In addition, the overhead of LT code in Gaussian channel is larger than that in BEC.

although ARA requires no change to existing modulation and coding, its performance is adversely a.ected by the limitations of existing modules.


Two APs, AP x and AP y, establish two BSSs within an ESS, and are hidden from each other.

to avoid cluttering the plots, we only report the average value of .ows 1 and 4, and .ows 2 and 3.


Recall thatsource-to-relay transmissionhaslowerpriority than relay-to-destination traf.c: only when the source node hasno relaypacketdestined tothereceiver,will thesourcepacket beforwarded.

when PRD increases, it has two opposite effects on delivery delay.


With the deployment of more complex networking functions in next-generation networks [22], it can be expected that these processing demands continue to increase.

[14] Lischka, J., and Karl, H. A virtual network mapping algorithm based on subgraph isomorphism detection.


On the other hand, new wireless applications (i.e., secondary users), starving for spectrum, would like to pay for using the spectrum.

de.nition 4 (Implementation in Undominated Strategies [2, 12]).


The capacity of multi-hop WMNs can be expanded by using multiple radios each with multiple channels on each mesh router.

the FCR-MAC protocol reduces the access delay on each hop, because each intermediate node can reserve the channel for the next hop while it is still receiving the data packet from the previous node of the chain.


2, each curve decreases as the number of level increases when the Nash Equilibria are 1.2 Nash Equililbrium  reached.Note that as the level of the network increases, the curve decreases slowly because more nodes will tend to join the game and attract multiple nodes of lower level , which have smaller amount of bandwidth requirement.

we have to determine the maximal utility of the nodes hop-by-hop from the root to the leaf.


ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Measurements Up the Stack, 2011.

to obtain the ground truth, we enhance the browser with a lightweight extension that captures only the page load times.


Since shoppers typically hold their head steady while gazing and are also not walking, this can be detected by measuring the standard deviation in inertial sensor measurements on the smart glass.

we use the step counter in Zee [40] to detect steps from the accelerometer.


Recent studies have shed the light on their impact on real tra.c and the complexity of managing them.

a value of 1 corresponds to paths made only of RFC1812compliant routers.


The transmitter then sends the M symbols to the wireless channel.

it becomes much more di.cult to launch mimicry attacks when the receiver is equipped with a MIMO system, because the attacker has to place one spy node for each antenna to know the channel.


MOTIVATION Real-world Internet traffic traces are crucial for network re search such as workload characterization, traffic engineering, packet classification, web performance, and more generally network measurement and simulation.

the memory requirement of the algorithm is to store 2 + N 1 trie nodes, where each node occupies 16 bytes.


Figure 1 shows the hourly average download performance for each technology over an 8dayperiodfor one metro area from each ofthe .ve area types (notice the different y-axis scales for cellular (top) and WiFi(bottom)).

the raw comparison between the two technologies shows that WiFiprovides superior download per-formance, with maximum WiFi performance varying widely.


2.1 Abstract Protocols Protocol analyzers can monitor system communication on di.erent layers of a protocol stack [11].


AS Centrality: To understand the topological position of IPv6 ASes, we next compute the k-core degree of each AS in the topology graph.

although 1We elide the April 2011 point such that the remainder of the plot is more readable.


Copyright &#169; 2009 ACM 978-1-60558-5697/09/06...$5.00 were proposed to prevent or detect these types of malicious activities.

the switch maintains a database (Table 2) in which it maps every host with its fingerprint.


On the contrary, a DIFS idle time, two SIFS time, and ACK is unavoidable for one frame transmission for the legacy DCF.

the most concern of the GB-DCF is that when we partition M active stations into Ng groups, but the real partition is all stations .


Examples of such systems are the use of WiFi access points or GSM base stations as anchor nodes.

bold black lines represent concrete walls, window and door openings are also indicated.


They start from an initial solution and iteratively attempt to improve upon it by a series of local changes.

some of the previous algorithms for TAP are no longer applicable.


and · · · · · · dr 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = m m rm r when m f .

to enable indoor location-based services (ILBS), there are several stringent requirements for an indoor localization system: highly accurate that can differentiate massive users locations (foot-level); no additional hardware components or extensions on users smartphones; scalable to massive concurrent users.


In practice, a node may not always move at a constant velocity.

first solve the problem in d ' -dimensional Euclidean space using a random initial solution, where d ' = d(e.g., d ' =4 in our experiments).


In fact, the appearance of the FMC has spawned a whole cottage industry of daughterboard design for various DSP applications.

the high number of logic slices available on the WARP FPGA make it a good candidate for very constrained real-time signal processing applications, such as distributed MIMO [4] or massive MIMO [17].


The throughput is lower for ECMP because hash collisions decrease the overall throughput.

to address these issues, DieCast uses time dilation [29], a technique where a hypervisor slows down a VM s perceived passage of time to yield effectively faster link rates and better scalability.


Thus, exploiting multi-radio capabilities may help improve the e.ciency and e.cacy of multicast communications in the 4-th generation LTE networks.

most state-of-the-art UEs, e.g., smartphones are rolled out with LTE and Wi-Fi multi-radio capabilities.


Such networks may be connected to the Internet using either one or a combination of middleboxes mentioned above.

as the number of mobile nodes within a RAN increases, the number of pinholes in the Firewall/NAT is increased.


The forwarding of Interest Packets in the actual plane for Algorithm 2 coincides with the forwarding scheme described in (10).

in age-based caching [7], each cached object k at node n is assigned an age which depends on pk, the (Zipf ) popularity of object k, and the shortest-path distance between n and src(k).


Therefore, vehicles that are within this region have a higher priority for retransmitting the data than the vehicles that are outside.

hereafter, we describe how this mechanism works.


DSR's per- formance degrades as the route length increases and the prob- ability of successful delivery from the first attempt drops to al- most zero for route lengths greater than 5.

while their route construction mechanism is generally the same, WAR implements a different route se- lection and maintenance scheme.


This con.rms that the upper bound for the number of MSs that can share a slot is bounded to 8 if we plan to exploit MIMO techniques available at each MS. We can also observe that when 2 MSs with one antenna share an OFDM slot for transmission, the SIR value remains close to the threshold ß, conformingtothe C-SMspeci.cations in WiMAX standards [1].

since each MS receives di.erent SIR values for each transmission, we calculate SIR of required signal at each antenna of the BS, and plot the average SIR across all antennas observed at the BS.


We believe this to be a desirable property of a distributed component in a system of communicating components.

uBF(B) has:  Figure 3: Client server with a contract checker.


To improve the system robustness to link failures and packet loss, we can augment this basic double ruling scheme by using multipath routing.

we show in Section 5 that this simple property is enough to guarantee that the overall effort spent in the aggregation for nodes other than the one of minimum weight is O(T log n),where T is the cost of a minimum spanning tree connecting the hot nodes.


by the following expression: 2 · 4 · 2i · .= O(2k)= i=k O(|st|) where the factor 2 is due to going to each of the virtual points and returning to s, 4 is due to the fact that there are 4 virtual points, 2i is due to the maximal distance of the virtual points from s, and .

their solution is not easily adaptable to dynamic mobile settings.


This is a standard problem in communication systems.

network coding reduces the number of time slots from 4 to 3.


[16] M. Reitblatt, N. Foster, J. Rexford, C. Schlesinger, and D. Walker.

further research is required to .nd an optimal solution given a restricted number of .ow table entries.


We then run the same setting as the baseline experiment.

[25] Floodlight open.ow controller, http://floodlight.openflowhub.org/.


However, multihop hotspots introduce many challenges to the network and protocol designer because of their inherent dynamic nature: Node Mobility: In hotspots, users may constantly enter or leave the network or may be mobile while communicating.

wireless LAN Access Network Architecture for Mobile Operators.


Then, on Sµ, according to our setup of the CCA2 attacker, he outputs 1, giving the correct guess.

in order to show that in any protocol execution and n.n.


These parts are the beacon duration during which the beacon is either sent or received, the active portion and the inactive portion.

figure 4 contains 2 GTSs spanning over 5 superframe slots.


We also thank Evimaria Terzi and Dora Erdos for the helpful discussions.


In the following, the notation bp(i, j) refers to the probability to have a router having a degree of i and j L2 neighbors (0 <j = i).

we suppose that those cases correspond to L2 circuits technologies such as Atm.


Thus, if the key a is recovered by an attacker, x, xH Ni , and xF NI are not a.ected.

by construction, R can be recovered from a collection of shares, if and only if this collection includes a pair (RHNi , RFNi ) for some i * {1, .


The aforementioned ideas can be efficiently used only in a case with a small number of trees.


Previous work has addressed the e.ectiveness of warning dialogues in several scenarios, mostly for phishing on regular computers (e. g., [5, 24]).

we analyzed the apps vulnerabilities against Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks due to the inadequate or incorrect use of SSL.


As Figure 8 illustrates, a = 0 is always a .xed point of the a-reply application, and it is the only one when p is too high, in which case either the economy on the subscription price is not enough to compensate for the aversion to transfer, or the o.ered connectivity is too low.

in that case, the situation where a pure cellular coverage is chosen does not occur anymore: as soon as the provider can expect a strictly positive bene.t, then he chooses to o.er the two options transfer and no transfer with prices p and p respectively around 3.5and 5.


The results have veri.ed that interference caused by jammers add up and wireless signal is decoded by treating the sum of all the other transmissions as noise.

when the jammer is at the same distance from a receiver but the orientation is di.erent, the experimented results may vary.


As shown in Section 7, our scheme allows IVSs to establish connections just as with regular LTE.

the OEM registers these PMEIs with the MNO using a secure connection.


(a)Regulargraph (b)Smallworld graph Figure 1: Example of graphs when using the random addition technique In a wireless sensor network, thebestwayto create a unicastlink istoincreasethe communication radius.


Figure 3: Switch e.ciency and network latency of CIOQ, HC, and PCIQ.

as an example, in [11] a SRAM cache memory has been implemented with 4 ports with an area overhead of 25% (there is another example with low area overhead in [23]).


Theorem 2 If the total number of bytes serviced from any backlogged queue is S over n scheduling intervals and the quantum allocated for the queue is Q, |S -(Q·n)|<Pmax ·n Hence, in the worst case even if the random number generator is completely misbehaving, the loss in bandwidth for any backlogged queue is less than one packet for each round of scheduling.

if the variation in the rates is high, then the delay bound becomes really large.


