It consists of about 7100 lines of code, of which less than 500 are speci.c to I/O classes.

rEFERENCES [1] Android IP Webcam application.


ICCAD 09, November 2 5, 2009, San Jose, California, USA.

n is the number of states and m is the number of input/output ports.


Figure 12 shows the RTO values obtained from TFRC and TCP sessions from our site to 28 di.erent sites in the PlanetLab[14].

let Etcp =, WN .N tfrc i=1 Wi the mean window size of TCP during T ,and Etfrc = N , W the mean on the number of TFRC packets per RTT during T .Let W tcp =max{W tcp , for .i, 1 =i =N}and max i W tfrc tfrc max i =max{W, for .i, 1 =i =N},the maximum numbers of packets sent by the TCP and TFRC connections >W tfrc respectively during an RTT period in T .If Etcp W max (which implies that the sending rate of TCP is larger than that of TFRC), we prove that ptfrc >ptcp (i.e., R4).


It should be emphasized that the same strategy is adopted again in estimating this alternative denominator by using the last few simulation results.

2 t-a0 x+x 2perf v +1e i 2 j sf 2 (24) the cross-correlation is (t-a0)2 v - f 2..(t - a0)e 2s2 xi xj E[xixj |f<t]=- (( )) .


Then, we can conclude that all faults taking the circuit out of the tolerance band are detected because the undetected cases correspond to a functional deviation in the overall filter that still maintains the circuit within specifications.

recent papers have studied OBT extending the applicability of this test technique to different circuits and modules [1,5-8].


Once the array is de.ned on a sub-lithographic scale, it is di.cult to pattern it with standard photolithographic means, unless expensive high-resolution and timecostly methods, such as electron-beam lithography, are applied.

we proposed a novel decoder fabrication concept in this technique, and we addressed the problems coming from the technology (variability, fabrication complexity) at the design level by optimizing the encoding scheme.


Implementations have been proposed for binary and multi-valued memories as a memristor can be programmed at intermediate levels for a fine resolution in programmable resistance [4].

to increase the size of the operating array, different parameters as related to the memristor in each 1T1M cell (such as D) and the input signal (in terms of the pulse width W and the applied voltage), are analyzed next.


(RL,RH) ii such that f .i(R,R-i) = .i(R,R-i).

if a user chooses his cheating strategy smartly, his cheating would have a good chance of bene.ting himself.


Every release of a new platform will not be transparent to the software developers, since together with a new platform, a new version of its tool chain with particular libraries and compilers must be provided.

the first incoming instruction, a memory access operation, is allocated at the highest functional unit of the leftmost data path column, considering the type of this operation.


However, in high throughput applications, the fully parallel ACS units are implemented and the ACS computation for each stage is completed in one clock cycle.

one of the requirements of the T-algorithm is a serial comparison operation for searching the best metric in each decoding stage.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

but, in these systems, we must wear a special apparatus for observing the images in this system or the information from these systems is two-dimensional.


Further, the application tasks are mapped onto di.erent ECUs and communicated over a bus.

in general, the feedback signal has to go through a series of executions, i.e., Ts .


[13] O. Mazonka, Higher subleq compiler into OISC language, [Online].

a detailed explanation of the Paillier scheme is out of the scope of this paper, and the interested reader can .nd an extensive presentation in [12].


We used the analyzer to get results for typical applications running on a specific processor (PULSE V1), and have shown that many components are not fully (if at all) used with several applications.

as before, the microcode must be adapted in conjunction with the core.


FAU LT-TO L E R A N T GAT E SE T While every unitary complex matrix quali.es as a quantum gate in the mathematical formalism, most implementation technologies only allow a direct physical realisation of relatively few gates [11], [12], [13], [14].

1b z that also incorporates a teleportation.


In these systems, users .ngers or water dropped manually are utilized as input tools.

in Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 93, ACM, 1993, pp.164-165.


International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology (ICWET 2010) TCET, Mumbai, India Controller tuned using MRC for Control of Interval Plant of Cold Rolling Mill S Umamaheswari V Palanisamy M Chidambaram Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Department of Chemical Engineering.

the present controller is shown to be robust for perturbations in the values of time constant and gain .Hence it is expected that the present linear controller will give good performance on the nonlinear system also.


From Section 4.1 and Table 1, we recognize that the flipflop at this output can be changed from F100 to F130 (without affecting delay) thereby filtering all the pulses incident at the output node and obtaining even larger SER improvement.


Note that all gates can be simply assigned with the lowest available Vt level if timing is optimized without considering power.

option v43 is chosen as the solution of v4 due to the largest slack.


We used spice simulations to find the amount of charge required to be induced (coupled) on to the victim by adjacent nets in order for the voltage on the victim net to rise/fall to logic threshold.

forbidden pitches in Sub-Wavelength Lithography and their Implications on Design, J.


Further, CLEVER is designed as universal approach for embedded system, i.e.

failures occur when errors reach the service interface and alter the interface.


= hpihk, Leaving time (8) i k=1 The tasks cannot disappear and reappear from the FPGA: TT|U| T = So.

the application has to be partitioned in such a way that allows the mapping onto the target hardware using its partial recon.guration capability.Let us consider the behavioral descriptionof the applicationin termsofaDAGtask graph, in which each node describes the task operations.


The authors of [18] present a similar approach.

our approach Abacus moves already legalized cells during legalization.


In this method, additional logic is used to generate key bits during every FSM transition, such that these keys are valid sequences in a convolutional code if and only if the FSM is operating correctly.

as soon as a loop occurs, enumeration along this path is terminated, since any additional latency increase will result in at least one path that expands along the loop.


Hence, our loop detection is expected to be superior to the existing error-prone detection.

the dynamic loop information obtained by the TB-m contains the large number of inaccurate loop nodes.


Most reported complex chopper topologies, aim to reducing residual offset.

a, B, are constants depending on frequency band, technology parameters, and the number of transistors introducing noise at the input branch.


Our result shows, for the first time, a practical way of simu- lating a 64-bit LL/SC memory word using 64-bit CAS mem- ory words (or 64-bit RLL/RSC memory words), incurring only a small constant space overhead per process and a small constant factor slowdown.

rEFERENCES [1] Y. Afek, D. Dauber, and D. Touitou.


Collision resistance implies second pre-image resistance of a hash function.

step 2: Repeat step 1 to compute z = d - s × c. z = y = x (mod 2w + s) and z .


Moreover, the test was required to be very short, to avoid heating effects.

designers candidly acknowledge that very few chips ever designed function or meet their performance goal the first time [1].


Furthermore, since routing architectures usually follow preferred direction routing on each layer, process designers often architect pairs of adjacent metal layers to be electrically similar.

rptrs is the percent decrease in the number of repeaters with net weighting as compared to the control flow in which neither of Kraftwerk/MorePlace or FD-Mongrel uses our net weight modifiers, and .


Xinning Wang, andAndy CarlefromIntelCorporationfor severalvaluable discussions, suggestions, timely criticisms, answeringqueries, andfor encouraging this work.

this maybe usefultoCADdevelopers, circuit designers, chip architects, andprocess technologists.


For a n = 10-bit index (16KB cache), shifting the index of one position at a time will generate the same indices as shifting of three position at a time (obviously, in a di.erent sequence).

the architectures of Figure1 are e.ective for leakagebecause energy savings are additive; thus, it is the average idleness that matters.


(R2) n < x < 1 -p for very fast input ramp, otherwise n < x < Xsatp: The PMOS is still in lineax re- gion while the NMOS enters saturated region.

the main goal of this tion then timing delay model, and the delay is calculated in work is the derivation of an analytical expression for the a numerical way for some cases.


As the presented method relies on compiler-generated debug information to relate source-level basic blocks and binarylevel basic blocks, this relation is crucial for its accuracy.

if a function is inlined more than once, multiple binary-level basic blocks with di.erent memory addresses and, if the compiler applied further optimizations, di.erent sequences of machine instructions were created from the same set of source-level statements.


As expected, Mux L3 achieves best timing performance despite of all the tweaks done for Modified S3 and Dual-ND L3.

[19] A. Nakamura, M. Kawarasaki, K. Ishibashi, M. Yoshikawa, and T. Fujino, Regular fabric of via programmable logic device using exclusive-or array (VPEX) for EB direct writing, IEIEC Trans.


Prasad et al [8] go as far as describing Speech Interaction with robots as the Holy Grail.

before using the Nao for interaction in ROILA we run the script on the robot.


The symmetry constraint restricts devices to a mirrored placement.

they introduced the ASF-B*-tree to directly model the placement of a symmetry island and also to guarantee a symmetric placement after packing.


The resulting image is up-sampled by another factor of two by interpolating adjacent pixels, which can be de.ned as a map operator (to generate the new pixels) with no reduce.

the .nal programmable version still takes roughly 12x less energy compared to the SIMD version.


The above expression gives the optimum shifted mean vector, ..* of the distribution .. (.., ..*) (optimal practical distribution for IS) which is closest in distance to the ideal distribution for IS, ............(..).


We applied our generic algorithm by using the Xscu.

it would be interesting to take into account the OWL-S semantic standards to better de.ne the Web services and turn them into a work.ow language that is either reusable regardless of the chosen architecture.


In this scheme, we propose using a hybrid cache that implements a YAPD scheme to turn off cache blocks in combination with the VACA.

the main idea in YAPD is to turn off cache ways that cause delay failures.


[11] C. Delporte, H. Fauconnier, and R. Guerraoui.

there are at least t + 1 correct registers that have (ts, v) in their w and pw .elds throughout the duration of R. By the read code, responses from at least n-t registers are awaited in lines 4 and 9.


Thus, even small percentage of this traf.c will re.ect badly on NoC performance and cost, as shown in Fig.1b.

sec.IV proposes a broadcasting routing scheme and global arbitration for the proposed architecture.


