most recent knowledge of pk s local time after executing instruction x.

vinstix[k] represents the progress of processor pk from which processor pi most recently either received data from pk (via a load) or overwrote (via a store) a memory location previously read or written by pk.


The indication of the membership of some input Im in the Join set of the output Ot is the same as for Fork set, namely a combinational path from Im to Ot exists in the timing file.


In rare instances, there may be more than one tiles with EPD equal to .H.Inthiscase,wejust .rstprocessthetilefound .rst.

thenafteracoupleofrip-up-and-reroute operations,itislikelythat theEPDofthistilebecomes smallerthan .H, and next weprocess anothertilewithEPDequalto .H.thetieisbroken arbitrarily, and then the other tile(s) with the same EPD will be considered soonin a subsequentiteration.


In addition, a basic performance testbench at Verilog or SystemC levels, that checks bandwidth and latency of transactions using abstract task models and real communications, all modeled with accurate latencies, is used to validate and iterate system performance assumptions.

shared memory arbitration and timing is important to get right early.


Since different programs access cache in a different way, we propose coherency-aware refresh.

we consider refreshing a cache line depending on its coherence state.


This contradiction shows that the values v and v ' on which the worst-case distribution is located have to be endpoints of the interval [x1, x1].

we conclude that the worst-case distribution is located at 2 points: x1 and x1.


This heuristic optimizes multi objective 0 1 ILPs with also non linear objective functions and design space exploration problems, respectively.

the PB solver is used to force a common heuristic approach, like a MOEA, to stay in the feasible search space allowing to focus merely on the optimization of the objectives: With the de.ned constraints from Section A and without any objective function, the PB solver will .nd one speci.c feasible implementation for a given design space exploration problem.


implying a variable to be true, and there will never be a con.ict during the search.

uCP has a large solution space and it is extremely easy to .nd a satisfying assignment.


From now then, any hot data at STT-RAM lines in the target set can move to SRAM lines of the victim and vice versa.

the merge is bidirectional between these two sets and intra-set policies for both sets are independent.


Since at the initial state half of the vertices are satis.ed, we concentrate only on the other half of the vertex set.

the initial-valued vertices (vertices of the form (l,0)where 0is the initial value of latch l) will not have any fanin vertices in the latch graph.


Although the notion of PMA can be applied to different power reduction techniques, in this paper, we use a scheme that combines selective cache ways [3] and gated-Vdd [19] as the example of a thermal-unaware power reduction technique.

we modify this thermal-unaware cache is accessed through charging and discharging capacitances such as wordlines, bitlines, address lines, and data output lines.


Our method is implemented in perl and is much faster than SPICE simulation.

for the resultsshown in this section, the SPICE simulations for the inverter withinput 1 (input 0) took 12.6s (10.9s) while the perl script generatedthe result for input 1 as well as input 0 in 0.008s.


A promising result we discovered was that the percentage of false positives diminished as we looked at larger designs (granted this is a small sample set).

it appears that scaling up to larger designs does not greatly increase the total number of false positives (i.e.


Experimental results with both synthetic power grids and IBM power grid benchmarks show that the proposed approach achieves up to about 17X speedup over the prior art [19], and the overestimation of power supply noises is reasonably small.

a power grid with 562K nodes can be veri.ed in about 1 hour.


From the graph, we see that execution time is virtually unchanged.

the performance impact of predicting branches based on decayed predictor entries is negligible.


Exclusivity also requires that outputs of u and v are heterogeneous.

u must only source a routing net, while v Figure 5: Chain tree (a) before, (b) worst case duplication, (c) average case with relaxation.


Compared with state-of-the-art placement algorithms, our algorithm can achieve the best structure-aware placement results e.ciently.

our placer generates the most competitive solutions, compared with manual designs in the literature.


2.5 Micromechanical Circuits Although stand-alone vibrating µmechanical resonators are themselves applicable to local oscillator synthesizer applications in transceivers [19][20], their application range can be greatly extended by using them in circuit networks.

by interlinking mechanical elements into specific networks, a variety of low-loss circuit functions are available, from bandpass filters [9] to mixers [21] to gain devices [22].


However, these embedded memories dramatically increase both design and verification complexity due to an exponential increase in the state space with each additional memory bit.

this state explosion adversely affects the practical application of formal verification techniques like model checking [3, 4] for functional verification of such large embedded memory systems.


These can cause high rates of defects in the systems designed using these structures.

unreliable manufacturing techniques can result in high degrees of faults in the WPs used in the SWNoC.


Whenever Optimus connects the template for two .lters together, it merges their input and output queues together.

those two .lters will share one FIFO queue for transferring data between them.


The extracted model mirrors the code more closely than the manually constructed model and is richer in its description.

the header length assignments and assertions present in the code, which are marked with asterisks in the figure, are included.


High sensitivity photon detectors can be employed to capture the weak emission while the chip under evaluation is powered on and electric stimuli are applied to it.

two main families of electrical test modes, static and dynamic, can be applied.


Any two consecutive annotation points define a media item for each video clip that intersects the respective time interval.

all the annotation points are cutting points for sub-clipping all the video clips.


After the nodes are placed in their BFS orders, we can always .nd routing paths for the tree edges with zero crossings.

if each node in the tree represents a single device instead of a biconnected component, then we have already obtained an ordering without any crossings between the routing paths in E1.


Thus, unlike the approach given in [7], we lift the entire veri.cation problem to the abstract level: Whenever we succeed in verifying that Kh¯|=Fh¯holds, our results imply that also K|=Fholds.

our method applies to any kind of counters (with increment/decrement inputs) and any kind of ACTL * speci.cation that compares the counter s value with some .xed constants.


Our approach targets embedded applications consisting of loops that manipulate array elements.

we assume that all scalar variables are stored in registers and hence do not play a part in our analysis.


Thus, all of the above routing problems  brick routing, minimum wirelengh brick routing, minimum via brick routing, and pattern-prohibited brick routing are decision problems in the complexity class NP [5], and therefore have polynomial reductions to the Boolean Satis.ability (SAT) problem.

for each instance of any of the aforementioned routing problems, we can generate a boolean formula corresponding to an instance of the SAT problem such that the formula is satis.able if and only if the instance of the asso ciated routing problem has a solution.


First, it allows reuse of programmable resources on SoCs for test purposes.

this strategy views testing as an application of the programmable components in the SoC and thus, minimizes the addition of dedicated test circuitry for design-for-testability or self-test.


The graphical model for the influence model is identical to that of the generalized N-chain coupled HMM, but there is one very important simplification.

instead of keeping the entire 1 N j P(St i | St -1,..., St -1) , we only keep P(St i | St -1) and approximate the former with: 1 N j P(St i | St -1,..., St -1) = .aij P(St i | St -1) j we form our probability for the next state by taking a convex combination of the pair wise conditional probabilities for our next state given our previous state and the neighbors previous state.


Used positions for those .ip-.ops such that the delay between any on the circuit shown in Figure 5(a), their approach will add two consecutive ones is upper bounded by the clock period.

edges from O1 and O2 to a super output and thus the upper we need to prove that there exists a solution bound will be 202.


It allows us to perform the calibration e.ciently in one-shot using a single test step and optimizing tuning knob values quickly in software in the background, which greatly reduce the cost.

thanks to the non-intrusive property, the sensor measurements stay invariant under changes of the tuning knobs.


4.3 Data-path and Controller Veri.cation Objectives: The .nal output of the high-level synthesis is a control-path and a data-path (CP-DP) so that (i) all the register transfer operations and the status conditions in M2 are indeed provided for the DP components and theirs interconnections and (ii) the set of all control signals generated and status signals sensed in the states of the controller FSMD M3 do realize the corresponding register transfers of FSMD M2.

the veri.cation task in this phase is de.ned as follows: given the control signal assertion pattern in each state of the controller FSM, it is required to identify the corresponding register transfer operation in the DP and construct the FSMD M3.


In particular, wires whose latency is greater than a clock cycle are segmented using relay stations, and IP blocks are made robust to arbitrary communication delays.

this paper shows, however, that signi.cant extensions are needed to make latency-insensitive systems useful for the practical design of large-scale SoC s. this paper proposes three extensions.


One such instruction is the subleq instruction, which has been used for instructional purposesinthepast.We.ndthatthe scopeforusingsuchaTuringcomplete instructionisfar greater, andin this paper, we present its applicability to fault tolerance.

we extend a MIPS processor with a co-processor (called ultra-reduced instruction set co-processor URISC) that implements the subleq instruction.We use the URISC to execute sequences of subleq that are semanticallyequivalenttothefaulty instructions.We formallyprove this, and implement the translations in the back-end of the LLVM compiler.Wegenerate binaries for our hardware prototype called MIPS-URISC, which we synthesize and execute on an Altera FPGA.


Figure 5: Complex shape for CU density layer Figure 6: Complex shape for memory block density layer Figure 7: Complex shape for LUT density layer With the new multi-layer density system and the proper shape generation procedure shown above, a heterogeneous placement task is translated to a set of homogeneous ones, with each of them being handled at a different density layer.

the placer needs to make sure that density is properly distributed for all the layers in order to avoid both resource waste (Fig.


(A2) For each j, the sub-budget ßj Nj E is evenly distributed to all PFAs in the jth column of the probabilistic multiplier.


Simulation tools have been developed to capture the effect of these manufacturing variations.

advanced lithography simulation tools have been developed to predict lithography variations of a designed layout [1].


Note that actual sampling rate is higher than what is speci.ed to the Android sensor manager) Power (mW) Increase over base power Accl (20 Hz) 230 112% Accl (10 Hz) 180 67% Accl (2 Hz) 164 51% Baro (1 Hz) 110 2% CPU Awake (base) 108 x CPU Asleep 25 x dimensional accelerometer data?


We apply it to analyze typical logic synthesis transforms, and to show how their incremental changes impact routability of a circuit layout.

we view circuit restructuring as a sequence of atomic transformations, each with its own contributing factor to the circuit quality.


However, the use of minimum area has also resulted in an increase in the power density of circuit modules, and hence, the junction temperature increased, which has an exponential impact on the subthreshold current.

minimum area may no longer be the optimum point for power due to the leakage.


