Local times of all threads are not allowed to deviate from another by more than the lookahead tla .

a time limit tlim,i is introduced as de.ned in equation 1. ti = tlim,i = min tj + tla (1) 0=j <n Every thread i is allowed to simulate without synchronization until it needs to process an event ei with a trigger timestamp ttrigger,ei beyond tlim,i .


Since we have 256 sets in our implementation, this results in an additional 512-bits added to our L1 cache.

even though we introduce a minimal amount of extra storage, by adding a dynamic mechanism that allows a set to re-lookup into a prede.ned secondary set, we e.ectively double the size of the given set without needing to double the hardware.


However, controlling every electrode to select one of many possible paths becomes much more complex.

we can bene.t from restricting the paths that ions can take within our quantum computer.


Perez et al [37] experimentally compared twelve of the recent and/or well known prefetching schemes using the SPECcpu2000 benchmarks, and found that the Global History Buffer (GHB) with its PC/DC (program counter/ delta correlation) variant [25] scheme works the best among the twelve prefetchers.

the GHB-PC/DC scheme, which is essentially an address-based correlation prefetcher, was selected as one of the comparison points.


5.1 Private Slave Creation The necessary condition to make a slave interface j private [1] to a master interface i is that 1: m =i crmj = 0: m ==i If the above relationship holds, slave j need not be connected to any other master than i.

i should be able to access j without waiting to be granted the bus.


In this study it is shown that two successive opposite write operations must be performed to detect dynamic fault that may affect the write driver.

the diagnosis sequence able to deal with static and dynamic faulty behaviors as well is the following: wx wxwx So, only three operations are needed to fully identify a faulty or weak write driver.


Signal can be passed from one clock zone to an adjacent clock zone with a phase shift of 45 degrees.

the clock frequency determines the delay of the whole circuit and pipelining can be easily implemented.


450 Refresh Intervals 400 (Write Overhead) 1 (50.0%) 350 Sub-region Memory index block size Figure 8: Two-Level Security Refresh (Within a bank) SRC triggers an inner-level, sub-region refresh, the sub-region SRC atomically performs a swap operation of two RMAs inside the subregion.

every ri writes to a given sub-region (where ri is the security refresh interval of the inner-level sub-region Security Refresh) will trigger one new refresh operation in the subregion.


The relationship of Figure 5 represents the fact that the variable b does not affect the function in node f through the path P = {b, n2, n3, n5, f}.

functional unateness may be used to determine if some topological paths cannot be statically sensitizable through a given variable.


Loop for accurate leakage power calculation In this paper, we calculate the delay on paths between the blocks and the performance of the chip is evaluated by the delay on the longest critical path.

to meet the timing constraints in (4), the delay on the longest delay should not exceed the maximum delay allowed in circuits.


For a real-time setting, solving a SOCP formulation can be unacceptable from an computational perspective.

we explore a second technique (CS-STOMP) based on the greedy iterative procedure Stagewise Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (StOMP) [4].


The SPEC applications have over 0.3 (or 30%) activity change for all time intervals.

thermal metrics may be affected by the potential changes in power activity.


IV IV Tin p Tinp Tin p The bistability property is preserved if the peak current of the NDRL is under the current through the NDRD around VL +V = V -VB /2 .

the constraint is given by, bias pp ( + b (V - (V -VB /2)) + b (V - (V -VB /2))2) fb L 01 out p 2 out p (6) +FFL (s0 + s1(Vout - (Vp -VB /2 ) ) - fD (h0 + h1(Vout - (Vp -VB / 2 )) +hV - )2 ( - (V VB /2 ) ) + FF (t + t (V - (V -VB /2 ) ) > 0 2 out p D 01 out p An analogous reasoning can be performed to obtain a new expression associated to the bistability problem when the input + low voltage decreases to =V (see Fig.


The modular multiplicative inverse, however, cannot be retrieved algebraically given an encrypted value.

an inverse lookup memory (similar to the out of range lookup memory presented above) is necessary.


As nesting is not allowed, Jj can either execute a lcs or a gcs.

the local blocking time of a job Ji is bounded by: Bi1(wi(q)) =max(.j LR,.j GR) (6)  tj .lplU (i) lplF (i); if(i==F ) with tj .lpl(i); if(i==U)||(i==A) The .rst clause above captures the case where ti is a .nished task.


Similarly, the remaining data of the two A rows and the two B columns are streamed to the two processing elements in pairs, producing a series of intermediate results (cxx 2 and cxx3 ).

after N=4 steps, the correct .nal result for the c11, c12, c21, c22 is calculated by the PEs and is ready to be loaded by the master processor.


For inherently resilient applications, functionality is de.ned on a continuous scale of output quality.

applications should produce outputs of acceptable quality rather than a unique correct output.


The goal of the learning engine is to learn microarchitectural behavioral rules that can be embedded as constraints in the testing knowledge of Genesys-Pro.

the learning engine must produce a declarative set of classi.cation rules as its output.


SPR-VR s and SPR-ASR s replication mechanisms add only one bit per L2 cache block for respectively identifying replica and shared blocks.

these mechanisms scale well with increasing the aggregate L2 cache size.


However, in the CDSM-domino logic, the sleep PMOS (PS) controls the keeper PMOS gate (VK).

the up sizing on the keeper and sleep control circuit is not required.


This method inserts TSVs at any desired location.

we modify it to handle TSV arrays in the following way.


In a real-time safety system, it is mandatory to ensure the isolation between critical tasks even in the presence of errors.

we consider the propagation of a error from one task to another as a failure.


Further, it can be observed that these errors rapidly vanish even slightly away from the KOZ.

the use of a single simple scaling factor is extremely effective in ensuring excellent timing accuracy, and empirically scaled analytical models will be adequate to determine the circuit behavior.


In [13] the reader may find notation that appears to conflict with the notation commonly used in logic synthesis.

we explicitly state the notation used throughout this paper.


Based on these dominance relations we found that faults in FOD are never dominated by faults in FOR for these circuits.

theoretically, it is possible to derive a test set where it will be possible to mask all the faults in FOR without masking any faults in FOD .


3.2 Matrix Representation Once we measure a correct set of 976 paths and solve for the delay of all LC Nodes, it will be possible to reconstruct the delay of any of the approximately 1018 paths within a LAB.

the problem is deciding which 976 paths to measure.


This recon.guration delay is quite signi.cant on commercial architectures with column-based RTR capability as an example, recon.guration delay for a convolution task on the XC2V3000 device is greater than task execution time for a 256X256 image.

a dynamic task as described above can be represented by 0 a 5-tuple (ai, rti, eti , fi 0 , bw0 i ), where ai is the task area, rti is the recon.guration delay, f0 is the maximum allowable task clock fre i quency (obtained from placement and routing data), et0 is the task i execution time at clock frequency f0, and bw0 is the task band i i width requirement at frequency fi 0 .


(vi) Cache updates its replacement information assumingthatthedatahavebeenallocated inthefaulty cache line that was chosen for replacement.


In this case, the design process must be restarted from an early stage such as .oorplanning and placement.

it is desirable to detect and remove congested regions in the early designing stages.


2.3 Simulation Results for LVSC Domino Logic Allsimulationresultsinthissectionarebasedona0.18 fmCMOSprocess.Thehighandlowsupplyvoltageare 1.5Vand1.0V.Figure3showsthedelaytimevariationaccordingtotheinputarrivaltimediferencefor2-inputAND gate.VDDHconvdenotestheconventionaldominologic  gatesareintheprechargephaseduringthestandbymode.

80  Isubinthestandbymodeisdeterminedbybothstacked NMOSevaluationtransistorsandthePMOStransistorof outputinverter.Figure4showsIsubincreaseinLVSCscheme 70  forseveraldominologicgates.Todrivelargefanout,stage ratiobetweendynamicpartandstaticpartofdominologic gateisusuallygreaterthan2andthestaticoutputinverter Delay time [ps] 60 ofdominologicisusuallyhigh-skewedforhighspeedoperation.Furthermore,Isubofstackedtransistor(NMOSevalu ationtransistor)ismuchlessthanthatofnon-stackedtran 50 40 Figure3:Delaytimevariationsaccordingtothe inputarrivaltimediferencefor2-inputANDgate 30 sistor[2].theincreaseinIsubbylowVtNMOStransistorinthecriticalpathservesrelativelysmallportionof thetotalstaticpowerconsumptionsincelargePMOStransistorofoutputinvertermainlycontributestotalIsub.As aresult,theperformanceofdominologicgatecanbeimprovedbyapplyinglowVttoNMOStransistorinthecritical pathwithsmallamountofincreaseinIsub.


In order to reduce DRAM refresh energy, in our work, data in DRAM decay over time, which is a popular method in reducing cache leakage power [8].

after a long idle period elapses since last reference, DRAM data are evicted (and, if dirty, written back to PRAM) and the corresponding DRAM area, i.e., the corresponding DRAM row does not need to be refreshed, which reduces DRAM refresh energy.


Since the shapes of the actual performance parameter distributions are not previously known, such assumptions may be incorrect and they already have been shown to be inaccurate [8, 11].


This would result in a memory blow-up of the event queue.


Given Slowdownlimit, the goal of the performance-guarantee algorithm is to ensure that the underlying energy management algorithm does not slow down the execution beyond this acceptable limit.

there are two key components to the performanceguarantee algorithm  (1) estimating the actual slowdown due to energy management, and (2) enforcing that the actual slowdown does not exceed the speci.ed limit.


To maximize the benefit of this guideline, a software developer should avoid using pointers to a constant array because a synthesis tool may not be able to statically determine the value of the pointer.

even though the pointer may point to a constant value, the synthesis tool is unlikely to know what that constant value is until runtime and will not be able to apply constant folding.


Also, longer QCA wires should be avoided as the Coulombic interaction between neighboring QCA cells, which causes the transmission of a logic signal degrades considerably after a .nite number of cells.

distance between two QCA gates should be minimized.


Because of CMP-NuRAPID s shared data array capacity, replacements are not that frequent.


This bandwidth limitation means that to sustain the maximum rate across the link, we need to enqueue and dequeue exactly one FIFO in any given cycle.

a structure with low parallelism, but high storage density is suf.cient to sustain nearly the maximum throughput of the physical channel.


