The reason for this is that a reactive jammer or random jammer causes the channel state to alternate between busy and idle in much the same way as normal tra.c behaves.

because the reactive jammer does not change the underlying busy and idle periods for a normal tra.c scenario, it is particularly di.cult to distinguish between signal readings for a reactive jammer and signal readings from the underlying tra.c.


New proposals, however, have to consider a stronger adversarial model, which we present in this work.

new proposals have to be evaluated against attacks where an adversary either learns the authentication secret or the way in which the secret is entered, i.e., capabilities C3 and C4.


In this paper we present the design and implementation of Trishul-UCON, an open and generic software-based architecture that enforces DRM policies.

we will show how Trishul-UCON can be used to enforce DRM policies both application speci.c and more importantly across applications.


As such, it is possible that the more complex a security policy is, the larger is the probability that such policy contains inconsistent and con.icting parts.

permission assignments could con.ict because of new requirements, new regulations, or just human mistakes.


6.4 Scalability and Interoperability According to RFC2931 [27], PK-DNSSEC with SIG(0) provides stronger security protection than PK-DNSSECwith SIG RR which in general does not provide protection of the overall integrity of a response.

pK-DNSSEC with SIG(0) provides protection for glue records, DNS requests (mutual authentication), and message headers on requests or responses.


These features were post processed in a fashion very similar to the signal conditioning of the EMI.

we performed normalization (0 to 1 scale), smoothing (Butterworth .lter with 10kHz cuto.


Again, there is no fundamental problem in extending our static vertical composition result for arbitrary message transmissions as long as, again, the message spaces Mi for Ai,Bi the di.erent used channel types are disjoint.

observe that we require honest receivers in the channel protocol to accept any payload that is embedded into the proper context; thus, the abstraction of the payload in the pure Pi works, independent of whether there is just one concrete payload message per session or many of them.


For each app we de.ned a speci.c sandboxing pro.le that prevents the app from accessing private user information.

pSiOS successfully prevents access to the address book (for Quickscan, Facebook, and Whatsapp), to personal photos (for ImageCrop and Insta-Gram), and to the iOS universal unique identi.er, short UUID (for Quickscan, BatterLife, Flashlight, MusicDownloader, MyVideo, NewYork, and Audi).


We set up multiple virtual machines with 32 bit Windows XP SP2 and installed a di.erent PDF viewer application on each of them.


INTRODUCTION Identi.cation and authentication play a vital role in numerous .elds of application.

in areas such as e-Government, e-Banking, or e-Business these processes are highly security critical and complex.


Put suc-cinctly, these workshops have given the individual partic- ipants more in return than they individually contributed.

i believe, the only true measure of the vedue of a workshop, and in that light, NSPW succeeds admirably.


On times, we adopt a onedimensional, linear, discrete view of time, with a beginning and no end point.

the model of time that we choose is a total ordering of time points that is isomorphic to the natural numbers.


Let k be a security parameter, Q be a di.culty parameter, and GenRSA be a modulus generation algorithm.

suppose there exists a probabilistic algorithm A running in time t which can solve the IDL * problem for GenRSA on an interval of size q.Then there exists a probabilistic algorithm B with running time t' = t + texp(k)+ c,where texp(k) isthetimetocompute an exponentiation modulo an output of GenRSA(1k) and c is a constant, that solves either the factorisation problem for GenRSA or the IDL problem on an interval of size q.(k) = AdvFact AdvIDL * A,GenRSA,qB,GenRSA(k)+AdvIDL (k)+negl(k) .


because the impact of punishment should be greater than that of reward.

dn(x) should increase more for unsuccessful communication than successful communication, because that would in turn increase an(x), giving higher signi.cance to the recent bad evaluation.


However, unlike other areas such as communication systems or data storage where there is only one class of data, biometric systems need to deal with two classes of data, that is intraclass data and interclass data.

the transformation needs to act as a discriminator in biometric matching.


However, it is still the responsibility of organizations to .nd and respect the applicable policies [5].

employees who have legitimate access to the databases could legally access their clients private information for illegal purposes [8].


In the example shown in .gure 6(a), there may exist an instruction that directly jumps to the second je instruction, which unfortunately has been overwritten by the detouring jmp instruction.

that instruction would essentially jump to the middle of the detouring jmp, which typically causes an invalid opcode exception.


An illustrative example of administrative scope, based on a hierarchy .rst used by Sandhu [15], is shown in Figure 2.

a dotted edge (r, r ' ) indicates that r controls r ' .PSO1 controls PL1 and hence s(PSO1)= {ENG1, PE1, QE1, PL1}.


2 Next, for any session j' E {j,j + 1,... ,ms} for which he has not already done so, he generates new personal key poly- nomials.

for each such j', he randomly chooses masking polynomials rF(x'Y)' ~t'Ja~')l-(x' y) and s t, (x,y) of degree t in both variables.


Instead, the malware waits for certain system events, namely BOOT_COMPLETED or USER_PRESENT.

notCompatible s malicious service will only start when the device is rebooted, or when the user unlocks the device s screen lock.


:( p, n, r) .. is the trust opinion generator, such that .=p /(p +n +r).

p is the positive points of evidence on a proposition, n is the negative points of evidence on the proposition, r =1 is a parameter controlling the rate of loss of uncertainty, which can be used to tune the use of uncertainty for the requirements of different scenarios.


So far, several extensions have been proposed commonly referred to as XACML pro.les1 .

the XACML pro.le for RBAC [1] provides a mapping between RBAC and XACML by introducing new specialized policy sets.


Even though it could be used with a signing scheme, such as XML Signature [18], the regular digital signature scheme would only allow data sharing in an all-or-nothing manner.

redaction invalidates the signature, and therefore a customer has to disclose the entire energy usage data in a Green Button data .le to the service provider, limiting the customer s ability to control the amount of data disclosed and giving rise to privacy issues, as discussed earlier.


The analysis takes advantage of the cdecl calling convention to deal with function calls and returns.

the live-out of a return instruction is those callee-saved registers (including ebx, esi,and edi) together with registers that contain the return value.


4.3 General Criteria Support In the proposed trust model, we support the criteria for setting positive points p or negative points n on different ev _i ev _i evidence.

it is also possible to support general criteria that specify the conditions of trust related to several pieces of evidence.


LDA generates a weight table (Table 2) to achieve the maximum accuracy.

it includes as many users as possible, whose classi.ed class matches actual class.


We describe the incentives that promote each type of malicious behavior and present defenses that disincentivize some of the behaviors.

malware that abuses SMS messages could be prevented with small changes to the Android and Symbian platforms.


In this paper, we consider the protection of large data collections, possibly stored at di.erent sites, which di.erent parties (users, applications, servers) may be authorized to access selectively.

di.erent parties may be allowed to see di.erent portions of the data [7].


4.4 Secure Storage and Deletion using the AON Transform All-or-nothing (AON) [35, 5] is defined as a cryptographic transform that, given only partial output, reveals nothing about its input.

no one block of ciphertext can be decrypted without obtaining all blocks of ciphertext.


When an exact copy of a .le appears elsewhere with no modi.cations, we de.ne that as a .le read .

if Tom has .le X at time t1, and Kathy has .le Y , which is an exact copy of X, at time t2 where t1 < t2, then Kathy has read X.


Such Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) encodes the joint probability distribution over those stochastic variables that capture the evolution of the dynamic working conditions.

we adopt the following state transition model Pt and observation model Po:  zt ~ Pt( zt|zt-1) hist pt ~ Po( pt|pt ,zt) where zt and pt are the predicted states, p histt denotes the historic pricing vector at time t, pt .


Availability: Our S-ALM utilizes the structure of clusters to achieve efficiency in security management.

a P2P scheme is used to forward data within each cluster, and a hierarchical ALM scheme is employed for data forwarding between clusters.


we define CFD constraints that can be used to express stricter control flow dependencies.


Anomalies between two policies could be detected by .rst identifying the relationships of the two derived authorization zones, and then comparing the e.ects of the two policies.


A paravirtualized Xen guest VM can detect VCPU preemption by exploiting shared data structures between the guest and the hypervisor.

xen uses a shared memory page that contains a value of the timestamp counter to help the guest VM keep track of the system time.


It is impossible to obtain Ri from Ci without the physical presence of the PUF (i.e., the correct hardware instance).

there is no software that encapsulates the PUF response and that can be used to mimic the presence of the actual physical hardware.


V with v0 = ({(sroot , ({(sroot , AO)}, Ø))}, Ø).

v0 maps the permission to access the whole display area to the root application sroot .


There is no restriction on the security levels that may appear in a declassi.cation policy.

if a policy allows information to be declassi.ed from J to J' (e.g., J c' ), then J' .L J' , JJ, J .L and J incomparable to J' are all acceptable.


Note that it is assumed that there are no intrusions during route discovery.

the intrusion detection process is performed in Physical layer using the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value, in MAC layer using scheduling based protocols (such as TDMA and S-MAC), in Routing layer applying the IASN protocol was initially proposed in [10], and in Application layer using both Round trip time and Mutual Guarding approaches.


This work and ours complement each other, since we focus on the enforcement of security policies in the platform of a peer, while their work aims to control a peer s joining or using resources in the system.

when a genuine peer joins the network and use the resources, the usage of an object in that platform may need further protection, such as realtime protection during playing media data, and re-distribution control for sensitive documents.


While the above de.nition assumes an adaptive adversary, in our case this adversary is no more powerful than a static adversary that is given the maximum amount of information.

if an adversary B ' is given a challenge node vc, keys for every child of vc, and keys for every sibling of each node on the way from the root to vc (i.e., obtains B ' keys for siblings of nodes vj s.t.