Athena, on the other hand, can use any approximate spectrum allocation solution (of polynomial-time complexity), and yet still maintains its general collusion resistance.

we brie.y outline the procedure of tCP in the Appendix.


Each schedule has three parameters t, l, p. The radio at every node is .rst turned on at time t, and then again every p seconds.

figure 12 shows that, for the workloads we use, 500ms sleep interval gives low duty-cycles.


If this MSS exists, the packets are scheduled into the fragment OFDM frame; otherwise, a new OFDM frame is used.


It then sends binding update to the MAPHMR as well as its HA.

3.5 IntraNEMO and InterNEMO Network Handoff (Network Mobility) The intraNEMO network handoff refers to the situation that a HMR with its mobile network moves to a new network which is still a part of the original nested mobile network.


BITTORRENT PROTOCOL The BitTorrent protocol [7] was implemented with the ob jective to disseminate one large .le (or a composition of large .les) to a large number of users in an e.cient way.

normally, one REQUEST message asks for a data portion which is smaller than the chunk size.


In both cases there is no signalling between the low and high power nodes.

gollakota et al [8] suggest using orthogonal MIMO streams to avoid incumbents.


Recalling the constraints shown in (6a) and (6b), we .nd that .ow table constraint is more di.cult to meet than the link capacity constraint, since the max overhead of the update process comes from the stage II of each step when the new .ow entries have been added to the switches.

sortedSeq and RandSeq complete the update with almost the same number of steps, but considering update success rate shown in Fig.


BEk is the bandwidth used by the best e.ort tra.c on link k. 3.2.4 Unreserved link bandwidth for a traf.c class Let UBck denote the unreserved link bandwidth for a traf.c class c on link k, then UBck = UBk - .Tk .

in long-distance wireless networks, since a node always has multiple radios, DSR cannot be used directly.


Fast Hash Table Lookup Using Extended Bloom Filter: An Aid To Network Processing.

an operator who wants to capture more packets that correspond to this behavior can specify a FlexSample condition for an artifact of scanning behavior observable in the packet stream.


Eventually, however, the output set should: (a) be the same at all correct processes and (b) not be the exact set of correct processes.

as a corollary to Theorems 1 and 2, we disprove the conjecture of [14] by showing that: Corollary 3.


First, trigger messages are transmitted reliably in SS+RT.

a state transition from state (i-1,1)to state (i,0) is achieved via retransmission only, and the transition rate is 1 A(i-h,hh,(i,Oh=(1-PI).


Copy all nondominated chromosomes in both Pt and Qt to Qt+1, then perform SPEA2 environmental selection and mating selection on Qt+1 sequentially 13.

0 5 10 15 20 25 Maximum Node Speed (m/s) Figure 4.


03: Push amount of y =min{e(u),cap(u, w)} through arc (u, w) by sending a message to the cell associated to w 04: e(u)= e(u) - y; e(w)= e(w)+ y;update cap(u, w).

de.ne PCR thenumberofvacancies in R as VR = i=1 aivi.if a region only covers part of the cell i,the number of vacancies contributed by the cell i will be aivi.This de.nition spreads the vacancy in cell i uniformly on the area of a cell, thus it has the property that the number of vacancies in a union of disjoint regions will be the sum of vacancies in individual regions.


One approach is to .nd a routing scheme that minimizes the total power consumed by all nodes, e.g., [23], [3], [19], [25].

speci.cally, we investigated the single-recipient model, and showed that the single-topology broadcast problem is NPhard, while for the multi-topology version we established an e.cient optimal solution, which implies an interesting twist of di.culty compared with the standard model.


We also discuss the practical implications of our results to wireless ad hoc and sensor networking: (1) using r-nearest cycle as a basis for optimizing transmission power and latency, and (2) using tilted torus to estimate the time-to-live values of packet delivery in opportunistic forwarding.

lovasz s formula only applies to connected graphs, while in our case we consider a disconnected graph with disjoint identical tilted tori.


of 4th International Conferences on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia 2006.

very little work has been done on the formal methods to be used in optimizing the use of QoS mechanisms in relation to the QoE achievable at the application level.


Unfortunately, this node-centric feature is not su.cient to e.ciently controlpotential congestion on the wireless medium.

for an informed estimation, packet overhead will be introduced which, at a .rst sight, looks counterproductive for the goal of helping an already stressed medium.


ARA and PERA are quite similar to a reactive ad hoc routing protocol, e.g., AODV.

if the spiral curve intersects with the trail (i.e., a trail is found), the node .rst calculates the expected travel distance of a submarine based on the timestamp in the pheromone packet.


the LCA format is not in the public domain and it holds critical information regard- ing the Xilinx XC4000 architecture.


Results: Figure 15 shows that the intelligent traf.c duplication in Scout improved the overall TCP throughput by 55% over No-DUP, because whitespace links (like all other links) can experience occasional outages and the ability to divert traf.c to alternate paths should always improve performance.

the prior designs focus on how to ef.ciently utilize the slow satellite downlink with a relatively fast feedback path [14, 15].


Handling realistic failure scenarios: We have considered arbitrary K linkfailures.

the maximum MLU is no larger than 1 under routing(r, p)over the entire demand set d+ X1.


We rede.ne QE, such that it accepts any constraint in R as an argument, calculates its quanti.er free DNF form in PTIME and returns the set of it s disjuncts.


Note that, the latest development of WiFi-based localization may also achieve sub-meter accuracy, e.g., PinPoint [11] and ArrayTrack [20].

last but not least, Pharos is able to yield high accuracy (sub-meter) localization.


This corroborates the need to differentiate between profiles and the suitability of the DDP/NDDP/UDP classification instead of the LOS/NLOS in the context of this contribution.

the main challenge corresponds to be able to identify this profile (i.e.


Regarding the resources in the Iub, a separate timeslot must be used to transport the multicast data to each multicast receiver.

there are several proposed schemes providing IP multicast routing over wired networks such as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), Multicast over Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF), Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) and Core Based Tree (CBT) and Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP) [3].


Motivated by this 1Generally, HARQ works at the physical layer (PHY) or lower part of medium access control layer (MAC) while ARQ is implemented at the link layer (e.g., RLC) or upper MAC.

the receiver waits until a given number of acknowledgements are gathered, and then the receiver sends a block ACK message.


specified in clock cycles/sec or bytes/sec.

methods to address the above issues need to be investigated.


One of the main ideas that drove us throughout the design of the middleware is giving the end user as much control as possible on the selection of the wireless network that best  Figure 1: (1) Interaction between the User and his User Pro.le.

this approach doesn t lead to a single optimal handover decision function.


Sampling vs Sketching: An Information Theoretic Comparison.

whereas the number of .ows Nf entering FSS is a known constant, the number reaching the counter array is, unlike for Sk, a random variable.


The duration of this phase depends only on the upload capacity of the source of the content.

first, leechers can have an asymmetrical network connectivity, the upload capacity being lower than the download capacity.


Note that we can run over all elements of the star by running the parameter .in (8).

assume that the presence or abscence of a direct radio link between them depends on the (random) distance r. To capture this dependence at a general level, let us say that the probability of having a link between A and B is f(r), where 0 = f(r) = 1is a given function.


If it finds it there, it caches it and then sends it to the client.

these cache management policies are 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 shifting distance H (c) Figure 5.


The transmission bursts corresponding to a particular SS are separated from each other by a preamble .eld and contains several MAC protocol data units (PDUs).

this payoff is negative to that of accepting service.


To characterize mobile traf.c and design new protocols and services that are better tailored to the mobile environment, we would like a framework that allows us to intercept and potentially modify traf.c generated by mobile devices as they move with users, regardless of the device, OS, wireless technology, or carrier.

once packets arrive at a Meddle server, we use a variety of middlebox approaches to interpose on mobile-device traf.c.


PMIPv6 consists of the following principal functional components such as the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and Local Mobility Anchor (LMA).

the latency happens when mesh clients move in or out.


This advertisement message makes the sensors to resynchronize their timer with the BS and recognize the all compromised sensors.

in this paper, we propose a lightweight key renewal scheme, which evicts the compromised nodes clearly by reforming clusters without compromised nodes.


The sparse network has 1It would be easy to further improve the performance of network coding by sending out information that provides the most bene.t to all of the neighbors.

with a generation size of 1 (G=1), network coding performance degenerates to that of plain probabilistic forwarding.


[Mnew Xn,kW new n,s,m s ] Y new k,s,m = n=1 (4) N Xn,kWold k,s,m = old old Y .k .


These values are veri.ed in the same way as the values ci.

the solution proposed in our paper is based only on computational limitations of adversarial devices.


Let di denote the increment of probability pi due to camou.age for constant V and PN VA. Then the camou.age cost is VC =(V + VA) i=1 di.

the normalized camou.age cost is therefore VC /V , and the total tra.c volume becomes V + VA + VC .


Another limitation of the log-normal path loss model is that it does not consider any temporal RF channel variations.

moreover, PRR symmetry also holds for links in the transitional region.


The Lit K-Neigh Protocol for Symmetric Topology Control in Ad Hoc Networks.

finally, our conclusions and ongoing works are presented in Section 7.


The full attack holds as long as these t members form the update group O (see section 3.3 above), and it holds regardless of what indices these players hold.

since there is no established sequence or order in which the members in O take part in the secret share update procedure, the adversary can wait until each member in O except of Mb distributes their shares of the random update polynomials dj, j. O{Mb}, before distributing the shares of his polynomial db(z)as the last one.


If the access point does not have any packets to send back to N1, it can repeat whatever it hears.

since the daughterboards use separate PLL logic, there can be a jitter introduced.


of the 3rd USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems, March 2001.

in pseudo streaming, a client can play the media object while it is being downloaded.


ANCS 10, October 25 26, 2010, La Jolla, CA, USA.

there is only a small increase in hardware size when using FMT compared to conventional multithreading.


To understand the above factors better, in Section 2, we provide detailed arguments for the speci.c bene.ts enabled when using a receiver-centric transport protocol for mobile hosts in a wireless environment.

reliability is still the role of the sender, and hence the receiver needs to periodically send back ACKs (CACK and SACK) to inform the sender of its buffer state.


Moreover, heightbased pipelining leads to unbalanced stages; as a workaround, hardware-based pipelining has been proposed, which, adds to complexity and power consumption.

area sensitivity is small, because area is mostly independent of the LPC and clock frequency and only loosely coupled to the number of banks.