High-rate Reed-Solomon codes of length 255 or longer have broad applications, such as in long-haul optical communication systems, magnetic recording systems and digital communications.

long BCH codes are also of great interest.


The detection of an SDF at gate g with size s necessitates the existence of a sensitized path from an input i to an output o of the circuit going through g and having an accumulated fault-free delay greater than or equal to tobs - s. Intuitively, a sensitized path is composed of gates with off-path input(s) set to values which allow the propagation of transitions from the onpath input(s) to the output of the gate.

a transition launched at i can reach gate g; the SDF will result in different waveforms for the faulty and the fault-free circuit; and these differences could propagate through the remainder of the path from g to o and may be observed.


Comparing equations 1 and 6, due to the presence of bends, if the same pressure drop is applied on a straight and a bended micro-channel of the same length, the bended channel will have lower .uid velocity, which leads to a lower cooling capability.

to provide su.cient cooling, we will need to increase the overall pressure drop that the pump delivers, which results in increase of pumping power.


3.3 Devised Writeback Policies Although the architectural decisions discussed in the previous section avoid many capacitor state losses, they do not guarantee thatcacheblockspreservetheirstatewhentheyareaccessed.

incorrectexecutioncouldoccurwhenaccessingadirtyblockstored in dynamic cells.


Additionally, a permanent read from all con.guration bits is required after FPGA power-up.

the PC overhead could not be shared among multiple cells in FPGAs and each con.guration bit requires a dedicated PC.


In a checkpoint/recovery system, the release of a checkpoint is an irreversible action.

the system must  Table 2: Cost of combined bug and defect detection Mechanism Flip-Flops Covered Area Overhead Power Overhead Online Design 39K Flip-Flops Bug Detection (bug detection) + 15.15% 6.8% Online Hardware 262K Flip-Flops Defect Detection (defect detection) after system repair, the system state is rolled back to the last checkpoint for re-execution as described in [7].


The conventional standard cell flow is strongly based on the use of pre-defined cell libraries.

the building of libraries is the fundamental step of in our analysis.


LLC parameters number of sets S 2048 sets associativity W 8 way line size B 64B LLC size S × W × B 1MB ECC FIFO parameters tag size log2(S × W ) 14 bits the coalesce bu.er size m 6 T1EC size per cache line T1 see Section 4 T2EC size per cache line T2 see Section 4 T2EC FIFO size k see Section 3.2 Others DRAM bandwidth BW 5.336GB/s eager write-back period Tewb 106 cycles processor clock clock 3GHz with light-weight correction).

we do not provide dedicated on-chip storage for the T2EC and instead write this redundant information into a FIFO structure allocated inDRAM(Figure1).


For very large designs, we further speed-up the simulation speed with reduced accuracy through sim_mode and speed options.

it is important to note that the noise information provided in the benchmark can only be used as a reference and is not guaranteed to be accurate.


Considering the peak detector circuit, when input Vin exceeds Vc the voltage across the capacitor, the diode D is forward biased and the circuit becomes a voltage follower.

the output voltage Vc follows Vin as long as Vin exceeds Vc.


It is not necessary for a new user to acquire training data if the user-independent recognition is realized.


Comparedto these approachesthatintroduce the .nalOperatingSystemonly atlowlevelInstructionSet Simulators(ISS)basedplatforms, wepropose,in thispaper a hardware executable model able to handle a real OperatingSystem veryearlyinthedesign .ow.

animportant partoftheOperatingSystem canbe validatedon suchnative platform.


If one-unit flow is injected along the direction of this cycle, Flow network: Residual graph: flow (7,0,1) 1 -: undetermined (12,1,1) 3 3 (7,3,3) 3 35 5 (-10,-,-2) (a) Flow network: 1(7,1,1) (12,0,1) 3 (7,2,3) 3 5  (b) then this negative cycle can be removed, and the optimal solution is found.

if there exists a negative cycle inside the residual graph, we can reduce the wire area by modifying the flow on each edge within this cycle.


The second heuristic REGIMap applies is virtually reducing the number of available resources at CGRA.

after many placement failure, when this heuristic is applied, the schedule of DFG further changes.


Since all possible defect site combinations produced by pathtracing are implicitly considered during conservative implication, all possible masking are taken into account when eliminating sites.

if the set of sites found by path-tracing is complete, the site elimination method is conservative, that is, it can not remove any defect site that contributes to the circuit failing responses.


With partial separation, checkpoint data and working data are one and the same, except for those elements that have been modified since the last check- point.


The two bars for each application are normalized to represent the same amount of completed work.

the relative height of the bars indicates speedup, while the size of each component indicates the time per unit of forward progress spent on the corresponding activity.


Once a droplet reaches its sink, it remains there.

the sink requirements can be represented in the following constraints: Tmax ii c(i, tx,t y,t) = 1, .di .


The tuning knobs provide a way to recon.gure I/O links in post-silicon to cancel out various variability.

failures observed under one knob con.guration might disappear under another knob con.guration.


This prevents revealing the card holder s identity to a reader that cannot be authenticated or that cannot prove that it is authorized for a particular mandatory access classes.

the card s identity is protected not only against eavesdropping, but also against an active (man-in-the-middle) attacker.


Although some FPGA devices allow unrelated logic to use the LUT and FF of an LE independently, this feature is rarely used by the implementation tools1.

we consider registering the output of each LE to be a low-cost method of minimizing logic delay, and we assume that this approach is used throughout the designs.


Worst-case operating, environmental and manufacturing variations all combine to require a large safety margin to ensure correct operation even if all chip parameters are simultaneously at their worst-case values.

the clock frequency is set to a value that ensures that no thermal violations or timing errors will occur anywhere on the chip, given any and all other worst-case conditions throughout the chip.


Ideal candidates occur very rarely during normal execution, minimizing overhead due to false positives, but always manifest in the wake of a fault.

to maximize the overhead-to-coverage tradeoff the experiments in Section 5 evaluate a Shoestring implementation that only considers instructions that can elicit the second category of fatal, ISA-de.ned exceptions as potentially symptom generating.


xn, while the output set describes all pos = d = sible tuples of functions f , f, fI de.ning a P-circuit for f. From De.nition 1, we can observe that the sets f|xi =p  I = d= and f|xi d I must be always contained in fand f, =p respectively.

all points in f|xi =pI are associated to the output 100, and all points in f|xidI are associated to the =p output 010 of Rf.


Each particle is an m-dimensional real-valued vector, where m is the number of optimized parameters.

each optimized parameter represents a dimension of the problem space.


But, different applications have differing spatial locality characteristics.

the ideal block size speci.c to each application has to be computed.


Further, the timing of trans2 is always better than or equal to that of case1 org.

according to Property 4, when we encounter a pair of tightly connected HAs (i.e., Case 1) we apply HA-merge to the HAs and produce a merged FA in a form like trans2 in Figure 5(a).


In order to obtain more .exibility, M(n) is allowed to extend along M(nj ) such that all points vc of M(nj ) with dr (vc,M(ni)) =9 may be included in M(n).

in Figure 3 (c), M(n) is the line segment vj1 vc.


A key advantage of MAMI is that it is implemented as a stand-alone application which runs in real-time on the phone.

users can search for photos in their personal archives without the need of connectivity to a server.


Without any SPFD calculation, w is removed temporarily at the .rst step of the algorithm.

the primary output functions may be undesirably changed.


Since increasing layout area enlarges the distance between unit capacitors, it induces more gradient errors, which results in larger systematic mismatch.

the better way for reducing the gradient errors is to carefully determine the locations of unit capacitors in a capacitor array.


The PIR sensors were found to report very high percentage of false negatives (ceiling PIR: 80%, desk PIR: 59%).

the PIR sensor data is preprocessed using a causal window (W ) .lter which replaces the current data sample with a logical OR of the current sample and past (W - 1) samples.


3.2 Interdependencies between Orthogonal Trees Although the decision categories and trees presented in Subsection 3.1 are orthogonal, certain leaves in some trees affect heavily the coherent decisions in other trees.

they possess interdependencies to take into account when a DM manager is designed.


As mentioned above, the descramble operation is based on one MPEG-2 TS packet.

the CW can use a different value according to the packet identifier (PID) of each TS packet, and also is changed every a time period (about 10 to 15 seconds) in order to increase confidentiality.


Harsh channels will trigger more computations, while good channels will require few or even no computations at all.

if the type of channel can be identi.ed before running the HLR algorithm, a more energy-ef.cient implementation can be optimized to process only the good channels.


But since the evaluation order will not a.ect the result, we can propagate the update on a vertex to its adjacent vertices instead of determining the update from them as (4) suggests.

based on (4), we have the following operations for all four di.erent cases to propagate the update of xu out.


is a generator of the normal basis, theni=0 = 1.

the addition of a .eld element v with 1 can be done by a bitwise complement operation.


If the .it happens to be sent to an idle VC, this may lead to a deadlock due to breaking up of the packet (malfunctioning wormhole).

a Bounded delivery rule violation will occur.


After automated routing of a block, it typically takes a few weeks to manually complete the routing of incomplete nets because of the increased design complexity.

the primary objective of our heuristic based work is to minimize the number of incomplete nets (and consequently reduce the manual effort), while achieving near-optimal net-lengths.


No integrated current-sense ampli.er with the required speci.cations is currently on the market.

webuilda discreteversionofa current-sense ampli.er that satis.es our needs.


In practical systems, new multimedia objects (e.g video) need to be added to the the server and old objects removed, on a continuous basis.

to avoid space fragmen- tation, storage space is usually allocated and deallocated in units of data blocks and no assumption can be made about the relative order of data blocks on the disk surface.


According to (3), the transition probability of TJ_o is 1.6131E-4.

the number of required clock cycles Noclk to generate a transition at TJ_o is 6198.4 according to (6).


3.2 Simplify the Operation of V(i,j) a When we cascade multiple PEs to form a PE array, we will find that the output of V-out a in the left PE (red sub block) is identical to the V-in a of the right PE (blue sub block).

we can delete the V-in a from the PE design.


(ii) Extruded Dielectric Insulated Power Cables: There are two major types of extruded dielectric insulation  Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) or Treeretardant cross-linked polyethylene (TR-XLPE)  Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)   Now a days, because of their number of advantages XLPE power cables are most commonly used throughout the world.

the aim of this paper is to develop mathematical model of XLPE insulation of 132 kV power cable.


