A similar graph suggesting persistent tracking may reduce false positives.

figure 12 shows the false positives recorded for ALG4 over the 32runsoftheexperiment.Thepathofthevehicle(black)andthe false positive locations (red) are shown.


The manoeuvres are controllable continuous trajectories that realize smooth mode transitions.

[30] Riganelli, O., Grosu, R., Ramakrishnan, C.R., Smolka, S.A.: Power Optimization in Fault-Tolerant MANETs.


b Figure 1: Serial BCH encoder architecture  2.

the iteration bound of the LFSR for the second step decreases as J increases.


The SPLASH-2 programs: Characterization and methodological considerations.

these errors are comparable to those of sub-application models constructed for intervals of arbitrary length.


Our formula simpli.cation is based on dropping conjuncts that are less likely to eventually play a role in the validation or invalidation of the formula, and is with the intent of keeping formula sizes in check, which could otherwise explode with increasing path lengths.

we would like to investigate more precise techniques to reason about references to arrays and recursive data structures, perhaps by inferring and using speci.cations for container classes (which often encapsulate arrays and recursive data structures).


These rules will be later used in the design of a spawn selection policy.

within each instruction, there is a DE edge, and an EC edge.


This material is based upon work supportedbythe National Science Foundation under Grant No.


Finally, the expression can be simpli.ed using the scalar product inequality (a·b =|a||b|) for the in.nity norm.

consider a place-and-routed design such that the nominal critical path delay is equal to the target path delay d, i.e., effect of process variations on the timing of the design has not been taken into account.


Note that Miller s heuristic uses swap gates in addition to Toffoli gates, and is hence able to do better than the optimal method (which only uses Toffoli gates) for small gate counts.

adder: This reversible full-adder generates sum, carry, and propagate signals, and requires one garbage output and one corresponding input for a total of four inputs and four outputs.


A NUCA substrate for .exible CMP cache sharing.

orion 2.0: A fast and accurate NOC power and area model for early-stage design space exploration.


The AMPM supports higher coverage than the other existing representative prefetchers.

a combination of these three techniques causes the following problems.


Ef.cientRepresentationand AnalysisofPower Grids Jo ao M. S. Silva Joel R. Phillips L. Miguel Silveira INESC ID Cadence Research Labs INESC ID /Cadence Research Labs IST -TU Lisbon Cadence Design Systems IST -TU Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Lisboa, Portugal jmss@algos.inesc-id.pt jrp@cadence.com lms@inesc-id.pt Abstract Modern deep sub-micron ULSI designs with hundreds of millions of devices require huge grids for power distribution.

being able to follow geometric admissibility conditions leads to a slightly better approximation of the representation.


The result of the compilation of an application on a CGRA (named mapping) is the scheduling and the binding of its operations on operators and registers.

as exact methods do not scale up [4], a wise pruning step is executed at the end of each scheduling cycle to remove redundant partial mappings and thus keep a reasonable number of solutions during mapping process.


simple geometric address: Power, system performance, physical, and thermal issues concurrently.


Using aMNAformulation, we can construct a matrix Cpar comprising all capacitances Table 1: Effect of Parasitics and Module Geometry on Performancefor aSingleEndedOp-amp Effect ofLayoutGeometry onPerformance PerformanceMeasure Geometry I Geometry II PhaseMargin 72.24 Deg 67.5 Deg Bandwidth 747 KHz 733 KHz UGF 24 MHz 21 MHz Table2: Accuracy ofDeviceParasitic Modelsfor VariousLayoutGeometries SingleEndedOpamp(SEO) G-I G-II G-III Mean(%) 1.31.61.8 StdDev(%) 1.51.91.9 ButterworthSallen-KeyFilter(BSKF) G-I G-II G-III Mean(%) 1.41.51.4 StdDev(%) 1.82 1.98 inP.

in the former the mosfet is laid out with a single .nger, whereas in the latter it is laid out with 4 .ngers each with width 5um.


By comparing Vd with the DC noise margin of the inverter, NMinv, we determine if a gate will 1 This concept of failure is similar to the one proposed in [3] Proceedings of the Design,Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 03) 1530-1591/03 $17.00 &#169; 2003 IEEE have a failure.


Basic register level clock gating has been employed for decades.

a deep understanding of the implications of low power design is required to make critical decisions, such as selecting which analog sections are to run at high supply voltages, and the best type of transistor (thin oxide, thick oxide or compound) to be used in order to circumvent one of the main roadblocks in 65nm CMOS technologies the low nominal supply voltage.


From Figure 8, 128KB L2 cache shows 10% higher miss rate than 256KB L2 cache, which will increase memory read tra.c and write back traf.c by 10% each.

technical report 1500, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Apr.


wkshp on Embedded Systems Security, pages 6:1 6:8, Oct. 2009.


However, it is not uncommon for multiple pack- ages to have the same root function.

each basic block containing a hot spot branch is assigned a weight corresponding to the executed count of the hot spot branch and is assigned the Hot tempera-ture.


[7] V. Ganapathy, S. A. Seshia, S. Jha, T. W. Reps, and R. E. Bryant, Automatic discovery of API-level exploits, in ICSE, May 2005, pp.

the scalability of the CEGAR framework directly depends on 1) the ef.ciency of solving the abstracted model and 2) the effectiveness of re.nement.


In capture mode, since the duration is very short, it has limited effect on the CUT s accumulated test power consumption.

it is important to note that in circuit s5378 and s15850, while Preferred fill can achieve less average capture transitions, it actually causes more peak power violations with significantly high average shift-power.


Another source of complexity is the HW and FW that compose the protocols, which are architected by different teams with different expertise.

they do not need accurate internal HW models, and can get by with abstract HW (like the one in a virtual-platform model), as long as the HW interaction with FW is accurate.


CONCLUSIONS This paper presents an effective approach to discover repeating patterns and musical structure from acoustic signals.

on the helix, the adjacent notes are 7 semitones apart instead of 1 semitone, so we should re-order them to give an appropriate weighting, as 1 w(m) = | P(7m mod 12 ) - P(0) | (10) A where P(m) is the position of m-th note and set as [10] suggested, m7 m7 m P(m) = [sin ,cos , ] (11) 2 22 and A is a normalization coefficient to satisfy w(m) = 1 .


PRELIMINARIES 2.1 Problem formulation In a two-dimensional routing region, we are given a set V of terminals and a set O of obstacles.

the obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner minimum tree (OARSMT) problem has received a lot of research attentions in recent years.


RELATED WORK To the best of our knowledge, we are the .rst to suggest the use of dedicated wires to snoop neighboring caches in a many-core processor.

again, the directory state machine is augmented to allow for such messages to be processed.


The objective function of the updated MIP models is the HPWL inside the window.

routability-driven placement and white space allocation.


A Novel Architecture of the 3D Stacked MRAM L2 Cache for CMPs.

the ratio between the standard deviations of the MTJ write currents, i.e., s0.1 /s1.0 , slightly increases when the NMOS transistor IM T J IM T J size grows.


SL2 will not be replicated because there are no instructions dependent on this strided load after the L2-miss load.

when  data does not exhibit spatial nor temporal locality, caches PC PROPAGATION are nearly useless.


The function which is implemented by the node n5 does not depend on the primary inputs (variables) a and b.

some logic synthesis processes, in-place optimizations or unreachable states of finite state machines can establish false paths in a circuit.


Multiplying N by F, we obtained the fault distribution shown in Figure 4.

the subroutine includes not onlythe ADD instruction, but also instructions needed for constructingthe loop, such as branch instructions, SUB (subtraction) instruction, etc.


Moreover, for each possible combination of condition results, all the corresponding operations must be executed in order to complete the schedule.

state 1 for the i-th operation means that the result of the operation is latched in a register, whereas a combinational operation is possible even in state 0, if a successor requires it.


Our placer formulate maximum displacement constraint Ddisp as: Ddisp max(|xc - xc0| + |yc - yc0|) (2) cEC where C is the set of all movable cell, (xc, yc) is the current position of cell c , (xc0, yc0) is the original position of cell c in the given global placement solution.

[9] M.-C. Kim, N. Viswanathan, C. J. Alpert, I. L. Markov, and S. Ramji.


Before a low refresh byte is read, the corresponding modi.ed bit is checked.

studies have shown that the leakage distribution of memory-cells follows an exponential distribution [22], with a small fraction of the cells having signi.cantly higher leakage rates than other cells.


The information contained in the ribosomic genome SH thus defines the logic function of each molecule and its connections to the other molecules in the cellular space by assigning a molecular code NPMDPEF to it.

one of the most important lessons that can be drawn from nature in the domain of fault tolerance is that the presence of several mechanisms operating together at different levels of complexity provides considerable advantages over any singlelevel system.


The effectiveness of stable matching for functional ECO is demonstrated in [12].

by the shielding effect, the induced delay is defined as the sum of delays of and its fanin/fanout gates along the timing path if is matched to .


3.1 Dual-Modulus Prescaler From the early days of the CMOS technology up to the present, several CMOS clock policies have been proposed.

the states are defined by the values of the signals A, B, and C, the D-FF outputs shown in Figure 2.


ARCS moves in the opposite direction by using the Java object hierarchy to provide increased abstraction details, convenience classes and methods, thereby facilitating rapid development of systems by avoiding implementation details.

symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems.


A fully integrated 0.5 - 5.5GHz CMOS distributed ampli.er.

in order to improve design ef.ciency and reduce the time-to-market, it is crucial to be able to predict parasitic effects for accurate performance.


The constraints used in our method and the constrained random method are only for ensuring legal inputs based on the functional specification.

in addition, they need translations from the traces on the control FSM to the real test sequences for the DUV.


ARM, Motorola s MPC, Infineon s Tricore), have some similarity with IFRA in that they also store program flow of the software executed on the processor.

4.5) 4 4 Dispatch Parity of renamed registers 3 4 Issue Parity of operands 2 4 ALU 3-bit residue of result + ALU error signal 4 2 Branch 3-bit residue of operand 3 2 MUL 3-bit residue of result + MUL error signal 4 2 LSU Address + residue of value 35 2 Commit Events (misprediction, cache/tlb miss, interrupts) + committed bit 5 4 3.2 Failure Detection using Post-triggers In order to ensure that the entire error-to-failure history is captured using reasonably sized FRS s, we assume the presence of early failure detection mechanisms, post-triggers, for the failure scenarios listed in Table 3.2.


