The GPU-induced DRAM traffics (both reads and writes from/to the GPU data in the write buffer) incur additional memory access latency in CPU requests.

we assume that a bound of CPU performance loss, in short performance bound (PB) is given (by the OS or the designer).


In µSDR implementation, the data rate from the FPGA fabric to DAC is set to 48 MBps, much less than the AHB bandwidth between the MCU and FPGA.

transmission can be implemented entirely in software with ease.


This makes it difficult for designers to make an accurate comparison of available design options and to choose one that results in an optimal design, especially in deep nanoscale processes.

there is a need for a methodology through which designers can generate and evaluate prototypes at every step of the SRAM design process that account for process and circuit level issues in terms of global FoMs.


In addition, there are two kinds of trace patterns such as random and sequential, and the system performance is determined according to these patterns.

to minimize the performance degradation, we should dynamically resolve threats by considering patterns.


For the basic architecture, we assume that len(i) is a multiple of k (i =0, 1,... ,n -1).

row i is partitioned into len(i)/k sub-rows.


In our model, we assume that, to contribute to the MCS, a contributor has to .rst register to the provider of the service to support.

here we assume the contributor population is bounded, i.e., it can be represented as a closed workload.


In particular, architectural decisions during High Level Synthesis(HLS) have a profound impact on the power consumption of the .nal design.

power consumption is considered in high level synthesis tools as another optimization objective.


While congestion is an important consideration for technology mapping, the overriding objectives continue to be metrics such as area or delay or power.

it is more appropriate to use congestion as a constraint rather than as an objective.


In phase (c), synchronization .nally succeeds, and the two devices can communicate smoothly.

each device detects touch according to its state of synchronization with the other device.


Pre-charging of the OR-Plane is done be setting its inputs (product lines) and its outputs to GN D. 3) OR-Plane evaluation; In this phase, the outputs of the OR-Plane are calculated.

the connection between the AND-Plane and the OR-Plane is established trough the FETs between these two planes.


In addition, DIBs should be designed carefully, considering the CUT.

it is a challenging and time consuming work.


The main disadvantage of this approach is the same as the one encountered in [1] namely, data in each memory cell is stored using a closed QCA wire loop (which is partitioned into four clocking zones).

also this memory design needs a large number of clocking zones, thus complicating the underlying CMOS circuitry for providing the required clocking signals.


To achieve a feasible placement, the task schedule itself needs to change.

it is critical to integrate linear placement of the tasks into the scheduling formulation in order to generate feasible solutions.


It is possible to add more buffers to support a larger variation (e.g., ways with 6 or 7 cycle access latencies), however, our results revealed that the additional yield optimizations with this extension are minor and the performance degradation can be very high.

we have decided to allow only one additional cycle in cache accesses.


At the end of the service life, the critical path delay (and therefore the wearout of the processor) is lower.

the authors can run the processor at a constant frequency throughout the service life that is higher than fNOM.


Sc, is available from the coverage estimation step.


If an application switches faster than the system can tune for, the system will always be tuning and hence incur energy overhead.

a minimum interval value should be specified.


We .nd that 3D-ICE results do not differ by more than 10-3.C for time steps .t < 5µs.

we use the thermal maps produced by 3D-ICE with a time step .t = 5µs as a reference.


4.2.1 Search Algrithm for the Relaxed Problem In the relaxed problem, each individual tile is covered by a TEC device and each individual TEC device is supplied by a dedicated current source.

the thermal model of the entire chip package is constructed accordingly.


stood, and span different degradation dynamics.

welltuned reliability models for the different windows of application of each degradation factor are needed to characterize systems switching activity and reliability behavior of .nal MP-SoC architectures.


We run the timing analysis at the end of every optimization stage to update the timing information.

multiple runs of the timing analysis .ow took a lot of runtime.


So, a function fmc can be constructed from the set jof all micro-operations possible in the given data-path to the set rof control signal assertion patterns.

the data-path structure, in its entirety, is captured by the function fmc.


In conventional CMOS technology, the transistor mobility is almost fixed.

special attention should be paid on this unstable mobility issue while designing the analog circuits with flexible TFTs.


Error concealment in the MDCT domain is unnecessarily expensive in terms of memory consumption and computational complexity.

this type of method is also power hungry, which is a serious drawback for batterypowered small devices.


One of the advantages of the EMM is that every one of kk multiplications is independent.

the scheduling of partial multiplications is straight-forward to allow a simple counter-style controller implementation, but its computation performance may not be comparable to the full-word digit-serial multipliers used in [2].


In other words, the values are found by simulating the value assignment on the free variables.

logic assignments on lazy variables for a sat outcome can be ignored.


The execution time of the assembly code is correlated to the code size [10], since the assembly code can be directly mapped to the schedule for the basic block.

we omit the data for benchmarks actual execution time comparison.


there are a few time constructs in the language (e.g.


The second di.erence is that SSDs usually have multiple .ash chips that are connected to the controller by separate channels.

choosing too small stripes may hinder requests from exploiting the internal parallelism of an SSD.


A misprediction implies that correct instructions consume the wrong data.

those instructions consuming wrong data are re-issued later with correct data.


Since G2 has a large fanout of 4, the duration of the discharge current is long (260 psec), while the duration of the discharge current in G1 is short due to the small fanout of 2 (120 psec).

for every gate in the circuit, a vector is constructed that carries information about the delay of the gate (when the peak occurs), the fanout of the gate (the duration at which the current lasts) and the magnitude of the current in each time slot.


RSD adder 211 remainder computation while sharing the 2-input logic gates.


Our paper, on the other hand, formally de.nes a more expressive obligation model based on P-RBAC, an extension to a widely accepted access control model, and investigates the interaction between actions and obligations.

our work is complementary to aforementioned approaches.


Experimental results show that the optimal SI varies in the range of 10k ~ 100k for di.erent workloads.

we propose an algorithm to dynamically adjust SI for di.erent data patterns.


In the conducted experiments, a flow with an average flit time on a router above 4 ns is considered a congested point.

this is the requirement for the QoS flows.


We name the topics after the functions that they represent.

each spinner provides an INCREASE-topic, a DECREASE-topic and an APPEND-topic.


However, it may not be feasible to disconnect the battery from the load and measure its OCV from time to time.

it is necessary to .nd out some alternative approaches that can obtain the OCV directly from measured voltage and current data.


In terms of test generation effort, diagnostic test generation is more computationally intensive than 10-detection test generation due to the number of targets that need to be considered (the number of fault pairs is signi.cantly larger than 10 times the number of faults).

each type of test set has certain advantages for fault diagnosis.


The sensitivity to these atomistic fluctuations further increases when low power supply voltage (VDD) is used to reduce active and leakage power [4].

design of SRAM cells under variable process, voltage and temperature conditions is a tremendous challenge that is usually overcome by extensive experimentation on test silicon.


Many low-and medium-end testers are not equipped with advanced port scalability features, which allow groups of channels to be driven at different data rates.

the proposed core  on-chip high-speed clock (e.g., from PLL) instead of the tester and, Virtual Test Bus 16FF Virtual Test Bus consequently, the proposed technique is particularly relevant when Virtual Core 1 used in conjunction with low-speed testers.


From the additive schemes discussed in the previous paragraphs, the exponential El-Gamal scheme suffers from high decryption overheads since it requires computing a discrete logarithm.

the best candidate for HEROIC is the Paillier scheme, where the modular multiplication of the ciphertexts corresponds to modular addition of the plaintexts.


In theory, shorter DVFS intervals can capture more C2C IPC variations and thus lead to higher performance/power efficiency.

we reduce the DVFS interval to every 5-million instructions while keeping the TM interval at 10-million instructions.


4.2 DTI Sharing Method II The emitters of the di.erential pair are always connected in CML, as shown in Figure 6.

it is natural to have two NPN emitters merged without any DT between them.


In the WiMesh, due to insertion of long-range wireless links, we reduce the communication density of the hotspot regions in the traditional mesh-based NoC.

we are able to achieve a better thermal profile.


Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the overall 3-stage VGA, where a buffer stage is added for the convenience of measurements.

the buffer is designed as a differential source-follower considering a 5pF load (in order to drive instrumentation with 50. inputs).


The 16M SDRAM is organized as 4096 row x 512 column x 4 banks.

the 23-bit address is divided in three parts, naming column (9 bits), row (12 bits) and bank (2 bits).


The procedure of deriving the input assignments depends on the types of LTGs and its corresponding sensitization conditions.

we discuss this derivation procedure for the LTGs in two categories.


Furthermore, delay of the bu.er at each stage is twice the bu.er delay in the previous stage.

if each MUX has a delay of tx and the minimum-sized bu.er has a delay of tb, the minimum and maximum delay that RDL can provide are tmin RDL=K * tx + m * tb and tmax RDL=K * tx + (2K - 1+ m) * tb, respectively.


Since the subsequence already assigns types to three frames, when evaluating the min-and maxconditions we only have to assign types to the remaining 9 frames keeping in mind the types already used in the subsequence.

some min-conditions are totally (min 2 I-frames out of 12 frames) or partially (min 6 B-frames out of 12 frames) ful.lled by the subsequence.


It is difficult for an operator to watch the movement of the end-effector of the robot through multiple cameras, compared to seeing it directly, since an operator has to watch two dimensional images of cameras captured from different angles.

the speed of the robot teaching is delayed compared to the first application.


Because a logical hierarchy is usually conceived with little or no consideration of the layout and interconnect information, it may not map well to a two-dimensional layout solution.

large-scale global placement on a nearly .attened netlist is needed for physical hierarchy generation to achieve the best performance.


However, we re interested in using the Bayesian framework to obtain the con.dence of the point estimate.

we derive the likelihood function for an observed path correlation and provide a method for determining the mean and standard deviation from the posterior probability density of the individual correlations.


Traditional memory-logic integration based design incurs large overhead when performing encryption by logic through I/Os.

in-memory encryption would be preferred to achieve high energy ef.ciency during data protection.


