on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2000.

macroprogramming wireless sensor networks using Kairos.


For instance, stronger errorcorrecting codes (ECCs) such as double-error correction / triple-error detection (DEC-TED) ECCs can be used, and bit interleaving, which ensures that physically adjacent bits are protected by different ECCs, can be used in conjunction with ECCs [24].

for a hardware structure H considering M fault modes with GM fault groups in the structure, over a period of N cycles, the soft error rate of the structure is given by: M GM N By summing SERH over all structures, we can calculate the overall soft error rate of a chip from all single-and multi-bit transient faults.


The number of spare banks depends on the bank failure rate.

a row-sparing architecture would be not effective at tolerating 65K spare rows for a failed bank, because the sparing associated table SPEC-FP SPEC-INT PARSEC BIOBENCH GMEAN would become impractically large to build and search on of sparing: either a row or a bank.


The in.uence of the individual factors is expressed as main effects, while interaction effects describe the in.uence of interactions.

it is well known that the simulation of these benchmarks is very compute-intensive: for instance, the reported simulation time for the benchmark 177.mesa, when the reference input set used is about 3000 hours on a SPARC 333MHz machine.


General Terms Design, Experimentation, Human Factors.

i am interested in evaluating and comparing automatic and manual processes on the authoring workflow.


printouts of this file are unaffected by this problem.


Consequently, many paths would be considered as potential speedpaths.

we use a SPICE-accurate Monte Carlo statistical simulation, mentioned in [4], to determine which gates have an impact on cone arrival time.


This technique insures that those data blocks will never be accessed or used for any other .les.

the expansion process continues until the device capacity utilization reaches 100%, in which it means all the PCM blocks are in the MLC mode.


As already discussed this system is fairly .exible and can easily accommodate algorithmic changes such as changes in motion estimation block size, changes in down-sampling technique etc.

after the customization of compute operations, loads/stores and address manipulation operations become the bottleneck and account for approximately 70% of the total instructions.


In this paper, we use the term requestor to denote a memory client that requests access to a memory resource with certain bandwidth and latency requirements.

neither of the aforementioned memory controller architectures are predictable or perform logicalto-physical address translation for requests interleaved with different interleaving granularities.


Thus, testing the datapath is straightforward and standard testing techniques can be applied.

this coverage includes faults in the boundary scan latches and the scan chain.


3.3 Error Behavior of Different Approaches We implement the soft error injection, drowsy cache, and cache decay in the simulator SimpleScalar 3.0 [5].

increasing the overall percentage of clean blocks results in more read operations accessing clean blocks.


When the protected gate number grows, the delay decreases significantly in the beginning.

we adopt the NBTI and leakage co-simulation flow from [7] and add the critical gate calculation from [17] to speed up calculation.


As the weight associated to variables [,,,x3 and x4 is 2, there are two transmission gates connected to logic 1 at the bottom, and another two transmission gates connected to logic 0 at the top for both columns.

as we have chains of nMOS transistors in the nMOS networks, after a careful study of the situation additional intermediate swing restoration may be needed (see the arrows in Figure 8 for their possible placement, after 4-transistor paths).


The ITRS prediction for the number of power pins in many core processors for the year 2015 is about 2063 [5].

apart from [1], the focus of the other works on voltage stacking has been about maintaining the charge balance between the domains through logic/granule switching for high energy efficiency.


To quantify the alleviation of congestion brought by an unused block, we de.ne a factor Satx,y indicating the e.ective percentage of Ux,y.

2) After the swap radius reaches 1.0, the SA process is about to end.


In equivalent waveform calculation, we need to know which part of the input waveform dominantly determines the output transition.

moreover, it is essentially dif.cult to develop a new waveform representation for such different waveforms shown in Figure 1.


In order to explain these results it is necessary to identify the factors which influence the quality of the implementations obtained by both methods.

the scheduling algorithm consists in a loop which finishes when all the operations and all the operation fragments have been scheduled.


With all prefetchers we vary the degree of prefetching from 1 to 16.

comparing G/DC and our proposed prefetcher PC/DC/MG reveals that PC/DC/MG outperforms G/DC in 11 of the applications by as much as 45% in milc G/DC outperforms PC/DC/MG in 5 of the applications by as much as 32% in lbm and they perform similarly (within 1% of each other) in the remaining 4 applications.


This lower bound can be used to initialise the size to a value closer to the .nal channel sizes, which speeds up the model-checking analysis.

there exists a path d = (p0, b0)(p1, b1) .


The corresponding energy-delay-product (EDP) comparison is shown in Fig.

the sub-nanosecond read speed that has been widely used is not true anymore.


A more interesting story arises from Figures 10 (b) and (d).

most systems will need to transfer the entire buffer from the host to the FPGA before the FFT computation can begin and will then need to build the entire buffer before it can be transferred to the host2.


This observation motivates us to propose a new simulation scheme for noise analysis, as shown in Fig.

since each relaxation iteration partitions the large system into much smaller units and thereby reduces the computation cost significantly, our relaxation simulator eventually achieves about 1-2 orders of magnitude of runtime improvement.


This baseline roughly corresponds to the LPM4.5 that is present in higher-end MSP430 MCUs.

in Presented as part of the 21st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 12),pages221 236, Bellevue, WA, 2012.


For each feature, head orientation, utterance length, and dialog events and for each class (for instance: both participants look at the system fulltime) we calculate the probability that an utterance falling in that class is intended for the system.

table 11lists the independent quality of each feature and the quality of the final classifier without this particular feature.


Sensitivity analysis with di.erent associativity and block sizes showed that there is a signi.cant increase in energy savings with increase in associativity or block size or both.

for write operations, the WI data cache consumes more energy than that of the baseline data cache (almost 101% more).


There is a tradeoff between quality of result and running time.

for Matthias and Katrin we could compare the power consumption and the area consumption of the zero-skew trees and our trees.


[10] N. Shirazi, A. Walters and P. Athanas, Quantitative analysis of floating point arithmetic on FPGA based custom computing machines, IEEE Symposium on FPGAs for Custom Computing Machines, April, 1995.

[19] J. Patterson, Accurate Static Branch Prediction by Value Range Propagation, Proc.of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pp.


All the armsinthe assembly are moved in unison by a single voice-coil motor (VCM).

the sharp reduction in the rotational latencies provided by the HC-SD-SA(n)designsforTPC-Cleads to alarge reduction in thepower consumption.


[18] N. Togawa, M. Sato and T. Ohtsuki , A Simultaneous Placement and Global Routing Algorithm with Path Length Constraints for Transport-Processing FPGAs , 1997.

we would like to avoid repeating the VPR router analysis for each individual circuit because it requires long runtimes.


Another problem is that the three predominant architectures for providing voice access to applications on the web all have shortcomings as a basis for public involvement in developing and deploying speech applications: 1) Voice access to web pages provided by various commercial screen readers enables important non-visual access to conventional web content.

(2007) A browser for a public-domain SpeechWeb.


Due to ease of design and their robust nature, repeaters have been the most popular solution to the interconnect challenge.

though faster than repeaters for certain line lengths, currentsensing is not power e.cient.


5.1 Terms and Notations Node: Since we divide the whole program into a set of program regions, we consider the entire program as a graph where nodes correspond to program regions and arcs to the control dependency between nodes.

in H.264 and MP3, WT suffers from large energy consumption at high temperatures.


Figure 10 shows the comparison between the SPICE simulation result and the result calculated by (18).

the SNM Isnm can be approximated by Vdsat /Rn .


We design a fast algorithm for the minimum terminal spanning tree construction, which is the bottleneck step of several existing approaches in terms of running time.

suppose (pathMTST, path MTST) is such a pair.


The Stratix V product family includes parts containing up to 52Mb of embedded memory.

when a > Tcq Tdq, we will borrow time by selecting a notional clock delay Tpd.


Passive techniques do not have the overhead that active monitoring has.

the main issue of VoIP is a greater potential for degraded voice quality due to packet latency when the underlying network links experience heavy traffic load.


They consider the history of recently scheduled operations when the memory controller selects next operation.


The reason to compare with interval analysis method is because its objective is very close to ours: to establish a bound ef.ciently.

the wire width for each piece is an individual variable.


The algorithm proposed in [12], [2] and [6] base on the fact that the HPWL wire-length function of the x-coordinate of a cell is a convex function.

by comparing the over.ow values in Table 2, 3 with the over.ow values of given input global placement solution from Table 1, we can see that our detailed placer can e.ectively reduce the placement density over.ow to nearly zero, while HPWL is also signi.cantly reduced by 6.27% on average even under the tight displacement constraint, and 9.49% under the relaxed displacement constraint.


This access model does not realistically implement the requirements of corporate security plans, which may suggest varying levels of access to design file components for different partners.

substituting a scheme which gives an encrypted encoding of a cell instead of a compressed encoding will not conflict with the requirements of the P39 standard.


When a gating period is about to end, the new rank is chosen as the one with the longest queue.

coarse-grain techniques such as page remapping would typically apply only when utilization dips under = = Figure 4: Throughput for MS case Now we consider similar plots for the medium latency sensitivity case.


The formed functions, model the propagation of the delayed transitions from a .ip-.op to another .ip.op or PO.

subsequently, it outlines the fault grading methodology and illustrates it with an example.


[24] K. Albayraktaroglu et al., Biobench: A benchmark suite of bioinformatics applications.

a one-dimensional parity (1DP) scheme is intolerant of multiple faults.


With .le-level LFU, 200 streams are served from the .ash memory when the arrival rate is 0.16, consuming only 31% (200/647) of the available bandwidth of the .ash memory.

flash memory SSD designer should design the SSD architecture to increase the capacity and the bandwidth both by maximizing the parallelism of .ash memory chips to make a .ash memory SSD suitable for VoD storage.


Bob - the party to send and encrypt messages.

we can use a group of 4-input LUTs to implement the functions in (1c) and (1d), whose architecture is shown in Figure 2.


In Monte Carlo simulations, all transistors are subjected to process variations, not just M1 and M2.

vdd  devices mismatch, a wrong output signal may develop for a small input voltage difference which causes access failure in SRAMs.