The bitline is driven by a tri-state size-10 inverter.

international Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pages 347 352, 2004.


Since the algorithm just performs a sweep for the different possible links based on the rule values, it is very e.cient in terms of the run time.

this will make sure that bad links do not get added to the clock network.


performing this greedy bu.er insertion only on the critical nets prevents it from adding a lot of unnecessary bu.ers.


0 for certain input vectors to assist in further logic minimization).

succinctly, REC consists of: (i) inexact logic minimization through compensation buddy identi.cation step followed by (ii) a system-level DSP error compensation through waveform shaping step.


1 Arrival times of signals x and y have a correlation Advanced LSI Tech.

1  TABLE 1 DELAYS OF EDGE (u,v) AND THE MAXIMUM DELAY d(z) VI.


However, the reticle floorplanners found in the literature are either too restricted or too time consuming to prohibit design space exploration.

it is shown that a good floorplan saves 47% production cost with respect to a poor floorplan for small volume production and saves 42% cost for medium volume production.


We consider the minimal required components for each platform in order to performance the emulation.

we have found that the memory architecture of a GPU may not match the communication pattern of a physical system model, thus greatly limiting the performance of a GPU.


Suppose that TFT circuits are on the top surface of the substrate so inward bending compresses the circuit while outward bending stretches the circuit.

[12] H. Gleskova, S. Wagner and Z. Suo, Failure Resistance of Amorphous Silicon Transistors under Extreme In-Plane Strain, Applied Physics Letters, 1999 Figure 7: DLi map of s38584 (RUB 0.1×0.1, Ap/p0 = -25%).


This is used by video applications [5][24].

this is a scalable and ef- ficient way of sending information to a set of highly het- erogeneous receivers, e.g.


DAC 13, May 29 -June 07, 2013, Austin, TX, USA.

cGRAs permit acceleration of such loops.


The IPC of systems with SRAM L3, conventional STT-RAM L3 and OAP STT-RAM L3 (normalized to the value of SRAM L3 based system).

we simulate each experiment for at least 2 billion instructions.


In this work, our primary purpose is to carefully de.ne the diagnosis problem for delay defects and understand what are the key aspects that make the problem different from traditional diagnosis.

the stuck-at fault model is widely used in many diagnosis algorithms that can often be classi.ed into two types: an effect-cause approach and a cause-effect approach [6].


DYNAMICCAPACITANCECONCEPT Most timing analysis methodologies used in practice in both past and present, pre-characterize and store in libraries the driving behavior of logic gates.

parameterizing the output current waveform as a function of this instantaneous capacitive load is equivalent to assuming that the gate is described by the one-state nonlinear dynamical system in Equation (1).


In an ASIC model, this can be done by reverseengineering the manufactured design: de-capping the part, and repeatedly photographing the die and stripping away layers until all the physical layers are reproduced.

fPGA flows permit non-destructive detection of tampering inserted by tools.


would reply that it was a machine that will receive the call.

in addition, listeners call the station to make song requests, obtain additional information about programs, alert the station sta.


Wehave also compared theperformance ofVPSAs againstMP-SAs.

because the MCNC benchmarks are very small, we need to scale the core area to a reasonable value.


DNA origamis, along with circuit strands, are manufactured in a single step by annealing all components: strands are .rst heated to disrupt hybridization and then gradually cooled, allowing the designed, stable duplex regions to form .rst.

time-complexity of multilayered DNA strand displacement circuits.


While we are considering remote access to the StoryBank via the media-phones with villagers dialling-up stories when they are away from the situated display, we are also exploring the possibilities for stand-alone mobile access.

we hope to be able to study these aspects and also to further to understand how the different components work together as an information and interaction ecology.


Second, replacing invalid edges is not easy due to the PD constraints.

unfortunately, slant edges have no information about the PD constraints such that the transformations from slant edges into preferred direction edges will cause an infeasible solution.


The wide range of applications (e.g., 3D games, web browsing, video decoding) that are possible to execute on mobile devices complicate the problem of power estimation.

then from basic rules of physics [1], Nm(x, y, t) and Nb(t) are related by Nm(x, y, t)= e(x, y)Nb(t) + (1 - e(x, y))Na(x, y), (12) where Na(x, y) is photon re.ection count from the ambient environment at location (x, y).


The precise estimation of the area of each cone makes it possible in turn to simply evaluate the latency (and thus the throughput) of any solution.

if the on-chip memory size is limited (only a few kBs for most of the devices used in the multimedia .eld), the performance is bound by the memory transfers that take place between the off-chip and the on-chip memories at each iteration.


In XIII Conference of Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems, 1998.

the Hybrid multiplier architecture was previously presented in the literature using Ripple Carry Adders (RCA) in the partial product lines.


Some gaps have been underlined, one being the necessity to move from a golden C architectural model to the RTL design representation.

but we are still quite far from a homogenous design flow from a system level description to a GDS2 tape out, which today is splitted into three different signoff procedures: RTL, ASIC, GDS2.


the hierarchical method of this work continues to works well, without signi.cant increases in memory requirements.


3(a), whose delays are direct samples from a variation model.

the resulting constraints can be too many to solve by a SAT solver, so two procedures are proposed for constraint reduction.


This is because gates would always be somewhat less than perfectly correlated, in which case the standard deviation of the sum would be less than the sum of standard deviations.

to account for this, our generic .ow again runs SSTA on the decorrected circuit and compute s-slacks at all POs.


ari-2 j+1 sri-1 j+1 (a) conventional ari-2 j+1 (b) proposed sri-1 j+1 Figure 2.

the dynamic overlapped execution between neighboring stages is given up in [4], which results in performance degradation.


This turns o. the NFET device and the PFET device operates as a source-follower.

sUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) measurement with supply voltage reset in 0.1V increments Leakage consumption of a macro with DUT-TYPE B is compared to that of the macro hardware with DUT-TYPE A when in PARK and COLD modes in the plot of Figure 11.


variable line sizing helps reduce coherence activity in this case.


CML and running in the GHz range was proposed [1].

the advantages that make CML unique are that it does not require emitter followers at the gate outputs and it can be biased at lower * Both authors have the equilibrium contribution    Route 1: The combinational / sequential logic signal path Route 2: The bypass signal path C F2 F1 Q F3 R S CLK Clear CLB   Figure 1.


As topology generation are fully illustrated in [1], [2], [3], the circuit sizing methodologies also take the indispensable role.

all design variable values which cause device failed should be exclusive at this stage.


The total coupling energy is calculated for each magnetization con.guration (a total of 25=32 states) based on three di.erent coupling considerations.

the magnetization state of magnet i, Myi , is set to Ms (resp., -Ms) if bit i of q is 1 (resp., 0), where Ms is the saturation magnetization of the magnet.


We couple the timing margin controller with a firmware-based performance controller that monitors the average frequency achieved and adjusts the supply voltage, within safety limits, to achieve a long-term average frequency target.

we believe this tuning essentially eliminates all timing guardband.


(2) The vector of design parameters p and the environment parameter vector q are de.ned on .nite intervals [p, p ]and [q, q ]of corresponding dimension.

since the individual performances of the blocks are highly correlated, high bene.t can be taken from a global optimization.


If the rank remains idle for a time period equal to tREFI, then the rank switches to SR mode.

while servicing Auto-refreshes, DRAM devices not only consume refresh power but also high background power.


We explore acceptable retimed circuit structures, in which circuit function is not changed.

it may not be possible to disable all of them in some case.


[16] M. Ebrahimi et al., Exploring Partitioning Methods for 3D Networks-on-Chip Utilizing Adaptive Routing Model, in Proc.

the reason is that every node in middle layers has at least two neighboring nodes with greater labels than the current node and two neighbors with smaller labels.


FPGA 05, February 20-22, 2005, Monterey, California, USA.

we created edge masks only for full clock domains, but not yet for any of the more complicated exceptions.


Even for wired devices and other industry segments in which battery power has not traditionally been an issue, considerations of packaging, reliability, and cooling costs brings power firmly to the forefront at smaller geometries.

since the challenge spans across the design chain, industry collaboration is an imperative.


Due to near-end cross-talk, bidirectional signaling always has a lower one-way bandwidth than unidirectional signaling.

because we are ignoring ground bounce, and clock-jitter, these are optimistic estimates, especially for multi-level signalling.


An ongoing research project in our group is to develop an exploration framework which navigates a solution space including both the 2D and 2.5D solutions.

in the 3D stacking approach, a complete VLSI system is an assembly of fabricated, unpackaged dies/wafers [7].


we present three values for each benchmark.


Next, this RRM should dynamically adapt to changing context.

based on the user requirements, the available platform resources, the limited energy/power budget of the platform, and the target platform autonomy,it may notbepossibletointegrateall thesefunctionalities on the platform at the same time.


A reduced model generated via Algorithm 1 is positive-real.

form the balanced realization as A =T .1AT,B =T .1B,C =CT  7.


To get a probabilistic profile for each timing window, we need firstly prepare a global behavior profile, similar to the table in Figure 2.C, for the whole circuit only once.

cCP optimization creates a flat stabilization probability plateau to improve timing error resilience under Vdd overscaling.


CoLT: Coalesced Large-Reach TLBs Binh Pham* Viswanathan Vaidyanathan* Aamer Jaleel Abhishek Bhattacharjee* * Dept.

using higher order bits for set indexing increases con.ict misses since more consecutive entries are mapped to the same set.


Since the source terminals of M1 and M2 are connected, and their gate voltages are constant: W L g = 2 2 gms1 (4) ms2 1 W L 1 VDD M1 Figure 1.

large signal integration is performed by the unbalanced circuit of Figure 2.


Then the attacker performs a traditional DPA to examine the correlation between the power traces and Xi.

the process gain is linearly proportional to the attacker s observation time.


The synthesis of reversible circuits has been extensively addressed e.g.

the structure illustrated in Figure 3 for a To.oli gate with 4 control lines is proposed.


First, because of Condition 2,all edges(v1,v2) in EA.nity such that v1 and v2 interfere need to be removed from G. The obtained graph PrePruned G is bipartite.

we use a heuristic algorithm based on a greedy pruning of edges, where edges with large weights are chosen .rst.


ssd standard deviation ssd are examined to analyze the tradeoffs among runtime, hardware redundancy and defect rate.

when an LBG is of size n × m and a CBG is of size N × M, the volume of the solution space, i.e.


