However, unlike PCs that utilize multi-user operating systems for resource sharing, protection, and management, today s browsers do not employ any operating system abstractions, but provide just a limited all-or-nothing trust model and protection abstractions suitable only for a single-principal system: There is either no trust across principals through complete isolation or full trust through incorporating third party code as libraries.

web programmers are forced to make tradeoffs between security and functionality, and oftentimes sacri.ce security for functionality.


In particular, Gmail gives users IPs for last 10 logins and QQ tells user the last login location.

using login histories, we can capture detailed abusing information after attackers download these honey .les.


Even after getting the valid smart card by any mean, it is not possible to guess identity IDi and password Pi correctly at the same time in real polynomial time.

the proposed protocol is secure against online dictionary attack.


This can also capture user actions against con.dentiality, as well as the risk of disclosure caused by increased replication (e.g., keeping all of the information in one place), as opposed to slicing it up into pieces.

the upper bound on the insecurity metric is for con.dentiality is: (1 - DD) × I × V where I is the amount of information moved and V the value of that information.


CONCLUSION Text steganography has a potential application value because of wide use of text document on today s Internet.

its steganalysis is required to resist the illegal covert commmunication.


NETWORK AND DRIVE TIMING MODEL In the simple model of Section 4, we assume constant network latency between the client and server and a constant block-read time.

for a given query Q, the response time of the server (whether honest or adversarial) is deterministic.


However, in the security discipline the term metric is more commonly used than measure.

we use the term security metric instead of security measure in order to avoid confusion with security countermeasures.


Otherwise, it is counted as imposter score.

the number of genuine and imposter scores are 43 and 3,612 respectively.


These components and values are sent to a cloud server to update ciphertext components and re-mask the header.

the previous mask e(g, g)Os which other consumers (decrypters) have already occupied will be disabled.


Smart cards store secret values and they are designed to protect and process these secrets.

there is a serious .nancial gain involved in cracking smart cards, as well as, analyzing them and developing more secure smart card technologies, and this is one of the main reasons why smart cards had the initial focus of side-channel research.


(8) .sli 2 nSince the second-order derivative of ui is negative, the utility ui is a strictly concave function in sli.

given any strat egy pro.le sl-i of the other controllers, the best response strategy .i(sl-i)of controller iis unique, if it exists.


HIS protects human body from harmful bacteria and viruses, collectively called as pathogen.

application of HIS to IDS has been the focus of IDS research over more than a decade.


While a well-functioning system can adapt over time, this process would in itself be normative.

change would be in response to new circumstances, and be an open, well understood and logical process.


The rule for sequential composition c1; c2 propagates the termination level of c1 into the pc-level of c2, since c2 executes only if c1 terminates.

if the termination level of c1 is H, no low assignments or low outputs are allowed in c2.


Using an argument similar to that in the proof of Theorem 1, it is easy to show that these two distribution families are statistically indistinguishable.

the difference between -4's success probabilities in the two cases is negligible.


Modern laptops can easily store more than 200,000 .les.

the system did not scan all the .les in the laptops.


Thus, for any pair (s,r), with r = n-L, E * ((s,r))=|s|+A * ).

we get the following upper L(Dr+1,nbound on E * ((s,r)): UBL((s,r))= |s|+ AL* (Dr+1,n) Clearly, UBL is a much tighter upper-bound than UBnaive.


The SNPs with the highest ratios represent those where LD correlations cause the highest decrease in the genomic privacy of family member k and/or provide low utility to the optimal solution y *D computed in Subsection 3.2.

these should be removed .rst from the set in order to meet the privacy constraint of individual XD k again, and to cause the smallest decrease in utility.


When a node received all packets from 1 to k - 1, it can verify any packets from k to m with any order, where m - k> k. Concretely, if there are w hash values in an index packet, there are w l packets in level l. If a node receives all w l packets in level l, it can receives the next w l+1 packets in level l + 1 with any order.

this hash tree scheme can be applied to current reliable data delivery schemes of sensor networks with little extra cost.


First of all, we currently do not have exact usage data.

it is hard to claim that policies will have an average complexity.


[13] analyze several parameters in their IDS such as CPU load and disk access for estimating the power consumption of mobile computers with the assistance of a linear regression model.

the complexity of the applied linear regression is quite high.


On the other hand, multiple .ow handling on memory-based implementations requires duplicating only the .ow-speci.c active state information (and not the automata).

a practitioner may prefer to adopt low-stride logic-based implementations (which have lower slice usage), and use the available FPGA resources to process multiple .ows (rather than to achieve higher peak performance on a single packet stream).


A distinguishing characteristic of the present approach is that we need not craft a special calculus and develop its proof techniques for each choice of cryptographic operations.

we can express and analyze fairly sophisticated protocols that combine several cryptographic primitives (encryptions, hashes, signatures, XORs, ... ).


On the other hand, as a standard language, di.erent conditions of XACML can be evaluated by di.erent VSs.

xACML is a highly suitable choice for di.erent attestation models of WS-Attestation.


For each index i, the sender determines the TSK based upon the usage of i by selecting TSK(L-1)-ai, where ai denotes the usage of i.

the sender chooses the last TSK of the chain, TSKL-1, if i has never been used.


Second, the low user can observe keystore K, but the decryption results are low-equivalent.

we have the following rules that recursively de.ne the low-equivalent relation between values: label(K) = L v L v c1.K.i1 L c2.K.i2 label(K) = L (decrypt(ci.K.i),W ).


In the case of a disjunction of a predicate on the result of an abnormal ContextQuery and another predicate evaluating to True, perhaps we should return True because the predicate result based on the abnormal ContextQuery (either True or False) will not affect the .nal evaluation.

the access decision relevant to the predicate result (True) should be returned.


(h|., t) denote the stability boundary curve for particular .


In the reproduced experiments, we found that the access matrix suffers heavy performance degradation for session initiation with the intra-session pro.les, and it especially scales poorly with the increasing numbers of permissions.

we executed the intrasession pro.les using only the CPOL and HWDS BitSet SDPs in the gem5 simulator.


Such behavior should not occur in benign runs.

we subtract the union of benign runs from the derived malware behavior.


However, this approach lacks .exibility since only a prede.ned number of applications can be supported, and sharing is restricted to pre-de.ned display areas.

more .exible dynamic display sharing is required.


For example, on the IND-CCA secure KEM scheme based on the ring-LWE problem [40], our rough estimation says that the sizes of encapsulation key and ciphertext are about 540 kbits.

the AKE protocol from the KEM scheme also are ine.cient on the communication costs, 1.12 Mbits (see 7-th rows in Table 1).


It is also clear that the transition of each state is independent of the transitions of the other states.

the probability of occurrence of any one of them is equal to the sum of their individual probabilities.


In each round the reduction operation is carried out with a di.erent value of t decremented by one.

in addition to the round results, each party learns the number of rounds required to obtain the solution.


The manufacturer is supposed to use each IP once when producing the chips.

each chip would have a unique .ngerprint compared to the other chips.


Note that the condition in Theorem 2 does not depend on the control law function.


It also can prevent the impersonation attacks.

integrity protection is important in communication, especially in wireless channels.


X2 = X, X1 satis.es f1 and X2 satis.es f2.

x2 satis.es (f2 Uf3), and consequently, X satis.es (f1 8(f2 Uf3)) as desired.


It is not the case in IB-mRSA since no user completely knows his key pair.

unlike the non identity based mRSA, the SEM is here assumed to be a totally trusted and secure entity.


is needed to ensure CL freshness during the PBBL installation.

we introduce a new PBBL version state blob B, denoted as: B =[CL.serno, rnd]CPBBL (3) where CL.serno is the latest CL serial number and rnd is a random value created by the PBBL during installation.


Note that the software stack running in these devices are complex, and their .rmware is essentially a collaborative effort, rather than the work of a single vendor.

we need to categorize the code contained in a stock image based on its authorship and audit it for possible security issues.


Only 20 lines of code are required to implement the functions described in Section 4 (the code for implementing the semantics in Section 3 is longer, about 150 lines, but need not be changed to vary the queries).

it is easy to make slight modi.cations to the code to check di.erent properties of the policy.


We see a similar trend here, though slightly less severe becausefor somefraction oftime,the victim andbene.ciaryVMs are scheduled on different packages and do not share an LLC.

we expect inlive settings such as EC2 to see lessinterference than whenbothVMs arepinned to the same core.


We assume that the dynamic decision of which PCA to select is itself based on a policy.

there is a policy set containing the rules governing PCA selection.


We can at least infer that the widget is displayed to the user, andthus that the widgetis reachable from the root panel.For example, suppose an application createsbutton bt if the value of a secret boolean v is true, andbutton bf if the value is false; a listener to bt can then infer the value of v upon invocation of the onClick method.

the In parameter for bt must be at least as restrictive as the security label for the boolean v. More generally, if a Widget[fw,f']w is added to a Panel[f,f']p, w the security label f'must be at least as restrictive as the security w label of widget w. In addition, since an event on w can only occur if the panel p is itself added to the UI, we also require that f'is at w least as restrictive as f'.


These were the only occurrences in system were rights were revoked.

at least at the system level, the closed world approach adopted by PinUP is consistent with current behaviors (where the user increases rights in exceptional cases).


We believe that their role should focus on providing information, not deciding what to do with that information [22].

a computer can provide this degree of con.dence to a human, but ultimately, a well-trained human is best able to make the decision.


Urgent messages only appear when there are accidents or unexpected road conditions.

adopting the same authentication scheme (and with the same security level) to both regular and urgent messages usually yields a waste of power.


In Section 4.2.2 we defined the distinguishing factor of a table without quasi-identifiers to be the size of the published table.

the M-score would reflect the sensitivity of this statistical information as a group of indistinguishable details, as statistical metrics are.


