But, what is important to note here is that, while a small degradation in the fair speedup metric (e.g., below 1) is tolerable (although not preferred as we would like to maximize the fair speedup metric), we cannot tolerate any degradation above a certain threshold (QoSTh).

we can use the QoS metric to .lter the partitions that do not meet the QoS requirement and be rest assured that we are not eliminating any potential candidates for optimization with respect to the fair speedup metric.


For example, in most stencil codes the processors iteratively exchange the boundaries and update their values in an SEB.

we try to adapt the caches to the SEB that is about to execute.


Additionally, a technique has been presented to propagate the moments of the signal through the design.

it avoids the need of expensive simulations (which represent a major obstacle for fast energy estimations).


An interesting point to note at this point is that the interface handling doesn t need to know how the .eld inside each partition is being updated.

it is easy to mix different techniques for wave propagation in different parts of the domain, if so required.


We assume that the substrate connection is farther away, resulting in a high resistance.

the breakdown transistor can be modeled with two resistors and two diodes, as shown in Figure 3b.


should facilitate a faster recovery mechanism that implicitly derives the code phase and frequency bin results without reconstructing the original signal.

the design complexity is to identify and construct a be.tting representation dictionary that satis.es all of the aforesaid requirements.


-5 x 10 -1.603 -1.025  When we use the perturbation 4×10-3sin(2p1.01f0t), which cannot lock the oscillator as shown above, the PPV-HB does not converge.

our PPV-HB can be exploited as a useful approach to help predict injection locking: the oscillator is injection locked if PPV-HB converges.


As to other levels, the wire length of control signals is the sum of the wire lengths of upper level clock edge all ways up to the root.

the power consumed by clock edge i at level n can be expressed as: Pclk(i) =kclk AiLclk(n) = Wclk(n) Ai (7) where kclk is a constant, Wclk (n) = kclk Lclk (n) , and Ai is the number of active periods of the node connected to clock edge i.


5 only contains data points for three benchmarks, as the others were too large to fit onto a single FPCT whose CSlices have FCS = 15:4.

we conclude that a larger FCS will be preferable.


Our hardware FPGA implementation of inequality versus equality comparators showed that they had comparable latency.

the net e.ect of performing output checking on store instructions is equivalent to adding a one cycle delay for store instructions waiting in the store bu.er queue.


Other benchmarks exhibit negligible access to private data compared with the total number of accesses.

to relax the burden of the compiler, we extend our classi.cation to include a third category of probably private data.


Virtex 5 FPGAs make use of 6-input LUTs to implement general logic functions, but also include multiplexers that allow implementing any 7-input function with two such LUTs [22].

in this case, the translation table (that maps compressed signatures to frame addresses, shown in Fig.


Usually a program point can be reached via multiple program paths leading to a number of possible GBTs at that point.

we introduce the notion of probabilistic GBT.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, hierarchical approach becomes insuf.cient.

it is desired to employ more levels of routing for very large-scale IC designs.


5.3 Timing Analysis As described in the preceding section, we e.ectively use the carry chains that are present in the Stratix-III FPGA to mimic the logic chains we have proposed for the purposes of placement and routing; however, the critical path delays that are obtained from Quartus-II are based on the delays of the full adders on the carry chains, rather than the multiplexers that we introduced in the logic chain.

the delay of each adder in the carry chain should be replaced with the delay of the multiplexer instead.


Either RD or TD may dominate the aging rate, which is highly dependent on the fabrication technology.

this Sec-tion provides a parallel set to RD models for circuit designers to predict lifetime based on TD principles.


The main reason behind this high degree of parallelism is that, in RRAM, 4x many planes and 2x many dies compose a single page (as compared to conventional NAND .ash), and the size of incoming I/O requests for most workloads tested are large enough to span all macrolevel resources.

rRAM-128 successfully compensates for the potential performance loss caused by the slab-based memory access strategy.


Since LMS coefficient adaptation block needs two complex multipliers and one complex adder, this block itself occupies the large portion of equalizer.

in this paper, we employed the signed LMS algorithm in Eq.


Similarly, we assume the output function is modelled as a function ., via the relation O = .(S).

we can model the transducer by the formula f(S, S ' ,I,O)= S = d(S ' ,I).O = .(S).


However, because M5 conducts current I5 and raises up VQbar, M1,2 s read-VTC has higher VQbar values than the hold-VTC at the neighborhood of VQ = 800mV .

the cell s stable state in the read operation is at the intersection of the two VTCs, (800mV , 143mV ).


During the propagation, if an item from an arrival time is smaller than the time of the enabling clock edge in that local time zone, the constraint created from propagating this item further is dominated by the constraint created from the arrival time propagation starting from the enabling clock edge.

we can remove such an item from the arrival time without a.ecting the timing constraint represented by (30).


Asmentioned,theSELinuxpermissiondataare represented in di.erent ways in the software implementation and in the RAM of the HAVC.

an encoding/decoding hardware module is required to interface the RAM with the SELinux processes.


When the water environment is wavy, the noise variance will increase.

to address wavy environment, the noise variance should be measured in o.ine lab experiments with various wavy levels.


Future SoCs will have multiple heterogeneous processing elements, most likely organized around an on-chip network.

soCs are increasingly modeled as systems in the large.


4.2.3 Supply Current Level Setting Now, the actual deployment of the TEC devices and the current pin mapping has been determined in the second phase.

the thermal model of the entire chip package is now available.


Since the numbers of switching state registers are the same, the two encoding solutions are expected to have the same power consumption.

in previous low power state algorithms, the two encoding solutions are supposed to have exactly the same quality for this state transition.


Similarly, the statically allocated memory LUTs may become inappropriate at different stages of application s lifetime.

we are working on developping the infrastructures to support runtime memory recon.guration and evaluation such that the memcomputing resources can change adaptively according to the characteristics of applications current running.


During negative voltage at the gate Si-H breakages generate more interface traps (NIT), which capture electrons flowing from source to drain, leading to an increase of the threshold voltage (VTH).

transistors become slower and may not fit timing requirements, especially for those circuits that rely on a given relation between the delay of the pull-up and the pull-down.


Following this methodology, and by choosing different sets of Vdd and Vth as starting points we can obtain energy delay product value (in other words, EEDP) for each point in the sample plane.

using this approach, each value of EEDP calculated in the Vdd -Vth plane is evaluated using self-consistent Tj.


19 has a direct path to the power net VSS while input B provides the VDD power.

the logic circuit type is semi-powered and the output level for VDD is called unbu.ered .


NODE ENERGY MODEL The relationship between power and energy is characterized as: ENODE=PNODE × tMODE (3) where ENODE is the energy consumed by the node PNODE is the power consumed by the node (from (2)) tMODE is the time spent by the node in a given mode As observed from Figure 6 and Figure 7, VSHUNT does not remain constant over the entire interval.

the average value of VSHUNT has been considered in the calculation to provide a much stable result.


The reason is that during re-placement, the placer could make full use of the new netlist to generate a good placement, while with legalization gates have less freedom to move around.

the restructured trees are better preserved with legalization.


Recently developed public-key PUF schemes such as public physically unclonable functions (PPUFs) and SIMPL remove all these limitations but require that at least one participating party is capable of conducting complex simulations.

low power and low latency applications cannot be realized using these techniques.


We observe that such approaches to change the aging rate typically affect performance and power.

they could help push back the many-core power wall.


Compares the .nal state of both simulations and reports the results.

students can test their CPU using almost5 any MIPS assembly code.


A high level of parallelism is achieved, because all links in the NoC can operate simultaneously on different data packets.

as the complexity of integrated systems keeps growing, enabled by Moore s law, a NoC provides enhanced performance and scalability in comparison with previous communication architectures such as dedicated signal wires, shared buses, or segmented buses with bridges.


In today s VLSI designs, there can be many routing blockages, like macro cells, IP blocks and prerouted nets.

the RSMT problem with blockages, called obstacle-avoiding RSMT (OARSMT) problem, has become an important problem in practice.


In these cases, the power dissipation of the circuit changes constantly, possibly before steady state conditions apply.

simulations should use transient state models, i.e.


Adaptive parameter update scheme based on ME criterion tracks every optimal point at all the noise levels.

wPAN devices using the proposed adaptive transmission scheme can be successfully applied to contention based medium access protocol with low energy consumption and high QoS assurance.


After that, testability strategies must be applied to RTL structure to produce a testable circuit [3], and this may produce a circuit that is not area-optimized.

testability should be considered as an important objective at various stages of high-level design.


The latter is determined by the P/G network since the pitch should not impact on the integrity of P/G plane.

taking a typical four-two-four package (i.e., in a ten-layer package, from top to bottom, there are four buildup layers, two core layers, and four build-up layers.


The clock speeds are scaled proportionally to the gate delays and match the aggressive 8 fanout-of-four (FO4) delay for each technology [11].

the cycle time stays the same relative to the gate delay and a single pipeline stage employs the same number of logic levels across technologies.


The RTL signals implementing the pipeline stages are translated into C++ static variables (coef pipe[ ] in the example).

for returning the .rst results, the C++ function implementing the DCT module must be invoked as many time as the number of pipeline stages (see Fig.


Such cooperation can enable both space shrinking and dynamic speculation.

the overall search time under various constraints can be drastically reduced.


Prior to being encrypted, the content is typically compressed, e.g., using the AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) standard, to minimize data transmission time and storage space.

each decrypted block is decompressed and then sent to the audio codec, which outputs the audio to the speaker.


For (k+1)(n-1)+2 =i=(k+1)n,observe that the (k+1) requests s[(k+1)(n-1) + 2],...,s[(k+1)n+1] are all distinct.

s ' (i) cannot have more distinct pages : in a window starting in this range.


When taking the 130nm Virage memory as an example, the maximum measured HD is 20.5%.

using this memory as a PUF at an ambient temperature between -40oC and 80oC, the error correcting code should be able to correct this amount of errors with very high probability.


Latency constraints are often necessary in our pipeline synthesis .ow, because the loop exit condition needs to be computed within the .rst I I steps of the pipeline, in order to determine whether the next iteration should start when speculative execution is not performed.

we implement swing modulo scheduling on top of the SDC system: every edge in the SDC constraint graph is regarded as a data dependence.


