Existing work has explored using hardware assistance to dynamically track information .owand prohibit leaks [12, 13, 38, 43].

most such systems only track information .ow at the ISA level or above, ignoring micro-architectural features such as caches and branch predictors that can leak information.


This is due to the fact that operation rescheduling could impact the e.ciency of the Lx s instruction compression mechanism, leading to an increment of cache misses.

in some cases (fir2 and matrix) the instruction cache misses are reduced since, due to the particular structure of the code, the rescheduling algorithm can lead to a more regular code in terms of instruction cache access patterns.


Recall that the Min-CostSAT is a special case of 0-1 ILP with all coef.cients in the 2The use of MIS in computing lower bound is often credited to scherzo.

the Unate Covering solver included in the famous Espresso minimizer used it as early as in 1984. constraints to be 1.


In the left illustration of Figure 5 we see that the shortest one-latency path is a route that visits a register, then doubles onto itself.

this is clearly not a valid physical route.


A straightforward way to improve RT layout area ef.ciency is decreasing access transistor size.

the driving current provided by small transistor might not be suf.cient to switch magnetic domains.


Each cache block in our system contains one basic block from the source program.

to simplify bookkeeping each cache block has a .xed size.


There are existing techniques to check the properties for SDF/CSDF models.

they cannot be directly used for SDF-AP models due to di.erences in semantics.


For burst-prefetching, in the worstcase, we need to access 8 independent sets of the DT, amountingto 8 L2 accesses.

this case rarely occurs since multiplepredictions usually arise from the same set.


Arranging On and Off signals in a balanced way, such as SeqA, can minimize the voltage drop but cause more glitches on the VVDD rail.

seqB can cause less glitch on the VVDD rail but have larger voltage drop.


For this experiment, the tasks with different problem sizes and/or control .ow structures are generated and assigned to each thread in a random fashion.

the total amount of work assigned to all threads is the same.


The amount of time required for the event-driven simulation and path selection increases linearly with the test set size |T|.

due to the increasing number of critical transition paths, the relative contribution of the numerical integration to the overall runtime of the approach increases signi.cantly.


As we discussed theoretically in Section 3.4 and also demonstrate with experiments in the next section, our technique is able to nearly eliminate numerical dispersion errors.

because the interpartition interface handling is based on a less accurate (2,6) FDTD scheme, the coupling is not perfect, which leads to erroneous re.ections at the interface.


This in turn decreases the number of later wakeups, which reduces the impact on execution time.

the impact on energy savings Is negative since a larger fraction of lines are kept in full power mode, and in fact many of those lines will not be accessed for the next several win-dows, if at all.


This means that any destination IP and any port number can match this rule.

the rule can create many pseudorules because all more speci.c destination IPs and ports (speci.ed in other rules) have to be covered by pseudorules.


The limitation of the algorithm is that its run-time is exponential to the number of non-Gaussian and/or nonlinear parameters.

in practice, as the number of nonlinear and/or non-Gaussian is not big, the algorithm is very efficient and provides a general framework for statistical STA handling non-Gaussian parameters and nonlinear functions of delays.


The number of SystemC objects is limited only by the amount of available memory.

we advice the users not to use more than hundred objects per design level.


It is because PRAM write latency scales down as device scaling.


If fis added to the abstract model, two out of ieweL four new states in S)ihave a successor in Stiiim while, frand i.otL nfrhave no successors and are considered dead-end states.

if nis added to the abstract model, three out of four m new states inS)ihave a successor in Stiii.


PD1 provides a smooth trade-off except PD1-1.0 while for PD2, the trade-off does not correlate with the parameter p.  k-SMT heuristics provide a good trade-off curve comparable to PD1.

pD1 has a better control on the maximum wirelength and radius-ratio.


The .rst portion is the solution of spectral factorization, which is usually O(n 3), determined by the solution of DARE equation.

this computation needs to be computed only once.


The previously reported device sizing methods for sub-threshold logic are based on the assumption that the current is a proportional to the transistor width.

by investigating the transistor behavior in the sub-threshold region at 90nm and 65nm, we have found that the threshold voltage decreases with decreasing transistor width due to the inverse narrow width effect (INWE).


When the new primitive is in default mode, it has a small latency and throughput overhead, due to the added req-latch control logic.

in biased mode, it shows signi.cant improvement over the baseline node: 41.6% lower latency and 19.8% higher throughput.


the proportion of energy wasted taking those actions also increases.

the proportion of energy wasted taking the greedy action (the action with the highest expected probability of success) decreases, since nodes learn more rapidly which actions are pro.table by exploring the action space.


All architectures are modeled as accurately as possible, given the parameters in Table 1, on a highly detailed instruction-level simulator.

we did not faithfully model every detail of each architecture; we were most concerned with modeling the approximate spaces each core covers in our complexity/performance continuum.


This is arguably also the reason why the ILP-scheduled code ends up having less spills than GCS-scheduled code after register allocation (0.2% versus 0.8% as a percentage of all instructions).

in contrast to the ILP scheduler GCS is codesize aware and curbs code motion that entails compensation copies (including partial-ready code motion) if the expected bene.t does not justify the estimated code size increase.


For General and Financial, a small 128MB sector log can extract most of the available spatial locality.

tPC-C requires a large 1GB sector log, to e.ectively merge the sectors from the same page, due to the large working set of sub-page writes.


On the other hand, we can increase the read current in FS-STT-RAM for better read speed.

the corresponding higher read disturbance probability results in more unintentional data .ipping, or read errors.


whether all cells have a similar trend of variation for changes on operating conditions).

the uniformity is poor for the deep-submicron technologies.


To measure the similarity between ci and cj, a possible general approach would be to represent each of them using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM).

as no assumptions about covariance matrices of GMMs can be made for a general case, computing the distance between GMMs is not likely to be easy.


If a setup timing constraint of Ob is a tight , we must apply FDD clocking to speci.ed input-output register pair for Ob.

a non-tight setup timing constraint is ensured by one or more steps mar r1 r2 r1 t C(b) C(b = a ' ) = a ' C(a ' ) (a) (b) Figure 3: Illustration of C1: Ensuring the hold timing constraint by SRV-based register assignment.


It is obvious that the outage probability in linear coverage networks are one-peak curves with the modes around the local mean values like Gaussian distribution.

the outage in Omni directional coverage resemble exponential distribution.


The theory of carbon nanotube transistors is still primitive and the technology is still nascent [1-3].

evaluation of such high performance transistors in digital circuits is absolutely essential to drive the device design and understand the bottlenecks in multi-Gigahertz processor design.


This approach mitigates the area overhead of secured cryptographic circuits.

a large scale utilization of conventional MCML was never considered since the power consumption is usually prohibitive for embedded applications.


The voltage island generation traditionally involves three sequential sub-problems: Island partitioning, voltage assignment, and .oorplanning.

because the solutions to these sub-problems have strong dependence on one another, they have to be solved simultaneously to get optimal solutions.


Infact, the linear transformations we used were very similar to those discussed in [43].

we found that non-unimodular transformations (such as scaling) did not bring additional bene.ts over unimodular ones in our benchmarks.To approximate the ideal tile size (blockingfactor), weexperimented with different tile sizes and selected the one that performed the best.


On further analysis of the 21:40 -09:15 period, we .nd that there is substantial overlap between the events detected: there are 15 events in common.

of the 7 events that were detected by ZCR but not by Volume (RMS), 5 were false positives where no event could be identi.ed when the source audio was listened to.


For instance, standing close to a window, the window frames block the view to objects behind the glass.

for objects rendered in front of the focal plane i.e., objects that appear in front of the display a very unnatural view is perceived.


AbstractThe continual decrease in transistor size (through either scaled CMOS or emerging nano-technologies) promises to usher in an era of tera to peta-scale integration.

this decrease in size is also likely to increase defect densities, contributing to the exponentially increasing cost of top-down lithography.


Power consumption is the main restriction for the development of such amplifiers.

circuits must be extremely reliable because they may be life supporting devices for the patient.


Note that close data points should be merged early, while distant data points will not be merged until the end.

hierarchical clustering does not directly generate the final clustering result (i.e.


However, for the Cu and CNT technology, the compound metric increases at lower bandwidth density, and decreases at the higher values because of various competing factors: At low values, as bandwidth density increases, power dissipation reduces, but is compensated by an increase in the latency (Figure 5).

at higher bandwidth density both the power and the latency rise with increase in the bandwidth density, lowering the compound metric (Figure 9).


In the wireless sensor network context, protocols such as SEAD [16] and TTDD [41] construct energy-e.cient routing paths without knowledge of the mobility patterns of the sink.

in some scenarios, the mobile sinks move in a pattern that can be predicted to a certain extent.


The traditional method for visualizing 3D objects often makes use of orthogonal perspectives and complex controls that occur in CAD and 3D modeling packages such as Blender.

the Volume Slicing Display makes use of our spatial intuitions; a virtual object floats in real space and the display s cuts through it can be easily repositioned by moving the position of the slicing screen as if it were intersection a real 3D object.


Formal veri.cation tools exploit mathematical methods to check whether the design meets the requirements of the speci.cation for all possible inputs.

formal veri.cation is not scalable enough to handle the increasing complexity of modern designs.


For larger designs with many diverse blocks, it is easier to .nd deadspace for TSV-island insertion.

given a region of deadspace on a particular die, a TSV island also requires another region of deadspace on a neighboring die, with adequate alignment between the two regions.3 Figure 2(b) illustrates a feasible TSV-island placement thanks to proper deadspace alignment while Figure 2(c) illustrates an infeasible TSV-island placement  blocks may need to be shifted to create suf.cient aligned deadspace.


In Table 3, using only Vth=0.14V gives an average power reduction of 9.3% versus Design Compiler with Vth=0.23V, as the lower Vth allows gates to be downsized, and possibly we are seeing some purely sizing benefits from our approach now that some timing slack is available to use it.

using only Vth=0.08V does not on average reduce power, due to the higher leakage.