It should be mentioned here that the SEGURA Sec-Bundle layer is fully compatible with the standard Bundle protocol specification presented in [22].

sEGURA does not require any modification to the upper application layer and lower (L1-L4) layers in the protocol stack.


As an initial approach, we suggest mitigating this threat by monitoring passports.

a policy owner can monitor a passport directly by installing a device to actively monitor the policy, e.g., to ensure that the expected QR code or ultrasound signal is still present or can include in the policy itself a request that devices occasionally report back policy observations.


The x-coordinate of an elliptic curve point is a high-entropy value only.

it is not a random string, as required by primitives such as the ciphers that are deployed in the secure channel.


A robust Shield design must ensure that Shield s state machine emulation is consistent with the actual state machine running in the vulnerable application under all conditions.

it is crucial for us to defend against carefully crafted malicious messages that may lead to Shield s misinterpretation of the application s semantics.


1.2 Related Work Attacks against emanations caused by human typing have attracted interest in recent years.

the seminal works of [1] and [14] showed that keyboard acoustic emanations do leak information that can be exploited to reconstruct the typed text.


We extend this definition in the obvious ma.nner to re- spective input and output sets Z and 0 to define correct out- put for the full mix network.

correct output includes unique correct decryptions of all the inputs from honest users, and unique correct renderings of all other valid inputs, where unique simply means that no duplicates are inserted.


To address this problem, the compiler could automatically instrument woven code such that permissions checks are inserted at relevant places.

the compiler should add invocations to the AccessController for all dangerous interferences.


The conditional probabilities are in this paper only used left to right.

if b = (0, 1), then the .rst and unencrypted unit gives information about the second and encrypted unit.


Any partial order can be represented as the intersection of t total orders, with the smallest t for which this is possible being the dimension of the partial order (see, e.g., [15, 22]).

it is possible to associate with every node v of G a t-tuple (xv,1, .


Proven security in the random-oracle model is very valuable as a heuristic for security, but provides a signi.cantly weaker security guarantee.

it does not even guarantee the existence of an instantiation of the random oracle for which the scheme is secure [8].


We de.ne A system is safe if all states in that system are safe states.

a system consists only of states that satisfy the properties EAP, CP, and DP.


Our example suggests that one needs the billing work.ow to provide the necessary context for conducting the security assessment.

the billing work.ow may show that continuous real-time measurements are not needed: the security goal could be to obtain monthly readings.


on n elements such that for all i, m ' = i m.(i).

the prover must convince the veri.er that the set {mi' }n is a permutation of the set {mi}n In i=1 i=1.


Obligations are targeted at keeping the system in a safe state (the obligation to see to it that (STIT) nothing bad happens).

states in which an agent outside the control of the organisation can initiate an action that would violate a security policy should be avoided.


CORRECTNESS: For any U~ ~ .4~, both items in the cor- rectness property follow directly from the construction, for any active user Ui who holds the appropriate points in his personal key.

the correctness property holds for any user U~ whose mi _> j.


But this means that a subtree can hide another subtree.

a subtree issued by a bad (but untrusted) identity provider could hide a subtree apparently issued by a trusted identity provider, but in actuality was forged and has a bad signature.


In our vision of a true Web SSO system, a user should log into her IdP once and gain access to all websites that she has an account with, without being prompted to login again on each website.

when accessing N RPs using one IdP, the user should provide her credential exactly once to the IdP, consent at most N times (one for each RP if the consent was not recorded before), and should perform a logout process only once from the IdP.


However, least privilege does not enforce any well-de.ned security property, as MLS policy models do.

some of the permissions that a subject may require to function may also be leveraged by adversaries to attack the subject.


This bias toward permission-hungry applications only increases the likelihood that our experiments in Section 5 will cause side e.ects when imposing privacy controls.

this sampling overestimates side e.ects, leading to a conservative (high) estimate of the actual rate of side e.ects for the privacy controls in our experiments.


Another change, with more ambiguous results: The trusted-system world seems well-suited to facilitate discrimination on the part of the content provider.

it would facilitate price discrimination, in which a content provider asks different consumers to pay different average prices, unrelated to the provider s own costs.


With TMI, the application software de.nes the security policy, the set of resources that are security-relevant, as well as the code that checks security-policy compliance.

when TMI is used for authorization in a server, the server code must identify the resources for which access must be authorized.


Of the 248 possible threats to the web browser and 217 threats to the web server based on the MAC policy6,only 9 and 11 are unmediated local threats, respectively.

the other threats are already blocked completely by mediators placed for infrastructure or remote threats.


1) We develop a new architecture between the patient and the medical unit.

we propose to store the genomic data of the patients at a storage and processing unit (SPU) and conduct the computations on genomic data by using homomorphic encryption and proxy re-encryption to preserve the privacy of the genomic data.


Wireless IMDs have shown recently important security concerns.

it has been stated that lethal attacks can be launched on these devices.


These three scenarios will demonstrate the full range of services provided by ADAPT.

adding a user will show the full range of data maintained on a particular user.


For the interactive record, there exist a problem is time.

in our model, the new interactive records have more effecting power than those old records for trustworthiness of computation.


We set n = 10 for the text similarity matrix and n = 5 for the image similarity matrix.

we extract the n most matching items (either among text blocks or among images) between the two web pages under comparison, avoiding to consider an item more than once.


SYSTEM DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION As part of our on-going research e.orts, we have designed and implemented a prototype system, ShareEnabler,to demonstrate how the proposed access management framework and policy speci.cation can be deployed as detailed authorization services and mechanisms within the context of collaborative sharing applications.

shareEnabler adopts a speci.c communication infrastructure from a P2P based information sharing toolkit SciShare [4] developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).


2.4 Decision Dif.e-Hellman Assumption Our proof of security also makes use of the decisional Di.e-Hellman (DDH) assumption in the quadratic residue group QRN when N is the multiplication of two strong primes.

it is di.cult for an adversary to distinguish abab abc a triple (g ,g ,g ) from (g ,g ,g ) for a, b, and c chosen randomly and for a generator g of QRN .


For instance, a server needs to send a response code to a user in basic authentication and the user needs to return a user ID and password.


However, a number of MANET speci.c vulnerabilities make existing traceback schemes designed for the wired networks unsuitable.

most of the techniques rely on strong assumptions such as trustworthy routers and static routes that are used by multiple packets in the same attack .ow.


Conclusion We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of PoKeR, a kernel rootkit pro.ler that produces multi-aspect rootkit pro.les which include hooking behavior, targeted kernel objects, user-level impacts, and executed rootkit code.

via the combat tracking technique, PoKeR maintains a map of dynamic kernel objects, which allows it to accurately determine which kernel objects are modi.ed by a rootkit.


Since a library cannot be run as a standalone program, we evaluated the performance overhead of our gadget-free version of glibc using a set of well-known benchmarks.

we downloaded and installed the Phoronix Test Suite [1] which provides one of the most comprehensive benchmark sets for the Linux platform.


3.1 General Design Like previous proposals, our regular expression matching engine supports multiple packet-flows (that is, multiple input streams) and maps each of them onto a different thread-block.

we support packet-level parallelism by using the different SMs available on the GPU.


But I decided to start with a question that the hardware might be helpful in answering: how do key escrow devices enforce the escrow features?

how do they prevent someone from using the Skipjack cipher without sending the data .elds that enable a government eavesdropper to recover the key?


We repeat to perform all operations that could be performed.

we loop through all such statements and repeat the loop whenever the last loop results in a new successful assignment.


In RLS scheme the system performance is mainly determined by the length of the RL.

the computation overhead to verify the signature grows linearly to the length of RL stored at a user.


The main contribution of this paper is a formal framework around the notion of reduction between decision sets.

we introduce the notion of safe reduction, which ensures that a reduction can be performed at any level of policy composition without changing the .nal decision.


c_permissive(c0, buy, part(widget, green, 100),s1)).

the responses to c0 s requests are: r1 response: c0 s request is permitted by each of s1, s2, s3 and s4 acting in I-mode.


To discourage false positives, whereby we classify non-worms as worms, we propose Table 3: Probability with which two peers, upon exchanging snapshots of their internal behavior, can decide using intersection alone that they are, more likely than not, both executing the same worm during some window of time, for window sizes of 5, 15, and 30 seconds.

percentages of all possible pairs of samples from some worm for which |S1nS2| = 0.5, where S1 and S2 are snapshots, max(|S1|,|S2|) treated as unordered sets.


w  + Inspired by this observation, we construct a feature space that speci.cally re.ects these states of consumption data.

we employ a grid of g bins that spans the range   of observable consumption values.


In order to support seamless instrumentation of such libraries, our platform provides an option to generate instrumented libraries on-the-.y.

we modi.ed the loader to support an option to specify a con.guration .le that is consulted when an instrumented application requests to load an uninstrumented library.


2.4 Leveraging Wisdom of Crowds There has been a substantial amount of work looking at how to organize people online in an effective manner.

in recent years, there has been rapid growth in research investigating how to build systems that leverage human effort for tasks that are too difficult for computers to do today.


The purpose of this research paper is to illustrate the industrial and federal need for ISSE in order to build IA into a system rather than the current costly practice of fixing systems after production.

this paper will describe what ISSE is, how it is used today within academia, industry as well as the federal government and why it must be recognized and treated as a critical component of the systems engineering lifecycle.


The total number of states of k SPC-FAs is illustrated in Figure 2(a).

when k = 9, the number of states in SPC-FAs is a half of that in one traditional DFA.


In this paper we present DR-DNS, a design and early prototype DNS service that leverages diverse replication to mask Byzantine errors.

we design and implement a DNS hypervisor, which allows multiple diverse replicas of DNS software to simultaneously execute, with the idea being that if one replica crashes or generates a faulty output, the other replicas will remain available to drive execution.


