The general idea behind the MAC algorithm is to perform arcconsistency on all constraints until a .xed-point is reached, randomly reduce the domain of one (or more) of the variables, and repeat this process until a solution is reached.

we add a constraint specifying that the timestamp of the .rst instruction is smaller than that of the second instruction.


[16] J.Hu, R.Marculescu, Energy-Aware Mapping for Tile-based NOC Architectures Under Performance Constraints , ASP-DAC 2003, Jan 2003.

the minimum bandwidth for di.erent routing functions (DO -Dimension Ordered, MP -Minimum-path, SM -Splittra.c across Minimum-paths, SA -Split-tra.c across All  600   BW (MB/s) 600 200 200 Disp (a) E.ect of Routing (b) Area-Power Exploration Figure 9: Design Space Exploration of a Topology Figure 11: SystemC Snapshot paths) is shown in Figure 9(a).


[19] S. C. Woo, et al., "The SPLASH-2 programs: characterization and methodological considerations," in ISCA, S. Margherita Ligure, Italy, 1995, pp.

since the home tile assignment policy used by the authors is not clearly indicated, we implement VH optimistically assuming perfect home tile placement, where the tile that makes the most accesses to a memory region is assigned to be the home tile for that specific region of the addresses.


1a, during the originaltask execution three SEUs (2 SEUs in the same clock cycle and 1single SEU) cause a faulty run, hence necessitating a recoveryexecution (recovery execution 1).

this aspect will be clarified in Section 3.


Most of the previous works are based on simulated annealing [8] and .oorplan representations.

a cluster may contain not only device modules but also other clusters which contain other device modules or device groups.


The column depends lists the depending memory (by input din), the MSB of the data is replaced by signals (if there are any) and the last column gives the overall the parity calculated from the data bits 0 to 14.

the circuit either adds or multiplies the inputs a and b, depending on the control input sel.


For TuneFPGA, a test input could run through the CLB in successively faster clock cycles until there is a delay error.

this tunable CLB is able to respond to actual chip variations instead of estimated values.


[8] Y. Li, T. Callahan, E. Dernell, R. Harr, U. Kurkure, and J. Stockwood, Hardware-Software Co-Design of Embedded Recon.gurable Architectures, in Proc.

programming these new platform is a very tedious, error prone, and time consuming process.


Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol.

[6] presented a simulated annealing (SA)-based HLS framework, where clock selection was included as part of the synthesis flow.


INTRODUCTION The supply voltage of CMOS circuits has been decreasing with technology scaling so as to manage active power consumption.

for each circuit with its mixed allocation obtained in the third column, we simulate it with SPICE at nine different process corners (combination of best, nominal, worst D2D corner of low-and high respectively) at each of three different temperatures (25, 75, and 125 ) totaling 27 simulations, and list its maximum and minimum leakage at the .fth column.


Since MOSFETs can have a threshold voltage as low as 0.2V, this further reduces the minimum voltage the circuit needs to output to wake-up the node.

after being triggered, the microcontroller checks the level of charge of the supercapacitors and turns on the supply voltages for the rest of the node.


This e.ect is quite strong for single logic gates, causing a spread of 10X in some cases.

a better approach, which we employ, is to .rst characterize every cell for all its input states; then, based on this pre-characterized data, and for the given frequency of use distribution for cells, .nd the signal probability setting which maximizes the mean leakage, e.ectively .nding the maximum of a plot such as Fig.


Power Analysis To estimate the power consumption of the router mentioned previously, the following steps were performed: 1) synthesis by Synopsys Design Compiler, 2) place and route with buffer insertions at CTS using Synopsys Astro, 3) post place-and-route simulation by Cadence Verilog-XL to obtain switching activity information of the router, 4) power analysis based on the switching activity using Synopsys Power Compiler.

we selected .ve matrix computation programs from NPB: Block Tridiagonal solver (BT), Scalar Pentadiagonal solver (SP), Conjugate Gradient (CG), Multi-Grid solver (MG), and large Integer Sort (IS).


It has a permanent effect and it can only be corrected at the next load of the configuration bitstream.

fault-tolerance is not anymore a matter exclusively for space designers but also for designers in next generation products, which must cope with errors in the ground level due to the advanced technology.


FC controllers utilize global state feedback to make control decisions, i.e., each VFI uses state information from across the chip to set its V/F value in every control interval.

(b) Rate at which the ME block reads from its input queue, normalized with respect to its average read rate.


Such predetermined scheduling avoids extra-handshake overheads in common cases of load hits and stall-free execution.

their access times are still fast, creating a slack between the fast structures and the longer clock cycle.


Each new iteration at time trequires a new set of variables Vbtand Vat.In this way, the number of variables needed grows with the number of iterations of the .xed point procedure.

columns 2 to 5 in this table list the statistics of the circuits, namely the number of primary inputs, primary outputs, registers and size, in literals.


high-level estimation techniques based on gate-counts (similar to the ones used in [14]) are used to estimate the total active device width associated with each power-state.


The subscriber s selection criteria are evaluated against the incoming messages by the broker on behalf of the subscribers.

one of the major advantages of the pub-sub style is that the various clients are loosely coupled.


INTRODUCTION * Partially supported by National Science Centre, Polnad, within Programme HARMONIA 4.

we assume that the values {Hi(s)}s.{0,1}* ,1=i=l are independent and uniformly distributed over {1, .


As mentioned before, we are currently building a 64-node prototype that will implement all the features described in thispaper.

this new approach needs two problems to be addressed in order to be e.cient.


An emerging memory technology, Phase Change Memory (PCM), promises much higher density than DRAM and can increase the main memory capacity substantially.

the .rst level of main memory is an SRAM, followed by the traditional DRAM memory.


REFERENCES [1] IEEE Standard for Information technology, IEEE Std 802.3-2008, Section One , December 28th, 2008, Available at http://cisco.tu-sofia.bg/uploads/Additional/802.3.pdf.

furthermore, SoCs have nowadays greatly advanced [3], [4] and started incorporating microprocessors as well as small FPGAs.


If it is not for the write data (step 3), then it can participate in the memory access scheduling (round rectangle in the figure).


The third approach places most points out of O, but tends to make the two classes too separable and overestimates P. All the approaches have been experimentally evaluated and mixtures have been considered as well.

the task is to approximate the performance function based on the knowledge of the training set, so that a point in the input space not part of the training set could be correctly classi.ed.


The transmitter and the receiver were .xed at a constant separation distance of 5 m. The transmit power was varied such that the received SNR were recorded within the limits: [0-5) dB, [5-10) dB, [10-20) dB, [20-30) dB.

the ranging process was performed with the receiver con.gured to record for 0.03 s -just long enough to capture the ranging signal along with its multipaths.


This paper contains a novel hardware representation for com- puting dynamic graph algorithms.

an edge e E E from vertex v~ ~ vj will connect the distributor subnet em- anating from vi to the collector subnet feeding into vj.


nFPGAs are based on CMOS nanohybrid techniques using nanomaterials like single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and nano crossbars.

crossbar architecture builds in redundancy and thus it is possible to route around any parts of the circuit that don t work.


CPU of.oaded checkpointing) for Time Warp simulations of a large state PCS model on a distributed memory system based on Myrinet.

this is because DMA based data transfer works only with physical memory addresses.


In the following sections, we provide the details on the steps.

the authors in [9] proposed an interconnect minimization techniques during variable binding, after the completion of operation binding, to multi-port memories.


buffer Contents: Unprocessed Work Data Shifting Direction:  Period w[n] w[n-1] w[n-2]Wt r 0 63 16  1  109 16 2  142 32 3  120 64 4  58 48 5  11 11 Figure3:QRSAlgorithmSampleCalulations aslightlymodifedversionoftheaveragingtehnique.The modifationwasneessarybeausetheaveragingtehnique of[1]produesnonintegerratevalues(nonnormalized), whihareimpratialiniterativeomputations.Therefore wemodifytheratealulationof[1]byseletingonlythe integerpartoftherate.thisleadstobuferoverfows,andanadditionalomparisonstepisneessarytopreventbuferoverfows.Theequationsusedforthemodifed averagingtehniquearegiveninEquations8,9,and10.


In addition the distribution of pre-shared secrets between all mobile phones is not practical.

using this information, phones get to know the immediate social networks of their users.


We are building and testing a variant of the PBD tuned for approximately 1600 to 3600 Hz.

if a human operator observes a display, the bearing estimates will be relatively random in azimuth until a source comes into range, at which point the DOA estimator will be captured, such that it focuses on that source.


Early work in molecular switching su.ered from .lament formation due to the small gap separating the nano-wires.

dehon overcame this problem by using SiNW based FETs to restore the signals, and proposed a PLA structure.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.8.1 [Performance and Reliability ]: Metrics Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance  General Terms Reliability  Keywords Crossbar array, reliable mapping, nano-PLA 1.

if using the local mapping algorithm the output can be mapped into the candidate CM2, the output is removed from the unmapped list.


This strategy considerably simpli.es the design .ow of low-voltage :6converters and makes it more systematic.

the ADC resolution can be calculated with the following relationship.


C1, C2, and C3 are any arbitrary constants as log(1-Prob(SV )) long as C3 < 0, C2 <C3 ××(|AV |+1), log(1-Prob(LEH)) C2×log(1-Prob(LEH))-log(1-Prob(SV )) and C1 < ×(|AV |+1).

as shall be seen later in this section, the problem addressed in [9] cannot exactly target on maximizing via yield.


While this already motivates the consideration of reversible synthesis methods for the design of low-power encoders, no existing approach does explicitly address the Hamming weight -objective so far.

the outputs of line 1 and line 6 are swapped as shown in the sixth column of Table III (Step 2b and 2c).


In this section, we limit our discussion to prior work at the circuit level.The .rst wave of research efforts in approximate circuit design focused on speci.c manual designs for simple arithmetic components such as adders [8], [12] [14] and multipliers [15].

the maximum error magnitude, given in Equation 1, is de.ned as the absolute difference in magnitude between the outputs of the original and approximate circuits.


In order to reduce the leakage current, a high Fermi level EF is required, which might reduce the oxide thickness and lead to oxide tunneling and fabrication challenges.

in addition to the performance comparison, the I-V simulation of the proposed graphene inverters is carried out.


These transitions can be explicit or implicit, depending on the type of event that occurs.