Most applications (i.e., canneal Figure 14b, ferret Figure 14e, and raytrace Figure 14f) show quasi-linear scalability characteristics, with more than 5 × speedup with 6 CPUs.

other applications (i.e., dedup and facesim Figure 14c and d) present sub-linear scalability characteristics even with a relatively small number of CPUs.


Equation (14) works for eSiGe and DSL technologies.


Further, our technique required 1% less power than the ILP technique.

our technique required 19% more router resources.


Figure 1 is an illustration of our goal where different resistance values, visually distinguishable by the motifs, can be sewn into e-embroidery patterns.

we have to do a more in-depth evaluation to make this a reliable possibility.


4.1 IDEALS/RMR The concept of IDEALS/RMR is that a node with a high energy reserve acts for the good of the network by participating in routing all packets that come to it, and by generating its own packets from all locally detected events.

a node with a near-depleted energy reserve acts selfishly, by only generating or forwarding important packets.


To trace the propagation of bugs, the appointed signals should be traced in consecutive clock cycles.

it is dif.cult to trigger bugs in parallel environment and a great amount of consecutive trace data intensi.es the requirement of on-chip interconnection and memory.


.N a given message, t « p aprime, e(·) a random error as de.ned above, the value ( ) a := m d div (pt + e(pt))mod t can be seen as a random variable uniformly distributed in .t .

clearly, a onlyhas a chance to ful.ll the assumption correctlyif 2l(pt) is a multiple of t. the assumption is justi.ed for other cases as well, because the distance to the uniform distribution is negligiblysmall as t « 2l(pt) .


PCM can be used instead of DRAM to increase main memory capacity as shown in Figure 4 (c).

the relatively higher latency of PCM compared to DRAM will signi.cantly decrease the system performance.


For instance, common subexpression elimination creates new copies that can be copy propagated, which in turn creates more opportunities for common subexpression elimination.

any transformation pass that runs in-between the initial calculation of the analysis information and a reuse of that analysis information, can potentially modify the program, thereby invalidating the analysis.


In our experiments, we assign an universal error rate (failure probability) to all the gates for comparison with existing works.

rAG is able to handle gates with different error rates.


In such a scenario, the cache saves signi.cant amount of power while the program presents high set-wise access locality.

the cache can seamlessly turn to a power safe mode where even low set-wise access locality can yield some amount of savings.


To see this, we observe that with ß = 2, the di.erence between moving node v and u is |E2|-|E1|.

during the .rst few levels in min-cut placement, the number of nodes within each block is essentially large while the min-cut values are practically low.


This can be accomplished by the judicious application of context-sensitive net-weights to these nets.

if it is to be practical, any proposed net-weight modification scheme must rely on only a small number (ideally, one) of parameters.


The former determines an increase of the power consumption, whereas the latter leads to a non optimum width, from the noise standpoint.

increasing the source inductance produces a reduction of the LNA transconductance (Gm), which, at resonance, is given by: Gm=1/(2.0· LS ) (2) In this design, a typical value for CGS is 0.5pF; on the other hand, the value of C can be minimized by either mounting the naked die directly on the board or using a BGA package.


Instead, the whole system of equations for the entire mesh has to be solved simultaneously, which requires much more computational power.

this formulation is unconditionnaly stable, which means it is possible to use larger time increments .t and consequently fewer time steps to speedup the simulation, and it is in fact the formulation used by our and most other approaches.


another arbitrary partition) would destroy our optimality guarantee.

5.1 Cardinality Constraints we can safely preassign a second node to either the same One way to assert cardinality constraints in our SAT instances is via a partition as the first or another arbitrary partition.


A VR is designed to provide the rated thermal design power (TDP) of the processor with high efficiency.

our experiments with commercial workloads show that a processor spends more than 50% of the run time in one or more of the low power/performance states.


Intel s L3 cache (in Nehalem), is 8MB in size, and is inclusive of its four 256K L2 caches [8].

aMD s Barcelona [24] employs semi-exclusive cache hierarchies with 512K L2 cache per core and a 2MB shared L3 cache across four cores.


This process can be iterated by identifying additional bottleneck paths to further favorably shift the location of path wall.

the bottleneck paths that are ignored in the procedure may not meet the retimed clock period and hence could result in timing errors at overscaled voltages.


The power of the captured eating sounds was similar in all three locations.

the eating sound captured in the skull contained slightly higher power than that captured in other positions.


2.2 Conditional branches Due to the nature of SIMD, all PEs perform the identical operation in each cycle.

for most applications conditional tests are unavoidable requiring different operations on different PEs.


The value of DC current at the gate output (for a set of input and output voltages) is a cell characteristic which is independent of the slope of input signal and the output load.

in a transient simulation this current is used to charge/discharge the output load and intrinsic parasitic capacitances connected at the output of the gate.


We posit that a game that can effectively motivate these children to practice at home would speed up recovery.

currently, very little has been done in gaining an understanding of the children s, parents and speech pathologists needs and requirements.


If applications are partitioned so that they each use no more cores that they do in our simulations, we would expect the results for pausing execution to be similar.

thistechnique couldbedevastatingifa single application, with occasional communication, is using all cores of the chip.


The solution space of this problem grows ex  i i in 0 1 fnet Virtual Configuration Bit  Figure 3: Con.gurable Virtual Network ponentially with respect to the input size, n, of the virtual network.

we show in this paper that modern SAT solvers can be used to exactly resynthesize small circuits.


These robust memory cells present extra resistance or more transistors.

they do not protect against soft errors in the combinational logic that may be latched by the memory cell provoking an error.


The focus of this work is on the system-level aspects of the proposed process variability impact compensation technique.

several circuit-level aspects were considered to provide realistic results about the overall energy consumption and execution time of the system.


Results of constrained ATPG The results of constrained ATPG correspond to a fault coverage of 74.3%.

it is important to note that the coverage onfunctionally testable faults is much higher, as some of the remaining faults are functionally untestable.


Serial snooping used the snoop then forward scheme, in which snoop transaction was issued to the next cache when the current snoop completed.

.exible snooping adaptively supplemented the forward then snoop scheme and the forward scheme, which enhanced snooping performance if a remote cache far away from the requester had the matching block.


Static timing analysis (STA) uses the worst-case corner variations in delay calculation, which means that it calculates the delay assuming that all of the process variations cause each gate to take the largest delay during set-up checking.

since the random parts of the variations of each gate cannot be worst simultaneously on the same chip statistically, STA is usually optimistic by a large margin, which causes over-estimation in delay calculation, requires excessive delay margin in design phases, and makes the timing closure difficult.


Our approach is inspired by logical effort [7,8], a method well suited for estimating the minimum achievable delay of a single path in a circuit, with a heuristic branching factor used to account for multiple fanouts.

the critical path of a circuit changes dynamically according to the choice of distribution of capacitance over multiple fanouts.


Our idea is that the cooperating transmitters start their transmissions at the same time.

if individual cooperators are allowed to transmit as soon as they are ready, hardware disparities, fading channels, differences in propagation distances, differences in processing times, and noise cause transmit time variations of 4 ms to 30 ms [5].


The extra tra.c may collide with update packets, and thus, increase the false alarm events.

as long as C1(i) expiration does not happen too often, we expect the improved system to perform better than the basic system in a wide range of settings.


On the other hand, LRU-Ordered does well by achieving a similar effect; it attempts to avoid going down to deep low-power states, even if an active chip needs to be sent to a (shallow) low-power state.

lRU-Greedy and LRU-Smooth degrade performance more substantially; they can exhibit degradations as high as 76% and 67%, respectively.


On every write access to the partitioned RAM, the same decoded address is used to access the DataFlitMem location where writeDataFlit is stored-so, we don t need a write decoder for DataFlitMem.

on a read access to the partitioned RAM, the decoded address is different from the address to retrieve readDataFlit: so we need a separate read decoder for DataFlitMem These observations lead to the following equations representing the power consumption of an optimized FIFO: For data .its, (utilizing the entire width of the original SRAM).


The advantage of signal and timing abstraction is that the user can choose lower abstraction level, for example, mode 1 or mode 2, to observe detail signals transitions.

designers choose higher abstraction level to observe the bus signals variation behavior.


More precisely, during the write operation, power is dissipated by fully discharging either the bit-line or the bit-line-bar.

during the read operation either the bitline or the bit-line-bar is partially discharged for the sense amplifier to read the value stored in the cell.


For instance, one useful but dif.cult to implement example would be to give every byte of memory and every byte of input a unique tag, and to track those tags through the system.

because there are so many tags in .ight in the system, one of the key complications is how tags are merged.


In a microarchitecture with SVW-.ltered re-execution, load data values are rarely needed in the back-end and so these can obtained from the register .le, potentially using the store data register read port.

load re-execution does require load addresses in the back-end.


Thus, the Alloy Cache increases misses by 15% compared to LH-Cache.

we show that the 60% reduction in hit latency compared to LH-Cache provides much more performance bene.t than a slight performance degradation from the reduced hit rate.


IPR solves the LUT recon.guration by a one-time Boolean satis.ability (SAT).

rOSE needs to solve a sequence of SAT problems and the length of the sequence is exponential to the number of con.guration bits in an LUT.


Essentially, the replicas share one control .ow and perform the same operation instruction-by-instruction.

the replicas can diverge in their data values in an arbitrary way and use different memory addresses as long as there exista one-to-one mapping between their addresses.We call this diversi.cation model as SIMDA(Single Instruction Multiple Data and Address).


8.2 Multi-core Results When the working set of an application .ts into the cache, the application will not bene.t signi.cantly from compression even though its data might have high redundancy.

when such an application is running concurrently with another cache-sensitive application in a multi-core system, storing its cache lines in compressed format will create additional cache space for storing the data of the cache-sensitive application, potentially leading to signi.cant overall performance improvement.