As results of sensing, when some vacant and available frequencies/time slots exist in a system, users temporally utilize the frequencies and time slots.

we can see that the proposed neighbor discovery that uses CLCR by which the widest coverage wireless system of WS[C] is used has higher connectivity rather than the uncontrolled neighbor discovery that uses an active wireless system of the terminal only, which has a quite limit connectivity among terminals.


An Accordion node s routing table consists of a set of neighbor entries, each containing a neighboring node s IP address and ID.

the imbalance between a node s speci.ed budget and its actual incoming and outgoing traf.c is of special concern in scenarios where nodes have heterogeneous budgets in the system.


It can be seen that UDI and the room needed for its suppression is less at lower transmit powers.

(1) Speci.cally, although carried out in the same bandwidth, spatial interference alignment (IA) requires the estimation of channels between the UL and DL clients.


Even when RTO is avoided, the congestion window is reduced as a result of the shrinking number of bytes-in-.ight with each re 45000 turning ACK, as illustrated by the bytes-in-.ight graph in Figure 8.

the paper is structured as follows: in Section 2 we brie.y describe relevant work related to TCP and describe our lab environment in Section 3.


developed a regular expression matching engine using CUDA GPU based on NFA, called iNFAnt.

we report on Table V our best case raw throughput achieved with an 8 kB buffer.


( N , N ) E 12 ® ki kj ° 0 otherwise ¯ Definition 2 The Maximal Link Interference Region (MLIR) of WMN s satisfies the following conditions: 1. s .

the simulation topology a 8h8 grid as shown in Figure 5.


Finally, we present the transfer protocol TCP Wichita (TCPW) which achieves a provable worst-case performance in this environment.

we will quickly review the concept of leaky-bucket arrival curves.


Pure IP multicast is also compared using the same RP and Group(CD) settings.

(95%CI) (in µs) COPSS Hybrid-COPSS 1st Hop 2778.14(579.13) 2860.21(592.49) Internal Unicast 2679.05(575.13) 34.71(3.04) Rendezvous Point 2749.33(572.32) 2804.65(574.47) Internal Multicast 82.76(5.60) 33.18(2.90) Last Hop 83.26(6.10) 140.65(5.79) Table 2: Performance in Single Domain Scenario Type COPSS Hybrid COPSS IP Multicast Update Latency (ms) 80.79 71.36 65.45 Network Load (GB) 116.28 207.95 265.31 Edge Tra.c (GB) 30.05 85.42  router and the internal multicast take less time due to the simpler ST lookup in COPSS.


When a SAM-enabled AP has announced an access threshold K, all CCMA and CSMA stations contend for the .rst transmission opportunity using the standard mechanism as de.ned by the 802.11 MAC.

since SAM uses a block-based decoding strategy (Section 3.3), it is possible to exploit pipeline parallelism to chain-decode.


During the count to in.nity, many requests have response times of 3 seconds and some even have response times of 9 seconds.

speci.cally, we characterize how quickly it responds to network failures, its ability to reduce packet loss and duplication, and its bene.ts on the end-to-end performance of common applications.


Applying the Greenshield s model in this context, the tra.c .ow rate linearly depends on the packet density (K).

the operation of HMIPv6 consists of the following steps: (i) the mobile node obtains the global address of the MAP from the router advertisements by using MAP discovery procedure, (ii) duplicate address detection is done by exchanging message NS (iii) A change in the advertised MAP s address is to be noti.ed to the HA and correspondent nodes by sending binding updates.


Though LSAs originated by a single router tend to come in bursts, we found no evidence of synchroniza- tion across reuters.

the OSPF domain has a hierarchical structure with ap- plication and database servers at the root and customers at the leaves.


Importantly, the kernel is not designed for, nor does it easily facilitate dependence on userspace applications.

the approach has the distinct disadvantage that development and integration of a new virtual device into a VM is a complex and time consuming task.


the algorithms have been designed to select all candidates, without limit, that can reduce the expected number of transmissions, using the assumption of perfect coordination.

as shown in .gure 2, this is at cost of using a large number of candidates.


De.ne I(w, rw)to bea restriction ofinstance I where the only descriptor originated is rw at node w. For each, de.ne the corresponding SPP instance S(I,w,rw) as described below, and let S(I) be the set ofSPP instances corresponding to all the possible restrictions of I. Letthe setofpermittedpaths in S(I,w,rw) be P(I,w,rw) = {P |r(P, rw)= Ø}.

we extend the path descriptor r, following [5], to include a level attribute g(r).


After completely receiving a page, a node advertises the availability of the newly received page, and may transmit the corresponding packets upon request.

4.3 Mitigating DoS Attacks against Signature Packets All the previous secure code dissemination schemes [8, 10, 17] as well as Seluge use a signature to bootstrap the authentication of a code image.


Adaptive, Direction-Aware Data Dissemination for Diverse Sensor Mobility Azzedine Boukerche Dionysios EfstathiouSotiris Nikoletseas PARADISE Research University of Patras, Greece Research Academic Computer Laboratory, eustathi@ceid.upatras.gr Technology Institute (CTI) and University of Ottawa, Canada boukerch@site.uottawa.ca  ABSTRACT We consider sensor networks where the sensor nodes are attached on entities that move in a highly dynamic, heterogeneous manner.

in realistic scenarios nodes will change mobility roles.


Strider eliminates hidden terminals in our testbed.

we show theoretically that Strider s code asymptotically achieves Shannon capacity forAWGN channels.


such a deployment allows multiple of our WiSe APs to often observe the same tra.c from di.erent vantage points enabling some speci.c types of wireless measurements.


They also provide valuable new insights into where the missing links are located within the overall AS topology.

note that this time we started the measurement in March 2007, when the BGP data for the customer router .rst became available in the public view.


We do not deal with malicious users in this paper.

in the market sharing game, the primary questions are whether the system converges, i.e., results in a pure strategy Nash equilibrium and how long it will take to converge.


[8] G. Goumas, A. Sotiropoulos, and N. Koziris.

if the receiver does not discover the RNDZ START message (i.e.


The costofWiFi scales better per user thanthelinearcostsof purchasingcellularaccessforevery users.

if ri and rj are both not destined to X: (a) Set U(ri)= P (ri)·QX (ri) and U(rj )= P (rj )· QX (rj ) (b) Return web page with higher utility.


http://www.apnic.net/publications/research-andinsights/stats/ipv4-distribution, Last Checked: 04/15/2010.

the author argued that this would help APNIC maintain an accurate record of resources, and incentivize the return or transfer of unused addresses.


The original 802.11 standard addressed security concerns by defining the wired equivalent privacy (WEP).

one VOIP traffic is equivalent to two UDP stations flooding the network.


It is also possible to set a whole branch fail-silent.

if the CE is the start of a frame, the detector decodes it and checks for decoding errors.


the solution of this model can become infeasible to be obtained by an optimization solver depending on the range of the values of the data and depending on the number of variables and constraints that it has.


..0, .. where .. is the speed of light in the medium, ..0 is the transmitter s center frequency, .. is the speed of moving object and .. is the angle between signal direction and the direction of moving object.

the basic idea of MoveLoc is detecting the Doppler shifts re.ected o. moving object and mapping from the shifts to the angle of arrival (AoA) using di.erent directional antennas though beacons.


The associated sensor patterns generated by s7 are {s1s7 : 3}, {(s2s7 : 4} and {s1s2s7 : 3}.


Decentralized cross-tier interference mitigation in cognitive femtocell networks.

please note that any non-increasing function of Ts can be integrated into our evaluation for calculating pd and non-decreasing function of Ts for calculating pfa.


Additionally, this rate is related to the probability, 0.5, of P to disseminate false positions.

sCENARIO AND PROBLEM FORMULA-TION We consider the scenario of a UAV swarm consisting of at least four quadcopter nodes.


In these graphs, the x-axis describes the number of find_doc requests generated per node and normalized by log N (10 for 900 nodes and 13 for 6400 nodes).

the following theorem holds for LPRS-Chord:  Theorem 1.


When a RREQ copy at an intermediate node creates or updates a reverse path, and the intermediate node has no valid path to the destination, the RREQ copy is re-broadcasted provided it is the .rst copy that yields a reverse path; this is somewhat similar to basic AODV where only .rst copies of RREQ are forwarded to prevent looping during the .ood.

a Link-Layer Tunneling Mechanism for Unidirectional Links.


Once nodes belonging to the smallest cluster were elected as CH nodes, the last CH node informs the BS that no other node can be elected as a new CH.

the approacch cconsists to classsify dynamicaally nodes intoo clusters wheere ccoordinators noddes with extra pprivileges are abble to manipulaate mmassages, aggreggate data and ennsure transmissioon between noddes aand the BS acccording to TDMMA and CDMAA schedules.


NVIDIA CUDA Pro.ler User Guide, Version 5.0, Oct. 2012.

bACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK 2.1 Multi-bit Trie As shown in Fig.


While these provide a detection, we have not found a way to leverage such broadcasts into multiple transmissions.

opportunistic APs emulate many different APs from probe-request SSIDs and perform MLME with different security protocols.


In this case, we observed that the amount of additional bulk traf.c is roughly half of what is sent with bandwidth-aware routing, thus justifying the need for bandwidthaware traf.c engineering in NetEx.

in fact, we found that NetEx .ows occasionally experience periods of very poor performance that would be unacceptable for many latency-sensitive, interactive applications.


ZFBF provides a good trade-off between performance and complexity [6].

following, the scheduled packets are transmitted to MSs.


Numerous algorithms have been proposed that select items to forward based on context or social knowledge to enhance the dissemination [5, 6, 10, 24].

the links inbetween nodes in each cluster, and links between bridging nodes, are modelled by a two state Markov link model [11], with an expected contact duration of 60 seconds and inter-contact time of 240 seconds.


Choosing nd = n and sn nd vv sn = 3log n/ n, the proposed system can accommodate a total of v nE v (6) 3log n sources without using one comb for multiple .ows.

we propose to use a majority rule, which can provide a high multicast rate (on the same order of the capacity upper bound) to a majority of users if we are allowed to sacri.ce an arbitrarily small percentage of users in overcrowded areas.