The basic idea of our approach is to remove the segments that have a low cost function, resulting in an optimized mesh.

electromigration: As noted in [20], Electromigration (EM) is increasingly becoming a signi.cant issue in the deep sub-micron IC designs.


Hence, the figure of merit for a single wire should be modified to include the effect of mutual inductance when wires switch in opposite directions.

the frequency point .L should be redefined as: w=t, for different values of a and ß .Figure 14 shows the values of a and ß at which (26) is satisfied.


Third, physical space requirement increases.

if the device is deployed in large numbers (100,000+), the additional cost could be easily recouped.


However the system does not take extra effort to .x the STT-RAM bit .ips induced by read current.

the NMOS select transistor is connected to MTJ in series to control the access to it.


Applied Physics Express, 2(2):23004, 2009.

several architectural techniques have been proposed to alleviate PCM s wear-out problem [47, 23].


The tags of the system are then divided into m groups which are allocated to the corresponding m groups of readers.

the average number of users in RATP is about 4 × 105 per hour [20].


Sincethese latter play a dominant role in determining the minimumoptical power that laser sources should provide to satisfyspeci.c detector sensitivities, we consider two relevant and TABLE I LAYO U T-AWA R E P RO P E RT I E S O F TO P O L O G I E S U N D E R T E S T Total number of Wavelenghts Max number Crossing Max wire length cm Total number of MRRs Type of MRR 4-RINGS 4 3 3.2 40 (8 IC) 4 4x4 SNAKE 4 6 2.4 32 (8 IC) 4 4x4 .-Router 4 15 1.8 32 (8 IC) 4 4x4 Folded Crossbar 4 21 2 40 (8 IC) 4 5x5 GWOR 4 31 2.4 40 (8 IC) 4 increasingly aggressive optimizations: elliptical tapers [13] andMulti-Mode-Interference (MMI) tapers [14].

an alternative topology is illustrated in [7] and is named4x4-lambda Router.


On each time interval boundary, the SLLC s space partitioning result for Corei is kept in the partition quota counter, denoted as Qi, where 0 = i = N - 1.

one of our research motivation lies in the question of whether or not locality optimization alone can provide high enough performance for practical SLLC capacity management.


In deployed systems, however, the FPGA is fixed and the area available for adding fault tolerance is limited.

the BYU-LANL Partial TMR Tool applies TMR in order of logic cell function [8].


Such heterogeneous parameters imply connection and communication problems between the IP Cores.

for a complex IP Core, a SNMP interface necessitates a few added logic.


We have also shown that completely depleted and unsynchronized leaf nodes can recharge and join a network within a reasonable amount of time via asynchronous neighbor discovery.

from a fully-discharged state, the solar cells begin to charge the buffer capacitors.


The authors in [10, 20] suggest proactive thermal management techniques that utilize regression-based thermal predictors.

in the subsequent sections we elaborate on the design of our suggested approach.


The volatility of DRAM imposes the potential risks of losing the data and metadata when unexpected power shut-off occurs, leading to the unrecoverable system errors [2] .

then the rest space (56MB) of the PRAM can be used for region II.


Note that energy saving highly depends on the difference between the two supply voltages and how tight a circuit s timing requirement is.

there is a large discrepancy between the resulted longest path delay and the targeted path delay of b19, especially for the cases of no relaxation and 10% relaxation.


This cleanup can occur lazily since those entries are marked aborted and their XSW pointer cleaned up.

the XSW tracks its transaction s state at all times.


The true voltage values at node A, B, C and D are 0.6, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.9, respectively.

for a power grid with N non-VDD nodes, we can estimate worst-case time complexity as O(LMN), where each unit corresponds to one random-number generation, a few logic operations and one addition.


Fig.6 shows the normalized operating $¢n~ of Frlquer)cy to Vdd 9 -IT = , m Figure 4: VTC for Various Vad Ratio of (W&)~(W/L)n V= D~ay x to "l 14 13 12 11 lO i i i 2 3 5 Ratio of (WtL)p/(W/t_)n Figure 5: Size Ratio of PMOS to NMOS vs. Delay frequency sensitivity to Vad variation.

one way to achieve this goal is by running the digital circuits in sub-threshold re-gion.


As an example, in 0.13µm CMOS technology, supply voltage can not be greater than 1.3 volts and conventional cascode configurations could be unacceptable.

also, mismatch problem is more severe in sub-threshold circuits.


Even with the reduction of dielectric constant, an increasing RC delay for given length is observed as the technology scales.

for other T-line schemes, total latency can be expressed as the sum of wire delay and transceiver delay.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.4.3 [Input/Output and Data Communications]: Interconnections(Subsystems) Topology(e.g., bus, point-to-point).

there are many registers and 2-to-1 multiplexers in an input stage.


Neither of the two endpoints can locate inside an obstacle (see Figure 2(c)), but they could be on the boundary or at the corner of an obstacle (see Figure 2(d)).

a direct extension of Escape Graph to the OAPDST problem is to modify rule 1 to meet the PD constraints and construct the modi.ed Escape Graph on each layer.


1.2 Our Contributions To address the above challenge, this paper makes one of the .rst steps in providing performance guaranteed energy management (conserving energy without violating the user speci.ed slowdown limit) for multithreaded applications on multiprocessor architectures.

the fact that it cannot provide performance guarantee o.sets the small bene.t in energy conservation.


There were many research proposals on better prefetching schemes, replacement algorithms, indexing functions, just to name a few.

this scheme avoids to replicate data when a block has both types of locality.


Parallelism of the CCUs results in MUX removal, and further power reduction can be achieved in the case of (e).

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


A memory access approximated by an address interval may affect multiple cache sets in one update of the abstract cache state.

notably, the presented technique can handle complex compiler optimizations and does not rely on compiler-generated debug information to simulate memory accesses.


Proteo: a New Approach to Network-on-Chip , IASTED CSN 2002.

such level of parameterization is too limited, and, to improve that, we specified a second version of SoCIN which extends the parameterization to the techniques used for packet forwarding (eg.


In the event that an error occurs, the error will be corrected, been designed.

and then exhaustively enumerates the decryption procedure using An n-bit adder must have a delay .


When considering DSP applications, it is more common to find sequences of multiply-accumulate operations than accumulate-multiply sequences.

the register table is used in the Linear-Scan algorithm by renaming the list of nodes in each mapping with a newly allocated register name.


(C1 · gm11 · K · (N - 1)) Gm2 = v (9) (C1 + C2) · .VT · 2(1+ 1+4 · IC)(N +1) · M where, K is the current mirror gain and N is the ratio of aspect ratio of M11 to aspect ratio of M13.

w = 100µmand L =3µm for input transistors having transconductance of Gm1.


RELATED WORK Over the past decade, there has been su.cient interest in exploring data retention and remanence characteristics of di.erent memories.

all the con.guration registers for both the interrupts are the same.


This sample, which can only be a 0 or a 1, is much away from the probability value f(xi) due to a limited number of samplings.

i The SCU consists of a d-input adder, a (d + 1)-to-1 multiplexers with channel bit width n, and a n-bit comparator.


However this grounding of the unused elements, results in the reduction of the effective load (since the unselected elements in the array provide parallel paths to ground, effectively reducing the total load, shown in figures 3b, 3c and 3d ).

the optimum load value for a given array size and desired NM, needs to determined carefully.


This technique is useful for thermal monitoring at the board level.

hence, we conclude that MGT placement has a signi.cant impact on peak temperature.


has been adopted in many previous works [8].

2(a) having two MTJs in regular connection is not the only possible design.


Overview of Mutation Coverage Tool Architecture we exchange mcapi msg recv i with mcapi msg recv in Fig.

modify Function Timeout (M F T ): This operator changes the timeout value of the function and can be applied to mcapi wait and mcapi wait any functions since these are the only functions with timeout parameters.


in this work, we take advantage of the knowledge of the inherent functional connection among C, Cp and C and then apply SAT to control area overhead in C without hurting its dynamic behavior.


We show the effectiveness of our approach on several industry designs and software programs.

s ,s ,s ,sSimilar to the single read/write port approach [18], we add explicit constraints to capture the exclusivity of the matching read-write pair, in order to improve the SAT solve time.


The compression chunk is composed of 4 pages and the epoch length is set to 5 minutes.

the proposed technique recon.gures (i.e., enable or disable) individual lifetimeenhancement techniques to achieve higher performance with less energy consumption while guaranteeing the required lifetime.


In the future, we will generalize our analytical models so that more classes of loop nests can be treated.

in this article, a new formalized method for the analysis of if-statements occuring in loop nests is presented solving a particular class of the NP-complete problem of the satis.ability of integer linear constraints.


The V-FPGA was downloaded to an FPGA for hardware testing.

in order to implement the clock divider circuit in Figure 7, the following V-FPGA was generated: Number of LEs, n = 3  Number of DFFs, m = 1  Number of external inputs, p = 1  Number of external outputs, o = 1.


The heuristic of sequential application of GA and SA algorithm is based on the notion that GA based algorithms perform an excellent job of .nding better candidates from a mix of the current population.

we then .nd pareto points on this distribution that would result in a given .xed yield number.


At this point, parallel computing is a company-wide initiative with efforts across product lines of Talus Digital Implementation, Titan Mixed-Signal Platform, FineSim circuit simulation and Quartz verification products.

to unleash the true power of this new computing platform, dramatic and fundamental changes are essential in the EDA software industry.


After that, dummy value assignment is performed with the guidance generated by using a quasi-inverse lithography technique to evaluate the dummydemands of di.erent regions.

previous work has reported that one percent change in .are level may cause 10 nm change in CD (CD sensitivity on .are is 10 nm/% ..are level) at the 22 nm technology node and may be considerably larger for more advanced technology nodes [10].


In a N-way segmented hash table, the return 1 expected number of keys mapped to all buckets which else i .

when delete and insert traffic are comparable to the search traffic, both vi and ci must be kept in on-chip memories.


We say that the blockage effect is additive (the denominator is taken care of by the redistribution effect) and we can treat the problem as a combination of single obstacle problems.

otherwise, the calculation under the assumption that it is additive produces an overestimation of the blockage effect.Observation 11 The total wirelength increases as the number of obstacles increases while the total obstacle area remains the same.