* This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grants CNS 07-20593, CNS 08-34738 and CCF 08-11268; and gifts from IBM, Intel, Sun, and the Internet Services Research Center (ISRC) of Microsoft Research.


Due to the large n -k for long BCH codes, this approach is hardware demanding.

larger v may lead to higher complexity as J increases.


Let .P denote the rate at which messages arrive at the proxy P. Recall that our design makes source nodes generate tra.c with exponentially distributed inter-arrival times with a rate rsource that is identical across all the source nodes.

inthe simulation,625 sensor nodes aredeployedin a1000m×1000m area.


The outputs are processed with increasing structural depth.

stuck-at fault f is potentially detected if an observable output o exists where the fault effect can be deterministically measured for at least one logic value assignment to the Xsources: PDf (p) := ¬DDf (p) .


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The quickest and easiest way to secure a TCP-based network application is with SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) [13].

general Terms Algorithms, Performance, Design, Experimentation, Security, Verification.


As discussed in Section 2, the low cutoff frequency fL is determined by R and C2, while C1/C2 is constant.

si FinFET Neural Amplifier HTFET Neural Amplifier Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz] HTFET Neural Amplifier 10-7 divider network (Rb) at Vcommon=Vout.


RE F E R E N C E S [1] JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, http://www.jedec.org/.

the method achieves a resolution of 21.88 ps in 0.18µ technology.


From these two strategies, it was possible to activate the dynamic memory SRAM (static random-access memory), placing the parts that were not being used in a stand-by mode without degrading the performance.

for this work, the calculation model used for cycles and total energy was based on the proposed method by Silva-Filho et al.


The mapper is not constrained to use any one network, but can pick and choose the best parts of each.

for 8-input cuts, pruning was required for some benchmarks.


The third region, the exception storage, is the place where all the exceptions of the LCP are stored in their uncompressed form.

when main memory is compressed, different cache lines within a page can be compressed to different sizes.


4, the signal Ci is given by Ci = AiBi and shared between two cells.

not all the bits in the 7 vectors need to be added, because the MSBs of some vectors are less signi.cant than the least signi.cant bits of the k MSBs.


discussions around on-chip interconnect solutions.

complex SoC designs can include several levels of memory hierarchy and information regarding the handling of different transactions by each of the cache levels is needed to ensure correct operation of the overall system.


Thus the domain of lattice values are T i = (0, 1, ··· , |M0|), for a marked graph, G =(V, E, M0).

this algorithm has lineartime complexity in the program size and experimental results indicate that anyloss of accuracydue to this technique is negligible (< ±1%); the bene.t is a reduction in total design cycle time from several hours to a matter of seconds.


If we use the broad-side approach, we may need to specify a large number of state inputs in time frame 1 to set siito a 1 in time frame 2 (see Figure 3 (a)).

the scan enable signal that drives the rest of scan .ip-.ops need not switch at-speed.


It uses [11] as its floorplanner which does not directly consider area needed for wires.

not all of them di- rectly consider the contribution of the wires to the floorplan area.


We compare the results of our pin assignment algorithms amongst each other with a special emphasis on the results of the pin assignment algorithm of Section 4.4.This is reasonable because the algorithm of Section 4.4 finds the optimal pin assignment with respect to a linear objective.

figure 1 (a) shows a pin assignment task for a graphics processor unit (GPU) placed on an AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) board.


Figure 1 shows the changes in the number of instructions completed per cycle (IPC) as capacity and block size are varied.

the latency of that reference is computed as the time elapsed until the block is brought in from memory to satisfy the primary miss to that block, as suggested in [3].


(si =1/0 indicates a REF-MUX is/is not added to vi.)

in the future, we will develop DFT techniques that cover the DAC output buffer variations.


The flexibility of programs running on a processor is in general preferred over the fixed hardware implementation in a dedicated IP block.

the introduction of a systematic quantification and exploration of computer architectures has led to the design of RISC and VLIW processors.


These are obtained by varying flit width (either 8 or 16 bits), and input buffers depth (4, 8 and 16 flits).

equation (2) computes the dynamic energy consumed by a single bit traversing the NoC, from tile ti to tile tj, where .


The mixed-level nature of the MMU design (gates and transistors) adds another dimension of dif.culty for a symbolic simulation.

during the course of constructing OBDD for the gate search for the MUX partitioning points.


R-NUCA utilizes Rotational Interleaving, a novel lookup mechanism that matches the fast speed of addressinterleaved lookup, without pinning blocks to a single location in the cache [10,43].

migration may reduce performance, as it increases contention in the on-chip network.


Furthermore, cells with higher pull down transistors operating under higher supply voltages are more resilient to the BTI induced degradation in the FinFETs.

this paper provides a comprehensive BTI impact analysis, in terms of time-dependent degradation, of FinFET based SRAM cell.


TheMergeablecache .rstsplitstheaddressintotwoparts -the vTag and thePPID whichisthen expanded toprocess .ags.

not only does the Mergeable cache decrease the number of DRAM accesses due to L2 misses, when a merged line is evicted from the L2 cache, that data is transmitted to DRAM in a single transaction.


Applied to routability-driven global placements, Abacus improves the routed wirelength by 1% compared to Tetris.

during the clustering, the iterative calculation of ec(c), wc(c), and qc(c) is done in the functions AddCell (line 24-26) and AddCluster (line 29-31).


The Boolean expression built from the extra signals should be enclosed in double quotes.

it is shown that the transaction coverage is even lower than that in Case 1 as the other three coverage metrics reach 100%.


Other than the large .oating gate itself, each fuse consists of logic similar to the synthesized logic elsewhere on the device.

pUFs have also been shown to be susceptible to semi-and fully-invasive attacks [9, 15].


In this paper, we explain how a generic HTM could be minimally modi.ed so that it can also support reliability in addition to HTM s intended purpose of supporting optimistic concurrency.

the backup reliTX is obliged to copy the register .le and TLBs from the original thread to be able to produce the same results.


This part positions the arrays on the disk system in such a fashion that the number of inter-array con.icts is minimized as much as possible.

in this example, we set the value of the T parameter to 1, and we use a single .le per disk-resident array (1-to-1 mapping).


Theworkpresentedhereconsiders only moduleswith registered inputs and outputs, as is the case in pipelined designs.

the accuracy of XPower staysthe same as expected sincethe staticpoweris excluded from the analysis.


Tools like Ubertooth[5,6,7] canbeusedtodeterminetheMAC address of undiscoverabledevices, which canin turnbefedinto FTS4BT[2], a commercialproductthatis ableto synchronize with victimBluetoothdevices,follow theBluetoothfrequency hopping sequence, and thereby sni.

a set of character sequences based on a cursor clicking topology can be derived.


Instead of Gigabit Ethernet ports to take advantage of the rated 500 Mbps throughput, it seems the manufacturer built in a bottleneck for network performance.

a snapshot of the collected noise (decibel microvolts) traces using PLC.


boundaries (see the solid lines in * This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CCF-1017516.

our approach is based on branch-andbound searching.


The high power-density coupled with the low thermal conductivity of the Inter-Layer-Dielectrics (ILD) significantly exacerbates the thermal problem in 3-D ICs [5] [6].

to save on tester-cost, a prudent approach will be to calibrate and ensure a more accurate reading for the sensor typically reporting the peak temperatures.


[4] and [5] propose a chaotic spread spectrum pattern time delay shift coding and a code shift keying spread spectrum method.

but only the second sub-band is polluted by interference, and the sub-band detection system requires that every sub-band detect signals.


By applying a 500mV FBB to the super high VT device, the ION is improved by 17%, offering a 3% higher drive current compared to the nominal VT device.

when a subarray is not accessed on the other hand, the SUBSL signal stays low and a ZBB is applied to the super high VT devices via M3.


This algorithm is similar to our proposed method in that it uses a learned classifier based on frequency characteristics of a recording.

the high frequency spectrum is thus a reliable way of determining the true bit rate based quality of an MP3 song across a range of different songs, artists, and genres.


As shown in Figure 14, when m is doubled, throughputs increase by roughly a factor of 1.2 for non-pipelined designs and by roughly a factor of 2 for pipelined designs.

each GF(2m) multiplier takes in an m-bit block bji multiplies it with an arbitrary m-bit coefficient cj and produces a (2m - 1)-bit extended form polynomial.


To study this, we analyze the behavior of a hypothetical processor that employs both the methods independently.

an Empirical Analysis of Instruction Repetition.


When used in combination withgenerics, a call to a glocal method is localizing only when all of the generic and method parameters are localizing.

the scoping and visibility for typedefs follows that for class de.nitions.


Output unpredictability, dif.culty of simulation, and matching ability are among our most crucial goals.

the red dashed line depicts the ideal case, where P (Oi =1) =0.5.


2.2 Transition Path Delay Fault Model The problem mentioned above is resolved if a path delay fault is detected by detecting all the transition faults along the path.

the fault effects of the transition fault, which propagate along different paths with opposite inversion polarities, may counteract each other when the paths reconverge.


After automated routing of a block, it typically takes a few weeks to manually complete the routing of incomplete nets because of the increased design complexity.


This work is supported by an Intel Research Council grant, an NSERC Discovery Grant, an equipment donation from the Intel Corporation, and a Canada Foundation for Innovations New Opportunities equipment grant.

the original DSC design cannot be used directly for our purposes for two reasons.


The problem setup in this case will be similar to that of Section 3 but the constraints are more complex.


[2] M.K.Qureshi,J.Karidis,M.Franceschini, V. Srinivasan, L. Lastras, and B. Abali, Enhancing lifetime and security of PCM-based main memory with start-gap wear leveling, in Proceedings of MICRO 09, 2009, pp.


Likely, the word1 is 16-bit narrow-width value and the number of 0 s in the fault bits is 1 , fitting well into the dedicated cache word subblock.

according to our simulation results, the ratio of narrow-width values is significantly high (over 75% ofaccessed data in the L2 cache, on average), encouraging the exploitation of the narrow-width value feature in LLCs.


Typically, using more parameters in the model increases accuracy in approximating the original signal.

we used a modified version of least squares fitting to obtain the constants a1 -a9, b1 -b8,and c1 -c9 that minimize the relative error between (20) and the measured values.