This MB is produced from 4 MB of the incoming video (when resolution reduction by a factor of 2 in each dimension is performed).

the MV corresponding to this MB is produced from 4 MV.


In contrast, CCP optimization creates a flat stabilization probability plateau to improve timing error resilience under Vdd overscaling.

timing errors happen much less frequently; resulting in higher TR that directly contributes into energy efficiency.


On the other hand, automotives applications are supplied by a power system that needs to support wide voltage variation from 6V during the cranking (to start the engine) to 40V during the load dump.

the standby regulator should have a small consumption over a large supply voltage range.


The rationale for this approximation is that the power consumed in transporting data from/to memory cells dominates the total power of a cache, especially for large capacities.

two factors affect the power consumption: the data transfer rate and the transfer distance from/to the memory cells.


In particular, the signal arrival times and transition times (inverse of slew rates) in a circuit can change as a function of the crosstalk noise that is present in the circuit.

the accuracy of timing analysis tools strongly depends on the accuracy of arrival time and transition time calculations in the presence of crosstalk noise.


Next, a key step called backpropagation is invoked, which redistributes the error at the NN output backward in the network, all the way to its inputs.

backpropagation quanti.es the error contributed by each neuron in the network towards the global network error.


Suppose that the write endurance of PCM is 10N .

the free segment list only needs N+1 buckets, and all the free physical segments linked to bucket ihave their remaining write counts between 10i and 10i-1 +1,where 0 = i= N. free physical segments linked to bucket Nare the youngest ones.


Dually, if CurrKey is a vertex of one of the eight top-level mini-cubes, then S = E =2k-1 .

the value of S can be com 2 puted by observing that on each axis the distance between CurrKey and the root (obtained through distAxis) must be an exact multiple of S. F iterates over each axis and recursively halves the length of the mini-cube edge until it exactly divides the distance from CurrKey to the root key coordinate along that axis (lines 5 6).


R d VDD - ( Vth,p +.Vth,NBTI ) T In the case of power-supply variations, maximal NBTI-impact (affected repeater fraction = 1) increases form ~6% at 1.1V to ~10% at 0.9V.

from the NBTI perspective, nominal or below nominal channel-length devices operating at a high VDD Fig 8 Performance variation due to variation in Temperature Fig 9 Performance variation due to variation in VDD 5.


Especially the test data volume has risen dramatically, due to a combination of growth in transistor count and new advanced test methods (such as delay-fault testing) which add signi.cantly to the test set size.

testing of monster chips [1] requires expensive ATEs with a large channel count and deep test vector memory [2].


Asynchronous logic is typically implemented within FPGAs in the form of look-up-tables.

it is de- sireable that the targeted FPGA have 4-bit look-up-tables to easily configure the S-Boxes as asynchronous logic.


Hence aTFEET accelerator design is more feasible, even though itstotal power consumption is higher than the iso-voltage CMOSdesign due to its far superior switching speed.

the accelerator is much slower, and can be clocked at less than100 MHz in order to meet timing constraints.


However, excessive voltage scaling can actually increase energy consumption.

for sensor nodes whose microprocessor takes significant portion of system energy budget, minimum energy supply voltage (Vmin) [7] should be carefully determined.


Proof: It is clear that 0 =R(v)-lR(v)J< 1 for all v .V .


Dinero IV needs to read the trace .le N number of times to simulate N cache con.gurations.

dinero IV spends a lot of time reading the trace .le compared to SCUD.


440 minutes of unidirectional o.~ ......... : ......... : ......... '- ......... '- ......... '- ......... '- ........ :-... -'~....~ ....... ] ....... voice data, stored in 96 speech files, obtained within the 48 bi-directional conversations from the MOS tests, was i  o~ o.2 o.3 o..i o.s o~ ~.7 o.a o.9 ~ .i mean siler¢~ I~n~h [$] analyzed and the results presented in this chapter.


To achieve the same overall throughput of the pipeline, the multifunction LA might have to implement a higher performance version of the individual loops.

the tradeoff of independent LAs with low performance versus one multifunction LA implementing high performance versions of the loops, has to be considered.


As Figure 1 illustrates, every execution of this sequential code segment will generate one instance of counter values for each MPI task.

applications that execute this code segment millions of times will generate millions of instances of counter values.


It means to embed techniques to locate faults down to a single standard cell and possibly down to the individual transistor.

the design must be debug and diagnosis oriented.


Second, allowing very large currents through M1 initially will cause power supply bounce (noise on the VDDL node the node VDDL is shown in Figure 6(a)) due to the large current transient at the start of wake-up.

m1 is sized adequately to facilitate a rapid rise of VVDD while ensuring the noise on the power supply rail is not significant.


Note that S might be redundant to break all the critical cycles.

we return to Step 2 when at least one register in S is moved in Step 4 by expecting that critical cycles might be broken.


We note that, because of thermal issue in 3D integration, stacking a single high-performance processor die with multiple DRAM dies appears to be the most plausible option and hence is assumed in most prior work.

in this work, we only focus on the scenario where a single processor die is stacked with multiple DRAM dies.


This means that the variability is ampli.ed and hence the skew is deteriorated.

to reduce clock skew, we need Average [ps] SD [ps] 14.0 2.0 13.0 1.0 variability sensors whose correlation coef.cient of the performance is over a certain value.


ecoupling is the only energy component that can change due to changes in the magnetization states of the devices.


Inside SBox, old_mask is used to select the upper part, where the data are the values from the MA address of SBox (address is masked by 0), or the lower part, where the data are the values from the complement of the MA address of SBox (address is masked by 1).

the final 32:1 selector can use the high bits of the masked address MA (MA) to select the final output.


Several combinations of these parameters can give the same loop bandwidth.

a reasonable space can be searched and the optimum combination can be found for a given speci.cation set.


Typically, Cs>>Cmv, resulting in a lower Qfactor and increased total power dissipation due to increased power consumption in the power-clock generator.

reducing the size of the stabilization capacitor Csmayresult inreduced power dissipation.


Within the specified transactions, the execution order among different components will not affect the correctness of simulations.

a simulated component can freely execute until it hits a synchronization point.


This real-time requirement accounts for the fact, that an image recorded more than one day ago may be of no use to the observer at the base station.

the sum of sensing r1 and transmission rates r2 most coincide at the Ne-1 Ne-1 end of the day, i.e.


2.2 Pareto Optimal Surfaces Often, a number of the elements in the objective function f(p) compete against each other.

the circuit optimization problem turns out to be a multi-objective optimization problem over the range of parameters (p) such that some sizing constraints (c(p) > 0) are satis.ed.


This means that wire length estimation for large designs may take far more than 80% of the runtime.

the runtime issue of wire length estimation in block placers is a critical problem for large circuits.


Our experiment is motivated by the observation that in general more constraints lead to circuits with higherperformance and robustness.

analogdesigners tend to add extra constraints to their designs.


The above two observations provide the relationship of hardware event counters among different VF states.

given the hardware event counts at one VF state, we can derive good estimates of event counts at any other VF state.


The CPI due to off-chip misses for R-NUCA is on average within 17% of the shared design s for server workloads, while the private design increases the off-chip CPI by 72%.

r-NUCA delivers both the fast local access of the private design and the large effective cache capacity of the shared design, bridging the gap between the two.


After this, the critical path of the current design may change.

we may have to select a node from another path, which is the current critical path, in the next iteration if the current latency value is still higher than the bound (Ld).


Vx/RN is the current discharging the load capacitance.

the charge removed from the output capacitance at time t is equal to the area under Vx/RN curve at that time.


One other caveat with regard to these numbers is that they are overly conservative because they count store operations that may not be necessary because the promoted variable is not actually defined in the promotion region.


Furthermore, each time a branch is taken, the user wwill have to wait as the target assay of the branch is interpreted onnline.

new synthesis methods are needed that concede optiimality in performance and area to reduce algorithmic runtimess from seconds/minutes to milliseconds and achieve a greater amoount of flexibility [13].


The total number of switching bits in each stage is equal to min(E0D,E1D), which is less than half of that in the traditional caches.

we can use weaker error correction mechanisms for the same error rates.


4.3 Execution Mode Transition Our processor architecture controls the transition of the supervisor s security mode while relying on the security kernel to control multitasking user applications.

we .rst describe the processor support for the security kernel s mode transition, and brie.y discuss how the security kernel can provide the same functions to the user applications.


In contrast to our approach that dynamically changes the coding strength, the scheme in [13] exploits the fact that a smaller voltage (hence, a smaller noise margin) would be suf.cient for transmission in a less noisy phase of execution.

they increase (decrease) the voltage when the noise increases above (decreases below) a threshold point.


We next derive the optimal values of parameters (TT H ,Sj ) for an oracle-based power management policy.

total energy dissipation of the PMC if it is transitioned to a low-power state S j, during an idle time duration Tidle (> Tt r,S j ) consists of energy dissipation during transition and energy dissipation in the low power state S j, i.e.,: E[P¯,Sj,Tidle ] = Pt r,Sj Tt r,Sj + PS j (Tidle - Tt r,Sj ) = (Pt r,Sj - PSj )Tt r,S j + PS j Tidle (1) for each state Sj, E is a non-decreasing function of Tidle .


Figure 2: Parallel GRAPE pipelines for individual timestep algorithm.

actual hardware for individual timestep algorithm is somewhat more complex than the simple outline in .gure 1.


Then, nodes which have di.erent values in MAs(nt = sa0) and MAs(nt = sa1), and are not in the transitive fanout cone of nt are the substitute nodes.

only two logic implications are required to identify the substitute nodes for nt : one is for the stuck-at 0 fault test on nt and the other one is for the stuck-at 1 fault test on nt .


By construction, t[x][y] only depends on t[x-1][y] and t[x][y-1], and requires one BF(Y) pass.

an optimal route rp with m = 1 monotonic segments is found after m = 1 passes.


An approach exploring all candidate moves would be too time consuming for our problem.


,, , -         - Fig.4.2x2-JoinUsage:SingleFuntion.Fig.5.2x2-JoinUsage:MultipleFuntions.


In general, ECC correction and generation logic consists of trees of exclusive-or gates [20] which have delay on the same order as the 32-bit comparison for squashing.

fSSS for sub-ECC-word stores can be implemented in an ECC-protected L1 data cache for simply the cost of a few extra gates which should not increase the ECC logic s critical path.