The hit counter Hk is increased by one when an access to cache line C hits in the kth way of the shadow tag of the pro.ling unit, which means k distinct cache lines in the same memory region have been accessed between the two consecutive accesses to cache line C. The value k is referred to re-use distance of the cache line C. If k is large (say 12 for a cache with associativity of 16), it is highly likely that the access to cache line C would be a cache miss when the memory region shares the cache color with a large number of memory regions, and vice versa.

a memory region refers to a group of physical pages that share the k least signi.cant bits of page number, where k is a design choice.


This is a tight bound on priority inversion blocking time, which offers better QoS, but may decrease data bus utilization.

network Fair Queuing Network FQ scheduling algorithms offer guaranteed service to simultaneous network flows over a shared network link [1][16][19][23].


first, the additional diagonal routing influences the supply and the demand of routing resources, and certainly the congestion.


Most tools employ a coverage-directed generation process, but use sophisticated techniques for representing relationships between coverage and input generation through Markov-models (as in this work) [11, 14] or with Bayesian networks and computer learning [7].

we found this approach to be somewhat coarse.


The tutorial will start with a technology overview that charts future trends in power and reliability.

we will revisit techniques developed by the fault-tolerant community as well as newer ideas in timing speculation, exemplified by our Razor research.


vM.be needs only 20 cycles to do the same operations.


globalwiredelayshaveresultedinthe emergenceofpartitioned architectures, such as CMPs and tiled architectures[22].


The solutions provide users with full control over their data privacy.

furthermore, researchers have shown how to attack this prototype implementation using Sybil attacks on DHTs, which enabled the attackers to reconstruct keys [36].


If power integrity requirement is satis.ed, we can consider saving more leakage power by shortening turn-on time.

13 shows the comparison between the PDN with LDs only (Strategy 0) and the PDN with both LDs and GDs (Strategy 1).


We rely on this model to study the impact of our techniques using data collected from real application execution combined with workload models.

if only one core is needed, then only the sturdiest core in the system is utilized when we run in lifetime maximization mode.


While partitioning a cache into banks mitigates the impact of localized wire delay, the global wire delay to access the appropriate banks becomes the dominant factor as chips move to smaller geometries.

the latency of a transmission line to the .rst order is determined by the speed of light in the dielectric surrounding the interconnect instead of the time to change the charge across the wire s capacitance.


The parameter value begins increasing or decreasing as soon as the user begins vocalizing, and stops changing as soon as the user stops vocalizing.

on Human factors in computing systems (New York, NY, USA, 1986), ACM Press, pp.


Sensitivity analysis is based on the assumption that the statistical circuit response to variations in process parameters (f ) is approximately by a linear superposition of input sensitivities, n with f = s + P i=1 [sV ti · .Vti + sßi · .ßi/ßi].

they are simple to implement by simulating the response of the circuit to changes in Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


In summary, data recovery energy decreases not only amount of leakage saving intervalbut also chances for leakage saving.

this access is not extra for dead lines because it is also required in no sleep case.


He is currently a professor in the School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

most system software that uses storage devices including file systems and virtual memory systems assumes a block device interface that essentially abstracts the HDD interface.


(9) 1 2 s.C2 3.1.4 Interference Canceling (IC) This step is to subtract the effects of the two detected symbols in the core part.

a great deal of computational complexity can be saved.


This approach has usually a drawback that is the addition of stages may slower the cells.

these transition times will affect the following stage and must also be taken into account.


When technology scales down into 45nm and 32nm technology, each SKITTER sensor tends to have increasing number of stages, thereby larger area overhead.

the variations considered in the experiments are: 10% (3 sigma) variation on the e.ective channel length Leff , and 15% (3 sigma) variation on the threshold voltage Vth.


[26] L. Renganarayanan, D. Kim, S. Rajopadhye, and M. M. Strout.


In addition, the packing algorithm follows the same objective function as that of T-VPack [7].

afterwards, a new cluster is created and a seed BLE is selected and added and the same procedure is repeated until all the BLEs are clustered.


For an operand size of 1024 bits, our proposed multiplier uses around 4 times less area resources than [12], requiring twice the time to compute a Montgomery Multiplication.

each value rj and sj from t4 and t5 respectively allows to compute t6 iteratively in parallel.


The vulnerability of clusters is further exacerbated by the utilization of advanced techniques for communication (e.g., remote-DMA), and scheduling (e.g., dynamic load balancing).

doubling the signature size has no appreciable impact on the coprocessors detection latency performance.


Other applications executing with the compromised applications are protected by our processor architecture.

3.3 Secret Sharing PUF responses can be considered as secrets because they are randomly determined by manufacturing variations, and dif.cult to predict without access to the PUF.


the critical issue in this approach is the impact of congestion minimization into (1), controlled by the factor K, which introduces a perturbation in the cost function, thus resulting in area (and/or delay) penalty.


By running more than one instruction symbolically using both processors and comparing their .nal register-.le values or program counters, more comprehensive veri.cation can be achieved.

writing testbenches is also simple because BugHunter supports symbolic simulation of behavior-level code.


It can be seen that with the method used in [14], no or only few scan chains can be deactivated during the .rst seeds.

for this purpose, the set of faults is partitioned into three classes: 1) Hard faults are faults that can only be detected by one seed out of S. The corresponding seeds are called essential.


Furthermore, it causes severe disruptions to the verification flow, as detailed next.

each way spans four sections, one in each corner.


Comparing these to the FF uncertainties UFFj will give an idea about effectiveness of the mesh in reducing the total uncertainty, which includes the effect of variations in the mesh buffers and mesh wires in addition to those in the tree buffers and tree wires.

there can be an up to 30% power penalty due to mesh.


Accordingly, the number of SWAP gates is the di.erence of quantum cost before and after the optimization.

after distinguishing sets and appropriate qubit orderings for each set, we apply [19, Theorem 1] to .nd the minimum 5Trees, rectangular and square meshes and hypercubes are examples of graphs that can be solved in polynomial time with optimal MinLA solution [25].


Depending on the code parameters they can be tested with only 2 or 3 code words [4].

the RC generates a subset of B(n, 2k - 1).


Boolean logic implemented using genetic regulatory networks.

bc = [min( ¯), max( ¯)], xIII p Bp Bp min max ¯ where Bp = {ßp .


For suitable signal reception, wideband receivers are necessary.

furthermore, the development of a VCO behavioral model providing phase distribution of the outputs allow a reduction in time spent with simulations of .ve-port receivers, because there is no need to simulate the VCO subcircuit together in SPICE maintaining a good .delity in the results.


Frequently performing matrix inverse operations in an optimization procedure may consume a lot of runtime.

l1 can be used to select the port current Imerge when the voltage of the jth internal node of the second network is provided as T -1 Imerge = L1 G1 B1Vj.


We also show how we have used a synchronous approach to model IP blocks at a high level of abstraction.

we need to design and verify more complex systems before we can come to a definitive conclusion about this promising technology for the design and verification of hardware and software from a single specification.


Instead, it may be more attractive to merely test for errors and detect/correct errors at a high enough rate so as to reduce error rates to an acceptable level.

note that the ECQ is essentially a .rst-in-.rst-out structure (FIFO) and can be implemented as a circular queue; instructions are inserted starting at the tail of the queue and removed starting at the head.


wbConmax is a wishbone interconnect matrix IP.

the degraded delay of the top path is 3.3ps whereas that of the bottom path is 1.1ps.


So, names as virtual component, testbench element, protocol generator, or transactor are used.

sequences and Synchro  Figure 8 Switching protocols The testbench shell concept can also be applied if the description style of the testcases would allow several threads accessing a PGU (as described above).


Otherwise, a fault in an R-thread register value would lead to a mismatch in A-thread and R-thread results.

if input replication is performed correctly, the need for rapid fault recovery is reduced.


LowP ressureLimit(LP L)= min +(a × (max -min)) (1) PACT 10, September 11 15, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

when the pressure of a set is above HPL, the set is considered to be within the limit of source sets and is permitted, accordingly, to retain its lines at multiple destinations sets.


Pinputs is the power consumed on the cut inputs, which is defined as follows: k Pinputs = 0.5f ·Vdd2 .

the ratio for 1.3v-1.0v is the largest because of the small delay penalty of 1.0v LUTs.


The spikes of the curve indicate that during those periods, even with two active cores, the stable temperature is lower than 109.5.C.

for a processor of N cores, DTM-ACG may shut down 1 to N cores adaptively according to the current thermal emergency level.


In this case, longer interconnects incur higher latency.

assuming Tref (x)is constant in short distance L, the solution of the equation (1) becomes: .


As mentioned above in section IIIA, a subset of all the switches in the SWNoC has wireless links.

as a measurement of energy, we use the average energy dissipation per packet.


Larger circuits may require transmission lines to cross so that signals can travel to their destination.

the veri.cation complexity of localized circuits is not affected by the size of the circuit itself and grows only with the square of the number of inputs and outputs (fuel sequences are reused across many gates, so only a few types are required regardless of circuit size).


Pocketsphinx: A free, real-time continuous speech recognition system for hand-held devices.

while the user is speaking, audio is streamed to a continuous speech recognizer which is running on the actual device.


The track assignment of h g bumps only one net h ; it is thus the only O-net.

because of fewer segments, we can expect that ROAD-HOPIj/bh s circuit delay also will be signi.cantly less than SEGAIj/jh s circuit delay.


the iteration has to be continued as long as new activations of ti arrive before the previous .nish; Bi(wi(q)) is the maximum blocking time of ti in wi(q); .j +(wi(q)) · Cj is the interference ti suffers due to the maximum workload of a higher priority job tj in wi(q).

the activating events are modeled as arbitrary event streams [21], [22] using upper and lower event arrival functions .+(.t) and .-(.t).


We intend to show the truly symbiotic growing relationship between Maxwell and Moore!

the limits of physics are preventing further scaling of speed, forcing a paradigm shift towards multicore computing and parallelization.


Verifying that all future readers of a state have obtained the required information and the value stored in the state element will not be needed by any block internal or external to the module is a complex problem.

one way to overcome this limitation is to allow domains to turn on over multiple cycles.