Because our algorithm employs a thresholding heuristic when generating triangles,low-degree networks tend to produce insuf.ciently many shared triangles for propagation of localization information.

the algorithm prefers to achieve high-quality localization, even if only part of the network can be localized, than to localize the entire network with lower accuracy.


We convert a 2-geometry Steiner tree, T2 =(V2,E2), into an isomorphic 4-geometry Steiner tree, T4 =(V4,E4).

t2 and T4 are 1-1 correspondences f : V2 .


Memory event instrumentation, on the other hand, is limited to either a few hardware watchpoints or page granularity.

the primitives available for debugging are heavily biased toward code granularity rather than memory granularity.


However, at VSUPPLY < 0.6V, write failures occur when WWL is underdriven sufficiently to fix half select disturbs.

there is no feasible WWL voltage level that avoids both write failure and half select disturbs.


Results Figure 3 shows the layout of an 8-bit adder, based on eight 1bit Full Adders, after VHDL parsing, placement and routing on a low-level .oorplan.

details are shown of the complementary structures: the input and output tiles, as well as a buffer tile between one stage and the next.


The studies proposed were based on the assumption that the highly regular structure of most FPGAs is ideal to implement hardware redundancy.

the authors in [26] proposed the .rst hardware redundancy technique.


2.1 Process Balance/Imbalance For strong inversion operation, processes all start from a common reference point.

nMOS devices are always ~2-3 times stronger than iso-sized PMOS devices due to the higher mobility of electrons relative to holes.


E. Extraction of Distributions over Parameters As mentioned above, one of the advantages of using GMMs for clustering is that we have a probabilistic model from which we can extract the distribution corresponding to each cluster straightforwardly.

at the end of a GMM run, we obtain a Gaussian distribution for each cluster, which we will use to draw parameter values as candidates to be a Pareto optimal point on our unseen (test) input.


They constrain the thread interleavings to provide a guarantee that any execution of a multi-threaded program would yield the same output as long as the input remains the same.

they guarantee a deterministic order of all memory accesses for a given program input.


We continued to improve our gesture recognition system after the ChaLearn competition.

we made two noteworthy changes to the system.


We first concentrate on a memory system since it generally occupies a large portion of power dissipation in various multimedia systems.

we pre-store the useful data and make a better compromise between internal and external memory access times.


We investigate linear switching, which is, on average, ideal for a set of weights.

if a weight update would move by 30% toward the next state, then the probability of the weight changing to that next state is set to 0.3.


Suppose there exists at least one obstacle-avoiding preferred direction shortest path sp betwen two pin-vertices such that sp cannot be found on PDEG.

some CLSs or via connections of sp are unevaded.


While not pictured here, the energy savings obtained from using the di.erent control architectures are similar  the system using the FD controller has about 8% higher energy consumption than the FC controller, while CF-8 actually has 1% lower energy consumption than FC.

the performance of the three FC, FD and CF-8 controllers from an energy savings perspective is comparable.


In [15] and [5], the authors introduce approaches to consider trajectory patterns between di.erent spatial levels as well as the relation among user, location and trajectory.

geoLife [15] is a social networking service which increases social connectivity among users taking multiple geospatial scales into account while the work described by [5] focuses on Regions of Interest (ROI) as opposed to multiple abstraction levels.


To gain e.ciency we concentrate on a weaker goal, k-anonymity: the adversary is able to learn something about the origin or destination of a particular message, but cannot narrow down its search to a set of less than k participants.

k-anonymity guarantees that in anetwork with n honest participants, the adversary is not able to guess the sender or recipient of a particular message with probability non-negligibly greater than 1/k,where k is a constant smaller than, but otherwise not related to n. We show that, in our adversarial model, there exists a kanonymous communication protocol that is far simpler and more e.cient than any known fully anonymous communication protocol.


Simulation results on a set of eight benchmarks show the benefits of the proposed approach.

a baseline system without TECs but with a fan could meet the thermal constraint for only three of the benchmarks whereas the OFTEC solution satisfied thermal constraints for all benchmarks.


When late-binding is used, it is important to maintain the correct simulation semantics of these values.

it should be impossible to distinguish between the late binding of the values and assignment of the same values at the primary inputs of the design.


Instead of computing and keeping all the 2K-1 states in each stage as in the traditional VA, some paths are purged according to certain criterion.

at each decoding stage, only some of the most likely paths with the accumulative path metric satisfying a certain pre-set threshold from the best path metric are kept.


We will review techniques to provide robustness in light of these trends.

we will revisit techniques developed by the fault-tolerant community as well as newer ideas in timing speculation, exemplified by our Razor research.


The aim of this paper is to present requirements from the embedded consumer domain on SoC infrastructures.

we investigate video applications and theirimplementations in order to derive such requirements.


Therefore, the data contained in the cache are not modi.ed.

the replacement of a cache line occurs only within the context of the pre-de.ned locality value.


In general, however, tolerating dynamic variation requires extra timing margin, resulting in lower performance.

highfrequency voltage variation inducing cycle-to-cycle jitter is the greatest concern, and jitter is a larger concern than skew.


To ensure complete identi.cation capability while keeping computational time low, we run checker 1, checker 2 and checker 3 in a consecutive manner.

if a more ef.cient checker (e.g., checker 1) .nds out a redundant input for a particular signal with un-activated products/sums, we mark it as a suspicious HT-affected signal and move to process the next signal of interest.


This makes reliability analysis crucial in order to succeed on the market.

the need for safety systems has been increasingly rising since the awareness for protecting people and environment is becoming eminent.


We use simulation and combinational logic veri.cation (in ABC) to check that guarding (in the case of non-obvious don t cares) does not damage functional correctness (we undo the guarding if needed).

we use a fast random vector simulation to ascertain if correct functionality was disrupted.


A new circuit-level characterization and simulation methodology is demonstrated using EDA tools with ,%0¶V  QP 12SOI process technology.

the relationship between error probability and different types of noise coupling with varying noise RMS (Root Mean Square) values and circuit topology is analyzed.


Thus, the modification of the leakage of G due to the gate leakage of Hout1,...,Houtn is negligible.

the propagation of the loading effect (output loading effect in this case) beyond one level is negligible.


Infact,thecapability ofinstalling software, and thefactthat embedded systems are nownetworkenabled, expose them to an increasing number of possible attacks.

viruses, malwares, and other malicious pieces of software represent nowadays a real danger.


Data Value Inlining Since the tag area of the NRC provides some storage for pointers, a further enhancement can be applied.

narrow values (i.e., values that can be represented with a small number of bits) can be inlined into the tag area.


While it is periodic for any odd modulus mi, odd moduli with small period P(mi) and halfperiod HP(mi) parameters typically enjoy low implementation costs [17].

for every non-negative integer k,j :k<n, the low-cost moduli 2n -1 and 2n +1 enjoy k+nj 2=|2k|2n-1,n=2 (2) k+nj 2=|(-1)j2k|2n+1,n=1.


As shown in Figure 4, the average ratio of memory accesses to stack, global and heap is close to 2:1:1.

we can multi-port the SAT and SAC by using this ratio.


While f (x) globally approximates the design space, z(x) creates local deviations which are interpolated by the kriging model with the use of spatial correlations.

regression function f(x) captures global impact of the parameters, whereas correlation function z(x) captures local impact of the parameters.


In addition, before we descend into each newly warped region and start placing it in finer detail, we do a single global, top-level repair step to relocate only the difficult overlaps to the nearest free space.


This is because we perform exact simulation (even though in a single pass) and employ a lossless compression scheme.


The loaded and then locked instructions may belong to any task in the system.

the available cache lines can be shared by all of the tasks in the system.


Let Nr be the small cluster containing r. There ought to be no facility in Nr that gets paid for by the termination time.

if the program runs in the normal mode (without early termination), then no facility in Nr should be paid for before all clients in the normal clusters are connected.


A speci.c embedded SRAM is used for illustration.

in Section 2 the global yield model based on a negative binomial distribution is espoused.


The main reason is that even if logic function is the same at both an MT cell and a high-Vth cell the number of pins is different from each other.

a high-Vth cell for NAND2 has two input pins (A and B) and an output pin (Z), while an MT cell for NAND2 has three input pins (A, B and MTE) and an output pin (Z).


For the purposes of this paper, we assume that all humans will interpret any given screen image in the same way, and thus a single function suf.ces; usability issues are outside the scope of this paper.

we assume that testers will interpret screen images in the same way as voters.


However a pattern can have instances in multiple basic blocks.

the contributions of our approach include: (i) Ef.cient subgraph enumeration and pruning techniques for pattern recognition.


The work in this paper is inspired by the results due to Doyle and Snell [1], which interprets the relationship between resistive networks and probabilities.

the solution to any network with resistors and voltage sources can be interpreted as being equivalent to an equivalent probabilistic problem.


In addition, our NoC design has 2.1x (mixed traf.c) and 2.2x (broadcast-only) higher saturation throughput than the baseline.

the proposed NoC can obtain the same throughput as the baseline with fewer buffers or VCs.


The universal MSR multiplier produces 0 1 M-2 M-1 a b = a(B0a+ B1a+ ...+ BM-2a+ BM-1a) = aB0 +( aa)B1 + ···+((···(( aa)a) ···a)BM-1.

the universal MSR multiplier produces the product a b of the register values a and b.


To avoid this increase, our approach stores the locations to-be-updated in a linked list in-place in those locations itself.

each to-bemodi.ed location stores the displacement in words to the next tobe-modi.ed location in the executable.


In addition, our approach not only takes advantage of the reuse opportunities within a loop iteration but also across loop iterations.

if the targeted data is recomputed in a previous iteration, we can recompute it in the current iteration as well.


Each of the (m + n) net requires at least a cost of 2R.Since the TSV assignment solution completed the routing of all nets, each net must have achieved the minimum cost of 2R.With wirelength 2R, there must be no detour of any routing of the bridges.

a net can only be assigned to the bridge bti (or bfi) on every die.


The model used assumes that jobs are non-malleable.

each job requires a .xed number of processors for the life of the job, and the scheduler may not adjust this number.


