is on the network level.


Most of them have been implemented on FPGAs, taking advantage of the inherent hardware flexibility, in order performed in real-time with high frame rates.

many applications of disparity estimation require not only real-time processing but also accurate depth information.


An early write termination scheme was proposed to reduce the unnecessary writes to STT-RAM cells [18].

these works are all focused on modifying STT-RAM cell or cache architecture designs but not the cache management policy.


Most devices can be modeled with at most 8 vertices, as for LVTSCR.

for a dual SCR [7], its device model file contains as many as 17 vertices.


For example, for the 5-port router, if its frequency is set to be 1.5GHz, then only the four-stage pipeline with a peak frequency of 1.78GHz can be fast enough.

if we reduce the router frequency to 1.0GHz, then both four-stage pipeline and three-stage pipeline can meet the frequency demand, but we will choose three-stage pipeline to maximize the router performance.


The goal of the research reported here is to provide microarchitecture-level mechanisms whereby allocations of shared cache resources can be guaranteed.

the policies that determine the actual allocations are beyond our scope.


4.2.3 Hiding Decryption Latency Overheads We have discussed what criteria can be used to predict a page as inert and encrypt it, and what criteria can be used to decrypt it.

with the decryption threshold, for each page that is predicted inert and encrypted, there are  2500 lbm 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 (a) 25000 sphinx 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 (b) Figure 5: Distribution of accesses to previously encrypted (inert) pages.


Since discrete gate sizing is NP-hard [15], ef.cient heuristics must be used to .nd good solutions within reasonable runtime.

so far there is no consensus about a de.nitive solution and hence, there is still room for reasearch.


The Location-Based Service (LBS), for example, provides various convenient services using an individual s location information.

on the flip side of this convenience, if a user's location information is exposed, it can lead to serious privacy problems.


For this reason, we limit our study to logic circuits that use SWD only in a binary way considering only one propagating wavelength and two possible phase values.

the analysis of the area occupied can be generalized also for amplitude information encoding.


If the stride prefetcher has access to the PC (program counter) of the cache missing operations, the prefetcher attributes misses to speci.c instructions and tracks streams on a per PC basis [13, 14, 15].

current implementations of processors do not propagate the PC responsible for a miss beyond the L1 cache.


Hence, it is left with the unpredictable numerical stability problem in the succeeding phase of numerical analysis.

implementation of a sensitivity analysis would be nontrivial.


the robust estimation framework can naturally handle a variety of distributions including non-Gaussian, mixture, and multi-modal variables, as demonstrated in Section 3.


3.3.5 Writeback The writeback stage is relatively less susceptible to errors, compared to other stages discussed above.

to achieve fault coverage in the entire OoO engine, we propose some enhancements to the Writeback stage.


For most workloads, the standard MRU insertion policy is su.cient.

for workloads whose working sets exceed the capacity of the cache, some fraction of the working set can be retained in the cache by inserting the incoming block in the LRU position.


Hence, it is tempting to construct a constraint graph according to the con.icts, and apply two-coloring algorithm to .nd out the set of features that can be printed simultaneously in the core mask.

as we will discuss in detail later, the above graph formulation is actually incorrect and may produce patterns that di.er from the target features.


accuracy degree will be of the form .~log ( N )- p , which is better than the accuracy degree corresponding to the no-coding case, .~ N -1 .

there exists a N so that if > NN max max then non-correctable error becomes likely, which limits the length of the recovery process.


Not including the optional delay element may cause a glitch on the latch output signal.

proper device sizing can suppress the glitch.


Hence, the processes performance is of the highest importance to an enterprise s success [7].

business process analytics is often not able to provide insight in a timely manner as data is only provided by extraction, transformation, and loading jobs batched over night similar to financial data.


3.3 Parallel simulation Systems, modelled as parallel processes, exhibit a natural parallelism, that can be exploited for parallel simulation.

the potential to speed up simulation seems to be fundamentally constraint by the model of computation used.


As can be seen, depending on the stress temperature, NBTI can result in an fMAX degradation of up to 8.8% in 3 years (at 125°C).

as the operating temperature is lowered down to 25°C, the degradation process significantly slows down [3,20] and results in only 3.3% reduction of fMAX.


For both Feng Shui and APlace we used the default amount of 20% whitespace, which consistently produced layouts with overlapping modules.

capo often solved these instances without need for legalization, and so we reduce whitespace to 15% for its instances in order to generate solutions that do contain overlapping modules.


To handle the high complexity resulted from combining the power and signal network designs, we employed the high abstract yet effective power integrity model (power pitch model) and signal integrity model (shielding requirements for nets) [11, 10].

we recognize that these models are too conservative for real designs.


It can be utilized to test and verify of various NoC methodologies.

it can also be improved on several points.


This is because there is signi.cant instruction level parallelism in these designs and few or no inter-iteration dependencies so several iterations can execute in parallel.

other designs have high inter-iteration read after write data dependencies.


Since Vdd or Vss can be accessed from the cells (see Figure 2), the layout of conventional storage elements, which connect to virtual rails if not modi.ed, can be readily re-designed.

the leakage current from storage elements can be signi.cant in this case.


In this case, if the transition immediately following a clock pulse is not considered during the timing exception path sensitization check, it can lead to mismatches.

to reduce the run time of simulation, we do not immediately propagate the effect of a new captured state right after the clock is pulsed.


Since the Analyzer process has control signal outputs, we have to accept that they will be approximated.

in this particular example, it does not matter, since the Analyzer only produces one Pass or Fail signal for each frame that is processed.


The comparator of Figure 3(b) is energy efficient as long as the 8 bit segments are random, since mismatches dominate in all four blocks.

it may not be energy efficient in the case when some of the 8 bit blocks match often, as some of the DMCs will frequently detect a match and dissipate energy even when the complete arguments do not match.


On one hand, it is likely that the replacement-oriented repair solution provided with existing methods violates signal timing requirements after shifting or rerouting, thereby leading to new faulty TSVs .

a faulty TSV linking to a particular signal might be a good one if it links to another signal instead.


... ...... ... is the maximum noise among all the nodes in the .. .., .. .. .. ..... adjacent to ri.

for the simplicity of presentation, in this paper we say a sensor is being placed at ri if the sensor is .. .


The hardware mechanism they use is similar to other hardware cache management designs, which requires modi.citons of the LRU replacement policy and tracking the cache line ownership.

our hardware mechanism does not enforce quota but allows the software to enforce it, moving the complexity to software with virtually no performance overhead.


For example, when n= 512 and k=17, log Il.

5. variable latency adders.We employ mathematical distributions to kn it takes several constant steps to compute sum bits after generating group P/G signals in the speculative adder.


The decision of the selected Pareto point can then already be made at design time for purely static applications.

many real-life applications are dynamic in nature and they cannot be completely characterised at design time.


GIC is a Trojan-free IC which is required, in all existing HT frameworks, as a reference point to verify the responses obtained from an IC under authentication.

identifying a GIC is not a trivial task.


Therefore, we choose to apply our placement-driven partitioning on top of a purely HPWL-driven placement.

our partitioning method is equally valid applied on top of any initial placement, routability-driven or otherwise.


Indeed, if everyfunctionalunit was continuously utilized throughout the lifetime of theprogram, such instruction duplication would amount to an IPC reduction of at least 50%.

due to the intelligent and e.cient implementation of our system, the duplicated instructions are able to dynamically recuperate idle hardware resources and achieve improved overall IPC while doing double the number of computations.


Thus, it can be very energy and hardware area e.cient.

it may be di.cult to provide exact matching of the clock phase at the receiver end.


By further increasing the error bounds, we can reduce more edges.

the improvement is not substantial and if the error VI.


APPLICATIONS ManyproblemsinCADforVLSIanbeformulated toSSPproblemwhenvariationsbeomeaonern.We willherebriefydisussitsappliationstomazerouting, timinganalysisandbuferinsertionunderparameter variations.


The same 2.2W maximum output power could have been achieved without bias boosting, if a larger current (700mA compared to 170mA) had been provided to the power transistor.

this extra current causes excessive power dissipation at low output power levels.


The micro-controller s mini OS maintains a Frames in the FPGA which are currently not used to realize any logic and are thus potentially programmable without any intervention to the functions currently being executed, called the Free Frame List.

if the Free Frame list is insuf.cient for the logic that the new algorithm s function is to realize, or is empty, some functions from the FPGA have to be erased so as to accommodate the logic necessary for the functions of the new algorithm whose execution has been requested by the host PC.


An improvement to this basic FDL setup is based on recirculation enabled FDL optical buffer [11] [12] [13] [14].

current research is having problem of storing multiple optical packets in one buffer at one time because the unsolved addressing issue [15].


The cited three implementations [2][3][4] use a conventional parametrized design approach with almost similar internal computation, interleaving, and storage optimization techniques.

each of them has selected a different sub-blocking parallelism level (8, 16, and 32).


An efficient approach for this purpose is post-ATPG test modification based on X-identification and X-filling since it causes no circuit/clock design change and no test vector count inflation.

applying this approach to test compression has been considered challenging due to the limited availability of X-bits.


INTRODUCTION The computer, along with the digital world, o.ers many advantages to the user.

the access to this information can still be di.cult for many people, specially the handicapped.


2.2 Layout-Aware Crosstalk Analysis As technology feature size scales, interconnect spacing and width are also being reduced.

in order to keep the resistance low, the thickness of the wires is not scaled at the same rate.