3.2 Navigating Registers toward Manhattan Rings Since registers have strong connections to logic cells, placing registers at preferred Manhattan ring directly may adversely affect the traditional placement goals including signal net wirelength, routability and critical path delay.

registers need to be placed as close to their corresponding Manhattan rings as possible with the minimal negative impact to traditional placement goals.


sp) (5) p s A collision set COL(P1, s1, P2, ss) is called collision-free, if and only if COL(P1, s1, P2, s) =Ø holds.

processes P1 and P2 s can share global resources in states s1 and s, if COL(P1, s1, P2, s) ss is collision-free.


In other words, A ' is always false on the path program, which implies that the property will be true on this path program since our property is in the form of G(A ' * X =tB ' ).

it is unnecessary to check the property on this path.


As the total i boundary tiles from the seed (x-coordinate) and the total j boundary tiles from the seed (y-coordinate) are required, then the following computational steps must be performed for assessing a tile at (i, j): (1) Calculate i×jtimes the F() function, (2) Calculate i×(j-1) times the N() function, (3) Calculate (i - 1) × j times the W() function.

for aggregation of a tile to an empty site, all tiles between that site and the seed should be aggregated .rst, i.e.


The rate equations of RCAT now become: y1a = µ1/3= x1/3,y1b = x12/3,y1c = x2/3 and x1 = .1 = y1, where y1 = y1a + y1b + y1c, x12 = y12 and x2 = y2.

(x1 + x12 + x2)/3= x1 = x12 = x2 and so the condition for product-form in Proposition 1 becomes x1 = x12 = x2 = y1 = y12 = y2 = µ1µ2/µ12 The condition can therefore be satis.ed, giving the unconditional product-form p(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5) .


Yet, the most recent technologies are restricting the supply voltage scaling margins, which is the key component behind power savings through DVFS [16].

designing the system to work at a fixed supply voltage, coupled to the DFS method herein proposed, is an option to efficiently manage the energy consumption in nanoscale technologies.


This technique performs a data prefetch in memory and makes it available in the private cache before its request.

as more prefetching transactions are performed (very aggressive prefetching aggressiveness), the miss rate in the first levels of cache tends to be lower.


According to the 2006 ITRS update [1], a 3x improvement in design power ef.ciency is required to achieve roadmap frequency objectives.

the design of innovative low-power and softerror tolerant RAMs has become essential to the success of SOC design.


And only some of these provide sharing incentives.

desired gametheoretic properties (sharing incentives, envy-freeness, and Pareto ef.ciency) de.ne constraints on the allocation space.


The left window edge overlap with the right edge of R5 and R6, and the upper window edge overlap with the bottom edge of R1.

this kind of windows dose not satisfy the criteria.


Mathematically, for n WuIs, a minimum of log2n + 1 GPIOs are required for controlling the interrupt interface.

a total of log2n + 2 GPIOs are needed to implement Hypnos.


The advantages derived from this are evident in the second of the filters that the algorithms have been tested on.

in the instances where no further ac- cesses are expected to a page, a very low priority can be set.


Since retiming and unfolding greatly expand the code size [8,10], it s possible that the generated code is too large to be .t into the onchip memory.

the relationship between schedule length and code size must be studied.


Moreover, level shifters need to be inserted at the boundaries between low-Vdd and high-Vdd, causing extra area, delay and power penalty.

it is desired that cells of different supply voltages are grouped into a small number of voltage islands (each having a single Vdd), so that the increase of design cost and the demand for level shifters are limited.


Moreover, disk reliability is not being improved accordingly.

disk failures inevitably increase with total storage capacity.


Constraints During the combination of those restoration ranges, there may be con.icts.

how to get the constraints is the emphasis in this step.


With growing impact of process variation in sub-100nm technology regime, designers face more uncertainty in circuit design [1] and delay faults become more likely.

it is becoming mandatory for manufacturing test to include delay testing along with stuck-at tests [7] [8].


This can be a triggered for launching the soap bubble.

once speci.c keywords are recognized, processing can deal with and transmit to OSC and connect to Arduino by serial, which then activates the dispensing machine and soap bubble system.


Con.guration is performed using the NoC itself (i.e., there is no separate control interconnect needed for NoC con.guration).

the CNIPs are connected to the NoC like any other slave (see CNIP at NI2 in Figure 8).


Additionally, the utilization of the system, in all cases, is more than 99%, which states that there is no performance degradation due to the multi-priority support.

we claim that the ICNET can be very efficiently used as a SoC interconnection scheme supporting multi-priorities.


Then by de.nition, XI is the leakage of the RG.

xI is de.ned on two probability spaces; the space of X due to channel length variations, and the space of I due to the choice of gate type.


However, leakage power dissipation in the active mode has grown to over 40% in some high-end parts today [6].

reducing active leakage is vital for advanced technologies in current-generation circuits, and for next-generation technologies.


Instead, each system part needs to be individually computed just for its own states (active and idle for example).

in order to guarantee energy conservation inside each task, an intuitive solution is found: Figure 3: Visualisation of the system symmetries, exploited to enable fast but accurate thermal simulation.


Of importance is thefact that a shared memory space for all processors in the system is not necessarily required to construct an ef.cient multiprocessor sensor node.

the implementation of a multiprocessor system is greatly simpli.ed.


In order to capture the spectral characteristics of a given signal, a clean representation for that signal is desired (wider spectrums lead to more unpredictable/random signals).


the exploitable amount of energy is reduced to 700J.


an analysis of FMAX is sufficient for analyzing product-level variability in single-core processors.


BLSTM-RNNs with two hidden layers (128 LSTM units per layer and direction) were used.

the .rst layer performs information reduction to a 128-dimensional feature set.


In contrast, better mappings with much slower linear growth are possible using the NCV-|v1) library.

the structure illustrated in Figure 3 for a To.oli gate with 4 control lines is proposed.


However, writes must have priority over reads at some point due to a limited size of write bu.er.

it is better to prioritize writes at the point that minimize the interference to subsequent reads.


Also for branch instructions the following instruction is often the same.

we store within each decode structure the IP and decode structure pointer of the following instruction.


At higher tra.c level, as the bu.er is almost always likely to be full, all nodes may be requesting a large number of time slots.

the scheme with optimization and urgency factor not only reduces the bu.er over.ow, but also favors the nodes with better channel condition, due to the factor E, as discussed in Section 5.


HSPICE simulations for both cases showed that the noise induced in the lines was much higher when the inductance was included for a 1GH z frequency.

in high-speed designs inductance should be considered when encoding data for crosstalk noise minimization, which represents the motivation of this paper.


The parasitic bipolar current factor which flows in M-P is cancelable with this added amount of current.

it becomes possible to secure from the the same current value of the current source as the source-drain current value which set to the defined Vt value of M-P.


The physical meaning of optimizing P(w)+µA(w)implies that smaller the wire area, larger the power dissipation in networks.

the traditional design sacri.ces power dissipation to save wire area.


FIFO with the ESD protection, however, total cell area (37,758µm2) is determined by TSV arrays which pitch is 40µm.

eSD protection circuit increases the minimum pitch of TSV circuit and low density of TSV array is a significant challenge of area overhead in interface circuit.


3, a redundant residue number representation is introduced, and the radix-two SD number representation can be used to realize the high speed residue arithmetic.

the residue addition is performed by an SD adder, and the residue multiplication is implemented with a binary SD adder tree.


The constraints of (11) in logical effort notion are similar tothose in [2], i.e., the delay constraint can be expressed as, n Delay (p + h ) = T 16 = .i=1 0 i while the input capacitance constraint can be written as, n C1 = CL / .

hi = Cmax 17 i=1 problem (11) is a minimization of a posynomial function with posynomial inequality constraints that can be easilysolved in polynomial time [11].


A methodology to design and manage in-package and on-chip power has to date not been a topic of emphasis.

power delivery in modern ICs is currently dominated by ad hoc approaches.


In such an environment, the compiler cannot determine which globals are aliased and which are not because modules are not visible as in our link-time, whole-program allocation scheme.

the SLAT can allow us to approach the good performance of link-time global variable allocation (as in [17]) without needing to compile the whole program as a single unit.


Indeed, a subsequent search for a fourth signi.cant parameter for these benchmarks further increasesef.ciencybya modest8to10 percent, putting ef.ciencybetween 39.4 and 71.7 percent of potential.

we expect much more comprehensive spatial adaptivity is required to close thegap for these benchmarks, drawing on incremental ef.ciencyimprovements from additional parameters as well as synergies between these parameters.


Circuit LUTs FFs  alu4 500 0 apex4 1,078 0 cps 524 0 dalu 323 0 ex1010 1,112 0 ex5p 557 0 misex3 257 0 pdc 609 0 seq 1,193 0 spla 229 0 industry1 1,511 2,128 industry2 1,654 1,278 industry3 2,818 368 industry4 2,942 1,262 industry5 8,676 5,507 industry6 4,895 318 circuit s primary input signals, the static probabilities of the circuit s internal signals can be computed using well-known probabilistic techniques [27].

simulation is not a requirement for the use of our optimization approach and we expect that the approach could be incorporated into EDA tools that automatically perform the proposed leakage optimization.


But as we serialize the data bus, the coupling capacitances between the data bus lines decreases.

the operating frequency of the design increases [1].


But if all signal events are treated individually, we have to .nd ways to relate them for proper fusion of identi.ed information.

we introduce an event driven fusion model that incorporates the temporal relation between the events.


In our methodology, the computation of RTL signal probabilities is separated from the computation of the signal probabilities of the internal nodes of the macromodels.

the approximation does not a.ect the exactness of the RTL signal probabilities.


Moreover, it substantially increases the network bisection [1].

reliability of the overall Average Delay (Cycle) 350 8 300 250 6 200 4 150 system is improved by increasing the network bisection, which 100 2 makes it more robust to failure that may isolate part of the NoC.


Almost always, high frequency noise in acceleration and gyroscope data needs to be removed.

non-linear, low-pass .lters should be employed for removal of high-frequency noise [10].


Increasing process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations obviously degrade performance and sometimes increase power dissipation.

variability needs to be addressed during CNS.


Previous research [7][8] shows that the increasing device operating temperature will accelerate the NBTI degradation.

our low power AARF design can further reduce the temperature (power density) and mitigate the NBTI degradation of the register .le.