4.3 Graph Coloring Given the interference graph, graph coloring can be performed to obtain a clustering of memory blocks.

the memories that are assigned the same color are to be assigned the same memory address.


This fact reduces the LCM-IP dependability of SOPC system resources.

it should be easy to include the LCM-IP in most systems, without thinking of how much resources are available.


As explained earlier, ghosting images are much more an issue in multi-user projection systems than in common single-user stereo displays.

ghosting of images from other users is more noticeable than left-right eye ghosting since the other users move independently of oneself.


The authors observe that the application-speci.c nature of the embedded processors and the tight area, power dissipation, and latency/throughput constraints in embedded systems often demand a highly ef.cient and fully automated architecture exploration methodology.

they show that ADL-driven design space exploration and software toolkit generation strategies present a viable solution to this problem, providing a systematic mechanism for a top-down design and validation of complex systems.


Inorder toguaranteecorrectexecution, the problem is notthat a given cache block loses its state along time but that it becomes unrecoverable.

the information loss is not a problem for correctness if it can be recovered from another location, for instance, from the L2 cache.


Note that f (k - 1) <= f , for all k. In the case where CD fC (k - 1) < fD , we know that f (k -1) = fC (k - 1) , and from Equation (2), f(k) > f (k - 1) since r(k) = 1 > rref .

both f (k) and fC (k) will increase monotonically until fC reaches fD .


We need a single uni.ed metric that takes into account all the important aspects of the detection capability, i.e., T P , F P , P P V , N P V , and B.

this metric should incorporate existing metrics because they are all useful in their own right.


Our simulations show that IPStash is both fast and power efficient compared to TCAMs.

iPStash devices built in the same technology as TCAMs can run at speeds in excess of 600 MHz, offer more than twice the search throughput (>200Msps), and consume up to 35% less power (for the same throughput) than the best commercially available TCAMs when tested with real routing tables and IP traffic.


If, after queue sizing, the mean weight of any cycle with mirror edges is not bigger than the maximum cycle mean, A*(Gz), of the lis-graph, A*(Gz)and A*(Ge)are equal.

the throughput of a LIS with limited queue sizes is also affected only by relay station insertion in feedback cycles of the system.


Each column (starting with the second one) in this table corresponds to a loop nest in the application and each cell shows the minimum processor count (as explained above) that gives the best performance for that nest.

using more processors for the nest does not improve its performance further.


[21] For the second part of this task, there are now programs such as NETMORPH[22] and CX3D[23] that simulate the size and shape of neurons as they grow.

these programs look at known e.ects such as physical competition for space, and gradients and di.usion of chemical cues.


18.78 0.74 7.42 160.24 2.31 Second, the estimation error of the entropy method does not quickly decrease, if we use more than 9 sensors.

finally, Table 1 shows the runtime for different methods to deploying 9 sensors for thermal monitoring is a good choice to determine the sensor locations for our experiment in Figure 1.


BPS results in a temperature drop in the hot spots, but also a temperature rise in the relatively colder parts in the bank.

it distributes the active blocks more uniformly, which in return results in reduction in the overall peak temperature.


forcing the PLA to enter the precharge phase.

pLA p enters the precharge phase if PLAs at a level above the PLA p have started evaluation (after latching the input data).


In the case of full C/C++ simulation, although the speed was about 3.3 KHz, the accuracy was less than that of RTL simulation because of the high abstraction level of blocks other than the CPU.

rTL simulation is more accurate, but at about 96 Hz it is too slow.


However, unlike the traditional sparse regression approach that fits the sparse performance model based on the simulation data at a single stage only (e.g., post-layout simulation data), BMF attempts to identify the underlying sparse pattern by re-using the early-stage data (e.g., schematic-level simulation data) in order to efficiently fit a late-stage (e.g., post-layout) performance model.

bMF consists of the following two major steps: (i) statistically defining the prior knowledge of the sparse pattern based on the early-stage simulation data, and (ii) optimally determining the late-stage performance model by combining the prior knowledge and very few late-stage simulation samples.


We chose to solve this problem by using the granularity of the loop iteration, for any of the loops in the program.

given an arbitrary loop in the program (which may very well be surrounded by other loops), our technique will compute the minimal on-chip buffer size requirement and associated communications to execute one iteration of this loop, while exploiting the reuse between consecutive iterations of said loop.


As mentioned above, the states play the role of predicates.

a PE executes instructions normally in the awake state and suppresses the execution in the sleep state.


Our Contributions: In this work, we adopt the Minimum Cross Entropy (MCE) method from the statistics community to develop a complete and general statistical methodology called Cross Entropy Minimization for SRAM, to give quick and 978-3-9810801-8-6/DATE12/ c .2012 EDAA accurate evaluation of SRAM designs.

we .rst mathematically formulate the failure of SRAM cells in a way such that IS can be applied to it, and the MCE method is then applied to determine the optimal practical distribution for IS.


While for SA0 (stuck-at-0) fault, the response pattern is an all-zero pattern.

after the step 1, we have known the faulty chain and known whether it is an SA0 fault or SA1 fault.


Percent changes of total delay, maximum delay and via count by parameter .. for adaptec2.

when .. is small, as .. increases, the total delay and maximum delay decrease quickly while via count still keeps roughly the same.


74 These properties make FLID scalable to an unlimited num- ber of receivers.

receivers with slower band- width connections to the server do not slow down receivers with faster connections.


Logical abstraction can also be applied to models of genetic circuits.

rather than tracking the exact quantities of each chemical species, these amounts can be encoded into Boolean (or n-ary) logic levels resulting in a stochastic asynchronous model [11].


The goal of the simulation experiments reported below is to study the impact of the sample on the overall performance of the Median computation protocol.

we verify the results we obtained via analysis, in Section 5.2, about the inter-relationship among parameters, such as error bound E, sample size S, and the number of buckets b in the histogram.


[15] only provides an estimation of the number of operations for Algorithm 3, so we can use it as a lower bound O on the number of operations required by Algorithm 1.

when the precision is set to 10-6, this lower bound is given approximately by 12 times the product between the maximum jump to left and the maximum jump to right, that is: O 12 ·L ·S =12[A(B -1)-1]·S 12 ·A ·B ·S .


Since leakage current is weakly dependent on supply voltage, finding the optimal operation for very large values of Tdeadline involves a co-optimization of the sizing of the cutoff structure and the operating voltage.

by increasing Vdd above Vmin, we can achieve the small size of the cutoff structure which reduces the standby mode leakage energy.


A fault in the combinational logic is a transient logic pulse in a node that can disappear according to the logic delay and topology.

this means that a transient fault in the combinational logic may or may not be latched by a storage cell.


To obtain a control schedule and a FU assignment in margin-based design, we append one c-step to each operation in conventional design.

aLU (MUL) is treated as two-(three-, respectively) cycle FU.


BFS and PCR bene.t from having a large cache.

pCR sees a large performance bene.t moving from a 256KB to 512KB cache.


(Henceforth, the dimensional subscripts in the transfer functions or association operator are sometimes omitted when they are obvious from context.)

an interesting property [1] is that if H(s1, ··· ,sn) canbe writtenas F (s1 + ··· + sn)G(s1, ··· ,sn), then by (7) H(s)=A (F (s1 + ··· + sn)G(s1, ··· ,sn)) =F (s)A (G(s1, ··· ,sn)) = F (s)G(s).


MODO: A ME T H O D O LO G Y FOR MU LT I O BJ EC TIVE DE A D S PAC E OPT I M I ZAT ION 3D-IC design is challenging in many aspects.

deadspace optimization at early design phases is necessary to ensure design closure.


In light of this, we propose to formulate an EM algorithm that directly uses knowledge of all the rule-violation instances.

we preserve the rule-candidate matrix that has a row for each failed-chip candidate as illustrated in Table 1.


We have shown how cosets and double cosets are particularly helpful for synthesizing, in a systematic way, arbitrary reversible circuits.

we have demonstrated the power of subgroup chains of the form S8 .


the multicast messages dispatched from the source node to the .rst destination in the HH subnetwork does not jeopardize the deadlock freedom in the MP algorithm.

there is no risk of a 180-degree or prohibited turn in such situations.


Third, analytical results give a physical insight into the durability of switches, system reliability, system scalability, and service-cost savings.

a fraction of the charge current load imposed on individual switches varies with cell-level or array-level arrangement.


Py (18) Since z and y are independent, their mean and variances will add in a convolution.

µx = µz µy+ (19) sx 2 = sz 2 + sy 2 (20) Since P, C, Pand Care known, their mean and xxy y variances can be computed from their PDFs (or their piecewise linear CDF).


Asshown inFig.6-(a),on average,DESAoffers twice asmuch reliabilityastheconventional BMSoverthebattery slife 100 10-2 time.

a DESA-managed battery pack to be used for 10 years is 3× more reliable than the conventional BMS-managed 10-4 one,whosereliabilityisonly26%.


Though the Huawei Gen3 has the same number of channels, type and count of .ash chips, and FPGA controller hardware, its throughput is consistently lower than that of SDF.

with a request size of 64 KB or smaller its throughput is substantially lower.


Introduction The electronic systems deployed in mission critical environments are increasingly demanding components, devices and systems that offer high performance characteristics combined with enhanced dependability.

considering the electronic systems for space and avionics applications, a silicon device needs to satisfy strict dependability rules before they can be authorized for the usage in these fields.


We next executed steps 3 through 7 (for k larger than 0) of the leakage power minimization algorithm in Figure 3.2.

we iteratively increment the original delay target, each time by an additional .


After computing the implication gates for each pair of gates, we check the consistency of implication gates.

we check the implication gates value in the database to see if it is consistent with every vector that was simulated.


Natalie deremijenko Center for Advanced Technology New York University 715 Broadway, # 1208 NY, NY 10003 USA +1 212 998 3382 nat@cat.nyu.edu EXISTING APPLICATIONS Sound transduction through bone conduction has been used for more than 50 years in subjects with certain types of hearing impairment.

eases where profound damage to the middle and/or outer ear exists, usually classified as "conduction loss", but where the cochlea is still intact are good candidates for the use of hearing aid devices that use this technology.


