Whereas identity or authorization certificates bind the key to some entity and must describe who this entity is, or what he is allowed to do, key management certificates assume that the root key is already bound to an entity.

they only address the simpler problems of binding a subkey to the root key, and confining the damage done if the subkey is compromised.


in the inversion time, as the ElGamal decryption algorithm will need to enumerate over the possible 2a values.

this generalization works only for small values of a, i.e., a= O(log .).


The objective of the discretization process is to .nd the optimal value ti and j for each user and role respectively, and assign the top ti roles and the top j permissions.

the vectors lt de.ne the user-assignment, UA and l de.ne the permission-assignment, PA, relations.


This reduction, in order to store hierarchical accesses in a .at roleset, expands the set of roles to include a role named for every path through the hierarchy in the downward direction.

if RBAC1 s hierarchy says A = B, B = C, and A = D, then this is represented in RBAC0 with roles {A, B, C, D, AB, ABC, AD, BC }.


Accordingto our knowledge, none of the existing work considers the owner s, requestor s, and resource s context together for making contextbased access control decisions in PCE.

the proposed model extends the support for de.ningaccesspoliciescompletelybasedoncontext information, o.ering 7 (seven) types of context-based access control policies.


Non-.ducial approaches aim to extract discriminative information from the ECG trace without having to localize .ducial markers.

the .ducial features capture information local to a single heartbeat and the non-.ducial features capture global patterns (not restricted to a heart beat) in the ECG trace.


There is no guarantee that these checks or the system call policy installation is executed.

in our current implementation, a PaaS architect needs to audit all code involved in runtime environment setup.


However, many companies pay for public cloud services to store their data and run computational applications, because of the ease of con.guration and maintenance.

the concern for con.dentiality becomes inevitable.


On one hand, the privacy leaks behaviors still need to be well defined and can t be simply identified as existing malwares.

new modeling method to describe the PLS is needed.


Unfortunately, both the exploits and the attack targets may be very complex.

it is possible that a variant of an exploit becomes ine.ective because of some condition that may be di.cult (or impossible) to model.


Next, we will want to log access to .ctitious user resources are accessed.

if our simulated users connect to a fake corporate web app or mail server, we must log when a device in the vicinity of our honeyclient attempts to connect to that same .ctitious resource.


In a closed credential platform the user typically authenticates towards the control only once during .rst boot, and this user identity can be bound to TEE-speci.c key at the control point.

the subsequent provisioning operations do not require separate user authentication, instead TEE authentication that requires no user interaction is enough.


Here, dataminimizing authentication o.ers the possibility to execute transactions in a pseudonymous manner.

user linkability is no longer mandatory but rather an optional feature.


Deep-packet inspection is also not suitable, as attackers often use encoding or encryption before shipping data off-site.

packet inspection tools that check for tokens that may indicate sensitive packet contents are easily circumvented.


In a federation the authentication of a user is not necessarily performed within the service provider s domain, but can be done within the user s local domain.

the service provider has to trust the authentication performed by the user s identity provider.


Note also that the CARE module based on lightweight digital certificates [11] performs much faster than when based traditional digital certificates [16] providing a trade-off between security and performance.

the first option is our preferred solution being fully implemented in our system.


A processor erratum is a design fault so its existence is unintended.

hardware assisted virtualization solutions (e.g., Xen) will not implement them in the exposed virtual CPUs of guests because it would take too much e.ort and make no sense to mimic unexpected system behaviours, however, a higher level of transparency could be provided.


ar or aw dependence: These two types of dependences involve data exchange between two processes.

aA measures the states of both processes and the data exchanged between them.


Each OAuth service provider, however, must independently serve an authorization management function without the possibility of centralized management, defeating requirement (1) as de.ned in Section 3.

this speci.cation fails to address data sharing scenarios presented in [8].


However, our protocol generates the session key via a nonce and a pre-shared K insteadofaprevious sessionkey.

our protocol satis.es known-key security.


The PCR registers are reliably populated by boot-up measurements by the CRTM, and these PCR values cannot be re-populated to any known values after boot.

a TPM2_PolicyPCR command that maps the values of these PCRs into the policy session will identify whether the device was booted into a software state recognizable as part of the policy, or into some other state.


As we discuss in Section 3.3, any write right to a branch of a repository implies read access to the repository.

in stage (1) of access enforcement, the gitolite Reference Monitor .rst checks whether userName is authorized to read some branch of repoName.


We randomized the order of presenting the layouts to the participants.

half of the participants constructed the Chase password by using the standard layout and the Chase-QuickPay password by using the custom layout.


most cryptographic primitives (including privacy ampli.ca- The only exception is the construction of [21] which, instead, tion) are impossible even if k> 2 n [29, 13, 6].

we requires many rounds of interaction and is not practically ef.cient.


In MU-MIMO networks, when the CSI feedback delay is greater than 200ms, the achievable network capacity decreases by more than 50% [4].

receivers are required to report CSI in plaintext as quickly as possible.


Technically, a plain shellcode is no different than any instance of metamorphic shellcode, since both do not carry a decryption routine nor exhibit any self-modi.cations or dynamic code generation.

an attack that uses a previously unknown static analysis-resistant plain shellcode will manage to evade existing detection systems.


Note that X = f (c1 ) f(c1 ) (f (S)e)f(c1 ) mod N , so X = m (mod q) but X *= m f (c1 ) (mod p).

gcd(m -X mod N , N ) discloses a factor of N .


Else, a.a · yj,k + b · zj,k, b.a · wj,k + b · vj,k Output g a Except for a few changes in the notation, the function above is the same as the one in [16].

its security follows from the following theorem.


Although IPTables is a complex and highly configurable firewall, it can also be very difficult to understand, especially for high school students in a week-long summer camp.

to mitigate this potential problem, the IPTables lecture is presented as a very simple, example-driven lecture.


Also, let r1 be the value such that e12 := g r1 and let m := za za e11y -r1 .

e2 = e12g = g r1z+a and e1 = e11(m/m1)z y za -r1z+a = m y -r1z(m/m1)z y.


Since we have N number of possible values for r, the probability for produc 1 ing wrong bit is 2m .

the probability for com- N 2K-m dependently in each iteration.


In accordance with the original GOST description, the same round subkey K1is used at the first and the last round.

the analysis of the first and the last round will allow us to make an assumption about the importance of first round subkey.


4.1 Attribute Identi.cation MAST is designed to be less costly than deep analysis techniques.

attributes must be easy to obtain from the application package (as opposed to the result of code recovery).


This makes a pure compiler-based solution unable to intercept part of the .nal code.

we implemented our prototype in two separate components: an assembly code pre-processor designed to work as a wrapper for the GNU Assembler (gas), and a simple binary analyzer responsible for gathering some information that is not available in the assembly source code.


Proof : Since gcd(a, b) = 1, then by the extended Euclidean algorithm, there exists some integers u, v such that av+bu = 1.

one has the following: av+bu av av u y = y =(y )(x )u =(y x )a mod N. Hence, the value y := y v x u is a a-th root of y.


Considering Table 1, one can say that the importance of the correct veri.cation of s is well understood and correctly implemented.

the most SaaS-CPs resist both 0/Sig and CF attacks.


T -Tc 2 28 Currently, a new checkpoint is added every 25000 blocks, which amounts to the period of about 140 days with the current di.culty increase rate.

the di.culty may drop by the factor of 210 compared to the previous checkpoint.


This is not surprising,duetothemuchlarger space offoreignterminating numbers, in general, two mobile customers are unlikely to call the same international number(s).

voice graphs often consist of a large number of small disconnected subgraphs.


Through the procedure summary we want to capture if the procedure enables the taint to be propagated at its output variables given information about whether its input variables are tainted.

we the summary of a procedure is the taintedness of the output variables of the procedure (those that escape the procedure scope such as returns, pointers, globals, etc.)


Indeed, when the attacker tries to correlate messages to identify the delivery path,therewill alwaysbe many choicesat everypointinthe path since the message observed at a given sensor node can originate from any of its neighbors.

we do not need to let every node frequently send maintenance messages, especially in a high density sensor network.


As the artifact is only bound to the identity supplier by U RRIgs and to the identity consumers artifact receiver U RRIpc , the artifact can be used to authenticate at any service hosted by the identity consumer.

the low-level security service can use its information to impersonate a user to a high-level security service.


In practice, thousands of OT protocols can be executed in parallel per second.

private comparison between n-bit integers is e.cient, as latter can be done with n ternary gates.


x Further, since p (1 -p)1- x is a decreasing function of x for p< 0.5, the largest term in the left hand side of Eqn.

(5) would be the one with the smallest value of di.we arrive at the decision rule: .


Specifying access control policy at each individual resource level makes the size of the policy unmanageably large.

most of the policies are represented as generic pro.les using wildcard symbols such as % and * to cover multiple resources.


However, the raw event log is not suitable for direct processing, since the data are not properly organized and indexed to allow for fast response to a large number of exfiltration detection strategies.

an index of events is created, which contains sequences and combinations of events that can be efficiently interrogated by the analysis modules.


Asymmetric encryption algorithms and even some symmetric encryption algorithms are beyond the com putational capabilities of sensors.

we propose a secure communication protocol that uses a lightweight hardware block cipher Katan32 as the basic building block.


We are not able to manually analyze thousands of malicious PDF documents and there are no sources capable of delivering trustworthy information about the contained exploit, especially not AV products and other heuristic-based scanners.

we can only provide accurately generated evaluation data and reason about their validity.


The role merely simpli.es the management of users.

access control in SELinux is primarily enforced via TE [19, 28].


No software is able to reset the PCR17 to zero and its default value at boot is -1.

pCR17 is at this point unique for each SLB identity.