Both these factors may contribute to the macromodel estimation error.

for large K (more paths included in the macromodel), we observe that the estimation error can be removed almost completely.


VML Function Itanium Processor Pentium III Processor vdInv 4.3 11.5 vdSqrt 7.3 33.5 vdInvSqrt 6.2 31.8 vdExp 6.2 37.8 vdSin 9.3 49.9 vdTan 12.3 75.9 Table 5: Comparing VML performance (clocks/element) between the Itanium and Pentium III processors Multiple arithmetic units already help ensure good performance on these functions.

the extended precision and reduced rounding errors of the fused multiply-add units further enhance performance because full accuracy is much easier to maintain, reducing or eliminating costly steps needed on the other processors to maintain high accuracy over more rounding steps.


Due to no extra via is allowed at the bend of the diagonal buses, we propose an algorithm based on the graph coloring algorithm to assign the components of the diagonal buses to the same layer.


Alternatively, one may size up those gates that get a large ßvalue so as to compensate for the performance loss due to higher virtual ground resistance by reducing the driver resistance.

these approaches can perturb the placement solution, which may adversely impact the timing closure of the design.


Wavefronts are prioritized for scheduling in round-robin order.

if a wavefront cannot issue during its turn, the next wavefront in round-robin order is given the chance to issue.


A functional test generator produces for such descriptions a test vector for each error.

if the behaviorally combinational assumption is removed, a functional test generator must produce a sequence of test vectors to test a particular error.


device model evaluation and matrix solution.

the e.ciency of parallel matrix solvers can deteriorate fairly quickly as the number of processor cores increases.


However, the qualify of results (QoR) of circuits implemented with this derating setup is unpredictable as the outcomes depend on the magnitude of BTI degradation and the sensitivity of circuit performance to AVS.

figure 6 shows that circuits in Column #3 always have 10% more power compared to the reference circuit.


On the one hand, pure HW-based approaches proposing redundancy at the architectural level and the inclusion of spare components and self-diagnosis [3,7].

as MPSoCs are highly programmable systems, a second trend proposing SW-based reliability enhancement or combined HW-SW approaches have appeared in the last years.


Since the likelihood of another thread trying to use the same object is high, increased concurrency decreases the likelihood of that transaction committing, causing performance to .atten beyond 2 threads.

lazy acquire actually improves performance slightly.


Recently, to overcome this problem, several studies have been carried out on wave pipelining [1], which is a method of speeding up the circuit without the insertion of intermediate registers.

wave pipelining requires tighter timing constraints.


(1) Tree leaf direct connection When building a tree from bottom to top, it s very likely that some leafs(gates) are very close to the root.

through the level-by-level construction, these leafs(gates) still have to go through multiple levels to reach the root.


However, a test compaction methodology that works well here will also perform well for realistic devices.

in addition, test compaction using training data generated from device simulation is significantly less expensive as compared t o actual tests applied t o a manufactured chip t h e downside is that simulation data is likely less accurate.


It proved possible to insert faults in memory space without affecting the running application and then use the trace information gathered as an effective mean to analyze program flow, before and after the actual fault activation.

as all NEXUS compliant debuggers currently communicate with the host machine through Ethernet or USB connections, and as the fault campaigns must be run on the host machine, this imposes a bottleneck on the time required for an actual memory access.


The optimal policy ensures that both the active and over-loaded output ports are completely utilized, i.e., sends a packet each time slot, and its throughput at each time slot would be exactly 2A.

lQD allows the overloaded output ports to take up a substantial amount of memory space.


Longer wires can be made faster, up to a point, by making them wider -as the wire, axon, or dendrite becomes wider, resistance goes down faster than capacitance goes up.

in both cases, when the wire becomes long enough, it is preferable to regenerate the signal periodically to keep the overall delay linear with distance.


In contrast, for the smallest design A, the run-time of Monte-Carlo simulation is about 5 hours.

due to the large size of designs, Monte-Carlo simulations are too unrealistic to finish and thus the run-times are not provided in the table.


plex overall, but su.ers from two additional sources of overhead necessary for correct execution: (1) result bus contention due to out-of-order completion and (2) constrained issue between regions.

for all benchmarks we see that the additional performance loss over Switch is small: for SPEC INT, SPEC FP, PARSEC, and Parboil, the geometric mean performance loss is 10.0%, 5.2%, 4.4%, and 1.5% over the baseline.


Usually, minimizing power and delay in continuous domain is computationally easy since the methods of convex programming can be applied in most cases.

in the discrete domain continuous optimization techniques cannot be used, and combinatorial optimization is applicable.


FPGA: XILINX VIRTEX-5 The Virtex-5 is typical of a contemporary high performance FPGA, containing a mixture of .ne-grained LookupTables(LUTs) andFlip-Flops(FFs), andlarger specialised RAM andDSP(multiplier) units.

itis stillpossibletouse manyof thesameRNG algorithmsthathavebeen developed in software.


All of these approaches rely on the luminance values of pixels of the displayed image as their optimization variables.

luminance value of a light source is not the same as its perceived brightness.


In general, VSB must be increased to reduce the standby power as much as possible.

the maximum VSB at an inter-die corner is ultimately limited by the hold failures.


These variables store their values from one step to another, and they are mapped to registers in the .nal hardware synthesis step.

wires of the CAOS model become event variables in the synchronous model.


To cope with demand for parallelism, switching latency must increase.

rCS-NR is based on unique behavior (pipelined arbitration table) with low latency.


[17] presented a Cool-Mem scheme which keeps several number of recently used addresses in the Hotline Registers and skip tag lookups and redundant way accesses when there is a hit in the Hotline Registers .

it requires the existence of a TLB access stage between the address generation stage and the cache access stage.


The authors claim that this technique results in little or no unwanted recovery, leading to a more accurate characterization of NBTI degradation.

it requires the invasive probing of individual device currents.


INTRODUCTION High-level synthesis (HLS) software tools such as AutoESL and its successor Xilinx Vivado-HLS [2] are capable of taking an input C program and generating effective RTL with performance that can rival manual design [14].

even for a sub-class of programs with regular loop bounds and array accesses (namely, af.ne programs [18]), additional efforts are still required in complement to Vivado-HLS capabilities to get the best performance in particular to exploit data reuse opportunities in the program, generate off-chip communications, and overlap communication and computations [13, 24, 28].


Ideally, a reliable write is guaranteed by pulling QB below the threshold voltage of the transistor M4.

when RA is large, the e.ective pull-up ratio of the cell will increase.


As can be observed from the .gure, when the amount of recomputation is increased, it is possible to achieve better energy savings (the cases with 10% and 20% performance degradation bound).

the case with 40% performance degradation bound has a negative effect in energy consumption.


Buses o.er distributed shared memory communication with established memory consistency models.

buses have limited support for streaming communication and are typically tailored for Copyright 2009ACM 978-1-60558-628-1/09/10 ...$10.00.


As we will discuss below, this problem is inherently ill-conditioned if the time between the burst is much greater than the inverse of the bandwidth of the signal.

we will show how this type of acquisition can be preconditioned by performing some simple analog operations on the signal before it is sampled.


Conclusions and Future Directions The set of proposed primitives that new design languages must support as discussed throughout this paper might seem straightforward.

the important point is that existing system design approaches and languages such as SystemC do not directly include them.


In other words, addrR1(X) - addrR1(A[0]) must be equal to addrR2(X) - addrR2(A[0]).

because Replica 2 has an extra pad on each array, this condition cannot be true, and an out-of-bound access will get detected.


However, in figure 7, any two different blocks of reconfiguration logic (blocks LFL i) have inputs coming from two different sets of FBI latches.

in figure 9, the different blocks of reconfiguration logic share some inputs (i.e.


If the target process is highly susceptible to metal 1 shorts, the ideal layout will be the one on the left.

if contacts are more of a problem, the ideal layout will be the one on the right.


This will make sure that the speculative thread does not modify non-speculative state.

loads have to be modi.ed to ensure that they load from the new address space only if there has been a store to that location.


By inspecting the subthreshold damping model in equation (4), we find that the damping coefficient actually decreases with temperature.

the dc leakage current I sub increases exponentially with temperature, and therefore the overall damping performance by subthreshold leakage increases.


Consequently, we resorted to visual correlation.

visual correlation is extremely labor intensive and error prone: the performance analyst must look at visualizations of hundreds of metrics to determine which ones look correlated.


the formulation is general and applicable to any function that requires n switches for the implementation.


Both approaches implement the motor model in an FPGA and both verify that the FPGA is solving the model equations in less than 1µs.

no further work is done for reading the signals and for generating the output signals to close the loop with the HIL simulator.


As shown in Figure 13, output corruptibility-based selection achieves a better Hamming distance than output corruptibility + non-resolvablebased selection.

as shown in Figure 10, output corruptibility-based selection results in mostly isolated and fully resolvable camou.aged gates.


Since Lf , the numerator of DR, is unknown for an instance of parameter variations, we alternatively minimize the denominator Lpf which is the number of edges in the potentially-failing segments.

since Lpf + Ldnf = L holds, minimizing Lpf is equivalent to maximizing Ldnf which is the number of edges covered by the de.nitely non-failing segments.


Traditionally, designers have attempted to alleviate the memory bottleneck by exploring di.erent cache con.gurations, with limited use of more special purpose memory modules such as stream bu.ers [9].

while real-life applications contain a large number of memory references to a diverse set of data structures, a signi.cant percentage of all memory accesses in the application are generated from a few instructions, which often exhibit well-known, predictable access patterns.


CSR achieves e.cient memory utilization because only non-zero elements of the matrix are stored.

considering the matrix-vector operation of Krylov subspace methods, its irregular access pattern often causes the increase of global memory access.


