Assume there are n shares in total, Shamir s secret sharing scheme has two important properties: 1) knowledge of any k or more shares makes the secret easily computable; 2) knowledge of any k-1 or fewer shares leaves the secret completely undeterminable, (in other words, it is impossible to guess original value by simply looking at the k-1 or fewer shares).

the security value of the scheme relates to the fact that as long as the attacker is not able to gain simultaneous access to k number of shares, he has zero information of the secret.


Unfortunately, using too much memory might easily expose our covert channel.

a memory size in the range of 80MB to 100MB can be a good choice.


However, note that no existing formal de.nition covers the weaker de.nition of terrorist-fraud resistance presented informally above.

it is hard to say how secure such protocols are, or how they compare in terms of adversarial advantage.


Namely, within each session, all requests are given the same privileges, regardless of whether they are initiated by .rstparty or third-party contents, from client-side or server-side extensions, or from another origin.

the server is exposed to the threat model without appropriate access protection.


Cpuset is OS dependent and affinity is set only for processes running within the OS.

to confine a complete OS under a given cpuset for purposes of security monitoring, additional tools like virtual machine monitors, described below, may be required.


Signature verification algorithm 3.2 Re-keying Mechanism Because a single key pair can only sign r messages, a sender should use a new key pair when signing more than r messages.

we offer a re-keying scheme as a solution.


By implementing the proof authentication as a type of transform, this step is integrated into the verification of the basis.

clients can now verify the authenticity of data using standard cryptographic APIs, without regard to how the data was distributed.


In this case, we can infer that pu should be equal to refu.

we can replace Uwith U' = (refu, null, qu).


The notion of human trust has been applied as a basis for computer security for last few years.

in this paper we tried to develop security mechanisms based on human notions of trust, which may prove part of the solution.


Note however, that code patterns from other .ngerprints may also be introduced in the same node.

algorithm 2 only computes candidate .ngerprints: each candidate .ngerprint may contain multiple .ngerprints that must be obtained via re.nement (in Step B).


E.g., Blumenthal, supra, 992 F. Supp at 52; Ben Ezra, supra, 206 F.3d at 985 86.

the editing of statements to remove profanity, and the removal of some messages but not others, is not a proper basis for the imposition of liability in this case.


It can be established that 93 independent algebraic equations from the modular addition operation and the SBoxes S0 and S1 can generate 11 and 39 independent equation of degree 2 respectively.

the entire ZUC stream cipher can be described with a system of algebraic equation of degree 2.


For each code, there are two possible subsets as outputs.

the lower bound is k and the upper bound is min{2k, n2 + n +1}.


3.1 Higher Privilege Attacks The must common attack used to gain higher privileges on a system is the buffer overflow.

we examine it here as the first case we implemented in the host targeted attack module in AngeL.


Implementation efficiency: An authentication and management system of the passive tag can be constructed, but with only one hash function.

when it calculates 1,000 gates as 1 cent, the hash function can be organized by the passive tag, which can construct 2,000 gates.


The GVM Status during the SVM Updating When SVM is updating the memory of GVM, there could be some concurrent issues if we keep GVM running as well.

during the update, our current design is to pause the GVM execution and resume it once the update .nishes.


From the performance overhead evaluation, we conclude that the slowdown at the process level is light if we use the SYSVMI attack.

a malicious cloud provider could possibly deploy this attack online (as a backdoor to access victim jobs, for instance).


This is because an observer of channel M is also permitted to observe channel L (since L g M).

the .rst output reveals to level M (and L and N) that the loop terminated, and the second output to level M does not provide any additional information.


If an application with a di.erent HID, or an unprotected application having no HID, attempts to map a page that belongs to a protected application, a mismatch will occur since the page does not belong to them.

they would not be able to map the page to their address space.


SES was designed to support (only) recognized ES5 best practices.

scripts that adhere to these best practice standards are SES-compliant and hence we expect the number of fully SES-compliant scripts to increase progressively as these best practices become more widespread.


Zq then h · gis uniformly distributed at random in G as long as (xG +xB)b = -r. The latter can be discarded, as this only happens with negligible probability 1/q.

using the standard reduction argument, we can conclude that any IND-CPA adversary against the above fully distributed threshold cryptosystem implies a DDH solver.


As we discussed above, in a spam campaign, all spam content is similar because those spam emails share the same spamming purpose.

we use context triggered piecewise hashes (CTPH) [4], also called fuzzy hashing, to cluster similar spam messages from the same campaign.


M7 and M8 .les are approximately 2.4MB and 3.3MB,whereasthelegitimate .lesrangefrom1KB to0.5MB.As smaller .lesarestatistically morelikely tovaryfromtheexpected value, the variance of the mimicry .les, whose sizes are larger on average,isvery small.Althoughthetest scoresofthemimicry.les are higher on average, the majority of these test scores fall within one standard deviation of the legitimate mean, 0.074 ± 0.045 (or 0.019to0.119).

theKolmogorov-Smirnov testis unable toreliablydifferentiatemimicry.lesfromlegitimate .les.


From the path discovery process, the next node that one of the dsensors contacts has probability pc to be a compromised node.

the probability that this path discovery process fails is Pf3 = pcd .


MODEL ENFORCEMENT The Model Enforcement ensures that an application escaped from the control of TaintCheck follows its system call model.

it must intercept all system calls the application performs, compute the system calls backtrace and compare them to the possible next states of the system call model.


Foradiscretionaryaction incurring anobligation,wereplace e with t,the timeat whichtheactionisperformed.

in our model obligations have the form b = o,ts,te,d,w.. .u, a, .


It is designed to distribute the evaluation of rules in a scalable fashion, which employs a set of monitoring agents on the nodes in the network and validates global rules in their corresponding veri.ers [20].

we want to collect the evidence from the OS directly, while keeping the security system in a safe state.


IdP does not describe actual user ID, but describes federation ID in the assertion for privacy protection.


For disclosure of the associated credentials, 1 more round of communication is needed, for U to send the partially decrypted associated credentials to O.

the overall communication complexity is O(1).


The local policy serverorproxypolicy servercanthenprevent con.icting assignments, depending on who holds the con.ict of interest policy.

a permission request consists of a permission assignment request(sourcelabel,targetlabel,and requested operation) and the execution role.


In addition, even after a page is being evicted from page cache (using remove_from_page_cache()), the physical memory pages may still retain sensitive data belonging to the process.

sPARC sanitizes (zeros out) each evicted page that was originally brought into the cache on behalf of the process being excluded.


The squared values of the SNPs states are stored in order to realize the genetic disease susceptibility test via homomorphic opera x tions as discussed next.

the MC uses E(SNPP i , g )and E((SNPP i )2 , g x) (i .


There is no node belonging to the path connecting level(name) to the root element, which has an Accesses element associated with it.

the evaluation of this node does not add any node to the set of authorized nodes computed so far.


ASR defeats pointer corruption attacks by randomizing the location of various data and code objects in the process address space.

the attacker can no longer guess the address of the input buffer containing attacker-provided code, the address of any speci.c function in the process memory (such as execve), or any vulnerable data items (e.g., .le names).


If a function f is i th input nondeducible despite J, then even though the reader of the output knows the inputs in J, he still cannot infer the value of the i th input.

in the general case, an SCS must ensure that f is i th input nondeducible for J, for every input i that it contributes, with J being the set of inputs contributed by the SCS who reads the output.


In the .rst two protocols, which are based on time series, it is undesirable to learn the absolute result: Ft (the forecasted value) might be considered to be revealing too much information because a player can learn his share of the value and possibly some additional information about other players data.

instead of providing its absolute Ft-dt value, we output only the slope dt , i.e., the percentage by which the value is expected to increase or decrease in the next time interval.


Example: One of the speci.c Missions recently undertaken by Project Impact is the repair of the Pajaro River levee in northern California.

accomplishedBy(Pajaro River Flood Mitigation) = Project Impact MissionPartner: Missions × PartnerOrganizations, holds for (m, p) when p is involved in the execution of m. The consistency of ParticipatesIn, AccomplishedBy and MissionPartner is assured by the following constraint, which states that any partner in a mission participates in the coalition which is to accomplish that mission: .m .


3.3.1 Property-based Attestation with Revocation In order to solve the version-rollback problem for remote property-based attestation, we note that the attestation process is a dynamic process where the veri.er checks the PCR values attested to against what the veri.er considers trustworthy for each protocol run anew.

the veri.er can check whether the revocation list is recent enough.


rotating images, adding dots, changing background colours etc) and could be easily tricked by spammers.

new studies in this domain focused on extracting other features and using different techniques to combat spam like content obscuring detection [25], combining OCR with low-level image content (in order to detect existence of content obscuring objects) [26], maximal figure-of-merit (MFoM) learning approach [27], image spam detection based on file properties and header using C4.5 decision tree and SVM [22, 28].


That is, if an attacker can steal a key K from S, we assume he can steal the sensitive data directly without having to bypass our security mechanism.

note, though, that the attacker can be an administrator with valid access to S. we do consider two speci.c threats in relation to S.First,the administratorcould attempt to steal a copy of the list of the workstation authentication tokens.


The length of a ciphertext of Ours is 2|c| + |K| + |p1| whereas that of NY is 2|c| + 2|K| + |p2|.

if we assume that the sizes of NIZK proofs are the same, Ours is more e.cient than NY by |K| in regard to the length of a ciphertext.


The veri.cation implies the ful.lment of critical security properties, but the actual goal of the veri.cation is to prove functional correctness and not the security.

certain security-relevant properties, such as covert channels, have not be formally validated in this contexts.


This implies the feedback from rx2 should be h 2 = U2 wU2 (wh1 - h2) = h 1 - U2 h2, which can only be estimated when K U1 K U2 and U1 are known to the attackers.

cSIsec protocol prevents malicious clients from reporting forged CSI based on the genuine CSI of concurrent receivers.