The backup page records and all backup pages are allocated and managed by the IN-DRA s operating system and invisible to the service applications.

as indicated by our performance results, INDRA is highly e.ective in establishing a more dependable system with high service availability using emerging multicore processors.


To obtain tight bounds on the execution times of a task, timing analyses must take into account the cache architecture.

in DATE 00, pages 552 559, New York, NY, USA, 2000.


power grid veri.cation is becoming an indispensable procedure to guarantee a functional and robust chip design.


For the projection weights w, we i use Spearman s Rank Correlation (r)[17] for this guess.

as we shall see, even quadratic models cannot always capture the nonlinearity seen in the presence of large manufacturing variations.


In the leaf cell, all latches in a given register entry are grouped for the purpose of clock splitter insertion, as described in Section 3.3.

cONCLUSIONS A semi-custom design methodology has been prototyped and demonstrated through the development of a low power high performance DSP core.


Since we used the classifier for each face direction after estimating the face direction, the accuracy was improved by about 6.2% in gender estimation and about 6.3% in age estimation compared to that of conventional estimation using one classifier that was trained by various pose.

proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Image Processing, Octorber, 1998


[10] M.L.Roukes, Mechanical Computation , Redux?

in that, the NNEMS switch conducts when its gate is connected to logic high 1 and the PNMES switch conducts when its gate is connected to logic low 0 .


As in [6], the I DS1 ROC can be approximated as 1 - ß = 0.6909 × (1 - exp(-65625.64a1.19)).

the ratio provides a normalized measure of the amount of certainty gained by observing IDS outputs.


Incremental partitioning-based vectorless power grid veri.cation.

= b, (10) xrm xm where Gri (Gi) is the conductance matrix of the coarse (.ne) grid block i, m is the number of blocks, ti for i =1, ..., m are the block scaling factors to be found, a is a weighting coe.cient, and nri (ni) is the number of nodes in the coarse (.ne) grid block.


Prior work has assumed that in AC metering applications, power comes for free [2].

to evaluate our claims, we design a modular power meter architecture, implement several design alternatives, and evaluate their size, e.ciency, and cost.


An ODE representation cannot capture the inherent non-deterministic nature of genetic circuits [2].

a typical Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The lowest Vth is delivered via ZBB, if the highest performance is required.

introduction of the Halo implants results in large junction field and hence large junction tunneling current (Figure 2b).


Ioff difference between the best and worst case is ~20X for DG and ~175X for bulk Si.

to resolve 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Clock Frequency (MHz) 5 Power(1,1)/Power(0,0) 4 3 2 this, DG CMOS could be resorted.


At detecting of timing errors, the affected operation can be rectified by error correction mechanisms.

[17] C, Wu, et al., SAT-Controlled Redundancy Addition and Removal A Novel Circuit Restructuring Technique , In Proceedings of DAC 2009


Different shielding wire routing algorithms are designed to meet different net properties requirements.

in [14], an efficient solution for the min-area shield insertion problem to satisfy given explicit noise bounds in multiple coupled nets is proposed.


and v in V are assigned to the same grid node.


This coupling has two fold impacts induce crosstalk and lowers the impedance from that of the isolated line.

based on this optimal value of Z0 and the corresponding value of Ac (from fig.


since f is invariant with respect to permutations inside C1 or C2, there are only 222!=8 distinct transformations, which result from transformations on NE-classes C1 and C2 i.e., (C1,C2), (C1,C2 ), ( C1 ,C2), ( C1 ,C2 ), (C2, C1), (C2, C1 ), ( C2 ,C1), and ( C2 , C1 ).


Figure 4a illustrates how to identify the critical path existing in a .ve-instruction example trace.

the method cannot detect overlapped event penalties and thus is not suitable for performance predictions.


In Fig.7, the runtime speedups of four of these six WavePipe schemes are visually presented.

as will (a) (b) Figure 1: Data dependency in a) one-step, and b) multi-step (2-step) numerical integration.


This paper proposes an automatic ECO synthesis algorithm by interpolation.

column 2 shows the types of modi.cations on the old circuits.


After the trivial .xes, seven properties still failed; 4 were added.

for {'qAXq, State 0 is still inaccurately omitted from the covered states.


In order to inject SEUs in those memory elements used in such features either a detailed description of the processor is available (provided as synthesizable HDL that can be mapped on one or more FPGAs, or accurate architectural simulator), or a new approach is needed.

this observation suggests that the fault list generation process should be modified to avoid injecting into don t care bits.


The situation is similar for requests B, C, and D. Without preemption, none of these probes can proceed, and retrying in a deterministic manner will not help.

2) The send-out success rate of retry-for-free-path policy stays around 0.54 when route rate is greater than 0.3.


Another important point to be noted is that, the use of MS-CMOS circuits in RCM barely perform ~10x better than the digital implementation and hence achieve far less energy efficiency as compared to the proposed design.

7, and the result is used to modify the SAR logic using the scheme described above (though pass-gate based multiplexers P, driven by a global controller).


These equations are reproduced now in terms of our model parameters.

y0 ./B(x0) for at least one net segment playing the game (say, segment 1), 1 there is an y1 .S1 such that ( )( ) 10 00 f1y1, x2, ...x0 = f1y1, x20, ...x.


However in wireless network which user doesn t have to be at one place to have access to the network, the result shows that streaming video with Flash video uses less CPU usage while with HTML5 video have a high video FPS.

majority of online videos are shorter than 5 minutes in duration, a length generally preferred by users who view such content on computers or portable equipment, like cell phones, MP3 players or video game consoles.


The  conversion is performed with a precision resistor of appropriate value related to the capacitance range.

the system could host and manage additional components, such as a wireless interface or other sensors  References  Atmel.


This experiment also demonstrates other .ndings.

more accurate pin counting reduces computational e.ort by increasing the chance that speculated solutions will route.


The flexibility of the cell makes it power efficient with a minimum number of transistors which means improved integration density at the layout level.

[5] M. H. Ben Jamaa, K. Mohanram and G. De Micheli, Novel Library of Logic Gates with Ambipolar CNTFETs: Opportunities for Multi-Level Logic Synthesis , Design,Automation and Test in Europe (DATE).


Instead, it relies on the application of a short read-pulse width, relying on the read-dynamic noise margin (DNM) characteristic of the 6T TFET cell, along with a ground-lowering read-assist, to avoid an upset during read operation.

(C) Id-Vg characteristic for HTFET and (D) Id-Vg characteristic for Si NMOS cell, i.e.


The first topic is an optimization of how to use the limited resources available in typical quantum-optics experiments.

aKLT states are an attractive alternative to cluster states, which are the ubiquitous resource states in one-way quantum computation, because, in contrast to the latter, the AKLT state is the ground state of a physical Hamiltonian.


By this procedure, we convert the conventional GP formulation of the gate sizing problem to a robust gate sizing problem, which is also a GP and hence, can be ef.ciently solved using the convex optimization machinery.

the use of posynomial delay models for the gate sizing problem enables the use of ef.cient convex optimization tools to solve the problem [3].


Recent work proposes other per-structure optimizations for reducing resource pressure [6], such as packing dual instances of a dynamic instruction into the same physical register for shortwidth values (exploiting advance knowledge from the leading thread) or intelligently reallocating some leading thread s physical registers to the trailing thread to yield a net reduction in physical register pressure.

general Terms Design, Performance, Reliability.


Most existing solvers, including Chaff [17], do not support dynamically adding new Boolean  1000 1000 1000 Per variable assignment Per full assignment 100 10 1 Figure 3: Different invoking settings for theory propagation: per predicate assignment, per decision level, and per full assignment.

such an exhaustive approach may be costly.


The number of possible states increases exponentially to the number of FUs in a cluster and one change (exchanging spares) can cause switch-box state recursive dependency.

each switch box can redirect data in four ways: straight (north to south), left (north to west and east to south), right (north to east and west to south) and pass-through (east to west or west to east) as shown in Fig.


next access to .is made by bytecode b2at t.We de.ne the access .


For example for L1 cache, with Vdd values greater than 0.4V there is no line in the High-Conflict group, but by decreasing the voltage below 0.4V the amount of High-Conflict lines increases exponentially.

a 160 mv, fully differential, robust Schmitt trigger based sub-threshold sram.


While state-based full predication (SFP) can remove wasteful power consumption onissuing/decoding instructions from conventional full predication,generating code for SFP is challenging for general CGRAs,especially when there are multiple conditionals to be handleddue to exploiting data level parallelism.

sFP mechanism is implemented on PEs as suggested in [9].


He calculated both the area and the perimeter of antennas using a general-purpose design rule checking (DRC) program.

there are three types of plasma-based manufacturing processes: Conductor layer pattern etching processes: The amount of accumulated charge is proportional to the perimeter length of conductor layer patterns.


6.1 Private Slave Creation In this section the effect of making a slave private on the power consumption will be explained.

i should be able to access j without waiting to be granted the bus.


Ideally, we would hope that the published record would allow a clear understanding of the results of research; in practice, this is seldom the case.

the benchmark primary2 is not unusual; there are a variety of row numbers used for the other benchmarks as well.


[5] J. Giacobbe, Physical design for debug: Insurance policy for IC s, in Proc.

(d) Routing result with considering the lookup state.


The dominance relation is indicated by an edge from Ci 2 to Ci 1 in the dominance graph.

the addition of Cobs , with response Robs , to the dominance graph shown in Figure 2 results in the addition of the edges C0.Cobs , C3.Cobs and C 19.Cobs .


However since the failure distribution is unknown before the simulation, methods like Mixture-Importance Sampling[7] use a combination of different distributions.

this is inef.cient because in each iteration, of all the points randomly sampled, only one point is kept and every other point is discarded with no addition to knowledge of the failure region for the next iteration.


This work is also supported in part by the National Science Foundation.

when such a multi-stage design flow is implemented, simulation or measurement data are generated at each stage to validate the circuit design, before moving to the next stage.


So, the direct BEM is more suitable for simulation of the parasitic capacitors with finite domain and multiple dielectrics.