Nevertheless, the representative of an in-out module needs to be placed on the right or the top boundary.

if the in-out module is a self-symmetry module, we have the boundary constraint for the corresponding node in an ASF-B*-tree as follows: Being the root node in a left-skewed branch or in a right-skewed branch: the representative would be placed   (a) (b) (c) (d) in the bottom-left corner and no module could be placed at either its top side or its right side.


The neurons become progressively more resilient when proceeding towards the borders of the image.

the resilience characterization methodology utilized in AxNNs captures the physical intuitions behind the resilience of neurons in NNs.


Note that we cannot use two separate trim patterns to trim out the features, for otherwise they will be too close and violate the process rules.

we can only use a single trim pattern to cut out both features as shown in Figure 5(b).


In addition, also the fabrication costs will bene.t, due to the lower complexity of the interconnect design.

considering these factors comprehensively, the proposed method can decrease the average IR-drop with minimum cost.


Because na equals nf1 .nf2, {nf1 =1, nf2 =1} implies na =1.

if both nf1 =1 and nf2 =1 are MAs, na =1 must be an MA as well by logic implication.


This irreducible polynomial generates a multiplicative group of order 2127 - 1, which is identical to the period of the LFSR.

after seeding, the LFSR is capable of producing about 2122 masks (32 bits each) before the sequence of masks starts repeating.


While Trojans may depend on the inputs and intermediate signals of the original design, an exhaustive test pattern is infeasible for an IC of modest size.

it is unlikely that a hardware Trojan will be fully activated, launching its malicious payload and observably modifying the IC s behavior, from these normal testing procedures [10].


It demonstrates that the impact to functional data is negligible when trace data is under the bandwidth threshold.

the proposed framework eliminates the use-once buffer while keeping functional data latency is considerable low.


The DRAM could keep one row open until all the read operations are finished, and the write operations are buffered and they will access the DRAM later.

pHA-WB could improve both read and write page hit rate, and thus, reduce average read delay.


For the same reason, we will need at most n bits in the bit vector in the second part of the metadata.

the size of the metadata region is given by 3Large pages (e.g., 4MB or 1GB) can be supported with LCP through minor modi.cations that include scaling the corresponding sizes of the metadata and compressed data regions.


Due to the high ef.ciency and popularity of the DC-DC converter in battery-powered systems, this regulator will be used for modeling purposes.

the battery power of this system can be described as (1) [4].


Finally, ArchitectureComposer allows to cluster nets and de.ne new components this way.

an overall architecture can be represented hierarchically and parts of a design can be reused in other designs (library generation).


For example, when u in Figure 10 is 2, test simulates a condition that only two subjects are required to acquire the training data.

for subject J and B, the training data include their own data in addition to the data of others.


It results in an interconnected compact block representation, where the sets of q-dominant poles for compact blocks have minimum overlap between them.

di.erent from [1, 7], our method reduces the redundant information because fewer number of compact blocks are needed to represent the structured system.


This would result in a drop of the voltage VA of node (A) because its discharge path has been more strongly turned on.

m2 (which will always be in saturation) would turn on further.


Consequently, e.cient and accurate .are map computation is necessary.

we accommodate the error-controlled fast .are map computation introduced in Section 3 to improve the program e.ciency without loss of computational accuracy.


The copying process is trivial except for an overhead of processing turning points and Steiner points.

runtime for routing is reduced, as well as the time for estimation of parasitics, delay, and power.


more e.cient in shift reduction and removes 31.3% of race-230 231, 2009. track shifts.

r rt obtains 3.0% performance [4] R. Nebashi et al., A Content Addressable Memory using Magnetic Domain Wall Motion Cells, VLSIC-25, pp.


Figure 4L illustrates this .ltering effect where reduced temporal adaptivity eliminates the uncommon5percentof transitions with changes to more than 10 parameters.

reduced temporal adaptivity reduces smoothing and increases .ltering effects to shift the distribution toward middle range parameter counts.


As the STT-RAM cell size is reduced, the write latency and write energy consumption increased.

the corresponding dynamic energy of L2-Hyb2 and L2-Hyb3 grow rapidly.


During a 1 to 0 transition, the stored capacitance is discharged to ground.)

by measuring the power supply of an IC as it encrypts, and then performing statistical analysis of the measured power traces, the secret key can readily be determined.


(2) is only satisfied in each conductor, and hence the matrix block formed for one conductor does not couple with that formed for another conductor that is physically disconnected.

only the diagonal blocks that are formed by the same conductor cluster are nonzero Fig.


The trained models were applied on the 275 test samples in the evaluation data set.

there is no overlap between the training and test data sets.


After all entries are paired, a pair sequence P3×3 can be constructed with the ordered pairs from the inner circle to the outer circle.


This violates the principle of having a derated library that de.nes the worst-case condition.

we should not use a Vlib that is greater than the VBT I .


Therefore, both the number and frequency of cache accesses may be quite different from those of standalone caches.

existing leakage management developed for traditional caches need to be revisited or adapted to ef.ciently reduce leakage energy for the hybrid cache.


An additional check ensures, that arithmetic constraints assigned to true are indeed consistent.

traditional SMT solvers operate in two phases.


It can be seen from Table 4 that the differences between the smallest and the largest accidental detection indices are signi.cant.

the accidental detection  Table 5: Test generation Table 6: Relative run times tests circuit orig dynm 0dynm incr0  irs208 42 33 34 41 irs298 43 36 37 43 irs344 28 26 25 31 irs382 42 45 35 47 irs400 37 37 35 44 irs420 70 62 60 71 irs510 65 67 66 74 irs526 75 74 64 86 irs641 74 66 59 77 irs820 149 130 125 179 irs953 110 106 99 120 irs1196 179 162 153 209 irs5378 254 240 224 irs13207 411 397 342  average    112.8 105.8 97.0  index is expected to make a difference in the test set size and in the steepness of the fault coverage curve if used as a fault ordering heuristic.


The gel is a glycoprotein based substance with the same resistivity as seawater [5].

the ampullae can detect electric .elds in the water through the Voltage di.erential at the skin pore versus the base of the electroreceptor cells that is, the di.erence in neurological activity between the terminal axons at the pore and those in the interior vesicles of the ampulla [6] as shown in .gure 2.


If there are any re-convergent points in subject graph, a K-feasible cut can be generated by some cut (v, s) where |s|= K. Executing iterative expansions of cuts until the expansions reach PI is ine.cient.

the condition to stop iterative expansions is needed to enumerate K-feasible cuts e.ciently.


a 2-input XOR gate has boosting factor B=2.


IEEE ing the Hamming distance with n 2 to check which is greater; invert-Transactions on VLSI Systems, 6(4):568 572, December 1998. ing the current pattern or sending as-is and this also takes constant time.

bI encoding takes at least O(n) time with more hardware.


If two lines per set are taken into account (half of the cache lines), this percentage increases to 98.45%.

the remaining half of the cache lines is responsible for 1.55% of all hits.


In many processors, caches occupy about 50% of the chip area [1].

the static power dissipation of a cache is one of the key components of power dissipation in microprocessors.


RELATED WORK Inductive DC-DC converter based interface circuitries have been widely used in large-scale energy harvesting systems, where the total amount of power extracted from the energy transducers dwarfs the losses of the interface circuitry.

the maximum power point (MPP) of an energy transducer itself is very close to the entire system MPP.


This is because of nonlinear behavior, in which an initial increase from idle to a relatively low access rate causes a large increase in processor power, while further increases in access rates produce much smaller power variations.

for the issue logic components, we apply a conditional clock power factor in addition to linear scaling above a low threshold value.


Though it has a great merit in .exibility and time-to-market compared to ASIC, high power consumption makes it dif.cult to be integrated into embedded systems.

power reduction is one of the most important challenges that CGRA is facing.


j +(wi(q) - xj - fj ); iftj .hprA(i)Ti,j As opposed to lpr jobs, hpr jobs may be served multiple times before the Ji will be able to lock the GR.

the direct blocking time due to hpr tasks is given by: .tj .Ti,j and .


In addition, the DC power of the PA is more than 90% of the whole transmitter power with a complex modulation scheme like OFDM in 802.11p, since it requires back-off due to its high PAPR signals and the power ef.ciency is dramatically reduced as output power decreases from the saturation point.

power management of the PA is crucial to .t the 802.11p front-end within a smartphone s stringent power budget.


130nm and 90nm CMOS technology, amounts over a magnitude larger than the p-channel device.


The energy delivered by a harvester is not directly usable by device electronics due to mismatches in, for example, voltage level, voltage range, and impedance.

some means of buffering between energy source and load is needed.


= 1meansthat gi xgi,j ·pgi,j -P +1 =1, D(gi) -T +1 =1, j dgi,j xgi,j -D(gj )+1 =1.


Also, from the discussion of branch correlations, it is clear that whether a branch correlation exists at runtime heavily depends on whether certain variables get redefined and how they are redefined, which in turn depends on which dynamic path the program takes or the directions of dynamic branches.

we need another data structure to record the interactions (correlations) between branches.


For any voltage waveform, its approximated ramp is obtained by connecting two points at threshold voltages 10% and 90% (see Fig.2).


In this case, most of the design remain unchanged.

if we can preserve the placed-and-routed result from the previous compile, we may be able to shorten compile time and reuse these unchanged portions of the design.


Similarly, the orientations before and after horizontal f lipping can share the same y table.

the number of the tables can be cut in half, only 8 tables are needed.


While these heuristics guide us to a good solution, they do not necessarily guarantee that the achieved solution is the optimal answer.

there will be some amount of variability in the quality of solution from compile to compile.


OPEN PRO BLEMS As we discussed in section IV, for the proposed power side-channel attacks on PUFs, it still requires a feasible method to practically extracting subtle power consumption.

looking for a applicable noiseremoval strategy becomes interesting and necessary.


For example, it solves the formulation for C499 in just 1.79 seconds.

we use the logic representation of form II for BILP solution.


However, since the signal delay of the system is dominated by the last mode of the system, the 50% signal delay occurs after the time of .ight tf(n) of the n-th mode.

the 50% delay of the signal can be approximated under a linear approximation.