Route announcements pertaining to smaller address blocks are more likely to be .ltered than those for larger addresses.

for both stability and reachability reasons, it is good practice to announce the supernet of the sensor address block.


In reality, we relax the de.nition in that this property may not hold in the TRGs constructed from pairwise classi.cation results, e.g., a node may have multiple paths leading to the same root, or multiple paths leading to di.erent roots.

our TRG construction algorithm needs to .nd all the root triggers of a network event, which makes the problem equivalent to compute the transitive reduction of a direct graph.


Since we assume that the encryption scheme is semantically secure, this implication is a contradiction, and there is no such distinguisher D that distinguishes between H0(i1,...,in)and HB(i1,...,in); that is, the distribution of the simulated garbled OBDD is indistinguishable from that of a real garbled OBDD.

bob s simulated view is indistinguishable, except with negligible probability, to the real view, concluding the proof.


Therefore, the next identity that is going to be assigned to the user could be calculated by an attacker.

the location of the subscriber could be tracked.


Functions in the other class are lossy, meaning that the image size of these functions is signi.cantly smaller than the size of their domain.

lossy functions statistically lose information about their input.


However, she did not show how to do a semantics of a full, Turing-complete programming language, with loops.

some of the examples we consider involving unbounded channels are beyond the theory there.


5.2 Defending against Various Attacks on Secure Routing Karlof and Wagner [17] have studied various possible attacks on security of routing protocols for wireless sensor network.We now show how our schemes can defend against the attacks they described.Recall that in our scheme routing control information is authenticated by the inter-node authentication scheme, which prevents most outsider attacks (with the exception of the wormhole attack which we introduce in Section 5.2.1).

in the discussion below we mainly consider attacks launched by an insider adversary that has compromised one or more sensor nodes.


It turns out that making a form s patchID tamperproof only requires expanding our notion of a patch to include one additional piece of information about each form: the URL to which that form submits its data.

the patch generation phase must extract the target URL for each form and tie it to the form s patchID, and the patch enforcement phase becomes the following sequence of checks.


The RM s proxying of IPC adds eight system calls to this exchange: four calls to select,two readsand two writes.

an IPC round trip takes 12 system calls on Flume, incurring the three-fold performance penalty for additional system calls seen in IPC bandwidth.


The proposed protocol provides an encrypted authentication message by HAKi and o.ers the session key Ki for data encryption.

adversaries cannot eavesdrop the message because they do not know HAKi and Ki.


Fenton s Data Mark Machine [22, 23] requires a special instruction set to de.ne when the program counter can be untainted, and also requires that all registers in the system be statically assigned as tainted or untainted.

a practical compiler for Fenton s system would need to know the taint value of every piece of data at every possible program point, which implies that the compiler has already identi.ed all control dependencies through static analysis.


In that view, User contacts a single LD for proof of location, then contacts a single RsM to request the access.

we only mention a single RsM and LD in our protocol de.nitions.


Further, the system administrator can acquire users shares and use these shares to decrypt the group key.

in this case, TCFS does not protect data from the system administrators.


Each direction can have a different action and priority associated with it.

for example, the analyzer can monitor the inbound side of a connection (by setting a shunt action) while allowing the outbound half unobstructed (with a forward action).


In contrast, the same applications use 292 API calls that require permissions, out of which 22(7.5%) are undocumented.

applications make very little use of undocumented APIs, but for the undocumented APIs they do use, a signi.cantly larger fraction of those require permissions than for the documented APIs they use.


Notice that a veri.er may in turn delegate to other veri.ers the execution of some portions of its veri.cation tasks.

the veri.cation process can be quite articulated and involve several veri.ers, some of which may not even have direct relationships with the relying party.


Context means the set of conditions that define their state.

changing conditions lead to different states.


In this paper, we consider centralized bulk generation rather than distributed generation.


Therefore, if we program the discriminator value of abcd (both chunks d3, and d1) freely and thus use any bucket among the four choices it has, we will remain with only two bucket choices for the other item efgh as its discriminator chunk d3 will no longer be available to freely program (as it is already programmed by abcd).

even though both items have two discriminator bits, only one of them can use four choices of buckets.


The brute-force approach is too expensive to use for .nding such an attack vector due to its high time complexity.

in our experiment, we use the heuristic algorithm discussed in Section 3.3.1 to .nd an attack vector that has near minimum number of non-zero elements for the IEEE test systems.


In fact, it only borrows the idea of GHASH.

eIA1 is considered to be a polynomial MAC.


We assume that the adversary does not control the communication infrastructure, or that the client and server have already built up a secure connection for their other communication preceding the throttle stage.

(we do not consider attacks in which the adversary uses eavesdropping to gain access to information that allows him to pass a throttle request.)


We introduce a modeling framework to investigate the possibilities of mitigating cyber risks in large scale networks.

we consider the network with and without cyberinsurance, and study the e.ects of insurance.


The rationale pertains to objectives that we assume are customary for inspecting and modifying ACLs.

each task except Task 6 has no intentional bias towards or against either interface.


Hence, a generation of a valid signature with respect to vkeyS by A is a forgery, which contradicts to the EUF-CMA property of the exploited signature scheme again.


Thepacketdropping attack canbeperformed by a mesh router both on the outgoing and ingoing tra.c.

the other networkdevices that participate to the wireless mesh community network must evaluate the behavior of an intermediate mesh router, controlling if the neighbor wireless mesh routers relay all the network tra.c after having con.rmed its reception.


When interpreting Bene.t it is important to recognize that Bene.t can never reach 1, since some policy atoms must be exercised before others can be predicted.

it is important to interpret Bene.t relative to the maximum value of Bene.t that an algorithm could achieve in a given scenario.


Further, with next clauses, we can model runtime effects such asdynamic access control, communication, and taint propagation.

eON turns out tobeagood .tformodelingdynamicaccesscontrol systems.


These concerns also undermined to some extent the con.dence in the SHA-2 hash functions, that have been designed for long term security.

the US National Institute for Standards and Technology has organized an open competition.


Our key idea is based on the observation that the sensitive data is processed by only a small portion of routines in system software stack and should follow certain accessing patterns.

if we can extract sensitive data accessing patterns and sensitive data propagation paths at runtime, it is possible to highlight the abnormal data leakage path through a visualized data .ow graph.


The problem is exacerbated by the fact that even those who know that deleted .les can be recovered may forget that some storage device had been used to store con.dential data in the past.

unintended recovery of data is mostly a psychological problem [21].


Therefore, the inequality fi = sj + t also holds.

we can conclude that if si = sj holds, the inequality fi = sj + t would also hold.


The row result of each iteration is added to the intermediate result res.

the result remains stable, as soon as the addressed memory row was found and the memory content was added to the intermediate result (which up to this point is 0).


W , on the other hand, has a column per dictionary word: in our case, around 60,000 columns.

the multiplication of G with W may yield an enormous matrix.


However, the circle of the second stage is different colors.

it seems that its circles are horizontally located in a li ne.


Second, it is dif.cult to obtain large volumes of training data at a large social network because it requires expensive manual labeling.

many clusters may not contain any labeled data, leaving them unclassi.ed.


As a formalization of R2, the former determines the possible number of hops of capability transfer, while the latter counts the number of hops so far.

the constraint is represented as the following condition for any c .


Attackers cannot re-compute ss, because for this, they need access to the ephemeral secrets from the SSL handshake during registration, which were known only to the two (trusted) endpoints: TruWallet and the web server.

even a full compromise of the SSL PKI does not help to recover ss.


A Hidden Markov Series adds an output to the system where every state has a probability of generating a specific output.

we can not determine the states of the system by just looking at the output.


If we nowdo the optimization of Section 3.1.2, which adds reachability conditions to the clauses of the given program, we may introduce cyclic dependences between Reachable and other relations.

we must verify that the transformed program is strati.ed before checking satis.ability on the transformedprogram.


Open questions to be solved in the near future also include the possibility of Homomorphic Encryption, so that the trustworthiness does not rely anymore on a single or small amount of attached sensor nodes, but is divided to a bigger number of nodes.

a modification or attack becomes more difficult.


If the services have vulnerability and adversary use this vulnerability, the attack damages to the content owner s intellectual property.

we analyze the commercial online music streaming service such as Cyworld, Dosirak and Naver.


Since the NaCl runtime already provides a set of wrappers for security-sensitive system calls, we reuse that part for monitoring system calls.

application code is forbidden to invoke any system calls directly through int or syscall instructions.


Even though the number of the remaining di.cult challenges is too small to draw concrete conclusions, it is surprising that success rates are over 64% in all cases, and users even identi.ed their friends in 77.7% of the pages that contained photos of animals.

associative correlations assist users when presented with a photo of objects or pets.


Furthermore, the result implies that a large portion of the overhead is due to implementation issues.

a product-level implementation of the protocol could achieve much smaller overheads.


Because sensor nodes are discretely distributed, the fact that two nodesarephysicallyfurtherapartdoesnot necessarily mean the minimum number of hops between them is increased; a similar observation applies for angles.

using the minimum number of hops to the base station as a measure is preferable.


Furthermore, each SNP position contains two nucleotides (one inherited from the mother and one from the father, as we will discuss next).

the content of a SNP position 1Examination of many genetic variants in di.erent individuals to determine if any variant is associated with a trait.


4.1 Policy Types The primary concern of Aquifer is accidental export of high-value, application-speci.c user data.

our secrecy restrictions are de.ned with respect to export control.


contacts with another (given) VANET node in 0.4 0.3 one infectious period.

the time between contacts is expo 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 nentially distributed with mean 1 .