This is because it cannot detect congestion directly but only via reduced tra.c rates caused by congestion.

even an auto-bandwidth mechanism would require human intervention to detect link-.ooding attacks [48] thereby slowing reaction time considerably.


the value of PD is the total number of 1 available in the sequence {01000 0000}.


The REPU problem is a variation on role mining and can be reduced to this problem, making it NP-complete as well.

we propose a heuristic-based search strategy based on a two-phase process as de.ned below.


Recall that the Biba integrity constraint is a binary constraint on two assignment relations between subject types and permissions (see Section 3.1).

the subject type-permission assignments that result in read-down or write-up access de.ne the minimal cover set for the constraint con.icts.


Because the palette is divided into 16 clusters, the feature value is recorded by a bit stream with 4 bits.

the image is divided into several 2×2 blocks.


If one of the mutually exclusive .elds is present, we know all the other .elds will not appear.

we can directly delete all the candidates belonging to them.


In our model, each edge also represents the .ow of information the .ow of events between users in the social network.

we can formally de.ne: (x, y) is an undirected edge where x and y are both senders and receivers of events; ---.


To achieve this, a PaaS architect needs to be able to easily create a runtime environment, and easily de.ne new accessible resources.

existing code should be adaptable to be used inside isolation as runtime environment.


4.2.3 Nested Entailment In a business scenario, work.ows are constructed out of various control-.ow patterns.

we consider the work.ow depicted in Figure 14.


Several existing approaches to RBAC administration use role hierarchies to specify administration domain.

role hierarchies play a key role in the study of RBAC administration.


Interestingly, we also obtain a tighter security reduction than Goh and Jarecki: assuming texp is 100 times larger than =260 =230 the time to evaluate H and letting t = qh , qs , and |q|=160, we obtain the (essentially) optimal: '' t t, e e, whereas Goh-Jarecki [18] obtain a (small) 28 decrease in security.

our reduction carries no decrease in security, and our signature scheme is as hard to break as the underlying DDH problem is to solve.


Under this situation, the malicious behavior can be reduced to input modi.cation.

from a theoretical perspective, to extend the O-PPBA protocol to satisfy the malicious model does not have much value.


Almost all humans would select Figure 3 (b), because they perceive that these forms have depth relationship.

example of Figure 3 (a), most of humans perceive a square is overlapping another square.


3.4 Hiding the Kernel Module The experienced manager will eliminate immediately the exceptional module when he sees the name of module listed on this.

it is necessary to hide the modules which make backdoor.


Although various organisations, like universities, might be willing to make tra.c traces available to the research community they often fear legal aspects.

other techniques like querybased information disclosure of tra.c information have become an approach to minimise the amount of critical information [6].


Members of indi.erent biclusters (k ' ,l ' ) have very high factors in (16) for their parts lying within the neighboring biclusters (k ' ,l =.l ' ).

the probability for them to be reassigned to their usergroup k ' is very high.


We show that by using these equivalence relations the size of a mediator placement problem is dependent on the number of unique host con.gurations, not the number of hosts.

networks with signi.cant redundancy among host con.gurations will see signi.cant bene.ts.


The sequence number is updated every time it is used.

the encryption becomes enryptk(addr+ sequenenumber).


In particular, if Eve can guess the plaintext of a message, she can then change the ciphertext to decrypt to any other message of the same length, without knowing the key.

a message encrypted with a stream cipher does not prove integrity or authenticity in any way.


The key feature of this attack is that AH processing is bypassed altogether.

the carrier packet created in step 1 of the attack continues to produce IP fragmentation time-outs even when used repeatedly in step 2.


In general, computing assignments for satis.ability (SAT) of a boolean formula is NP-complete, and .nding least-cost assignments (Weighted SAT) is an NP-hard optimization problem [14].

we cannot expect to compute least cost feedback in all cases.


In contrast to server-based approaches, client-based honeypots are capable of actively searching for malicious code and allow to capture instances of novel attack campaigns early on.

client-based honeypots are widely used and can be considered a standard for monitoring JavaScript attacks in the wild.


All data exchanged between the transformed PSLs and the non-PSLs is encrypted using authenticated encryption.

the vulnerable web server, even if compromised, can only observe the encrypted .ows of sensitive data.


It turns out that the server for this application did not validate that the account numbers provided were drawn from the drop-down menus.

sending the server a request to transfer money between two arbitrary accounts succeeded, even if the user logged into the system was an owner of neither account.


What is new in our approach is an integrated executable and declarative framework that incorporates both time and the domain-speci.c reasoning (via constraint systems) required for dealing with roles and other important abstractions.

building on the line of algebraic approaches to policy composition [11, 42, 43], and in contrast to other executable state machine approaches [28, 40, 38, 13], we describe a declarative algebra of temporal operators.


a full name Martin Luther King , is usually public to everyone and is treated as a key piece of identification information.

as the first step of ICA, an adversary usually creates a faked identity that has a name that is same or similar to that of the victim, such as Martin L. King and Martin King .


From (13) and (14) it follows that |.yk| j ¯dk + dk j 2dk Accordingly, to provide a bound on l.xl2 we consider the following problem max l.xl2 (16) .x lF(.x) - Oll0 = 2q (17) O j 2.

(18) Since q = qmax, we can increase the feasible space by relaxing constraint (17) to lO - F(.x)ll0 = 2qmax (19) our goal is to bound .x for which there exists O .


However, previous work in access control has focused solely on expressiveness as an absolute measure.

we discuss and justify the need for a new type of evaluation framework for access control, one that is application-aware.


We have anecdotal evidence that participants may have misinterpreted the Other answer choice.

we assume that participants correctly indicate the special characters in the  Figure 4: The lengths of passwords under the new policy.


The time needed to complete the proof stands in sharp contrast with the six man-monthes that were reported needed to reproduce the proof of OAEP in CertiCrypt [5].

our work provides further evidence that, as stated in [4], EasyCrypt makes a signi.cant step towards the adoption of computeraided proofs by working cryptographers .


The control unit consumes minimal power because the look-up table is only written once with the pre-characterized value during system power-up.

the output decoder does not have switching activities either.


Such an e.cient recovery from security failures is a very important feature of the system.

while this method might not necessarily the space requirements of the PKI, it does optimize its infrastructure and recovery functions.


For example, principal KA binds a subject KU1 to its local name KA CID411U sers by constructing mA1 as shown below and .nding rA1 such that CHKA (MA, RA) = CHKA (mA1 , rA1 ) = XA, holds.

kU1 can use the commitment  as its membership proof to .


As a result, it is hard for a mobile guest to compromise the escort box and use it as an attack agent against the wireless LAN.

although the escort box is the single point of failure/compromise of the guest (while a centralized server is a single point of failure of the entire domain), a tamper resistance argument is a valid one to justify its robustness against attacks.


On the other hand random and long passwords are difficult to learn and remember due to the limitation of human longterm memory.

graphical passwords emerge as a good alternative authentication method (Eljetlawi & Ithnin, 2008; Eljetlawi & Ithnin, 2008).


While this number might seem small, this includes only files explicitly opened by users in a user interface.

it generally only includes files that contain user-generated data.


Such features in an IP F S play a key role in deducing data privacy, and thus are called as Key Inferring Privacy Feature Set (KIPFS).

the protection techniques are only needed to apply on these KIP F S instead of the whole IP F S. Generally, the range of KIP F S is far smaller than that of IP F S, which consequently helps to enhance the performance of subsequent data analysis and thus is greatly desired.


In a highly imbalanced data set, it is better to give di.erent weights to the misclassi.cation of positive and negative instances[8].

we use Balanced Success Rate (BSR) to measure the performance of our approach.


n0 n0 the source n0 considers the target n4 as trust node since: 0 = (P0(Pt4)=152) = (.Tn0 0 =210) 1476 Figure 4: The Trust Propagation  6.


In highly dynamic systems, it cannot be easily achieved by simply applying known cryptographic methods, as it may compromise the communication cost.

lighter methods assuring privacy should be considered first.


U satis.es funder (U,UR) if and only if U can be divided into k pairwise disjoint sets, each of which has role membership of r1,r2,··· ,rn.

the answer to the Domatic Number problem is yes if and only if U satis.es funder (U,UR).


of the Gaussian distribution is made up of 6 parameters denoting the variance of the a.ne parameters, s2 af.


Dglobal are the memory regions that kernel kernel store the persistent kernel state.

our primary focus is to and Dheap precisely identify these Dglobal when the syscall of kernel kernel our interest gets executed.


Weveri.ed,by visual whenauser sknowncredentialsareabouttobetransmitted inspection,thatthosetwopositivepairswereindeeddi.cult toanuntrusted web site.

thecomparison maybe todetectby ourvisual-similarity-based approach.


To check the statistical signi.cance of the difference in con.dence, we performed a Mann Whitney U Test: N = 38,U = 322.5,pexact < 0.001.

we strongly reject the null hypothesis and conclude that for Task 6, users of get/setfacl were signi.cantly more con.dent.


Both architectures are likely to operate well when the input traffic is benign and the slow path is triggered with very low probability, say 0.01%.

we consider an extreme situation where the 1% of the contents of the input data stream consists of the entire signatures.


l-VS-VS and L-VS-AS are natural choices if circular topology with reasonable pair-wise user proximity is hard to achieve.


This means that if all operations are performed as speci.ed and all transmissions are not tampered, the algorithm returns true.

we have to show that vl = vr: Lemma 4.1 (Correctness).


investigated the performance of universal hash functions and showed that the performance of the shift-add-xor class hash functions are analytically predictable and suitable for hardware implementation.

we used two general purpose hash functions [21], which represent the shift-add-xor class and the shift-xor-xor class.


However, because of the wide range of possible incident scenarios, it is unlikely that standard mechanisms will be su.cient in all cases.

in many cases adequate access to incident handling personnel of the CSP will be essential.


