Then we use an exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) model for reputation prediction.

the reputation is predicted from the weighted average of all the past data points in the time 1Although the time series features become less useful with the decrease of k (due to the incomplete view in the time domain), PIPMiner can still achieve fairly high accuracy by combining the population features with the block-level time series features.


However, a potential paradox of any graphical system is that the attacker may benefit from the very thing that makes it more usable the relative ease of processing and recalling visual information.

graphical systems can be vulnerable to observation attacks [9], and while some specific systems have been developed to limit such attacks [10], little is known about the way such vulnerabilities affect security.


Therefore, it is possible to combine partial signatures on di.erent vectors by stretching them until they are identical, as long as their contexts are the same.

the resultant vector in the full signature will be equal to (at least) the component-wise maximum from among all t vector signatures.


SiteFirewall policies are speci.ed for an entire domain.

once a policy for a domain is set, the policy a.ects all content on that domain and sub-domains.


= 0, then Alice would know Bob s private number d. In fact, our protocols do deal with such a problem because: (i) our protocols are based on the assumption of semi-honest with the exception of collusion.

every party still follows the protocol properly.


Moreover, all of the benign applications which were mixed together with the malware samples can work smoothly after being committed into the host environment.

the commitment process does not have impact on the internal consistency of the benign changes that coexist with malicious ones in the same VM.


One of the first difficulties we encountered with our security model revolved around handling requests to non-kernel SDS instances.

if all calls to an SDS instance are relayed through the kernel instance and perhaps through intermediary instances, then the identity of the calling channel is lost.


We have shown that even though the deployment of KCM could improve security, it is not the panacea to the mail security problem for which we are looking.

kCM provides users with no readily-apparent tools for deciding whether or not to trust new identities that show up with new keys.


The plaintext of these messages are often known by the sender a priori.

messages containing meta-data are especially well-suited for this type of communication.


We can see that, also for this dataset, the privacy level of OptQL is, in general, as good as the one of OptPriv, and always better than the one of PL.

the median value for OptQL is always higher than the corresponding one for the other mechanisms (again, with the exception of the all day prior, for which we know that these values coincide).


Collision resistance is the strongest notion and subsumes second preimage resistance, which in turn subsumes pre-image resistance [8].

any hash function that satis.es (2) satis.es also (3) but the reverse is not true; and any hash function that satis.es (1) satis.es also (2) (and transitively (3)) but the reverse is not true.


Requests in the same session can come from di.erent client-side processes or different computers, through di.erent TCP connections, served by di.erent server-side processes, as long as they carry the same session ID (see 4(b)).

the only session identi.er provided by the underlying web infrastructure is session ID.


Therefore by running the algorithm, all shares of x are copied to the new garbled Bloom .lter.

all elements in CnS are preserved in the new garbled Bloom .lter.


In this paper we propose an alternative approach: allow the user to provide fake or mock data to applications interactively as the application is being used.

the user may provide di.erent information on the status of communication capabilities, personal databases and sensors to each application and over time.


It is worth noting that in this idealized scenario we also assume the AVs use the very same family names for the malware family labels.

we assume the AVs all agree on using the same terminology or notation.


First, we strove to demonstrate that RO-based PUFs are both non-deterministic and consistent.

different physical instantiations of the same PUFdesignproducedifferentbehavior,butrepeating thePUF execution on the same input and hardware produce results that can be reliably quanti.ed as the same binary string.


b) Soundness: A cheating con.rmer C ' cannot convince an honest veri.er V that an unextractable designated con.rmer signature s ' is valid.


YGuard employs a set-based access control list where a group of subjects is authorized to access sets of objects.

for those ob jects, every member of the group has same access privileges.


The possibility of performing computation using data stored internally, .associated with the tamper-resistant characteristic [4] of the integrated circuit, make smart cards well suitable for a variety of applications [4, lg, 23, 25] that require high degree of security.

the tamper resistance and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for persona] or cl~sroom use is gt'amed without fee lxovided that copie~ are not made or distributed for lXOfit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


EON does not .nd any exploits for this query.

wehave thefollowing theorem, automaticallyprovedbyEON.


At present, most Web services provide the function of login history, which gives previous login locations, login time or login devices.

gmail gives users IPs for last 10 logins and QQ tells user the last login location.


We extended Daikon to generate assertions at arbitrary program locations.

we generate likely loop invariants that are often crucial in determining invariants at the exit point of complex functions.


D. sort(src : D int[]) : D int[] { i : public int; a, b, c : D int; alength : public int = length(src); sn : public int[] = makeSortingNetwork(alength); for (i=0; i < length(sn)-1; i = i + 2) {  a = src[sn[i+0]]; b = src[sn[i+1]]; c = isLessThan(a, b); // from PDK implementation src[sn[i+0]] = c*a + (1 -c)*b; src[sn[i+1]] = c*b + (1 -c)*a; } return src; } Listing 1: Generic sort However, we can do better if we have more information about the given PDK.

if a PDK K provides a fast method to shu.e vectors, an e.cient method for sorting can be implemented.


However, note that not all authors explicitly discuss and analyze the important (for our case) requirement that the server proves knowledge of the password.

the simple remote password (SRP) protocol [52] is well-suited for our purpose, and RFC5054 [49] speci.es the use of SRP for SSL authentication.


However, the additional layer introduced by virtualization can increase the overall system security since a virtual machine (also VM, guest VM or simply guest) can be protected by additional boundaries [3].

an hypervisor (also Virtual Machine Monitor,VMM or host in the following) can provide a trusted computing base where the monitoring system can be located, out of reach of malware.


But if we can provide low level users with an appropriate cover story which appears to be consistent then they should be unable to distinguish whether or not high level events are occurring.

3.1 The Problem we wish to focus on what happens when a low level user attempts to schedule an action whose preconditions will not be met because a higher secrecy action interferes with them.


The minimal l<k*=m cost is reached by launching MTD to induce con.gurations Cl* ,Cm * respectively with portions of time [pl* ,pm * ]: pl* 1 (µm * -d)+p1(µ1 -µm * ) = , pm *µm * -µl*-(µl* -d)+p1(µl* -µ1) (15) where 0<d «1is some constant.


Hence, many cloud computing platforms use virtualization to encapsulate services inside virtual machines (VMs), including Amazon EC2 [1] and Microsoft Azure [2].This approach allows CIP to better utilize resources, while still providing adequate isolation.The adoption of virtualization also enables other bene.ts including the ease of service deployment and the .exibility of VM migration to provide fault tolerance and improved consolidation.

isolation properties of a virtualized platform, however, are weaker compared to physical isolation.resources that may be implicitly shared among VMs, such as the last level cache (LLC) on multicore processors and memory bandwidth, present opportunities for security or performance interference.For example, it has been shown that an otherwise isolated process can compromise the con.dentiality of another process [14]; with similar attacks possible in the virtualized environment.Similarly, use of shared cache(s) makes it di.cult to properly isolate performance [7], possibly allowing a malicious VM to launch the denial of service attack on another VM, and certainly threatens a service provider s ability to guarantee an SLA to its clients.


Furthermore, we conclude that even encrypted communication does not fully protect against the attack presented here.

it is still possible to predict user presence and absence even if individual actions cannot be identi.ed.


There are several other secure methods that provide authentication and privacy [4, 9], which can be employed in our system.

encrypting .rst the message and then computing the MACfunction over the ciphertext is usually preferable since the encryption function does not have to be computed in CBC mode [9] and invalid ciphertexts can be discarded without the overhead of decryption.


The main panel of our interface displays the similarity structure of the entire malware corpus under analysis.

we employ a multidimensional scaling technique to project our sample similarity matrix onto a two-dimensional grid.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper we propose an architecture that extends the Linux Kernel Virtual Machine.

we extend KVM focusing on security issues, providing a solution (Kvm-Sec) for real-time integrity monitoring of virtual machines.


In current RKP schemes, the analyses of the security strength are done on the basis of number of communication links that can be compromised due to compromised sensors in the network.

the schemes consider probable use of the keys, exposed due to captured sensors, in non-compromised parts of the network.


6.2 ExCo With ExCo, ADV mustreplace(thatis, mustbeableto r recompute) all the authentication tags generated using di ¯.

r¯r¯ ADV must replace Hi as well as Hj for each r sj .


As a result, we found that the OpenSSL PRNG is initialized by the Zygote process upon the system boot, and that each application initializes its own OpenSSL PRNG state by copying the last state of Zygote.

every SSL application generates random data from the same initial state.


This very high value re.ects our decision to have a lot of redundancy -two di.erent codewords will di.er in all symbols except for one.

if you pick any two players, they either have an identical assignment of variations, or at least 14 out of the 15 points will have di.erent variations.


4.3 Mutability and Continuity 4.3.1 Updates of Attributes As described in Section 4.1, in a usage session, pre-updates are results of the approval of the access request performed by the PDP, according to a particular usage policy.

pre-updates are triggered by an access request based on a policy.


In fact, this implies that, if a state of depth k is visited at a point, then at least (and not exactly) k labeled transitions must have been taken before.

backwards labeled transitions contribute to make the average case better than the worst case.


The disadvantage of this approach is less of portability.

di.erent versions of Windows, and even di.erent service packages, need be handled di.erently.


This means that the object, subject and privilege of an access control policy are de.ned exploiting the semantic modeling of resources, users and actions.

as it will be explained in Section 5, access control policies are de.ned as rules over ontologies representing the concepts introduced in Section 3.


In our design (Section 3), a trusted policy module in the OS detects passports, extracts policies, and applies those policies dynamically to control applications access to sensor data.

users themselves do not specify or activate policies, but can instead rely on their device to automatically detect and enforce policies broadcast by realworld ob jects.