By contrast, duPro runs each module in a user-level sandbox and only two lightweight domain-level switches are needed to invoke a system call.

duPro s support of protection domains is lightweight and its handling of system calls is more ef.cient.


Traditionally, the RBAC assigns access control policy not directly to users, but to user roles.

the users access rights are granted indirectly according to the roles they are assigned to.


As a result, it is very di.cult, or nearly impossible to collect the complete original scenario (µ, V, E, T ).

the goal of our scenario collection is to obtain (µ, V I,EI,T I), so that V n V I, E n EI and T n T I are maximized and the replay service can reconstruct web infection trails as complete as possible using the recorded data.


This results in s =(a1, {a1})n-1 · (a1, {a2}) · (a2, {a2' }) · '''' ' (a2, {a1}) · (a1, {a1})m-1 · (a1, {a3}) · (a3, Ø) · (t, Ø)., which has to belong to F i. m = n. The expression above can n-1 m-1 be rewritten as s = x · y · z · w · t ., for appropriate x, y, z, w, and with overloading t .

the set F nm must include U · t., with U = {x · y · z · w | m = n}.


In [10] it is noted that context can often be structured hierarchically.

for example, if you trust someone to drive your car, then you would most likely also give him your car keys or the keys to the garage .it is necessary to identify possible hierarchical structures between di.erent contexts in our model to be able to infer trust information from one into the other.


This, however, may cause the scarce memory of a node to be occupied with incomplete packets due to missing fragments.

lossy links as well as malicious or miscon.gured nodes can block the processing of newly received fragmented packets by spuriously occupying bu.er resources.


), etc., from appearing in user content.

many sites attempt to detect scripts within possibly-malicious content, and .lter only those portions of the content.


By contrast, the paths upwards from PE2 include the roles PL2 and DI R, neither one controlled by PS01.

the conditional constraint is not satis.ed for PS01 and PL2.


Traditional shellcode usually uses , while ROP shellcode usually pre-arranges the constant on the stack, and then uses  to load the constant into a register.

deRop needs to relocate the constants in its transformation, and the input and output of deRop has very di.erent stack layout.


As we assume complete isolation of the secure side, overall system scheduling (interrupt handling) may be adversely a.ected by the ObC.

to support realtime requirements there may be a need to return control to the open side after an allotted time, to serve any interrupts or other critical services, and then come back to continue the operation on the secure side where the execution was left o.. 3.


Any data bytes simply become harmless, unreachable code in the new binary s code section.

there is no need to statically predict which bytes are part of reachable control-.ows and which are not.


However, simple passwords are especially vulnerable to attackers [13, 12].

many groups and organizations develop password policies which impose restrictions on the passwords a user may make, and how those passwords are used.


The trusted identity provider approaches represent the state-of-the-art and are already deployed in many cases.

the integration e.ort and complexity are quite low.


In this paper, we focus only on the user-ID in the user authentication scheme that is based on the user-id and the password.

both biological authentication device usage and easy-to-remember password development, such as graphical password, are out of scope of this paper.


For this study, this was a sensible approach, as other Cloud Provider Types, such as Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) or Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), differ substan tially in terms of attack surface and handling.

these other types would require a mostly different approach in terms of attack types, attacker models, etc.


Because the bridging firewall is a special purpose device with no IP Address, no traffic will ever be destined for it.

with the firewall running IPTables, the only table specifically discussed in the lecture is the Filter table, which governs use of the forward chain.


An unprivileged VM will only see packets that are addressed to it, and it cannot send packets with false headers that appear to be from another VM, because Dom0 will reject them.

an unprivileged VM cannot undermine the con.dentiality or integrity of the network.


Hence, the result that is returned to the victim has to make sense.

we pass this request and its parameters to the original, legitimate implementation of sendBillingRequest.


It follows that p-(i-1)e 2e 2e Pr[Xi] = = .

we .nally have that p-(i-1)e p-(t-1)e E1 = Pr[X] = 2te , which is negligible in .. p-(t-1)e  5.


The security layer is designed to cover ts suppordefines all security aspects in SOA environment and the relationship among e.ected entities.

our model describes:basic security goals, the relationship between speci.c security properties and mechanisms (in general, these mechanisms could be an algorithm (e.g.


Since the size of the neighbor lists is constant, a constant number of messages is transmitted for each new device.

for the setup of the whole network we need O(n) packets.


In fact, our implementation can execute a proof of possession of a credential in a few seconds, which is fast enough for a multitude of eID use cases.

we believetohaveovercomethepossibly .nal technical barrier for privacy-protecting electronic identity tokens.


In other words the issued license should hold also for perceptibly similar works.

registration of works by authors,as an o.cial evidence for their authorship,will be much more involved because the registration center has to ensure that the work,claimed to be a new creation,is not similar to a previously created/registered work.


It is our opinion that the world is unlikely to ever settle on a single authentication technology, due to varied technical requirements, as well as signi.cant social and economic issues.

we believe that the bridging approach described in this article is not simply a short-term hack, but rather an approach that will continue to be required and further re.ned over time.


If the extension detects that the current version of Mozilla is not supported, a warning is displayed and the extension is deactivated.

we have to release a new installation (i.e., XPI) package every time a new Mozilla version is released.


At the same time, the monitor is a separate process with its own address space and no other process in the system, including the variants, can directly manipulate its memory space.

it is di.cult to compromise the monitor by taking control of a program variant.


Let's assume Eve know the sequence numbers SNO(j) and SNO(j+I).

eve can easily produce a transaction token "l'r(j) XOR SNOfj) XOR SNO(j+I).


This property guarantees that, given some ciphertexts, the attacker can neither recover the plaintexts nor .nd the equality relationship of the plaintexts.

it provides much stronger security guarantee than the standard one-wayness property used in [9] and the enhanced one-wayness property by Bellare, Boldyreva and O Neill [2].


But Linux doesn t page-align the sections of a kernel module and cannot set appropriate page access permissions to them when loading modules.

the text section of a kernel module is still writeable.


We assume that each aggregate has an identi.er id, with the mapping between identi.ers and aggregates publicly known (e.g., a hash).

clients generate tuples of the form .id,sample., meaning that their sample for aggregate id is sample.We denoteby aggregate result the result of the aggregation of all client samples for an aggregate.


The host needs to safely execute some untrusted modules such as benign code that handles untrusted inputs or code of a questionable origin.

the code in the sandbox could have been compromised and is potentially malicious.


In SSC, the network driver is controlled by Sdom0, which is untrusted, and can eavesdrop on any cleartext messages transmitted over the network.

the protocol in Figure 3(a) also interacts with the client to install an SSL private key within the newly-created Udom0.


Therefore, the users who have correctly voted before T and whose votes have been refused because of time reasons, must prove that their vote is valid.

a time stamping system is used to ensure that votes have been performed before T. 5.2 Anonymity In actual paper-based vote processes, the list of active voters is known, at least by the authority.


According to the rules of difference transformation caused by addition modulo 2n, if .in = 2n - 1, then .out = 2n -1 with probability p = 1.

if the right part of an output difference of the characteristics will be equal to 80000000x, such characteristic cannot be used for finding the secret key, because the probability that the characteristic passes the last round of encryption is also p = 1.


First, LXFI does not grant WRITE capabilities for a module s read-only section to the module (the Linux kernel does).

the exploit cannot overwrite rds proto ops.ioctl in the .rst place, since it is declared in a read-only structure.


Deciding what records to share with which medical personnel, however, is complicated by the many di.erent types of records and users varying privacy preferences.

a usable model is needed to allow users to control the sharing of EHRs.


The attacker could subsequently ignore any password starting with a digit without risking discarding the actual password.

we place weights on the generation process to favor human norms.


This could lead to the situation in which the enrollment data for a user is collected under a di.erent computing environment than the data used for veri.cation.

to be e.ective in this scenario, the authentication system must be capable of recognizing a user s behavior across di.erent computing environments.


Since the maximum number of payload bits in a TinyOS packet is 232, each device must send (and receive) 5 packets.

the total number of bits sent and received is 1304 bits: 4 packets containing 232 bits and 1 packet containing 96 bits.


The SOAP header in an SMP message speci.es the next hop router as the message s destination.

when an intermediary router receives an SMP message, it processes the message as if it is the .nal destination of the message.


This is due to the fact that even the existence of certain medical conditions is extremely sensitive data which the patient is highly unlikely to divulge.

expecting users to publicly disclose their opinion for doctors treating the conditions, without any assertion of privacy, is impractical.


In summary, our analysis of recent and active malware samples indicates that the malware families exhibits di.erent network behaviors during execution.

any scheme based on network behaviors should accommodate di.erent protocols (not only HTTP [21]) to accurately classify real-world malware samples into families.


Therefore, the authenticator t can be retrieved, reflecting that the second round of encryption is only a transformation to achieve the all-or-nothing property.

we once again have the access to singly encrypted {c1, c2, , cm} for cryptanalysis.


That is, unlike the optimization problem of perturbated precoding matrix which can modify any components in the precoding matrix, our optimization problem can only control the second row of precoding matrix, i.e., f21 and f22.

based on this observation, instead of solving the optimization problem in real time, we propose an ef.cient heuristic to select proper CSI to gain a favorable power allocation to message m2 for both EP and MT allocations.


According to TCG-MPRA, a mandatory engine must provide and support (TCG de.ned) trusted functions like root of trust mechanisms, secure boot, and integrity measurements to allow a remote stakeholder to verify the boot sequence and run-time state of the engine.

this type of engine is called TCG-enabled engine.


1 shows, the motion of the bump denoting the worm packets is accompanied by the appearance at the corresponding region of frequency values, of a group of .ngerprints that have incurred large frequency changes with reference to an earlier time instant.

computing for each frequency value, the number of .ngerprints that have arrived there because of a large increment in their frequency, can help identify portions of the frequency range where a bump is located.