However, legitimate applications use these permissions as well.

we must de.ne rules with respect to multiple permissions.


We feel that it is important to understand what a single cluster is actually describing, and we provide di.erent examples about what tags have been clustered together.

we investigate two clusters in more detail.


Any re-allocation of resources between the security-sensitive application and the commodity OS would have to be handled by the hypervisor.

for the cost of the encryption and decryption overhead, Overshadow permits the commodity OS kernel to handle resource sharing between the security-sensitive application and the rest of the commodity OS instead of relying on the hypervisor.


This is a reasonable assumption to make in many practical scenarios, as the proxy is typically a part of the institution using the delegation mechanism.

any deviation from the protocol can be easily detected and deemed malicious.


In the case of a password change, TCFS simply decrypts the master-key with the old password and re-encrypts with the new password.

if the user s password is revealed to the attacker, simply changing the master-key is not enough as the attacker could have downloaded all the keys using the compromised password.


The e.ciency results are not surprising, since the dimension n and the modulus q are much larger in U-LP than in LP.

the large value of q negatively in.uences both the key sizes and running times in a direct way.


Since the script .le obviously forms the application, it has to be part of the application ID.

the current application ID for scripts is incomplete.


3.2 Leaks of Information As stated in [14], micro-controller implementations of AES are expected to leak the Hamming weights of the state bytes they process.

we designed our the decoder to output the aposteriori probabilities for the 9 possible Hamming weights of each byte.


Of course, just as it is infeasible to explicitly enumerate the set of all permissible traces, it is typically di.cult to sample meaningful traces uniformly at random from this set.

for the purpose of simulation, we specify a stochastic parameterization of this set of traces.


Moreover, by construction, f sends more than .h(t2 - t1)+ ßh in the new sequence X 'IXtt1 2, whose time span is t2 - t1 + ..

l can detect f in the new sequence because .h(t2 - t1) + ßh = .h' (t2 - t1 + .)


After a weak learner is added, the data is re-weighted: examples that are misclassi.ed gain weight and examples that are classi.ed correctly lose weight (some boosting algorithms actually decrease the weight of repeatedly misclassi.ed examples, e.g., boost by majority).

future weak learners focus more on the examples that previous weak learners misclassi.ed.


The proposed scheme still shows itself to be weak in the face of protocol modification attacks, physical attacks, and various other kinds of network attacks.

further studies must be conducted on security service protocols to come up with a more realizable security service protocol for RFID Tag, as well as to address the factors that give rise to various security threats.


(Data veri.cation) CoD can be decisive factors in the stock value assessment.

if the con.dence level of a CoD item is less than a speci.c level, c, the item must be veri.ed by a prede.ned veri.cation procedure, verifyCoD(this), before it is referenced by SA.


Note, that SecureUI based on the TrEE can be provided only by certain types of secure hardware, as we discuss later in Section 4.

this component is optional in our system architecture (indicated by a dashed box in Figure 2).


To manage the growth of noise in homomorphic evaluation, we need to work with bits rather than numbers.


Based on the de.nition of dummy output, it is straightforward that there is no intersection between the meaningful and dummy output sets for any states.

if the test output is the same as any meaningful output, we should report a potential logic vulnerability.


Let us consider this in detail: .rstly, RSA keys normally reside in EEPROM, or even worse, in a protected EEPROM section.

executing many exponentiations with changing RSAkeys, willdepletethe write cycles of thisparticular EEPROM section very quickly.


For resiliency, Mesh-accessible resources of the local VO accept both locally generated Mesh keys as well as keys generated at the user s home VO.

the authorized_keys .le returned by meshgetkey must contain both the public key stored on the local MAP as well as the public key stored on the user s home MAP.


+81-42-637-2111 uda@cs.teu.ac.jp as social networking services, product purchase, financial transaction, etc.

smart phone is used for various purposes, is very convenient and is essential to many people.


location 3 in Figure 3, group 0 no longer has contextual feature camera , thus display sensitive information is removed from the restricted function list.


In this case, all of the friends in friend networks of both victim and faked identity are assumed to be authentic identities.

bPS is based on the number of similar attributes and the number of mutual friends in the two identities.


Statistics gathering and ad delivery use private data differently statistics gathering uses historical context and click data from many users, while ad delivery uses a user s current context.

we use different, but state of the art, privacy guarantees for them.


Finally, false alarms are eliminated because the model is an overapproximation of the behavior of the application.

while the model might be porous and not detect attacks, it will never raise a false alarm.


Evaluating Security Controls Based on Key Performance Indicators and Stakeholder Mission F. T. Sheldon, R. K. Abercrombie Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Road, PO Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6418, USA +1 865-576-1339, +1 865-241-6537 sheldtonft@ornl.gov, abercrombier@ornl.gov Abstract Good security metrics are required to make good decisions about how to design security countermeasures, to choose between alternative security architectures, and to improve security during operations.

in essence, measurement can be viewed as a decision aid.


Experiments have shown that trust increases with reliability [10, 12, 30, 64].

the more reliable a system is in normal operation, the greater the potential for damage when the system is compromised.


However, we do not yet have an explanation for the slight shift of the peak to the left.

although scaledown is effective and useful, it is critical to limit the amount of scaledown employed in practice, as the discrete effects can become substantial.


Ss IP address in the DNS message [5], this information is not currently available in DNS queries.

for external clients our mutation is restricted to the temporal dimension and limited spatial mutation (based on identity of resolvers).


For the state-changes, we know that each causes a dAuth or dUnauth to become true.

we represent a sequence of state changes with those predicates.


Therefore, the total number of free slots in all the nodes excluding i increases by e. After iteration t - 1, it holds that degG (i)= e. Since i was selected for removal by iteration t, it is the case that e< 0.1degGT (i), i.e, degGT (i) > 10e.

after iteration t - 1, the number of free slots in node i is degGT (i) - degG (i) > 9e.


Imperfect estimation of CSI is known to cause serious problems in wireless systems [4, 47].

many researchers proposed ways of improving the accuracy of CSI estimation and reducing the overhead of CSI transmission.


However, as long as we cannot possibly guarantee that two equivalent software samples were run in identical input contexts, we cannot also expect that their output contexts prove equivalent other than under exceptionally rare circumstances.

we have to o.er a sound similarity measure for output contexts that would feasibly estimate the fact of equivalence of software samples.


TrustDroid applies rules, which enforce that a system-wide readable .le can be only read by a another app of the same color as the writer.

if an app declares a .le system-wide readable, it is shared only within the domain of the writer.


A single processor core is capable of processing tens of thousands of users simultaneously in real-time.

the HOP system is scalable to the heavy workload at a game server.


Finally, the base station performs an aggregation computation to obtain the aggregate.

sensor nodes act as data sources, and the base station acts as a sink.


In this design, everything to the right of the chokepoint (Figure 1 (b)) is part of the TCB.

security of user data requires authenticating the client-side (i.e., JavaScript/HTML) code.


r1 C r2 means r1 is senior to r2, i.e., every member of r1 is also a member of r2, and every permission assigned to r2 is also available to members of r1.

r2 inherits all the users of r1 and r1 inherits all the permissions of r2.


We describe the behavior of a browser in a Browser/POST case such as WSFPI and focus on speci.c parts most relevant for the concrete protocol.

we start with a browser B in State Await response depicted in Figure 4.


The proposed approach In our solution we use a grayscale image watermark that has more information than a binary watermark.

we seek to increase the capacity of watermarking and to achieve the objective of a blind extraction of the embedded watermark.


grok.se/en/top Figure 1: Plot of the number of minutes before a revert versus the percentage of reverts occurring before that time for random pages on Wikipedia.

if users can be directed to articles with pending Faust tokens, .


Such raw data often is compressed and therefore exhibits a high entropy.

the uncertainty about the overall observed n-grams increases and obscures the structure of the protocol.


The access control spaces are built using the SE-Linux policies, the topology, and the rules inside the tra.c policy enforcement devices (network-based .rewalls, host-based .rewalls, etc.)

the new framework is capable of integrating operating system policies with .rewall rules.


However, this has no implication on the real system, as long as the application code is not generated directly from the model and there is no assurance that the generation process itself is correct.

conclusions from the model-based security analysis have to be drawn carefully, but it is clear that the analysis results provide useful input into the development process.


Therefore, the Caller ID Name presented by Y can be reliably verified by authentication mechanism supported by both Y and subscriber (or subscriber s gateway on his behalf).

the name of X may be legally used by Y as the display-name under control of company X.


In summary, Mine-Tag can be highly e.ective for roles with adequate number of applications.

we can use them as an important reference when we set and verify the permission con.guration.


Usually, even for experienced users it is not self-evident which actions are justi.able and which are not.

the system should give him or her the information required to decide what exactly he or she is not permitted to do, why he or she is not permitted to do so, and what the possible consequences (risks) of overriding the access control are.


However, these systems are usually slower than local detectors, as they require data collection and correlation among di.erent sites.

both reactive mechanisms and cooperative detection techniques are unlikely to be able to react to an extremely fast hitlist worm in a timely fashion.


These annotations specify actions that the system enforcing the access controls must preform before granting access or upon prohibiting access.

an XACML policy may have e.ects beyond just granting or prohibiting access that the model presented fails to address.


A public key is not assigned to a single card, but a batch of cards.

batches can be identi.ed, but not cards (or card holders).


Making a password longer or including more character classes increases the size of the search space necessary for a brute force attack.

stronger passwords should earn higher scores.


Considering a 112-bit security parameter, each BCP ciphertext is a pair of 4096-bit group elements.

the encryption of 50M SNPs generates 2 · (5 · 107) · (2 · 4096) bits, i.e., almost 100GB.


