For a single-threaded processor, those two guarantees are nearly identical.


the correct set of contests and candidates.

a limitation of conventional testing is that exhaustive testing takes too long (e.g.


We use the same procedure to generate the unsatis.able core.

we do not need to store the con.ict clauses externally, since our objective is to extract the unsatis.able core rather than validate the SAT solver.


Generally, the number of fingers of MOSFET should be as large as possible to reduce the area cost and to decrease the gate resistance.

this conclusion is no longer reasonable when the influence of STI stress is considered, especially in the circuits which consist mainly of PMOS transistors.


Therefore, p terminates its SC procedure returning false (Line 13).

if CAS suc- ceeds, then p's current SC operation has taken effect.


However, prior art did not investigate applications of socket overloading, but focused on avoiding socket overload at the receiver and at reducing the processing latency of incoming packets, and the evaluations were with benign tra.c.

in this work we study socket overloading as an attack technique and investigate its applicability for di.erent purposes, e.g., as a side-channel for discovery of client-side ephemeral port.


Both Hanan grid and Escape graph generate vertices on the intersections of line segments extended from pin-vertices or obstacle corners.

nsegments n*(n-1) will generate up to 2 intersections, which are too many for the Steiner point selection.


Since AES has a large number of nodes, it is intuitive to expect an increase in speedup by increasing the allowed number of AFUs and I/O constraints.

it is interesting to note that contrarily to our expectation, for a smaller number of allowed AFUs (= 1), the speedup could not scale with relaxing I/O constraints (as shown in the .rst plot of Figure 6).


Di.erent realizations of matrix-matrix multiplication are presented in Section 5.1.1, where our results show that loop interchange produces a smaller design.

section 5.2 presents code for which loop unrolling produces a smaller design.


However, during sleep mode, the Vddv can get close to Vss resulting in p-n junction current in the header, which is a disadvantage in terms of sleep mode leakage.

biasing the substrate of current switch to its source has an advantage in sleep mode leakage; the n-well of the header needs to be isolated from that of logic gates, which is an area overhead.


This is a binary decision perfectly suitable for branch predictors.

if the problem becomes more intricate and a binary decision is not su.cient, more complex predictors are required which can quantify forecasts.


For instance, [2] proposed a method to recommend products by utilizing a user s purchasing behaviors in the past.

since such process of collecting, customizing and publishing contents is inherently asynchronous, the user would never notice any updates until the corresponding client programs are accessed, such as an RSS reader.


with the max variance (uncertainty) across all objectives is selected for the next HLS.

for RF, since the prediction uncertainty is minimized by RF s collectivevote scheme, we just randomly pick one element .


1.2 Metrics to score or represent congestion Visual inspection of congestion plots (a region-wise color-coded map marking out the hot spots with the greatest contention for wiring resources) often serves as a .rst order method to compare the routability of different design points.

optimization tools and designers also require a single metric that can accurately score or represent the design congestion.


The corruption alters the .it semantics and, in the perspective of its aggregating packet, the .it is lost.

the .it still exists and it will now affect the transmission of other packets.


To meet the real-time requirements, the weight of the master with the minimum latency requirement should be much larger than the others.

it is really hard to assign a proper weight to each master if there are multiple masters with diverse real-time and bandwidth requirements.


As SMS is effective in capturing regular and irregular access patterns, row buffer hit ratio increases to 30%.

its row buffer hit ratio is limited as it targets only memory accesses that are critical to performance (i.e., load-related traffic), ignoring store-triggered memory reads and memory writes (store misses are hidden through store buffers whereas LLC writebacks are not on the critical path of the processor).


Among these architectures the flash A/D [1] [2] [3] is considered the fastest available one.

flash A/D is a large power consumer and isn't practical for resolutions higher than 8 bits.


The prefetcher hurts the baseline performance of some of the single-threaded and multiprogrammed workloads.

when the prefetcher is turned on in the presence of peLIFO, none of the workloads su.er from any slowdown compared to the baseline peLIFO.


The Poisson distribution supposes that the number of packets generated during a .xed period of time occurs with a known average rate and independently of the time.

the nature of many of the current and future pervasive applications running on NoC-based designs is expected to be heterogeneous [12, 10].


High-end server systems designed with reliability as a .rst-order design constraint have been around for decades but have typically relied on coarse grain replication to provide a high degree of reliability [6, 30].

dual and triple modular redundant systems incur signi.cant overheads in terms of area and power.


Once a decision tree is constructed, the system dynamically consults only the sensors that are necessary to determine the system state.

because sensors are activated sequentially over time, the detection latency of such systems will be greater than those that examine all the data simultaneously.


At the same time, since leakage variability is averaged over a large number of transitors for random WID variations and averaged across the number of correlated regions for systematic WID variations, contributions of WID variations to Pleak s are minimal.


Each point in the plot represents a different VT distribution of the cells in the design, with no change in cell sizes.

the circuit must adhere to the delay target used in synthesis.


For the simulation, we set Vref to 1.08 V, which is the middle value of Vdiff range under the typical conditions.

tPW and Vref can be controlled depending on the required timing speci.cations.


All timing parameters for the DAG are based on a global common clock.

the operational frequency of each PE need not necessarily be the same as the global clock, i.e., the global clock can be used for global synchronization without forcing all PEs to 2 32 Figure 3: Program modeled by a DAG.


A simple matched bundling delay can provide an acknowledge signal that corresponds to the worst-case timing of the circuit.

because of the output behavior of many types of dynamic logic we can do better than that in some cases.


CONC L USIONS Phase granularity has been one of the most important parameters in representative sampling simulation.


Of course, this analysis ignores severalfactors, such as theoverhead of battery packaging, the low ef.ciency of solar conversion, and the unrealistic node volume dedicated to the battery.

the general trend is clear: when nodes shrink to centimeter scales and beyond, energy-harvesting will play a critical role.


Hence, read requests tend to evict Years parity lines.

since the frequency of writes for Figure 14.


The proposed algorithm enables SSTA to report a set of probability values which accurately represent the percentage of time that the flip-flop fails.

a STA tool reports a deterministic percentage of flip-flops which fail the setup and hold time constraints, and this value may be optimistic or pessimistic for a circuit whose process and circuit parameters are subject to random change.


Our initial experiments with using the integrated model checker are certainly encouraging.

we need to design and verify more complex systems before we can come to a definitive conclusion about this promising technology for the design and verification of hardware and software from a single specification.


This would allow clients to easily move around within an administrative domain, without going through repeated quarantine and examination processes.

an increase in size of the network of trust also increases difficulty in revocation, if necessary.


Consequently, according to Property 4, when we encounter a pair of tightly connected HAs (i.e., Case 1) we apply HA-merge to the HAs and produce a merged FA in a form like trans2 in Figure 5(a).

if two HAs are not tightly connected as shown case2 org in Figure 5(b), we do not directly merge the two HAs 4Note that CSAi is the CSA created at the i-th iteration of the partial-greedy-CSA method.


Since we are trying to minimize the error in the values of computed parameters, Equation 8 can be used as a cost function to be minimized.

this has a tendency to be dominated by a few small Si, (large values of 1 /Si 2 ) resulting in poor quality tests being generated.


Digital CMOS Logic Operation in the Sub-Threshold Region* Hendrawan Soeleman and Kaushik Roy Purdue University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA {soeleman, kaushik} ~ecn.purdue.edu ABSTRACT Numerous efforts in balancing the trade-off between power, area and performance have been carried out in the medium performance, medium power region of the design spectrum.

not much study has been done at the two extreme ends of the design spectrum, namely, the ultra-low power with acceptable performance at one end~ and high perfor- mance with power within limit at the other.


When we use the skewed-load approach for all scan .ip-.ops in the circuit, it is enough to consider only one time frame to identify independent state inputs.

in the hybrid approach, some of scan .ip.ops are controlled by the broad-side approach.


In a software computation, k equals to the number of nodes in the network, thus k = |V|, which guarantees that all nodes have been updated.

in the hardware implementation with parallel execution, k will be determined by the network structure and Aadditions can be executed in parallel.


Probabilistic Design Methodology to Improve Run-time Stability and Performance of STT-RAM Caches Xiuyuan Bi, Zhenyu Sun, Hai Li Polytechnic Institute of New York University 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA Email: xbi01@students.poly.edu Abstract Using the spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) technology as lower level on-chip caches has been proposed to minimize leakage power consumption and enhance cache capacity at the scaled technologies.

programming STT-RAM is a stochastic process due to the random thermal .uctuations.


This results in a higher bulk node voltage by the time the word line is driven high, leading to improved access time.

a larger bulk driver consumes more power since it uses bigger devices and also because more charge is pumped into the bulk node.


For the encoder at the beginning of the bus, lower noise immunity is acceptable.

the input is particularly susceptible to noise for the repeaters in the bus [11].


When enumerating all cuts, the limit was exceeded in about 16% of the nodes on average.

the reduced cut enumeration exceeded the limit in only 6.5% of the nodes.


Ideally, ccontains non-zero entries in positions associated with the dictionary atoms (i.e., columns of A) stemming from a single device, so that we can easily assign the vector of test RSFs y to that device.

due to modeling errors, there are * small non-zero entries in cthat are associated to multiple devices.


Binary disassemblers can be used to disassemble these tests and QED transformations can then be applied to the resulting assembly code.

if the test contains indirect branch instructions (i.e., branches to addresses stored in registers), then the register values used by these instructions must be determined prior to the application of QED transformations.


Moreover, the write margin of these two cells (defined as the least bitline voltage required to change the state of SRAM cell) is the same due to the unchanged write configuration.

for the 8T structure, the read bitline leakage is quite significant especially in the deep submicron/nano ranges.


Therefore, to ensure back-to-back execution of a load and its dependents (and even their children), instructions depending on a load are speculatively issued as early as possible with the assumption that the load will hit in a cache and the data will be available in a known and .xed number of cycles.

if the load takes longer or does not provide the data in a given latency, the speculatively-issued instructions must be squashed and reissued.


