[35] V. Varadarajan, T. Ristenpart, and M. Swift.

to recover the pid upon initialization of the PRNG the adversary needed to perform a (trivial) o.ine brute-force guessing attack in 216 a search space of size 220 = × 24 (space 216 for the pid and 24 for four invocations of gettimeofday()).


There are no time constraints required for this protocol phase.

|G| On average, 2 attempts are needed on a round for which Eve does not know the answer.


This corroborates the NCSU dataset [37], which found 86% of malware to be repackaged.

the US-based DDoS protection company, Prolexic Technologies, has reported the growing number of mobile-based DDoS attacks [11].


A group g in an equivalence class qid consists of the records in qid that have the same value on the sensitive attribute.

second, with a larger k, some specialization on R2 valid for a smaller k became invalid and a di.erent sequence of specializations on R2 was exploited.


URIs based on the jar .le that the class of the object originated from.

their implementation only handles explicit authorization for one speci.c widget type.


Traditional botnets may initiate attacks, such as spam, phishing, click fraud, key logging, key cracking, copyright violations, and denial of service (DoS) [51].

journal of Computers, 7(1):235 243, 2012.


Biography Jan Camenisch received a Diploma in Electrical Engineering in 1993 and a Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1998 both from ETH Zurich.

the press reports daily on incidents where sensitive information has been lost, stolen, or misused often even information originally collected by large and reputable organizations.


80% of DDoS attacks have been found to be performed using HTTP [26].

are hardware performance counters a cost effective way for integrity checking of programs.


If AuthzE does not hold, the FSMTRM denies access and immediately returns to idle.

observe that verifying that AuthzTRM holds at the time of request will allow the subject access to objects that were added during the time between RT and request .


To do this, we modify the three training steps as follows: 1.

but the reader should bear in mind that two .les may have similar trajectories even when the timestamps associated with some actions differ across the trajectories.


The generation of the ideal memory layout is a machineand program-speci.c compile-time issue and will not be covered here.

the result remains stable, as soon as the addressed memory row was found and the memory content was added to the intermediate result (which up to this point is 0).


When an SP is activated, the MH loads the security policies of theSPin thePEM and enables the applications associated to the SP.Deactivating anSPistheoppositeof activation: .rsttheapplications are disable and then the policies in the PEM are unloaded.

3.2 SecurityPro.leSwitching One ofthe main contributions ofMOSEScompared to other similar approaches is the use of context for controlling the activation and deactivation of SPes.


Tainted(s1,s2):-Write(s1,rsrc), ~Admin(s1), Execute(s2,rsrc), ~Admin(s2).

we faithfully model the order-dependent processing of ACEs in the algorithm.


Using our technique we are able to construct an even more e.cient (albeit nongeneric) fully non-interactive threshold KEM with CCA2 security in the standard model, by specializing the method of [5].

following Boneh and Boyen, we consider the BDH problem stated for .xed G, G , GT , e, as follows: a c Given (g, g , g , h, ha , hb) .


Nevertheless, as shown in Proposition 3.1, we can use our Hoare logic to prove IND-CPA security at the price of completeness.

a generic encryption scheme GE satis.es the PA-syntactic criterion, if the sanity check has the form V(t,h)= v,where D is such that h is assigned H1(t), t is assigned ine||r,ine is the plaintext and E(ine; r) is the ciphertext (i.e., r is the random seed of E).


Given that e.ective computer security is virtually never strictly a property of technical equipment but rather a function of the interaction of people (including security training and practices), equipment features (such as avoidance of software coding errors known to introduce vectors for attack) and physical circumstances (including physical security, such as locks and video surveillance), regulatory systems dedicated to achieving high information and information system security cannot evaluate only the equipment s technical features.

use of networked communications should not be o. limits for transmitting preliminary tallies and voted ballots.


One approach to achieve .exibility and .ne grained control over the usage of identity attributes is to adopt automated trust negotiation techniques [2, 18, 19, 20].

once the parties have agreed on a trust sequence, the credential exchange phase begins.


Here we will discuss informally (and consequently somewhat inaccurately) some of the deniability properties of the key exchange protocols described in the previous section.

as we will see in Section 5.1, SIGMA-R has better deniability properties than SIGMA-I.


Thanks to another dedicated tool (currently under development) the results will be processed and the NRA will thus be able to exploit such an amount of data thanks to generated reports and statistics.

the purpose of this step is to obtain a list of relevant risks, taking into account the context of the organisation.


In the ERP 2 scheme, the location data of a vehicle must be disclosed to the government when the vehicle is on a busy road at chargeable time.

in the second approach, policy enforcement is conducted during tuple routing in the query plan [10].


The web form ensures that the delivery instructions (parameter directions) contain only uppercase and lowercase letters.

finally, due to the inherent limitations of black-box analysis, our approach cannot offer guarantees of completeness; rather, we justify the utility of our approach by the severity of the real vulnerabilities we have discovered.


The variance of the leakage function, that involves its squaring (second-order moment), does depend strongly on the sensitive data.

it can directly be unmasked with the constants of Figure 2.


Finally, we have implemented both of our schemes on the Android mobile platform and demonstrated that our schemes are suitable for existing mobile devices.

just as we cannot prevent the creation of perjury (even though we may expose it by other means) in real life, our scheme does not try to prevent this kind of perjury.


AlthoughOAuthitselfhasasoundsecuritymodel, andtheauthorizationcodegrantflowwascryptographicallyprovedsecure[6] undertheassumptionthatTLS isused, manyreal-world attacks were found.


This is limited to method calls that have no side e.ect.

the static birthmark proposed by Tamada et al.


It consists of the sets U, O, R, P, which represent respectively the users, objects, roles, permissions, and three functions UA, PA, and SA, which assign users to roles (UA .

iAuth is granted by a function depending whether a user possesses a role that is linked to the user.


Information that identifies calls uniquely can be stored at the cost of a few hundred bytes per call.

figure 10 shows the packet loss rate at servers and endpoints buffers with and without our IDS for various amounts of traffic.


Proof: Suppose that TIS is CCF-checkable.

in A. Patrick and M. Yung, editors, Proceedings of Financial Cryptography 2005, volume 3570 of LNCS, pages 125 140.


Security analysis and experiments for Voice over IP RTP media streams.

it is a hot potential target for imposters who can launch di.erent types of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to disrupt communication; resulting in not only substantive revenue loss to VoIP operators but also undermining the reliability of VoIP infrastructure.


(The implementation of Blow.sh is almost three times faster than the current implementation of AES.)

1024 500 737.7 72.32 Table 5: Performance comparison -Referrals.


[22] C. Mundie, P. de Vries, P. Haynes, and M. Corwine.

we are interested in TCG compliant solutions allowing to use TSS and the existing TC hardware without a need to change the underlying trust model of TCG.3 Our contribution.


Current researches on mobile privacy mainly focus on potential leakages on a particular device.

more information could be referred to our earlier work [8].


That is, we need not assume that a CAPTCHA must be solved correctly by nonattackers.

in addition, we eliminated all elites that generated inconsistent CAPTCHAs (e.g., one CAPTCHA is Type 2 while the other is Type 3).


We say that L satis.es W if and only if W answers 1 on L. Usually, notation L |= W is used to represent the fact that L satis.es W ,and the case of L does not satisfy W is denoted by L |= W .

complexity of the construction is extremely high and can just serve as a theoretical feasibility.


No-RFA 512     Machine # Machine # Machine # E5507-1 4 E5507-4 3 E5507-7 2 E5507-2 2 E5507-5 2 E5507-8 3 E5507-3 2 E5507-6 2 E5507-9 3 Figure 9: Summary of EC2 machines and number of co resident m1.smallinstances running under our accounts.

a VM that has run out of credits cannot receive boost.


The majority of tests performed on memory indicate that our faculty for recognition consistently produces more effective and persistent results than those of recall.

the list we chose was 156 words long, so resulting in a space of log2(1564) or 29 bits.


The main idea is to combine the time-e.cient scheme of signature amortization with the space-e.cient techniques of aggregate signatures [4].

fortunately, we can decompose the calculation of each algorithm, obtain the running time of each step, and combine to estimate the total running time.


Indistinguishable points are unmemorable, and thus collectively treated as a single category in our model.

we use it to classify a point or object into three types: undetectable, detectable, and distinguishable.


Concept ci is part of concept cj, denoted as ci.

our access control model can help tackle the same problem from the perspective of access control.


SECURITY COMPLIANCE FRAMEWORK & RESEARCH CHALLENGES The general framework for solving the security compliance problem is a four-step process.

categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection; K.6.4 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: System Management.


in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, Oakland, CA, 2005.


The DB approach constructs the UAS by composing the computed UASs of sub-hierarchies.


Our protocol gives authorization for a set of services that is fixed at the time of user registration, whereas in some cases it may be desirable to give users access to a set of services that is only logically identified when the user registers and whose membership may change at run-time.

a quite different approach that resembles our problem is secure multicast group membership.


After PGP Desktop decrypts a message, the message is delivered to the client unencrypted.

thunderbird is a free Open Source email client that ships with built in S/MIME support.


Since Trinity exercise each system call for 100 times, in theory, the actual count of system calls exercised by Trinity should be 100.


In the book, Mr. Goldratt establishes that the goal of a business is to maximize its throughput while minimizing its operational expense [4].

starting from the leaf nodes, identify threats and vulnerabilities using recognized methodologies such as CERT'S OCTAVE or the Bell Labs Security Framework.


For example, we can compute and store a best-.t attribute expression er for each role r, i.e., an attribute expression that minimizes the attribute mismatch for r. When a new user u is added to the access control system, the system suggests that u be made a member of the roles for which u satis.es the best-.t attribute expression, and it presents these suggested roles for u in descending order of the attribute mismatch.

the effort required for a large organization to migrate from ACLs to RBAC can be a signi.cant obstacle to adoption of RBAC.