For trace POLITO we have only the information of unknown tra.c that results to be lower than the other two traces for the TCP case (most hosts on the network use only standard applications such as web and email).

in the POLITO-GT trace, in which this phenomenon is more evident, the unclassi.ed tra.c drops from 55.29% (N = 2) to 13.37% (N = 50) and leads almost entirely to misclassi.cations, whose value grows from 3.84% (N = 2) to 45.35% (N = 50).


First, we connected to a BGP-Mux at Georgia Tech [3] to announce poisoned BGP pre.xes, poisoning a different transit AS in each of 62 experiments.

ideally, we would like to redesign BGP to let the origin AS specify such requirements explicitly with a signed announcement.


As a result, we omit the rate limiting and Fusion schemes from our data sets for clarity and investigate in detail performance of the hop-by-hop variants.

the maximum increase in latency is seen when the event size is three, resulting in a latency increase of over 100% when compared to no congestion control.


Hedera[2]and MicroTE[5]advocate .ne-grained traf.c engineering over a .xed topology to alleviate congestion.

alleviating the straggler provides only 20% gains, reducing CTD to 40 s. Note that there is room to spare on the .yway; the demand from A toB completes after 33.3s, 6.7s before traf.c from C G. Our datasets indicate that this is quite common; very few of the ToR pairs on hot links require substantial capacity.


Given that the delay performance was found to be equivalent in both network coding approaches, implicit acknowledgement will have an overall better per- Figure 12: Average power consumed by node vs number of packets in an 8-node network, transmitting 10 packets using optimal power calculation and Psource =0.2 formance.

the fact that the signal attenuation and the noise power depend on Figure 3: Network coding example: wireless scenario.


slot assignment information of nodes in its contention area.

in E-ASAP, the information maintained by each node is di.erent from that in ASAP.


All the links between the machines were operating at the maximum data To establish a baseline for our measurements, we set up static IP routes between these machines to form a chain topology.

[16] R. Karrer, A. Sabharwal, and E. Knightly.


Under FIFRL, A treats it as the failure of A-H and reroutes the packet to G which in turn reroutes it back to A, resulting in a forwarding loop.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c Shriram Krishnamurthi Brown University sk@cs.brown.edu cgroups [1] organize processes in trees to express and control the sharing of memory, CPU, and I/O bandwidth, and the Cinder operating system [13] uses a hierarchy to control the sharing of bat tery resources among smartphone applications.

hFT allows policy authors to state highlevel, declarative policies that are agnostic to network topologies and capabilities.


Each .xed and mobile node has a memory space whose size is 1,000[Mbit] and 10[Mbit], respectively.

since each sensor has to move to the sink node every time in order to transfer acquired data, moving cost increases when the area is large.


Subarray size affects update effort, but does not signi.cantly impact storage overhead.

we maintain the .ne tree details in the slow control memory.


One oftheprimary challenges withthedesign andimplementation of theTransit Portal is to manage the limited set of resources across multiple downstream virtual networks.

we provide an outline of the demonstration, which will consist of threeparts:(1) showing how clients can useTransitPortal to achievetransparent upstream connectivity;(2) showinghow virtual networks that use Transit Portal can take advantage of IP routing to respond tofailures andbalance traf.cloads;(3) showing the example applications that wedescribed inSection2.


For example, isn t running m full system simulations increasing the amount of work?

it will also lead to less accurate results, since it might not be possible to expose many packet dependencies.


[9] SA N K AR A S U B R A M ANI A M , Y., AK A N, O.

non-core nodes under this variant nectivity, while the remaining nodes are randomly deployed within seek permission from their respective core nodes to become canthat area, and the sink node is located at the center of one of the didates.


Animportantdetailisthe choice ofthresholdsfor outlierdetection.

so wedenote Z(i,j;t)tobe the traf.cfrom i to j averaged over [t,t +.t).


If the condition of (16) is true, the numbers of initial and periodic ranging slots are given by: opt S =S, (17) k init ,,k init opt S =S .

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


We chose this somewhat simple scenario to try and separate the difference in allocation quality from the quality of online placement heuristics.

for our initial experiments, we plot each of the various metrics separately.


this experiment was performed on the network of the WIDE project.


The IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol uses control frames for handshaking to reliably communicate unicast data.

the source node is allowed to transmit its packets only if it receives the CTS frame correctly.


A Re.ned Performance Characterization of Longest-Queue-First Policy in Wireless Networks Bo Li, Cem Boyaci and Ye Xia Computer and Information Science and Engineering Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, US {boli,cboyaci,yx1}@cise.u..edu ABSTRACT One of the major challenges in wireless networking is how to optimize the link scheduling decisions under interference constraints.

for instance, by u ; v, we mean that u is not component-wise greater than v; that is, there exists a component k such that uk = vk.


At the other extreme, reliable delivery of a packet entails retransmissions of a packet until it is received successfully at the next hop (possibly using ARQ based schemes).

the sender node unicasts each packet to one (possibly randomly chosen) next-hop neighbor.


Our results suggest thatuniversal swarms canindeed achieve considerable performance improvements over independent autonomous swarm systems.

r+ , let S(n * )be the set of all .uid trajectories of the system with initial condition n(0)= n * .


it is a big challenge for the AP to learn this, because the network is stochastic and the AP does not have the full knowledge of the network.


After decod- P ing a, k and j.S 1/Rj , ci can be calculated and the access time is known for each secondary transmitter.

spectrum leasing to cooperating secondary ad hoc networks.


However,suchpeer-to-peersystemsstill need to use VoD servers when content delivery from peers is not possible.

our approach also enables us to explore the trade-o.


They argue that rather than nailing down the exact spatial and temporal layout of a document, it is better to represent the semantic relationships between objects, and allow the computer system to determine an appropriate spatial/temporal layout.

1.2 Partial Order/Partial Reliability Transport Service Partially Ordered, Reliable (PO/R) Transport Service bridges the gap between two traditional forms of transport service: .


Otherwise, the performance analysis for .ow matching modules has been done either monitoring real ISP deployments [9] or over o.ine traces [25, 30].

[16] Y. Lim, H. Kim, J. Jeong, C. Kim, T. Kwon, and Y. Choi.


One exception can be found in the graph at 5 m distance with channel di.erence 3, where the measured PDR is higher than the simulated value.

only a single minimum SNR value is used, which can lead to di.erent BERs compared to evaluating all phases with di.erent SNRs.


Generally, such competency is substituted with the probability of meeting the destination in the future, which is approximately predicted in terms of the number of times of previous encounters.

due to unique features of long communication delays and frequent network partitions, the design of opportunistic networks faces the challenge of how to e.ectively deliver data based only on occasional encoun tering of pair-wise mobile wireless devices (nodes).


The number of accesses to the server can leak information.

n = 220, the space and o.ine runtime is impractical.


Alternately, the collectors can infer the path any given .ow takes, and thus the input and output ports on each switch, based on samples from multiple switches.

as an example, an oversubscription factor of 1.5 means we sent 15 Gbps worth of traf.c through a 10 Gbps monitor port.


Then, we attribute the colors and maintain the strict strong coloring of the graph.

the radio transmission range is assumed to be 250 m. The simulations are run for 10 minutes.


Hence, we believe that M canperform .ne-grained controlby manipulating costs to its upstream providers.

tRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND POLICY SUPPORT Policy routing and tra.c engineering (TE) are interrelated.


In Section 3 we outline assumptions and the scope of the problem we consider.

this experiment is a good demonstration of the applicability of the proposed fairness metric to non-homogeneous scenarios.


Ping and traceroute are the earliest Internet diagnosis tools, and they are still widely used.

any more complicated change can be expressed in terms of these four operations.


From the .gure, we can see that, 0.2 False Positive Rate 0.1 0Detection Scenarios in both of the topologies, the FP rates are lower than 10%.

to test whether a monitee is redeployed, the monitor collects a testing-set and compares it with the referenceset.


For example, we cannot compare the OSPF with the MPLS in a negotiation process.

tunneling: Is the process that encapsulates a payload protocol in another network protocol.


We also used the MIPL MIPv6 open source (http://www.mobile-ipv6.org).

for route optimization, PMIPv6 does not have a corresponding capability.


From these observations, the pathrater scores node reputation and route selection is based on the highest average node rating.

a non-cooperative node makes the route non-cooperative and therefore scores badly systematically.


linear time algorithms exist for graph embedding on surfaces of known genus [13], which may provide useful 2-cell embeddings for arbitrary networks at the cost of increased stretch.


Nmap Project, 2009, see http://nmap.org/book/toc.html.

2.1 Measurement campaign We used Paris Traceroute [12] with ICMP echo-request packets to collect IP level paths.


As an aftermath, the total cost is increased.

as a result of the packet losses, pf(m,k) increases.


8, we compare the distribution for PSR di.erences between successive versions using box plots.

the same applies to data points with very low PSR, since the statistical con.dence of these points is low.


Recently, variations of utility fairness have been deployed in wireless resource allocation schemes [11].

first, it is assumed that the non-real-time traf.c has already been admitted to the BS, and the buffer capacity for nonreal-time traf.c is in.nite.


2.3 Generalization for a piconet of n slaves For a generic point-to-multipoint communication topology with multiple slaves, the previous model for two slaves can be easily extended.

furthermore, programming interfaces (such as JSR 82 for Java) require the implementation of SPP to deploy Bluetooth applications.


In the table, the AIFSn is used to calculate the AIFS (AIFS[TC] = SIFS3 + AIFSn*aSlotTime).

the algorithm treats each station equally without considering different QoS requirements.


In this mobility model the mapdatacanalsocontainPointsOfInterest (POIs), instead of selecting any random position for the next destination.

as an e.ort to improve the e.ciency of APRP, we extended it with an acknowledgment strategy.


In addition, current research proposals did not take the field activities into account after or even before the deployment.

these methods are compared to each other in terms of the amount of computation as well as the accuracy.


In order to .nd the local maxima in the Hough space, thus the prominent lines in the picture, a robustpeak detec tionbasedonthestandarddeviation s oftheHoughspace X is implemented.

obviously, tra.c with the same properties but a higher throughput displays more plots in the pictures, and thus in this case, smaller time intervals are required to maintain an acceptable number of plots in the pictures.


For short .ows in (0,100KB], we .nd that PIAS signi.cantly outperforms both DCTCP and L2DCT, improving the average FCTs by up to 50% and 40% respectively.

mitigating the impact is required for PIAS to operate in highly dynamic datacenter networks.