Monitor Figure 1: StressTest structure StressTest connects to the external instruction bus interface of the DUT and internally simulates the instruction memory for the DUT.

the execution of the test is not a.ected by the insertion of StressTest in the simulation .ow.


the wafers in Cluster a do not carry significant spatially correlated variation.


Additionally, the L2 miss rates are almost the 100% of the miss rate of a very large DL1 cache.

roughly 5% of the memory accesses of Merged Engines are L2 cache misses, even using an 8 MBytes L2 cache.


Because of this, there were only one or two misrecognized commands in the course of the entire study, across all subjects and tasks.

command recognition errors did not hinder subjects in advancing through the Single-PTT dialog to reach the large-vocabulary search states.


While effective in many cases, such time-borrowing techniques have the inherent weakness of error effect propagation.

even if a suspicious FF can borrow some time from its successive logic level, the timing slack of this level is reduced.


Since we already have 2 equality constraints, this means that out of the remaining constraints qi = 0, at least N - 1 are equalities.

this means that in the optimal distribution, all but two values of qi = p1(vi) are equal to 0.


In this case, we do not need to interpolate the delay by using two nearest values for the power-switch size.

the interpolation is performed by using three parameters of the input slew, the output capacitance and the virtual ground length.


Especially as the process technology advances below 90nm, the leakage power consumption becomes dominant in the total power dissipation, thus reducing the leakage power consumption is an important design goal for low-power CMPs.

since most CMPs employ a large L2 cache, reducing the leakage power consumption of the L2 cache is critical in realizing low-power CMPs.


recent FPGAs provide a su.cient gate complexity to create complete (Con.gurable) System on a Chip (CSoC) environments since microprocessor soft cores, crypto accelerators and high-throughput I/O components can be included in a single FPGA design.


This distribution satis.es a large number of desirable mathematical properties.

the WVD is always real valued, it preserves time and frequency shifts and satis.es the marginal properties [3] [4].


Given a partial candidate voltage partitioning solution s, adding small functional units into s could increase the maximum voltage v(Fi(s)) at some partitions, which will signi.cantly increase the peak power and thus make the approximation ratio dif.cult to control.

even if one computes the optimal solution for Fbig and the optimal solution for Fsmall , patching these two solutions together could still lead to much worse result.


For each NTPT in the system, we use a dedicated tile to simulate its behavior, such as tracking outgoing tra.c and updating the communication pattern register.

if we are going to evaluate NTPT on a CMP with n tiles, we will use n extra tiles in TILE64 for simulating the behavior of corresponding NTPTs.


Their proposal, named as Network-on-SSD (NoSSD), gives higher performance, larger bandwidth, more scalability, and better reliability with least concern about signal distribution problems.

noSSD is an interconnection network between .ashes and the controller that pipelines the global wires, so that their electrical properties are improved and well controlled.


This means that the peripheral circuits also play important roles in both leakage power and access time of caches.

increasing the VTH of the 6T-SRAM cell array alone gives us diminishing return at some point without reducing the leakage power further.


Since the set-up of the VCs is based on a mutual agreement between the source and the destination regarding the information to be sent, no buffer over.ow is assumed.

the source knows at what rate it can send data/packets to the NI and the destination knows what data rate it has to be able to cope with.


The key characteristic of these sensors is that they are non-intrusive, that is, they are not electrically connected to the RF circuit, and, thereby, they do not degrade its performances.

the presence of spot defects is detected by a temperature sensor, whereas the performances of the RF circuit in the presence of process variations are implicitly predicted by process sensors, namely dummy circuits and process control monitors.


The higher resilience of decaps against resistance at ULV regimes comes from two factors: slow circuits and large impedance of PGSs.

uLV circuits have a dominant portion of noise in lower frequency, which falls within the corner frequency of remote decap.


Assume further (for now) that there is only a single non-zero element (say rk)in ~r; all other elements are assumed to be zero.

the loop ikis the one that carries the reuse.


Figure 2: Pass-Transistor Flip-Flop for State Retention.

by comparing our implementation to that depicted in Fig.


If da and db denote two devices to placed on the chip, we draw two circles each with radius C(da 2 ,db) , centering at da and db.

if these two disks are disjoint, i.e., non-overlapping, then the distance between their centers will be no less than C(da,db).the corresponding separation constraint will be satis.ed.


Without retiming, the rate optimal unfolding factor is upper bounded by the least common multiple of the delay counts of all cycles in DFG.

if we unfolded the DFG Gby f= m(D( )), V EG, we can always get a DFG with the optimal execution rate P(GI)=T( r)/D( r).


In comparison, Intra-P-TPM and Intra-P-DRPM save around 18% and 30% disk energy, respectively.

capturing and exploiting interprocessor disk access pattern is critical in maximizing savings.


The algorithm then enters the while loop of Line 10, in which the sizes of the various sleep transistors to be connected in parallel are calculated.

at each iteration, the size of the next sleep transistor is determined.


The sensitivity is quanti.ed as a weight parameter.

for a data set .. = {..1,..2, ..., .... } with .. samples, where each sample .... = {..1,..2, ..., .... } consists of .. variation parameters, ReliefF starts with a .. -long weight vector ,.. , of zeros, and iteratively updates .. .


We handle the phases in counterclockwise.

the phase that point S1 is inside will be handled before the one S3 is inside.


According to the fallen positions of each raindrop, various images are projected on the water surface and sounds are generated in real-time (see Figure 1).

the more it rains, the more feedback of light and music the system generateds.


This is in contrast with the design of commodity SSD intended for serving various workloads covering a large spectrum of characteristics in terms of request operation (read or write), request size, and request locality.

because of .ash s out-of-place data update, in the design of commodity SSD substantial attention has been paid to the optimization of logic for effectively serving small writes, which are associated with expensive garbage collection operations and carry a signi.cant performance implication.


, it is possible to relate any NP test with an equivalent Bayes test [16].

whenever one considers a detection problem under the NP framework at a given (a,ß )pair, a certain loss ratio and apriori distribution p are being indirectly assumed.


While process innovations are in the foundations of this evolution, power dissipation, quality, yield and reliability issues may become the showstoppers.

rapidly increasing defect densities and fault model complexities; extreme static and dynamic PVT variability; cross talk; accelerated aging and device degradation; and increasing soft error rates; bring us in a domain where traditional DfT, DfY, and DfR approaches could not work.


This observation permits a less conservative recovery policy.

each MDT entry could keep a count of the number of loads completed but not yet retired.


It is based on functional variable decoupling and piece-wise linearization.

an inverter is modeled as operating in two modes - a high gain and a low gain mode.


This type of questions can be ef.ciently answered by Statistical Model Checking [3, 2, 5], the technique we use for verifying analog circuit models simulated by SPICE.

randomly sampled system traces are sequentially generated using SPICE and passed to a trace checker (see Section II for a brief description of the checker) to determine whether they satisfy a given speci.cation, until the desired statistical strength is achieved.


This novel spatio-temporal framework is implemented by instrumenting the last-level non-volatile storage and therefore has minimal impact to its integration density.

the paper has the following major contributions: 1.


It is hypothesized that by following the partitioned program approach and synthesizing these critical portions of code to circuit logic onto FPGAs, jumping to a separate part of the program address space may have no contextual meaning.

programs or program portions synthesized into circuit logic do not rely on a program counter or the program address space.


3T +T -x ox ox Si BOX Si c where VFB is the flat-band voltage in the front gate, fF is the film-Fermi potential, NA(eff)is the effective channel doping density, eox is the front-gate oxide permittivity, and xc is the inversion-charge centroid (0 < xc < TSi).

a negative back-bias increases the device threshold voltage, whereas a positive bias reduces it [11].


The extracted data access patterns are used to con.gure the DFMs as well as the data pre-fetching unit in memory controller.

the DFMs can be controlled by varying address generation logic, data width, port number and data format converter.


The results show that the proposed schemes perform fairly under different yield constraints.

the Hybrid scheme achieves 98.8% yield for the relaxed constraint and approximately 92.8% yield for the strict constraint.


Note that each point in a PRC represents a relocation movement that will cause damages to the corresponding feature boundary.

the overlapping PRC number on one point represents the number of damaged boundaries once that relocation is adopted.


5.1 Summary The results show that the wire load in ASIC-like designs is a significant contribution to the total clock load.

the contribution of the wires can increase the capacitive load of ASIC-like control logic designs by as much as 30% and arise from load contributed by the M3 and M4 metal layers.


This algorithm has several new fea-tures of interest.

it performs a delay profiling of an FPGA to allow architecture-independent and CPU efficient timing-driven placement.


If the mobilities of two operations are both small and their overlap is relatively large, parallelizing the corresponding variables is more likely to improve the schedule length.

if such variables are put in the same bank, accessing the two variables is forced to be sequentialized which is very likely to increase the overall schedule length.


For instance, the rule which says that only paths that contain solely HVT cells are allowed to have a delay which is longer than D. (but shorter than Dnom) nom can be relaxed.

we could allow paths which contain a mix of HVT and LVT cells to have a delay longer than D. at Tnom; obviously, if we do so, we need to make nom sure that the delay of that path at Twc is still below Dnom.


These are discrete random variables over the set of strictly positive integers, generally up to a maximum value: A for the on period (maximum burst size), S for the off period and B for the batch size.


Determining Path Information In this section, we show how our tool computes WCET and BCET for a given program.

we explain how the lower and upper bounds of loop iterations can be ef.ciently calculated.


Note that the matrix ATA .RK.K is much smaller than the matrix A .RN.K where K << N in our application.

unlike the QR decomposition that is performed on a large-size matrix A, the Cholesky decomposition in (24) is applied to a small-size matrix ATA and, hence, can be efficiently computed with low computational cost.


a memory location can be updated at any given cycle through only one write port.


electronic interconnects become ever-smaller, new factors come to bear, which reduce reliability and which previously were negligible.

there are material migration processes in electrical wires, which cannot be ignored anymore during the development of electronic circuits.