An additional pin on G1 is added to convert the output of G1 to 1 on the gate so that the input of G2 is changed to 1, which eliminates the NBTI stress on G2.

the best input vectors to reduce leakage may not be the same as the best input vectors with regard to reducing NBTI degradation.


The improvement on the depth of the netlists is similar to the previous tables.

there is a large improvement after technology mapping.


Chaining all movable cells attached to a fixed by a set of additional artificial nets to control their affinity to fixed blocks during placement.

none of above techniques made distinguishable improvements to the final placement results, and we leave this topic as future work to further explore effective handling of fixed blocks during clustering.


However, when the fabric contains only CLBs, the difference between the two placements is only about 0.5.C.

for one of the con.gurations, it is more than 4.C.


After describing the newly added instructions, a designer is provided with a synthesizable description of the extended processor along with the associated software development tools.

for optimizing the performance of critical software loops within embedded applications, the Xtensa processor suffers from the same drawbacks of tightly integrated fine-grained configurable logic approaches.


The goal is to model delay variation due to environmental factors such as supply voltage and substrate temperature.

it is difficult to fit the actual non-linear behavior of the timing quantity of interest with a polynomial that has a limited (and relatively small) number of terms.


This can lead to higher latencies on the clusterassociated with the target device.

writes mightbe buffered and return immediately even though a laggardexists, which allows the corresponding cluster to be temporarily available.


This also degrades the accuracy; thus it is desirable that gU is greater than the maximum IRG that a program exhibits.

the storage cost increases as U increases.


It is because the required computation time of a generic 0-1 ILP solver to .nd the minimum solution tends to increase as the 0-1 ILP problem size increases.

the problem size can be signi.cantly reduced by considering only the operations that require 1 CSA block in .nding the implementations of the constants, i.e., the operations whose one of the inputs is the .lter input or its shifted versions.


Worst-case timing models have been applied to capture execution behavior of SDF actors for software and hardware implementations.

these timing models su.er a key de.ciency: they lose information about the precise timing of consumption and production of tokens by an actor during a .ring cycle.


In EOC scheduling, the output of each task can only be delivered to other cores when the slack of the current and all previous partitions have been accounted for.

the partitioning step has not yet been carried out.


Traditionally, performance/power variations are handled by a combination of speed/power binning and design margining [2]: speed/power binning tests all fabricated chips, those of which with a slower speed or excessive power are either discarded or sold at a reduced price; design margining uses worst-case process corners to guarantee the design requirement.

these solutions are becoming insuf.cient as the variability increases along with 1This research was supported in part by NSF grants of CAREER 0643902, CNS 0720659 and CCF 0702617. technology scaling, and may not be a viable solution when the variability encountered in the new process technologies becomes very signi.cant.


Since prior work showed that phase-based cache tuning significantly impacts energy consumption and execution time, and DTM techniques can significantly impact temperature, energy consumption, and execution time, we combine phase-based cache tuning and DFS for fine-grained and efficient temperature, energy, and execution time optimization.

since optimizing one design objective may adversely impact the other design objectives, combining these techniques presents a multi-objective optimization problem.


If the upper limit of the number of the PEs is constrained in the step, an operation that exceeds the limit slides to the next step.

the step might be changeable without reaching the limit.


Note also that the MTTDL of a RAID 6 system in the presence of unrecoverable errors is higher than that of a RAID 5 system operating in the absence of unrecoverable sector errors.

these two MTTDL values are of the same order of magnitude.


If making predictions for non-forwarding loads had no negative effects, the FSP could be trained (up) only by mis-forwarding loads.

a load must wait until its predicted forwarding store has executed, even in non-forwarding cases.


We directly connect p3 to s2 by a horizontal line from p3 since it is in the Steiner range of s2.

in Figure 3 (b), since p3 is not in the Steiner range of s2, we would connect p3 to one of endpoints in s2 with a shorter wirelength, which is pa.


Sharing FPUs is not a new idea per se: for instance, the high performance Bulldozer architecture from AMD shares a .oating point unit among multiple instruction fetch pipelines [3], and similar solutions have been adopted in the past by complex out-of-order superscalar processors [4].

in radical departure from high-performance architectures which implement sharing with complex HW queues, reservation stations, speculative execution support, we developed a streamlined, ultra-low overhead solution, with minimal area overhead (which tightly correlates with leakage), tailored to lowcomplexity, single-issue in-order execution pipelines.


Processor-based solutions are the obvious approach to creating multi-purpose designs due to their inherent programmability.

such solutions do not offer the performance, cost, and energy ef.ciency of accelerators as there is an inherent overhead to instruction-based execution.


If we place these edges in traditional retiming formulation, .ip-.ops can be moved over them.


A number of recent studies report results for CMOS mm-wave frequency generators targeting the 60GHz band [1],[2].

among previously reported results, there are few examples that achieve the required tuning range to cover the worldwide union of bands from 57GHz to 66GHz, with some margin for process and temperature variations.


Such injections generally rely on slow RTL simulations, sometimes with hardware acceleration or emulation.

error injections at higher abstraction layers are much less precise but can be very fast.


(..31 ...32 ...33) D. Capturing Cell Inner Constraints All boundary constraints have been incorporated into our SAT formulation based on the discussion in section IV-C.

the above formulation does not guarantee that the solution computed will eventually lead to a valid solution.


In this voting mechanism, if the multi-core system is load imbalanced, different weighted votes will lead system to improve the performance of the most critical core.

if it is load balanced, similar weight of votes will lead the system to select the line-size good for majority of cores.


On one hand, they can expose opportunities to improve network routing by .nding shorter paths between nodes.

tIVs can frustrate network embedding or positioning systems that treat the Internet as a metric space where the triangle inequality holds.


Dynamic verification schemes also exist for AT-oblivious memory systems [10, 29, 30].

to our knowledge no dynamic verification schemes include AT, and we believe the main reason for this is the lack of a specification of correctness that can be checked at runtime.


With STT-RAM-4TSB, due to restriction on path diversity for request packets, performance further degrades when compared to that of STT-RAM-64TSB scheme.

for L2 read intensive benchmarks, performance is still better compared to SRAM-64TSB (solely due to 4x capacity increase with STT-RAM banks).


This solution does not take into account the resultant free area fragmentation to select the position where the task is mapped to.

it deals with fragmentation by proposing several high-cost defragmentation processes.


Traditionally, inter-chip and intra-chip communication architectures are separately designed to maximize design .exibility under different constraints.

jointly designing communication architectures for both inter-chip and intra-chip communication could potentially yield better solutions.


A large amount of the research in SDR has been promoted by the Spoken Document Retrieval track of TREC [7].

very little work has been carried out in the area of SQR [1, 2].


Consequently, a small-size coarse-granularity repeater library can be derived and applied to all interconnect designs with limited performance loss [2].

when power reduction is considered, i.e., the problem addressed in this paper, DP schemes become less effective.


This causes that the carry propagation of the least significant bits in the final adder is performed in parallel with the preparation of the inputs to higher bits of the final adder.

reduced ALM counts allow the LUTs comprising the compressor tree to be packed in more tightly.


Later if a narrow blockage is within a band of W-wide bused segments, as shown in Figure 6, the segments are split by the blockage, as if a few more bits were inserted.

this may fail because the narrow blockage can lie in a W-wide channel formed by regular blockages and its existence causes insufficient effective routing tracks within the channel.


It is due to the fact that all valid outputs of a logic block must be ready before the evaluation phase of the successor blocks.

the logic mappings on this architecture assumes triggers on evaluation and pre-charge signals occur simultaneously for all of the crossbars, which is not easy to control.


Testing of the service is performed upon lab re-imaging which generally occurs twice per semester, but this can vary depending on application updates and additions of software as the semester progresses.

image updates are run daily through an automated process which checks an image server every few minutes and downloads the updated imaged to a partitioned drive on the local workstation (running in the background).


Note that these speed-ups are obtained not because computations are parallelized (tiles are run in sequential), not only because the communications are pipelined (this is also the case in the original versions), but (i) because DDR requests are reorganized to get successive accesses on the same row as much as possible, (ii) because some communications overlap computations, and (iii) because some data reuse is exploited.

to achieve this, there is a (moderate) price to pay in terms of hardware resources, in addition to the local memories involved to store the data locally.


Basically, we start with a Hanan grid [6] and successively add lines to respect the minimum runlength.

we only add lines those lines as long as two successive lines of the original Hanan grid are close (<4u) to one another.


We evaluated this approach using both a Naive Bayes and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classi.er trained on our training data.

the results were not encouraging as the best average F-score was with Naive Bayes of 76.6% for WiFi Spatial and all four accelerometer and compass features.


Usually the Error Correcting Code (ECC) schemes, such as hamming code, are used to correct the errors.

it is expensive to use ECC to correct multiple errors in a data block.


4.1 Write Endurance While wear-leveling has been studied for resistive memories, speci.cally PCM [22][7], it was in the context of hybrid main memory.

our application is di.erent in terms of latency requirements (replacement of SRAM), frequency  Figure 2: Neural predictor prediction and training Figure 4: MPKI for SPEC CPU as the size of the perceptron table increase from 29 rows to 218 rows.


As in Section 2.2, we .rst assumed the context size is 4 .its.

we also used the context size of 8 .its, to examine how ENC s performance overhead would change if used with an on-chip network with less bandwidth, or a baseline architecture which has very large thread context size.


Since a row-buffer hit takes 7.5ns, the total time to fetch the page is 495ns.

the latency penalty of two context-switches (into the OS and out of the OS) is around 4us [20].


FEM and FDM are too slow, since they discretize entire volume of a substrate.

they have the advantage of versatility, i.e., they can handle substrates with arbitrary doping profiles rather than only layered substrates.


This is in contrast to the traditional zero-skew routing where only skew between one pair of sinks from two subtrees need to be computed.

estimating skew ranges for all pairs of sinks between two subtrees greatly increases the computation time.