This is a kind of time redundancy which has the advantage of having no spatial overhead and minimum power consumption.

this time overhead may be unfeasible for more time sensitive applications.


Current approaches that apply run-time arbitration have dif.culties with the analysis of systems in which the start of a task is dependent on the amount of space in its output buffers.

if productions and consumptions can change every execution then such a dependency is unavoidable to prevent buffer over.ow.


Overlapping runahead periods may be bene.cial for performance, because the completion of load A may result in the availability of data values for more instructions in runahead period 2, which may result in the generation of useful prefetches that could not have been generated in runahead period 1.

if the availability of the result of load A does not lead to the generation of new load addresses that generate prefetches, the processor will execute the same N instructions twice in runahead mode without obtaining any bene.t.


This means that it takes no action on reception of another R on the line.

if this other R is for a write, the cache records that, if its own transaction loses, it has to invalidate the line from its cache.


The basic structure of the memory controller (as explained in Sections 2.2 and 2.3) is not changed.

additional circuitry is added to (1) estimate the slowdown of each thread, (2) compute the unfairness in the system, and (3) prioritize commands based on the slowdowns of the threads they belong to.


In these schemes, a load miss in the L1 cache still fetches the data from the next level of memory.

instead of waiting for the data, the predictor generates a value and allows the processor to continue executing instructions speculatively.


These vectors are not orthogonal to each other thus, the classic binary logic can not perform high parallelism with low hardware complexity.

the NBL can represent a multidimensional vector system utilizing the orthogonality of independent noises [1].


The PDN between the power stage of the VRM and power dissipation in the processor remains the same.

the parasitic component between power stage output and the loop filter are different for the different cases as shown in the Figure 2.


Offset Errors in Back-end Stages When a non-zero offset is considered in the model (5) and none calibration is applied, no additional distortion appears because an offset in ADC2 is directly translated to an offset in the complete ADC.

in the proposed  Za ENOB Za ENOB 1 Ideal Direct Indirect e1 ·a1 = 20%  1  1112  0.99 1010 0.95 0.98 9 8 0.97 8 0.9 6  0.96 7 0.95 0.85 4 6  0.94 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 normalised time 6 normalised time 6 normalised time 6 normalised time 6 x 10x 10x 10 a) b) Fig.


This microinstruction-targeted solution also overcomes sampling delay.

such mechanisms only collect aggregate statistics via sampling: they cannot react to single events or collect additional data, e.g., load addresses, which prohibits direct correlation of observed events with the data structures causing them.


Let us assume that only 1/4th of this data could be stored in the on-chip SPMs (i.e., a total of 400B SPM space), each SPM holding 100B of data.

each array occupies 400B (4×100) of memory space.


This is a common redundancy technique for PAs and FPGAs.

in contrast to these electronic arrays with well-defined roles of logic blocks and interconnect, cells in a microfluidic array can be used for storage, transport or other functional operations on droplets.


In practice, the above-mentioned procedure successfully over-approximates pre-images of ¬P in any steps by means of interpolation.

existing interpolant generation algorithms limit the e.ectiveness of model checking because they usually produce coarse overapproximations that result in excessive re.nements.


Power Model Power dissipation in CMOS circuits can be divided into two major components P P P (1) dynamic leakage There is a third component, short-circuit power that results from a direct-path current when both the pull up and pull down networks are simultaneously on while inputs switch.

short-circuit power is usually small compared to the other two components of total power, and also is expected to become even less significant as technology scales down [3].


(ASAP) to be near to its predecessors or in a bottom-up reverse topological order where each node is scheduled as late as possible (ALAP) to be close to its successors.

such ad hoc ordering schemes may often result in suboptimal schedules in register requirements due to the lack of global optimization.


If a SAT-solver proved the unsatisfiability of a formula deducing only local conflict clauses it makes sense to represent the obtained proof as a resolution graph.

if a substantial number of deduced clauses are global, then representing the proof as a set of conflict clauses is the best (and perhaps the only) choice.


Asynchronous processor designs do not suffer from this problem since they do not have a global clock.

a paradigm shift from synchronous to asynchronous is unlikely to happen in the processor industry in the near future.


Turbo Boost can run the processor at up to 1.2-1.3x the Thermal Design Power (TDP).

the high frequency can be sustained only for up to 30-60s.


Some accesses can freely proceed in parallel: a thread can access its own private data without holding the deterministic token (1) and it can also read shared data without holding the token (2).

in order to write to shared data or read data regarded as private by another thread, a thread needs to wait for its turn in the deterministic total order, when it holds the token and all other threads  Figure 6.


As we can .nd from the .gure, when both genuine and Trojan-dormant chips are tested under the same operation conditions, the average power consumption of Trojan-dormant chips is fully overlapped with that of genuine chips.

figure 10 shows that 16 out of the total 18 Trojan-infected chips have measurable gaps when the inserted Trojan is turned on or muted, which gives the measurement noise and circuit status differences that will be used for calibration.


On the one hand, wire latencies and power constraints limit signi.cant increases in the size of on-chip caches, such that these are expected to increase sub-linearly with the number of cores.

packaging limitations and signal delays to off-chip also lead to an expected sub-linear increase in memory bandwidth with respect to the number of cores.


FlatFractal incurs some extra total latency (column E) in the scientific benchmarks due to write-invalidation ordering and the lack of reply forwarding, as mentioned above.

only ocean and raytrace worsen in execution time (Figure  6) due to their higher miss rates among the scientific benchmarks (column A).


2%) and slightly higher F N (2% > 1%), its N P V (0.999998) is still lower than I DS2 (0.99999898).

its CI D (0.4014) is greater than I DS2 (0.2555).


The algorithm can be readily implemented using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) [11].

in order to achieve better ef.ciency and scalability, we describe in this section how those ideas can be implemented using a Sat solver.


6.3 Exponential Distribution The FPGA community has not shown as much interest in the exponential distribution as the Gaussian distribution, mainly because most FPGA-based Monte-Carlo simulations have been discrete-time based.

as FPGAs become larger and more capable, complete discrete-event simulationsin .eldssuch asbiochemistry[7] and credit-risk analysis[23] arebeing acceleratedby moving thewholeapplication into the FPGA.


User-Controllable Coherence for High Performance Shared Memory Multiprocessors * Collin McCurdy and Charles Fischer Computer Sciences Department University of Wisconsin-Madison 1210 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706 {cmccurdy, .scher}@cs.wisc.edu ABSTRACT In programming high performance applications, shared address-space platforms are preferable for .ne-grained computation, while distributed address-space platforms are more suitable for coarse-grained computation.

currently only distributed address-space systems scale beyond the low hundreds of processors.


As pointed  out by Ekman and Stenstr¨ om [9], such extra 2-3 cycles on a main memorylatency has very limited impact on the overall performance of the system.

when a P-page descriptor is missing, the P-page descriptor must be brought back in the UCT cache from the memory, thus resulting in a signi.cant longer memory access time.


E.g., .r wave conv o.ers a 40% performance improvement.

in mm .r we can only improve the performance by 25%.


We believe the best way to handle .ip-.ops is to treat them as identity gates, so that simply inserting dummy .ip-.ops does not hide stealthy logic.

this can create loops in the logic, which have to be dealt with.


For example, if the soft error .ipped an upper bit in the result of Ib and instruction 2 was an AND that masked the upper bits, the fault would never be visible to instruction 4, reducing its ability to manifest a symptom.

instruction 1 would still consume the tainted value and potentially write it out to memory, corrupting system state.


To reduce leakage increase involved in performance compensation by body biasing, body bias clustering methods have been proposed.

conventional methods suffer from a large test cost for tuning after fabrication, sincethereareatremendousnumberofbodybiasassignments.


V. ARC HITECT URAL A DDIT IONS F OR FU RTH ER IMPROVE M E NT Through asymmetric pipelining and pseudo multi-banking, AVICA becomes free of the process variation-induced access time failures.

some benchmarks, especially integer benchmarks, show nontrivial performance hits as will be shown in section 6.


Even for this simple approach, the mapping illustrated in Figure 3 leads to signi.cant reductions in comparison to the established NCV mappings.

even better results can be obtained if further optimizations are applied.


We call such functions practical and give frequency statistics in the experimental results section.

even the number of practical functions can be very large.


As noted earlier, our study found many more poor driving behaviors than would be found in a typical driving situation.

we believe that the results are nonetheless relevant because results obtained in driving simulator studies are indicative of likely patterns in actual cars, and are often used as the first screening of various car assistance systems and information systems.


13 - Discharging current for the interconnect capaci- tance and gate capacitance between signal line and  power grid.

the currents I 1 and 12 form current loops thourght the package and grid decoupling capacitances, while 13 forms a current loop from the driver output, through the grid and back, as modeled in the traditional loop inductance approach.I 1 and 12 significantly impact the effective inductance seen by the signal net.


This is an efficient solution for sequential circuits.

this solution does not work for combinational logic because BICS connected to the power line cannot efficiently differentiate internal signals propagating through the logic from SET (upsets).


The only remaining option was to construct a model that faithfully re.ected the behavior of the software while interfacing with the HDL simulation (Method E).

this method brought its own challenges which we discuss in detail in the following section.


If the number of inputs or outputs is too large, the write or read instruction will dominate the number of cycles required to execute the custom instruction.

if the large custom instruction can be divided into several smaller custom instructions, and the execution cycles of the large custom instruction is greater than the sum of the execution cycles of the small custom instructions, the division can improve performance without signi.cant cost.


For instance, increasing the latency between the fetch logic and L1 instruction cache from one cycle to two can increase the average CPI by 12.6% for the microprocessor similar to Alpha 21264 in Table 1.

this impact has not yet been considered in physical design.


We found that 93% of In.niBand ports have a low probability of experiencing transient faults in one-hour periods.

a few ports (0.29%) experience high error rates of up to a hundred errors per hour.


The future work first will be the research of the effects to the accuracy by choosing different features, and we will also discuss the situation in low embed rate to improve the performance of the algorithm.

there is a point to discuss that if some characteristics of carrier will influence the accuracy of detection, like the language or SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).