Clearly, actual critical H-edges in GD(k) limit the smallest feasible clock period PD(k).

we construct a new constraint graph GD(k+1) by deleting all the actual critical H-edges in the constraint graph GD(k) with respect to SD(k).


In our case, cache misses can take a long time to complete.

we do not want to allocate an empty line in the cache right away.


DCVSPG is less sensitive to the change in PMOS width, but its frequency also decreases.

it is concluded that the minimum PMOS sizing as used in all of our other simulations, is an appropriate choice.


This example demonstrates that a node which has no substitute node still can be replaced by a newly-added node and the resultant circuit might be minimized.

the NAR technique can replace a node which cannot be replaced by the node-merging technique, and can optimize a circuit as well.


DESIGN FLOW AND ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION The design flow shown in Fig 3 is based on hardware reuse paradigm (core library) and task level partitioning, where hardware synthesis and task design exploration are performed by hardware designers.

the image processing experts can concentrate on choice of tasks as black-boxes, in a lego design style .


With higher and higher applied voltage, it may cause completely dielectric breakdown due to excessive .eld intensity.

increasing the actuating voltage value is unsuitable.


To reduce the contention for an SRAM tile, the number of cores that access data blocks placed in it should be minimized.

we .rst classify the data blocks accessed in a scenario according to the cores that would access them.


Since equation (1) is separable into F(x, y) = F(x) + F(y), we can optimize F(x) and F(y) separately.

the objective function F(x) and F(y) can be minimized by solving the following system of linear equations: Qx + dx = 0 (2) Qy + dy = 0 Equation (2) gives the solution to the unconstrained problem of minimizing the quadratic function in equation (1).


Most signals on the bus originate or terminate on the controller board and routable area is minimal, so signals are routed to the PCB pad closest to the uC package pin.

this board determines pad to signal mapping for the bus.


is evaluated between cost value and robustness during the optimization.

the problem (2) becomes -1 -1 min.i dij oj .


With n-group and p-bank the pressure array would consist of n rows and p columns.

a1-group(i.e., bank) granularity indicates a linear pressure array and can be probed straightforwardly (as described in the previous subsection).


The actors with the highest probability of attack are not always the attackers with the highest risk.

lowering the probability could not produce an effective mitigation of the risk peaks.


we denote the cumulative workload completion by   and formulate the ATMB problem as follows: Given: battery pack specification [        ], fan specification [          ], load profile distribution   ; Find: fan speed over the time,    ,     , is the off-state of the fan and is the stopping time for -th discharge process; Maximize:        , where is the largest cycle index number such that    ; Subject to: (1)     , the subscription stands for full cycle SoH degradation; (2)      ,     , where  is the battery power capability.


It is worth mentioning that the performance function f(.Y) is updated in (22) using the estimated coefficient a~d.

the component ad (d = 0) or ad·.yd (d = 1) may not be exactly removed from f(.Y), depending on the accuracy of the estimator ad~.


Moreover, in fact, the data path from register R1 to register R5 does not perform any other operation except for operation o5.

the directed edge R1.R5 in the circuit graph G1 is associated with a weight (min(R1,R5), max(R1,R5)) = (3,4).


On example for such profiles is the aforementioned UML-RT profile.

to apply UML to SoC design, it is important to define such a domain specific subset of the UML and its semantics as well as the diagram types to be used.


n Therefore, in the case that a TPG, designed according to [3] for testing an n-input module, is used for testing a k-input module, many vectors of the test sequence will be identical.

the test sequence can not be used for testing efficiently a module with k inputs, where k<n.


Suppose the control center knows all the routes, then receiving an update message from a sensor would allow it to infer the existence of all intermediate sensors on the route between that sensor and the control center.

a single packet conveys all the necessary update information.


Every two tree levels, we double the number of switch widths we must accommodate across the width.

the width of the tree of capacity N becomes: log2(N)/2 v M W = N × O(22i)p 2i i=0 log2(N)/2 v M p-1 = N O 2i (9) i=0 For p < 1, this is a receding geometric sum, so we have v W=O( N).


For example, the execution unit is hot while the L2 cache is cold.

we propose organizing the chip into cells that follow the contours of groups of hot and groups of cold microarchitectural modules.


ACE analysis is then performed only on the fault injected bits of state.

comparisons between ACE analysis and fault injection are apples to apples and reveal where and how ACE analysis is conservative.


Note that since target blocks/lines do not store any independent data, they are considered non-functional.

the target lines are not addressable as data lines and thus they are removed from the address scope of the cache.


The advantage of oscillation ring based diagnosis for the interconnect structure is that, in addition to functional faults like stuck-at and open faults, it is also capable of identifying delay faults and crosstalk glitch faults, the main sources for the loss of signal integrity [2].

the oscillation ring based technique is an ideal approach to interconnect diagnosis.


This is because the pulse width at the NAND-gate is determined by the time di.erence between the QM transition and the QS transition.

by subtracting a latch delay from both, pulse width is determined by the time di.erence between the D transition and the clock falling edge, hence half clock cycle is added to .tg1 (.tg2).


Even on writes, when four DRAM accesses are required, we touch fewer DRAM chips and read only a single cache line in each, compared to any of the prior solutionsfor chipkill[8,18,35].

ourproposedSSA architecture with chipkill functionality is better than other solutions in terms of area cost and energy.


For mcf, although 99% of blocks have 0 values, the remaining blocks have extremely large values (> 10000 cycles).

it is important to make sure that 99% of valueless blocks do not interfere 1% of valuable blocks for mcf.


selective of the potential buffer insertion candidates, this results in a total runtime of 278.7 seconds, versus 1439.8 for UNI.

sPA enables van Ginneken s algorithm to generate a result in less than one-fifth the runtime.


Once the transform matrix difference is calculated, the SATD is simply the sum of the absolute values of the elements in such a matrix.

the sum requires n 2 absolute operations and it can be seen as the result of the second 1-D transform.


Since WS(base)= N 1 1= N, we de.ne normalized weighted speedup as ratio of WS to N. The weighted speedup metric can be misleading as an objective metricbecause it canbe optimizedby disproportionately favoring a single application, thereby hurting fairness and QoS.

we use normalized weighted speedup for comparison purposes only and not as a metric to search for the most suitable partition.


During a program s execution, if one instruction requires data which is not in the .rst level memory, the processor will have to fetch data from the second level memory, which will cost much more time.

prefetching data into the .rst level memory before its explicit use can minimize the overall execution time.


This is because at the start of the wake-up, the sleep transistor operates in the saturation region as the circuit power supply, called as the virtual VDD (VVDD) node, has been discharged to a steady state value near GND.

the large amount of instantaneous current that flows through the sleep transistor at the moment of wake-up initiation generates inductive noise and can disrupt the normal functioning of neighboring circuits.


it is a shared library or sits higher in memory, as shown in Figure 3d.

sTSM will stall the thread in the function call (T1 in Figure 3) until the other thread reaches a PC larger than it.


If the logical time of the Active task is same as MIN_SIM_TIME, then all other tasks (including the reader of this channel) have been simulated at least until this time.

the writer must block on the channel read event (lines 4-5).


Our principal objective is to build a fully functional recognizer entirely in custom hardware, and use this implementation to understand the essential tradeoffs inherent in a hardware-only solution.

we choose not to exploit any on-chip processor cores available on our FPGA.


However, the mobility change of the flexible TFTs under bending is not a symmetrical distribution (-25%~10%), which violates the assumption of normal distribution in previous works.

log-normal distribution is adopted in this work to model the parameter variations.


This process is iterated until extra communications are avoided.


All of these phenomena may severely affect both performance and reliability of integrated circuits.

accurate power grid analysis is of paramount importance for circuit design and verification.


Therefore, the proposed DL structure the actual design variables for the DL.

we find the values as our final results... and...appropriate header-less provide us a large transparency window size in the NT regime while only slightly affects that in the ST regime.


The scheme considers the different workload write-pressure from each core to change the capacity of SRAM and STT-RAM regions in each partition.

the write pressure among cache partitions is balanced.


We assume that slack on   and fan-out edge is -5, 20 and -5 respectively, and hence sub-gradients on those edges are 5, -20 and 5.

the sum of sub-gradients on fan-in edges is -15 and that on fan-out edges is 5.


However, when line 5 is set to 1, line 21 is 0, and there is no path through which the fault effect from line 18 can reach an output.

the fourway bridging fault (18/1,5=1) is undetectable.


In addition, the terminals of the same net are usually placed close to each other in the placement stage.

cDCTree algorithm is practical in routing applications.


First, each circuit di.ers in terms of the design change applied.

the relative size of the design change is not uniform across all designs.


When the signoff corner is too optimistic (#3), the implemented circuits fail to meet timing constraints due to BTI degradation.

the VDD of the circuit is increased to a higher level than for the reference circuit (#5).


So is the change in leakage power consumption.

we approximate the leakage in each slot that it just depends on the initial temperature of the slot.


To avoid extensive Raptor decoding for all users and to speed-up simulations, the system-level simulator implements this equationbased model for the Raptor code.

to determine if a Raptor code would decode a given amount m of received symbols, a uniform distributed random variable .


However, the number of memories is fully free and the memory architecture can be freely de.ned.


For example, if there are two W faults and zero R fault in a group, we can recover the errors by inverting the bits in the group without re-partition.

a partition scheme only needs to make sure W faults are not mixed with R faults in the same group.


Highorder moments of circuit behavior f are .rst estimated by Point Estimation (PE) method to e.ciently characterize the high-order moments E(fk) by weighted-sum of a few sampled simulations.

one can signi.cantly improve the e.ciency and accuracy of APEX [2] without the need to assume RSM inputs.


As mentioned in Section 3.1, the required maximum wire widths and current directions by each linking-control point can be calculated by the information of each wire segment recorded in the linking-control point.

the required total routing space by a space node can be dynamically reserved and allocated after the hybrid perturbations.


Even though researchersare exploiting various materialsfortheMTJ and di.erent cell structures, switching the MTJ demands large current density through the MTJ [11,13].

reducing the write time in STT MRAM increases not only the write energy but also the size of access transistors signi.cantly.