One could even try to extend the VI-VT lookup for the L2 cache as well.

in this case, a hard- ware implementation can become cumbersome if the L2 is off-chip, and [17] suggests software-based TLB maintenance.


This concept has been preserved for the next standard versions as well.

the inclusion of entirely new content-based functionalities in MPEG-4 [8] has made most of the specialists refer to it as a new standard generation, rather than the next MPEG version.


Numerous approaches to solve this problem have been proposed for di.erent stages of the VLSI CAD .ow: logic synthesis [3, 5, 4], technology mapping [7], and placement driven synthesis [2].

production tools often lack re.ned versions of the proposed algorithms, as can be observed in results as recent as [6].


Otherwise, we decrease VDD to reduce power consumption if ERp is lower than ERlow, or increase VDD to avoid unacceptable performance/energy overhead if ERp is higher than ERhigh.

our VDD adjustment mechanism never reduces VDD under a critical voltage level VDD-min, and hence, guarantees a desired chip yield.


Resistivity (ohm-cm) 0.01 0.1 1 10 Skin depth (um) @ 50 GHz 22.5 71.2 225 711 Rational Function Fit Method (RFFM): Computation of the Substrate Green s Function: A straight-forward approach to evaluate the substrate Green s function is to use numerical integration techniques [11].

this approach is computationally too expensive to handle complex VLSI interconnect configurations typically An alternative method for evaluating the substrate Green s function involves approximating the substrate contribution by a rational function which can be integrated analytically [14].


Our results show that the proposed optimizations lead to signi.cant performance improvements for communication patterns like one-to-all, gather, and data redistribution from a set of source nodes to a set of destination nodes.

we also observe that the improvements are signi.cantly lower when data replication is employed.


Such systems often employ signature compression to facilitate rapid redundancy checking.

designers often fail to consider the tradeoffs inherent in embedded implementation of signature compression.


In [9], a well structured projection-based moment matching scheme was developed based on a theoretically interesting bilinear form of weakly nonlinear systems.

a bilinear form of a nonlinear system has significantly more state variables than the original state-equation representation.


So far, in both layouts, the whole communication area blinks during transmission.

for a feature version we plan to dynamically adapt this area to match only the surrounding of the active LDR.


H.264 motion estimation only deals with video data, whereas SIFT and Demosaic can be applied to both video and still images.

when SIFT and Demosaic are applied to full HD video streams the resolution drops from 5MP to 2.1MP increasing the frame rate substantially.


The software consists of three separate program parts: Module A: Mutual authentication based on AES  Module B: PIN veri.cation  Module C: Balance transaction  The AES key management, encryption and decryption was purely carried out in software.

this software part was spared from fault simulations throughout this work, since in real security microcontrollers, the AES will be computed by speci.c hardware circuits protected by hardware countermeasures [19].


Compared to single core design, CMPs provide throughput improvement for multithreaded and multiprogrammed workloads.

since manyon-chip platform resources, such as the lowest level on-chip cache andoff-chip bandwidth, are sharedby all the processor cores, the performance and throughput of pro *This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation through grant CNS-0406306 and CCF-0347425, and by gifts from Intel.


This means that very short nets, where stale data has a large impact on cost, likely does not have stale data.

medium length nets are unlikely to have their CLBs moved, and very long-length nets will have their CLBs move only a shortdistance.


Previous experiments on FlashSim utilized traces collected from various machines.

since write requests of those traces have no temperature information, they are not suitable.


On the contrary, the EFSM-based ATPG uniformly moves across all transitions of the SEFSM increasing the fault coverage.


Since the RC logic checks the message header and is typically very small comparedtootherlogicssuchasarbiters,itisbesttoput them in the same layer where the header information resides; we can avoid feeding the header information acrosslayers,therebyeliminatingtheareaoverheadsfrom inter-wafervias.Inthispaper,wefixthenumberofVCs perPCtobe2andevaluatetheincreaseinRClogicarea andpower.Thechoiceof2VCsisbasedonthefollowing design decisions: (i) low injection rate of NUCA traffic (ii) to assign one VC per control and data traffic, respectively (iii) to increase router frequency to match CPUfrequency,and(iv)tominimizepowerconsumption.

the proposed technique is not limited to this configuration.


For long-term sensors with low sampling rate, self-powered nodes usually harvest energy from the same stimulus that the device is designed to detect, such as WATTR [1] and the MIT Pushbutton [4].

there is a desire to build power harvesting systems that are more general purpose.


For example, for activity prepare breakfast from the WSU house, using HMM results in higher MTTF than when NB is used.

nB considerably outperforms HMM for the prepare dinner activity from the same house.


3.1 Numerical Methods to Solve Equations Theoretically, we are able to analyze the output for any possible indication of signal integrity loss such as delay, overshoot, or undershoot.

equations such as 3, 4 and 5 must be solved ef.ciently.


It is obvious that transaction level information is much easier to read than signal level information.

formal property languages such as OVL[2], CTL[7], or regular expressions, have been proposed to describe bus protocols formally.


The ISS-SystemC communication is simpli.ed by using these new ports.

the original implementation of the GDB-Kernel mechanism requires the de.nition of ad hoc processes (ISS PROC) to use iss in and iss out ports, and a heavy modi.cation of the kernel to manage ISS PROC activation.


According to the roo.ine model shown in Figure 2, it is expected that the peak sustained performance improves by 10% due to 10% increase in the .op/total byte ratio.

in CFD, the computational e.ciency increases by only 6% due to the decrease in cache hit rate from 51.3% to 46.2%.


METHODS 3.1 LPCWT response model To investigate the e.ect of the real, non-ideal, LPCWT circuit it wouldbepossible toperform a co-simulation between Cadence (for the LPCWT circuit) and Matlab (for theremainderof the algorithm).

cadence time domain simulations require a large amount of processing time, signi.cantly limiting the amount of EEG data that could be used to validate the algorithm.


In comparison, we observed that without selective workload sampling, even if 10 more RCRPs are implemented for this design, it only improves the MSE while the improvement on adjusted error is marginal.

selective workload sampling will increase the area overhead by introducing MUXes on the RCRPs as shown in Fig.


This means that a performance gain can be obtained only by increasing SNR.

one can easily notice that increasing SNR is not always possible, as it will be shown in the rest of the paper.


An accelerating repeater attaches to the wire rather than breaking it, reducing the repeater insertion frequency and placement sensitivity.

accelerating repeaters are more a mitigation than a solution to the repeater insertion problem.


The architecture description is modi.ed to evaluate the performance and code size of the applications used in subsection 4.1 and 4.2.

the modi.cation is non  3.5 800 1.2 700 3 1 600 2.5 0.8 500 400 2 0.6 300 Cycle count Cycle count (normalized to 1IPB) reference Code size Code size (normalized to 1IPB reference) (normalized to 1IPB) Cycles (million) 1.5 0.4 200 0.2 1 100 0 0.5 0 (a) Reference performance and code size 1IPB) 1.2 3.5 1 3 Figure 9: Results of MPSoC DSE the following context: A H.264 baseline decoder application is parallelizedby software developersintoa scalable applica tion, i.e., engaging more processors can improve theperfor mance of the application.


Since the number of blocks in each cache region is region By dividing the SRAM into smaller sub-arrays, we can in crease the total number of defective bit-cells that can be repaired without using too many spares in each sub-array.

in,creasing the number of sub-arrays also increases the intercon there is a one-to-one mapping relation between blocks in one cache region and all sets in the cache.


Lastly, in this paper we considered the difficulties in creating side-channels.

we should also look at how we might break them.


used a DNA lattice to arrange a nanoscale computational circuit with optical components [22, 21].

our proposal organizes DNA-based information processing mechanisms in a DNA origami.


We might expect users with high irritation rates seen in Figure 13 and low cost-bene.t ratios in Figure 12 to fall into the 60% of machines with low sonar SNR.


The disadvantage of using the invalidation instruction is that it may increase the lifetime of a register.

with a large register file as in Itanium, the register pressure is usually not a big problem.


The main limitation with this approach is that if only a small set of vectors or traces are available, false locations will be identi.ed.

assuming that a large enough set of vectors are available, an iterative approach can be applied to the localization process where the number of potential locations are reduced.


For these workloads, PCM writes should be ignored in bandwidth partitioning, and thus, RBP (WBP 0) is the best.

wBP 0.5 is best for Light6 and Light7 because PCM writes consume more bandwidth.


This is because the PD hit rate of the design B is lower than design A, since the design B has a larger MF.

when the PD is increased to 6, the PD hit rates are low for both designs and the effect of high clusters appears to be important, then design A has a higher miss reduction than design B.


We observe that execution on two threads using the matched pattern achieves perfect speedup compared to execution on one thread.

unmatched pattern shows signi.cant performance degradation on both Kepler and Fermi GPUs.


The strict need for energy ef.ciency results in sensor network designs that expose very little information about the system state to an outside observer: every bit of extra information a sensor node exposes about itself increases energy consumption.

without suf.cient information about the system state it is hard to identify failure causes.


This approach is attractive because it is simple it places no constraints on network topology or timing.

there are still many ways in which multiple transactions that access the same line can overlap.


For example, prediction of aging-related problems [Agarwal 07, 08, Sylvester 06] may involve the execution of online selftest once a day.

we need extremely thorough test patterns that specifically target aging [Baba 09], and these tests may take several seconds to run.


Knowing the CRP, a user can easily compute the secret K for a trusted security kernel with SKHash.

a malicious kernel cannot obtain the same secret from the processor because its program hash is different.


This increases the reliability of the device as the probability is low that S0 would drift all the way to S2 or that S3 would drift to S1.

it also requires twice the number of devices compared to representing the data approximately.


When the whole system executes with no DFS scheme, the six processors and the NoC operate at the reference frequency.

using the proposed DFS scheme, only one processor operates at the reference frequency, while three other processors and the NoC operate, in average, at half of the reference frequency (including the Master-PE) and two processors operate at the lowest frequency level.