The semantic security of [ · ] prevents Bob from 2 2 determining that x¯A + ¯yA, -2 ¯xA and -2 ¯yA are not distributed properly.

no PPT algorithm can distin 2 2 guish [x¯A + ¯yA], [-2 ¯xA] and [-2 ¯yA] from the encryption of properly distributed values.


Note that we require that the string be entered, rather than just confirmed!

for Carol to enroll Eddie s Trojan set-top box, she would have to obtain this string somehow and enter it into her network controller app.


As another example, worms commonly infect only a homogenous execution platform.

the constraint in InfectableBy that the type of the local worm be supported by a target host can be relaxed so that the type is an attribute of the worm generally, and not a specific host.


Rootkits exhibit excessive access behavior to the directory information, because they attempt to conceal their presence in the .lesystem by intercepting the accesses to directory information and removing the entries that point to their .les.

when recursively listing directories, we will see the rootkit samples accessing many disk blocks that contain directory information.


Since in our previous analysis for the PRNG, the amount of information provided to the side-channel adversary is hidden in the leakage function abstraction, the PRNG with initialization process just has to consider more (but still limited) information leakages.

if su.cient noise is present in the measurements, a su.cient security level can be reached, as in the previous sections.


A does not need the decryption key then to determine what the .le is.

even without the encryption key, signi.cant data leakage can occur to a multiple snapshot adversary just by observing patterns of changes.


On the other hand, it is popular that literatures on recent group signatures (e.g, [2, 3, 6]) prove the security in the model formalizing attacking games [1].


If the publisher exceeds the number of answers expected by the aggregator (i.e., ce × A + b × o), it will be suspected.

it can only generate answers that belong to certain buckets and is limited by the number of buckets and the o.set (i.e., b × o).


and fA(a) are unknown, and thus solve the CDH problem.

no probabilistic polynomial time adversity can .nd a valid forged response (y, ., s) .'


We noticed that some users could hardly stabilize their hand position and other .ngers while drawing a pattern.

a polynomial of degree 2 is chosen as a curve description for the sake of generalization and simplicity.


Ci denotes that the class Ci has a higher or equal security clearance than the class Cj .

users in Ci is allowed to access the data items owned by users in Cj , but the access in the opposite direction is prohibited.


First, the program counter can be used as a general purpose register.

many instructions can target it and thereby in.uence the control-.ow.


Google strips punctuation from search terms, even if the terms are placed in quotations.

the phrases that respondents provided may have matched phrases with the same words but punctuated differently.


To be well prepared for future attacks, increasing number of researchers have begun to study advanced botnet designs that could be developed by botmasters in the near future; however, they need a relatively closed and controllable environment designed by researchers to quantitatively evaluate the capabilities of these next-generation botnets.

we propose the Hybrid Botnet Ecological Environment (HBEE), which aims to make bots expose as many of their execution paths as possible, in order to mine the C&C protocol vulnerabilities of bots as well as to evaluate the capability of advanced botnets.


In fact, the scheme of [10] can be used for stereo .les but the mark is only embedded in the left channel.

that scheme cannot cope with attacks which exploit the stereo properties of the .le, as shown in Section 3.


The lazy synchronization scheme is highly effective because it exploits the fact that there are limited occurrences of active sharing in application programs: if a page is not accessed during the activation of the particular SP3 domain, it will not generate any page-fault.

the images of a page frame are synchronized only when necessary, thereby reducing the runtime overhead of reencryption for synchronization.


While unscheduled approvability may require more users per role, it avoids delaying a task because the selected user is unavailable at the time the action is to be performed.

as long as some user is available which does not violate past constraints, unscheduled approvability does not delay the task, and hence the urgency with which the task can be completed is not a.ected.


Actually many factors can impact user trust, such as the rapidity of finding information, efficiency and security when carrying out the transaction, and reliability of the delivery service behind the website.

usability may be a key factor in the success of e-commerce systems, as several studies affirm.


However, because of the e.ect of the clock skew the two clocks drift after the initial synchronization.

to keep the clock drift under a required upper bound all the related schemes in section 2.2 propose to re-synchronize frequently.


The decomposition and annotation can only be applied on information object level.

it is not possible to individually annotate, e.g., the di.erent realizations of the same image information object.


Thatis,from P spoint of view, the execution semantics in A and E are equivalent.

the next instruction in IP executed in A has to be iE,t+1 as in E (i.e.,iA,t+1 = iE,t+1).


For such VOs, Mesh can be con.gured to require two-factor authentication to obtain a Mesh key and to limit key lifetime to the extent desired.

while it is still not possible for the user to be present during unattended operations, it can be guaranteed that all Mesh keys used for such operations are directly bound to a successful two-factor authentication within some con.gurable time into the past.


Our implementation of Mobile implements history abstraction values as integers.

it provides 232 newhist operations for each security-relevant class C, de.ning hcC,k() = k for all k .


As a result, the time for modular reduction can be reduced signi.cantly.

using elliptic curves over a pseudo-Mersenne prime can achieve additional performance gain.


In TaintDroid, each array has one taint tag that is shared by all elements of the array.

tainting for arrays only has minimal memory overhead.


There are potentially many data owners with di.erent secrecy requirements.

an application may be both a data owner and a data intermediary, depending on the policy perspective, and each data owner s secrecy requirements must be met, even if doing so prevents data from being used.


Since this bit-test instruction has a base operand that speci.es a memory location, the offset operand in Reg can be a 32/64-bit value.

it extracts the Reg-th bit from the bitmap to the CF .ag.


Regarding hypothesis (H4), we could show that even though the algorithm of the prototype can still be optimized, PassShapes did not perform significantly worse than PINs compared on their error rate.


If it detects an attempt to open the casing, it triggers zeroization of the DRAM (computation state), and battery-backed RAM (long-lived secret keys).

a physically present adversary cannot open the device and learn anything useful about its computation.


When implemented on a host, NIPS can also use system information along with network data.

one can design an NIPS or NIDPS, which can co-relate event log information and network intrusion.


Nevertheless, under such circumstances, none of these schemes provide suf.cient security due to the large fraction of compromised links (over 60%).

our scheme clearly has advantages over the basic probabilistic scheme [5] and the q-composite scheme [4].


Examples are adversary course of action [37], adversary view security evaluation [24], or attack navigators [35].

social experimentation for cyber security requires adversarial roles in the experiment, demanding an adaptation of the original paradigm.


As a single-bit lock is used, the cache line will be unlocked upon the .rst time that return target is visited.

the following accesses to the return target will observe lock=0 and trigger false positives.


Using the example in .gure 2, let the current system time be 15, and that b4 and b11 have been violated.

bf ={b4,b11,b5} creates two partitions Bf 1 ={b4,b5}and Bf 2 ={b11}.


However, we observe that the NISC protocol of [1]requires (O(tn+t2)exponentiations, where t is the statistical parameter for the cut-and-choose protocol and n is the size of the input of one of the parties.

when plugged into NISC, our one-sided simulatable OT construction does not add a signi.cant overhead.


Whenever the legacy host is running, SICE extends the SMRAM to include the memory of the isolated environment.

this memory is protected from all memory requests.


The solutions in [4] and [5] employ pre-de.ned touch gestures, and some of them require users to use even .ve .ngers which might be unnatural for users to perform.

these methods for explicit authentication might be dif.cult to apply in real-life situations for implicit and continuous identity recognition.


The computation cost of the user (E4) and the service provider server (E5) is the time spent by the user and the service provider server during the process of authentication.

the computation cost of the user (E4) is 3TE + 3TH and that of the service provider server (E5) is 2TE + 3TH.


We considered three di.erent signals: Availability of a developer website: The availability of a developer website of Android apps and Chrome extensions correlates positively with the number of permissions requested by an app.

the presence of a developer website (developer identity) does not imply a less intrusive app; in fact the reverse was observed.


2.2 Group-based Key Establishment While some node deployment scenarios allow for manual or automated placement of nodes, or for key nodes to have known .xed positions [24], we believe that certain critical applications, such as battle.eld deployments, do not provide such means.

it is desirable to have a solution which provides secure key establishment without requiring speci.c location knowledge for each node.


In summary, anonymity with respect to a certain kind of information does not only depend on this particular information itself, but rather on all personal data items which may allow the adversary to draw conclusions about the information.

a serious drawback of an approach with anonymous job applications is the lack of ordinary return addresses, since the surname must not be revealed.


This data management technique is much more natural in event-driven programming, which the event process system calls symbiotically encourage.

event processes tend to use minimal private memory, and the optimization of only storing page table differences is pro.table in practice.


This function is used during session negotiation as well as during normal data transfer.

nIDSs that monitor the SSL protocol in order to detect SSL-related attacks can be evaded if they correctly adhere to the speci.cation instead of mimicking the behavior client-hello C -> S: challenge,cipher_specs server-hello S -> C: connection-id,server_certificate, cipher_specs client-null C -> S: client-null C -> S: client-null C -> S: client-master-key C -> S: {master_key}server_public_key client-null C -> S: client-null C -> S: client-finish C -> S: {connection-id}client_write_key server-verify S -> C: {challenge}server_write_key server-finish S -> C: {new_session_id}server_write_key Figure 2: SSLv2 session negotiation NULL record evasion.


(1) The z-packets that enable reconciliation, are a function of the y-packets.

since the y-packets are linearly independent from Eve s observations, so are the z-packets, and we have H(Z|W)= H(Z).


Moreover, the current approaches do not present a mapping of metrics to the adaptation architecture.

the paper shows how the utilisation of security metrics has to be taken into account in the self-adaptation architecture.


Because participants did not use their actual passwords and understood that passwords were the sub ject of the experiment, their results represent a theoretical upper bound; they studied meter ef.cacy, whereas we study meter e.ectiveness.

we are not aware that anyone has performed an ecologically valid study of password strength meters.