Then we have two options: we can run 2-D placements simultaneously or sequentially.

when 2.5-D via is very inexpensive and its cost is comparable with a traditional via, the 2.5-D placement can be performed just as in the 2-D case except that now layout region consists of a set of levels.


For example, if 3 or 4 available Pareto optimal operating points per memory instance exist, we have enough freedom to achieve signi.cant application level gains.

the two extreme points should be part of this set of operating points, because we need the entire available range.


Most of the examples mentioned above use proprietary software and apply required image transformations directly onto a rendered 3D scene, by using designated pixel shaders, or by employing a two-pass rendering approach.

if the output image is not generated by the warping application itself, i.e.


CONCLUSIONS The behavior of RF circuits is characterized by complicated nonlinearities, due to the numerous nonlinear components that contribute to the overall circuit performance.

efficient high-level simulation of RF systems requires simple macromodels for individual circuit blocks.


If the temperature exceeds T_activation + 5 °C, however, clock gating is initiated regardless of whether the lowest frequency and voltage have been reached.

if the thermal control system has an idea of the maximum frequency that can be set without crossing the higher thermal thresholds, these severe performance penalties (e.g., clock gating) can be avoided altogether.


As a result, in addition to their large and growing register .les, future GPUs will likely bene.t from even larger primary cache and scratchpad memories.

these resources can not all grow arbitrarily large, as GPUs continue to be area-limited even as they become power limited.


If the pipeline ends up stalling upon an L2 miss, the power of the unused circuits would be reduced already by clock gating, reducing VSV s opportunity.

vSV has at least two advantages over clock gating: (1) clock gating cannot reduce power of used circuits while VSV can, and (2) clock gating cannot gate all unused circuits if the clock gate signal s timing is too tight [10].


In fact, from the mutual information one would be able to compute the Bayes risk of the detector.

from the de.nition of the entropy loss function and the action space A that is required, one observes that the entropy loss function is dependent on the distribution of .


After the noti.cation of a new packet arrival the kernel processes the packet, and then invokes TCP/IP protocol processing.

arrival of a new packet disrupts protocol processing since hardware interrupts have higher priority over other tasks.


For this reason, certain processors employ progressive gating of large modules like the L2 cache to mitigate di/dt e.ects [13].

ad-hoc progressive gating does not prevent other adjacent modules from switching simultaneously and can still result in unreliable di/dt surges.


[25] present an optical network based on FSOI links.

in their approach micro-mirrors are used to guide laser beams and an all-to-all architecture is proposed using large amount of optical elements.


Tracking observed latency at each node gives a general picture of the state of the network; it does not perfectly re.ect congestion on the path of a particular message and may be out of date as network status can change rapidly.

it is simple to track and provides a reasonable approximation.


Finally, the test vectors generated from the logic-level circuit may validate the bugs already present there.

recent success with RTL ATPG techniques indicate that the ATPG problem can be tackled ef.ciently at the RTL because of the advantages of lower complexity, smaller design size and an understanding of the functionality.


Generally, design patterns and platforms have the same aims, i.e., to describe a common architectural solution and to allow the reuse of HW and SW components.

design patterns are based on the principles of the OO design, whereas platforms are developed using the principles of the component-based design.


This formulation guarantees that the algorithm will return a 1University of Toronto, ECE Department, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4 ({briank, veneris}@eecg.toronto.edu) 2University of Toronto, CS Department, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4 superset of the error locations that would have been found in the concrete model.

the need for a high error cardinality for the method to work inevitably has a direct impact on its performance.


Subsequently, if the travel/arrivaltime is critical,theVehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V) networksshouldprovideadvise/guidancetothe mobileunits regarding possible re-routings.

in order for this to happen, the interest for the particular query needs to be disseminated in a manner that will ensure that the entities that could provide the answer are aware of it.


Wang and Lee proposed two general design approaches [11]: the partition-based approach [8], [11], [13], [14] that eliminates the cache contention, and the randomization-based approach [10] [12] that randomizes the cache contention.

these approaches only target contention based attacks and are not effective in defeating reuse based attacks.


By comparing the input signal with fan-out point waveform, we can get the values of delay and signal slew over the whole circuit, as illustrated in Figure 1.

based on most ofthe proposed gate models, the fan-out point waveform can not be deduced directly from the gate input signal since the gate model is not apriori.In the gate interconnect gate (sink) input signal  driving point fan-out point Figure 1: A gate drives its interconnects and receivers (sinks).


For combined alterations, the only undetected cases are either alteration of commands in non-notable states or a combination of ID and SR alterations which mask each other.

alteration of commands in non-notable states is out of the scope of this paper as we focus on control flow and I/O behavior.


When excessive current is supplied through the cell, higher write speed can be achieved.

the bit-cell write time or the write-ability is determined by the slower ofthetwowrites.


Furthermore, a research of social scientists confirmed the importance of the SNs in provisioning of social support among community members [52], in structuring unrests and other political conflicts [43], in analysis of the immigration processes [40], as well as in studying internal processes within companies [30].

in the beginning of 2000s SNs experienced a proliferation grounded on an advent of ICT-enabled SNSs.


Therefore, given that the generalized Shannon decomposition explores a larger solution space, it may deliver a synthesized network of lower cost.

neither Shannon decomposition, nor this more general method are oriented to area minimization.


For example, with the con.gurations used in the evaluation presented in Section VI, the conventional superscalar processor can execute up to four instructions per cycle.

fXA can execute up to seven instructions per cycle with an OXU of two-instruction issue width and an IXU with .ve FUs.


Implementation of an Embedded Sensor Network for the Coordination of Slocum Gliders for Coastal Monitoring and Observation * Ryan N. Smith Jnaneshwar Das Hordur Heidarsson Robotic Embedded Systems Robotic Embedded Systems Robotic Embedded Systems Laboratory, USC Laboratory, USC Laboratory, USC ryannsmi@usc.edu jnaneshd@usc.edu heidarss@usc.edu  Arvind Pereira Gaurav S. Sukhatme Robotic Embedded Systems Robotic Embedded Systems Laboratory, USC Laboratory, USC menezesp@usc.edu gaurav@usc.edu ABSTRACT Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are revolutionizing oceanography through their versatility, autonomy and endurance.

they are still an underutilized technology.


Such a point is part of the convex hull up to its horizon, after which it is superseded by the higher-utility-per-unit points that follow.

if a point is in a concave region then it is not part of any convex hull, so it is deleted (e.g., C and G).


(7) Let s = 19, t = 19, ft = 10%, and xt = 38, the estimated maximum supported network coverage area is 82pr2 .

according to Equation (3), the pactual is 0.53 in the network with maximum 7240 nodes.


Constraint relaxation essentially re.nes optimization steps at the expense of slower convergence.

after a certain point, increasing constraint factor would only slow down optimization at very little decap  Sensitivity (VxS/F) Sensitivity Change Versus Decoupling Capacitor Values x 10-5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Decoupling Capacitor Values (F) x 10-7 As for optimization ef.ciency, QP [17, 19] has a higher complexity and slower convergence rate than LP.


On one hand, it showed that the even 25% latency penalty over delay optimized repeaters, which saved 80% of repeater power, was very less compared to non-repeated wires.

it pointed to about 8 times clock period latency even with delay optimized repeaters at 35 nm, leading to a possibility of further power dissipation due to deeper pipelining.


This complexity is re.ected into the modeling and simulation steps that should help to .nd the optimal partition among hardware or software blocks and network elements.

the great complexity of networking software and hardware, added with the variability of the network workloads, make the overall veri.cation quite complex.


The vias V5-V7, serve as the contacts between metal layers, as shown in Figures 3 and 8. decrease in capacitance.

the minimum capacitance value is limited by parasitic capacitances.


It was initially believed that the growth of the Internet is constrained by the speed of routers and associated electronics [4].

as previous research points out, the growth of the Internet may ultimately be constrained by its power consumption [4, 18, 2, 3].


Itis important to note that a larger value of N will allow us to work with a larger set T (f ), and will increase the .exibility in reaching n detections for every fault.

it will also increase the simulation effort required.


4.3.2 SCHEDRTR Heuristic Outline The simple equations above provide the underlying principles behind SCHEDRTR.

precedence constraints make the problem very hard even with no data-parallelism considerations, scheduling a task chain with partial RTR constraints is NP-complete [2].


1 switching is substantially increased due to the reduced voltage drop across the MTJ and the improved Vds.


Note that similar constraint modeling techniques are used in VOTAN [16].

they approach the problem from a retiming perspective and only solve the rescheduling problem.


To cope with these cases, the compiler usually needs to heuris- tically decide how to prefetch, perhaps based on profiling infor- mation [22].

these cases do not present a problem to pre-execution as it directly runs the code and hence does not need to make any compile-time assumptions.


Wirelength minimization can be considered an indirect way to reduce routing congestion as total wirelength is equal to totalrouting demand.

a placement with small wirelength may be Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personalor classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


At the .rst glance, the constraint (1e) cannot be formulated into an inner product format.

we will show that density uniformity DUk can be optimized through considering another form DUk * = dk1 ·dk2 +dk1 ·dk3 +dk2 ·dk3.


The works in [2] and [4] motivate the approximation of the Max as a normal distribution, and apply the closed-form formula from [11] to approximate the mean, variance and covariance of the Max of two normal random variables.

since we also require the Min as well, in STAC, we developed a PCA-based technique that can work for both Max and Min.


