§6 presents the main development of the paper, self-certifying the core typechecker for F* .

instead of trusting the external logic, it is also possible to extract proof terms from a decision procedure from the logic and have them checked in pure F*.


Therefore, if thread t. reads the valid bits before thread texecutes line 10, it reads them as false.

consider, for example, an implementation in which a method may terminate exceptionally because resource contention between concurrent threads prevents it from completing its job.


Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.2 [Software Engineering] Design Tools and Techniques Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE), D.2.11 [Software Engineering] Software Architectures Patterns, D2.13 [Software Engineering] Reusable Software Reusable libraries, Reusable Models, I.3.7 [Computing Methodologies] Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism.

the actions themselves are of course specific to this particular scenario but the fact that one or more actions are happening in a particular sequence occurs quite often in these kinds of applications.


Since every process has transitioned to the new epoch, any message sent by any processor after the initiator has acquired this knowledge cannot be an early message.

has the sending process stopped recording?


Once the expected outcomes (e.g., work performance and work satisfaction) were satisfied, the transferred knowledge was integrated into their standard practices.

at the agile transition stage it is not easy to get the right people into the software projects.


We also bene.t from a long history of past projects whose data has been captured in support systems, enabling historic comparisons, calibration, and immediate diagnosis in emergency situations.

although some aspects may be unique to our case study, the overall structure and process of data collection is fairly common.


The name of the a.ected class is a parameter passed to the MAJ routine.

this is appropriate, as AspectJ embodies the Aspect-Oriented Programming [2] philosophy of expressing program enhancements orthogonally and independently of the original source code.


Our laws establish the equivalence of AspectJ programs provided some restrictions are respected.

the new implementation also reduced the number of lines of code, due to the fact that the aspects have advices controlling several di.erent join points.


There is a potential performance improvement that can be achieved from an MCD processor which would likely outweigh the inherent performance degradation.


+ outputLatency(., slot) 9: iCost =min(iCost, pCost(., slot)) 10: iSlot = slot with minimum iCost 11: end for 12: if iCost .instCost then 13: inst = .

the .nal utilization penalty can be described as follows: ....................... (5) ......................................... ...................................... Local ALU contention (localALUCntn) is not scaled because it is more precise -we estimate it based on the exact expected execution time.


It is relevant here that people with medium-high wealth coefficients tend to receive services from multiple sources both state and civil society.

that means out of the 24 hours, 20 hours I was reading.


Revisiting a lesson from the late 1960 s [15], Fay also demonstrates the ef.ciency and extensibility bene.ts of using safe, statically-veri.ed machine code as the basis for low-level execution tracing.

fay tracing may sometimes be best done directly on the command line, or through a PowerShell script, despite the limited opportunity for optimization, PowerShell is part of the standard Windows monitoring toolset, and is well suited to processing and analysis of object sequences such as trace events [55].


Let L1 and L2 be two finite lists drawn from X.

many of the operations on lists have been redefined and their properties were established by Tripathy along with several coauthors ([10, 11, 12]).


In some scenarios, performance is so important that it is better to set the processor to run always at the highest speed, while in others, we may need a lower Px state to maximize the battery lifetime.

accesses to MSR and I/O ports are privileged operations, which are trapped into VMM and emulated in Xen.


However, a number of recent .eld studies have identi.ed that error handling design in industrial applications typically exhibits poor quality independently of the underlying programming language and application domain.

categories and Subject Descriptors D.1.5 [Software]: Object-oriented programming Exception Handling; H.1.2 [Information Systems]: User/Machine Systems Software psychology; H.5.2 [Information Systems]: User Interfaces Evaluation/methodology  Keywords Exception handling, interactive visualization, human aspects, user studies.


We presented a new online algorithm that is still within a logarithmic factor of the best (possibly migratory) o.ine algorithm with respect to the total .ow time.

surveys on approximation algorithms for scheduling can be found in [9, 12].


The debate over the relative merits of lazy and strict functional programming has lasted for decades, and will not be repeated here.

parsing combinators that are designed using applicative functors (McBride and Paterson 2008) allows us to write Haskell parsers in a very concise style.


The higher the affinity, the smaller the mutation rate and vice-versa.


Decisions How can metadata be accumulated on the client-side?

identifying the session with a cookie can solve this problem.


Our automatic exploration procedure is exhaustive.

when a full coverage of the induced space turns out to be infeasible, we expect the designer to simplify the search.


The technology framework underlying the BLUE Framework came with user interface controls that offered only minimal capabilities.

even if the organizational coordination issues are addressed effectively, framework projects are still hard because of the dif.culty of .nding the right abstractions.