Our .ve detectors are discussed in the paragraphs below: Detector for too few successful system calls: We expect to see a reasonably large number of successful system calls that re.ect the normal interactions of a process with its environment and the OS.

when our system does not observe any system calls (or too few of them), this is an indication of insuf.cient progress.


The key difference is that our approach is aimed at erasing data, whereas garbage collector reclaims the memory allocated to objects.

an object, during its lifetime can hold more than one piece of data and may be erased multiple times, whereas the garbage collector will aim to reclaim the memory only once.


We did not have this luxury because we wanted to minimize the overhead we add to Carat.

we resorted to identifying malware by comparing reliable identi.ers for packages (e.g.,  tuples) with those in known malware datasets.


To store an increasing number of users personal data, some small OSN operators may rent storage facilities from untrustworthy storage sites.

the protection of personal data from unauthorized access is becoming a critical concern in OSNs.


Recall that, with plain RSA, the client only sends y = x e (mod n).

with k = 2 (chosen for optimal performance), the resulting extra  bandwidth translates into |n| bits.


However, none of these above solutions is designed for detecting general stealthy malware activities.

they cannot be directly applied to solve the problem.


Similarly, we denote a0 as fraction of smartphone users out of all mobile users in the network.

we de.ne the relative signi.cance of smartphones associated with fraud activity g as RS(g) := a(g)/a0 , which is displayed in the last column of Table 2.


Whether the message gets recovered or not, the attribute x is always public; in other words, the input to the computation of f, x, leaks with attributebased encryption, whereas with functional encryption, nothing leaks about x other than f (x).

attribute-based encryption offers qualitatively weaker security than functional encryption.


As soon as a transmission is identi.ed that should be jammed a constant carrier wave is transmitted for the duration of the remaining packet transmission plus the duration of (m - 1) following packets minus 5ms.

the jamming signal is active from the time the jamming decision has been made up to halfway through the postamble of the mth consecutive packet transmission.


Second, we employ a generic analysis tool to evaluate the actual state, i.e., the virtualized infrastructure con.guration, against this desired state.

we obtain an automated analysis mechanism that can check the con.guration and con.guration changes against a high-level security policy.


In duction hypothesis, in .i T , u1 is a member of Sys.ra and u satis.es Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Symposium on Security and the condition c. From the translation and the construction of .iT +1, .iT +1 has the following statements: u1.r .- u, Sys.r .- Sys.ra.r, and Sys.r .- Sys.name n tmpRole (where tmpRole corresponds to the precondition c).

furthermore, in .iT +1, u1 is a member of the role ra and u satis.es the condition c. u is a member of the Sys.r role in .iT +1.


No matter CS1 nor CS2, they may just returns a random answer to KGC or group members, instead of carrying out the computation to get a true answer, which can save cloud servers computing resources.


Every (X, J) has probability 21 k. Therefore IxxI2 2 = ( )2 ( )2 yI2 1 xI2 yI21 1 Ix= k · and Ix= Ix= = .


Similar to the VMWRITE instruction, the runtime check and its following instruction that modi.es ESP cannot overlap the fragment boundary.

the runtime check cannot be bypassed by the attacker.


No other parties, except the authority and the device s TSM, can produce the correct session key.

using a correct derived key proves knowledge of the DRK, so setting up a working secure channel implicitly serves as remote attestation.


Also, recall that the amount of memory available was too small to hold a cryptographic library that is intended for embedded devices.

we feel con.dent that our architecture could be easily adapted to larger devices, even as if the size of the PUF is increased to produce larger keys.


However, the important and most objectiveparametersfor evaluating any systemarethe total running time and the communication time.

we try to compare our results with previous ones with respect to these parameters as much as possible 3 As we show in the full version, any secure 2SFE can be used to achieve the security we require.


The server can send packets according to a .xed schedule which is independent of the original packet timing in the incoming .ow [11].

the packet timing information of the original .ow will be fully removed after passing through the anonymity system.


Previous SBI techniques have lacked these features, and moreover, were targeted at speci.c problems such as control.ow integrity (CFI) [2]or software fault isolation (SFI) [32].

they don t address the issues in developing a general-purpose platform for binary instrumentation.


All the applications spend a portion of their execution time doing computation, which takes the same amount of time regardless of the underlying virtualization platform.

compared to microbenchmarks that are exclusively exercising operating system functions, applications in Xen do not run proportionally faster than applications in UML.


In addition, previous research [12] suggests that a 5×5 grid would provide a happy medium between usability and security.

we took this dimension as default in this study.


2.1.3 Choice of the parameters In[15]ithasbeenshownthat,usingn,M,Sandd,these   ;k`) cretkeycanberecoveredinO(ClogC)stepswithC:=k.

ontheotherhand,in[14]thisattackhasbeenshowntobe optimalwithinthemodelofgenericalgorithms.inouranalysisofRSA-S1wewillconsiderparametersm,k,` ;) k`.264 with.


QUANTIFICATION OF GENOMIC PRI-VACY AT THE MEDICAL CENTER From the results of genetic tests, the MC can learn more information than it is authorized by using (i) the characteristics of the exposed SNPs, and (ii) disease markers and their contributions.

in this section, we will quantify the genomic privacy of the patient from the MC s point of view as a result of the genetic tests he encounters.


These factors make any solutions based on predistributing keys between devices infeasible to deploy in practice.

our approach presented in this paper does not utilize key predistribution to devices, but builds on utilizing ambient context information for evolving a pairing key between devices consistently sharing the same context.


Simple calculation shows that all three events are equally likely; however, in the third case, the players have already failed.

conditioned on players correctly outputting the secret, Alice and Bob are equally likely to be the secretowner, and Eve can only guess at random.


AndroPilot is written in Python and leverages monkey and ViewServer as the main tools for interacting with the Android system.

it works on any Android system that supports them, which includes basically any Android OS version on either a virtual or a physical device.


Based on these rules, we know that functional dependency does not hold among City, State, and Zip Code.

we can designate ID as the primary key and relation Addresses is in BCNF.


For example, 35 ROs canbe used to create133bits.

a small number ofROs canbe used to exhibit good random behavior.


This fact shows that many Internet users have a lack of knowledge about certificate error.

a simple warning page cannot be a fundamental solution of Certificate spoofing.


For example, location information is explicitly shared with entities we trust, rendering BBC news/videos on iPlayer is constrained by geographical region, i.e., only those living in the UK can play the videos, music tracks and movies in digital form must be purchased before they can be played and rendered on devices.

rights management is not only about constraining how digital information is obtained, but also constraining the dissemination of information further such as copying, transferring and sharing with others.


Because the physical-layer functionalities are usually built into the hardware for these receivers, it is dif.cult and costly to modify these receivers.

the solution to our problem should not require any change to the non-CR receivers.


Total-CFI treats the entries in the whitelist as legal entries for indirect branch operations.

all the function entry points (such as libc functions) belong to the whitelist.


we use profiling to identify the most likely accessed memory object by a pointer dereferencing store instruction.


The author of a work is also the author of all works su.ciently similar to this work (derivative works).

the authorship concerns not only a single work but in general a work-class and we require a notion that reasonably captures the similarity formally,as well as methods for testing it.


For instance, in its default con.guration, Anubis executes each sample for four minutes.

malware could evade dynamic analysis by simply waiting a certain amount of time before performing any interesting behavior.


|R| = O(.s(log .s)2) for all major skpk relations.

the proof size of (1) instantiated by the method in [17] is O(.2 s(log .s)2) bits.


v Processing an Epoch: Buffer Bcur caches the n items being v requested in the current epoch while buffer Bprev caches the n items that were requested in the previous epoch.


PDF documents provide multiple ways of generating HTTP requests; many of which allow cross-origin communication, but are, out of security concerns, only one-way in the sense that the PDF document will never see the result.

the focus is directed towards two methods that allow bidirectional communication; XML external entities, and embedded Flash.


Suppose Chas at least k +1 v0 U Figure 1: Reduction from Set Cover to MTMP v0 vm+1 vn-1 Figure 2: Infection topology of a Flash worm in [1] members, then the last member S of Creceiving the worm at time at least T1 =(na +(k +1)W )/r1 +L1 = n +k +2.

this last member will have to infect nodes in TS (there is at least one node in this set), which takes time at least T2 = W/r2 +L2 = 1/(2n)+m -k>m -k. the total infection time is at least T1 +T2 >n +m +3/2.


The family of policies de.nable in E is closed under boolean combinations.

boolean combinations of .nitary relational policies are de.nable in E. Note that such boolean combinations of .nitary relational policies are still relational policies, although they are not necessarily .nitary.


These functions and their inverses are often used in concert, so their implementations can often be found in the same binaries or in publicly available libraries (e.g., [33, 46]).

we locate relevant inverse functions by searching for them in the code being analyzed as well as in publicly available libraries.


They grant a user permissions which he otherwise would not have.

there are three reasons to grant a user rights to perform an activity: a) It is a generic requirement of a Job Role b) It is a requirement of members of a Job Role working in a specialised discipline c) It is an explicit requirement of the individuals job.


In other words, false positives are likely to occur only for totally untested parts of the application.

even when developers fail to completely identify and mark additional sources of trusted input beforehand, we expect these sources to be identi.ed during normal testing of the application, and the set of trusted data to quickly converge to the complete set.


Though our method is based on static analysis and static analysis has limitations with packed malware [16, 17, 19], there are many unpacking techniques and tools available.

our method can be still effective when coupled with unpacking tools or techniques.


This is for two reasons: .rstly, we believe that this approach places an unnecessary burden on the syntax of the speci.cation scheme; and, secondly, that the constraints should be enforced by the reference monitor.

we also propose a simple implementation model that can be used to enforce a restricted set of the authorization constraints supported by our speci.cation scheme.