Only the re-authenticated nodes, which may collectively ne- gotiate a new communication channel, will recognize each other as legitimate.

the compromised/malicious nodes can be excluded.


This plot shows that users concerns with regards to both adversaries are highly correlated (r=0.91), which suggest that both types of adversaries are worth considering.

users are concerned about insiders, and it is comparable to their concerns about strangers.


(6) n.8 T (S) 1+c 1+c for suf.ciently large n, topology R has the expected number of infected nodes exponentially close to optimality, yet reduces the expected infection time by a linear factor of 1+c(ka/W ) .


The objective of the comparison algorithm is to check if the relationship between values in INGk and OUTGk is also maintained by PF .

if so, it would imply that the code from which Gk was constructed implements F. the actual output values of PF must match the output values  Table 1: Loop instance code in the execution trace of P. Each set of adjacent bytes manipulated by an instruction is noted as a concrete variable.


Among these principles, it has been argued that the Fair Information Practices Principles (FIPPs), which originated from a study commissioned by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare in 1973 [25], have become the de-facto global standard for ethical use of personally identifiable information by large organizations [24].

four of the total of five FIPPs (excluding enforcement/redress) are directly applicable to our problem domain and can potentially empower user control over both frond-end and back-end information flow [32]: notice/awareness that their personal information is being collected, consent/choice with regard to the authorized use of their information, access/participation to personal information the firm has collected, and security/integrity to prevent these data records from unauthorized access.


Finally, we study the run-time performance of the underlying Vermont infrastructure using the generated network signatures.

we measure the run-time for processing .ows with all 43 generated signatures, where the experiment is repeated for 30 times to remove outliers in the measurements.


The permission model is a technology-neutral abstraction aligned with the RBAC reference model.

a permission is a tuple consisting of an object and an operation performed on that object.


At present, ICT devices at risk for EM information leakage include many commercial products, such as CRT and LCD monitors [2] [12], printers [13], and keyboards [14][15].

the threat of display capture via EM emanation, called EM display stealing, has been studied for the relatively larger displays of desktop and notebook PCs.


Finally, we need explore the usability of administrator tokens as a method for enforcing security.

we need to know how such a tool will be used by those in enterprise and home environments, and .nd ways to prevent their improper use, e.g., disallowing system booting when the token is present.


There was also an understanding of the need to involve other stakeholders in the organization before deployment of the IdM system.

it was felt that the stakeholders of the system should be made aware of the bene.ts of the new technology and understand what the system will o.er (IdM-lead, SecA).


The D authorization system We refer to the subsystem within the database system that comprises discretionary permissions to tables, and permissions to procedures as the D System.

we focus on the co-existence of the two.


Speaking generally, the A3 host blocked binary file uploads and path traversal attempts in the storage crumple-zone, and via the network crumple zone, A3 enforced a strict QoS policy on request rate thus mitigating DoS attempts, filtered  tags from submission thus blocking script injection attempts and enforced WS parameter and HTTP header constraints thus disallowing the execution of arbitrary, out-of-bounds fuzzed inputs.

the attack clients attempted 1,519 attacks and benevolent clients executed 933 requests, which, in effect, doubled the number of clients.


In the first part, we build one instance with one ciphertext.

we extract features of one instance from only one ciphertext sequence.


n+1 ular, EARDet catches every .ow violating the threshold T Hh(t)= .ht + ßh when .h = RNF N and ßh = a+ 2ßT H .

eARDet catches all large .ows in the arbitrary window model.


The basic idea of the approach consists in aggregating the common message structure and data values of multiple messages and their distinctive parts in a single message in order to apply once the rules of the security policy instead of repeating the same procedure on duplicated parts in many messages.

the signed message at step 5 in Figure 3 is not a single message but an aggregate of similar SOAP messages.


In general, identity-based steganography is helpful whenever a censor is able to block mass key distribution and whenever a client publishes steganographic messages optimistically, i.e., hoping that someone outside the censored area will react to them.

we de.ne the notion of identity-based steganographic tagging (IBST).


As a framework for developing Web applications, SWAC facilitates creating codebases that works on both the server-and the client-side by making them -in their design -compatible to the di.erences between them [6].

having to implement the com plete application only once, reduces development e.orts and .


We now discuss how to e.ciently update EARDet s counters for virtual tra.c.

we aim to divide virtual tra.c into multiple virtual .ows in a way to minimize the time to process such virtual .ows.


Current evidence suggests that using collective intelligence for problem solving harvests optimum benefits and activates continuous and sustainable innovation [4].

making stakeholders part of the solution and giving them voice in decision-making processes can make a key difference when it comes to tackling key public challenges, including development priorities.


We also provide a theoretical analysis of decidability properties of our proposed system.

we describe the problem of formal security analysis(which asks whether untrusted users can ever gain access to some protected data) and show that while this problem is in general undecidable, there are reasonable restrictions onpoliciesthat allowdecidable security analysis algorithms.


By creating such a graph, removing a user is as easy as removing this node, and thus does not require rekeying.

5.2 Other Access Models Traditionally, the standard notion of permission inheritance in access control is that permissions are transfered up the access graph G. any vertex in Anc(vi, G) has a superset of the permissions held by vi.


If an uncon.ned process so desires, it can issue standard system calls (like open) that circumvent the Flume RM.

the underlying Linux system dictates the security plan for uncon.ned processes.


For > 0, the protocol loses the property where querying produces arbitrary soundness ampli.cation.

at the point in the protocol where ti >r, all further queries provide no increase to soundness.


Given that manydi.erentlanguagesappearontheTwitterstream with a signi.cant minority containing a mixture of multiple languages, we tested whether or not the remaining tweets contained su.ciently many English words.

we discarded tweets with less than 25% of their good words appearing onAtkinson sshortestword list.Thegood words of the remaining tweets, without their surrounding punc tuation, were added to the Twitter list which, in the end, contained 102990 words (many of which are duplicates).


Further, for any function with a secret input parameter (typically a long-term private key), the two-party protocol output from our compiler requires that shares of this secret parameter be predistributed to the two parties that are to run the protocol.

our compiler generates two party protocols that assume a trusted third party for sharing long-term secrets; removing this assumption is an area of ongoing work.


In general we observe that when VUI increases from a low level to a high level, .V/.T goes from negative to positive.

the system goes from declining value over time to increasing value over time.


Following these ideas, we design three fast authentication protocols, SAP v1,v2,v3, and their corresponding key management schemes.

sAP v1 is the most secure while v2 has the least key management overhead.


The larger the ratio of a smaller cardinality of objects, the more precise and .eld sensitive the analysis.

we are most interested in the case where the cardinality i =1, where is proofed sound to do strong updates for shape analysis.


Under the unit-disc communication model (with radius R), such a location proof certi.es that, at time t, the user is at a distance of at most R to the AP that issues the location proof.

it certi.es that the user is in a disc of radius R, centered at the point of coordinate (x,y).


This includes the current location (virtual address) of the code (EIP) that performs the memory restoring.

the memory restore code would change memory mappings that interfere with its own execution.


Besides computational power and battery consumption, there are other important di.erences between the traditional computing framework and its mobile counterpart that affect bottom-line security.

mobile devices are constrained in terms of text input and are more prone to theft than traditional computers.


One can, however, apply linear extension [8] over the set of permissions, which generates a topological ordering of the permissions, compatible with the original partial ordering.

we are interested in a classed representation of the ordering information, where the permissions in each class are equal or incomparable to each other, and can be considered as having equivalent con.dentialitylevel.Forexample,inFigure5,thesetof permissions can be grouped into four classes {f1}, {f2 ,f3,f4 }, {f5,f6}, {f7 }.


It is assumed here that actions cause only unidirectional flows.

no action can cause a flow from and into the same principal and the resource pair simultaneously.


an adversary must try each user password Pk times, once for each corner.


Impromptu is implemented over an event-based architecture, 3.1.2 Method which allows the GUI component to monitor and register access events from both local and remote repositories, as well as to present a unified (WYSIWIS) view of the application session.

in Impromptu, events are used to both visualize dynamic activity and to ensure view consistency.


EVALUATION: CASE STUDY 4.1 Information Ontology and Metadata In the proposed approach, two key ingredients in supporting .exible and dynamic information sharing policies are domain speci.c information ontology and enriched security metadata.

we use an extended version of the KANI ontology (Knowledge Associates for Novel Intelligence [9]) for building a knowledgebase that captures the current state of the world.


From the attacker Linux machine, we ran the probing program with Probing Packet Train size of 1, 4, and 10, respectively, such that PPT probing packets target different rules placed at different positions in the firewall s ruleset.

we targeted rules at positions 1, 500, and 10000, for each of the three firewall types.


From a given state, if the condition on a policy is true for a sub ject, it will remain true in all future states.

the set of rules that a subject can satisfy does not decrease during state transitions.


Therefore, the security mechanisms that need to be used must allow for adaptation to different situations.

depending on the context, different mechanisms are to be used.


When a user makes a query she only needs to prove that she indeed uses a valid ciphertext.

she performs a witness-indistinguishable proof that the database s signature on the requested ciphertext is valid.


The multi-core system allows us to con.ne each thread to the corresponding cores with concurrent execution of those threads.

if there is no dependency among threads, we can bene.t frombothperformance and security enhancements.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my colleagues at Pima Community College IT for providing me much help in gathering information for this paper as well as supporting my efforts.

i would like to thank Theresa Roach at the PCC Department of Public Safety for providing all of the crime statistics used in this paper.


From another perspective, other orthogonal defense schemes (e.g., randomization) have been proposed to defend against code injection attacks.

address-space layout randomization (ASLR) [2, 7, 8] randomizes the memory layout of a running program, making it di.cult to determine the addresses in libc and other legitimate code on which return-into-libc or ROP/JOP-based attacks rely.