One obvious method is to inject the fault into the node of the circuit and simulate the circuit for different input vectors and for different fault originating locations (nodes), in order to find whether the fault propagates [32].

this approach becomes intractable for larger circuits and larger number of inputs and thus Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


Traditionally, voltage scaling has been used to reduce both dynamic and leakage power in caches.

aggressive voltage reduction causes process-variation-induced failures in cache SRAM arrays, which compromise cache reliability.


When tuning, the Rochester and signature-based algorithms try the 2KB configuration before trying the 8KB.

the signature- size based algorithm sets the size to 8KB directly, avoid- ing half of the reconfigurations.


This means that any bridge bti can no longer be used for the routing of (pdj ,qdj)of dj due to the way the dies are ordered.

the complement bridges bfi can still be used for (pdj,qdj).


If the memory accesses are concentrated on and near the most recently used entries, the mechanism knows that the locality of reference is very high and there is room to decrease the number of ways activated to .t the current locality.

if the accesses are widely distributed from the most recently used entries to the least recently used ones, the mechanism understands that more ways are needed to improve the performance as long as the resources are available.


The majority of previous gradient-based statistical inference approaches employ the .at space approximation of the conjugate gradient [28][29] [30], based on the rationale that the minimization of functions on a Riemannian manifold is locally equivalent to the minimization on an Euclidian space (since every Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded in an Euclidean space).

as the statistical space is a curved manifold, most of the Euclidean space operations become unde.ned.


5.3 System-Level Effects of Low-Level Design Decisions At the microhotplate design level, using a controlled-current or a controlled-voltage source to drive the heater is an implementation detail, with circuit-level concerns typically deciding the choice of one over the other.

we found that such decisions could significantly impact system-level behavior, with integrated SystemC modeling of the MEMS device helping both to detect such behavior and to ensure optimal design.


proposed a line-paring scheme which divides the parallel MLC into read-fast-write-slow and write-fast-read-slow regions [17].

the parallel MLC [13] is sensitive to process variations and has poor reliability, while the series MLC structure [9] demonstrates overwhelming bene.ts in read and write reliability and great potential in commercial usage [10].


At the same time, the implementation of each application may be adhoc and proprietary.

if we implement the layer close to the low-level hardware or the device driver, only a small amount of dimming is achievable due to lack of context information however, in this case, the DLS can be transparent to each application program.


This is because it is essential to borrow time along the critical paths of pipeline stages to achieve better performance.

there is greater .exibility in time borrowing for low power as it can be done even in non-critical paths or stages.


Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) [11][15] exploits systemlevel workload variations in applications and scales the operating +  frequency and the supply voltage accordingly to reduce energy correction  dissipation, when the datapath is not fully loaded.

the performance requirements of its predefined frequency-voltage  pairs need to be met for a wide range of process, voltage, temperature, and delay variations.


We could have introduced additional symbolic variables to indicate input-error positions, and then performed one symbolic computation.

in spite of the fact that over 5000 symbolic executions of the EEC circuit are performed, it takes less than 30 seconds to consider all of the combinations.


For optical interconnects, this performance metric is constant as the increase in the number of multiplexed channels linearly increases the power and does not change the latency.

for the Cu and CNT technology, the compound metric increases at lower bandwidth density, and decreases at the higher values because of various competing factors: At low values, as bandwidth density increases, power dissipation reduces, but is compensated by an increase in the latency (Figure 5).


We employ GA algorithm to calculate the MSSC for the entire module in this paper.

gA algorithm is ine.cient to calculate MSSC for a large number of clusters.


On the one hand because they enable a system designer to fully exploit the hardware s capabilities: A lot of building blocks can be integrated, their interconnection for a speci.c application is performed adaptively by the network.

maybe the most important argument in favour of Networks-on-Chip is that the concept of interconnection architecture recon.guration is complementary to both hardware and software recon.guration in each building block.


As the evolutionary algorithm (EA) can be implemented in the same FPGA in case of these applications, a fast con.guration interface can be established connecting the con.guration memory of VRC with chromosomes of EA.

implementations of VRCs are relatively expensive in terms of gates used because interconnection circuits of VRCs are based on area-expensive multiplexers.


Because On-VR doesn t need to decrease its switching frequency, the PCE can stay around 90%.

given VoIo 90% × IinVin in On-VR, the output current of Off-VR, Iin,is very low, which renders the the Off-VR less ef.cient.


We found that for any single metric the instrumentation did not signi.cantly perturb program execution.

if we collect all the metrics in a single run it substantially perturbs the run.


The method is called slant routing while routing as shown in Figure 1 and 2 is called square routing.

people would say, it is not a solution; it is out of the presumed world (too much a trick of Christopher Columbus s Egg).


AAPPROXIMATEE CUSTOM INSSTRUCTION As mentioneed before, the extended ISAA is used to reeduce thee runtime of tthe applicationn.

i t is possible tthat a caandidate CI mmeets all constrraint instead oof the propaggation deelay.


This solution is feasible for macroscopic sensor arrays, since the array size is limited at this level.

this method is not scalable to larger integrated systems with hundreds to thousands of sensors because the wire count is directly proportional to both the number of sensors on chip and the resolution of the ADC.


In the presence of VIs, not only can cores run on optimal voltages with minimal overhead to reduce chip power dissipation, but the onchip interconnection network can also exploit VIs to reduce communication power.

vIs complicate the problem of NoC synthesis, requiring designers to revisit the problems of VI partitioning, core to die mapping, and routing path allocation so that both computation and communication power can be minimized.


Redundant link insertion to minimize open defect is another technique proposed in [29].

these works have a few drawbacks: (a) one single defect size is considered, rather than a defect size distribution [26], [27], (b) the trade-off between open and short defects due to .xed routing area is ignored [26], [27], [29] [31], (c) localized/greedy optimization is performed, which may be suboptimal [29], [30], [32] [34], (d) wire adjacency information is not available for accurate critical area estimation [28], [35].


Section 3 briefly reviews how selective can eliminate almost all the leakage power of the parts in cache ways and gated-Vdd schemes work since they are power-down mode.

the power of the active used as the underlying thermal-unaware cache parts is still kept the same (high-leakage).


Both Ramamoorthy, Chandy, and Gonzalez, and Chou and Chung use superior relationships within an enumerative basic block scheduler to improve performance.

neither present the work as an iterative transformation which is applied prior to scheduling.


The enumeration algorithm then can pick the k/m- feasible cut with minimum height for every node.

such an algorithm is impractical to use due to the high complexity of exhaustive cut enumeration for large k. In theory, the number of k- cuts in a cone of node s is in the order of O(nk).


Researchers have also explored various strategies to provide QoS in multicores [31, 32, 33, 34].

most prior studies have focused on the management of a single resource and have not considered multi-resource partitioning in multicores.


The steady-state thermal analysis algorithms used in ISAC have been validated in previous work [12].


This property is usually modeled as a random variable due to the randomness in manufacturing processes.

it is also affected by the design of the circuit.


As a result, number of skipped rows increases due to Theorem 2 (Figure 9).

when there is less empty area on the FPGA, the number of skipped columns increases due to Theorem 3 (Figure 10).


Such an error is injected randomly at any time instant.

to obtain the effect of the error on a particular transaction we ensure that the error is injected during the required transaction in the bus.


For this work, we used the .rst hits from a Google search; we did not select for accuracy.

we listened to ex 1In previous work on transcribing multiparty meetings, we found that a one hour meeting could take upwards of 20 hours for a human to transcribe and there is no reason to think that a sitcom would be qualitatively di.erent.


Only MNA can correctly describe inductances without a singular stamping.

mNA is not symmetric and positive de.nite when stamping inverseinductance.


This work was supported in part by DARPA contract MDA904-98-R-S855.

the scaling of process technologies makes the construction of custom solutions increasingly dif.cult due to the increasing complexity of the desired devices.


Thehardware must also respect regionboundaries(as enforced by memoryfences), andit additionallydetects con.icting accesses tothesame memorylocation(i.e.,accesses whereatleast oneisa write)from concurrently executing regions.Ifsuch a region con.ict is detected, the hardware throws a memory-model exception and the detected con.ict is a witness to a data race in the source program.

if there are no region con.icts, then the executionis region-serializable  equivalent to an executionin which each regionis executed atomicallyin someglobal sequential order consistent with the per-thread order of regions and hence SC.


The DF filter requires the adder to have as many operands as the number of filter taps and it gives rise to very long propagation delays.

tDF structure forms a short critical path, but it has a drawback in that it needs many registers.


For the predictor we use a conservative prediction distance of 8.5ms to account for possible noise in reality.

our predictor is capable of providing appreciable prediction with higher prediction distances as it is shown in section 3.1.


The proposed solution is fundamentally di.erent from [7, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19] in that mapping is no longer done prior to routing but instead during it.

we compare UMARS only to [7], and a more extensive comparison with traditional algorithms [11, 12, 17, 18, 19] is of value.


These experiments were made considering a 1Kbyte cache, which is the minimum con.guration size allowed, sometimes leading to excelent cache hit ratios.

we don t need very high cache hit ratios (greater than 95%), as this is later achieved by the compression, suggesting that the cache turned out to be oversized.


In folding cycle 1, since there are few connections between C and D, they may be placed far apart.

such a placement would not be good for folding cycle 2 in which C and D communicate a lot.


3.3.7 BoundingBoxUpdate In the serial VPR program, bounding box update is done incrementally(except when neededto eliminate round-off error) as partof theswap costevaluationfunction.

intheparallel program, each thread calculatesitsincrementalbounding boxcost based onstaledatawhich containsimprecisedataabout allblocks that are not located within its private region.


To improve this, a naïve approach would be to compute the optimal locations of the TSVs that can result in the minimum temperature during each iteration of placement.

it will result in an optimization-in-theloop with significant runtime overhead.