For each shellcode family, Table 3 shows the host prevalence, the number of shellcodes sent, the vulnerabilities exploited, and the intra-family distance.

we found the CFG metric based on basic blocks to be too general because summarizing basic blocks by simply the presence of certain opcodes ignores subtle differences between shellcodes.


For this reason, IP address should be converted to MAC address and ARP is used for this conversion.

attack  3.2.4 Experimental results It is a result of applying the above-mentioned vulnerabilities and attack techniques on twenty target sites.


2.2 Timing Attacks Execution times of cryptographic computations show variations, which can be exploited to infer secret keys used during computation.

there has been a vast amount of research e.ort to .nd potential vulnerabilities in the implementation of cryptographic algorithms, and e.cient and e.ective countermeasures if such vulnerabilities exist.


Other than system calls, a user-level program may also take inputs from CPU timestamps, and the memory regions shared with other processes and the kernel, etc.

existing TEMU plugins have gained transparency and higher analysis ef.ciency after minor changes.


As mentioned in Section 3, Aquifer uses a default-allow policy to ensure compatibility with legacy applications processing unconstrained data ob jects.

instead of placing all functionality into a single window with multiple dialog boxes, the application s user interface is separated into multiple screens where each screen handles a speci.c task.


the watermark is embedded into the ROI of the cover image in the encoding part and in the decoding part, it is extracted from the same.


The protocol validation policy is implemented by less than 400 lines of Bro scripts.

instead, anomaly-based intrusion detection techniques were initially used in the area.


Since PKIs operate over a possibly untrusted network, the adversary, in the worst case, can control the network.

internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certi.cate and Certi.cate Revocation List (CRL) Pro.le.


The onion-based key-distribution protocol was said to lack forward secrecy.

by their use of the system they e.ectively provide better protection for the more sensitive users.


, en-1 are not tag edges, then edges e1, .

at tag edges we tag values and start taint tracking, and continue taint tracking the tagged value until it reaches an untag edge: if the untag edge is a sanitization edge, we apply the appropriate sanitizer; otherwise, the untag 2We de.ne domination in data.ow graphs as follows.


Unity uses the same idea of replication to protect against failure and malicious attack, but is able to be simpler and more e.cient by using the user s own devices as replicas, which allows Unity to place greater trust in systems replicating data.

while clients may eagerly replicate some blocks to reduce read latency, the above protocol only requires them to do this based on a locally determined policy, which cannot guarantee that all blocks will achieve the n replication factor that we desire from Unity.


Observe that the thinner does not communicate r to clients: good clients keep resending until they get through (or give up).

encouragement (which is initiated by an agent of the server) will cause good clients to send signi.cantly more traf.c while still obeying congestion control.


As soon as Adobe Reader detects the plugin is inactive or invalid, it discontinues the plugin s loading process.

on another hand, in the case of Adobe Reader, the Dropper will release the API file (Adobe Reader s plugin format) into its plug-ins directory.


for comparison we assume that more than one gesture is used.


A full version of this paper is available as Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report No.

by optimal online e.ciency , we mean that each player needs to online perform only one modular exponentiation (besides some other minor operations like hashing and/or MAC, etc).


Experimental results show no one can obtain the original information from any one of the shared images unless all information is obtained.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


A primitive value loses its label when it is pushed into a register.

in partic ular, we ensure that each branching operation has its immediate post-dominator in the same method.


The mobility of access to organizations IT poses yet another security challenge.

if an access control system were to be implemented in the same large organization, it would require a great deal of initial cooperative consultation to establish job roles and their corresponding privileges.


of the Workshop on Architectural Support for Security and Anti-virus (WASSA), pages 11 21, 2004.

due to the minimum key- Sj.B1 availability boundary condition policy it holds that: aj = A Sj.B1  -wj 2-W .2= ij.K .wj = W ij .K the weight of all items in the knapsack does not exceed the knapsacks capacity.


Consider a single guest physical page (GPPN).

overshadow makes integration with unmodi.ed operating systems and applications feasible, and enables sharing between protection domains.


The PKS uses a Peer-to-peer overlay network to route messages to the target CAs and federation authorities.

pGP identities are unique in that normal users can endorse them by digitally signing other users keys.


Getting opinions and ideas these diverse backgrounds has been a great opportunity.

this allows anyone who gets physical access to the servers storing the records access to the records in readable format.


(resourceC issimilarlydeclared)   ... var bWindow = document.getElementById("b").contentWindow; var bInterface = resourceWindow.getPublicInterface(); var cWindow = document.getElementById("c").contentWindow; ... function hookUpBWithC() { bInterface.registerC(cWindow); } (b) http://a.com/integrator.html, the integrator that connects resourcesB andC Figure 5: Sibling resources example: Integrator connects b.com with c.com function of other pages.

it turns out that it is possible to make Firefox restrict access to the frames attribute from anotherdomainby setting "capability.policy.default.


Packets in i3 are forwarded only for a lifetime of maximum k-hops where kis the TTL.

we divide a 256-bit ID into three .elds: a 64-bit pre.x, a 128-bit key, and a 64-bit suf.x.


As the issuance of Domain nodes and Domain links are the same as the issuance of User nodes and User links, existing protocols can be used to facilitate local domain management.

protector object provides a one-to-one mapping of content with the content key object.


An honest C holding valid witness will claim the bounty except with probability negligible in ..

we then use standard techniques to penalize false function attacks.


CONCLUSION We have presented the design, implementation and evaluation of process out-grafting, an architectural approach to address isolation and compatibility challenges in out-of-VM approaches for .ne-grainedprocess-level execution monitoring.

speci.cally,only theuser-mode instructionsof thesuspectprocess, which is our main focus for .ne-grained monitoring, will be allowed to execute in the security VM; all kernel-mode execution that requires the use of OS kernel system services is forwarded back to the production VM.


[11] Andr´e G¨unther and Christian Hoene.

if a process relies on the use of secrets, it cannot operate unless it and its software environment are correct.


Further work on borrowing detailed mechanisms from biology are likely to lead to similarly .awed defense mechanisms.

defending a computer system using autonomous agents.


However, it is not callable from within non-native code.

[14] T. Vidas, D. Votipka, and N. Christin.


In order to di.erentiate the malicious scenarios from the benign ones, we exploit the following system state information: SMS state, which indicates whether or not there is a new SMS message received at a given time span (1 minute in our case).

iMMS will be noti.ed whenever IME sends/receives a rpc request to/from the client app.


Once the above steps are complete, Vulnivore begins program analysis, which proceeds in 5 stages: 1.

it is used by printf in a trusting way: the format string may allow an attacker to get arbitrary stack contents (using %s , %d , etc.


If (ctype = A, then  control) and caller is not ps return .

[16], TLS_DHE_DSS_ is a secure tagged-ACCE-.n protocol.


Strong security for network-attached storage.

this key is then encrypted using the public key of users that are authorized to access the .le and appended to the encrypted chunk map.


An example of this occurred with the construction of Highway 407, an electronic toll highway being developed just north of Toronto, Ontario.

when user concerns are raised early on in the design of a given technology, issues like privacy can often be addressed with a minimum of additional effort and expense.


A Survey of Secure Mobile Ad hoc Routing Protocols.

2.2 Security PASER combines digital signature with lightweight Merkle tree and a keyed hash function to secure the routing messages.


3.3 The Third Level Decomposition Since 0 = f m = +8 (f m has been relaxed in ij ij = cij the previous subsection), the constraint conditions (C1) and (C2) in (P3) can be eliminated.

the Lagrange multiplier pij can be interpreted as the congestion measure at link (i, j) shared by the sessions in M. The dual problem of the primal problem (P1) is minimize D(p) subject to p =0 , (D1) where p =(pij , (i, j) .E) and the dual function D(p)= max L(x, f, p) (2) (C1),(C2),(C4),(C5) is the maximum of the Lagrangian obtained by relaxing the capacity constraint (C3), that is  fm L(x, f, p)=Um(xm) -pijij -cij m.M (i,j).E m.M .. =.Um) -ij .


Due to lack of space, we omit a detailed security analysis from the body of this extended abstract, and refer to the extended version on the authors' webpages [14, 20] for proofs and proof sketches.

the IThe assessment of these costs in [7, 24] are in terms of the num-ber of modular arithmetic operations of any kind, including modular additions, and thus somewhat misleading.


Logcat integration would help in the debugging process.

this was expected given that there was only one Missing permission and one Extraneous permission.


For instance, he might instead reveal his policy for the resource, sidetracking the adversary away from her immediate focus until she is forced to reveal a or P .

we defer discussion of this idea to Section 4.)


For example, the outcome of a hack may be user access, administrator access, etc., which can be associated with di.erent success values.

other possible outcome scales will be discussed later.


Using this data, the sink tries to statistically reconstruct agg.

[26] UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory.


The trust can be transmitted by the trust chain with arbitrary length in theory.

rule4: When searching and selecting the recommendation trust path, the path with concentrated trust values is selected.


Figure 11 shows a ChCaptcha2 image we collected from a real bank account.

for e-banking systems, breaking a CAPTCHA scheme can cause a potentially huge loss for both users and banks.


That is, on one hand we require that during regular operation, the outcome of the decryption of a ciphertext should not leak information about the which decryption key the user selected.

fix a random tape rA of the adversary such that E1 occurs, then PrrC [¬E3|E2] = 2q.2 .


3.7 Entity-Mutation in non-HTML context ofHTML documents In-line SVG support provided in older browsers could lead to XSS attacks originating in HTML entities that were embedded inside style and similar elements, which are by default evaluated in their canonic form upon the occurrence of innerHTML-access.

the topic of security issues arising from MIME-sni.ng has been covered by by Barth et al., Gebre et al.


The design and analysis of graphical passwords.

after giving the user guidelines, how participants re-create or change their previous passwords.