The Context Handler attached to PEPPr, is responsible for forwarding this request to the LPDPPr which queries LPAPPr.If the LPDPPr does not find any policy that applies to that resource, then it is not possible evaluated the access requests locally.

to get access to a resource, a principal should be inserted in the policy rules of the LPAPPr.


There are several mechanisms to check and enforceinput consistency[45,38,40,55,32]but wedeviatefromprevious approaches andintroduce a new mechanism that is more e.cient.


The conclusions presented in this paper are robust to the selection of a different metric for the evaluation of the correctness of the participants choices.

the findings listed in this section persist when we focus on the participants who provided personal information to a phishing website during the experiment, rather than simply clicking on the links of a spoofed email.


Therefore, if a label-attachable TC in an application group joins a domain, then all of the labelattachable TCs in the same group must also be forced to join the same domain.

the label of the Chinese-Wall policy is attached to all subjects of the Chinese-Wall policy that belong in the same application group.


The results of our experiments also lead to the following research question which we plan to validate by a future user study: If minimum length requirement for the text part of the T&C passwords is exactly same as in the policy applied to the text passwords, which scheme performs better in terms of recall rates?

how do users perform if implicit feedback property of T&C comes together with the additional burden of recalling the click location?


A role domain is a domain whose membership depends on the current human user of the terminal.

a terminal may only be a member of a role domain if its current user is a member of the corresponding role.


As the real SNPs are stored at the SPU, a curious party at the SPU can infer the nucleotides corresponding to the real SNPs from their positions and from the correlation between the patient s potential SNPs and the real ones (as discussed in Section 4).

by knowing the positions of the patient s real SNPs, the curious party at the SPU will at least know that the patient has one or two minor alleles at these SNP positions (i.e., it will know that the corresponding SNP position includes either a real homozygous or heterozygous SNP), and it can make its inference stronger using the correlation between the SNPs.


For each value of the parameter 0 <a < 1 we have .

e. ICD(f,e) IC f, = a 1-a there is a protocol p such that: 1. for each (x,y).X×Y, P[p(x,y).f(x,y)] = ae , i.e.


We nowproceed to de.ne the game adapted to our problem: Step 0 Nature selects a locationr .Rfor theusertoaccess the LBS, according to a probability distribution .(.).

location r is selected with probability .(r).


For comparative purposes, we indicate the correspondence between our examples and those in the paper by Jaeger and Tidswell [12], which provides probably the most comprehensive set of examples in the literature.4 We do not enumerate all the possibilities available within our scheme.

we do not generally discuss the three constraints that are possible by considering the different temporal contexts.


PAID [22] is a hybrid approach that incorporates a limited degree of integrity checking into a system call monitor.

it uses source-code transformation to insert notify system calls before each indirect function call to report the target of the 7SELinux policies aren t stated in terms of system calls, but are close enough for our purposes, so we discuss them together with system-call based techniques.


The performance analysis discussed here considers the ef.ciency of the implementations realized with two di.erent programming languages running on two di.erent machine architectures.

as shown in Table 1, we have implemented and testedRSEPfor running both onARMprocessors and Intel processors, using two di.erent programming languages.


This has since been improved to O(22c log n) qubits [13, 15].

every O(1)-bit shared-randomness protocol can be simulated by an O(log n)qubit quantum protocol.


However, in comparison to OpenID, InfoCard is a heavy-weight protocol.

users need to install an identity selector and relying parties must have a valid SSL certi.cate con.gured to provide secure channels when communicating with identity selectors.


For our Android implementation, we leverage the correspondence between activity components and window design.

our heuristic classi.es all windows belonging to the same activity component Context Determination As previously discussed, applications often have text .elds that must be .lled with appropriate values to lead them to the right states.


A multiuser multi-relay system was also examined in [5], whom this work is most related to.

reference [5] considers the problems of allocating the relay power to maximize the weighted sum-rate and the minimum rate of the users.


We consider a pair of critical permissions to be rare with respect to a threshold y if the individual permission s frequency is above threshold y but the frequency of occurrence of the two permissions as a pair is below y, and we de.ne this as #RPCP(y).

we consider a pair of critical permissions to be rare if the permissions involved in the pair are themselves not rare (above threshold x)but their occurrence together in an app is rare (below threshold y).


This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the security services provided by the existing storage systems.

we answer the following questions: 1) what are the security services that should be provided by a storage system?


Since our interaction with the users is limited to logging the three aforementioned pieces of data, we believe there are no ethical implications in this experiment.

we registered blogtools.us, a domain included on goldprice.org, which is a web application that monitors the price of gold and that ranks 4,779th in the US (according to Alexa).


To accomplish this we .rst observe that while the .rst malware needs to be compared against all other malware (i.e., s - 1 .ngerprint comparisons), each of the remaining malware require fewer than s - 1 comparisons each.

malware i requires only s - i comparisons, and malware s - i requires s - (s - i) comparisons.


Which tuples in the domain of relation D are critical to this query?

clearly, any tuple t having the diagnosis attribute valued Cancer, for example t = D(123, Cancer, RX2), is critical to QS.for t = D(123, Cancer, RX2), the instance I in Figure 2 is such that QS(I .


As we can see from the table, these vulnerabilities are much easier to fix with the support of Morbs.

for the nextintent problem (Section 3.2.1), both Dropbox and Facebook informed us that an effective fix takes time to build.


The four possible access rights for a domain are No Access, Client, Reserved, and Manager as shown in Table 1.

those .elds allow us to (1) prohibit any access to the mapped memory No Access, (2) ignore permission bits in the page table and allow unlimited access to the related memory Manager, (3) or let the page table to determine the access right Client.


by exploring CAPTCHA alternatives, is important and of practical relevance, but beyond the scope of this paper.

we will propose a novel framework for examining the usability of CAPTCHAs, and then under this framework, discuss issues that should be addressed in the design of a CAPTCHA to improve its usability.


Moreover, the management of access rights is based on certificates and preconfigured policies providing autonomy to the corporation s units and decentralizing securely the administration of rights without violating the corporation policies.

a principal that wants to access a corporate unit s local resource, for example, should simply present a certificate to the local guardian of that resource and will obtain access authorization automatically.


Now, suppose the forging attacker A can output, with b+e0 y0 non-negligible probability p, s0 = Ay0 X0 for the testa session of tag ( A, A = g , B, B, X0 ,Y0), where the secret key a is generated by and thus known to C while none of the discrete logarithms of B, X0 or Y0 are known to C in general.

the value Y0 maybe chosen bythe attacker A itself for the case when no matching session exists.


Broadcast and personal key sizes in the protocol presented in that paper were rather large, however, and some practical issues were unresolved.

the serf-heating property did not stretch across clusters of ses- sions.


For this evaluation, we decided to compare the times necessary for the pure authentication.

no additional times like the one needed for pressing the ok button in the end were added to the times.


Suspicious website While investigating several sites that installed event handlers, we also found that the huffingtonpost.com site exhibits suspicious behavior.

every article on the site s front page has an onmouse-over event handler.


Risks of disclosure motivate the need for secure storage and testing of human genomes.

there is a need for genetic testing by physicians and/or laboratories without full access to individuals genomes.


In addition, a b1-literal is also marked as costly literal if all the a- literals contained between this b1- literal and the previous b-literal occurring in E are all a0-literals.

if the sequence looks like  + this b * a0 b1 then the underlined b1 literal is marked as costly.


For simplicity, we assume for our envisaged use cases that the properties considered by the IT department represent Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Levels (EAL) of the underlying operating system.

an operating system that has been evaluated according to EAL4 is represented by the property 0x04.3 After successfully installing and con.guring the Property-CA and the PBBL, a software update is handled as follows: Property Certi.cate Issuing: If the IT department decides to provide a software update, a new property certi.cate is generated.


The properties of the various functions of a scalable scheme should satisfy the following requirements: Efficient addition of unlimited number of users through- out the scheme's operation.

the Add-user operation should be a protocol executed between a new user and the server, that should have (i) communica- tion independent of the size of the user-population, and (ii) it should not involve the existing users of the system in any way.


It is easy to see that for some r = O(log log N), we have st2 .2ß0/3 tr d. 2ß0/3N and tr 2 d N. Then for X = .N .N r ; .

(log log N)2 log log N for su.ciently large N. By the above r-1 we have codim(X) ; i=0 Xi codim(X) .N argument based on Theo rem 4.1 and the choice of the ti s, it is easily seen that Xi is a (ti,ti+1, (./(log log N))O(1))spread subspace.


For example, if an event is observed from a user when he is at home at midnight, then it is easy for the adversary to .nd the actual identity associated with that event.

de-anonymization of those events that belong to sensitive loction/time pairs are easier for the adversary.


case study, addressing the open points that were mentioned in the course of the paper.

some expected challenges that we will face are the following.


We believe that the presented topology graph signatures are a suitable building block to close the gap between existing attestation of individual components of the infrastructure and statements on the security of the entire infrastructure.

4) we propose an ef.cient general method to prove isolation in linear complexity, while keeping the topology itself con.dential.


However, Simply Typed DCC is not a rich setting for reasoning about the speaks for relation.

we cannot use the symbol in expressions such as A says (BA): this expression is not even a syntactically legal formula.


To address those problems, numerous defense mechanisms have been proposed [17][18][19][20].

information-flow techniques, such as TaintDroid [15] and Vision [16], are used to track the propagation of sensitive user data across a suspicious app at the instruction level.


Both measurements are a function of the size of the uncertainty set the attacker has for classifying a given network trace.

given a network trace, how many classes can be eliminated as an impossibility for generating that trace.