11-21% area overhead compared to the regular design.

the HL methodology utilizes existing mapping and place/route the HL designs utilize on average 17% less area than the MTCMOS tools, and handles memory elements without additional routing overdesigns.


From this equation, it is obvious that our approach requires no squaring circuit.

equation (2) includes one multiplication.


This is because the number of blocks which are written to peer caches is reduced when the LACS scheme is applied.

the performance loss over the RACSno decay scheme is small because the LACS scheme can write an evicted block to one of the peer caches in most cases.


Buffering strategies, routing algorithms and arbitration policies are router structural parameters.

switching mode and physical channel allocation reflect the way data transmission occurs between routers.


In the university where the authors of this paper work, the approach is a combination of general description and lowlevel programming, while in other universities the approach may focus more on performance, or other details depending on the textbook taken for the computer I/O subsystem topic.

this paper is not related to how the computer I/O subsystem topic is taught, but how it is acquired by the students.


Key to designing variation-tolerant systems is the availability of accurate and ef.cient analysis tools that predict the impact of variations on design metrics, such as the system-level power consumption.

this area has not received much attention.


Figure 1(a) illustrates an execution of this implementation.

in this execution, there are steps of qduring the operation of p;so pis allowed to abort, and in fact, it returns .. there are no steps of pduring q s operation, and so q s operation cannot abort (and in fact, it returns loser ).


When compared to H-4x1A{1,2,3}D buses, an electrical bus with support for an equal number of snoop requests per bus cycle (four) exhibits comparable power consumption and active device area, but a 50% increase in metal area overhead.

an electrical baseline with support for half as many snoop requests per bus cycle adds up to similar area and power characteristics as the opto-electrical counterparts.


From a strictly cryptographic perspective, stage 4 could be combined with stage 2, reducing the total number of message .ows.

this is a protocol for smart cards, and it must .t into the existing standard for smart card commands [19] and use the GET CHALLENGE and EXTERNAL AUTHENTICATE commands.


Hence, slack allocation based on Equation (18) is no longer opti mal.

it is still a good heuristic as shown later through experimental results for distributed systems.


Listing 1: The most useful combinations of adders and other logic in 1 LUT / bit always @* begin // Adder/subtracter if (x 2) result addsub = x0 - x1 ; else result addsub = x0 + x1; // 2-to -1 multiplexer and adder if (x3) result addmux = x0 + x1; else result addmux = x0 + x2 ; end Listing 2: Examples of other useful combinations of adders and other logic in 1 LUT / bit always @* begin // Using MULT AND to disable // the carry-chain if (x0) result multand = x1 + x2; else result multand = x1 | x2 ; // Adder combined with bit -wise or // of 3 inputs .

result or = x0 + (x1 | x2 | x3 ); end in some situations a designer may be better o. using another structure allowed by equation 4.


The macromodel with monitored temperature estimates .Dmax that closely follows the STA result.

the estimation error using the macromodel but assuming worst-case temperature can be as large as 20%.


In this case, the learning problem can be viewed as choosing the best model for the given data [1].

due to incomplete information, the best model may not be good enough.


Most inner transactions are short, hence lazy merging at commit does not become a bottleneck.

several applications bene.t signi.cantly from the reduced cost of con.icts compared to .attening.


Statistical methods seem to have the best overall performance.

computational requirements and the need of a training corpus may difficult their application [3].


Herein, we assume that the data is already transferred form frame memory to local memory.

the data is input from alinebu.er that stores boundary pixels in adjacent blocks when intra prediction is performed.


The GBA is pessimistic; i.e., the timing calculation is conservative.

during sign-off more accurate timing tools, which make use of path-based analysis (PBA), are used.


By default, there is one I/O agent per computing task.

the user may restrict the allocation of I/O agents to speci.c nodes if desired.


As shown in Table 1, all the PiCode images with dimen sion 29 × 29 modules can be decoded at a BER below 1.25% using ZXing s algorithm, and at ~0% BER (i.e., 0 error out of the 500 samples) with the proposed algorithm.

for high capacity PiCode with 45 × 45 modules, the BERs of ZXing s approach are near 50%.


For example, when Qf =0.01, almost 4% loss can be obtained for Pe =0.1, compared with Pe = 0.

intuitively, the number of samples 2m a.ects the values of Pe, the more samples, the smaller the value of Pe.


2Please note that the right hand side of Equation (16) is not a linear function of variables Hj , Mi,j ,and Di,j .

xpress-MP [17] allows the target function to contain products of up to two variables.


W has a minus sign when it is smaller than NFFT/2 samples.

if W is bigger than NFFT/2 samples, it will have a plus sign.


Of the search methods compared, dynamic programming both .nds fast WHT formulas and times relatively few formulas.

we have also shown that dynamic programming can perform poorly if it chooses a poor formula for one of the smaller sizes.


It is possible that combining the decompositions from R1 and R2 may affect the combination of the decompositions from R2 and R3, and thus it is indirect.

as the following theorem shows, when the W is large enough, the combinations is local enough.


A trusted timer (Low) is used to control the execution of untrusted components.

the Master state (trusted, labeled with Low, enforced tagged) sets up a timer and transits to the Slave state (also trusted, Low), which falls into its child state (potentially untrusted, dynamic tagged) and executes the computation logic.


When |e|=Dij , then skew (vi 2 {Dij rc·Dij r·Dij ·CTi t (sr,sl)=t(vi,sr)-t(vj,sl)+(+ ) skew 2 Wu rc·D2 Dij ij r·Dij ·CTi t (sr,sl)=t(vi,svj,sl)+( 2 + Wl ) skew r)-t( Suppose that the skew permissible range for sr and sl is [LPRrl,UPRrl] and let M0 =[t0 (sr,sl)+ skew skewDij Dij Dij t 0 sr,sl)]/2, M =[t (sr,sl)+t (sr,sl)]/2, and skew(skew skewskewMPR =[LPRrl +UPRrl]/2.

mPR is the center of the permissible range, M0 Dij )is the center of the skew skew (Mskewrange when z =0(z = Dij ).


(3) s is always executed irrespective of the evaluation of c. (4) s belongs to the same basic block as a statement s ' from (1) or(2)and consequentlyexecutionof s ' ensures theexecution of s.  Statementcoverageofabranch conditionis de.nedinawaythat it closely approximates the statement coverage of a test that causes the conditiontoevaluateto true.Ourcoverage analysis ensuresthat the coverage reported by our technique is an under-approximation or a conservative estimate of the test coverage reported by a simulator.

if a statement is reported as covered by our technique, it must be reported as covered by the simulator as well, while the converse may or may not be true.


De.nition 3 [Coverage Hole in RTL Spec: ] A coverage hole in the RTL speci.cation is a property RH over APn, such that (RARH):A, and there exists no property, Rc, over APnsuch that Rcis weaker than RH H H c and (RARH):A.

this is the weakest property that suf.ces to close the coverage hole.


Similarly, return types of methods should be abstract types, etc.

the examples introduced later on make use of our own primitive object types , all de.ned with corresponding interfaces (e.g., String and StringImpl).


(2) To capture such potentials in a practical setting, we also perform a scheduler design space exploration to quantify the impact of different design decisions.

by selectively applying task grouping and ordering, we show that proper grouping alone brings up to 2.23x speedup over a random schedule, using a good ordering gives up to 1.17x additional speedup, and applying grouping and ordering across multiple cache levels gives up to 1.52x speedup over a single-level schedule.


However, a smaller memory block often negatively affects robustness because, given a .xed refresh interval and a .xed region size, more blocks in a region increases the required number of writes to trigger a new security refresh round.

the frequency of generating a new random key is reduced.


2Available for download at http://perform.wpi.edu/ downloads/#cubic Evaluation of our ns-3 CUBIC veri.es the implementation, and comparisons with Linux measurements provide validation.

the ns-3 implementation produces a CUBIC-like cwnd growth pattern which is critical for modern TCP implementations to e.ectivley utilize available network capacities.


Therefore, say the transmission data has 8bit(here we denote the data as TxD), data transmission can be started at 4×TxD away from the top of the code (the spreading code for data transmission), and go back to the top of the code when the shift position reaches the end.

all the 1024 chips are sent by starting somewhere in the code of 1024 chips and coming back to the start point.


In this paper, we revisit the network onchip (NoC) mapping problem in light of this expected trend.

we leverage the use of onchip replicated specialized modules to minimize traffic and hence to reduce the power consumed by the NoC.


BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS To calculate both overheads and parallelism coe.cients a cycle-accurate simulation of the timing behavior of a given architecture is necessary.

for each instruction .k actually executed, three quantities must be determined: the starting time tin(.k),  the ending time tout(.k),  the nominal execution time n(.k).


Column SMBu.s (red .%) shows the percentage of buffers saved compared with the unconditional scheme [6] used in industry for several years that must use the tightest target cycle time t0 for the whole circuit.

the number of slack matching buffers is reduced by as much as 73% with an average of 33% and medan of 31%.


ASR estimates the cost of increasing the replication level by estimating the utilization of soon-to-be-evicted L2 cache blocks.

these are the unique L2 blocks that would exist off-chip if replication was increased.


The purpose of this paper is to discuss an experimental investigation of the hypervisor-based task-level redundancy.

we investigated on the behavior of the proposed architecture when the processor internal memory elements are affected by Single Event Upsets (SEUs) [10].


Finally, the divider produces the exponent u of CWmin.

cWmin is power of the persistent factor (PF) and CWmin = PFu.


Slack is valuable in understanding which parts of the circuit are most critical.

the last arriving input is critical for .ring agiven node and this input has zero slack.


In this paper we present an architecture-level synthesis solution to support automatic pipelining of on-chip interconnects.

we extend the recently proposed Regular Distributed Register (RDR) micro-architecture to support interconnect pipelining.


While EMR of a switch only drops its associated wavelength, RMRs are labeled with their respective resonant wavelength modes.


The thick green arrows show the longest path in Fig 11, which determines the largest span from the right to the left.

if the longest path is less than the chip image width, all gates and islands in the graph can be placed within the chip.