This session brings together specialists from the DfT, DfY and DfR domains that will address the key problems together with their solutions for the 14nm node and beyond, dealing with extremely complex chips affected by high defect levels, unpredictable and heterogeneous timing behavior, circuit degradation over time, including extreme situations related with the ultimate CMOS nodes, where all processor nodes, routers and links of a single-chip comprise numerous timing faults (such as delay faults or clock skews); a large percentage of these parts will be affected by catastrophic failures; all parts experience performance degradations over time; and new catastrophic failures occur at low MTBF.

dESIGNING RELIABLE PROCESSOR CORES Tanay Karnik, Keith Bowman, James Tschanz, Shih-Lien Lu, Carlos Tokunaga, Arijit Raychowdhury, Muhammad Khellah, Jaydeep Kulkarni, Vivek De Static variations in the microprocessor parts are addressed by per-part binning of supply voltages (VCC) and frequencies (FCLK) of operation.


Finally, let us assume that the embedded processor operates at the same frequency of the external tester.

the second column indicates the power limit considered, and the third column shows the test time of the original system, where only digital cores are considered, calculated using the method presented in [13].


Given the models for current source and parasitic capacitances, we can generate the output signal at any value of the process parameters.

the use of current based models has been restricted to signal integrity and timing analysis at deterministic process corners only.


Designers are allowed to assume that the neighboring blocks send only input values that are legal in their context.

iMPROVING SIMULATION COVERAGE FORMALLY The most challenging aspect of simulation-based veri.cation is .nding adequate input stimulus to reach prede.ned coverage goals.


Also, unlike the simulation based approaches, the proposed approach does not require any fault simulation to narrow down the suspected cell list.

in [16], authors have proposed to connect each scan cell s output to a scan cell in another scan chain so that its value could be observed from the other scan chain (partner chain) in diagnostic mode.


The 01 case can be assumed to be equivalent to the single device case, because the intermediate node voltage is almost 0.

designing for worst-case corners usually results in an overly conservative design that does not meet speci.cations, and a statistical approach is widely regarded as the best solution.


For values of Sless than N, then the problem can be solved trivially by dividing the distance between band boon the address line by So, but when S>N, the problem becomes more dif.cult.

one method would use a Bank Controller for each slot where memory could be added.


Rosing, Hybrid dynamic energy and thermal management in heterogeneous embedded multiprocessor SoCs , DAC 10, pages 873 878, Jan. 2010.

the spatial thermal variations are reduced in Fig.


To achieve that, we de.ne Scan interval (SI) as a periodic interval at which the 81% on an average.

only one benchmark, dealII, is excluded due to a compilation problem.


The homogeneity of the Smart Memories memory structure allows the allocation of resources to the SRF and scratchpad to be determined based on the capacity and bandwidth requirements of each on a per-application basis.

the tile memory system also contains a 64-entry content-addressable memory (CAM).


A register declaration may be associated with a mask to specify bit constraints.

3 Property Veri.cation Devil has been designed to express domainspeci.c information about the functional interface of devices.


As a result, the proposed new sensitization condition can be integrated with the .rst two traditional sensitization conditions mentioned in Section II-B to form our sensitization criterion.

for threshold logic circuits, since its evaluation mechanism is different from the Boolean circuits and not every threshold logic gate has the controlling value or non-controlling value due to the compactness characteristic of threshold logic1, its sensitization criterion is different as well.


the dependency between system components, such as data .ow or control .ow dependency.

the derivation of functional fault/error descriptions and the resulting stressors can be done at every system level -from the OEM down to the semiconductor manufacturer.


Performance under different loads in (a) 8×8 2D-mesh and (b) 14×14 2D-mesh under hotspot traffic model with H=10% NoP DBAR CATRA  fmm Radix Ocean fft cholesky Fig.

cATRA can efficiently isolate congestion information of different applications.


[3] Cong, J., He, L., Khoo, K.-Y., Koh, C.-K., and Pan, D. Z., Interconnect design for deep submicron ICs.

it is inevitable to find better algorithms for buffer insertion to decrease this large number of buffers and its side effects on such metrics as the power consumption and timing closure.


90nm low leakage SoC design techniques for wireless applications.

curve at least until the 45nm technology node [10, 8, 4, 11].


Ideally, deterministic routing algorithms always supply the same path between a given source/destination pair.

5 dependent upon operation phase of RAVC router are executed on this input VC data-path.


An optical channel can support up to six layers of tandem connection.

378 ms are needed for the same task with parity calculations during external source processing.


In analyzing each of the alternatives, we leverage the great deal of literature inherited from traditional safety related disciplines (railway, aircraft, space, military, and nuclear systems), we consider the unique safety requirements and features of automotive systems, and we harmonize all these aspects with the current silicon technology trends.

the dual lock-step platform ful.lls the requirements of a large application space.


By Equation (1), their ranges are bounded.

we note that in Equation (4) when N gets large, it is quite unlikely for all the ei' to simultaneously take extreme values and push the output error to its upper bound.


4 uses a cross-coupled NAND gate latch structure to perform the signal comparison.

where other phase detectors use multiple latches to provide metastability resolution, our design moves the problem to the edges of the locked region.


2.1.3 Non-MIS Based Lower Bounding Functions Coudert proposes a non-MIS based algorithm [3] that guarantees a log-approximation ratio with respect to the minimum solution to the UCP.

an adaptive lower bounding scheme that dynamically adjusts itself to suit the different instances of the MinCostSAT problem.


Piecewise linear approximation of the delay has been widely used in the gate level timing analysis.

the parametric yield is de.ned as the probability of the design meeting a speci.ed constraint Y ield = P (Y = Y max), where Y can be performance or power.


margin follows a Gaussian (bell shaped) curve as the load increases.

several methodologies to replace or extend to the existing CMOS technology have projected highly dense systems with low power consumption and minimum performance degradation.


between the poor quality of mapping macrocells by mapping its parts separately and the slow run-time of mapping the entire macrocell by enumerating all cuts.

the sub-graph GT of G induced by the tree nodes is a forest of trees.


the delay distribution of critical paths; and (iii) the sensitization probability of critical paths.

by using the timing speculation penalty factor r to indicate that r clock cycles are needed to recover the system and re-execute the failure cycle, the overall system throughput is [11]: 1 Pe(T ) T P(T ) = × (1 - Pe(T ) + ) (1) T r In traditional worst-case-oriented" designs, no timing error is allowed and hence we have Pe(Twc) = 0, where Twc is the operational clock period in the worst case to guarantee error-free computation.


When r=1 , we use LnS = LnS23 , and when r =0.35 we use LnS = LnS12 .

it is completely inadequate at the near-end, grossly overestimating slew.


Instruction Footprint Recording and Analysis (IFRA) is a promising post-silicon bug localization technique for complex processor cores.

the Default-type nodes were manually augmented (details in [Park 10]) with customized location-propagation rules adapted from the IFRA decision diagram in [Park 09].


The implemented algorithm is based on the FT kernel of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks [21] implemented in C and ported to the GPU using CUDA.

some blocks will be queued for later computation if the grid size exceeds the number of SMs available in the GPU.


DAC 2005, June 13 17, 2005, Anaheim, California, USA.

this approach suffers from two main drawbacks, a) it manipulates every pixel on the screen one-by-one, limiting the application of this approach to still images or low-frame-rate videos; b) It achieves energy saving at the cost of loss in visual information.


For this, another constraint is brought in.

a .oorplanning with NC assignment considered is required for ASNoC design.


Note that in some case, the stable TSV-bu.er simultaneously takes the role of normal bu.er, saving additional bu.er, which is necessary, otherwise.

we have observed that the area overhead by SCCTG is negligible.


In addition, there will be intensive competition for the cache lines in the FAP, which may induce more data migrations.

for each part of the STT-RAM cache, the write latency is .xed and determined by the longest access latency of the cache line in the part.


The second (IND6, 900 MHz) had 395k sizeable cells and was produced using MVT synthesis.

the slack of all these cells will be reduced due to the VT swap of only U19.


We use the percentage of dynamic instructions accessing the L0 cache as the metric to quantify the L0 cache utilization.

we keep the hot branch information of the last phase in the prev-hot .ag column until the system stabilizes (i.e., entering the monitoring stage).


In an Evict-on-Miss TR cache, the higher the probability of miss of the interfering accesses, the higher the probability they evict data of the program under study, tA, because on every miss each interfering access causes a LLC eviction.

controlling eviction frequency at deployment time.


al., '% single-chip 900-MHz spread-spectrum wireless transceiver in 1 #m CMOS.

the di- rect digital synthesizers, whose switching time is extremely fast, cannot be used in a direct manner at wireless frequencies.


Wrapper and TAM Co-Optimization for Reuse of SoC Functional Interconnects * Tomokazu Yoneda and Hideo Fujiwara Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology Kansai Science City, 630-0192, Japan {yoneda, fujiwara}@is.naist.jp Abstract This paper presents a wrapper and TAM co-optimization method for reuse of SoC functional interconnects to minimize test time under area constraint.

only the serial test schedule is possible.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

details of the 3D circuits used and the simulation parameters are found in Section 5.


for this collaboration effort, a subset of Certitude s available faults known as the Connectivity fault class is used to model the SA faults in the RTL design and the Certitude algorithms are configured to analyze the ability of the tests to propagate the SA faults to an output port.


[.0,.f )[.0 + p, .f + p)} for some j, which contributes to the set Di.

after some time, the continuous state reaches .


These efforts can be broadly divided into four categories.

of the 2010 Exascale Evaluation and Research Techniques Workshop,2010.


Respec [5] is a record/replay approach for fault tolerance, that requires kernel modi.cation and also does not have highly ef.cient method of memory 978-3-9815370-0-0/DATE13/ c@2013 EDAA comparison for error detection.

in the signal handler, the address of the memory page is noted down and both read and write accesses are given to that memory page.


The NMOS-like blocks are usually faster due to the reduced number of transistors in series, but, unfortunately, they consume more power.

some data chains of the E-TSPC can be used to double the circuit speed.


4) as well as additional virtual objects that enable interaction.

no reliable results of broad studies are available for such systems.


For the KNN algorithm, the data storage was roughly 50 MB for binary classi.cation.

nearly any system is vulnerable to side-channel attacks [26].


In fact, its application need not restricted to MIMO, as noise whitening and matrix multiplication in general is required in numerous other applications.

most of the data is manipulated in matrices that are the conjugate transpose of themselves.