Participants will be recruited from computer science graduate students at Carnegie Mellon and will be screened for experience with Java.

in addition to studying what questions a developer seeks to answer, we can also study what questions a developer should have been asking to have more quickly focused on the necessary information to obtain.


In the third rule, the parameter F is instantiated with a match property which matches all fields that are members of subclasses of the J2EE class javax.servlet.Servlet.

static Detection of Dynamic Memory Errors.


GATES INTERVIEWER: In a company like Microsoft, where you have 160 programmers, how do you go about creating an environment where you can develop successful programs?

less traditional (but more successful) forms of software components, such as software frameworks, programming languages, and middleware infrastructures, fall on the syntagmatic axis.


The number of messages received by the master process is, as we mentioned previously 4208.

the results of our simulations are presented in Table 3.


Practically speaking, events are monitored through exits to root mode.

a similar approach is used for tracing system calls entries and exits.


This framework parallelizes not parts of GPU computation in the user code but the entire user code from beginning to end including memory allocation and time integration loop.

we decompose the given grid in both the x and y directions (2D decomposition) and allocate each subdomain to a single GPU.


Given the deluge of digital information created and this situationof uncertainty,a.rst necessary stepistobeabletorespond quickly, even if preliminary, by the timely creation of archives, with minimum overhead associated that would support later engagement in more costly preservation actions.

pageRankandbreadth-.rstaregoodstrategiestocrawl important contentontheweb[5,2],butsincethese genericapproachesdonotcoverspeci.cinformationneeds, focusedortopical crawlshave beendeveloped[4,14].these approaches have only a vague notion of topicality and do not address eventbased crawling.


S1 leaves the thread blocked after it completes E1.

in the end, there is an arbitrary string that is provided as an argument to the log statement.


Throughput of all three thread libraries increases steadily with the concurrency level until it levels o. when concurrency reaches about 100.

5This scheme does not work when the omit-frame-pointer is enabled in gcc.


Moreover, we put emphasis on .nding the locations to set breakpoints and the opportunities to extract and compare memory graphs, while Delta Debugging generally performs the searches in space and time in a divide-and-conquer style.

by combining dynamic and static program slicing, Ko and Myers develop a tool called Whyline[10] for interrogative debugging.


By comparing the Usage columns in both these tables, we see that, the schedule obtained by our scheduling algorithm increases disk idle periods significantly, as compared to the other schedule.

1 we employ the traditional disk power management scheme (TPM) explained in [16].


This technique produces one meta-program that embeds in its structure all mutated versions.

in order to make this possible, the code before being transferred to the considered test tool needs to be instrumented with the use of calls to statically or dynamically predefined schematic entities.


This would generate a huge amount of tra.c on the Internet.

in this simulator, all streaming, control packets and bu.ers are carefully simulated.


If both variable and citation were simply marked up with the  element with the italics attribute, an author searching for variables would get citations as well as variables as results of the search.


In addition, placement and alignment of data differs from the C++ versions.

per-block memory is called block memory in CUDA, but local memory in OpenCL.


A logical language for natural language processing.

it is somewhat surprising that we achieved similarly promising results; we are able to handle 83% of the properties in these case studies, although we currently only support four of the property pattern behaviors with our templates.


Being bound to uni-processors with green threading, our variant has simpler and more predictable barriers than an earlier variant proposed in [16, 14].

sPECjbb2000 benchmarks, 2005. http://www.spec.org/jbb2005.


reasons not directly related to software engineering, also contribute to fault injection [10, 14].

it is possible that a portion of the observed effect may have been caused by the fact that the students were inspecting the artifact for a second time.


Some constraints will suggest that it is necessary for a type argument to be a speci.c type, in which case one just checks that the speci.c type satis.es the other constraints on that type argument.

on decidability of nominal subtyping with variance.


The cases where the variable a is universally bound are handled by (J) and (K): if a appears in an unbounded graph of D then the latter applies: the constraint is not satis.able because a cannot be constrained to range only over f types.

the logic X must at least comprise the following language of types: t ::=a |unit |t .t |t ref |e(t¯)|p(t¯)|... Types include type variables, a base type unit, functions and references types.


As focus increases, more features become mandatory (common to all) or unique (common to exactly one) enabling better software design.

the different quality requirements will likely require that multiple implementations of some of the assets will remain towards to future as well.


Finally, horizontal fusion combines the operations for each .eld (array in the SoA form) into a single loop.

before lowering, the IR node remains a VectorZeros node, which allows other smart constructor rewrites to kick in that expect this pattern.