The main advantage of the proposed circuit is that, using autozero offset cancellation, very small input offset voltage can be achieved, even for all the MOS devices be implemented in its minimum size defined by the technology.

a HighSpeed Lowpower CMOS Comparator using Auto Zero Offset Cancellation technique Sandro A. P. Haddad University of Brasília Faculty of Gama (UnBFGA) PO Box 8114, CEP: 71405610 Gama, DF, Brazil sandrohaddad@unb.br ABSTRACT A highspeed, smallarea and accurate CMOS comparator for lowpower applications is presented.


prof. Maria Marinova, PhD, Department of Computer Systems and Technologies, Technical University of Sofia, branch Plovdiv, e-mail: m_marinova@tuplovdiv.bg prof. V. Lazarov, European Polytechnic University, e-mail: vladimir.lazarov@epu.bg

if an execution pattern involves many more instruction fetches than data fetches, then the cache will tend to fill up with instructions, and if an execution pattern involves relatively more data fetches, the opposite will occur.


Since it is not feasible to do an Iddq measurement for every possible memory content, only those cases are considered where the coupled cells are adjacent.

proceedings of the Design,Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 03) 1530-1591/03 $17.00 &#169; 2003 IEEE


It is the best way to determine the full coverage of the properties.

it also specifies under which assumptions, this condition should be held.


The following three interesting observations can be made from Table 2: The results show that for tight deadlines, the proposed standby-sparing system consumes in average 32% more energy than the time-redundancy system.

in Section 3, we have developed analytical energy models for the proposed standbysparing system.


Our results with the MCNC91 benchmark suite show that the incorporation of Crossbar Cells into standard MOSFET cells provides a significant reduction in circuit area (4X) and power (3X) at the same lithographical level, with comparable speed, if the circuits are optimized for area.

(6) int fet on Then we can rewrite (6) as r , t =t (1+ 2P nwp n) ; (7) LH max int, p io , R on p the delay of a crossbar logic circuit is O(n).


4 Summary and Future Directions This work presents our preliminary studies for minimizing the transmission and energy overhead of utilizing Miracast service on smartphones.

the number of frames required to satisfy the dynamicness of a dance-genre music video can be very different from that of a video-based lecture, in which the instructor (mostly) stands still in the center of a blackboard.


Following iterative improvement at each cluster level, all overlap among movable macros larger than approximately 25 times the average cluster area is removed, and these large macros are subsequently held .xed during iterative re.nement at .ner levels.

its objective is the reduction of scaled half-perimeter wirelength over both macros and cells.


Furthermore, the length-matching constraints can be satisfied by using the detouring technique.

as a result, the final detoured paths of the first and sixth nets for length-matching path generation can be illustrated in Figure 7(c).


For each wi, the tag generates d values Ri 1,Ri 2,...,Rdi by iterating the LFSR.

we use these three communication primitives: SEND DATA: Sent by the reader to the tag.


The freedom from such constraints can potentially lead to lower TLB energy costs.


IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 25(1):48 53, January 2005.


The second problem is that the goal of the genetic algorithm was to obtain the best possible performance; that is, to make the system schedulable minimising the system utilisation at the same time.

in B. Ribeiro, R. F. Albrecht, A. Dobnikar, D. W. Pearson, and N. C. Steele, editors, Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms, pages 462 465.


when non-linearity comes in (due to large deformation), the resonant frequency is found to increase for the .xed-.xed beam cases with gaps 2.0µm and 4.0µm.In these cases, the spring-hardening effect due to mechanical forces is larger than the spring-softening effect of the electrical forces.


Two types of SF exist: SFo= {{<<a{I/1 I/e}, with FP #1, and SF ={{< 1 I a{I/e}, with FP #2.

it is highly unexpected for a parasitic capacitance to have yet a higher value.


Various mode change andresource arbitration protocols, and corresponding timing analysissolutions were proposed for either multi-mode or multi-core realtime applications.

the WCRT of a task ti is given by the largest response time Ri of any of the q activations (q=1..Qi, Qi =min{q=1|wi(q)<d-(q +1)}) that i lie within the MTBW wi(q), i.e.


2.6 MTCMOS for Skewed Buses It has been shown that power gating using MTCMOS is apowerful technique for minimizing the standby leakage powerconsumption [7].

the number of repeaters were reduced asdescribed in Section 2.3.


ifwelettbegreaterthanto lI92Ml,all  .... L: L=R-1, Max.


2.2 FPGA Architecture Using the three types of logic blocks, we design our dual-Vdd FPGA architecture.

after we get all the data points, we prune the inferior data points (i.e., those with larger power consumption and lower clock frequency).


If the throughput of the current move is lower than the original throughput, a gradient function is used to calculate its priority i.e.

modern PEs support a wide range of voltages and frequencies, which are often exploited to meet performance requirements and to perform voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to minimize energy consumption [5].


Unfortunately, in many cases, bus protocol in a design specification is described at signal level.

first, the model should be flexible enough to consider various topology configurations.


In 2004, it seems that a new language, SystemVerilog3.1 is emerging as a language with potential appropriate support for TLM modelling.

the interface refinement possibilities allow the re-use of test benches on different levels of detail.


For instance, [16] presents a Figure 5: IGF area estimation  Figure 7: IGF throughput (image size: 1024x768) 20-iterations convolution with a 3x3 kernel working on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro at 13.5fps with 1024x768 images, and at less than 5fps with Full-HD images, while our architecture achieves, on the same FPGA, up to 35fps on Full-HD images.

when performing two subsequent iterations, the intermediate results produced by the .rst one have to be stored (typically in an on-chip memory for performance reasons), since they will be the input to the second iteration.


To implement this CAM in an ordinary RAM we would require 2^32 (= 4,294,967,296) 5-bit words of RAM.

for example, in most cases, the RAM and/or CAM ESB has been treated as if it was an asynchronous device.


The larger the number of nodes deployed, the greater the likelihood that one or more nodes is faulty and this is especially true for prototype systems.

.eld research of natural populations will bene.t from the use of embedded sensor arrays that are constantly alert, and that are able to detect acoustic events, localize the sound s source, and identify the individual or species producing the sound.


cONCLUSION In this paper, we conduct an exploratoryexperiment on context restoration in multi-taskingdialogue.


The time column shows an estimate of the time spent in the kernel by the whole program.

xFI: Software guards for system address spaces.


The port numbers of register .les are limited because the implementation cost of a register .le is very sensitive to its port number.

without additional constraints given, Problem 1 is vague and hard for optimization.


In contrast, in speculative adders [2 6], each output depends only on the previous k bits rather than all previous bits, where k is slightly larger than O(log n).

in the asynchronous domain, [13] .rst proposed a variable latency adder.


In our study, we investigate the feasibility and issues of applying a real PCM to main memory.

pCM Operations and Previous Works 2.1 PCM Operations The PCM stores information by modifying the phase of phasechange material between amorphous (with high resistance) and crystalline (with low resistance) states.


Now, the store cannot detect the hazards until it commits.

if the counter is larger than zero, the load is predicted as being dependent on the stores in .ight, and the load must search the store queue.


finally, non-volatile memory is generally quite costly to (securely) integrate in the IC manufacturing process.


We observe that triple-Vth reduces leakage with respect to dual-Vth (without biasing) by ~ 8% on average.

the primary reason for leakage variability reduction due to gate-length biasing is that due to the short channel e.ect, variations in gate-length translate to smaller leakage variations when the gate-length is larger.


This essentially gives the VFC in.nite resolution, limited only by noise.

figure 8 shows the e.ect of the os cillator on the ampli.er before any .ltering.


Simulation requires writing of a separate HDL code, known as testbench, which simulates the behavior of the hardware environment, that the FPGA design will be eventually interfaced to.

such boards can be sold by the chip vendor (here Xilinx) or by a third party (e.g.


Elements of GF(2m) can thus be represented as mbit binary words.

[20] T. Zhang and K. K. Parhi, Systematic Design of Original and Modified Mastrovito Multipliers for General Irreducible Polynomials, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.


Figure 2 shows the SER of zero forcing equalization based on the perfect channel knowledge and with imperfect channel estimation.

we formulate the analysis in terms of estimating the full h until explicit equalization is performed.


In the proposed architecture, as shown in Figure 5, instead of using a large single PMOS, minimum required current is generated through superposition of two curves.


The results show that we can obtain solutions that require between 20% to 50% less hardware when compared against the solutions using the MSD representation.

for instance with large number of coe.cients the relative hardware overhead is reduce due to the natural increase on the average number of adders need to implement the MCM.


When applying all stochastic algorithms concurrently, the yield loss is reduced to 5pp10K (a 10X reduction) with the mean delay reduced by 6.2% and the standard deviation reduced by 7.5%.

is the tradeoff parameter between timing and connection, with a value of 0.75 adopted in T-VPack.


This fetch operation can be quickly resolved to be one to an Inconsequent memory segment.

in our paper we propose some enhancements to the microarchitecture and memory subsystem.


For input transients with duration smaller then 2.5 times tp, the output voltage does change less than VDD /2, i.e., the transient pulse is not propagated to the (n+1)th stage.

if the current induced by the particle strike is high enough the on-transistor can not balance the current and a voltage change at the node will occur.


The number of 3-stage SR-equivalent LF2SR-type circuits is 2k(k-1)/2 1 = 7, and hence the guessing probability is one seventh.

a similar scheme using insecure and secure modes is the lock & key security technique proposed in [8], [9].


But, as they are based on local decisions, they are deadlocks prone.

in comparison to the EDS design, the TRC design significantly reduces the design complexity overhead and provides a larger error-detection window.


In addition, these nonvolatile memories are resilient to single event upsets.

more importantly, the resistance will greatly determine the read latency, size of the access device (the transistor shown in Fig.


But, what is important to note here is that, while a small degradation in the fair speedup metric (e.g., below 1) is tolerable (although not preferred as we would like to maximize the fair speedup metric), we cannot tolerate any degradation above a certain threshold (QoSTh).

2.1 Metrics of Interest In this paper, we use three metrics (similar to those used in [6] and [26]): (1) A weighted speedup metric (WS) that quanti.es the improvement in overall system throughput (across di.erent applications of the multiprogrammed workload); (2)Afair speedup metric (FS) that balancesbothperformance and fairness; and (3) A QoS metric that measures theper applicationperformance degradationwithrespect to the baseline (equal resource share) case.


Layering of the CMULT VC Layer 0.2 expresses the interface characteristics of the different I/O interfaces using request/acknowledge signalling.

documenting the basic communication principles of each VC through use of the Functional Interface is mandatory.