Most notably, users only care about certain types of behavior covered by the "read phone state" permission.

they object to anything that could be used to track them, or detect when they re making phone calls.


if the attacker stays in a host for a relatively long time the temporal mutation in validates scanning result and attacker has to redo scanning.


Figure 1(c) illustrates the target objects being selected according to the select()functioninDe.nition6as twodashed zones.

ao1 results in the Asthma node under Illness being selected, and ao2 results in the nodes of HIV and Prescription2 being selected under Illness and Medications, respectively.


Here, the repository is responsible for generating a minimal-disclosure form of energy usage data based on the data originally provided by the utility.

customers can redact part of the data that they think is irrelevant to the expected service or that they do not want to share with the third party.


OFDM is a method of encoding data streams on multiple carrier frequencies.

data in OFDM is split into multiple streams, which are coded and modulated respectively into di.erent subcarriers.


However, while this technique improves memory e.ciency, it has an impact on system security.

memory deduplication is usually implemented using a variant of copy-on-write techniques, for which, writing to a shared page would incur a longer access time than those non-shared.


Proactive operation is achieved by means of an event-driven model.

the policy is checked when the context list is updated.


Puppetnets exploit the high degree of .exibility granted to the mechanisms comprising the Web architecture, such as HTML and Javascript.

these mechanisms impose few restrictions on how remote hosts are accessed.


We say that an application is defense-enabled if mecha- nisms axe in place to cause most attackers to take signifi- cantly longer to corrupt it than would be necessary with- out the mechanisms.

an attacker must not only defeat protection mechanisms in the environment, he must spend additional time defeating defense mechanisms added to the application.


Information gain is calculated for class labels by employing a binary discrimination for each class.

for each class, a dataset instance is considered in-class, if it has the same label; out-class, if it has a di.erent label.


While both constructions use similar syntax, their implementations differ.

a number of identical operations from different loop iterations can be ef.ciently processed in a batch (using the same number of rounds as that of a single loop iteration), with the overall load partitioned among the available cores via threads.


As such, an ideal PUF creates a mathematical function unique to each physical instance of a hardware design; even if the same design is used for two devices, it is physically impossible to make their PUFs behave identically.

our insight for the design of such PUF ROKs is to incorporate the PUF in a feedback loop for a system-on-chip (SoC) design.1 our design is for the PUF to reside on the same chip as the processor core that performs the encryption.


This mechanism must have the following properties: First, the value must be non-volatile.

it must not change or be lost unless explicitly incremented.


The First Phase When analyzing a site, Norton Snap goes through the Norton Safe Web [17] to identify trusted and malicious sites, and gives the corresponding ratings.

norton Safe Web will evaluate a site by computing the three factors, computer threats, identity threats, and annoyance factors.


They are equipped with active NFC devices which are full duplex enabled.

they can transmit random signals to each other while detecting the received signal.


The problem with this approach is that most converted signatures are not compatible with standard signatures.

the converted signature does not have the same form as a standard signature, and hence needs a verification algorithm that is different from the algo- rithm used to verify standard signatures.


We now present our formal protection guarantee for well-typed code.Webeginby strengtheningthede.nitionofDFIin Section3.

we assume that part of the adversary is known and part ofitisunknown.This assumptionallowstheanalysistoexploitany sound typing information that may be obtained from the known part of the adversary.


We demonstrated that there is a great deal of diversity among users in terms of their behavior for these types of features.

we focused on the tail of these distributions the portion of the distribution that matters for anomaly detection.


Instead of regarding policies as relations on resources, sets of permissions, etc., we emphasise the view that a policy is a policy decision function that grants or denies access to resources, permissions, etc.

we model the concrete function that implements the policy decision point in a system.


Although expressive power is a meaningful basis for comparing access control systems, it exists only as a comparison made in absolute terms.

the knowledge that a system Y is more expressive than another system Z provides no assurance that Y is the best access control system for use within the context of a particular real-world application.


We will prove .rst that I(X,Y )~µ(¯p(X,Y);X|Y)= Ep~.A I(X,Y )~µ(p(X,Y);X|Y).

(8) the amount of information revealed by p¯is bounded by the average amount of information revealed by p that is drawn according to .A once again, the concavity works in the right direction.


We observe that only one copy of L is needed to achieve the no-FNl property if L s tra.c synopsis is similar to the initial state throughout the execution of the algorithm, as checking such a synopsis is roughly equivalent to checking all of L1, L2 ,· · · , Li .

we can keep only one synopsis which somehow approximates the synopsis in each sub-problem.


Whileentropybounds areanattractiveway of specifyinginteresting subsets ofinputdistributions,precise reasoning about the leakage of programs in terms of such bounds turns out to be challenging.

deriving tight bounds for the leakage ofprograms withloopsinterms ofentropyboundsfortheir input variablesis still an openproblem.


This property also means that we can incorporate new evidence and update our beliefs as we acquire new knowledge through observations.

we can apply this not only to multiple observations taken at once , but also to multiple observations taken from many places over a period of time.


Since the cvd .le format already incorporates versioning and a signature, the FlashPatch daemon passes around the daily.cvd .le directly.

when a user inserts a .ash drive into a machine running FlashPatch, the FlashPatch daemon .rst checks whether a .le called daily.cvd exists on the .ash drive (in a particular subdirectory allocated for FlashPatch).


Figure 7 shows that as the reputation threshold increases the drop rate declines to zero.

to obtain a positive reputation score the adversary cannot afford to to drop too many circuits.


Those system calls are interposed by ARMlock to enforce the policies set by the host.

the host can instruct ARMlock to ignore system calls from the module or selectively allow a subset of them (e.g., to read from/write to an existing socket but not to create new ones).


It is a relatively straightforward method and it works well until the proportion of compromised readings stays below the prespeci.ed trimming level, but if this condition does not hold, the distortion of trimming goes to in.nity.

the 5% trimming has a breakdown point of 0.05.


polynomial-time distinguisher D. that halts in time poly(.).

now assume that adversary B is given access to the public information associated with the key assignment of G and is allowed to adaptively corrupt nodes from V. B obtains ki .


The VMM can easily be modi.ed to admit the implementation of all four kinds of VM apps described in Section 2.

it eases the creation of bundled VM apps, because clients can plumbI/Opaths of their VMs at will, thereby allowing the output of one VM app to be fed as input to another.


the probability that a value falls between one and two standard deviations from the mean in a normal distribution), the target medical record type is in the same main ICD-9 category as v (an ICD-9 main category contains the codes that represent a number of related health issues).

the requestors may ask for somewhat relevant information.


We argue that their con.ation of a number of new features does not provide a clear verdict regarding e.ective permissions.

that study does not include the work on Salmon [18] for comparison.


4.4 Discussion One potential alternative for protecting possession-sensitive credentials is to require each party to always disclose the mirror equivalent of R s policy.

after Bob discloses R s policy P, Alice only discloses P s mirror equivalent Pj, without telling Bob the policy of each individual credential appearing in P. Similarly, Bob will disclose the mirror equivalent of Pj in his next message.


sk, at the .rst run of Keygen, B skips line 5 of algorithm Keygen and de.nes pk.


In order to ensure that there is no connection between a patient s identifying information and her contribution, all submissions are made anonymously.

patients use a system for anonymous routing to submit her contribution to the entity that receives all patient ratings and publishes information about them.


Alice encrypts her resource using Bob s public key.

alice can send messages to Bob based on possession of credentials which she cannot issue: she knows neither the credential issuer s private key nor Bob s private key.


A role, under this policy, is clearly not simply a collection of permissions.

for a physician x to be able to access the record of a patient p stored on a server s,it isnot enough for x to have a doctor role.


Steps 3 to 5 may be performed as follows.

the client authenticates the SP using TLS server authentication, and consequently, a secure channel with TLS is established between them.


However, they did not prove the completeness.

they cannot support someintegration requirements that can be expressedbyour algebra.


3.8.1 Con.dentiality The time-to-compromise a component i by multiple, parallel attackers is the smallest of n time-to-compromise samples ti distributed according to fi(t).

the time-tocompromise con.dentiality is t(1) =mini ti .


In particular, during or after the IC manufacturing process, we intentionally stress the HT gate so that its threshold voltage can be increased and, by following Equation (1), the leakage power would decrease exponentially.

the method we use for aging a set of gates in the circuit is by setting the gates in the stress mode (i.e., signal 1).


In this manner the trust is induced via the path.

the first node in the path has induced confidence in the public key of the last node.


The use of DUE, as well as the extension to large sparsity d> 3 introduce some additional di.culties that we need to overcome.

for our cryptosystem we need DUE to hold even if one of the members of the planted shrinking set is revealed.


Furthermore, with electronic voting systems, failures are not apparent because the results are hidden from the voter.

even if the system were not behaving maliciously, the DRE can make mistakes due to con.guration problems, such as an inaccurate touch-screen calibration (i.e., the voter touches near the desired icon, but the vote is given to the candidate or party associated with a neighboring icon).


The third party server S need not be malicious but may possibly be cheating.

it is always possible for the server to return an invalid result.


Once connected, the malicious program interacts with the application with the standard instructions.

it only needs to use instruction stop at to stop the execution of the application and instruction set to set a variable used by the application to a chosen value.


Tag Location Privacy: The responses of the tag Ti are anonymous, since the tag only ever sends pairs (M1, M2 ), which cannot be linked to any particular tag.

the eavesdropper can neither link tag responses toprevious responsesfrom the same tag, nor distinguish one tag s responses from another s. It is thus di.cult to track the location of a tag.