This is the reason behind the high absolute error (59%) shown in Table 3.

for the speci.c designs considered in this work, there is a mismatch on the expected weight of the glue logic in the tuning set and in the validation set.


As a result, the AREF command frequency in the normal mode and power consumption in the SELF mode are reduced at once.

pASR reduces power consumption in the SELF mode only.


When predicted producer loads and stores issue, the scheduler aggressively awakens their predicted consumers.

the scheduler oracularly avoids awakening predicted consumers of loads and stores that will be replayed.


Pswitching also increases with larger coupling capacitors.

once Pswitching becomes comparable with PRon, the DC output characteristics gets worse.


The reason for this behavior is internal fragmentation of the .ash blocks caused by random writes.

sequential writes improve the condition of an SSD allowing it to recover, because sequential writes decrease internal fragmentation.


The number of ways results in six from eight, which means that area overhead is smaller than the word-disable scheme.

the bit-fix scheme takes a threecycle penalty, whereas that in the word-disable scheme is a onecycle penalty.


Theresults inFigure7demonstrate that when the Zhang-Zhang protocol is used, the overall system throughput canbenegatively a.ectedby anyofthesethreetypesof cheatingbehavior.

whenourschemeisused to completely suppress cheating, the achieved throughput is always close to the above maximum throughput of Zhang-Zhang protocol, regardless of the number of cheating users.


1.3 Our Solution If we want to immediately detect forking attacks and replay attacks whenever a critical operation needs to be performed, then one solution is to use a trusted third party that is always online, and that can be trusted to correctly maintain the clients dedicated counters.

if we do not want to, or cannot, assume any trusted third parties, then this solution is not possible.


Other NVM candidates such as spin-torque-transfer magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) [10] and phase change memory (PCM) [11] can also be used.

they have some undesirable features: the resistance of STT-MRAM is relatively low(afew kilo Ohm), and PCM has a well-known time-dependent resistance drift (even without voltage stress) problem.


The SDF model is most defensive with respect to bu.er size, while the CSDF model achieves the smallest bu.er size.

the glue for the CSDF model requires a more elaborate control logic compared to the SDF model to regulate the enable signal according to the schedule in Fig.


The VCMESH, SMT, and DSR depend on solving variants of the Steiner Tree Problem which is well known to be NP-complete.

both the spanning tree enumeration algorithm and the DSR formulation are able to exactly solve SMT and SHSR solutions on actual networks by: (1) limiting the initial search space with preprocessed routes equal to or below a hop-limit and (2) using branch-and-bound within each algorithm implementation to further narrow the search space.


We also observe that, when a large number of decap variables are considered during the optimization, CE method would require a large number of samples during each iteration, otherwise it may take many iterations to converge.

the proposed SCE method can obtain good decap budgeting solutions in only a few iterations (converge within .ve iterations).


Most eye trackers used in cognitive pupillometry use headmounted cameras or chin rests, because a .xed camera-pupil distance enables good pupillometric precision.

remote eye trackers, which usually devote fewer pixels to each pupil and must correct for variations in the camerapupil distance, exhibit worse precision.


[2] pointed out that adding more buffers in the middle of a capacitive interconnect does not help reduce the delay.

we observe that a buffered interconnect is advantageous to improve slew under comparable power consumption.


Second, these usages are distributed to the neighboring grids.

they are not distributed evenly to them.


fPGAs still suffer from limiting factors such as higher cost per part, area occupation, power consumption, and reduced performances.


Dynamic implementation of wide fan-in OR-gates offers low latency, because it dose not require a PMOS transistor stack unlike their static CMOS counterparts.

the major disadvantage of dynamic gates is their low noise margin, which is becoming more severe with increased leakage current and process variation in sub-100 nm technologies [2].


When we convert this tree into a logic structure, we have to use a 4-input AND gate to realize S1.

the gate input threshold is three, and only 2-input and 3-input AND gates are available.


For a 100mA current, the voltage drop through R0 is IR0 =2.75mV.

the current crowding results to is 21.1% to 9.8% greater voltage drop than calculated IR0 as the power wire thickness increases from 1um to 3um.


The amount of change is quite small compared with the clock power saving.

the input (respectively output) timing slack of a .ip-.op is the maximum allowable wire delay between the .ip-.op and its fanin (respectively fanout) gate without timing violations; the wire delay bound can be expressed as an e.ective wirelength1 bound as follows: 0 <Lfi(i) = Sfi(i), 0 <Lfo(i) = Sfo(i), .i, (4) where Sfi(i)(respectively Sfo(i)) is the input (respectively output) slack.


flush and re-execute) will cause excessive flushing and degrade the performance significantly.

handling intermittent faults as permanents will cause pre-mature permanent resource de-configuration.


For the reception side, we sized the data VC based on the round-trip latency in order to allow uninterrupted communications, ending up with 15-slot DC FIFOs.

for the control VCs we decided to keep small 5-slot DC FIFOs because they can already .t two complete packets and we do not expect to send many back-to-back control packets with the target cache-coherence protocol.


Eventually, there may be a point where it will match the performance of Hierarchical.

such a design point will be much less area-ef.cient than the ones presented here.


In addition, the dimension of the triangular system is increased.

because the reduction in TBS is performed at the block level, the orthonormalization cost is small.


Therefore, any two unit capacitors belonging to the same capacitor is first paired.

if a capacitor comprises an odd number of unit capacitors, one unit capacitor will be left.


As a result, the modeling of logic gets very simple.

because of the overly conservative assumption of in.nite timing windows, this model is less restrictive with respect to false noise reduction, unless it is combined with a method that considers more accurate timing windows, as done in this work.


and this takes more time (with more current .ow) with more downstream load.

as we follow the subnet s wiring topology away from the source, the number of downstream loads continues to decrease with every branching of the topology, until each leaf segment in the subnet s routing tree has only one downstream load.


Figure 6) to 2.5ns (for 2 such cycles), resulting in only 25% delay penalty with respect to the NCR design (which takes 10ns).

compared to the NCR design, the CCR design produces 16.8% energy saving at the cost of 20% delay increase for the same case.


This mechanism requires one extra opcode in the ISA and also introduces overheads in the instruction stream.

this method can be used to supplement the above two selection methods because it enables profiling sets of in- structions that are not otherwise easily selected.


In general, it is effective to detect delay defects at a lower voltage [13].

there is a risk to over-kill chips in a delay test at a lower voltage.


With SimGen, branching probabilities, which take into account variable ordering, are calculated from the desired biases.

this method directly uses the biasing as the branching probabilities; it requires no calculations and compensates for possible distortions by reordering.


On-Chip Characterization of Molecular Electronic Devices: The Design and Simulation of a Hybrid Circuit Based on Experimental Molecular Electronic Device Results Nadine Gergel-Hackett*, Garrett S. Rose , Peter Paliwoda , Christina A. Hacker*, and Curt A. Richter* *Semiconductor Electronics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 {nadinegh, christina.hacker,  curt.richter}@nist.gov ABSTRACT The focus of the .eld of molecular electronics primarily has been limited to the development of molecular electronic test devices and the characterization of electron transport through organic molecules.

in order for molecular electronic technology to be realized, it is probable that these devices will have to .rst be integrated with traditional CMOS components and circuits.


interaction style, input modality) of IVR system s design through a 3-Dimensional conceptual design space [5].

dimensions of design space are focused on exploring the alternatives for di.erent design aspects of IVR rather than analyzing the usability of it.


Networks-on-chip (NoCs) has been proposed as a future replacement of on-chip buses in SoC applications where large bandwidth requirements and plentiful wiring resources are available.

these networks add considerable logic to the design and require optimization to make them energy ef.cient.


Floorplans with a positive queue factor (+Q) had uniformly worse power supply noise than .oorplans without any queue factor (No Q) at all.

if the queue factor is included as a bonus (-Q) instead of as a cost function penalty the noise characteristics are improved over a noise-aware only .oorplan as is demonstrated in the experimental results.


With FinFET devices, the .n pitch (Pfin ) becomes the dominant factor for SRAM layout.

the density of standard cells is mainly decided by the cell height (in M2 tracks) and the poly pitch.


[16] proposes another approach, taking the fact that the maximal delay of channel taps stays within the length of cyclic prefix (CP), so that the noise subspace and the channel subspace can be decoupled by IFFT.

in the nullsubcarrier modulated OFDM systems as CMMB, the reconstructed CIR has the energy leaked into the delay paths longer than the CP length [17].


4NAND and 4NOR), because stacking and paralleling transistors worsen the balance of the strength of nMOS and pMOS and hence the logic threshold voltages deviate from half VDD.

vDDmin(RAND) decreases as the number of inputs of the logic gates increases, because stacking and paralleling transistors decreases the transistor variations.


One may consider that each such step, with the exception of discovering the solution, is equivalent to a process of error injection, which in turn leads to wandering from the optimal solution (or class of solutions).

genetic algorithms prove to be successful despite this error injection, the fitness function being responsible for the successful quantification of the significance of the error .


The chip was targeted at the graphics market but, due to rapid changes in this market, ClearSpeed has decided not to take this part to production.

the next generation architecture will include further enhancements, such as more .exible PE memory addressing and an improved ALU, which will address some of the shortcomings noted in this paper.