The dMESH topology suffers from higher hop count.

for larger networks, we focus on leveraging the dDFLY topology.


This means that the correlation between two points x and xy in the grid depends on the distance between them and not on the direction or position.

we express the correlation function of Vt(xx) and Vt(xy) as .


From this example, we follow that simply balancing the distribution of X-bits is not enough because many faults propagating through the same region may still lead to IR-drop no matter how X-bit is distributed evenly in the test vector.

an X-bit re-distribution algorithm should take into consideration the location of a fault and the propagation path of a fault.


For arbitrary template and mask images, it is impractical to precompile all specialised con.gurations at design time because of the exceedingly large number of possible combinations.

an SA-TM processor is an interesting case study for run-time con.guration generation.


The tags of these cache rails are then compared to determine a cache hit or miss.

the memory mapping will be determined jointly by tag, index, byte selection as well as the thread ID.


Additionally, NTHU-Route required 10GB memory.

we don t report runtimes of the other competing methods, but simply note that the runtimes of our approach on 2GB machines is quite comparable with other tools, speci.cally for the benchmarks that are highly congested.


The sequence of encoded frames is speci.ed by two parameters: the distance between I or P-frames (denoted by M), and the distance between I frames (denoted by N).

if M is 3 and N is 9, a typical sequence of encoded frames is shown in Figure 1.


The problem is that they overlap both in time and frequency domain.

any technique for baseline removal that relies on spectral shaping, e.g., linear time-invariant .lters, will unavoidably alter the ST segment.


A core in the application speci.c SoC implements a limited functionality.

the intercore communication depicts well de.ned patterns.


It can be seen that, while the launch switching activity reduction ratio measured by WSA improved with more iterations, virtually little improvement was observed after the 5th iteration.

we used 5 iterations for the rest of experiments.


Further, this technique may be used to validate the logic-level circuit derived from an RTL description.

automatically generated validation test benches at the RTL can aid the veri.cation process to a large extent.


For example, Mode 1, which has the slowest wake-up time and lowest inrush current, is set by m[0] = 0 and m[1- 9] = 1.

m[0] is enabled by signal enable few and m[1- 9] is enabled by signal enable rest.


The value of current function at q (= mN+1) quadrature points is obtained by SPICE DC analysis For single input switching, we have only two variables Vin and Vout.

the third order univariate Legendre s polynomials and the corresponding third order bivariate orthogonal polynomials can be represented as, G3(.1)= {1,.1, (3.12 - 1), (5.13 - 3.1)} G3(.2)= {1,.2, (3.22 - 1), (5.23 - 3.2)}G3(.1,.2)= G3(.1) .


On the other hand, boxes with lower utilization lead to less congested placement and result in better wirelength when annealing is performed.

for boxes with the same area, the ones with less utilization are better.


The goal is to minimize the total area of the solar panel.

maximum thickness (0.8µm) is used for the solar cell due to its high efficiency.


The macros are regularly designed such that the logic and routing layout is exactly the same throughout all tiles.

modules can be placed freely within the recon.gurable area, as long as the resources (e.g., dedicated multipliers or memory blocks) match the module requirements.


RC is a relatively new form of computing, so we must expect some evolution and change.

we must also project the future direction of underlying technology to properly assess its impact on RC.


Based on this estimation, the issue queue avoids issuing a load/store instruction behind the faulty one to prevent another CAM match in the cycle right after the faulty instruction.

the faulty instruction can continue to do the CAM match for two cycles.


The reason is that, the number of distinct values of capacitance is generally smaller than that of power due to the presence of a slew rate bound, which results in less search trees in the pruning structure used in [4].

we use a capacitive indexed binary search tree for the best runtime.


Nevertheless, we know that, the larger the (gm/ID)ratio, the more e.cient, in a power consumption sense, our transistor will be.

if we solve the relaxed geometric program with only constraint (9) in it, it is reasonable to assume that the optimization problem will always .nd its solution with the largest (gm/ID) ratio posible, since those Figure 3: Common-source ampli.er circuit.


PREVIOUS SOLUTIONS 2.1 GPS based Indoor-Outdoor detection GPS signals are usually available outdoors where the sky is directly visible, and are often weak or unavailable indoors when the sky is obscured by ceiling and walls.

the estimated accuracy of GPS localization can be used to detect if a user is indoors [3].


We .nd that under V2 =1011, the next state is Q2 =010, equal to S 1.

the procedure terminates with the indication that S 1 is reachable.


Size: the small size of the 4T allows us to embed it in or close to many structures that we wish to monitor independently.

we can have sensors inside other structures, for example function units, to control them independently, or we can have multiple sensors on the border of a large memory structure so we can identify how it is heated up spatially.


Without controlling the cell porosity, there may be not enough space for inserting bu.ers.

the placement by the traditional placement algorithm may cause bu.er number explosion [16].


The rationale behind this is that the smaller the largest error bit value is, the higher probability the error correction code for each page could correct page errors successfully.

reliable block 31 should be allocated before reliable block 33 is allocated for data storage and removed from listt.


· = · = t2 E(Ai)=Pi(si(t))dt (3) t1 where t1 and t2 are the start and ending times of the execution of task Ji.

the total energy consumption Etot for the N tasks (J1,J2,··· ,JN )is N t2 Etot = Pi(si(t))dt.


It can be seen from Figure 3 that the PMOS pull-up circuit ( go to NULL ) is the same for all NCL logic functions.

the design problem here reduces to the organization of the reconfigurable NMOS pull down network.


The second set of constraints (C2), enforces each application to be realizable by the selected functional units.

for each application MPk, all operations of type OPj , must be implemented by at least one selected functional unit FUa: C1 : .a, xai =1 i C2 : .k,.j, Okj Lij xai =1 a i Not only must each of the applications be realizable, but the throughput constraint for each application should be met.


In this paper, we show that SAT-techniques are also applicable and helpful during the synthesis and the optimization of a system.

we must consider two questions: (i) How to represent speci.cations and (ii) How to quantify properties of embedded systems by boolean formulas?


Also, the equations must be functions of wire length and gate size for rapid solution evaluation during optimization.

the key strategies in developing these equations are to write them as functions of input slew and to include inverter size and wire length for later use as optimization variables.


Moreover, the loads/stores from operating system cannot be analyzed during compile time.

a hardware support mentioned in Section 4.3 is required to provide better optimization.


Increasing spare lines further increases endurance of baseline to 9% (for 640K lines) and 25% (for 6.4M lines) at the overhead of 0.16GB and 1.6GB respectively.

relying only on spare lines to mitigate endurance related wear-out is ineffective and more expensive than wear leveling.


For this purpose, we assume that the latency of the bus is zero during the scheduling step.

the impact of communications on the II is considered, but these operations do not affect the schedule length.


The correlation does not peak at 1, however, since the measured devices still exhibit purely random variations even when very close.

we can assume a background random component affecting even the best spatially correlated devices, i.e., those that are adjacent.


This fraction diminishes as the number of trigger bits increases.

for the backdoors in this class of stealthy, malicious circuits, the trigger inputs will have low control values and will be caught by FANCI with high probability.


Clustering of these points would undermine the contribution of the failure point search algorithm.

first, a metric should be introduced to correctly assess the amount of clustering.


For this process to be viable, it is important to efficiently evaluate the reliability though a simple, yet efficient method to provide insight on reliability as well as its enhancements.

one of the goals of this paper is to efficiently estimate reliability for further developing enhancement techniques.


It gives the users the feeling to directly hold the object.

users are able to translate the objects in 3D space without any dif.culties.


Our results indicate that it takes about 24 cycles on Dundas and Mudge [12] are among the first who suggested us- average.

we have assumed a software-based register- ing pre-execution to improve cache performance.


Once the devices are optimized using detailed physical simulation, they can be used to assemble a complete microfluidic biochip.

a bottom-up development approach is rather natural, which involves the development of each block from the device to system level.


However, this bound is over-conservative in most test scenarios because a lot of interactions do not include this longest path.

using bound for each interaction is more e.cient for test generation.


Note that the memory is not synchronous with processor, and has a rather constant access time.

frequency scaling leads to a different set of cache misses/hits, and hence, different number of cycles to execute the program.


Some of the generated addresses by the different modules in the organization are less than 23 bits, which are needed to address the SDRAM.

an address extender is used to unify the output size to 23 bits.


Due to this inclusion of varieties, the points that satisfy (J + J0) also satisfy Z + G(A) = 0 and Z + F (A) = 0.

z = G(A) gives the same function as Z = F (A), for all A .


Only this part of matching needs to be regenerated and remapped in the next iteration.

when m =1, the expected number of retries to map one input to one output is l1/(1 - d)l,sincetheprobability of.nding adefect-freeswitchis 1 - d. we can use the following recursive formulation for Ng (m): 1+ Ng (md),m> 1 Ng (m)=1 (3) l 1-d l,m =1 Applying the recursive formulation k times, we have Ng (m)= k + Ng (mdk).


So, inverter-1x cannot be swapped by inverter-2x changed to dijk which is the change in the delay of gate j and two or vice versa and each one of them has their own individual adjacent arcs in path i when it is swapped by version k. Figure 2 shows a gate which is in two different timing paths.


However, traditional ring oscillators are usually insufficient in characterizing process and environmental variations due to following limitations: Rings provide averaging of the FET level random variation across oscillator stages.

rings are not suitable for measuring FET-to-FET random variability like that caused by random dopant fluctuation.


This worst case will happen if a large number of octets in the key are repeated.

we have developed a short program for generating a key that covers the whole cover  Number of octet Figure 3: Histogram of the key octet values before improvement organized as a rather large shift register.


This leads to the limits indicated in Figure 4(c).

the limits can be tightened for all intersections The different types of constraints have been implemented and experimentally evaluated.


Note that in Figure 8(b), the non-hard dashed edge between vertices B and C is redundant because there exists a hard bold edge between the two vertices.

the non-hard edge is removed, as shown in Figure 8(c).