The worth of each net can be easily modified such that it reflects the net sharing effect.

a net with less buffer usage and more sharing is more preferable.


Although many models have been proposed for voltage-drop analysis [2,15,16], these models are too complicated to be integrated into a placer to e.ectively reduce the voltage drop.

our .rst task lies in the development of an appropriate voltage-drop model which can easily be integrated into a mixed-size placer.


For every core we sort its input variables based on the number of minterms in all test functions for the core that contain the variable.

the first variable of C1 is the one that participating into the most number of minterms in function fi.


Moreover, assume that the architect has a cost constraint so that only two links can be upgraded.

in this case we obtain a CMDP, where the cost of upgrading the links is expressed by the cost function d(Section 2).


The contribution of this abstract compared to the previous papers [13] is in relating the SFDR and SNDR values to the absolute values of the capacitors.

employing the previously developed equations for the total power consumption and the total inputreferred thermal noise, the optimization criteria are completed now.


In general, most of the techniques typically tradeoff non-critical timing slack in the design for reduction in power (Figure 2).

non-critical paths can be slowed down with lower supply voltage, higher-Vt, or thicker gate oxide devices in order to achieve significant reduction in power, which has a quadratic dependence on supply voltage.


i) Tox: Oxide thickness ii) Nhalo: Halo peak doping concentration iii) lc: Characteristic lateral decay length of Gaussian halo Considering a three-dimensional space composed by the Tox, Nhalo, and lc, the yield optimization problem can be represented as follow: Maximize Yield = Px {C(x)=1} x=(Tox,Nhalo,lc) (1) Subject to : Variation in x elements where C, denotes a binary random variable de.ned based on desired bounds on ION and total leakage, and Px {C(x)=1}represents the probability that a device with parameters (x) satis.es constraints in presence of variation.


Additionally, new leakage occurs due to smaller dimensions, for example DIBL, GIDL and gate leakage.

at low frequencies the energy dissipation will rise for both adiabatic circuits and static CMOS with the same factor.


We focus only on AAPSM conflicts that can be solved by increasing the space between features in the layout.

aAPSM conflicts caused by T-shapes are not handled.


It can be used to identify the data accessed by each thread and change the placement of these data elements in the data space.

performing an appropriate data transformation can also produce a localized array.


Such a description may have inherent contradictions in them in that if an excitation is triggered, an impact is effected which in turn removes the excitation and that may in turn remove the impact and so on.

special attention must be paid in ensuring that all such cyclical dependencies are eliminated.


Because the memory controller knows the status and timing of each bank and each pending request, and it also knows when the command and data buses become free.

for a given request, the controller knows the earliest time that the column access command can be sent out.


Padding buffers in the shared part bene.ts cost-ef.ciency.

padding order leads to a great difference in overhead.


DRIVE STRENGTH GATE OPTIONS In standard cell design, a certain cell with increased drive strength can be built by multiplying all the transistor widths by the same factor.

the gate input capacitance grows and it may necessary to resize the cell driver.


Clearly, the result shows that the runtime of MF-GMRES grows with a sharper slope than the one of the PAS-GMRES method.

even bigger speedup is expected for our PAS-GMRES than the MF-GMRES when the circuit size becomes bigger.


The level where sensitivity is zero is marked by contour lines.

any H(A) and H(B) values that fall on or near these lines will result in undetectable TP response.


The AOI211 cell has six flipping units, one of them being G1.

the number of feasible D-net pin assignments for the AOI221 that need to be checked for a Style-B layout is reduced from 210 to 26.


2.2 Crossing line effects and their simulation Thewaytoonsiderrossinglinesefetdependsontheir loalisationwithrespettoaT-line.Wedistinguishbetween twoases:(a)uniformrossinglinesdistribution,e.g.power  Figure2:Cross-setionsofsupportedgeometriesfor on-hipT-lineimplementation:mirostrip-like(a-d) ando-planar(e-f)strutures.


Looking at function g1 and g2, we see that there exists a given input pair {000, 001}where g1 and g2 are equivalent, but Fc is not equivalent.

it is impossible to .nd a function hsuch that Fc = h(g1,g2).


We compare our policies with con.gurations having a fully associative 16 KB victim cache per 1 MB L2 cache bank.

an 8 MB shared L2 cache would get a total of 128 KB victim caching space.


This results in an increased memory requirement to store the probability potential over the nodes in the cliques; the increase is exponential in the maximal clique size.

it is obvious that the exact model cannot be used for large circuits.


Empirical analysis we performed with smaller thresholds, such as 0.1 and 0.2, showed that, due to the low level of redundancy in House A and House B, most of the sensor failures are classi.ed as severe.

we chose a threshold that allowed us to have a more diverse failure pro.le for all houses.


We can see that the maximum bound on the number of measurements is not approached and although a large number of ghosts appear at the 3rd measurement, all of those ghosts are discarded during the subsequent measurement.

as is often wrongly assumed, the ghosts will not necessarily disappear at the 3rd measurement.


Since the bins are of the height pmin, only messages shorter than pmin can .t inside.

if a message is longer than pmin, it has to be broken into several pieces.


[Tclk + thold - T2 - D, Tclk - tsetup - T2] As seen in Figure 3, D occurs only if A occurs, that is, only if the amplitude of the glitch at the output F is larger than the switching threshold VS,latch, the duration will be different from zero, and then: D .

a (7) and thus: A n D = D (8) the probability that a glitch originating at gate G is latched at the output F can be written as: P(A n D n T) = P(T n D) = P(t1 .


With only the four entries described above, CRIB will have a very limited reach for extracting instruction level parallelism.

scaling the CRIB up is necessary for high performance.


However, most existing methods do not provide su.ciently scalable solutions.

we propose a new technique, C-Mine, which combines two scalable techniques, data mining and SAT solving, to provide scale-up solutions.


Problem Formulation In conventional separated designs, shields are inserted after power network design, typically during or after signal routing.

instead of being considered into power network s routing budgets, shields indeed consume the already very tight routing budgets left for signal routing, which in turn makes it dif.cult for detailed routing to .nd a feasible solution.


2)According to the correlation coefficients between the measured points, make regression analysis which analyse the relationship between the data fitting.

when the mutual amendment is made in the use of a higher correlation coefficient between measured points, and when some measured point is in a failure without valid data, the data of relevant measured points can be used to supplement it.


During subsequent iterations, the cost of using a resource is increased, taking into account the number of nets that share the resource, and the history of congestion on that resource.

nets are made to negotiate for routing resources.


As stated earlier, we only perform an incremental placement for this purpose.

iPR maintains a legal placement throughout the optimization iterations, but routing may not be complete at the intermediate states (after IPR, all signals will be routed).


The flow of current in R0 starts discharging PBIAS and it no longer follows VDD.

the gate to source voltage of M7 and M9 increases and they start conducting.


The UB and LB OBDDs record which combinations are already known to be possible or impossible.

by using both OBDDs to .nd new combinations to try, we are focusing only on unexplored sections of the Lattice.


This means that every processing thread, which needs any information from the session table, must obtain this lock first.

eventually, the execution of the processing threads becomes serial.


3.5 NOC Veri.cation The rationale for decomposing the design .ow into smaller tools has been given at the start of this section.

the NOC hardware (topology.xml) and software (con.guration.xml) are computed sequentially, earlier in the design .ow.


Then, the transfer function can be expressed by poles and residues.

k1 k2 H(s)=+ (2) s + p1 s + p2 the relationship between the two poles and the four parameters ofthe RC circuit can be obtained from the comparison ofequation (1) and (2) as the following two equations 111 p1 + p2 =++ R1C1 R2C1 R2C2 (3) 1 p1 · p2 = R1C1R2C2 In addition, the relationship ofthe two residues and the two poles can be rewritten as p1 · p2k1 = p2 - p1 (4) p1 · p2k2 = p1 - p2 Supposing that, in time domain, the input voltage Vi(t) ofthis circuit is a unit step signal, the output response Vo(t) in term ofthe two poles and residues can be expressed as follows.


As opposed to some other recently proposed hybrid nano/CMOS designs, which mostly rely on the not-yet-mature self-assembly fabrication process, NATURE is compatible with mainstream photolithography fabrication techniques.

nATURE offers a commercially feasible technology with high performance, superior integration density, and excellent run-time .exibility.


Because degree is a composite metric of area (number of blocks) and local interconnection complexity.


1 is assumed to be large compared to the spacing s. the capacitance to ground will be negligible compared to the coupling capacitance.


Lasers provide a very effective means to perform fault injection attacks on Integrated Circuits, mainly because of their high precision locality, accurate timing and high occurrence probability [2].

proper countermeasures have to be employed to secure cryptographic circuits from such attacks, by not allowing the exposure of critical information to the attacker.


Typically, since the representative technology using log buffer-based scheme is FAST, our scheme is applied to FAST.

from now on, we call our scheme as D-FAST.


This ine.ciency is aggravated in shared cachesby theevictionofblocksfrom otherapplicationsthat could be eventually reused.

it is interesting to havea memory hierarchy thatprovidessomekind ofintelligentcontrol todistribute resourcesfairly andtake advantage of the di.erences among applications.


Given Cobb-Douglas utilities, the fair share can be expressed in a closed-form equation.

the mechanism is computationally trivial.


A reduction in the number of RF registers is achieved concurrently through the use of compiler options and the hardware description.

different RF implementations are considered regarding effects on power consumption.


Through the result, we can notice that the average fairness index value cannot be used as a criterion to measure QoS which is very important factor to support the Telematics services.

it is required to measure the fairness for a shorter time window.


Many positions are shared by multiple short paths and buffers inserted in a position can lengthen delays of all short paths sharing it at the same time.

padding in the positions shared by more short paths will cause a lower cost while achieving the same effect.


Bill Halpin* Synplicity, Inc. 600 W California Ave, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA bhalpin@synplicity.com hot spots.

finer-grained repeater placement approaches such as incremental repeater insertion within placement become more appealing for upcoming process nodes.


For example, cameras today can capture video frames of resolution 1920x1080 at 60 FPS and the display refreshes the screen with these frames at the same rate (60 FPS).