Irregular parallelism in these applications is often expressed in the form of dynamically generated threads of work that can be executed in parallel, generally represented as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG).

the proposed algorithm considers two di.erent types of servers: (i) a p-CSWS server for managing the execution of each task in the system; and a (ii) residual capacity work-stealing server for managing each residual capacity that is dynamically generated by the earlier completion of jobs.


Achieving peak performance requires devoting theproper amount of resources to compilation threads.

when there are no primary compilations being performed, and there are idle processor cycles, it is feasible that performing additional compilations may improve performance, as isdiscussed in the next section.


THESIS STATEMENT AND CONTEXT Our thesis is centered around showing that the ideas of AOP will make a good conceptual framework for supporting high level speci.cation of runtime monitoring needs.

others have also worked on extending AspectJ using abc.


But, the Eclipse project has decided to allow the different version control systems to provide varying functionality.

almost Identical Test Suites: Even though one has several implementations of the same abstraction layer, how can one reuse the knowledge from testing one of them when testing another?


[14] extended this work presenting additional evidence to support the claim that large clusters are prevalent and exploring the implications for impact analysis.

assuming that the set is included in no larger cluster, the set also satis.es the de.nition of a slice-based cluster.


By replicating the device , it is possible to model synchronous I/O operations performed by a user agent on a collection of devices.

in imperative and object oriented programming languages, where side-e.ects may exist, debugging is normally performed by inspecting the current state of the program, represented by the value of global variables, placing assertions in certain veri.cation points in the code.


Recommender systems, which are integral part of the ecommerce web sites such as Net.ix and Amazon, and social web sites such as YouTube are often based on statistical models that are estimated from data sets containing a very high portion of missing ratings [2].

in that case, we can categorize parts of the code that may need to be tested as follows: category #1: The parts of the code with instances of Controller that may or may not be initialized.


Uni.ed assign and [19] J. Sanchez and A. Gonzalez.

all other computation operations are free to move about the clusters.


Introduction Thread-safe [22] libraries are bene.cial as the developers of the client programs need not consider the intricacies of the issues pertaining to multithreading and yet accrue the bene.ts of multithreading.

and node .i, which returns a f set of nodes that can be potentially used as .i .


Moreover, there is no support for fault tolerance.

the execution of this internal action never fails.


The ASP calculus ensures the two following properties [?

even if it is ignored, the presence of an orphan message could involve inconsistency during the re-execution, both from a data consistency point of view and from a synchronisation point of view: the applicative content of the ignored duplicated message must be the same as the applicative content of the original message,  the synchronization triggered by this message can be signi.cant and then must be ensured.


The users would be mostly mobile and would own mobile devices -for example, students and professors would like to locate lecture sessions or meetings with the help of Senceive.

[11] A. Mainwaring, D. Culler, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and J. Anderson.


For instance, we add two probability distributions over angular values in a straightforward way: let add angle = .a1 : oreal..a2 : oreal.

lack of support for precise reasoning is the price we pay for rich expressiveness of .O.


[4] present a DSL for multi-scale distributed applications for autonomic deployment.

a single node in a de-ployment diagram may conceptually represent multiple physical nodes, such as a cluster of database servers.


[2] Pavel Avgustinov, Julian Tibble, and Oege de Moor.

recall that with the alternative approach of annotating a single monitor instance with constraints, our space leak elimination determines how to handle each variable while it is on a given state, and this allows us to do a better job of detecting invalid constraints in many cases.


Generally, the authoring of iDTV applications uses some language that follows the declarative paradigm, such as XHTML, SMIL or NCL.

hYPERMEDIA-BASED TEXTUAL AUTHORING Hypermedia languages have, implicitly or explicitly, a lot of information that can be exploited by an authoring environment in order to improve the author s interaction and reasoning on the source he/she is producing.


a high value indicates an active role where the constraints are used to prune the domains of variables.


Since constraints only prohibit what they express, a missing constraint may result in a safety violation.

whereas a con.guration states the operations that can be performed, constraints state the con.guration assignments that are not permissible 1.


In this extended TVLA system, the transfer functions are computed ahead of time, before the analysis even runs once, as in our work.

even if one restricts the predicates to only time information (i.e., data.ow fact instances and syntactic tests of mention meta-variables bound by the statement form and conse-statement forms).


These can be used for early specification phases, information for other teams, annotations and notes.

the language aims to solve several problems currently found in HMI development, like different versions of the specification, long turnaround times for questions from the developers, or the need for the testers to create their own formal understanding of the specification.