4.2 Arch2: FPGA using lithographic wires and molecular switches Arch1 described in the previous subsection needs decoders for addressing the nano-wires, which increases the complexity of the fabrication process.

we also explore an FPGA, which uses conventional lithographic metal wires as the interconnect, with molecular switches at their crosspoints (as in the previous architecture).


Typically EXDCs are hard to represent and generally hard to project to a window.

the use of EXDCs is seen as not scalable, except for small circuits.


In the .rst row, the number of the vertical buses connected with the horizontal bus in upper side is more than in lower side.

we move the horizontal bus toward the upper side to improve its wirelength.


Finally, as shown in Figure 1, the power reduction achieved by moving to a new process generation has trended down over time.

figure 1: Reduction of Supply Voltage more advanced approaches are required.


Fortunately, hierarchical test, which is mainly a strategy to reduce test generation complexity, can also help reduce test power if we can ensure that untested circuit components in a test mode are either turned off through power switches or receive constant logic values as inputs and do not dissipate dynamic power.

partitioning the system for hierarchical testing must also consider power constraints.


To diagnose yield problems, we would like to identify the contribution of each device parameter to variation in performance of ICs.

the regression models for the performance metrics are decomposed to the individual model components pertaining to each device parameter and those due to interaction between parameters.


As depicted in Section 2.3, binding continuous operations to the same component can minimize the valve-switching activities.

after doing DFS, we can also group the continuous operations together to obtain the continuous set S as shown in 4(b).


for any t <_ tl + "" + ti-1, we have J(t,i -1,a') = J(t,i -1,a').


Presence of cracks, delaminations or other defects will alter the shape of the wave produced by the PZT sensor with respect to a damage-free condition.

it is possible to monitor the structure health condition by analyzing the differences between the two waves [1] [16].


Continuing this process, we will .nally obtain a Primitive Saturated Global Routing (PSGR) GR0.Any detailed routing of GR0 will induce a detailed routing of GRby simply deleting the edges representing the nets of size two in GR0 which are obtained by combining the unequal singletons in GR.

in the designing of SBs, we need only consider PSGRs and kPMSGR (k-way primitive MSGR).


In order to demonstrate the cache state reduction, we restrict the number or cache states to Z =2.


Longerpacketstranslate into fewerpacketboundariesand thus fewerpacket chaining opportunities.

withlongpacketsthePCallocatorhas a lower activity factor.


The trade-off is very low per- formance.

in order to maintain the ultra-low pow- er property while achieving some improvement in operating speed, we use the Pseudo-NMOS logic, operating in the sub- threshold region.


Consequently, the same faults detected by ci will be detected or at least activated by T~.

we need a synchroniz- ing sequence into state Soi for every i (the case where a syn-chronizing sequence cannot be found is discussed later).


Our strategy uses machine learning techniques to capture the impact of the parameterization of the tool on the target metrics, given the characteristics the inputs.

a predictor is able to suggest a subset of parameters that are likely to lead to optimal hardware implementations, and therefore the need to exhaustively explore a large parameter space is removed.


The iterated logarithm is a very slowly growing function: log * 2=1, log * 4=2, log * 16 = 3, log * 65536 = 4, 265536 =5.

log * for practical instances of wireless networks, log * n is a small constant no more than 5.


Note that C1 s reservation in the signaled RB is not necessarily the one with the earliest EUC.

c1 s reservation may not be released immediately; rather it is marked for removal so that when it becomes the earliest one in the RB, a remove con.icting reservation message is injected to consume the partially reserved C1.


For a single-core application of Alpha 21264, we assume that each of the components in the processor is essential for reliable operation.

the system lifetime is determined by the shortest MTTF among all components.


We were interested to compare the four approaches to message scheduling based on the values obtained for the cost function.

figure 8 a) presents the average percentage deviations of the cost function obtained in each of the four approaches, from the minimal value among them.


WA_Logic addresses the LEs from 0 to n 1.

n 1 represents the maximum value that can be transmitted over the WA_Logic line.


It should be noted that while theoretically IPR should result in no degradation, the physical timing model we used is not 100% accurate, and errors can accumulate.

it is possible that the post-IPR performance becomes worse, as shown in a couple of test cases (for which the number of applied transformations is relatively large).


Case 2: Now suppose A has at least two cubes and A and B have a common factor.


On the other hand, the size of the alternating run-length-encoded data set (14 bits) is smaller than the size of the input data set.

we are able to achieve compression with the new code.


The worst-case RMR complexity per process of this solution is O(1) for waiters, and O(k) for the signaler when there are k waiters participating.


3.3.3 Identifying a session end HPMM cannot distinguish between a long network out- age and the end of a transmission just on base of observing multicast traffic, since it has no knowledge of when a multi- cast session ends.

when a previously monitored group exists in routing tables (or with current IGMP sub- scriptions) but without recent traffic, a fault report is sent, and then afterwards only every few minutes unless packets begin flowing again.


The coherence protocol lets an L2 cache forward a request to an L1 that owns a cache line exclusively, who will supply the data directly.

the circuit built between the requestor L1 and the L2 will never be used.


The ability to unload any desired set of chains in every pattern affects the pattern count.

the scanout selector (Figure 1) must ensure a high probability of being able to observe any desired subset of scan chains.


Therefore, considering the noise configuration as the entire set of the aggressors leads to an overestimated worst case.

a further analysis is required to determine the noise configurations that can actually be produced on a signal.


Given the limited number of pins available in a probe setup, the original 4 bit output has been multiplexed on two pins so that the LSBs and the MSBs are selected at di.erent clock phases.

sampling speed in the acquisition system has been doubled since sampling  Figure 3: Chip microphotograph (The ADC core without calibration registers is 420×50 µm2).


As k increases, b decreases because the bisection bandwidth is held constant, and n also decreases, because each router services more processors.

we expect high-radix on-chip network will consume less area.


Recently, a DMFB that embeds more than 600,000 20 µm by 20 µm electrodes has been demonstrated [2].

the design of droplet control scheme with pin minimization is of great practical importance for the pin-constrained DMFBs (PDMFBs).


Some types of LTGs have the same functionalities as the primitive gates in Boolean logic, such as AND/NAND and OR/NOR gates.

their sensitization conditions are the same as the ones in Boolean logic.


However, both DRT L and .DRT L are a.ected to the same extent by this error.

we estimate the % .DRT L degradation (Column 3) and .nd that it is in good DRT L .Dgate agreement with (Column4).


Reducing the clock mesh area reduces the interconnect load capacitance seen by the buffers driving the clock mesh.

reducing the clock mesh area reduces the total dynamic power dissipation.


Multi-axis sensing is also often super.uous, since the primary threat to the integrity of a shipment comes from drops, which cause sizable impulses that couple into all axes.

a passive one-axis shock sensor can be used, interfaced such that the energy from the shock alerts the microcontroller without any linear ampli.cation.


Delay and energy values for the gates change depending on the driving strength of the driving gate.

two simulations were run for every NPD and PPD gate: one for the case when the gate is driven by an NPD gate and the other for the case when it is driven by a PPD gate.


For each pair 88 h (f)=Avh (1) + p i=1 1 h-12 88 h (i+1) -h (i)AvAvAva,b.S, s ' [a]= s ' [b].


It is important to emphasize: it is not surprising that limiting power consumption also conserves energy; what is surprising is that power consumption can be limited with small enough performance degradation over a wide parameter space to make it better than techniques explicitly designed to conserve energy without excessive performance degradation.

a major advantage of using our power-limiting approach is that we can limit power consumption and conserve substantial energy at the same time.


23, and the only achieve maximum energy saving for the spare is equal to the difference is that the condition of each piece in the piecewise available dynamic slack DSi.

in the proposed online function has been rephrased to make the equation more proper for energy management method, at the start of each task Ti, the investigating the parameter .i.


As stated in Section 2.1, from each edge in the tree, a depth-.rst search will be used to .nd the longest edge on the path to any point.

when starting from edge (a, b) in Figure 7, the longest edge to c could be (d, e) or (f, g).


The drawback of bit-serial processing is the increase in latency.

mACT uses pipelining, i. e., there exist no bu.ers, operators are placed following each other immediately.


For that purpose, we use the Bu.er Slot Availability (BSA) tracking system to allocate/deallocate arriving/departing .its with bu.er slots.

the DE-MUX switches to the bu.er slot provided by the BSA at the input .it tracking.


Note that the improvement rates of the hmmer and lbm are relatively low because the percentage of the narrow-width values in these two applications are very low as shown in Figure 3.

the effectiveness of our lifetime improvement scheme will be hurt.


Game-theoretic reasoning takes into account what is best for a player with respect to every other player s objectives and decisions.

the goal is to .nd a solution that is the best for all the players in the game in consideration of all the various constraints and strategies.


The net effect is that the decrease/increase in response time of the sense-amp with dVDD/dt is relatively similar to the decrease/increase in clock period.

the basic sense-amp is very suitable for DVS.


At the beginning of the precharge phase, MN1 is on.


We conclude that the value of min[F(-1) (p)] X+Y can be directly determined by the interval endpoints, since the global minimum of F(-1)(u)+ F'(u)mustbeachieved X at certain transition points over range [p,1].

we avoid performing optimization procedure which may induce expensive computation cost.


In our implementation, the DCM is placed between the electrical switch and the Processing Element 1 (P1).

the con.guration requests are sent to P1.


However, the BCH code with t=96 requires 14 × 96 = 1344 parity bits, which is not affordable by this speci.c .ash device.

lDPC scheme is considered for such kind of .ash memories with high raw-BER.


DATA RETENTION VOLTAGE Despite maximizing static power savings, lowering the core-cell array supply voltage too far, in DS mode, may result in data retention faults (DRFs) [8].

a question remains on the lower bound of the voltage level at VDD_CC, in DS mode, that still ensures data retention in all core-cells of the array, which is referred to as data retention voltage in DS mode (DRVDS).


In noncodebook-based precoding the base station can select the downlink precoding vectors adaptively based on channel state information (CSI) obtained by channel sounding.

any sort of attacks on pilot tones, e.g., pilot nulling can negatively a.ect this.