At the beginning of our measurement period when there is less tra.c, temporal locality is usually close to 5%.

on campus we observe similar trends, with the top 4 categories being, entertainment, music, comedy, and sports.


It may well be that two speech acts get the same apparent meaning (for example, whenever the intended reply is null).

each agent maintains a count of the number of conversations it has engaged in, and increments this by one for each new conversation.


7 depicts the average age and the deviation from the average age of the data items in the gateway node over all simulation rounds for various values of parameter .

the presented results are the average over all runs of the corresponding set up with di.erent seeds.


Conse-quently, the client is able to immediately receive new emails as soon as they arrive.

in-memory data pro-cessing is able to reduce the energy cost of email receiving.


Unfortunately, the logo in the QR code is often too small to see and the brand image it represents may even be distorted in order to be .t it in the small area.

1.2 ViCode The MIT Media Lab reported a very fast display-camera transmission system by ultilizing the idea of 3D barcode (also called video barcode) with a professional camera, an extra-high resolution display and high-performance computational devices [4], and this proved the huge potential of 3D barcode.


However, construction of such kind of tree (e.g., FPtree and PLT-tree) requires two database scans, which is not suitable for mining sensor stream data.

sixth International Conference on, pages 928 932.


1412-1415, 2003 [17] W. C. Ku (2004), A hash-based strong-password authentication scheme without using smart cards," ACM Operating System Review, vol.

this protocol is still vulnerable to stolen-verifier, denial-of-service, replay, and impersonation attacks described by Kim Koc [23].


Increasing the number of parse table lookup inputs allows more headers to be identi.ed per cycle, potentially decreasing the total number of table entries.

an e.cient heuristic procedure for partitioning graphs.


User Identity: The easiest and most convenient way for users to identify themselves is with existing identities, such as those users already have through other services (e.g., email addresses, cell phone numbers).

their transmissions can cause interference (due to the particular topology, hidden terminals, etc.)


Indeed, if Pi >Si - H+ H,then l J M F C Si-2(H+H+H) =0, Pi+HM +HC and (11) yields (12).

table 1 presents slot size for di.erent modulations and channel coding types.


[9] P. Sebos, J. Yates, D. Rubenstein, and A. Greenberg.

second, Shrink & MinSetCover have similar false-positive and falsenegative rates because they explicitly prefer answers with a small Figure 5: Nature of mistakes.


If a response is found a copy of the response bundle is sent back to the requesting node and the request bundle can be dropped.

dTN does not assume low RTTs between communicating nodes nor an end-to-end path at any single instant in time.


In this paper we respond to these objections.

both systems have serious disadvantages, but none of these .aws are fatal.


Main topics that have been investigated are: 1) the design of transport protocols speci.cally tailored for video streaming, 2) adaptation techniques, 3) scalable codecs.

adaptive video streaming is a relevant advancement with respect to classic progressive download streaming such as the one employed by YouTube.


Simple extensions of these theorems to directed graphs are not possible (Fig- ure 5 provides a counterexample).

(for every destination for which a basic path utilized the failed link.)


The reason is, less route discovery is generated in multipath protocols, since usually route discovery started if all paths fail.

the destination node combines the received sub-packets and generates the original packet.


As basic infrastructure for access to raw context data (e.g.

when a context consumer moves and changes the network segment where it is connected, the domain where it is included will also change.


Ifpre.xes correspond to line segments geometrically, what do rules correspond to?

by comparison, the HiCuts algorithm (as shown in Figure 5) cannot reach the leafnodes in less than two steps (for an equivalent bucket size).


Although Mobile IP [12] and its extended protocols (e.g., NEMO [9]) were originally introduced to provide addressing at the mobile environment, they relax the concerns with the above NAT issue by hiding the topologically incorrect address (e.g., private address) using tunneling.

in Section 7, we summarize the related work and explain why existing work does not solve the problems.


5.3 Usability The user interface of STA is at the moment rather rudimen- tary, thus specifying a protocol requires a certain acquaintance with process algebras.

differ- ently from the standard model given by ---*, the symbolic model is finite, because each input action just gives rise to one symbolic transition and agents cannot loop.


The experimental results are consistent with the expected results, so the experiment can be considered as successful.

the .ne-grained packet processing is the only one requirement for the malware propagation analysis.


In both traces, there are periods where each type of network dominates the other, and where each type of network has better bandwidth but worse latency than the other.

iEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 9, 1 (January 2010), 31 43.


RDCODE DEMONSTRATIONS In this section, we describe two demonstrations to show that RDCode achieves a high transmission performance, and that our work has a potential to be adopted by commercial products.

the limitations of smart devices and the uncertainty of user behaviors seriously impair the transmission reliability and hinder its applicability.


In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom, September 2004.

a critical problem is how the mobile hosts can locate Internet-based servers ef.ciently in a dynamic, unstructured network.


Note that the di.erence between the availbw and the TCP throughput can be positive or negative, and it strongly depends on the congestion responsiveness of [11] R. L. Carter and M. E. Crovella, Measuring Bottleneck Link Speed in Packet-Switched Networks, Performance Evaluation, vol.

if Ri A the link can transmit all the received tra.c and so q = d=0, meaning that the OWDs do not increase, and Ro = Ri meaning that the output rate is equal to the input rate.


While there have been numerous studies of Internet worms, these have either focused on detailed analysis of the worm s exact workings, beginning with analysis of the 1988 Morris Worm [7, 19], or with aggregate propagation dynamics [23, 11, 18, 20, 13].


Although today s cellular networks provide nearly ubiquitous data service, devices are increasingly utilizing intermittent, short-lived, wireless opportunistic connections to exchange data with .xed infrastructure and other mobile devices.

we make three fundamental assumptions regarding the data and metadata handled by this layer.


For example, it may happen that most of the active sensors are close to the BS, while a few nodes are far from it.

data MULEs: Modeling a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks.


For caching, there is a clear advantage to allowing a large number of cache lines to be assigned to one thread.

even switches with o(P ) storage can provide a guarantee that a single hotspot will not stop messages from being delivered to any other processor, with high probability.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we were interested by the multi-object video error protection problem in wireless network, and we propose a VO-based FEC allocation algorithm to enhance the video quality at the receiver.

oPTIMAL FEC ALLOCATION ALGORITHM In last section we provides a cost function denoting the video quality at the receiver.


However, WSANs are embedded devices that form a distributed system.

research carried out so far have been focused on studying existing protocols and identifying the deficiencies they have in order to detect the current challenges and issues.


This protocol efficiently overcomes the intraflow contention and inter-flow contention problem in ad hoc networks.

the underlying physical topology may be either a broadcast medium or a ring of point to point links.


TPRC, 2011 [13] J. Kurose and K. Ross, Computer Networking -A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 5th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2010 [14] G. Huston, Interconnection, Peering and Settlements, proc.

such new routing capabilities encourage the networks to reap the bene.ts of CCN in terms of network e.ciency and dissemination of popular content.


It can be easily shown that in this model the highest consumption rate that can be maintained is ec = Tp · r/(Td + Tp).

a large variety of items can be tracked and a range of possible desirable or undesirable con.gurations of objects can be queried for, and can trigger reports.


Above 74K VMs, SPAIN actually performs worse than PLAIN, because it maintains k distinct end-toend paths between host pairs.

netLord appears to add at most a few microseconds to the end-to-end latency.


The execution of a replica on a provider actually starts when the corresponding input parameters are completely uploaded on the provider.

the expected service time increases when either less providers are available, or more seekers are present.


This allows the .ltering devices to identify individual .ows with a very high degree of certainty and thus enables them to block malicious traf.c with no collateral damage.

in Figure 1 we assume that the links R1-R5, R1-R4, R2-R4 and R2-R3 cannot be congested by the attackers whereas the links between the .rewall and R1 and R2 can.


In our discussion above, we did not consider the issue of such .nite-time leases.

the previously proposed DAD procedures make use of timeouts.


INTRODUCTION The present translation of the idea of pervasive computing into action is fascinating more and more people.

to this end, the simulator was configured to follow a path of recorded measurements.


Most rely on retransmissions, either endto-end or hop-by-hop, to meet the reliability requirement in sensor networks with unreliable links.

the retransmission limit in the p-persistent CSMA protocol is nijk -1.


Further analysis of BLINC s performance when NATs are present would be an interesting extension of this work.

the input to our methodology may potentially be .ow record statistics collected by currently deployed equipment.


put rate (see the congestion control graph).

[29] K. Srinivasan, M. Jain, J. Choi, T. Azim, E. Kim, P. Levis, and B. Krishnamachari.


Mode 5 and Mode S Interrogators and Transponders Those familiar with military Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems and the civilian Air Traffic Control Radar beacon Systems (ATCRBS), both commonly referred as IFF, are probably aware that the U.S. DoD, NATO, and other coalition countries have mandated that military aircraft be equipped with the new Civilian Mode S, Level 1 capabil-ity.

the IO community has used the Detonation PDU as a surrogate IO action/report to communicate between IO simulations to portray an IO attack on communications nodes.


The e.ect of corruption is further complicated by the fact that most MPEG video frames are further divided into packets before being streamed.

the video client is VLC based player running on a WindowsTMPC connected  Figure 3: IMUNES Setup Algorithm 1 Finding s 1.


Aiming at this, in this paper, we propose a secure provenance scheme based on the bilinear pairing technique to provide trusted evidences for data forensics in cloud computing.

it can be used for data forensics in cloud computing.


The proactive approach imposes some latency for routes to converge.

as the number of sources increases, AODV control plane load increases and reaches OLSR level, creating more interference and a higher probability of packet collision on the wireless link.


Usually,the same type of rules will be set at node A to block tra.c from the other direction,but it is possible to block one direction and not the other to emulate the e.ect of a unidirectional link.

this message is for a slave to feedback information to the master,such as for user-de.ned visualization purpose (section 3.3).


Meaning of Photographs Changed Most of the children thought that photographing and photo albums were for older people, which is consistent with the results of Csikszentmihalyi and Rochberg-Halton [6].

c-I=IX ;='tDOtlD 554 ~k.~ CHI 2000 * 1-6 APRIL 2000 Papers the device should be interoperable with other everyday applications.