In the application of the TPC scheme, the addition of more redundant bits will further improve energy savings [9].

this can be clearly seen for the 8-bit bus shown in Figure 3, where the 8-to-9 bit TPC has better energy savings for all values of .


However, temperature-dependent timing variation is smaller than voltage-dependent timing variation.

voltage is an OCV, but the voltage map can be approximated deterministically.


A common design style is to employ power gates that disrupt the conduction path helping to reduce significantly standby current.

dynamic and static power budgets often trump speed and area requirements for designs targeting such applications.


Our program is implemented in C++ and all the experiments are performed on a Linux machine with 2.0GHz CPU and 2GB RAM.

decomposition dif.culty analysis for double patterning and the impact on photomask manufacturability.


[2] B. Catanzaro, S. Kamil, Y. Lee, K. Asanovic, J. Demmel, K. Keutzer, J. Shalf, K. Yelick, A.

first Workshop on Programmable Models for Emerging Architecture (PMEA) at the 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT 09), Raleigh, North Carolina, September 2009.


Due to these factors and discussions from previous sections, the variable spacing packet train algorithm may not be able to measure bandwidth above OC-12 (622 Mb/s).

delay values between 470 µs and 475 µs make throughput unstable.


The transport streams are identified by local transport stream ID s (LTSID).

we expect the presented descrambler design to provide an effective solution for high-speed descrambling in the Multi-stream CableCARDTM .


For the two reactive policies, we used an epoch length of 2 million cycles.

it ignores the execution bandwidth and the CPU power consumed by the instruction overhead of context switch and software miss handler.


The only way to achieve this goal is to write code completely detached from hardware block implementations, raising the abstraction level [9] and opening a new scenario in model development.

in Table 1, we report the results that give a correct and objective dimension of the gain-factor magnitude.


Cho et al [8] were of the first to consider a DPL friendly grid-based detailed routing algorithm.

3, illustrates an example of how the algorithm works.


In this situation, the cache corrects an odd number of faults provided they occur in different bytes of different words.

the processor then stores 0x8000 into Word1.


Three possible choices are shown in Figure 5.b.

first, note that QSPR s results are superior to those of QUALE.


This stage is performed by the FT-UNSHADES-C tool.

note that there are no restrictions on time, locations and how one or several faults are injected.


The next strongest component is found to arrive at 339. .

directional analysis of the on-body propagation channels is bene.cial in designing a reliable wireless link between the on-body devices.


Practically relevant problem sets (in addition to standard benchmarks) are required to further evaluate restricted layout representations with regard to their industrial applicability.

it also reveals open challenges for e.cient 3D layout representations and thus relevant obstacles to enable 3D integration in general.


We have presented a regression based MAX computation technique that can be used to represent each arrival time as a polynomial in the underlying 0.2 0.1 0 Primary Output Arrival Time in ps Figure 4: CDF Result for C880 parameters.

furthermore, each of these parameters were assumed to have a uniform distribution to see the e.ects of relaxing the gaussian distribution assumption to consider a more general approach.


We observe that, even if the actual correlation model is a 3-parameter model and a 2-parameter model is used in learning, we can still recover some margin.

as a result, the inference is not sensitive to this systematic shift either.


First results in this direction have been achieved by Woyach et al.

we expect a lower classi.cation accuracy for RSSI-based DFAR.


Note that, as we would expect, the percentage of write through traffic reduction closely mirrors the percentage of successfully removed, squashed, stores.

we can also exploit read port stealing (Section 2.3) and only read data for stores into the LSQ cache if a memory read port is available.


4(c)) configurations, 3 and 2 SMs are shared with the first configuration, respectively.

the test equipment required only tests the proposed configuration within specified constraints, and can be achieved much more readily than measurement of process variations over an entire chip, as required for VAD.


The result of the cooperative game is that each participant increases its profit, or at least one participant increases, while the profits of the others do not decrease.

table captions should be placed above the table No.


As expected, Figure 10 shows significant correlation for the number of sent messages, ranging from average 5 with the lowest WER levels and decreasing to approx.

average WER per noise level for native speakers 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Figure 5: Average observed WER levels for artificial noise conditions introduced to collect samples with higher WER; showing 95% confidence intervals.


Suppose we are mapping a node u in the DFG that has predecessors v1,v2,...vx.

11: Speedup of JiTC and extensible processor over the baseline processor and the maximal speedup for extensible processor with unlimited area earlier, we selected 21 benchmark applications from MiBench [15] that all ISEs are implemented as dedicated functional units in the and MediaBench [21] to derive the design of the SFU.


On a negative prediction, since there is still chance that the supplier is in the CMP, the algorithm selects Forward Then Snoop.

a processor cannot read a line until its cache obtains at least one of the line s tokens.


Figure 13 shows the normalized IPCs for each benchmark using branch predictors with a hardware budget of 256KB.

in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, October 2002.


If the monitoring infrastructure still detects deadline misses, the system management then tries to optimize the RT application acting at the task level, migrating the affected RT task or modifying the scheduling policy.

despite the similar runtime monitoring scheme, the goal of our proposal is runtime QoS adaptation.


Therefore if (14) is verified, the xor difference between the plain word corresponding to leakage L0 and the binary number 1111, gives the secret key.

models able to estimate the input vector that produces maximum and minimum leakage current respectively in CMOS circuits have been proposed in [5] and [8].


Variability in architectural simulations of multi-threaded workloads.

they demonstrated that predictor virtualization can be used to reduce the cost of an aggressive data prefetcher that is inherently tolerant to the high latency virtualized table.


Based on rules of thumb in the analysis community we chose thread count categories of { 10}.

note, for example, that not all our subject programs had parameters for scaling, and not one program could be scaled to .t in gory; given the non-uniform nature of the density categories there were more subjects in the middle.


Temperature Effects Equations (1) and (2) show that T signi.cantly affects transistor leakage and gate delay.

that work decided the optimal combination of techniques using an analytical expression, which is not suitable in the presence of variation.


The context and data schedulers specify when and how each transfer must be performed to reduce the energy budget.

the Data Scheduler attempts to keep these in FB instead of reloading them to increase energy reduction.


In this section, the scalability analysis is provided to verify the practicality of the proposed method.

the comparison result of two techniques is given in Figure 12.


ARM processor[2]) as well as special purpose processors (e.g.

next, the ASAP schedule is processed by our HTScheduler described in Section 4.3.


The read width is set to 64 cells (64 bits for SLC and 128 bits for MLC) and the write width is limited to 16 cells (16 bits for SLC and 32 bits for MLC) due to the large amount of current that is required for SET and RESET operations.

when an MLC PCM cell degrades to SLC mode, most of the components in the MLC writing scheme become unnecessary.


The DC power dissipation of M2 and, thereby, the temperature sensed by Q1, may vary due to process variations occurring within the LNA.

if the defect induces a DC power dissipation in M2 that saturates the output of the temperature sensor and through the calibration procedure we succeed to bring the output to the prede.ned value V ref , then the temperature sensor is not able to detect this defect in this mode.


We randomly select a fault from the undetected unused transition faults that have the highest number of failures as trprim(p).

the transition faults in TR(p) are targeted one after the other by using unspecified bits remaining after the detection of the transition faults targeted earlier.


Recall that one of the primary requirements of our programmable logic core is that it be synthesizable by standard tools.

we are currently investigating these issues.


High-level synthesis transforms are typ ically related to allocation (e.g.

when dataflow graphs (DFGs) are considered (rather than isolated circuits), then algorithmic duplication, utilising components idle periods* can provide an economical alternative.


In each prediction interval, we gather the CPI and MCPI in order to calculate CCPI.

a third-order polynomial function can accurately capture both leakage and idle active power in a simpli.ed model.


Another alternative to CoRe is to retry at a .ner granularity to minimize the amount of wasted work on failure.

with emerging applications running on emerging many-core architectures, hardware recovery introduces the ine.ciencies we have described (Figure 1(c)).


We believe that this burden can be taken away from the developer, just like with mouse and keyboard events.

specific modern widgets behave differently depending on where they are clicked on (e.g., a drop down box), thus, a widget potentially exposes multiple targets.


References [2],[3] propose S-parameters for analysis using frequencydomain parameters.

assuming an ideal power-distribution network; the power-delivery network is analyzed separately.


The solution consists of the N variables set to 1 which represent the speci.c combinations of FUs and SRFs which minimize the .nal hardware cost.

similarly, the new SRF has suf.cient width and depth to meet the storage requirements of any of the SRFs being combined.


sC can be guaranteed at the language level even on hardware that supports a weaker consistency model using static analysis toinsertfences[24,39,41].computing a minimal set of fences for a program is NP-complete [25].


For instance, consider ui = (vi R , v i D) .

as we envision the use CGRAs as more general purpose accelerators, compiler technology to automatically map parts of applications onto CGRAs is needed.


If using the conventional layered decoding approach, Rows 4 and 5 can not be processed until the computation for Row 1 is done.

decoding parallelism is quite limited, which is undesired for high throughput applications.


It should also be noted that it is not a good idea to try to bring the non-local elements to the local SPM and keep them there until they are requested by other processors.

they can bring (and process) their data tiles in such a way that whenever one processor needs a non-local array element (to perform some computation), the needed data can be found in some remote SPM.


LR(T ) requires only slightly more than two SRAM accesses per counter update, thereby making it possible to support multiple counter updates at even OC-768 line rates.

for a given CMA and DRAM access rate, the size of the SRAM counter required depends on the maximum value a counter can take under that CMA.


The experimental results we present will provide valuable guidance in deciding these eventual design choices.

this comparison allows GEMS the .exibility to not fully implement a small (complex and infrequent) subset of the SPARC ISA GEMS uses the comparison to make its state consistent with that of Simics in case of a mismatch that would occur with such an instruction.


The last section draws some conclusions.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.8.1 [Hardware]: Performance and Reliability Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance ;C.4 [Computer Systems Organization]: Performance of systems Fault tolerance General Terms Reliability  Keywords SEU, Fault detection, Partial Dynamic Recon.guration 1.


Secondly, as we already pointed out, the manufacturing variability which is inherent to the production process of CMOS ICs is an implicit source of PUF-like behavior.

based on a number of assumptions given the underlying physics and based on the outcomes of a number of statistical tests, a sensible estimate can be given for some constructions.