60 bursts of memory requests from both IPs happen in a second, with each burst requesting one complete frame.


4.5 Mining concurrent patterns from three culprit scenarios The performance violation is always an accumulative effect of many concurrent patterns rather than just one.

we require the concurrent patterns to be frequent in the transaction traces.


The cache controller will first write that dirty line back to memory (or write buffer if applicable), then read new data from the main memory and replace the cache line.

two accesses that have an identical set index but different cache tags are issued consecutively to the main memory during a cache replacement.


Here, the processing time increases from 123.52 ms to 281.38 ms just because the parity of the OACpacket data is calculated.

the resulting equivalent clock rates needed to process 329489 frame overheads in one second are 61 MHz for internal processing and 141 MHz in the case of external processing.


Manual PV cell fault detection and elimination are expensive and nearly impossible for remote PV systems, e.g., PV systems on satellites.

online fault detection techniques and fault tolerance solutions are needed that can detect and tolerate PV cell faults without manual intervention.


It s clear that the fiber with oriented rectangular high index rods has wider and deeper bandgap except 1st bandgap.

the fiber design could transmit light with less confinement loss [12].


A random variation is speci.c to a gate or interconnect that belongs to at least one of the ntarget paths.

the number of random components can be very large in general.


In offline BIST, the normal operation of the CUT is stalled in order to perform the test.

if the CUT is critical for the function of the circuit, the performance is degraded.


For CO-HW, this region is where the public shared memory part is accessed.

we argue that this solution has low overhead in both hardware and software changes.


In this case all the connected components of G contain at most one cycle, so they are subgraphs of an unicyclic graph.

as by Lemma 4, all the connected components of G are stable, the graph G is undirected-path universally stable.


Amongst others, such user pro.les may be used to place individualised advertisements and to improve recommendation systems (e.g., [20, 7]), to personalise web services (e.g., [13, 25]) or to authenticate users (e.g., [6, 29]).

the ability to compile pro.les potentially increases convenience.


As the number of users increases, the opportunity cost of favoring the least satis.ed user also increases.

not only does an equal slowdown mechanism fail to provide game-theoretic fairness, it may also perform worse than proportional elasticity in large systems with many agents.


Cores can be added or removed from that processor set over execution.

the OS provides a mechanism to adjust the number of cores allocated to each running application dynamically.


Within computer science, two notable examples are the sub-.elds of approximation and randomized algorithms.

viewing the young and emerging .eld of inexact computing increasingly referred to approximate computing as more innovation occurs and publications emerge through the more mature lens of Computer Science, the need for a principled approach becomes apparent.


Should a faulty input configuration subsequently occur (e.g., (a1 b1; a2 b2; ...; an bn) = (1 0; 1 1; ... ; 1 1)), because of the SOP, the internal node o1 maintains its previously charged high logic value (rather than being discharged through the conductive T1 and T2 transistors), so that a low logic value is maintained at the output and testout nodes, providing a Pass output indication, despite the faulty input configuration.

a Pass, rather than a Fail, is generated because of the comparator internal SOP, with dramatic effect on microprocessor quality and test effectiveness.


With the additional state, the FSM will match A as many as possible.

this feature makes the transaction extractor extracts transactions of the longest length.


there exists a 3D-OARSMT T ' = R(T ) in R(I) such that cost(T ' ) = cost(T ).


Furthermore, the subset Xf .X contains all feasible implementations.

the constraints Ax =b of the 0 1 ILP have to formulated such that they are satis.ed if and only if the implementation x is feasible or x .Xf , respectively.


Now we define the probability of detection pd as the probability of correct detection of a primary signal existence which can be calculated using ....= ....+..Q...-2.... ..(....2+....2)2..... .. (....2+....2)..        (8) Equation (9) is another form of (8) introducing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), ., which is equivalent to (....2....2/) ....= ....+..Q...-2...... (..+1)....22....... (..+1)....2..         (9) According to the best of our knowledge, all the extensive work done in energy detection assumes a fixed value of pfa and accordingly calculate the other parameters, never the less, here we aim at minimizing pfa and maximizing pd at the same time which are two contradictory processes according to (6) and (9) with respect to the value of ts.

an optimization solution is needed to evaluate the optimum value of ts.


We use a discrete time step .t for simulating each edge of the TRRT.

in the process of constructing the TRRT, we discretize the behavior of the circuit.


In a RAID setup, however, this changes as the system has now to deal with the combined data rates of several drives that are accessed in parallel.

it is essential for an SSD RAID setup that there is no bottleneck with respect to available data rate on the path between the drives and the processor cores.


Namely, px = bx + w fx and similarly for py (here w fx can be precomputed for hard blocks).

each pin requires 4 operations to compute its location, and absolute locations of pads are given.


Because of the principle of locality, it is fair to assume that the useful prefetched cache lines, in general, would be accessed within a short period of time after they are brought into the cache.

it makes sense to put the prefetched cache line into SD leakage control mode if it is not accessed within this short decay period (anticipating that it will not be accessed at all).


Although, the Output tile has only two zones (Figure 7), its switching mechanism is similar to the internal memory tiles.

zone A and Zone B can be clocked with the same signals used for the intermediate memory tiles.


Finally, data authenticity is required so that data gathered from a BSN is linked to the proper user [11].

if too many security features or inappropriate security features are implemented in a BSN, they may have the possibility of hindering it.


Here, also the cost function is also designed to optimize for both performance and leakage waste, which is presented as follows: a a G = * LK + (1 - ) * ES T (3) 10 10 where, LK and EST represent leakage power and earliest start time for a placement; a is the leakage-schedule length trade-off coef.cients, which can be used to provide a balance between the two optimization goals.

the cost function not only facilitates to reduce the leakage dissipation but also provides designer the ability to manage the trade-off between performance (schedule length) and leakage saving.


The new value of register A4 is not written until the end of cycle 1, and may only be used at the beginning of cycle 2.

the first three instructions are dependant on the same source register A4.


It is assumed that all wires have two terminal vias in each underlying layer (underlying the layer in which the net is routed in).

the number of vias Nv_wire associated with each interconnect layer is given by [12]: N v_ wire = 2[I ( Lmax ) - I ( Ln )] when n .


Further, the gate delay and circuit delay shifts may turn certain paths into critical paths, resulting in timing violations.

it is essential to include NBTI in the aged timing analysis to guarantee circuit lifetime.


Resource sharing involves merging the DFGs of two or more custom instructions which contain a similar subgraph.

the output of the process is a set of DFGs composed of at most as many DFGs as the input set.


Likewise, device behavior is like that of a diode for Ff/r .1.

it is this ratio that determines the amount of current that .ows through parts of the array that are not selected for reading.


Note that the tendency of a cell depends on the status of its logical neighbors as well as its slack, both of which can change dynamically in the assignment process.

incremental updates on the timing graph and cell tendencies are required.


It follows that the value in oldvalq is vq,k or a later value (more precisely, the value in oldvalq is Vq,i for some i > k).

the value in oldvalq is not too stale for p's LL to return.


As a result, Qperi (A, µ) = -s. Since LD peri asks for optimal A and µ that maximize Qperi (A, µ), the cases resulting in Qperi (A, µ) = -s can be ignored.

we can include (10)-(13) as constraints in LDperi .


with 0.9V voltage swing available at the ADC input node, 100nA is chosen as the minimum current.


The global frequent values pro.led in different stages are similar.

we can generate similar global frequent values in FV tables with different pro.ling periods.


Smaller circuits consume less energy and the respective parasite capacitance is decreased.

digital designers aim at reducing area while complying with performance and functionally requirements.


Since these are all current-mode approaches, they will all consume the same power to cancel the inductor ripple current.

the efficiency of a converter should be about the same regardless of which multiplier is used.


On node performance and communication interconnect speeds are the principle timing information used to determine the number of cores used in a turbulence simulation.

as far as I/O is concerned, we are more interested in weak scaling problems than strong scaling.


For frame .ipping operations, only 50% of rows in the display bu.er are modi.ed on average.

row-level refresh scheme further reduces useless memory accesses by 15%.


Additionally, controlling the processor temperature has similar implications as the previously mentioned parameters.

the focus of this work is mitigating NBTI by reducing the zero-signal probability of PMOS transistors.


Clearly, the global expression of contention that involves all inputs to the multiplexer in Figure 1 is a complex function.

modeling contention in multi-stage multiplexer structures in an exact manner would be unrealistic in RTL models.


It should be noted that the .nal results of HAMPA should not be compared with the CapoPlacer because HAMPA uses the bu.er insertion but CapoPlacer does not.

the results of CapoPlacer with bu.er insertion are compared with HAMPA results.


In this .gure, each device shows a unique signal pattern even though we cutoff the higher frequencies as well as the DC power component of the frequency spectrum.

we consider these 64 power values of the frequency bins from 2 to 65 as potential features for further evaluation.


Finally, Lee s schemeis clearly oriented toincreaseperformance, not to reduce energy consumptionindl1 cache.

the size of specialbank employedby the authors(8KB) is signi.cantly biggerthan our smallSF(64-128B).


Since the noise glitch is wide enough, when N1 turns on M0, the voltage of N0 stays above the meta-stable voltage hm as shown in the rectangular overlap region.

if the clock transition occurs as shown in (b), the feedback will drive N0 to VDD.


C(P) = Z Ati (P), where Ati (P) is defined as, Ati (P) = ( ti (P) -Ti ) * PENALTY / Ti , if ti _>Ti ( Ti -ti (P)) * CREDIT / Ti , if ti <Ti The penalty factor is chosen to be much larger than the credit factor, so that violations are penalised greatly.

in a given generation, high fitness strings are those whose corresponding placements have less violations.


Since different modules may be at different voltage levels, we need to identify the module into which the delay is inserted.

a global wire should be treated as a series of local wires.


When a marked request is fully serviced, the DRAM controller decrements TotalMarkedRequests.When TotalMarkedRequests reaches zero, the controller starts a new batch by 1) marking the oldest Marking-Cap requests per bank from each thread, 2) computing the new Max-Total ranking of threads using the ReqsInBankP erT hread and ReqsP erT hread registers.

the additional logic required by PAR-BS consists of logic that 1) marks requests (marking logic), 2) determines thread ranking (ranking logic), and 3) computes request priorities based on marked-status and thread rank (prioritization logic).