4×4 95 9903 0 993038 30 9.6 × 5 37647 1 964454 34 5.4 Table II shows the total capacitance, CPU time and memory usage of the QMM compared with those of non-QMM.


Our family of orthogonal hash functions look like the expression shown in Eq.

the heuristic has exponential time complexity, which makes it impractical for large applications.


Recently, bus-driven .oorplanning problem has attracted much attention in the literature.

due to the modules m1 and m2 are passed by the buses B2 and B1, respectively, an edge from the node B1 to the node B2 is inserted in the OCG.


The initial density dj,k (0)of each bin (j, k)can be de.ned as dj,k (0) = SA i where A i is the overlapping area of cell i and bin (j, k).

there are several key differences between these approaches.


Ef.cient context-sensitive pointer analysis for c programs.

for the lpcbenchmark, where there are twelve arrays, each of which may have different sizes and different logical purposes, we can compress the memory by merging arrays with non-overlapping lifetimes.


One reason could be that, despite both channels are identical, with similar leakage currents and coupling effects, the signals they have to deal with are complementary.

the larger the n, the larger is the time constant of the .lter (Tn).


Workload prediction is incorporated in this work to provide partial information about service request (SR) state for the RL algorithm.

learning algorithm can be implemented conveniently with the help of eligibility traces, as discussed in [12].


Off-chip technologies have much lower LC cutoff frequencies and behave as LC transmission lines This gap in performance between on-chip and off-chip interconnects can be bridged by exploiting interconnects at the package level for on-chip global wiring.

off-chip interconnects such as those in packages and PWBs behave as LC transmission lines.


In fact, this, or complete hardware implementation, also seems to be the solution in commercial modems [15].

the architecture parameters are listed in Table 1.


The functional fault model we considered consisted of single state-transitions resulting in faulty next-states or output combinations.

for state 2, the input combination 00 distinguishes it from state 0, takes states 1 and 3 to state 1, and takes state 2 to state 2.


when the substrate is represented by a realistic Z-parameter model, it was shown that there are no difference in the ef.ciency between active decoupling and simple resistive DC grounding.


To further alleviate the impact of multipath noise, a 10ms guard time between the sync signals, as well as a 3ms guard time between the adjacent Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

the depth of the experimental area is 1.5-2m.


Thermal chain structure as a function of VDD  IV.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


Communication becomes the performance bottleneck.

as shown in Figure 4, we built four bus architectures with different numbers of bus layers and different numbers of memories using the bus synthesis system.


Again, the six neighbors of S send packets at line rate to S, but they specify the destination as a key for which S is responsible.

do these customized routing protocols have a negative impact on the network performance?


Example 3 Consider a circuit shown in Figure 3.


A view de.nes the presentation of model elements to a stakeholder and the way(s) how they can be modi.ed."


Research supported in part by NSF Grant No.

the level of compression is (NA |P |)/(NC |T |).


I.e., in certain cases the same method may be called by invokevirtual, invokeinterface,or invokespecial.

the CCT may consume signi.cantly more heap memory than the pro.led application itself.


This is an intuitive result, because it is well-known that power con- sumption is strongly dependent on the number of compo- nents in its gate-level netlist.

more precisely, the range of values taken by each parameter is partitioned into 4 inter- vals and a unique value is associated with each interval.


In this technique, similarly to the loopback approach, the signal of interest is routed back to the DSP and further analyzed.

it is limited by the completeness of the model.


--UhktRRtRtdss ,)()()(1[P())'(ßan(s', s)] =h1The (11) givesthe decodingprocess forinformationbits.

the estimated MAI for the m-th sub-carrier is (3) .K) I~ ~)cos((()()',',''1)((),kmmkkrkcrkmiTticdEt.-.-=- k '=1 k '.k (r ) The I~k ,m (t) is low-pass filtered , and then subtracted from yk,m(t).


placement with macro modules is more di.cult to handle because 1) the cells inside the macro module have to be handled by macro-modeling .rst.


Otherwise, the checksums computed in Figure 3(b) and Figure 3(c) will be different from each other, even in the absence of any transient error, because the input values used to calculate them are different.

in the rest of our discussion, we refer to this version of a benchmark as the base version, or the original version.


A Morphing Approach To Address Placement Stability Philip Chong Cadence Berkeley Labs Berkeley, CA 94704 pchong@cadence.com ABSTRACT Traditionally, research in global placement has focused on relatively few simple metrics, such as pure wirelength or routability estimates.

the future holds even more di.culties as physical models for devices and interconnects become increasingly complex and unpredictable.


Admittedly, above equations are too simple to reflect realistic disk behavior at a specific moment.

unfortunately, these criteria are not orthogonal; accurate models are slow in simulation and require substantial time to develop.


When parsing a H.264 bitstream for adaptation, a BSDL parser must perform this dereferencing operation many times per slice.

the specification is currently being amended to normatively specify an expGolomb data type.


The transient performance (tr, tf) and the propagation delay (tpLH, tpHL) are extracted from the spice simulation and our PB-OPC mask matches closer to the designed performance.

the methodology could also be expanded to include these process variations into the flow by trading off the simulation time for accuracy.


Cm +1 Proof: There are pairs of groups, and the constraints in a 2 pair of groups can be reduced to at most 4 constraints.

as a result, we can optimize the useful skews for each power mode.


(7) tb+3td 1 -e - t The level spacing of the symbols in one group is limited by the full transmitter swing and the maximum compensation coe.cient.

if the full voltage swing of the transmitter is 0.8V, the level spacing is 0.0533V (horizontal SNR is very small).


The reason is that the difference between the sFMT and FMT comes from a reduction in the amount of storage, not logic, which leads to a reduction in leakage power; dynamic power is affected less.

5.2 Microarchitectural evaluation Next to understanding the area, power and performance implications of the new CPI counter architecture, it is also important to evaluate the impact on accuracy for the obtained CPI stack.


Second, for dynamic assertions to be e.ective, it is critical that stimulus generation creates the necessary conditions to check the logic [16].

our current implementation of this section is based on the EXPRESSION [15] ADL language.


This nature contributes simpli.cation of the functional veri.cation.

with the advent of information technology, network interface is included in SoC designs as a key IP module.


A memory block .ts 8 SECDED blocks, which allows to correct up to 8 errors in the memory block (at most one per SECDED block).

we can consider that those bits have a negligible BFP.


Each recursion step builds the Composite Table of a node z.


Multi-axis sensing is also often super.uous, since the primary threat to the integrity of a shipment comes from drops, which cause sizable impulses that couple into all axes.


[9] C. Kim and S.-M. Kang, A low-swing clock double-edge triggered .ip-.op, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol.

characterizing the buffers of the library,   Figure 4: 2-level model for buffer characterization 3.


The dash arrows in Figure 3 represent the state transitions in conventional M E S I protocol while the solid arrows indicate the state transitions between W state and other states.

initially, the ref counter counter for each shared LLC block is set to N. N is a user de.ned parameter and larger N indicates more data request will directly obtain the target block at L2 cache.


All the a values in 6) can be computed from ARM(i1), the reduction matrix of the Li-1 mesh discussed in section 6.

3: A complete example  5.2 Splitting Decaps and Current Sources We handle decaps and current sources in the same way as wires.


By honoring the task grouping and ordering speci.ed by the schedule as it transfers tasks across threads, our locality-aware stealing implementation re- Listing 1: The core task-programming API.

if it fails to steal anything, it visits the other potential victims in a round-robin fashion.


Partially Guarded Computation 2.1 Basic Concept In designing signal processing applications, we determine the word lengths of functional units based on dynamic range of input data such that maximum range of the data does not exceed the word length of functional units.

the table shows that we can still reduce power consumption under different input data set.


If the inputs are connected in a way depicted in Figure 5(a), then based on the rules described in the previous section, all three transistors are in recovery mode (see Figure 2(b) ABC = 100).

vDD-Vth .Vth = AHCI × a × f × e toxE1 × t0.5 (2) where AHCI is a technology dependent constant, a is the activity factor, and f is the clock frequency.


3.3.1 Modality Integration Many early multimodal interfaces have been based on a control structure where multimodal integration occurs during the process of parsing spoken language [24].

this questionnaire was designed to ascertain the participants experience with computers and if they had used any input devices apart from a mouse and keyboard.


Three different prefetch hints can be speci.ed: NO_PREFETCH: do not perform prefetching at all.

interaction between L0 Buffers and the L1 Cache The proposed L0 buffers are write-through (data is updated at L0 and L1 in parallel in case a store is marked to access L0, and only in L1 otherwise) so L0 buffers satisfy the inclusion property with respect to L1.


The core of this algorithm is simple but e.ective technique that guides the search for a good bu.ering solution.

algorithm 4 Fast net-based insertion followed by back-o.. 1: Let a(G) be current assignment and St be desired circuit slack.


KFCR GRAPE-7 operates at 133MHz clock cycle.

the performance numbers are based on the wall-clock time obtained from system timer on the host computers.


This allows creation of relatively complex combinational structures and improves the number of instructions per cycle.

note that the 1-bit .ag input will be sign-or zero-extended depending on the opcode.


This is a real advantage if one aims to -12 mirror CMOS circuit architectures in SET, because the equivalent SET circuits would require the use of a unique type of device.

[26] K. Uchida et al., ''Programmable single-electron transistor logic for low-power intelligent Si LSI'', Digest of ISSCC 2002, pp.


This can be done inside the kernel handler for poll-related syscalls, such as select, completely transparent to the user space.

second, all Android systems use the Linux kernel and are mostly shipped with ARM processors.


It should be emphasized that if any element in this set is updated while it is in the SPM, it should be written back.


Our approach works by (1) constructing a provably correct pipeline reference model from sequential speci.cation, and (2) applying sequential equivalence checking between this reference model and synthesized RTL.

the rest of this paper is organized as follows.


The LegUp debugging platform is still under development.

implementing custom hardware accelerators for an application can be dif.cult and time intensive.


Typically, an arithmetic operation (such as addition) requires at least two source operands.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.2.2 [Hardware]: Performance Analysis and Design Aids  General Terms Design, Performance  Keywords Die-stacked 3D integration, Issue-width, Scalability 1.