Our algorithm also enables users to generate the .ow channel routings according to their requirements, which is very useful considering the di.erent characteristics of various biochemical assays.

5(e), an initial tree connecting all the pin-vertices is constructed.


It consists of a collection of m >1 components, each storing a value, and supports two atomic operations: an UPDATE of a speci.ed component s value and a SCAN of all components to determine their values at some point in time.

they can also be used for implementing a single-writer snapshot object from single-writer registers.


Initially, the edge costs of all edges that are connected to the driver are set according to Eq.

according to research in performance-driven Steiner trees, OARSMT may exacerbate the delay and even violate the timing constraints.


Carry from Q[7] will not be included in PIset for Q[8] as it is composed with other gate types such as ANDs and ORs.

after deeper inspection on the synthesized netlist of constant multipliers, we found out that modern synthesizers apply varied kinds of BSDs in addition to CSD.


Both these cases result in a hazard-free transition at the gate s output.

if the delay on path {o,q} (from FF3 to FF4) is less than T-d, FF4 captures the correct value in the next clock cycle in spite of a delay failure existing on p. HT failure of {d,g,k,m} masks the setup-time failure on {p,q}.


Second, using a spacetime decomposition of computation in the circuit abstraction, physical-information-theoretic analyses of the global system evolution are performed for the time intervals relevant to each computational step.

even in this idealized scenario where the particle supply requirements are at their absolute minimum particle-supply accounts for 99% of the lower bound on the dissipative cost, far exceeding that required for implementation of the irreversible computation.


Absolute Error in Standard Deviation (from Golden Distribution) Figure 9.

in reality delay is also dependent on the output loading of the gate and theslope or slew rate of the input signal.


Such cases indicate that previous knowledge of w(y) is incorrect and needs to be updated.

it is possible that such a feasible retiming does not exist due to reconvergent paths [23].


The traces are appended with NOP instructions to align them to cache line boundaries.

all results are shown as the percentage of the algorithm s [13] parameters, denoted as 100%.


Also, a shaded entry indicates violation(s) that are incompatible with the defect type(s) identified by physically-aware diagnosis.

it is simply a manufacturability issue that was missed or deemed not worthy to guard against using appropriate DFM rules.


However, the property does not hold in TPL.

in the layout depicted in Figure 10(a), feature b is the target feature.


2.2.3 ID Generation Similarly to the FSMD Annotation step, ID Generation step starts after the FSMD_s has been generated by the HLS flow.

single refers to potentially multiple alterations, but on a single element (e.g.


On the contrary, turbo codes yield a higher than required throughput with a 22-nodes NoC.

the number of nodes and their links, then, it derives the communication pattern among the nodes of the network.


To deal This work is funded by NSF CAREER Award CCF-0448534, UC Micro #05-111 via Cadence Design System Inc. with more ports, we have more transfer functions and thus more poles and residues to compute.

i Hierarchical reduction is to eliminate all the variables in x, and transform (9) into the following reduced set of equations: MBB* MBR B bB* x MRB MRRR=, (10) xbR MBB - MBI(MII)-1MIB where MBB* = and bB* = bB - MBI(MII)-1bI.


And the transistor size has scaled down following this famous law for almost 40 years.

9b) by PMA MTJ [40], since traditional SRAM and DRAM based computing hierarchy cannot reconcile fast read/write access speed, high density and low power.


DDF is the most expressive model (in fact, it is Touring-equivalent), but it is very hard to analyze and to prove properties on its ex- ecution (even testing for termination is undecidable in general DDFs).

if the next block does not correspond to any star, it is labeled with zero.


Vector machines such as the Cray-1 [35] overcome the in e.ciencies of DRAM overfetch and access granularity by using massive bank-switching to o.er word-granularity accesses.

because even tiles on the diagonal contain zero es, compute time per tile decreases.


These also con.rm the VCO transfer curves plotted in Fig.

fLocked is the PLL output frequency when it is locked.


We also devised a more decentralized method of incorporating wireless sensors into the system.

we also analyzed the distribution of losses, and found that less than 2% of losses are consequtive ones (table 1).


The wpscheme is relatively robust to W2W variation since the cache lines in the same cache set are distributed across four different layers.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.3.2 [Memory Structures]: Design Styles - cache memories General Terms Performance, Design, Reliability Keywords 3D microprocessor, Last-level cache, Narrow-width value, Process variation, Yield 1.


BRENNAN, S., CHENA, X., DICKINSONA, C., NEIDERA, M., AND ZELINSKY, G. 2008.

findings also highlight the urge to improve presentation display technology so that the width and quality of the .eld of view better resemble normal viewing conditions.Thiswouldmake theuseofHMDsmore intuitive and provide more natural viewing and interaction conditions.


Simpli.cation of device models introduces errors too large to tolerate.

the cell cannot be pre-characterized using the gate abstraction.


Thermal dissipation and thermomechanical stress [28, 29] are other causes of concern.

to as 2lustrates these test moments for a three-die stack.


In summary, the use of the functional memory interface allows a quick iteration cycle, since changes are carried out within minutes, and, due the high simulation performance, pro.ling results showing latency cycles, cache hit/miss rates, and bottlenecks in the memory architecture are quickly obtained.

the resulting binary executable has been run on the simulator generated from the LISA model.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS [Design Aides]: Layout, Placement and Routing, Advanced technologies, Microprocessors and microcomputers , Standard cells , VLSI (very large scale integration), Automated Synthesis.

this talk will cover these challenges and outline the opportunities including those in physical design domain.


Firstly, our new decomposer only generate a small set of necessary face merging operations as candidate operations for the decomposition problem.

by setting the auxiliary nodes for a con.ict at the least spaced points on two patterns, their distance should be less than two times the minimum feature size, which is less than two times the minimum spacing.


(Weighted conflict graph) A weighted conflict graph G(V,E) is an undirected vertexweighted graph constructed from a detailed routing solution.

for simplicity we directly used the R*-tree package [11] for indexing 2-dimensional geometric information of layout objects.


This is because the sensor is self-calibrating: process variations that affect leakage currents also affect the capacity of the cell in a counterbalancing manner.

compared to previously proposed sensors, the 4T-decay sensor needs only 30 transistors, is an order of magnitude smaller, and consumes at most 221µW at 85o C, fairly low if we take into account its relatively high frequency response of up to 24 MHz.


The main di.erence is that due to the inherent characteristics of .ash memory, it is not feasible to update data in place.

this, however, is under control of operating systems .le system driver and depends on the actual implementation of a .lesystem.


It has been shown that the leakage currents of a circuit can be reduced by placing the circuit into a controlled standby mode when the circuit is idle.

lSDWDK produces two different voltage swings.


In the slave-side arbitration, the arbiters are located in front of each slave port as shown in Figure 2 and the master just starts a transaction and waits for the slave response to proceed to the next transfer.

rEFERENCES [1] Jian Liang, Swaminathan, S., Tessier, R. ASOC: a scalable, single chip communications architecture.


The FPGA platform can be used in a multi-service edge router.

a dynamic system could be used in which a module could capture the network stability and activate the appropriate RMU unit.


The decision problem to check if there is a Maximum Independent Set of size k in a graph is NP-Complete.

the ratio of performance metric in an MPF library to a standard cell library will be invariably greater than one.


Figure 2(b) reports live p sets for the previous example.

in order to guarantee correctness in the presence of parallel nodes two sets are de.ned.


As the goal of the WCRT analysis is to .nd the largest cost between two EOTs, reducing the number of nodes between EOTs helps in faster reachability analysis.

all information about non-tracked variables is removed, in order to achieve a compact representation for each thread.


As an example consider the expression E = ac + ad + bc+ bd,Using the brick p1 = a + b or p2 = c + d the number of gates can be reduced from 7 to 4 as discussed in the previous section.

mediaBench: A tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communicatons systems.


The cutoff approximation is achieved by maintaining an interaction list of all the pairs within the cutoff distance, and iterating over this list during each time step.

we evaluate two distinct data reordering techniques that seek to co-locate in memory objects that are in close proximity in the physical system modeled by the computation.


Formally, we can de.ne a data transformation for an array Ausing a pair (MA,mlA).

the second constraint, on the other hand, indicates that the difference between the said memory locations should be 1.


Minimal swing in the bitlines reduces the charging and discharging of the bitline capacitance, while continuing to provide suf.cient signal differential to the ampli.er.

the second write topology uses write in a short bitline architecture (16 cells).


After that, testability strategies must be applied to RTL structure to produce a testable circuit [3], and this may produce a circuit that is not area-optimized.

considering descriptions used for similar problems, the main components of an evolutionary-based high-level synthesis approach are as follows: Chromosome structures that represent candidate scheduling, module binding and register allocation solutions;  Fitness evaluation function that performs the latency calculation, module and register usage rapidly for target of testability improvement;  Genetic operators that alter the scheduling, module binding and register allocation while preserving their dependencies.


This extension will be realized by virtue of extended routers already under development.

circuits, Signals, and Systems.MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1986.


Then, at time tj+1,the n-th sensor reads the real temper-2.5 ature value T(xn,tj+1) and quantizes the prediction error E(xn,tj+1)= T(xn,tj+1) - T.(xn,tj+1), getting the quan tized output ET(xn,tj+1), with an scalar quantizer Q.Next, all the sensors send their quantized prediction errors to the BS, which obtains a reconstruction for each temperature T value T(tj+1) by adding these quantized prediction errors to the previously predicted values, that is, TT(xn,tj+1)= T.(xn,tj+1)+ ET(xn,tj+1), n =0,... ,2M (18) Then, the BS starts performing the prediction operation again and the whole process is repeated.

)is very similar to the PSD of a a .rst-order discrete-time autoregressive source.


This technique has primarily been applied to I/O drivers and long interconnects [13].

[13] V. Kursun, R. M. Secareanu, and E. G. Friedman, CMOS Voltage Interface Circuit for Low Power Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, May 2002.


0 We can do better, though, by modifying the placer, as well as the router, to be X-aware.

for a two-pin net with a bounding box of dimensions .x and .y, they optimize .x + .y.


The outputs of the appropriate gates generated in the last developmental step represent the primary outputs  Table 1: Success rate and computational e.ort of the evolutionary development of combinational dividers for the evolving and .xed initial state of the CA.

the maximal number of generations for measuring the success rate was 50k.


The slice requirement is the sum of operation requirements of the operations within.

in parallel systems, data hazards occur not only within but also among processors.