The presence of hybrid hierarchies in RBAC-based policies also makes the issue of secure interoperation between two domains very difficult.

one of the key requirements when two systems interoperate is to make sure that their policies are appropriately mapped, including mapping of role hierarchies, so that the principles of security and autonomy are preserved [12, 19].


IBC is a public key cryptosystem where any string is a valid public key.

the ID of the sensor can be the public key.


It is our thesis, that for an access-control mechanism to support a wide range of policies, it is best to dispense with any built-in semantics for roles in the mechanism itself be it the semantics of RBAC, or any other leaving such semantics to be de.ned by particular policies.

an AC mechanism should be sensitive to roles, allowing speci.c policies to take roles into account for their authorization decisions.


In addition to describing the programs involved in our approach, we give a number of performance measures for our implementation of an access control checker, and we discuss the implications of using this approach for access control on deductive databases.

we show that by using our approach we get .exible access control with virtually zero overhead.


Therefore, it is necessary to describe a data incident regardless of the IT asset.

the target of the incident recording may di.er in cloud computing.


In contrast to the use of direct mappings, like those discussed above, we have the possibility of using re.nement to establish a formal link between CSP-OZ speci.cations at di.erent levels of detail.

by introducing more components that run in parallel one can re.ne towards a distributed implementation.


6.3 Security analysis The security of our solution heavily relies on the security of CL signature scheme and proofs of knowledge used.

unforgeability and anonymity requirements are ful.lled by the properties of the signature scheme.


To further the on-going example, the processes in the process list are counted and the result is output while the process list itself is discarded.

a view may potentially be a single number.


which yields the largest reduction of SSE).

the splitting positions to be evaluated and compared are all the positions lying onto the grid de.ned on b. Greedy Algorithm B is the storage space available for the summary.


4.1 Binding Subdocuments Our proposed scheme can be modi.ed so that a sanitizer can bind sub documents.

he/she can ensure that a subsequent sanitizer cannot sanitize two individually but can both be sanitized together.


While this architecture provides the promise of quickly generating detailed forensic information, there are still serious problems that need to be addressed.

there is still the very important question of what requests to forward to the honeypots.


2Note that our goal of no administration only relates to the authentication mechanism.

it does not preclude changes that occur as part of routine system maintenance.


Each coe.cient will be quantized to B bins.

log2(B) bits will be allocated to each coe.cient.


To unearth additional information about the application (e.g., process identi.er, executable name, open .les and sockets, etc.

), we inject our own shellcode to perform forensics 3we exploit the code under attack with our own shellcode.


However, other issues complicate matters and present new challenges that in.uence usability of group association: SCALABILITY: In two-device pairing, scalability is not an issue.

one or two users can be asked to perform any reasonable (not too burdensome) task.


The operators Uand ndistribute over each other.


the number of arcs in a graph equals to the number of non-empty cells in its corresponding table.


Future work will focus on ways of handling other programming constructs peculiar to embedded code.

since embedded programs are usually weakly-typed, to allow bit-and byte-level manipulation of integers and other atomic values, we are currently adapting analysis techniques for arrays to the problem of tracing information .ow through compound data structures.


Thus, when the user's query is issued to the search engine, each of the top retrieved documents is treated as if the user attempted to access it.

each of the top retrieved documents is classified and compared to the user's profile.


We were curious whether users appeared to trust some apps more than others.

did users grant some apps access to location information at a higher rate than others?


Second, the P2P client software may contain vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

p2P systems often has homogeneous client implementation.


DATASET AND PERFORMANCE Throughout our development effort we have been testing our system against malware data.

we test our system on malware samples collected from the MD:Pro malware data feed, and validate our algorithms by checking whether they correspond to Kaspersky anti-virus engine classifications of the samples.


4.6 Model Analysis Besides high classi.cation accuracy, LR has the advantages of performing automatic feature selection as well as providing an interpretable linear model of the training data.

because the output of a linear model depends on the weighted sum of the features, the sign and magnitude of the individual parameter vector coef.cients can tell us how individual features contribute to a malicious prediction or a benign prediction.


From the formal discussion, we can see that the key to successful replay is to determine when to use f' and when to apply ..

if we are con.dent that certain instructions and events can be correctly emulated in software, then we simply emulate them.


In order to compromise network con.guration c2, an attacker must acquire at least the attributes of c1, hence c2 is considered more secure than c1 against known attacks.

c1 requires a weaker set of initial attributes to penetrate the network than that of c2.


While directly overwriting an IDT in memory is inadvisable due to the certain consequence that the machine will reset itself, each IDT entry does point to a function that can be hooked.

the approach we adopt is to select a systemspeci.c interrupt vector, resolve its handler, and extract the .rst 16 bytes.


n We de.ne any subset F of F to be the f eedback o.ered to the user.

each feedback option fi in the feedback F corresponds to a set of atomic propositions the user must change to be granted access.


it allows multiple users to be assigned to only one of the roles, such as those in Figure 1(b).

as soon as one of the roles, say role r, is assigned to a user then none of the users can be assigned to any other roles; however, role r can be assigned to any number of users.


ID theft techniques are becoming more sophisticated.

a trick called phishing [1] is rampant in today s society.


The counterexample here is a state sA; then the RBAC state g(sA) is a desired update for Q.

4.3.2 Implementation in NuSMV Route embeds the model checker NuSMV [5] to search for updates.


Given a set E of all regulated events, a set O of all control operations, and a set S of all possible control-states, a law L is a function: L : E × S .

o * a law maps every possible (event, state)pair into a sequence of zero or more control operations, which constitute the ruling of the law.


The beauty of homomorphic encryption is that the information aggregator need not be trusted.

the aggregator could not easily violate individual patient privacy in a mathematically provable sense.


In fact, bot software is often crafted with a certain number of available exploits targeting a reduced set of TCP or UDP ports.

we might think of each botnet having its own attack capability, which means that a botmaster will normally issue scan or attack commands only for vulnerabilities that he might exploit to expand his botnet.


For that, the protocol relies on states stored by each router.

for a user u (U1 in Figure 1), its edge router(r2 in Figure 1) maintains .


After that, the interactions are purely performed between the SP and SR SR does authentication and SP does authorization.

the WRYF service is simply a redirection proxy and does not obtain authentication results of users and evaluate authorization decisions.


SRFD accurately captures information .ow dependencies between the processes in the pipeline, and can avoid self-revocation, while preserving usability.

depending on the order in which processes are scheduled, cat may be permitted to downgrade.


At this point, we have obtained the integer equation version of the veri.cation equation; we can now concretely express the conditions for property 2.


X, h(x1) h(x2) i. x1 x2, is called a perfect hash func = = tion.

perfect hash functions never result in collisions.


If it is activated when an intrusion appears likely to succeed, it guarantees the con.dentiality, integrity and availability of the protected data even after a system is compromised.

rICE allows cryptographic encapsulation of data to be reduced to simple key deletion so that it can be effected rapidly.


Unfortunately, the values of all other attributes in their positive cases are the same as that of their negative cases, which means that all the other attributes are useless for classi.cation as well.

the reason is that there is simply no way to distinguish the samples, or that no experience on past samples can predict future instances.


Within this context, we examined the cost of processing queries across a range of database sizes and CTM rule complexities.

we considered small (100 users/ company, 10 feedback reports/user), medium (500 users/ company, 20 feedback reports/user), and large (1000 users/ company, 30 feedback reports/user) databases, as well as low (100% intersection containment), medium (90% intersection containment, 5% linking containment, 5% aggregate containment), and high (70% intersection containment, 15% linking containment, 15% aggregate containment) complexity rule sets.


The CTS checks whether a given hardware/software con.guration is compatible with Google s standard policies [15].

the performance tests check the performance of the system against de.ned benchmarks, such as rendering frames per second or the time required for a browser to start up.


Finally, the extremely dynamic nature of JavaScript imposes several subtle dependences that need to be considered in .ow tracking.

dynamic dispatch uses dynamic lookup to determine the closure to be invoked, and thus information .ow control needs to account for the prototype chain of the receiver object.


If the new protocol represents a solution worse than the previous one, the new scheme could only be accepted if a certain dynamically decreasing parameter (temperature) is above a speci.c value.

better solutions are always accepted and worse solutions are accepted when the temperature is still above a certain threshold.


Hence, if many collisions are desired it would be a good idea not to restart the collision search after each new collision.

finding many collisions is less costly, per collision, than finding just a few [24].


While the popularity and openness of the Android platform contributes to this tremendous malware increase, the way Android handles security is yet another reason for this malware increase.

android s permission model has been addressed by various research groups such as [2] and [7].


Additionally, the original speci.cation assumed that the recipient was provided a way to recognize correct decryptions of elements in the ciphertext.

decrypting the .rst term in the example above with the X credential produces a correct decryption, implicitly revealing that X is part of the policy.


Privacy of user ratings is achieved by hiding among other users in the system.

when the system is not used by a large enough user base, privacy guarantees weaken.


The Depth metric needs to consider the potential impact of connectivity on graph diameter.

if a graph is not (weakly) connected, then the graph diameter applies to each (weakly) connected component separately.


While this concept is tightly related to distortion, it is far more convenient to work with.

using a simple spectral argument and Kerdock codes [22], [26, Chap.


3.3 Register Allocation Another contributing source of return opcodes is from certain register usages.

the way registers are allocated and operated is affected by an important compiler optimization phase called register allocation.


In terms of privacy, the advertiser gains knowledge about a user s browsing habits that he did not previously possess.

an advertiser who desires to build a browsing pro.le of users, can use the leaked short URL, resolve it to its real long URL, and include that expanded URL in a database of that speci.c user.