Furthermore, schemes employing distillation codes require receivers to buffer the packets before verifying signatures.

receivers cannot authenticate each packet individually and require larger storage space.


We have veri.ed our ability, however, to kill a cloned EDL with an identical Gen-2 tag model, an Impinj Monza, over the air.

unless the Washington State EDL Gen-2 tag is specially manufactured which seems unlikely, given the presence of a generic TID it is subject to over-the-air killing by any reader.


System calls that use these PIDs, such as kill, are also intercepted before their execution and the real PIDs of the variants are restored by the monitor.

the OS receives the correct values when running the system call.


Unfortunately, predicting the complexity of con.guring the IDS in a particular network is very di.cult.

the security specialists did not know if it was worth tuning the IDS for a simple domain of the network (i.e., low tra.c, not many di.erent types of devices) versus directly tuning the system for the more important, complex domains.


When the NIC computes three checksum blocks for each noncechecksum pair, the checksum computation time is not long enough to keep synchronization between the host CPU and NIC.

we increase the number of checksum blocks to compute on the NIC for each nonce-checksum pair.


In this experimental result, the TP and TN of original detection result are about 94.76% and 99.97%, and the TP and TN of the improved detection are about 98.94% and 99.89%.

tP is increased 4.18% by the improvement scheme.


5.1 Top-Level Sharing Protocol We will now restrict attention to protocols tolerating t < n/6 cheaters, instead of t < n/4 cheaters as before.

we take n =6t + 1 for simplicity, and as before we set d =2t (thus d ' =4t).


The peer does not authenticate the peer does not authenticate the authenticating server.

the method does not provide mutual authentication.


On the other hand, little is to be gained by including a system s initial state in an analysis; generalizing over all states in a scheme allows us to make stronger claims about its properties.

in this paper, our discussions mainly consider access control schemes.


However, given the increasing .exibility for the User in composing di.erent Services from di.erent vendors, it might happen that not all of them are in the same CoT.

when as a part of a Service Composition, a User enters a new CoT (or more precisely, invokes a particular service provided by a member of another CoT) from an existing CoT (which contains most of the SPs required for other services), then it may not be able to successfully use various Federation bene.ts for completing the composed Service, due to the disjoint between the CoT members.


Theidea behind identifying instructions that contribute to the value of system callsis to separate theinstructions of the virtual machinefrom the those of the original code.

any call/returnpairfor which there are no relevant instructions in the call are semantically irrelevant, and can be ignored.


Given the known blacklist status of IPx , thereisnoneed topredictit.

any rulescreated/modi.ed as a result of the current listing are irrelevant until delisting occurs and retraining canbedelayed until(at most) that time.


Indeed, in the example above, the malicious code has done its mischief and departed well before the user clicks the button and causes the page to relocate.

to reconcile safety and .exible, dynamic code composition, we need .ne-grained isolation mechanisms that prevent untrusted code from viewing or a.ecting sensitive data.


The requester s identity alone is not good enough for being meaningful to the resource originator.

delegation is necessary to leverage an e.ective way of propagating authorities as well as constructing trustworthiness among distributed collaborating parties.


First, it should be noted that not all guidelines are applicable to all tools.

developers should select a subset of guidelines that are applicable to the speci.c tool they are developing.


However, the Android image .ashed on to the real device differs from the image in the emulator in that it has no DevTool application installed by default.

the attack on a real device would require the additional assumption that a terminal application such as DevTool or AndroidTerm13 is installed on the device.


RAM allocated to temporary .lesystems is unavailable for use as regular memory for applications.

it is important to .nd the right balance for the tmpfs, but assigning half of available RAM to the tmpfs provides balance between performance and available space.


the spectrum of the marked signal is computed as: ture research.


In this notation, 0 = j = h where h is the height of the group subtree and 1 = i = dj where in depth j there are totally dj children for selection.

the count value of the leader node is denoted by c0,1.


the soundness of the proof system EqDl(g, R, vkj , cj ) implies that logg vkj = logR cj with overwhelming probability if VerifyEq(g, R, vkj , cj , pj ) = 1 for any 1 = j = l. for any (R, S ) .


While CoSa provided a formal structure, this approach does not extend to RELs and there is currently no formal description for anyREL.

whilebothODRLandXrMLaregenericin nature,andcan cater for anytype of digital resource [10], both can be considered to be non comprehensive and imprecise.


ANNOTATIONS Changes of authorization rules are caused with changes occurred in the real world.

if changes in the real world and things concerning the changes are represented and attached to authorization rules as their annotations, the contradictions can be full-or semi-automatically solved with the annotations.


In particular, ARPKI s CAs conduct active on-line con.rmations with validator-like capabilities.

aRPKI prevents compromise attacks such that even when n - 1 trusted entities are compromised, the security guarantees still hold.


The properties of the TPM, chipset, and CPU guarantee that no other operation can cause PCR 17 to take on this value.

an attestation of the value of PCR 17 will convince a remote party that the PAL was executed using Flicker s protection.


Otherwise, in the case that these two messages would be inconsistent or would receive this ni-1 message from only one of these two nodes, it could report this inconsistency to a trusted server and asks from this server to send to it the latest status of this link.

a malicious ni cannot falsely claim about this link failure unless it colludes with a malicious nj .


In this way, Facebook will be able to find out that the scheme message it gets from the Yelp app actually comes from a webpage Yelp displays, not the app itself.

the exploit described in Section 3.3.2 will be defeated.


The integrity properties of .le containers as explained in Section 3.2.2 allow VPFS to guarantee the .le contents to be correct, complete, and up to date.

it follows that the directory support built on top of them provides the same guarantees for the directory structure and hence all .le-system meta data.


From this, it is guessed that builcanding a database is comparatively easy from an attacker.

image-based CAPTCHA which including pix is considered to have the vulnerability.


For such scenarios, Dependent Assertions can o.er an alternative, wherein the AP can issue a long-lived or wideband Dependent Assertion, which is Dependent on one or more Independent Assertions, which can be of a lesser validity period or usage scope.

users can continue to get the bene.ts of the single Dependent Assertion (for e.g.


Similarly, the path 0->5->26->37->4 matches the second string pattern pcdg .

the second bit of the pathVec of the states on the path, {state 0, state 5, state 26, state 37, and state 8}, is set to 1.


This is especially true if such an algorithm is o.ered, for example, as a service by mobile service providers to their subscribers.

privacy of the scheduling algorithm should be de.ned over multiple executions.


As was seen with Napster, peer-to-peer sharing has the potential to propagate content extremely rapidly.

content providers, who are anxious to increase revenues, are very interested in allowing secure peer-to-peer superdistribution in a mobile phone environment.


In map1, all of these numbers equal 1, though in another protocol they may have some maximum ..

if a bundle Bc has atmostGmany regular strands, the risk of two strands re-using a nonce is limited because only .


In other words, in a data exchange setting, there may be many universal solutions for a given source instance I.

it is natural to ask: what makes a universal solution better than another universal solution?


The host passes an unforgeable token [11] to the kernel and only then the sandbox can issue a memory copy command.

the source domain has full control over the cross-domain memory copy.


Its PC-facing interface resembles the aforementioned capability kernels, while its on-the-wire protocol is based on password-capabilities.

the hardware token performs a similar role to BottleCap.


For example, providing no location .x available to the Google Maps application, regardless of the actual state of the GPS device, prevents the application from providing search results based on accurate location data, or showing the current location of the user on the map; other features of the application, such as directions, continue to function as normal.

providing fake data allows the user to explore the trade-o.


The distinctive feature of Core P-RBAC lies in the complex structure of privacy permissions, which re.ects the highly structured ways of expressing privacy rules to represent the essence of OECD principles and privacy acts.

aside from the data and the action to be performed on it, a privacy permission explicitly states the intended purpose, along with the conditions under which the Users UA  Roles  Figure 2: Core P-RBAC model permission can be given, and the obligations that are to be .nally performed.


Often times, the scope must be kept small for the analysis to terminate in a timely manner.

real-world applications often must be abstracted for automated veri.cation.


ETA is also proven to be secure against the adaptive chosen message attacks (in random oracle model).

eTA is an ideal choice for providing authentication and integrity services for resource-constrained devices.


There are 26 upper [A-Z] and lower [a-z] case letters, 10 numbers [0-9], and 33 special characters (including punctuation, the dollar sign, asterisk, tilda, space, and so on).

if a password contains lower case letters and numbers, Num Characters = 26 + 10 = 36.


Here the SNC is set to 64KB, each sequence number taking 2 bytes.

there are 32K numbers stored in the SNC, covering 32K L2 cache lines, or 4MB memory data space.


.......,..... andfrequencyrange ... 3.3 Robust Hashing factor curve, as shown in Figure.4.

based on the stretching factors, cropping/inserting can be reliably identified.


If we choose each IV as a random n-bit value, then by the birthday paradox, we expect (probabilistically) to see the .rst repetition after roughly 2n/2 packets have been sent.

we use a counter in our IV, and we transmit it in the packet so that the receiver can learn the value of the counter.


dress may not immediately available too.

the CPU tries to keep records of the target addresses of previously executed branches in a bu.er, the so called Branch Target Bu.er (BTB).


Even though the signature scheme we utilize in the protocol results in compact authentication tokens, we were interested in measuring the total communication requirements of the protocols, especially with a varying number of elements in the range zero-knowledge proof.

we next report on communication requirements of the protocols.


intuition behind this mechanism is as follows: Though there can be a larger number of attack vectors, many attack vectors are very close to each other, i.e., the difference between them is very insigni.cant with respect to the potential impact on OPF.

it is enough to consider one of these similar attack vectors to see the impact for each of them.