Using postings from 100 users, we created 25 clusters each of size 1, 2, 3, and 4 with half of each clusters postings from the Laci Peterson board, and half from the War in Iraq board.

careful data cleaning is extremely important to guarantee that the algorithm does not cheat by using, for example, the signature at the end of each post as a highly discriminant feature.


+d computation to a request packet (where d > 0 and .

for example, if the capability request channel suffers a 50% loss rate, a legitimate sender only needs to send about two packets to set up a capability-protected communication channel.


At this point, the schedules have been permuted twice, once by the users prior to the encryptions (with s)andonce by the server (with .).

we semantically de.ne the identi.ability and linkability advantages using a challenge-response methodology.


Return error 1 (Not enough PUF outputs within 0] = 1 -pmax .Pr[rj+o = 1] = 1 -pmax ui := j-1 if Pr[rj+o = ci] = Pr[rj+o = ci .1] then vi := 0 (No inversion)  else vi := 1 (Inversion) end if o := o + j Break else if j= 2l then Return error 2 (Counter over.ow)  end if end for end for [17] led to the best results.

our compressed DSC implementation is the most ef.cient FPGA implementation for this scenario known to date.


In most of these low cost mobile sets lacking usability interfaces a user has to open a SMS before deleting it.

if we look at Table 2, we see that (generally speaking) the detection rate of all classi.ers is signi.cantly degraded.


Acknowledgments We would like to deeply thank our shepherd, Hermann H¨ artig, and the anonymous reviewers for their numerous, insightful comments that greatly helped improve the presentation of this paper.

microdrivers [15] reduces device driver s TCB in the kernel by slicing the driver into a privileged performancecritical kernel part and the remaining unprivileged user part.


Distributedsoftware-based attestation for node compromise detection insensor networks.

[27] U. Rührmair, F. Sehnke, J. Sölter, G. Dror, S. Devadas, and J. Schmidhuber.


Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 2003.

valgrind: A program supervision framework.


Djenana Campara In the context of cyber systems, both attackers and defenders favor automated code analysis tools (dynamic and/or static) for detecting vulnerabilities.


On x86-64, fewer equivalence classes are generated, mainly because more tail calls are replaced with jumps by LLVM s tail call optimization.

code pages for applications and libraries can be shared among processes, saving memory and application launch time.


3.4.5 Comparison of light-weightness wrt.


The fact that all participants revealed their name or a pseudonym while in the o.ce, combined with the signal strength indication, proved su.cient.

unlike virtually all existing mobile social apps, EnCore does not require the user to reveal their sensitive context data, which often combines location, social contact and communication trace, to a provider.


Rethinking Public Key Infrastructures and Digital Certi.cates: Building in Privacy.

using this secure management channel from within a mobile device application to communicate with the applets would require that shared secret to be stored within the application data.


Also, an increased delay for more complex encryption at this point will not have signi.cant impact to the overall performance of the processor.


Unlike RBAC and extended RBAC models, it does not require any administrator for creation of roles and association of users with those roles.


If count (see below) is also computed for the sample point, compute .N i=1 F (tuplei) as above instead, and then the server can divide by the count.

security and Cryptography for Networks, 2002.


CloudFence: data .ow tracking as a cloud service.

platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) clouds, such as Google App Engine [36] or OpenShift [62], hide internal deployment details [18], giving tenants no visibility into the PaaS platform on which to anchor their trust.


We can compute UAR as the probability that rsc propagates from a to .,according to the formulas in Section 3.1 and we can .nd an upper bound for it according to the procedure shown in Section 3.4.

since we are dealing with hierarchies, we may suppose that the nodes in the entire hierarchy are ordered, and we can index them in such a way that, given two values i and j,with i<j,then there may be a direct or indirect relationship from nodei to node nodej,but no relationship from nodej to node nodei.we can extract the sub-ordering of the nodes in BorderUnAuth(ar)from the general ordering of the nodes in the hierarchy and use a speci.c indexing from 1to bua = |BorderUnAuth(ar)| when dealing only with the nodes in BorderUnAuth(ar).


We have implemented (on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro board) a system composed of MicroBlazes running Petalinux Operating System (OS), shared memory blocks, and a Network-on-Chip as an interconnecting medium among them.

modular and scalable design of NoCs enables their enhancements in various directions for supporting services other than simple data routing.


It is likely that wget failed to completely retrieve all the pages of a website because of its inability to handle Javascript.

e-Mailing security sensitive information insecurely: E-mailing any sensitive information is dangerous.


[7] A. V. Aho, M. J. Corasick, Efficient string matching: An aid to bibliographic search, Comm.

the weight of the forest can be increased further by reducing the number of trees.


Since the voice graphs used in this paper are constructed using month-long 4 We have also explored other call features such as call duration and call time.

5[d], which shows a large number of cliques since the app automatically calls all these 4 IRSF numbers.


There is a small possibility that the legislative process will be complete by the time the CFP conference takes place.

these issues will be a crucial consideration in the parliament in the forthcoming debate.


Shacham and Waters [SW08] proposed two POR schemes, where one supports private veri.ability and the other supports public veri.ability.

in the end of setup phase, Alice only has her private key in her local storage, and Bob has both the data .le and the corresponding authentication information.


For example, it will prevent the creation(orotheraccesstypes) of certainspeci.c .les,registries, library, system services, windows, processes thus to prevent malware from obtaining critical resources or information to ful.ll its functionalities.

however it is clear that this approach ishard tokeep up with thefastincreasing of unique malware samples each dayin the wilddue to the wide use ofpolymor- Copyright isheld by the author/owner(s).


Panorama proposed to load a kernel module, module noti.er, into the guest OS to collect such information.

in sum, the partial replay method shows one merit of checkpointing and state rollback in o.ine intrusion assessment.


To see why, it is useful to consider the following scenario.

hVESetup(s, t, P, B, ): Using parameters s, t, the sequence of passwords P, block size B, and the size of each volume ni, this algorithm generates volumes .


In the current framework, DSMS server is assumed to be secure, trustable and independent to both stream providers and stream users.

5.2 Implementation We implement our prototype with multi-threading, which fully utilizes the multi-core CPU resource in the test machine.


From the behavior perspective, what is achieved by the session ID in the web framework is similar to that in the stateful client/server framework (see Figure 4).


A new session starts in the LISTEN state.

since frequencies represent a scalar quantity, frequency distributions can also be represented using histograms.


thosethatruntheprogramwith asingle, .xedlowinput[25],or those that can observe a bounded number of program runs with adaptively chosenlowinputs[20].

for well-chosen passwords, the amount of leaked information is so small that a failed login-attempt will not compromise the security of the system.


We offer new ways to interpret the data by using the more fundamental Tor cells as a unit of data rather than TCP/IP packets.

we loaded msn.com without localization speci.cation, and so it often redirected clients to completely different pages with different layouts.


Users encrypt their data using a symmetric encryption scheme.

moreover, this would allow interest retransmission in case of packet loss, since setting scope to 2 would prevent Rcv s interests from adding any new content into the cache.


This would imply that it is possible to con.gure the classi.er so that it will have 0% false positive and 100% true positive classi.cations.

in our context, this likelihood function is the probability that a sensor will report an attack given that indeed an attack occurs.


The only option is to detect problems with the patient s health based on data from the sensors and raise an alarm.

iEEE Security & Privacy, 10(5):61 63, 2012.


In general, its priority value is not designated.

if the received SMS is regarded as important according to keywords in the body of SMS or sender s number, it aborts the broadcast and presents it on the SECURE SMS tab of the activity after saving it in the secure database.


As we will see later, referrer, landing, and .nal page carry important information about the redirection chain that is useful to assess the maliciousness of a web page.

interestingly, in several cases, the software deployed by the AV vendor identi.ed only a few of the malicious web pages that belong to a certain campaign, because only those pages triggered their signature-based detection.


In this paper, we propose a distributed IDS framework which consists of the individual and global models.

are the parameters in the training t - processes, where {S+, S } are respectively the numbers of the trained positive samples and negative samples; SC is the number of samples correctly classified by the strong classifier, compared with Ct for weak classifier ht.


Softgoals are considered satis.ced when there is su.cient positive and little negative evidence for achieving them, or denied otherwise.

this promise of the ability to track electronic health information signals from distributed ubiquitous devices, con.icts with the security and privacy concerns that most people have regarding their personal information and medical history.


At the same time, these changes give rise to another bit of information that can be useful in the detection.

numerous opcodes have di.erent side-e.ects in emulated and in real platforms, thus malicious artefacts can realize that and deny execution.


The apposite template has to be composed in the con.guration view.

the patterns provide the basic information about the security capabilities of the provided security module.


should expose a public partition if the attestation check fails.

(treq , (l, n)), (tatt , sig), t, e s.t.


proposed WHYPER [26] which automatically infers an application s necessary permissions from its description in natural languages.

algorithm 1 illustrates the process to compile the training set T .


Another approach is that the server transforms the contents into di.erent formats a priori, and when a request arrives, the server retrieves the corresponding content and sends it out.

part of the reason is because it is di.cult to enforce security when intermediaries are allowed to modify the data.


These ingredients offer a fertile ground for hackers to seek fame, fortune, and power.

via that same update, LinkedIn informed users that all compromised accounts would receive an email stating that their account had been locked and the password was no longer valid.


Note that, DBMS role access profiles fit naturally in typical deployment contexts, since the database already has a Role Based Access Control (RBAC) mechanism in place.

(3) The DBMS layer already has in place a thorough mechanism for enforcing access control based on subject credentials.


SIMULATIONS RESULTS In Figure 4 we have presented the results for the turbo code over AWGN and Rayleigh channel with rate 1/2.

the extrinsic information calculated from the second decoder is de-interleaved and passed to the .rst decoder as a-priori for further decoding iterations.


corrupted parties, with IT fair security for t< n 2 corrupted parties, and with CO abort security for t<n - .


An alternative decomposition, is to place all users in a single role (i.e., k = 1).