Any attempt to embed the key into SMMDumper may be threatened by sophisticated attacks aimed at reading its code or data.

to overcome such threats, we have decided to o.oad all the cryptographic operations (key management and signing) to an external hotpluggable smart card device D. as soon as SMMDumper starts executing (that is, as soon as the system enters into SMM), it waits for D to be plugged into the system to carry out the tasks outlined above.


3.1 Theoretical Choice: Oblivious Sorting One way to do this is to assign each item a random key from a very large universe, which is separate and distinct from the key that is a part of this key-value pair, and obliviously sort [9] the items by these keys.

we can wrap each key-value pair, (k, v), as (k ' , (k, v)), where k ' is the new random key, and then wrap these wrapped pairs in a way that allows us to implement an oblivious sorting algorithm in the OS model based on comparisons involving the k ' keys.


The line of work initiated by Kushilevitz [Kus89, Kus92] and Beaver [Bea91] helps us with this problem.

the result of Maji, Prabhakaran and Rosulek [MPR09], shows that private protocols in the error-free model must advance in very speci.c ways.


the IDs of the nodes they are respectively tracking in booking.

whether the exchange actually succeeds depends on node d. on whether node d will decrease the performance over the booked node.


The underlying reason is that, in this case, the feature space has a very high dimen sionality, and, thus, sampling only k-1 points at random is not enough to .nd a suitable attack point.

if an attack sample is not very well crafted, it may be easily d max isolated from the rest of the data.


Under the traditional Feige-Fiat-Shamir scheme, the prover sends y and the veri.er must compare both y 2 (mod N ) and -y 2 (mod N ) with the product of x and the committed values.

it would seem that C and S would have to attempt the encryption and/or decryption twice.


In this study, we discuss the multicast security issues in MANET and propose a new approach for securing the communications under these conditions.

we determine the security requirements based on certain use case scenarios and define access control policies in mobile ad hoc multicast communications accordingly.


Since our goal is to seek a practical solution, we concentrate on plan-ahead deniability.

we are concerned with practical applications of deniable encryption and consider the following scenario as our target functionality: an adversary obtains access to a laptop computer, the owner of which keeps the stored data encrypted.


By allowing the server to explicitly specify the scripts that it intentionally includes in the document, our approach can also be thought of as an extension of the same-origin policy.

our policies ensure that all scripts that executed in the page are trusted by the site from which the page originated; we believe this is actually the assumption of most users.


In the context of human genomics, WGS is expected to foster signi.cant progress in the quality of healthcare [14].

genetic features and mutations are being increasingly and more e.ectively studied in relation to treatment of  as well as predisposition to diseases and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Generalizing this idea of spatially scoped relationships, consider the GSNS policy below: Policy B: Grant access if, in the social network of those users who are co-located with the owner, the requester is a friend-of-friend of the owner.

access is only granted if (a) the requester is a friendof-friend of the owner, and (b) both the requester and one of the common friends between the owner and the requester are co-located with the owner.


This way, our proposal also provides an implicit-indirect entity authenticity veri.cation because only a particular entity, with the appropriate preshared and updated key states can generate the required key for a given message exchange session.

by verifying the integrity of the key, we can authenticate the entity.


b) Soundness: A cheating signer S ' cannot convince an honest veri.er V that an unextractable designated con.rmer signature s ' is valid.


A social network is inverse-closed whenever the following holds: for every i .I, there is an identi.er -i .I such that R-i =(Ri )-1 .

the inverse of a relation is always de.ned in the social network.


4.2 Experiments Setup In the following, we will report on several experiments that have been executed to evaluate the performance of our methodology.

since our approach does not depend on any particular role mining algorithm, we will execute our experiments searching for a general pattern inside our data: the maximal biclusters [4].


Based on our .ndings, we offer a set of best practices for others to defend against manual hijacking and discuss many of the corner cases that exacerbate the problem (Section 8).

we link manual hijacking with phishing and provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that phishing is the main way manual hijackers steal user credentials.


Unlike the traditional passive, read-only introspection techniques (e.g., [9, 11, 13, 34]), our approach is reactive.

attacker-de.ned tampering actions are triggered by certain attacker-de.ned execution contexts.


We show the necessary conditions to implement a motion-MIX venue.

since a nearby network member could be SASN 05, November 7, 2005, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.


While web services are concerned with well-de.ned, reusable software components that perform speci.c tasks across organisational boundaries via standardised web-based and messageoriented mechanisms, semantic web services are related to formal descriptions of properties, capabilities, interfaces and e.ects of web services in an unambiguous, machineunderstandable form.

semantic web services are web services augmented with automated service discovery, composition and invocation, and dynamic binding.


Such techniques focus on identifying large chunks of NOP sled.

nOZZLE [32] uses static analysis to build the control-.ow graph (CFG) of heap memory blocks and measures the size of NOP sled, called surface area, across a process s entire heap region.


The tutorial presents the principal attack techniques that are used in the Internet today and possible coun- termeasures.

intrusion detection tech- niques are analyzed in detail.


Hypercalls are leveraged to build higher level communication primitives.

in order to facilitate inter-VM communication, Xen provides event channels and a mechanism to establish shared memory regions [4].


We use Hi+1 to denote the hash value of packet Pi+1.In general, Hash(M) is the hash value of message M,and Ek(M) is the encrypted value of message M with key k. Thus, each packet has format of Pi = datai||Hi+1, i =1..N. Each cryptographic hash Hi is calculated over the full packet i, not just the data portion, thereby establishing a chain of hashes, Hi = Hash(Pi)= Hash(datai||Hi+1), i - 1..N. Furthermore, the entire chain of hashes is veri.ed by signing the .rst hash H1 with the private key of the base station.

packet P0 contains the signature S of H1, P0 = signature(H1)||H1 = EKs (H1)||H1, and the signature S = EKs (H1) is computed using the private key Ks of the base station.


We do the proof for condition (1), but a similar proof applies for condition (2).

fact 2 tells us that it is su.cient to be able to recover i .


In this paper, we investigate a secure computation technique for personalized medicine.

we propose a secure evaluation algorithm to compute genomic tests that are based on a linear combination of test-speci.c genome components and coe.cients de.ned by the test.


The = attack can also be used to break the privacy of SSH-NPC when SSH-NPC uses random padding.

if the .rst 232 messages that a user tags result in encoded packets that use the minimum 4 bytes of random padding, then an attacker capable of forcing a user to tag an additional 232 chosen-plaintexts will be able to learn information about the user s initial 232 messages.


The kernel of f is the unit circle U, as it maps to the multiplication identity 1 in R. The quotient group C/ker(f) consists of all multiples of U.

it is the collection of all circles centered at the origin in C, each of which is a coset of U.


Small worms .t entirely within the receiver s initial offered window, and so on establishing the connection we can immediately send the packets en masse without keeping state.

whenever the worm receives a SYN ACK, it can statelessly derive the sequence numbers needed to transmit the entire worm.


If K, w, v |= f and w = w ' then K, w ' , v |= f. cipal accessibility relations determine what kind of knowledge is modeled [15].

if, for example, these relations must whenever f holds at a world w, if the constructive be re.exive, then the logic models veridical knowledge: if reasoner is able to reach an extended state of knowledge at p says f, then f indeed holds.


This concept of stability has been studied in the .eld of Robust Statistics in which robust is the formal term used to qualify this notion of stability.

there have been several approaches to developing robust PCA algorithms that construct a low dimensional subspace that captures most of the data s dispersion4 and are stable under data contamination [6, 7, 9, 19, 23].


MPEG s work in this area is still in its infancy and it remains to be seen how well this approach promotes inter-operability.

it is not clear that all terminals will necessarily be capable of accessing all tools (which might only be available for one particular computing platform, for example) or that all devices, particularly smaller ones, would necessarily have the resources to store and execute all of the tools required to access all of the multimedia owned by one user.


SECURITY FRAMEWORK Our approach relies on formal descriptions of the application behavior and the policy speci.cation.

two aspects are crucial under our assumptions, i.e., modeling the interactions among applications and the speci.cation of .ne-grained BYOD policies.


When considering deterministic protocols (or probabilistic protocols with .xed random strings), we will assume that it is known in advance which player sends a bit in each round.

for a given protocol, the order of communication is predetermined, and does not depend on the inputs and on the transcript of the communication (that is, the bits sent so far).


Hence omniscient attackers are limited only by the number of sensor readings they can change.

omniscient attackers can dynamically choose which sensors to corrupt and can eavesdrop or predict all other sensor readings.


We present a two stage Cascaded Automata Architecture for e.ciently matching such regular expression signatures.

we make the following contributions: We propose the Cascaded Automata Architecture for a class of regular expressions called Signature Expressions, that appear frequently in the NIDS signatures.


Given the modi.cations we made, an adversarial third party needs to mount a brute-force attack for each redacted leaf node individually to recover the original data.

if 8 meter readings in a row are redacted, to reveal the series of data it would be necessary to perform brute-force attacks on all possible combinations of the 8 data values.


Security in the malicious model is achieved if the adversary (interacting in the real protocol, without the TTP) can learn no more information than it could in the ideal scenario.

a secure protocol emulates (inits realexecution) theideal execution thatincludes aTTP.This notionisformulatedby requiringthe existence of adversariesinthe ideal execution model that can simulate adversarialbehaviorin the real execution model.


2.2 Assumptions and Attacker Model Our protocol is designed to work immediately with Bitcoin, but should work with any VC that provides a similar set of features.

we assume a VC with a public block chain and addresses controlled by public-private key pairs.


EVALUATION In this section, we present our evaluation results.

we have conducted two sets of experiments.