To reduce the performance overhead of error correction for permanent faults, we observe that if only one codeword in the checksum group contains a bad symbol (e.g., due to a symbol fault or a row fault), one can retire the page containing the bad symbol to prevent future expensive accesses to the same bad codeword.

if multiple codewords in the checksum group contain errors (e.g., when a device develops a serious device-level fault such as a bank fault), simply retiring/disabling all pages with errors can signi.cantly reduce the total usable memory capacity.


As these planes should be read/writable, it would be possible to use such architectures for checkpointing.

multicontext FPGAs are extremely costly.


This results in memory resource conflicts, degrading performance.

the memory accesses are distributed when all the cores run at different FMAX values.


So some recent works introduced the novel concept of cache insertion and promotion, and proposed several policies to optimize traditional LRU cache replacement algorithms [2, 3].

we further notice that directly extending dynamic promotion policy [3] to CMP processors leaves significant room for performance improvement due to the lack of differentiating the behavior of competing applications.


It is true that such an aggressive policy will increase the number of accesses that must pay the penalty for switching a cache line from drowsy to active.

data with high locality should not suffer as much as might be expected, as repeated accesses to a line would keep that line active and reduce the number of mode switches.


of new materials, transform breakdown e.ects from abrupt failures to soft electrical characteristics degradation [2].

product lifetime requirements are becoming very di.cult to satisfy with conventional reliability assessment methodologies.


In this Minimize S21IT 2 case, gradient-based optimization methods may fail to converge to the global minimum.

if the .xed .lter design is used as Subject to S11IT =S11IC, S11OT =S11OC the start point for the optimization process, the tunable .lter opti- S22IT =S22IC, S22OT =S22OC mized using gradient-based techniques will converge to the optimal S21IT =S21IC, SPT =SPC solution.


Stochastic automata [7] extend the model by general probability distributions to verify the performance of systems.

the system has to be modeled explicitly and no bottom-up evaluation of a functional system model is given.


The idea of incremental timing is to update timing for only sections of the chip that are a.ected by a given design update, thereby avoiding unnecessary re-computations through the entire design.

statistical max and min operations have traditionally been performed as non-incremental operations.


For future work, it is very much worthwhile to use the NIOS C2H acceleration compiler and see how much it will impact the energy dissipation using NIOS IIe.

to enrich our research with more information, it is important to involve other processors which come with their own embedded HW multiplier and other architecture rather than sufficing with a simple RISC processor.


Many models are described in the literature that address this scenario and calculate the Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) and reliability of the system [3][4].

there are other phenomena that do not induce a SEU in the system, but multiple simultaneous errors, what is known as Multiple Bit Upsets (MBUs) [11].


It is absurd to think that super tires alone, or super seats alone, will get us to 600mph.

the seat industry might specify its requirements, and the concomitant levels of R&D investment, from the perspective that super seats alone must enable the 600mph car!


Static non-uniform cache architecture(S-NUCA)[25] andPrivate[11] cachesrepresentthetwo endsof the cacheorganization spectrum.

neither ofthemis aperfect solutionforCMPs.


Static approaches are quick and highly scalable.


All these possible CTs need to be included in the ILP, and the number is not small: In our experiments, it equals on an average 80% of the number of all other modeled instructions.

because the materialization of CTs is only modeled per block and not per cycle, the resulting complexity in the ILP is much lower.


For example, the lineartime algorithm for evaluating a B*-tree is considered faster than the naive O(n2) algorithm for sequence pair.

as we see in Table 2, this asymptotic comparison has little value for GSRC and MCNC benchmarks with 200 blocks or less.


Intra-CAB and inter-CAB/intra-column interconnects are all determined at the end of clustering phase.

inter-column interconnects can be determined only after the placement phase.


In fact, the proposed algorithm requires that the maximum values A, B and S are finite.

this does not mean we cannot apply the algorithm to distributions with infinite support, if we truncate them at certain values.


For thermal modeling, a micro-architecture level thermal model was proposed in [6, 7], and a chip-level thermal model based on full-chip layout was proposed in [8].

in [9], a device level thermal modeling using heat transfer equations is proposed.


In that sense, there is only one BOL repair corner.

dual Supply Case- Multiple Repair Corners: in dual supply memory designs, different cells fail at different (Vdd, Vcs) combinations; so it is possible to obtain different candidate T0 BOL repair corners corresponding to different (Vdd, Vcs)T0 combinations that satisfy redundancy quota requirement.


The EZLGM provides some tips and ideas about user tracking and device selection based on the environment context.

it doesn t take in account a more complex environment context with user capabilities, preferences, device resources and capabilities.


In summary, the use of the functional memory interface allows a quick iteration cycle, since changes are carried out within minutes, and, due the high simulation performance, pro.ling results showing latency cycles, cache hit/miss rates, and bottlenecks in the memory architecture are quickly obtained.

functional memory simulation is not appropriate to exploit parallelism, that is, parallel or pipelined mem-ory architectures.


In the original physical design (shown in Figure 3b), all three wires exist in close proximity and therefore have some non-negligible probability to bridge.

in the modi.ed physical design (shown in Figure 3c), these three wires are not routed in close proximity and therefore are quite unlikely to short.


Designing at a higher level of abstraction has long been accepted as a means of achieving greater productivity.

it is generally accepted that the needed abstractions are domainspeci.c, and that these abstractions need to be ef.ciently coupled, inspiring work like that of the Ptolemy project [1].


mProducer is a tool to create and edit audio-visual content on a mobile phone [6].

the target audience are more technologically and textually literate than ours, and the forms of content possible less constrained.


The cache covers  HARDWARE manages this movement of data Address space includes only primary memory (and memorymapped I/O) NON-TRANSPARENT addressing TRANSPARENT addressing EXPLICITLY MANAGED contents TRANSPARENTLY MANAGED contents Figure 1: Transparent caches versus tagless SRAMs.

the addressing of tagless SRAMs makes them dif.cult to work with: Contiguity in the address space must be preserved, and distance between objects must be preserved.


Transient fault models generally used in test are considered in the global scope of this work.

it is important to clearly define these models when applied to asynchronous circuits.


Note that a 10% defect rate at the bit level leads to up to a 70% defect rate at the weight level since each weight is made up of 7 bits.

with our proposed schemes, we found that using 10 instances per weight makes our predictor fault tolerant (-0.2% increase in MPKI) for both traces.


This sug 300 250 200 150 A 100 B 50 C 0 Write Pulse Width (ns) Figure2: Write currentvs.writepulsewidthfordifferentMTJretentiontime gests that, inTAmode, shorter pulse width is bene.cial in reducing write latency and energy without hampering the read latency and energy.

in PS mode, write current goes up rapidly as we reduce the write pulse width and minimum write energy of the MTJ can only be obtained at some particular write pulse width in this region, as shorter write pulse width with optimal write current can still provide necessary write energy to switch.


Most methods performed one-to-one mapping by replacing each Boolean gate in the network with a threshold gate.

various algorithms exist today to compute the kernels and co-kernels of a network which can be used to perform algebraic or Boolean factorization [6].


By finding the maximum matching in the corresponding bipartite graph, the number of layers can be guaranteed to be minimized and all the buses can be assigned onto the used layers.

the time complexity in the proposed optimal algorithm is too high for busoriented escape routing.


Similar continuity assumptions are made when applying the VP approach [6], wherein a small number of dominant DCT coef.cients at low frequencies are assumed to represent most spatial patterns of process variations.

these assumptions may not always hold true: spatial features of wafer measurements can exhibit localized effects such as discontinuous trends.


The conditional nature of the encoding requires one redundancy bit to signal whether the encoding is applied or not to a received pattern.

to ensure a fair comparison with the TMDS-encoded links, which use two redundancy bits, we used another redundant bit that can be used for the encoding.


However, the importance of (8) is more T2 = 34.

t1 + T2 = 35 is no longer an upper bound than that.


L2-hi , L2-SMNGS , and L2-Hyb1 have similar leakage energies because their memory array sizes are quite close to each other.

l2-Hyb2 and L2-Hyb3 bene.t from their much smaller memory cell size.


The circuit can thus achieve higher efficiency with a low supply voltage [4, 5].

this circuit also has a few serious design drawbacks.


The idea is to create a variation in these two signatures if a Trojan is present.

this approach is only applicable to large sequential circuit Trojans.


There are lots of other simulators aiming at large-scale system evaluation, typical examples include Graphite[9], Hornet[10], GEMS[12], GEM5[11], COTSon[13], etc.

these simulators either do not use component-based method, losing high flexibility, or do not support parallelization, leading to very slow simulation speed.


Independently, we find that the frequencies of the ZLDs in zeusmp are 49% and 63% in the versions that are compiled by gcc and icc, respectively.

in general, the prevalence of NWLDs is not strongly related to the choice of compiler.


[31] exploits inter-wavefront locality while ensuring wavefronts reach long latency operations at different times by scheduling groups of wavefronts together.

figure 1 demonstrates that the HCS benchmarks we studied will bene.t more from exploiting intrawavefront locality than inter-wavefront locality.


known approach for skew tolerance to variations is clock mesh [1].

clock mesh has large wire/power overhead and consequently exacerbates the power crisis.


Using brute force, the gradient of the objective function can be computed in O(n 2 r) time.

we show that we can compute the gradient of the objective function much more ef.ciently.


x86 does not because the source is directly indicated by the interrupt descriptor table entry at the time when the interrupt is raised.

the operation is roughly 5 times faster on ARM than x86 because there is no need to trap to the hypervisor on ARM because of VGIC support for both operations.