In essence, the individual solutions in area Dwill not affect the other areas {C, E}in the objective cone and the solution cubes we have obtained have already covered the solutions in D. The existence of areas such as Ddepends on current variable values, and it may change during the searching procedure.

rather than using the solutions to form block clauses as in [12], cutsets in the solution space are formed to narrow the search space.


The packet summaries which play an important role in the accurate classification of the packets include data such as the IP numbers of the packets, port numbers, protocol types and packet length.

there is no network interaction unit in the SOPC architecture.


These gains improve the device selection accuracy of Spartacus.

this observation justi.es the close-range interaction scenarios of Spartacus, where various ubiquitous applications take place.


For example, gcc and deaIII present lower endurance improvement, though write tra.cs are not balanced.

wear rate leveling can e.ciently achieve optimal PRAM lifetime and minimal data migration.


if the number of clusters becomes larger, test power reduction will become smaller.


Also, at floor plan stage, we can drop in as many vias as possible on power grid to help achieve overall via density goals.

due several sources of variation libraries need to be characterized at a large number of corners which is computationally expensive.


The practical application of metaverification has revealed that the sequence in which simple subconstraints of a complex constraint are executed is likely to have tremendous impact on the required verification time.

the strategy of how and when to remove a degree of design freedom during the design phase depends on several context-specific factors.


For example the move of droplet O1 up is not permitted, since doing so would cause it to merge with droplet O3.

the remaining cells cannot be used for other operations, which is ine.cient since it reduces the potential for parallelism.


Then with constraint (7), all the other pcrq s are forced to be 0 automatically except for those of sites around (r * ,q * ).

the placement results have been optimized for routability and routed wirelengths.


Two possible scenarios can be considered.

a probabilistic room location service for wireless networked environments.


i-1 2m-i+1  ADD SIGN ADD SWAP SWAP (j) (j) (j) (j) (j) usvtusvtr ii ii 2m-i (a) type-1 cell(b) type-4 cell Figure 3: The circuitry of the type-1 (type-1 ) and type-4 cells 3.2 Systolic Arch.

in practice our new architectures implement the two  1The AT complexity of an architecture is simply the product of the respective orders of the gate count and the number of cycles between successive outputs.


The x-axis gives the LC time interval while the y-axis plots the average number of FFs (AFF) traversed during each consecutive 5 ns time interval, computed using Equation 1.

the duty cycle is greater than 50% for the scenario on the left, i.e., .tOL > .tOH, while it is less than 50% for the scenario on the right.


In the table, #cell and #net denote the total number of movable cells and nets in the circuits; Target Density denotes the target density; Over.ow denotes the weighted sum of over.ow in terms of ABU; HPWL and sHPWL denote the wire-length and scaled wire-length of the given global placement solution; D1 and D2 are the two maximum displacement constraints speci.ed by the contest.

moving a cell within a fragmented movable range is running time expensive, we will only keep the part that overlaps with the cell s x-coordinate, while other disjointed parts will be discarded.


RTRP could largely enhance register reliability when there are numerous free registers.

its parity bit is first checked for the error detection.


In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Visual and Iconic Language Conference (VAIL 2008) (San Diego, CA USA, July 21-22, 2008).SSCPAC, 7-13.

this was not the best reference to determine relative motion.


Based on the previous de.nitions of distance, we formulate the gated clock tree construction problem as follow: Given the set of clock sinks K, build a gated clock network represented by T (V, E) whose cost function is: dist(i, j)= af(D(i, j)) + ßg(L(i, j)) Parameters a and ß allow the tuning of the weight of switching activity vs. wire-length.

clock tree building is done in two steps.


We have implemented Orthrus in the ROMIO library.

our experimental results with representative MPIIO benchmarks show that Orthrus can signi.cantly improve the performance of collective I/O under various workloads and system scenarios.


It is estimated that the subthreshold leakage power will account for 50% of the total power for portable applications developed for the 65nm technology node [1].

for the case when both types of variability are present, the global variability values for all three parameters are set to -1s from the nominal while the local variability is set to be 3s.


This fact allows us to represent the delay noise distribution in a canonical form.

given the statistical timing windows from block-based SSTA, we can analytically compute the delay noise distribution.


0.4 0.3 0.95 Layout II iteration PDP vs. delay - II iter.

the dynamic power simulation runtime is strongly dependent on circuit size and the number of test vectors.


[6] X. Huang, et al., RLC signal integrity analysis of high-speed global interconnect, IEDM, pp.

the switch-factor S of two switching signals as defined in Eqn.


References [1] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2003.

it is the preferred scheme, as it is not only economically feasible but also achieves close to optimal leakage.


Another approach based on the iterative improvement technique is given in [8].

the usage of multiple-chip FPGA-based emulation platforms are very attractive due to their high .exibility, reusability, and scalability.


By considering the because oftwo reasons.

the gate leakage is projected to have a reduction of 100× in the 45nm technology with theuseofhigh-kdielectrics[6,8].


The former mitigates inter-application cache contention by partitioning the cache based on how much the application is likely to benefit from the cache, the latter improves cache performance through retaining some fraction of the working set in the cache so that at least that fraction of the working set can contribute to cache hits.

second, we propose a scalable, thread-aware insertion/promotion approach to implement both Thread-Aware Dynamic Insertion Policy (TADIP) and Thread-Aware Dynamic Promotion Policy (TADPP) making use of Set Dueling Monitors (SDMs), and employ this approach to choose the best insertion/promotion policies for each application while considering the effects of all the other concurrently applications.


SLMs used for architectural exploration vary in functional accuracy depending on the application domain.

also, if certain guidelines are followed in the design of the SLM, then using it for sequential equivalence checking of RTL or for automated generation of RTL via behavioral synthesis tools becomes easier.


After reset, the PMOS input devices allow di.erent amounts of current to charge the internal nodes A. .

an optimally sized standard (di.erential) sense ampli.er fails to operate at the same data rate.


SYSTEM MODEL The cooperative sensing model is illustrated in Fig.

n It ispresumed that all SNRi are mutually equal, i.e.


FPGA designers are often tempted to make Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

channel type and direction cannot be changed without deleting and recreating the channel.


[5] Martin, Remarks on low-power advantages of asynchronous circuits, ESSCIRC, 1998.

table 1: Example of Circuit Conversions Ckt Function Gates in Sync Ckt Added Control Logic Units Added Delay Gates Added Gates in Async Ckt Total Gates in Async Ckt Area Growth N1 Test Circuit 18 1 14 37 55 206% N2 Test Circuit 32 2 10 56 88 175% N3 Error Detector 113 5 32 147 260 130% N4 Traffic Light Controller 64 1 48 71 135 111% N5 Data Path 780 7 74 210 990 27% N6 FIR Filter 1148 10 93 293 1441 26%  The sync-to-async conversion algorithm has been presented.


The only variable values are k, the number of component chains, and mi, the number of data entities for each of the l components.

the static timing analysis takes advantage of the development infrastructure because the execution contexts of all components are more or less known.


Different data sets can naturally induce different program behaviors; fortunately, the fact we use a set of programs instead of a single program partially compensates for this weakness.

for instance, we have developed a practical approach to the problem of finding what would be the program execution time if all cache and TLB misses were removed [21], i.e., a performance upper-bound for memory latency issues.


This means that during a precharge phase where the clock signal CP is low, all output signals are precharged to the supply potential.

it can be seen that after a common precharge phase each logic stage enters evaluation mode one after another.


Figure 15 shows the MPKI reduc tions of the DC-Bubble, DIP, and SBAR(LRU+LFU) over LRU for the baseline 1M 16-way cache.

the bubble replacement has three cache hits as shown in Figure 4 (b), D E A F B C G D C D E A F B C G B C D E A F B C A B C D E A F B D C C C C C C B ) C B A A B B B A B A B B A A A G A E E F F F G D  E A F B C GD E AF B C GD Rollover (b) Bubble replacement (a) LRU since the bubble replacement can exploit the frequency information of the trace.


Experimental results shows the superiority of our approach over determinisitic dual-threshold schemes.

for a .xed expected leakage, the probabilistic approaches always generated a solution with smaller probability of violating the timing constraint.


For the case of a 266 MHz clock with a triangular modulation and with a 2.5% frequency deviation, around 13 dB attenuation is measured with this technique [4].

in this model the impedance between Vdd and Vss is represented by a capacitance (Cc) in series with a resistance (Rch) in parallel with a capacitance (Cch) (Fig.


These plots show the performance measures of the NSGT-PLP on the ordinate, and the measures of the STFT-PLP on the abscissa.

the obtained features have a lower sampling frequency than the initial audio .le due to applied windowed analysis.


Each single-function accelerator is designed using a cost-aware scheduler to minimize cost [5].

together to create a single design capable of all algorithms.


The potential benefit of BDD Learning is in its ability to perform non-local learning around the seed.

[5] J. P. Marques-Silva and K. A. Sakallah, "GRASP: A Search Algorithm for Propositional Satisfiability," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.


Currently, the majority of power dissipation in FPGAs is dynamic power dissipation [12], resulting from the charging and discharging of parasitic capacitance and characterized by: 1 .

o0 o1 o127 primary outputs  i2 i1 i0 primary inputs i127 Figure 2: Circuit with regularity the size of modern circuits is up to two orders of magnitude larger than the MCNC circuits.


3b, only the NMOS transistor in the output inverter has high-Vt. Short-circuit current is, therefore, reduced only in the evaluation phase if the inputs are high.

domino gates typically consume higher dynamic switching and leakage power and display weaker noise immunity as compared to static CMOS gates.


A mixedsignal approach that utilizes switched capacitors has been reported to give large energy savings [1].

sNR improvements saturate around H = 5 due to the overall accuracy being dominated by the imperfection of the selectsignal generation block.


The area consumption and frequency of each stream are summarized in Table 5.

it is need to cache the entireimage on-chip(for animage of512 × 512 32 bit pixels, it corresponds to 1 MB storage)to implement a fully pipelined computing module, which easily exceeds the on-chip memory limitation of the FPGA and renders this approach impractical.