In other work (e.g., [33, 37, 29]) the e.ciency requirement for a client is to run in time poly(n, log T), when delegating a function f that runs in time T and takes inputs of size n. Furthermore, as observed by Gennaro and Wichs [27], even if it is possible to reinterpret some of the results on veri.able computation in the setting of homomorphic message authenticators, the resulting solutions are still not appropriate.

they might require a client to send the data all at once and would not allow for composition of several authenticated computations.


INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Role-based access control (RBAC) has established itself as a solid base for today s security administration needs, as documented in the RBAC96 model [14] and the subsequent NIST standard proposal [2].

enterprise Roles spanning across di.erent IT systems are increasingly used in medium and large organisations as a basis for companywide security management.


The Merkle-Damgård (MD) construction [12, 26] is an approach for building a collision resistant hash function from a collision resistant compression function.

if the hash function applies appropriate padding and the initial value is fixed, the hash function is collision resistant as long as the compression function has the same property.


Simple decoding: To quote Moulin [25, Section 4.3]: The receiver makes an innocent/guilty decision on each user independently of the other users, and there lies the simplicity but also the suboptimality of this de coder.


esi A store gadget is similar except that the address where the source value is to be stored is itself stored at a .xed location.

the store gadget performs the operation (A) .


This is achieved by using the HTTP request methods.

the API re-uses the messages and the methods already defined by HTTP, such as the method HTTPPost.


Constraint con.icts differ from typical policy con.icts in that constraints are never supposed to be violated.

a con.ict with a constraint results in a policy compilation error, whereas policy con.icts are resolved at runtime.


As load generation for the system, we used the testing tool and tests distributed with OpenO.ce.

we chose the subset of required tests associated with the writer, spreadsheet, drawing, math, and presentation components.


To better understand the impact of our attack, we provide an empirical calculation of the probabilities of each phase of our attack.

if an attacker has obtained the credentials of any Facebook user, what is the probability that he will be able to access the account?


In this work, we make use of the same ideas.

we use multi-hashing to amplify the security level while performing all operations with 32-bit words which map more naturally and e.ciently to existing processor instructions.


ERR (error) = exp(random))/exp(empirical) showing the probability that an IP pair, picked at random, willproducesomelift value11 .Tab.3 alsopresentsthe more intuitive notion of expected row distribution.

if one weretopick a row at randomfrom lift(H ' )or lift(H ' rand ), whatlift values should one expectto see, andin whatquantity?


The unavailability of a vouching site V means the target service S will have to rely solely on its own authentication procedure which, as mentioned earlier, is the .rst step in an SAuth session and takes precedence over any vouching responses.

should a vouching site be unavailable, the target service will still be able to function and operate, as it would do without the use of SAuth.


Running example We use a subset of ext2, a Linux .le system, and one of the case studies in Section 5 as our running example.

ext2 is responsible for laying out and interpreting disk blocks as belonging to speci.c .les or directories.


However, those criteria have a number of similarities with the 2001 report.

the accreditation criteria divide the computer science courses into a core and a set of computer science electives.


One viable alternative to ptrace is emulation.

instead of using inter-process communication and ptrace, we instead emulate the e.ects of every instruction provided by English as well as the e.ect of each instruction created by our framework.


In addition to protecting PINs from agents and network operators, the scheme enjoys other security properties like resistance to skimming attacks and shoulder-surfing attacks, which makes it of potential interest in domains outside of mobile banking.

our scheme offers a more secure alternative to the authentication solutions used by current-day ATM machines, which are known to be susceptible to such attacks.


The underlying reason is that a typical host contact graph is globally sparse but has considerable local correlation.

the density of .ows between nodes in then same domain is higher than those across domains, for both the worm and non-malicious traf.c.


BGP speakers can verify whether the AS_PATH {AS1, AS2, ..., ASn} of a BGP route m for a pre.x fi is in the speci.ed order.

m is generated fromthe pre.xownerof AS1,and has traversedAS2, ··· , ASn.


However, resolvers are usually con.gured to share the information retrieved from the DNS database only with stub resolvers or name servers acting as such ( DNS forwarding ), for which a TSIG-based mechanism would su.ce.

resolvers usually do not share DNS responses (for which they are not authoritative or can t provide delegation nodes) with other name servers nor name servers are con.gured to query other servers that cannot refer to delegated subdomains.


The .rst requirement suggests to devise a negotiation mechanism more .exible than that used by IPsec IKE (based on Di.e-Hellman) and, rather, similar to the TLS handshake protocol.

we should prefer a key exchange protocol that provides the .exibility to permit the negotiation of the preferred or most appropriate public key algorithm for key transport or key agreement.


We believe that this issue must be adequately addressed by integrity management system through data validation.

the system must make the best effort to maintain the consistency between the internal data and the external world, and any success or failure must be re.ected in the usage of the data (perhaps in terms of con.dence on data).


Since fSmin is in the form of SOPE, encryption is performed on each product term.

for each product term E in fSmin, the encryptor speci.es an AND-gate access policy W using the following rules: .


Second, we complemented the existing attacks by exploring new directions and unknown corner cases.

we propose two novel attacks, one based on the modi.cation of the Peripheral Component Interconnect express (PCIe) con.guration space and the other based on the creation of host-side Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMIs).


However, it must not be incompatible with the characteristics of the existing infrastructures and those that are likely to be developed.

participants will have to be able to identify the infrastructures in which they are able to operate, and that they consider suitable for the purposes of particular transactions.


2.3 Input Data Type The majority of role mining algorithms use user permission information as the input data.

the input to a role mining algorithm is an access control con.guration, de.ned as follows.


The results clearly indicate that the certifying algorithm approach outperforms the BFS approach and that the planar separator approach outperforms both BFS and the certifying algorithm dramatically which is expected since the planar separator proof-computation time grows sublinearly with the number of nodes.

proofcomputation time of the planar separator scheme has a speedup of more than 1.4X105× on a 1,000-node graph, and a speedup of more than 2.3X108× on a 100,000-node graph (compared to BFS).


Moreover, we illustrate the features of different metrics.

we show that k-ABS gives a better protection than k-anonymity to users, who are potentially more likely to issue a query that others.


In particular, to limit the physical memory accessible to a DMA engine of an I/O device, we utilize the hardware-based IOMMU support (already implemented in Xen) in the recent CPU/chipsets to map the address space of DMA engine to a safe place.

the way the IOMMU is set up preludes the possibility of overwriting HookSafe as well as HookSafe-protected memory regions in a guest.


Second, by directly asking users about their usage of screen locks, reactivity to the observation e.ect is reduced [28].

by .rst having the participants self report their screen lock usage before they are exposed to a targeted intervention, any change during the intervention itself should less likely be due merely to a reaction to their suspicion that locking behavior is being monitored by the installed agent [29, 30].


Speci.cally in the code sample at line 4-10, the tainted input of s1 at line 41 and s2 at line 45 will .ow into the constructor of Search at line 4 and then Request s data .eld at line 15, resp s result at line 8, as well as resp s body .eld at line 30 and line 34.

unsanitized input .ows back to the client at line 11, creating the possibility of a an XSS attack.


4.1 The standard model The standard spatio-temporal ERBAC model (or ST ) ST ERBAC = combines the features of RBAC = and ERBAC07.

we extend the directed labeled graph (V, E, .


If such fault-tolerance techniques are used to tolerate security attacks in a network with homogez.eous elements, the as-sumption of failure independence L~; ill founded.

for security attacks it is not reasonable to assume that identical replicas will fail independently: rather, once a successful attack is performed against one replica, the same attack can be performed successfully on all identical replicas.


In this paper, we limit our discussion to OSN worms that exhibit the above two properties.

we aim to detect worms that propagate following the social connections and generate passively noticeable worm activities.


As a result, the identity of the holder of this secret key will be disclosed in the public tracing procedure.

in order to launch this attack successfully, the adversary has to expose herself or a peer that has been compromised by her.


Each node uses the aggregated gossips and warnings received as inputs to its classi.er.

the idea of this scheme is the following: With the warnings, victim-closest nodes will indicate to the bordergate nodes to stop the attack .ow, and with the gossips, the source-closest nodes will indicate to the intermediate network nodes that the aggregated tra.c is still attempting to enter the network, instead of letting the attack .ow in.


We also found that many of these websites make use of a handful of third-party history-sni.ng libraries.

of the 46 cases of con.rmed sni.ng, 22 sites use history-sni.ng code from interclick.com and 14 use history-sni.ng code from meaningtool.com.


Similarly, (2)can be upper bounded by 2-t/5 since At canbe usedasacircuit inverting G on input k. Summing gives the desired result.

f -1 Consider an oracle t =( F, t we can G, ) .Tt.From construct an oracle t =(G, F, F -1) .Tn as:2 G(tk)= G(tka,tkb)=(G (tka),tkb).G ..t,n is a permutation acting only on the .rst t bits of its input.


The task must be performed by a set that contains two Accountants.

a userset that contains two Accountants and a third user who is not an Accountant is allowed to perform the task.


Although existing mechanisms are employed by users to administer these existing community networking initiatives, such mechanisms tend to be manual, slowly changing and relatively limited in their abilities.

they tend to concentrate on sharing a single connection between multiple machines and do not take into account the possibility of utilising multiple connections simultaneously.


Such a failure would require .rst successfully compromising the cloud instance as discussed earlier and then .nding an interesting vulnerability in our small, typesafe components.

a failure of the sandbox requires that the TCBs in both the client and the cloud fail.


study security analysis in the context of the RT family of Role-based Trust-management languages [12, 14].

security analysis in RT[., n] and its sub-languages is studied.