If a random variable X follows an inverse Gaussian with parameters µ and ., then its mean and variance are µ , µ3/., respectively.

the following equalities are true, E(X) =µ    (24a) var(X) =µ3/ .


This will lead to suf.cient similarity between the reference multiplier and the design.

the designer is requested to use the same topology of the adder tree for both, reference and implementation.


In this paper, we review state-of-art design techniques exploiting the enhanced functionality of controllable-polarity FETs.

we provide a transversal review of the possibilities unlocked by this device family, by covering logic gate design, memory design, low-power techniques and design methodologies.


Ic:(R:A), and there exists no property Iccover IAsuch that Iccis weaker than Ic and Icc:(R:A).

we .nd the weakest assumption over IAthat suf.ces to close the coverage gap.


x1 x5  no cube, Ci, is contained within another cube.


4.2 Features and Practical Considerations Our placement formulation has several features of practical importance.

linear constraints on the permutation matrix P are used to accommodate restrictions that might .x or con.ne certain logic blocks in the design to certain locations on the FPGA.


in addition to the bottleneck TAM for core internal logic test, each SI test has its own bottleneck TAM, which may affect the total SOC testing time Tsoc.


C.3 TRN Region Motions (TM) This transformation stage shifts TRN regions to more profitable locations within their current HRG level.


3D MOVING BLOCK SEQUENCE We propose a new real 3D layout representation called 3D Moving Block Sequence (3D-MBS), inspired by main features of the MBS (Section 2.2).

we extend the constructive blockinsertion process of MBS to the continuous 3D space.


This, in time domain, corresponds to a smaller correlation width for noise.

if noise is sampled at the bit rate, then two consecutive samples will have a larger correlation in the unmodulated case compared with the modulated one.


Our future plans also include switching to a newly-available GPS chip which o.ers quicker .xes at lower energy costs and increasing the number of sensors on the collar.

we are currently testing XYZorientation sensors that will assist the biologists in collecting data about the zebra s activities: a collar low to the ground is likely eating, while other patterns regarding how the head is raised may be mined for information on the zebra s social behavior, vigilance towards predators, and so forth.


we expect that more aggressive delay optimization would make DC use more 3-input cells.


The Sliding Window on y1 data bank is shifted by 10 data points to the right every 1000 generations, and the window on y2 data bank is .xed.

the input sets are kept the same for 1000 generations and are then modi.ed over 10% of their range.


On the reliability monitor side, the idea of in-situ reliability sensors is discussed in [18] in a very high level without implementation details.

a digital circuit design of NBTI sensor has been developed in [2].


Through considerations of this type, corner analysis has been applied for many years to design chips that are robust in the face of process variability.

when variations are modeled as RVs, it is common to think of the bounds Xmax and Xmin as being the ±3s limits of the i i normal distribution of Xi.if s2 is the variance i of Xi then Xmax =+3si and Xmin = -3si.For any normal i i distribution with mean µ and variance s2,the interval µ ± 3s covers 99.73% of the distribution: Fµ,s (µ +3s) - Fµ,s (µ - 3s)= F(3) - F(-3) = 0.99731 (3) where Fµ,s (·) is the cdf of the normal distribution with mean µ and variance s2,and F(·) is the cdf of the standard normal distribution (i.e., the normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1).


check for constraints in post-ATPG test modification.

after CA circuit remodeling is completed, any (a) Uncontrolled X-bit distribution post-ATPG test modification scheme developed for conventional scan design can be directly used for general broadcast-based test compression.


mELOScouldbein a mode, which is a combination of Data Logging and Data Transfer.


As shown in Table 2, our algorithm generated legal and high-quality placement results e.ciently, compared with the state-of-the-art academic placers.

our algorithm generates the most competitive placement solutions.


We can see this dependence by formulating these models in a slightly di.erent way.

let St =[st st+1 ...st+m-1]T denote the vector of m consecutive samples starting at time t. Then we can rewrite the recursion relation in eq.


Such threshold detection is simple and robust, as it does not rely on the exact behavior of the malicious blocker tag.

this approach would work for either universal or selective blocker tags of a malicious kind.


Experimental studies presented in Section 5 indicate that our proposed framework outperforms the best known prior work [9] that focuses on the same problem of VI-aware regular NoC synthesis.

our framework generates solutions that have lower network traffic by up to 60%, and lower power dissipation by up to 11% compared to solutions generated by using the approach from [9].


Note that runninga testin emulationis about 300xfaster than simulation.

test2hasa prohibitively large runtime of 20 hours during simulation.


In particular, we use dynamic instantiation that creates a new class X_channel (where X represents bus protocol) for every master or slave port instantiated into the model.

we create a Bus as an object that contains several channels (X_channel is not a SC_channel, it is a normal C++ object), just to respect the modularity of an object oriented reuse specification.


In this paper, we propose new and ef.cient techniques to address the above limitation in SAT-based induction.

we employ low-cost learning techniques based on (i) combinational ATPG, (ii) necessary assignment looping and (iii) static sequential logic implications to ef.ciently capture illegal partial-states1 of a design.


Such a program has an ILP of 1 and no branch mispredictions, so it can be fetched much faster than it can be executed.

the program is execute critical; the fetch rate is not affecting the execution rate.


In the future we are planning to explore architectural optimizations in reducing the latency to a single stage thus obtaining better congestion information, and introduce more features in our adaptive algorithm implementation.

we can expand the lookahead information for the destination router from VC state only, to include the link state and other parameters such as hotspots and permanent faults in the links and routers in order to provide hotspot avoidance and fault tolerance.


It will be shown that the modeling of data events is necessary to distinguish certain dynamic pipeline protocols.

we will show that some legal protocols cannot be properly captured by a control-event only model.


due to well bias junction capacitances, pMOS in n-wells are more insulated from SSN coupling than the nMOS in the bulk substrate.


However, the increase of r(u) may violate P0on other edges (u,x) going out of u if wr(u, x) = 0 before the increase.

we have wr(u,x)  r(x) - r(u) (2)  We then increase r(x) by the same amount to restore P0on (u, x).


Figure-3 shows another signal flow graph for FFT, which also can be represented in C in the form of nested loops, but is much more flexible than the one in Figure-2 to derive many possible implementations using high level synthesis.

it can be mapped to a register-based unrolled implementation.


We have developed this new approach with a clear application scenario; personalized violin education at home.

the system should be implemented with o.-the-shelf hardware and be practical in home environments.


Recent works [1] [3] have reported that the stress in the channel of a SS device can be modulated by changing the size of active area around the channel.

[1] plotted the transconductance improvement for a nested2 device for very long (1000nm) and short channel (45nm) transistors and showed signi.cant transconductance improvement as a function of Lpp.


In BAST, only one log block is allocated with one data block if updates occur in a certain data block.

data will be written in only one log block only if the log block has the same logical block number as that of data block.


(c) Steady-State Probability: We compute the steadystate probability distribution for each state, denoted .(S).


For the .rst step, assuming that I~is the vector that contains the original loop in~ dices and I~0TIis the vector that contains the new (transformed) ~ loop indices, each occurrence of Iin the loop body is replaced by ;1I~0 T (note that Tis invertible).

an array reference ~ ;1~ represented by GI+~ois transformed to GTI0+~o:Determining the new loop bounds, however, is more complicated and, in general, may require the use of Fourier Motzkin elimination (a method for solving an af.ne system of inequalities [11]).


In our system model, to evaluate the reliability parameter, we only need to know a prior local noise variance at the SU.

when the ith local binary decision, Di , is 0, we don t need to know any a prior.


This means that the PST buffers can be used to introduce beneficial clock skew to satisfy timing constraints.

the timing slack is adjusted between the critical and non-critical paths.


Since cuts are generated in topological order and the cutset for node v is enumerated using the cutsets of its inputs, it is likely thatthe cross-product of theinput cutsets(which containpossible infeasible cuts with a large number of inputs) will also result in infeasible cuts with alarge number ofinputs.

moreover, the crossproductof two cuts with alarge number ofinputs might also result in an infeasible cut due to its number of inputs exceeding the input threshold k. for certain nodes v, the cutset of v mightbe arti.cially small due to theinability togenerate agood cutsetdue to thepruning of cuts atitspredecessors.


The writable instruction cache functions like a write-back data cache.

only when an instruction is replaced,itiswrittenbacktothe L2 cacheifitismodi.ed.


It is worth noting that all 16 tags are necessary to check for a hit or miss in DRAM cache, which is why they are cached together in the ATCache.

a SetTag of an ATCache is analogous to a word of a conventional cache.


A nonlinear bitwise instruction J, i.e., bitwise and and or introduces bitwise nonlinear dependencies (albeit sharing the CFG stencil Figure 2a with the previous instruction class).

a bitwise nonlinear operation generates a nonlinear dependence between each bit of its result and each corresponding bit of its inputs.


An interesting question is whether multi-threading helps if one aims for maximizing throughput.

for a givenworkload for which thereexists bothasequential andaparallel version, should we run multiple copies of the sequential version simultaneously, or are we better off running a single copy of the multi-threaded version?


Infective computation, as introduced in [24], means that anyerror introduced bya fault attack propagates through the computation.

in CRT-RSA a faultysignature will always be faulty modulo both prime factors, therebypreventing a Bellcore attack.


A description of selected applications to building energy systems of AI approaches is also outlined.

methods using the artificial intelligence approach for the following applications are discussed: Prediction energy use for one building or a set of buildings (served by one utility), Modelling of building envelope heat transfer, Controlling central plants in buildings, and Fault detection and diagnostics for building energy systems.


Fast and Accurate Thermal Modeling and Optimization for Monolithic 3D ICs Sandeep Kumar Samal , Shreepad Panth , Kambiz Samadi§, Mehdi Saedi§, Yang Du§, and Sung Kyu Lim School of ECE, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA §Qualcomm Research, San Diego, CA sandeep.samal@gatech.edu, limsk@ece.gatech.edu  ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the unique thermal behavior in monolithic 3D ICs.

we study the impact of the thin inter-layer dielectric (ILD) between the device tiers on vertical thermal coupling.