As the maximal output size of Gear is 512 bits (all other versions have smaller output, thus generic attacks have lower complexity), we examine only the security of Gear -512.

we need to prove that no differential and linear attacks on C- Gear exist with complexity lower than 2512.


a (c)willbetter MS re.ect the behavior of an optimal attacker in this case.

4.1.2 Expected Estimation Error For most applications of order-preserving functions (e.g., geographic locations or account balances), information is disclosed not only by the exact decryption of a given ciphertext c, but also if it is possible to estimate a plaintext lying in a narrow interval around the actual plaintext producing c. we are interested in the expected estimation error of a maximum-likelihood attacker, estimating the plaintext mapped to a given ciphertext c by choosing uniformly at random one element from the set mlpS(c): mlpS (c)=arg max Pr(f(p)= c) p.D For the ideal object , it is known, that this estimator has y maximum error of O(|D|) with probability arbitrarily close to one [4].


The public part of this key is used Candidates Approach Instances 1 10 50 SSH 130,580 2,149 8,869 11,762 Services 203,563 7,017 30,345 63,512 Web 125,554 5,548 31,651 54,918 Table 5: Discovered Instances to verify the authenticity of the server.


Nowadays, mobile devices are becoming major tools for the Internet, and OpenSSL is mostly used on these devices.

if any vulnerability exists in OpenSSL, the clients will be a.ected to the same extent as the servers.


Before the next packet could be transmitted, there was an idle time of Tprep = 10µs required to set up the next transmission.

the constant jammer was active about 85% of the time with an on/o.


The average electricity consumer is not one individual, but a household of several people.

providing the consumer with detailed energy information about themselves is inadvertently providing them with information about other members of the same household.


Authorized users in this setting have access to a trapdoor generation function.

they can generate valid trapdoors for any arbitrary keyword.


The classification results are in Table 5, which shows that the accuracy is still around 50%.

the existing features do not seem to be effective in this scenario.


However, if CRLT .serno > B.serno then a newer revocation list has been installed on the system in the mean time.

the boot loader creates anew stateblob B.


Note that stripping o. all cookies will cause an authentication failure within the web application, except for requests requiring no authentication, e.g., access to the login page of the web application, or another informational page that contains no user-speci.c information.

jCSRF is secure by design and will prevent CSRF attacks.


However, such a modification will fail in Step 1 of the authentication phase because an attacker has no way of obtaining the values of IDi, H (ni) and H (x) to compute the valid parameters CIDi* and Mi*.

the proposed protocol is secure against impersonation attack.


We emphasize that the leakage functions are arbitrary polynomial time functions.

our approach allows after-the-fact leakage in bounded or continuous leakage model.


The number of secret parameters is always greater than the number of equations available.

the intruder cannot succeed in recovering the equation and breaking the scheme.


As we see from the article this criteria is not enough because many metrics satisfy it.

we either need to .nd more empirical criteria for a more .ne-grained analysis or, ideally, de.ne what we mean by more secure .


p.. Our algorithm terminates because, with one exception discussed below, l(S(p)) = l(p)- 1 because an edge is consumed in matching the head of the path condition.

any node-su.x pair that is enqueued contains a shorter path condition.


Imagining a scenario in which credit card information must be transmitted during an operation request, the client s security needs arise.

the client may perform some kind of validation on the policy received by the server, determining whether it full.lls an implicitly or explicitly de.ned client policy.


The system derives automatically the parameter pro.les associated with web applications (e.g., length and structure of parameters) from the analyzed data.

it can be deployed in very di.erent application environments without having to perform time-consuming tuning and con.guration.


The approach neither uses malware s control .ow consisting of temporal ordering of malware code execution, nor the code-speci.c information about the malware.

the malware signature based on such data access patterns is resilient in matching malware variants.


However, several malware programs, such as Stration , obtain the necessary API addresses during program execution.

an API call whose address is obtained during execution will not be extracted by static analysis.


By inserting a malicious AC SU RL = BadU RL , the adversary could set a new permanent default AC SU RL endpoint.

one spoofed  was su.ce to automatically receive all assertions created in the following.


[1,k], i=1 U Ui satis.es fi and thus satis.es ( n fi).

u satis.es U i=1 (( n fi)).Since U also satis.es (m {ui}), U satis.es k U i=1 i=1 ((( n fi))n(m {ui})).


The existing provenance language in [17] was developed as a generalized model of access control for provenance, but did not address resources with arbitrary path lengths within the provenance graph.

this language su.ers from the fact that a resource must be identi.ed before hand, rather than be given as a string which is matched against the graph at execution time.


Although the rewriting is performed inside the browser, implementing our approach requires understanding only the browser s AST data structure, and none of the complexity of the JavaScript runtime.

in addition to supporting an extremely .exible .ow policy speci.cation language, our approach is simple to implement and can readily be incorporated inside other browsers.


This library has been tested quite extensively, and it can .lter out JavaScript code that is embedded in a variety of ways.

the effectiveness of our solution depends on the jsoup library.


However, while students have a very keen interest in the field, most have little to no experience with the subject.

while a bridging firewall serves the purpose of giving students the opportunity to build hands-on experience with network security, the fundamental groundwork must first be laid for the students to understand the advanced concepts required to build such an appliance.


An adversarial reader can simply ask the tag to use its EPC ID; because there is no authentication of this command, the tag will obey.

any library system using one of these tags will be vulnerable to tracking and hotlisting of books and patrons.


Our results strongly suggest that ad hoc defenses against tra.c analysis are not likely to succeed.

we describe a defense scheme that provides provable security properties, albeit with potentially higher overheads.


Ryuya Uda Tokyo Univ ersity of Technology, School of Computer Science 1404-1 Katakuramachi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan +81-42-637-2111 uda@cs.teu.ac.jp Most of SPAM e-mails are needless to read.

filtering by a function on e-mail software is popularly used.


Edges of each fragmentare content-dependent as well, since enzymesdigestthem according to a speci.c pattern of nucleotides.

two unrelated sequences of the same length would not be compared and two same-length sequences containing the same marker should be indeed considered matching.


Furthermore, our symbols are short (67 samples per bit), and they are consecutive with no interval/delay between them (unlike the audio signals of keyboard emanations [3, 27]) and sometimes overlap each other.

we can not detect separately the beginning of each bit but rather use a constant bit length to locate each following bit in the key.


It .nds three occurrences of line 7 in the subsequence (at the very beginning, toward the middle and at the end.

tupni splits the subsequence into three iterations at these three positions.


Moreover, even if the users could be trusted, malware can be inadvertently installed and a user account be compromised.

it is necessary to include the behavior of the users in the access control loop.


Rather, by excluding the distance term corresponding to edge ej,we are marginally reducing the distance of blending attack packets from the IDS but signi.cantly reducing the distance of normal packets from the IDS.

the error distance threshold of the IDS can be reduced while keeping the false positive rate almost same and increasing the detection rate for a PBA.


Concrete equivalence requires the fewest graph changes, followed by label equivalence, and .nally .ow equivalence.

we want to design a method that prefers concrete equivalence to others, where possible, but still enables subsequent merging using label and .ow equivalence.


For example, the temperature (T ) impacts leakage power exponentially, which means that the leakage power would have a large variation when the temperature varies due to IC activities or environmental factors.

unless one is in very controlled settings, the manifestational properties are not appropriate for the purpose of IC identi.cation and, therefore, we consider using physical level properties as the IDs for the chips.


Each commit involves disk I/O and, thus, is time consuming.

it is very advantageous to have as few commits as possible.


In order to prevent this, the signal is dithered, a process that mathematically removes the harmonics or other highly undesirable distortions entirely, and replaces it with a constant, .xed noise level [11].

adding dithering noise to an analog signal before analog-to-digital conversion prevents digitized signal becoming stuck on one particular value.


7) always outputs a request with a region including the issuer, only the users located in the region may have issued the request.

for any user u' out of region r at time t,we have p((r, t, q)|u', Ot)= 0 for any q .Q.


This shows that even when the myriad of requirements concerning patient privacy in the medical domain are considered, the number of unique ways that any given policy can be satis.ed remains reasonably low.

clouseau can e.ciently handle the largest and most complex set of realistic policies assembled to date.


Clearly, participants were looking for shortcuts to the solution of .nding the safe app and stars were an easy to use heuristic, even when they were told to use the review cue.

our results are split into .ndings for when the safe app was highly rated and .ndings for when the safe app had a low star rating.


One can thus satisfy the HIPAA Privacy Policy by only sending messages not containing any PHI .

from Corollary 11, it follows that PH can violate the .property only through allowing a weakly compliant action to incur unsatis.able obligations.


However, jamming by multiple jammers increase the interference on B, thus not impairing the security performance of proposed system.

without loss of generality we simulate with one jammer installed at one side of boundary.


Are of these ought to be distinguished and denoted in preprocessed results.

type here can be valued by KEYWORD, ID_TYPE, ID_VARIABLE, ID_FUNCTION, ID_LABEL, CONSTANT, STRING_LITERAL, OPERATOR, PUNCTUATOR and etc.


Then, this bounding box and the parameters Ti for each condition i, are submitted to the server.

assume each dimension is represented with two half space conditions, the encrypted query EQ is represented as {MBR,{T1,..., T2k}}.


Moreover, even though we already categorize the system calls into di.erent resource categories, we need to continue to study the frequency of system calls and prioritize their importance according to di.erent incident scenarios.

we will be able to implement an event reconstruction system based on process/resource dependency for incident virtualization and replay.