With the prevalence of anti-malware software nowadays, in order to be executed on a host computer, a piece of binary code is subjected to a number of detection scans during transportation and before execution.

evading real-timebinary detectioniscriticalformalwaretosucceedin propagation.


As shown in the learning curve in Figure 6, most participants get familiar with our scheme design after the .rst test group.

we consider the .rst test group as part of the learning process, and use the performance data collected from the second and third test groups only in the following analysis.


This is a bene.t that is derived from the user interface we propose, and was not a security feature o.ered by the original system.

our system is not vulnerable to this question-cloning attack, in contrast to the system in [9].


A mobile device, usually with very limited resources, is subject to the problem of execution overhead due to encryption algorithms.

the execution performance of symmetric-key encryption algorithms AES and RC4 has been studied in wireless transmission[3][4].


Furthermore, given an instance of EV in which the set E contains more than one SSoD policy, one can verify these policies one by one.

without loss of generality, we assume that E is a singleton set, i.e., E = {e}consists of one policy.


Both open-and closed-box VMs provide a raw hardware interface that is practically identical to the underlying physical machine.

vMs can run all existing commodity software that would normally run on the hardware.


Moreover, applications are allowed to read /dev/__properties__, which is the interface to system properties.

system properties are observable by every installed application.


e.ectively connect a spam cluster and a non-spam cluster.

the reason for the high false positives is that FB- Spam URL Active Duration (day) Cluster is unable to separate spam clusters from non-spam clusters when there exist legitimate URL inclusion attacks.


So, a NaCl request for a remote resource will always trigger a fetch to be sent over the network.

by simply requesting any resource in the victim HTTPS origin, a malicious NaCl client can insert tra.c into any SSL stream it chooses (even if it will never receive the results of that fetch).


We believe that this is because users tend not to install apps that require larger set of permissions; Facebook suggests that application developers do not ask for more permissions than necessary since there is a strong correlation between the number of permissions required by an app and the number of users who install it [8].

to maximize the number of victims, malicious apps seem to follow this hypothesis and require a small set of permissions.


The validity of the certificate is verified by checking the attached certificate.

addition of new nodes into the system is not an issue as long as the new nodes obtain a signed certificate from the CA.


S, then a has exclusive access to the channel.

the condition that channel ch is con.dential to principal p can be formalised by the following formula: con.dential(ch, p) := G .


Bemts also performs up to d loop iterations per rt .T , effectively walking T from its root to rt (lines 9 12).

the time complexity of Bemts(T, d, s1..n ,p1..n ) is O(n|T | + d|T |).


For instance, it is possible to de.ne distinct credential repositories for highrisk credentials and low-risk credentials.

the user may enter his password for the low-risk repository at a terminal and access the according credentials without the risk of the high-risk credentials becoming compromised.


For example, for data of 10,000 users, we calculated the average entropy of CDR data to be roughly .n 3.49n.

an adversary that is given the Bloom Filter representation of the user behavior for the training period, has a probability of roughly 1/23.49 8% of correctly guessing a speci.c element of the hash set.


VA authorizes every vehicular advertisement and maintains the records of all the vehicular ad payment transactions.

each vehicle is preloaded with the VA s public key as well as the CA s public key.


Nonetheless, the re.ned interface for MACs used for typechecking their protocols is almost identical to the ideal interface IMAC of §3, thanks to its support for dynamic key generation and key compromise.

we directly bene.t from their symbolic veri.cation effort: for each protocol implementation that they generate and typecheck against their cryptographic library interfaces, Theorem 2 applies and, assuming that their MAC algorithm is CMAsecure, the generated protocol is also asymptotically safe, and their notion of session integrity holds with overwhelming probability.


As a result, it is di.cult for human users or intrusion response systems to understand the alerts and take appropriate actions.

it is necessary to develop techniques to construct attack scenarios (i.e., steps that attackers use in their attacks) from alerts and facilitate intrusion analysis.


The platform must further ensure that only authorized users can use the sensitive applications and the VPFS instances bound to them.

the system platform must implement user authentication and provide a trusted path to the applications; for example, by means of a secure user interface [16].


However, mobile Web applications offer limited functionality.

in There are two types of services available in mobile devices today, this paper, we propose a scheme called Gatekeeper, which offers application-based services and Web-based services.


Since memory operations can take hundreds of CPU cycles, the communication between the host CPU and NIC is the most e.cient when the host CPU can predict the precise timetoread theupdatedvalue, and obtain theupdated value from address B in a single read operation.

we design an experiment to predict the time delay between a mailbox write and mailbox read on the host CPU, so that the host CPU can communicate e.ciently and reliably.


Intuit, in the case of Quicken) certifying that a given VM hash is indeed a valid version of the application.

we see that the attestation certi.cate chain proves to the remote server the components that were loaded onto the local machine.


So, depending on what ud and dtd are, there is a probability distribution over distrust and untrust.

a trust relationship can be formally represented as tr(d, e, x, k)= , (26) or tr(d, e, x, k)= , (27) when the value of ud need to appear explicitly.


However, the application is aware of the state change only after it retrieves those modi.ed persistent objects later.

we regard the application state before and after the output symbol is emitted as the same.


We see that the problem of identifying an optimal attack, is computationally hard.

we develop an e.cient heuristic approach to determine a close-to-optimal attack tactic.


In order to compare with existing work [31], we assume that each symbol contains one bit of information.

we can use the same information encoding scheme described in the background section.


Their approach is based on the principle discuss sensitive topics only with appropriate parties .

besides an access control policy P , Alice also associates an Ack policy PAck with a sensitive attribute A.


However, to investigate, analyze and mitigate possible malware infections,thenetwork-related informationprovidedby NIDS is often not conclusive.

more information, such as the content of the RAM and the disk of the suspected malware infected PC must be collected.


Since in our approach we are evaluating the access request on the AC-XML data structure, which is built starting from a DTD/XML Schema, with the term node we do not intend the element/attribute of the target document, by contrast we mean the corresponding element into the AC-XML document.

if the access evaluation grants the access to a node n, it grants the access to all the nodes of the target document, for which n is the corresponding node in the AC-XML document.


The reason is that the models for these policies are bisimilar to cf1, and thus indistinguishable by a formula of B [6].


To initialize a new server, the clients must supply location information about which blocks are replicated at which clients, which they naturally have.

to move the service to a new server, the clients inform the new server about which block-versions each of them is caching, as well as the current sequence number of each DE.


Speci.cally, %n writes the number of bytes output by the printing function (prior to the %n) to the memory location speci.ed by the corresponding argument.

printing functions do not check the number or types of their variable arguments.1  an attacker can perform unauthorized writes by inserting unexpected %n s into user-supplied input strings (e.g., command-line arguments) that eventually get passed to printing functions.


One critical issue is that iptables is not re-entrant it saves the stack of chain traversals of a packet with a table.


Of course, this model needs to abstract from individual programs and learn, for example, that the folder c:Program Files contains private directories (these are folders that are supposed to be written only by their respective owners ).

even when our access activity model is deployed on a system that has a program installed that was never seen before, our model accounts for the fact that this program is expected (and allowed) to write to its sub-folder under C:Program Files.


To reduce the computational and communication complexity of these TTP-free schemes, PEREA [22] modi.es the blacklisting requirement: In PEREA, the user produces a one-time random token for each authentication and proves that none of her previous K tokens was blacklisted.

the window during which she can be e.ectively blacklisted for a given action is limited.


Due to the difficulty in discovering the commercial agreements, the authors in [5] determined the different ASes using data supplied by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), BGP Looking Glass, and Whois database available by the various ICANN regional Internet registries.

the snapshots used, represent downward paths between servers around the world and content providers.


(e -1.31,e +0.31) (-1.31 and 0.31 were rounded off to three decimal places).

in accordance with these ranges, it is obvious that the correct FFO estimate e F can be obtained only in the range of  e I = arg max|R( eI )|2 .


Assuming that the replay detection mechanism is only triggered by the presence of the optional  element, the recipient accepts the message as authentic.

the attacker has bypassed the replay detection checks and, by replaying the message (or some variants of the message), may cause the same request to be processed several times, making the client subscriber pay several times for the same query and forcing the server to do redundant work.


However, this would a.ect all users in the mobile network and have a negative impact on the energy consumption of mobile devices, which is a major consideration of operators due to the advent of smartphones.

storm detection and mitigation methods are needed that can distinguish between normal and signalling-heavy users so as to reduce the impact of storms while not needlessly punishing non-misbehaving users.


In this protocol, players output the secret with probability 2/3 and given this, Eve guesses the secret-owner with probablity 1/2.


By declaring the read/write permission of the provider at the signature level, it guarantees that the provider can only be accessed/modi.ed by the code signed with the same key, namely the DroidPAD Manager.

both privacy and integrity of the provider is protected.


However, such tra.c can equally easily be identi.ed and blocked by a .rewall at the network boundary.

a covert channel is needed to communicate with the backdoor, as mentioned in [12] for ICMP echo packets (independently of any hardware backdoor).


So an attacker cannot distinguish from received signed and sanitized documents which input document is signed and sanitized even if two input documents have di.erent lengths.

our scheme is perfectly invisible in an information theoretic sense.


ZN , is secure but it requires O(K) rounds and also the communication complexity is bounded by O(K2) in bits;  The BITREP gate [14] is not ef.cient.

using it as a building block in the relevant secure data analysis tasks may reduce the overall throughput.


However, if all the users or a majority of users of a department have the same role and under these circumstances, if we still assign role to users according to RBAC, the authorization work is trivial and troublesome.

in order to solve the two problems, we propose the RBDAC model by introducing region restriction concept and user group concept.


Therefore,withoutloss of generality, P will alter its execution in A, which leads to the contradiction that T(P,E).T(P,A).