PIPES is a toolkit providing modules to build custom stream processing systems.

in addition to our generic box module, we provide construction methods (supported by an graphical editor) that allow to de.ne processing pipeline speci.cations and annotations that constrain the processing pipeline, e.g., to any particular operator, execution node, etc.


The default settings for other parameters are listed in Table 1.

when a request is received, the ferry updates H, computes a new ferry route and adjusts its movement to follow the new route.


[33] developed a constant factor approximation algorithm which uses network-wide broadcasts.

a node v then calculates for every j, 1 = j = r, the minimum Wj = minu.UWij(u)according to the set of received mes- P sages U, and takes est(v)= r/( Wj)as its estimate of 1=j=r P sumU(v)= u.U bi(u).


More measurements are underway to further evaluate the proposed methods specially scalability issues.

they both reduce the re-authentication time to T3 and then offer the same performance in term of handoff latency.


erably higher number of messages than before launching the attack.

similarly, in a blackhole attack, the malicious node drops packets, thus hindering the destination from receiving the packets and decreasing its energy consumption.


Scenario with only congestion losses and delayed ACK enabled.

if the competing connections have different RTTs, the connections with shorter RTTs consume a larger fraction of the available bottleneck link bandwidth and starve connections with longer RTTs.


Thus, Si Ri -Ni SNRi = = Ni Ni RiSNRi = -1 (1) Ni Note that the noise in a communication channel is typically the same for all subbands, i.e., white noise.3 This is because noise comes from thermal noise in the receiver hardware, quantization, and digital computation errors, which are all independent of frequency.

what happens when packets or acks get lost?


routers can co-operate to proactively identify and .lter forged packet marks, using an approach inspired by route-based distributed packet .ltering (DPF) [13].


Although the delay over UMTS is much better than the one over GPRS, the tight delay requirements of all real-time games cannot yet be met even by UMTS.

if an user changed his cell, the RTT varied heavily, and sometimes the connection was cancelled.


Figure 2 shows that low Bmax links tend to be more stationary.

to set optimal values of B ' min to minimize the latency bound, where di.erent links can have di.erent values of B ' min, we need to use a more sophisticated algorithm e.g.


Similarly, in this article an anomaly refers to a set of .ows altering the distribution of at least one of the four following tra.c features: the source IP address, destination IP address, source port, and destination port.

in practice, selecting the optimal parameters is not intuitive as the relationship between the parameters and tra.c characteristics is challenging.


The lengths Li of di.erent epochs are independent and distributed exponentially with average L. Although consecutive epochs are not independent (the end of one epoch is the beginning of the next one), the random process describing the lengths and end-points of the sequence of epochs drawn is ergodic [6].

rWP movement with di.erent pause time or di.erent average speed), and let (mm) EATB and denote the respective hitting times from A to B, under the given mobility model.


Formally speaking, the most regular quadrilateral formed by triangle ti = DT (Z) and its adjacent triangles (at most three) for which Voronoi edge is a minimum.

using equation 1, we have Since, 22 2 Ebef ore =(Ntrans +Nrec )e = (n +O(n n))e = (n +O(n 2))e. After the application of algorithm, number of transmission becomes Ntrans = n - n. The algorithm produced a tree whose edge lengths are at most ..


Section 4 presents the performance evaluation for the proposed schemes and conclusions are made in Section 5.

a framework which is based on MCoA is needed and should consider the heterogeneous wireless network environment characteristics.


Our TCMC channel assignment, which utilized three non-overlapping channels, obtained the best results with a .ve hop goodput of over 2 Mbps (see Figure 3(a)).

3 3 RTS/CTS on RTS/CTS on RTS/CTS on RTS/CTS off RTS/CTS off 3000 RTS/CTS off 2.5 2.5 2500 2 2 2000 Goodput (Mbps) Goodput (Mbps) 1.5 RTT (ms) 1500 1 1 1000 0.5 0.5 500 0 321 Flow Count (a) Aggregate goodput 0 321 Flow Count (b) Average goodput 0 21 Flow Count (c) Average RTT 3 Figure 6: E.ect of RTS/CTS over Five Hops.


We observe that screen-off traf.c contains much more bursts than screen-on traf.c, although the total number of packets for screen-off traf.c is smaller.

sportacular, 80.45% of all its payload is transferred when the screen is off.


That is, in the upper level cluster the cluster head receives streaming content from the source server and by ex- Figure 3: Queue Model of Normal Peers 3.2 Cluster head Cluster heads join two clusters.

a peer-to-peer network for streaming multicast through the internet.


Moreover, each of the publishers might have a di.erent number of subscribers.

as long as the data has a globally unique name, the network can forward the request to all the potential providers (i.e., other subscribers) and deliver the data ef.ciently.


[9] S. Chen, B. Shen, S. Wee, and X. Zhang.

if a client stops playback after the entire object is downloaded, we do not know how much of the download tra.c is actually used.


We plan to add redundancy through additional/backup negotiators which can aid in case of negotiator failures.

oPTIMIZATION -DESIGN OF LIGHT-NAMAC The negotiation process for NAMAC requires multiple control messages.


SIMULATIONS DS-SWAN has been designed to combat the effect of congestion due to excess of best-effort traffic on the end-to-end delays of real-time flows.

the IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) has been employed as access method to the MAC layer.


Second, networks can account for as much as 33% of the total system cost [27] and 50% of the overall system energy consumption [2] and thus they should be cost and power ef.cient.

the main contributions of this work are: We design and analyze a new class of cost effective lowdiameter network topologies called Slim Flies.


4.2 Aggregation We enhanced the Hydra MAC and PHY to support unicast, broadcast, and TCP ACK aggregation as described in Section 3.

for NA, we multiply the total number of transmissions by two because we do not have the NA results for the star topology.


For the second overhead of tree re-balancing, we optimize the rule layout in the TCAM.

we set binth to 8 in our .ne trees to achieve a good trade-off between update effort and rule replication, as we show in Section 5.4.


It shows that the jitter varies generally between 30 ns and 70 ns.

as for PSNR, SSIM curve varies more at abrupt scene changes, but it is less visible, except for frame 130.


For example, a field size of q=232 yields a probability for decoding failure of 2x10-10 for a 25-packet file.

trade-Offs One trade-off that significantly affects the performance of the system is that of memory requirements versus computational complexity in the implementation of finite field arithmetic.


The ProCel switch masquerades as a GTP tunnel end point for these .ows.

proCel detects the impending handover and does the following (a) ProCel switch makes sure non-core .ows are informed about the impending disconnection by sending a TCP RST (in case of TCP .ows) or ICMP destination unreachable message (in case of UDP .ows) (b) After handover, core .ows continue to be forwarded towards mobile operator core.


CONCLUSION In this paper we have presented a trust evaluation model for smart meters application.

each node applies a routing algorithm to send data through the most trusted route in order to improve security and performance of Smart Meter application.


The next section contains related work survey and experimental base for the proposed method.

some malicious pages are linked together.


the other important exception, the consent exception, can provide certain, absolute protection, but it is often very di.cult or even impossible to use in the research setting.


When permitting the client to characterize the priority of data, the client installs an IQ-Service data .lter at the server side when congestion occurs, and henceforth receives only essential (i.e., as de.ned by the deployed .lter) data at satisfactory speeds.

the client transfers the current position and viewpoint of the user to the .lter (i.e., using attributes), at the server side these values are used to determine what data set the user is currently watching, and that information is then used to transfer appropriately downsampled data to the client.


The control interface also allows the application to specify each queue s share of the outgoing interface and its capacity.

this is complicated by the fact that there are multiple GPEs and each user s session must be directed to the appropriate GPE.


By empirical measure, we mean any fundamental network or tra.c characteristic that a wireless or mobile node could measure.

of course, all communication strategies maintain data state, however brie.y, because a data packet must be bu.ered before being transmitted.


To demonstrate, we set up a wireless link between this FAIR based 40MHz 802.11n and a commodity 40MHz 802.11n radio.

this hardware clock will be checked when digital waveform is going to DAC inputs.


Hence, when losses occur, the adaptive cwnd increase and loss recovery mechanisms enable faster completion of the HTTP transfers than with conventional TCP SACK and TCP NewReno.

tCP parameters used for simulation are shown in Table 4.


This is due to ETX s superior ability to adapt to changing network conditions (increasing interference and congestion).

sMART GRID QUALITY OF SERVICE The SGCN must support a wide range of emerging applications to allow for grid monitoring, fault protection and management of distributed resources [12].


All 4 carriers we studied appear to cover the entire U.S. with only a handful of clusters (4 6), each covering a large geographic area, differing signi.cantly from the Internet backbone design.

for cellular networks, it is uncertain due to a lack of clear association of IP addresses with physical network locations, especially given the observed highly dynamic nature of IP addresses assigned to a mobile device [5].


Using the same trace, Figure 11(b) visualizes the probability of channel changes that led to viewing events, from channel x in the horizontal axis to channel y in the vertical axis.

they did not .nd such pattern in regular TV channels.


INTRODUCTION Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have gained considerable attention in the past few years due to their promising applicability with regard to safety, transport e.ciency, and entertainment [6].

one way to tackle the problem of uneven distribution of vehicles among time slots is to adopt a centralized approach for selecting the next relay vehicle.


We introduced an additional bit in the header of each ALERTmessage, i.e.

we evaluate three different strategies of multi-hop message forwarding:  Figure 4: The delivery time vs distance covered (Manhattan).


in the table indicates the number of Uk falls in the same previous categorybut increasing.

the overall optimization problem (P) is to minimize (7) subject to the set of constraints (1) (6).


To reduce the effects of route discovery, only clusterheads exchange and propagate RREQ packets.

[17] Venugopalan Ramasubramanian, Zygmunt J. Haas, and Emin Gun Sirer.


For example, in the ZebraNet project [18], sensors are attached to zebras and used to study the behavior of wildlife.

its focus on static sensors and data collection applications differs from the MF schemes.


; (i) SNR level (ii) Information theory and simultaneously as and when needed we can scale it up proportionately.

4.1 Band Division Algorithm From the studies of the spectrum of speech signal it has been seen that almost all speech messages are confined in the frequency range of 0.2 KHz to 3 KHz [3].


frequency overlapping is allowed among the selected frequencies duplication or even convergence to the best frequencies can be observed.