In short, we can simultaneously map a pair of MAs into their new RMA locations by simply swapping the physical data of their old PCM blocks.

the actual swapping operations in a security refresh round will be done by one half of all security refresh operations.


However, FPGAs circuit speed lag behind that of ASICs due to the fact that programmable switches used in FPGAs have higher resistance and capacitance and hence result in signi.cant delays.

to make better use of FPGAs, timing optimization for FPGAs deserves more research e.orts in order to reduce the circuit speed gap between ASIC and FPGA.


In (15), .j1 = k(j,i) sk(j) D2DD2D j2(1 = j1,j2 = N), .m is independent from .m sk(j1) sk(j2).

.m D2D is also described by a Gaussian dis sk tribution, 2 f.mD2D = N (0,smD2D ), (17) sk sk N 22 smD2D = smD2D , (18) sk sk(j) j=1 n s(j) nk(j) s mD2D = sdD2D - sdD2D .


The .rst graph model can be solved in O(nK), while the second graph model can be resolved in O(mn).

although the speedup technique can not achieve optimal solution of TPL-OSR problem, applying the two-stage graph model can reduce the complexity from O(mnK) to O(nK + mn).


As it is shown in the table in this case the processing time is the maximum of the other three columns.

the reconfigurable management unit (RMU) must perform the reconfiguration in a way that the reconfiguration overhead can be overcome by the benefit of using the best configuration in each network traffic distribution.


However, the above three inspection schemes are not su.cient to cover all possible state corruptions and consequences of remote attacks.

iNDRA could potentially generate false negatives, meaning some corruption triggered by remote exploit attacks may not be detected.


Subsequent accesses to these useful remote lines will result in cache misses, hereby affecting performance.

by inserting the rarely used local lines in the highest priority position, the LRU replacement policy increases inter-partition contention.


In TFETs, the interband tunneling induced carrier injection mechanism overcomes the thermal energy limit, leading to a sub-60 mV/dec SS.

an improvement of gm/IDS can be achieved in TFETs with SS reduction (Eq.


Although no details are provided, the authors mention that their optimizations may transform the search tree into an acyclic graph.

it appears that a subset of BDD operations has been reinvented for parallel search trees.


As the number of cores increases further, the aging due to increased usage of NoC links (as communicating tasks are mapped on different cores) becomes signi.cant.

the two opposing effects balance out and the MTTF saturates either to its peak value (called the point of diminishing returns, PODR) or somewhat lower value.


That is, |S|is O(n) in the worst case and O(k) on average, where k is the maximal fanout of the gates in the circuit.

the complexity of this gate replacement algorithm is O(n 2) in the worst case and O(kn) on average.


However, the same central microcontroller is always present, regardless of the application s processing needs.

it is too powerful in terms of available processing power, memory and peripheral support for most scenarios as the microcontroller must be dimensioned for the most demanding application a node might encounter.


In this paper, we are looking at the router design from another perspective; that is, we try to combine the advantages provided by deterministic and adaptive routing instead of relying on different switching schemes.

the work presented here is orthogonal to that in [11].


The section on the upper-left corner is not part of the platform, but is recommended.

after idea conception, the designer should have a model, computed schedule, and reconfigurable architecture to be implemented.


However porting programs written in traditional languages to deterministic languages is dif.cult as the learning curve is high for programmers used to programming in traditional languages.

deterministic execution at runtime is still the only viable solution to most users.


Components obtained from different providers, and even those designed by different teams of the same company, may be heterogeneous on several aspects: design domains, interfaces, abstraction levels, granularities, etc.

component integration is required at system level.


However, more importantly, the variations for each benchmark under different CMP con.gurations are generally much smaller than the interbenchmark performance differences.

our derived global management policies still achieve close to optimal power mode choices for different workload combinations with our trace-based simulator.


In addition, a STT-RAM cell has low write endurance.

increasing the number of write accesses to a STT-RAM cell comes at the cost of a higher dynamic energy consumption and lower lifetime.


To ourknowledge,however, no work has given attention to the reuse frequency prediction.

we exploitthepredictability of the reusefrequency in this section.


We denote constraint Vclus2.Increasing Vclus2 can e.ectively reduce the total sleep transistor area while Vclus1 is no longer related  V 2 to the total area when Vclus1 >+ Vclus2RiIclus1.In clus2 practical designs, Ri is relatively very small compared with Rst.

increasing Vclus1 becomes useless in reducing the total sleep transistor area when Vclus1 is slightly larger than Vclus2,because Vst1 is always slightly larger than Vst2 when the total sleep transistor area achieves the minimum.


That is, instead ofbuildinga quanti.ed CNF and solving this instance with a QBF solver, the synthesis is carried out on a BDD representation.

we build the BDD for the formula Fd = f. This can be done ef.ciently using a state-of-the-art BDD package.


In our device, each bank consists of 8192 rows.

a row has to be refreshed every 64ms/8192 = 7.8125µs.


In one group, the line from source to sink has a slope close to +1 or -1 and the 2 pins are far from each other.

they have larger FRs than the other class of nets, as mentioned in Figure 8(a).


Since many factors can in.uence loss event rates, it is di.cult to isolate one factor from the others.

to facilitate our discussion, we assume that R1 through R5 discussed at the beginning of this section are the only reasons that could force TCP and TFRC to have di.erent loss event rates.


The locations of these error-capturing scan cells in the scan chain depend on the scan chain ordering, but there is nevertheless a clear dependence between the circuit structure and the distribution of failing scan cells.

errors caused by a fault are restricted to a small segment of the scan chain.


power island), die A and die B are switched off for 50ms after 100ms and then switched on again.

we can also determine if the model captures accurately a decrease in temperature.


one can obtain a linear relation between capacitor offset and displacement, and hence,acceleration (Eqn.3-6).


evaluate all the gates for each simulation run, the runtimes will be the same under any error rate.

we only list their runtimes for an error rate of 0.05 in Column 8 and 9.


Also, many public property speci.cation languages are regular expression-based, e.g., Accellera s PSL[1].

these languages can be exploited directly with/without customized operations for achieving this goal.


Our heuristic has many path-based procedures OptimizePaths, ReducePower, and ComputeErrorRate  and it is impossible to consider all of the topological paths in these procedures.

we reduce the number of paths we consider by extracting paths that are toggled during functional simulation.


This limitation is problematic since the number of simulations increaseexponentially as the design space becomes more comprehensive.

prior studiesexamineda signi.cantly reduced subsetof the design space to accommodate this limitation.


Row/wo rd repair is the simplest BISR approach.

the majority of the previous works consider this scheme, although column repair was the predominant external repair scheme used for stand-alone memories.


Due to the context dependent nature, the statistical analysis for the interconnect delay is much harder than that for gate delay.

combining more complicated statistical analysis model with a suitable analytical optimization technique becomes much more challenging.


As for the variance of the circuit delay, it can also be bounded by the sample variance because the 2-point distribution in (12) results in the maximum variance of gate delays thus maximizes the variance of path delays and the circuit delay.

the generalized Chebyshev inequality can be then used to compute the bound of the distribution analytically.


This aspect, combined with the .rst come, .rst served model of domain registration, has effectively turned domains into property rights with the attendant problems thereof.

some popular domains can re-sell for millions of dollars [21], and a whole cadre of domainers purchase choice domains speculatively with no intent to use them.


Periodic Jitter Separation Referring to the fine adjustment step in the last section, the timing deviation of the transition edge contains the information about the jitter.

after reconstructing the periodic waveform, we do regression at the transition edge and plot the deviation of the samples from the regression along the sampling time.


In the pessimistic approach (row 6) all transistors are assumed to be leaking all the time.

the SoC leakage distribution (µ =6.36 mW , s =12.35 mW )isdirectly added to the dynamic power estimate.


The L2 cache in the residue cache architecture is organized to have the same number of sets as that of the conventional L2 cache but its line size is 32B.

the L2 cache size is half of the conventional L2 cache size.


If single faults f1 and f2 in S are identi.ed as equivalent by local fault collapsing, then multiple faults f m c1 and fcm 2 in C(S) corresponding to f1 and f2, respectively, are also equivalent.

according to Theorem 1, the number of faults targeted by our test generation procedure can be reduced by local fault collapsing for S. the reduction of the target faults can reduce additive logics for modeling a multiple fault as a single fault in MS-TEM.


3.4 Nonlinear SVM classi.er In the third step, a nonlinear classi.er is adopted to identify whether a sample .... falls in the unlikely-to-fail region or likely-to-fail region.

we can skip the unlikelyto-fail samples and focus on the samples in the tail.


It can be seen from the last column in the table that the difference in delay between the two measurements are negligible compared to the actual circuit delay values.

we can indeed decompose the delay expressions into a temperature-dependent term and a process-dependent term.


On the other hand, the performance o.ered by the system should be at least close to that o.ered when using a conventional cachememory.

inordertoimprovethe resulting performance, the instructions to be loaded and locked into cache memory must be chosen very carefully since this selection directly a.ects the execution and response times of the system tasks.


Many placement and floorplan tools require more accurate estimation on the interconnect delay.

it is important to give a fast constructive method for interconnect estimation.


The cancellers in [8, 9] are aimed not at the power system shown in Figure 1(b), but at the power system shown in Figure 1(a); therefore, from the beginning, they are inadequate for reducing the output voltage droop of an off-chip-capacitor-free on-die LDO regulator.

the power system shown in Figure 1(b) requires techniques other than voltage droop detection to reduce the voltage droop.


To the best of our knowledge, no design system meets these requirements.

we are working on FLECOS1 to build such a system.


This leads to (CD /CS)dVT = VTmin, and thus CD /CS = VTmin/dVTmax = 40 when VTmin = 0.2 V and dVTmax = 5 mV.

the FD-SOI enables successful sensing even with an extremely small CS (e.g., oneeighth that of the usual designs) for a fixed CD, enabling the use 4 3  t ( V T0 + .


Each time  moves backward, it deletes a candidate.