Ultimately, the goal of a transparent malware analyzer is to extractthesameexecutiontracesfrommalware asif theanalyzer is not present.

we have the following malware analysis theorem, whichinherentlyguarantees the abovedefinition of transparency: Theorem 1.


The next theorem states that the two semantics yield the same notion of equivalence.

making the labels more explicit only makes apparent some of the information that is otherwise kept in the static, equational part of l. Theorem 2 Let L be the relation of labeled bisimilarity obtained by applying De.nition 4 to the semantics of this section.


The first year IT students only received three months of training in the field prior to the experiment.

for the purposes of this study, all the participants were considered as end users.


In this case, the data being transmitted in this multicast is considered as the object and it carries the same security label as its initiator.

only qualified people, based on their role members, can view it.


When come to return-less ROP, through it does not use ret instruction sequences ending with ret, there are also similar instructions act like ret, e.g., jmp instruction and pop-jmp instructions are used to chain next gadget.

we can simply monitor the ret-like instructions rather than ret instruction to apply deRop in return-less ROP.


Nevertheless, once a single plaintext-ciphertext pair has been disclosed, the security of MOPE is also reduced to the level of security provided by the underlying OPE scheme.

the security gain does usually not justify the de.cits of not being able to use standard database queries.


In our simple example, all chunks are disjoint.


An analysis report x containing m words comprises at most (m - q) di.erent q-grams.

only (m - q) dimensions are non-zero in the vector f(x), irrespective of the dimension of the vector space.


Applying claim 1, it follows immediately that, except with negligible probability, Alice obtains the correct output from Bob, except with negligible probability.

the distribution of the simulated transcript is indistinguishable, except with negligible probability, from a real transcript, concluding the case when Alice is corrupt.


These two schemes, [22] and [8], di.er only in the name of the number of shareholders, but in both, shares of the certi.cate signing keys are generated and distributed by a TTP.

they do not provide a fully distributed key management.


In SEDE, the symmetric key is generated with few additional computations, by ingeniously taking advantages of the state estimation and measurement which are the essential components in power system.

the SEDE is considered as an inherent method for smart grid.


These libraries are mostly oblivious to protocols transported over SSL.

to avoid having toparseHTTP messages on their own, applications thatinvolveHTTP overSSL(HTTPS)typicallydo not use themdirectly.


We show that the composition function h * I) = h ' I)) X,X 1 ( ¯X1 (hX ( ¯is a good randomness extractor.

during the evaluation of (S '' , R) = next(S ' ), the value ' ' ]m ' d]m * U = [X · S 1 = [X · S · X 1 + hX,X 1 (I¯) 6The fact that polynomial evaluation can be computed in such on-line manner is called Horner s method.


The histogram that corresponds to scenario1 is centered on .0 and roughly symmetric.

we conjecture that Alice and Bob s packets cannot be distinguished using signal strength analysis.


If it is the user who cannot access paper ID, the server will draw up a poisoning document.

the xml data of the same name as paper ID is acquired.


we chooseXACML as theformal speci.cation to modelACP.


Lack of adequate cooling can lead to equipment damage or even a plant meltdown.

it is critical to plant operations that the MSIV be open or closed as dictated by the situation.


Here, the most successful approach of an attacker was to choose z plaintexts splitting the domain into z + 1 equally sized parts.

the possible maxima of the number of significant plaintexts and estimation errors drop to less than a 1 z+1 fraction of their original value.


These enhanced features come with a cost mobile devices may get lost or stolen and they can be used to launch an attack.

access to critical resources and services should not only depend on the credentials of Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Now, as CL signature are unforgeable and we can conclude that there must exist some E such RE 1 A 'eS. '

1 ' that Z =±Rµ0 (mod n) we have RE = R ej µ 0 11 ' '' (mod n) from which we can conclude that E = e1µ1 (mod pq ) (otherwise n could be factored).


Note that the msk simulated by B is NSF with respect to the challenge ciphertext.

we have to further show that no PPT adversary can distinguish between NSF and truly SF msk when given the leakage of msk.


X2S not only enables a more .ne-grained analysis of policies, but it is also more e.cient than existing SAT-based policy analysis tools.

x2S provides a practical tool to assist policy authors in analyzing their policies and .xing policy errors before deployment.


Any attack of the latter nature would require passing through at least one synchronization point and intimate knowledge of how the target would appear to the monitor, which also raises the complexity of such an attack.

the likelihood that any dynamic instruction sequence in an exploit that was executed in a reasonable time interval could be created is extraordinarily small.


The payload is also quite small, often a single bit to indicate if the target device is to be switched on or o.. Devices are often built providing only sending or receiving capability, but not both to save cost.

since receivers cannot transmit acknowledgements, transmitters send every command multiple times, with some devices sending hundreds of packets to ensure reliable operation in a noisy, feedback-less channel.


GP rule re.nement approach, which will optimise the current set of rules, adjusting the values in the conditions (antecedents), for instance.

some super.uous parts on the rules and even complete rules could be removed or improved, obtaining for instance specialisations or generalisations of existing rules which could mean a better performance.


Realistically, insurer monitoring is not perfect and costless.

even if insurer requires the insured party to invest in security, she cannot assure that her insurees do maintain the required security level at all times.


One peculiarity of PUFs is that when queried for a response, their output will di.er slightly each time.

in order to guarantee a .xed result, a PUF s output will have to be error corrected.


That is, a subject or object is created only when certain conditions are satis.ed.

child of an entity is created conditionally, and hence, an entity has conditional descendants.


Entities in the framework becomes simpler, having little functionality pre-engineered into them.

a quick implementation of a server only needs an o.-the-shelf interpreter for business processes.


If there are two secrets, s1 and s2, we can de.ne the conditional safety of s1 upon the disclosure of s2 as the conditional probability of guessing s1 given s2.

we de.ne absolute safety in a system as being the property that no disclosure of objects whose policies have been satis.ed results in any change in the probability of guessing the value of any object whose policy has not been satis.ed regardless of what inferences might be possible.


A sector is an element of a prime group Zp, where the size of p is a security parameter ..

|F | = ns... For each block 1 = i = n, an authenticator si is computed and stored with the .le.


During the second year of the cycle we offer all of our other CS electives.

a student needs only two years to complete the option regardless of which year the student finishes the courses needed before the option.


This means that two different trees are not efficiently comparable: deciding if two trees contain the same elements might require inspecting the entire tree, since the hash at the top of the tree depends on the internal structure of the tree.

balanced binary trees are useless for testing sequence equality.


number of active malicious accounts per constraint object.

the total number of actions from this malicious account group is ( ) further bounded by w wL, assuming all of the accounts are .w/2.kept active during the detection window Tp.


Previously proposed defenses, such as tra.c morphing, HTTPOS, and randomized pipelining, impose high costs but do not stop our attack.

we proposed a new defense with provable security properties, albeit with even higher overhead.


In the worst case, one value is added to one attribute during each round of rule traversing.

the complexity of Algorithm 1 is O(( |SCOPEatt|)× |can_add|)and it is polynomial.


Therefore, stan- dard Java runtime systems will not likely conform to the realtime specification, because they target environments without realtime re- quirements, and probably the underlying operating system does not offer any realtime guarantees either.

we think that a subset of the realtime specification should be integrated into a new version of the standard Java specification, so that applications that depend on scheduling mechanisms - such as mobile agent sys- tems -may run consistently across different JVM implementations.


However, with the exception of Triulzi [30], who presented a NIC backdoor that provides a shell running on the GPU, and contrary to our approach, those previous backdoors were only bootstrapped from hardware devices, from where they tried to compromise the host machine s kernel.

those kinds of backdoors can be detected and prevented by kernel integrity protection mechanisms, such as Copilot [25], which is implemented as a PCI device.


However, values derived from the landmark have to be modi.ed with tainted data again in order to make the derived value also qualify for pointer taintedness.

we limit the number of times a tainted value can in.uence the taintedness of a memory access operation.


Similarly, a form may contain several parameters but a server side sink may only use some of them.

our analysis must factor whether a tampered parameter is actually going to be used at a sensitive operation.


We use a Bayesian formulation for de.ning the best correspondence between two inverse distribution envelopes It and It-1.As bumps appear or disappear they cause a portion of inverse distribution to move to the left or the right.

the correspondence can be de.ned in terms of the displacement (in terms of frequency) seen by each point in the It-1 envelope for the latter to have transformed into the It envelope.


In our concrete example of a WSPFI protocol run, the browser came from a secure channel in Step 6 and is about to open a new secure channel.

b won t notify the user machine and enters State Connect con.rmed.


However, these methods still find support by third party wireless LAN suppliers.

if security is no issue at all and compliance with RFC 4017 is not an issue, then EAP-LEAP is an extremely efficient and low cost EAP method that provides the most minimal security.


But this directly contradicts the fact that we have T and Sa, simulators which can simulate the views of these players in the one-round case when wd = 0.

no such distinguisher algorithm for D0 and Di-1 can exist.


The DigestAtCreation in the TPM key structurewill beset to store thePCR17 valueat the key creation time.

a veri.er with knowledge of a) the hash of the bootstrapping SLB and b) the TTP public key is able to verify that this key was actually created by the bootstrapping PAL as part of a Flicker session and that it is dedicated for the TD of the particular TTP.


After evaluation, only the automaton holder (or the text holder) should learn the evaluation result, meanwhile, nothing but what can be inferred from the evaluation result should be learned from the protocol execution.

the oblivious NFA evaluation problem can be de.ned as an instance of secure multiparty computation.