On activation, the Trojan synchronizes with the start of a new plaintext encryption, and then waits for seven clock cycles, before enabling an XOR gate with logic-1 as trigger pulse at one of its input.

our attack introduces the HTH during runtime, and does not need any nexus between multiple parties, which increases its feasibility.


Performance-driven simultaneous place and route for island-style FPGAs.

phD thesis, School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Sept. 2007.


To address this challenge we propose an innovative solution for instruction-by-instruction (IBI) checking tailored to acceleration platforms.

even in this latter case, often the program .ow diverges substantially due to the bug, and we can still .ag the issue a few instructions downstream.


It can be observed from the modeling results that PRAMs significantly reduce the leakage consumption in caches, while keeping the increase in dynamic power consumption minimal.

phase Change Random Access Memory (PRAM), a high density, fast access, non-volatile memory is being considered as a candidate for future universal memory technologies.


Constraints according (8) have been omitted for such edges.

in our experiments, we achieved up to 27% performance improvement.


In PFR two different Color Buffers are written into memory during two screen refreshes, whereas in conventional rendering the same Color Buffer is written two times during two refresh intervals.

finally, DR-PFR provides bigger energy saving as the value of P is increased, at the cost of reducing responsiveness.


This work was supported in part by NSF grant #0746425 and by STARnet, a Semiconductor Research Corporation program sponsored by MARCO and DARPA.

our sequence-by-sequence (SBS) solution accrues and compresses several architectural events over a period of time before it transfers the information off-platform for comparison with a golden model.


Clock scheduling for power supply noise suppression using genetic algorithm with selective gene therapy.

it was used to minimize peak current in [7].


We simulate the 8-node Octagon architecture symbolically.

only three routers are observed during simulation in this mode.


Note that a high false negative rate may not necessarily translate into a low fraction of seizures detected.

(4) a system that uses 18 channels has a power consumption of 30.6 mW.


During decompression,the whole block is decoded together with the extra padded bits.

on the average,the busses in a typical IC consume half of the total chip power.


he et al., Ripple: an effective routability-driven placer by iterative cell movement , in Proc.


[15] W. Zhao, E. Belhaire, C. Chappert, and J. O. Klein.

3 shows a plot of the critical switching current Ic versus the pulse width d. In reality, Ic is exponentially related to d, for small values of d. this particular device was simulated for a limited range of d over which it is linear.


Section 3 presents the optimization problem and block (intra) and system (inter) level dependencies that exist between system (quality), circuit (energy, delay) metrics and various design variables.

[6] G. Karakonstantis, et al., Design methodology to trade-off power, output quality and error resiliency: application to color interpolation filtering , IEEE ICCAD, 2007.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

hence, only the relative hardware accelerator speedup with regard to the pure software processing at the highest cache con.guration of 32 kB is shown in Figure 9.


The computational complexity of this problem for the DMG is linear in the number of rows/columns.

{1,2,3,4},{5,6},{7,8,9} is also a valid grouping of the droplets.


It is known that ( ) £.t () t SS min min i i=1 multiple streams are the main cause of conflicts.

this is because the number of cache line sets usually is no less than that of memory banks, thus the write back and fetch for the same cache line will also be mapped to the same memory bank.


First, the scheme is based on perfect priority (sorting) queues and in.nite-sized buffers.

the 91 number of concurrent GS .ows sharing a physical channel is limited by the number of GS VCs (e.g., 8 in [2]).


the multiplier may be pipelined, such that it is distributed among multiple stages.

for instance, a node x with a propagation delay of dx = 800ps(picoseconds) may bescheduledinstage sx = 2 with an arrival time of ax = 150ps, which results in a .nish time of fx =950ps.


For example, only a fraction of all possible packings are considered by the 3D Slicing Tree and the T-Tree.

due to the completeness of Sequence Quintuple, the number of unique solutions and thus the solution space size is known.


In the above scenario, Bob expects Alice and, for that matter, anyone else, to be unable to impersonate him from the moment he regains control of his card.

this ticket enables the terminal to complete the subsequent message exchange with the desired server (step 5).


(It also retains its O(k 4) step complexity in the unbounded concurrency model.)

proof: We first consider the one-shot problem, in which each process is assumed to invoke at most one operation.


Chip Testing Result Our E-test results show that the variation of TSMC process is well controlled: the mean (P) and the standard deviation (Std., or V) of the NMOS select transistor resistance are 917: and 15:, respectively.

enhanced Technologies for NSRS A. R-I curve skewing A large IR2, is favored in NSRS because of the incurred large difference between the resistance changes of an MTJ at high-and low-resistance states when the sensing current varies from IR1 to IR2.


The long communication distance between the traditional multi-processors makes directory-based cache coherence protocols better solutions compared to bus-based snooping protocols even with the overheads from indirections.

rELATED WORK AND CONCLUSION Cache coherence designs to exploit the proximity of data sharers have been proposed in [6, 7].


If we protect only offchip memory and keep only one copy of data in offchip memory, an onchip, cached copy of the data may be corrupted leading to incorrect computation in both original and redundant execution.

since in RNaïve, we issue two copies of the kernel so that some of the pipeline setup overhead can be avoided.


It is for this reason that we do not use a BDD-based structure for expression sharing, and choose expression sharing methods based on VG XOR operators.

it is still possible to perform expression sharing by means of XOR decomposition, the structure of which is depicted in Fig.5(c).


(3) For the .rst time, the sparsity of the process variations is exploited for post-silicon characterization.

the rows of the measurement matrix are not necessarily independent.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

our approach allows a real-time interaction and can be used without penalizing the application.


Each operator is either a .rst order operator or a composition using higher order operators.

with proper pipelining, these designs offer maximal performance, but the area cost of these implementations quickly becomes prohibitive as n increases.


E. Enhancement of Accuracy Path sensitization and hazards can be very sensitive to delay variation.

[15] S. Louhichi, Rates of convergence in the CLT for some weakly dependent random variables, Theory of Probability and its Applications, vol.


Our goal is to show the usefulness of the proposed max operation in an SSTA framework.

first we review how Clark s max results are currently being used for computing max(X, Y ) of two arrival times X and Y .


The improvement is made possible by a clever bookkeeping method and an innovative linked list data structure that can perform addition of a wire, and addition of a buffer in amortized O(1) time.

all these algorithms do not utilize the fact that in real applications most nets have small numbers of pins and large number of buffer positions.


All three platforms handle the same number of I/O requests: reads generated by a two test clients issuing up to 64 simultaneous requests.

the I/O rate of high-end SSDs often outpaces the ability of a general-purpose computer to issue requests.


A zero-stretch solution is possible only if the surface is developable.

a set of homography transforms k-1 cascaded along a cycle n H(i+1%k)(i) should equal identity.


The algorithm is searching for value 48 and the range is 1 to 64.

we feel it provides a useful measure of the variation due to the sampling process.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank CNPq for .nancial support.

the advance of the technology and the search for ultra lowpower circuits results in a reduction of the supply voltage to sub-1V operation, thus reducing the applicability of the bandgap references.


After deriving a dummy density value di for each grid gi,we simply insert dummies in gi with their total area equal to di × ai,where ai is the area of a grid.

after getting the set of .-controlled sub-PSFs, an estimated .are map can be e.ciently computed with better error control.


The fighting current between the PMOS keeper and the NMOS pull down logic at the beginning of evaluation phase is minimized due to the clock delayed keeper control scheme.


We de.ne critical slack as the minimum slack among all instances of a net.

for each bu.er, there is a limit on the load capacitance it can drive [3].


The simulated curve of the incremental resistance as a function of the voltage applied to the pseudo-resistor is shown in Fig.

a highly linear resistance, however, is not strictly necessary.


The bandwidth used by the X server is not easily measured directly.

isosurface Extraction Techniques for Web-based Volume Visualization.


The HEI mechanism is similar to TM with a lazy versioning policy and lazily detecting conflicts among transactions.

martin Burtscher is supported by grants and gifts from NVIDIA and Intel.


Wosnitza [8] 8925 µJ DoubleBW [9] 2834 µJ DSP-24 [10] 1822 nJ Spiffee [11] 781 nJ Energy-Scalable 16-bit 564 nJ Energy-Scalable 8-bit 304 nJ  5.

the extra control logic of energy scalable designs incur an area and device count penalty when compared to a non-scalable design.


2.4 Related Work In [5], non-uniform set-associative (NUSA) cache is proposed.

the parameters of the MP model library are chosen for low power design.


A watchdog processor is one that runs concurrently with the main processor, observes the main processor s outputs and inputs, and compares its own outputs (either pre-computed or concurrently computed) with the main processor s outputs.

an SRT processor can leverage existing SMT designs.


NOISE CALCULATIONS 3.1 Input-referred noise of a residue stage The input-referred thermal noise of a switched-capacitor amplifier has two main sources, the on-resistance of the switches and the operational amplifiers.

[5] M. Waltari, Circuit techniques for low-voltage and highspeed A/D converters, PhD.


pR2  7.3 Localization Error vs. Antenna Sectors In our second experiment, we examined the impact of the number of antenna sectors M on the average localization error LE.In Figure 7(b), we show the LE vs. LH, for different number of antenna sectors.

the wormhole attack is very dif.cult to detect, since it can be launched without compromising any host, or the integrity and authenticity of the communication [3, 19, 20].


If two values are different, the dirty word will be written into the cache according to the proposed leading zeros masking and swap schemes.

we propose two strategies to do the dAO ..A. AlA ..A.


Speci.cally, the technique must be su.ciently agile to enable unlicensed users the ability to transmit in a licensed band while not interfering with the incumbent users.

nC-OFDM was evaluated and compared, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with other candidate transmission technologies.


Note that the lengths for M6 and M3 shrink at the (geometric average) rate of 0.57x per generation (in contrast to normal scaling of 0.7x).

design Automation Conf., June 2002, 201-206.


Two phase approach can indeed eliminate the number of CGPs by averagely 52% after inserting stitches.

all these works do not have a systematical way to minimize the number of con.icts and stitches.


as an enabling technique, designing such a DC-DC converter still faces critical challenges.