The authors of [3] introduced a cryptographic model for the design and analysis of cryptographic techniques for logical data deletion.

they presented one solution based on private-key encryption that e.ectively deletes data by storing encrypted versions of it and then erasing the key.


Household appliances become very vulnerable if we introduce smart functions without proper security protection.

smart access functions enable users to operate devices remotely.


bj from the product Sa[j]· Sb[j]: for each entry of this outer product, there is a corresponding term in Sa[j]· Sb[j], scaled by a secret value (i.e., the product of the two corresponding keys).

we obtain a summary of the outer product result matrix with similar properties to the DVS summary for a single vector.


On the one hand, if F is inconsistent, there does not exist any state that satis.es all polices in F .

if a state satis.es all resiliency policies in F , there exists no more than b users in the state who together have all permission in P .


Besides, since di.erent applications may have di.erent performance metrics, we leave the .exibility to the operator to evaluate the concrete performance cost.

the cost can be uni.ed (e.g., energy consumption) and denoted by the same universal notation.


It became quickly apparent that the di.erence in input times between PassShapes and EyePassShapes were due to a group of six participants that did not perform the EyePassShapes authentication in one stroke but in several consecutive strokes.

in contrast to the technical evaluation, some participants of the usability study decided to use the accumulative input technique for EyePassShapes.


We observed very strong sequential locality in the data, which hinders the e.ectiveness of the attack.

the growth in target set coverage as a function of number of launched probes levels o. quickly.


In the .rst simulation, we use a speci.c schedule for the degradation of users.

we choose speci.c values for the degradation parameters (L and {ei}i) in the scheme Although it is not necessary to encrypt all .ve terms of the bracketed expression in the .gure under KR¯,since doing so doesn t increase the cost of the scheme signi.cantly we choose to encrypt them all the simplify the proof and exposition.


Interning: Java distinguishes between object identity (which may be compared with the == operator) and equality (which may be compared with the equals() method).

it is possible to have multiple String objects that are not identical (s != t) but that have the same contents and thereby compare equal (s.equals(t)).


In particular, in this paper we provide a proof of concept proposing a set of algorithms that leverage, to different extent, node mobility and node cooperation that is, identifying social ties to thwart node capture attack.

we test these algorithms on a realistic mobility scenario.


Our approaches remain conceptually simple, yet we expect that soon more sophisticated variants will emerge for exploiting the increasing volume of innocuous user information that web sites now offer via convenient APIs.

we anticipate that automated content analysis technology such as face recognizers and natural language processing will enable correlations more powerful than what we demonstrate here.


SSL is typically implemented using open libraries.


If the data is uniform, then benign programs behave similarly from the model s point of view, and it is easy to capture their executions.

we cast the problem of studying the diversity of our data set as the problem of understanding whether a model is able to capture the data in a precise fashion.


for worm detection [20], noti.cation [21], and containment [1] systems, a collaborative approach is mentioned several times in the literature.


We show how to construct very e.cient protocols in the gRO model, which in most cases improve on the highly e.cient known existing solutions in the CRS model.

we .rst show a highly e.cient UC-commitment scheme, which compares very favorably to the most e.cient known UC-commitment scheme of Lindell in [16] (in the CRS model).


The detection techniques used by the AV vendor are conservative.

when they .ag a page as malicious, it is very likely that the page is indeed bad.


The Traust system was designed explicitly to meet the needs of large-scale open systems.

the Traust system: uses current prototype trust negotiation systems (such as Trust-X [3] or TrustBuilder [27]) to allow clients to establish bilateral trust with previously-unknown resource providers on-the-.y and negotiate for access to new system resources at runtime;  integrates transparently with newer, trust-aware resources while still maintaining compatibility with and allowing increased access to legacy resources;  can broker access tokens in any format for any size security domain, ranging from single hosts (e.g., in peerto-peer systems) to entire organizations;  has policy maintenance overheads that scale independently of the number of users in the system and the rates at which users join and leave the system.


FRAGMENT AUTHENTICATION AS A MULTICAST AUTHENTICATION PROBLEM The problem of fragment authentication can be stated as follows: how can a single sender securely and e.ciently distribute a sequence of data pieces towards any number of receivers, each of which can e.ciently verify the authenticity of received data but is being precluded from producing new data seemingly originating from the source?

how can source authentication be implemented in a multicast or broadcast transmission without the use of a digital signature per data piece?


These approaches are modeled after the characteristics of the botnet under study and vary along different axes, depending on whether they have access to direct traces of infected machines [6] or have to resort to indirect measurements[11,34,35,37], whethertheyhavea completeor partial view of the infected population, and, .nally, whether individual bots are identi.ed by using a network-level identi.er (typically, an IP address) or an application-de.ned identi.er (such as a bot ID).

we brie.y compare our measurementtechnique to those described by Rajab et al.


In this paper we present the realization of the TVD concept on smartphones.

our contributions are: TVD Framework for Smartphones: We present the design (Section 3) and implementation (Section 5) of a TVD framework on top of the OKL4 microkernel, and we support to run Android operating systems and their applications in isolated environments to separate data and applications of corresponding security domains based on TVDs.


We have investigated the privacy requirements when such protocols are used in a general consumer scenario, as they follow from general, accepted privacy principles.

no automatic identification under any fixed identifier should occur, no unnecessary traffic data should arise, and local and remote wallets should be able to coexist in one protocol.


A protocol is called fully private if it is (m-1)-private.

([9]) a protocol is called t-private if no collusion containing at most t parties can get any additional information from its execution.


The(, ) pair listed in  must form a delegation permission.

the  attribute must be chosen from the operation names and the  attribute must be chosen from the operation parameters stated in Table 2.


The intuitive reason behind this is a natural loss of synchronization between the bot and the solver, due to the dynamic nature of DCG captchas (moving objects).

by the time the solver provides the locations of target object and the answer objects within a challenge image (let us call this the n th frame), the objects themselves would have moved in the subsequent, kth, frame (k> n), making the prior responses from the solver of no use for the bot corresponding to the kth frame.


We believe that the path to such a theory relies on an axiomatization of privacy and utility.

we must examine axioms for what privacy and utility should mean and then study the consequences of those axioms.


In our example above of an ACL with an entry of the form (Alice, .le f, read, allow), a semantics would need to unambiguously specify what the consequence of the existence of such an entry as part of the ACL is to authorization.

a semantics would provide a yes or no answer to a question such as can Alice read the .le f?


The access decision is returned  Figure 3: An example of a SecureUML policy for medical records utelizing our extension for supporting policy hierarchies.

allowing every user to read patient data in case of an emergency.


Forward compatibility In any proposed solution, if a card is created at time t1 when the data repository contained n1 documents, it also should stay operational at time t2 > t1 when the data repository contains n2 > n1 documents.

the scheme should stay operational as new documents are added to the data repository.


Besides dealing with issues from all these works in an integrated and consistent way, this paper also proposes a reputation-based [8] security enforcement mechanism.

we believe the work in this paper to be first providing a complete, fully operational and practical solution.


In fact, with a large and reliable whitelist we suggest that it can be dropped to one.

if we receive a single PRE reporting that domA has accepted a password previously used at domB and domA is not on a whitelist we immediately inform domB, as suggested in Section 3.3.1.


Our main technique is to let the two clouds shu.e the data amongst themselves.

one cloud shu.es the data blocks, adds an onion layer of encryption, and send them to the other cloud.


Running this study on a speci.c network may not produce representative results for the general networks.

some networks have diverse clients with a more frequent access to less popular sites, while clients in other networks, such as a school or a university, may be accessing more popular domains selected from a smaller range.


We deem any internal subnet that contains a known malicious IP address, as being potentially malicious.

if an outbound .ow is observed destined to an IP address that lies in the same inferred (by us) cluster as a known malicious IP address, then we deem that .ow to be suspicious.


As in our solution, this project aims to solve the cross-domain usage nightmare of PKI.

the TACAR project provides a certi.ed process for gathering and verifying root-CA certi.cates, and publishes them in one easily downloadable and importable trusted .le.


We believe that a framework with the properties described in this paper can be adapted toward formalizing other types of broader security workloads and analyzing candidate implementations with respect to those workloads.

given a more general security goal, we may be able to utilize a similar approach to that which we advocate for the analysis of an application s access control needs: .rst, identify the candidate solutions which are capable of servicing the security workload while preserving its requisite safety and security properties, then determine which solution works best relative to the application s speci.c cost valuations.


They assess the global behaviour of a composite policy: e.g., under such and such a condition, would the composite policy return such and such authorization decisions?

the composite policy is seen as a black box, in the sense that the concern is on the global behaviour of the entire policy rather than the local behaviour of subpolicies.


In [17] the authors propose and discuss several protocols and mechanisms that di.er in their trust models, e.ciency, and the functionalities o.ered by the trusted components.

[17] discusses how the Trusted Software Stack (TSS) can provide a property-based attestation protocol based on the existing trusted computing hardware without a need to change the underlying trust model.


Consequently, if a recipient is able to recover at most one valid share, he is unable to recognize it on its own.

he must ful.ll at least two terms of the policy before he discovers that he has partially ful.lled it at all.


As stated more precisely below, functionality FsP RE captures the same security notion as De.nition 2.5, except for the following issue: Consider a party P that s not e.ectively corrupted, but has setup a re-encryption proxy X with a corrupted party P ' .

(X is not corrupted and the re-encryption key between P and P ' is secret.)


BLAST proves assertions using predicate abstraction [19].

it partitions the reachable states of the program using a set of predicates appearing in the assertion to prove, the conditional branches and assignments as well as internally generated predicates from failed proofs using Craig s interpolation theorem [23], in order to obtain a .nite representation of the program.