DCR and RLE are quite traditional algorithms in the context of DBO since their overhead is small and can give significant performance bene.ts when applied to large regions such as the traces.

the creation of the DDG introduces high overhead because of its complexity and large data structures that are traversed during the creation.


the routing order which is determined in the constraint group.

a net with mutiple pins in different constraint groups are routed with trivial detour.


On top of that, increasing the NMOS transistor size helps the circuit to recover from the attack, leading to a shorter radiation lasting period.

the increase of NMOS transistor size requires larger layout area, which increases the hit rate of high energy particles proportionally.


Again, this generates decoy responses from the other parties which I can time.

if B is present, then one response will have longer time, re.ecting the successful decryption and check that I *.


Their work focuses on the utilization of the semantic reasoning to choose the right end-user services, for mobile devices, according to the profile of the device s users.

their work doesn t take in to account a fullmediated pervasive environment with several end user devices, which can support the users instead of their smart phones.


This gain can also be confirmed by the bandwidth reduction in these cases (shown in Figure 9).

in the cases where greedily satisfying the first buffer requests will severely reduce the available space for subsequent requests that may more efficiently use the buffer space, BiN-Dyn behaves considerably worse compared to the first three schemes, as can be seen in the 2P/4P cases with large input sizes.


The message structure may vary depending on the protocol used by the IP module.

the message structure is irrelevant for the NI kernel, as it just sees messages as pieces of data to be transported over the NoC.


3, each latch loop is serially connected and the cascaded loop has only one latch mode.


The total memory power becomes comparable to the processor power on applications with high memory demand(Figure6(c)).

sincetheperformance ofthese applications varies less than before as the number of rank subsets changes, the energy-delay product improves less as multiple subsets are used: 0.8% onSPLASH-2 with2,12.1% on SPEC CPU 2006 with 4, and 7.9% on PARSEC with 4 rank subsets all compared to the con.guration utilizing a low-power mode but no rank subsetting.


However, our runtime does depend on the fanout.

rr is sensitive to both bus bit-width and fanout.


To effectively realize such a design we leverage the following insights: In order reduce hit latency Alloy Cache merges ( alloys ) each data block and its tag into a single unit and streams both in a single access.

the primary latency bene.t comes from breaking the serialization between the tag and data accesses.


between the logic and memory macros, thus maximizing the bene.ts of 3D ICs.

the total number of TSVs and the die size are proportional to the number the macros.


Such verification can be done by using formal models which are able to do high level descriptions of systems and which allow to check system s properties.

in our opinion, the studies on the wireless network protocols do not use enough formal description techniques which allow to represent explicitly the different mechanisms and to make verification activities before to do then performance evaluation.


The voltage-to-timeto-digital conversion utilizes a voltage-to-time converter and a timeto-digital converter (TDC) to digitize the input signal.

the voltage-to-delay-to-digital scheme controls the delay of buffers instead of the time window.


We suspect that this is because of the large perturbation caused by the duplications created by the aggressive tree-balancing (balance -s)which makes it very dif.cult for synthesis rewriting to recover from.

our budget driven inverted-edge push occurs at key locations such that there is minimal disruption to the netlist.


During the stage 2 hold phase, there can be some downward glitching due to CSG between do21 and do32, in this scheme the parasitic capacitance CGD to do11 does not hurt logic 1 integrity, since do11 is actually precharging during the stage 2 hold phase.

in this sequencing scheme, logic 0 glitching is an important consideration.


Technology scaling also gives rise to new error sources: For instance can the e.ects of neutrons (which have formerly only been a concern with memories) now cause upsets in logic elements and low power/low capacitance buses as well [9].

the main source for errors on buses will be crosstalk, which can lead to increased delay or cause voltage glitches on wires [4].


We have showed that the approaches proposed in the literature can fail on achieving the optimal solution because the integrated thermal models only include static estimations of the power dissipated by the functional units.

our approach considers the thermal e.ect related to the run-time execution of the application on the system.


The pixels in both Figure 1(b) and Figure 1(c) do not numerically match with the ones in Figure 1(a).

the primary difference between these two .gures is that in Figure 1(b) only few of pixels are incorrectly computed thus causing an imperceptible difference while in Figure 1(c), a large slice of pixels are incorrectly calculated causing a perceptible change.


For simplicity, (6) does not include the leakage power.

it can be demonstrated that the minimum area design point corresponds to the minimum total leakage power for this example.


We use the USRP2 to feed IQ samples to an Airblue [17]-based OFDM baseband implemented on the larger XUPV5 FPGA.

on-air operation is insuf.cient for characterizing and testing new wireless algorithms because over-air operation is dif.cult to control.


We show that Thread Aware Dynamic Insertion Policy (TADIP), which can adapt to requirements of different applications, can significantly outperform DIP.

a brute force approach for finding the best thread-aware insertion decision requires hardware overhead that increases exponentially with the number of applications.


A key characteristic of 3D ICs is the presence of interlayer vias that electrically connect vertically adjacent areas and allow routing to greatly reduce wirelengths.

they are difficult to fabricate, and their densities are limited.


They cannot be extended by adding new components.

software engineering has matured by adopting systems engineering concepts, complex software applications are modularised.


HW can be made to perform with constant-timing behavior and thus will show better resistance against simple SCAs than SW.

the condition-dependent signals of HW still exist in the design and make it more susceptible to simple SCAs.


Finally, adding dictionary-based compression (denoted CPACK+Z), increases the average compression ratio to 3.9 and the decompression latency to 9 cycles (see section 5.1) [9].

because multi-megabyte LLCs already have relatively long access times (e.g., 30 cycles) and very high miss penalties (e.g., greater than 150 cycles and ~60 nJ), the benefit of higher compression ratio has the potential to outweigh the longer decompression pipeline.


Placing processing cores properly is crucial for latency improvement, since the mapping define sources and destinations of each message and the number of links among them.

this can be classified as an instance of the quadratic assignment problem, which is proven to be NP-hard [8].


For a 4M epoch length, the performance improvement drops to 3%.

further increasing the MSS to 800 pages hurts the performance because of the migration overhead.


Related work have pointed out that software-based techniques can achieve full fault tolerance against soft errors with data-flow effect, with performance degradation around 45%.

software-based techniques could not achieve full fault tolerance against faults with control flow effects [9].


Without careful planning, we may need to build TCFs for all fanout branches of a node.

some TCFs are functionally equivalent, even with different temporal requirements.


That work uses a Utility Monitoring Circuit (UMON) [13] for adapting the cache replacement policy in the shared LLC by tracking runtime miss rate information of the individual applications.

the use of UMON comes at the cost of additional hardware overhead for maintaining shadow tags (a shadow tagis similar to a regular cache structure except that it only contains the tag array).


While, pre-silicon veri.cation, which validates the RTL description of a design, is e.ective for individual components [6], system-level validation is spotty at best, given the limited scalability and performance of the tools available.

post-silicon validation o.ers the high performance necessary to investigate the correctness of system-level functionality in depth and expose complex bugs.


Transfer functions are the most commonly used models for basic blocks for behavioral simulation during the design process.

as transfer functions model the behavior of the circuit through the complete frequency domain, the resultant representation is quite complex.


For this application, clustering does improve L2 cache hit rate since the page table is smaller.

the tag and data often lie in different cache lines, which requires an increase in the total overall memory references required to perform a translation.


Our fanout-distribution based 123456 Circuit Ours Length 1 Xilinx-like Length Ours Length 1 Xilinxlike 1 0.47 1.00 .25 2 0.18 - 0.125 4 0.35 - 0.375 quarterlong - - 0.25 architecture (our architecture is tuned for each circuit based on that particular circuit s fanout distribution) achieves overall area that is almost identical to that achieved by the previous architecture (in 2 cases, we achieved slightly smaller area).

when we place and detail route the test circuits on a Xilinx-like architecture, an increase of 11% in the overall area is observed.


It would seem that initially placing a block in the fastest dgroup (instead of the slowest) might alleviate both the performance and energy problems for D-NUCA.

this initial placement policy would require demoting a frequentlyaccessed block within the same set to a slower d-group upon every cache miss.


The less abstract a layout representation, the easier the implementation of both geometric constraints andgeometricoperations.

insuchcases itisdi.cult to realize an evenly distributed search over the solution space.


Pattern matching is good at detecting pre-characterized hotspot patterns but has a limited flexibility to recognize previously unseen ones.

machine learning is good at detecting unknown hotspots but needs special treatments to suppress the false alarm.


The maximum error is limited by the longest segment width (given by BPB × L ).

carry generation across blocks are common; therefore errors occur quite frequently in ETAIIM adders.


In GNTRAM, the data is stored on a capacitor during stand-by, thus mitigating static power dissipation.

the stored charge starts to leak and has to be restored.


is accessed 49 times, whereas A[0][148] is accessed 65 times.)

this approach allows to identify those parts of arrays more accessed than others.


We observe that applications with high rate of DRAM accesses are likely to benefit from PHA-WB.

applications with low rate of DRAM accesses are not likely to benefit from PHA-WB, because when there are few DRAM accesses, the background power dominates the total power consumption.


An alternative method for static assignment would have been to utilize profile information to predict which processes execute most frequently.

due to simulation complexity, profiling information may not be available.


All repetitions bounds and success probabilities look at .rst sight apparently bad.

they are based on proven worst-case bounds and might be in practice much better than we what prove here.


The maindrawback of these controllersis that their applicability is limited to single applications whose memory behavior can be exactlyspeci.ed atdesign time, whichis typically not the case in MPSoCs.

note that such an applicationspeci.ccontrollercanexploitlocality,since knowledgeabout the exact memory access trace enables rows to be opened and closed in an optimal manner, resulting in a highly e.cient, although very restrictive solution.