3.2 Interference Detection A bit rate adaptation algorithm that reduces the transmit bit rate in response to interference losses increases the contention on the channel and exacerbates the interference.

we also simulate postamble detection; when this option is enabled, the receiver sends an acknowledgment even if the preamble is not detected but the postamble is interference-free.


4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY We implement HiCuts and HyperCuts faithfully capturing all the optimizations HiCuts four heuristics (Section 2.1) and HyperCuts three heuristics (Section 2.2) and setting space_factor to 4.


As discussed previously, the average value of the distance between nodes is not always representative of the entire statistics of every order, which might be hence interesting to be characterized through the cdf.

in this way, we showed how a practical guideline may be obtained to proper set up the equations.


Whenever a packet reaches the front of its flow at some node i, start and finish tags for the packet are calcu- lated as described in DFS.

i I I 1.3 0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 0.024 0.028 0.032 0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 0.024 0.028 0.032 Scaling Factor Scaling Factor (a) Fairness Index (b) Aggregate Throughput Figure 9: Impact of scaling factor 176 higher throughput.


For both the simulation and experimental deployments, we con.gured the parameters to include a probe period of 30 seconds, with a 5-probe timeout.

the 97% line shows that for nearly all destinations, over 97% of the time (in 30 second intervals), this node received a recommendation within 30 seconds.


Since the hubs now decode messages, the computational complexity increase to O(n 2) (solving n linear equations has a complexity of O(n 2)).


These vset-paths are built and maintained without .ooding.

this results in large control messages and less consistent routing tables.


As shown in the table, the average number of trie accesses is also reduced.

the decision to check how many ancestor levels can be adaptively made depending on the false positive rate of a level.


.v Case 1: 0 = avu < 2 The right part of Fig.


For packet loss, there was no loss measured in the lowest three load scenarios.


[3] V. Bharghavan, Performance Analysis of a Medium Access Protocol for Wireless Packet Networks ,IEEE Performance and Dependability Symposium, Raleigh, NC.

the performance of MMAC (in terms of end-to-end delay) is only slightly better in comparison to DMAC.


Using 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LLRs, less frequent route maintenance is required, which route length is usually a costly .ooding-based procedure.

5.1 LLR intra-comparisons an exa mpl e of how Several traditional routing protocol metrics are of interest to us: packet delivery ratio, packet delivery latency, energy are for med.


3 In typical cellular systems, the BS uses the expected received SINR to adaptively encode and modulate its packet so that the packet can be decoded and demodulated at a UE with low packet error rate (< 10%).

sYSTEM MODEL: COOPERATIVE CEL-LULAR NETWORKS We assume a multi-cell cellular network, where multiple geographically separated BSs manage their own cells and the UEs that belong to them.


Apart from the previous mentioned schemes, another class of opportunistic network routing schemes have been developed via encoding techniques, which transforms a message into another format prior to transmission.

moreover, this message can be successfully reconstructed as long as r 1 of the coded blocks are received (i.e., the minimal number of coded blocks for successfully reconstructing the message is N/r, which is equal to M/b).


Per-Wall Attenuation: In indoor environments, walls may signi.cantly attenuate wireless links.

it is worth highlighting the small number of samples which was used for training, shown as red dots.


If p(True | New) > p(False | New), it means the new received trust value is reliable.

nH will calculate the variance vT(Y) of the received trust value to the mean MNT, to see whether vT(Y) = SDNT or vT(Y) < SDNT.


The results of this initial attempt are not very encouraging.

ity of the embedding techniques and it is worthwhile to develop a collection of accuracy metrics that are able to quantify user-oriented quality.


The .rst observation we derive from the plotted curves is that there is a fairly good correspondence between the model predictions and the simulation results, which further con.rms the validity of our modelling approach.

there is a vast literature speci.cally focusing on the TCP modelling (e.g., [1, 3, 11, 17, 18] and references herein).


The lower bound implies that R8 is larger than `´ E (1 - .

similarly, a P2P systemthatfavorsintra-subnet connectionsiseffectivein reducingthe backbone traf.c (i.e.


Performing a quantitative comparison requires some care.

indeed, any missing edge or wrongly inferred business relationship in CAIDA s dataset introduces a gap between what happens between the actual ASes depicted in each counterexample, and what would really happen if these attack strategies were launch by these speci.c ASes in practice on the Internet.


This meets the multicast model s ¯= (t + 1) xij,t,M - xij,t-1,M (13) requirements.

the task is to formulate a solution that attempts to minimize the number of frames T required to complete the data transfer.


During short term tests, we have deployed measurement apparatus to measure the fraction of time a node spends connected to a cellular network (GPRS and 3G) and connected to WiFi APs.

this paper describes a concrete set of scienti.c results derived from this experience not published in our prior work.


Speci.cally, we need to check if the value of the objective function is equal to n.If so, rate j can be supported; if not, rates greater than or equal to j cannot be supported.

oAR [17] further builds on RBAR, by opportunistically transmitting back-to-back frames when the channel quality is good.


To deal with backlog on TCP connections, the authors propose various message purging strategies.

scuttle-depth prefers deltas of participants for which more deltas are available over deltas of participants with few available deltas.


Let .Qij denote the di.erence of queue lengths between nodes i and j.

reference [8] discusses about it in the context of cluster testbeds, of which the EXTREME Testbed R .


Categories and Subject Descriptions: C.2.1 [Network Architecture and Design]: Wireless communication General Terms: Experimentation, Management, Performance Keywords: spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum access, channel width  DESCRIPTION As more and more user devices, from PCs and mobile devices, to household appliances like picture frames, are equipped with 802.11 interfaces, a proliferation of unmanaged wireless networks such as home wireless networks and wireless ad hoc networks can be foreseen in the near future.

a key feature of this demonstrator is the fact that it breaks the traditional fixed channel bandwidth limitation and enables dynamic bandwidth allocation according to the needs of applications.


The transmit power of the sender was set to 20dBm.

simultaneous transmission and reception is possible.


The exhaustive search algorithm is time-consuming even for relatively short a(t) samples.

an empirical energy model for supercapacitor powered wireless sensor nodes.


Gaussian noise, and * denotes time-domain convolution.

with the generalized algorithm BT-BAMP, the recovery for reaches d = =1.


In fact, mobile operators have already started to use WiFi for data o.oading.

open APs already share their bandwidth and provide Internet access for any guest.


For our experiments, we take an NKLD value of 0.1and lower to signify that the distribution of measurements are similar.

curve corresponds to zone size of 50 meters while the right most curve corresponds to zone size of 750 meters.


First, we observed in several experiments, when a packet fails, the probability the next few packets at this bit rate will fail is high (see Figure 1).

on a commodity device, we obtain this information from the acceleration sensor indoors, and from the combination of GPS and the acceleration sensor outdoors.


5 we learn that the upper bound for m# is dictated by the implementation platform as more models may require more messages due to limited payload size (in TOSSIM the maximum payload size is 28).

4.2 Experimental Performance Evaluation ASTC Simulation Settings: We use a publicly available real-world data set [11], containing traces for temperature, humidity, light and voltage.


Markovbased channel characterization for tractable performance analysis in wireless packet networks.

a typical wireless media streaming system.


Firstly, every RFID readers receive the RSSI values transmitted from the tracking tag T respectively.

the MEE for VT-LANDMARC decreases about 15.1% over the original LANDMARC in the exterior area.


Moreover, the computation cost is O(n)for static construction.

we .rst study the construction of the scatternet for a static n-nodes network, which will serve the base for our dynamic construction.


[12] T. Skeie, O. Lysne, and I. Theiss, Layered shortest path (lash) routing in irregular system area networks, in Proc.

such routing cannot react dynamically to the applied tra.c pattern.


Given t, L, ., and r, there is an optimal value of p that leads to the highest throughput of the wireless channel.

we examine a peer-to-peer broadcast (PPB) paradigm, in which each vehicle periodically broadcasts the M most relevant reports it carries to neighboring vehicles.


A stale manifest (or any object logged in a current manifest but not obtained by a relying party) raises a missing-information alarm at the relying party (Section 5.4).

guidance for preparing domain name orders, seizures & takedowns.


Such geographical schemes exist and are compact and achieve low-stretch both theoretically and in practice [17].

we dismiss all other underlying routing algorithms for the rest of our analysis.


say below 100 µs (as in [25]), we chose a small batch size (256K).

the proposed engine is only applicable for IPv4, and its throughput declines sharply with the increase of update frequency.


f(l, r) = 34µs + tbkoff + tRT S/CT S rLL/ll + (t kdata(l, r)+2 * 16µs + t kack( r)) k=1 If there do not exist any l and r for satisfying f(l, r) = ti, an admission control scheme may be needed.

in the comparison, our adaptation scheme achieves about 30% higher throughput than others.


2: for each cell Sj which contains at least one receiver inside do 3: if Si contains the source node vi, then vi .nds a shortest path connecting to zi.


Finally, we conclude in section 5 and highlight future work that can be conducted to enhance the proposed solution.

the links between forwarding engines symbolize a two-way networking communication model.


CONCLUSION Fully extracting the combined bene.ts of NFV and SDN requires a control plane to manage both network forwarding state and internal NF state.

iptables [9] is a .rewall and network address translator integrated into the Linux kernel.


As the standard deviation increases, the bandwidth utilized by the non-progressive algorithm drops quickly, because it estimates available bandwidth conservatively.

comparison of progressive compression against nonprogressive compression for different levels of bandwidth .uctuation.


Walking §5.2, §6.2 One sender transmitting in short range mode was moved at walking speed away from the receiver in 10 experimental runs of 10 seconds each.

softRate can be used in any wireless propagation environment without retraining.


ADVERSARY MODEL We make the following assumptions about the attacker (In this paper, we use the term attacker for anyone, whether malicious or genuine, who is trying to detect human movement): The attacker is able to deploy multiple wireless sensing devices within the transmission range of the legitimate transmitter(s) outside the area being monitored.

it requires the legitimate transmitters to transmit packets frequently to allow it perform the line crossing detections.


There is no pause time" at the destination.

let G2 denote the dist-2 graphlet that results from adding an edge between any two nodes in G that are within two hops away from each other.


Networking them together raises new challenges in communication protocols because the current network protocol stack is neither de.ned for low capacity entities nor lossy links.

in proceedings of the 29th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks,November 2004.


Now for a potential null point to be realized, the two transmit signals must arrive at the receive point with equal amplitude but p out of phase.

we also evaluate the performance of MIDU as a relay between two hidden nodes and as an access point (AP) serving 1 pronounced as MyDu multiple single antenna clients.