Besides, the location of mismatched cells is another impact factor in determining the match delay.

in the MAML design, the length of ML pull-down path varies with the location of mismatched cell.


MEASUREMENT RESULTS Correct operation of this circuit was verified through measurement.

an nMOS current mirror that uses the adaptive bias technique presented in Figure 5 was fabricated and tested.


With its fast operation and low overhead, our memory is suitable for on-chip caches.

our SRAM provides single-cycle latency read and write operations, if decoding is pipelined, while avoiding the shortcomings of previous energy recovering approaches.


However, the transition numbers extracted from 12 SPEC2000 benchmark programs reveals that the pair combinations is far less than 10000 in most cases, as shown in Table 2.

the number of transition pattern, which are used during programs execution, is far less than the number of all possible transition samples.


For non-Gaussian CNT diameter distributions, (4.2) can be used to find a similar guideline for cm.

the value (or range) of cm must be chosen such that the tail probability of [1 Fmd(cm)] is on the order of 1/104 = 10-4, assuming 104 is the targeted Ion /Ioff ratio.


There are two variations of reuse based attacks: Flush-Reload Attack [6]: The attacker and the victim process may share some address space.

securitycritical data such as the lookup tables can be shared through a shared library.


Indeed, in order to obtain full bene.t of the aforementioned energy-e.cient techniques, it is crucial to have agood characterization of servers in the datacenter, as a function of the utilization of the server s components.

it is necessary to know and understand the energy and power consumption of servers and how this changes under the di.erent con.gurations.


On the other hand, the model can also be parameterized to simplify it even further, without harming its accuracy significantly.

the size of nets existing in many FPGA routing architectures, seem to follow a semi-linear pattern of variation.


To .x the violation, the algorithm increases r(E) by 1.

the register on edge (E, A) is moved ahead to increase t(B).


3.4 ZCA Cache and the Memory Hierarchy Many design options can be considered.

one may use a complete hierarchy of ZCA caches using increasing sizes.


In this paper, we use sequential statistical techniques and model checking to verify properties of analog circuits in both the temporal and the frequency domain.

randomly sampled system traces are sequentially generated by SPICE and passed to a trace checker to determine whether they satisfy a given speci.cation, until the desired statistical strength is achieved.


So we could ap N f proximate NPpnasfor every detecting pattern.

we N f assume the detection probability Ppn(p)of a fault fto be the same for each of its detecting patterns.


3.4 Met ast abilit y Avoidance A fundamental challenge in counter.ow pipelining is to handle metastability, which can result when a pipeline stage receives a data token and an anti-token nearly simultaneously.

if the data token arrives .rst, the stage is supposed to process it; if the antitoken arrives .rst, the data token must be destroyed; however, if both arrive close together, the stage s control may become metastable.


2.1 Heat Source and Thermal Properties The heat source g(x, t) is allowed to both produce (additive source) and withdraw (sink) heat2, and we model it by a continuous space-time Gaussian stochastic process, which is periodic and bandlimited over space, and which is bandlimited over time.

g(x, t)is given by: M M g0(t) g(x, t)= v + (gm(t)cos(.mx)+ gm+M (t)sin(.mx)) 2 m=1 (1) where M + 1 is the number of harmonics (spatial bandwidth of 2M +1), .m = mp , m =0 (thus the fundamental spatial L period is 2L, which is equal to the length of the ring), and {gm(t)}2M is a set of 2M + 1 continuous-time real wide m=0 sense stationary (WSS) Gaussian stochastic processes with zero mean and which are assumed to be independent, that is, the cross-correlation Rgm1 gm2 (.


Here h(C) represents the minimum number of bits, on average, required to specify C after each assembly process, among all possible con.gurations.

suppose that after each decoder is assembled its con.guration, C, is recorded in binary using a predetermined encoding scheme.


In particular we have examined the following mechanisms: SECDED Hamming Code [15][16]: ECC is one of the most popular error mitigation mechanisms implemented in hardware and it is widely used in industry.

a memory code is generated for each memory word write access, i.e.


Moreover, there is no need for in-sequence data delivery.

it is not important which encoded packets a node receives.


Instead of developing new face detection algorithms speci.cally for .sheye images, we properly pre-process the .sheye image and leverage existing face detection tools.

we perform an o.ine camera calibration process to obtain the camera model, with which we can e.ectively rectify a .sheye image into a planar one to .x the radial distortion.


Keeping Track of Trigger Instructions As mentioned in the previous section, a trigger instruction of a cache block is de.ned as a load/store instruction that makes the block loaded into the cache.

it is an instruction that accesses the block for the .rst time during its lifetime.


The second term is called the deviation term.

it quanti.es the deviation in the number of cacheable entities across all the partitions induced by the set of index bits S. the .rst and second terms measure the extents of capacity and con.ict misses respectively.


Using Speculative Computation and Parallelizing techniques to improve Scheduling of Control based Designs Roberto Cordone Fabrizio Ferrandi# Gianluca Palermo# Marco D. Santambrogio# Donatella Sciuto# Universit`a Statale di Milano -DTI #Politecnico di Milano -DEI via Bramante, 65 pza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 26013, Crema, ITALY 20133, MILANO, ITALY Tel: +39-0373-898-054 Tel: +39-02-2399-3479 Fax: +39-0373-898-010 Fax: +39-02-2399-3411 e-mail: cordone@dti.unimi.it e-mail: {ferrandi gpalermo santambr sciuto}@elet.polimi.it November 18, 2005 ABSTRACT Recent research results have seen the application of parallelizing techniques to high-level synthesis.

the effect of speculative code transformations on mixed control-data .ow designs has demonstrated effective results on schedule lengths.


3, when the random samples arrive sequentially, they will be counted according to its signal value.

each register will hold a counter value of how many arriving samples fall in its value range.


If an LUT drives an FF within the same LC, the sequential output can still drive other FFs either within the same cluster (through local routing) or in other clusters (through global routing).


guitar), but not the instrument itself (a real wooden guitar and a MIDI-guitarsound).

the template has to be made .tting for the sound.


Toward this end, in this study, we developed a system for collecting disaster information using ground-based sensors through a weather balloon (Fig.2) that would then transmit the information to the command headquarters.

we developed a widearea sensor network using a weather balloon (Fig.2).


Because subnetworks are disconnected, their representative vertices are also disconnected.

there is no path between any pair of representative vertices.


6.1 Recharge Rate Because all three of our sensors rely on a intermittent solar cell based power supply, all three are limited to the recharge rate provided by the solar cell for any measurements or event detection.

the maximum sample rate of the sensor is capped by the maximum recharge rate.


the ability to mask and the deleterious e.ect on runtime.

larger F results in more immunity to attack but also larger runtime.


The current DNS codebase utilizes many .le I/O, which has required signi.cant overhead.

commands to list .les (ls) can require several minutes to return, and removing millions of .les (using rm) can take hours.


We make the observation that intelligent thread management can be used to provide this additional control.

we use a previously developed performance technique to prevent L2 cache misses from one or more threads from hoarding machine resources and 108 108 108 # of Occurrences # of Occurrences # of Occurrences # of Occurrences # of Occurrences # of Occurrences 106 104 102 106 104 102 106 104 102 100 100 100 then periodically releasing a subset, a scenario that results in bursts of Power (Watts) Power (Watts) Power (Watts) activity at resonance.


To resolve this limitation, we develop a second yield-aware power-down scheme that disables a subset of rows in all ways.

we effectively turn off a horizontal way, instead of a regular (vertical) way.


Moreover, to prevent polling activity from injecting interfering traf.c on the interconnect, we distribute noti.cation and release .ags so that each processor does busy waiting on a private, local memory cell.

we leverage the multi-banking feature of oncluster TCDMs to make sure that each slave directs its polling transactions to a different memory bank.


It is complementary to other approaches to improve Tor performance.

the priority scheduling proposed by Tang and Goldberg [10] is currently part of the Tor code base and is included in the baseline performance in our analysis.


In general, it is easy to randomly .ll the unspeci.ed bits in a PDF pattern .rst, and then select the most e.ective ones by grading the resulting patterns based on their noise effects.

we would be able to select the pattern that increases multiple noise e.ects.


C. Putting All Together: Set-Associative Caches The ETP of a memory operation accessing to a S · W set-associative cache with random placement and replacement policies is the combination of the ETPs of both policies.

the random placement will allocate memory objects into the S sets with a probability of 1/S while the random replacement policy will evict a way to allocate a new fetched cache line with a probability of 1/W .


Second, by identifying the physical sources for model components, arti.cial dependencies and complexity are avoided.

iss is independent of Vdd and should not be modeled using a 3D or 4D LUT.


The processor traverses the q subtrees in the order determined by ~r~[i] (lines 48-51), but it tra-verses within a subtree only if the corresponding bit in the progress tree is not set (line 44).

each pro- cessor PID traverses its progress tree in a post-order fashion using the q-ary digits of its PID and the permutations in qJ to establish the order of the subtree traversals, except that when the messages from other processors are received, the progress tree of processor PID is potentially pruned based on the progress of other processors.


If we take other choices, the resultant G- would be different.

we can control the generation of a single-sequence with a horizontal symmetry topology by choosing these numbers.


In this paper, we attempt to better understand Slipstream s fault tolerance, conjecturing for the first time that the mixture of partial duplication and confident predictions actually closely approximates the coverage of full duplication.

the contributions of this paper are as follows.


Techniques based on scan chain manipulation (e.g., [3]) are very effective in reducing shift power, but usually do not help in reducing capture power.

the scan chain segmentation technique is widely utilized in the industry due to the fact that it is easy to implement and highly effective in reducing shift power.


Figure 7 shows that the increase is of the order of 30-35% and not 43%, which may be attributed to lower density.

logic transistor density improvement of 2X between technologies is not achieved in practice, resulting in lower active capacitance density.


Our automated methods also explore the ef.ciency of various NVM technologies for checkpointing purposes.

we evaluate and compare the checkpointing s performance on Flash memory, phase-change memory (PCM) and Spin-transfer-torque memory (STTM).