Statically, the three types t, M2.t and M1.M2.t exist in distinct scopes and the question of comparing them does not arise.

o is independent of its pre.x and makes no external references, so its myname would be the same in every context.


[6] M. Ha.z, P. Adamczyk, and R. Johnson.

its current version is already an improvement on the state of the art.


For IELR(1) con.ict counts, we show adjustments to account for unresolved con.icts that are perfectly duplicated among isocores.

when a is declared left-associative, LALR(1) accepts only 2 input sentences, but IELR(1) accepts the same set of 3 input sentences that canonical LR(1) does.


T his p ap er p resents the ezRealtime, an MDE-based tool that relies on the T im e P etri N et (T P N ) form alism and de.

pre-runtime approaches may only schedule periodic tasks.


The familiarity of developers with models and their mapping to underlying language and system structures is important.

a stream broker component is in charge of the maintenance of the stream graph.


in degrading the performance capabilities of a system, we claim that the performance consequences depends heavily on characteristics of the workload running on the system.

for performance reasons the number of virtual cores is generally bounded to the number of physical cores.


Although matching Yoran s 19 vulnerabilities with 19 of our own would be nice, it may not be practical in respect to indexing known software bugs against those vulnerabilities.

cAN-2004-0413), Privilege escalation, Denial of service (crash, memory corruption) 2.3.8 .. (dot dot) attack With this attack, a user can access locations outside of their restricted space by sending malformed data (involving substrings like ../ ) to a program with the desired privilege (ex.


for schedul ing periodic tasks in uniprocessor systems, Chen and Kuo [2], Je jurikar et al.


Such load distribution problems can be compensated by adapting the delegation behavior of actors asdiscussedin[14].

the .rst closure de.nition of the model works as a .lter for the a.ected instances.


We observed that semi supervised learning improves fault prediction only if the number of initially labeled software modules exceeds 5%.

figure 4 shows the results of the application of FTF algorithm on PC3 data set.


Such drawback should be treated as the tradeo.

we do not consider the state transition behaviors of the protocol.The cache protocol should ensure sequential consistency.


PARSEWeb: a programmer assistant for reusing open source code on the web.

while an extension edge (synthesized or otherwise) simply goes into the extension graphs, bindings must be propagated across extensions.


Interval-Based Analysis of Software Processes * Some text in this electronic article is rendered in Type 3 or bitmapped fonts, and may display poorly on screen in Adobe Acrobat v. 4.0 and later.


The CCT differs from the PCCT in that the CCT assumes complete calling con- text information.

u.S. Patent #5,151,981, assigned to IBM Corporation, Sept. 1992.


Further, military photographs may determine target locations based on their content and interpretation.

the vector angles are used to determine the x,y-coordinates of the blocks gravity centre, that are independent from block borders.


QUALITY PREDICTORS When testing a hypothesis about a phenomenon it is important to account for factors that are known to have an impact.

furthermore, the one year prediction period may be insu.cient for newcomers to be allowed to make signi.cant enough modi.cations that may adversely a.ect customers.


), but rather on the speci.cs of using the strongly typed combinators introduced in this paper.

(The precondition Unambiguous g can be weakened: the grammar only needs to be unambiguous for the string render (pretty x).)


The multitude of written documents produced between an interactive system s inception and the day on which it is last used, represent a missed opportunity for effective communication.


Even if the Io programming language is free from re.ective linguistic hooks, it permits re.ective programming.

it has never penetrated the programming realm at a level that we consider adequate for its capabilities.


Scheduling of hard real-time garbage collection.

an application that requires precise timing, should be executed with a real-time priority higher than 50.


Understanding resistance to change through the lens of activity theory.

the blurred edges and flexible nature of the system presents a problem for those attempting to analyse how it is used.


Consumer andreader system callsdifferby whetherthey destroydatain thekernel.For example, readingdatafrom a pipe deletes the kernel s copy of that data.

for example,while .le writes within atransaction are notvisible to other threads in the same process until that transaction commits, theyareimmediatelyvisible to threads runningin otherprocesses.Thisis a result of ourchoiceof user-mode sentinelsforisolation.


Those added to free-lists are kept linked to the objects.

this is most likely because, with direct pointers, free slots in evacuated pages are often reused by the allocator, and hence after the next sweep the page is again only partially populated, and so once more is a candidate for evacuation.


if the variable is a global variable, funcname should be given as global.


The most casual use of classes will result in strong encapsulation of instance .elds.

thorn does support dynamic creation of components, which can be used in many applications that currently require dynamic loading.