Figure 3 shows the final mapping of the outputs to the TAM lines in the illustration example.


These overheads include both the typical setup required to call the kernel, as well as overheads for fetching operands from memory.

this case needs faster computations, or acceleration, rather than explicit parallelization.


In Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pages 85 96, 2007.

therefore, we propose a microarchitecture solution to balance the duty cycle ratios and combat the NBTI-induced aging of the SRAM cells in the data cache.


Input and corresponding output waveforms of the buffer.

this strongly affects the on-resistance of the device and it appears evident that if propagation time becomes relevant with respect to signal transistion time, conventional sizing based on eqn.


From an information-theoretic point of view, we should have less uncertainty about the input given the IDS output.

for network-based IDSs such as Snort [22], the unit of analysis is a packet.


45nm technology files were obtained from the Predictive Technology Model website [18].

this technique is limited by the number of available pads and also, requires extensive data-analysis to follow accurate current measurement [3].


[4], who showed that opponent modeling could be used to learn to play effectively against basic opponents in Guess It.

the approach required a significant history of data for training and therefore could not be used online.


The intuition is that some events may be easier to detect than others.

first, for each patient, we generate training and test data pairs using the leave-one-out approach.


both communication partner are contained in the state vector A.

this information can be used for the assignment of communication resources.


For run-time recon.guration, recon.guration bits are read out of NRAMs sequentially and placed into SRAM cells to con.gure the LEs and cross bar/switches to implement di.erent logic functionalities or interconnections.

we assume k is as much as needed for each case.


A naive peak performance comparison gives reason to expect a 3× advantage for KNC.

1 vpcmpeqw ymm7, ymm7, ymm7 2 vgatherdps ymm15, [rdi + ymm11 * 4], ymm7 Listing 3.


m technology with aluminum interconnect, Proc.

gains (when compared to fat wires) are reduced when there is no worst-case switching on the aggressors especially as wires become less resistive (greater thickness).


Short Paper: Low-Cost Medium-Range Optical Underwater Modem Feng Lu, Sammy Lee, Jeffrey Mounzer, Curt Schurgers Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of California, San Diego {f1lu, sjl006, jmounzer}@ucsd.edu, curts@ece.ucsd.edu ABSTRACT Enhancing underwater instruments with networking capabilities is opening up exciting new opportunities for remote ocean exploration.

while for the bit error rate, in each round, the transmitter keeps sending data packets until 6 packets have been successfully detected and received by the receiver.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

is body effect coefficient, q is the electron charge module, eS is the dielectric constant of silicon, NA is the concentration of accepter atoms in type-p substrate, COX is the capacitance of gate oxide per square meter.


[6] T. F. Chan et al., An Enhanced Multilevel Algorithm for Circuit Placement, ICCAD 2003, pp.

this scenario plays out in Figure 5:left which shows a placement produced by Capo for IBM-HB+10.


There are now two possibilities for the structure of the (k+1)-pre.x of p: 1.

note that the extremes of this range are indeed em = sm (Square-root allocation) and e1 =1/m (Uniform allocation).


3) Ef.ciency: Now that the accuracy and the signi.cant computational savings of the proposed approach are established, we proceed to demonstrate its ef.ciency.

the shifted distribution which is used to generate samples is called the practical distribution for IS and to achieve maximum speed up the optimal practical distribution for IS is to be determined.


Traditionally, memory cells have been more vulnerable to transient faults and are usually protected by mechanisms such as parity checks or Error Correcting Codes (ECC).

we chose 100 fault injection trials for each benchmark to yield results with reasonable accuracy in a timely manner.


Additionally, we sampled the utilization axis in 2.5% hops, for which the huge amount of 10000 different task sets were generated each time.

this latter must (n) be calculated before In can be obtained.


[4] C. Bartoschek, S. Held, D. Rautenbach, and J. Vygen: Ef.cient Generation of Short and Fast Repeater Tree Topologies , Proceedings of the International Symposium on Physical Design (2006), 120 127.

when a new repeater I with input pin p is inserted, we compute RAT (p) as follows.


A natural candidate methodology for such goal is Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, FMEA [2].

for DfM considerations, this definition may not be useful, as RoI for the product family has to be positive to warrant volume production.


This condition is often satis.ed: if there are many rings in a TSV in.uence zone, this results in a smaller ring pitch.

for TSV-to-wire coupling reduction, reducing the total wire length on top metal layer while increasing the minimum distance between TSV and nearest wire help reducing TSV-to-wire coupling.


This is because the duration of the magnetic .eld occupies smaller portion of the total write time, resulting less contribution to the MTJ switching.

process variations and thermal .uctuations greatly in.uence the operation reliability of STT-RAM and limit its scalability.


Section 4 details the routing topology generation.

we .rst construct a spanning graph for each capacitor net and estimate the congestion on the boundaries of the tiles.


Because of the expense and potential danger, it is not desirable to conduct experiments on a real combustion chamber without a strong evidence that the EH control techniques are capable of maintaining the pressure at safe levels when TA instability occurs.

acknowledgments This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.


In this section, we build upon this observation to introduce two mechanisms that both aim to minimize bit error rate: Neighbor-cell Assisted Reading (NAR) and Neighbor-cell Assisted Error Correction (NAC).

the variances of conditional distributions of victim cells are close when different values are programmed to their direct-neighbor aggressor cells (e.g., var(xm) is close to var(xn) even if m is not equal to n) and thus are approximately equal to the average variance of all conditional distributions.


We then discussed several components of our measurement effort measurements of coarse grain characteristics of simulation and analysis jobs running on ALCF resources, synthesis of these measurements into project footprints, early results from new streaming experiments that connect the BG/P simulation resource to the analysis and visualization cluster, and wide-area experiments.

the principal components of the system to be used as a generic testbed are shown in Figure 3.


At least twomethods havebeen recently proposed to improvethe ef.ciencyof off-chip bandwidth usage.

the availability of off-chip bandwidth is only projected to grow at a much lower 15% annual rate, due to the limitations in pin density and power consumption [13].


Simulation Results and Comparison with Conventional Repeated Wires All simulations were done with HSPICE using industrial 90nm device and interconnect models, and a supply voltage of 1V.

tAGS does not offer speed improvement compared to optimal repeater insertion, and in some situations it suffers from significant delay penalty.


Less severe supply voltage degradation leads to transistor performance degradation, e.g., a 10% supply voltage degradation is responsible for more than 10% transistor performance degradation, and the effect is super-linear [15].

in Section 3, we present two convex programming approaches, i.e., a semide.nite program and a linear program, with an illustrative example.


to believe that such reordering did not occur.

proper synchronization between processes must be employed to ensure correct behavior.


First, there is increasing interest in using digital logic signals to control the operations of analog/RF front-ends.

these CDDs are capable of exploiting the sharing of computation during LCP solving process.


Hence, the concept of reverse domination could be used much more effectively.

our solvers still show signi.cant speed-ups over dbg-dom due to our branching scheme which decides error-select variables .rst.


If N threads are co-scheduled, every thread is guaranteed exactly 1/N of the data bus bandwidth within a time quantum of length Q cycles.

similar to prior work [30], we focus our attention on reducing information leakage from a thread s read request rate.


As discussed in Section 2.2, 2xLocal can also mask the chip power budget.

the programming current of one chip is supplied by local charge pump.


Suppose the variables x1, x2 and x3 are set to be false, true, and false, respectively, so that clause c1 is not satis.ed.

xi* i,*: ri* occupies p = 4LP(dmax) = 4OPT (dmax)  LPAPX is a 4-approximation algorithm.


In this context, files and sockets are in the same situation.

execution times have been obtained directly from the prototype board inserting counters for each thread directly in the RTOS (eCos) code.


Unfortunately, there is no standard for these solutions.

it consists of the time needed for building the testbench, the pure simulation time and the time of a turn-around cycle.


Although simple, this method proved to be fast and accurate in practise, as evident from the experimental results.

the MCT size for each of the modules was 500 and 200 random validations were performed.


This would impose difficulty for the downstream RTL/logic synthesis and optimization to make up the QoR degradation.

the current code-generation techniques for these instructions mainly seek for special patterns, and efficiently taking use of these instructions still much relies on hand-coded assemble codes.


When an untrackable ESP modification (event 4) is recognized, the ESP tracker switches to the ESP unknown state.

in this case the tracker must use a Latest Register Values (LRV) table to record the tracking-time values of all architectural registers.


These constraints are removed in [7,26,41] where the IPs interface with the NoC using OCP.

second, the independent operation that enables support for multiple memory-mapped protocols.


The message structure may vary depending on the protocol used by the IP module.

opening and closing of connections takes time, and is intended to be performed at a granularity larger than individual transactions.


In Proceedings of Advanced Research in VLSI, pages 393-399, 1995.

we perform our compression by using only 2s and 2f bitmasks.


The main reason is that, various parameters of these ANN applications are carefully tuned in order for these applications to achieve less than 1.0% error rates.

the expression of Cij can be seen as a re.ection of the non-linear summation properties observed in some dendrites [23]: when the weight Wij is low, the contribution is very negative (non-linearity).


¬P0 to check whether the property is violated in the initial state (we add T0 to have access to the primary outputs at depth 0).

the matrix consists of a conjunction of clauses, with each clause consisting of the inclusive disjunction of literals.


For clarity, in the table we use a bold font for relevant documents.

accuracy Utility Lam% F Measure R*S Rob.


John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1992.

this is not suf.cient to ensure a minimal SoC design time.


FUTURE WORK Results presented in Section 5 have shown the feasibility of our proposal for non-coherent shared-memory clusters.

althoughthisapproachprovides a chip solution for coherent shared memory, its main drawbackis thatitis softwarebased, thus reducingperformance.


securely realizes some ideal functionality F. The UC theorem can be used to show that multiple concurrent instances of .

in Security and Cryptography for Networks SCN 2008, volume 5229 of LNCS, pages 392 408.


Figure 2: The cooperative testing framework based on deterministic test patterns is showed for communication channels.

for cascaded sub-blocks, test responses of the upstream block are test patterns for the downstream one.


If the symmetry classes of F and F * are resolved, they can be associated with each according to class size and immediately checked for equivalence.

the method from [11] does not analyze topology.