On the other hand, for an image with a histogram which is uniformly populated with pixels in different grayscale levels, every level is as important as the other and discarding any grayscale level can cause a significant image distortion.

clearly, brightness and contrast are the two most important properties of any image.


The size of write buffer before PRAM memory is set to 128 entries.

these distinct values are named as frequent values.


A low SP means that it is not easy for a random test sequence to drive the FSM to this state.

for functional validation, instead of wasting enormous verification resources in exploring the whole state space of the design, a trade-off can be made by exploring the states of the control path, which is an abstract version of the design.


Within proposed 2MB of SRAM dedicated to MissMap [24], we were also able to fit more MissMap entries.

for some of the workloads, we observe a slight advantage of the block-based design over Footprint Cache at smaller cache sizes, due to its superior capacity management.


memory traffic control based techniques are applicable when the DRAM traffic is heavy.


The actions inside the cache usually do not affect program speed unless there are back to back cache accesses.

we reran the experiments for some of the programs to see if there is a significant difference in the delay in- crease due to load marking.


Our results indicate that estimator automation can result in high-performance circuits; when compared with a software implementation of the same ECC application on a 32-node Beowulf cluster computer, FPGA implementation using designs selected by our method can achieve an order of magnitude speedup and still meet critical area and device timing constraints.

for any two given multipliers, no given one is clearly better than the other in terms of both resource usage and computational latency.


Although the TD policy provideslargebene.tsin terms ofguardband reduction,itimposes largeperformance overheads aswell,whichisunattractiveforuse inhigh-performance processors.

our architecture-level evaluations are carried out via execution-driven simulation using theM5 simulator[2].


To tackle these problems, we believe that it is necessary to 1) develop coverage metrics for I/O validation; 2) develop specialized data mining and analysis techniques to discover correlations among various sources of data, which can be used to increase validation ef.ciency; 3) maximize the usage of simulation and bridge the gap between simulation and validation results.

the bug might not be excited in the debugging environment, due to interactions with boards and oscilloscope probes.


In the design of energy-efficient IP cores the objective is to minimize the energy consumption while satisfying the performance requirement.

computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol.


Recently, it is shown that adjustable delay buffer (ADB) whose delay can be tuned dynamically can be used to solve the clock skew problem effectively under multiple power modes.

lATi: The latest arrival time to FFs directly connected from ADBi.


For example, the largest range of branch distance on UltraSPARC is ±8MB only.

dynamic vs. Static Helper Threading Software-based dynamic optimization [6], [17], [30], [31], [33] adapts to the runtime behavior of a program due to the change of input data, and/or the underlying micro-architecture.


In Fig.3, l(PA (l)) is denoted on a signal line l. Each value assignment probability of the primary inputs of Fig.3 is as follows.

we compared the strategies and the full scan design method experimentally and we found following results.


In order to determine the utility of allocating extra ways to a thread, the authors maintain a record of CPI vs cache-space and use cubic spline interpolation to predict the change in CPI with change in allocation at runtime.

mEMORY REUSE BEHAVIOR This section presents our analysis of the memory reuse behavior of data-parallel programs and explains how the analysis leads to our proposed scheme.


Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies: The Effects on Speech and Resonance, 2nd Edition.

currently, very little has been done in gaining an understanding of the children s, parents and speech pathologists needs and requirements.


A stochastic optimizer formulates the problem as an in.nite horizon MDP, which considers the bu.er occupancy and residual energy level of the member node as the input states.

mDP is performed o.ine and the obtained optimal slot policy matrix P (b, e), for all possible bu.er bn and energy e n states, respectively, are stored in a table inside each node.


[11] confirms this calculation which matches the results in Table 2 for Linux, which uses the same CTC (TSC) read code derived from FreeBSD.

the fast mode is the same as the Linux CTC read mode one read per request.


1, we get: X X i j Cw j b= Cj m= (n -i) t(3) 1 0 E D , n j.Di j.Di since the Elmore delay tj of the line until the j-th subsegment is E D given by the .rst moment m0 j [9].

then, we determine if a timing violation has occurred as described next.


[13] K. Ishibashi, Adaptive body bias techniques for low power SOC, Presentation at Adaptive Techniques for Dynamic Processor Optimization in ISSCC, 2007.

simply rounding the continuous size to the nearest discrete value may lead to timing violation.


In above-threshold design, series devices are sized to give equivalent resistance as the inverter.

furthermore, failing current reduces because of DIBL, but td goes up exponentially at sub-threshold voltages and causes a similar increase in leakage energy.


In contrast to SRAMs and DRAMs, flash memories do not require external power to store data due to its nonvolatile nature.

spin-Torque Transfer Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT MRAM) is orthogonal to all previous memory technologies [1].


Results indicate that the FPAA-based evolved SNN controller does not achieve the same level of fitness as the evolved software SNN.

this research focuses on evolution of SNN weights and thresholds.


In this workflow, a central transactions and events definition repository serves as the backbone across pre-Si and post-Si activities.

it deploys algorithms to wisely program the DFx architecture in order to observe a transaction or in order to detect coverage on a complex coverage space.


For cycle-level simulation, speed is a critical factor as simulation can be extremely slow, affecting the extent of design space exploration.

the branch predictor of the processor on which SystemC is run is unable to predict correctly and performance strongly degrades, even though the experiments were run on a Pentium 4 2 Ghz with a fairly modern branch predictor.


Once the stimulus generator and the checker are implemented, it can be run repeatedly with different initial values for the random generator and with different weighting of constraints.

second, because smaller environment simulation continued in parallel with the larger environment simulation, the design was more thoroughly simulated and more corner case scenarios were hit than with a sequential approach where small environment testing tapers off.


If we assume for simplicity that all neighboring nodes are equidistant, then the distance between any two nodes that are farthest apart is 27mm, 39.4mm, 42.2mm, respectively.

(The address network uses one distinct wavelength per node in all three cases.)


A single-term function is a logic function which has only one minterm or only one maxterm.

consider the binary representation of mth input of the LUT using log2n bits.


It has 3 sub-components: virtual channel selector, status register and arbitration unit.

the total switching energy consumed by the links can be calculated by adding the switching energy consumed by the three wire sets S0, S1, S2 and S3, and subtracting the energy consumed by single wire links A, B, and C, respectively.


(2) If we are given in.nite run time to .nd a placement, a trivial solution is to construct a new timing analysis graph G(V,E) after every accepted swap.

needed to calculate the critical path delay, our duplicated results may result in some discrepancy between the original PATH algorithm.2 we believe the following argument is valid: PATH needs more routing resources We contacted the author of PATH for detailed experimental settings but did not get any response.


[8] Tanaka, K., Yamabe, T., and Fukui, K. The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999.

latter CNT-FETs fabricated in 2004 [18,19] did not show any of this barrier characteristic, which was achieved by changing the electrode material at the source and drain ends.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Prof M. A. Alam for many interesting discussions and his vital feedback on the analytical model.

the impact of NBTI on the PMOS transistor depends on the amount of time the device has been stressed, and relaxed.


(Ki ×.Li), (EQ 12) , i where Ki is the coef.cient of total path delay change due to intra-die device length .Li at gate i.Given the mean µand the standard devi i ation si for intra-die device length .Li with normal distribution and the coef.cients Ki, we can compute mean and standard deviation of the probability distribution for Dp,intra directly using the following standard equations: µ= Ki ×µi (EQ 13) D. pintra , i s2= (Ki 2 ×s2) (EQ 14) D. i pintra , i Given precharacterized sensitivities, the .nal computation of the distribution of Dp,intra is performed very ef.ciently and requires only a single traversal of the path.

often the necessary models and layout information for incorporating deterministic variations in delay computation are not available and hence, deterministic variations are treated as random variations.


for smart clothing and smart table cloth [17] and is also related to the general trend towards mainstream smart textile [1].

a wireless embedded tongue tactile biofeedback system for balance control.


That means, that for those cases energy savings can never be obtained as the overhead will always be at least as big as the savings.

for PD vec it is a factor of almost 40 compared to PD VIS, which has 1.5 times as many output signals.


Since sitcoms were invented as a radio format, narrative themes are strongly marked in the audiotrack which allows for a very e.cient analysis.

we present the user with the basic narrative elements of a sitcom such as the scenes, punchlines, and individual dialog segments on top of a standard video player interface.


The number of transistors in new BICS are 27 where as for BICS in [3] are 34, so the area overhead of new BICS is smaller than the BICS in [3] The BICS in [3] wasn t validated for PVT, noise and current shape analysis.

soft errors are today a concern even at ground level, at least for those applications where reliability is an important attribute.


With the reset of the ACF, the previous T in the non-volatile memory is cleared9 so that no con.dential information of TPM1 will be accessible for TPM2 .

the integration of CPU, ROM, RAM and TPM into a single chip enhances protection of communication links between these securitycritical components from being intercepted or manipulated.


This increases the number of used paths in switching crossbar, adding to the routing complexity.

if a circuit has been synthesized to n blocks, then each block must be mapped into N di.erent crossbars.


A non-zero count in the MTB entry potentially points to a matching store in the L2 STQ.

in Proceedings of the Ninth Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, pages 199 210, June 1997.


CONCLUSIONS This work presented a comparison in between two CMOS logic styles which respect the minimum number of transistors in series in the worst path of PU and PD logic networks.

the lower bounds for this function are (2,2), and a noncomplementary cell is necessary to achieve the lower bounds.


Improved Memoryless RNS Forward Converter Based on the Periodicity of Residues.

this is done to remove the 2n+3-k 2n+1-1 - 1 , k<n +3 |P1 -1|P2 = 3 (10) modular operation w.r.t 2n+1 - 1.


The Pi need not be of the same type, and hence nothing prevents a peer from being alternately a sender and a receiver in some of these choices.

a channel system is de.ned over these elements as follows: Definition 2.


Following the high level of interest of the previous editions, also this year MEDEA addressed memory performance issues and solutions in the various application domains.

they first analyze the potential of Loads Squared occurrences for the SpecInt, SpecFP and Olden benchmark suite, then show that performance is improved significantly in some cases, but never degraded.