In the algorithm of [2], the number of shifts is allowed to be at most bw + 1, where bw is the maximum bit-width of the constants to be implemented.

iNTRODUCTION Multiplication of a variable by a set of constants, generally known as Multiple Constant Multiplications (MCM), is essential in many Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications such as, digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR) .lters (illustrated in Figure 1), Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT), and Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCT).


Overall speaking, Stage 1 focuses on the overall optimization of the total delay and via count of all nets, it can get relative good result for all nets for delay and via count, but may ignore the bad delays of some long nets.

available: http://archive.sigda.org/ispd2008/contests/ispd08rc.html [8] M. Cho, K. Lu, K. Yuan, and D. Z. Pan, BoxRouter 2.0: Architecture and implementation of a hybrid and robust global router, Proceedings of International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp.


If there is no back-channel, then the new transcoder would send data at the same .xed rate as the original transcoder.

as showninFigure 7, TS1 sends the Session Start message 1 to the Content Server as before, and a transcoded stream 4 is generated.


This extended tag/directory structure is exclusive with respect to the main tag/directory.

nCID enables data to be non-inclusive or semi-exclusive or exclusive while maintaining tag inclusion to still keep the snoop filtering capability.


To keep the gain high by using larger value resistors, the current .ow needs to be reduced.

4 shows the measured output power versus input power and the measured input-referred 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) is -17.8 dBm, while the output-referred 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) is -5 dBm.


ReVive is only feasible in coarse granularity due to its large checkpoint size.

sIGARCH Compututer Architecture News, 23:24 36, May 1995.


CNEMS are compatible with CMOS in their functionality, structure and fabrication.

it has demonstrated a life time up to million cycles (hot switch) and low operating voltage.


= × 100%: Difference ratio between LBnoc and LBdtb LBdtb Table 1.

crosstalk-and SEU-Aware Networks on Chips.


The remaining conditions ensure that latency constraints are satis.ed.

in Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pages 58 67, December 1996.


The real-time application is modeled using a directed acyclic graph (DAG).


Performance Results Performance issues, such as speed and memory usage, did not pose to be problems, and so, we were free to focus on generating interesting simulation inputs.

one method uses random sequences, which are not guaranteed to comply with the protocol, and consequently, it is dif.cult to gauge correctness of the design because its inputs may be incorrect.


Notice that, in all three cases, the raised hy (i) (i) perplane Dhas a constant term .= P,and .= 0, for i 0 j 1 = j = n. Recall also that the peak corner is at the origin Cp =(0,0,··· ,0), thus for each of these cases: Di (Cp)= .0 (i) = P (27) Therefore, the raised hyperplane Di satis.es the third criterion of section 3.4.1 for all the three cases.

the true reason for this is the exponential complexity of traditional corner analysis.


Previous approaches to coping with nondeterminism in multithreaded programs have focused on replay, a technique useful only for debugging.

we con.gured these parameters on a per-application basis, with quantum sizes varying from 10,000 to 200,000 instructions, and sharing table entries from 64B to 4KB.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

several studies [5, 7, 8, 21, 25] suggest less efficient detections to trade-off against not requiring additional loads.


The major limitation of this technique is its lack of precision (best case alignment +/- 2 µm) which restricts the inter-chip communication to global metal lines.

it can be observed that the thermal problem can be a serious issue.


GSTE EXAMPLES Our early success with GSTE has prompted us to deploy the technology into production use prior to its complete development.

the logic is rather complex as it is highly optimized for performance and as a result, a proof was well beyond the scope of previous approaches and tools.


2013TJ-2417 and UC Academic Senate Committee on Research (COR) Award.

the heat source and the convection boundary is set up in the same way as before: 10-4 W at the front face and 1000W/(m2 K) at the back face.


The sampled gate voltage of M4 decides the current discharging rate.

this mandates the one cycle latency for the droop detector system.


[12] S. Hu and J. Hu, Uni.ed adaptivity optimization of clock and logic signals, in Proc.

experimental results in Section IV show that such an approximation still maintains a desirable accuracy while simplifying the complexity of the problem.


In order to extract the lifetime information for global variables, we initially add up individual liveness intervals intervals (i.e., total cycles of read-to-read and write-to-read periods) for each global memory address that is accessed during the program execution.

soft errors can potentially lead to system failure only if element s stored value is live at the time of fault strike.


p minn (soj + sij Xi), exact PSTA j=1i=1 (8) where nis the number of hyperplanes that de.ne the piecewise planar surfaces of the max and min operations, and -1 = Xi = 1 for all i. III.

timing graphs for (a) Inverter, and (b) 3-input OR gate the novelty of this paper is in its proposed application, where we extend the use of such distance metrics to the timing veri.cation of large logic circuits, which, to our knowledge, was never done before.


We usetheabovefactto drastically reducethe numberofmodes that are mixed for an object.

geometric Acoustics: GA approaches are derived using asymptotic approximations of the Wave Equation in the in.nite frequency limit.


European journal of Operational Research, 2000.

the statement is to acheive minimum power for a speci.ed timing target.


6(a) and the adder* module used in this design in given in Fig.

iEEE Computer society Annual Symposium on VLSI, 2004, pp.89-98, Feb. 2004.


This is done because for failing properties the .nal runtime heavily depends on the depth of the bug in the behavior of the design.

we can de.ne error of prediction for pi as di = |mi -vi|.


[67] E. Wenzel, M. Arruda, D. Kistler, and F. Wightman, Localization using non-individualized head-related transfer functions, J. Acoustical Soc.

the analytical functions indicate approximations in Medwin s assumptions for second-and higher-order diffraction.


The most important in this case is the security.

maybe with the improvement of the loopfeedback and the current generator, i.e.


Proposed Statistical Cell Delay Model As stated earlier, it is essential to account for the variations of physical parameters in the logic cell model.

the statistical gate delay analysis is restricted to noiseless ramp input.


In FPGA device families such as Xilinx Virtex [26][27] and Altera FLEX [2], a 4-LUT with 16 memory cells is used to implement a sum output bit of a 1-bit addition; in ATMEL AT40K devices [4], Altera Stratix family [3] or Low-Power FPGA from Berkeley University [9], 16 con.guration bits in total are used to implement a 1-bit addition, i.e.

the commercial FPGAs are characterized in the following way: Xilinx Virtex: Npins=28, Altera Stratix: Npins=53, Atmel AT40K: Npins=6.


The design flow with the Marcela approach begins with a logic synthesis and technology mapping step having as primitives the logic functions encountered in the matrix.

with the use of regular structures we can manage better these problems.


The small delay fault coverage (SDFC), obtained by our technique, is shown in column 6 using LP-and IPpatterns only.

an endpoint with a cell constraint can be loaded with a valid bit to activate and propagate a fault site.


WORST CASE NOISE Usually, embedding a simulation into the optimization procedure is impractical.

experimental results show that by optimally scheduling the wake-up order under time constraints, our technique can reduce noise up to 50% compared to waking gated blocks simultaneously.


PTSV,route (Figure 11) : This parameter affects the three metrics in the same way as PTSV,place.

in these cases, we have to increase silicon area to insert TSVs.


the calculation of the current-density-correct cross-section area of all excessively stressed and hence critical wires and via (arrays) is performed using only one worst case current value derived from the supplied current-density data (Section 3.2).


Now the advantage of our special hash table design should be clear.

so the natural way to store the information for branches is a hash table.


Other state, including registers like ESP, EBP or EIP, can become corrupted transitively.

we classify possible catastrophic errors as control .ow errors, memory errors and I/O errors.


The objective function can be restated as: S sisj ×(Pr si+ ()×(()+As()j SA s(i,sj)) (7) .

figure 1a shows the circuit structure of this type of decomposition.


6 X 9 0 0 0 0 ror beyond the inherent error from RTL macromodels.

first last value data FSM Controller 1 Power Model + >1 reg_mid reg_c0 reg_c1 reg_c1 reg_first reg_last reg_out Registers Power Model Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 addr out Power Aggregator Power Power Power Power Model Model Model Model Power Strobe Generator Total Power Figure 1: An example RTL circuit enhanced for power emulation Power strobe generation is similar to clock generation and is done separately for each clock domain in the design.


2.1 Self-Reverse Bias (SRB) This method, which is schematically shown in Figure 1, is one of the important approaches in reducing the subthreshold leakage current during Standby mode.

a. Khaki-Firooz Microsystems Technology Labs., Massachusetts Institute Of Technology khaki@mtl.mit.edu During the standby mode of the operation, the subthreshold power consumption is the most important component.


DEVICE AND CIRCUIT MODELING 2.1 FPAA Device Modeling A .oating-gate element is a polysilicon layer that has no contacts to other layers; this .oating-gate can be the gate of a MOSFET and can be capacitively connected to other layers.

inter-CAB/intra-column interconnect limitations have to be adjusted accordingly.


This procedure continues until all of the configuration SRAM cells are loaded with the bitstream.

it is better to use multiple shorter symbols instead of a long symbol.


6.1 Energy Comparison Table 2 compares the baseline circuit with the retimed circuit at their respective minimum energy points, sub ject to performance constraints as speci.ed by the maximum error rate.

slack redistribution for graceful degradation under voltage overscaling.


In this case, we explore several different topologies and choose the one that optimizes the cost function that combines bus bend count, area, performance and overlap with thermal hotspots.

we only report runtime, routability and .oorplan area since other metrics require architectural simulations.


As has been seen in section 2, the convenience functions (or interface) that is chosen varies between di.erent user companies, and di.erent bus fabrics.

[8] T. Kogel, M.Doerper, A.Wieferink, R.Leupers, G.Ascheid, and H. Meyr.


For most digital circuits, the initial state is often reset to be zero and thus we de.ne the initial state space as .f .

the goal of our method is to .nd a conservative approximation for the entire reachable state space rather than analyzing the average noise behavior of the circuit.


For modern processors fabricated using nanoscale Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

these techniques incur signi.cant design modi.cations (e.g.


For the remaining circuits, on average, there is still a speedup when .ne-grained signals are implemented on the FG resources.

odinII: Peter Jamieson, Kenneth B. Kent, Farnaz Gharibian, and Lesley Shannon.