The challenging complexity and variety of public agencies, their intensive use of information and information technology (IT), and their need to effectively protect information assets, motivated us to study the activity of ISS management in the realm of Public Administration, focusing our attention on Local Government, given its proximity to citizens.

the aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the key issues that Local Government chief information officers (CIOs) face, or believe they will face in 5 to 10 years, in the domain of ISS management.


Because caller side inlining needs to .nd the target of a method call statically, it is harder to ensure complete mediation.

we impose some restrictions on the programs that are monitored: in the current prototype we disallow for instance the use of delegates when these delegates cross the boundary of the untrusted application, and the use of re.ection.


5.1 Analysis Since each sensor node has two polynomial shares and each bivariate polynomial is shared by about m different sensor nodes, each sensor node can establish a pairwise key with 2(m- 1) other sensor nodes directly.

among all the other sensors, the percentage of nodes that a node can establish a pairwise key directly is 2(m-1) 2(m-1) 2 = .


Each time an obligation operation is performed, the associated attribute value is updated.

the ful.llment of obligations can be veri.ed by checking the values of associated attributes.


Moreover, threshold voltages increase when the VSB (source-to-substrate) is greater than 0, a condition that holds true for these NFET transistors.

vDS > VGS -Vt indicating the operating mode is saturation.


Note that u and w are a pair of di.erent codewords randomly selected from Li,s.

using Lemma 13, at least 0.009 fraction of the edges touching i in GT are in both Gu and Gw.


In other words, the pair ((K, C),C') identi.es F1 with overwhelming probability.

if we observe during a particular execution of a program P that the values K and C are used to produce the value C', then we can conclude that P implements F1 during this particular execution.


On the other hand, if dID* cannot decrypt then C can be viewed as a random ciphertext that ID * cannot decrypt, and therefore whenever A wins the DishonestUser game, D must have a non-negligible advantage in decrypting the ciphertext.

we have a non-negligible advantage in the selectiveset game against B.


Then, the process of property assignment is performed to each rule s subspaces.

redundant rules are identi.ed and eliminated.


In addition, the signal processing can adapt the size of images reconstructed from EM emanations according to the available display.

a software-defined radio device can replace the measuring device, which significantly increases the portability of the setup.


As users trust the system services more than applications, RiskMon should differentiate Binder transactions initiated by applications and system services.

internal properties are represented with the following features:  Type of Binder transaction: 1,003 boolean features as a bit array, where one bit is set to 1 for the corresponding transaction type and others are 0; and  Direction of control .ow: another boolean feature: 0 for transactions initiated from applications (API calls), 1 for transactions initiated from system services (API callbacks).


Also remind that the addresses of the regions to which the data structures are relocated by ATRA cannot be known, and they are anonymous among many other seemingly benign memory regions.

we conclude that the current hardware-based external monitors that cannot access the CPU processor states of the host are vulnerable to Register-bound ATRA.


There are however signi.cant di.erences between the approaches in that FlowCheck is a security testing tool based on the Valgrind dynamic instrumentation framework whereas our approach is based on veri.cation and static analysis techniques.

our work comes with stronger theoretical guarantees (for example veri.cation of the o.cial patches) and does not require to run the code.


Then, because the granted permissions would be lost if we return from these functions, we need to create and call a mirror version of the caller function of the logout functions, in this case the main function.

we create the mainMirr function which will continue the rest of the code of the original main function.


In order to securely update the SEK, typically each member would need to possess additional keys called the Key Encrypting Keys (KEK).

the multicast key distribution problem would need to focus on ensuring that all the valid receivers possess both the right SEK as well as the KEKs and that these are changed in response to the group dynamics.


This, however, may increase the size of content label of transitions entering into those states, as labels associated with those transitions will store all characters for which transitions are defined at all states along the default path.

it is important to selectively increase the default path of only those states which results in an overall space reduction.


Furthermore, if Mallory learns the identity of the trapdoor for New , she will also be able to infer the trapdoor for York .

it is quite evident that a modicum of prior knowledge can lead to the revelation of many encrypted queries and thus lead to signi.cant document contents disclosure.


{pk(s)/y}| a((M, sign(M, sk(s))))| a(x).if check(fst(x), snd(x),y)= ok then b(fst(x)) Here the value M is signed using the secret key sk(s).

although M and its signature travel on the public channel a, no other process can produce N and its signature for some other N. again, we may reason that only the intended term M will be forwarded on channel b.


SAuth does not su.er from any of the above problems, as it complements, rather than substitutes, existing authentication procedures at each site.

it does not degrade the security of a service, but allows heterogeneous authentication systems to operate at each site, while preserving each party s user accounting system.


By using this method, we can obtain much cheaper training time for TCM-KNN while ensuring high detection performance.

the optimized mechanism is more suitable for lightweight DDoS attacks detection in real network environment.


{1..n} : coveremts(k)= i}| = i · n i=1 n X |{j .

u : covermssc(j)= i}| = i · n i=1 X 1 = covermssc(j) n j.U orderemts minimizes E(min{i : rti(sr )= pr }| pr .T (sr )) P if and only if ordermssc minimizes j.U covermssc(j).


Moreover, as the solution to (11) is unique, the primal variable pi will also converge to optimal value.

the proposed algorithm is guaranteed to converge.


The access quota for an object may be different for different subjects and for different context factors.

there is no single number that can best describe the exact quota for a particular object.


b sends .... =(.... , ..,h,..,..,.., ¯ .., .., ..) to the adversary .. and ..(·) can be obtained by the random Oracle query of B.


cheat the system in order to gain further bene.ts.

to prevent such undesirable .aws when designing an incentive scheme, careful investigation into blind points of the scheme is needed.


containing code to reset the phones, and cannot be identi.ed by the user at .rst sight.

barcode reader best practice proposes presenting the scanned code or URL to the user and requesting their acknowledgement to access it.


Consulting the currently used meters, the observation error is less than 0.2%.

the same level errors are injected into the measurements in the simulation.


The .rst synchronization point is the .rst successful soft-change event, which depends only on the timings of the .ows in the trace and the soft-change timer, which both remain constant across di.erent experiments.

we consider this to be an artifact of our experiment.


Given that PKi SKi, it means that any private key is only work with its corresponding public key and vice versa.

any resources or information that is being either encrypted or signed by the public or private key of i can only be decrypted or verified by the corresponding public or private key of i only, e.g.


Our intent is to extend some of these notions to the level of operations as opposed to data items.

we would like to be able to express delegations such as: delegate Beth s rights to Carla while Beth is on vacation, but for no more than one week.


The .rst restriction we impose is to disallow the .oper = ator or any predicate simulating it.

the policy cannot distinguish between two elements of the carrier.


Therefore, systems with small noise in their dynamics will closely approximate the above requirements.

we argue that systems that incorporate past measurements in their sensor fusion algorithms should use the pairwise intersect method.


Then the Java side passes the next bu.er of data to Zlib.

the number of context switches di.ers signi.cantly with di.erent bu.er sizes.


Further, we do not intend to use the prime number q itself but the length of the public key for the estimation of the success probability.


As explained above, SW has strong theoretical bene.ts, e.g., an ability to extract .les for essentially any E 21 would be quickly detected in phase one of our framework.

in practice, the higher E tolerated by SW is of limited bene.t.


In their system, a location lies in at most three overlapping grids.

one runs the protocol three times according to this location labeling scheme.


the value i of a record, is a value from a closed set of values defines by Ai, the i s Attribute of T. we can define Ai either as the name of the column i of T, or as a domain of values.


In other words, the di.erence between the acceptance probabilities p0 on encryptions of 0 and the acceptance probability p1 on encryptions of 1 is non-negligible.

if pu is the acceptance probability on random words w, itmustbethe case that either |pu -p0|or |pu -p1|is non-negligible.


o TARGET This view captures the difference made in Software Engineering between the product and the process for building the product.

targets of Gov-IS initiatives are classified into process and product.


This attack is also able to violate the observable property as it takes almost zero cost to .nish the interception operation and this cost cannot be ampli.edby the iterative checksum design.

it willbeverydif.cult to determine anysigni.cant thresholds for attack detection.


If all modules are put into one protection domain,a malicious input might triggerabufferover.owin control.c and allow an attacker to access sensitive .les.

one security goal is to contain damages even when the code in control.c has been hijacked by the attacker.


and overloads a designated policy decision (the indeterminate IN) for every policy that cannot be evaluated due to failures.

failure handling is now a concern of the policy writer.


Theoperating system isassigned SID of 0.

current SID is automatically switched to 0 when an interrupt or an exception occurs.


For the rest of the programs, as we can see from the last column of Table 1, the difference between the size of attack input and that of benign input is very large.

the probability of a false positive is low.


Similarly, we can not control the fault location at the jth window operation for d[j] window bits.

we suggest an extension of fault analysis on RSA.


Moreover, by construction, each leaf node contains the action of an access control rule.

according to the solution proposed in [9], the access control policies matching a subject query are all those identified by the paths connecting the root node to a leaf node and obtained by evaluating each node test against the query.


To calculate FPRs, GEAT needs imposter samples, which are not available in real world deployment at the time of training.

gEAT generates synthetic imposter samples by elastically deforming the samples of legitimate user using cubic B-splines and calculates the FPRs using these synthetic imposter samples.


We call a node with degree higher than four a high degree node because they require a higher number of interfaces not available in Deterlab.

the switch provides linkage between the high degree node and each neighbor as though it were directly linked to them.


Before entering the isolated environment, the SMI handler uses this password to unlock the SMRAM and modify its protection range (by modifying the SMM_Addr and the SMM_Mask registers) to exclude both the security manager and the isolated workload.

they can be accessed by the processor after the SMI handler returns.


Also, we cannot conclude that all symbols are noise; for instance, | can be used by malicious people to replace I in the word GIfT (changing it to G|fT ).

potential future work can concentrate on Unicode preprocessing alone.