The effect of process variation is modeled using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation.

we vary the threshold voltage of transistors (Vth0) following Gaussian distributions with means obtained from nominal values in the technology file and 3s variation (30mV).


The application chosen for this purpose is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) [8][24].

this stressmark is based on a decimation in frequency fixed-point FFT.


In addition, take any finite or infinite run in which all participating processes terminate, and reorder the out- put sets $1, $2, ... by set inclusion to get R1, R2, ....

it is required that for every such sequence R, there ex-ists a bound, say r, such that IRll < r and for all i, IRi+il-IR/I _< r. no snapshot contains more than r "new" elements.


This paper presents a design methodology to e.ciently and automatically implement memory accesses in High-Level Synthesis.

the approach starts from a behavioral speci.cation (in pure C language) and a set of design constraints, such as the memory addresses where some of the data are stored.


Therefore, from our point of view, there is a need for a tool that simpli.es the understanding of the different interactions between the different levels of the cache hierarchy.

it is fundamental to appreciate how the information is managed when using different cache con.gurations.


Schematic representation of the input-output connections of the scheduler of the Alpha processor.

these are the considered signals: 1) output_loc_i[4:0] i=0..5, indicating which instruction will be issued next; 2) valid_array[31:0], which keeps track of the valid locations in the buffer in which instructions are waiting; 3) issued_array[31:0], indicating if an instruction has been issued for execution; 4) issue_head[4:0], which points to the location of the first scheduled instruction within the scheduler table; 5) issue_tail[4:0], which point to the location of the last scheduled instruction within the scheduler table; 6) issue_tailplus_i[4:0] i=1..4, which are used to verify if the 4 locations in the internal scheduler table following the one pointed by issue_tail are not addressed by issue_head, thus being available for the next 4 scheduler input instructions.


For example, over 40% of BFS instructions are executed by only single thread.

the remaining 31 threads within the warp are idle while the single active thread is executing instructions.


Note that since replicas automatically enhance reliability and multi-bit errors are rare, this strategy can be expected to work very well in practice.

assuming that the parity of the replica is .ne, this scheme can easily correct one bit errors, which cannot be done by using parity alone (i.e., without line replication) and can be done in a more expensive way (both in terms of execution cycles and power consumption) using more powerful schemes such as SEC-DED.


The energy e.ciency is further improved by employing the proposed sequential tag-data access in read and partial-lineupdate in write operations.

the cache employing the proposed sequential tag-data access in addition to PLU (STT3(PLU,SEQ) in Figure 8) shows substantial total energy reduction ranging from 2% to 28% across various benchmarks.


All coherence schemes have a serialization point to guarantee consistency.

there is always a mechanism, so every coherent master/slave participating in the coherence scheme has the same notion of the request sequence.


However, anecdotally, grading the projects in Fall 2007 and Winter 2008 was considerably easier and less frustrating than Winter 2007.

(we can t prove that JLSCircuitTester saves time, but it sure feels like it does.)


+1 clear dominated until pop = {Ø}return NonDominatedRanking 1. x a is no worse than x b for any of the objective functions.

fi(x a) j fi(x b) for all j = 1, ...,M .


Therefore, this area is sampled to keep the analysis time tractable.

we randomly sample from the set of the passing signal lines.


Our partitioning problem is similar to the problem of synthesizing behavioral specifications to FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays).

our problem is closest to that of DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) covering.


To bring back the .ash cell to its default state with value 1 , an erase operation is required.

if a cell has to be written with a new value, it has to be .rst erased in preparation for the write (since the value of the new bit is unknown), followed by programming the new value.


To reduce the switch complexity and therefore also the area overhead of the network, a datagram based switching policy is used in our NoC approach.

the switches are state- and memeryless, each packet is treated independently, with no reference to preceding packets.


Trace Size * Unique Rreferences (N*N') Figure 4: Execution efficiency of proposed approach.

we have ran these traces through our analytical algorithm for various values of desired number of cache misses K. we have set K to one of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the maximum number of misses, which is shown in the last columns of Table 5 and Table 6.


Results are reported in Table 3 and Table 4 for the SBD and TBD schemes, respectively.

table 3 reports on the numbers of network elements needed to cover at least 60% or 80% of the monitoring area, while in Table 4, assuming the same number of SNs as in Table 3, the focus is on the resulting coverage.


of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Toronto University of Toronto Toronto, Canada Toronto, Canada elias @ eecg.toro0to.edu jayar@ eecg.toronto.edu  ABSTRACT In this paper we revisit the FPGA architectural issue of the effect of logic block functionality on FPGA performance and density.

in the context of lookup table, cluster-based island-style FPGAs [4] we look at the effect of lookup table (LUT) size and clus- ter size (number of LUTs per cluster) on the speed and logic density of an FPGA.


In contrast, the WCET estimation by Grund and Reineke s Must analysis is grossly pessimistic: the normalized WCET estimation is on average 171.8%.

by our new analysis, the overestimation ratio is reduced from 71.8% to 10.3%.


We expect assert-ownedby to be most useful when an object slifetimeis correlatedtothelifetime ofits owner collection.

when an object should not outlive its owner collection or survive when removed from that collection.For example, an order processing program might store orders in a collection, and when those orders havebeenprocessed, they are removed from the table and should be deallocated.


In the proposed .ow, we evaluate various polynomial orders so that we can ensure model equation gives a good estimate for systematic component.

polynomial order is adaptively determined according to input data.


The column labeled with Value Feedback shows changes in the 100th iteration that result from incorporating execution results into optimization.

both the iteration counter load (ld [r29] -> r1) and the array base load (ld [r30] -> r4) have their results integrated into the optimization tables because both are still live.


To the best of our knowledge, this is the .rst work discussing speed binning in the context of embedded system processors.

our contributions are summarized as follows: Introduce speed binning into the HLS domain to derive maximal economic return.


Tables 4 and 5 show that moves are more expensive in .xed-outline .oorplanning.

the average time-per-move for B*-tree grows faster than what its linear-time evaluation algorithm suggests.


otherwise, to minimize the energy consumption while preserving the reliability, the subset of tasks should be selected in such a way that the summation of their WCET requirements is exactly equal to X.such a choice would de.nitely be the optimal solution.


The Short Path Activation Function, SPAF(g), is a Boolean function evaluating to 1 for input patterns activating short paths passing through gate g. The SPAF(g) is a complement of LPAF(g), i.e., SPAF(g) = LPAF(g) .

the ON set of the SPAF(g) is the OFF set of the LPAF(g).


We note that the authors in [13] used PHAD to monitor tra.c of all types, and the details of training and testing were also di.erent from our experiments.

we con.gured PHAD to report each packet involved in an attack instead of reporting the attack instance.


ORAM prevents any leakage from a program s memory access pattern.

an adversary should not be able to tell (a) whether a given memory request is a read or write, (b) which location in memory is accessed, or (c) what data is read/written to that location.


This property can be explicitly added to fTCF to strengthen the search space of SAT solving.

suppose, in some test pattern generation instance, several TCFs .f,=t1 , .


MAD requires improved understanding and exploitation  of how guardbands modulate QOR and turnaround time of SP&R implementation flows.

model guardbands are a potential lever for die cost reduction, via a tradeoff of loss in parametric yield (scrapoff) versus gain in raw die per wafer.


C. Performance Analysis Next, we compare the average performance of deterministic and random caches.

we compare different random placement+replacement caches against modulo placement and LRU replacement caches for different associativities.


CONCLUSIONS A new scheme has been presented for reducing energy consumption of video (or frame) memory.

we targeted the reduction of the number of transitions occurring on the bit-lines.


Hence, we propose the quantum reconfigurable compute region (QRCR) which distributes the ancilla qubits in the compute region based on the dispatched operations.

the ancilla qubits are shared among the operations which are being executed based on their ancilla qubit requirements.


We apply deterministic delay calculation and establish a functional relationship between driver gate delay and crosstalk alignment, which serve as a foundation for statistical delay calculation in consideration of crosstalk alignment effect.

we derive closed form formulas for driver gate delay and driver gate output signal arrival time distributions for given statistical crosstalk alignment.


random stimulus and scenario generation on many different levels was a key factor in producing clean logic from ground zero.

random verification at the chip level is discussed here in detail.


Allowing for a 3s process variation for VT and Leff, our HSPICE studies indi cated that 165mV would be the minimum state-preserving voltage of data cache.

the working sets of instruction caches barely change for long cycles in many workloads.


As a result, we can use Lagrange relaxation to analyze the optimal repeater insertion solutions.


But for write stability, as PMOS Vth increases with time, the node storing 1 gets weaker and writing 0 to that node becomes easier.

nBTI increases the write stability but decrease the read stability.


Info tables are read-only, so thereis never any coherency problems if a single block is placed in both the I1 and D1 caches; however, the split caches are polluted by useless words.

when garbage collecting, the info table of every closure that is evacuated is read.


The implementation of this step is obviously di.erent for every target, but all do share a common gist.

the presented technique based on data-.ow graph transformations can be adapted easily.


As shown in Figure 6, the static probability extracted from the training set (dashed curve) actually matches the static probability of the test set (solid curve) well.

all applications tend to use im and rfd as its source for operand2.


In this particular case, if two data accesses from two cores con.ict in the shared cache (e.g., when the access sequence is B[core 1], A[core 0], B[core 0] and C[core 1] andA andB con.ict in the shared cache space), the reuse ofBby core0will not be converted into locality because the second access toBwill resultinamiss(seetheleftpartofFigure3(c)).One solution is to change the order of data accesses for this core, as shown on the right part of the .gure.

the goal should be to ensure that when two cores do share data, they access that data at similar times to increase the chances for exploiting the resulting reuse while the shared data is still in the shared cache space.


Several multi-bit FPGA architectures have been proposed in the past [1] [12] with a wide range of routing architecture designs; and, in this work, we focus on the problem of incorporating busbased connections into segmented-style routing resources [13].

we propose a specific routing architecture, called the multi-bit routing architecture, and empirically evaluate its area efficiency.


Thereafter, we evaluate the performance of shared variables using four protocol objects that have been implemented, so far, for the CAPSULE framework.

we evaluate the performance of primitive shared variables (32 bit integer) with AMS, AMSB and the Causal protocol for varying number of clients and server replicas.