CONCLUSION QCA promises numerous bene.ts over today s CMOS circuits.

due to its technological constraints, the circuit has to be laid out on a single layer.


due to the stronger multi-path e.ects in the two scenarios as compared to the student lounge.

in all three cases, Spartacus has achieved higher than 85% accuracy.


TMR consists of three identical copies of an original circuit feeding a majority voter.

tMR induces more than 200% overhead in terms of area and power.


Similarly, in MC2, the tag side of the cache (tag SRAM array, comparators, decoder and write demultiplexer) is connected to nominal Vdd.

mC2 s the data side (data array, error detect/correct logic, decoder and write demultiplexer) is run on a separate Vdd that can be aggressively scaled down.


As long as the number of processors is reasonably small, the alignment algorithm works well.

the time required for alignment becomes prohibitively large for more than four cores.


(For example, structures which emulate gate scaling rather than voltage scaling are equally applicable to POGA, and are described in [3].)

for clarity, in this paper we consider only the type of power optimization enabled by the circuits described in Section 2.


Application-speci.c integrated circuits (ASICs) also provide the parallelism that a recon.gurable fabric provides, and they have the advantage of consuming less power [27].

there is considerable amount of time costs in developing an ASIC.


When Leff is larger than 100nm, Vsat can be treated as a constant value, e.g., roughly 70000m/s.

as 1300 1250 1200 Leff scales down to 100nm, Vsat can no longer be 1150 approximated as a constant (Fig.


In summary, according to the experimental results, the proposed sensitization criterion correctly and ef.ciently analyzed the delay of threshold logic circuits.

the proposed path-based sensitization algorithm may not be fast enough for some benchmarks whose critical path delays are much smaller than the longest path delay.


Our intention was to make this language as simple and comprehensible as possible, since the templates will be created and handled by the users of StressTest.

in spite of the simplistic structure the template language we developed retains the ability to e.ciently describe di.erent sets of instruction sets, or, more generally, interface transactions, with varied interaction rules.


Grants Council under Grant CERG 620305. help of DSP or CPU [8].

the power consumption of DSP or CPU creates a large overhead and this renders the system not applicable for dim lighting conditions.


All the local memories are also connected to the bus to communicate with the GPP.

this way of connecting will cause high area overhead due to more routers are required.


This limits their applicability to practical transistors design, especially when full 3D transport is required as is the case for the FinFET structure.

ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) device simulations are capable of resolving non-equilibrium transport effects in addition to the impact of orientation and strain on the bandstructure, transport and device performance [14], [23].


Checking the redundancy of anexpression is equivalent with checking the infeasibility ofa linear system [4].

since in our case all the coef.cients of expressions are positive, there is a fast way toremove a large part of the redundant expressions.


an extended physical ECO region also allows more gates changed, which means bigger perturbation.


Corresponding responses of selected challenges will be paired to identify the correctness, and numerical prediction of a response is strongly prevented.


On the contrary, wavefront synthesis provides a natural sound environment in the entire room, where every listener experiences an outstanding sound perception and localization.

their main drawback is that they require large amount of data to be processed and many speakers to be driven.


A naive way of solving all solutions is by simply enforcing the solver to continue the search after obtaining each solution.

this will result in temporal explosion, in which exponential time will be needed.


The ESD voltage ratio between the HBM and MM ESD robustness of CMOS IC products were around ~10 in the submicron (1.0 ~ 0.5 µ m) CMOS processes [12], [13].

typically, a CMOS IC product, which has a HBM ESD robustness of 2 kV, can sustain a MM ESD robustness of 200 V. this ratio has been approached to about 15 ~ 20 in the deep-sub-micron fully-salicided CMOS processes [14].


As shown in Section 4.8, lower sensing rates prevent the sensors from picking up the very rapid sensor data perturbations generated by taps.

any application legitimately using the motion sensors for activity, context, and gesture recognition, for example, while in the background [22] would su.er tremendously.


First, dynamic .ltering makes the access checks via explicit dyfl instructions, rather than implicit on memory accesses.

the cost of handling a .lter miss is substantially less than an access violation.


The weight of arc from (P E (3, 2), a) to (P E(4, 2), d) should to be increased by 2 6 .

the weight of arc from (P E(4, 2), d) to (P E(3, 2), a) is only increased by 1 because one register is to be released when d is executed.


f970801 f970701 80 100 80 60  percent different percent different 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 truncated bits truncated bits f960323 f970620 truncated bits truncated bits Figure4:DiferentclassifcationratesforAVIRISdatacubes.Theseshowresultsforthesamefourimages andthesame16experimentsperimageasthevariances.Apixelisclassifedasdiferentifitendsupina diferentclassthanthecaseof0bitstruncated,2extra BothexperimentsshowedthattheManhattanmetricis betterthantheMaxmetricfork-means.Inthedatadepen-dentexperimentwithAVIRISdata,wefoundthatclusters producedusingtheManhattandistancemetricwereslightly lesscompactthantheclustersproducedbytheEuclidean metric.Thetotalwithin-classvariance,fortheAVIRISdata cubeswemeasured,increasedfrom2%toslightlyover30% forManhattanvs.Euclideandistance,withmostofthe imagesexhibitinglessthana6%increase.


As a result, informed coscheduling can yield signi.cant performance gains over naive schedulers.

prior work on coscheduling focused on equal-priority job mixes, which is an unrealistic assumption for modern operating systems.


Because traces are orthogonal in adjacent layers, traces in layer N+1 and layer N-1 will not affect the inductance of traces in the current layer N [7].

there may be parallel traces or ground planes in layer N+2 and/or layer N-2 which can affect the inductance in layer N. We consider wide ground traces which can be treated as a local ground plane in layer N+2 and/or N-2.


It is obvious that both the conventional CMOS circuit and the adiabatic mode circuit operated in domino mode consume significantly more power.

these circuits are capable for extremely high frequencies.


1(a) as a consequence of the unavailability of alternative usage patterns for the new worst-case issue pattern 2G4S0M.

this problem is overcome successfully after we apply SMD (see the result analysis in SMD part).


In STEP 4, we had to download from Internet, modify and add some IP cores to our library of components, which took 3 hours.

once the IP cores are in the library any manual manipulations in STEP 4 will disappear.


As expected, we observe a dramatic improvement in terms of LUT and FF required when .oating-point operations are replaced by equivalent integer operations.

this leads to a signi.cant increase in DSP consumption.


Most of these uses revolve around the use of multiple operating systems or a mix of one or more operating systems together with separated OS-less applications.

the requirements on virtualization for embedded realtime devices are verydifferent.


VDDmin(SYS) depends on .VTP and is minimum at .VTP=30mV, where nMOS and pMOS are balanced.


Various mode change andresource arbitration protocols, and corresponding timing analysissolutions were proposed for either multi-mode or multi-core realtime applications.

no attention was given to multi-modeapplications that share resources when executing on multi-coresystems.


Concatenative sound synthesis [5], musical mosaicing [10], or the audio query guided assemblage system [1] can be used to resynthe size an audio stream from parts of another, or to concatenate clips from an audio library according to a user-supplied list of audio events.

these systems require complex user input and in general do not preserve macroscopic song structure.


Allowing one suspect to behave abnormal makes the problem satis.able; gate D is a fault candidate.


Most SSTA methods assume Sin and Cef f are .xed when calculating gate delay distributions.

due to process variations in receiver and driver, both Sin and Cef f are variational.


One can notice that the brick is similar to the kernel used in multi-level optimization.

bricks are more general than the kernels.


Cross-referencing methods allow control of an N × M grid array with only N + M control pins [9, 24].

the cross-referencing design requires a special electrode structure (i.e., both top and bottom plates contain electrode rows), which results in increased manufacturing cost.


Similarly, the 80% to 100% region contributed around 1% variation in delay.

variation in shape in the 20% to 80% region of the input waveforms contributed as much as 95% variation in delay.


For the ease of explanation, we assume a single processor failure only.

this scheme can be easily extended to multiple failures.


As they may be shared by other unselected paths, we just leave it there and proceed to the next iteration.

we will mark all cells on the current path as dead , so that they will be excluded from the search for the minimum positive slack and the corresponding path in subsequent iterations.


When used as part of tethered systems, typically in clinical settings, this is not an issue.

it presents an obstacle to building lightweight systems that patients can wear as they go about their daily lives.


Pages 5 and 8 are also the neighbors of Page 6, hence, we prefer buffering those pages in anticipation that Page 6 will also be read due to sequential access.

when Page 5 is read between Pages 3 and 6, two more neighbor pages are added to the NACbuffer (i.e., Pages 7 and 10).


clock frequencies, process variations do not have a signi.cant impact.

as we continue scaling down feature sizes, FPGAs are becoming faster and the impact of process variations can no longer be ignored.


While the switched capacitor scheme charges up the VVDD node slowly, the stepwise VGS scheme may require a long relaxation stage to limit the noise.

the boosting stages before and after the relaxation stage (the Noise-limiting stage) in the proposed scheme can help to reduce the time penalty.


Because of the simplicity of the circuit, it was possible to derive the V-FPGA configuration bits without much effort.

with larger circuits, it would be necessary to make use of a compiler in order to generate the configuration file.


This suite of tests is based on a clear de.nition of coverage models.

the scheme is far from being an automatic process, and it lacks .exibility to cope with changes.