The idea is that i rep  Figure 1: Geo-indistinguishability: privacy varying with r. resents the user s level of privacy for that radius: the smaller i is, the higher is the privacy.

in order to allow the LBS to provide a useful service, we require that the (inverse of the) level of privacy i depend on the radius r. we require that it is proportional to r, which brings us to our de.nition of geo-indistinguishability: A mechanism satis.es E-geo-indistinguishability iff for any radius r > 0, the user enjoys Er-privacy within r. This de.nition implies that the user is protected within any radius r, but with a level i = Er that increases with the distance.


[6] as a mechanism for maintaining data privacy in the presence of active adversaries who have the ability to coerce data senders or recipients into opening observed ciphertexts.

after observing a ciphertext, an adversary approaches the sender and asks her to reveal the random choices or keys used in generating the ciphertext, which expose the corresponding plaintext.


When s = 38 and n = 20.7, the min-entropy is at most 61.2 bits.

by making the white noise sketch public, the min-entropy of the minutiae is reduced to at most 61.2.


In this paper, we investigate the problem of .ltering darknet traf.c in order to identify connections worthy of further investigation.

we analyze data from a large, distributed system of darknet monitors.


There are three main concepts underlying X2S:  Formal Model of Policies : XACML policies are formally represented as many-sorted .rst order formulas whose variables denote policy attributes.

xACML policies are transformed into policy formulas in a normal form, which de.ne the conditions under which a policy evaluate to a certain access decision.


An alphanumeric instruction is an instruction where each of the four bytes of the instruction is either an upper case or lower case letter, or a digit.

the bit patterns of these bytes must always conform to the following constraints: The most signi.cant bit, bit 7, must be set to 0  Bit 6or 5 must beset to 1  If bit 5 is setto 1, butbit 6 isset to 0,then bit4mustalsobe set to 1  These constraints do not eliminate all non-alphanumeric characters, but they can be used as a rule of thumb to quickly dismiss most of the invalid bytes.


Passwords choices and configurations [26] Password category Password length Stroke count Bit-size strength Weak 7 3 ~25.1 Medium 10 5 ~39.1 Strong 13 7 ~53 The configuration of the password length and stroke count for each security level, together with the bit-size strength of each level, is chosen as in Table 1.

our weak password has a search space of about 25 bits, the medium password about 39 bits.


Thirdly, the practice of rehearsal and planning has been challenging; the rehearsal environment cannot be completely identical to the production environment.

concerning importing policies into the rehearsal environment, some information (e.g., IDs in a policy database) is not preserved the team has to make do with the same kind of objects, rather than replications of them: Yeah, you know, when you re trying to import group policies and stu.


not run multiple detection engines on a single device due to technical con.icts and resource constraints, moving detection capabilities to a network service allows the use of multiple antivirus engines in parallel by hosting them in virtualized containers.

each candidate .le is analyzed by multiple detection engines to determine whether a .le is malicious or unwanted.


it is a register incremented via a clocking routine.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper we have showed that it is possible to leverage both node mobility and communities of nodes that naturally emerge in mobile networks to enforce security properties.

we have designed two class of protocols that take into consideration realistic mobility models to thwart node capture attack.


The designers of the LSM framework are deliberate in establishing where this mediation takes place.

they identify several issues with system-call interception: that it is not race-free, may require code duplication, and may not adequately express the full context needed to make security policy decisions [26].


Then we say that the context-sanitizer map is correct if when ff(INP ) is reduced, the grammar never leaves context C. In other words, applying the correct sequence of sanitizers locks a string in the current context.

a string locked in the HTML context cannot cause the browser to transition to the JavaScript context, leading to a code injection.


The paper describes the details of installing the web server and allocating space for each user to store their web pages.

this paper demonstrates the methods and challenges associated with multi-user MySQL and Tomcat installations.


To prevent buffer overflow attacks using our secret sharing scheme, the user can leave the input buffer unprotected but protect the return address following the input buffer by secret sharing.

imagine the generated loads/stores to the input buffer are merely normal loads/stores, but the generated loads/stores to the return address are actually secret sharing loads/stores (assembling/scattering).


For regular messages, the receiving vehicle only needs to show that they were generated and sent by a trusted tamper-proof device while for urgent messages, we provide a mechanism for a trusted party to reveal the real identity of the sender.

attacks caused by a vehicle are accountable.


In order for Mobile s type system to accept a pack operation, it must be able to statically verify that the runtime state value is an accurate abstraction of the object being packed.

if the runtime state value has type Rep(H), then the type system C requires that .


Availability of a privacy policy: The availability of a privacy policy with a Facebook app correlates negatively, albeit weakly, with Pdanger (r= 0.12, p<.001) and Pdinfo (r= 0.14, p<.001).

there is some weak evidence that Facebook apps accompanied by a privacy policy are more likely to request fewer permissions.


Instead, the action is triggered when the monitored survivability metric SU(r) drops below the threshold survivability (TS).

by adopting the duo scheme of TS and ES, we ensure the ES by taking preventative actions (prescribed by ESS and triggered by the TS) in early stages, which buffers the potential consequences of UUUR events.


We identified the resolution of these concerns as a fertile field for further research.

we call out the need to consider the unique properties by ITS usages, such as priority on ensuring control correctness and functional availability across domains.


The encryption is performed via an XOR operation as M. K. In our work, we use an alternative form of one-time pad that uses modular arithmetic.


We also remark that the various design choices above are made to not only allow practically ef.cient constructions, but also to suit the security and usability requirements of the applications that motivated this work.

the non-interactive nature (encryptions instead of protocols) and the of.ine nature of data owners make a C-FE scheme much easier to deploy in these applications than a solution relying on, say, secure multi-party computation.


To make the integration possible, we changed several classes.

we changed the Result class in order to account for errors in evaluation.


They should also be lengthened for nickname mapping.

john = Jon = Jonathan or Betty = Elizabeth.


In all three ASes, we .nd that the Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution .ts accurately for high value of skew a (i.e., 1.77 1.89) when J is deliberately .xed to 2.1 to yield a best .t and allow direct skew comparison.

a few AS internal links are extremely heavily used whereas most other internal links are very lightly used.


Finally, theRBAM algorithmproposedinthispaperinherits most of its characteristics from well-known data mining techniques.

market Basket Analysis (MBA, also known as association-rule mining) is a method of discovering customerpurchasingpatternsby extracting associations or co-occurrences from transactional store databases.


These were set across physical and Facebook social networks and the crossing seemed to generate tensions between the two.

people who were included in one network seemed to expect to be included also in the other.


Unlike the well-studied IP dark space analysis techniques (see, e.g., [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) which are inherently ex situ and can potentially be evaded [10], IP gray space analysis is in situ and provides us with a direct means to monitor, identify and track suspicious and potentially harmful activities launched by outside hosts.

we can observe the tra.c generated by outside hosts towards both the IP gray space and active space of a network, and correlate them to infer the nature of activities engaged by the outside hosts and isolate potentially harmful ones.


The flow is not allowed because in category .. the file has the taint level of 3 which is higher than Alice s taint level for that category (which is 1 by default).


So we can remove this context checking in the plugin.


Since our approach utilizes cookies, it is important to recognize their limitations and vulnerabilities.


Regardless of the decisions returned by the access control mechanism, leaks can also occur, and an access can be added to the set of current accesses even if it is not allowed.

the decision process must take into account the fact that it controls a concrete system, which might not be perfect and where errors can occur.


This design choice signi.cantly affects the design of hypervisor isolation runtime for KVM con.nement.

because KVM is still privileged, it is critical to prevent it from executing any unwanted privileged instructions, either intended or unintended [8].


Once the sandbox has been set up, the host issues an ENABLE_ARMlock command to the kernel that will prevent any further changes to the sandbox.

the sandbox cannot call the kernel to change itself.


One of the simplest models for the wireless channel, is based on the assumption of nodes being co-located, ` ala Bianchi [1].

all the nodes are assumed to be able to communicate with, and to cause interference to one another.


Using this procedure we generated di.erent binary matrices, and we used them as access control datasets that have 10000 users, and 1000 permissions.

we granted a permission to a speci.c user if, and only if, the corresponding cell in the matrix was set to 1.


prm(Kds, R, do), pca(Kds,Kdu, C, P ), arca(Kds, read, R, C, P ), not arcd(Kds, read, R, C, P ).

o George uses a denial to de.ne an exception to Goods4U s preferred policy on releases of transaction data in relation to his purchase of bolts; he also requires that a denials override metapolicy be enforced rather than Goods4U s closed policy.


will assume the value 1 i. poli i , x exactly the same way as discussed in §5.2.)

compilation algorithm, DIC2PBS, that reduces a DIC satis- DIC2PBS(poli, root(poli (similar to d Step 1, the variable x.ability instance to a PBS instance.


However, one problem with static analysis tools like ESC/Java2 is that they do not scale.

this applies to invariant checking, which must be carried out for all methods and constructors.


For example, if x is a pattern variable in the FSA in Figure 6(a), then x can be bound to the expression either a or b in the program in Figure 6(b).

pattern variables enable syntactic matching.


WAPTEC s database handling criteria is based on such schema analysis.

it relies on the insight that database schema encodes constraints that must be satis.ed by acceptable hostile and benign inputs.


The system should make a quick veri.cation decision.

it should be able to distinguish a user in a timely manner.


the precondition of every action in the schedule is going to be true at the time it is scheduled to happen.


But with the development of web systems, the number of attacks on databases increased and it has become clear that their access control mechanism is inadequate for web-based systems.

the SQL Injection and other vulnerabilities have received considerable attention in recent years, and satisfactory solutions to these kinds of attacks are still lacking.