(R2) It is possible, though, that the DOM of a page may change continuously (e.g., via JavaScript) to realize some highly dynamic visual e.ect, while the browser still .ts our de.nition of resting state, i.e., the need of (emulated) user intervention to load other content recorded in the trace.

even if the DOM keeps changing, we decide that we reached a resting state if the instrumented browser has not issued any new successful (i.e., served from the trace) HTTP request in the last 4 · tpoll intervals.


This is given by a direct application of DDP: if we treat every tuple t with join value t.x as an update of the form (t.x, 1), then vectors a,b will hold the frequencies of the relations on each join value.

the equi-join size is exactly a · b. In-network Aggregation.


However, the uploaded .negrained information about location and velocity from GPSenabled smartphones may reveal users sensitive information such as tra.c law violations, political a.liations, and medical conditions [5].

a smartphone user would not use the crowdsourced tra.c monitoring system unless its location privacy can be fully protected.


Here detection rate refers to the number of detected attacks divided by the total number of attacks, while false alarms stand for genuine users trials which are reported as attacks by our system.

a good detection system is expected to have a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate.


To stop data-corruption in a networked environment, all parties must use hardware-based data integrity validation in order to be e.ective.

even if all major ISPs and hosting companies would be willing to invest in hardware with errorcorrection capabilities, a complete migration would require a signi.cant span of time.


Commercially available redaction tools have been so far applied over single resources but not to provenance graphs.

we now explore new mechanisms for supporting redaction policies over a provenance graph.


Our goal in designing Clouseau was not to propose a new trust negotiation policy language, but rather to explore the design of e.cient solutions to the type-3 compliance checker problem.

rather than designing Clouseau to check the satisfaction of policies speci.ed in one particular policy language (e.g., Cassandra, RT, TPL, or X -TNL), we instead focus on designing a more generalpurpose compliance checker.


This is because otherwise the adversary can choose to simply not query the gRO at all!

in order to verify that the receiver actually commits to the valid trapdoor, we ask it to open its commitment in the decommitment phase.


H F Figure 3: A set of delegations  4.3 Time-restricted delegations A further possible extension to the model proposed here is that of time-bound delegations such that: A delegates to B the right R for the next T hours.

instead of expressing a delegation as: delegate(U1,U2,R), we would modify it to delegate(U1,U2,R, start time, end time) or dele-gate(U1,U2,R, now(), now()+T), where now() is a standard function that returns the current time.


Finally, member m0 gets the new session key when the KS unicasts the new session key encrypted using the key K000.

when member m1 left the group, the KS updated the session key by sending two multicast messages and one unicast message.


For the successive substrings, the k-byte window shifts toward the end of the payload one byte at a time.

p - k + 1 substrings are 1500 20 1000 500 Load Factor (%) 15 10 5  Memory Used (KBytes) 0 0 Substring Length (Bytes) Substring Length (Bytes) (a) Memory Used for TBT (b) Load Factor of TBT Figure 4: TBT Performance when the hash table size is 512 15 20  Memory Used (MBytes) Figure 3: Architecture of the Proposed Scheme extracted for a p bytes packet.


Jaccard index cannot capture these traits in execution traces of binaries.

we in our method utilized DTW algorithm to compute the distance between two sequences.


We also consider the analysis of tpmt typically done before prescribing6-mercaptopurine toleukemiapatients.

as shown in[80], two alleles are known to cause the tpmt disorder: (1) one presents a mutation G.Cinposition238 ofgene s c-DNA,(2) the other presents one mutation G.Ainposition 460 and one A.Ginposition 719.4 the resulting .ngerprint contains these 6 (nucleotide,position)pairs.


For example, there is no guarantee that the best vendor today will be the most reliable partner in the near future.

to make the decision of moving data to a public cloud, a company has to: 1. understand the legal requirements and stay au courant with current legislation and service providers offers 2. identify assets which are suitable for keeping beyond organizational boundaries 3. identify a reliable cloud service provider and audit his compliance with the security policies and legislative requirements 4. understand information management mechanisms, including the security capabilities of the provider  It is easily expected from the previous requirements that most companies will consider using cloud services a security and legal hassle.


* and the number of patterns, the composite state machine will grow exponentially due to the duplication of segmented sub-patterns.

if we can reduce the duplication of segmented sub-patterns, we can reduce the number of additional states and therefore the memory size.


Parties without pre-existing relationships cannot perform sensitive transactions based on identity.

to conduct business there must be a means of establishing a sufficient level of mutual trust.


One example is that delaying a task will always increase user frustration), but are linear in a set of penalty features.

given a new weight vector wpnew and a starting state xk, one can approximate the optimal policy pnew for the new weight vector based on the already learned policy set C, simply by selecting the one with minimum ex ' pected discounted penalty pnew = argminp.C Qp(xk,a), where a' = argmina!


Weights are bounded by using Dbounded with B = 5 in (5).

the product of a base score and weight is in [0, 100) range.


All the SP can currently do is set the  attribute in the authentication request to a predefined integer value which the IdP is meant to map into an already known set of attributes published in the SP s metadata.

we recommend that the SAMLv2.0 specification be enhanced by defining a new request type: the  message, which allows the SP to dynamically request the set of attributes it requires along with its current authentication request.


We present our solution, Mozzie, and show its ability to autonomously learn the network interaction associated to recent malware samples without requiring a-priori knowledge of the protocol characteristics.

our system can be used for the contained and repeatable analysis of unknown samples that rely on custom protocols for their communication with external hosts.


If this were not the case, by the time period T is reached, the scheme could have been broken by exhaustive search.

a logarithmic asymptotic dependence on T is no worse (and possibly better) than the required linear dependence on the security parameters.


In other words, the policies in PL need to be at least as restrictive as the policies in PH .

the set of action sequences allowed (disallowed) by PL should be a superset of the set of action sequences allowed (disallowed) by PH .


Authenticating the environment of access is based on this comparison.

the client is authenticated to the server when the server verifies the digital credentials included in the array, sent by the client.


Moreover, when there are multiple senders broadcasting at the same time, a receiver needs to buffer for decoded messages from all of them.

in DSD-DSSS, a receiver needs storage that is possibly tens of times of that required by traditional DSSS.


The Euclidean distance is then computed on K = 12dimensional vectors with 30-bit elements and results in a 50bit value.

we have to perform 82 432 OTs on 360-bit elements and 360 OTs on 50N-bit elements.


We can intercept it by replacing the pointer with our own.

when a packet arrives, we will receive the first notification and will be able to inspect the receive buffer prior to any Operating System software.


consultants) will probably not be defined in the HR system.

additional databases need to be accessed for obtaining the relevant information.


We say that description A subsumes description B when A logically entails B.

professor using a printer subsumes assistant professor using a color printer which might in turn subsume John using printer p43.


However, graphical passwords can also have their weaknesses, if we take into consideration the fact that users may select their graphical passwords with respect to some meaningful process.

human psychology can be associated with the choice of a graphical password.


When the target device cannot receive new messages, continued injection from the Internet results in queuing at the SMSC.

to launch a successful DoS attack that exploits the limitations of the cellular air interface (discussed in Section 4), an adversary must target multiple end devices.


Simply because the kernel is a part of the trusted computing base (TCB) [21].

the security enforcement in the kernel space is clearly much more trustworthy compared to an application level enforcement.


However, such a modification will fail in the verification phase because the attacker has no way of obtaining the values of Bi , Ci and Di to compute the valid parameter Mi*.

the proposed protocol is secure against forgery attack.


Speci.cally, in most of our experiments, there are 50 clients, each with 2 Mbits/s of access bandwidth.


Each of the individual executions took no more than 1 hour to .nish.

we argue that even a reasonable serial implementation of our attack model is quite e.cient.


While we have not derived a closed .. form for the upper bound of ., it follows from Inequation 1 3 that it must be close to 2t .

for example, for symbols with a size of 16 bits, secure coding with fountain codes or secret sharing leads 1 to a coding rate of around 216 to ensure perfect secrecy.


dt O  4.2 Propagation in Species B Each vulnerable host in Species B could be found by the infected hosts with multicast-scanning or random-scanning.

iB(t) is divided into two kinds: B (), found by It multicast scanning; and i B ()It , found by random-scanning.


Although MESA supports separating code and data (memory spheres) into different principals (principles), the encryption increases the cost of sharing between principals.

using MESA to protect memory between functions would impose a high cost on marshaling parameters.


To address this challenge, the security manager plays the role of a hypervisor and runs the isolated workload in the context of a guest VM.

the isolated workload s execution environment is restricted so that it cannot execute privileged instructions.


For the analysis, only successful authentication attempts were considered.

for EyePassShapes, only 22 attempts were used for the security analysis.


Finally, if we can drive the system to higher Shannon entropy then the new distribution of passwords would be more resistant to any password cracking attack.

used properly, Shannon entropy of the grammar can be useful in our grammar update system.


3.3.1 Disk I/O Frequency The performance of disk I/Os is one of the most important factors that decides the performance of entire systems because disk I/Os are often a bottleneck in today s computers.

we should avoid additional overhead on disk I/Os caused by background encryption as much as possible.


the total cost, from our description above can be summarized as follows: total cost = (1 × C M P ) + (2 × AN D) + (2 × OR) + (1 × C ON C AT ) + ß (11) Assuming t is the time required to perform logical operations, such as C M P , AN D, OR and C ON C AT , we can further approximate Equation 11 to determine the approximate execution time for HiveSign as shown in Equation 12: approximate execution time = (6 × t) + ß (12) Table 6 presents a comparison of the computational costs of Drira et al.


However, some additional subtleties arise (see Section 4.2 for details): in particular, we must ensure that the ack message both (1) does not leak information about sk (in a computational sense); yet (2) corresponds to a unique possible sk.

for example, the ack message cannot simply be computed as v = Fsk(r), where F is a pseudorandom function and r is a random value: in this case (even if r is public), v would not necessarily correspond to a unique sk.