Thus, in this work, we adopt the summation of the weights and threshold value of gates in threshold networks as the cost function when synthesizing a threshold logic circuit.

not only the nanotechnology devices, the design automation research has also triggered a vigorous growth on threshold logic circuits.


By allocating higher-order bits to more reliable segments power consumption can be signi.cantly reduced with an (almost) undetectable degradation of the video quality.

they are still based on expensive SRAMs and lack .exibility since the segment con.guration, speci.ed by the number of segments and their error rates, is .xed at design time.


Bandwidth is preserved because multiple items of data are encoded in a single symbol period.

this type of CDR generally requires a delay-locked loop (DLL) to create multiple-phases.


We present results for traditional next-page TLB miss preloading -an approach shown to cut some of the misses.

a key contribution of this work is a novel TLB miss prediction algorithm based on the concept of recency , and we show that it can predict over 55% of the TLB misses for the .ve commercial applications considered.


The th is increased (up to the value of P ) if negative impacts, such as internal packet bu.er full, have been observed.

th is lowered if it has not introduced negative impact to the NP.


Note that virtual ground contacts in the sleep row and the routing of the virtual ground line are not shown for ease of readability.

if we assume that clustering 2 among the remaining 3 rows will not violate timing constraints, then we need to choose the best possible subset which will minimize leakage cost function under given timing constraints.


Ideally, in traditional sense ampli.er circuits, the can be in.nitesimally less than the ( ) for the sense ampli.er output to be latched to the correct value.

perfect matching of transistors is almost impossible and hence, typically needs to be less than   by a .nite amount for correct reading.


The drawbacks of these methods were the global knowledge requirement and inconvenient results.

current methods optimize the path interference, e.g.


foruntimediruits,thespeifationitselfformsa "mostgeneralenvironment":theimplementationonformsto thespeifationiftheompositionofimplementationandthe mirrorofthespeifationisfailurefree.Weallthisprop Some text in this electronic article is rendered in Type 3 or bitmapped fonts, and may display poorly on screen in Adobe Acrobat v. 4.0 and later.


This gives an overall quadratic running time of the algorithm.

the data that has to be manipulated and the calculations that are executed are all very simple.


CONCLUSIONS In theory pulse-signaling offers signi.cant energy savings over traditional level-signaling, largely due to the fact that only a part of the interconnect is charged and less current per transition is drawn.

this is not re.ected when real-life streams are used.


Since the arrival time of signal B3 is greater then the arrival time of A3, the traditional arrival time based pruning algorithm will select signal B3, discarding signal A3.

the transition time of signal A3 is greater than that of signal B3.


9, we can see that, the process variation of TFT driver circuit won t interfere with the sensing operation.

as the sensing current decreases, the sensing accuracy is little deteriorated.


To obtain high efficiency, DC-DC converters using a fixed pulse-width modulation (PWM) and divided switches with current control (DSCC) have been reported [4], [5].

these reported converters cannot realize a high packing density on board and easy implementation to VLSIs, because these converters need additional off-chip components of inductance, capacitance, and pn-diode on board.


The speedup is significant in four applications (gcc, mcf of SPEC2000, mesa, sjeng) and only marginal in many applications (bzip2, parser, twolf and vpr of SPEC2000; bzip2, mcf and hmmer of SPEC2006).

the SVC and the UC achieve similar speedup in lbm.


The activity factor of each signal-net ani or clock-power ratio ß are required for Lopper to reduce total switching power.

even clock-power ratio ß is hard to estimate before the design is completed and can vary with various applications running on a CPU.


It may also provide better performance because varying usage patterns of the data will automatically aggregate the information on a few drives.

migration requires a map or directory mechanism that maps the storage across all drives.


If we shrink the platter to 1.6 , we would be able to achieve this data rate with an RPM of 39,857.

for the one platter device, the capacity drops from 61.13 GB tojust 35.48 GB.


After a new subgraph sk+1 is generated, it is compared to the existing patterns by calculating the edit distance between itself and existing patterns.

most of the calculation can be avoided using the CV and LSH techniques in Section 4.1.2 and Section 4.1.3.


The possible use of global and module-global variables would imply that they should also account for inter-APU dependences.

the SystemC functional description[14] indicates that the simulation kernel Figure 5.


In addition, we observed similar tracking latency as in the round-table case.

note that tracking latency occurs only when the speaker crosses the boundary of two regions, which happens less frequently than the previous case.


The sensitive time of M00 is invalidated because this gate was selected to memorise a data.

m01 didn t switch; this gate finally comes back to its reset state: its sensitive time is validated.


New switching technologies such as Optical Packet Switching (OPS) and Optical Burst Switching (OBS) are also expected to minimize overall power consumption of the Internet.

some references suggest [17, 19] that OPS technology is unlikely to offer significant power savings when compared to electronic packet switching.


Although most recent works report very aggressive .gures of merit in pixel power consumption, ranging from 460pW/frame.pixel [4] up to 84pW/frame.pixel [7], it has to be pointed out that these works only refer to imagers where the vision processing is accomplished outside the chip and typically takes a large power consumption.

a vision sensor embeds a custom image processing and can tolerate a larger consumption at chip-level, in exchange for reduced external computational resources.


Con.g Best Median Width 4 6 ROB / IQ / LSQ 152 / 32 / 48 96 / 56 / 72 RF /Read/Write 136 / 4 / 1 72 / 4 / 3 Bpred / BTB / Br 16K / 2K / 8 1K / 2K / 24 I/D/U cache 64K / 8K / 4M 16K / 128K / 1M  gzipwupwiseswimmgridappluvprgccmesagalgelartmcfequakecraftyfacereclucasfma3dparsersixtrackeonperlbmkgapvortexbzip2twolfapsi AVG ulations that achieves around 10%.

using only 32 training simulations per benchmark allows it to .nd the minimum after a total of 135 simulations per benchmark.


Low Power Test Generation for Path Delay Faults using Stability Functions M.M Vaseekar Kumar ECE Department, Southern Illinois Univeristy Carbondale,IL 62901 vaseekar@engr.siu.edu ABSTRACT 1 A recent work describes an ATPG for path delay faults that limits the power dissipated by the test patterns to a given bound.

the power dissipated by the intermediate patterns while applying the test patterns in a sequence is not considered.


C. Maximum A Posteriori Estimation Our .nal goal is to .nd an optimal estimation of µX which maximize the log likelihood of posterior distribution lnpdf (µX, F|.).

a key step is still missing, which is to determine the hidden variable .


of Information Technology University of Pisa, Italy University of Milano, Italy annab@di.unipi.it ciriani@dti.unimi.it, cordone@dti.unimi.it ABSTRACT Multi-level logic synthesis yields much more compact expressions of a given Boolean function with respect to standard two-level sum of products (SOP) forms.

minimizing an expression with more than two-levels can take a large time.


Traditionally, to .x a chip with performance issues, either re-spin or process revision is used, if the real cause of the design issues can be identi.ed.

for parametric yield problems, no guarantee can be made and they may not be economically viable.


Merging heuristic to form multi-output cells Traditional logic synthesis tools, such as SIS [8], do not output a logic network such as the one above.

sIS can output what is termed as a q-feasible logic network in which each node has q or fewer inputs and one output.


111111111111111000 In this case the relative error is slightly less than 2-25, and should be 2-26 .

in this case the denominator value is 1 and carries no error, so the accuracy is reached.


There are several relatively sophisticated metrics (K,L)connectivity [8], edge separability [9] and adhesion [10], which are potentially useful for our case.

these metrics require long computation time and also do not try to compensate for clusters of different sizes.


Cheung1 and Wayne Luk2 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2 Department of Computing Imperial College London {t.mak, p.cheung}@imperial.ac.uk wl@doc.ic.ac.uk Kai Pui Lam Department of Systems Engineering & Engineering Management The Chinese University of Hong Kong kplam@se.cuhk.edu.hk ABSTRACT Dynamic routing is desirable because of its substantial improvement in communication bandwidth and intelligent adaptation to faulty links and congested traf.cs.

implementation of adaptive routing in a network-on-chip (NoC) system is not trivial and further complicated by the requirements of deadlock-free and real-time optimal decision making.


50 and 75 percent of transitions now require changes for at most6and8parameters, respectively.

reduced temporal adaptivity also acts as a low pass .lter on microarchitectural recon.guration, removing short term variations and leaving only the long term trend.


The average leakage is constant below 2350 ns, since all chips are forward biased under these constraints.

the proposedmethodgraduallyincreasesthesizeofcluster C1 tomeet the delay constraint, and hence the increase in average leakage is moderate.


It is possible that the artificial examples constructed by our algorithm may not appear in every real-life circuit.

these examples will help to identify deficiencies in the current logic synthesis algorithms and improve their quality.


IN T RO D U C T I O N The success of NAND .ash technology in consumer market has been recently extended to the enterprise storage market, thanks to its advantages on cost, power consumption, random access performance, and mechanical robustness.

the inherent reliability issues, e.g., the component-level bit error, emerge as the biggest concern in such applications.


Both techniques salvage instructions by keeping around information for longer than is conventionally required, physical registers for integration and reservation stations for selective squashing.

while selective squashing actively picks out instructions dependent on the mis-speculation, integration waits for all squashed instructions to be re-processed then picks out the ones that were actually mis-speculation independent.