Partially Guarded Computation 2.1 Basic Concept In designing signal processing applications, we determine the word lengths of functional units based on dynamic range of input data such that maximum range of the data does not exceed the word length of functional units.

real data is generally limited to small range in most cases, and the case of maximum range rarely occurs.


If the mux is dedicated to the unit, all of its inputs are transferred to muxes of target unit, and the underutilized and its muxes are removed.

if the mux is shared between an underutilized unit and another unit, then the inputs are copied to the target muxes.


Moreover, multicore architectures favor simpler and smaller cores, which limits the opportunity to exploit the available ILP with wide-issue cores.

special-purpose hardware accelerators that are located outside the core can improve a thread s performance by eliminating control and memory bottlenecks (e.g., advanced branch predictors and data prefetchers), but they often result in signi.cant chip area additions and additional complexity.


= 2esi t kT q oxb the inversion charge, the carrier concentration increases exponentially in the sub-threshold region.

the the last terms for the source end while Eqs.


In [16], the authors propose the addition of extra resistors at the input stage of the latch to filter transients from appearing in the latching window.

in addition to the large (about 300%) power/delay costs associated with this method, the usage of passive elements is impractical in current digital designs.


1 µ = L w¯m (8) M m 1 2 2 T S= Swm - µ)( ¯(9)L + ( ¯wm - µ) M m m Many machine learning driven IR systems use a point estimate of the parameters at di.erent stages in the system.

we are estimating the posterior distribution of the variables at the E step.


This is a consequence of the good matching between the wavelength parallelism of space-routed ONoCs and the bit parallelism of electronic NoCs.

wavelength-routed ONoCs (WRONoCs) are fundamentally different from electronic and space-routed optical networks, since they inherently deliver full connectivity (i.e., contention-free and potentially parallel communication between every master and every slave) while sharing the bandwidth of optical paths between multiple communication flows.


However, the paper does not address shared cache s long latency and uses coarse-grain partitions managed by the compiler or OS.

cMP-NuRAPID uses .ne-grain cache-block granularity to allow .exible sharing transparent to software.


In fact, lack of research on automated clock mesh synthesis was noted as early as in 2001 [9].

no comprehensive work has been David Z. Pan Department of ECE, University of Texas at Austin, Texas dpan@ece.utexas.edu done on this practically important topic till now.


Alternatives like FPGAs or fully programmable standard products have been proposed.

both are signi.cantly more ine.cient in their use of power than ASICs, and do not meet performance requirements for many applications under a power budget.


Pseudo-robusttestshave robustness conditions similar to that of robust tests.

the requirement of side-inputsbeingglitchfreeisdropped.


While these techniques succeed to extend predictors lifetime to more than 5 years, they assume aggressive assumptions about the technology which are not readily available in today s technology.

these assumptions are nevertheless reasonable and based on the understanding of physics behind memristors operation, e.g.


In CMP, it is expected that the throughput scales up as more cores are integrated provided that tasks are properly assigned to the cores.

the throughput scaling of CMP is upper-bounded by the theoretical limitation of applications parallelism.


Information-.ow tracking has been a central idea to the security community for decades, yet since the introduction of the commercially unsuccessful Intel iAPX 432 in 1982, it has not seen support in commercial microprocessors.

as transistor budgets continue to increase, many have argued that tagging is a natural, and minimally intrusive way of enforcing information-.ow policies on modern CPUs.


with limited bu.ering, if bad outputs are selected which correspond to outputs that are full, the packet will be stalled and allocation is re-attempted in the next cycle and can avoid the bad outputs.


99.85 not surprising that BUJIO achieves only 63.38% .xing rate on average since the routing layouts are usually too dense to .nd feasible jumper positions.

our work achieves more than 99.6% .xing rate even with the 95% diode blockage rate.


So reducing the processor s energy consumption by executing the compression algorithm with hardware accelerator and putting the processor into sleep mode is relevant.

some issues require solutions, such as combining the general-purpose processor with a compression accelerator, the communication architecture between them, etc.


The low area usage of the SMF-based switch makes it amenable to FPGA platforms with a high-degree of inter-platform interconnection.

the registered buffer schemes can quickly exhaust large amounts of area.


The graphs show that DBCP-I achieves a high cov- erage of 82% and with only 4% misprediction.

the addition of a small number of extra bits increases cover- age and decreases the fraction of mispredicted addresses in DBCP-2 to 86% and 3% respectively.


Most of the arithmetic components are studied manually and researchers have presented manually optimized designs for speci.c circuits such as compressor trees [14], etc.

the use of this approach is limited to some speci.c circuits, and cannot be applied to general arithmetic circuits.


The green pepper has been recognized successfully by visual modality.

load and sound modality are not informative for this class.


If TWL is longer than TCRIT, the write operation will be successful.

a bitcell cannot be written for TWL shorter than TCRIT and this is referred to as dynamically limited write failure.


In this case, we can define the logic values of the r-th bit as j2p(2r-1) f0t Lr (t) =e (2) j2p2rf0t Hr (t) =e (3) In this case, the highest frequency in the system will be the sum of all the utilized harmonics from 1 to 2N, that is, N(2N+1)f0, which is scaling with N2.

this system will be degenerated because of the frequency-overlapping when forming the hyperspace vector.


They attempt to minimize the steady-state temperature of a chip.

steady-state can only occur when the power dissipation is constant, which may not be true in general since programs tend to exhibit phases of varying activities [19].


A brute-force PCA expansion of the millions of instances of a parameter on a chip would be impractical.

it will be shown in the following sections that one can estimate a lower bound on the yield without having to know the values of the aij parameters.


The data stored inside the SBox memory are the original table lookup values for the SBox in [14].

the value inside each element of /SBox is the complement of that in SBox but stored in an inversion sequence.


Prior work has shown that STT-RAM caches can improve performance and reduce power consumption because of its advantages of high density, fast read speed, low standby power, etc.

under the impact of process variations, using worst-case design can induce signi.cant performance and power overhead in STT-RAM caches.


While it is believed that the yield loss due to systematic sources is greater than that due to random defects during the technology and process ramp-up stage, the systematic yield loss can be largely eliminated when the process becomes mature and systematic variations are extracted/compensated.

the random defects which are inherent due to manufacturing limitations will still be there even for mature fabrication process [17].


There are numerous previous works, such as [24, 26], that proposed the use of software-based techniques for online detection of soft errors.

none of them addresses the problem of online defect detection.


The above example is somewhat artificial, as the probability of cycle-accurate lock-step is very low.

the situation wherein it suddenly becomes possible to dispatch several tasks is quite plausible.


References [2],[3] propose S-parameters for analysis using frequencydomain parameters.

the disadvantage of this approach is the large memory consumption for bigger sized problems.


Line Delay [psec] Glitch Peak [V ] Length SPICE TWA SPICE TWA 1mm 10.7 9.5 2.452 3.0690 2mm 18.9 16.9 2.4743 2.9691 5mm 113 93.5 2.2505 2.5470 10mm 258.4 299.9 1.8435 2.0068  Up to now, we considered only the typical cases in which the input signals switch from logic 0 to logic 1.

there are other cases in which some of the input signals may switch from logic 0 to logic 1 while rest of them switch from logic 1 to logic 0.


About 95% of searches within these windows are successful; other searches are simply terminated, and the overfull bin is left alone.

we expect that further adjustments to the formulation of the quadratic subproblem will improve performance.


So as to protect her clothing and personal appliances from scrutiny, all of these items would then be marked with the zone-one pre.x.

alice might like to be able to handle groceries without blocking their tags.


Column RS1 and RS2 shows the area of the resource sharing only approach using a .xed module selection.

column Combined uses the full library for module selection, and also combines the resource sharing approach as described in Section 5 cost of the synthesized pipelines decreases as the throughput constraint is relaxed.As the d constraint is reduced the module selection process can select lower area cost circuit modules that operate at a higher initiation interval.Further, with a larger number of cycles in a pipeline stage, there is more chance to share an allocated module.reducing d does not necessarily reduce the area of the circuit.The ability of the scheduling/module selection/resource sharing algorithm to .nd a lower area cost solution depends on the circuits in the module library.


SWIFT protects the stores by duplicating their computation.

the overhead of SWIFT is 1.41x even on an aggressive ILP-friendly Intel Itanium processor( more favorable for exploiting ILP offered by interleaved duplication).


All spin logic and nanomagnet logic can provide the most efficiency for both power and scalability performances.

there are still many challenges before practical applications.


The comparison was done at 0.5 GHz, at which both CMOS and MCML can operate accurately.

at high frequencies, it is difficult to achieve functionality with CMOS, and it is therefore impractical.


CONCLUSIONS Express channel-based networks have been proposed in re-cent studies as a promising approach to support fast on-chip communications for current and future many-core MPSoCs.

the characteristics of these new topologies have not been exploited in existing application mapping algorithms.


With designers striving to improve the lifetime of battery operated, personal computing devices [4], minimizing the energy consumed in on-chip interconnects becomes crucial.

doing so requires the use of a structured, interconnect oriented, design methodology at all layers of the hierarchy from the system-level down to physical design.


Her mediaservice execution will then notify her dating-service execution of her selection.

by the time Mary s service execution receives this noti.cation message, Tom might not be available (e.g., Tom may have hung up or selected yet a third caller to be connected with).


Our system reports, approximately, the same level of accuracy as the BeepBeep [4] system for ranges under 10m.

the authors do not provide any ranging analysis for distances over [10-12]m, which is where our system is more useful.


LAN / WAN Figure 1: Overall System Organization.

this approach has two fundamental challenges.


Moreover, in extensions of the method of [17], transition probabilities are used for determining the state-transition probabilities of a .nite-state machine implementing a Markov source [18].

the method of [17] and its extensions require additional logic, called bit-.xing logic, in order to adjust the input probabilities and achieve complete fault coverage.


The studied applications show 0.43% to 0.90% of miss ratios for 64-entry fully-associative TLBs.

their impact on the overall CPI is very small for the simulated heap sizes.