2n-4 +2n-3 + k-1 26i+2 - k-2 26i+5 for n =6k +3,k = 1 i=0 i=0 Figure 1: The distribution of signi.cant bits in 18-1 2n-1+1 available much earlier than the output Xh of the 3-moduli converter.

the residues x2, x4 as well as the corrective constant (available at the design time) can be added separately and scheduled in parallel to the computation of Xh, thus forming a new component L " 4, so that each of additions needed to obtain L " 4 and Xh requires three operands only.


However, the DFE is sensitive to errors in the received data stream, and creates a tight feedback cycle that isn t present in the other .lters.

practical designs make use of both pre-equalization and DFE.


According to the analysis of polygons, we .nd that polygons couldbethe convex or concavepolygons.

we use the Weiler-Atherton algorithm to cut valid polygons inthesample region.


Although a route on layer 2 may detour even if a via assignment is detour-preventive, the route is expected to be short and seldom detour.

the wire length of a net on layer 2 is evaluated only by the Manhattan distance between the via vi and the ball bi of the net, which is denoted by d(vi) and de.ned as follows.


Such scalability hotspots are the parts of the code that are most likely to impact parallel scalability, and should be investigated in priority by the application developers.

our objective is to quantify and pinpoint the bottlenecks in multi-threaded application.


Then, even if the soft constraint that CMP2 is scheduled earlier than MUL2 is not satis.ed, MUL2 may still be avoided if it is scheduled after CMP1.

an exact evaluation of the energy saving for such a soft constraint will require a full pro.ling of all possible value combinations in a group of condition operations.


w 2 2 .1 placed to the n least significant bit positions.

the modulo 2n-1 cubing operation described in equation (4) produces an initial PPM with only n columns and a total number of bits (NB1) equal to NB[11].


To extend the MMAP representation across multiple program phases we add an additional subscript to denote the program phase number.

to determine a data partition for the entire application we select the dominating MMAP described as follows: De.nition 8.


In this paper we show that To.oli and Fredkin gates behave in a similar manner.

some gates in the templates may not need to be speci.ed they can match a To.oli or a Fredkin gate.


different units) and offset to the data to which it is applied.

at apreprocessing stage, the data set of each in-line parameter isstandardized to be zero-mean and unit-variance.


However, if the initial block has more than one successors, removing the initial block may result in multiple initial blocks.

to simplify the analysis, we do not remove the initial block even when it is vacuous (line 25).


We don t show the total input space coverage here because SAT-BAG with constraints also achieves 100% input space coverage.

if we can provide input constraints to SAT-BAG, the generated assertions will be more meaningful and concise.


SRAM failures due to read noise and also due to alpha particle strikes usually occur due to one-sided disturbances.

the noise margin model of Equation 6 is more useful in checking cell stability in the presence of DC noise offsets.


Increasing the number of pictures from a variety of aspects of the object can solve the problem; however, a bottleneck of data volume will be encountered.

we propose a system based on the image-basedrendering (IBR) technique and stereoscopic display for multipleusers that allows multiple groups of users at remote locations tonaturally share a 3D image of a real object (Fig.


Inturn,tobeasuccessful researcher requires a .rst-rate education.

research and education are both coupled to creativity which doesn t happen in vacuum.


So if w(v) <_ zoos, by Lemma 1, mc(v) _< ~ + w(v) < 2~sD [] It is possible to construct a weighted hexagon graph where the greedy algorithm uses 7Ds/3 channels, while an optimal assignment using D3 channels exists.

the performance ratio of the greedy algorithm is at least 7/3.


Recall that we have only gl1 in the left part of Group A.

before Group A the states of ix1)to ixn+1)remain unchanged, i.e., being equal to their initial states, and only ixa1 )has changed to be equal to ixm).


Bus Contention We wanted to see whether the bus was affecting the NAT performance regardless of I/D cache size.

we set the I/D cache size at 8K/8K and transmitted frames at the rate of 85 Mbps where there was no packet loss while transmitting and receiving the data.


The additional instructions that a software I-cache must execute to manage itself will require additional energy.

given a speci.c processor, reducing the number of instructions executed improves performance and decreases energy consumption.


Add Wire : To propagate a solution .v at position v to an upstream position uwith no branching point in between, the new solution .u can be computed as C(.u)[i]= C(.v)[i]+ Ce[i], W(.u)= W(.v), (1) Q(.u)[i]= Q(.v)[i] - De[i], where e =(u,v) and Ce[i] denotes the capacitance of edge e in layer i and De[i] denotes the Elmore delay of edge ein layer i for 1 = i = t. Clearly, in a solution, C,Q will be updated only for wires at the same layer.

no wire tapering is allowed which it is desired as shown in [12].


However, a signi.cant problem is the invasion of user s privacy.

it is di.cult to install in private areas, such as a bathroom.


It is very important to re.ect the behavior of network conditions, because it is critical not only for performance, but also to verify that network conditions don t cause deadlock.

we use DARSIM [6], a highly con.gurable, cycle-accurate on-chip network simulator.


The average charging current during one charging cycle of 140 seconds is 3.93mA, which is higher than the leakage current of 3.5mA at 2.4V of the 350 F supercapacitor.

the 350 F reservoir supercapacitor can (b) Average Charging Current vs.


In a sequentially consistent system, stores from all processors are globally ordered.

when an invalidation is received, it implies that the triggering store (from another processor) precedes all the stores in the write buffer and transitively precede any load after the oldest store in the write buffer.


Invariant for Correct Serialization Correctly serializing colliding transactions in an embedded-ring protocol is challenging because there is no central transaction arbitration point such as a broadcast bus or a directory.

we want to identify an invariant such that, if enforced, ensures the correct serialization of colliding transactions.


Additional constraint solvers are incorporated into theCES through CHR.

platform independence is obtained bycompiling CELL programs directly into Java Byte code.CELLre.ectssomeaspectsoftheJavaprogramming language respectively Byte code such as name spacehandling via package declarations and imports from othername spaces.


Furthermore, the increasing complexity of the required functionality, coupled with evolving standards and speci.cations pose tremendous pressure on the design process.

manufacturers struggling to reduce design costs also focus on .exible implementations which are able to work for several applications [23].


Then,theerroneousgate  toggles the targetline, while the correct onedoes not change 0 0 it.

in order to show a missing control error, a coun 0 0 terexample has to activate at least one erroneous gate.


Activatingtheabnormalpredicates in this core and allowing at most one of them to become 1 does notyielda correction forboth outputs: if gate D is changed, only the upper output is corrected; if gate C is changed, only the lower output is corrected.

a next unsat core is returned as shown inFigure 3(b).


Experimental results show that an updated {16] set of test sequences obtained after removing a flip-ltop l}om the scan chain detects all or most of the detectable circuit faults, and that only small numbers of faults require any test generation.

all or most of the faults are detected by a test set generated [171 for a circuit with a higher level of scan, for which the test gen- eration complexity is lower.


With an analysis to Figure 5, we have Pins(ex3) = 2.


We normalize it using the entropy (the original uncertainty) of the input.

the ratio provides a normalized measure of the amount of certainty gained by observing IDS outputs.


2.1.1 Idle state based clock gating When the current state value and the next state value of an FF are the same, it is unnecessary for the FF to transmit the next state value in the next clock cycle.

it is valid to freeze the FF under such situation.


In addition, C3 and C9 are dominated by C18, and these equivalence classes include the faults 11/1 and 15/0 from f obs .

considering the equivalence classes with dominance relations to the ones dominated by Cobs provides a way by which to ensure that faults from f obs would be included in the set of candidate faults.


3.2 CM/OM Guided Under-approximation As discussed earlier, we prefer choosing those iSel variables that control a large number of veri.cation-relevant ITEs.

we de.ne a parameter P riority for each iSel to quantify this preference.


While this may seem to be an obvious result of datapath decomposition, both our explorations, as well as the results of other authors [18] show that such advantage often comes with major area/power consumption penalty.

the more important conclusion from Table II is that RNS-based implementation yields uniformly higher performance at no or moderate area/power penalty, often along with a signi.cant improvement in power ef.ciency measured as Power-Delay product.


Experiments have shown that the transmit rate varies strongly even if the physical bit rate remains constant.

a smoothing of the estimated bandwidth is applied before changing the codec parameters.


4.7 System Failures System failure has become a major concern in hardwarebased system design, especially with the rapid growth in nanoscale technologies where power and temperature signi.cantly increase due to the transistor scaling.

prediction and evaluation of system failure has drawn a great deal of attention from both industry and academic communities.


3 presents the maximal and minimal values of ....(......) for each value of the number of ones in a range [9818, 10182].

the test statistic can be calculated using only comparison operations.


For Flow B, DCTB would impose additional attracting forces to the pairs of topological clock tree nodes during global placement, which could cause solution oscillation during global placement.

it might incur redundant loops and thus degrade the solution quality and e.ciency.


This model can be used to express the sensitivity of gate delay with respect to Vth as (4) which shows that the impact of Vth variation on delay reduces with an increase in the difference between the supply and threshold voltage.

a larger variation in delay for the high Vth gates is expected [4].


7(a)), the conventional architecture achieves a minimum power consumption of 324µW at (Vdd-crit =1.35V , Vb =0.5V ), while the ISR-ANT architecture achieves a minimum power consumption of 128µW at (Vdd =0.95V , Vb =0.3V ).

the EC block operates at lower voltage, Vdd-EC =0.6V .ISR-ANT achieves power-reduction of 60% over the conventional system.


If there is any improvement on via count or LD violation, e1,e2, and e3 on T ileA and e4,e5, and e6 on T ileB may have chances to improve their own layer assignment results.

in Figure 7(b), we enqueue those edges for further possible improvements.


The purpose of this step is to monitor the data accesses produced by each memory operation to determine whether individual operations have any preference to being placed together on the same cache or apart on different caches.

the resulting data access graph consists of each memory operation in the program connected by edges representing the af.nity between memory operations.


However, we can see that the delay test can to some extent cover paths in each frequency according to the delay distribution Dist_STA although the coverage is smaller in low frequencies.

we can expect that screening by a delay test based on a transition fault model can also cover to some extent slower paths including critical paths.