You may have noticed that Eliminate is the functional complement of Introduce, and EgressTransfer is the complement of IngressTransfer.

it should not be surprising that we use Introduce and IngressTransfer as the suggested transformations for negated reasons: SR(NotHasAttr(e, a)) = {Introduce(e, a)}.


However, we note that in our de.nition, the algorithms depend on N but are independent of the depth of circuits that the scheme can evaluate.

we consider schemes that are leveled with respect to the number of keys N, but fully homomorphic ( non-leveled ) with respect to the circuits that are evaluated.


This captures the requirement that all users with the same business attribute should obtain the same set of roles.

the knowledge of the business attribute should, ideally, determine the roles an employee is assigned to.


These participants are younger and more educated compared to the general population.

usability evaluation may vary with other populations.


Also note that Kalman Filter is an iterative process, error covariance matrix in timestep k - 1 depends on the error covariance matrices in all previous timesteps.

cov(k) depends on cov(i), i < k and so does err(k).


In our example an average e.ectiveness level above 2.5 would be satisfactory.

the current control implementations in the context of the considered control comply to the organization s requirements.


For a join event, the content provider sends her the latest decryptionkey andhershares of secretsforfuturekey update.

a new user cannot decrypt the old content with the new decryption key, and a revoked user cannot decrypt new content with her old keys.


As explained before, with increasing m, the sample mean and variance of perturbing data will converge to their expected values.

accuracy improves with increasing m. 5.2.2 Level of Perturbation We conducted experiments using ML data while varying the parameters of perturbing data to show how the levels of perturbation a.ect accuracy.


and ¬ are conjunction and negation, respectively.

clauses ¬F-1 (modify) and ¬F-1 (create-subprocess) require that the application has never modi.ed a .le, and has never created a sub-process.


Moreover, the implementation of the in-car system appears to fully trust all received messages, and shows no evidence of basic security practices, such as input validation.

spoo.ng attacks are made possible and can cause TPMSs to malfunction.


To sample Qk(p, l, y) enough for this analysis to function requires about log d-4/ log(1 - d/256 · (1 - d/256)38) samples, which for our d is 17,720.

our second round attack has a full computational complexity of 4 · 220 · 17, 720 236 to extract the full AES key.


Zipcodes only contains valid combinations of Zip Code, City, and State, invalid entries cannot possibly appear in Addresses via tuple insertion or update.

by keeping clean records in Zipcodes, we remove the data anomalies inrelation Addresses.


These properties can be provided by enhancing the enforcement mechanisms component of access control frameworks, i.e., by integrating cryptographic primitives.

the choice of PKI plays a pivotal role in deciding the autonomous and dynamic nature of the resulting collaborative environment.


These are likely caused by ASes not performing the loop checking or incorrectly prepending their own AS numbers in the paths.

the repeated AS in the AS path is likely responsible.


It accepts a source string followed by a set of HTML tags that are removed from the source string.

the function call strip_tags ( foo bar ,  ) generates the string foobar .


Given the observations made in Section 3.4 and the times reported here, we conclude that the integration of our SoD as a Service implementation into an existing work.ow system imposes a performance penalty below 10%.

we achieved all the objectives described in Section 3.1.


We further show that the function that sends a probability distribution over secret and secret-holder to the probability of winning starting from this distribution, will satisfy these requirements.


Security SDK provides an RSA 2048bit public key as the SPE isolation loader s encryption key.

spu-isolated-app will encrypt the AES key with RSA2048.


The jamming probability of the .rst bit is at most |C1 p| , the jamming probability of the last bit is at most Pe0 = 1 , and the jamming probability of Bi (2 = n+1 i = ls - 1)is atmost Pp0 == 1 .

the jamming Pe0 n+1 probability of the seed is at most 1 Preal-time =1 - 1 - (1 - Pp0 )ls-1 .


In this case, for each group signature produced by an unrevoked user, the revocation check alone will require around 2 × 105 pairing operations in, or 105 exponentiations on pairing group in: Neither is satisfactory in real life.

the investigation of more e.cient revocation check is of interest to both academic research and practical applications.


This is how, by adding context information within the policies, availability of the printing service is enforced.

a major contribution of this work is allowing users make their policies strikingly specific and increase the level of security.


As with our scan packetbased noise model, we assume that this data is largely representative of values we would see at any IP address.

the .gure demonstrates that the rate at which new victims are observed .uctuates over time, and because of this .uctuation, the detector will observe a distribution of new victim arrival rates.


The transactions transformed to corresponding messages of UML sequence diagram.

tokens and attributes model message and related parameters.


3.2 Self-protection If a malware or rootkit attempts to invade SPAD s memory space which is under the management of guest OS, it just tampers with SPAD s virtual memory space to deprive it of its functionality.

sPAD takes advantage of hardware virtualization and memory remapping techniques toconcealitselfsothatthethreat ofexternal attack couldbe eliminated.


This means, that for their majority, bitsquatters use a relatively simple, non-technical and non-intrusive approach to monetize their newly-purchased domains.

even if there are thousands of individuals purchasing bitsquatting domains, they all eventually cluster to a relatively small number of domain-parking agencies.


Our ambition is to create a classi.er that is able to learn and adapt to new attacks.


The anomalies from each aggregation can be compared to generate the top anomalies across all aggregations.

this approach can be used to discover anomalies at multiple scales.


However, becausewesupport theevaluation of policies in abnormal situations, decisions like PNA, DNA, PD, and PDNA still may appear during policy evaluation and/or decision aggregation even if we adopt some aggregation methods.

the decision aggregation is more complicated than it looks like.


Since in a KEM there is no message to encrypt, in a chosen ciphertext attack the challenge ciphertext can be at once properly distributed and independent of any adversarial input.

the challenge ciphertext and the associated identity can be chosen before setup when running a security simulation, as in the selective-ID model.


Game0 is the original weak-key-leakage chosen-ciphertext experiment ExpwlrCCA (., .).


However, it is important to notice that our implementation of ClickMiner is based on Selenium-WebDriver [4], which in turn is compatible with most major browsers, including some mobile versions.

with only minor adjustments ClickMiner could be used to replay web tra.c within other browsers, for example selected according to the user-agent string that appears in the recorded network traces.


Limited Dissemination of SCAs One option is to send SCAsonly to ISPs.

a smaller number of (hopefully more trusted) machines will receive the SCA.


Similarly, if the purchase amount were higher, then the required credentials and policy requirements would also be stricter (e.g., compare the columns in the table of Figure 3).

with trust negotiation feedback, security policies adapt in real time and guard against potential attackers by requiring more credential proofs and stricter policy requirements before an attacker can succeed in compromising the system.


Further, for the sake of performance a user many not want to encrypt all of the data.

the basic access control mechanisms have to be in place.


These operations can be described easily by standard graph theoretic means.

role management comprises all activities which are carried out within the designed role concept.


b· · · b every non-zero state appears exactly once per period, there 0 l-1 exists a d such that 0=d=2l-2 and Sd = (sd, · · · , sd+l-2, sd+l-1) = (0, · · · , 0, 1) .

ad  [[[[[ is nonsingular since it can be written as 0 0 · · · 0 1 00 1 sd+l .


We generate one credential per object and method.

the size of this credential set is equal to the number of unique access rights in the system.


However, recall that the attacker s ability to alter CPU and memory state is already assumed, based on the threat model (presented at the start of this section).

an attacker attempting a code-reuse attack on a CFL-enabled binary achieves no greater control of the program than was provided by the original bug being exploited.


A policy model is built from its distinct components, the behavior of each of which e.ects the overall behavior of the policy model.

in our viewpoint, the behavior of a policy model is the aggregate of observable actions or reactions of its distinct components in response to their environment.


After this initial allocation, we should adjust the allocated bits, since the modulation scheme is limited to BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.

the valid numbers of bits are 1, 2, 4, and 6.


The two techniques offer characteristics that complement each other perfectly.

the combination of 3G and WLAN techniques offers the possibility of achieving anywhere, anytime cost-ef.cient Internet access, bringing bene.ts to both end users and service providers.


For economy of expression, we will identify a spatial relational concept with the pure GSCS policy that the former induces.

we will assume that a GSCS policy has the same function signature as a spatial relational concept (i.e., G(I, L) .


As we see in Section 3, both the nova-compute and Neutron services are capable of launching processes running with full privilege.

these services have the means to easily compromise kernel integrity.


In other words, generating a 2RPC needs much less queries than generating a real collision.

the complexity of the attack procedure will be greatly reduced.


where wehaveused thefactthat Z ' is uniformly distributed over V(.).

the embedder will be interested in looking for the value of a that maximizes(17), which after shown to be 2replacing sW in(17) by the rightmostterm of(14) canbe  De(4s2 -De) whichisthesamevalueobtainedinSect.4 whenthe random codebook based stegosystem was analyzed.


For any parameter, the maximum .tness score di.erence between a secure and insecure setting is 594 points, the di.erence between six partial scores of 1 and six partial scores of 100.

for both GA+PVM and GA+PDM, the .tness increases of 9, 956 and 15, 508 over the 40 generations, shown in Fig.


Thus the ability to recognize words or objects depends not only on a conscious assessment of the material, but also on increased perceptual fluency or priming [19][24][26].

recognition capitalizes on encoding in both declarative and non-declarative memory, while recall is limited to declarative memory alone.


Because DOFS clients still have access to display bitmaps, it is important to prevent them from being leaked as well.

the screen dumping capability of a DOFS client computer is disabled when it is accessing sensitive files.


Furthermore, the proposed method alleviates the risks by providing the controlling power of communication to the taggedproducts owners and also by introducing a long-term security maintenance technique.

the POP method comprehensively ensures the privacy and security in RFID tagged-products used throughout the product lifecycle.