Leaving data in .ight in this manner complicates a processor s control and forwarding logic which is often on the critical path.

depending on the schedule, COPs 4 and 7 could potentially be assigned to the same CFU due to their data.ow and functional similarities.


CONCLUSION On gate level, accurate leakage modeling is available, but as design for low leakage has to start at system level, models at higher abstraction are required.

the supply voltage also in.uences the correction term (5), preventing an easy separation approach.


The experiment results (Figure 7) show that the latency of a recycle stage can be well hidden during idle time for most cases.

figure 3 (a) shows initial states of the cache lines.


Atoms at the grain boundaries especially will fall victim to the electron wind, that is, they will be forced to move in the direction of the flow of electrons.

during wire planning, a current-driven net topology is determined by calculating an optimized routing tree.


In our work we have designed and deployed Avaaj Otalo (literally,  voice stoop ), a voicebased question and answer forum for farmers in rural India to share advice and experiences on agricultural topics.


our evaluations for a baseline system of 16-cores with 8GB DRAM show that, on average, PCM can reduce page faults by 5X and provide a speedup of 3X.


Summary and Conclusion It is clear that with advanced process technologies, design teams must take more responsibility for yield.

in the absence of some metric, it is difficult for a design team to ascertain the value and benefit from any one of the competing DFM solutions.


Pick the ARE F Aa., where Sa.=max{Sa ISaij <Uij }; , 4.

we cannot guarantee better behavior with the multiple tile option than with the single tile option.


u _ budget(Ri) i=1 We have partitioned the packing into rooms, and the budget of buffer insertion are independent in each room.


The use of the lower VHF/UHF bands for secondary trnasmissions would enable wider coverage and higher transmission rates by employing WiFi-like technology [4], [5].

the cooperative game can increase the profit of the whole system, in other words, it can achieve Pareto optimum.


The possible use of global and module-global variables would imply that they should also account for inter-APU dependences.

we also determine how processes communicate with each other.


3D mesh NoCs, in which all the chips employ a mesh topology and are connected with P2P links vertically, use XYZ dimension-order routing to route packets.


For each operation Rm f : -R, there is a corresponding range extension f : R m -R. Taking addition as an example, the corresponding IA operation is obtained as  z = x + y = x.lo + y.lo, x.hi + y.hi.

the key feature of AA is that one noise symbol may contribute to the uncertainties of two or more variables, indicating correlations among them.


The SSN of any in.ight store can be computed using this global value and the store s relative-to-head position in the SQ.

here, two loads may issue per cycle, but only one may access the FSQ.


However, enlarging the bu.er spacing to 3x only provides a slight reduction in .C for the rule-based .ll generation cases, which indicates that for 3x or larger bu.er spacing values, the incremental capacitance increase is largely due to inter-layer coupling between the signal lines and the rule-based .ll metal.

the metal density plays an important role in determining theparasiticcapacitance andinterconnectplanarization associated with a particular .ll generation technique, especially for rule-based methods.


From the STFT, one can define an energy envelope function by summing the power of frequency components in the spectrogram [24]:  (5) 2.2.2.1High Frequency Content By observing that an energy increase in one or more frequency bands can be a simple indicator of an onset [11], one can notice that an onset has a more intense energy in the bands in which the interference with other simultaneous components is smaller [11], a situation which typically occurs in the high-frequencies region [32, 3].

in polyphonic music signals, where notes from different instruments are played simultaneously, or when instruments have a long attack time (flute, for instance), it is difficult to define an unambiguous and precise onset time [11].


This improves the data transmission rate and hence is useful for multimedia application in indoor wireless communication.

in this case with two bits we have four symbols for transmission.


Section 6 shows our experimental results using these approaches.

recomputing the motion vectors causes the problem of video down-scaling from a compressed bit-stream to be a computationally intensive task.


The purpose is to use temporal correlation to achieve higher coding e.ciency.

moreover, the input bandwidth is signi.cantly reduced.


Model input parameters for IPD distributions of Figure 8.

this in turn can be used to develop design rules and realistic interconnect reference circuits.


The DIB stores the decoded instructions of such loops sothat repeatedinstructionfetching anddecoding operations for the loop execution can be avoided, hence more energy canbe saved.

reducing power consumption of embedded processors through register .le partitioning and compiler support.


Similarly, when .... is applied to .. and modifies it, ......(....,..) evaluates to true.

using TRNGs when invasive attacks are foreseen requires a more complex protocol with increased resource utilization.


The third approach is to use pure-formalmethods toenumerate all possible X-pessimismconditionsandgenerate.xes before gate-level simulation is performed.

if notall cyclesarechecked, however, false Xs in the unchecked cycles canbemissed.


For identical current load block settings, the array evenly splits VDDH (at 1.5V) into ~0.5V levels.

iR drop across a core operating voltage (VCORE ) is ultimately reduced by a factor of n 2 .


To avoid internal memory access con.icts during the prefetching, an additional amount of internal memory is instantiated per each sub-TPU.

the Internal Memory area of solution i) and fTP (si) (i.e.


Inductive supply noise in the form of 1st and 2nd droop occuring at relatively lower frequencies has traditionally been dominant in digital integrated circuits.

the rectangular sampling pulse is shaped by the applied deterministic dither.


This paper elaborates on a dependability perspective over these two emerging technology vectors from a designer s standpoint.

if nanoelectronics is to be employed to build dependable computing machines (a certain contradiction notwithstanding), valuable expertise in design can be drawn from natural sciences.


of the Recon.gurable Architectures Workshop, pages 570 578, Apr.

loop accelerators offer the potential for substantial ef.ciency gains over programmable processors by removing the control overhead of instruction-based execution and specializing the datapath to a particular application.


This is mainly because the HAL issues one ioctl for each 3 ms audio segment, but the ioctl takes longer than 3 ms to .nish in Rio due to the network s long round-trip time.

our measurements show that local and remote modems achieve similar performance, as the majority of time is spent in carrier networks (from T-Mobile to AT&T).


In addition, tests that distinguish single stuck-at faults are effective in distinguishing other types of faults as well.

section III describes the generation of diagnostic tests based on test and non-test cubes.


Reducing the data array activity directly translate to reduc ing sense ampli.er power.

this can be overcome through adopting the pipelined writes mechanism used by Alpha AXP 21064 and other machines.


STT-RAM cell, compared with SRAM counterpart, consumes near zero leakage power and is about 4x denser.

then using non-uniformity of write requests across various sets of a cache, inter-set policies use this observation to dynamically merge a super write-intensive set (with large write working set, WWS) with one temporary poorly-utilized set (with small WWS).


The presented vector fusion implementation is just one way of relating event detections for multi modal fusion.

we can see that the single cues only partly overlap with the enjoyment episode: While other frames align with cues from a single modality (see e.g.


Given that tasks are separate units of work, each with its own memory footprint, reuse of cache contents among tasks is a di.cult problem that locality-aware schedulers are trying to alleviate [16].

in Jacobi it performs worse than HWP by more than 13% and in FFT it achieves almost the same performance.


The study shows that the desired hardware con.guration .exibility can be achieved with relatively low overheads while supporting established sensor node programming concepts.

4.2 Software The PICFARM sensor node utilises the event-driven operating system concept but with a multiprocessor layout.


The runtime environment is always speci.c to a software platform because it abstracts from a special operating system, while the operating system itself abstracts from a given hardware platform.

no values of loop constraints are known in the loop bound analysis and only simple loops can be found by pattern analyses.


[14] M. Wang, X. Yang, and M. Sarrafzadeh.


We simply propose a novel way to allow an application that presents a large memoryfootprinttobee.ciently executedwith alowcost infrastructure.

note that this inter-node coherency protocol is di.erent from the one implemented by processor manufacturers in their designs and it could be seen as an additional level of coherency running on top of the intra-node coherency protocol.


On the one hand, FHSS signals are highly resistant to narrow band interference.

rb=200bps, 1=15ms, 2=30ms 1 5 ANALYSIS In this section, we provide a range of simulation results to illus-2 trate the achievable performance of the proposed PC multicarrier 10-1 5 FHSS system.


If the unused register is used at least in one of the parents and also the register belongs to the call-preserved category, its content should be preserved.

in this .gure, we compare RVFV reduction from the non-protected scenario, with our register mirroring.


Introduction Nanoscale technology scaling offers the promise of continuing transistor density and performance trends.

this scheme relies on the theory that most cache accesses happen within the initial period after the data is loaded.


The Program Critical Path: Each graph edge is labeled with the latency induced by the dependence.

furthest spawning is worse where decreasingpro.ledominatesand .ne-grainedparallelismexists, as shownin resultsforbenchmarkslikeVPRRoute.


TABLE V TEST COMPRESSION AND CAPTURE POWER RESULTS OF LOS VECTORS ENCODED BY VIHC TEST COMPRESSION.

if there are other X-bits in the input ports of this gate, its output may stay to be X after .lling X1.


Figure 2(a) presents a congestion map generated by global routing, in which red areas denote routing hotspots (i.e., more signal nets are passing through the edges of a global routing gcell than the allowed capacity), while Figure 2(b) shows the locations of opens and shorts from performing detailed routing on the same design.

one could impose scenic constraints on the router such as not permitting any route to go more than 10% scenic.


For instance, two branches in cycle r(0 : r : k) are con.ict with each other, using constraint stack can detect it when all constraints between cycle r + 1 and k are popped out from stack.

symbolic execution for software testing is extensively studied due to the development of constraint solver technology.


3.4 Approximations The proposed framework implements several approximations to makethe adaptivity analysis tractable.Weuse regression models as computationally ef.cient surrogates for cycle-accurate simulation, which introduces median errors of approximately 6 percent for performance and power (Section 2.2).

automatically characterizing large scale program behavior.


The functional composition is used to hierarchically build coarse grained components from finer grained ones, while the structural composition is used for communication between the coarse grained components.

in hardware design, architects use modu-larity and encapsulation to develop and test the system iter- atively and systematically.


The importance of balanced excitation Another effect of the increasing difficulty of dynamic defect detection is the importance of truly random excitation.

instead, the detection requirements of many actual defects often include additional constraints.


Similar to an ECC-DIMM that provides 64 bits of ECC every 512 bits, Citadel uses the 64 bits of metadata associated with each 512-bit cache line.

address TSVs are much more critical than data TSVs for system reliability.


The quasiinverse lithography function, Q, is shown as follows: 88 Q(x, y)= K(x - f, y - g)K(f, g) df dg.

mARS-A multilevel full-chip gridless routing system.