Besides, many competent simulators are available for it.

hence, we can formally define our goals as follows: -Omit the need of mentioning and defining the handshaking signals from the definition part of the module.


CONCLUSIONS We presented a framework for fast post-silicon segment diagnosis on failing speedpaths, which was based on our proposed ILP formulation.

we enforce our de.nition of .j+1 using the alternative conditions of uj = lj+1 = L (when .j+1 =0) and uj +1 = lj+1 (when .j+1 =1).


this allows people to learn in a way that matches their style, and gives a path to resee  what was originally out of the scope of awareness Film and TimeLapse The camera also comes with  film  in the form of memory, which allows explorers to record and play back measurements over time.


the sample generation .ow, the con.dence interval for STT-RAM design is determined, e.g., [µI - 6sI ,µI +6sI ] for a six-sigma con.dence interval.

process variation continues to be an issue in STT-RAM designs.


Fig 10 shows the relative power dissipation ., where our method for calculating optimal k and h is compared to the method in Section 4.1, which used an RLC model.

in this paper, we will investigate what consequences the skin effect will have on repeater insertion in terms of power dissipation and optimal buffer design.


Our range analysis technique identi.es the number of integer bits required.

many computer arithmetic and scienti.c applications require a maximum absolute error bound.


Our results above contain information about a single subsystem; the CPU.

we therefore used a simple test program called dcache test, that computes the sum of an array of integers.


Automatically characterizing large scale program behavior.

this page crossing behavior does not impact certain types of prefetchers.


Reduction of interconnection parasitics is essential in mixed-signal high-frequency circuits, such as radio-frequency front-ends.

[10] G. Trucco, G. Boselli, and V. Liberali.


We also create multi-programming workloads by running juk, an MP3 jukebox program, with applications listed in Table 3.

the main problem of the CFLRU is its impact on performance.


On average, the naive implementation is 1.45× slower than the baseline, while the optimized one is only 1.08× slower.

critical Path Delay  namic energy due to the logic and registers (the rest being the clock tree and routing network), and we show that the dynamic energy due to the clock tree and routing network dominates.


OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES As outlined in the previous paragraph, the optimization of the CPI parameter represents the only possibility to increase the data rate of the design.

group, New World Order: The High Frequency Trading Community and Its Impact on Market Structure, 2009.


The number of frequent values used are 16, 32 and 64.

in future experi- ments we run FV finder for the first 5% of memory accesses.


This procedure is terminated if no more AoA estimates can be aggregated without causing some angular errors to exceed the threshold.

[4] B. Ananthasubramaniam and U. Madhow.


Bus layout for the 16-bit differential and single-ended buses are shown in Fig.

at 2GHz, the severe ISI on the simple bus results in eye closure.


we add transistors in diode connection to control the pull up current.


Worst case conditions (3s point variations) are used to estimate the extreme e.ects of the variations on the .nal design using 0.18µm CMOS technology.

the .rst part deals with developing a complete set of constraints for all the design parameters of the MCML gate using accurate BSIM3v3 modeling equations.


Instead of controlling/activating the bitlines according to the bit width of the narrow-width values, we divides the integer register values into two categories: 34-bit narrow-width values and 64-bit regular values.

if a device has a highly biased duty cycle ratio, i.e., logic 0 for the pMOS device, it will have a heavy stress and the aging of the device will be accelerated.


We need to infer the grammar to build a deterministic .nite automaton (DFA).

the results demonstrate that streaming can improve performance signi.cantly for larger input sizes of HPCCG, while saving more energy than basic recon.guration of the L3 cache.


The plaintext P is typically generated from a shorter string (in our case ID) by padding it with random bits until it is the size of n. The RAM e.cient variant of the Rabin scheme does away with the modular reduction step, replacing it with an addition of a random multiple of the divisor.

proceedings, Part I, LNCS, volume 4277, pages 372 381, Graz, Austria, October 2006. http://snurl.com/wiprFR.


Network errors manifest themselves at multiple layers of the network stack.

in the rest of the paper, we study recovery techniques for error rates in the range of one to ten errors/hour to consider the worst case scenario.


(Our experiments show that for some benchmarks CapoV produces slightly shorter wirelength than CapoW, which is probably because the additional merge-and-repartition iterations are helpful to optimize wirelength (as well as tim  Fig.

there can be either too many VddL cells, causing trouble to timing closure, or too few VddL cells, wasting slack that can be otherwise traded for power saving.


The consistent usage of mission pro.les allows an early and precise identi.cation of robustness limiting factors and mechanisms with regard to functional and parametric robustness as well as to reliability.

the robustness of components must be considered as a design target in order to bene.t from modern automotive semiconductor technologies.


Different from the latter, the length of the simulation intervals is set to 500 cycles.

in our case, a decision to modify simulation-speci.c load is based on estimations of the time that would be necessary to simulate one cycle for the considered circuit model under the assumption the load modi.cation had taken place.


The number of minterms corresponds to the amount of taint that propagates through the function.

a flow of information from a tainted input propagates to the output.


Global variations are generally modeled as Gaussian distributed random variables, while local variations are not easy to capture.

stochastic optimization assumes that parameter variability has an accurate probabilistic description for computing the statistical features of circuit performance [8], which is very dif.cult in early design stage.


We recognize that an expiration date may not be of interest in a life-critical application domain (e.g., pacemaker), or where a central server can disable functionality, or at certain levels of system com plexity.

ratio (and, correspondingly, improvement in tig htness of the lifetime bound) as the population N is increased.


In this step, we move the column having the same bit value B, where B .

the product terms without column e are divided into two scopes according to the value of the .rst column e, and the larger scope (P 1 ~ P 6) is .rst used for determining the order of the remaining columns.1 1 These two scopes need to adopt the same column ordering when mapping.


Vias not only cause congestion for detailed routing, but also deteriorate signal integrity.

post global routing crosstalk synthesis.


On the one hand, there is no possibility to access the cache of the MicroBlaze directly, on the other hand, by using the PLB our system can be easily used with the PowerPC processor.

currently two implementations of ATLAS exist both using the Transactional Coherence and Consistency (TCC) model [15].


The implementation which has more p saving is selected for replacement.

when the switching activity is more than 22%, invertor B (low Vth and smaller cell) will produce less power consumption.


Y. Charlie Hu, Alan Cox and Willy Zwaenepoel Department of Computer Science Rice University Houston, Texas 77005 {ychu, alc, willy}@cs.rice.edu Abstract We demonstrate that data reordering can substantially improve the performance of .ne-grained irregular sharedmemory benchmarks, on both hardware and software shared-memory systems.

[7] S. Carr, K. McKinley, and C.-W. Tseng.


Hard costs are costs that are direct, tangible, obvious, and easily accounted [10, 32].

iEEE ports do not usually come with a PC.


given a user speci.ed maximum pulse-width bound of each type of generators, we compute the corresponding maximum tolerable load capacitance from the simulation shown in Figure 3.


If the value of the Total_Count of memory block Q would be 9, SCUD would skip simulation for the current request by declaring hit for all the caches under the CLT s cache group.

once evaluation operation in record 1 is .nished, records 2 and 3 will be analyzed in a sequence.


Over time, the number of blocks allocated to a core will be the same over all sets.

maximum wall-clocktime is a concept borrowed from batch job systems [28].


International Journal of Design, 4(2), pp.39-54.

the initially relatively independent creations of all three streams were highly driven by the simplistic narrative characterized through the concepts we had brainstormed for each of the five phases of the cycle of .cyclic..


Evaluation of the obtained audio keywords and their usability for auditory scene segmentation and audio document clustering, performed on 5 hours of diverse audio data, shows highly promising results.

we artificially create more audio documents (in our case, we obtain 10), and each document has one or more corresponding similar documents.


7 (a), at t=0 s the equivalent conductance (synaptic weight) of the couple of memristors connected to the input X1 is G1 =G1+-G1- = 900 nS higher than those of input X2 (G2= -100 nS) and Bias (Gb=100 nS).

adaptive switching circuits, IRE WESCON Convention Record, pp.


The SLAM toolkit, for example, limits the number of predicates in each theorem prover query.

localization reduction fails to reduce the size of the model if the property actually depends on most of the latches.


The 2d-VPEs are optimized to carry out vectorvector reduction operations such as Dot product, Euclidean distance, Sum of absolute di.erences etc.

in summary, the delay dependence of a VPE on its accumulator state can be utilized to design an e.cient timing error prediction mechanism.


Based on the Elmore delay model, a technique called tree decomposition [13] is proposed to calculate the delays of all the nodes in a general RC network with resistance loops.

we compare our work with the method in [1] and a recent work [4] which inserts links between internal nodes of a tree.


Electrically programmable fuses (eFuse), which utilize electromigration of poly Si have also been widely used.

1T-NOR does not provide good scalability, hence performance is often traded off with reliability.


As the number of the same or different types of masters increases in a single chip [2], the various resource contentions will be increased quickly.

when a master uses up its BW quota, its succeeding requests are ignored by the arbiter to prevent the bandwidth of other masters from being taken.


The experimental results show that VCM is a good alternative to traditional DRAM chip on multicore architecture because it can not only improve performance but also reduce unfairness.

based on this, we further implement the state of the art scheduling algorithms on VCM, including FR-FCFS [4], PARBS [2], and ATLAS [1].


The contexts for the cell are randomly generated using usercontrolled parameters for context halo, spacing, filler cell occupancy rate, number of contexts and so on.

due to recent studies that have revealed its advantages uniaxial process strained silicon is being adopted in nearly all highperformance logic technologies.


(iii) in terms of fault coverage and test time, there is no difference between a SISR, MISR and a combination of both.

functional test based BIST targets the enhancement of security, although reaching a very high fault coverage with these schemes is a major challenge.


To rectify this issue, bussnooping cache coherency protocols are typically employed since they are well suited for embedded MCSoC platforms using a shared high-speed memory bus.

a fully write-through policy ensures coherence since copies in a given local cache will always match what is backed by the shared L2.


The timing constraint file indicates the clock period and the delays of primary inputs/outputs.

with group preference, preference changes after each engagement.