[23] N. Seong, et al., SAFER: Stuck-At-Fault Error Recovery for Memories."

we investigate the effects of the long write latency of real PCM in our study as will be given in Section 4.


modsi3 proc is an internal function used to implement a software version of the modulus function, similar to mulsi3 proc,and divsi3 proc.

finally, Xilinx supports an IP core, the Microprocessor Debug Module (MDM) that enables the user to perform JTAG based debugging on a con.gurable number of MicroBlaze processors.


For the Mibench, we use the small data set for training and the large data set for evaluation.

different sample size values result in the same policy rules, as long as size is not larger than the application phases.


Stage C If the source becomes active during stage B, it initiates stage C. At the beginning of this stage every node v knows its neighborhood Nv in Gk.

in [4] a randomized protocol was given for arbitrary radio networks where nodes have no topological knowledge of the network, not even about neighbors.


Rose, Timing-driven placement for FPGAs, in Proceedings of Int.

5(c) and (d), the distance between the centers of the bounding boxes of the connected pins of f7 and f8 is the same as the distance between that of f10 and f11.in Figs.


further, the decoder in FEC schemes incurs a large energy overhead.


In reality, transmission line parameters are characteristic parameters corresponding to the physical layouts and materials.

note, the propagation modes of inhomogeneous media ([][ ] LC .


To calculate the relative error, the cycle-level Raw power pro.le from the BTL simulator is sampled at the same frequency as our relative power pro.le, and both pro.les are normalized to their respective means.

despite being rapid, this approach estimates aggregate power estimates instead of providing a temporal pro.le.


Evolutionary design and evolutionary optimization methods have been employed to reduce the number of gates.

4) As the reference circuit and candidate circuit are functionally equivalent in the .rst mode, the second mode can be investigated.


In fact, any of the previously proposed instructionbased functional testing approaches can be used as the basic core functional test performed prior to the ACE-based directed structural testing.

if necessary, the test program can run additional ATPG test patterns to indicate which part of the hardware is defective.


Figure 1 illustrates how this flexi- bility can improve the compression ratio.

the zero tuple is encoded as: '0' : match type.


GND is the lowest achievable voltage level and node A remains at GND.

as a result, the corresponding conversion from the Data Background Generator will also be modified as that from the MSB to LSB.


Experimental results show that our method can reduce clock-network capacitance by 30.0%~36.6% while reducing the overall dynamic power of theICby6.8%~11.6% compared to conventional approaches.

we argue below that this method fails to represent clock-net reduction problem in placement.


[8] who applied DTW in multivariate temporal musical gestures stated the need for data acquisition of more than 11 times for each gesture in the recognition of an accuracy over 90%.

2 × Precision × Recall F-measure = (3) Precision + Recall The compression dimension is experimentally determined.


[5] V. Chandra, A. Xu, H. Schmit, and L. Pileggi.

this leads to better performance by reducing the router critical path and allowing the routing task to be executed in parallel to arbitration.


Area and energy es timates for cache and SPM are obtained from Cacti [31, 45].

although objects b1 and b2 are not chosen at the cut-off point for SPM, they can nevertheless .t in SPM by sharing space with objects a1 and a2, since (b1,b2) are never live at the same time as (a1,a2).


Figure 10a summarizes the average speedup of each architecture normalized to OOO-2.

morphCore can adapt the number of cores optimized for serial and parallel execution dynamically.


A mi crofluidi c ass ay is re presente d in the form of a DAG; i ts operations are then scheduled an d placed on to the DMFB array; droplets are then routed be tween operation locations .

a digit al microfluidic biochip synthesis framework.


A sequence of gates in the network which matches the sequence Gi G(i-1) mod m ... G(i-k+1) mod m is replaced with the sequence G(i+1) mod m G(i+2) mod m ... G(i-k) mod m without changing the net m work output, where k .

for example, the second template in Fig.


vLSI Digital Signal Processing Systems: Design and Implementation.


Multiple-vertex dominators of a .xed size k can be computed in O(nk) time, where n is the number of vertices of the circuit graph [11].

{1,2}, distinguishing whether v belongs to V1 j or to V2 j.


tomeasuretheperformanceofataskgraphT mappedonthesetofPEsP,wedenotetheexecutiontimeoftaskti (1= i = N)onitsPE,M1(pi),by.i.Thecompletion time oftaskti isdenotedby.i andcanbecomputedas.i =.i foreveryinput node inT andas.i = .i +maxj:(tj,ti).E(.j )forallothernodes.Everyterminalnodeti inthetask-graphhasanassociateddeadlineconstraint.i,andtheperformanceconstraintsaremetonlyif.i = .i foreveryterminalnode.Fornotationalsimplicity,intherestofthispaper,wewillassumethateveryterminal node hasthesamedeadlineconstraint..wenotethatourframeworkdoesnotneedthisassumptiontobesatis.ed,andtheresultsaredemonstratedforageneralcaseinwhicheachterminalnodehasadifferentdeadlineconstraint.Thedeadlineconstraintsdescribedabovecanbetranslatedtopath based constraintsbyde.ningasetofallpaths,F= {f1,f2,...,fS },inthetaskgraph.Eachfi (1= i= S)isasubsetoftasksinT thatformapathfromaninputnodeinT toaterminalnode.Giventhesepaths,wecanexpressthedeadlineconstraintsas: .i = .,.j :fj .


Impact of disable time with small keeper: (a) delay,  (b) energy/operation due to the stronger driving capability of the keeper.

comparing the lowest energy consumption between baseline (achieved at Vdd=0.6V) and the adaptive design (at 0.3V), 4.4× and 3.6× improvements are still obtained in PS0 and PCHB, respectively.


[10] S. Paul, R. S. Chakraborty, and S. Bhunia.

we consider only fundamental behaviors from now on.


The wire loads of all these nets have to be estimated based on the statistical models.

this approach renders statistical estimation of wire delays unnecessary.


Usually, d1 is very small such that the overlap of cells is small and the density constraint is satisfied.

figure 4(b) illustrates the extracted feasible regions of flip-flops for a sample design.


MAP-I provides an average of 35%, coming within 1.6% of the performance of a perfect predictor.

for example, they continue to serialize the tag and data access (similar to traditional caches), which increases hit latency signi.cantly.


y2 = x1 x2 y2 + x1 x2 y2 + x1 "JJ2 "JJ2 "JJ2 ON OFF DC where the ON, OFF and DC sets are ON(R .

the CPU times highly depend on the .exibility of the relation and on the number of reduce/expand/irredundant iterations performed by gyocro.


5.2 Simulating CMP Workloads Weuseamulti-coresimulatorto measuretheperformance ofthe virtualvictimcacheinthepresenceof multiplethreads.

the darkness shows that many blocks remain dead for large stretches of time.


Otherwise, this additional assignment is not consistent with the current set of constraints and cannot be compressed.

of the three ITC 99 benchmark circuits, only b17s has risky vectors when considering a power budget of 15%.


(.=KuV), which can be due (a) reduction in Ku, (b) reduction in volume and (c) increase in temperature.

[8] W. F. Brown, Thermal .uctuations of a single-domain particle , Phys.


[5] K.IbrahimandE.Strohmaier.CharacterizingtheRelationBetweenApex-Map SyntheticProbes andReuseDistanceDistributions.In ParallelProcessing (ICPP),201039thInternationalConference on,pages353 362,sept.2010.


will be able to execute lines 6 16 su.ciently many times for its ballot to become the highest ballot ever written.

by de.nition of invalid, at least 2t + 1 registers must have responded with pairs (pw , w ') such that pw = (ts, v ') .


This can be regarded as the minimum possible current of the GNR TFETs.

note that for GNR TFETs used as p-type transistors, the drain is usually considered to be the p-doped contact, i.e., the source of the n-type transistors.


And with only one way the cache incurs 70 misses.

we also thank Ala Alameldeen, Lee Baugh, Ravi Iyer, Aashish Phansalkar, Srikant Srinivasan, Craig Zilles, the HPS group, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and feedback.


those subsequences the tails of which detect (cover) at least a fault.

we have, for most circuits an independent base for comparison on how close the results of our compaction method are to the optimal solution.


Our algorithm is described in Section 4.

the circuit netlist is output in SDF with all gate delays.


The MPEG-4 encoder and sender is EvalVid [13] which encapsulate I, P, and B frames data into variable packet sizes.

in addition to the EDCA function, the MAC also includes a dynamic fuzzy logic controller (DFLC) [1] where its reference command is dynamically determined by the controls of upper layers.


each decoupled line can be analyzed Nmax RC 0.1 separately.


Formally, if there are l arcs with the same si values, the new si of the merged arc is computed as: new si = l+ si - 1.

the process is then repeated for the updated DFG.


With technology scaling, the break- even time becomes less than a cycle and this technique can therefore give useful leakage energy savings even for a few cycles of dead time.

we expect the energy savings to be greater for wider-issue processors.


A NEW SYNTHESIS APPROACH The proposed layout-conscious synthesis approach is performed in two optimization phases.

in summary, the comparisons of the results strongly suggest that considering layout effects  6 optimal when considering gate delays only.


This iterative process obtains the required maximum number of paths as shown in Table 1.


Because of the limited data bus widths, an L2 cache miss requires more than one transfer between the L2 cache and main memory.

the percentage sequentiality of these addresses is dependent on the application program and also on the cache con.gurations at both level 1 and level 2.


This MCXO achieves the precision of an Oven ControledCrystalOscillator(OCXO)thoughconsumes only afraction ofitspower(~70mW instead of ~1.5W) since it doesn t need an active heating element.

using the di.erent dividers, di.erent clock Average Current for Different Clock Modes on the TMote Sky 400 300 200 100 0 Average Current [ .A] w/o Timer w/ Timer w/ Timer div 8 Figure 7: These are the typical current consumptions of the clock and timer subsystem of the MSP430.


Dirty Page 1 in task B and dirty page 8 in task D should use heavy write mode.

since more GST are turned into the crystalline state, this operation takes longer time to complete and will cause more damage to its endurance.


The result of this alternate circuit technique is that a larger number of wires can use the 2-slot TDM routing method and still maintain high-performance.

because semi-global and global wires with shorter wire lengths can have a much smaller time delay, they can remain idle (i.e.


This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the switching activity of serial links, and provides closed form expressions for the average activity factors.

activity factors for two parallel bitstreams and their serialized datastream  Parallel lines AFp Serial Link S AFs p (×0.25) b1 b2 00 : - 00 : - 00 : - 00 : - 01 : .