Because the proximity of both carriers frequencies, one must keep in mind that the filters output could saturate in response to a strong input signal, even if the frequency of such a signal at each filter input is outside the filter pass band.

both envelope detectors will deliver almost identical voltage level that would impel the comparator to discriminate them correctly.


Global is D2D variation which causes the same variation-offset to all transistors on a chip, while random is WID variation which is different transistor by transistor.

an offset of device-parameter x from its nominal value, .Vx, is expressed by Eq.


It is reasonable because the latency of peripheral circuitry is close related to the cache area.

as the peripheral circuitry latency become dominating in caches of large capacity, we can also .nd signi.cant reduction in the area if we replace SRAM/eDRAM caches with FBDRAM caches.


r(n) denotes a state at n-th clock tick.

s1(r(n)) denotes f1 and S2(r(n)) = f2 at clock tick n. We further denote the following: p PROP (the set of all propositions), r(n)s p if S1(r(n))(p) = True; r(n)s .p if S1(r(n))(p) = False.


Functional test patterns are generated directly at the early steps of the design .ow and they are independent of any high-level synthesis operation.

they can be used to evaluate the testability of the behavioral descriptions before the actual synthesis.


Although these custom architectures are expected to achieve better latency and area utilization, their design process is more complex and faces several challenges, such as greater crosstalk and uncertainty in link delays due to irregular interconnect structures.

a conservative enough custom design may actually offset the advantages of better performance [15]; especially for medium to large sized (in terms of total number of cores) NoC architectures.


As has been shown with the current paradigm shift towards statistical static timing analysis (SSTA), worst case design in nanometer processes is not feasible.

accurate statistical error models will need to be created that take a holistic approach by incorporating many different types of errors into a single model.


Pr sksl) (2) (, s.M ki In the bipartition case where there are just two submachines, we have Pr(M1) = Pr(M1, M1) + Pr(M2, M1) (3) If a transition is within the same submachine Mi, the submachine label does not change.

the inputs to the other submachine are kept disabled, causing no activity in that submachine.


At VDD = 0.2V, the read SNM of CNTFET cell is 30% higher than CMOS cell.

cNTFETs offer more stability for ultralow power memories.


Speci.cally, when sensor i measures the concentration, it continuously takes K samples in a short time, and computes the average as its measurement.

the measurement zi follows the normal .2 distribution, i.e., zi ~N(c(di,t)+bi,s2), where s2 = /K.


In our experiments, we observed that in the cases of multiplecache systems, there may be no universal trace to give accurate performance estimation over all the possible cache con.gurations.

trace-driven cache simulation with static traces can give signi.cant error in performance estimation.


We show that all the complete paths are covered by rule collections.

timing analysis based on rule collections produces correct slacks of all the paths.


An important difference from the block I/O experiments is that the .lesystem is accessed through the kernel s VFS layer [10] and block I/O operations are mediated by the buffer cache.

issuing read/write operations only results in RDMA transfers in cases of misses in the buffer cache.


The point is that arriving messages need to match with posted receives.

when a new message arrives before the receive call has been posted (here and after unexpected message), some information needs to be stored somewhere to allow the matching (here and after control-data).


For example, an integer set of (27 - 1,211 - 1,213 - 1,215 - 1,216 - 1,217 - 1) can be used as the moduli of an RNS.

modulo mi addition can be simply implemented by one end-around-carry adder.


All of these technologies show no gain, operate at cryogenic temperatures with poor signal to noise ratio, hence impractical to build electronic circuits which work and replace CMOS.

1.E-05 1.E-06 1.E-07 NMOS 1.E-08 CMOS 1.E-09 1.E-10 1.E-11  1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Figure 2: Delay scaling Second CMOS is here to stay, even beyond nano-scale [5].


x2x3 and n2 =¯x2x4x5.Now, n1 is further split into n1 =¯x1x4 and n3 = x2x3.


for coe.cients is set to 4, then the coef.cient vector ci is modi.ed by replacing every coe.cient whose absolute value is less than 4 with 0.

the new c1 becomes[01 000 000]T Now, multiplying the new coe.cient [c1]T with Hh(3) yields: [01000000]× Hh(3)=[1 - 11 - 11 - 11 - 1] We will extend the test set for PI1 with (1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1).


Because not every pattern can be easily decomposed into two subpatterns, post-layout double patterning decomposition is not always feasible.

it is very important to apply DPL-aware techniques to obtain highly decomposable layout designs.


Most memory controllers do not have prefetch unit, although several related efforts have been made, such as Impluse project [53], proposed region prefetcher [48], and the stream prefetcher in memory controller [26].

it is not a critical weakness of our monitoring system.


This implies that the longest path between two cores is at the link with the lowest communication load.

this link in.uences the total bus length of a PBS.


In addition, the low threshold transistor also improves the access time of the memory unit under low voltages.

the optimized FinFET with large .Vth can be a promis ing choice for the memory design.


Typical types of queries that can be ef.ciently answered by the Bayesian network model are derived from applying the Bayes rule to yield posterior probabilities for the values of a node (or set of nodes), X, given some evidence, E, i.e.

assignment of speci.c values to other nodes: p(E|X)* p(X)p(X|E)= p(E) a statistical inference can be made in the form of either selecting the Maximal A Posteriori (MAP) probability, max p(X|E),or obtaining the Most Probable Explanation (MPE), argmax p(X|E).


In that case, it will be stalled after finishing the redundancy due to the interference with warp0.

the required redundancy time still accurately predicts the necessary delay in warp1.


In most of the 13 unrecognized utterances, the participant s speech was too low.

the participant had to speak up and the ASR engine recognized the participant s query.


when the .rst isensors are allocated with m steps.

the dynamic programming recursion that computes O(i,m)can be expressed as: O(i,m)= max {O(i-1,m -mi)+.i(mi)}.


Although the correlation is not perfect, it is still apparent that excitation balance has a significant relationship with the value of ., even for two very different circuits.

excitation balance of a test pattern set can be used to estimate the value of ., at least for defects of the same character.


We assume lasers capable of generating eight discrete wavelengths will be available in 2015, and each wavelength can be split to drive eight channels using power sharing.

1024 lasers will be needed to drive the entire interconnection network.


k=1 T With a given cl, the elements in each set Jk can be sorted according to the corresponding components of cl.

without loss of generality, we can assume that cl,j = cl,jl ,.


Based on this, we can express delay, area and power consumption of the proposed adder in terms of the parameters N and k. The proposed ACA adder has (N/k - 1) sub-adders, each of which is a 2k-bit adder.

delay of the critical path can be expressed with Equation (2) and area can be estimated with Equation (3), where Cdelay and Carea are constants for delay and area, respectively.


k 1 non-linearity (named Hq) is certainly not the third harmonic component [7] and its magnitude is 9n-c dB below the fundamental component [7].

it can be concluded that the magnitude of the largest spurious signal is the maximum value of either a 3 determined in (20) or Hq.


The delayed ack signal pulls a trigger to the ring counter so that the content of the ring counter is rotated one bit.

the token bit is rotated left each cycle, with 4 b1000 rotating to 4 b0001 in Figure 3(b), and the token is initialized to one at the reset phase (e.g., 4 b0001 for four-bit ring counter) so that there is only one 1 output by the ring counter.


A pulsed-latch is a latch synchronized by a pulse clock as shown in Figure 1(a) [3].1 Since the pulse is short, a pulsed-latch can be approximated as a fast, low-power, and small flip-flop taking advantages of both flip-flops and latches.

migration from a flip-flop-based design to a pulsed-latch-based counterpart can effectively reduce the sequencing overhead.


In order to find the average power consumption of the entire control chain, the values in Table 1 need to be multiplied by the number of cells in the current configuration.

the power consumption of the system is proportional to the number of devices in the chain.


Since jitter directly affects the performance of a sequential digital system, jitter is one of the most dominant effects worsening the performance of a system.

this input-coupled noise effect dominates over output-coupled, supply voltage-coupled, and ground noise as shown in Figure 5.


The successors of a are excluded in the second condition because these nodes are necessarily scheduled after the schedule cycle of b.


It is not always trivial to reverse engineer those operating systems and derive the hidden mouse acceleration algorithm.


Although standard topologies couldbe easily implemented and ensure theregularityof the on-chip network, they might not be the best choice for AS-NoCs due to the mismatch between the topology and the application characteristics [2, 22].

it is required to carefully customize the topological structure of ASNoCs to meet the design requirements, while minimizing the cost.


Flow with less cost implies less total displacement of cells.

klein s Algorithm or Cycle Canceling Algorithm can be applied to re.ne the given .ow to a minimum cost solution.


The frequency domain waveform of the k-th modal ( ) Z0k .k(x-2U) wave, e -.kx +Gke , can be approximated RSi+Z0k by using a 3-pole approximation function, Qk (x, .).

the i-th line wave can be approximately modeled as n Vi (x, .)


With the additional constraint of a number of bits being .xed, the possibility of generating a test vector for them is even lower.

.. in trying to generate a test vector to catch faults from , those hard-to-test faults should be considered at a higher priority.


At the entire core level the scheduler consumes 3.9% area, 8.9% dynamic power, and 1.2% leakage power.

the overheads at the entire core level are minimal in our schemes (e.g., 0.24% area overhead, 0.13% dynamic power overhead, and 0.08% leakage power overhead in CDS).


reads v, OP3 has already completed, so OP get.,; a non-empty value of v[p3].

p3 is in T. Since OP3's snapshot is larger than OP2's, that means that p cannot choose P2 as the process in T with the largest snapshot--a contradiction that shows the claim.


60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Figure 5: Subthreshold leakage power At low logic activity the active power is low and the leakage power dominates, reducing the effectiveness of NTV for energy efficiency.

fine grain leakage power management, with sleep transistors or power gating techniques will be even more important.


Recall that if two events X and Y are independent then their entropies are related as H(X, Y )=H (X)+H (Y ).

for n-bit input ports we have: C(X, Y )=(1/2n)(C(X)+C(Y )).


5.2 Custom Layout Design The exact evaluation of most parameters, such as PL and transistor area, can only be obtained after a layout design.

we implement and compare three layout designs, sleep transistor free(ST-free) design, clusterbased sleep transistor design(CB-STD) and DSTN, for a 4bit carry-lookahead(CLA) adder.


Proof: The fact Ri zRj implies that there exists a ring r such that either (1) r Ri .r Rj, or (2) r Rj .r Ri.

the syndromes of faulty ei and faulty ej are different.