The Prefetch Unit is placed between the HyperOp Orchestrator and Resource Binder.

it cannot be directly applied to REDEFINE platform due to the following reasons: The Support Logic, which is responsible for selecting and launching HyperOps, is unaware of the branch decisions taken on the fabric.


The MUXFX multiplexer implements the MUXF6, MUXF7, or MUXF8, as shown in Figure 9.

aRCHITECTURE REVIEW OF XILINX FPGAS Before going to the actual topic we .rst take a quick review of internal architecture of some modern Xilinx s FP-GAs.


TSV Manufacturing Yield and Hidden Costs for 3D IC Integration.

we build all possible merging and then pick the one with minimum power for accurate power evaluation.


However, with full traces, the second load reference always hit in cache and, therefore, has zero coherence miss value.

also, the number of false positives gives an indication of how potentially misleading the lossy-trace based results potentially are.


High performance .le-systems such as GPFS on NERSC are optimized to provide high performance using bu.er-caching, etc.

iNTRODUCTION Data is a critical component of next-generation scienti.c processes.


As a result, the MythSim tool was shown to provide nearly twice the performance of the developed simulator.

it would be tedious to make a mnemonic for every possible value.


Also, this puts less stressed requirements onto the analog channel selectors (before ADC) because the selector can switch at lower frequency (1/4 of the sampling frequency).

a simplified block diagram of the DMBA [7].


In fact, in certain situations, a vertical shift may cause a loss of higher order diffraction beams resulting in a degradation of the image quality.

in DDL, the intensities from the two exposures can interact with each other.


An Exploration of Gesture-Speech Multimodal Patterns for Touch Interfaces Prasenjit Dey, Sriganesh Madhvanath, Amit Ranjan Suvodeep Das Hewlett-Packard Labs, 24, Salarpuria Arena, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore-560030, India {pday,srig,amitr}@hp.com  ABSTRACT Multimodal interfaces that integrate multiple input modalities such as speech, gestures, gaze, and so on have shown considerable promise in terms of higher task efficiency, lower error rates and higher user satisfaction.

[2] Oviatt, S. L., Mutual Disambiguation of Recognition Errors in a Multimodal Architecture , Proc.


Table 2 shows the delay and leakage power of the sized level converters used in this paper.

supply voltage reduction is e.ective to limit the dynamic power consumption because dynamic power reduces quadratically as the supply voltage scales down.


Actually, this speed penalty is still not bad considering that our prototype competes against a highly optimized commercial product.

if index is the two bit symbolic expression from the example in Fig.


Guarded evaluation seeks to reduce net switching activities by modifying the circuit netlist.

our recent work used properties of the AIG to discover gatinginputs to LUTs [5].


On the other hand, the FC based method presents a more severe increasing than in the AND experiments.


In International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, November 2002.

here we have constraints on these moves.


Inverter: The delay, power, and noise margins for simultaneous defects and variations in the GNRFET inverter are dominated by variations in GNR width and exacerbated by charge impurities.

dense memories, which are the biggest prospect for graphene-based devices, are particularly susceptible to variations and defects with near-zero noise margins and an increase in leakage power of over 5X.


With such a hybrid network, we achieve approximately 25% lower energy consumption (with a maximum of 37%) than a state of the art min-cut partition based topology generator for a variety of benchmarks.

for each partition there may be multiple ways to split the nodes.


One reason for not forcing perfect lockstep, mentioned earlier, is dispatching efficiency.

furthermore, online schedulers usually have less information on which they base their decision to dispatch a specific task.


Implementing a logical bus in a CMP will likely entail a pipelined design with centralized arbitration and ordering points.

we found this policy resulted in more pathological starvation because of the increased likelihood of a shared request missing the in-.ight owner.


uSC F = U0(N - N0), where U0 is the charging energy (its value is taken as 1eV).


Furthermore, the results show that the combined area-delay optimization can reduce the average delay by 26.4%.

by using the values of a2 and b3 from the accepted list we obtain a2b3=10.


In the experiment on this twotier 3D chip, we choose 2 of these power pro.les and each of them represents the power pro.le on one tier.

in this paper, we investigate the methodology of designing TSV-constrained micro-channel infrastructure.


step 3 select a better feature map by comparing the gait discrimination ability before online learning to that after online learning.

the other best bases are useful for discriminating between walking at normal speed and going up stairs and noise.


We see that compared with the original design, the noise distribu  Table 3: Coupling noise peak (inmV )distribution.

s-parameter simulation result in Figure 7(a) shows that the coupling level between the two signal TSVs is below -60dB.


An inertial system can also be built using accelerometers alone, if six accelerometers are aligned appropriately [27].

acceleration bias is removed and the readings are scaled.


The second design is an on-line stock exchange system (OSES), which mainly deals with various transactions of customers orders (market orders and limit orders).

to improve its performance, various learning-based approaches are developed.


For example, we can see that the prefetches performed by clients P0, P1 and P2 most affect the data of clients P1, P2 andP3.Similarly, prefetches carried outbyP3andP4displace from the cache mostly the data required by P4, P6 and P7.

setting the value of K to 3 seems to be the right Fig.


4/5, 597 605 (2002)  For these activities it is assumed that the hardware and the firmware have been verified upfront as much as possible.

server designs The system combines a mix of design styles from custom VLSI chips to ASIC and SoC designs.


Comparison of CSD, GMCSD and PPID It is obvious that CSD, GMCSD and PPID all have 5.

bSD representation is not unique in representing a number.


Recently for the Dunnington microprocessor, he owned global circuit methodology, power delivery and fuse designs.

there are other challenges including efficiency and power dissipation of the power delivery sub system itself.


According to [2], if a cross link is inserted between two nodes with large skew, it may increase clock skew for some other nodes, i.e., it is better to insert links between nodes with zero skew.

size element types e in S using E Figure 2: Optimization core.


Figure 3 plots K (in logarithm scale) as a function of D for both algorithms.

this paper uses the data gathering problem as an example.


Then, we compare the performances of the P2P and NoC designs using both this model and measured data.

[2] L. Benin and G. De Micheli, Networks on chips: A new SoC paradigm, IEEE Computer.


For example, closed-loop mechanical ventilation that is coupled with oximeter readings to monitor blood oxygen levels would require a complex and perhaps unbuildable system of physical mockups to emulate respiratory mechanics and complete cardiopulmonary activity.

4.2 Model Configuration The lung model hosted by the digital mockup consists of the RRCC model described by Borello [2].


From Figure 7 we observe that merely selecting the energy-aware cache con.gurations (scheme F) has only a nominal impact on energy.

projecting to sub-.1 fm technology design considerations that call for a three-level conventional cache hierarchy for performance reasons, we demonstrate that a con.gurable L2/L3 cache hierarchy coupled with a conventional L1 results in an average 43% reduction in memory hierarchy energy in addition to improved performance.


This assumption is intuitively reasonable in that when objects,suchasgridpanelsofdropped ceilings,tubelampsorelectricity wires, are hung on the ceilings, they are usually oriented to be parallel or perpendicular to the ceiling edges for aesthetic considerations such as visual neatness and consistency.

if the location of the compass does not change over time, such as a user holding hermobilephone whilesittinginhercubicle, themagnetic interferencefromthemetalliccubiclecannotbeeliminatedbyonly using averaging.


(2) The system logic out of scan chains is fault-free.

we cannot afford to ignore these problems any more.


A GP is a statistical model that can capture complex, nonlinear relationships between the con.guration d and the objective functions T ' (d) and A ' (d).

there are usually important degrees of freedom in the process of generating designs from a high-level description.


RELATED WORK In wearable computing environments, there are many applica tions using the actuators and sensors on clothes[2, 3].

we evaluated the blinking times while varying the Misdetection radius.


The constraint solving mechanism or technology is not specified in the language.

the other advantage of interfaces is that they can isolate modules from changes in abstraction of other modules in the design.


The key bene.t of TAPE ST RI-multi is that it achieves very high density by sharing the read/write ports across multiple bits that are stored in the ferromagnetic wire.

the bit-cell also consists of two separate access transistors  a read access transistor (T2) and a write access transistor (T1), which are used to control the direction of currents during the read/write operations.


The reason for this difference is simple: larger LUTs provide more opportunity for depopulation.

for the remainder of the results in this paper, it was determined that a .xed value of Fc would not signi.cantly hinder area results.


In our method, the coverage reaches 90% in 31 hours, but it takes the robust test three times longer to reach the same coverage.

if the ability of the delay test is fixed, it is possible to use a frequency which maximizes 'LMC .


[2] Chiluvuri, V. and Koren, I. Layout-Synthesis Techniques for Yield Enhancement , In Trans.

we adopt the model of summation [21] which requires making two assumptions: 1) All failure mechanisms as well as all transistors are independent and the whole system fails if any transistor fails.


In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM/SIGDA eleventh international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays, pages 3 11.

architectures and algorithms for synthesizable embedded programmable logic cores.


At an abstract level, an IDS accepts and analyzes an input data stream and produces alerts that indicate intrusions.

threshold drops, CI D reaches a peak and then drops, while the ROC curves (shown in the top graph) continue to increase slowly.


To reduce the hardware logic complexity, we developed a software design to facilitate the use of the DLIC cache; to increase the e.ciency of the design, we reducethe storage consumptionby using ahierarchicaldesign sothatthecachetableinDLICissmallyet cancapture most of loops in a given application, including the large complex ones.

[22] Shuai Wang, Jie Hu, and Sotirios G. Ziavras.


First, we introduce the Pease DFT algorithm, which underlies all DFT cores synthesizable by the generator.

to circumvent the prohibitive cost of post-map resource estimation, this paper proposes an accurate equation-based resource utilization model for the automatically generated DFT cores.


Online performance analysis by statistical sampling of microprocessor performance counters.

figure 4(a) says that together is better than adjacent, which is 2While Pearson s product moment coef.cient appears to be more commonly used, it is not applicable in our domain because Pearson s assumes a normal distribution of the metrics under consideration, an assumption which is not necessarily valid for our data.