Under the DDH assumption, the ElGamal encryption scheme is semantically secure [50].

the adversary knows the private keys corresponding to the ElGamal public keys Ki 0 = (p, q, h, ci) and Ki 1 = (p, q, h, cig -1).


Third, security policies can demand that the user needs to authenticate before using the device to prevent unauthorized access.

the device must only be unlocked after entering a PIN or issuing a prede.ned unlock pattern.


Instead, a variety of sources (e.g., a personal calendar or a GPS device) can provide location information.

a system providing location information has to perform access control in a distributed way, considering different sources, potentially administered by different organizations.


The time spent in the handler is easily measured using thewall-clock and timesforprivilegechanges, and can be calculated empirically.

ether would be able to adjust the time returned to theguestby the amount of overhead, and remain untraceable by timing attacks which rely on host-based time sources.


The main purpose of Metasearch is to give a single point of access for employees to search in all relevant information sources (internal and external) with a single query.

it provides personalization capabilities, i.e.


Although the buffer cache of the kernel is bypassed, the hard disk drive itself has a cache on the controller.

actual media access is not carried out up to 512 KB.


The provider also aims to protect the other tenants from exposure and to ensure that the tenants own con.dentiality requirements on their sub-systems are ful.lled.

we ask: How can a provider convince a veri.er that the topology ful.lls security properties, such as zone isolation, without disclosing the blueprint of the topology?


The attacker can gain valuable information and apply more sophisticated attacks once the task sequence is known.

in systems that require strong security properties to hold, hiding the ordering information is necessary.


However, P1 cannot arrive at this conclusion without knowing x2, which is, of course, outside of its knowledge initially.

we de.ne the initial belief set using a distribution d over all principals secret data which suf.ciently captures any correlations in those secrets.


Probably, the programmer who coded the calling method relied on the API documentation to determine potential exceptions and added a handler for those exceptions.

using this information, we removed the unnecessary handler.


Figure 4 shows a patch to CVE-2010-2071, in which the btrfs module forgets to check the owner of a .le when setting .le permissions.

an adversary can gain write access to any .le in the volume.


In order to keep the cloud operational, it is important to detect security and performance problems in a timely manner.

auditing live events streaming from the cloud is very essential.


This exposure can make identifying the decoder a useful step in facilitating detection and prevention (e.g., by determining if a portion of the payload looks executable).

from an attacker s perspective, masking the decoder may reduce the likelihood of detection and help to facilitate clandestine attacks.


However, we have found that if the attacker has some prior knowledge, such as the attribute domains (maximum and minimum values), the attribute distributions, and even a few pairs of plaintext and ciphertext, these encryption methods will be vulnerable to attacks.

although they can allow the service provider to build indices on encrypted data and perform ef.cient query processing, they can only be applied to very restricted applications.


Then, Ui,j decrypts ci,j to obtain ti which is not equal to ti, and compute vi,j which is not equal to vi,j .


On the other hand, the login accuracy is lower compared to the normal condition but the difference is not signi.cant due to the same ceiling effect mentioned in Section 5.4.2.


In our view, our work is complementary to the existing methods in that we employ cryptographic mechanisms to detect and identify misbehaving nodes by an external entity.

our proposed methods may be used in conjunction with the existing methods.


In another similar approach, given u , v , finding r to satisfy Equation (5) is as difficult as solving the one-way hash function and the discrete logarithms.

the adversary cannot successfully forge the valid threshold signature.


Second, we observe that sensor nodes have low mobility in many applications.

it may be desirable to develop location based schemes so that the nodes that can directly establish a pairwise key are arranged to be close to each other.


4.1 Data Pointer Zeroing In Ext2, the recovery of a deleted file is not exactly simple, but it was possible given that the inode structure still contained pointers to the blocks data.

if a user were lucky enough not to reuse a particular inode nor any of its data blocks, they could reconstruct a file.


"1" in one BFindex depends on hash function and the position may sometimes the same though the word is different because of collision by the hash function.

in this system, "1" is calculated times of the number of 3/4 of whole bits in order to let "1" appear times of the number of 1/2 of whole bits with considering the collision by hash function.


The suitable values for t for detecting the injection attack may vary depending on the speci.c range of the false voltage data injected by the attacker.

the challenge for the defender is to determine the right value for t to maximize the detection success rate in response to the changes of the attacker s behaviors.


Let us refer to this predicate as p1 when it is in the expanded consequence set of h1 , and as p2 when it is in P (h2).

p1 = p2 and p1.end time < p2.begin time.


The number of users whose data are used in constructing the diagnostic program is typically orders of magnitude lower than the number of users who apply the resulting program to their data.

we focus on privacy-preserving evaluation of diagnostic programs.


If a detection test gives test scores with signi.cant overlap between legitimate and covert samples, then it fails on detection.

the mean, variance, and distribution of test scores are critical metrics to the performance of a detection test.


(8) 0 .+,i v When necessary,wewill use the notationFi =2 gYi.


Users are assigned to di.erent roles and, thus, indirectly receive the relevant permissions.

with RBAC, security is managed at a level corresponding to an organization s human resource structure.


Instead, the language provides primitives to manipulate the stack pointer and the instruction pointer, both of which are registers in the IA32 architecture.

our language captures the essential properties needed to present our algorithm for performing context-sensitive analysis of obfuscated assembly programs.


In our experiments with typical code injection attacks in Windows XP, the shellcode performed at least four memory reads in kernel32.dll.

after the .rst two conditions have been met, we expect to encounter (B3): at least one memory read form the address space of kernel32.dll.


This tracking enables a data aggregator to compile detailed behavior of individual users, and infer individual user demographics [48].

data aggregators are given a lot of information about users actions on the web and have to be trusted that they will not abuse it.


With the heavy reliance on computing technology for many of the day to day functions by people and businesses, criminals have joined the fray.

security aspects require developing adequate policies to protect the information assets as well as gathering suitable evidence in case the matter ends in a court.


The DA con.rms whether the delegation is appropriate in terms of some criteria such as principal s roles and the delegater s role (DelegaterRole ).

the delegater needs to obtain the above assertion in prior to the interaction with a delegatee.


The private key is known only to the concerned party whereas the public key is known to everyone.

asymmetric cryptosystems are more complex [6, 10].


Up to the point of this hash query, however, the environments of F provided by A in the .rst and the second run are identical, because A uses thesameinputs, random tape and values h1,...,hJ-1 to generate F s inputs, random tape and oracle responses.

the two executions of F are identical up to this point, and in particular the arguments of both hash queries must be the same, implying that R = R1 , L = L1 , n = n 1 , Xi = Xi 1 and mi = m 1 i for 1 = i = n. Moreover, the entries for X1,...,Xn in T2 are assigned at the latest when parsing the arguments of this hash query, causing the values of T2[Xi]to be the same in both runs as well.


Running queries on tremendous number of alerts distributed in several Snort tables has heavy cost of join operation which will be reduced dramatically via using this denormalized universal table.


(R3) It is possible for a page to take a rather large amount of time to reach a resting state based upon (R1) and (R2) alone, given a signi.cantly long trace.

we put an upper limit on the number of polling attempts we make before a browser window is considered to be in a resting state.


This number of transactions will increase the load on the server.

a two steps disposable credit card scheme is advisable to a three steps one.


The NM is able to recover the linking token embedded in each nymble, but linking tokens are linkable neither to user credentials nor to linking tokens from past linkability windows.

security is strengthened since the NM has no way to keep track of user activity.


Detection of other attacks required further partitioning of frequency information based on sources and destinations of network packets.

in these experiments, our approach enables features to be selected without any signi.cant degree of analysis or insight.


At the same time, ANs often operate in complex, uncertain, and adversarial airspace ranging from combat zones, to the surroundings of an active volcano, and terminal areas with commercial and military traffic.

they must be designed for secure and robust operation, in a way that respects both their physical and cyber- capabilities.


Assumption 1 Network of devices: All devices are connected by a secure LAN.

it is impossible to intercept any messages sent between devices.


Another advantage is that the basic arithmetic behind is performed in a prime .eld, where the prime is 160-170 bits long which is a typical case of ECC.

tori and ECC can be easily implemented using the same arithmetic unit.


Finally, targeted attacks are relatively cheap to mount and quite successfulwhen using both detectors and SCAs for hijacking.

sCAshave an important and unwanted side e.ect, helping resource-poor attackers to infect hosts of their choice.


It is not possible to assume a quiet and well illuminated environment like it is often being done in static setups.

in the automotive domain it is important to use a concept that is able to adapt dynamically to different kinds of disturbances.


Note that at most f(i - 1) possibilities of a have been ruled out during the .rst i - 1 veri.cation queries.

the polynomial (¯s0 - s 0) + e i=1(¯ci - c i)x i .


The idea is that one can then examine exemplars from each cluster, rather than being forced to look through a large number of tap points.

our use of clustering functions as a form of data triage.


There is a result of comparing human and computer recognition rates about distortion of letters.

human recognition rates have been declining considerably, while computers have been maintaining high recognition rates in spite of high distortion.


If a di.erence between tiles is detected at the .rst pixel, there is no need to check the remaining pixels.

if a tabnabbing attack occurs, a lot of changes will be detected and TabShots s algorithm will perform even faster.


That is the DLL modules that support several APIs where the most common technique and hack mechanism that the hackers rely on is by hooking these APIs.

we aim at preventing and detecting hooking attempts from the game hackers.


However, this would not be a major change since both tokens will be constructed using SAML, and since the RP is not required to directly contact the Liberty-enabled IdP.

the major overheard remains with the client.


Requests that are received with an invalid combination of SID/PSID are treated as if they would carry no session information.

they are stripped o. all Cookie headers before sending them to the application and are out.tted with a fresh PSID value upon response.