In a v-folded con.guration with p<n/2, the input and the intermediate vectors in the datapath are streamed in segments of 2p elements per cycle.

a v-folded Ln permutation becomes a sequential logic block that n/2 buffers and reorders the vector elements in space and time.


So MN3 and MN6 are on; MN5 and MN8 are o..

the output of function blocks are connected to out signals.


m(x, y+t, d)of one line can be obtained in every two clock cycles, which means all pipeline stages are full-.lled by interleaving the .


BC-bundling could not sense the difference between (a) and (b), (c).

it may lead to unpreferred placements such as (b) or (c).


If So>S+,-N (3) o we can substitute (2) with: S o+,?P2NMmodS>S+,-N(4) oo Recall that (VVBmodN.

therefore: = (<N (5) Inequality (3) is satis.ed if O>,-N, which is true iff: N>, N>(-dN Od+l)N>( since N>(by inequality (5), inequality (3) must be true.


However, the Boolean values 0 and 1 are incomparable in ., so that we conclude that either y.i = yi or yi = Tmust hold.

there is no other Boolean solution in this case.


4.4 Reduced-Graph Solved with Nonlinear Optimization To achieve accurate solutions, the reduced-graph is solved with a nonlinear optimization approach, which applies a primal-dual interior-point algorithm with a filter line-search method featuring strong global and local convergence properties [11].

no linearization is required for the consideration of parasitics.


But as described in Section 3, most of the concurrency bugs are tightly interleaved.

the loss in information due to a cache eviction is not signi.cant.


The new scan architecture exponentially increases the number of scan chains while retaining the original scan input count.

the test cost savings of the proposed method can be observed best in circuits with a high gate and scan input pin counts.


However, only mispredictions among confidently predicted branches cause a rollback to an earlier point in the program.

our forward-slice analysis only considers confident correctly predicted branches (B) as checkers, i.e., terminals of a forward slice.


By the code, once a process decides, it halts.

no more writes to x. will be ever invoked.


A pair of complementary class-A buffer amplifiers with the corresponding DACs is used to drive two adjacent source lines [8].

rail-to-rail buffer amplifiers are saved to achieve low power consumption.


It has been proven that the data allocation problem alone is NP-complete [13].

the proposed synthesis algorithm is a heuristic-based method.


Many of these architectures will be very similar to each other except in a few enhancements and modi.cations.

it is useless and time-consuming to run a full.edged simulation on each architecture to characterize the switching activity on its interconnects.


As a result, the locked region of the cache is used as secure memory; the OS determines when the contents stored in this region of cache are written back to RAM.

we can prevent sensitive datain protected processes fromever appearing on thebusin plaintext.


The most power efficient full 200 210 260 310 360 410 460 Delay (ps) adder for higher speeds is the XOR2-based, and the most power effi cient full adder for long delays is the mirror type.

the cell li- Figure 3.5: Comparison among different full-adders in a 16 col brary must include the SUM-GEN cell since the mirror full adder has  umn 16:2 compressor.


It should be noticed that, provided that M1 operates in the saturation regime and that M2 operates in the linear regime, there are no constraints concerning the inversion level of operation of any transistor.

the fundamentals of the integrator operation do not need to be justified by means of the asymptotical behavior of the device, neither deep in weak inversion nor in very strong inversion.


However, 1If we use a pull-down NMOS transistor instead of M3 and exchange M1 and M2, we have an output-holding circuit, which is used for power gating circuits with footer switches since both M1 and M2 are off, this change does not propagate to the output, while the output is hold high by the pull-up PMOS device M3.

the output is hold high even when the logic gates are power-gated.


The procedure iterates until no cell can feasibly be swapped to a higher VT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach that strictly maintains the delay target with the aid of an efficient incremental static timing technique.

there is no degradation in either worst negative slack (WNS) or total negative slack (TNS).


In fact, such a dependence exists in our program; for example, both B2(j) and B1(j+1) read and write to A(m+1,jB+B..N).

a compiler that relies on dependence analysis cannot block LU with pivoting using the transformation strategy of Carr and Lehoucq.


However, in sub-threshold operation, it is worthwhile to note that the overall supply bias is small (in the order of 150mV~300mV).

the effects of DIBL and body punch-through are extremely low.


Usually, optimizers use the above cost metric to choose between multiple query plan options before issuing a query.

when a cost is attached to each page (block) read/write operation, an estimate of the access time is obtained as follows: Costblock f etch = T cycles Costseq scan = Nblocks * T + CPU * Ntuples * block tuples * T In these expressions, T is the delay in cycles to fetch a block from the memory.


The memory system is protected against possible corrupted updates issued after the fault manifestation by invalidating all the cache lines marked as volatile in the local cache hierarchy.

the presence of the fault is transparent to the application s correct execution.


if the complementary wires have equivalent capacitive load, power consumption is uniform.


Moreover, no factors restrict the movement of a human operator with the exoskeleton device.

a human operator can teach the robot irrespective of speed.


The comparator being enclosed in the conversion loop, the time error between two crossings introduced by the comparator is added to the global time measurement.

the settling time tS of the comparator must have a negligible variation .tS in front of TC whatever the slope of Vin and the crossing level.


When examining the intrusion detection process from an information-theoretic point of view, intuitively, we should have less uncertainty about the input (event data) given the IDS output (alarm data).

our new metric, CI D (Intrusion Detection Capability), is de.ned as the ratio of the mutual information between the IDS input and output to the entropy of the input.


(24) 9.acell z On the other hand, if interference is strong, the term associated with noise can be neglected.


The e.ective resistivity in the roadmap is adjusted to obtain the resistance of wires that are 2W and 3W under the assumption that all wires of 1W , 2W and 3W have the same lining thickness.

a wider wire has relatively thinner lining compared to a narrow wire.


=- wk s wk 1 88 I = h ( v ) v -1 dv = 2 h ( v ) vu cosh xdx = H ( x ) dx i .

i .. 0 -8 -8 u = exp( - 2 sinh x ); v = (1 + u ) -1 at each step of the recursion, we compute the mean and standard deviation of wk.


A detailed report can be found in Section 4.

instead of .ne-tuning the existing algorithms to .nd MLV, we formulate and study the MLV+ problem that seeks to modify a given circuit and determine an input vector such that the correct functionality is maintained when the circuit is active and the leakage is minimized when the circuit is in standby mode.


Using sufficiently wide wires can solve the problems, but over-designing increases the chip size and costs.

the power distribution analysis with accurate power estimation is essential for reliable and competitive designs.


Each IPD represents a integral union of parameterized polytopes containing all IPs at which the input argument of the assignment statement embedded in the process is being produced by one process.

without lost of generality, we will assume that each IPD is represented by only one inte k gral parameterized polytope of dimension k,D=C(N)n. P. each P/C pair is uniquely represented by a polytope C(N) together with an af.ne dependency function frepresented by an integral matrix M, and an offset vector 0, i.e., f(x)=x+0.


The length and diameter of the MWCNT and the size of the contact needs to be optimized for such specifications.

we carry out the following modeling and analysis to design the nanorelay for our applications.


Double joints exist in the four situations illustrated in Figure 13(a).

each time we scan three contour segments to verify if a double joint exists.


Nevertheless, throughput is not largely affected by ExecD TSMs.

we can be aggressive in our attempts to draft applications since, even if drafting does not achieve any energy savings, the performance will not be signi.cantly degraded.


For a difference vector between the same notes with different timbres, its spectral components are mostly placed at the positions of f0, 2f0, 3f0, etc, assuming f0 is the fundamental frequency.

the spectral peaks are mostly spaced with some prominent regular intervals, such as 12 semitones (octave), 7 semitones (perfect fifth) or 4 semitones (major third).


Similarly, from Section 2.2, we also know that (i, s) remains unchanged on cast by P. Moreover, we know that the .nal output of P is s, while by design of A and Property P5, the cast vote record of A generates an accurate ' copy of s. Thus, IO(zm)= zm = s. ' m In all cases, we have shown that IO(zm)= zm and that s = (s m) ' .

by induction we have shown that IO(zi)= zi ' for all i s.t.


However, in the absence of some metric, it is difficult for a design team to ascertain the value and benefit from any one of the competing DFM solutions.

the DFM technologies of this class that are being adopted, are mostly selected by virtue of their integration into a given design flow, rather than due to the benefit delivered by the given tool or methodology.


A total of only two adjustments, one for S1,2 and the other for S1,3, will now be necessary.

when synchronizing wash-droplet routing with functional-droplet routing for multiple cross-contamination sites, we have to adjust the arrival order for these sites in a predetermined order.


Actually, PCS simulations exhibit high locality of communication among the LPs hosted by the same machine, thus yielding a situation in which communication operations typically under-utilize the network hardware.

pCS simulation should actually take advantage from semi-asynchronous checkpointing since no additional rollback penalty (due to excessive increase in the delivery delay of messages/antimessages at the simulation application level caused by overload on the hardware) should be paid.


However, in our algorithm called DFRM-int, we place primary importance on the cost of interconnections.

we minimize the cost of interconnections .rst to fully exploit the e.ects of scheduling on interconnect and then to schedule the operations later.


For the latter algorithms, the mean value for the generation in which the best solution is found is around 800; in some of the experiments however, the best solution is reached around 3000 generations.

choosing 5000 generations as the stop condition seems to be adequate.


Lower values of Pd induce harmful interference to incumbent or competing opportunistic users.

the probability of detection must be as high as possible.


Similarly, player 2 cannot move to a vertex with a lower value and will never decide to move to a vertex with a higher value.

for each value l, we can consider the subarena9 of (V, E) restricted to V l being the set of all vertices v .


However, telecommunications traf.c is dif.cult to predict and changes over time.

a dynamic approach to utilizing these two recon.guration methods is taken.


Many important characteristics of such large networks have been essentially impossible to understand fully using hand analysis so far, in part because pattern generation is often very sensitive to small details of the nature of and coupling between individual network entities [13], [14].

analytical simpli.cations that may be justi.ed for small systems are potentially inapplicable to much larger ones and can lead to egregious mispredictions.


In the example, the stacked memory has capacity of N lines, and the off-chip memory has capacity of 3N lines.

combining stacked DRAM and off-chip memory would provide a visible address space of 4N lines.