Furthermore, the sum of such displacements in each direction cannot exceed the .oorplan slack (the largest slack of any one block).

we shift blocks incrementally by small amounts so as to increase Rd until it reaches the size required to accommodate a TSV island with suf.cient capacity.


(001, 000)) for the corresponding PDF on c246x of the circuit (a).

g = off( f ), because, from De.nition 5, L(P) is obtained bymoving all the inverters on P to the primaryinput of P. if a vector pair whose second vector is v is applied to C, all the off-input of P meets the condition of 3.3.


For example, since these registers are written to/from the stack at procedure calls, they are corrupted via memory addressing errors.

our protection and system recovery mechanisms apply to ESP, EBP and EIP errors also.


On the other hand, the performance of the silicon transistors could only be increased with many tricks, like high-k gate materials, strain engineering, use of Germanium, and quite recently, the move to trigate-or fin-structures.

it is valid to question how far conventional silicon will still go.


This approach of identification could be simply bypassed by using nonstandard ports.

this approach is not recommended for security applications, which have the critical need on accurate protocol identification (i.e.


In our hardware IP development, it took few time to debug the hardware IP, because the hardware IP had been already verified on the FPGA board in point of its main functions.

the period of the hardware IP implementation is almost equal to the period for preparing and executing simulation of necessary test cases.


The relative shift between the driver and receiver gates is likely to be larger if the gates are separated farther apart as compared to the case when they are closer together.

nets that transmit signals across the chip will have a higher likelihood of shifts in supply voltage between their driver and receiver pair and hence are more susceptible to power grid noise.


By applying the partial scan design method to blocks except Bfs, the number of scan FFs on an LSI is reduced.

the shorting of the maximum scan path length reduces TL of the formula (1).


DVSAM operates by aggressively trying to consume, at any given time, all the aging guard-band that would be otherwise available.

the design assumes the existence of aging sensor circuits that reliably measure the guard-band available at all times [2, 7, 17, 18, 20, 28, 31] (Section 4.3.2).


The characterized FPV of each pipe-line is visible to the software through memory-mapped registers.

the runtime software scheduler leverages this characterized information for better utilization of FP pipelines, for example, it can assign fewer operations to a pipeline with higher FPV metadata.


The input to the FTI evaluation algorithm is a modi.ed 2-D placement, that is, a series of 2-D placements during different time spans.

there are some cells contained in multiple modules, for example, the bottom-left cell is included in both M1 and M3.


It doesn t tell us, however, when that will happen, nor is it reassuring to those who dislike formality.

i raise a third fact: Fact 3: Formalization wins when it is less painful than the alternatives: Formalization requires effort and thought, and most people avoid extra effort and thought as much as possible.


if l* <M l the construction of T (M) rearranges to l <T (M) l* .


2) The influence of |Bp|: Since the proposed algorithm only evaluates the solutions which covers Bp, the solution space to be explored is definitely confined according to Lemma 2, which can be easily drawn.

to explore the solution space more widely, we tend to select a PMS with fewer modules.


In our approach, a CPU core is dedicated to execute the monitoring service.

the Linux kernel cannot access its core-local memory, but the CPU core executing the monitoring service can access all the memory used by the Linux kernel.


To maintain a correct execution, the corresponding processes Cjhave to consume data from the new memory arrays ri.

we have to be able to connect the consumption of a data token with its production.


As one can see from Section II, the reluctance realization process introduces additional nodes and different circuit elements.

we need to measure the simula-  1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 eral analysis tools, modi.cations on those tools to handle reluctances are avoided.


In this situation, both copies of the instruction may match, but both may be incorrect.

the fault detection capability of the system becomes undermined.


The operations over the binary .eld can be simply implemented, since the long arithmetic addition is essentially a bit-wise XOR operation.

the binary .eld operation does not pose signi.cant computational requirements.


Note also, that all the basic logic elements in the logic cluster are equivalent and that the router determines which specific logic element is used.

the bitstream generator only configures the logic elements after the routing information is processed.


round((CCCT - CVCT ' ) · 2r+k)Ctotal = 2r+k Most DSP and embedded systems involve the use of signed and unsigned binary numbers.

multiplication requires some mechanism to compute two s complement multiplication.


Such functionality results in the entire ProMem target pattern contents being written in breadth first order (right to left for each level).

the driver software must provide the target patterns in breadth-first order a straightforward task.


Soil not yet installed in our deployment.

the moisture potential is computed for an assumed soil temperature of 20.


V. To express this as a linear program, we have a constraint dt(v)= dt(u)+Cu,v to denote that the cost of shortest path from any node v to destination t is less or equal than the shortest path from node u plus the cost of a direct path from u to v. The destination node t initially receives a value dt(t)=0.

we can obtain the following linear programming formation: minimize L.v.V dt(v) subject to dt(v) dt(t) = dt(u)+Cu,v ,.{u,v}.


Theorem 3 and 5 indicate that all CT P have the same optimal value for both T I S and T I P GS, but experiment -- results have shown that this CT P produces a relatively good result for SLP-base algorithm.

the experiment setting is favorable to the SLP-base algorithm.


Figures 3(d), (e) and (f) show the access graphs with augmented weights and the computation of their C values when operations 1, 2 and 3 in Figures 3(a) are selected for execution at execution step t, respectively.

we choose operation 2 because it results in the minimum increase of C value.


After the delays are computed, the compiler does not need to know the interconnection within each cluster.

nodes in the same partition can be collapsed.


The passive subgrid is .rst isolated from the rest of the grid by removing (i.e., make into an open-circuit)the connections from all port nodes to external nodes.


The number of scan chains in DBIST mode can be larger than the number of scan chains in deterministic ATPG mode, on the average, by a factor of 20 - 30, because DBIST chains do not require tester pins.

clenbist is, on the average, 20 - 30 times smaller than Clendet.


The degradation ofbene.tin L2cache misses observedby vpr in Figure 4 is also due to con.icts in non-merged data.

several applications could bene.t even more from a hybrid scheme thatdynamicallydividesthe cacheintotwo segments -one that performs merging and another that uses conventional addressing.


Finally, the time complexity of recovering the net numbers for two pin rows is O(n).

the time complexity of completing the untangling process for two-sided single-detour untangling is O(n2), where n is the number of nets in two-sided single-detour untangling for single-layer bus routing.


They also serve to increase the amount of delay variation observed on these paths.

we do not use clock bu.ers, which are larger but less susceptible to process variation.


4 illustrates a simpli.ed model of bonding and package parasitics for two adjacent wires [4].

the instantaneous current iDD due to digital switching of logic gates produces a voltage drop, which affects the on-chip digital supply VDD, and propagates to the adjacent wires through both capacitive coupling due to the capacitance between wires C and inductive coupling due to the mutual inductance represented by K. the analog on-chip voltage v(t) is no more equal to the external voltage vs, but it results to be a function of the voltage vs and of the digital switching current iDD and its derivative: « diDD v(t)= f vs,iDD, .


Although the equal slowdown mechanism does not provide game-theoretic fairness, it likely provides higher system throughput in this example.

in some cases, proportional elasticity pays a throughput penalty to provide gametheoretic fairness.


In fact, since the same standard cell library is used for both designs, regularity is similar but not exactly the same.

in this case, our metric is able to compare two layouts with similar regularities while the graphical inspection of the two-dimensional Fourier transform cannot.


However, LRU performs poorly for thrashing andmixed access patterns.

improving the performancefor these access patterns has been the focus of many replacementpolicy proposals.


It is apparent that hardware redundancy is not the appropriate choice for CED, because it would increase the area overhead, and in the end it would be larger than the original TMR.

time redundancy is the only way to detect a fault without area overhead.


The rest of the columns of Q can be computed using matrix completion methods [4].


In fact, the relative area of memories in a cluster is de.ned by the con.guration, but it usually ranges between 50%-60% for the best con.gurations as seen in our tests.

the lowest metal layers will typically have no space for routing, while the upper layers will have up to 60% of space available, thereby making over-the-cell routing possible.


On the other hand, transistors M1, M2, M3 and M12 must operate in strong inversion, with a large GVO warranting their triode behavior.

letting Vbo=0.8V gives rise to a minimal GVO=0.25V whereas Vb1 is set to the highest voltage level Vdd=2V.


This task only requires memory bandwidth together with index counters to keep track of multiframe .elds.

a GP processor coupled with fast memory access is a viable candidate for this simple task.


Unfortunately, there still lacks an approach that fully satisfy the mobile system requirements: the main categories of memristor state tuning circuits are either using multiple voltage pulses to step-by-step tune the memristor, which limits the tuning accuracy (e.g., ~ 5-bit precision in [19]) or using several resistors as reference, which incurs a high hardware cost such as a large number of reference resistors (for example, an 8bit precision state tuning circuit needs about 256 resistors as reference [20]).

we introduce a feedback circuit with minor hardware cost to program the memristor accurately and guarantee the accuracy of the network parameters.


Conductor or core is made of stranded copper or aluminium, XLPE insulation is extruded type excellent insulation and the metal sheath is typically of copper or aluminium or steel strips and is solidly earthed at both ends of the cable.

cylindrical capacitor with XLPE insulation (dielectric) is formed between the high voltage conductor and the earthed metal sheath [4].


Most industrial applications use R = W /2, then the number of sliding-windows is less than 1x104.

only a very small percent of windows are checked.


We note that due to the technology library used for synthesis of the benchmarks in our simulations, direct comparison with other existing algorithms by looking at the reported SRR values from the related publications was inaccurate.

we also implement the following two trace selection algorithms for comparison: 1) METR: metric-based [6]1, and 2) SIM: simulation-based [3].


However, the associated penalties are unacceptable for main stream applications: excessive use of redundancies will cause high timing and area overhead; the analysis and implementation of the protections require great engineering efforts, leading to elongated design cycle.

there is not only a need for cost-effective SEU-tolerance enhancement techniques, but also a requirement of integrating these techniques with the existing design flow.