This additional computation is advantageous for the safety of the algorithm, also making its implementation more resistant to Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks [8].

as a consequence, this additional computational cost represents an increase in the required silicon area, for a hardware implementation.


It is based on the following observation: take the NAND2 gate for example, the worst leakage current (454.50 nA for a 0.18µm technology) happens when both its inputs are logic 1 at the standby mode.

if we replace it by a NAND3 gate and let the additional input signal to be 1 at active mode and 0 at standby mode (this can be trivially achieved by the complement of the SLEEP signal), then the input to this NAND3 at standby mode will be {110} which yields 94.87nA leakage current, a reduction of about 80%!


As a result, more instructions can be put into the drowsy mode to reduce leakage energy.

the performance penalty may also increase because more instructions may need to be activated from the drowsy mode.


In other words, in this case, each nest can be handled independently.

if the nests share arrays, then the compiler needs to consider them together.


C(b) · tc is tight , it can be easily violated dependening on the values of Lr(1)max and Lr(2)min.

if Lr(1)max < Lr(2)min is guaranteed,  forbidden ' (a) · tc (a ) · tc clock r2 (b) · tc +.r(2) max (a) SRV-based register assignment ' (a) · tc (a ) · tc +.r(1) min clock  r2 tc (b) · tc +.r(2) max (b) Backward-Data-Direction (BDD) clocking ' (a) · tc +.r(1) max (a ) · tc clock  (b) · tc +.r(2) min (c) Forward-Data-Direction (FDD) clocking Figure 2: (a) Ensuring the hold timing constraint by SRV-based register assignment.


An illustrative example is shown in Figure 4, wherein the three rows in the coe.cient matrix are linearly dependent such that any row can be generated through XORing the other two rows.

in the augmented matrix this linear dependency disappears, thus forcing the augmented matrix to display a larger rank than the coe.cient matrix.


This is easy to achieve in placement engines based on simulated annealing [12], but the runtime cost of doing so becomes prohibitive.

it is harder to incorporate robust buffering at the required scale into the more widely used mathematical formulations for placement based on force-directed quadratic programming [13] or recursive multi-level partitioning [14,15].


[6] proposes a Lagrangian relaxation-based solution and [7] extends an existing multi-level routing framework to consider via minimization as well.

postrouting ECO operations may change routing results and introduce extra vias into designs for the purposes of fixing timing, antenna or other problems.


This second technique is transparent to the upper layers.

the additional check can only identify overwritecompatibility.


Note that this version of ISAC has grown in capabilities and techniques compared with a more preliminary system with the same name [12].

we thought it would be least confusing to current users of the software to keep the same name.


It can be seen from Figure 2 that con.guration #16 has the best IPC and con.guration #18 has the best cycle time.

con.guration #24 has the best performance in terms of BIPS, underlining the fact that it is important to look at both the architectural and physical design spaces together to draw conclusions on the overall performance of any microarchitecture.


The second step of our approach, running Ndoe electrical simulations, is the most time consuming.

this step scales linearly (O(nNII (n)), where NII (n) is the time required to run one instance NII (n)).


This is because these modes raise VddE to high values.

the environments that BubbleWrap s DVSAM framework improves on these techniques with continuous voltage tuning and with the power-saving DVSAM- Pow mode.


Also, the evidence in [2,7,11,12] is more convincing because it involves complete commercial routers and con.rms violation-free completion.

our experience with large industry ICs suggests that congestion estimates around obstacles and blockages are often very inaccurate.


The meaningful computations performed by the circuit are due to these dynamic transitions.

not all switchings necessarily contribute to the circuit functionality.


In this case,Chang s work foundthe Xtobe false,while our analysis showedthat the bufferwas notable to eliminate the X.

since the repair code we produced may eliminate the false Xs at earlier cyclesifthe conditions match,we actually eliminated140 false Xs out ofthe 201Xsproven tobe falsebyChang s .ow, 15 more than the 125false Xs identi.edin our .ow.


We have recognized the difficulty of functional verification considering asynchronous interaction of processing elements and embedded devices, so we tried to establish strategic verification environment.

we still spent too much time and manpower on functional verification since our verification approach was still brute force.


It offers suf.cient noise margin and the number of logic levels is a power of two.

crosstalk was not addressed in the above papers.


3.5 Extension for Multiple Loads The above formulation is for a single load current distribution in the design.

it can be extended to handle multiple current distributions by replicating the voltage variables and all the constraints, once for each load current scenario.


The primary rules can handle most patterns.

the primary rules may be insufficient for some special cases.


In this case, with DBSD order, 18.84% of buffers were saved, on average.

the overhead of run times were not increase more than 1.9X.


Time borrowing can accumulate across multiple timing windows.

in designs with feedback, the timing windows with longer delays must be balanced by those with shorter delays so that the overall loop completes in the time available [3].


Rather, publishedcircuittopologies are reliedupon.

a simulation model wasdevelopedinthe contextofthisworkinordertogain insight intotheperformanceimprovement attributabletothesystem, as well as system level implementation issues.


If we consider the pWCET estimates at an exceedance probability of 10-16, random replacement increases the pWCET estimate of puwmod by 5% over LRU.

for a2time, random replacement reduces the pWCET estimate by 2% over LRU.


Both express channels and larger express nodes require more area.

their area overhead can be partially compensated by reducing .it size, and this is elaborated in the next section.


TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE REGISTER VULNERABILITY FACTOR There are a number of research e.orts on improving reliability of various system components of processors in the literature, such as the techniques to address soft errors for main memories [3, 12], caches [7, 8], and the datapath [9, 10, 11].

little work has been done to explore the impact of soft errors on register .les, which is accessed very frequently and thus can signi.cantly impact the system reliability if not protected.


As a result, we are forced to have a vector of size N in general to track dependency between the events.

we present some chain clocks which can decompose a computation into fewer than N chains in many cases.


Otherwise, it should invokes the free space manager to return the best free reliable block for the accessed virtual block (see Section III-C2).

if there are not enough free reliable blocks in the manager, it should rearrange data and erase physical blocks to reclaim some reliable blocks as free ones (see Section III-C1).


But wafer-to-wafer requires the least modification to existing manufacturing processes and is hence the most cost effective solution that is expected to facilitate high density, fine-grained, microprocessor 3D integration [4].

3D chip yield is a big concern in wafer-to-wafer integration [10].


As a result, more computation is necessary to solve the masked problem.

the client can control the degree of reduced sparsity and thus explore the trade-o.


In practice, we usually have limited time for post-silicon validation, and therefore the question is how to obtain a better validation quality within limited time and measurements.

at some corners, we might have over-validated parts by running too many experiments.


Also note that in direct-mapped caches, tags can be put into drowsy mode without undue performance impact or implementation complexity (see Section 2).

using a direct mapped data cache instead of the 4-way asso- ciative one has its own costs: miss rates on our benchmarks are approximately tripled, which--aside from the perfor- mance penalty--can significantly impact the total energy consumption of the processor.


Simulations for MS-CMOS designs show that the power consumption for the WTA unit dominates the total power.

for the proposed scheme, there is negligible static power consumption in the WTA operation.


4.1 Compacting the Retire-Order Sequence The compactor monitors the back-end of the processor core and records the addresses of retiring instructions.

storing individual PCs that flow out of the core would result in wasted space, because the history buffer is used to predict instruction block addresses rather than addresses of individual instructions.


First, since the DFE is a shared resource, it might become a performance bottleneck if several cores are contending for it.

if the DFE reduces the bus accesses significantly (which is another shared resource), it might improve performance due to less contention for the bus.


On a cache miss, however, the miss detection will not reveal until near the end of the access, therefore updating the LAB can only be done after the current access.

this will not impact the performace since the next cache access will not bene.t from the current miss anyway (we do not attempt to re.ect the cache re.ll in the set bu.er).


Such packets will not only block the network resources, but also affect the other packets mate the conditional mean values of the input and output processes to predict the state at n0+k.

for NoCs we have to keep the area overhead as small as possible.


Introduction Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) has been used as main memory for decades due to its high-density, highperformance and low-cost.

dRAM technologies are Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


In [7], a simple LZ-shape routing is incorporated into a simulated annealing based .oorplanning engine to consider congestion.

there may not be enough global interconnects seen by a .oorplanner.


For benchmarks that do not bene.t from compression (e.g, leslie3d, GemsFDTD, and hmmer), all compression schemes degrade performance compared to the baseline.

b.I has the lowest performance degradation with its low 1-cycle decompression latency, and never degrades performance by more than 1%.


Therefore, prospective users of the cloud have to accept the risks that their sensitive data can be leaked.

computational clouds augmented with Iso-X functionality can provide their users with guarantees that programs that handle sensitive data will always be executed in a hardware-protected isolated environment.


Contextual cues about material, shape, size, texture, and weight configuration of the physical object provide improvement in an augmented reality environment.

collaborative work with co-presence in an augmented reality environment needs to provide as much immersion as possible so that events effectively work for the participants with much engagement and enjoyment.


In contrast, technology independent optimizations early in the .ow are attractive since architectural restrictions can be ignored.

often simple delay models must be used since there is a large disconnect between the circuit representation and the physical implementation.


Experiment results using real industry designs show that the proposed algorithm can e.ectively .nd a large scale I/O placement solution and satisfy all given design constraints in less than 10 minutes.

the state-of-the-art without considering those design constraints simply cannot meet all design constraints by relying solely upon the conventional iterative approach.


The equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) approach has been proposed to reduce the global optimization problem (as in DP techniques) to an instantaneous optimization problem [11].

the ECMS approach strongly depends on the equivalence factors, which convert the electrical energy consumption of EM into the equivalent fuel consumption of ICE.


trend generally matches that of (6) in Figure 3.

at t = 9 Although the method of [5] claims reduction of all power in particular, the power savings of 60% are still 12% short of the including the clock-tree power by 50% when t = 1, the actualpredicted value from (5) and (6) for two reasons: The first is the power savings would be less because the clock-tree must be kept effect of extra clock cycles, as described in Section 2.5, and the active for the controlling state machine.


If we focus on matching the 1 entries in the 0-1 matrix, we would say that fault # 1 is a better match.

if we focus on matching the 0 entries, fault#2would be a better match.


Coverage opportunities for architectural redundancy are substantially higher (83%) than the microarchitectural redundancy opportunities shown earlier in Figure 2 (16%).

as we explore later in Section 7, we may not want to exploit all of the available redundancy.


Structural reuse forces the designer to reuse the implementation of an IP block "as is".

an optimal integration of an IP block in a different system context often requires changes, which are nearly impossible to carry out on a structural or even RT VHDL level description of the IP block where communication, control, and functional aspects of an IP block are all intermixed.


Statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) is thus developed to estimate timing distribution under process variation.

most of the existing SSTA techniques have di.culty in handling the non-Gaussian variation distribution and non-linear dependency of delay on variation sources.


2.ONSET DETECTION METHODS The history of onset detection using computers can be traced back to the 1980's when several algorithms, such as the one presented by Schloss [34] in 1985, were proposed to find the beats in music signals composed solely of percussion.

only in 1994 Muroaka and Goto [19] proposed the first algorithm 1 Bello[3] and Klapuri [24] both define the transient as a short-time interval in which a significant energy change occurs in the signal.


There also exist many iterative methods to deal with cases where sparse matrix storage can be used to advantage such as in our case.

most of these methods are good for .nding only the extremal eigenvalues.


For example, if a 4-LUT produces an n bit-wide output for a function, 16×n words are required to be written to the LUT in the cache.

since other LUTs in the same row can also be programmed simultaneously, no more than 16×n words are required to fill up the contents of all LUTs in one row.


Likewise, the number of false negatives decreases.

for restricted functionally sensitizable there are still false negatives.


Modified Covering Matrix Dmn Since the size of matrix Dmn is large, though much smaller than that of Cmp, we borrow techniques from logic synthesis (essentiality [20], row and column dominance [10, 21], partitioning [10, 11] or Gimpel s reduction [10] method) to first try to simplify the problem and afterwards solve the reduced problem.

in our case, the elements of matrix Dmn are free to take any positive integer value, so, it is necessary to extend the definitions and the techniques of essentiality and dominance before they can be applied to our problem.


Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a commonly-used technique to save CPU power.

the energy saving bene.ts of using DVFS now is diminishing [1].


In Section 7 we will look in detail at how a number of routing protocols use it.

most services simply use the F function to return a single intermediate coordinate.


It is unfortunate that this process is underappreciated in academic circles, and regarded as uncreative spade-work down in the trenches of database fields and glue scripts.

the integration process is often the make-orbreak step in the path from concept to widespread adoption.


Effect of FPGA sizes on the algorithms The results obtained so far assume the user to be resource constrained, in that all the benchmarks were fitted into the smallest real FPGA possible.

if the user were to have no such constraint, the algorithms will have more freedom in dealing with congestion and hence might result in a better quality of solutions.


This comparison study demonstrates that the proposed graphene device is a high-speed device, while providing complex logic function different from a single transistor device.

the leakage power due to the p-n junction tunneling degrades the power performance.


Note that, just like other runtime adaptation mechanisms such as load balancing, we ignore the initialization and some iterations in the beginning of the execution.

since initialization is usually a small fraction of the execution time, using the best con.guration is not essential.


In other words, d1 is the delay from X to / // n1.

since n2, n2,and n2 are in series, therefore d2 is the delay of the longest path among the / // paths from X to n2, n2 ,and n2 .


In this hierarchy, evictions from the L3 do not require back-invalidations to be sent to the L2 caches.

at the same time, it has the drawback of requiring incoming snoops that miss in the L3 to be sent to all of the L2 caches since it is not guaranteed that they will not be in the L3.


These techniques require the parallel placer to run on expensive shared-memory machines (SGI Origin) or specialized distributed memory multiprocessors (IBM-SP2).

we approach this problem by designing a placer that can be easily parallelized in a ubiquitous network environment.


Recent studies show that a large class of software attacks can be detected by running multiple versions of a program simultaneously and checking the consistencyof their behaviors.

execution of multiple replicas incurs signi.cant overheads on today s computing platforms, especially with .negrained comparisons necessary for high security.


Conversely, classic source code pro.lers encompassing Source-Level Performance Estimation (SLPE) [16, 13, 18] utilize machine-independent optimizations provided by the host compilers to resemble the optimizing target compilation process for the sake of accuracy.

the accuracy is still prohibitively limited, especially for VLIW architectures and Application Speci.c Instruction-set Processors (ASIPs), which are regrettably the main areas where accurate pro.ling is needed.


Hence, the computational cost can be only O(MN log2 MN), where M, and N are numbers of divisions in the power density map along x-, and y-directions, respectively.

the convergent rate of their formulation is not fast enough because the generated cosine series based on time-independent Possion's equation [6] can not fully capture the transient characteristics of original heat equations.


They provide better performance and flexibility while taking up less area, which is ideal for ASICs.

their limitations include lack of design tools and intensive manual floor planning.


In order to reduce the overshoot on Vx,weuse a.v slightly larger than zero (0.3v).

as shown in our experiment results, it is impossible to fully eliminate overshoot.


Among other seven cases, one for example is T2=(x5, x6 ,x2,x1,x4,x3).


The rate of improvement in number factoring is due to the availability of computing cycles through the lntemet as well as fundamental algorithmic advances.

a number sieve exists at the core of each of the factoring algorithms that currently provides the best performance for a particular range of numbers.


Adding metal layers for reference planes will add signi.cant manufacturing cost to the chip compared to con-  ventional CMOS technology.

the International TL Drivers & TL Drivers & Receivers Receivers Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors already TL Link projects, for the year 2010, integrating four reference planes into high performance chips to provide inductive shielding and decoupling capacitance [14].


In general, generating longer series of vectors will increase coverage.

as will be seen shortly, it really isn t necessary to do so, because we are able to locate errors in the design with relatively high confidence even with very short simulations.


In the DTMR the system is replicated three times and their outputs are delivered to a voter.

to achieve the design diversity, the three circuit copies are implemented with different technologies, algorithms or architectures.


sa consequence, the design can be attacked, although with extra e.ort, through side channel.

wDDL is an appealing logic sinceit has alreadybeenreportedto nativelyresist against multiple asymmetric faults.


Available benchmarks are small and do not have obvious IP block partitions.

fPGA researchers need large circuits to investigate new architectures and CAD algorithms.


Over the last thirty years, CMOS has been the dominant technology with a steady shrinking in feature size [4].

the quantum effects at such reduced feature size and the limitations in fabrication technology present serious hurdles in the nano ranges; new active devices such as Carbon Nano Tube FETs, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) and Single Electron Transistors (FETs) have been proposed as emerging technologies [6].


The scheduling techniques to be presented here also have some resemblance with event-driven and back-tracing simulation [23, 18].

these simulation techniques are tuned for implementation in high-performance computer servers, rather than cost sensitive and resource constrained embedded systems.


II.TheTangramFramework A.Handshaketechnology ThedesignoflargescaleasynchronousICsdemandsa timingdisciplinetoreplacetheclockregimethatisused inconventionalVLSIdesign.Wehavechosenhandshake signaling[25]astheasynchronoustimingdiscipline,since itsupportsplug-and-playcompositionofcomponentsinto systems,andisalsoeasytoimplementinVLSI.Analternativetohandshakingwouldbetocomposeasynchronous  Active - Passive .


But those developed macro-cell based automated placement and routing methodologies have difficulty in reusing designers expertise.

a layout synthesis tool called ALADIN [4] was developed to incorporate designers knowledge and experience into the synthesis process.


It can be observed that the DRAM error rate increases exponentially with the DRAM refresh cycle.

the self-refresh power saving saturates to about 25% at a refresh cycle time of about1second.


Thus, for applications that require maximum energy efficiency, it is necessary to use dedicated solutions such as standard cell ASICs or even custom IC.

fPGAs have been shown to be more energy efficient than instruction-based processors such as microprocessors and DSPs [4], yet processors today are widely used in battery-operated applications while FPGAs are not.


Shot A Shot B Shot C A cut and paste operation with differentiated selection is indefinite.

the interface can use heuristics to provide different levels of automation For example, it would automatically overlap two streams of audio if one of them contained only silence; if it believes the audio is not synchronized with the video, it might ask the user if it is OK to shift it.


4.4 Timing analysis As described above, the timing analysis sub-system of PICO-NPA is used at various steps in the design flow at different levels of abstraction.

the underlying delay models and the timing analysis algorithm are common to and are shared across all of them.


At the same time, increased leakage power will in turn raise the temperature which requires more thermal vias.

thermal vias inserted will reduce the on-chip temperature, which will also influence the leakage power dissipation.