Mobile embedded systems are moving towards large systems on chip (SoCs) with a Network on Chip (NoC).

if QoS policy is implemented, video application may have guaranteed QoS due to decoding constraints.


Figure 2a shows the drops in the Skype transfer rate while decreasing the network bandwidth and Figure 2b shows the increase in the rate.

[40] R. Smits, D. Jain, S. Pidcock, I. Goldberg, and U. Hengartner.


The selection of SCH node by using the conditions in (4) and (5) distributes the energy load in the network by allowing only the node with greater energy and smaller distance to be selected as SCH.


The binary encoding [36] of K+1 requires 42 + 28 + 50 = 120 TCAM entries and the SRGE encoding [3] requires 24 + 8 + 32 = 64 entries.

with these the optimal implementation can be chosen based on the constraints of a con.gured network element.


Wireless sensors should be designed to operate in harsh conditions where unavoidable failures of single nodes should not greatly a.ect the overall system.

iEEE International Conference on, 3:785 790 vol.3, 2001.


WBAN should be guaranteed low data latency because medical data must be timely and correctly transferred.

as mentioned before, our MAC protocol is feasible for implementation because it is designed based on single-radio.


Virtualization has enabled the creation of many more such labs.

the networking community has appreciated the value of large scale test labs to explore complex network interactions, as seen in projects such as PlanetLab, GENI, DETER, Emulab, and SecSI.


An NP consists of a multithreaded multiprocessor architecture that can provide high throughput for packet processing or forwarding.


For e.ciency, a rapid node maintains the time of last metadata exchange with its peers.

forwarding routing protocols maintain at most one copy of a packet in the network [19, 20, 33].


Our expectation from this data is that the size of the known good signatures dataset which our DHCP monitor must compare against to determine whether to .ag an alarm would remain reasonably small.

there are several commercial products in the area of corporate Wi-Fi security [1, 2, 3, 13].


There is still much work to be done in the area of radio propagation setup for wireless sensor networks.


We note that similar methods can be used for client-sourced estimation of other metrics such as jitter, loss and latencies etc.. Alot of research has focused on estimating the available network bandwidth for wired as well as WiFi based networks [20, 21].

to estimate the accuracy of these tools we take the average of UDP throughput measured over 100 seconds for 10 iterations as the ground truth at that location.


Frugal routing: ADHT routingscheme is said tobe frugal if it 1. uses only geometric routes, and 2. if w is an intermediate node in the route, v is the destination, and v .

the First International Workshop on Peer-to-peer Systems (IPTPS 02).


Note that for a destination chosen inside a selected bounding box routes may contain paths outside the bounding box.

beside RaSt, we also generated traces with RWP for reference purposes.


In Hohoe, the fastest wired network was limited to ADSL at a single Internet Cafe and we were not able to collect data from that location.

[27] F. Baker P. Natara jan and P. D. Amer.


Link quality parameters are not observed and they may affect the protocol performance.


coding gives better throughput, than the direct transmission.

it is rather intricate to solve the entire problem, at once.


If two paths share a common contact,we assume that the bandwidth is pre-allocated to each path.

for example,consider a scenario in which mobile entities (called data MULEs [18,25]) are used to carry data through the network.


The sensorsgather environmentaldata along thebus route.

thisis adelay tolerant application and the theBusNet is anideal networkforit.


Both strategies outperform other forwarding strategies that are either based on the number of transmissions, the end-to-end delivery rate, or the number of hops on the forwarding path.

tHE MAXIMUM-LIFETIME PROBLEM Consider a directed graph G(N, A) with N being the set of nodes and A being the set of edges.


All clients, except mc(4), have the same throughput (~2 134 Kbps) regardless of the number of hops separating the client from the portal and whether CR is used or not.

dWRR has one data queue per traffic type and AMH-DWRR has, for each hop, one data queue per traffic type.


During the process of reserving channel #2, both stations B and C send out Report messages.

di.erent aggregate o.ered loads are applied to the system, and simu  Figure 5: MAC operations in a chained WMN.


Both [17] and [20] also consider a star network topology and analyze the MAC protocol performance under saturated traffic conditions.

[11] K. Leibnitz, N. Wakamiya, M. Murata, Modeling of IEEE 802.15.4 in a Cluster of Synchronized Sensor Nodes , Proc.


Few of these systems attempt to provide anonymity against an adversary that can passively observe all network traf.c.

hi+ gains additional information by determining that some number of relays follow it, call this number r.We note that colluding relays do not need to sequentially follow hi+ to determine whether they are on the same tunnel, assuming they can use timing analysis to reach this conclusion.


The BTT possessing cluster forwards it to its neighboring cluster with least hops from sink if the BTT possessing cluster is no longer on the boundary.

the correlations between the 1-hop clusters are generally nonpersistent and dynamic when observed over a long time window.


Information potentials resemble landscapes with valleys and peaks; Figure 1 depicts an example of our method.

the position of the extremum however will not necessarily be the same.


Once the voice call starts,both OP-I and OP-II disable 64QAM.

since 4G only supports PS, its EPS bearer context is mandatory for data service and signaling exchange.


Software watchdog: A software watchdog service would periodically use heartbeats to a set of services such as the routing daemon, DTN daemon (for logs) and restart them on detecting a crash.

if we can compare the measured signal strength of the target radio at the other local antennas before and after the problem, we can identify some of the causes.


[8] H. Zhang and J. C. Hou, Maintaining Sensing Coverage and Connectivity in Large Sensor Networks, Ad Hoc&Sensor Wireless Networks, vol.

from the system point of view, it can be noticed that at a particular time t, not all live sensor nodes are involved in the production of the overall system behaviour, only the active nodes dedicates their effort and form the system to perform the tasks.


Choosing only among minimum routes ensures that packets travel from source to destination using the least amount of hops.

customizing the NoC s routing algorithm also proved to be an e.ective way to improve its performance.


All the nodes that coexist in the same region form a cluster.

iNTRODUCTION Start talking about freedom and everyone will express their views and de.nitions of the word.


Each property in the dK-series provides information on connectivity within groups of d nodes with degrees k1, ..., kd,where d takes values from 0to the total number of nodes, n, in the graph.

select peering (i.e., inter-AS or border) routers for each AS based on the peering router statistics extracted from the traceroute data.


It is noteworthy that software-de.ned base stations are being increasingly used in the cellular community because of the capability to support multiple protocols and easy adaptivity to emerging standards.

the primary drawback of a protocol like ALOHA is the problems caused by overlapping transmissions.


Here w(u) can be the value computed based on a combination of its remaining battery power energy(u) and its effective degree degree(u) in the communication graph, and so on.

we assume that every node has the same transmission range so that we can model the network topology using unit disk graphs, UDG in short.


From our analysis over all Ptx, we found that the average di.erence between the simulation and the measurements is less than 3 dB, but with a standard deviation of around 4 dB.

to avoid active elements on people, devicefree (or passive) localization have been proposed as alternative techniques [5, 2].


(6) -2ln(1 - Pout) In AWGN, the carrier-to-noise ratio of the received signal is: C N dB = Eb N0 dB + fb B dB , (7) 0 P out Figure 4: Transmission range estimation for increasing accepted outage probabilities and power levels.

there are a few factors that can prevent the optimal estimation of set R, as we discuss in the following section.


In section II, the related research work will be discussed.


For each algorithm, we carefully study its adaptive behavior using manufactured channel conditions that expose the adaptive behavior best.

the period of the square wave as well as its amplitude need to be varied to study how or if t, E values are a.ected.


Moreover, as mentioned earlier, even a single successful transmission over a bursty link that reduces one hop would cancel out the overhead introduced by this additional message.

furthermore, we use CTP because we wanted to evaluate the maximum throughput without affecting the delivery reliability -a key property of sensor network routing.


Thereby, we take the rates ri,j and the loads .i,j into account.

such links can be by eu,v bottlenecked connections or parent-links on the path towards the gateway.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of each of the routing protocols used in our study.

in the large network size (150 nodes), Figure 1(b) shows that AODV outperforms both AODV+G and DSR.


We explore using Quartz as a network design element in Section 4.

by using multiple physical optical .bers to interconnect switches and multi-hop paths, we can signi.cantly reduce the likelihood of partitioning the network.


Another popular service, PPLive, bu.ers for 10 to 15 seconds before its playout [34].

iPTV providers can monitor behaviors of all the users closely and continuously without having to install extra monitoring devices.


sigcommnat has 20,000 packets and sigcomm-public-2 has 7,500 packets.

because of their importance in providing ubiquitous services and their inherent vulnerability due to broadcast nature of the wireless medium, the wireless local area networks (WLANs) are also becoming targets of a variety of attacks.


Wx received twx Ph.D. of Computer Science and Engoferofg from twx University of America.

wx has also publiswxd of artificial oftelligence, twxory, and otwxr areas of computer science.


Campus network environment Additionally, during the summer of 2001, all buildings that were not previously so configured, including residence halls, were upgraded from a shared 10 Mbps to a switched 10/100 Mbps capability.

we have also now removed the temptation for Resnet users to change their DHCP-registered IP addresses to non-Resnet IP addresses in an attempt to circumvent our PacketShaper® prioritization schemes.


Correlations in the data reduce the utility of the additional measurements.

network performance can mean many things, for instance: reachability, delay, loss, jitter, reordering, and bulk throughput.


As such, it is most suitable for applications in which heavy traf.c is less important than quick construction and recovery of the routing infrastructure.

it forwards the packet to the next-hop neighbor indicated by that entry.


[2] examined the variability of RTTs within a connection using data from the University of North Carolina.

none of the default P2P ports contributed more 1% of the traf.c volume.


Note that the forwarder interference not only has the signal originally sent by the previous hop, but also has the white noise from the forwarder node.


First, it may be the case that r(P1,rw)= r(P2,rw).

given two instances I =(G, F )and I ' = (G '' , F )of(PV , PL), the instance I ' is said to be a subinstance of I if G ' is a subgraph of G and the con.guration function F ' is equal to F when restricted to G ' .


The basic characteristic of these channel access schemes is that the schedule is static as long as network topology remains unchanged.

(3) and (4) are plotted in the left and right diagrams of Figure 10, respectively, when the required message delivery probability is p =0.99.