Such con.guration allows a very high electrical resistance (......) from .. to .. , and a very low resistance path from .. to .. (......).

the output at .. follows the signal at ...On the contrary, when .. = 0 , the central graphene becomes ptype, forming a low resistive pp junction on the left; this makes the output at .. to follow ...


Directly substituting the above IDS1 expression into Equation 3 will lead to very complicated solution.

the IDS1 expression is approximated by the .rst two terms of its Taylor series, which is shown below:  W Iout · RS - VS = In(1 + ) (5) IDS1 Fig.


More importantly, the optimal placement HPWL of the new netlist has a value no less than the original netlist s optimal HPWL.

by executing the placer on the new netlist, we can use any deviation of the new HPWL from the original HPWL as a lower bound on the deviation from optimal results for the new netlist.


The tables are generated with a long process of huge amount of circuit simulation.

even if we want to increase the number of waveform parameters to express diverse waveform shape, it is prohibitively dif.cult to extend the table dimension due to characterization cost.


At the same time, the receiver may be ready to accept .its that can potentially belong to any VC.

there is no limitation on how many ready(j) signals can be asserted per cycle.


In area A there are two solutions with very high delay sensitivity, while in area B the situation is the opposite: there are two solutions with very high power sensitivity.

tuning design to one of the corners is quite inefficient: slight improvement in one of the objectives causes a great loss in the other.


Compared to existing architectures for GF (p) arithmetic units, we can state that our AU implementation requires 19.995µs per point addition at k = 160 bit occupying about 2,660 slices of our FPGA.

our implementation provides a better performance at a smaller area cost with respect to [14, 15] and a competitive design concerning the architecture of [4] when balancing the di.erences between the varying FPGA types.


3.2 Applications This study investigates the bene.t of hardware prefetching support in cases where conventional TLB performance is poor.

for this study, we have attempted to choose workloads of signi.cant commercial interest that have TLB performance problems.


When referencing precise data a cache line can only hold half the number of words as a cache line with approximate data.

the address needs to be treated differently than for the approximate case.


Furthermore, these are the theoretical maximum values so in practice the data rates are lower due to protocol overhead.

the ESI link might become a bottleneck in a 3 SSD RAID setup already.


When the reference path delay is assumed to have a certain Iratio and the potential critical path delay is totally due to logic, this delay margin can be derived from [Margin + (1 - Iratio)] * [tdl]+ Iratio * [tdi] V=Vmin V=Vmin 1.0 * [tdl]+0 = 1 V=Vmin where [tdl]and [tdi]are logic and intercon V=Vmin V=Vmin nect delays at the minimum supply voltage respectively.

the delay margin can be expressed in terms of Iratio as tdi Margin = Iratio 1 - tdl J.


t; (/ w;#(vpup)+ jpq) j=1 tahj C pJ t; Ap fjp )#.

w2 pj=1 ta j C pJ we have  t; fjpAp j=1 ta jC pJ wp# t; (vpup)+ jpq j=1 tahj C pJ where outG(vJ={ule(v,uJEE(GJ}.


Cardinality of Differential Behavior Equivalents From Theorem 2, we see that two extended scan circuits can be identified to be d-behavior equivalent or not, only by checking their fundamental behavior sets are the same.

we consider only fundamental behaviors from now on.


As we will focus on the evaluation and classification processes of the packets to be received from the network in this system, it will be assumed that the packets are received from the computer network, and the packets written on the memory before will be used in the processes.

there is no network interaction unit in the SOPC architecture.


Notice that vertices in V0(KnHGi ) can be thought of as being in .m',since (m-ml) of their coordinates are 0.

computing the vertices of V1(Kn HGi ) follows easily from V0(Kn HGi ): compute the vertices of V0(KnH)in .m', then for each such Gi vertex, set every coordinate corresponding to a current source not included in Gi to its local constraint value, yielding the vertices of V1(KnH)in .m .


Each entry has a read and a write signature of size 1024 bits to capture the addresses accessed in a region.

in addition, each entry contains a valid bit, a regionDone bit, RBI-begin, RBI-end, completedOpCount, totalOpCount (10bits eachsince there are 544 region buffer entries which is also the maximum number of memory operations in a coalesced region), and starting and ending program counter values ofa region(64bits each).a signature buffer with17 entriesis of size4.60KB.


Therefore, if one considers a t0 < t, such that v(t) is insensitive to v(t0), then one may assume that v(t0) = 0 without a.ecting the voltages at time t. As a matter of fact, we can assume that at all time t'= t0,wehave v(t')= 0.

thus, the grid can be assumed safe at all times before t0 without a.ecting the grid safety at time t. for any grid, we can assume that it was safeatsomenumber of timesteps k in the past.


For the three design examples described in Section 5, the average CPU time was 12.9 minutes using our Matlab implementation of the proposed method on a Windows machine with a dual-core 2.4 GHz AMD Opteron processor and 2 GB of RAM.

the proposed automated design methodology provides a computationally feasible means for generating tunable IMNs that would otherwise be intractable to realize using manual design techniques.


As discussed in Section 3.2, except for the checkpoint mechanism, the other schemes recover maps serially.

for high performance, the checkpoint mechanism is preferred.


A cache block could be turned o. during the dead time interval except for initial time-out threshold cycles to reduce the leakage energy consumption.

a cache sharing technique may interfere with opportunities for leakage energy savings by reducing the length of dead time intervals.


The key step is to modify the internals of Krylov-subspace methods to use general function-space operators, rather than simply matrices.

discretization of the operators before Krylov-subspace reduction can be avoided.


This efficient solution to the component integration problem presents a unique combination of features: x It implements a unified approach for the component integration that eases the integration of heterogeneous components for MPSoC design and validation at the system level by automating the integration of basic interface components for the generation of different interface sub-systems; x It provides an environment that is able to accommodate components having different interfaces and granularities and to handle complex interface sub-systems by composing user-extensible open-library components; and x It provides an automatic process for component reuse and integration, so that designers are free from the tedious and error-prone work of manual wrapper coding for each new architectural solution.

they can concentrate on more critical design problems where their expertise is essential.


[15] report that as much as 40% of the total system energy is consumed by the main memory subsystem in a mid-range IBM eServer machine.

technology researchers have been studying new memory technologies that can provide more memory capacity than DRAM while still being competitive in terms of performance, cost, and power.


Once again, note that a rank-1 wire (e0,2,1,0) is connected to a rank0 input of GPC2, and that a rank-2 wire (e1,2,0,1) is connected to a rank-1 input of GPC2.

gPC is correctly summing bits produced by other GPCs, in consecutive columns.


This process provides the product terms (smaller bucket, as described in section 4.1) that compose the function in SOP form.

the generation of the N-literal bucket can be expressed by Equation (3).


The area is approximated by the summation of all the transistors widths inside the circuit.

it is not only a representative for the area, but also shows the trend of the power consumption.


The mutual inductance between any two orthogonal wires is negligible.

the mutual inductance extraction problems for the full chip can be reduced to two separated subproblems, one is to solve the mutual inductance for random wires parallel to xaxis, and the other is to solve the mutual inductance for random wires parallel to y-axis.


This advantage has also been recently con.rmed for CNTFETs at a channel length of 15nm [30].

since DG-CNTFETs are a type of SB-type CNTFET, it is reasonable to believe that DG-CNTFETs will maintain these advantages and outperform scaled CMOS at 32nm and beyond.


Moreover, since the serial-in/parallel-out interfaces used for bandwidth matching are placed next to the cores, only the original WATETAM wires are routed through the system.

a large number of TAM wires can be obtained with low routing and hardware cost.


In ideal, the memory access latency is reduced to no more than 200ns, achieving more than 50% reduction.

if the operations of SET and RESET are symmetric, the PCM performance would be remarkably improved.


In-order cores are more sensitive to memory access latency, as they cannot hide stalls.

lRU, UCP, and OnOff degrade tail latency more severely, being up to 2.7× worse.


Besides, each locked region should be as small as possible.

the more constructs we can analyze statically, the better.


POWER EXTENSION OF ESL MODELS For ESL design space exploration, the focus is rather on low setup e.ort and high simulation speed than on full accuracy.

the methodology presented in this paper allows to create power models for existing ESL models by little manual instrumentation work and automatic calibration.


Moreover, these different blocks/cores may employ dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) to meet the variable speed/power requirements at different times [3, 4, 5].

many voltage domains are formed on a single IC or SoC.


Compared to a parallel radix-4 design, the lower part of the L-shaped butter.y has the same critical path delay, but a parallel radix-4 design takes only log4N cycles to complete, whereas the approach in [9] takes log2N cycles (or 1 fewer with rescheduling).

the approach will generally have lower throughput than a parallel radix-4 design.


Our analysis shows that from a reliability point of view, a cross-point array with the same number of wordlines and bitlines is the best choice.

in the following discuss, we assume the array has the same number of wordline and bitline.


This is similar to the pattern that will be followed in a single .at 2D LRG switch.

this scheme is able to resolve the fairness issue of the baseline scheme and also has an ef.cient single cycle hardware implementation, as we will see in the next section.


However, not all directed test bench failures may be able to be analysed in the manner needed, so we may not be able to prove all bugs in all cases.

many failing tests were converted to properties.


For example, in 429.mcf, half of the blocks can be evicted at .ll stack position zero itself.

the idea would be to identify these escape points and evict an appropriate number of blocks at each escape point as the blocks travel down the .ll stack.


The pixel classification is based on the chromaticity difference between the expected values in the background image and the current values in the foreground.

pixels with similar colors are always misclassified.


Another packing algorithm packs the fanouts of the same node into one cluster.

the duplication introduced by the fanout clustering requirement is minimized.


The CRT operations for the two-prime RSA system are very much simpler compared to the other multi-prime RSAs.

the study of two-prime RSA systems is of importance and useful for the industry.


Introduction As manufacturing technology advances and supply voltage is lowered, circuit speed is becoming more sensitive to manufacturing variability, operating environment, such as supply voltage and temperature, and aging due to NBTI (negative bias temperature instability) and HCI (hot carrier injection).

timing margin of a chip varies chip by chip due to manufacturing variability, and it also depends on its operating environment and age.