Only nonderivable subterms have to be replaced with variables before the output.

these rules are more liberal than those of section 4.3.


m corresponds to the number generated by Protocol 1 of the .ngerprint of the prover.

m covers the who you are criterion of the authentication.


outcome of the game will be g = b, i.e., 0 for an incorrect and 1 for a correct guess.

the adversary wins the game if it can distinguish whether it has interacted with the left or the right world.


If a VM A ran concurrently with VM B at time t, VM A was terminated at time t + 1, and VM C is started at time t+ 2, then there is a possible transitive leak of A s data to C via B.

it is important to consider the overlap relation between VMs, where VMs A and B are said to overlap if they run concurrently at any time.


This property allows us to test many vaccines in paral lel.Many exploits have exploit payload of a modest size, usually below 1kB.

we believe BVI can o.er good performance.


The root hash is guaranteed to be always fresh, and leaf hashes are veri.ed Figure 3: A Merkle tree example for a disk with 8 blocks by the S-P chip pair to be consistent with the root hash and sent to the clients in the response messages, which are authenticated using HMACs.

a client can detect any data corruption or forking attack by verifying the received data against the received leaf hash.


safeE ((UA, PA, RH )) ] In Figure 1, the constraint set C4 enforces E under PA and RH ; however, C4 is incompatible with RH , as it means no user can be authorized for r4.

c4 does not implement E. De.nition 9 (Implementable SSoD con.gurations).


We de.ne r(a, b) to be the rank of b in the sorted list of Sim(a, ·); thus, r(a, b) = 1 if and only if b is the most likely author (other than a) to have produced the text of a.


It is not clear how the detection results will generalize to a larger installation base.

the reported number of false positives might be underestimated.


To prevent unauthorized processes from discerning the number of EFOs or their relative sizes, the lookup table and the EFOs are enveloped within a .le (i.e., the container) that resides on the standard .lesystem.

to ensure integrity and authenticity, each EFO contains an HMAC 1our current LAC implementation cannot protect statically compiled executables.


Almost all implementations that we looked at including Gladman s take this approach.

we concluded that using look-up tables was the only viable option in any practical scenario.


Recall that now we are talking about G1 and G2 being subgroups of points on elliptic curves de.ned over the .nite .eld Fq and an extension .eld Fqk , respectively.

the addition in G1 and G2 corresponds to the multiplication (M) of elements in G1 and G2 within the group-signature schemes outlined in Section 3.


An explorative analysis of the data identi.ed three di.erent outliers in the data sets.

for each con.guration, 17 valid inputs remained.


3.2.Backup storage protection Although RAS spill and fill procedures are not visible in a program, an adversary could access backup storage and change data since backup storage is in a memory area.

the reserved memory area should be protected from any unauthorized (try using words other than malicious) access.


Reporting, storage, and retrieval are carried out by the TPM.

if a process relies on the use of secrets, it cannot operate unless it and its software environment are correct.


This solution, however, is not enough since if one of the shares is wrong, there is no way to determine if it is the server s fault or one of the parties.

the server commits to all the shares and sends those commitments to the parties.


Further- eNj_j =UjCj" more, since z = p + me, the inequality z < 2 k holds with probability at least 1 - 2tA/2 ~.

a honest prover P successfully completes t iterations of the protocol with prob- ability (1 - 2t-kA) t ~ 1 - 2t-kAt.


However, it is well-known that network phenomena tend to be highly bursty, and hence averages do not provide an adequate way to characterize such phenomena.

in our approach, we focus on capturing distributions rather than averages.


Vertices 4 and 5 have only one incoming and one outgoing edge.

the original dependency graph with 11 vertices can be reduced to one with 4 vertices.


Instead of collecting a set of scheduling request from multiple users and then generating a schedule, our system accepts ad hoc scheduling requests and tries to schedule them right away.

the possible information leakage comes from the system s response to a user s scheduling request and the dependency between different actions or events, as de.ned by security policies.


This is even a greater issue when multiple resources are Similarly, Digital Ecosystem faces the identical issues due to its exchanged and shared in an open and dynamic environment such open environment where information and resources are exchanged as DE.

we propose a distributed mechanism for over the network.


The proof responses in our scheme are aggregated into 3 elements ., s and y.

the total size of the proof response is 2|G| + .


In particular, we use matching speed per implementation area as the key metric for this optimization.

as we see, there is no single best con.guration for all rule set s. we also provide guidelines for determining the best con.guration based on speci.c ruleset characteristics.


Generating inputs that cause the server to follow the same control path and therefore arrive at the same sensitive sink is likewise straightforward: .nd solutions to fserver.

generating inputs that follow the same control path and therefore are accepted by the server but that the server should not accept amounts to .nding a solution to ¬fclient .


As the forging algorithm can fail independently at two di.erent steps, its success probability is given by e(1 - 2-n).

we have constructed an algorithm that (t+2tS + tG +poly(n),2,e(1 - 2-n))-breaks the underlying signature scheme.


2) Otherwise (i) the instruction 0x104 disables the .ag Z, (ii) the instruction 0x108 has no e.ect, (iii) thus the memory referenced by the pointer is updated three times, always with the value zero.

an attacker capable of observing the relevant memory state will in one case see the referenced memory location .icker, and in another case not.


If we consider these phenomena purely from the algorithm s perspective, it is obvious that the feature set given in the provisioning data is not suf.cient to distinguish positive instances from negative instances.

one possible approach to improve accuracy is adding additional and useful attributes with values that can distinguish positive instances from negative instances.


Not only does it demand considerable time, effort and skill on the part of users, but also suffers from the fact that users could be easily fooled.

roll-back techniques coupled with automated procedures for determining secure executions are needed.


These API calls are used to activate a proper application instance to open a file from the Windows shell.

when a user opens a file, DOFS client can always step in and assume control as a DRM controller.


In promoting a Government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification , HSPD-12 inherently envisions the use of the PIV card for access to various Federally controlled facilities and information systems.

an implicit goal of HSPD-12 is to facilitate the use of the PIV card as a federated identity across the Federal government.


Forthis,.rstrecall that we requirearenaming of thepolicy variables sothat no variable occursinthe considered state.

when a user uses the same card several times in proving policies to the same or to di.erent servers, this card is referred to by a fresh variable each time.


However, security is still necessary because almost all parties are not willing to leak any information to untrusted cloud servers.

we are motivated to design a protocol to enable both KGC and group members to securely, veri.ably, and e.ciently outsource the relevant computation of group key transfer scheme to cloud servers.


Users probably want some type of incentive to stimulate cooperation.

the graceful compromise between these two sides is that advertisers pay for the incentives for users, in the sense that they pay charges for network resources, or advertising charges; in reality, for the commercial purpose, nothing is free.


In the former approach, trust management should be performed independently of the application that will use the results of the trust management inference.

a property-based system uses certi.cates that mainly certify names and attributes that are independent of any speci.c organization or system.


Browser-level isolation policies like the same-origin policy for domain object model (DOM) objects are coarse-grained and do not uniformly apply to application resources.

the proliferation of JavaScript has also opened up the possibility of a variety of security vulnerabilities.


This means either users are required to perform pre-de.ned touch gesture patterns or the touch screen data is collected under monitored laboratory environments.

the collected touch data may not represent the natural usage of mobile devices and these methods may only be applicable for explicit identity recognition (e.g., at login screen).


Different from certificate path in one domain, the certificate path will contain the bridge node and the path will cross the different domains.

actually, the crossing certificate path can be viewed as two pieces of the certificate path which are located in different domains; codewordencoding approach can be applied into the certificate path discovery in the same domain and the discovery activity of the two paths can be done in parallel.


Even after gathering this information, the attacker can not compute IDi and Pi correctly at the same time.

the proposed protocol is secure against stolen smart card attack.


(However, for FreeCS, the best strategy is still lazy, one-shot matching upon commit.)

whether to overlap TMI-based enforcement can depend on transaction length, the cost of thread creation and synchronization, and the cost of authorization checks.


The divisor is equal to 0 if and only if b£ = 0 (the most signi.cant bit) in line 7.

the value OR(E, 1 - b£) is computed and output as the new exception .ag.


Additionally, the sensor may have an internal .ltering algorithm (e.g., Kalman .lter) that will further affect the shape of the polyhedron.

the controller will obtain n d-dimensional polyhedra P1, .


For each EP e, score(e) is calculated by formula (1).

we obtain EPs and its score of every type of datasets.


First, we increased the threshold for the function-invocation count at which Crankshaft will specialize a function to its arguments and modify the function s code.

we reduced code modi.cation rates to account for the increased cost of code modi.cation (V8 is tuned for faster, single threaded code modi.cation).


Operating in this privileged domain, the VMM actively coordinates the use of hardware resources for each VM.

the VMM has complete oversight over the state of all guest VMs.


We place the one-gate HT trigger in such a way that it exhibits rare switching activities, consumes ultra-low leakage power, and hides from delay characterizations.

the HT attack models are capable of bypassing the widely used side channel-based HT detection schemes.


However, subrule (b) of the *-rule is trivially true.

satisfaction of subrule (b) of the *-rule does not imply satisfaction of subrule (a) in Bishop s rendition, which is what Theorem 6 asserts about Brewer-Nash.


The construction of ADTs is embedded in route discovery part of routing protocols so that ADTs are constructed and updated securely.

the storage overhead of ADT tables similarly to an ad hoc routing protocol is proportional to the connectivity of the network and the number of data types handled.


To enforce transfer authorization policies, it is necessary to develop mechanisms based on application-level authorization gateways that will filter all traffic originating at trusted machines/network segments.

a trade-off emerges between the size of the trusted segment and performance: the more trusted machines, the more costly the transfer authorization step.