Because the TVD method can enforce given policies to all trusted resources in individual TVDs, the project manager can enforce his own policies to all resources of the project members and common services, so the project members can securely share project specific information even through the common services.

in this case, the access control is enough for secure information sharing.


Another way for an attacker to attempt to compromise a session key is to break in to the browser s process to search for the heap-allocated session key directly.

these solutions require preestablished trust relationships and agreements between organizations in the federation, making them hard to scale on the Web.


Both use recursive descent parsers (top-down parsers).

for example, the HTTP headers are name and value pairs, which can be treated as an associative array.


There is a chance that an intruder could mount a successful MITM attack by impersonating both callers in real-time, but the ability for a person or even an automated system to maintain this on both sides of the conversation, for long durations, and over multiple calls seems improbable at this time; this is a nominal weakness.

this paper demonstrates that visualization and the human factor can play a pivotal role in establishing a secure communication channel.


This leaves them vulnerable to attacks that reliably infer the relative positions of vulnerable code features irrespective of the size of the address space.

section 3 elaborates by presenting a detailed design of STIR, including its static disassembler and load-time reassembler.


Second, we measure three important properties -average path length, clustering coef.cient, and the distribution of node degrees and do a comparison in terms of how they have changed after the perturbation.

indeed, different assumptions on adversaries background knowledge could lead to different strategies with respect to the required anonymization goal.


G1 [10] and for Type-3 pairings such an e.ciently computable isomorphism does not exist.

he can not choose arbitrary divisors of the template polynomial, as the indexes of message elements are incorporated into the encoding and the length of the message, i.e., the degree of the message polynomial, is .xed by the originator.


l Then a .ow sending .h(t2 - t1)+ ßh + 1 over [t1, t2) will violate the high bandwidth threshold over [t1, t2) but comply with .l' t2 +ßl ' over [0, t2).

the results of FMF and AMF are derived based on the authors original analysis 7The comparison in this section uses our de.nition of exactness.


That is, at the time of the new deployment, a node belonging to the set of newly deployed nodes will be tracked just by nodes from the same set.


The final method of harvesting computing power is an illegal botnet.

the first is the DISA-STIG which is the standard for government systems, the second is the NIST guidelines which are general best practices, the third set is vendor recommendations and the final set is the average user settings either by survey or assumption.


Our JADEbased multi-agent system has the ability to perform tasks as outlined below.

sMS has to be reliable as well as secure.


We currently employ a simple greedy heuristic to .nd a set cover, based upon the number of operations in common to each hook and the kernel function.

formally, a satisfying assignment to the predicate determines the arguments that the hook must be called with.


If this analysis is correct, hardware inventories have less relevance to the security of HPC systems.

we prefer not to discuss the LANL HPC cyber security posture in an open publication.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

this is not unlike the schemes employed in other whole-system dynamic analysis platforms such as BitBlaze [29] and S2E [7].


OpenFlow controller selects (C) because LAN situation is changed to Attacked.

by using this way of applying an policy, we are able to dynamically change the policy taken into consideration on the variation in LAN.


This is because there is virtually no other tra.c on the mail server besides SMTP, whose destinations are mail servers with typically large TTLs.

if a host changes its behavior by creating a large number of SMTP connections during the outbreak, it is marked as a candidate for being infected.


The experimental results suggest that the HWDS BitSet SDP is a good choice for a high-performing SDP.

statistically rigorous java performance evaluation.


Each message (user ID) is represented by the original signature of the corresponding user.

steinmetz, and A. Mayerhöfer.Biometric hash based on statistical features of online signatures.


[6] Dhamija, R., J. D. Tygar, and Hearst, M. 2006.


Using RISE itself, we can address the question of how many instructions are executed, because it is easy for an emulator to count how many instructions it has emulated.

the attacks were all successfully defeated by RISE (column 4 of Table 1).


Wedge: splitting applications into reduced-privilege compartments.

the whole application stays in a single protection domain, and any vulnerability of any part would jeopardize the whole application.


For instance, if all replicas use the same upstream DNS server to resolve the queries and if this upstream DNS server produces an incorrect result, then this incorrect result will be propagated to the end-host.

in The 7th International Web Caching Workshop (WCW) (August 2002).


Finally, the garbled circuit size is polynomial in the size of the input circuit passed to Gb.Garble, which in turn is polynomial in sksizeFHE and ctsizeFHE.

fully) secure d-leveled attribute-based encryption scheme where encrypting n bits produces ciphertexts of length poly(n, ., d1/.)


As an input to the secure computation, every peer chooses the lexicographically-.rst message in its application queue (or a dummy message if the application queue is empty), and as output the destination receives the lexicographically-lowest message, and the other peers receive empty output.

computer Communications, 33(4):420 431, 2010.


Since the shadow code heap maps to the same physical pages as the in-sandbox code heap, the code heap is .lled with the same code, which can then be invoked by the JIT compiler.

rockJIT enforces control-.ow integrity on both the JIT compiler and JITted code, but applies different levels of precision on those two parts.


The True Negatives (TN) packet miss rate p is constant through the trace.

since legitimate messages are rarely delivered along the path illustrated in Figure 1, the possibility of a normal SMTP connection being consistently correlated with an unrelated TCP connection is very small in terms of packet symmetry.


An alternative design might eliminate V and just supply message recipients with a copy of the sender s send label in effect, conveying all of a process s credentials with every message it sends.

(Asbestos offers no such feature, however, and the problem admittedly becomes harder in the presence of network communication.)


This mechanism can enable applications such as secure email, secure SMS, and encrypted .le sharing to solve the problem of securely exchanging the public key without requiring a leap of faith.2 Contributions.

gitM attacks are possible, exploiting the absence of message authenticity.


Based on the sampled packets, the correlation algorithm can successfully and scalably pinpoint various types of bots (including IRC-based, HTTP-based, and P2P-based).

inappropriate allocated budgets may a.ect the packet sampling process.


A practical algorithm for miscon.guration detection should perform well on a variety of datasets.

the relationship between different parameter sets and different points on this spectrum both was ad-hoc and varied across environments, and so the parameters needed to be tuned by trial and error, which is likely not possible in real-world applications, to achieve the desired tradeoff between bene.t and accuracy.


For designing our ABA protocol, we present a novel and simple asynchronous veri.able secret sharing (AVSS) protocol which signi.cantly improves the communication complexity of the onlyknownAVSSprotocol of[5] inthe same settings.

iNT sets Ver = 1, if he receives Accept from the A-cast of at least t +1 veri.ers who belong to ReceivedSet.


A transition may have an associated Boolean condition, called its guard.

since they are CORBA servers, they communicate with each other through CORBA s IIOP.


INTRODUCTION The great popularity of information systems and the expansion in size and speed in data transfer operations make it no longer possible for those who want to monitor a communication channel to rely on human factors solo.

the larger the dictionary, the more efficient the output of the algorithm.


In the Academic Model, tracing lower level flows, such as at the Network Layer, should remain possible since we control the internetwork.


patch-compr-r patch-compr patch-basic move Ext3 patch-compr-r patch-compr patch-basic move Ext3 Configuration Figure 2: Am-utils benchmark times.

it is impossible to recover overwritten data at least using the software-recovery methods.


Assuming there are no shortcuts, an adversary s best attack is to apply the function to each guess herself.

we leave it as an open problem to explore the di.culty of amortizing the cost of iterated hashing.


Because the actual storage hardware is no longer under the physical control of clients, they must treat it as untrusted.

sSC bene.ts from the grant tables mechanism in allowing meta-domains to ultimately connect to and communicateI/Opayloads to their backend drivers in Sdom0.


Onebroaderresearch areathat could encompassintrusion detection for airborne networks and communications are ad hocnetworks.

on top of UAVs sit the historian and human machine interface (HMI) devices which may be replicated to provide UAS control functions over long distance.


There are many tools to decipher the logistics of an attack.

this is usually done with a clean backup copy of the system.


By using AbVIE, same environment, same data, and same conditions are given.

this may be achieved by di.erent distance metrics.


In either case, the host cannot be reinfected.

not only does the consumer lack the ability to test the code, but there now exists a new security problem: how much do you trust your vendor [5, 6].


Note that the protomatcher with 867 signatures consumes more memory than a protomatcher with 999 signatures.

we discuss other possible encodings in Section 4.1.


Packet payload sharing techniques hold far more promise, as they can convey exploit vectors and/or malcode used upon successful exploit of a target system, irrespective of obfuscated source addresses.

[12, 6] use Bloom .lters for hardware-based packet inspection and classi.cation.


The ambiguity of natural language speci.cations often leads to errors and can hinder data availability.

the metadata must be signed for protection against unauthorized modi.cations.


Our Android app rewriting system was designed to have four important properties: Complete: intercept all target method invocations, including dynamic invocation via re.ection  Flexible: powerful enough to support a variety of complex transformation policies  App-Independent: no manual app-speci.c guidance needed to create or apply transformation policies  Deployable: rewritten apps work on unrooted, unmodi.ed Android devices, no additional software required  1.1 Threat Model We assume that the user of a rewritten app trusts the Android platform, the transformation policy writer and rewriting process, but not the original app code.

for testing our service returns the string with sentinel pre.x and suf.x values for easy identi.cation in rewritten apps.


Moreover, giving the user the ability to choose any message means that the content of the signed messages has not been vetted by the signer at all.

zq and creates the one-time tag keys: z1 = and z2 = z/z1.


[14] S. Ma.eis, J. Mitchell, and A. Taly.

one of the problems of this approach, is that the parsing is performed asynchronously.


information bits are encoded to one codeword and the codewords have a minimum Hamming distance of d to each other.

the convolutional code reaches a similar performance with less complex hard decision decoding.


These expectations parallel our expectations for drivers, which previous studies [4, 5] have shown to contain more defects than operating system kernel code.

there is a high amount of variability between projects.


We expect the addresses registered at the most recent call site to be used .rst (we shall see why this is the case in Section 3).


we can say that purpose of Government audit Gad should be a senior purpose of private audit Pad.