Access control list mechanisms [35] associate a set of subject identi.ers with each resource (i.e., ob ject), authorizing any process running under one of those subject identi.ers to access the resource.

any system call invocation by an authorized process will be allowed.


The random seed is disclosed at the end of each message.

when a jammer learns the seed, it is already too late to jam the transmitted message with it.


It is expected that the beginning sequence would be the same for all piezo elements (unlike the key, which is random).

eavesdropper may know its value ahead of time.


The DHCP server would normally allow a host to renew the lease if the host issues a request before the lease expires.

forcing addresses changes even when a host requests to renew the lease before it expires requires some minor modi.cations to the DHCP server.


Obviously, the predicate V ulnerableSadmind is in both Prereq(SadmindBufferOverflow) and ExpConseq (SadmindPing).

we have an equality constraint VictimIP = VictimIP for (SadmindPing, SadmindBufferOver.ow), where the .rst VictimIP comes from SadmindPing, and the second VictimIP comes from SadmindBufferOver.ow.


To overcome this, we combine the carrier packet generation and ESP trailer oracle steps.

for each choice of R used in a normal attack, we must splice R,Ci * onto a sequence of trial packets, with each trial starting with a base packet and attempting to manipulate the TTL .eld, correct the checksum, pass ESP trailer processing,passAHprocessing,and .nallygenerateanICMP message.


The .rst requirement states that an available service can assign to the issuer variable of a credential only the identi.er of itself or that of a third party.

an available service cannot assign to the issuer variable identi.ers of other available services.


These new algorithms or strategies can be offensive or counterattack strategies.

the architecture proposed in this paper should also be applicable for offensive IW.


Using secret splitting, Alice can create messages which require any number of credentials for decryption.

she can encrypt a resource in such a way that only Bob can decrypt the resource, and only if he has credentials su.cient to satisfy Alice s access policy.


We specify space complexity as a measure of convenience for both the user and the auditor.

the location provenance should ensure minimal number of items, which are required to be presented by the user to the auditor for veri.cation.


For example, due to the radio jamming of the channel between the tag and the reader, a communication failure may happen, which may eventually result in DoS attack.

rFID authentication protocols should at least figure out some methods to detect DoS attack and recover from such attack.


Therefore, according to De.nition 3.6, P is redundant.

any problems reported by minimality analysis represent actual violations of the Principle of Least Privilege; there are no false positives.


Although the user of a smart-phone may authenticate to the phone, we assume that there is basically one active user executing processes in di.erent contexts.

subject attributes can be any characteristic describing a process, e.g.


Moreover, modern enterprise systems are often business-process driven, i. e., the system behavior is described as high-level business processes that are executed by a business process execution engine.

there is a need for an integrated and toolsupported methodology that allows for specifying and enforcing compliance and security requirements for business process-driven enterprise systems.


The mapping follows a two-valued logic returning exactly one truth value (true or false).

the f ulf illedC C mapping returns true i. all conditions linked to the context constraint are true.


Unfortunately, safety analysis of automaton-based security models has always been constricted by its general nondecidability for a large class of powerful HRU-style access control models, rendering it dif.cult to devise algorithms for automated safety analysis tools.

several safety-decidable fragments of the HRU calculus emerged [HR78, LS78, San92] that bought safety decidability by limiting the expressive power of the calculus.


6.1.5 Execution Environment BecausethePinmoduleitselfcannotbethetargetofcodeshreddingand it willbeloaded tothe same addressspace asthetargeted software, the attacker may perform an attack by returning into Pin code.

it is more preferable to implement it in a more isolated layer such as the OS layer, the hypervisor layer, or even the hardwarelayer.


is not inside R, then the veri.er can reject the claim immediately.

we may safely assume that the prover claims to be inside R. The protocol begins when the veri.er node v sends a packet containing a nonce to the prover using RF; the prover immediately echoes the packet back to the veri.er using ultrasound.


In our research, we discover the dual-stack hosts will respond when some packets has sent to the multicast IPv6 address.

the dual-stack worm collects the addresses of all active hosts on IPv6 link-locals by sending packets to that address, which called as multicast-scanning.


We know that the linear space spanned by v1,...,vc contains at most 2c vectors in {0, 1}n .

if we are given c linearly independent vectors v1,...,vc as above, the probability that a random vector from is linearly dependent on v1,...,vc is at most 2c/| |.


In other words, each host may have only a small piece of knowledge of the certificate hierarchy.

sometimes locally cached CA certificate information may not be sufficient to generate a complete certificate path.


Our experience in applying these policies to various small programs, some of which are given here, suggests that the policy language is intuitive and usefully restricts program behavior.

the analysis embodied in the type system helps to avoid writing insecure programs in the presence of downgrading.


The same interfaces that allow users to .nd and select the most desirable resources for running their applications, however, also allow attackers to .nd and select the resources most vulnerable to attack such as compute resources running versions of software with known remote exploits.

at the minimum, such services must only be exposed to authenticated users.


Side-channel and fault attacks are perhaps the most vibrant .eld in the area of applied cryptography and there is a plethora of scienti.c publications, conferences, workshops, and other events, where recent results are presented.

any survey that intends to provide an exhaustive bibliography for the attacks and countermeasures is not likely to succeed.


To do so, the difference formed by the left halves of the encrypted messages of correct text pairs has to be added modulo two to the left part of the estimated value of the difference on the input of the last round.

we obtain the value of the difference that occurred at the output of function F at the last round.


We conclude that A .nds a pair (v * , kn+1 · v * )from the entire V with probability negl(s).

similar to the case of DVS and DMP, A can only guess a pair (res t * , p t * ).


the HDDP (since at least one half of the randomizer is chosen at random).

one cannot e.ciently decide whether two sample-ids have been derived from the same trip-id.


beginning of 2009 and integrated into their core business of search engines, it shows that Semantic Web technologies are of interest for the industry.

we assume that an e.cient gathering and processing of rich multimedia presentations described with M3O is also possible by their search engines.


It achieves the random-beacon property, but it lacks the per-channel puzzle solution property.

this solution requires explicit distribution of public keys for defending servers, and a client cannot start solving puzzles prior to determining which server to access.


DTLS-SRTPinparticular onlyperforms a pair-wise key exchange with the peer that is interested in establishing a session (i.e., responds with a 200 OK response message.)

the only way an attacker can mount a .ooding attack atthekeyinglayerisby causing theinitial request to fork to many endpoints, each of which returns a 200 OK response to the sender.


With attackers being aware of the domain, bucket identi.ers can already reveal the underlying plaintexts of the given ciphertexts (depending on the bucket size).

instead of grouping the underlying plaintexts, OPE schemes have to obfuscate the mapping between plain-and ciphertexts in most use cases for both security and performance.


Furthermore, circuits that contain a lot of gates which can be executed in parallel by the STC framework also carry the potential of lowering the overall STC execution time.

optimizing circuits with respect to STC speci.c issues like the number of XOR gates or circuits with many parallel subcircuits form an interesting research question.


Since certi.cation of new public keys is a procedure that can be expensive and time consuming, using proxy re-signatures is away to share existing certi.cates.Signatures under new keys can be transformed into ones that can be veri.ed with public keys that are already certi.ed.Consider also that  Figure 1: Unidirectional chains with multi-use proxy re-signature.

each node (e.g., C) holds only a proxy re-signature key (e.g., rkC.D) and not a signing key (e.g., skC ).an adversary cannot inject a signed message into the chain by corrupting intermediate nodes.


For example, with a threshold tc of 6, Gr6 is composed by only 131 redirection graphs, of which only 3 are malicious.

to detect a reasonable number of malicious web pages in our dataset, we have to use a lower tc, and accept a certain rate of false positives.


The probability of one particular bivariate polynomial being com- P promised is Pc =1 - ti=0 P(i).

on average, there are 2m × Pc bivariate polynomials being compromised, and about 2m 2 × Pc sensor nodes have one compromised polynomial share.


When CEM is later resumed, the hash check of this region will fail.

we have developed a new mechanism to make the SP hardware aware of the stack swapping.


This would never happen to a dummy block according to our voting protocol.

instead of overwriting data blocks, each user always migrates his updated content to new blocks, and initiates the deletion of the outdated blocks in GVT so that they will be freed in due course.


On the downside, reduced logging will be enabled for a larger portion of the malicious code.

in our system, we pick the innermost, active loop as the stalling loop.


So, in a time frame Ti, node N can use Ki as the private key and Ki-1 as the public key.

dRETA has public key property only with symmetric key computation overhead.


It was beyond our capabilities to manually inspect each of these 1,533 packages.

we selected 100 of these packages (in an ad-hoc, semi-random way), and we manually inspected the warnings our tool emits for these 100 packages.


However, inter-organizational workflow may consist of several autonomous workflows that work together to achieve an enterprise-level mission.

inter-organizational workflows need some framework for sharing relevant execution history among participating workflows.


On the other hand, if all images in the challenging set seem very diverse, that will achieve good usability, but increase the risk of exposing the pass images.

the ideal status is that decoy images can well conceal the pass images.


For example, a block cipher in CBC mode highly mixes its input and the constraints it introduces during decryption are hard to solve, but a stream cipher does not mix its input and thus the constraints it introduces can be easily solved.

our identi.cation technique targets encoding functions that highly mix their inputs.


It is not sufficient to solve this problem by relying only on increased investment in hardware equipment.

we need to research the three-dimensional data compression and transmission technology.


Note that in order for this scheme to work, a dedicated counter is needed for each balance that needs to be protected.

if we want to be able to store different independent credit balances (e.g., from different credit issuers) in a single user s device, then that device must be able to keep track of multiple independent monotonic counters.


6), even when one of the sensors is under attack the robot cannot reach the desired state (e.g., it can even be forced to stop).10 Robustness Analysis All ROS nodes are executed in the run-to-completion manner.

although the execution period for the controller node is 20 ms, other instantiated nodes might a.ect its execution (i.e., the controller might run with a 10Videos of the Landshark experiments can be seen at http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~pajic/research/CPS_ security.html.