4.1 Hardware Design We propose a basic hardware module called the intensity evaluation cell to compute ri,ml , .i,ml,m * and .i,ml,m * for a data point oi and a dimension m ' following the hyperrecursive intensity evaluation strategy discussed in the previous section.

an intensity evaluation cell does not provide the intensity value directly, but it collects statistical information from data so that the intensity value can easily be computed.


In practice, almost all systems of interest for model reduction are non-ideal and contain some loss.


However, when variation is high, the impact of device aging on leakage variation is much larger than that in the regular variation case.

when variation scale becomes larger, there is a larger impact of device aging on leakage variation.


Adaptive Thermal Management for Portable System Batteries by Forced Convection Cooling E:QingDropboxWork_In_Progressfan.png Qing Xie, Siyu Yue, and Massoud Pedram  Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, United States, 90089 {xqing, siyuyue, pedram}@usc.edu Donghwa Shin, and Naehyuck Chang Department of EECS/CSE Soule National University Soule, Korea, 151-747 {dhshin, naehyuck}@elpl.snu.ac.kr  Abstract Cycle life of a battery largely varies according to the battery operating conditions, especially the battery temperature.

batteries age much faster at high temperature.


Therefore, a cache sharing technique may interfere with opportunities for leakage energy savings by reducing the length of dead time intervals.

the following two cases may Figure 3: Distributions of dead time intervals.


The available number of cluster pins is bounded by the cluster size and the maximum available pins in each cluster in the architecture.

if j is the number of pins which can be used, then k +1 j 3n + 2 , since the == minimum number of pins is k+1 (k is the LE size) and the maximum number of pins is 2n+2+n = (3n+2).


While such structures can alleviate traditional variability mechanisms, it should be noted that new sources of variability might also be introduced.

the body or fin thickness dimension must be sufficiently thin and strictly controlled to achieve a net improvement in variability.


Since a higher vthprocess ao  has a higher a, as shown in Table 1, a higher vthprocess gets less ao switching power saving from pipelining.

the optimal logic depth N.is given by: 1b1a1b1b1 N. (+-) (9) 4bo aobobo The equation indicates that the capacitance ratio of a timing ele ment and an FO4 inverter bis positively correlated to N..bo larger timing element parasitics lead to less deep pipelining.


Therefore, the ssm_unlock is always executed immediately and successfully.

any thread/process can unlock the address through ssm_unlock.


This transformation does not change the equivalence of the entire circuit to the identity.

if g1 ·g2 ····· -1 gk-1 ·gk = I (Identity), then g ·g1 ·g2 ·····gk-1 ·gk ·g1 = 1 -1 -1 g ·I ·g1 = g1 ·g1 = I.


One of the main reasons which limits interlayer liquid cooling technology is the lack of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools that can provide IC designers with e.cient simulation of thermal behavior of ICs cooled using microchannel heat sinks.

this situation becomes a major bottleneck for the development of thermal-aware design and run-time approaches for liquid cooled 3D ICs.


Further, by A2, lastgal, con-tains v' at time t. So, when p reads lastValv and obtains val (Line 5), it knows that val must be either v' or some later value of (9.

val is a valid value for p's LL procedure to return.


The HEES system with the proposed algorithm can achieve higher overall cycle efficiency than that of the homogeneous EES system because of the near-optimal choice of CTI voltage, charging/discharging currents and high cycle efficiency of the supercapacitor bank.

the HEES system needs less input energy to support the same load demand and thereby further reduce the SoC swing and average SoC level of the battery array.


In addition, SWSL requires no pro.ler because it generates hardware logic for the whole lookup pipeline.

sWSL can be considered as a SWSL chip generator of lookup engines [33].


Actually, all servers could do this in real-time, respected some Internet constraints.

the system as a whole could keep tracking of positions and orientations of all objects (virtual and real versions), respected some constraints.


This paper presented CGTA, an accurate and efficient current-based cell timing analyzer which overcomes the aforementioned shortcoming.

cGTA uses a compact table lookup whereby the output current gain (sensitivity) of a logic cell is precharacterized as a function of its input voltage and output load.


As a compromise, in this work, we use CNT to complement with, instead of replace, existing metal wires to implement wordlines/bit-lines in digital memories.

we propose a simple hybrid word-line/bit-line structure, where a metal wire and a CNT bundle form a parallel word-line/bit-line and the metal wire and CNT bundle have good contact at the two ends.


mod ibS , or equivalently, i. MS dimod i=0,id/ bS d =0 .

i.DS.0 should be the only integer point in DS whose image is 0.


In our way-halting cache, that output line should be ANDed by the results of the halt tag array comparison for that row.

only if the low-order four bits match should the cache continue to access the main tag array and the data array; if the halt tag was a mismatch, the output line should not go high.


[5] have successfully demonstrated the automation of abstraction and refinement in the context of model checking for safety properties of hardware and software systems.

these approaches create a smaller abstract transition system from the underlying concrete transition system and iteratively refine it with the spurious counterexamples produced by the model checker.


Although SCW is implemented for reducing power, we use a similar method for improving yield.

the YAPD technique disables cache ways based on their delay and power consumptions.


Also, each state variable can be updated by only one of the four cases: Vnavigate, Vi, Vcast, and Vreset are pairwise disjoint.

at each time step, each state variable is controlled by exactly one component.


Then the new data sample is classi.ed to the class with the highest amount of votes from the selected electrodes.

the nearest neighbor is semisupervised and the performance of each electrode (referred as a feature) will be evaluated against the label information.


This observation allows .le allocations to be organised so as to achieve product-forms, facilitating simple quantitative analysis.

since the number of free input probabilities is n(n- 1) - n(n- 2) = n, which is the number of inputs that do not fork, one strategy is to choose the non-forking input probabilities in any way desired, for example proportional to the rates of the corresponding disk drives.


Likewise, we employ a fast mode of RegularRoute with restricted solution space instead of trying to generate the optimized solution.

each global segment is allowed to try fewer regular routing shapes.


TFETs enable 10X speed improvement at ultra-low voltages (e.g., 250 mV or lower), compared to MOSFETs.

operation in the MHz range is allowed even for voltages in the order of 200-250 mV, which makes TFETs very well suited for applications where energy is crucial and low performance is tolerable (e.g., biomedical and implantable systems, sensor nodes).


( z a/E2si )2 n0 = (20) 3.3 Error Bound In order to choose a meaningful error bound Efor use in (20), recall that our intent is to approximate the variance of every node voltage as follows: s2 Sr¯i (21) Vi Let d be a small positive number, 0 <d<1.

it makes sense to aim to achieve a user-de.ned error bound on sde.ned relative Vi to the supply voltage, Vdd, as follows:  sVi -Sr¯i =dVdd (22) we want to .nd E(to be used in (20)) as a function of din order for the following to be true:  |r¯i -µi|<E =.


Assume the RESET current is a for this line and all ECP bits are allocated to rescue dormant cells.


However, the optimality condition does not hold when the input DFG is a representation of a computation within a loop body.

this approach does not optimally minimize data transitions in cyclic execution, i.e., inter-iteration switched capacitance is not minimized.


The mutation explores around existing solutions to improvethemby altering thearchitecture or the techniques to be applied.

it randomly selects an element of the encoding with a uniform probability.


Besides, VMGR can obtain signi.cantly less wirelength, smaller critical path delay, and smaller average net delay than the previous works.

vMF is general and thus can readily apply to other problems.


This occurs because of the data access pattern of such applications.

the access pattern of those applications Even against this highly-optimized version we achieve 14.7% energy savings on the average when considering all codes in our benchmark suite.


BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS WORK Figure 1 shows the organization of a typical digital LCD subsystem.

the graphic controller, which contains the frame bu.er transmits to the LCD control ler, through a digital interface, the pixel data.


Analyzing this predicate with an e.ect system [2, 9] reveals that it inherits its e.ect from the components of its argument, so it is not pure.

for purity it is not su.cient to scrutinize the de.nition of the predicate for operations that may crash or may not terminate.


Because the Iinv function is monotonic, its inverses are also functions.

we de.ne ininv(Vout,Iout)to be the input voltage to the inverter such that if the output voltage is Vout, then the output current will be Iout.In other words: Iinv(ininv(Vout,Iout),Vout)= Iout (3) We now assume that all forward inverters have the same transfer function and that all cross-coupling inverters have the same transfer function.


Self-stabilization is the ability of the system to recover from an unbounded number of arbitrary transient faults [3].

once transient faults cease, the system will resume normal operation within a bounded stabilization time.


Parameters and channels We assume that the blind via technology is used.

a break-out pad will disappear in the following routing layers.


Measurements of the MICA2 in different power states [5], and the impact of the Shake n Wake board upon the amount of time spent in each power state, indicate that for the ACM structural integrity monitoring application, the combined long-term average power consumption of the MICA2 processor radio board, the MDA300 data acquisition board, the Shake n Wake board, and the sensors will be reduced from 29.8 mW to 121.8 .W by using the Shake n Wake implementation of lucid dreaming, i.e., battery life will be increased from 10.91 days to seven years.

battery life will be limited only by the shelf life of the batteries.


A single-term function is a logic function which has only one minterm or only one maxterm.

the truth table for a single-term function, F, has only one row with F = 1, or only one row with F = 0.


The difference between them is that, in the .rst one we predict, for each application, the last-use in such a way that it includes the last-uses of 100% of the total object words.

we use the longest last-use time of all objects.


13x4 = 52 ms), we take the beat information from the window-switching and adjust the beat information accordingly.

the window-switching method always has priority.


However, while UDP decoding is basically identical for each application, the FAST protocol is much more generic and flexible.

each feed handler can define own templates and PMAPs, which makes a comprehensive hardware implementation using FSM based logic unfeasible.


Percentage of Total L3 Cache Leakage Power 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Workload Figure 8: Cache leakage energy of way prioritiza variation can have signi.cant in.uence on the cache leakage pro.le.

equal areas of the cache may have leakage factors that di.er by more than an order of magnitude.