By measuring distance from the nominal point, we are implicitly assuming that the nominal design is feasible, i.e., it meets the timing constraints.

the minimum distance to any timing violation re.ects the smallest (magnitude) deviation from the nominal point that would break the design.


The layout of a transistor may consist of multiple .ngers and lithography usually has di.erent e.ects on each .nger depending on the layout environment.

we need to treat these .ngers separately even though they belong to the same transistor.


Nevertheless, other memory latencies do not change the trends reported later since all data management mechanisms keep exactly the same contents in cache at any time and, therefore, they neither increase the number of misses nor change the order of memory requests.


Let s denote a voltage partitioning solution.

f(s) consists of k subsets, namely, F1(s),F2(s),...,Fk(s).


the point undergoes a respective horizontal left/right shift in position on the Q-C graph.

the envelope or the operational Q-C curve also changes.


If m1 >m2, we would guess that fi being 0 is more likely to excite and/or propagate the errors than fi being 1.

we would prefer to select an intermediate state with fi being 0 rather than with fi being 1.


On the other hand, accurate information about the design, such as timing feature, logic paths and layout-extracted electrical characteristics, can be obtained by performing various analyses during the design phase.

if we fully utilize such available information to study the noiseimmunity of the design, we will be able to locate soft spots that are vulnerable under the attack of unpredictable noise sources.


And also, from Equation (1), we already know erase operation related to the degree of association causes mainly the performance degradation of system.

we compare firstly the average of associativity of FAST and D-FAST except BAST.


We note that the total test application time for system DTAMis equal to 271,800 clock cycles, i.e., 111,948 clock cycles less than the base case test application time.

the total test application time is reduced by 29%.


However, the varying DFM metrics used in di.erent manufacturing processes and foundries is still problematic.

this study proposes an e.ective redundant via-aware SC library that can achieve 100% redundant via1 insertion rates that comply with DFM requirements.


On the other hand, the random defects which are inherent due to manufacturing limitations will still be there even for mature fabrication process [17].

its relative importance will indeed be much bigger for mature process with systematic variations designed in.


ASYNCHRONOUS LOGIC: QUASI DELAY INSENSITIVE 2.1 Overview An asynchronous circuit is composed of individual modules which communicate to each other by means of point-to-point communication channels [6].

a given module becomes active when it senses the presence of incoming data.


As described earlier, StoPEs occupy signi.cantly less area compared to their binary counterparts.

for a given area budget, the StoRM processor can accommodate more processing elements, better exploiting the data parallel nature of RM applications.


jEAi jEAi Moreover, the error may propagate forward along a timing path and accumulate to include all the maximum delta delays induced from all the aggressors.

the error bound for a noisy longest path delay is equal to difference between the upper bound and the lower bound of ending net s switching window of the path: max min .tmax max min e(xi)<xi -xi .


These aspects have only exhibited growth in the last two decades as more and more functionality and processing cores are being packed into a single silicon die.

energy ef.ciency of such devices has become a major design concern.


This is largely because most formal methods rely on intimate knowledge and explicit manipulation of some underlying, generic model and are typically less concerned with user-oriented representations.

given a system expressed as diagram d and a property p, traditional approaches typically consist in: (1) obtaining some behavioural model M(d)of d,such as a function, a transition system, etc.


However, keeping VCs reserved for a longer period of time has a negative effect: resources are not enough to exploit the full potential of the proposal.

in this alternative we include an additional VC to increase the number of simultaneous circuits, ending up with a total of 3 VCs in the reply virtual network.


However, unlike our two-pass .ow, Flow B does not have the .ip-chip bump reassignment and rerouting steps to remedy the poor decisions in earlier stages.

flow B might still not be able to achieve 100% routability in RDL routing.


Since global convergence or start-up failures might not be a probable event, one can run many simulations and never detect them.

some of these failures can easily go unnoticed until the chip is fabricated and tested in the laboratory.


As stated above, S1,1 is used for signal S1 in the fault-free case.


Compared to this .area, the increase in area in the case of delay constraint equal to 90% of slackdel is much smaller as shown in the figure.

the effectiveness of our sizing algorithm in terms of minimum increase in area is dependent on target delay constraint.


It uses the pipeline structure and interconnection infrastructure.

the instructions added by the cryptographic unit are executed in the same fashion as the native instructions of the processor core.


Getting the exact delay using HSPICE is not possible because of the large number of possible vector pairs.

for each circuit, once the critical path is identi.ed by our STA, we extract that path and simulate it with HSPICE.


A wire may be run over such regions; however, inserting repeaters in such regions is forbidden.

macro blocks constitute a routing resource but an obstacle for repeater insertion.


Even in the functional application of RAR to post-layout logic optimization of LUT-based FPGAs, the function performed by each LUT is converted to an AND-OR-NOT representation and the subsequent reasoning is based on the properties of these basic boolean functions [3].

and AND-OR-NOT decomposition has to be performed before applying RAR methods.


The .rst and last N stage bu.ers .x their output 1 and 0 during reset state, respectively.

the ring keeps a single pulse with 50% duty ratio during a reset state.


However, the output of the memory does not show the e.ect of the asynchronous clear until the next rising clock edge.

the asynchronous clear of the EMB cannot implement the required asynchronous reset functionality of the register.


Since the smoothing operator is linear, (, ) can be Dxy n decomposed to ¦ Dxy (, ).

kk kk 1 GG GG (, ) wD (x , y ) wDxy kkk Input: (, ), {} xy gij GG wx wx Output: g :.


It always considers the perfect alignment of the clock edge and the noise glitch.

it does not require the clock sweeping any more.


Since some paths may be false, the topological arrival time is actually an upper bound to the true arrival time (assuming late mode).

we can start by checking whether the topological arrival time is the true arrival time or not.


2: transistors may be parallel or perpendicular to this feature.

a rotated coordinate space with a new x ' -axis that is perpendicular to the wafer .at is a convenient frame of reference.


Today, game consoles are primarily driven by high-end CPU-GPU fusion products such as AMD A10-5800K, which is essentially an instance of the MPU-CP driver.

the need for an SOC-CS driver may be obsolete.


In conclusion, exactly one vertex from each region will be included in the path.

a path de.nes a complete decomposition and vice versa.


Note that Pp W F,0.1 and PA dominate the write error rate of the 1T1J and W F,1.0 ADAMS cells, respectively.

it means that ADAMS does not necessarily occupy a larger cell area than 1T1J cell under a certain reliability requirement.


The latency between client request and display of the corresponding data also affects the perceived interactivity of a system.

we also conducted tests to measure the latency of different rendering requests.


Equation (5) well explained that, increasing of T leads to an increasing of IBTBT, which makes the curve sharper.


To apply the gradient search, the objective function must be smooth and di.erentiable everywhere.

we need to .nd such wirelength and density functions to be used for the above formulation.


Nowadays, to meet the increasing demand for computing capacity, various parallel computing architectures emerge, bringing more stringent requirement on the throughput (e.g., Tera-Hertz) of on-chip interconnects.

the socalled throughput-centric interconnect designs [8], such as Networks-on-Chip (NoC) [9], have become necessary and hold more research attention.


As mentioned before, there is a carefully considered rationale behind the choice of the vowel sounds and their positioning relative to each other, but the actual decision of how these vowels should be oriented in the space of radial directions was arbitrary.

the user will need to become accustomed to this mapping through repeated exposure and memorization.


At anytime, a single table entry represents only one line in a group.

a handshake between the table entry and the cache line is needed and it is established as the following: (1) each cache line contains a table-entry-valid (tev) bit that indicates if the information in the corresponding table entry belongs to the line, and (2) each table entry keeps a link that remembers which line in a group is currently being linked, e.g.


In order to bridge the gap between the ADL LISA and the RT-level without limiting the .exibility, a ANSI-C related hardware modelling language was chosen.

we are using the SystemC language as RT-level hardware description language.


Touching is deferred till the region is actually allocated.

the af.nity hints are potentially portable across platforms in that hints generated on one platform can be used on another if it supports .rst-touch page placement.


Inst has at most two operands and produces one result.

instructions which manipulate the control-.ow of the program, e.g., branching instructions, are not included in Inst.


Each path is compacted to the preceding segment according to the net ordering.

most routing space is reserved for the next net segment, and it is easier to accomplish the routing in the same ring area.


As memories are designed very tightly to the limits of the technology they are more prone to failures than logic.

memories concentrate the large majority of defects and affect circuit yield dramatically.


To further reduce the runtime, we propose a DILP formulation that casts the original routing optimization problem into a decision problem.

we rede.ne the objective function as follows: Minimize : 1 (32) Instead of directly searching the original objective function within the .xed maximum available set Tmax and Pmax, the DILP determines a feasible solution only within the minimal routing resources.


In contrast, the quality of a trim pattern can be improved if its neighboring mandrel patterns are kept at a su.cient distance.

we de.ne a forbidden spacing Sforb >Sdp such that any distance dmt <Sforb is discouraged, where dmt denotes the distance between a neighboring trim and mandrel pattern.


Whenever an error is reported it is not clear how to identify whether the  error corresponds to the known-faulty bits or to any kind of error in the fault-free bits.

disabling faulty bits at a .ner-than-subblock granularity is illadvised.


Usually the expected values are available only for the primary outputs.

we cannot accurately determine the cycle at which the state of the erroneous circuit .rst deviates from that of the good circuit.


In the combined multi-function reconfigurable cache, each function needs a fixed interconnection topology.

the total area of interconnection occupied by the two func- tions in the combined RC is the sum of the individual inter- connection area for Convolution and DCT/IDCT.


prefer horizontal, while Metal 1 (M1) layer is usually used for inter-cell and intra-cell routing and does not have a preferred direction.

the most dif.cult problem instances of layout decomposition problems come from M1 layer.


However, adding VCs imposes extra hardware requirements and a complex control logic to the routers [6].

it is highly desirable to design deadlockfree routing algorithms without using VCs.