For example, if a certain type of medical records are required to determine whether treatment w is suitable for Alice, the same type of medical records are probably useful in deciding whether w is suitable for Bob as well.

the independence assumption is consistent with real-world scenarios.


Like the application agents, transport agents may need to handle decrypted content.

transport agents also need to be trusted.


Our experiments show that our scheme achieves strong memory protection with tight control over the performance degradation.

our major contribution is to provide an efficient scheme to detect data tampering while minimizing the overhead.


Comparison to previously reported implementations Most hardware implementations of modular exponentiation are either dated or they rely on an ASIC implementation.


Our observation is that the guard relays are more likely to be present in the anonymity set of bottleneck relays for a client s circuit, as compared to other relays (since the probability of the guard relays appearing in the client s circuit is much higher than other relays).

over multiple circuit reformulations, the set of relays that appearin the anonymity set for a client s circuit with the highest frequencies are likely to be the guard relays.


The search operation supports access requests, and inserting a node with the same key as an existing node supports modi.cations to the permissions that a session can access in response to administrative changes.

an associative array is a good candidate for an SDP implementation.


As we can see, RockJIT eliminates 99.97% more edges for indirect branches in V8 compared to NaCl-JIT.

we believe .ne-grained CFI improves security signi.cantly.


Complex work.ows consist of various alternative paths and complex branching with di.erent path length observable at runtime.

we need to question whether is it possible that for constrained tasks, the execution semantics of control-.ow patterns may result in an ambiguous constraint evaluation at runtime or may even lead to a deadlock-like situation disrupting the overall work.ow execution.


However, since memory addresses are linearly ordered, the resulting points-to sets in our problem context can be abstracted using a linear function.

our method is analogous in spirit, though not in letter, to contextsensitive points-to analysis.


In this case, the information on the contacted IP addresses is of little value.

we consider IP addresses for the network endpoints score only if the malware did not obtain them from a DNS query.


Receiving such data may compromise the integrity of its own data or con.dentiality of the sender s data.

access control should be enforced between processes to satisfy certain security requirements de.ned by the system administrator.


In this case, f ' is independent of con.guration, and f is satis.able under (U, UR) if and only if f ' is satis.able.

it follows from Lemma 3 and Theorem 4 that TCSAT is NP-complete; this is stated in the following theorem.


Therefore, white box adversary couldn't find any secret key in physical memory, because they couldn't be seen memory directly.

white box cryptography provides high security.


In AtDRM architecture, user rights revocation is fairly simple and does not require any key updates or content re-encryption.

the proposed DRM architecture is simple, secure, flexible and efficient.


In order to de.ne an access control policy for provenance, it is imperative that we identify the parts of the provenance graph that we want to protect.

we must have a clear de.nition of the users, their actions and the resources to be protected.


Meanwhile, Sout,M S6 is also correlated with TR7,R6 which yields a strong correlation coe.cient in the vicinity of one (0.924).

mS7 is the MS that takes charge of the traceback and compares Sout,M S7 with TR3,R7 .This comparison produces a strong correlation coe.cient (0.935).


This was a concern because ITSG installs PGP with a domain administrator account and then enrolls the laptop user as a second PGP user on that machine.

licensing information must carry over to other users on the machine.


All of our attacker models do not require the attacker to control the network communication.

we do not require the attacker to be able to eavesdrop or modify messages sent between client and servers, as it is the case in classical Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks.


Within a rate zone j, the probability to correctly identify a receiver is 1/Nj.

pk is the expected evaluation of probability assignments in each rate zone j when rj = rk.


For those TPMS sensors that have already been in the market, software-oriented block ciphers such as KLEIN [15] can be installed by upgrading the .rmware without changing the hardware.

the proposed secure TPMS protocol can be deployed on both existing sensors and future sensors.


In fact, attackers invest considerable e.ort into comprising popular webpages and exposing malicious code to a large group of users.

we cannot rule out that some of the 25.000 URLs are compromised, yet we assume that the vast majority of the URLs is benign.


Essentially, the idea is that applications with similar functionalities shall have similar policies.

to specify or validate policies, CPA will examine policies already speci.ed by other applications in the same category and perform collaborative recommendation.


In psychology, a distinction is made between injunctive and descriptive social norms [8], where injunctive norms are based on perceptions of approved and disapproved behaviours, whereas descriptive norms are based on perceptions of what others typically do.

people may act in certain ways both because they expect their behaviour to be approved, as well as because they perceive this to be common behaviour.


All of the locationrelated risks rank in the bottom half of risks, and location is the second-lowest data type.

we believe that the privacy community should refocus their e.orts on other types of smartphone data that evoke higher levels of user concern, such as text messages, photos, and contacts.


In-fact mean lifetime was seven times higher and mean number of clicks quadrupled.

building technologies around curbing phishing in Twitter (online social media) can largely reduce the e.ect of phish ing on the Internet.


Since our research goal was to replicate that study for Local Government, and with the intention to undertake a comparative analysis between its results and this work, we built on that research, adopting its main tenets, namely from a methodologically point of view.

we adopted the Delphi method and resorted to the Q-sort technique.


Theconcept of mimicryhasalsobeenappliedinotherareas.In the context of system call monitors a type ofdynamichostbased IDS, a mimicryattackisde.ned as a sequence of malicious system callsthatis still considered aslegitimatebytheIDSprogram model [32].

such attacks focus on discovering and exploiting .aws in the program model, which is speci.ed by the form of automata.


For example, in a stack smashing attack, as long as the corrupted return address falls within the range of the bu.er, the attack can still be successful.

using exact values of x and/or y as a signature can be evaded by such attack variants.


Typically, the false alarm has to be extremely small, partly to guard against attackers who make large number of random attempts.

es should be small, for example, not more than 2-50 .


The encryption key is hash of user s password.

only one key is used for both encryption and decryption and in such scheme MITM is not applicable.


Using this technique a trusted third party (the server) stores all secret information and only transmits it to the client when they are entitled to it.

the client does not have any secret information that may be exposed.


As a result, two nodes deployed to neighboring rectangles can share keys with a high probability.

keys can be e.ciently distributed to nodes while achieving high connectivity and maintaining security against key compromiseuponnodecapture.


An ancillary goal for researchers working on algorithms to detect polymorphic malware is to download multiple samples from the same source.

distributors of malware have a clear incentive to identify and thwart these acts of Internet reconnaissance.


It can also be a reason for noise and degradation of the electromagnetic compatibility of the neighbor sensors.

the goal of intrusions is the denial of service.


This observation is echoed in the Poynter report, which points to events that shaped HMRC s cultural expectations about transferring large number of data records to external parties.

any process to capture norms must be iterative, any analysis must be rooted in the organisational history, and resulting policy design must embrace the fact that organisational and personal norms are not static.


IIS Escaped Characters Double Decoding An error in IIS can lead to a URL being decoded twice, once before security checks are performed and once after the checks.

the server veri.es a directory traversal attempt only after the .rst decoding step.


It was much easier to propose and implement an elective course.

we were strongly driven by the following question.


Compared to roles, however, rules have some drawbacks: When using rules, the assignment of access permissions to users is highly dynamic.

it is di.cult to obtain an overview concerning who is allowed to do what.


However, at the same time when it simpli.es the attack strategies, it may also hide critical details of attacks.

generalization of hyper-alert types must be used with caution.


This policy was chosen, because it provides a very low scheduling overhead.

the length of the timeslices can be made very small in order to enable short IRQ latencies.


If the received response is incorrect, the client will not accept it and will resend the original request or report the event to the system manager.

receiving an incorrect response can be considered as a missing response and can be treated as a denial-of-service attack, which falls out of the scope of this work.


assuming B does not abort, it has advantage at least E/2insolving the given linear challenge (u0,u1,v,h0,h1,Z) .G6 2.


The protection model underlying many OSs is rigid, typically restricted to an all powerful kernel mode and a lesser privileged user mode, and cannot be changed easily.

many applications run with far more privileges than required to execute the task at hand [3].


Hence, if a component is modi.ed, the CM will obtain unmatching hash values for it and would not set its membership in the ERM-TVD.


Note that in this system encryption of a plaintext P is done bit- by-bit.

encrypting a 128-bit message key results in a long ciphertext - the ciphertext contains 256 elements in Z~.


As a di.erence to before, it states the administrator as an additional legitimated end recipient of a plaintext measurement.

he will now be able to check for correctness according to a suggested investigation procedure in TR-03109 [5, ch.


Then these analysis processes cannot obtain their desired analysis results by fetching the compromised data records from the statistics process.

we can conclude that the bad data from attackers has propagated from the proxy to the statistics process and all the analysis processes, thus destroying the accuracy of the analysis results.


When an HTTP request is received by a web server, the server identi.es which session the request belongs to, and then gives the invoked serverside program all the privileges entitled to that session.

all the server-side programs invoked in the same session share the same privileges.


A key aspect of proactive security is to take steps before a client is compromised or at the earliest indication of a virus or worm activity in the network.

.nding vulnerable clients to a given malicious software is a key .rst step to any proactive security strategy.


This law makes it compulsory for the rights holders to have an appeals system, where the user can question a decision made by an automatic system.

it must be possible to evaluate the parameters that led to the automatic decision by humans, and it must also be possible to verify the correctness of the sources that led to the automatic decision.


The 1The tracesareobtainedfromtheLausanneDataCollection Campaign dataset, http://research.nokia.com/page/11367  probability distribution function f(.|r) will be the uniform probability distribution on the set of the k -1 selected locations together with the location r. That is, location r is replaced by each of the k locations, as a pseudolocation, with the same probability k1 , and all the rest of locations have probability 0.

in practice, an actual location r is hidden among its k -1 nearest locations.