In this paper, we present a compiler-assisted hybrid cache organization.

our compiler techniques assist in data access classi.cation.


Figure 2: Proof of Planarity In Con.ict Graph, we create one node for each pattern on one layer in the layout and one edge in between two nodes if the minimum Manhattan distance between two corresponding patterns is less than two times the minimum feature size.

we use Manhattan distance as the metric for DPL con.ict.


In Section 4 we discuss our experience in model checking the protocol.

we outline a subtle corner case detected by the model checker.


T -1 MC · S · (log P - A ·T) g g = 0(37) can be substantially different.

the accuracy of = 2 · A {logPg,q MC; q = 1, 2, , Q} associated with different scaling factors {sq; q = 1, 2, , Q} can be different, because the scaled failure rates {Pg,q; q = 1, 2, , Q} strongly depend on the scaling factors.


While it does not systematically outperform the best .xed threshold on a per benchmark basis, it outperforms the best .xed update threshold in average for the whole set of traces.

dynamic threshold .tting appears to adapt the update threshold to the aliasing ratio through the following scenario.


Therefore, as far as the inequality (3) is satisfied, low power consumption can be achieved by substituting single-rail static circuits for dual-rail dynamic circuits, yet performance enhancement by the overlapped partial remainder computation is still maintained.

except for the three most-significant-digit part of the partial remainder to determine the quotient digit, the rest of the RSD adders can be implemented with single-rail static circuits, which results in power reduction.


The components of this matrix are easy to obtain using the de.nition of the stochastic process {Qn}.

for obtaining the i-row of P we apply one iteration of the stochastic process using an initial load of one unit in j.


At any point in time, the sender may pick the public key that corresponds to the desired data lifetime, use it to encrypt the time-limited data, and transmit the abortive measures must be taken.

critical data (such as encryption keys and DH key contributions), which may be present on a device, must be securely deleted.


Thermals and Performance Benefits of Stacking Stacking memory with the CPU has the benefit of providing a high bandwidth path to a large last level cache which reduces the off-die bandwidth requirements significantly as well as provide CPU performance benefits and lower overall power.

666 simulations of the addition of 32-64 MB cache to the CPU result in a 3x reduction in off-die memory BW while simultaneously providing a 15% performance and 15% reduction in power[5].


Afterwards, the truth table is modi.ed, i.e.

the former garbage output at line lg is replaced by a constant   1the cone of in.uence of the garbage output line lg is considered.


The reason is that symbioticjob schedulingisless effective and oflessinterestfor multithreaded workloads.

threads in a multi-threaded workload that communicate frequently are preferably co-scheduled on a multithreadedprocessorin orderto reduce synchronization and communication overhead.the realbene.t of symbioticjob scheduling isinco-scheduling unrelatedjobs.Inaddition,sequential programs will continue to be an important class of workloads which motivatesfurther research towards more effective symbiotic jobscheduling.


It is interesting to note that with more than 26 support vectors (higher model complexity) there is little agreement between learned models.

above 26 the model is unstable in the sense that a small change in complexity results in a large change in how the model determines the potential speedpaths.


When combined with the hardware module, full fault detection against control flow errors should be achieved.

the software-based technique ensures the correct decision while the hardware module ensures the flow is correct.


In contrast, our approach shows how one could use the FPGAs in the emulation engine itself to perform more rapidly the intra-FPGA placement.

as long as the emulation engine has 400 or more FPGAs, we can use that collection of FPGAs to place each single FPGA quickly.


We see that the coef.cient corresponding to Capi is much larger than that for Slewi in both gate delay and slew formulas in most of cases.

the delay and slew are more sensitive to the S j = c · (bi + ai+1 · vi) + r · (KD ·Cpin j + KS · ai+1 ·Cpin j+1) (13) In above formula, the value of the unit resistance r is in order of magnitude smaller than that of the unit capacitance c, and the dominant term in formula (13) is c · (bi + ai+1 · vi).


at a frequency f0 generates a DC component in the power spectrum with AB amplitude .

the DC component of the 2 dissipated power and, thereby, the temperature increase, is directly related to the AC voltage and current amplitudes at frequency f0.


Regardless the low number of triplets, we experimentally verified that our solution guarantees, on all the circuits (except on the s9234), the same detection capability of the Sunrise test set.

for the c7552 and the s1494 circuits, our tool outperforms the Sunrise test set fault coverage.


PEKO stands for Placement Examples with Known Optimal wirelength.

in optimal placements each net independently achieves the smallest possible wirelength, making all wires local.


The techniques underlying F LEXBUS can be used in the context of a variety of on-chip communication architectures.

we demonstrate its application to AMBA AHB, a popular commercial on-chip bus.


We will adopt this approach to prove the correctness of our formulation.

an unfolded execution of a Petri net is an acyclic marked graph U = ( T , P , F , M0) which captures the simulation trace of the Petri net.


However, to the best knowledge of the authors no approach has been proposed for the reliability analysis of MVL gates.

the structure and topologies of MVL gates need to be taken into consideration in an accurate evaluation approach.


That is, long interconnect line length and tight physical spacing signi.cantly degrade the signal integrity due to signal delay, crosstalk, ringing, and glitches [5].

the high-speed operation makes the interconnect lines to be inductance-dominated rather than capacitance-dominated.


INTRODUCTION MOSFET scaling into deep sub-100nm has resulted in signi.cant increase in leakage power consumption.

in 45nm technology generation and beyond, leakage power consumption will catch up with, and may even dominate, dynamic power consumption [1].


Figure 9(a) plots the wastage in the .xed-512B block size organization and that incurred in the Bi-Modal Cache for 8-core workloads.

the workloads E8,E12,E14 and E15 that suffered signi.cant wastage in the .xed block size con.guration have considerably bene.ted.


mechanism that dynamically identifies the best insertion position on the RRIP chain suitable to the application (or application phase).

sDMs can monitor the performance of different insertion positions on the RRIP chain and then apply the best position to the remainder of the cache.


the noisy arrival time tvn due to multiple optimally aligned noise pulses is later than all aggressor driver input arrival times tai,i that induced the noise pulse.


Our contributions and related work: To mitigate the high running times for solving the knapsack problem, in this paper, we propose a GPU-based technique.

we map the dynamic programming algorithm on the GPU and show that signi.cant speedups can be achieved in terms of the running times.


Triggers on these signals must occur at speci.c times and each trigger on these signals must arrive at all crossbars at the same time.

precise timing of these signals is necessary for correct operation of this nano-architecture.


The time taken to transfer data between the CPU and GPU is also accounted for in the GPU runtimes listed.

thedata transfered from the CPU to the GPU is the 32K patterns atthe primary inputs, and LUT data consisting of 1348 words as explained in Section 4.1.


In a similar vein, the prefetching granularity (PG) refers to the number of adjacent SetTags that the ATCache will fetch on a miss.

the PG of an ATCache is analogous to a block size of a conventional cache.


In an embedded system scenario the communication traf.c between different cores of a system-on-a-chip is usually well characterized.

after the task mapping phase of the NoC design .ow, we have a complete knowledge about the pairs of cores which communicate and other pairs which never communicate.


However, the exact degree depends on the workload locality pattern.

for hj and smvm, which exhibit high L1 sharing degree (see Table 4), random schedules poor task grouping generate many cache-to-cache transfers; and as the transfer latency increases, give recursive schedules signi.cant performance advantage (compared to 32-core executions, 1.83x and 1.65x additional locality bene.ts with 1024 cores, respectively).


In that situation, the .xed rates of the actor ports ensure that the number of times actors .re with respect to each other (repetition vector [6]) is constant.

the throughput of each pair of actors in a graph is related to each other via a constant.


To evaluate a partial binding solution, at the beginning of our algorithm, we have a constraint graph in which each vertex corresponds to an unassigned variable.

an unassigned variable is treated as a virtual register.


In fact, we need to enforce that exactly c of those select-signals are set to 1 (ensuring a primary input/.ip .op set to a Boolean value), while all remaining ones are set to 0 (leading to a primary input/.ip .op with an observability don t care).

for all k primary input/.ip .op signals sig0, sig1, .


However, the change in the gain is not very large and does not have a major in.uence on the transmission gain.

the presence of the metal interconnects shifts the response to a higher frequency range.


Notice how for FF-systems under the analyzed tra.c scenario, Qadd is lower than zero indicating that the maximum bandwidth can be reached with less storage than the one provided to satisfy the Qmin optimization constraint.

the network can tolerate the insertion of a certain amount of bubbles per hop.


We seek to eliminate the remaining PCM-DRAM di.erences with architectural solutions.

the baseline analysis considers a single 2048B-wide bu.er per bank.


In both cases, a source-synchronous approach is proposed for improved performance and reliability.

this work has presentedthe.rstin-depthstudyofnoiseonwave-pipelinedinterconnect in FPGAs, and proposed sur.ng as a potential solution.


Information collected by clients is sent in the form of vectors to the LS which, through positioning algorithms, provides an estimate for the position of each client within the target area.

we have developed a software architecture which, as shown in Figure 4, is divided into two components: client and location server.


We have also shown that the minimum number of observations of circuit sites to achieve reasonable defective part level reductions increases as defects become more difficult to detect, but that additional observations are not necessarily enough.

these additional observations must be balanced to effectively excite the unmodeled defects.


In general these structures are conceptually organized in two-dimensional tiled arrays.

nanoscale programmable logic arrays, e.g.


The combination of growing LLC capacity, shrinking SRAMcelldimensions, andincreasingfabrication variability that reduces error margins is leading to a higher soft error rate (SER) [19, 27, 29].

recent trends show that multi-bit burst errors in the array are becoming significant, partially because many memory cells can fall under thefootprint of a single energeticparticle strike[19,21,26].


This is especially true for variability and reliability concerns that require careful attention during the design stage.

there has been a recent escalation in interest on the reliability impact of PMOS negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) [2-5].