Computer-Aided Design, vol.15, no.2, pp.

critical path of a filter these methods have some drawbacks such that either additional registers are required or the characteristics of the filter are getting worsen.


As shown in [15] the classical relations can be expressed in another form using the exclusive or function, which we designate as .

when symmetries are detected, two dimensions can be collapsed into a single dimension.


This means that after the MixColumns has been computed, data is not rerouted within the same round circuit instance, but rather sent on the external bus to be transferred to another instance.

100k curves are not enough to fully recover the key.


For each net, we compute the critical slack improvement from our algorithm over IBB, which is the critical slack from our algorithm minus the critical slack from IBB.

in this work, we use bu.er capacitance as the bu.er cost.


3.1 Increased Inter-buffer Separation Since the signal propagation speed versus inter-buffer separation curve is rather flat around the optimum separation, one of the most widely used techniques to reduce the buffer requirements within a design is to use inter-buffer separations that are larger than the optimal separation.

the above result implies that, if the back-off factor is kept constant across process generations, the number of buffers scales at the same (supralinear) rate as with optimal inter-buffer separation.


[3] Benbakhti, B., Kalna, K., Chan, K., Towie, E., Hellings, G., Eneman, G., Meyer, K. D., Meuris, M., and Asenov, A.

intel s adoption of FinFET technology at the 22nm CMOS technology node [12] has invigorated the interest in their optimization and scaling.


These were the expected tradeoffs ROCR runs faster and uses far less memory at the expense of quality.

each CLB consists of two 3-input 2-output LUTs and four flipflops optionally connected to each of the four outputs.


This means that a transient upset in the combinational logic in a FPGA will be latched by a storage cell, unless some detection technique is used.

cONCLUSIONS This work presents a new technique for upset detection and voting that combines duplication with comparison (DWC) with time redundancy for the user s combinational logic in SRAMbased FPGAs.


The timing slacks are extracted based on the timing model described in Section 2.2, while the clock gating patterns can be obtained by simulations [18].

migration from a flip-flop-based design to a pulsed-latch-based counterpart can effectively reduce the sequencing overhead.


As the total power is limited, it must be partitioned across cores such that the processor executes at an energy-e.cient operating point.

tFET-based cores are clearly more energy e.cient than any of the other technologies at low frequencies, as shown in Figure 4.


The crucial point is that the ADFA data.ow analysis is able to compute this information as a backward data.ow property, without the need to materialize the actual polynomial expression representing the data dependencies.

in Section 3 we describe the techniques employed to automatically derive the DFA vulnerability of a generic block cipher implementation.


However, this assumption is so rigorous.


We implemented Algorithm 1 based on the open-source BackSpace v0.3 codebase.2 To interface with BackSpace, we had to synthesize these benchmarks using BackSpace s cell library.

for simplicity, we randomly chose signatures.


By the time the slave s response is known, the address A2 is already transmitted.

using formal techniques to Debug the AMBA System-on-Chip Bus Protocol Abhik Roychoudhury Tulika Mitra S.R.


The focus of the paper is mainly on the application of length matching for a group of nets belonging to a bus structure.

finally, we report the results of our experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in Section 6.


for 4 splitting bits, there are not enough cache sets to accommodate the split of suf.cient number of partitions such that the miss ratio could be further reduced.


The local ring oscillators also carry a higher overhead compared to our local Clock Generation Units while being unable to generate a crystal-quality clock frequency.

quantized (VQ): only a discrete set of voltages Vgi is allowed.


This information could easily be conveyed by one of the bits in the .eld, or by an additional con.guration register, since the FPGA keeps track of whether it is operating in a low-or high-resolution mode.

by pro.lingtheCC1000radiochip,theFTSPdevelopersdeterminedtheprecisetiming with which theseinterruptsarrive, allowingthemtoinferamoreaccurateoverall messagetimestamp.


This approach, called Command and Control (C&C), is employed by many applications because of its responsiveness in use and ease of development.


The explicit formulation of matrix in GMRES leads to the similar runtime to a direct-LU.

the GMRES iteration tolerance is set as 10-6 for voltage nodes.


Finally, Figure 7 shows prefetching lateness on concurrent applications.

this approach can reach a minimum/maximum local because it always uses the last decision to do the next one.


Equation (1) provides the ground to discard a particular value of kf .

concerning the case of symmetric block ciphers, Biham and Shamir introduced the Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) technique [5], providing a way to break the security provided by the DES cipher.


Zhang and Vahid proposed that adding a victim cache as a configurable parameter will be imperative for embedded system designers to fully take advantage based on application s specific requirements [24].

most prominent works include Minimax cache [18] and Intel s StrongARM SA-1110 [17].


Evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA) [6] can replace the random approach, and it has shown some success in simulation-based ATPGs such as [7].

the population component and the belief space interact with and support each other, in a manner analogous to the evolution of human culture.


In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Application-speci.c Systems, Architectures and Processors, The Hague, The Netherlands., 2003.

peak runtime improvements of 2.70x (SNU-RTludcmp), 1.46x and 2.85x (both SNU-RTFFT) are seen, for transformations alone, ISE alone and the combination of the two, respectively.


We use Flexus simulator [3], which builds on WindRiver Simics, a full system simulator.

proposed using a segmented counting Bloom .lter to avoid accessing all ways in a tag-lookup of a large set-associative cache, thus reducing dynamic energy [2].


The C++ templates specialize operations for bit vectors using a two-level template scheme that is .rst parameterized on bits and then on words.

second, we remove as much branching as possible in the code so that we can best utilize the ILP available in a modern processor and minimize the number of stalls.


In general, not every net of a gate design will have a corresponding net in the RTL circuit due to optimization.

there are 24 signals map to more than three statements.


Total Jamming of Relay-Assisted CRN: This is the jamming of all the nodes involved in relaying and sharing sensed spectrum in a Relay-Assisted CSS Cognitive Radio Network.

the need to sense the spectrum for the presence of an incumbent is a challenging one.


aged to spend more effort in creating situations where high activity nets have unused adjacent conductors.

in this work, we propose a technique to reduce the total parasitic capacitance of FPGA interconnect structures.


A negative literal in f means that the corresponding input signal has been inverted by the previous stage.

a circuit consists of two two-terminal series-parallel multigraphs (TTSPMs), M for an N-network and Md for a P-network.


Although consecutive pages in virtual addressing can be far from each other when they are translated to physical memory addresses, all the addresses that are in the same physical page will be very close.

the increased number of sectors may not be enough to evenly distribute the addresses over the sectors.


4.2 IEEE 802.15.4a Demonstrator Whereas commercial 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 radio modules are readily available for purchase, UWB IEEE 802.15.4a radios are still under product development [3].


5, when the symbols under comparison are both equal to 0, the direction .ag is equal to 1 following the optimized implementation of the CMP node that was shown in Fig.

in our case, we need two N -input OR gates to compute the maximum arithmetic symbol as shown in Fig.


Generally it was thought that the visualisation was useful.


Recently, comparisons based on wirelength minimization have been attempted [2].

timing driven placement using physical net constraints.


Using the MFCCDD feature set, recognition accuracy increased from 3 to 16 components.

we additionally analysed the recognition of speakers within a speci.c conversation.


For mod ern high performance circuit designs, process variation induced clock skew is taking a greater and greater portion of clock period time.

in Table 1, column 2 and column 3 show the number of sinks and the number of sink pairs whose skew are evaluated.


A certain fraction of this total will end up being placed in the way and we estimate this fraction as the ratio of the size of the neighborhood to the size of the whole design.


IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 23(3), 2012.

2.1 Localization Evaluation Metric We quantify the evaluation feedback metric ez as the estimated standard deviation of the random attenuation Xs, assuming the jammer was indeed located at the estimated location.


[9] Smith, J., White, T., Dodge, C., Paradiso, J., Gershenfeld, N., and Allport, D. 1998.

movement of the magnet affects magnetic field sensed by the compass sensor integrated in the device.


Because off-chip main memory access accompanies huge latency overhead, cache missrate reduction in the LLC results in better performance.

http://www.simplescalar.com [28] Y.-F. Tsai, et al., "Three-dimensional cache design exploration using3DCacti", ICCD 2005.


Conventional clock designs have placed emphasis on seeking zero clock skew, since the clock skew sets a lower bound on clock cycle time.

(M(n1 ),M(n2)) between M(n1) and M(n2) is the set of points with the minimum sum of Manhattan distances to M(n1) and M(n2), i.e., .


While core state is relatively small, the memory wall keeps driving the amount of cache per core up [7, 58], making cache-induced inertia a growing concern.

third, frequency scal ing, which drove compute latency down for free, has stopped.


The bit is set when the relevant load issues, and the bit is reset when the relevant load commits or is invalidated due to misspeculation.

finally, our results show that a one-ported load/store queue using all our techniques combined improves performance on average by 6% and 23%, and up to 15% and 59%, for integer and .oating-point benchmarks, respectively, over the two-ported conventional load/ store queue.


of Informatics Kyushu University 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580 JAPAN murakami@i.kyushuu.ac.jp 129.compress ABSTRACT 100 This paper proposes a history-based tag-comparison scheme for reducing energy consumption of direct-mapped instruc tion caches.

when the microprocessor fetches an instruction block, if the corresponding footprint is valid, the two conditions for dynamic tag-check omission are satis.ed.


In Interconnect Technology Conference, 2002.

the related work is presented in Section 5.


The SDPL-Pull implementations had slightly higher power and delay than the corresponding SDPL-TG implementations and are thus omitted from the .gure for clarity.

the same signal restoration circuitry can be used e.ectively.


There has been a considerable amount of prior work (described in Section 2.2) to address this problem.

we experimentally validate this through detailed benchmarks next.


As a result, there is not a preconditioning method that can work robustly for a wide variety of RF and microwave circuits analysis problems, and at the same time be computationally ef.cient (scalable to large problems sizes).

gMRES: a generalized minimal residual algorithm for solving nonsymmetric linear systems.


Finding efficiency in the guts of a single server.

different combinations of enabling technologies and approaches, such as virtual machine technology, storage technology and host operating systems, were investigated.