Even in that case, he is not able to learn the victim s entire password.

for each image, we take all the search results that contained that image and intersect them.


A3 recovery-focused defenses leverage the isolation of the protected applications into dedicated containers and stands on the hypothesis that not all parts of the application s state is equally important.

some state information is absolutely crucial and needs to be retained and the rest can be discarded, or recreated from other saved information.


But in order to reap the bene.ts of this new sensing paradigm, we need a comprehensive solution.

a secure and accountable PS system that preserves user privacy, and enables the provision of incentives to the participants.


we translate the CFG into a corresponding history expression, i.e., a process algebraic representation of a set of execution traces.


Next, we assume that an adversary that can suf.ciently imitate a user has access to that user s data.

if a malicious user has acquired enough information about the user user names and passwords, for example to participate in the system s protocols, then that user will obtain the standard results of that protocol.


In reality, however, the di.erence between a singular and a nonsingular matrix is almost negligible.

if A is singular, where .min is its smallest (in magnitude) nonzero eigenvalue, then A + eI is nonsingular, where 0 < e < |.min|.


In both sequential mixnets and our proposed parallel mix network, each server implements one or more local mixing operations on sets of input ciphertexts.

a server applies its own secret, random permutation.


Moreover, the security of collision resistance is weaker than that of resistance of our new pseudo collision.

even though a hash function satis.es collision resistance, it may not be able to resist our pseudo collision, so it may not be able to resist our attack.


In section 3, we introduce how the extended D-S theory can be applied to our alert confidence fusion system.

we discuss the architecture and some practical considerations related to the alert confidence fusion task.


Our LPPMs can .nd the optimal privacy protection mechanism in any given scenario, i.e., they achieve the best protection among all possible mechanisms against a strategic adversary with knowledge of mobility pro.les and LPPM algorithm.

lPPMs designed under our framework provide privacy level that constitutes an upper bound on the privacy that is achievable by any other defense.


A workflow in a workflow domain corresponds to an independent workflow during runtime.

when an inter-organizational workflow is designed, it is a single workflow across multiple organizations.


3.1 Inferring NAT usage Our approach is based on inferring the presence of NATted hosts from malware traces captured at a number of distributed active responders.

we deployed a modi.ed version of the Nepenthes malware collection tool [2] to a /24 pre.x in our institution and 14 smaller monitors running on PlanetLab nodes [14] with access to darknet space (covering from 4 to 12 IP addresses).


3.3 Homomorphic Evaluation of Circuits We will now describe how to homomorphically evaluate a Boolean circuit .

with two-input NAND gates that takes f inputs, and has depth d. our scheme will be able to evaluate circuits of depth c · log n (for any constant c) under a polynomial LWE assumption, namely DLWEn,q,.


Several trade-offs exist in the choice of the information exchanged.

the granularity of the CASs and ASSs needs to be chosen carefully.


We next consider a natural loosening of the privacy property that will allow a tag to be CCF-checkable.

we construct systems in which a continuous observer can correlate appearances of a given tag, but a sporadic observer cannot.


The key is to note that the permissions are applied to virtual pages, but a physical page may be simultaneously mapped to several virtual pages with different permissions.

if Patagonix does not check for simultaneous inconsistent mappings, an attacker could simultaneously gain executable and write access to a page by constructing one set of page tables that maps a physical page as executable but non-writable, and constructing another set of page tables that maps the same physical page as writable but non-executable.


Based on Lemma 1 and conditioned on the event that no collision happens with high probability (Lemma 2), the elements of A ' that correspond to honest parties can be any permutation of the elements of honest parties in A.

the probability that the adversary can successfully map A ' to A is less than 1 which guarantees (n - t)-anonymity (i.e., (n-t)!


(In the case of a cheque object, for example, this life cycle begins when the cheque is raised and ends when the cheque is issued.)

certain permissions are necessarily only invoked a certain number of times.


Helios has been shown to ensure ballot privacy for successively stronger notions of privacy and more accurate implementations [15, 7, 9].

yet none of the existing ballot privacy proofs [15, 7, 9, 11] for Helios considers a fully distributed setup phase with an arbitrary threshold t in the total number of trustees e. a setup phase where trustees generate the election public and secret keys without a trusted dealer while a.ording an arbitrary t-out-of-e threshold parameters selection.


Thus, the foreign producers can not actively investigate the domestic environment for finding and fighting against local cheating while the domestic distributor companies who can play a more active role in this fighting cannot directly create solutions by modifying the game client software.

the domestic distributors are more familiar with cheating forms as well as hacking tools developed by domestic hackers but cannot do much to change the game client software which is developed by the foreign producers.


For the second assumption, we make our IC auditing process spread into the IC marketing period.

we collect IC samples periodically and put them back into the market after each sampling period.


Unlike the standard knapsack DPS where secret keys are build with strong modular multiplication, here the author offers a more generalized way, which is the generalization of well-known Merkle-Hellman scheme.

different modifications of DPS with knapsacks A and B, built on the base of parametrical solutions of the set multistage system (1).


In fact, we believe that determining the extent to which a system like HICCUPS is useful should involve measuring its expressibility.

if a system allows the computation of only one type of aggregate, then the capability to express an aggregate problem is limited.


Our solution is for pi to provisionally act as though the required ciphertext cj from pj was the encryption of a random value if a request for cj was previously sent in the current session but no reply has yet been received.

pi homomorphically combines the ciphertext ci that it will return to the requesting principal pr with the encryption of a newly generated random value.


We stress, moreover,that much about our attackgeneralizesbeyondElGamaldecryption(or, moregenerally,discovering private exponents used in modular exponentiations) in libgcrypt.

our techniques for preempting the victim frequently for observation and sidestepping several sources of cache noise are independent of the use to which the side-channel is put.


In a traditional ROP attack, the desired control .ow is achieved by placing the addresses of the gadgets on the stack and then exploiting ret instructions to fetch and copy them to the instruction pointer.

if we consider each gadget as a monolithic instruction, the stack pointer plays the role of the instruction pointer in a normal program, transferring the control .ow from one gadget to the next.


5.2 Organization-Unit-Spread on Real Data To highlight the framework viability in real applications, we examined a large private company.

we analyzed permissions related to an ERP application.


Our approach is also closely related to techniques for static vulnerability analysis (e.g., [1, 19, 33, 35]).

the methods in [1, 35] also use a model of exploits (possible attacks) in terms of their pre-conditions (prerequisites) and post-conditions (consequences).


The goal of this study is to demonstrate that the proposed design is feasible and usable for end-users while it doesn t upset user expectations or cause confusion.

the study was designed to expose failures in the conceptual model of the user interaction rather than to test specific claims of its efficiency.


ON THE DIFFICULTY OF REMOVING ANGEL The construction of tools such as AngeL always raises con- troversial issues regarding the possibility to easily bypass them and their update.

software modules intended to protect a system can be removed or bypassed in various ways by intruders who have gained control of the system, e.g., by mean of a root compromise, thus making such a protection in- effective; AngeL, being a software module, is not im- mune to this drawback; updating the signature database used by all types of filter modules to detect attacks is particularly difficult and critical, especially if the database is bundled in the code, and periodical update is necessary to maintain the effectiveness of the filter; AngeL's atta£k signature database is bundled in the code.


However, we note some of the paring operations (e.g., eh..,..,....) can be done in an o.ine fashion.

these values can be pre-calculated and stored by the veri.er.


We also showed through simulations on random sets of n-grams, the use of single hash function minimized the difference between the Jaccard in Equation 1 and the bitvector Jaccard in Equation 2.

we created two sets that contain 1000 n-grams each, with varying number of overlapping n-grams, and measured how much the bitvector Jaccard differs from the Jaccard.


Two symbols ci and cj will fall into the same class if they are treated the same way in all DFA states.

given the transition function d(states, .


Even though Google pro.les existed before the Buzz experience started, and are publicly searchable, the tiny frontier that exist between Buzz, public Google pro.les and Gmail accounts may create a serious security risk for Google services.

in this paper we show how it is now easy, quick and effective to crawl millions of Google email accounts, exploiting Buzz and related Google pro.les without being noticed and from a single machine.


GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY 3.1 Law of Pragnanz There is a law of Pragnanz which is core concept of Gestalt psychology founded by Max Wertheimer According to this; we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, simple.

capability of our visual perception makes us recognize the form which can easily be seen from us.


MOTIVATION The family of HTML5 technologies is set to dramatically change the way in which applications are designed for mobile devices.

hTML5 provides direct support for features including 1By native, we mean built for a speci.c platform (e.g., Android,iOS, etc), not necessarily that they contain compiled native executable libraries or code.


XOR (this weakness has been widely documented in the literature and already exploited in some application contexts, like Wep.

it holds that CRC(a XOR b) =CRC(a)XOR CRC(b), that is the checksum of the XOR of two numbers is equal to the XOR of the checksums of the two numbers.


When decrypting, the write back to Reg is contingent on feedback from CC.

reg would only be overwritten during Dec(e(m)) if the decryption was successful.


INTRODUCTION The development of information and communication technology, represented by the Internet and mobile phone, has changed people's lifestyles and has created a demand for information and service to be received in all kinds of environments, such as at home, in school, and in the office[2].

information and communication technology is constantly being upgraded for the provision of new services that meet the above-mentioned demand.


Instead, we can re-use the XACML infrastructure and resolve the ordering during the model-to-code transformation.

for each class of the design model, we generate a policy set (XACML element PolicySet) containing the permissions (Rule) assigned to emergency policies (Policy) for this class ordered with respect to the topological sorting of the emergency policies.


Our past experiences provide ample anecdotal evidence into the scalability and usability of this approach.

the proposed approach can integrate one or more o.-the-shelf ontologies (e.g., KANI); further, there are several tools available for modifying and authoring ontologies.