In a static network, the probability that a probe is hit is the probability that a local scan is hit plus the probability that a non-local scan is hit.

the probability anf (1 - a)nf ps =1 - ß · - (1 - ß) · m/s m - m/s In the MTD network, since eIP addresses are randomly chosen from address space the probability that a probe is missed is pm =1 - n/m.


In the "untrustwor- thy user" scenario the hidden modules may be executed on a smart card while in the "untrustworthy server" scenario the hidden modules execute on the user's mobile device.

in these situations the hidden modules should be light weight computations that involve light weight communica- tion with the open modules.


Although numerous location protection mechanisms have been proposed for friend discovery services in geosocial networks [3, 1], it remains unclear whether they can achieve reasonable trade-o.s between usability, performance and privacy on this new attack.

there is an urgent need for rethinking proximity-based social features, given all potential risks introduced by this attack.


More formally, let pi represent the time-series of a physiological signal i.

let Gi be the generative model of the signal i. Gi takes as input the time-domain features, fi, (e.g, heart rate variability for ECG or PPG) and morphological features mi, (e.g., parameters of equations in Section 4.2) and a time t as input to generate the physiological signal value at time t. the function Gi( fi,mi,t) represents the synthesized signal at time t. The generative model is pre-loaded at the cloud and is parameterized with the user s physiological time-domain and morphological features.


As videos consist of both video and audio channels, the robustness of our scheme can be enhanced by including an audio watermark.

we embed error correcting codes of a video watermark as a watermark embedding in audio channel and re.ne the retrieved watermark during the watermark detection.


However, many con.ict resolution strategies exist [15, 18, 20], but cannot be speci.ed in XACML.

it is necessary to seek a comprehensive con.ict resolution mechanism for more effective con.ict resolution.


2.1.1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism As already mentioned, human beings have 99.9% of their DNA in common.

there is no need to focus on the whole DNA but rather on the most important variants.


Inclusion of a counter allows for arbitrary data rates within any given second.

this method has the added benefit of being able to identify a new frame within a given time.


However, in ad-hoc networks based on wireless communications, all messages are essentially broadcasted.

revocation information can be quickly disseminated across the network, although the recipients would need to maintain some history of revoked certificates and assertions.


This is not the case in our framework, since tags and readers never erase/ignore the information to spread.

the propagation of the information in our framework is more e.cient than a classical contagious disease in medicine.


Those cards would similarly re-initialize every time they were plugged into the laptop.

keystreams corresponding to low-valued IV s were found frequently.


Digging deep into the call chain of the findClass method, which is used to perform class loading, we found that eventually defineClass native method in DexFile is invoked, and its corresponding native library function does the actual class loading task.

if API-level access control using bytecode rewriting is applied to prevent loading of Android classes, restriction on BaseDexClassLoader.


Correctly chosen inverted object properties mean that these relationships are also reversible.

if measurability requires observability, then observability facilitates measurability.


However, these solutions [2, 3, 12] assume that there is no collusion between auser and a server.

none of these solutions [2, 3, 12] are applicable to opportunistic networks where each node Furthermore, schemes o.ering hidden credentials [11] and hidden policies [8] assume direct interaction between the sender and the receiving parties.


Inconsistent con.guration .le could be responsible for such errors which a user has no control over.

cue provides feedback to a user in case a NotApplicable or a Deny is returned.


Also, when a storage hardware (labeled STR) has dropped to -3 becaulse of hardware system halt, the influence range extends to components depending on the storage, as shown in Figure 7.

the influence range can be calculated at 0.47.


Thus, all the combinators are deterministic.

one may view a CXACML policy as a function from requests to decisions with [· ] in place of (( · )) .Further inspection establishes that [· ] is a total function. '


Subtle changes, such as the ordering of operations, may result in signi.cant weaknesses.

we solicited feedbackabout implementingDAAL s protocols.


Unfortunately, this is insu.cient for DSoD since even if a user is highly trusted, she may not be able to perform a given action because she has performed some other con.icting action earlier: In this sense, DSoD actions consume users since, as a consequence of performing an action a user is unable to perform future actions to which she would otherwise be permitted.

an organization s approval sequence for DSoD depends on both organizational size and structure.


For example, if the property threshold is 0.9, it means that 90% of the reports should be in the correct time and 10% can be deviated to accommodate any unexpected network behavior as learnt from the log training.

attackers can leverage this 10% to launch mimicry and evasion attacks.


We .nd that both in the case of random access networks, as well as in the case of scheduled networks (where node transmissions are scheduled to be completely con.ict-free), a simpli.ed interference model such as the capture threshold model, can produce signi.cantly different results compared to an additive interference based model.

a lot of caution should be exercised before accepting or interpreting results based on simpli.ed interference models.


It is important to note that the setPolicy method is only accessible from the code within the android.webkit package in the Java framework.

malicious Android applications cannot invoke this method or directly change the value of private .eld policy in WebView class.


The access security policy of each of these groups can be de.ned through REL.

both standards can complement each other within animplementation of our framework: whileMPEG-21RELprovidesthestandardlanguage for de.ning user rights and access privileges, ONVIF would provide standardized protocols for the protection of these rights and privileges.


The data structure contains a filed called f_op that contains pointers to functions specific to MS-DOS files, including a function that reads a file sys_read() finds the pointer to this function and invokes it.

the application's read() is turned into the rather indirect call: file->f_op->read(...); The common file model consists of the following object types (data structures) [Fig 2]: 1. super block objects: stores information concerning a mounted file system.


However, if the jammer has enough computational power, using the same property, she can .nd the correct sequence before the sender .nishes the transmission and jam the remaining transmission.

uDSSS is vulnerable to reactive jamming attacks, where the jammer can analyze the .rst part of transmitted signal and jam the rest accordingly.


biochemical weapon=biological weapon.chemical weapon.

each instance of biological weapon or chemical weapon is also an instance of biochemical weapon , and each instance of biochemical weapon has to be an instance of at least one of the sub-concepts biological weapon and chemical weapon .


A thread s stack can increase and overlap another thread s stack base only if the latter thread has terminated.

if PVE component .nds an overlap, it deletes the thread whose stack base gets overlapped.


This was unfortunate as we will see that there are some advantages in the [19] scheme not shared by [2] or other schemes in the setting we explored herein.

an improvement of the traceability aspects of [19] would be of interest.


For this case we assumed the malware injects some random communication activity within the legitimate user activity.

we generated a fraction of random communication activity, 50% in our experiments, on top of the original user activity.


This results in too much ciphertext size when S becomes a large set of receivers.

this method is less attractive, except for the case where S is small.


Another drawback of existing approaches is considering all types of vulnerabilities equally, and their severity level equally.

a suitable framework is needed to assess the risk of an application due to source code level vulnerability along with the possibility of alternate quantitative values to specify the magnitude of vulnerability and severity levels based on attack payloads.


But knowing Ta, Tb, ai, bi does not help .nd the unknown vectors - in fact there are an in.nite number of solu (Ta-Tb)rk+2 tions because rk+1 = .

knowing pairs of (bi-ai)||rk+2|| input/ouput queries does not help probing A-1 .


To analyze the general structural information of malware and measure the in.uence of system calls found in malware, we adopt social network analysis.

we use social network metrics such as the degree distribution, degree centrality, and average distance, which are implicitly equivalent to distinct behavioral characteristics.


Figure 7: Second node near the .rst Resilience against node capture If one node is captured and m keys are compromised, the fraction m/n of communication can be eavesdropped.

we de.ne compromise rate as m/n.The smaller the compromise rate, the more secure against node capture.


Modi.cations to .les with unknown passwords are not deniable in the case of multiple snapshots.

this technique offers weaker security than the ones discussed in this paper.


Some cost or luck will be required for each node that the adversary wishes to compromise.

we should assume that the adversary can compromise only a limited number of sensor nodes: perhaps one or two or three, but not half of the network.


However, it is worth noting here that conservativeness of the presented results is (at least partially) caused by the fact that for each system we only considered random initial points, and random uncorrelated attack vectors and noise pro.les/modeling errors.

the errors obtained through simulation do not represent the worstcase errors; for each system, to obtain scenarios that result in the worst-case estimation errors it is necessary to derive the corresponding attack vector (and the initial state), which is beyond the scope of this paper.


The protocol must run correctly in the face of adversaries.

when p does not in fact have a physical presence inside R, the veri.er must be careful not to accept p s claim to be in R.Furthermore, if p does have a presence in R, the veri.er should accept p s claim; otherwise the protocol would not be useful in practice.


Privly sends this hyperlink to the web application, in place of the text.

the decryption key is never sent to the storage server, but it is visible to the web application s client-side code.


If some participant pi of p, sends tra.c according to the number of messages in its application queue, a global eavesdropper attacker can detect that, by choosing two di.erent scenarios where pi has di.erent amount of messages in its application queue.

for every two scenarios restricted by RRH SA, p s participants send regardless the messages in their application queue.


With this de.ned local structure for each node, we are able to model background knowledge of the adversaries in a more general yet simpler manner.

we propose a strong anonymization model, which guarantees that unique node re-identi.cation is impossible for the user speci.ed privacy level.


The application received the display areas o1, o2, and o3 and decided to grant o3 and part of o2 to another application.

the display areas o211 and o3 are in the set of granted display areas.


Hence, to achieve ob jective (O1), the security-sensitive data used in the underlying protocols must be protected against untrusted code.

we de.ne the following security requirements on the underlying mobile platform: SR1: Secure storage.


Note that the correlation with IP space hovers around zero, indicating that attack correlation is independent from the distance in IP space.

having nearby IP pre.xes does not have a visible impact on sharing correlated attacks.