The control packets that are generated can be buffered in the input buffers.

since buffers are an expensive resource in on-chip networks, instead of having the short control packets occupying the input buffers, minor modi.cations can be made to the input buffers to handle the control packets.


Notably, the energy-barrier, the threshold current as well as dimensions for a memory device needs to be larger, in order to ensure long-term stability.

for computing applications, aggressive scaling is desirable [10].


is too small, the e.ect of the proposed criticality history method will not be noticeable.

if it is too close to 1, the result will also be bad because averyold Crit(i,j) value will also weight in.


Therefore, considering these factors comprehensively, the proposed method can decrease the average IR-drop with minimum cost.

the price is an increases solution time (for the optimization problem).


As in the baseline, we assume that we will get the VCs needed for each output port and speculatively do switch allocation.

each input may now generate multiple output VC requests.


Therefore, we need to use performance advantageous devices such as HP or LOP.

they both have much higher leakage energy than the LSTP devices (90× for HP and 2× for LOP).


It manifests itself as a speed up of CMOS gates when the temperature increases, resulting in a reversal of the worst-case condition, i.e., CMOS gates show the largest delay at low temperatures.

for metal interconnects an high temperature still holds as worst case condition.


With a large 32KB SRAM in Table 4, both NF lash2Bu f and NBu f 2SRAM are dramatically reduced.

nF lash2Bu f is much larger for our method than that for the other two.


Increasing the size of logic1a leads to larger area and power overheads.


They can further improve their security by eliminating or reducing the process of guard rotation.

we also found that the security improvements through the reduction of guards and guard rotation come at the expense of performance degradation.


However, the curve drops steeply at k =6.

this is because more than 30% of the rows contain 6 nonzeros, making 6 the best value for k. It would be desirable if an algorithm is designed to analyze the sparsity structure 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 k Figure 3: Overhead analysis for sparse matrix lns3937 len(i1) Overhead Figure 4: Improved architecture for the design of each speci.c matrix and .nd the optimum k. such an algorithm may not contribute to the overall performance.


By assigning double-via costs to the routing graph, they formulated the problem as a multiob jective maze routing problem and applied Lagrangian relaxation to solve it.

they only consider the redundant via at the detailed routing stage, their cost modeling for the number of vias is not accurate enough, and the high time complexity of Lagrangian relaxation limits the feasible problem size to be within hundreds of nets.


On the other hand, the total power overhead of the optimized shared-FPUs is 16% in compari-son with the non-optimized shared-FPUs (19% overhead in leak-age power).

this power overhead is highly compensated because the optimized shared-FPUs spend smaller number of clock cycles to compute the same amount of work.


P-channel SF works for voltage ranging from below 0 V to Vdd-Vthp, where Vddand Vthp are the supply voltage and the threshold voltage of P-type MOSFET, respectively.

n-channel SF works for voltage ranging from above Vdd to Vthn, where Vthn represents the threshold voltage of N-type MOSFET.


We observe from the table that energy saving during the mode transition is always more than 40% while the wake up time usually remains the same or improves slightly.

for some cases e.g., C1908, we see that the energy saving ratio is 46% which is still more than 40%, but the wake up time has been increased by about 4%.


The highest frequency at compression mode is 255 MHz.

recon.guration throughput and bitstream size limitation are not only the ma jor concerns.


DISE is a hardware-based instruction macro-expansion facility similar in structure and function to IA32 CISC-instructionto-RISC-microinstruction decoders.

it is both programmable and not speci.c to CISC ISAs.


Flexible Transmission Gate Design 4.1.1 Motivation If the VSUBVT rail is always kept at a subthreshold voltage, using an NMOS power switch is optimal since a near minimum sized transistor would provide the target frequency requirement.

if the rail connecting the header to the component needs to be a flexible and encompass a wide range of VDDs, the NMOS fails as a power switch above VT due to the VT drop seen across the NMOS.


Double-TSV can be one of the feasible defect tolerance methods.

the traditional double-TSV scheme has short-defect problem.


For an MTCMOS design, the header/footer switches and retention .ip-.ips are implemented in high-Vt transistors, such that their leakage current can be lowered during the sleep mode.

the power-gated logics are implemented in low-Vt transistors, such that their performance can be increased during the active mode.


Monjolo was developed using the Epic Core.

the MSP430F1611 found in Epic is unnecessarily powerful for the simple Monjolo application.


N receive M transmit M channels M independant antennae estimates  Figure 1: The proposed noise whitener attempts to counteract the .ltering e.ect imposed on the AWGN channel noise The standard method of noise whitening is based on the Cholesky decomposition of the covariance of the noise at the output of the equaliser.

this method requires arithmetic divisions and square roots, operations that are preferable to avoid in hardware due to their complexity.


Manual modedowngradein general is more effective than automatic mode downgrade if there is an appropriate mixture of Elastic(X) and Opportunistic jobs.

even when there are only Strict jobs, the overall throughput of the system can still be boosted by using automatic mode downgrade.


In such cases, the Monte Carlo analysis cost is negligible.

the recent advances in analog performance macromodeling and statistical circuit optimization suggest a need to revisit this assumption.


For example, a common way for an adversary to exploit a cross-site scripting vulnerability is to enter malicious input through HTML form inputs.

there was a cross-site scripting vulnerability in phpBB due to a more unusual data path.


Monjolo #1 has a slightly higher load attached and is able to charge up slightly faster than Monjolo #2.

after the discharge phase both Monjolo sensors start charging at the same point in time, causing their wakeup frequency to equalize with only a slight phase shift.


Next, the cost of scheduling each of these operations is calculated; currently, this cost function favors operations on the longest data dependency chain (critical path).

in the future, this cost function can be made to include estimates of the control costs of a code transformation.


The classi.cation accuracy of the approach was found to be above 90 %.

the detection range of the micro-Doppler radar is narrow to cover all the area of interest.


We see that increasing numbers of spare CLB IO pins are required to yield as voltage is lowered.

adding extra pins increases area, energy, and delay as accounted for in our models.


There has been much research on postsilicon validation to reduce cost and improve observability [4], [17] [21].

many challenges remain in post-silicon validation, such as coverage metrics, failure reproduction, and test generation [2].


Basic Scheme of a two level LSQ based on ExecutionLocality  3.2 Epoch-based Load/Store Queue We propose to partition the LSQ based on Execution Locality[6].Forhigh-localitymemoryreferenceswekeepa .rst high-locality LSQ, while low-locality references occur in the low-localityLSQ.Low-localityaddress calculations are more latency tolerant.

store-load forwardings from lowlocalitystores tohigh-localityloads are critical.


Since the MNA matrix G~ in (4) is sparse, calculating the normalized inner product by (13) involves sparse matrix-vector operations and it can be performed with low computational cost.

to study the computational cost of leastsquires fitting in Step 6 of Algorithm 1, we assume that the solution d .


High assurance and life-critical systems, such as aircraft control systems and implantable cardioverterde.brillators and also systems used in banking and the military, all require strong guarantees about their security properties.

designing systems with provably strong security properties can be extremely challenging and costly; just assessing the assurance of the resulting system can cost upwards of $10,000 per line of code [3].


Therefore, timing margins in modern processors occupy a signi.cant fraction of the clock cycle period.

the probability of occurrence of the worst-case condition is extremely low.


We restore the information of the primary block for its corresponding caching bu.er and then associate the bu.er with the corresponding entry.

if all of the written pages in a block are written in a sequential order, then the block might be either a primary block or an over.ow block.


Further increase of ..and ........ values causes more heat to be generated by the fan and TECs than the cooling they provide.

in Figure 6 (b), the minimum occurs near the origin.


Exploring the direction of node 1, which has a latency of 0.3 cycles, would get 0.15 * 10 =3.3 points.

growing toward 0.15+0.30 node 10, we would get nearly all ( 0.15 *10 = 10) the points 0.15+0 allotted for latency.


This can be regarded as coarse-grain temporal folding.

such architectures are largely limited to stream media or DSP applications.


In other words, live blocks should be cached in non-inclusive/non-exclusive mode to save on-die interconnect bandwidth.

if a C4 block is evicted from the LLC by the time it is evicted from the L2 cache, it must be re-allocated in the LLC at age zero so that the live blocks are retained in the cache hierarchy.


Over time, specialized processor designs have evolved that are .nely tuned for handling a set of wireless protocols [27, 40].

these processors are mainly suitable for 3G networks, and it s not clear they are easily adaptable to 4G or emerging radio standards.


The clear advantages of using WSNs which include greater safety, and reduced maintenance cost have increased the demand for even more pervasive and sophisticated monitoring tools.

the vast majority of sensor nodes are powered by batteries with limited capacity.


PV shares some of the goals of LT-cords in that it seeks to enable the implementation of otherwise impractical, due to storage requirements, predictors.

pV is a general framework for emulating otherwise impractical to implement predictors, and for reducing the on-chip storage required in as much as possible for other predictors.


INTRODUCTION A liveness property [1] expresses that eventually somethinggood will take place along an execution path.

a safety property expresses that something bad will take place during system execution.


A rigorous atomistic simulation based on the NEGF formalism is computationally expensive due to its atomistic observation.

ef.cient computational algorithms have been implemented to make routine device simulation and design possible on a personal computer.


The resiliency depends strongly on utilization and residency of architectural states; making some procedures or functions highly vulnerable compared to others.

when predicting resiliency of a given function, the algorithmic masking in that function should also be taken into account.


A feature can be split by inserting stitch.

stitch insertion has  Figure 2: Con.ict graph construction and stitch .nding two constraints: overlap length and minimum feature size.


Hence, several alternative interconnect technologies like photonic, RF and wireless interconnects along with three-dimensional integration are being explored.

mere augmenting and replacing metal interconnects with such novel technologies is not sufficient to leverage their full potential.