Furthermore, we propose to extend the scope of CERTs/ISACs to support e.ective collaborations involving multiple organizations by additionally becoming ICIMs.

these novel enhancements result in a Process Model (see Figure 2) that allows incident responders and investigators across multiple sites a.ected by an attack to e.ectively collaborate in their common goals of investigating and responding to the attacks.


Without the use of a private channel, a MRP aims at achieving data integrity with respect to the data origin.

the purpose of a MRP is to allow authenticated communication of messages over insecure channels.


A set of countermeasures is complete if, after removing the proper arcs from the corresponding attack graphs, ag cannot reach a .nal node.

if a set is complete, the arcs associated with the attacks stopped by its countermeasures determine a cut of theattackgraph that splitstheinitial nodes and the .nal nodes into two disjoint subsets so that no .nal node can be reached.


TimeCapsule: Secure Recording of Accesses to a Protected Datastore Srinivas Krishnan Fabian Monrose Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC Chapel Hill, NC krishnan@cs.unc.edu fabian@cs.unc.edu ABSTRACT We present an approach for transparently recording accesses to protected storage.

we provide a framework for data monitoring in a virtualized environment using only the abstractions exposed by the hypervisor.


The idea is the following: relax the condition on a puzzle solution so that the probability of solving a puzzle can be increased.

instead of .xing the numerical value of the Q-bit target string as d = 0, we can relax that the numerical value d of the Q-bit target string could be anything in [0,D], so that 0 : d : D< 2Q .


We can state our main result as a reduction from any attributebased encryption and any fully homomorphic encryption scheme.

we show how to construct a (single-key and succinct) functional encryption scheme for any class of functions F by using a homomorphic encryption scheme which can do homomorphic evaluations for any function in F and an attribute-based encryption scheme for a slightly larger class of functions F ' ; F ' is the class of functions such that for any function f .


Since all data, including in most cases scansof originalpaperdocuments, existindigitalform, why notlettheexternal auditorsperformtheaudit remotely?

why not move either data and queries instead of moving people?


However, because mount is required for the root shell, it is also possible to abuse it by mounting temporary .le systems on top of protected directories.

the NM team mounted a writable tmpfs on top of the home directory allowing arbitrary write access to supposedly trusted paths.


The trace transmission is synchronized using a loose model.

the synchronization is done only when the device is awake and connected to the internet or when it is recharging.


In their formulation, authorization (2) implies authorization (1), because search based on message-dependent trapdoors also requires a master trapdoor as input.

the data owner must assign a master trapdoor to a server in order to ask the latter to perform any search.


For instance, a site might be constructed so that a URL of the form http://vulnerable.site/welcome.html?name=Joe produces personalized content using a static HTML page in combination with an embedded script.

the script can use features like innerHTML and document.write to modify the content of the page at the browser, personalized according the value of name.


such systems are prone to false negatives, even if they generate few, if any, false positives.


However, the component breakdown is designed to compartmentalize any faults or attacks and to simplify the design and implementation of the security-critical components.

the application server is the most vulnerable component of our architecture: it performs sophisticated interactions with the client, presenting a large attack surface, and it contains complex and evolving application logic that can be a source of vulnerabilities.


Graph-based schemes simply guarantee probabilistic security strength under random packet loss.

they require that the digitally signed packets completely reach the receiver.


6.1 Discussion (a) Scalability: Correlation-based collab oration ensures scalability by the small size of the groups and the persistence of correlation among IDSs across long timescales.

over 96% of the IDSs in our dataset are correlated with less than 10 other IDSs.


To implement the scenario sketched above, a number of languages need to be available.

languages to express the access control policy on the server (which includes the card requirements and the data handling policies), to communicate the policy to the user, to express the claims as sent by the user, and to describe the cards that the user owns.


Stage 2 Static Analysis prematurely terminated on 10% of samples.

the DED decompiler [11] failed to decompile 10% (131) of samples.


In this section, we observe that preventing cryptographic randomness vulnerabilities in trusted applications is more subtle than just providing a source of strong randomness.

we show that an Iago attack targeting a seemingly innocuous system call getpid() allows replay attacks on Apache servers with mod ssl.


However, a big difference is that LDA has a fundamental assumption that independent variables are normally distributed.

it is assumed that variables represent a sample from a multivariate normal distribution.


(ix ~, ,co)~ Pi ) <'-- uT¢(~) [ i-lJ (d) Permutatiom Server Si randomly permutes {/=(J) =O) ~,O)~ln ,t~i ,/~i ,Ui /J-j=z.

si selects a permutation rl on N elements uniformly at ran- dom, sets (c~ j), p~J), y~J)) = (~'(J)),/2~ =' (J))~'(~))), and posts to the bulletin board the ordered set {(c~D, " U) ° (J)~IN I'~i , Sl );j=l" (e) Batch proof of correctness of output keys.


Perhaps the most surprising result, which has no ana- logue in the public-key setting, is that adaptive access to an encryption oracle does not help the adversary.

any scheme which can be broken (in polynomial time) with an adaptive chosen plaintext attack can be broken (in poly- nomial time) with a non-adaptive chosen plaintext attack.


Net-Shield obtains high throughput comparable to that of the state-ofthe-art regex-based NIDS/NIPS while offering much better accuracy.

we made the following contributions: 1) An ef.cient multiple signature matching scheme for a large number of vulnerability signatures.


Meanwhile, we view sentient adversaries as having both measurement and actuation capabilities, and as pursuing 1) estimation of network dynamics/structure and also 2) deliberate actuation/modification of the dynamics to their own benefit and to the detriment of the network performance.

we assume that the sentient adversary (like the natural adversary) is able to modify the original network dynamics to .


We attain no strong binding between the location and the data.

the geolocated server may be acting as a proxy, relaying the PDP challenges to a server at some alternative location.


The plan p satis.es constraint (.=,s,s1), for example, if the same user is assigned to both steps by p, and satis.es constraint (.,s,s1 =) if di.erent users are assigned to s and s1.

these represent, respectively, binding-ofduty and separation-of-duty constraints.


3 we can see that the samples are grouped into cluster that correspond to the behavior of di.erent viruses.

the outlined cluster contains the samples of Zeus virus.


Finally, we assume there is no ASLR [4] inside the guest-OS kernel.

the virtual address of the kernel global variables should be always identical across different machines for the same version of the OS.


We assume that attackers perform attacks based only on information gained by eavesdropping or participating in our system.

we do not consider privacy attacks using out of band channels (e.g.


With the advent of a.ordable technologies for WGS, focus shifted to protocols that can scale to the entire genome.

[4] introduced protocols for paternity testing and personalized medicine.


Given security parameters f and t (where t is polynomial in f), the credential-issuing agency or authority randomly selects a safe prime p of length f bits.


Second, parts of AKI s design are not speci.ed in su.cient detail for a realistic implementation.

it is unclear how ILSes interact during the AKICert registration and update processes, how validators monitor the ILSes, and how entities handle malicious events.


For example, a data redirection rule making use of the chain-of-command relation will necessarily result in a set of potential recipients that includes the entirety of the chain of command above the original requestor.

if a low ranking soldier were to request some informational document in such a system, the data might be returned to every single individual from his or her immediate superior all the way up to the commanding general.


Our attack only requires a linear search of the randomized address space.

our exploit requires 216 =65, 536 probes at worst and 32,768 probes on the average, which is a relatively small number.


Then, we extract a set of invariants for each SQL signature from both session variables and SQL responses, which characterize the application state and the associated data constraints when a SQL query is issued.

we leverage a wellknown technique (i.e., daikon engine [12]) to derive valuebased invariants, including the invariants over variables that are used for indicating the application state and the data constraints.


Our consensus de.nition allows the possibility that Alice reaches a consensus with Bob but Bob does not reach consensus with Alice: for example if either Bob or Alice goes o.ine due to network 6Either static private keys or C1-related information.

7user A did take part in C1, and in particular A .P.


To measure the practicality and usability of our mechanism, we conducted a survey study (n=30) to explore the factors surrounding users desires for privacy controls such as those implemented in Retinue.

we were interested in users perspectives on the current Facebook privacy system and their desires for more control over photos they do not own.


Then, if it detects noti.cation suppression patterns corresponding to identi.ed suspicious billing behaviors, the application is considered to be a money-stealing application.

we rely on  (a) Registering Receiver & Permission (b) Sending SMS (c) Noti.cation Suppression Figure 1: The procedure of a case study of money-stealing application.


Note also that .q = maxy:lyl0=1 |f(y)|, where y has one nonzero component, and that component is bounded in [-2Z, 2Z].

a variant of Theorem 6 can be easily achieved for pan-private computation of L1 and L2.


We reveal the value of F1 to the .rst player (the second player already knows this value), and the value of F2 to the second player (the .rst player already knows this value).

we condition the game G(Y ,X |V1,B,W,E,B1)TV1 on the values of F1, F2, and consider the game G(Y,X|V1,B,W,E,B1)TV1 |F1,F2 = G(Y,X |V1,B,W,E,B1,F1,F2)TV1 , with parameters (k, d-1, P(Y |V1,B,W,E,B1,F1,F2)TV1 , P(X|V1,B,W,E,B1,F1,F2)TV1 ).


Second, even a malicious attacker that can compromise single sessions and introduce fake identities cannot learn anything about the sessionkey of uncompromised sessions(1W-AKE security).

1W-AKE security implies that the attacker cannotimpersonate a server.


While this decision is good for deployability, it creates new technical challenges because publishers can be malicious.

they might try to exploit their position in the middle by manipulating which clients receive and answer queries, and to overcome the DP noise added by the aggregator using repeated queries.