Analyzing the impact of useless write-backs on the endurance and energy consumption of pcm main memory.

reference counts often change brie.y and then return to a previous value.


This is especially difficult when performance and power efficiency are key design criteria.

with multi-core processor designs, the communication networks are typically more complex, for example, offering facilities to preserve cache coherency or allowing special bypass options for performance reasons.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.8.0 [Performance and Reliability]: General; C.4 Performance of Systems]: Modeling Techniques.

impulse response of this function h(a,b),i(t) to input i is: h(,), i ()t =h ,()t -hb i () t (8) ab ai , where ha,i(t), hb,i(t) are impulse responses of temperature at grid cells a and b respectively.


Hence, global routing based congestion analysis is the method of choice to evaluate the routability of the placement solutions for the ICCAD-2012 contest.

all benchmarks contain the design hierarchy information, and are representative of advanced designs, with numerous placement and routing blockages, complex non-uniform wiring stacks, abundant free-space, etc.


The information gained can be used to determine the Worst-Case Response Time (WCRT) of the system relative to certain input and output signals.

figure 3 shows a system with four communicating processes.


IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 12(10):1094 1104, 2001.

routing a packet through a Clos network proceeds in two phases: input and output.2 During the input phase, a middle-stage switch is selected and the packet is routed to that switch.


Layer assignment should try to avoid creating additional wire congestion and in the meantime can also provide the optimization of vias [2, 3, 5, 6, 11], delay [12], or crosstalk [13].

[7] Y. Zhang, Y. Xu, and C. Chu, FastRoute 3.0: A Fast and High Quality Global Router based on Virtual Capacity, Proceedings of International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp.


The instruction performs eight additions in parallel and stores the eight results to A.

we describe how the compiler identifies sequences of statements in a C program and changes them into RFU operations (RFUOPs).


To consider this granularity constraint, we con.gure them at the same time.

if we .nally fail to map t due to the con.guration of n(x,y).left, we undo it and then consider the other edges or nodes.


The results of this paper leads to a systematic Pareto optimal trade-off (supported by tools) between memory power and CPU cycles which has up to now not been feasible for the targeted systems.

thus depending on the design constraints, the designer can now either choose a lower power solution with some overhead in main-memory size and vice-versa.


Assuming .2 - .1 = C, Figure 7 depicts 1.the behavior of R(.1,.2 ) and ELeakage when the the temperature of the processor iskept in[.1...2 ] for the facerec benchmark, where R is de.ned to be: T w(.1,.2) R(.1,.2 )= Ew(.1,.2) + Es(.2,.1) While calculating the total dissipated leakage energy requires knowledge of the length of the execution and the thermal behavior of the task, R only depends on the leakage energy consumption of the processor between .1 and .2 (which calculated in real-time to predict the total energy consumption variation.

to examine the impact of the size of the sensing architecture on the accuracy of temperature estimation, we performed temperature sensingwith architecturesof size22,42 , 82 , and 162 .


However, none of these results incorporate cache-e.ciency in the parallel context, which is crucial for CMPs.

comparative analyses of multi-species sequences from targeted genomic regions.


If the number of intervals in the overlapping set is not larger than k, all the intervals in the set will form an assignment set.

routing, pins under any circuit component can be grouped into some buses and the pins in a bus must be escaped to the boundary of the circuit component with minimal detours.


GLSVLSI 07, March 11 13, 2007, Stresa-Lago Maggiore, Italy.

the predictive nature of crosstalk capacitance for PLAs and PLA networks was presented by Khatri, et al.


Similar to precedence correlation, the results indicate a strong source correlation.

the DCE table is accessed using the LPC (last PC) as the address.


We illustrate the de.nitions using an example in Figure 2.

we .rst .nd the number of routing elements needed using RISA [4] and scale the routing demand value by circuit-speci.c parameters, namely the device size N and the number of CLBs C. 5.1 Total Number of Routing Elements RISA [4] is a fast wirelength estimation technique for placed circuits.


In addition, the PLL (analog block) in a clock control unit (CCU) is replaced by ideal clock sources.

for the 2D design, we try to follow the original T2 .oorplan [3] as much as possible as shown in Figure 8(a).


the situation is different for the functions from the practical applications.


Using the PDG to guide scheduling decisions is attractive because it makes explicit the communications that will be incurred.

the goal of this pass is to cluster together HPDG nodes that are likely to not bene.t from schedules that assign them to different threads.


Another technique consists of using a single address space in the chip and directly manage in software the movement of data used by the application in the cache hierarchy.

due to this exponential relationship, the static power saved by high-Vth transistors is less than the extra static power consumed by low-Vth transistors.


f970801 f970701 80 100 80 60  percent different percent different 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 truncated bits truncated bits f960323 f970620 truncated bits truncated bits Figure4:DiferentclassifcationratesforAVIRISdatacubes.Theseshowresultsforthesamefourimages andthesame16experimentsperimageasthevariances.Apixelisclassifedasdiferentifitendsupina diferentclassthanthecaseof0bitstruncated,2extra BothexperimentsshowedthattheManhattanmetricis betterthantheMaxmetricfork-means.Inthedatadepen-dentexperimentwithAVIRISdata,wefoundthatclusters producedusingtheManhattandistancemetricwereslightly lesscompactthantheclustersproducedbytheEuclidean metric.Thetotalwithin-classvariance,fortheAVIRISdata cubeswemeasured,increasedfrom2%toslightlyover30% forManhattanvs.Euclideandistance,withmostofthe imagesexhibitinglessthana6%increase.

image Within-classVariance Relativeincrease EuclideanManhattanMax ManhattanMax f960323t01p02r04 sc01.c.img 3.7533e+065.1121e+06*3.9328e+06 0.36200.0478 f970410t01p02r02 sc02.c.img 3.7806e+064.1296e+064.3915e+06 0.09230.1616 f970620t01p02r03 sc02.c.img 1.0339e+071.1329e+07*1.1089e+07 0.09580.0725 f970701t01p02r07 sc01.c.img 9.4839e+069.9656e+06*1.0726e+07* 0.05080.1309 f970801t01p02r01 sc01.c.img 3.5210e+063.5597e+063.5828e+06* 0.01100.0175 Table1:Comparisonsofwithin-classvarianceforclusteringsofAVIRISdatausingdiferentvariantsofkmeans.K=16clusterswereused,andthealgorithmwasrunfor50iterations.Anasteriskindicatesthat convergencewasachievedbefore50iterations.


0.6  This steady state value is the dc response of the system and can be 4000 0.5 Frequency Count Correlation used in computing the mean of the supply voltage fluctuations.

section 3 presents the results obtained for different power grids.


As described in Section 3, placing the directory of private blocks in the same tile with the core accessing these blocks will eliminate two control messages for every local L2 miss.

we use the aggregate number of user instructions committed per cycle as our performance metric, which is proportional to overall system throughput [18].


The graph is used to represent the routing area and is called a multilevel routing graph, denoted by Gk, where k is the level ID.

the period of the oscillation signal can also be measured by using a delay counter in a core to test delay faults, and a similar approach can be used for crosstalk glitch detection.A local counter is included in each core, and a central counter is in the TAM of the chip.


According to CACTI 3.2 [24], the optimum number of banks for both 4-way and 8-way set-associative 64KB cache is eight, each consisting of 256 x 256 bits.

although we describe the scheme where each application selects the number of ways statically in this paper, the turning on and off of the rows can even be performed dynamically within an application.


Because the coherence protocol operates independently of DVSC-Indirect, sending the Inform-Epoch is not on the critical path, and no new states are introduced into the coherence protocol.

for DVSC-Indirect, the directory system incurs only 8-25% 7.01 10.33 16.31 59.97 54.28 6.21 7.99 11.56 39.40 29.53 Total Bytes Transmitted Relative To Unprotected Total Bytes Transmitted Relative To Unprotected 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 apache oltp jbb slash barnes apache oltp jbb slash barnes (a) Directory System (b) Snooping System Figure 6.


This ... ) ) < < Normalized Delay x c x c (3.7) 1.1 s m (x) (x) e = e = 1 s m 0( = ) = ) x c x c s m 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 first-order model is equivalent to the one described in 0.5  Fig.

the value (or range) of cm must be chosen such that the tail probability of [1 Fmd(cm)] is on the order of 1/104 = 10-4, assuming 104 is the targeted Ion /Ioff ratio.


When the timer signal is asserted, the speed control unit immediately decrements the speed level by one and the circuit is controlled to slow down.

as the monitoring period becomes longer, the number of timing errors decreases, but the response to temporal environmental .uctuation degrades.


In the case of SRAM PUFs, the PUF are the startup values where as the characteristic behavior are the relative biases that lead to these values.

the interconnects, feedback loops and corresponding addressing and circuitry make up the evaluation circuit.


sATA+DDR shows a real metric for the host interface performance since it incorporates the time spent by its internal DMA to transfer data from the host system to the DRAM buffers.


Our results indeed show a slight improvement in safety due to the increased flexibility in frequency levels.

of the Int l Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, Aug. 2007.


Optimal Technology Selection for Minimizing Energy and Variability in Low Voltage Applications Mingoo Seok, Dennis Sylvester, David Blaauw Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI {mgseok@, dmcs @, blaauw@} umich.edu ABSTRACT Ultra Low voltage operation has recently drawn significant attention due to its large potential energy savings.

4.1 Low Voltage Leakage Reduction Methods For CMOS logic several techniques, such as power gating switches (PGS), have been proposed both in super-threshold [25] and low voltage [19] operation to reduce standby leakage power.


Note however that in 65nm technology for obvious routing congestion reasons it is unfeasible to have more than 20 clusters since that will imply placing and routing 20 different virtual ground lines.

to be consistent with the row-based power-gating methodology used in our work, we assume each layout row as a gating element during clustering.


However, the table also indicates that a statistical timing analysis without reconvergence 612 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD 03) 1092-3152/03 $ 17.00 &#169; 2003 ACM fanout correction is very close to the real answer.


The common belief was that everything could be made *digital*, and that analog would eventually disappear.

robert Hum, Mentor Graphics, USA Strictly speaking, our universe is very digital with modern quantum theories pointing not only to the quantization of energy, but also to that of time and space.