In our example, since bits i2 and i3 have an AVF of 0, including them in the parity tree is unnecessary.

a parity tree including the remaining 6 bits would be equally effective as a parity tree including all 8 bits, yet it would incur less area, power, and delay overhead.


To see it, assume Figure 1 (b) to be a relaxed permissible mapping of (a).

under input (x1,x2)=(0,1) the output (y1,y2)can be (1,1) in addition to (0,0).


So, for practical large industry P/G networks, the general divide-and-conquer strategy is desirable and has a great potential for parallel computation.

the original circuit is partitioned into a number of sub-circuits, and each sub-circuit is optimized individually.


channel selection or pattern matching, decreases the dynamic range requirement on the A/D conversion.

the dynamic range required on the A/D converter is lower in system II than in system I.


Our experiment yielded numerous interesting results.

the study clearly points to some methods that should be avoided altogether and several others (especially, those based on visual comparisons) that are well-suited for most users.


one (1) if there exists immediate relationship between users and .

one can note from equation (7) that the value of diagonal elements of the matrix  is always zero (i.e.,   * | |+) this is corollary of the fact that a user within a social network cannot be connected with (him/her)-self.


Let us assume that the probability of each edge being up is p and of being down is q =1 - p.When each of the source-destination pairs is connected through at least a path of edges which are up, we say that the network N is UP; otherwise we say that the network is DOWN.The probability of the network being in the UP state is utilized as a direct measure for reliability.

the static network reliability can be computed straightforwardly by the expression [36]: r L R(N)= P(N is UP)= P(Si) (1) i=1 where Si,i =1,...,r is a particular set of edges which are up, such that the network is UP.


Some are based on the existing I/O possibilities, and others use new hardware interfaces for interaction.

some work has been based on position and orientation sensors, and recent work uses video streams for interaction.


Fortunately, the architecture of the circuit allows for a measurement of its robustness .

a measurement of the likelihood that the value of OUT will not change over time.


For example, suppose at some time in the selection process, fault f1 has two unique neighborhood states established by the tests in TN , and fault f2 has three.


2.1.2 Multi-level Memristor Writes In order to write very precise resistance values, multi-level memristors use an iterative write method [3].

a multi-level write is composed of multiple iterations, each iteration consisting of a multi-level read followed by a write pulse.


However, it may include all the gates of the circuit in cases similar to Figure 1 (e) and so |S|cannot be bounded by any constant.

|S|is O(n) in the worst case and O(k) on average, where k is the maximal fanout of the gates in the circuit.


It can be observed that the complexity increases rapidly with the number of antennas and the constellation size.

mL detection is not practical in large MIMO systems.


· We discuss possible applications of soft constraints in scheduling.

we apply them to a low-power scheduling problem.


The world frame is located on the base frame of the robot.

the world frame and base frame of the robot coincide to minimize the frame transformation process (Figure .11).


The power results show that both algorithms can achieve substantial reduction in power consumption over the standard mesh and opt-mesh topologies in all cases.

a 6.92× and a 6.77× reduction on average in power consumption over standard mesh topologies can be achieved by CLUSTER and DECOMPOSE respectively, with a 2.68× and a 2.60× reduction over the optimized mesh topologies for each of them.


Protocol EU1-ADSL1 EU1-ADSL2 EU1-FTTH HTTP TLS P2P 92% (4.4M) 92% (0.4M) 1% (6k) 90% (2.7M) 86% (196k) 1% (1.3k) 91% (683k) 84% (50k) 0% (48) EU2-ADSL US-3G HTTP TLS P2P 97% (5.8M) 96% (279k) 1% (4.2k) 75% (445k) 74% (83k) 8% (8k) Table 2: DNS Resolver hit ratio To address the .rst goal, we compute the DNS hit ratio.

dNS hit ratio represents the fraction of data .ows that can be successfully associated with a FQDN.


While the energy expenditure remains to be high, one can exploit the excite wave for additional use by piggybacking useful information.

communication between the actuator and sensors comes virtually for free.


When attackers bypass basic security defenses they may be able to affect the physical world.

research in computer security has focused traditionally on the protection of information; but it has not considered how attacks affect estimation and control algorithms and ultimately, how attacks affect the physical world.


With the proliferation of CMPs, however, there is growing interest in hardware platforms that can provide performance isolation across applications in a multiprogrammed environment.

several QoS-aware memory controller proposals have been published lately [29, 31, 34].


Read Failure : Disturbance on the bitlines causes the cell to .ip during a read operation.

an accidental write operation happens during a read access.


We see from this bar-chart that the average energy improvements achieved by OPT-1, OPT-2, OPT-3, and OPT are 8.67%, 7.30%, 8.48%, and 17.95%, respectively.

the OPT scheme generates signi.cantly better results than the three variants.


Although we regard WARP1 as a still preliminary implementation of an immature algorithm, our results are already entirely competitive with several more mature placement engines.

wARP1 averages 4% less wirelength than GORDIAN-L-DOMINO [3,4] running in its maximum quality mode (with several reweighting steps [10]), and runs roughly 40% faster.


While a .ne-granular migration scheme has the potential of localizing the accessed data elements into smaller number of banks better (that is, exploiting a .ner-granular temporal af.nity), it also entails dividing a given array across banks in a noncontiguous manner.

different portions of an array can be stored in different memory banks and sections of different arrays can be interleaved.


All other conditions are de.ned as ci does not depends on ci-1, denoted as ci -ci-1.

let us consider how ci depends on ci-k, 0<k= i.If .Pj =0, i-k+1 = j = i, ci -ci-k.ci .


The major difficulty in constructing a successful LP model for delay-constrained power optimization lies in the fact that gate delay as a function of gate size and load capacitance, is hard to linearize.

the delay t of gate G with size S and load capacitance C is given by t = a + b C/S (1) Berkelaar et al.


A number of previous approaches were incapable of handling design error.

word-level decision diagram based techniques [6, 9] share this problem due to the explicit word-level feature, which makes them incapable of representing bit-level errors appearing in a gate-level netlist.


7 compare audio streaming end-to-end packet transit delay with and without QMA.

with QMA, end-to-end packet transit delay is always below 10 ms.


Given the original circuit whose delay is to be estimated, the primary idea is to determine information from speci.c on-chip test structures to narrow the range of the performance distribution substantially; for purposes of illustration, we will consider delay to be the performance metric in this work.

we gather information from a small set of test structures such as ring oscillators, distributed over the area of the chip, to capture the variations of spatial correlated parameters over the die.


Random variables are represented with capital letters while their realizations1 are denoted by the corresponding small letters.

x assigns a random variable that assumes a small part (p bits) of the plaintexts or of the ciphertext.


It is important to note that the data of Figure 7(b) are based on users choosing their own timeout values.

it is an observational result, not intervention-based result.


PARAMETER VARIATION EFFECTS The e.ects of parameter variations on the timing characteristics of the .ip .ops presented in Section 2 are investigated in this section.

the e.ects of variations in power supply voltage (VDD), temperature (Temp), and gate oxide thickness (tox) on the clock propagation delay (TC-Q)and setuptime(TSET UP )of eachregister are demonstrated.


PRELIMINARIES In this section, we review the basics of the speculative adders in terms of how they achieve speed improvement with short carry chains and detect errors.

we will examine VLSA and ACA, which are two representative speculative adder designs, in more detail.


Basically, the following two criteria need to be satis.ed, when mapping is conducted for all the duplicated columns in the logic function matrix: · For every duplicated inclusion cell (represented by 1), as long as one of these copies is mapped without mismatches, it is considered as a correct mapping.


Sample design Let us now consider an implementation of the arbiter with an existing arbiter module ARB as shown in Fig 1.

the module ARB is known to satisfy the following properties: h1: G(i1-o) 1 h2: G((i21i1)-o) 2 the module ARB gives i1higher priority than i2.


10.b, high insertion loss of the optical crossbars along with global arbitration phase increases power consumption in OXbar.

2D-HERT architecture achieves per-packet power reduction of 53%, 45%, and 95% over OXbar, LR, and ETorus, respectively, for various traffic patterns.


Lemma 2.1: Inverters change the value of the logic input but do not affect the taint bit.

the taint bits are propagated from input to output.


Embedded processors, being far more constrained in terms of power consumption and area constraints, cannot easily leverage the same technology used in general-purpose machines to overcome memory stalls.

out-of-order execution is prohibitively expensive interms of area and power utilization in the embedded domain.


This work proposes a methodology that we call RADAR (Rule Assessment of Defect-Affected Regions) that systematically evaluates the importance of a particular DFM rule.

it uses the diagnosis results from a large population of failed ICs to isolate the failing sites within the layout of the corresponding design(s).


Motivated by these observations, we aim to develop an optimal sampling scheme to improve the accuracy of VP.

we ask the following question: Where are the optimal sampling locations that result in maximum accuracy?


(1) Observing the output values corresponding to pairs (u ,i ) where W [u ,i ] = 1 is suf.cient to detect all the circuit faults that are detectable by the TPG sequence.

the observed values must be such that for every detectable fault f , the effect of f propagates to at least one output i at a time unit u where W [u ,i ] = 1.


ISCAS89 circuits are converted to unconditional asynchronous circuits using Proteus s legacy RTL design .ow.

the gate-level structure of the base circuit from ISCAS89 was maintained such that each gate represents a distinct unconditional asynchronous pipeline stage.


Even though we tried to capture data from participants with diverse demographics, the sample size used for the evaluation, 17 sequences from 14 different participants, was limited due to practical constraints.

one of the biggest dif.culties we faced was to obtain precisely annotated data without hampering participants walking motion in real walking experiments, not on treadmills.


FEC is therefore applied in situations where retransmissions are relatively costly or impossible.

fEC information is usually added to most mass storage devices to protect against damage to the stored data.


Thus, 0 = pset <NmaxA, starting cache set .

when mapped to cache CS number of procedure p is (pset modulo NI), where NI is the number of cache sets for cache CS = S A(NI L×A ).