As a result of this normalization, a q-gram counts more in a report that has fewer distinct q-grams.

changing a constant amount of tokens in a report containing repetitive structure has more impact on the vector than in an analysis report comprising several di.erent patterns.


1.ft j = t - t ( j = 1,L , f ) (18) sys j Where, tsys is the current time of system.

the value of weight is larger, the interactive record is newer.


In this work we have used only the .rst, amount of tra.c towards a given node.

for the moment we do not analyze at all the headers or contents of the messages.


Because of the blinding factor rU2, PEP and CSP cannot derive the T and 5 from the 5* .

given a token , PEP and CSP cannot link it to any U.


Yet, we can take this analysis even further, because Ri by itself is useless.

a would also need to know the corresponding Ci (or Ri+1) to begin to model the PUF.


Because our language semantics are parameterized on an oracle for termination analysis, improvements in automated termination analysis will increase the precision of our enforcement mechanism.

results on proving termination for recursive programs [21] and programs with polyno mial [23], bit-vector [22], and heap-based [8] termination argu ments offer possibilities for further improving precision of the termination oracle.


The security, measured as the logarithm of the running time of the distinguishing attack, jumps from lg(T )=64 to lg(T ) = 218 when n goes from 2048 to 4096.

suppose we require 128 bits of security for the system, we are constrained to one of two choices set n = 2048 (and risk the possibility of better attacks), or set n = 4096 (and settle for worse e.ciency).


To support various indepth malware analysis techniques, we need to precisely replay the execution using dynamic binary translation.

at every single execution time, the program state in replay is exactly the same as in recording in spite of the fact that the malware execution is trying to detect various discrepancies between the real hardware and the emulated system.


Thus, in addition to the round results, each party learns the number of rounds required to obtain the solution.

in the .rst round the parties learn that there is no solution with a sum of ranks of nk etc.


Our paper is the .rst detailed study on both pre-installed application security and system security for Android .rmwares.

we have done large scale experiments on 250 Android .rmwares and performed a detailed case study on infected .rmwares.


Not all of the concepts mentioned have been implemented yet, some are not yet completely speci.ed and are subject to change.

the concept of Sealed Envelopes has recently been dropped from the NPfIT.


PERFORMANCE EVALUATION We evaluated the proposed technique through extensive simulations.

we focused on examining the impact of the con.guration parameters on the TBT performance.


There are environmental conditions in which these limitations may not be a major problem, namely when the system is not highly distributed and/or the rate of authorization queries greatly exceeds the rate of group operations.

prevAuthz enables authorization queries to be answered in constant time.


A GM needs to be stateful i.e., sensitive to the history of interaction between system components; and proactive i.e., it should be able to apply motive force to the system, just ensuring liveness.

both stateful and proactive capabilities are required to establish the above mentioned TPL regularity.


If an SP interprets the trans-organizational role as a valid role in their RBAC system, it grants permissions needed to access their services.

trans-organizational roles are valid roles within and across di.erent RBAC systems.


We suspect that a too narrow view on privacy might be the reason for the limited success of current privacy protection means.

we would like to argue against a technology and individual -centric view, which currently seems to dominate the IT community.


As for the quality of service, the idea in [36] is to quantify its opposite, the Service Quality Loss (SQL), in terms of the expected distance between the reported location and the user s exact location.

the service provider is supposed to offer a quality proportional to the accuracy of the location that he receives.


The execution trace of running this program on the example input is 5,6,7,...,14,7,...,14,7, 8,15.

after executing lines 5 and 6, the trace contains two full iterations of the loop.


The constructs e and (e are both atomic propositions.

(e is not the application of the usual modal operator ( (with the temporal semantics) to formula e. Informally, the formula e is true in a session if the event e has been observed in that session, whereas (e, pronounced e is possible , is true if event e may still occur as a future observation in that session.


This is a variant of the latter approach that estimates Y ' using soft clustering assignments instead of hard ones.

the (i, k)th element of Y ' is estimated as the posterior probability that the ith sample belongs to the kth cluster, using a Gaussian Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) with bandwidth parameter h. When h is too small, the posterior estimates tend to the value of 1/k, i.e., each point is assigned to any cluster with the same probability.


As the number of required pairs increases, the probability of picking all good pairs decreases and, as a consequence, the probability to discard the correct key becomes very high.

let s suppose that the injection technique generates all the possible faults on the four target bytes with the same probability, but the attacker wrongly selects the second model in [8].


In order to compute g the decryption keys gd1,..., dN , the decryption-key gen eration operation F is applied to each element of G and the secret-key a0,...,av to obtain the sequence .1,...,.N and subsequently each gdi is computed usg ing the representation reconstructor function R(.i,di) for i =1,...,N. The encryption and decryption functions ET and DT are identical to the encryption and decryption functions of the ExEG scheme E, D.  The spaces PK, SK, K, P, C are de.ned as collections of distributions parameterized by the security parameter k. Each distribution is de.ned through a bijective dependency on the underlying group G and the parameter v (i.e., this means that conditioning on G and v a speci.c element of these spaces is determined unambiguously).

pK contains objects of  × ZN×v the form Gv+1 q , SK contains objects of the form Zvq +1 , and Ksk contains subsets of Zvq s.t.


Using the MaxEnt classi.er we predict policies with an average accuracy of 81%, compared to the 67% average accuracy obtained by following the default Facebook strategy of suggesting the policy that was used for the last post.

our application of machine learning to policy prediction reduces the number of posts for which policy is miscon.gured by over 45% on average.


As part of the exploitation process, the attacker may attempt to execute arbitrary malicious code in the compromised hypervisor or the user-level program [8].

by assuming the presence of exploitable software vulnerabilities in hosted hypervisors, we aim to deal with the threats from an untrusted guest so that the hosted hypervisor, even compromised, cannot take over the host and other guests.


Even though RBAC can tremendously help us minimize the complexity in administering users, it is still needed to realize the notion of roles at the resource level.

rBAC systems need to control a user s access to resources as well as resourcelevel management based on roles.


There may exist additional points representing additional implementation mechanisms on the axes discovered so far.

the Trust Management axis, may have mechanisms for implementation of adaptation which lead to di.erent degrees of .delity of enforcement.


Three independent groups were formed to compare PassShapes, EyePassShapes and EyePassShapes with the repeated input strategy.

for group three, the memorability strategy was already pre-assigned.


Because this example has dependent but homogeneous components, the two conditional time-to-compromise functions are not identical.

the time-to-compromise of one component does depend on when the other component was compromised and the compromise times are highly separated because of defensive measures introduced after the .rst compromise.


This combination allows to bypass current CSRF defenses because they all rely on the same origin policy in one way or another.

the same origin policy does not apply to our attack because we use an infected page to attack other pages within the same domain.


The second group form the open identity management models.

this group consists of federated identity management, which can be implemented by using SAML 2.0 [18] or WS-Federation [19], and user centric identity management that can be developed by using technologies such as OpenID (http://openid.net/) or InformatioCard.


An obvious approach for overcoming this problem is to have the source domain communicate directly with the target domain to obtain its authentication token, but this is not easy either.

a correct protocol must bind the subset of user s cookies containing security credentials (for domain T) to jCSRF s authentication token (also for domain T).


It is easy to see that Theorem 4.1 applies to the base instrumented semantics as well, with straightforward modi.cations.

this means that an RBAC policy P that is abstractly suf.cient for .'


Paired with each protection domain is the group composed of the users to which that protection domain applies.

groups are created based on the protection domains of the associated users, rather than on the job functions of the associated users (as in a role-based system).


AUTHENTICATED NAMES FOR COMPANIES We propose to go back to locally identifying names as opposed to globally identifying addresses.

we de-couple the identification function from DNS and explicitly do not accept certificates globally.


Timeliness can be more formally de.ned as the amount of information an attacker learns about the state of the dynamic part of the system based on all of the information available about its past states.

if the amount of time it takes to successfully attack the system is T , the amount of information the attacker has about the state of the system at time of attack given all the past history of the system should be zero.


In other words, the adversaries can locate the signal source.

1our research analysis mainly focuses on IEEE 802.11b speci.cations which can be extend to other 802.11x protocols without losing generality.


A rotation simply means that the subset of slots assigned to server j in round k is assigned to server j + 1 in round k + 1.

each server passes its assigned slots to the next one in round-robin fashion.


It is interesting to note that, in the presence of enough malicious nodes, despite the system converging in the sense that the relative errors at each node stabilize, these errors are so high that a great variation of the coordinates of a node barely affects the associated error.

the coordinates of the nodes keep showing great variations and do not stabilize but the error introduced by such constant movement is stable because there is already so much chaos in the system.


The original de.nitions of deniable encryption in [6] are stated in terms of computational indistinguishability of views associated with real and fake messages.

after encryption of real message m is transmitted, the so-called faking algorithm allows it to be opened to reveal a fake message mf .


In this paper, we take an alternative perspective and propose a data-centric view of cloud security.

we explore the security properties of secure data sharing between applications hosted in the cloud.


Second, prior to characterizing a user s mouse movement, su.cient mouse events must be collected to create a pro.le of the user s mouse movement.

we observed that 1,000 mouse actions (which on average can be collected in 2 hours) are large enough to pro.le a user s mouse behavior well.


4.3 Incident Database Users wish to preserve ownership rights for their data.

they wish to preserve the con.dentiality, integrity and availability of their own data even if it is in the cloud.


param nameN-1 : a rg N ] It consists of the target object (usually called receiver ) and the method name along with its parameter names and argument values.

the method name and the parameter names form the so-called Objective-C selector.