4.2 SIMD-like Cascaded Filter Framework Table 2 PE-ring with FIFO and filter implementation (16 bins in filter) Bins in PE-ring LUT Register Filter clk (MHz) PE-ring clk (MHz) Throughput (M items/s) 256 11% 4% 200 100 400 1024 35% 14% 121 60 242 We implement a SIMD-like cascaded filter to pursuit a higher performance, especially for skew data.

a buffer in the PE-ring which stores those redundant bins that cannot be put into the PE-ring would be very beneficial.


In order to get an accurate WCET, a tight worst-case memory performance (WCMP) is needed.

if the array being accessed .ts the cache, we load it.


As expected in 90nm technology, 95th percentile leakage savings are almost same for all the designs due to negligible intra-die process variation.

leakage variation across dies in 150nm technology, (source Intel).


This paper extends prior work in an orthogonal direction by investigating multifunction accelerators.

it does not account for FU width, nor does it attempt to improve hardware sharing in the SRFs.


Increasing the number of levels in the logic network allows more complex functions to be realized within a single gate.

while these additional functions seem redundant from a logical point of view, they have different electrical characteristics because they are implemented using different physical layouts.


A Survey of Power Estimation Techniques in VLSI Circuits.

to enrich our research with more information, it is important to involve other processors which come with their own embedded HW multiplier and other architecture rather than sufficing with a simple RISC processor.


Measured input referred noise in this case was 5,5 nV Hz at only 380µW power consumption.

circuits must be extremely reliable because they may be life supporting devices for the patient.


Let us assume it takes ton (turn on time) to wake up the power domain from the sleep mode.

the PDNs with both LDs and GDs can e.ectively balance between two kinds of noises such that both can be suppressed within the noise margin.


In an accurate adder, Si+1 is 0 and the carry propagates to the higher bit.

for multipliers, ED is de.ned to be the arithmetic difference between the accurate product (M) and the approximate product (M !


The microfluidic placement problem can also be shown by the method of restriction to be NP-complete.

the computation takes 5 minutes of CPU time on a 1.0 GHz Pentium-III PC with 256 MB of RAM.


[18] D. Lee, D. Blaauw, and D. Sylvester, "Gate oxide leakage current analysis and reduction for VLSI circuits," IEEE Trans.

a constrained minimization problem for Ptotal-MTCMOS /l should be solved: for different active mode factors, ..


CONCLUSION Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 27(2):649 654, 2008.

for the case of nonlinear circuits, MOR methods are still in development phase.


The initial condition for v1 and v2 is set to v1 .

veri.cation of AMS circuits remains as a signi.cant challenge.


The total number of detections in both cases is eight.

[9] S. Venkataraman, S. Sivaraj, E. Amyeen, S. Lee, A Ojha and R. Guo, "An Experimental Stud of n -Detect Scan ATPG Patterns on a Processor", in Proc.


On a larger topology of 20 nodes (10 APs, 10 clients), we observe a speedup of 418.

these results not only represent a signi.cant advance in the .eld of ef.cient interference mapping, but also motivate the design of new WLAN optimization techniques that were previously not possible.


The goal is to model delay variation due to environmental factors such as supply voltage and substrate temperature.

the input voltage waveform, vin, is represented by a time-indexed voltage array, i.e., by using P equidistant sample points (t0, , tP-1.)


We postpone the completion of the power routing to the signal routing phase, at which time signal shielding requirements are also used to complete the power routing (in addition to the usual power delivery integrity constraints).

a Dense Wiring Fabric (DWF) routing structure [7] would have required 185 new shields, whereas a greedy shielding algorithm (similar to those in state-of-the-art commercial routers) could have required as many as 140-160 new shields.


1) Load only the lower triangular portion of matrix A: Since the upper triangular part is not used during the processing, we can halve the matrix storage requirement by this change.

1 The next figure shows the datapath architecture.


This trade-off allows for linear scaling of failure-ranges as the number of dimensions increase because Figure 3.

the existing methods of .nding MPFP are not very ef.cient when considering the simulations required.


For any hardware element mi on pc,let di be the sequential depth of the path from the PI on pc to the on-input of mi along pc.

in comparison with the method in [8], the proposed method can also obtain savings in test application time up to 94.3%.


Finally, when there are too few points in the contour, lack of data makes it difficult to get an accurate fit for the various candidate functions describing the contour.

the time from the beginning of the call that it took the call to reach its maximum amplitude is calculated from the call envelope.


Suppose that the cell holds VQ = 800mV .We as- 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 VQ, mV VQ, mV steady  steady  (a) (b) state  state  Figure 2.

in [9]itisreportedthatinthe 65nm-technology, (1) The e.ective channel length Le.


There, a more general case is considered.

signal paths that are dominated by transistor speed are expected to scale significantly better in future process technologies than wiredominated ones.


This CII is omitted bbecause its ouutput ressults are noot accurate.

howevver, since in this case, thhe clock periood is inccreased, the sspeedup will bbe reduced.


The third was a parallel version of the N-Body program GalaxSee, designed to show how angular momentum and gravity combine to produce disk-like structures in galactic dynamics.

journal of Molecular Modeling, Volume 7, Issue 8, Aug 2001, Pages 306 317 [12] Murphy, T. Gray, P., Peck, C., and Joiner, D. New Directions for Computational Science Education.


Average-case (traf.c aware): We consider all recorded packet traf.c associated with the node.

we also observe that enhanced standard decision trees use signi.cantly less memory that plain standard decision trees.


Fingerprinting methods using radio signals [4-7] provide accurate positions of the mobile devices even in indoor environments.


One such technique is Transactional Memory (TM) [8], [10].

this work was conducted while Ferad Zyulkyarov was in Barcelona Supercomputing Center.


Moreover, the coverage information can guide the development of either direct or random patterns to hit those unverified corner cases.

the coverage is independent of the details of HDL implementation, and thus is considerably hard to measure.


Instead, the bit in the process .ags corresponding to the new address PPID is set.

uCI Machine Learning Repository, University of California, Irvine, School of Information and Computer Sciences, 2007. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html.


Disabled: If the content of a module is no longer needed, it is possible to completely disable it (saving even refresh energy).

we derive this by executing the benchmark queries on the SimpleScalar simulator (with the SA1100 model) and by studying the cycle times for transferring a data block from memory to the cache.


Accordingly, maximizing the number of OFF transistors in standby reduces the overall leakage [13].

average integer multiply prediction accuracy.


The main difference between the internal and external source processing is the BIP8 processing function which needs the internally calculated BIP8 value.

a 4-way multi-processor is an ideal candidate for overhead processing, since the overhead consists of four independent rows which can be processed in parallel.


We observe that increasing the length of the dependence chain increases critical path coverage.

we .nd that this approach satis.es our goals of ample coverage and low overhead (see Section 5).


The Total #.Iterations column shows the total number of iteration SDS takes to converge to Y .

the target soft blocks are the blocks in subsets IV and VI.


We gave the IIC a 1-cycle penalty per hash chain access, counting the primary table as access, on both hits and misses.

the Performance Impact of Flexibility in the Stanford FLASH Multiprocessor.


As shown in (10), the proposed scheme I uses every possible combinations between the correlations and ratios of pilots, thus, it is expected that the proposed scheme I has a good estimation performance averaging the noise components out.

oFDM symbol synchronization using frequency domain pilots in time domain.


To get a linear interpolation ramp extension for slew, we use the sameaas in Equation (13) and choose .= aSlew S. One can also () view the formula as Slew R= Slew I+ Slew Sand () ()a() get an additive form (instead of root-mean square) of Equation (12).

the Elmore metric continues to be used in the physical design tasks.


Given these conditions, algorithms that determine a sensor network s layout select relay point locations that limit inter-node distances to the radio s connected region in order to ensure low packet loss rates [2].

[5] J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler.


However, the page-based design exhibits the best DRAM access locality and the highest row-buffer hit ratio, significantly reducing the activate/precharge energy.

because Footprint Cache does not track evictions from the higher-level cache, it does not need to store PC information at any cache level.


The sleep mode was state-retentive while the dream mode did not retain the state.

introduction The scaling of process technologies to nanometer regime has resulted in a rapid increase in leakage power dissipation [1,2].


This occurs in ordinary code such as spin-lock routines.

lockstep in general-purpose execution encounters significant roadblocks in future process technologies.


Variations can be systematic and/or random.

the proposed Virtual SRAM Fab significantly advances the state-of-the-art of the pre-silicon yield estimation for SRAM from the previous work.


[14] S. Li, et al., McPAT : An Integrated Power, Area, and Timing Modeling Framework for Multicore and Manycore Architectures, Proc.

one of the main drawbacks of PCM is the write endurance problem.


Section 3 presents the discrete cosine transformation method for evaluating cell distributions.

experimental results show that the algorithm gives high quality placement results in terms of total wire length.


Again, with no addition time required for storing result Cnn to memory, the total computation time is given in Equation (4).

the aforementioned limitations have practically restricted the prior work to realizing very small parallelization factors p. our approach achieves an improvement of 60% in the value of the parallelization factor for a 64-bit .oating point matrix multiplication compared to the best known prior approach [3].


In the 2MB SRAM-only design, all data blocks are put into the SRAM to achieve fast access.

the data array will be accessed after the tag array).


With respect to cell width, note that a diffusion break is equivalent to two transistors since this space could otherwise accommodate a pMOS and nMOS transistor.

[4] A. Weinberger, A 4:2 carry-save adder module, IBM Tech.


The skewed mixing tree and the exponential dilution tree (EDT) are both introduced to describe the proposed sample preparation process.

only the serial dilution can be easily carried out on DMFBs since fluids are dispensed as discrete droplets instead of continuous liquid flows.


For a small SOC, having only a few modules and a few test pins, a good test architecture can be designed manually.

4 TR-Architect  A modular test strategy requires that a module that will be tested as a stand-alone entity is isolated from its environment and equipped with an electrical test access mechanism (TAM) to the chip pins [2].


PRO P O S E D ATPG F R A M E W O R K As seen in Figure 3, our proposed ATPG framework consists of three steps: (A) a preprocessing step identi.es untestable and equivalent faults.

methods based on branch&bound need multiple solver calls to determine one valid test pattern.


It uses a dedicated cache to access the tag metadata in parallel with the data cache for all memory operations.

just as software-only fat pointers are manipulated and checked by user-mode instructions, our proposed hardware support also operates in user mode.