The messages deter- mine the part of the network the problem occurs in and the most likely problem type.

hPMM provides local- ized fault detection and isolation with scalable reporting.


The major reason behind the low prediction accuracy is that a program usually contains multilevel repetitive execution behavior, such as nested loops and recursive functions, which leads to not only .ne-grained phase behavior, but also coarse-grained phase behavior exhibiting in program execution.

not considering the multi-level execution behavior would lose many prediction opportunities.


In the desired case, shown in Table 2, the delays vary between paths in either voltage domains for PVT corners, the skew being affected less from PVT variations.

although the skew is increased in the best corner (from 5.28 ps to 25.4 ps), global skew is de.ned as the worst case of all corners: global skew is improved from 86.11 ps to 39.47 ps, when the insertion delay is shifted by an upsizing.


For forward operation, the synonym data can be forwarded to shorten cache miss latency on a cache hit while the present cache returns to ready state on a cache miss.

a write request from processor on one addressing is simultaneously accompanied with an update request on its orthogonal addressing throughout all cache levels to maintain the cache coherence.


The correlating buffer is much smaller than the DL1 cache.

the energy consumption of the local cache is reduced.


In particular, Weinberg s method tended to overestimate walking speed on stairs, because walking up/down stairs has higher acceleration range compared to walking on a .at surface, while the actual strides were con.ned to the step length of the stairs.

weinberg s method, which assumes that the stride length is proportional to the acceleration range, consistently overestimated the walking speed.


C. LRU Cache Analysis As mentioned in Section I, our quantitative FIFO analysis uses the analysis results of the same program under LRU to infer the cache behavior under FIFO.

we provide a brief review of the state-of-the-art LRU cache analysis technique.


Using our transformations allows the creation of a range of instances around any given arbitrary benchmark.

for the .rst time, the .eld is a.orded a means of creating similar instances in a systematic way such that the suboptimality and consistency of placement quality can be immediately evaluated Our future work will focus on extending this work to (1) 8-change transformations, where the introduced transformations cause a 8 change in the HPWL, but at the same time, the change in the optimal HPWL can be bounded, and (2) suboptimality evaluation using other metrics such as rectilinear minimum spanning trees, or Steiner trees.


Then, for each S-Box a.ected by a fault, there exist several key values that satisfy the equivalence given by Equation 9.

one can understand why several erroneous cipher texts are needed to obtain the key K16.For each erroneous cipher text analyzed, the key search space becomes smaller, since the keys that do not satisfy the equality are discarded.


Second, in the workplace non-sharing system, absolute positions of the endeffector of the robot and the exoskeleton device do not coincide, because robot teaching operates remotely.

it is necessary to generate a reference position to predict an initial position of the end-effector of the robot.


If we arrange w1,w2, ,wn by a descending order of the eigenvalues   of Cyy, then   ,      will be the noise signals significantly dominant in all channels y1(t),y2(t), ,yn(t).

these signals   ,      are eliminated from our state-modeling.


An important property of a simple biconvex lens is that a ray of light that passes through the center of the lens is not refracted, as shown in Figure 2.

a transmitter, the center of the lens, and the projection of transmitter onto the camera imager plane form a straight line.


More than 80% of all TIVs have a longevity of less than 5 hours, while almost all (=99%) TIVs computed with medians are seen for more than 5 hours and more than half of them for more than a day.

using medians eliminates the short-term TIVs.


In addition, the employed choke/unchoke algorithm creates a tit-for-tat environment in which peers are incentivized to upload chunks to others in exchange for faster downloads.

even if a node disconnect immediately after completing downloading, it still has to contribute for the duration of its participation.


It is also important to note that the relative area of various implementations is more important than individual magnitudes for search-based optimization algorithms, as best is a relative term.

while these models do provide individual magnitudes, it is the relative analysis that impacts area minimization.


of the voltage VC , and since this voltage is used to supply the comparators, the whole power pro.le cannot be used to 4.1 Performance in a real-life case test the harvester equipped with the LM V 7271-based rec- As .nal test, we calculated the amount of energy collected ti.ers, because the maximum supply voltage is 5.5V.

by a two-stage air-.ow energy harvester equipped with the to emulate a real case study, the reduced window delim discussed recti.ers.


Such a solution is prohibitively expensive for low-cost, disposable biochips.

a fallacy with ILP in [11] is that it overlooks practical constraints and it cannot always be used to generate feasible solutions.


Parameterized Block-Based Non-Gaussian Statistical Gate Timing Analysis Soroush Abbaspour, Hanif Fatemi, Massoud Pedram Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California {sabbaspo, fatemi, pedram}@usc.edu Abstract As technology scales down, timing verification of digital integrated circuits becomes an increasingly challenging task due to the gate and wire variability.

statistical timing analysis (denoted by sTA) is becoming unavoidable.


TIMESTAMPING Knowledge of the generation time of the observations is important for constructing, inspecting and analyzing the trace  (b) Weights with monitor M2 stopped Figure 3: Dynamic weight adjustment of a system.

each observation has to carry timing information.


acompositeroute(consistingofacollection of .ow paths) needs to be generated.


The disappearance of routes becomes all the more serious with the reduction of dimensions and the generalization of nanotechnologies.

it becomes necessary to heal components directly in the physical layer simply to maintain the ratio of defective routers and links less than 30-35%.


The smallest value in this lattice is CF, the largest is C. Figure 3: Annotation Lattice If the result of DERIVEREL(R1, R2) is an element of the set {CF, <, EXT, <R}, then enabling R1 and R2 simultaneously will appear as though R1 executes before R2 (provided of course, the circuits to call the methods that R1 and R2 call are correct).

for each pair of rules, we can determine their sequential scheduling relationship.


Similarly, if ..13 is true, ..23 is preferred to be true.

we can add the following soft clauses into out partial Max-SAT formulation.


Finally, according to the constraints shown in Figure 8(d), we can calculate that the ranges of values are 7~9 and -4~6, for the add-sub data structures shown in Figure 8(c).

the comparison result is 1 since the minimal value of exp1 is greater than the maximal value of exp2.


(b) State space when the inclusive property is enforced As discussed in Section IV-A, all horizontal and vertical subspaces are hypercubes.

we can perform Euler tours on each of them.


Finally, the evaluation of (6) produces a sOR approximately 12mV.

the capacitor array has been sized to provide a minimum correction voltage less than LSB/2 and a maximum correction voltage larger than the 3sOR worst case.


Among the replacement policies, cache with the Round-robin replacement policy demonstrates lower energy consumption compared to a cache with the LRU replacement policy [4].

round-robin is widely used for L1 cache replacement policy in embedded processors (i.e., Tensilica Xtensa LX2 processors [3] and Intel XScale processors [1]).


It can be seen that 14 bytes are reserved for future standardization while 5 bytes are declared but do not yet have a de.ned functionality.

in order to reduce re-spin costs and design risks, an architecture dedicated for overhead processing must present enough .exibility to deal with standard enhancements.


Similarly, we first classify all entries into three circles, R , R , and 0.5 2.5 R 4.5 , and then pair all entries in each circle.


Time constraints of UT operators inside fi,.i do not change.

at state si, at most n variables to keep a time constraint of each UT operator updated.


Moreover, the topology is vertex-symmetric and thus features inherent load balancing among super-peers.

we can use the topology to carry out ef.cient communication and message forwarding among super-peers: Certain updates (which we will communicate by broadcast to other super-peers) can be executed ef.ciently, without message overhead.


The combination of textspecific effects and user-specific traits encodes the pressure signal of any handwritten symbol or text.

authentication of human individuals is equivalent to the decoding of specific features concealed in the gathered pressure signal.


(3) 0=m=N-1 However, the conventional scheme is ine.cient to obtain the timing information of the .rst multipath component, since it does not su.ciently exploit the signal energy spread over multipath components.

we propose novel schemes for selecting the .rst multipath component e.ciently.


So as to achieve a temperature self-adaptive scheme, the die temperature should be monitored.

the first component of our design, a CMOS temperature sensor, is explained in the next section.


Also, the number of integer variables in the derived model is still O(|C||R||Q|).

we need not resort to branchand-price for its solution.


What s more, control path plays a central role in the system and more error-prone in the design.

for functional validation, instead of wasting enormous verification resources in exploring the whole state space of the design, a trade-off can be made by exploring the states of the control path, which is an abstract version of the design.


for the 16 sboxes, every cryptographic key byte is o.set by the same quantity.

it is relevant to investigate the security level of the countermeasure if the masks are public or have been reverse-engineered.


The resulting automaton graphs still contain e-transitions which must not exist in the .nal controller RTL description in order to be synthesizable into hardware.

in the next step a trans-  s == p1 s == p2 G1 G1 G2  e e .. 12  (a) FA graph with labeled e edges (b) condensed FA graph without e edges Figure 6: Transformation of FA graph with e transitions into a condensed FA without e transitions formation is applied to the two automaton graphs which generates equivalent graphs without e-transitions.


The bene.t almost entirely comes from better branch prediction in the scaled-up system.

naive SMDE s performance improves relatively to the baseline.


The optimized relay design shown in Figure 3(b) incurs only one mechanical delay since all mechanical movements happen at the same time.

given a logic function, the design strategy is to stack as many MEM-relays in series as possible.


(13) 1 - c1(1 - c2) Note that Vsc decreases more rapidly for the case when a =1 than for a = 2.

more power savings are expected with technology scaling.


978-3-9810801-8-6/DATE12/ c @2012 EDAA old and new circuits [1, 6, 24]; however, when the old and new circuits are synthesized from RTL designs, these two circuits can be drastically changed due to logic synthesis.

fault modeling methods are not adequate to describe the di.erences.


for a template of the CDFG G is represented by a vertex vS in the con.ict graph G.If two matches S1 and S2 have one or more nodes in common, there will be an edge between the two corresponding vertices vS1 and vS2 in the con.ict graph G.The weight w(vS )of a con.ict graph vertex vS is the number of CDFG nodes |S|within the corresponding match S. The vertex set of the con.ict graph are partitioned into subsets, each of which corresponds to a certain template (see Figure 9).

on the con.ict graph, vertices of the same subset have the same weight.