SecureSafe has therefore introduced the so-called Recovery Code, a login token with 10 Note that sharing is not limited to 1:1-relationships a user A could also share a document with n other users at the same time.

if the only requirement is providing a second authentication factor during login, DoubleSec can be used as a very nice usabilityoptimized mTAN-derivate with comparable security.


be increased by employing fake accounts to befriend the victim s friends.

attacking SA needn t rely on face recognition, as more e.ective photo matching techniques can be used instead.


Since in our approach we are evaluating the access request on the AC-XML data structure, which is built starting from a DTD/XML Schema, with the term node we do not intend the element/attribute of the target document, by contrast we mean the corresponding element into the AC-XML document.

such conditions, referred to as credential expressions, are specified using an XPath-compliant language [12].


In Proceedings of the 1999 conference of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research, CASCON 99, page 13.

we then propose a set of research goals for solving the overdeclaration problem in Section 3 and conclude in Section 4.


Prof. Pino Caballero-Gil, PhD, Department of Computer Science, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Phone: +34 922 318 176, .-mail: pcaballe@ull.es.

besides, if removing a subtree means reducing the depth of the tree, the number of updates is also reduced by 1 single update, corresponding to the root node.


De Cristofaro and Tsudik [11] provide e.cient variations of private-set intersection protocols and present a comparison in terms of computational and communication complexity, adversarial model and privacy.

and send the .nal vector(s) Esched to all users.


It is important to note that Best-.rst does not guarantee .nding the global maximum features subset, but rather guarantees .nding the local maximum (the local maximum is not the ideal features subset).


Similarities are calculated using cosine similarity analysis of the vectors.

it is possible to classify malware by analyzing a small portion of binary contents.


Now, if we need to encode a large number of binary or discrete value attribute this approach requires a whole message .eldper attribute resultingin computationallyexpensive and lengthyproofs of credential ownership (it will depend linearly on the number of attributes) and a potentially large publickey(it needs to contain as manybases Ri).

in the area of secondary use that is, when a third party is accessing the user s data privacy concerns surface quickly.


In both transmitter and receiver processing, use of t = N0/Ex results in imperfect interference cancellation.


Thus the accuracy of the risk analysis largely depends on the information inside such knowledge bases.

the Analyzer is required to send an information request (resp.


The standing condition, plaster, and exercise are among the factors making the larger di.erences, although such changes in FRR are not as big as those observed with the change in input devices.

the di.erence for the bioinformatics based classi.er is 0.01427 and is highly signi.cant.


Statement Replacement Some statements can be replaced with others having the same functionality without damaging the logic.

hello.v4 adopts .ve polymorphic techniques, and thus is considered as a very strong polymorphic virus.


T = {0, ..., t} and nonzero elements of s form a strictly increasing sequence.

the second main result of this paper is a proof for the conjecture of Gopalan, Jayram, Krauthgamer and Kumar [3].


IKEv2 supports legacy authentication mechanisms (in particular, pre-shared keys).

since most responders would correspond to servers (.rewalls, web servers, etc.


More common are web browser toolbars that provide extra cues such as a red or green light indicating overall safety to inform users that they may be at risk [12, 28, 35, 36].

one reason the security notices did not work well was too much text.


For bit indices less than 30, it is possible to increase the 0 1 gap by calculating a larger neighborhood set, with more cost to the attacker.

a variety of methods have been proposed for mitigating or preventing internal timing channels (e.g., [14, 1, 33]); this paper focuses on external timing channels, where the adversary has more power: the ability to accurately time externally visible behavior of the system.


Since we are also interested in a word s contribution to execution, we seek a path through the model that maximizes English probability and correct execution behavior simultaneously.

instead of using inter-process communication and ptrace, we instead emulate the e.ects of every instruction provided by English as well as the e.ect of each instruction created by our framework.


we may still need to regulate the sending rates which can be used by users for some versatile protocols such as http.


However up until this point, we considered only one of the passwords in choose-two scheme.

we compare the results of these two schemes in section 4.


This is because the veri.cation checks that code follows the chunks speci.ed in the bitmap and each chunk is validated in a modular way.

oVERVIEW Before a detailed discussion of MIP s design and implementation, we present the main ideas and bene.ts of MIP.


Namely, we experience a near-100% false positive rate.

the output of the training phase is two vectors that parameterize the model used for detection.


there is a need for an integrated and toolsupported methodology that allows for specifying and enforcing compliance and security requirements for business process-driven enterprise systems.


If there are anomalies detected on data from sources without the QoI-trust filter but there are no anomalies detected for sources that have certain QoI-trust levels, the system may be under attack but the trust filter is working properly.

[21]Maxion, R. A. and Tan K. M. C. Benchmarking anomaly-based detection systems.


To identify .elds, it  Data Patch  groups contiguous inputs accessed consecutively in a function as a .eld.

the formats reverse engineered by previous tools have missed important information that is critical for security applications.


Commit The domain of committed values is the .nite .eld Fp of p elements, which can be represented as the set of integers Fp = {0,1,...,p - 1}.

assuring privacy and security of transactions information, as well as of any sensitive information stored on mobile devices iscrucial.


These objects are not trusted per se, and they become marked only if the actual values assigned to them during execution are marked.

it requires only minor, localized instrumentation of the application to (1) enable the usage of our modi.ed string library and (2) insert the calls that perform syntax-aware evaluation of a query before the query is sent to the database.


For a user to sign up with one of these services, he will request to enroll and that service provider will send the user a hardware device for his use, as well as some data necessary for enrollment.

[21] , AEGIS: A single-chip secure processor, in Elsevier Information Security Technical Report, vol.


[26] A. Srivastava, I. Erete, and J. Giffin.


The browser is the main thread, responsible for managing all network and disk access, while the renderer is a origin-speci.c sandbox which handles parsing HTML/CSS and executing JavaScript in order to render a particular page.

by the pigeonhole principle, once the attacking thread possesses (1024*8+1) = 8193 pages of memory (a manageable 32 MiB), at least one cache set is guaranteed to contain at least 9 pages, and the attacker can conceivably discover, by eviction, which of their pages overlap in the cache.


Cognometric graphical password systems have been lauded because they may capitalize on both the pictorial superiority effect, and recognition as a retrieval process, which is regarded as superior to recall.

a more meaningful evaluation of the password space associated with the security mechanism in question will reference its effective password space.


The high variance of the regularity test demonstrates that it is important to examine more than the average test score, since the variance and distribution of test scores are critical to the successful detection of covert timing channels.

jitterBug has similar shape and regularity to legitimate tra.c.


[38] Helen J. Wang, Chuanxiong Guo, Daniel R. Simon, and Alf Zugenmaier.


Since a sensor node can compute the end of maintenance periods for all of its neighbors using their random seeds, it can certainly select the one with the minimum waiting time asthenext nodeintheroutingpath.

[14] Y. Yang, M. Shao, S. Zhu, B. Urgaonkar, and G. Cao.


Very importantly, with the unique position of the delegation services for authorization, xDAuth can seamlessly support many access control and delegation constraints in cross domain environment, such as separation of duty (SoD) and the Chinese Wall policy.

besides, two other important functions are implemented.


R license B), licenseRIT is an ownership certi.cate for RIT and proofRIT is the corresponding ownership proof token.

these systems even lack reliable means for users to verify that they purchase usage-rights on works (licenses) from the rightful authors (rights-holder).


It al lows privacy if grid users are able to easily protect their data from other users at the same site.

it does allow all users admitted to the account to share data and communicate with each other, if they can be trusted to do so.


In addition to RSUs, the infrastructure also requires backend servers, certification authorities, and even the cloud to support transportation services and management.

like we suggested, comprehensive economic models and jurisdiction models need to be examined; usages that match the appropriate economic and 7 jurisdiction expectations are to be defined.


RESULTS Here, we present results on identi.cation of spam campaign and analysis of detected spam campaigns.

we con.rm a rapid change Figure 5: Number of spams, time period and number of IPs for top 100 campaigns of the amount of clusters around 85 of match degree.


Although the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm is optimal for turbo decoding, the SISO decoder is considered as the Max-Log MAP algorithm for an easy implementation, a complexity/performance compromise [12].

the performance of UWB systems is decreased by contains delay and multiple access interference (MAI).


Depending on the resulting .ngerprint, a di.erent exploit variant is employed (through the rop variable).

the interpreter is instructed to scan each new string that is allocated into memory for the presence of shellcode.


In our compression scheme, each relocation corresponds to a 2, 3, or 8-byte record, essentially implementing a form of Hu.man encoding based on the following observations: Relocation o.sets and contents are 4-byte aligned.

mitigating bu.er over.ows by operating system randomization.


Fast cryptographic primitives and circular-secure encryption based on hard learning problems.

suppose we require 128 bits of security for the system, we are constrained to one of two choices set n = 2048 (and risk the possibility of better attacks), or set n = 4096 (and settle for worse e.ciency).


Mcboost: Boosting scalability in malware collection and analysis using statistical classi.cation of executables.

there is an urgent need of developing methods that can automatically classify malware instances into their corresponding families accurately.


However, the communication complexity of such schemes is at least linear in the input size.

e.ciency: For .xed n,m, and k, wemeasure thee.ciency of a PIC protocol as follows.


Our methodological position is to emphasize universal not particular concepts and with a view to avoiding the (counter-productive) development of the next 700 access control models and 700 privacy models (cf.

a data user (requester) Kdu has A access on resource R if a data subject Kds, which controls access to personal data in R, says that Kdu is assigned to a category C (in this case a role) that inherits the A privilege on R, to which a closed meta-policy on access applies, from a category C' (a role) that is junior to C. Only positive authorizations may be speci.ed in ANSI Hierarchical RBAC and so a closed meta-policy is represented in the speci.cation above.


In particular, if Eve can guess the plaintext of a message, she can then change the ciphertext to decrypt to any other message of the same length, without knowing the key.

the majority of electronic commerce is protected by SSL.