The similarity distributions above these ranges are increased.

the similarity is increased for the same family, as shown in Figure 8.


These syscall tables and other global kernel function pointers are usually static, having the same virtual addresses and values across different machines for the same kernel.

we can directly compare the values of these static function pointers guided by the system.map in the physical memory of SVM which is trusted, with the memory from GVM, to identify which kernel function pointer has been contaminated, and then recover it from the trusted value which is present in our SVM.


Since d = t holds, the inequality fi-sj = t also holds.


However, deleting a parent or child role can a.ect the deletion of other roles.

the problem of identifying the correct set of roles to delete is not trivial.


That is, an AS can trust routes from neighbor ASes if and only if the routes are veri.ed, which means that the routes are strictly attested by neighbor ASes themselves.

tBGP can effectively defend against forged BGP routes no matter whether they are generated by con.guration errors or malicious attacks.


However, the compromised nodes have no incentives to send reports of intrusion/anomaly because the intrusion response may result in their expulsion from the network.

unless the majority of the nodes are compromised, in which case one of the legitimate nodes will probably be able to de- tect the intrusion with strong evidence and will respond, the above scheme can detect intrusion even when the evidence at individual nodes is weak.


Most likely newer devices don t have these disadvantages.

it would be possible for the user to enter the PIN while the eID card has contact to the mobile phone.


If an incorrect sequence is entered, the control and data .ow of the circuit are altered with the help of alterations data.ow graph.

the circuit is not stuck at any state but moves in a sequence of states producing an incorrect output.


Of course, other attack vectors may be present in the system, including launching of setuid processes and modifying resources accessible to privileged processes.

further study is required to identify if any of these permissions are used and assess the safety of such permissions.


On the other hand, no mature binary rewriting engine for ARM [11], the processor architecture of iOS devices, exists.

the authors have to insert trampolines instead of the full checks, which is naturally less e.cient and requires an additional runtime component.


Due to the uniformity of R, the value (R+v1) (mod N), which party 2 got is also uniformly in ZN, and is independent of the value of v1.


The administrative model (set of state change rules) considered in that work is limited in that it is expressed in terms of the types of nodes and edges in the graph.

it is not powerful enough to allow constructs such as pre-conditions involving user-role memberships.


Blind Signature scheme is a system of digitally signing the message such that the contents of the message are hidden from the signing authority.

it offers more security and is ideal for use in applications like electronic payments, electronic voting etc.


HyperSentry [7] also uses the state of host system at certain points of time, when the independent auditor stops the host system and execute the agent.

this can be considered as a snapshotbased monitor along with Copilot [20] and HyperCheck [28], in the sense that they all use the periodically acquired status information.


This paper challenges this perception: it provides a cryptographic mechanism to detect adversary s presence within the system even after the adversary has learned all the secrets.

while it still might not be possible to distinguish the forger-generated signatures from the legitimate ones, our new mechanisms can at least make the tampering evident.


Recent research [16] showed that IMA is not resistant to return-oriented programming and bu.er over.ow attacks in which a legitimate application can harm the system.

there is a need to design a dynamic behavior attestation mechanism that can cater to the problems mentioned above [6, 10, 3, 1, 14].


INTERESTS INFERENCE Although users understand that public pages are for everyone to view and should not contain sensitive or private information, these pages nevertheless reveal what users do and what users think.

it is probably not di.cult to be convinced that such pages still contain private information, probably indirectly and to a limited degree, e.g., by re.ecting what users like and dislike.


A major drawback of the Perceptron algorithm is that it assumes that the data is linearly separable, i.e., that there is an hyperplane w .Rm that separates the positive examples from the negative ones.

data is often mapped into a higher dimensional Hilbert space Hto make it linearly separable using some (nonlinear) mapping f: X.H.


The entropy [33] of the random variable that is associated with the users probabilities is considered as the system s anonymity level.

the metric captures the uncertainty (measured by the entropy) of the adversary in the identi.cation process.


More importantly, TCDs re-use the base entropy of the array, which is de.ned by the 1,360 NFET and PFET TCs for each chip.

re-use makes model building attacks possible in cases where the bitstring is made public.


For a collaborative computing task like SETI@Home [2], a fraud peer can report fake results to the server without really performing the computation and get credits.

it is essential to guarantee the authenticity of a process at runtime and the data it generates.


For example, "response time=3.5", "price=low", "bad communication", "customerSupport=FALSE" and so on.

the provider s reputation is now represented as the collection of his reputation regarding several quality parameters.


For any choices of m and a, there are unique choices of the unknowns such that the equations in (2) are all satis.ed.

a cannot learn mj except guessing mj with probability = 1/p, i.e., Ejj = 1/p, which is negligible.


the probability of C s correctly guessing Q = e(g, g)x 2 y with ( 1  x 1 µ 1 µthe instance of (g, e, g ,gy,Q)is + + ) = 1 + , 2 2 |Uh | 2 22n because the probability of C proceeding the game is 1 .

|Uh | if A can break the anonymous game with a probability of 1 2 + µ, we can solve the SDBDH problem at least with a probability of 2 1 2µ n + .


Secure Communication: The transmitted data shall be protected by encryption.

there is a need to provide a convent key management between the users and the private cloud.


Neither the legitimate user, nor the server would know that the credential had been compromised.

this I&A technology using this specific implementation at IPF 4 is compromiseblind.


Since a function from security levels to a single bit is isomorphic to a set of security levels, we generalize the pending release bit to a set of security levels S. If l .

s then the pending bit for level l is set, meaning that the next output on a channel l ', such that l ' g l, may reveal information from level l. if l .


This is particularly crucial in applications, where the party detecting the watermark does not trust the party that has generated and embedded it.

the detecting party has to verify the correct probability distribution of the watermark.


The buffer s data is then encrypted using RC4 and copied to the beginning of the IRP s output buffer.

the response to an IRP_MJ_READ IPR is an encrypted path name padded with a sufficient number of zero bytes such that the total length is the same as the target file s size.


We note that it is not clear in which direction the in.uence might work, and we do not attempt to answer causal questions here.

our main research question is formulated as follows: Are there di.erences in attitudes and behavior between Android and iOS users concerning security and privacy when using apps?


In contrast, a hybridsecure protocol provides di.erent security guarantees depending on the set of corrupted parties and the computational power of the adversary, without being aware of the actual adversarial setting.

hybrid-secure MPC protocols allow for graceful degradation of security.


It is well known that a brute force attack on DES with a key size of 56 bits can be accomplished within a day [4].

we can state at a minimum that the APRNGs of applications based org.webkit are vulnerable.


Although a small amount of noise appears in the system without scaledown, it greatly increases with increased scaledown, as the probability of infecting a new cluster versus an already existing cluster becomes more signi.cant.

although scaledown works effectively in this model, it does introduce an additional artifact when compared with scaledown for a Code-Red-like worm: signi.cant noise in the scanningrate-per-worm graph.


Since 3-SAT is satis.ed, all clausea, 1 = a = r,are true.But clausea is true only if the encrypted stra is accepted by FSAa.

all encrypted stra, 1 = a = r, are accepted by FSAa,and Skey ac is accepted by FSASAT .


6.1.2 Metrics MTD approaches defeat the attack either by deterring it, deceiving the attacker, or by increasing attacker s detectability.

to evaluate theoretical and practical e.ectiveness of our approach we introduce the following metrics:  Deterrence (.)


Similarly, some information about the secretvalue secret is released when the client is noti.ed whether the guess i is equal to secret.

the bodies of both the consequent and the alternative of the if testonline23 mustuseanexplicit declassify to indicate that information transmitted by the control .ow of the program may be released to the client.


This trend has also caused the launch of healthrelated websites and online social networks (OSNs), in which individuals share their genomic data (e.g., OpenSNP [1] or 23andMe [2]).

already today, thousands of genomes are available online.


The leaf nodes are the patterns of length m. To add a new pattern of length m to the tree, we move down the tree towards the leaves, updating the counts of the intermediate nodes and creating new nodes.

when we reach the bottom of the tree, we have counted both the new pattern and all of its sub-patterns.


As previous research have done, most notably the FIRE system presented in [7], concentrating on ASs is important because they constitute the smallest authority (e.g., an ISP) that manages a certain address space on the Internet.

it is usually doable during law enforcement or security investigations to contact the people behind ASs if needed; on the other hand, it is normally dif.cult to reach who is behind, for example, a single internet address.


This value was reached for the especially disadvantageous case of the simple interpreter: its operations (push, pop, inc, dec and the like) are very simple.

one has many jumps with many allowed targets for relatively few instructions.


Then, E[Zj]= pg(i)and Var[Zj]= pg(i)(1 -pg(i)).

" # PL L X j=1 Zj 1 E[ pg(i)] = E = E[Zj]= pg(i).


This means that the content key is encrypted with the Public Sharing Key of the User node.

only the entity which has access to the Private Sharing Key of the User node can decrypt the content key.


Similar to ABPL, the log is a relational table, de.ned according to the notion of relation of the relational data model.

enforcement of privacy constraints4 and obligations are encoded using SQL-like queries.


Moreover, the reported random locations might end up in highly unlikely places, such as mountains or oceans.

the sybil queries being generated should also follow a valid path, i.e.


satis.es C. Each SMER constraint restricts the role memberships of a single user, in contrast to a k-n SSoD policy, which restricts the permissions possessed by a set of k - 1 users.

there is an ef.cient algorithm to check whether an RBAC state .


As discussed in Section 4, a trusted channel from the user to the TEE does not exist in current devices, and safe implementation of such a channel is challenging.

applications that require security-critical user interaction cannot be implemented completely within the TEE.


Only those memory pages in the bitmap corresponding to code are mapped.

when an address is used to query the bitmap, we can omit the bounds checks because an address outside of the code region will be safely trapped by OS s page protection.