Both the nanometer technologies and high-performance analog features require intensive characterization and technology features in order to provide fabless customers efficient data for successfully designing functional and parametrically correct silicon with minimum redesigns.

comprehensive physical design kits (PDKs) and according design and engineering support are key enablers for the success of fabless companiese.


However, only one statement is considered to compose LIST_VARIABLES, since others have input signals as conditional elements.

only the variable state, which is the conditional element of the third statement, is selected to the partial scan chain.


For example, the envelope output associated with the second and the fifth bit exhibit significant differences of pulse width, caused by different fading effects.

in the demodulation process the judgment condition for pulse width is designed to be smaller than 3ms to accommodate the pulse width variations caused by underwater acoustic channel.


We also make the safe assumption that these 3K strongest multipath exist in K disjoint clusters, one from each cooperating node.

we initialize the algorithm by .nding the 3K strongest taps in c , classifying K clusters around them, and using the .rst tap of the k th cluster as t k, i.e.


It is desirable that signals at stage k have been settled to a particular state before a k or r k is changed.

we de.ne the suspended state of our pipeline template followed by giving two practical assumptions based on the de.nition: Definition 1.


Memory [words of (n+k) bits]  reconfiguration speed is higher, since the inputs and the outputs of the reconfiguration functions are fixed during the repair phase.

the longest path of the reconfiguration circuit includes the two MUXes, while in figure 7 it includes the two MUXes, and the reconfiguration functions.


(x) distribution and extracting the mean of It (x).

the required number of simulation iterations to estimate a failure rate of P with acon.dence for a half-length of ßP is ()2 F-1(0.5+a/2)1- P N = · , (3) ß2 P where F-1(.


The minimal-length sequences are concatenated in the applied test, leading to the well known MATS+ test [6]: m(wB);*(rB,wB);+ (rB,wB)Because address faults may cause a high num : ber of cells to show faulty behavior and the amount of resources for recon.guration is assumed to be restricted, diagnosis of the type of address decoder fault is not performed here.

recon.guration for address decoder faults is not addressed.


recoding from BCD-4221 to BCD-5211 can be accomplished using Table 1 through simple two-level Boolean logic.


However, from Algorithm 1 we know that ..¯.. =min{l..|.. .....}.If the ....h variable is set to be ..¯.. +..,at least ].. one constraint is violated.

[¯..1,..., ..¯.. + ..,..., ..¯.. is not feasible which leads to a contradiction.


Furthermore, this design methodology must maintain and leverage the productivity of existing tools and flows.

a complete EDA AltPSM methodology must also fully leverage the benefits of PSM across all major layout creation flows, including cell library creation, custom layout design, automatic place and route, and physical verification.


If we allow the simultaneous triggering of different tasks, which was our assumption, this leads to synchronizing the event streams, and that is to assume all the intervals, out of which we obtained the time lengths for our event streams, have a common start.

the sum of the worst-case execution times of all events in all event streams happening during a time of length .t, having their deadline within that time, gives us an upper bound of the execution demand for any interval of length .t.


Concretely, each word unit consists of the following sequences: AA AE AH ... Z ZH AA AA AA AE ... ZH ZH AA AA AA AA AA AE ... ZH ZH ZH  We allow the recognizer to treat each audio sample as consisting of from 0 up to 10 words, and match each word to one of the above sequences.

the upper bound on the number of phonemes in a word that our system can recognize is 30 phonemes large enough to adequately capture any word or short phrase.


The processing of each edge requires constant time, since checks for different clusters, load, and skew control constraints can be performed in constant time and the merge operation can also be carried out in the same time employing data structures such as heaps.

processing of all the edges requires O(n 2)time.


The row interchange is easily performed by switching the elements of the register at positions j and m. As it is done in the mathematical speci.cation, the function partial_pivoting_arch is used by the operator elim_col_below_arch, with row indices for the current column and the row of the pivot found by f_p_arch.

elim_col_below_arch modi.es the rows by linear combinations in such a way that all values below the current diagonal element become equal to zero.


Traditionally, the contents of the configuration memory are loaded only after power up from a non-volatile storage medium, such as flash, or when the system functionality is being altered.

if not counteracted, faults affecting the configuration linger indefinitely, accumulating until they eventually defeat any redundancy scheme.


Error Detectability Table In order to understand the above constraints, observe that () n+k (i) if V1j ßmod 2=1, the XOR of the bits in the j=1 j set represented by the vector ß(i) detects the erroneous case EC1.

in order to detect EC1, we require that at least one of the £ subsets represented by the vectors ß(i) detects the erroneous case.


Further, since addressing and control present large .xed cost, it is bene.cial to build larger arrays to amortize out that cost (See Section 6.3).

it may be more useful to wrap a computation into one pair of physical planes rather than to build a cycle of four physical planes.


The spacer acts like a layout separator among main mandrels and secondarypatterns.

if we split apolygonintotwopolygons and select one (1) target (2) core mask (3) sidewall spacer (4) trim mask Figure 2: A 2D .ow of SID-type SADP (1) Decomposable in LELE (2) Undecomposable (3) Odd cycle using stitch insertion even in LELE coloring conflict Figure 3: Coloring con.ict in layout decomposition polygon as a main mandrel, it would result in disconnecting the .nal patterning results due to spacer blocks.


is small, the dominant component of the power consumption is the standby leakage.

mTCMOS technique results in significant power savings compared to PD and PP.


Note that both algorithms want to deliver large energy reductions without excessive slowdowns.

they prefer techniques that minimize the product of the energy consumed by the application times the execution time (energydelay product [10]).


This makes it an interesting alternative to other approaches for increasing resolution, such as the combination of STFT and autocorrelation function [10]: A key feature of the NSGT is that once a beat period has been estimated, the beat phase information is contained in the phase information of the complex analysis coe.cients.

beat tracking can be performed by computing the inverse transform after appropriate .ltering in the transform domain.


However, an MC requires a lot of resource since it is composed of a read queue, a write queue, a command queue and the TSV array that provides vertical lines for control signals and the data bus to the stacked DRAMs.

for a 3D integrated processor-DRAM system to go into the mainstream market, a systemlevel synthesis tool to design the distributed memory interface of NoCs with stacked DRAMs is necessary.


Thus, the exact analysis of task schedulability is finally : VTj E hp(i), 3RTi < Di with RTi~-Ci+Bi.-t-Tcomi.-I-~ rRV~q,(C~+Tcomj) (2) :~hpCi) I Pj I This is not the scope of this paper to detail precisely how HW/SW communication are correlated with the size of the HW accelerator, but we can indicate that it depends on four parameters given in eq.3 : Tinitis the initialization delay of the communication, Tda~ais linked with the data format, Dmemis the number of data transfered to/from the local memory of an accelerator and Nit the number of times the accelerator is fired to execute the task (in a given period).

87 we observe a trade-off between the accelerator parallelism (i.e.


Lars Wolf TU Braunschweig, Germany wolf@ibr.cs.tu-bs.de an individual.

for AR, sensing hardware to detect activities from individuals not equipped with a device is required (Device-free activity recognition (DFAR)).


Then the number of nodes in the overall graph model is 6n - 4, which is linear in n. Similarly, the number of edges in the overall graph model is also linear in n. In the implementation, the graph model is constructed in linear time, and the shortest path algorithm is implemented using Fibonacci heaps [6].

the entire time complexity of our algorithm is O(nlogn).


For each such case, the minimum leakage in the subtree rooted at Gi is the sum of leakage at gate Gi and the minimum leakage at each of its fanin gate Gij with output xij , LK(ij ,xij ).

we have t LK(i, z)= min (L(Gi(x )) + LK(ij ,xij )) .xx,s.t.Gi outputs z j=1 (2) Note that Gi s fanin gates {Gi1 , ··· ,Git }do not share any common input signals due to the structure of tree circuit.


either B- or B+), then all occurrences of A must involve B.

a implies B, which is represented in the RRG by a directed edge from A to B.


the bene.t function is just the routingcongestion reduction.


Both formal verification and simulation-based verification methods have advantages and disadvantages for design verification.

more and more researches focus on semi-formal verification techniques in recent years, which integrate the advantages of the two verification methods.


The running time will increase quickly when the number of nodes increases to thousands.

we devised a method to speed up the process when the number of sinks is large.


It gives also lower memory access latency since three dimensional interconnect can give shorter wire length than two dimensional one [2].

3D stacked memory architectures are expected to be applied to many-core designs [4][5][6] where the requirements of memory bandwidth and latency will be much higher than current SoC designs.


The peak power draw of the CPU operating at 520 MHz under 100% load is around 735mW (Figure 4), while the peak power dissipation in Figure 7 is around 600mW hence the CPU load is not at 100%.

lower CPU speeds yield similar performance bene.ts while requiring less energy due to lower idle and peak power dissipation.


13, we .nd that PDeVeriT rust is dominated by the probabilities of some terms, such as cn0 pn0 that is used to combine with the malicious on-set term cm0 pm0 .

we propose the following three methods to increase the stealthiness of HTs against VeriTrust: Combine simpli.ed malicious products (rather than malicious on-set terms) with on-set terms from the normal function, so that fewer terms from the normal function are required to be activated to evade VeriTrust.


The theory of Lagrange multipliers shows that for every W, there exists a Lagrange multiplier .such that the minimization of max{T1(w1)T2(w2)}is equivalent to the minimization of the right-hand expression in Equation (4) [12].

instead of minimizing max{T1(w1)T2(w2)}, we solve Equation (4).


For a 256MB cache, the absolute difference in hit rates between the 29-way LH-Cache and direct-mapped Alloy Caches is 7%.

the Alloy Cache increases misses by 15% compared to LH-Cache.


In most cases, a gate migrates to the nearby regions.

we can insert edges from a gate to the regions within a user-de.ned proximity parameter.


Although the CAM access latency fits in the decoder slack and introduces only 10% per-cache-access energy overhead at 0.18um technology, as it comes to a nano-scale technology such as 32nm, the CAM access latency exceeds the decoder slack by 20%~40% and incurs a large per-cache-access energy overhead [13].

it is important to find an energy-efficient approach to addressing the hot cache set problem in hybrid caches without requiring serial tag/data array access.