Notethatduetodata migration(explainedbelow), theLDCmay containstaleinformation -sinceitisonly updated whenablockis received from a remote host node.

a request could be sent to acachedhost node, L2m, that is no longer the host node of the cacheblock.


Accordingly, the direct input is given priority at an input mux, while the bypass channel is given priority at an output mux.

if the primary input is idle, the arbiter grants access to the non-primary input.


However, this technique requires that an active element pass the dc current as one does in a linear regulator, and a switching converter that used it would be even less efficient than one.

it makes more sense to enhance the inductor than to replace it.


The supply voltage for the tasks and edges in CP1 is 1.5V.

we can create the first voltage island VI1 as shown in Figure 2b with supply voltage 1.5V.


We also .nd that the earlier model can not properly capture the trend of the experimental results with respect to the changes in routing architecture.

when a combined router is used, the designers can not use this model to investigate the effects of routing architecture parameters on routability.


For the grid cell shown in Figure 7, its size is 10 nm × 10 nm in our implementation.

the number of stored cells is reasonable, leading to only additional 5% memory usage as will be reported in Section 7.


In normal FPGA routing, we are able to both .nd multiple paths between a source and sink in a single domain and route multiple two-point nets in a single domain.

each additional domain should allow us to tolerate multiple additional defects.


NEM relays exhibit zero leakage (experimentally verified) and their on-resistance values are predicted to be smaller than that of the NMOS pass transistors [Akarvardar 07, Nathanael 09, Timsit 04].

routing switches made out of NEM relays present unique opportunities to reduce power and improve performance of FPGAs.


The virtualization layer makes it possible to hide the heterogeneity from OS.

unmodified OS can be used on a heterogeneous multi-core processor.


3.2 Statistical Delay Model The on-resistance of a gate i is inversely proportional to its size wi.

using the Elmore delay model, the delay of gate i, di can be written as Cld,i di = ai + ßi (20) wi where ai is a .tting parameter, Cld,i is the capacitive load at the output of gate i.


The first category generally exploits fabrication process (device-level) to reduce charge collection.

a particle hit harmful for a baseline circuit will cause less or even no damage for the radiation-hardened version.


That is, each error in the design is considered independently.

this approach cannot e.ectively handle certain di.cult cases.


In addition, with temperature increase, the LBL sensing delay might change significantly due to reduced read current.

temperature variations inside the 8-T SRAM cache should be considered during the design phase.


In the memory organization drawn in Figure 1, data sets within the same page can be directly accessed by column address decodings only with short access time while data sets from different pages require the assertions of different word lines followed by column address decodings with long access time.

the sequence of row access followed by column access explicitly de.nes the horizontal neighborhood structure of a DRAM.


At the same time, a critical inter-die connection needs to be realized with two or more TSVs, resulting in higher capacitance.

in this work we propose to use non-critical TSV cross links between the dies to provide the necessary redundancy needed.


Unfortunately, the vast majority of the reported models lack important details, such as values for various constants, measurement conditions, detailed explanation of parameters, etc.

it becomes fairly challenging to employ the existing frameworks, in the context of microarchitecture, to perform meaningful aging e.ect calculations Various techniques have been proposed so as to mitigate the aging e.ect in processor core architectures.


However, the shared transition generators induce the internal multiplexing logic and distribution network.

we insist on the dedicated transition generator.


However, some may wonder whether energy-harvesting really makes sense or whether batteries will suf.ce, especially in the context of this continued scaling.

it is worth exploring the question, at what scale is indoor photovoltaics the better primary power source?


When the direction of magnetization of the spins of free layer is parallel to that of the .xed layer, the resistance of the device (RP ) is lower than its resistance with an anti-parallel relative orientation (RAP ).

the device exhibits two distinct resistance values, low and high.


ICCAD 2012, November 5-8, 2012, San Jose, California, USA Copyright &#169; 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1573-9/12/11... $15.00 the stacked chips as well as create package hot spots.

thermal modeling approaches, which are able to simulate 3D system including stacked ICs, package and PCB efficiently, are required.


At tc, this magnet experiences .eld contribution only from a helper, and this .eld can at most be HmaxExtra (otherwise, the magnet will not switch).

before switching, the magnet must see a clock .eld of at least HminExtra -HmaxExtra (line 4) such that the total .eld for metastability becomes HminExtra .


Since f < In/2l, the lower bound of SN,f cannot be smaller than the lower bound of sl and its upper bound cannot be larger than the upper bound of su.

the width of SN,f is bounded by the sum of the widths of sl and su because any two correct intervals must intersect.


4.3.1 Enabling Thread Migration Epoch timestamps and signatures belong to threads rather than processors.

in the Migration environment, the timestamp is saved when a thread is pre-empted and restored on the processor where the thread runs next.


In this case, the points form two closed loops, indicating that the circuit has two possible oscillation modes, one of which is undesired.

the global convergence failures can be found by running a large number of sample simulations with randomized initial states and seeing if their final states form more than one cluster in the state space.


This may generate unnecessary retransmissions which increase the energy consumption and the connection time.

though TCP Tahoe saves energy due to its backing off algorithm in lost link case; it does not show a good performance facing different BER levels.


It can be found that the average wakeup time for the dynamic wakeup scheme is only +2% longer comparing to the conventional wakeup scheme.

the loss of wakeup e.ciency is very limited when .Vactive is within the estimated range.


Second, the local store in an SPE is too small to store coherence information and to cache pages from the shared address space at the same time.

cOMIC stores coherence information in the main memory, and coherence is managed by the PPE.


The conventional scheme proposed for estimating the IFO uses only partial information of combinations that pilots can provide, which stems from a rigorous assumption that the channel responses of pilots used for estimating the IFO change very rapidly.

in this paper, we propose the novel IFO estimation schemes exploiting additional information of combinations that pilots can provide to improve the performance of the IFO estimation.


The rationale is that the extra nets added while shredding will, in many cases, help the macro to approximately maintain its shape.

a crude placement (with orientations) is obtained by placing the shredded design.


The general max S problem with arbitrary path delays cp determined by AATs and RATs can be reduced to the case of identical cp by adding a super-source and a super-sink connected respectively by constant delay edges to all timing sources and sinks.

the ordinary 8This is generally selected for simplicity and speed.


V : F(e,z).= L(e,z)}, and let e1 = L(e,z)and e2 = F(e,z).


Moreover, since partial recon.guration only targets the module containing the faulty cell and leaves other aspects of the micro.uidic con.guration unchanged, a fast heuristic algorithm can be used to .nd a new location for this module.

partial recon.guration is suitable for dynamic online recon.guration during .eld operation of the micro.uidic biochip.


Motivation and Background Caches improve performance by reducing the number of main memory accesses.

the utility of cache resources for an application can be directly correlated to the change in the number of misses or improvement in performance of the application when the cache size is varied.


These works exhaustively traverse the design space by enumerating the design points and estimating energy consumption at these points.

these works can potentially be improved by using the data structures for performance simulation of multiple cache con.gurations (as in our work).


According to the de.nition of fault equivalence, two equivalent faults have exactly the same tests.

for two faults to be equivalent, we have [F0 (V ).


To use these as well as SDCs and ODCs in a scalable way, the circuit is temporarily restricted to a window around a node to be simplified and the EXDCs must be projected onto a set of nodes or inputs of the window being used.

the useful parts of the unreachable set are those which have nontrivial such projections.


Thus, in our model, the total capacity used by ECC (in bits), CECC , is 416 bits/sector for drives whose areal densities are less than 1 Tb/in2, whereas those in the terabit range use 1440 bits/sector.

derated Capacity Equation: From our above discussions on ZBR, Servo and ECC costs, we can calculate their total space overhead (in bits/sector) as Ctzmin a = ntz( )(Cservo + CECC) 4096 the estimated capacity of the disk in terms of 512byte sectors is given by nzones-1 - a ntzCtzmin Cactual = nsurf ntz() (3) 4096 z=0 Validation: To verify the accuracy of this model, we calculated the capacity estimated by our model for a set of server disks of different con.gurations, manufacturers, and fromdifferent years (obtained from [2]).


In region II where .L<.<.R, the inductance starts to dominate the impedance, andthe resistance is still changing slowly with frequency.

the error rate, and eventually the error value decreases.


Performing MDP real-time with dynamically changing network conditions will increase the energy consumption and delay, due to the high computational and/or memory complexity.

mDP is performed o.ine and the obtained optimal slot policy matrix P (b, e), for all possible bu.er bn and energy e n states, respectively, are stored in a table inside each node.


Summary Achieving a fast enough packet sending rate to measure highspeed networks is not trivial on current (or even near-future) hardware.

as part of the design of network bandwidth estimation algorithms, host hardware, memory bandwidth, CPU power, I/O bus bandwidth, and NIC speed all need to be considered.


Low-cost: many of the proposed schemes, especially context-based prefetchers, are expensive to implement, due to the amount of state information they require to perform e.ectively.

they are not well suited to aggressive multi-core processors, the current industry trend, where area is at a premium and multiple instantiations of the HW prefetchers may be required to support prefetching into each core s L1 cache.


Remember that because of the locality , current flows almost directly from via to via without diverging.

figure 13(1) can be simplified to Figure 13(2).


4.2.1 Numerical Sparsi.cation As explained in Section 3.2, G matrix is passive and diagonal dominant.

small-valued o.-diagonal elements can be truncated without loss of passivity.


Four rows of sub.elds are shown in Figure 9(a): suppose that the blocked boxes of each row only overlap vertically with those of adjacent rows.

the corresponding compatible graph is shown in Figure 9(b).


Lines 06 and 08 consume ( N () OM) On time, assuming the bin number is of the same magnitude as the number of modules.

the time complexity is On Tn ()( () On ( )) = () () OnTn for this naïve computation.


Unfortunately, due to some layout error, causing poor isolation between digital circuits and the sensitive analog part, the interference of the switching noise worsens the noise floor; further noise shaping by the second VCO could be observed but did not reduce the total in-band noise.

the further improvement of the SNR could not be measured.


Asynchronous signaling (handshaking) tends to be based on a protocol involving requests and acknowledgments that identify the beginning and end of an action to transfer a logic value.

the primary difference between the various asynchronous techniques reduces to variations in the way that the handshaking process is managed.