[9] S. Gupta, M. Hilbert, S. Hong, and R. Patti.

as technology advancement will only serve to increase the power density of components, ensuring that high-density components are not placed in the same vertical region of a stack will be a key design Tech.


By taking advantage of the network protocol, further saving is achievable.

through a cycle counter added into the process control block of each task, the GRACE-OS kept track of the number of cycles consumed by n jobs (e.g., the last 100 jobs) of the task.


5.6 A Touchstone Model for Bootstrapping For the bootstrapping phase, we proposed the TaxSOM model.

taxonomies and Web directories are well known examples of such type of structured indexing (see for example the Google s Web directory).


0 Formally, we de.ne a module J as a RTL design block having a set of inputs I, a set of outputs O, an initial block Init, and a RTL description B.

if we play the realizability game then we have a real counter-example after reaching the refutation.


Request permissions from Permissions Dept, ACM Inc., fax +1 (212) 869-0481 or e-mail permissions@acm.org.

the main textures in use include position texture, velocity texture, neighbor texture and neighbor indexing texture.


{p2, p3} Duplicated states perform the same operations as the original states, so concatenation to conditional blocks does not modify the functionality.

hand-in-hand veri.cation of high-level synthesis.


Next we describe how reservations are ordered and realized.

13, upon detecting the con.ict at Rj , the request reserving the new circuit, C1, is allowed to proceed but without reserving the remainder of C1.


2.5 TestAction element The TestAction element defines a standard function to support the containing test case.

the collected test result data from more than one test frameworks helps to make decision whether the target WSN protocol stack is interoperable or not.


The approach above mainly relies ISS with power simulators [30, 31] for research and optimizations.

eMBEDDED MULTICORE DSP SIMULATION PLATFORM 2.1 SID Simulation Framework The proposed power aware simulator is based on the SID simulation framework.


Hence the probability Po of incorrect ORA diagnosis is Po = p · P3s · z In the fault detection phase, the probabilityof incorrect fault-free diagnosis of anyPLB A will be 2 2 Pfd = p·[Psk +Psame -(Psk ·Psame )+Po -(Po ·Psk .

in step (1.b), under the fault-free condition, the PLB con.gured for the 2-input XOR function will have GS=1 because of the application of vectors XX.


Energy and loudness for speed control in the Vocal Joystick.

while speech recognition systems excel at enabling spoken text entry and command-and-control-style interaction, they lack the facility to perform continuous fluid control such as the kind of pointing afforded by the mouse.


The remaining columns show the percentage reduction in leakage, switching and total power at the end of three distinct phases of the algorithm; 1) CVS only, 2) end of backward pass, and 3) VVS.

we do allow moves that result in a net increase of total power in an attempt to allow the flow of the algorithm to escape local minima.


[10] R. Mahadevan and C. H. Schilling, "The effects of alternate optimal solutions in constraint-based genome-scale metabolic models," Metab.

up-reguulating reaction 4, increases the production of a-ketoglutarate whiich is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.


Nevertheless, for high-speed and simple functions, or highly parallel and regular computations, eFPGA s can play an important role.

industry studies show that the complexity of embedded S/W is rising at a staggering 140% per year.


A coding method with high compression efficiency is urgently demanded [5].

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


{ if no operation in basic block iusesUSEiuj=functional unit j (1) { 0O if at least one operation in basic block iuses Ofunctional unit j iujiuj Formal de.nitions for OFFand ONdepend on the position of the basic block iin the CFG.

we observe that, except for cordic, the increase in execution cycles is bounded by 18%, and less than 10% in many cases.


The goal of our work is to demonstrate how the requirements for the e.cient use of prefetch can compete with, or even interfere with, traditional strategies employed for cache-blocking, compromising their e.ectiveness.

we then derive an analytical memory cost model for quantifying cache-blocking behavior and demonstrate its e.ectiveness in predicting the stencil-computation performance.


The implementation of the stochastic automaton method (SAM) and the Langevin equation method (LEM) requires a compact MOSFET model, extended to include a nonstationary description of oxide traps, as well as a modular interface to a circuit equation generation core for the solution of equation (18) together with (19).

[20] Demir et al., Phase noise in oscillators: A unifying theory and numerical methods for characterisation, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol.


We can see from the .gure, the combined prefetching achieves a performance speedup averaging about 40%, and it works consistently among all the benchmarks, including both array and pointer intensive programs.

previous researchers [7, 6] have found that while aggressive prefetching techniques often help to improve performance, they could increase memory system energy consumption very signi.cantly.


I Introduction Sub-threshold operation has been demonstrated to be able to achieve minimum energy consumption by operating circuits near the optimal VDD where the leakage energy balances the dynamic energy [1][2][7].

it is difficult to derive a closed form solution from Equation 5.


The curve for Rf = 1 clearly shows signi.cant power savings achievable below about 20% channel utilization range by the .ne-grain power management considered in this paper.

iNTRODUCTION Because of the increasing contribution of memory power on overall system power, intelligent management of power for memory ranks is becoming critical.


The assumption is reasonable since any defect site that does not contribute to the creation of failing outputs is very dif.cult to identify without considering all signal lines in the CUD.

such a site is unlikely to be eliminated by this approach.


(6) The complete proof of the theorem can be found in [17].

if we are only interested in analyzing the circuit performances at the output nodes, the e.ective parameter dimension of a given network may not be very large since the speci.c circuit structure can hide certain parametric variations and may even introduce canceling e.ects between multiple variations.


If it is clear from the context that we are considering wires on the k-th layer, we will simply refer to the pins routed on layer k as routed.

the conventional IC design flow may not be directly applied for the transistor array style described here.


However, since thicker layers of metal lead to fatter wires with smaller resistance, the assignment of net edges to routing layers has a large impact on the interconnect delay.

this work presents a two-stage algorithm to solve the problem, which first minimizes the total delay and via count simultaneously by dynamic programming and negotiation technique, and then further minimizes the maximum delay carefully while not increasing the via count.


Increasing resources is not the competitive approach and often times not scalable.

this method also enables dynamic self-checking and dynamic coverage analysis by either passing or failing the diagnostic based on the coverage goal, or terminating runaway random diagnostics much earlier.


No additional overhead is required to support this sleep mode as it would be in a CMOS chip.

for a designed range of input currents, IOUT/IIN is greater than one.


Given that the network is still mostly secure when f(x) = ft, we would like to guarantee that, after capturing some nodes, an adversary is still not expected to learn more about the rest of the network than she has learned about the area covered by these compromised nodes.

we can estimate the maximum supported network coverage area under the condition that the limited global payo.


Benini et al proposed an adaptive encoding scheme that switches between the T0 and Businvert codes depending on whether sequential or random data streams are encountered [8].

let S denote a sequential access pattern of arbitrary size.


We can therefore express the change in the voltage response 'V(t) from the m,nnominal supply voltage due to the current source i(t) as follows: m K 1 u 'V t= ¦ 'Vn ti T Imi (EQ 14) mn s i = 0 where Im,i is the magnitude of the piece-wise constant current waveform approximated in interval iTto (i + 1)T. s s Using superposition in this temporal manner, we can therefore compute the response of any node in the network due to an arbitrary current source i(t) using a single simulation of a unit current pulse m and combining scaled and shifted versions of this response, using EQ14.

we first divide the chip into circuit blocks and simulate the minimum and maximum currents of each circuit block using Powermill or Verilog simulations or estimate them on the basis of a previously fabricated part.


[2] For analysis of speech, LPC can help estimate the recurrence of vocal fold vibration, the shape of the vocal tract, and the frequencies and bandwidths of spectral poles and zeros (e.g., vocal tract resonances).

in this paper, we examine the LPC technique in detail and propose a system for speech synthesis based on LPC.


If this is a R, the node performs a snoop operation and, after that, the corresponding bit in SV is set.

read miss transaction in the Eager protocol.


Shared blocks do not need promotion because they are never demoted.

our aggregate bandwidth is the same as a single-ported private cache and an n-banked shared cache in an n-CPU CMP.


A list of error constraints corresponding to the desired quality modes is provided as input.

the clock extension mechanism and the error indicator output bit are conservative.


Table III lists the results of using edge-based rule extraction.

4.1 The Impact of Critical Rule Extraction Since rule five may induce too many design rules, hierarchical rule extraction used in our experiments means that rule 5 is applied only if no rules are extracted for rules 1 to 4.


Goinginfor a thirddisk arm creates a similar shiftin the rotationallatency distributionforFinancial.

thisdesignprovidesa singledata transferpathbetween thediskdrive and the rest of the system.


Attack trees also do not accurately model the vulnerabilities in large architectures.

cONCLUSION The implementation of a smart grid presents unknown risk to power systems.


However, these cells are limited Cell dimension example: by prede.ned functionalities and locations, and they always INV AN2 Tile consume leakage power despite their inputs are tied o.. To overcome the in.exibility and power overhead, a new type AOI22 DFF of spare cells, metal-con.gurable gate-array spare cells,are considered.

the dimension, timing/power characteristics, and layout of each cell type are stored in a spare array cell library.


CONCLUSIONS We have proposed several strategies to aid in the technology mapping of designs to FPGAs with PLBs.

forlarge cut sizes,pruning tends to remove many valuable cuts in the mapping solution.


[16] L. T. Pillage, R. A. Rohrer and C. Visweswariah, Electronic Circuit and System Simulation Methods, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.

kirchoff s current law reveals the direction to a random walk application.


If modeling with audio signal operations, the input fragmented query example can be obtained from the original music via random cropping plus other types of audio processing.

... 0 1 matching procedure is shown in Figure 6.


Having determined that enabling services to use their own routing protocols is advantageous; we examine the core properties of each protocol and extract a set of common functionality.

camCube explicitly exposes the underlying topology to the services, which then exploit it.


In order to have an isoyield of approximately 100%, when the proposed design is operating at 1V, the conventional design had to be operated at 1.1V which gives 24% and 29% power savings for CSM and WTM, respectively as shown in figure 9a and 9b.

5 (a) 8 b i t s 12 bi t s 16 bi t s (b) 12 bi t s 1 6 b i t s 12 bi t s 16 b i t s  Figure 9.


Thus, the maximal memory architecture represents the maximum SPM memory that is required for the design.

figure 12 plots the normalized throughput, area, and performance per watt for 4 StreamIt benchmarks.