The effective mapping isthe mapping implicitly createdbythe actionsofkernel code.For a memory address, the effective mapping uses the type that kernel code implicitly assumes at that address, based on a sequence of pointer dereferences.

if the kernel traverses a struct page pointer to arrive at memory address 0x100, then memory at address 0x100 is of type struct page.We assume that the effective mappingis consistent with thekernel s type graph thekernel does not typecast pointers to an unrelated type as it traverses them.


Since it requires every user to encrypt his PIN prior to entering it into the system, the chances that PINs can be leaked by tampering with access terminals are substantially reduced.

the solution is secure against skimming attacks wherein counterfeited access terminals are installed in place of genuine ones and used to capture secret information of users for later impersonation to the bank.


[10] In this work, we provide and discuss different gaze-based techniques for decreasing the security risks of public PIN entry since we consider observing somebody s finger movements on a number pad to be very simple and unobtrusive.

we evaluated different means to control an ATM with the users eyes.


We also extend the blackboard paradigm across the network.

applications at the TSP or ASP can submit queries to or receive notifications from the in-car blackboard mechanism.


RELATED WORK The security of smart grids is attracting increasing research attention.

false data injection attacks against the state estimation of electrical grids have been extensively studied.


UNIFICATION OF POLICIES We will consider two NSSs as equivalent with respect to a set of policy rules, if this set of rules can be identically implemented in both NSSs.

if two NSSs use equal commands (and/or other manipulations with user interface) in order to implement a set of policy rules, it means that these NSSs are equivalent with respect to this set of rules.


Consider that case that def(p1), ¬def(p2), ¬def(p3).

the case that p1 is de.ner s rights, and p2 and p3 are invoker s rights.


In this approach, the reference search window is fetched from external memory and those MBs requiring that specific data are processed.

the reference data calls the MBs to be processed.


the domain is the interval [0, n], and for any two selected points x and y, |x - y| = 1.


This allows some margin of error as the drawing created does not have to be re-created precisely.

the encoding of a particular secret has a one-to-many relationship with the possible drawings it can represent.


A useful concept is the e.ective policy.

given alabel L with multiple owners, what policy should be enforced.


Note that these values are changed only when i =2 * i3, and by storing also con.guration i3 + i1, the server can compute them ef.ciently on-the-.y.

the server always remembers at most four con.gurations and updates them during the counting (without rewinding the computation).


Transaction security is concerned with ensuring that users (both the service requesters and the service provider) of a Web service listed on the registry feel confident that the business transaction will execute in a trustworthy manner.

the trust parameters of the service must be made available to all interested participants prior to service invocation, and trust must be assured during service execution.


While in practice the sharing of assertions may be limited by latency and bandwidth considerations, we assume ideal propagation in our model.

an assertion recorded by a node is instantly universally available to all other nodes.


Meanwhile, we define robustness as the ability of the AN to withstand impact by a natural or sentient adversary.

robustness can be defined as binary notion: the AN is viewed as robust if an adversary s actuation cannot drive the network s state to an undesirable set or too far away from nominal operations, and is viewed as vulnerable otherwise.


The explicit expanding graphs we used in Construction B.3 to connect the two copies of Gi are all of in-degree 0N for large enough O(log N) < log2 N. Since the depth of the recursion is .log N., the total in-degree of the .nal graph is at most O0(log2 N) < log3 N for large enough N. The explicitness of our constructed graph follows from the explicitness of the expanding graphs used.

given any node v E [N] = [2t] let v - 1=(bt,...,b1) where bi is the i-th bit of the binary representation of v - 1.


That is, there must exist some j such that the contents of Reg would be the sequence x0,R1,R2,R3,...,Rj = x0 Recall that we assumed (m = 1) |Cj| = |Rj | = |Rj ' | = |x0| = m = .- log2 .. Then the probability that any Rj = x0 would be 1/2m , which gives us 11 11 P (Rj = x0)= == == .

2m 2.- log2 .. 2log2 .-1 .-1 the probability that any polling of the PUF will produce an output that matches the seed x0 is less than the security parameter ..


1.1 OverviewofAttacks Information leakage via circuit throughput: We show that it is possible to exploit heterogeneity of throughput of Tor relays to learn information about which relays used to forward a given stream.

two circuits that share the same bottleneck relay will have highly correlated throughput.


Firstly, an OC policy presents a tractability advantage.

an OC policy can be evaluated by a crawler that traverses only the owner s component (i.e., neighbourhood), starting at the owner vertex.


For each of these columns, create and store at node v the data structure for the m cells described in [4].

we build a data structure that will permit key assignment and derivation for any contiguous set of cells within those m cells.


First of all, for di.erent accounts, the availability zones with the same name (e.g., us-east-1b) may not refer to the the same physical infrastructure.

the mapping between the name of availability zones and their physical locations is di.erent from account to account.


=(cp, pk) using her own challenge public key pk as well as the public parameters cp received from C instead of generating a pair ( pk)from a second sk, factor.

a skips lines 2 to 4 in the above description of Keygen and de.nes pk.


Except for the three false alerts, DroidPAD successfully veri.ed the other 137 SMS messages.


Some researchers have examined access control for web services.

recent work [10, 11] has examined how to protect loosely structured XML data.


3.3 The Third Level Decomposition Since 0 = f m = +8 (f m has been relaxed in ij ij = cij the previous subsection), the constraint conditions (C1) and (C2) in (P3) can be eliminated.

when capacity constraints are removed for session m,any rate xm can be achieved.


.2) otherwise Here .1 denotes whether an over.ow occurs or not, and .2 denotes whether y is odd or not.

.1 = 1 if r > y (i.e., over.ow), and 0 otherwise.


Four of these participants indicated that they did not want to remember an additional password.

their previous SSO password was used for other accounts, and as a result of our study, they needed to remember an additional password.


INTRODUCTION Nowadays, people increasingly rely on the Internet to seek information and communicate.

with the advent of Web 2.0 era, people not only extract knowledge from various information sources, but also contribute and share their own generated contents.


RISK MANAGEMENT The purpose of managing risk and defining a risk response is to bring risk in line with the defined risk appetite for the enterprise.

a response needs to be defined such that as much future residual risk (current risk with the risk response defined and implemented) as possible (usually depending on budgets available) falls within risk tolerance limits.


We formalize security using a simulation-based de.nition.

we de.ne our own leakage functions which are signi.cantly more restrictive than those of related work.


Bestpractice[37] requiresdefensein-depth andtherefore the .rewall countermeasures outlined in Table 1a are further restricted to .lter access to the S2S service port to the trusted XMPP servers only.

a deny by default policy (iptrDefaultDenyS2SAccess ) is implemented by the gateway .rewall (gwFw) where permitted inbound and outbound IP address exceptions are alsoimplemented(Table1b).


The e.ect of the attack is essentially the same as in the previous experiments on the Banana-shaped data, although here there is a signi.cant di.erence among the performances of the bridgebased methods.

bridge (Soft) gradually outperforms the other approaches as the fraction of injected samples approaches 5%.


For example, an attacker may launch an individual bu.er over.ow attack against a service blindly, without knowing if the service exists.

the prerequisite of an attack should not be mistaken for the necessary existence of an earlier attack.


While it is not physicallyrunning out-of-VM,SIM stillsu.ers from thesemanticgap and cannot natively support existing monitoring tools.

though the in-VM presence leads to unique performance bene.ts, there is a need to adapt existing tools to take advantage of the SIM support.


4.5 Parallelizing user-pair comparison To process continuous user-activity data stream at scale, we use incremental processing.

we divide the large computation of user-pair comparison on a bulk data set into a series of smaller ones in the time dimension.


With these in mind, we have to verify the abnormal aggregates before accepting or rejecting them.

the BS should attest the groups with suspicious large count values or doubtful aggregation data.


In this paper, we address the automatic composition when component services have access control & authorization constraints, and impose further reputation constraints on other component services.

access & authorization control is based on credentials, component services may (or not) trust of credentials issued by other component services and the service behavior is modeled by the possible conversations the service can have with its clients.


bits, and whose degree d is bounded by a polynomial.

we show that any adversary who wins by producing a Type 3 forgery can be converted into one who outputs a Type 2 forgery.


The probability of successfully evaluating a permitted query is inversely exponential in the number of records that satisfy the query predicate.

to extract a large number of records from the database, the retriever must know a priori speci.c information that uniquely identi.es each of the records, or small subsets thereof.


Such mechanisms could allow revealing those aspects of the transaction most useful to the group while protecting those aspects of most concern to the individual.

existing cryptographic techniques for for secure function evaluation allow people to determine a desired function of their private information without revealing any additional details of that information.


auth(a, c)) An intuition behind forward availability above is provided by the example of a user u being authorized to a resource r via membership in a group g. We require that u must be a member of g before g is authorized to r for u to be authorized to r. With backward availability, we change the order of the two direct authorizations from that example.

for u to be authorized to r, we require that g be authorized to r before u is authorized to g. DE FI N IT I O N 11 (BACKWA R D AVAI LA B ILI TY ).


KDI-Insecurity against unrestricted queries.

the idea of this argument is that an attacker can try to apply many di.erent functions to the key s, and use colli ' sions of the form g(s)= g(s) todoabinary search for the key s. the attacker uses two di.erent functional ' queries g,g, and checks if it gets the same answer on both.


With an identi.ed PGD, we can correctly .nd the entire kernel space by checking the system bit in the page table entries.

without any prior knowledge, we are able to .nd out that the kernel space for Windows starts from 0x80000000 and the kernel space for Linux starts from 0xc0000000.


between resources expended to degrade to or maintain an equivalent quality of service (QoS).

these resource tradeo.s must also be understood in the context of Degradation of Service attacks [6, 1], where the objective is not necessarily to make a target completely unavailable but rather substantially decrease its QoS.