Hence, each neuron has only a certain connectivity domain determined by the nanowire length.

large neural layers are unlikely to achieve full connectivity.


A state-of-the-art on-chip router employs a look-ahead two-cycle pipeline structure that can work at the same frequency as the four-cycle baseline pipeline structure.

the VP router only uses one and two-cycle pipeline structures for deterministic routing.


Motivated from the fact that images are processed in batch, the overhead of splitting the 2D FFT/IFFT nodes can be amortized.

as illustrated in Figure 6, the computing .ow of MakeRFP can be further partitioned into 3 phases.


Moreover, it is not efficient to examine the timing failure since we only concern the delay at output.

we consider a full adder as smallest component.


According to results in Figure 4, the VG of -0.8V is enough to achieve a low error rate in SET operations with BCH 2.

the bits for SET operations are over-programmed, and the BCH 2 ECC cannot help reduce the energy consumption in SET operations.


Figure 2 gives SPICE simulation results of leakage vs. delay of standard 6T SRAM cells using the same 90nm process and shows that delay increases and leakage decreases by raising Vth,Tox.

in the right-hand side of Figure 1 cell latency increases (compare the two last rows) and one of the cells violates the target delay of 540ps.


Indeed, some experiments [3] have shown that this manual conversion can represent up to 30% of the global implementation time.

methodologies for the automatic transformation of .oating-point data into .xed-point data have been proposed [7, 17].


Though total power consumption may impose a scaling limit on the use of ultra-thin oxides, it is nonetheless application dependent.

we analyzed these particular voltage ranges so that our data would be fairly representative of a variety of applications at these process generations.


T T dt Noise Height (v) Noise Height (v) Vdd Vdd (a) Regular DFF (b) SDT-DFF Figure 2 Noise Capture Zone (NCZ) of DFFs The third factor is the distribution of noise occurrences inside the circuit: noise caused by different mechanisms is likely to occur at certain regions.

the endpoint DFFs of the paths on which noise are more likely to occur will potentially experience a higher rate of noise attack.


Both the dynamic and the leakage power consumption of a CMOS circuit depend upon the supply voltage, and they decrease at lease quadratically with decreasing supply voltages.

in recent times, it is common to decrease the supply voltage value in the non-critical parts of SoCs and multi-core processors, in order to reduce the power and energy consumption.


In addition, calibration is a means of improving the power efficiency of the processor and is not required for correctness because the NBTI model is inherently pessimistic.

the OS has flexibility in scheduling calibration during the idle periods of a core.


px Proof: We know from lemma 2 that tmiss is always () (0) -dx less than In.

cx = max 0, = In = px is equal to or greater than the amount of jobs of task Tx in the interval [0,tmiss].


First, to observe the effect of static process variation on the eight shared-FPUs, we have analyzed how the critical paths of each pipeline are affected due to within-die and die-to-die process parameters variation.

the various pipelines within the FPUs experience dif-ferent variability-induced delay and thus display various error rate.


FFixed stations (and few mmobiles): In tthe power grrid innfrastructure, aalmost all noddes are fixed..

thhe ccommunication architecture dooes not have too factor in nodde mmobility explicittly.


According to unconstrained placement of the smartphone, the absolute orientation is unknown.


These processors are connected to a (distributed) shared off-chip memory (hierarchy).

meeting real-time constraints in such architectures, requires an optimal mapping of the application onto the target platform.


As Ncp increase with m = 1, the SWC underestimates the impact of random WID variations on yield, leading to a tcycle yield loss.

setting design targets using SWC is dangerous because of the potential for tcycle yield loss.


This is so also due to the high parasitic inductance in the board and package.

it is imperative that the dynamic voltage levels in a power grid remain close to the DC voltage levels at a given instant, in order for a chip to perform reliably.


These are the gates under investigation which constitute all ISCAS85 benchmarks.

a path consisting of N such gates will have a delay equation of the form N .


Garbage collection is a memory-intensive activity, and as such it tends to make full use of the cache.

it is  likely that the very execution of the garbage collector will 3.2 Cache-Only Reference Counting evict most, if not all, data from cache before any of that data can be proven dead.


both mechanisms exhibit the same fault detection accuracy.


We synthesize the glue logics and the controller to make the HW operate preserving the dataflow semantics according to the schedule information.

the synthesized hardware is correct by construction.


This is because in general, a wire is wider and taller on an upper metal layer.

routing a critical net on an upper metal layer is another useful technique for improving the delay.


In this paper, the maximum concurrency between the two stages is explored by a novel scheduling algorithm, which perfectly resolves the memory access con.ict.

the decoding throughput could be increased by almost twice assuming dual-port memory is available.


Further, this heuristic can increase the number of early communication instances.

the combined effect of the partial communication and early communication improves the parallelism signi.cantly.


As described above, the lack of debugging capabilities coupled with the typical instability of the bring-up platform induces the requirement for a simple design.

threadmill does not use sophisticated generation techniques like CSP [7], and does not rely on a reference model.


First, each access in a banked architecture is to a single bank and consequently experiences a smaller load capacitance, as compared to an access to a large monolithic (unbanked) memory architecture.

even if no special optimization is incorporated, using a banked memory itself reduces memory energy consumption.


But for SEQ, the number of patterns is too large to enumerate.

sEQ is restricted such that the direction of every horizontal movement of vias is either left or right and that of every vertical movement is either above or below.


They are either placed in corners and/or have large gaps between connections.

population 1 presents both larger loop inductance (due to less parallel inductive TSV parasitic) and slightly more Si Capacitance (due to increased fringe impact).


In the case of FMT traffic pattern, optical packets originated from an optical router are targeted to a specific destination node.

most of the packets received by an optical router at the high traffic percentages are sent from a single processing core.


However, the LFB is incapable of dealing with the heavily downstream capacitance due to the limitation of its maximum driving-strength.

taking the areaoverheads, the circuitperformance, and the balanced ratio of the wire delay to the logic delay into account, we suggest to use the RFB only for structured ASIC design style.


The pointers to the next library nodes are stored in an array with linear access time.

this search is O(p), with p the number of operation nodes in the pattern sought.


By construction, path delay in this augmented timing graph is the negative of the path slack in the original timing graph.

for simplicity, delays and slacks are used here interchangeably whenever there is no ambiguity.


On the other hand, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a self-illuminating device using organic light emission material.

oLEDs provide high brightness, high luminance, fast response, wide viewing angle, and thin and lightweight form factors compared with conventional LCD panels [3].


Because the total current only has a positive part, it contains dominant harmonics around its secondary harmonic frequency that is equal to the package s resonance frequency.

according to locality property, resonance will occur on package in this area.


However, it is an NP-hard problem since its decision version is NP-complete[4].

two heuristic algorithms[5-6] have been proposed to find the longest path of a single net in a routing area with obstacles.


2(b), selecting consecutive tiles in a spare array can realize a required function without timing degradation.

their greedy heuristic is suitable for small and local revisions.


The pre-bound functions have no implementation and are treated similarly to other operations.

they can be scheduled in parallel with other operations [6].


(1) In the clock rising transition, the maximum current of I(VDD) is 740.1 µA, while the maximum current of I(VSS) is 240.0 µA.

the peak current occurs in the power line VDD.


Finally, performing more cache accesses (an additional read for each non-silent store) can increase power consumption.

we would like to find more efficient ways of squashing silent stores.


Many critical applications such as biomedical, space and militaryelectronics demand reliable circuit functionality.

thecircuits used in these application must be tolerant to SEU events.To design SEU tolerant circuits, it is important to know the nature of SEU-induced transients and their effect on a circuit.


ASH relies on very simple hardware primitives, using no associative structures, no multiported register .les, no scheduling logic, no broadcast, and no clocks.

aSH hardware is fast and extremely power ef.cient.


Note that the most inner circle of a matrix only contains one entry if the matrix comprises an odd number of entries.

the first pair in the corresponding pair sequence has only one element.


On the other hand, some points of I are covered only by cubes entirely belonging to I.

keeping them both in I and in the cofactors would be useless and expensive.


We can compute all values of K(Fi) and K(Si) in O(m) time with dynamic programming by incremental updating and storing all arcs.

the amortized cost for computing each K(Fi) and K(Si) is only O(1).


However, blank area exists in place where decoupling capacitors also are placed.

when actual current is flowing through these blank areas additional current is supplied by these decoupling capacitors.


It is important to note that for these commercial workloads, as memory latencies increase, off-chip CPI begins to dominate overall CPI [7].

optimizing store performance is important for optimizing overall performance.


We de.ne thebounding box of a cell as the bounding box of all the cell sfanin cells and allof itsfanout cells, as well as the cell itself.Our intuitionisthatmovingacell withinits boundingbox has lower likelihood of increasing total wire length or timing delay than moving it outside the bounding box.

we seek pairs of cells celll with bounding box bl and cellm with bounding box bm in different dose regions, such that celll is in bm and cellm is in bl .With this restriction, we .lter out candidate cell swaps that are too disruptive to wirelength and timing.


save energy in the on-memory cache because the amount of data written into it is smaller.

reading only the required data for bu.ering saves energy even if there is no improvement in the hit rate to the on-memory caches.


In addition, the golden model itself may not be available.

we usually have to resort to either functional veri.cation or dedicated trust veri.cation techniques for HT detection.


Depending on the direction of the write, the voltages corresponding to the AP and P states are signi.cantly different.

to detect both transitions, the monitoring sub-circuit contains two comparators whose thresholds are set to 630mV for P .


Frequency noise is added to the received data and will degrade the SNR.

to minimize the residual FM degradation it is preferable to limit the loop bandwidth to the maximum necessary in order to comply to the settling time requirements.


As a result, the later logic and timing optimization will be able to focus on the real critical path and optimize the netlist as if no sleep-mode transformations are performed.

as long as the sleepmode candidates are not committed, there is no concern that the they may cause new timing violations when the original design meets timing after logic and timing optimization.


Indeed, it s much smaller than in a CMOS differential pair.

even a relatively small difference between the base-emitter-voltages can cause one of the transistors to switch off.


V. EX P E R I M E N TA L EVA L UAT I O N In this section, we present results which have been obtained by the proposed design methods.

the exact as well as the heuristic synthesis approach have been implemented in C++ on the top of RevKit [22].