The .lter condition is represented as a list of graphs with the same format.

we propose Vigilante, a new end-toend approach to contain worms automatically that addresses these limitations.


4.4.4 Auditing When a User invokes a particular Action towards the RP, the AAP issues an associated AA to the RP, which it can use for various bene.ts as described above.

towards a RP, without User Interaction -Herein, an RP 2 who does not have a direct interaction channel with the User, can still receive AA from the AAP, who is interacting with the User or has an interaction channel and thus can assert User actions.


Similarly, for all k values such that dk = µ, dj -di = dk -dj .

we can avoid this enumeration thanks to a simple geometrical observation: A circle centered at dj with radius dj -di, intersecting the D axis at breakpoint µ, implies that for all k values such that dk = µ,it is dj -di = dk -dj .


Differential privacy offers a principled approach to manipulating sensor readings in a way that allows the system to measure how much information is revealed, and therefore how much privacy is lost, in answering a given query.

we cannot rely on interrupts being delivered to the secure world.


We showed that protocol speci.cations simplify manual feature selection process that often plays a major role in other anomaly detection approaches.

while the techniques do not require prior knowledge Virus type Time of detection Traf.c due to virus Simple virus Polymorphic virus Persistent Polymorphic Persistent Polymorphic variant I (fast propagation) Persistent Polymorphic variant II (slow propagation) Persistent Polymorphic variant III (medium propagation) Persistent Polymorphic variant IV (multiple attachment types) 3.7 min 36.4 min 3.0 min 2.2 min 22.7 min 3.3 min 3.1 min <5% <5% <5% <5% <5% <5% <5% Figure 6: Email Virus Detection Performance of attack activity, such knowledge is used in the choice of attributes that constitute measures and time ranges used for intensity measures.


Such relevance is based on the match of a user's query to the content of a document that is available at a certain source.


[22] OASIS, Web Services Security: SOAP Message Security March 15 2004.

1.3 Accomplishments This paper describes the design and implementation based on the WS-Trust and WS-SecureConversation specifications supporting an authentication method based on a password, i.e.


Since the authentication certificate on the PIV-Interoperable card is issued under a policy equivalent to the Medium-HW policy of the FBCA, the assurance provided by this certificate (and corresponding private key) is very high.

aCKNOWLEDGMENTS   My thanks to Nabil Ghadiali and Dennis Bailey on supporting the refinement of the thoughts presented in this paper through lengthy discussions.


Rand A. Mahmood School of Electrical & Computer Engineering New York Institution of Technology, Amman, Jordan nrand_albayati@yahoo.com  ABSTRACT Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been used in a variety of applications, such as inventory management, anti-theft monitoring of consumer merchandise, and the tagging of livestock.

solution 2: The backend system must be robust in order to handle flooding.


PRELIMINARIES 2.1 Bilinear Pairing We brie.y review some notions about bilinear pairing [1, 4, 6, 13].

interior depth factor is the relative depth between leaf nodes in T .


In Proceedings of the 6th ACM workshop on Digital Identity Management, 2010.

iEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.


FE.Enc(f mpk, x) : FE.Dec(f skf , c) = f(x)] = 1 - negl(.).

given the current state-of-the-art on lattice algorithms, it is quite plausible  that achieving approximation factors 2l.


With the advent of a.ordable technologies for WGS, focus shifted to protocols that can scale to the entire genome.

[4] P. Baldi, R. Baronio, E. De Cristofaro, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik.


2.3 Problems Existing countermeasures such as screen locking and security software are effective against information leaking or unauthorized access.

+81-42-637-2111 oikawa@u-lab.cs.teu.ac.jp ABSTRACT Nowadays, Smart phones become popular.


Since then we have not observed a signi.cant change in abusive activity.

as automatic text recognition software (OCR) improves, solving this problem with distorted text in isolation is becoming increasingly dif.cult, as well as burdensome for users.


A role medical_r assigned to medicalObject_t type and its profile contains attributes of NoOfDayAllowed and accessLocation to con.ne the times of allowed access and the location.


If k different hash functions are used, inserting n puzzles into a single table of size m bits gives a false kn positive probability of approximately (1 -em )k. With an optimal k value, this can be estimated as (0.6185) mn .

client puzzles: A cryptographic countermeasure against connection depletion attacks.


the value of p for a spam source is related to the complementary of the false negative rate of the correlation detection, which should be closer to one than zero as shown in the right part of Figure 5.


While it is restricted to set union, intersection, etc., it may potentially support n-gram analysis.

summary Cache: A Scalable Wide-Area Web Cache Sharing Protocol.


The challenging complexity and variety of public agencies, their intensive use of information and information technology (IT), and their need to effectively protect information assets, motivated us to study the activity of ISS management in the realm of Public Administration, focusing our attention on Local Government, given its proximity to citizens.

for that matter, we adopted the following three stop criteria: Kendall s coefficient of concordance W (a nonparametric test whose values fall in the interval [0,1], where 0 indicates lack of agreement and 1 means complete agreement ) to assess the level of consensus among participants in a given round, Kendall s rank-order correlation coefficient T (a nonparametric test whose values fall in the interval [-1,1], where -1 indicates perfect disagreement, 1 perfect agreement and 0 independence of variables under analysis) to assess the stability of the panel s rankings between rounds, and a maximum number of three rounds for the Delphi study, regardless of the level of consensus existent at the end of third round.


We take the approach of making the hypervisor update the value of P_SHADOW used in the exit gates when it switches from one process shadow page table to another.

once this object is identi.ed as a .le, the path name is extracted and compared with a list of allowed process images prede.ned in the tool.


Intuitively, B consists of obligations that interact directly or indirectly with an input set of obligations B0 .

b12 does nothave apositivedependence on b10 or b11 individually, but does have a positive dependence on the set {b11,b10}.


Instead, any instruction that is able to write to the program counter can be used as return instruction.

our system call gadget is, in actuality, a general purpose function call gadget.


Third, if two con.icting tasks are able to in.uence each other s operations, then the system might not be able to enforce LP correctly.

sESS 09, May 19, 2009, Vancouver, Canada The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.


Indeed, the entire .eld of autonomic computing is built upon this philosophy of being inspired by biological capabilities but not be limited by biological implementations.

in CCS 02: Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, 2002.


A W3C Working Group report highlighted that CAPTCHAs can pose a major accessibility problem to users who are blind, have low vision, or have a learning disability such as dyslexia , and discussed potential alternatives to human verifications [14].

[23] R Chow, P Gollé, M Jakobsson, X Wang, L Wang.


As a result, the bogus software has low similarity and analogous software complexity to the original software.

iNTRODUCTION Information theft by insiders, who ex.ltrate sensitive information and intellectual property using legitimate credentials, has been a serious problem for decades.


administrators are not restricted to those policies that can be characterized by this justi.cation framework.


TECHNICAL TOOLS Inthissetionwedesribetwoboundsthatwillbeused intheproofoftheiterativestep.Bothresultsarerelatively standardandtheyarelistedherewithoutaproof.


The first identity a human being acquires is a birth certificate and later an identity card endorsed by a trusted authority.

to resolve the case both cars are first rejected and additional DNA-like identification attributes or investigations or new registration should resolve the case.


The second line is an annotation we add for the compiler that speci.es that the ITEmployees annotation s presence should be observable at run-time, and the compiler will therefore propagate that annotation to the output class .le.

if the interface is annotated, then that annotation a.ects methods declared within the interface only if a method does not have an annotation of its own within the interface.


Example 3 contains a version of the message from Example 2, as altered by an adversary attempting to gain unauthorized access.

closer inspection reveals subtle differences that can lead to security vulnerabilities.


The need for several tools, such as emulators and binary instrumentation tools, as well as the need for manual encryption and the partial support for shared libraries limit the ease of deployment of ISR.

aSIST addresses most of the limitations of the existing ISR approaches owing to its simple and ef.cient hardware support.


With respect to the application layer model, we may verify such properties as: 1.

we denote the guard component of the SEP associated with behavior Y as guard(Y ).


The resource-constrained nature of oppnets in terms of radio range, processor speed, memory and power makes necessary the proposal of a lightweight ID technique.

similarly a sender can also be flagged for all further communication.


The consequences of Phil s actions are summarized in Table 2.

this is not a useful strategy as many phishing sites are exact replicas of professionally designed legitimate sites.


Eight walks were recorded for every subject in two di.erent sessions.

under realistic scenarios it is quite di.cult to ensure that users will wear same cloths or will always place their cell phones in .xed orientation.


In addition, the IA32 hardware speci.cation ensures that the debug registers are inaccessible outside of ring 0 code.

of course, the attacker is unable to do so at this point.


If a program tries to invoke one of those APIs, we intercept the API call, supply it with some dummy output without actually invoking it.

none of them are specially designed to launch a potentially malicious program.


Android provides per-app isolation for data .les belonging to di.erent apps.


Another dif.culty is that the true evaluation value is sensitive information that a bidder may not want to reveal.

even if each bi is hidden from the auctioneer, he can learn the bids from b(2) to b(K+1) by knowing the ranking of winners and their payments, but he cannot know b(1) and bids b(K+2),...,b(n).


Further, their memory architectures are usually more complex than in our system model.

we base our proof on a sequence of games played by PPand an oracle O that has access to S. All these games are divided into two phases: A setup phase and a challenge phase.


It has the closed form solution I(0)e t I(t)= .

t = which infected hosts are patched, which is just .


The danger is that the effective key size is not really 32 or 64 bits: many of the interesting instructions in the x86 are 2 bytes long.

if the queries are syntactically correct (i.e., appropriately randomized), they are de-randomized and passed on to the database.


Its payload contains a BR instruction that is executed for setting the instruction pointer to the starting address of the target region, ADDRstartT R (0x2574h in our case).

in order to send a meaningful piece of code, one has to break it down and send it through multiple packets.