We .nd that both in the case of random access networks, and scheduled networks, the capture threshold model can produce signi.cantly different results as compared to an additive interference based model.

the importance of using a realistic model cannot be overemphasized.


By switching to symmetric ciphers, we reduce the energy that is consumed on data encryption/decryption by about 102 times.

the additional transmission and reception overhead for key refreshment is totally paid o.. Second, the adoption of polynomials enables the distribution of personal key shares.


However, they use a type 2 virtual machine monitor (VMM)4 and the agent runs on the host OS (Windows Vista), and they have no further protection of the agent, i.e., no secure storage like binding the agent data to the platform con.guration.

if the host OS gets compromised, malware may be able to manipulate the agent.


We assume that all of the nodes of incoming subgroups in a MANET have already been acknowledged and have their own safety nodes with public and private keys.

the L1-head will generate L1GK and send it to all the L2-heads in the subgroup.


Websites and newspapers, journals and magazines provide examples of companies implementing biometrics.

palace Casino in West Edmonton Mall had used a face recognition system since 2001, mainly to identify problem visitors, cheaters and keep them out.


This defeats Lenstra s attack, but it turns out that checking the output for correctness is not enough to stop certain other fault attacks [8].

we need a stronger defense, if fault attacks are a realistic threat.


Under the DC power-.ow assumptions, the measurement model is linear (i.e., the measured power-.ows are linear functions of the bus voltages).

the measurement model reduces to: z = Hx + e, where H = (hi,j)m×n Here, H is known as the Jacobian matrix.


However, this check can result in a false positive; i.e., a check may return true in some cases for which e .


Here Alice needs to send all those proofs, which consists of h hash values.


(The right angle bracket, >, can appear within CSS selectors.)

a CSS parser encountering an HTML document will go into skip-ahead mode on the very .rst tag in the document, and will probably stay there until the end of the .le.


Windows is running one WRNG instance per process.

two applications (e.g., Windows Word and Internet Explorer) have two separate states.


1 76131 Karlsruhe Germany mathias.kohler@sap.com  ABSTRACT Modern enterprise systems comprise a .ne-grained enforcement of complex access control policies.

the e.cient evaluation of security policies is a signi.cant factor for the overall system performance.


Additionally, the outer and the inner code have to consist of the same pixel type.

various codes using squares can be mixed, but cannot be combined with others using rectangles.


In sensor networks using deployment, two nodes that should communicate are placed near each other, i.e., each node is included within the other node s communication range.

in order to achieve e.cient key sharing, the key sharing scheme should be implemented in a manner such that the nearer the nodes, the higher the probability that they can share keys.


In the second reply round, more than one packets appear on connection Z ; and in the fourth round, no packet occurs on connection Y.

we can easily .lter out TCP connections Y and Z as normal background tra.c.


We are proposing a system that allows everyone tagged in a photo to collaboratively control the shared photo .

they can better understand what is the purpose of our proposed system and behave more rationally.


It is di.cult to detect encoded JavaScript malware and the proposed algorithm might not deal with them properly.

detection of disguised JavaScript malware is an important future work.


Manually inspecting the adore-ng source code indicated that this was used to .lter messages being sent to syslogd.

it would be a huge advantage if PoKeR could be improved to automatically reveal that.


The grant table concept (see §2.1) provides a mechanism for controlled sharing akin to capabilities  but this has hitherto only been available in the kernel.

we implemented a user-space grant table device (gntdev), which provides a means of mapping one or more granted pages directly into the user-space of a virtual machine.


However, in crisis scenarios we cannot assume that a remote veri.er is always available and on-line.

a local decision authority, a local attestation veri.cation token [15, 8] is needed.


Since the United States ranks as one of the slowest in terms of broadband speeds, we will use 435 kbps as a conservative estimate for each bot s upstream bandwidth.

the aggregate bandwidth for the DSL/Cable connections is roughly 17 Gbps.


In essence, the above signature is a Cha-Cheon signature on the message m||U2.

the our proposed variant of Cha-Cheon signature scheme is equivalent to the Cha-Cheon signature scheme and also secure under the random oracle model.


Notice that C already has each SNRif value obfuscated with a random value rSNRi .

s can send the obfuscated SNR mean [µ SNR + rµ] (where rµ .


Our techniques revealed non-trivial code sharing among different exploit families, and the resulting phylogenies accurately captured the subtle variations among exploits within each family.

we believe our methodology and results are a helpful step to better understanding the evolution of remote code injection exploits on the Internet.


We are interested in evaluating how close our algorithms are to the optimal PMU placement.

when computationally possible (for a given k) we use brute-force algorithms to iterate over all possible placements of k PMUs in a given graph and select the best PMU placement.


Di.erent from the concept of role in RBAC, a role template is associated with a set of proto-permissions.

a role template tells what types of operations can be performed by a role created from the role template.


Currently, this works because, in the case of cookies, authentication information issentfor a.com regardless of the request originator.

ourproposalforhandling authentication information isasfollows:Whenauthentication information(HTTP oracookie) comes in, the browser associates this information with the page that receives it, page P. This authentication information is passed on to other pages that are loaded via an action on P (for example, clicking a link),but onlyifthenewpage sdomainmatchesthat of thecookie(i.e.


Thus K, w '' , v |= G. So k2b(K), w '' , v |= G by theorem 1.

by our initial assumption that G |= f, it follows that k2b(K), w '' , v |= f. Again applying theorem 1, we have that K, w '' , v |= f. By the Kripke semantics of says, it follows that K, w, v |= p says f. by the de.nition of k2b, we have f .


Thus, it is possible that information at level l .owed to level l ' , where it in.uenced the termination behavior of the program.

a future output may reveal via a progress channel information at level l that has not yet been accounted for in the budget.


Our solution to this issue is to reduce the number of digital signatures a node needs from its shadows in order to be considered valid.

we show an inherent tension between resistance to these two attacks: resisting eclipse attacks requires rejecting routing tables with few signatures, while resisting selective DoS requires accepting routing tables with few signatures.


Hardware companies with this capability are not motivated to carry out such attacks since doing so potentially harms their reputation with customers.

aside from malicious hardware crafted by determined, capable adversaries in the defense and research communities (e.g., [4, 7, 27, 38]), such attacks are relatively rare to our knowledge.


R. By separating the assignment of users to roles from the assignment of permissions to roles it is possible for userrole and permission-role assignments to be changed independently of each other in implementations of RBAC P H2A policies.

access policy maintenance is simpli.ed (relative to the discretionary access control policies that were, until recently, used as a matter of course to help to protect the information in databases).


Finally, we proposed a construction that meets our new property in the standard model and we showed that it is noticeably more e.cient than the Linux PRNGs.

from the perspective of speed and provable security, our construction appears vastly superior to Linux PRNGs.


One advantage of our hierarchical structure is that it is easily extendable, in that the patient (and potentially other parties to whom the patient grants the appropriate permissions) can add additional subcategories within any existing category.

within the Medications category, Alice s dentist might add a new category for Anaesthetics , or visit 4/2/09 .


The third deficiency of the finite automata can be tagged with the label Acalculia due to which it (both NFA and DFA) is unable to efficiently count the occurrences of certain sub-expressions in the input stream.

whenever a regular expression contains a length restriction of k on a sub-expression, the number of states required by the sub-expression gets multiplied by k. With length restrictions, the number of states in a NFA increases linearly, while in a DFA, it may increase exponentially.


With the query transformation, the vertices of the hyper cube are also transformed to vertices of the polyhedron.

we can calculate the MBR with only the transformed vertices.


With the output of LLL algorithm after adjustment, it is a value whose coefficient corresponding to a random number paragraph is quite smaller than the random number used on the encryption.

the coefficient of the reduction base corresponding to a random number paragraph becomes 0 or 1.


The intuition underlying De.nition 10, as stated by Sandhu [16] is, systems are equivalent if they have equivalent worst case behavior .

simulations only need to preserve the worstcase access.


In case of cellular networks an attacked mobile phone generates excessive electromagnetic emissions for a long period of time.

objects of attack are mobile phone owners.


In order to overcome such a problem, a timeout method is For the master private key share computation performed by the mesh routers, each mesh router should receive m - 1 subshares to compute the master private key share of their own, where m is the number of mesh routers.

a mesh router keeps sending request packets periodically until it receives all the desired data.


The LaFA architecture treats each RegEx independently.

updating, deleting, or adding RegExes does not a.ect the other memory contents or the detection process of any other RegExes.


Each test is performed on a di.erent human or bot that is left out of the training set for that test.

to validate a given con.guration, 20 di.erent partitions are created, one for each of the 10 bots and 10 sets of three humans.


If he doesn t own one, the server can disclose the resource s policy anyway since the second prerequisite policy is satis.ed.

even though the library card credential is not logically required, there is no way a client can access the service without disclosing this credential (provided the server can satisfy its policy).


However, Chow's scheme could be improved by MEDUSA that is temper resistant technique.

we refer Chow s scheme as White-Box AES in remaining sections.


In any case it should be clear that company data, which was previously stored on-premise and protected by network perimeter security mechanisms like .rewalls and VLANs, is now hosted in a Public Cloud system accessible from the Internet.

the data is no longer protected by the company s .rewalls, but accessible to anyone who can circumvent the corresponding SaaS security mech anisms.


Therefore, the decryption of Y by Alice (from step 2(b) of Algorithm 3) yields a random value y which is uniformly distributed in ZN .

no information about x is revealed to Alice.


The unimplemented bits createholesin a virtualaddress space.

one cannot use a simple right-shift operation(e.g., address >> 3)to obtain the tag address from a virtual address.


Supposed, personal information can be quantized, then such a part of personal information would be a subset of all available personal information about the user s identity.

we speak of partial identities that can be recognized by communication partners.


In[9] the criticalAPI calls were extracted statically using IDA-Pro[10].

allthelate-boundedAPI callsthat are made using GetProcAddress, LoadLibraryEx, etc are not taken into account.