4.5 we further for a dMHC(4,2)), the G slots hashed into by the new key will not all be in use by the key-value pairs already present in the memory.

with a high probability we can .nd at least one degree zero G slot which is not being used to store any key-value pair.


This means that for any positive constants q, the minimum value of q T f(x)isachievedonly at some vertices in the hypercube.

for each variable xgi,j , the optimal value is achieved when it is either 0 or 1.


The sustained performance of these scienti.c applications seriously goes GPR APFA PRF SFHT PBM Figure 8: E.ect of memory bandwidth down as the memory bandwidth decreases.

the performances of the GPR and PBM are degraded by half and quarter when the memory bandwidth is reduced to 2B/FLOP and 1B/FLOP from 4B/FLOP.


The research in [14][20] has shown that interconnect resources dominate the power consumption in modern FPGA designs.

interconnect could dissipate at least 60% of the total power in the Xilinx Virtex-II family [20].


Static .uidic constraint: To satisfy the static .uidic constraint, the minimum spacing between two droplets must be one cell.

there are no other droplets in the 3 × 3 region centered by a droplet.


Faster time-to-market for SoC platform implementation.

through the use of higher-level off-theshelf IP s, connected via a modular, scaleable SoC interconnect topology and standard communication interfaces.


However, none of these results incorporate cache-e.ciency in the parallel context, which is crucial for CMPs.

we improve the critical pathlength of the `´ computation from T n log2 n to T(n).


In this paper, we present a new approach to formal synthesis that is able to handle control .ow intensive descriptions.

we consider here the scheduling phase, which is a central task in high-level synthesis.


Nevertheless, the success of 3D stacked ICs is predicated on the .nal post-bond yield, i.e., to minimize the chances of bonding good dies with defective ones together.

pre-bond testability must be provided prior to the bonding process to test each individual die, which may consist of partial functionality.


It is found that the dependence of miss rate on cache size arises from the time dependence of the cache reference pattern exhibited by a particular workload.

the 2 rule emerges because most large complex workloads display a cache re-reference timing pattern, which obeys a power law.


Bus-based interconnect fabrics are still the prevalent on-chip communication medium in most server-class multi-core processor chips.

pipelined bus or ring interconnection protocols are commonly used in such systems.


For example, the de.nition of the condition whether a statement is executed in zero-time, i.e., whether it is instantaneous could be de.ned as follows (see [30] for a complete de.nition): instant (if s then S1 else S2 end) :=( s .instant (S1)|instant (S2))  instant (S1; S2):=( instant (S1) .instant (S2)|0)  Moreover, the set of signals that are emitted at the current macrostep are de.ned as follows: Act(if s then S1 else S2 end) :=( s .Act(S1)|Act(S2)) Act(S1; S2) :=( instant (S1) .Act(S1) .Act(S2)|Act(S1))  The compilation of conditionals and sequences often affects the causality of a program.

it has to be de.ned what has to be done in case the condition of a conditional statement evaluates to a non-Boolean value.


Two-step MLC write: Writing a 2-bit value into the cell is more complicate.

two MTJs are controlled by one access transistor so that the write current ZG.s.lAYÐG zG.


Subjective workload was also significantly higher for both IVIS than for unencumbered driving, as shown in Figure 10.

operating either of the interfaces while driving is not without a cost in terms of driving safety.


As illustrated in Figure 4, .Vtp is directly proportional to .Vcontrol_topin the differential buffer structure used for the Stressed Stages.

vtp must be changed by the same amount as Vcontrol_top, with the other held constant, in order to cause an equivalent stage Figure 5.


In order to minimize the number of inserted signals, and thus the area and latency of the circuit, it is advantageous to insert a signal in such a way that as many cores as possible are eliminated by it.

a signal should be inserted into the intersection of several cores.


Additionally, a standard multiple-detect algorithm was used to generate multiple-detect test sets for those same values of N. The standard algorithm uses a classic de.nition to determine whether patterns are unique.

any difference between test vectors is su.cient to include the test, rather than examining neighborhood state.


It is desirable for a system to have both its R * (n, T )and Rpw * (n, T pw) decline slowly with increasing n, T and Tpw.

a higher expected reliability with increasing task size (amount of computation) is desirable.


Instead, our approach uses a directed simulation assisted formal verification to effectively tackle the proof complexities associated with the verification of serial protocol and bridges.

we apply this to the verification of two bridges between a parallel and serial protocol (OCP and ARM bus on one side and I2C on the other side), and achieve very high quality verification which could not have been achieved through simulation or formal verification alone.


It is also a representation of the projection of DS onto the .rst two components dbr and dbc.

for the two .rst indices, the situation is similar to Example 1.


FPGAs manufacturers have recently introduced their own solutions to compete with Structured ASICs, which threaten a signi.cant portion of the FPGA market, as shown in Figure 2 [2].

fPGA manufacturers have concentrated on e.cient migration from the prototyping stage, which is often carried out using FPGAs, to volume manufacturing.


A solution by the GA is in the form of a binary bit stream, each bit indicates whether there is a con.ict at the root of a tree and which method to use to resolve it.

a 1 means there is a con.ict and method (III) should be used; a 0 means that there is either no con.ict or we should use the better one of methods (I) and (II) to resolve the con.ict.


Theorem 1 The coding scheme remains reversible after codeword slimming.

the original data can be recovered from the coded data after codeword slimming.


We assume cell extraction [15] has been resolved .rst.

a set of character candidates CC = {c1, · · · , cn} has already been given to the MCC system.


Even with VDD=0.8V, RTD-CMOS gates improve the performance regarding TSPC structures.

these differences are especially significant when the logic functionality is increased.


Average segmentation accuracies for 25 songs Precision Recall 72.02% 55.23%  Since we focus on timbre feature and do not consider the detailed musical information such as chord, rhythm, or pitch, the precision is higher than the recall.

our proposed method consider noticeable timbre variation only within music clip and the number of boundaries tend to be smaller compared to the human perception.


The low-Vdd assignment was reversed if the operation extension would violate constraints.

[14] implicitly bound operations to functional units and thus decided the voltages for these functional units under the resource constraint.


Therefore, the smaller the count number in a pre-obligation temporal constraint is, the stricter the temporal constraint is.

the bigger the count number in a pre-obligation temporal constraint is, the more chances are that the condition of the permission be satis.ed.


13, the normalized correlation reduces from a value close to 1 to about 0.6 as a result of the envelope adjustment.

the envelope adjustment introduces distortion to the ENF, which suggests that an adversary only has limited capabilities of preserving the .delity of the spectrogram and embedded ENF signal at the same time.


ap ×Ds ×di, j + ßp ×D2 s ×di2 , j (5) i=1j=1p.ri, j The above problem formulation5 is a quadratic programming problem, which can be solved using classic quadratic programming methods.

we use CPLEX [12] in the experimental platform described below.


subset of its pending operations have been dropped.

for every X C Spending there exists S' = (SR, S~roc, X), where the states in S~oc are identical to Sproc except for processes with operations in Spending  X; 5 no-WRITE if no processes are executing a WRITE (according to Sp~o~); deceiving if it is both possibly-no-pending and no-WRITE.


Now, assume the .ow hits the primary inputs, and then passes Kung values back towards the primary output.

assume the algorithm eventually returns an S0 value at node u1.At this point, node v can be partially evaluated based on this single input value.


only cause quality degradation of the multimedia stream, errors in internal data may cause not only QoS degradation but also system failures.

defects induced at the hardware layer, e.g., soft errors in data caches, manifest themselves differently as compared to network errors on external data.


Assuming the dis[vext] is not optimal, then there exists another path passing through vpri and at least one intermediate node v k (v k = vpri ) such that the total route cost to vext is less than dis[vext].


As long as the number of tag entries in the MAB is smaller than the number of cacheways, this guarantees the consistency between the MAB and the cache.

if a tag and set-index pair residing in the MAB is valid, data corresponding to them will always reside in the cache.


3.2 Hardware Support for Ordered Commits Auto-parallelizing compilers and directive-based parallel programming models(such asOpenMP) typicallyfocus on regular data-intensive loops with no cross-iteration dependencies(DOALL).Speculativeloopparallelization andthreadlevel speculation[26][18] havebeenproposedinthepastto e.ectively extract parallelism from programs whose execution cycles are mostly spent inside non DOALL loops or inside possibly inter-dependent tasks.

some approaches based on TM and ordered commits have been proposed in the general purpose domain [12] [23].


3.2.1 Algorithm As described above, the motivation for generational replacement is to cope with the reduced information provided by secondary-cache reference bits.

under generational replacement a block that happens not to have its reference bit set during a particular interval is not considered a candidate for replacement if it has been repeatedly referenced in the recent past.


Additional JavaScript libraries have been used for simplifying the development of the client-side software.

yUI 2 and jQuery have been useful for event handling and AJAX interactions.


For testing purposes, however, it canbebene.cialtohave deterministic behavior,evenfor branchon-random.

hardwarevendorshavefound thatbuilding completely observable, deterministic processor implementations enable them to greatly accelerate the process ofpost-silicon validation[28].


Along with the variance of les, the correlation between the channel lengths of two transistors is specified as a function of the distance between them.

for transistors i and j separated by a distance dij, the correlation coefficient .ij is: .ij = .


Nevertheless, this information is partial because the likelihood of being annulled is also dependent on the branch prediction accuracy.

this could be very important if the thread executed by some cores has a higher chance of miss-speculation.


Simply put, a RG is similar to a Random Variable (RV); however, unlike a RV which assumes real numbers as outcomes or instances, the instances of a RG are gates from the standard-cell library, with probabilities identical to those in the frequency of use distribution.

the RG discrete probability distribution is identical to the frequency of cell usage of the design.


For any two solutions S1 , S2 with the same set of processed cells, S2 is inferior to S1 if CE(S2 )= CE(S1 )and CW (S2)= CW (S1 ).

a solution is inferior to another if it has worse cumulative .


Transient fault shape When evaluating the impact of transient faults on circuit reliability, before developing a model for transient fault propagation, one first needs to make a decision about the pulse shape.

it is necessary to determine which parameters will be used to describe a pulse that represents a transient fault.