The sets of pins assigned to the partitions belong to two groups according to their cardinality, i.e., the minimum for single droplet manipulation (k = 5) or the number of pins required for direct-addressing.

in this case, the requirement of one droplet per partition is not met and electrode interference may occur.


[6] N. Binkert, B. Beckmann, G. Black, S. K. Reinhardt, A. Saidi, A. Basu, J. Hestness, D. R. Hower, T. Krishna, S. Sardashti, et al.

we explore the existing compression mechanism in terms of dynamic energy consumption and lifetime.


We are convinced that an approach using high-level models is a good starting point for Design of Embedded Systems.

[2] D. D. Gajski, A. C.-H. Wu, V. Chaiyakul, S. Mori, T. Nukiyama, and P. Bricaud, Essential issues for IP reuse, Proceedings of the ASP-DAC 2000.


The power and area overhead come from the top-level PLL and local buffer circuitry.

the leakage reduction data in 0.07um is underestimated since the BPTM does not capture the increasing DIBL factor and fails to present the increasing effectiveness.


The tendency changes in pattern 5 because the replacement packet is using a VC designed for control to transmit data, and the smaller FIFO cannot store enough .its to support the round-trip latency.

designing chip-level nanophotonic interconnection networks.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

{1, 2, , k} : fj(Cx) > fj(Cy) (1) where k is the number of objectives and fk represents the design objectives objective functions, and fk(Cx) characterizes how well Cx achieves the design objectives.


Since the proposed multipliers minimize the use of the full-length registers, multiplexers, and buses, the power consumption can be reduced.

in Figure 1b and 2a, we show how to obtain the sum of MKM products for k=3.


As a result, the signals at different locations along a ring only switch when the voltage wave passes these locations.

speci.cally, it produces square-wave clocks and .ts digital circuit design.


To provide a synchronizing link between the two sides of our framework, we use parallel port bits that signal speci.c processor execution information to the DAQ system.

our on-the-.y, GPHT-based dynamic management framework can respond to these variations proactively, providing better system adaptation.


Figure 4 shows the evolution of SNM for a CMOS inverter simulated at nominal Vdd (Table 2) and Vdd=250mV.

finally, in Section 4, we conclude the paper.


Transistor performances are di.erent die-todie (D2D) and also within-die (WID).

such WID variations can be compensated by recon.guration.


the speci.cation of G3 (i.e., the validity of {.pre } e {x = 0}).

this illustrates the point that a set of correct traces can represented more compactly if it is larger.


In summary, RSE detects the older data bit alongside the write operation without an extra read operation in front of the write step.

when a write data is applied to bit lines, WL and SWL enable writing the new data bit into SRAM and reading the old data bit from RRAM.


Moreover, busses can be designed for low voltage swings to reduce the energy further.

taper bandwidth within the network hierarchy; higher levels of network provide less bandwidth per operation.


Usually, minimizing power and delay in continuous domain is computationally easy since the methods of convex programming can be applied in most cases.

dELAY AND POWER MODELING OF INTERCONNECTS IN A BUNDLE The interconnecting wires at high metal layers typically run in alternating orthogonal directions.


For safe and reliable operation, the peak temperature of the processor has to be be always maintained or controlled below a safe threshold.

note that the complexity of the algorithm in Fig.


This limits their applicability to practical transistors design, especially when full 3D transport is required as is the case for the FinFET structure.

both polar (IPOP) and non-polar (INPOP) modes are included and are used where applicable.


For example, if (c 3,c4 ) is a encrypted wireless channel which uses strong encryption it will have a large weight associated with it.

the set S contains the customer area networks, web client and wireless man in the middle sources.


3.4 Non-linear QCA Wires Also,QCAellsdonothavetobeinaperfetlystraightline totransmitbinarysignalsorretly.Cellswithag0degree orientationanbeplaednexttooneanother,butofenter, andabinaryvaluewillstillbetransmittedsuessfully.

6.2.7 A Crossover OnepossibleaseisillustratedinFigureg.InFigureg,if ell.hanges(ag0degreeell),ahekismadetoseeifa ellthatisa45degreeellisdiretlyinlinewithit.Ifit is,ahekmustbemadeforag0ell(ell*),ontheother sideofit.Ifell*doesexist,thenitwillreeivethedata assoiatedwithell..Cell*willthenbeputonthequeue.


However, such mechanisms are very expensive, which can not be applied to microprocessors with stringent cost and area constraints.

compared to the NMR approach, the advantage of the replication cache is its area ef.ciency by exploiting the data locality.


Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp.

when n-type and p-type TFETs have different widths, the in.uence becomes signi.cantly larger and reaches the worst-case deviation when there is maximum mismatch of N =10 and N=16.


[6] employs a central control while [5] uses a distributed control mechanism.


To compensate the positive temperature coe.cient of IREF , the resistor RS is chosen such that it has a similar temperature coe.cient, so that the fractional sensitivities tend to cancel.

the 8T have the larger value, but strongly depends on the gain (AV ) of the di.erential ampli.er, Baker recommends a lower gain to avoid instability, limiting the value of PSRR@DC [1].


rEFERENCES [1] L. Whetsel, An IEEE 1149.1 based logic/signature analyzer in a chip, in Proc.


An accurate memory access ordering is needed for de.ning the needed memory architecture.

in the .rst step a correlation to a known reference signal determines the frequency error.


Note that a cryptographic program may contain multiple independent lookup tables, so the total size of all the security-critical data may not be small this is why other solutions which require pre-loading all the security-critical data may fail to scale when the size of security-critical data is large.

we will show in section V that our random cache .ll strategy can provide an Figure 3.


A 45 seconds excerpt was extracted from a random point of each song to reduce the annotation load and make a uniform dataset.

aMC describes emotions using .ve discrete emotion clusters instead of a.ect dimensions, which do not have origins in psychological research, and some have noted semantic or acoustic overlap between clusters [4].


Once a delay time and a threshold voltage have been de  Figure 9: A comparison of circuit and edgesuperposition transient simulation for a ten-bit input pattern.

applying (14) and (13) can be denoted as f k-1 (v|b)= Vt |Bk-1 () G fV k (v|b),d(v- vR(tk )),d(v- vF (tk))(15) t |Bk where G is an operator that maps three PDFs to a single PDF.


However, sending a group of transactions to the same target may result in a performance violation.

patterns 1 and 2 represent multiple initiators requesting T3 concurrently.


The area for the MMSE-SQRD implementation increases by 40% compared to the basic QRD implementation.

this paper is structured as follows: section 2 presents the communication chain model used to obtain the simulation results.


More buffers were saved when the effect of shared nets was taken into account.

in the fractional knapsack problem, fractions of items can also be selected.


The power consumption model that underlies the proxy can estimate the instantaneous power consumption for each power management technique simultaneously at run time according to its decision on operating voltage, frequency, temperature, as well as activity counts of the running workload, thus providing a direct comparison across all power management policies.

the .nal format of the chip-level power proxy adjusted for chip-to-chip variations is: Pchi p = Pact ive + Pclock + Pl eak ( )a ( )ß AP V Freq V = + (7) R0 Vnom0 S0 Vnom0 ( ).


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

[15] Shih-Lian Ou and Massoud Pedram, Timing-driven Placement Based on Partitioning with Dynamic Cut-Net Control , DAC, 2000.


The computational unit (CU) is responsible for calculating types and values of the new tokens by arithmetic or logic operations.

it takes origin and direction of a ray and returns the color of the corresponding object at the intersection point.


On the RTL power estimation side, some commercial tools provide power estimates [3][14].

today s tools cover a large range of design techniques include multi-threshold synthesis, clock gating, and power management.


B. Hamiltonian-based Fault-Tolerant Method for 3D Mesh As been already mentioned, the complexity of fault-tolerant algorithms in 3D network increases due to facing a larger number of turns in the network.

[14] M. Ebrahimi et.al., Path-based partitioning methods for 3D networks-on-chip with minimal adaptive routing, IEEE Transaction on Computers (IEEE TC), 2012.


Figure 2 (b) describes the corresponding electrode activation.

to further reduce the runtime, we presented a deterministic ILP formulation that casts the original routing by a binary solution search method that searches in logarithmic time.


[12] SDS SDS stops when result is better than [12] Half Final Final Shaping Half Final Final Upper-Bound Shaping Blocks Perimeter Width Height Time (s) Perimeter Width Height Width W Time (s) Half Peri.

due to the ever-increasing complexity of ICs, the problem of shaping soft blocks is not trivial.


Related work in NoC struggled to achieve 1-to-M latency and energy close to wire-latency and wire-energy [5], [6].

sWI power dissipation is also modulated based on the analytical model introduced in [12].


Low-overhead implementation of a soft decision helper data algorithm for sram pufs.

[4] Y. Dodis, R. Ostrovsky, L. Reyzin, and A. Smith.


The automaton describing the AHB read transfers is smaller, as most transitions are contingent on the behaviour of the slave which is less varied than that of the master as it has fewer signals.

any path from state 0to state 5in Handshake is a transition run.


The more the number of defective TSVs in the die-under test, the higher would be the magnitude of temperatures in the di.erence-image.

figure 3: (a) Simulation model showing 100 TSVs, (b) un-meshed geometry, and (c) meshed geometry of the simulated model.


We propose an optimization procedure to be used for system-level design decisions, and we .nd that joint architecture and statistical timing analysis can be more advantageous than pure circuit level optimization.

the major limitation of FBB is the rapid increase in leakage power as shown in Fig.


Buffer-Integrated-Cache: a cost-effective SRAM architecture for handheld and embedded platforms.

accelerators can not afford a large private page table in terms of energy and area; nor can they, for performance reasons, afford a multi-hop scheme to access a centralized shared page table.


The goal of the partitioning algorithm is to determine the vertices and edges of the geometric objects partitioning Z into the k Rj.

the subset relation .. is de.ned by: z .. x .


If the operation f itself is an a.ne function of x and y, then (2) could be simply expanded into an a.ne combination of the variation symbols ei.

with our PLPB representation of random variables, we will show that the dependency bounds computation does not require complicated optimization procedure and thus has very low computation cost.


These four artifacts were used in the experiment described in Section 3.

while the participants explored the tangible artifacts haptically these were excluded from vision.


As we can see, the static phase is computation intensive.

in this phase, the moments of the reduced order model are used to compute system response coef.cients that will be used to determine temperature pro.le as a function of time.