Technical Report CMU-CS-97-185, Carnegie Mellon University, October 1997.

it introduces a limit on the number of revocations.


The three knowledge bases, Importance, Sensitivity, and Correlation, correspondtothe threefactorsthataffect patients decisionson consent management as stated in Section 1.

our consent management solution consists of two phases: information gathering and decision recommendation.


For convenience, the parameters and variables in this paper are defined as follows: - T = {ti|i=1, ,m}: a set of m threats.

user may not be able to achieve this task if the threats are not obvious to the user.


It must allow the setup and tear-down of individual secure environments with minimal support from the trusted software base (hypervisor).

we assume A cannot gain control over the hypervisor or the underlying hardware (e.g., chipset, TPM).


Finally, certi.cates are an established method of authentication in large-scale systems such as the Internet.

especially processing of long certi.cate chains may be infeasible on a per-connection basis.


Constraint identi.cation: function calls may provide information about different kinds of constraints.

we .rst examine how accurately Tupni can match .elds and record sequences across multiple inputs, then describe how much improvement on format coverage Tupni can achieve over multiple inputs.


this malicious client quickly requested nonexistent blocks to which our system had inserted references; blocks a benign client would never ask for because they were protected by opaque predicates.


Wechoose to reuse the syntax for rules in XACML policies to specify an obligation sbehavior onevents.

for the sake of space limitation and clarity, Algorithm1is simpli.ed by leaving out details to address some issues.


When a user attempts to schedule an action for some future time, this should only be allowed if the action will be allowed at the time it is being scheduled.

a scheduling system could potentially leak this information if her boss attempted to schedule a meeting at a certain time and discovered that she would be unavailable at a time when he knew her to have no publically disclosed meetings.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been supported by the US National Science Foundation award IIS-0545912.

in the offline dataset, we assumed a special set of identities as faked identities, in order to verify our detection framework.


The reference approach builds on Order-Preserving Functions (OPFs) drawn uniformly at random: the so-called ideal object .

while the random subrange selection approaches still show a slightly higher frequency around the diagonal, they drastically reduce the height of the peak when compared to the ideal object .


Supporting this linking of data and the subsequent collaboration necessitates a system that ensures that ethics consents are enforced across studies and individual researchers, while facilitating the secure sharing of data and its movement among systems for the purposes of reporting and analysis, all in accordance with the consent.

[7] M. Jafari, R. Safavi-Naini, C. Saunders, and N. P. Sheppard.


It is unlikely that all of the password-protected accounts of an individual user belong to one of the categories of identity, .nancial, or content sites as mentioned above.

users create accounts in some websites only to customize the contents of those sites.


Categories and Subject Descriptors K.6.5 [Security and Protection]: Invasive Software; C.2.0 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Security and Protection; H.1 [Models and Principles]: Miscellaneous; C.4 [Performance of Systems]: Measurement techniques.

from any state on a FALSE, the transition is to move to the FAIL state.


They however take more time and are sometimes insu.cient because application user interfaces have complex requirements such as login credentials for Internet services.

we note that AdMob is known to track users on the basis of hashed device identi.ers.


With the E D policy, only the transitions on IL and IH are enabled.

now, suppose that there exists a correct integrity policy P that permits this open operation.


This represents a behavioral signature not seen in previous worms.

the next graph, Figure 15, plots the distribution of the number of infectees by the cluster size the infectee resided in.


Therefore we set the authentication length to 8 in on-device testing (a) True positive (b) True negative  Figure 8: Off-device simulation performance phase.

tIPS is not aimed at replacing explicit authentication mechanisms; instead, it is a complementary approach protecting the system after the user .a´rs explicit login.


Unfortunately, this also introduces the problem of a .xed storage size, as the containers cannot grow dynamically in size.

4.3 Policy Distribution and Enforcement The behavior of our TVD framework (e.g.


In the real world, the .nal verdict on this architecture is still out.

the billing protocol allowed for the computation and veri.cation of the monthly bill of an individual house 1A large amount of this implementation has been done by George Danezis from Microsoft Research.


Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 2007.

we conclude that a more advanced form of TwoKind, with .exible permissions, would be appealing to the general population.


A lattice model of secure information .ow.

we can state empirically that this alignment has not turned out to be very common over the past three and a half decades of experience.


Section 2 describes some related work in anti-phishing.

phishing repository is used to compute frequency of phishing paths occurrences within their own targets.


Encrypted content associated with a static rights object can be freely transferred between domain devices.

smartRight technical white paper, 2003. http://www.smartright.org/images/SMR/content/SmartRight tech whitepaper jan28.pdf.


V2E: Combining Hardware Virtualization and Software Emulation for Transparent and Extensible Malware Analysis Lok-Kwong Yan Manjukumar Jayachandra Mu Zhang Heng Yin Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Air Force Research Laboratory Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA Rome, New York, USA {loyan, mjayacha, muzhang, heyin}@syr.edu Abstract A transparent and extensible malware analysis platform is essential for defeating malware.

in summary, this paper makes the following contributions: We propose a new technique that combines hardware virtualization and dynamic binary translation to achieve both transparency and ef.ciency for .ne-grained analysis.


Because predicates are speci.c to a vulnerability, they can detect the triggering of that vulnerability with perfect accuracy.

4.1 Challenge: Where do Predicates Execute?


That is, attackers use di.erent apps to propagate the same malicious payload.

an activity switches to another activity by invoking function startActivity() or startActivityForResult() with an Intent object as the parameter.


[41] S. Shekhar, M. Dietz, and D. S. Wallach.

lG s customization here adds a vulnerability to an otherwise-secure AOSP app.


The codes for these multiplication operations are essentially identical with one-to-one and onto variable renaming.


Ideally, the action table should be maintained in a reserved address space and made read-only to the user program, so that it can only be written by the hardware component of our protection scheme to avoid malicious corruptions from the user program.


[7] Rich internet application (ria) market share.

the amount of vulnerable Flash applications detected in this experiment is a lower bound: the actual amount of vulnerable applications is most likely higher, making the security threat an even bigger issue.


In this way, Aurasium is able to detect the dlopen() system call used for replacing the current process with a new image loaded from native code.

when this operation is executed under FireDroid the running time increases by 5%.


Our results suggest that the Grid s policyvisualization may mitigate the drawback by helping policy authors realize when they areoverriding anexception they wish tokeep and allowing them to restore the exception easily.

in scoring our data to determine accuracy, we ignored any extraneous rules authors made on their way to completing a task (e.g., allowing or denying some access to a user not mentioned in the task statement), because such extraneous rules were rare in our study and usually came about when a participant misinterpreted a task statement.


Federated identity protocols can also be analyzed for privacy.

the assertion contains an authentication statement and an attribute statement about user U .


Chord balances load by assigning each node k = T(log n) virtual IDs generated by independent hash functions H1,..., Hk, and then running the routing protocol over the virtual IDs.


The transforming, or processing, dimension exists between the dialectic of Active Experimentation (AE) and Reflective Observation (RO).

http://www.pcsupportadvisor.com/nasample/T1844.pd An NMAP Tutorial.


[6] Bravo-Lillo, C., Cranor, L., Downs, J., and Komanduri, S., Bridging the Gap in Computer Security Warnings: A Mental Model Approach.

we can investigate the impact of a limited implementation of FIPPs at the front-end where the data exchange occurs at the moment of installing apps, i.e., installation time.


Password-less authentication systems either require precon.gured state on the device, such as installed client-side certi.cates, the presence of speci.c hardware, such as smart card readers, or the possession of additional items, e.g., a cell phone to obtain out-of-band credentials [15].


Although such a countermeasure could neutralize the detection heuristics that call getDeviceId in a normal way, it is not e.ective against the Binder IPC caller, which bypasses the countermeasure and reads the actual full-zero IMEI.

http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/ obfuscating-embedded-malware-android, June 2012.


For instance, if a delay attack with t = 2 is launched, all the compromised consumers experience the same delay of two pricing periods.

the system is more resilient to A2 than A1.


Practical Yet Universally Composable Two-Server Password-Authenticated Secret Sharing Jan Camenisch Anna Lysyanskaya Gregory Neven IBM Research Zurich Brown University IBM Research Zurich jca@zurich.ibm.com anna@cs.brown.edu nev@zurich.ibm.com ABSTRACT Password-authenticated secret sharing (PASS) schemes, .rst introduced by Bagherzandi et al.

if the current query qid1 is a corrupt query, then C7 decrypts C1 1 and C2 1 using SK to recover p 1; else the environment explicitly provided p 1 as input to C7 on behalf of the honest user.


where, a is the path loss exponent; s is the standard deviation of a zero mean normal random variable which captures the fading effects.

due to the high average [7] Network Security Session, IEEE Infocom 2003.


Resultantly, when two receivers p1 and p2 hear from the same senderpg theirbehaviors correspondingto the sender pg will follow the exact same state transition path.

in 21st ACM SymposiumonOperatingSystems Principles(SOSP 07), pages 189 204, 2007.


With respect to the items of the LIST, as shown in Section 8.1, they can be stored in a distributed form, and the cost is only s LIST items per user.

peerTrust: Supporting reputation-based trust for peer-to-peer electronic communities.


Since enterprisedeployments typically disable console access, itis notpart of the overall architecture.

performance decreases non-uniformly with the frequency of the restarts: an increase in restart interval from 5 to 10 seconds yields barely any performance improvements, while changing the interval from 5 seconds to 1 second introduces a signi.cantperformance loss.


The veri.cation algorithm accepts all signatures issued by unrevoked users and reveals no information about which unrevoked user issued the signature.

compute a challenge value c .Zp using H: c .H(gpk,M,r,T1,T2,R1,R2,R3) .Zp .


Networked systems typically exhibit a large set of dependencies between the layers, spanning from the application all the way down to the physical layer.

the other side of the equation is ensuring the resources of the environment remain known and available to the users.