A page fault, in contrast to a protection fault, incurs two round trips to the hypervisor to .rst verify that it is a page fault and then the shadow page table is updated after the guest kernel has inserted the entry into the guest page table.

the overhead of page is higher than that of prot.The ctx indicates the overhead of a context switch between processes.


The resulting Boolean formula is negated and further (3)reduced to a CNF formula using the Tseitin transformation [8].

in holds, then the same condition holds also for a maximal set of overlapping PAs that contains set S. when a new PA is entered, it is sufficient to evaluate maximal sets of overlapping PAs in order to check for the above scenarios.


The framework declares success only when the Aencoded in (T1,T2) is not amongst those whose x it knows.

the extracted SDH tuple (A,x) is not amongst those that we ourselves created, and can be transformed, again following the technique of Boneh and Boyen s Lemma 3.2 [6], to an answer to the posed q-SDH problem.


Pointer dereferences, pointer arithmetic, and type coercion are allowed in qhasm expressions.

the limbs xi and yi correspond to the qhasm expressions *(uint64 *)(xp + 8i) and *(uint64 *)(yp + 8i) respectively for every i .


Users can choose to share data across web sites with explicit whitelists of all other hosts that can be contacted as the page is rendered and as the JavaScript (or other plugins) run.

tahoma offers all-or-nothing sharing at the discretion of the original web site; it does not allow a web site to safely give con.dential data to potentially malicious scripts.


We use the techniques proposed in [1, 2] to make the LWE portable.

the LWE can be located in the cloud or the client.


Different parts of a message may be intended for different recipients, and not all the information contained within a message should be available to all the recipients.

recipients should be able to read only those parts of the message that are intended for them.


According to their observations, spammers send more messages than legitimate users, and are more likely to follow other spammers than legitimate users.

a high follower-to-following ratio is a sign of spamming behavior.


Note that the speed up factor increases as the RSA key size increases even with the .xed public exponent.

our scheme is more favourable for future security levels.


When the connect or accept or recvfrom or read system call Figure 5: Architecture of our system is executed, the phase management module hooks it and checks whether a phase transition occurs by referring to the phase transition database.

if there is a phase transition, the phase management we believe our scheme can be of great help to sysmodule makes a request to the policy load daemon to load a new tem administrators introducing secure OSes for protecting Internet policy for the protocol processing phase, and the policy load daeservers.


The formal veri.cation framework of Cryptol allows equivalence checking between Cryptol and netlist representations that are generated by various parts of the compiler.

any potential bugs in the compiler itself are also caught by the same formal veri.cation framework.


Without access to all key shares, an attacker cannot recover the correct key.

if it can be assured that the key shares are communicated over snode-disjoint paths of the key graph, the attacker will need to subvert at least snodes (one on each path) to compromise the newly established key.


Moreover, our perspective is that unique encodings are more helpful to an adversary than randomized encodings: a unique encoding gives the adversary the additional power to automatically check whether two encodings are of the same indexed ring element (without consulting the oracle).

we prefer to prove security against generic adversaries even for unique representations.


However, we also found that they are only marginally important for detection.

for the next experiment, we decided to use only the access tokens that refer to write operations.


On the one hand, many of issues in development of embedded systems can be solved, while on the other hand, the technique involves security risks, as shown in the attack implementation.

the attack vector we proposed is not limited to multi-operating systems.


The meter will normally spend 10 ms more than the theoretical measurements from the component tests results given in Section 4.1 because it takes time for the meter to process the message.

the system test time, including serial network and head-end system overhead, is approximately equal to the following equation: SystemTestTime = ComponentTestTime + 10ms + Overhead .


Since there are often dozens of business processes, tens of thousands of users and millions of authorizations, this is a rather di.cult task.

relying solely on a top-down approach in most cases is not viable, although some case studies [13] indicate that it has been done successfully by some organizations (though at a high cost).


In that case, the value of the solution is (D (DT 11 q·f =1 - 1 - qq and (D (DT -1 ' 11 T +1 -q f =1+ 1 - .

qqq if q = T +1, then f ' (1/q) = 1and 1/q is the unique root of the equation f ' (p)= f ' (1/q) .


This means that all client applications are developed by the project itself, maintaining control and trust regarding the implementation of the actual login process (Authentication).

instead of using an authorization code based grant type, we allow direct authentication with user credentials.


That is, for a given user, its pro.le is learned from a certain number of its own mouse movement samples and an equal number of others mouse movement samples.

the training data is composed of positive samples and an equal number of negative samples.


We should stress that these rate limitations do not prevent us to parse the complete list of friends of a user, as the distribution of the number of accounts followed by Twitter users has been shown to be approximately a power law distribution [7].

the majority of the users actually follow a limited number of profiles, which are then accessible even with the rate limitation in place.


Once two points CA = (xA, yA), CB = (xB, yB ) have been mapped to the same UTM zone, their distance can be computed as: DUTM(CA, CB ) =(xA - xB )2 + (yA - yB)2 This approach can only be used if both points lay in the same zone.

as mentioned in Section 1, UTM distance should be considered as a baseline for accuracy and performance.


Thus, within the scope of our DSMS architecture there is no common storage that is shared across security levels.

a dominating level cannot manipulate the common storage in our architecture to pass information to the dominated level.


The reason is that the wavelet transforms on encrypted data is in encrypted form and he/she does not have the private key for decryption.

the technique described in this paper and the proposed algorithm are well suitable for secure and privacy-preserving multimedia applications, such as secure media .ltering, secure feature extraction, secure face detection and secure watermarking.


= Pr A¯.80k + (h + 1) · Pr I(G(Y,X |Z)TV1 ) > h iA¯.


The focus of the framework is on user-centric mechanisms, in which the con.guration of the LPPM is decided on independently by each user, without knowledge about other users in the system.

without loss of generality, we restrict our model and analysis to a single user.


the creation and manipulation of customized DOM Event objects).

intended malicious codes could detect the existence of WebPatrol.


The current EVP is capable of running at 300 MHz.

themaximum throughput which can be obtained correspondsto the case when no errors are found i.e.


A preliminary ~et of expaximental results of the impact of the tool on system performance show that the overhead introduced by the tool is negligible from the user's perspective.

the issue of performance is not ex-pected to be a hindrance to the successful deployment of the ~oul.


Finally, similar to SiRiUS, Plutus shares the file - signkey with all the writers.

it is not possible to verify securely the last modi.er of a .le.


It consists of several small functions that are called within a loop.

t-Rex checks are invoked more frequently at a deeper nesting level than in other benchmarks.


An attacker can get remote or local access to a host by means of vulnerabilities but, most of the times, he does not automatically obtain credentials (e.g passwords or private session keys) for that host.

an exposure is an abstraction to model the availability of credentials.


The computational complexity of the traditional ways of realizing such inference grows exponentially with the number of SNPs (which is on the order of tens of millions) and relatives.

in order to infer the values of the unknown SNPs in linear complexity, we represent the SNPs, family relationships and the statistical relationships between SNPs on a factor graph and use the belief propagation algorithm [37, 41] for infer ence.


Let s denote the longest time a sensor node can last as T. From (4), the probability of a nodes is not compromised or failed before T, denoted as ., is: -(.f +.c)T .

= pn(T)= e (5) Further, we assume every node complies with Bernoulli Distribution with only two outcomes of failure before T or last till T. the probability of total number of alive secure node equals to t + 1 at time T will be: s pl(t + 1) =.t+1 (1 -.


The distinction of the C-REM method is that, in an m-banking context, the severities associated with di.erent marginal fraud risk factors are of di.erent types with di.erent physical units (e.g., the unit of money, the unit of time, and the measurement of location, etc.).

in the C-REM approach, the severities of di.erent units cannot be added.


TGP also assures that no process can launch a denial of service attack on the kernel.

we say that the identity of a process is proved if the process has a key with compliance to De.nition 1 and successfully executes TGP such that a token is generated.


The result- COVx = CS,Cu,Cv ing message size is (133 + l + x) bytes.

in all above cases, OVx = {{{{ADS|S}|u} K - S |v} K - u |x} considering that l is a small value (e.g.


First,the ability tode.nepoliciesinVPDis an administrative privilege that also includes the ability to drop policies.

if Bob had the ability to de.ne such a function as described in Figure 2, he also has the ability to drop the function described in Figure 1 and thereby gain access to the entire table.


Indeed these requirements have been exempli.ed to be non-trivial by works including [2 4, 6, 9, 14,15,17,29].

we consider it is also important to analyze the security of single sign-on system in a rigorous manner by modeling it as key exchange.


While it was shown that the memory-based (correlationbased) CF schemes perform well [10], they su.er from some limitations [4, 13].

in addition to correlationbased CF algorithms, SVD is applied for CF to address such limitations [4, 13].


Because the data is stored in ciphertext with an integrity tag, neither cloud servers nor unauthorized consumers can decrypt the data without decryption keys, and they cannot fabricate or modify the data without signature keys.

data con.dentiality and integrity are secure even if the cloud server is compromised.


In general, if a node at height e is a common parent, then all nodes higher than e need not be resent.

selected private balls that are close together can reduce transmission overhead.


Moreover, each doubled program may contain duplicated copies of while-loops.

some part of the original program is analyzed by a model checker repeatedly.


First, the design of the OpenIDua extension is based on the standard extension framework speci.ed in the OpenID speci.cation.

openIDemail providers can still communicate seamlessly with existing OpenID RPs.


Further, the start value after these tampered segments is 4 more than the end value before these segments, where 4 characters have been substituted.

substitution is detected when two non-tampered segments i and j separated by tampered segment(s) satisfy start[j] = (end[i] + s + 1) mod 8 where s = l[i + 1] + l[i + 2] + + l [j 1] is the number of substituted characters between them.