A con.guration bit that fails in the stuck-on condition can be abstracted as a failure of the driven wire.

a single place ment is generated for each benchmark before all other work.


T8-Vpc6 goes HI, and at the end of this phase all parts of the circuit will be as same as the start of the .rst phase.

the energy dissipation in each transition is given by EConventional =1 CVdd 2 .


This synchronous method is required because there is no master-slave relationship in this type of communication.

the average response time was 27.7 ms with a standard deviation of 19.2 ms. Themaximum valueis80.0 ms.


The third technique above is similar to def-use analysis.


It will easily cause both memory and temporal explosion, and completing such searches for global constraints will be infeasible.

what we perform next is to mining the 3-node constraints from the database.


Table 2: Hardware Area of Optimized Circuits Circuit E Taylor Terms Input [bits] Coef.


As in physics, we estimate that the number of external routing muxes used is proportional to the entropy they contribute.

lemieux and Lewis [10] improved the basic VPR-style IIB in two ways.


Since the SRAM-VWR transfers have been heavily optimized, the link remains unused for most of the time.

distributed loop controller for multi-threading in uni-threaded ilp architectures.


[-2, 2], does carry additional computational cost by requiring a 4 ×4 ×4 stencil for the evaluations.

this reduction in samples and simpli.cation of the gradient calculations gives simplex noise a noticeably di.erent visual quality.


A,...,D remain unchanged; E,...,H get their .rst new values.

the new scheme is obtained by applying suitable transformations to a most simple basic, or canonical, scheme implementing directly the given hash algorithm.


Note that since the virtual memory page number of a HotCache block can be obtained directly from the cache tag3, we do not need to record the page number of each Hot-Cache block.

the subpaging technique reduces writes to .ash memory without increasing page faults.


mLC read latency is realized in a sequence of one sense followed by two comparisons which is longer than a SLC read comprising of one sense and one comparison.


(5)isrewrittenas; aVoffaWIaW'aWIaW(7) 1I'·I·aW(8) a·aW (9) Usingthismodel,weananalyzethevariationonsidering theorrelationbetween(andVthaswellastheimpat bySTIstress.Alloefientsandparametersusedinour experimentsareonludedinTable5.

itisknownthattheSTIstressontributestothemobility ofaMOSFETasformulatedin MO k1[LOD/k.


This additional computation is advantageous for the safety of the algorithm, also making its implementation more resistant to Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks [8].

additional realizations for a VIRTEX-E and a VIRTEX-4 have also been obtained in order to properly compare with existing Whirlpool art.


(Y where i =1 ···N, YPm,YPn .YP, P,Yistheperformance and yield elements of YP point.

current NSGA are basically based on deterministic performance functions.


Without loss of security, the boot loader is itself one of the isolated regions in the device.

device DNA is programmed into the chip during device manufacture by setting one-timeprogrammable E-fuses.


However, we noticed that the binary-weighted capacitors in a charge-scaling DAC with larger unit capacitance may lead to signi.cantly larger chip area and power consumption, which is not suitable for batterypowered SoCs.

(b) An example placement of the binary-weighted capacitors.


To evaluate the synthesis result, a Xilinx XUP Virtex II Pro development system [22] is used.

even with a small failure tolerance (e.g.


In IEEE Transactions on Communications, volume 52, September 2004.

once a network is deployed, data extraction from the nodes becomes a stumbling block in design and further development.


This feature significant increases the computational complexity in motion estimation.

for example, the first step could be the decision on Intra_4x4 or Intra_16x16.


Also, it affects howgroups ofFUsget used.

wethenproposethreedifferentNBTI-awareschedulingpolicies and evaluatetheirimpact onperformance andguardband reduction.


In this paper, we study the uniform implementability of fail-free shared registers in various settings.

among such WRITES, let OP2 be the one with largest snapshot.


In this .gure, the leaf nodes are not multipliers, but subtrees.

according to Equation 3 and Equation 4, the overhead in our design only depends on len(i)(i =0, 1,... ,n -1) and k. when k is .xed, the performance of our design is only affected by the number of nonzero elements on each row, and not by the distribution of the nonzeros among the columns.


D = µ + aR + ßiGi (1) i where R, called local variation, accounts the cumulative effect of variation sources other than considered global variations.

the task of selecting a subset of paths whose time constraints are statistically critical has a worst-case complexity that grows exponentially with respect to the circuit size.


CAMEO is a hardware mechanism that makes both stacked memory and commodity memory form a continuous memory space as seen by the OS, yet leverages the locality on a cache line basis.

figure 6(b) shows such a design that embeds the LLT in stacked DRAM.


5.4 SigRace Effectiveness 5.4.1 Data Race Detection To assess SigRace s effectiveness, we use it to .nd (i) existing data races in our applications and (ii) races that we inject in the applications.

finally, Min and Choi use the happened-before approach for only nested doall loops.


For instance, circuits signed off with the setup in Column #2 of Table III have up to 35% larger area compared to other circuits.

the qualify of results (QoR) of circuits implemented with this derating setup is unpredictable as the outcomes depend on the magnitude of BTI degradation and the sensitivity of circuit performance to AVS.


ELECTROTHERMAL ANALYSIS OF 3D IC Thermal management of 3D ICs is known to be a major issue due to their high power densities [5, 13].

by simulating carefully chosen applications with different memory behaviors, it is found that the major advantage of 3-D integration is the large bandwidth of the (on-chip) memory bus.


The semantic of this communication protocol preserves the sequence of unidirectional non-blocking function calls.

put, peek and get functions are still called with the polling mechanism, in which a delay or a latency is explicitly expressed for each call (i.e., nb put(const REQ&, sc time&), nb peek(RSP&, sc time&), nb get(RSP&, sc time&)).


The latch in the row buffer allows the precharge command to be overlapped with the last read operation.

too much GPU traffic to DRAM will increase the latency of CPU requests via increased queuing delay in the memory controller and increased memory bank/channel conflicts thereby degrading CPU program performance.


Slack appears not only in interactive and real-time systems; it also occurs in general-purpose environments like web servers or routers with high-end processors where the performance is often bottlenecked by the network.

the maximum reduction is delivered when they are applied statically.


Note that this result is independent of the number of process parameters that are considered in the input skew distribution as every covariance is scaled by the same factor.

the mean of the path distribution is bounded by the smaller skew window.


Both of the new performance values for gain and phase margin will produce 100% yield.

the choice of interpolation is a trade off between accuracy and complexity.


The setup for measurement of bitline leakage is as shown in Figure 3.

for the given process centering, one can also estimate an upper bound on the total bitline leakage as a function of number of cells in the column using the statistics described here.


Other forces, such as gravity and user interaction force are represented as external force.

the testing platform used in this experiment set is Intel Celeron CPU 2.8GHz, 1GB RAM and NVIDIA GeForce 6600 with 256MB video memory.


Those benchmarks were originally derived from the IWLS-2005 benchmark suite [12], which provides RTL-source .les and the mapped netlists in Verilog.

as such, the integration of a fast and accurate timing engine is crucial to the success of an incremental timing-driven placer.


Introduction Early implementations of dual-Vdd designs have showed very promising results with power savings on the order of 40-50% [1].

the leakage power also shows a significant reduction of ~20% which can be attributed to the roughly cubic dependence of leakage power on Vdd [8].


We then present a hierarchical framework called hierarchical B*-trees (HB*-trees) which can simultaneously optimize the placement with both symmetry islands and non-symmetry modules and dynamically update the rectilinear shape for the modules in a symmetry island.

in Figure 7(b), the horizontal and (a) (b) 4.1 HB*-tree Representation  hierarchy node contour node Figure 6 shows an HB*-tree for the placement in Figure 2(a).


(ax,ßx)=(1,0),and the number of variables x in set XB, i.e.

it is in general dif.cult to guarantee the quality of variable partitions, since the number of possible partitions grows exponentially with the number of inputs.


of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, U.S. {ypliu,yanghz}@tsinghua.edu.cn*, shu@nd.edu Abstract Automatic C-to-RTL (C2RTL) synthesis can greatly bene.t hardware design for streaming applications.

algorithm 1: Function minFeasibleNodeInOPEN() input : {OPEN}, {CLOSED} 1 repeat 2 V=nodeWithSmallestEstimationInOPEN(OPEN); 3 for every child node (Q) of V do 4 if Q.area + V.accumulatedArea <Aref then 5 return V; /* Case I */ 6 end 7 end 8 if V has parent nodes other than P in CLOSED then 9 Set the node with the smallest gas V s previous node; 10 Update g(n), ga(n) and h(n);/* Case II */ 11 else 12 Remove V from OPEN; /* Case III */ 13 end 14 until; several nodes representing different parallelization degrees and add a throughput weight to each arrow.


For each register Ri, we use the notations TRi(H) (TRi(L)), SRi(H) (SRi(L)), and HRi(H) (HRi(L)) to denote its clock arrival time, its setup time, and its hold time at the high voltage level (the ULV level), respectively.

there are only local wires in our LP (since each global wire has been divided into local wires by assuming that pseudo gates are in between).


[4] E. M. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. Peled, Model Checking:MIT Press, 1999.

the array is allowed to have arbitrary values to begin with.


A socket can act as a signal observer similar to a latch, enabling fine resolution feedback and rea listic execution scenarios.

early prototypes have been used for formal specifications and model validation [1, 2].


This suggests that additional performance gains should be possible with by exploiting this parallelism.


However, this will result in temporal explosion, in which exponential time will be needed.

based on Observation 1, the objective variable can be the only unjusti.ed variable during the search process before a solution is found.


Next, the device repeats the carrier sensing operation with the preserved CW counter value.

it requires more processing power and time consumption.


Even if all the analog cores are BISTed, impact on test time except for when no cores are BISTed.

the impact on the overall system testing costs must still be evaluated.


And a previous short window granule pair should replace them to mitigate the subjective degradation.

for other sampling frequencies the subbands can be defined in a similar manner.


Cachegrind instruments each memory referencing instruc- tion with a call to a C function that updates the simulated caches (11, D1 and unified L2).

aCM Transactions on Programmin9 Languages and S#stems, 14(2):265-297, Apr.