RELATED WORK Some solutions have been proposed to increase privacy on di.erent online sharing platforms like exclusively on social networks or webmail platforms.

tHE SYSTEM To unlink innocent-looking data stored on the communication platform from the encrypted data secretly exchanged, our system makes use of the following main services: Online Sharing Platform (S P )is any online communication platform for storing and sharing digital content (e.g., Facebook, Flickr, Gmail).


Furthermore, as shown in [3], the di.erent entropies possesses H(X1|X2) = H(X1) = H(X1,X2) (9) The .rst part of (9) states that conditioning reduces entropy.

security Metrics: Replacing Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt.


With the 100 MHz hardware clock of the USRP N210 platform, our platform can detect and jam over-the-air packets within 80ns of signal detection.

the di.erential energy detector is useful when no signal preamble is known before hand, and the user s goal is to detect any kind of RF signals on a speci.c band of interest.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

during the process of practical application, where mobile owners take their .ngerprint using mobile camera, one cannot guarantee that exactly the front view .ngerprint is taken.


Research has found that using all three types of features (i.e., hold times, diagraph times, and .ight times) produces the best results [2].

computer user veri.cation using login string keystroke dynamics.


A third component is responsible for sending back answers to the victim app as Bundles and Intents.

app developers are not obliged to disclose that they have in-app billing enabled in their applications.


If the developer places both in the same container, bar() has permission to access thebuffer buf passed into it.

(a) shows an unprotected code snippet with a possible violation since i is not initialized in bar.


Defeating return-oriented rootkits with return-less kernels.

[6] suggest to maintain a shadow returnaddress stack, which can be used to defend against ROP.


Indeed, Eve learns q elements of column of R at each round and this for every collision she observed.

the values sent by Eve are not taken into account when determining if the protocol succeeds or not.


Each time a task is executed, Kaizen starts a timer set to the CPU contract s worst case execution time.

unlike the CPU, the amount speci.es the amount of data to be transmitted.


If the attacker can now determine the address of one of those pages at runtime, she can read that page and search for gadgets.


While server responses usually contain a message body that is several kilobytes in size, the average number of bytes sent with every client request is on the order of some hundred bytes.

rather than searching for data leakage signatures at run-time, Horizon Extender aims to constrain the collected data to only records that may represent relevant evidence of leaked data.


The decision tree for the mapping has 10 leaves and 15 nodes.

no speci.c issues related to a learning-based approach, like that identi.ed in this paper, were discussed and no experiments were carried out to demonstrate that the approach was feasible.


RELATED WORK ON PUF A majority of PUFs rely on dedicated circuit structures.

it becomes more obvious as the augment of m1 shown in Fig.


Create practice-based protection strategies and risk mitigation plans.

the hyperplane is indeed the risk assessment baseline.


We also thank all members of PreCog research group at IIIT-Delhi for their valuable feedback and suggestions.

online social media brands account for more than 70% clicks amongst the top 10 brands.


In our architecture, we require each VM or guest OS to be able to execute this instruction on its primary core (chosen by the hypervisor) without elevating privileges, i.e., without entering hypervisor mode.

[15] B. Dolan-Gavitt, T. Leek, M. Zhivich, J. Gi.n, and W. Lee.


The proposed password-based GKA protocol is secure against impersonation attacks if the symmetric-key encryption scheme SKE and the message authentication code scheme MACS are secure.


The input driver reports input events to the multiplexer.

only one VM is allowed to draw to the complete screen and receive input from the user at any point in time.


This number is the approximate number of guesses that can be hashed by our test machine in one day.

they did not develop a methodology for analyzing the strength of these passwords.


From FreeBSD, we took recordings of boot, shutdown, running applications (ps, cat, ls, top, and vi), and a one-minute recording of the system sitting idle, for a total of four recordings.

because it is based on dynamic analysis, incomplete training may cause the generated programs to malfunction.


The e.ect of time is captured by the parameter k which is determined by the truster A s dynamic policy regarding the trustee B in context c. The current normalized vector together with this time-a.ected vector are combined according to their relative importance.

the trust degree of auserwithrole r2 is greater than that of a user with role r1.


In case of a counting error (particularly if someone overcounts) an adversary might insert malicious nodes into the group.

for example, [15] suggests using ultrasound as the OOB channel.


Currently, to ensure integrity and thereby establish correspondence, DRM packages and use licenses are signed and a valid signature establishes the integrity of the respective digital objects.

objects embedded by links in the HTML .le (for example images) need separate identi.ers.


In summary, participants understood both warning content and necessity.

around 30% of all participants found that the provided information is insucient.


However, none of these queries overlap with each other because by de.nition of space partitioning algorithms, any two nodes at the same level cover disjoint areas of the data space.

in our work, we consider aggregate range queries, that can be expressed by d-dimensional hyper-rectangles in the attribute domain space A1×...×Ad.


A simple count of even a rather complexproperty of usersis1-sensitive,sincethepresence orabsence of a single user can only change the countby one.

categories andSubject Descriptors D.4.6[SecurityandProtection]:InvasiveSoftware;K.4.1[Public PolicyIssues]: Privacy GeneralTerms Theory  Keywords DifferentialPrivacy,CollaborativeSecurity,Botnets  1.


Synaptic Labs 2012 Annual Reports Video Series, 2012.

pRINCIPLES AND ASSUMPTIONS The heart of the following .rst principles are the notions of policy,  data, and resource.


Systems initialized using personal images [26,37,38] are particularly promising due to the ubiquity of large image collections, in addition due to observed usability benefits where users have had involvement to capture or create the images [28].

in addition, the participants were not logging into a real system and so not authenticating to access anything of value.


Secure and Flexible Monitoring of Virtual Machines.

a VMI system in the cloud, which is able to respond to queries from multiple users or security monitoring systems with simple and standardized results would be bene.cial.


For example, the virtual user V 9represents the cluster U 9,U 6,U 7,U 8, and is granted the permissions P 10,P 9,P 7,P 6and P 8.

it can be noticed that in all the cases the Permission Similarity is always greater than 90%(Figure 3(a)).


they are super.uous and can be deduced from the shape of the event: for every valid judgment Fp c * : f, the probability tag pis 1/2 i. f= Guess.


Of course, if the user knows JavaScript he can delete this part of the code and go about copying the image.

the second security level can not protect against other attacks such as installing a driver that can access the frame buffer or installing a driver in a lower level than the display driver.


The protocol takes as input an existing sharing [v]of a value v unknown to everybody including A, such that all the parties are privileged, i.e., all the parties hold encryptions of all shares.

we present a general MPC protocol in a completely asynchronous communication model with n = 2t + 1.


6 The Domesday Book This is the commonly used name for a census and audit commissioned by William the Conqueror to find out all there was to know about the new neighborhood back in 1066, the local chapter of Welcome Wagon having proven somewhat inadequate.

the Common Criteria allows one the freedom to specify a secure kangaroo if one wishes, provided one uses the proper terminology, and can adequately state the threats, goals, mechanisms, procedures and countermeasures which apply to the kangaroo security domain.


These visualizations demonstrate various attacks and weaknesses of different ciphers such as frequency analysis.

the random shuffle algorithm used in the RC4 S-array initialization was far from random!


2.4 Alert distribution After generating an SCA, a detector broadcasts it to other hosts.

the host will incur little overhead for running the detection engine, whereas a production database server would incur an unacceptable overhead.


In Proceedings of ARES 2009 Conference, 2009.

too many events would need to be monitored, leading to many expensive context switches to and from the Security VM.


As a result, it is very di.cult, or nearly impossible to collect the complete original scenario (µ, V, E, T ).

user can submit suspicious URLs or upload suspicious Flash/PDF .les to it and wepawet will analyze them for malicious scripts.


It is impossible to obtain Ri from Ci without the physical presence of the PUF (i.e., the correct hardware instance).

what if S does not contain RSA (or any other form of encryption) within its normal functionality?


Guaranteeing secrecy using arti.cial noise.

the implementation of DPC incurs signi.cant additional complexity, making it unsuitable for wireless protocols.


for e =1, ..., k, each player j:  (a) Applies the SUM gate (c-Xb '. )


3.2.1 Execution tracing A key feature of existing dynamic malware analysis systems is the ability to trace the execution of processes by monitoring system calls.

[27] who pointed out implementation issues that may still reveal the presence of Ether to the guest OS.


For example, today s Windows-based or Unix-based desktop PCs treat users as principals and protect user accounts from one another.

it communicates with principal instances using ServiceOS system calls and upcalls, which are implemented as asynchronous XMLbased messages sent over named pipes.


R and a permissible relationship graph GPR = (VPR, EPR), where VPR = T and EPR .

we believe a new approach is required: an approach that combines the scalability of RBAC with the granularity of the protection matrix model and permits the speci.cation of authorization rules on a per user-resource basis.


Previous work (e.g., [15, 14, 9]) has extensively studied fraud in telecommunications, and in some cases has explored data mining and machine learning techniques [25, 10, 20].

each account lifetime is calculated as the interval from the account creation to the .nal detection (closure) of the account by Skype.


Contextual information has been largely discussed in the literature and can be used to enforce access control across heterogeneous domains.

the second one is related to the InterMedia Oracle module  [24] and is used for image similarity.


Another intention has been to show, that these extensions themselves are extensible and can be used for multiple functional usages.

when an Assertion is marked with the Holder-of-Assertion Subject Con.rmation method, it indicates that the Attesting Party needs to prove that it is the Subject of the Assertion by presenting a set of Assertions, which satisfy the pattern which is captured in the AssertionPatternType element, within the SubjectConfirmationData.


[24] modify the client s driver and measure the inter-packet arrival time to reliably distinguish between a one-hop and a two-hop wireless channel.

to the best of our knowledge, it is the only available software to automate this task.


The most important difference is perhaps that the latter does not have a fixed infrastructure, and today's network- based IDSs, which rely on real-time traffic analysis, can no longer function well in the new environment.

even the best research systems failed to detect a large number of new attacks, including those that led to unauthorized user or root access.