In mPL2, the a.nity rij between vertices iand j has the initial form w(e) rij = , (|e|-1)area(e) {e.E | i,j.e} where H =(V, E) is the underlying weighted hypergraph representation; w(e) is the weight associated to hyperedge e,area(e) denotes the sum of the areas of the cells (vertices) in e,and |e| denotes the number of vertices in hyperedge e. The purpose of weighted area in the denominator is to give higher a.nity to smaller cells joined by smaller nets.

both phases typically incorporate wirelength, timing, and routability into their ob jectives or constraints.


Pointers can then be synthesized as indices into this memory.

the simplisticapproach thereforeistheworstcasescenariowhereeach read in the C++ code gets modeled as a potential read of all the variables.


The tendency of individual sets to be hot with many accesses to many ways over a short period makes such a policy undesirable.

in solving these problems, this paper shows that distance associativity fundamentally changes the trade-offs made by NUCA s best-performing design, resulting in higher performance and substantially lower energy.


This transformation enables ef.cient SSTA, representing delays and arrival times as functions of a new set of orthogonal, statistically independent Gaussian random variables.

moreover, it is typically dif.cult to extract precise distributions from process data, and it is more realistic to obtain the moments of the parameter variations from a process engineer.


In this phase, the holes in the channel cause the dissociation of Si-H bonds and generate interface traps.

the runtime of our technique is only tens of nanoseconds.


Figure 2 shows the path delay distribution of a single transition fault test pattern across all endpoints, generated using a commercial ATPG tool (Synopsys Tetramax [10]).

it can be noticed that the affected paths in each of the pattern has considerable amount of slack for the small delay defects to escape during manufacturing test.


The proposed solution relies on the integration between an instruction set simulator (ISS) and the SystemC simulation kernel.

systemC traditional processes (SC METHOD, SC THREAD, ...) can be declared sensitive to iss sc in and iss sc out ports without requiring ad hoc modi.cations to the SystemC events scheduling.


CONCLUSION We discussed the state of the art in interconnect fabric, their limitations, and identified energy as the primary barrier for the future.

the advantage of a mesh network is that the average latency grows slowly (square root) with the number of agents, but adds more complexity into the network protocols and implementation logic, and if not careful then could create hazardous conditions such as dead-locks [2] [3].


We chose not to use proximity neighbour selection because it increases overhead slightly and low delay routes do not seem important for the applications we study in this paper.

if q[r]is empty, the query is forwarded to the .rst node in queue q[r +1]and r is incremented.


Although the advantages of the described approach differ from one case to another, they have in common a simplified generation of stimulus and consequently a simplified test procedure.

if the voltage transmitter IC was conformant with IEEE 1149.4, the resistor could easily be applied via AT bus (for example, between pins 4 and 15).


AlgorithmElet-and-Broadast l.Preproessing Preproessingworksiny=x 2(x 2 -l)phases,numbered0 toy-l,orrespondingtoouples(i,j),whereiE{l,...,x 2}andjE{l,...,x 2}{t}.Inthephaseorrespondingto(i,j) weonsiderenumerationai,desribedinSetion2.l,and arryoutProedureEletCoupleinparallelforallpairsof tileswithnumberstandjinthisenumeration.


Considering the predicted frequencies in Table 2 take minutes to derive and the verified ones take days, it is a good tradeoff.

compared to software design tools, the relatively immature state of RC design tools significantly limits productivity and consequently limits widespread adoption of RC.


(7) DPdata berPUBW/S+t = t. BWP.D is the data transferring bandwidth from the PRAM to the DRAM.

its unreliable performance imposes severe threats to system robustness.


as we shown here, these dif.culties can be afforded by a proper design methodology, where the effect of the non-idealities is accounted for and controlled.


The above wake-up analysis assumes that all cores wake up simultaneously, which is the worst case.

in addition, we also consider anoracle DVFS technique that chooses the DVFS point that results in the lowest energydelayproduct(EDP).This technique takes an arbitraryperformancehitaslong as more energyis saved.


This shifts the adder critical path from the most signi.cant bit (MSB) to the less signi.cant bits (LSBs).

we further show that energy cost of conditional bounding (CB) logic can be substantially reduced by realizing its logically inexact version without substantial extra quality loss.


At each wind measurement station, TinyNode can directly retrieve the sensor readings of wind direction and speed through the two ADC pin of its MSP430 microcontroller.

we are able to gradually lower down the effective data rates and thus signi.cantly augment the communication distance beyond the current limit.


(In this work, the authors also proposed to integrate the average voltage drop into their placement framework.)

unlike the previous work [7] that progressively .nds desired neighboring locations for the moved blocks, our proposed power forces directly compute the desired locations in the global placement region for the moved blocks (see Figure 1(d)).


Table 1 depicts - 2ni -1) (pi +2ni -1)mod2ni in arithmetic based strategy.

due to the existence of active wardens and limited hiding capacity, protocol based algorithm are generally for synchronization and supplementary usage [11].


In Proccedings of International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA 2006), Austin, Texas, USA, February 2006.

instead, the chaser determines where the missing device measured the observations.


Communication between re-configurable modules is only possible through bus-macros [27].

the data stored previously is loaded together with the corresponding subject sequences and sent again through the processor array.


Categories and Subject Descriptors D.7.2 [Integrated Circuits]: Design Aids General Terms Algorithms, Design, Theory Keywords Simulated annealing, electronic design automation, EDA, computer-aided design, CAD, VLSI Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

liu s simulated annealing algorithms have a completely different style: They resemble clever algorithms that attempt to solve difficult problems in polynomial time, and they often have a strong algorithmic flavor with a significant effort spent on optimizing the solution space and cost function.


Decisions made at the architectural level have the potential of biggest impact on the power consumption of the .nal chip.

[1] introduce Wattch, an architecturallevel power simulator based on the SimpleScalar [2] framework and various architectural-level power models for the building blocks of a processor.


[5] proposed a simultaneous placement and gate sizing approach to optimize the delay.


Figure 1: Example of Multi-Cycle Paths [5] The initial values in .ip-.ops {FF2,FF3,FF4}, which form an autonomous circular shift register, are {1,0,0}respectively.

the delay of a path Px is denoted as d(Px).


Second, compared with a low-K dielectric material (about 3F/m in permittivity), the silicon substrate has a much larger permittivity (11.9F/m).

in general cases, when TSV is covered by fewer metal wires, it will underestimate the coupling capacitance.


An estimate on the execution time of actor vCD is ~289627 , 14071, 289622 , 14071, 289623 , 14071. microseconds and the actor switching cost CCD is 631 microseconds.

examples of loop transformations are interchanging two nested loops, reversing the order in which a loop s iterations are performed, and fusing two loop bodies together into one.


a block can start its invocation after all its inputs are valid and finish its invocation after all its outputs are valid.


[7] N. Hanchate and N.Ranganathan, LECTOR: A Technique for Leakage Reduction in CMOS Circuits , IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems,vol.

figure 3 (a) LECTOR technique (b) GALEOR technique In [8], a technique called as GALEOR (GAted LEakage TransistOR) is introduced as shown in figure 3(b) which achieves 52% savings in leakage power compared to 30% power reduction obtained using LECTOR which is depicted in figure 4.


APPLYING LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION TO PARE A 3.1 Lagrangian relaxation Lagrangian relaxation [13] is a general technique for solving constrained optimization problems.

we want the modi.ed objective function to be related to area.


For the Power Matrix, different power behaviors of modes can be characterized by applying Perf.

power and thermal management of multi-core (often organized as CMP) chips has been one of the primary design constraints and an active research area.


Then, it can be solved by very e.cient algorithms available from a number of companies and research groups working on the matter.

figure 2: Error model for pipeline stage.


Overprovisioning already proved promising for single SSDs.

at the end the drive has forgot about the random writes and reached the same state as if only sequential writes had been applied.


12th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (New York, NY, USA, 1999), ACM Press, pp.

in tasks such as map navigation, exploring the space typically involves having to manipulate a scroll bar or a zoom control widget, requiring the user to take the pointer off of the primary point of interest, when bimanual control is not available.


As is well known, SSTA has relatively long history [3][4].

in PA, sum operation is conducted by ordinary element-wise scalar addition Da(i)= A(i)+ Ea(i).


This can be achieved using core routers.

the factor is a constant that is chosen based on empirical traffic values [20].


In WCDMA operation mode, the PMOS switch (SW), Figure 2, is off.

rF RECEIVER The proposed RFFE consists of a cascode dual-mode low noise amplifier (LNA), an active single-ended-to-differential converter (S-to-D) and a Gilbert cross-coupled double balanced mixer (Figure 1).


Development of an OFDM based High Speed Wireless Lan Platform using the TICx DSP.

the choice of serially-concatenated convolutional codes has been suggested by results presented in [1].


all sizes of caches, while lbm has little improvement.

ni A and NT denote the actual and target i number of cache lines for Partition i, respectively.


Therefore, although many paths of a conduit can go through an edge, the edge will have only one signal direction constraint (SDC) for the conduit.

instead, it is defined for an I/O conduit (thereby it implicitly represents a constraint on a large number of paths.)


metrics are code metrics, such as statement coverage, branch coverage, path coverage, toggle coverage, and some metrics related to the structure of the design, such as FSM state coverage, transition coverage and OCCOM coverage [1], etc.

in design practices, after adding assertions for runtime design errors monitor, it always wastes lots of simulation resource with large amount of randomly generated stimulus without triggering the inserted assertions.


Similarly, stacked configurations had larger keepers.

as an example, wide fanin domino NORs were provided with significantly larger keepers.


The driver circuit is used to program the OLED cell and maintain the programmed luminance during displaying.

in HVS, user experience is measured by human vision reception rather than indirect mathematic indicator.


This is because there are fewer of them per unit area, so the unavoidable contact R hurts more.

dAC 2007, June 4 8, 2007, San Diego, California, USA.


The low frame rate is acceptable because LCD .at panels do not .icker.

these displays do not create true light .elds.


Coherence operations entail frequent communication over global on-chip wires.

each link in the interconnect is capable of transferring 75 bytes in each direction.


[17] G. H. Loh, S. Subramaniam, and Y. Xie, Zesto: A cycle-level simulator for highly detailed microarchitecture exploration, in Proceedings ofthe International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software, 2009, pp.