Each processor and link is characterized with a set of discrete supply voltage values and the corresponding operating frequency.

given a target application described by a communication dependence and computation graph (CDCG), a set of heterogeneous processor cores, a tile-based NoC architecture and the hard deadline of the application, we propose an energy efficient NoC synthesis algorithm which solves the following problems simultaneously: i) tile mapping to determine the corresponding tile that each processor should be mapped onto; ii) routing path allocation to obtain the legal routing path for each communication transaction; iii) physical voltage island creation and voltage assignment for each voltage island and communication link.


To generate CKRTL 125, the clock generator makes an active clock edge at every 125 edges of CKC SimGCD.

124 cycles are used just for counting to know the period of the 125ns clock not for CKRTL proceeding simulation.


The optimization results will decide whether it is possible to achieve a legal solution for the Metal-2 design of one hit point combination.

the feasible solution of the MILP formulation consists of the legal line end position of each Metal-2 wire with the minimum amount of extension.


Our augmented group navigation can be further re.ned in many directions.

formulating the combination of different collision-avoiding strategies as an optimization problem could result in a good heuristic to select the best strategy for each situation and provide smooth transitions in between.


The restrictions on the values of Fc and Fs make the detailed routing problem more complex.

the architectures of connection blocks and switching blocks directly a.ect the solution of the routing problem or more speci.cally, a.ect the minimum number of tracks required for complete detailed routing.


network, the proposed ONoC architecture utilizes path In [9], we have proposed Circular-first Routing (CR) as a direction to prevent interference scenarios.

clockwise direction within a super node is taken for routing data streams to the destination nodes located at the same wavelength group, while counter-clockwise direction is chosen for routing data packets targeted to the other wavelength group.


The actual data accesses at the Data Memory can be done, almost, in parallel with the pointer handling.

a data access can start after the first pointer memory access of each command has been completed.


Any legal execution is a traversal of this graph that respects all data dependences between them.

if there is a dependence from IU,i, j to IU,m,n, the latter can be executed only after the former is .nished.


A wide spectrum of applications bene.t from the inclusion of sensing functionality in SoCs.

as temperature is a key measurement in many SOCs, temperature sensor cells have become a basic building block in state of the art Integrated Circuit (IC) design.


We can expand the state vector inTaylor Series with respect to the parameters,but not with respect to the frequency, leading to 8 where Hii = Lxii, making the parametric dependence clearly explicit.

the parametric transfer function can be written as the contribution of the nominal transfer function plus the contribution of the non-parametric transfer function sensitivities w.r.t.


This is because the network load exceeds 1 and the power control scheme is forced to scale back the SINR requirements of all MHs.

the MHs get much smaller SINRs and, as a result, the bit error rates are high and the probability of correct packet delivery drops considerably.


Recently, a robust system for the identi.cation of cell-phones has been proposed in [7].

when the MFCCs extracted from device speech recordings are classi.ed by an SVM, 14 di.erent cell-phones are identi.ed with an accuracy of 96.42%.


The block diagram languages used in these environments are usually based on dataflow semantics because various subsets of dataflow have proven to be good matches for expressing and modeling signal processing systems.

synchronous dataflow (SDF)[8] has been found to be a particularly good match for expressing multirate signal processing systems.


(2) Would post-layout pin permutation improve timing in practice?

(have current FPGA design tools taken full advantage of non-uniform cell delays in their optimization efforts?)


RESULTS This sections reports and discusses a set of quantitative analysis of the proposed FSM-based power-gating control.

the following results will be shown: Section 3.2 will show an in-depth analysis of the performance reliability trade-off for a particular reference application, considering different FSM con.gurations and the attainable IPC versus NBTI-induced delay degradation;  Section 3.3 demonstrates that the bene.ts of a particular FSM con.guration have a strong application dependence, considering a broad range of test cases from different benchmark suites;  Section 3.4 will present the impact that the wake-up latency has on the number of clock cycles the FSM stays in lower states;  Section 3.5 reports preliminary results on the digital design of the proposed FSM approach, considering standard-cell .ow at 45 nm technology.


The dc current is used as a protective current by consuming iron of the anode (e.g., activated aluminum, zinc or magnesium).

the anode is sacri.ced by corrosion and is therefore named a sacri.cial anode system as shown in Fig.


for a k-pin net of weight W, if we set the weight of the two-pin nets intruded, to rW in the clique model and krW in the star model for any r, the clique model is equivalent to the star model.


The quality and the runtime by multi-level partitioning are very encouraging.

karypis and Kumar [15] proposes a particular called hMETIS-Kway.


Now consider a delay failure on {p,q} caused by an extra physical delay on p. In the presence of a HT failure on path {d,g,k,m} (from FF0 to FF3), signal o is 0 after the first positive edge on CLK which, in turn, causes q to undergo a 1.0 transition, whether or not the same transition on {p,q} reaches q in time or not.

if the delay on path {o,q} (from FF3 to FF4) is less than T-d, FF4 captures the correct value in the next clock cycle in spite of a delay failure existing on p. HT failure of {d,g,k,m} masks the setup-time failure on {p,q}.


Observation III: Through two consecutive applications of the Divergence theorem, the volume integral of (21) can also be transformed to a sum of 1D line integrals.


For example, in Figure 5a, B cannot advance to state s3 along the path s0 ...s3 without A .rst sending m1 to D, and D then sending m2 to B.

a indirectly controls or blocks B from reaching s3 along that path.


is eliminated, thus ensuring that the remaining faults produce unique failure responses.


Our solver is able to utilize circuit topological information and signal correlations to enforce a decision ordering that is more ef.cient for solving circuit-based SAT problem instances.

for unsatis.able circuit examples, our solver is able to achieve from 2x up to more than 75x speedup over a state-of-the-art SAT solver.


Usually, the deciding criteria should be set such that n¯r is relatively small and Lis relatively large.

n¯r should be much smaller than nf ,and Lshould be larger than most of the cij (if not all) in Equation 11.


It should be able to be incorporated with many existing FTL designs.

a methodology is proposed to reduce the data error rate by distributing unavoidable disturb errors over the .ash-memory space of invalid data, based on the physical organization of 3D .ash memory chips, where we found very little work being done in this direction.


However, the focus for its development has been mostly about effective program execution on CPUs.

objectives such as reducing possible interference with branch predictors (through the avoidance of conditionals in innermost loops), or reducing the number of branches taken to execute a computation have been used to drive its development.


3.3.1 Random Reads We .rst let the clients issue 512 KB random read requests to one or a number of slices.

each requested value is of 512 KB and the key is randomly and uniformly selected from a slice s key range.


The overall benchmarking approach for configurable computing systems consists of developing a benchmarking methodology, benchmark specifications, and public dissemination of the benchmarks.

the approach for developing the benchmark suite includes performing the following tasks:  Requirements Summary review a broad range of applications and metrics to identify benchmarks that are relevant to configurable computing;  Methodology Development develop a rigorous methodology which can be applied across all benchmarks, including procedures, metrics, measurement, and reporting of information;  Benchmark Development -develop unbiased benchmark specifications that focus on what is to be implemented, not how;  Benchmark Evaluation -implement each benchmark on a target configurable computing platform to validate the specification;  Public Dissemination -address the public availability of the benchmarks.


Co-Design of Body Doping and Workfunction The off current target at different body-doping can also be achieved by engineering the gate work-function (an option for metal gate process) which modifies the flat band voltage (see (2)).

if lower body-doping is accompanied close to mid gap workfunction (both for NFET & PFET), the nominal Vt and off current can be maintained.


4.3 Coverage Characterizing the coverage of an MMU cache is not straightforward.

the exact meaning of coverage for an MMU cache must .rst be considered.


Analyzing data collected between September 2008 and May 2009, we .nd that although preferential attachment captures the evolution of the network, its in.uence varies signi.cantly based on how long ago a user joined the service.

preferential attachment does not appear to apply to new entrants of the FriendFeed service.


INTRODUCTION As an early adoption of 3D integration, 3D-stacked DRAM is a promising technology for overcoming the barriers in DRAM scaling, thereby offering an opportunity to break the memory wall with improved DRAM cell density (capacity) and wire routing resources (connectivity), as well as reduced wire length (latency and power) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].

wide IO DRAM [1] has been standardized by JEDEC as a high bandwidth and low-power 3D DRAM for embedded SoC system.


F k ,...,F k 0 n-1 are easily calculated by setting i=0 and simulating the LFSR symbolically [equations (1) are satisfied for every value of i].

the LFSR is initialized with symbolic state (c0(t0), ..., cn-1(t0))=(a0, ..., an-1) and is clocked k times.


In this paper, we create a gate-level delay characterization approach that enables full coverage of all circuit locations for Trojan detection.

we introduce a test point (TP) insertion methodology that separates the paral Figure 1: Example of reconvergent path.


The violation of wire congestion of layer 1 between via v and the left of v is denoted by viol(v).

viol(v)= max{densityl(v) - CMAX, 0} where CMAX be the allowable wire congestion of layer 1.


In particular, our approach is targeted at the generational nature of cache line usage.

cache lines typically have a flur~, of frequent use when first brought into the cache, and then have a period of "dead time" before the), are evicted.


Third, temperature a.ects the delay of cells and interconnects.

increases in on-chip temperature have been shown to signi.cantly increase the delay of global interconnects [1].


The C++ templates specialize operations for bit vectors using a two-level template scheme that is .rst parameterized on bits and then on words.

all overhead is removed for the case where the RTL bit vector .ts into the host machine s native word size.


Yield improvement has been modeled by using a random variable FR factor with a uniform distribution in (1, 10) to divide the original cell failure rate FR.

for each cell, the new variant s failure rate will be decreased randomly from a value in (300ppb, 500ppb) to a value in (30ppb, 500ppb).


While partial tags provide many bene.ts, keeping them consistent with the cache contents introduces signi.cant complexity.

the partial tags must be updated when blocks migrate to closer banks.


This is true for both commercial consumer applications and safety critical applications.

for high-volume low-margin consumer products, frequent soft errors can lead to expensive field maintenance.