We do not claim the list of usability issues we have discussed is complete, and encourage researchers to identify more of them using our framework.

a lot more can be explored for sound-based and image-based CAPTCHAs, which is our future work.


on Information and System Security (TISSEC) 4, 3 (Aug. 2001), 224-274. endfor [5] Ni, Q., Bertino, E., Lobo, J., Brodie, C., Karat, C., Karat, J., Figure 1: Algorithm to detect inconsistencies For each maximal overlapping set S, we need to check whether the formula specified in the conditions (1)-(3) as discussed in the previous section is true under every value of the underlying domain.

the negation of the condition [6] Trombetta, A.


At each authentication level, the SelSocket uses a different key for confidentiality of the communication (performed by the Crypto component).

a key generated by the Domain Authentication is used to secure message exchanges during the Entity Authentication (thus providing third party privacy for certificate exchange), and the key generated by the latter authentication is finally used to protect application data.


Using this key and pt, the client can verify the correctness of the result received for epoch t. Our aim is to provide the above functionality for a wide range of query types, offering cryptographic security and satisfying certain performance desiderata.

our goals are to minimize the memory, communication and computational costs for the owner and clients.


W kT s·Vdd-Vth 2 n·(kT/q) Pleakage =2 · n · µ · Cox ·· ()· D · Vdd · e (1) Lq We note that the leakage power has a nonlinear (exponential) relation with the temperature T , which provides us with a method to vary the leakage power.

if we apply a set of input vectors to the circuit that switch a subset of gates, the gates can be heated up and the heat will be transferred to other gates on the circuit, which causes the temperatures of the gates to vary over time.


The sender then generates a sequence of spreading codes csm for mi by drawing codes from Cp using these indexes.

csm = Cp[mid1 ]lCp[mid2]l...lCp[midlm ].


where .t > 0, RQ(t) is the set of run-time request received at time t. 5.1 Usage of conditional event expressions Conditional event expressions (De.nition 15) allow the enabling/disabling of roles in response of environmental conditions.

by using ST EC ond conditions, it is possible to refer to space, time and/or particular events that might happen in the system.


We show this pictorially by augmenting the event-graph with faults to pro- duce a fault-graph in Figure 2.

the dashed edges in Figure 2 correspond Entity Issues Action ,] I Allowed by Implementation ] IDenied by Implementation Figure 2: Fault graph for Access Control Decisions to the transitions that compromise the policy.


Recent versions of BIND allow con.guration of servers to ignore or refuse recursive queries.

root and top-level name servers generally do not accept recursive queries given the burden associated with them.


A query string consists of an ordered list of n pairs of parameters (or attributes) with their corresponding values.


Such an approach will not be able to provide fine-grained control on delegation.

the delegator role may represent authority to carry out several different tasks, particularly, if it is at the higher level of a role hierarchy.


Work on unlinkability and untraceability was started by Chaum [14] and has been explored more extensively in recent years.

work on unlinkability includes anonymous group authentication ([3, 10, 13, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29] and others) and unlinkable serial transactions [30] for subscription-based services.


In this case, an undesirable property will hold: the new set of deployed nodes would be considered as an independent network itself.

at the time of the new deployment, a node belonging to the set of newly deployed nodes will be tracked just by nodes from the same set.


Furthermore, it is easy to see that we can extend the proposal to 1-out-of-k signature, where the signer gives k partial signatures to the proxy, who can transform only one partial signature.

in algorithm PreSign, the signer returns k partial signature to the proxy, other algorithms remain the same.


.f is also private in the semi-honest model.

if the protocol .g|f contains many invocations of f,then all of them can be safely replaced by an invocation of .f , provided that TTP always computes a single value of f. we cannot run two instances of .f in parallel or otherwise the composition theorem might not hold.


of Software and Information Systems College of Information Technology University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC 28223, USA {doshin, gahn}@uncc.edu ABSTRACT In this paper we present an approach to modeling systemcentric information in order to facilitate role engineering (RE).

we .rst discuss the general characteristics of the information required in RE.


7.3 Performance We conducted a variety of performance tests to assess the practical usability of PSiOS .

we performed runtime measurements based on the iOS gensystek benchmark app by using two con.gurations: (1) PSiOS without policy enforcement, but with CFI checks enabled, and (2) PSiOS with policy enforcement.


Safety A safe implementation is one that does not grant or revoke unnecessary permissions during the execution of the image of a single workload label.

if executing workload label e in the implementing system yields the state sequence (s1, .


5.1 More General Constraints Crampton s model for work.ows assumed that constraints had the form (., s1,s2).

constraints are applied to pairs of steps.


Generally, security is a system problem.

it is rare to .nd that a single security mechanism or procedure is used in isolation.


In order to do so, a new version of an object must be created and added after the trailer, together with a new trailer and a new cross-reference table.

original objects are preserved inside the .le.


In subsequent applications, we move away from the functioncomputation aspect of the CT functionality and use it purely for its commitment properties.

we use a version of CT that does not perform data aggregation computations and simply computes a conventional hash tree instead of a commitment tree.


Additionally, even if both z and T are the same, A would learn nothing new.

under the PPT assumption, A cannot decrypt Echal(file).


In addition, we assume that this solution provides an API for performing oblivious dictionary operations where every get(k) or put(k, v) operation is guaranteed to be for a key k that is contained in the set, S, that Alice is outsourcing to Bob.

we give a miss-intolerant solution to the oblivious storage problem.


The server correctly routes protocol messages, but does not attempt to create fake users or collaborate with existing users.

for the VPET protocol, server collusion with User B would reveal User A s location.


We assume the data region begins with the address DB (Data Begin) and ends with the address DL (Data Limit).

the address range of the data region is [DB, DL], inclusive.


Our research considered the threats both active and passive attacks that could be launched from the Pi.

the major passive attacks would all fall under network reconnaissance, whereas active attacks cover a much broader spectrum including denial of service (DoS) attacks, man in the middle (MITM) attacks, WPS brute forcing attacks, and reverse connection utilization.


According to the definition perspective, the right PKI must be the one that gives you the closest approximation to a true, or ideal, PKI.

not only must it utilize public-key technology, but it must also provide a real infrastructure (a pervasive substrate that provides a specific service to calling applications and devices through a simple, well-defined interface).


First, as the decomposition depth of (x, y) is d = i + 2, it can not be the case that both fX0 is constant, and fX1 is constant.


This alone is not useful to the target service as it is not necessary for the owner of the account in S to be the owner of the account in V .

an attacker who manages to steal the password for an account in S could authenticate with his own account in V and have service V return that as proof of authentication.


In fact, in [25] there is a detailed analysis of the shortcomings of this tra.c sample set.

the author notes that no detail is available on the generation methods, that there is no evidence that the tra.c is actually realistic, and that spurious packets, so common on the Internet today, are not taken into account.


The adversary has to get the chance of discovery of a newly-added node.

compromised nodes wait for the initiation of the three-way handshaking from a newly-added node.


4.2.1 Transformation The combination CSP-OZ also allows us to perform semantic preserving transformations.

we can eliminate the parallel composition between the target and security automaton by using a transformation akin to Milner s expansion law [25].


Next, we show that our attack is also applicable to other text CAPTCHAs, including the schemes designed by Yahoo and Google.

a variant of our attack has achieved a high segmentation rate on a Yahoo CAPTCHA, which in theory can lead to the most successful attack to date on the scheme.


From this .gure, we see that both the NN and LOF algorithms perform well in identifying attacks after they begin.

on the validation set the LOF algorithm is able to detect over 80% of the malware within 30 windows (approximately one minute) after the start of the attack and over 90% of them within 40 windows.


The architecture of OASIS is illustrated in Figure 1.

the service is composed of three main Android services: Sandbox service (number 1 in Figure 1), which realizes the isolated environment for the SODA execution;  DataGateway service (number 2), used to access private data from the Sandbox;  OasisService (number 3), the service which encapsulates the other two and is called by the application.


The increase in sensor diversity naturally leads to different characteristics of the various sensors.

some sensors may have drift (e.g., IMU), others may not be very accurate (e.g., smart phone applications [12]), yet others may be accurate but not always reliable (e.g., GPS).


To exacerbate this problem, many mobile devices today do not have NFC chips.

iOS devices which have signi.cant market share, ship without NFC chips.


Our approach, in contrast, provides a non-probabilistic guarantee of integrity at a potentially higher cost.

if the client-side computation is highly CPU-intensive, as ray-tracing ingames tends to be, despite replying on an emulator and runninginafaster .NET environment, with suf.ciently manyconnected clients, theRIPLEYserver mighteventually become overwhelmed.


We also plan to investigate e.ective means applying our proposed framework within decentralized organizations.

we hope to leverage information gleaned from centralized query plans to develop e.cient algorithms for processing decentralized trust queries across multiple domains.


ForeCast: We select samples for analysis using FORECAST.We test FORECAST with values of L (the level of parallelism) ranging between 50 and 1600.

optimum: Here we perform sample selection based on FORE-CAST s cluster scoring technique, but assuming that cluster prediction is 100% accurate; that we know to which behavioral cluster each sample belongs, before executing it.


, Xn denote n random variables that are distributed according to p(X | a) and that are conditionally independent given a.

imagine a referee secretly choosing a value a, then making n independent draws from the distribution with this .xed value of a as the common parameter and letting X1, .


This translation scheme is compositional.

the examples analyzed in [11] can be translated compositionally, combinator by combinator into our algebra of policies.


The method provides a simple yet practical tool for automatic network-level analysis 1983 and protection.

the use of signatures allows for e.cient realizations using common network monitoring and intrusion detection techniques, such that Botzilla can be readily deployed in high-speed networks.