Required bandwidth, computation power and platforms.

the performance degradation is very limited.


Furthermore, for each row, the time used in RB depends only on the number of the nodes, which means that the time and memory usage are linear in the number of nodes.

[3] J. Kozhaya, S. R. Nassif, and F. N. Najm, A Multigrid-like Technique for Power Grid Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol.


A prediction is made only if the counter value is such that it depicts suf.cient con.dence in the prediction.

with reducing feature sizes and increasing clock speeds, cache access latencies are increasing.


In Figure 1(b), the same datapath is shown with some low-utilized bypass paths removed.

p the function FLASH RANK essentially com putes: MAX(weighted-min-sched-length(Sk 1), weighted-min sched-length(Sk), ..., weighted-min-sched-length(Sk)), 2 p given that the operation a is scheduled on FU ra.The MAX function ensures that we get the (best) schedule length of the dependence chain that is most constrained by latency.


We may still see some performance improvement with VP-TM, but the resulting increase in restarts negates some of performance improvement by increasing memory tra.c as seen in kmeans.

(C) CPU 3 gets a predicted value from CPU 2 because CPU2 is now the speculative owner of the line.


The device size (M, N) is then varied to equal the real part of the optimum noise impedance (Rsopt) to the 50.source impedance (3), keeping the bias current constant.

due to uncertainties of bonding wire inductances, Lb is placed outside the chip for initial input impedance matching purpose.


We developed the LSI which is equipped with one PE and one SW as a prytotype for veri.cation and evaluation of the chip.

the multi-processor s performance has been limited because of structural mismatch between hardware and software.


Dynamic energy is also reduced due to fewer visits to off-chip bus and memory, which are power costly.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


[6] P. M. Rosinger, B. M. AlHashimi and N. Nicolici, Scan architecture for shift and capture cycle power reductions, Proc.

while these techniques provide reduction in power consumption, they do not lead to any appreciable decrease in test data volume.


Design Automation and Test in Europe Conf., pages 53 57, Mar.

lower speci.c capacitance of the second technology has resulted in a larger area.


Dynamic node is eventually discharged to a steady-state voltage less than |Vtplow| by the high subthreshold leakage currents of the low-Vt NMOS transistors in the pull-down network.

all of the NMOS sleep transistors (required within every domino gate) are placed into the maximum gate oxide leakage current state with the dual-Vt -NMOS technique.


A sensor network Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

the occurrence of blind spots does not fully capture the impact of the limited node lifetimes on the lifetime of the network.


In power supply wires, the current is usually pulsed DC, while in signal net wires the current is often bi-directional leading to low average current density.

finally, leakage currents can increase due to the degradation, so degraded leakage current can also be characterized as part of the cell library reliability characterization.


Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 3rd edition, 2002.

the lower amount of computation explains the performance improvement for this model when memory compression is employed.


Binary instrument tools can be adopted to insert function/loop/block indicators into phase s graphs as well.

we believe that the kernel impact should be divided into two parts: (1) the Cache/TLB misses in the kernel mode; (2) user programs refilling cache line and TLB entries evicted by kernel data after kernel exiting.


This is interpreted as follows: In Algorithm 4.1, the positions of rows are determined in the decreasing order of the number of care TABLE 6.1 TABLE 6.2 REALIZATIONS OF IP ADDRESS TABLE (WITHOUT LINEAR REALIZATIONS OF ENGLISH WORDS LISTS (WITHOUT LINEAR TRANSFORMAT IONS .

computation Time for Row-shift Decomposition.


At the end of a kernel computation, the results available in the counter registers of the StoPEs are scanned out.

the overhead of conversion between representations, and the exponential relationship between precision and bit-stream length, are key challenges that limit the e.ciency of stochastic designs.


InProceedingsof the IEEE InternationalReliabilityPhysicsSymposium, pages1117 1121,2010.

in the presence ofVth shifts, similar spikes do produce bit errors(Part (D)).


Among the HLS tools that are now available to the community, such as Legup [20], we selected SPARK due to its advanced core HLS algorithms and its con.gurability on both compilerand architectural level parameters.

a straightforward approach would suggest to limit the design space, e.g.


Two pillars of our pro 1.2 posed system are early prediction of timing errors from pro 1 0.8 gram phases, and exploiting a low-overhead controller for 0.6 frequency and clock skew tuning.

combined with timing speculation, clock skew tuning can be even more effective, as it becomes possible to con.gure the clock skews more aggressively to allow occasional errors, thereby improving both performance and energy ef.ciency [20].


Intensity denotes Read/Write intensity based on read%/write%.

inTA mode, the switching current increases very slowly with decrease in write pulse width.


Device and Materials Reliability, IEEE Transactions on, 5(3):305 316, 2005.

these characteristics are present in many of the most unsuccessful circuits as well.


We call a write that (logically) updates a data page inplace an overwrite operation.

current .ash storage subdivides pages further into 512 B partial pages [41, 34, 18].


An acceleration factor of 1013 is chosen because it allows a couple of hundred faults to be injected during the simulation of each benchmark.

for transient faults, no corrective action is required and it is sufficient to roll-back the execution to the faulting instruction.


In a physical layout these two networks lie in different wells.

there are three paths leading from the output to GND: P1 = a ·b , P2 = a ·c and P3 = a ·b ·c .


A is a constant which depends on the device properties.

van Der Ziel, Noise in Solid State Devices and Circuits, New York: Wiley, 1986.


We also introduced a new training technique that exploits the horizontal heat .ow due to the coolant passing through the channels to reduce the simulation time without worsening the run time error.


Functional analysis only applies to designs or discrete representations of designs.

either way, the threshold is generally very small, i.e.


8 describes the pseudo code of the control bits generat x ing algorithm.

therefore, at least one of the four minterms {m3,m4,m5,m6} is contained in function f.no matter which minterm belongs to f ,the value of f z * able set Sa and can be respectively mapped to a pair of availableboolean functions {AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, XNOR}.As both of the expansion variable and its complement can be fedas the select bit of the MUX, the order of the boolean functionpairs can be exchanged.


Most of the results are shown using the out-of-order core in SimpleScalar.

policy evaluation In this section we evaluate the different policy configu-rations with respect to how they impact performance and the fraction of cache lines that are in drowsy mode during the execution of our benchmarks.


It is easy to see that the result of Theorem 2 can be iteratively generalized for an arbitrary configuration of nested reconvergencies.

[6] D. Harel, R. Sheng, J. Udell, Efficient Single Fault Propagation in Combinational Circuits , Int.


The first phase of the design methodology is hierarchical circuit partitioning.

it is extremely difficult for a novice designer to do high-performance AMS design.


Coleman, y. Li, A Subspace, Interior, and Conjugate Gradient Method for Large Scale Bound Constrained Minimization Problems, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol.

as we decrease the clock period, the flip-flop delay increases and more flip-flops in a design will meet short path constraint.


A final Dynamic swapper run looks at all failing paths.

having met most of the timing goals for the various process corners, list all launching flops the next objective is to reduce leakage power by increasing the VTH foreach flop f selection of cells on non-critical timing paths or paths that still have do depth first recursive forward traversal positive timing slack.


6.1 Subject Demographics Allofourtestsubjetswerebetweentheagesof15to35 forthefollowingreasons: therearealargenumberofpeopleinthisagegroupin andaroundauniversity;  peopleofasimilarageseemtohavesomeommon musialtastes.ItwouldhavebeendiÆulttoprovide enoughmusiforagroupwithdisparatemusialtaste withoutthetasktakinganunreasonableamountof time.


of the Design Automation Conf., June 1999.

for static node k,if k is a control node, all its fanins are labeled as static; if k is a multiplexer, only its control input is labeled as static.


In the proposed hierarchical array design, one sub-array can perform a localized write-back operation while the rest of the sub-arrays in the memory can still be accessed for a read operation.

in their write-back schemes, however, write-back can only proceed after reading the stored bit from the cell.


In conditions that the transitive fanout is excessively large and contains several hundred POs, we limit the number of POs kept to under 50.

here, we will constrain each duplicated pin e. Since in CircuitConstrain, only satis.able assignments to e and X are consistent with a suitable global function Fc(X)by proposition 3.4, constraining e to 0 or 1 provides a means to constrain the input X to the offset and onset for Fc(X).


The mobility change due to thermal stress depends on the intensity of applied stress as well as the locations of transistors and TSVs as Eq.

the interdependency between temperature, deformation and thermal stress are governed by a set of complex equations.


In the paper, we evaluate the efficacy of these policies for extending the lifetime reliability of the chip compared to our baseline architecture (No Change policy in Table 1) where there is no recovery support.

usually the most degraded parts of the circuit lead to timing error and some parts of the circuit may have a duty cycle close to one.


Recently, the sharing degree of shared L2 NUCA caches in CMP design was examined [15].

we also appreciate the insightful comments and constructive suggestions from the anonymous reviewers.


= p.(L(Di)) (5) Although this paper focuses on area estimation, other parameters can as well be estimated using this property.

the reduced set of parameters resulting from these .rst two steps has been subjected to principal component analysis in order to further shrink the set of parameters to be eventually considered that are highly independent from the synthesis tools.


This task is accomplished through the synchronization algorithm, described in section 4.

as a result, passive tags are cheaper than the active ones [3].


Circuit performance variability decomposition.

these are non-essential simpli.cations and can be alleviated when wb < wbakoglu .


Therefore, it ensures that droplet pathways can be determined with a high probability.

in this paper, we propose a droplet-routing-aware unified synthesis method that combines architectural synthesis with droplet-routing-aware physical design.


This instruction allocates an entry in the ROB and places the physical register bindings in it.

two-level register file architectures have been proposed [8][9] to mitigate the latency problem of multi- cycle register files.


Furthermore, when the blackboard was activated, the ability bar was totally ignored, and at that specific moment was highly needed.

general Terms Performance, Design, Experimentation, Human Factors.


In area of linear programming theory, there has been a deep study on the linear programs that automatically have optimal integer solutions.

in any budgeting on graph G, slack of each node and edge must be non-negative or in other words ai:T. Thisisreferred toas feasibility in graph.