[3] J.Raik, V.Govind, R.Ubar, "DfT-based External Test and Diagnosis of Mesh-like NoCs", IET CDT, October 2009.

we experimented a high degradation of the fault coverage of the cascaded channel due to the low amount of testing packets forwarded by the multiplexer.


Part of this progress could be called CMOS convergence since various device structures have been gradually converged to CMOS, except for some special applications.

various types of other products, including digital TV, game machines, DVD, digital cameras and in-car navigation systems are also gaining momentum.


Finally the memory block m is removed from the positions 1 till n - 1 of the cache set vector (line 12).

an accurate worst case timing analysis for risc processors.


We also follow the ap proach proposed in [11].

by doing this, thread B is speculating that whenever thread B reads from strip A (row n) and C (row 1), they have already been updated by threads A and C respectively and are the current values.


In this set of experiments, the heuristic leaves the right end part of the virtual memories for the small type of PM, and does not use the large type to cover them.

before discussing Algorithm 1, the reasoning in each of the steps is discussed.


One of the advantages of this alternate approach would be that it allows one to choose the level of approximation error with respect to the length of the .lter by the mean of the optimization criterion.

iEEE Digital Signal Processing Workshop, Sep. 1996, pp.


A better data analysis technique can discover more failure non-critical data, and therefore will improve the e.ectiveness of our technique.

the .rst decrease comes from lowering miss rates and the second increase results from high access energy overhead for larger cache sizes.


We began our study planning to analyze 100,000 basepair distances per genome.

uSER EXPERIENCE, PRELIMINARY SCIENCE RESULTS, AND FUTURE WORK 5.1 User Experience Overall the end user experience of migrating from the relatively modest Quarry and Mason local clusters to the much larger Ranger resource on XSEDE was a smooth transition.


Therefore, this approach can achieve 100% FE in practical test generation time.

after that, we generate a TEM such that the number of time frames required for any testable fault is bounded by a linear function of the number of registers in the circuit.


proposed a four-step algorithm for overlapping edge removal [6].

iSPD 08, April 13-16, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA.


The only previous work, to the best of our knowledge, relating to power pad optimization is [8].

it can be extended to handle multiple current distributions by replicating the voltage variables and all the constraints, once for each load current scenario.


[6] M. Hauschildt, C. Hennesthal, G. Talut, O. Aubel, M. Gall, K. B. Yeap, and E. Zschech, Electromigration early failure void nucleation and growth phenomena in Cu and Cu(Mn) interconnects, in 2013 IEEE International Reliability Physics 360 364 368 372 376 380 Temperature (K) Figure 6: E.ect of temperature on MTTF the steady state hydrostatic stress distribution predicted by initial current density in the metal layer that directly connects to the underlying logic blocks are shown in Fig.

power lines carrying unidirectional currents can fail in much shorter times due to continuous stress buildup under the EM e.ects.


Thirdly, speech could be used to navigate through a shortcuts menu which enabled the caregiver to drill-down to the appropriate question to ask the patient.

speech recognition technologies now have distinct merit in terms of improving the usability of mobile technologies; given the relevance of mobile technologies within the hospital-based healthcare field, the application of speech recognition to provide improved usability of mobile devices for healthcare applications is an attractive prospect.


Electrode addressing and routing terminate when all the electrodes are addressed or the pin constraint is satis.ed.

when broadcast addressing scheme is involved, trapped charge problem become crucial and more severe.


When encountering the control statement if(a<5), the symbolic simulator either pick the branch with the branch condition (a<5) or the one with !

pRELIMINARIES We perform SystemC property checking based on bounded model checking (BMC) methodology in our framework, where the bound here is a given simulation time.


VG do switch Usage-Type(v)do 11 return (I , O) 1 char A; // global variable 2 int B; // global variable 3 int C[2]; // global variable 4 void top() { 5 int i = 10; 6 bar(i); 7 } 8 void bar(int x) { 9 B = A + x; // side e.ect 10 C[1] = C[0] + x; // side e.ect 11 }  while performing modular analysis.

[20] S. Vasudevan, J. Abraham, V. Viswanath, and J. Tu.


FUTURE RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS Our future research road map also includes evaluating our new and improved ROILA system by conducting an empirical study.

this is primarily because .rstly, the Nao robot is widely used by HRI researchers and secondly it is Linux based therefore our system could be extended to other products.


Since the .rst priority is to detect all peaks that correspond to relevant frequencies, the parameter H is set just to achieve that most random peaks emerging from a non-periodic sound do not result in salient frequencies.

other changes, described in the subsequent sections, have equally contributed to the experimentally established quality improvements.


These approaches employ a variety of learning techniques such as Bayesian Networks [8], Markov Models [13], Genetic Algorithms [11] and Inductive Logic Programming [6].

in constrainedrandom veri.cation, test cases are generated by constrainedrandom test generation, in which the test generator instantiates tests using templates written by veri.cation engineers.


T More importantly, the operator need not be invoked NL times as the probabilistic GBTs across iterations may converge.

there is only one GBT of degree Smax in the GBF.


The circuit level simulations show that the access latency to CAM or FV table of 128 entries can be .nished within one cycle.

the bene.ts come from the speculation that a bit value may be kept unchanged during successive write operations.


2: Conversion techniques using a centralized converter.

in the initial state, the buffers are empty.


4.2 Adaptive supply voltage links Adaptive supply regulation, also called dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), has proven to be an effective technique for energy optimization of microprocessors.

[21] H. S. Wang, et al., Orion: A power-performance simulator for interconnection networks , Proc.


DIP searches in the two extremes: LRU for all applications or BIP for all applications and requires two SDMs and one PSEL counter.

only one insertion policy is different between the baseline-SDM and any given bimodal-SDM.


But to what extent is the response determined from z1 and z2?

incidentally, the coupled T circuit of figure 2 has a transfer function exactly of the form (6.1), an indication of the physical suitability of that parameterized form for predicting coupled noise.


Simple obfuscation techniques are easy to implement and can be used with powerful testing modes such as scan chains, but do not provide high security.

under an optical microscope, we used the lens focus to check whether the die surface is parallel to the surface of the glass rod.


DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS In this section, we will discuss some important design issues associated with MBARC.

the address for the mapping of a particular partition is provided by the schedule table.


The context can range from coarse-grained demarcations of execution such as trusted or untrusted, or be as .ne-grained as the application (process) ID.

the processor raises the HBUSREQ1 signal to inform the arbiter that it needs to use the bus.


Pi,d is the probability that the node i chooses the path Ri,d (whose destination is d) for sending packets from Qi.

and Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks in the proceeding of Networking Conference, 15, 19 MAY 2006, Coimbra, Portugal (Best paper award).


thus we have obtained the maximum clock frequency of 178.6 MHz.


This is usually addressed during the design stage when developing a microprocessor.

250 0 SSA MSA SSA+OCs MSA+OCs SSA MSA SSA+OCs MSA+OCs 0 Figure 8.


B, a bandwidth demand di in bytes per time unit between the processor and the buffer, and a start time tstart .

while doing so, it must ensure that buffers .t into the available memory, bandwidth requirements are met and the load on the sytem is as small as possible.


.. Xdq The number of rows in the matrices Xd1, Xd2,...,Xdq represent the number of scan-lines in the respective cores.


Most published works create latch huddles [36], multi-bit latches or .ip-.ops [37, 38], and a complex gate combining LCB/pulse-generator with latches as a post-processing step [39, 40] after global placement.

cLOCK DOMAIN AWARE PLACEMENT Clock gating is a highly e.ective method in power reduction because it switches o. some parts of the clock distribution network which usually have the highest switching factors compared to the other nets.


Depending on how directed the router is the search will be either more breadth-.rst or depth-.rst.

[6] E.M. Sentovich et al, SIS: A System for Sequential Circuit Analysis , Tech.


2Karger and Bailey s presentations were independently prepared and accepted for a public meeting held in January 2005 on Privacy and Policy issues in FIPS PUB 201.

iNTRODUCTION In August 2004, President Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD 12) [5] calling for a government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identi.cation for both federal employees and contractors.


First, assume that a 4GB PCM rank is composed of eight PCM chips as in a conventional SDRAM DIMM while each chip consists of four banks.

a smaller memory block often negatively affects robustness because, given a .xed refresh interval and a .xed region size, more blocks in a region increases the required number of writes to trigger a new security refresh round.


To copy otherwise, to republish, not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

securing a sensor network is very challenging, since traditional security techniques cannot be applied directly to sensor networks.


Transistor-Specific Delay Modeling for SSTA Brian Cline, Kaviraj Chopra, David Blaauw, Andres Torres , Savithri Sundareswaran {btcline,kaviraj,blaauw@umich.edu} {andres_torres@mentor.com} {Savithri.Sundareswaran@freescale.com} Abstract SSTA has received a considerable amount of attention in recent years.

to test our theory, we used lithography-aware simulations (discussed in Section 3.3) to generate CD distributions for everydevice in our library (all transistors within every standard cell).These distributions were then treated as distinct RV s and decomposed using PCA.


To aid the link designer, SerDes vendors now offer transceivers which include an overall increased number of pre- and post-tap preemphasis, equalization gain, and pole/zero settings to overcome SIrelated degradation in the link.

pELE is built upon a modular and expandable framework.


Automation: Although in some cases a synthesis tool could automate conversion to fixed point [14], determining the required amount of precision is difficult.

in general, statically determining the possible values is difficult, and is therefore unlikely to be added to a synthesis tool.


For this reason, a Multiple Supply Voltage (MSV) approach can be used to limit power dissipation by operating only non-critical gates at reduced voltage while guaranteeing that the delay specifications will be met.

the crucial problem in a MSV technique is the very generation of multiple voltages.


Allocations are proven to provide SI, EF, and PE.

we consider representative workloads with high and low R-squared values in Figure 8, which plots simulated and .tted IPC.


AL AL NL NL PL PL nom R T R T R T RNM = RNM + k .V + k .V + k .V AR AR PR PR NR NR +k .V + k .V + k .V (13) RT RT RT VD D V R L =f R (V L ) VDD V  V L R V L =g R (V R ) NL  Figure 8: The forward and the feedback DC transfer characteristics of a memory cell in the read state.

as shown in Figure 2, this noise metric, called static noise margin (SNM), assumes that the two storage nodes in the cell are subjected to equal and opposite DC noise offsets [12], [13].