Reliability analysis is proven to be essential in early design stages for improving system lifetime and for allowing exploration of existing tradeoffs [2].

fast and accurate estimation of error rates resulting from transient faults in logic circuits is crucial for identifying the features needed for future reliable circuits.


In addition, PRAM becomes worn-out more quickly because of its low endurance.

in order to use a page cache on the hybrid main memory of DRAM and PRAM, a page caching algorithm must be able to reduce the write access count on PRAM.


Second, the resulting problem was partially solved symbolically.

at runtime, only a simpli.ed problem has to be attacked numerically.


However, due to the technological tolerances, model parameters are subject to randomness.

the circuit behavior differ for different runs, different slices of the same run, and for different dice of the same silicon slice [1].


The delayed precharge delays next earliest activation of the Bank0 (12th clock) due to the tRP requirement.

voids are created on the command and data bus.


Many application runs had to be made to collect these metrics.

the metrics are spread out over many trace .les3 .


However, because our technique implements simpli.ed memory and communication interfaces, we also have the bene.t of reducing the complexity of addressing and communication structures.

we also improve the design s critical path and get a corresponding modest improvement in operating frequency as shown in Table 3.


technique, which are expected to reduce leakage by 2.5 times or more in future technologies [8], is applied.

we assume a 2.5 times reduction in leakage for 50nm and smaller feature sizes (Figure 7).


circuit power consumption is increased significantly in the presence of crosstalk noise.

one should also consider this effect in the design of power optimal repeaters.


Such a sparse stimuli results in a low activity ratio.

many threads have to be idle during gate evaluation.


the shield signal) has propagated a sufficient distance along the bus to prevent pulse evaporation.

the T1 and T2 phase of clock are determined by data signal arrival instead of shield signal arrival; that is, T1 = (D1_rep + D_hb2 + T_setup) and T2 = (D2_enc + D_hb1), respectively (these parameters are shown in Fig.


(3), the power loss due the finite Ron of the switch transistor can significantly degrade the overall power efficiency.

the size of the switching transistor is normally made as large as possible to reduce the loss due to the finite onresistance.


=0 /* Sn-1 has been corrected in Qn-1 */ compute the period estimate: Te = Pn - Pn-1 correct the amplitude : Qn = Qn + C(1/Te) done return Qn Figure 3.

the Static Correction Algorithm a basic static correction in order to take into account frequency changes due to an internal clock allows one to mount successfully a DPA attack.


Therefore, for each variable u, we have the following constraint: n (Formula 1) .x u,i = 1. i1 = If two variables have overlapping lifetimes, they cannot share the same register.

if both variable u and variable v have overlapping lifetimes, we have the following constraint for each register Ri: xu,i + xv,i = 1.


Since the two conductors are perfect, there is no electrical magnetic wave inside the conductors.

the electrical magnetic fields outside the conductors that are described by (19)-(21) satisfy the boundary conditions on the surface of the conductors.


Even current enterprise-class RAID controllers can get saturated with a rather small number of SSDs [4, 11].

it can be more advantageous to attach SSDs to simpler controllers and use software RAID implementations that are often provided by the operating system, as in case of Linux or Windows 2008 Server.


Cyclic sequences of 8 patterns present on the fields issue_tail[4:0] and issue_tailplus_i[4:0], i=1..3.

we could check the occurrence of the right sequence of bits on these fields in order to provide the scheduler with partial online testing ability.


First, we .nd all biconnected components in G(D,E1).For each biconnected component recognized, we replace the vertices (devices) in the component with a single super-vertex while preserving all external edges.

as shown in Figure 4, G(D,E1) can always be viewed as a set of trees, on which each node can be a vertex (device) or a super-vertex (biconnected component).


Once a spatial region records an access different than its triggering one, the corresponding entry from the filter table is transferred to the accumulation table where the spatial pattern is being built.

the filter table reduces the pressure on the accumulation table by filtering out all spatial regions that have only one access during a generation.


(10) 4 d1 4 d2 For an LSB page, however, misreading errors are around V read1 and V read1 0 2 .

the calculation of RBER is |.4| |.5| revised as: RBERLSBpage 1 |.0| 1 |.1|4 d0 4 d1 = Q0( )+ Q1( ) 1 1 (11) + Q2( )+ Q3( ).


INTRODUCTION Language play activities are essential for helping an individual to learn a language [1].

the development of a system that supports voice-based language play games can greatly help children to learn a language.


Complementarily, in the P-BICS case, the output is logical 1 for not-detection state and is logical 0 for detection state.

the virtual VDD (VDD in figure 2) is provided to bulk (n-well) of the CMOS circuit, through the transistors 6 and 9.


We exclude c4 from the experiments, because its only critical heap data is the game record, and this is precisely the output used for comparison.

all injections into the critical data of c4 will result infailures.


As shown in Fig.7(a), dead space blocks 2 and 1 are the dead space above and right to block a respectively(Some channels are left as the minimal distance constraints between blocks).

during the packing process, when the ith block Mi is packed, according to the given CBL, it will cover NMi blocks{BC1 BCNMi} from top( if Li = 0) or from right (Li=1).


A cell will be relocated and its associated nets will be rerouted if its connections go across any congested region, even if the cell is not in the congested region.

our method can reduce the over.ow e.ectively.


The rule base does not depend on the nature of fuzzy sets.

it is processed exactly as in type-1 fuzzy systems [1,2].


Given an n-block set, it divides the chip into n rooms and assigns one and only one block to each room.

floorplans with more than n rooms, some of which are empty, cannot be represented.


Low swing operation on the entire clock tree without any modi.cations at the sink level would lead to negative impacts on clock slew, skew and logic path timing.

a previous approach considers to use level shifters at the last level of the clock tree, assuming the overhead of level shifters, in order to keep the signal integrity for logic path timing at the sink level [6].


The physical layout resource of SOP is multi-layer in nature: all layers are used for both placement and routing, and pins are now located at all layers.

the existing routing tools for PCB or MCM can not be used directly for SOP routing.


int o empty spaces after the placemen t stage [17].

to enable metal as shortage of Eachtileis Hence, a Furthermore, to facilitate timing/power characterization and mask generation, the dimension of a certain cell type is prede.ned.


For the multi-gate path, the cumulative transistor delay shift increases faster than a single gate s worst-case delay degradation.

a total gate delay shift over the entire path, when its value reaches or exceeds the 10% threshold mark, can serve as a lifetime period indicator.


It can be seen that the states within the 2D queue that are involved in transition are only the ones that lie near the main diagonal, while o.-diagonal states are not relevant for the thermal transition process.

considering ever larger near-diagonal approximation with increasing W , Fig.


We slightly modi.ed these other by micro bumps.

we need to .nd the connec-testcases to suit the interposer-based 3D IC structures.


is outside nominal bounds, while from point D on nominal performance of the processor can be guaranteed.

we identify 3 timing violation scenarios, based on the number of pipeline stages that do not meet the nominal slack-met condition.


However, the cost of using a shared routing resource is gradually increased during later iterations, and this increase in cost is proportional to the number of signals that share that resource.

this scheme forces signals to negotiate for routing resources.


ILP Measurement Compared to Several Con.gurations C. Dynamic Operation Execution The DOE cycle model approximates the cycle count required by the real hardware as accurate as possible.

we sors, in Embedded Computer Systems (SAMOS), 2011 International compared the results from the RTL hardware simulation against the results obtained from our cycle-approximate simulator.


On the other hand, similar to the situation on an obstacle-free plane, no vertex can be in Quad1 of another vertex in the same active group, as there should not be any obstacle within each active region.

we can implement the active vertex set Av based on a hierarchical balanced binary search tree, i.e., the active regions can be maintained by a balanced binary search tree while the active group in each region is maintained also by one balanced binary search tree, linked from that region.


For example, in our collision scenario it is required that the load instruction be executed (and therefore generated) before the store instruction.

we add a constraint specifying that the timestamp of the .rst instruction is smaller than that of the second instruction.


Performance degradation is around 0.6% across all STB1 bank sizes.

from the viewpoint of speculative forwarding, the STB1 design can be simplified with negligible performance losses.


More precisely, a miss occurs at time tif Rt is not in St.

we de.ne recursively the time indices {.k,k =0,1,...}by .0 =0; .k+1 :=.k +µk+1,k =0,1,... and µk+1 :=inf{ =1,2,... : R.k+ .S.k+ } with the convention µk+1 = 8if either .k = 8or if .k is .nite but the set of indices entering the de.nition of µk+1 is empty.


They also ensure that the6 LSBs( least signi.cant bits) of corresponding addresses in two replica are identical.

one map entry provides an accurate address translation for all objects within a 64-B block.


To .nd P(g:a.a'), the procedure .rst marks n every line in the circuit that participates in a path, which also includes g. For this purpose, the procedure marks every line h such that there is a path from g to h. This is done by traversing the circuit forward starting from g.In addition, the procedure marks every line h such that there is a path from h to g. This is done by traversing the circuit backward starting from g. For a line h, rch(h) =1if there is a path from h to g or from g to h, and rch(h) =0 if there is no such path.

the set of lines with paths from or to g is denoted by C. C ={h:rch(h)=1}.


The modified operators in the data path recognize the marker of the counter.

the marker can pass through the operations unhindered and unmodified.


The worst-case complexity of computing GB(J + J0) in Fq[x1,...,xd ] is known to be bounded by qO(d) [16], which is prohibitive over large .elds.

we need to improve our approach to overcome this complexity.


Note that in either case wedid not include neighborhood characterization between cells because industry sources informed us that polysilicon geometrieswould be more or less regular from the 45nm process nodeonward, reducing neighborhood effects [13].

we leaveneighborhood analysis as future work.


Two 1-bit registers are used for implementing each ABP circuit (one in the sender and one in the receiver for storing the current level); faults a.ecting them can cause the execution of a fake request or the loss of a request.

the e.ects on external communication can be represented with fake and phantom calls, while other function call mutations do not correspond to any possible e.ect of a physical fault.