Injecting Mechanical Faults to Localize Developer Faults for Evolving Software Lingming Zhang1 Lu Zhang2 Sarfraz Khurshid1 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, 78712, USA Email: zhanglm@utexas.edu, khurshid@ece.utexas.edu 2Key Laboratory of High Con.dence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, Beijing, 100871, China Email: zhanglu@sei.pku.edu.cn Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology for localizing faults in code as it evolves.

fIFL directly uses the existing mutation testing results of the old program version to boost the fault localization results while avoiding the limitations of iteratively applying subsets of program edits.


We also plan to demonstrate the use of different temporal specifications for a same task in order to support the loss of domains.

at run-time the followed execution path and therefore the associated temporal constraints can be chosen based on the values of variables.


Obviously the Site Owner also has other data relevant to the current transaction or purpose of the site.

rapid expansion of the long-distance phone network did not really begin until the 1950 s with the introduction of automated digital switching technology [9].


INTRODUCTION Many program analyses have been designed to model aliasing relationships and many methods have been developed for the control and speci.cation of aliasing.

example 4. openssl-0.9.7e/crypto/x509/x509 vfy.c: Function check issued checks whether certi.cate x was issued by issuer.


For example, optional class nodes can be tagged directly as optional.

lemma 5 will probably be applicable more often and thus be more relevant.


Optimized Portable Application Libraries (OPAL) Workshop, A DARPA/NSF sponsored workshop in Kansas City, June.

the simple strategy we used was suf- ficient to match the performance of the codes generated by FFTW and demonstrate the viability of this approach.


Formally, let us suppose we have sorting networks A, B, and C,where A and C have width m and B has width k. Label the inputs of A as A1,A2,...,Am and the outputs as A1',A'2,...,A',where i<j means that A'receives a mi value less than or equal to A'j .

in the following, we assume that k is .nite, and present bounds on step complexity that depend on k.  Analysis.


Note that our approach is di.erent from other existing techniques which usually add new wrapper methods and add new extra arguments to methods.

nowadays, tools exist that ease the instrumentation process itself, but as far as we know, none o.ers an entirely dynamic implementation technique which is able to include the instrumentation of Java Runtime Environement (JRE) classes.


Some cloud providers [24, 25, 26] propose several distributed data centres to minimise failures.

for example, the node provisioning keeps a table of available resources: If the developer wants to deploy an application on the resource, the controller can notify the node provisioning to allocate new resources for the application when the available resource is not suf.cient.


Software Metrics: A Rigorous & Practical Approach.

comparing MEP desing e.ort and NEP design and testing e.ort we can notice that MEP subjects dedicated lower e.ort than NEP subjects.


we illustrated one of the instances in user-centered software development.


For example, insertions into a set implemented as a red-black tree may call an additional function to rebalance the tree.

the purpose of allocation-site-based typing of the memory nodes memory is reserved for each data structure without access to compiler internals.


[9] J. Eker, J. W. Janneck, E. A. Lee, J. Liu, X. Liu, J. Ludvig, S. Neuendor.er, S. Sachs, and Y. Xiong.


eu/ [21] C. Sandru, D. Petcu, and V. I. Munteanu, Building an Open-Source Platform-as-a-Service with Intelligent Management of Multiple Cloud Resources, in UCC 2012: IEEE 5th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing.

sENSAPP, which may store private data, has to be deployed in a private cloud.


[12] R. Govindarajan, H. Yang, C. Zhang, and G. R. Gao.

bTL still im- proves the performance ofmpegaudio by 10.9% while HRB improves it only by 2.4% over the baseline.


We will also investigate the use of garbage collector to process the tainting information.

existing tainting techniques suffer from excessive runtime overheads that can be as high as 30 to 50 times, making them unsuitable for applications in deployed systems.


Early work on Islands [36] and Balloons [3] focused on fully encapsulated objects where all subobjects an object can access are not accessible outside the object.

for example, if both the Stack and its iterator are imple- Figure 2: An Ownership Relation mented in the same module, we can still reason about their correctness locally, by examining the code of that module.


For subdomains involving more variables and more complex constraints, na¨ive approaches to input generation result in test time wasted due to either biased input generation or generation of irrelevant inputs.

the shape of the region under test affects the generation rate.


This is similar to different mime types, but goes further: if both a story and a task are represented in XML without referencing XML Schema definitions, a machine might not be able to tell apart these representations.

if the response for getting a story card does not 3 Richardson presented the model at his Nov 20th 2008 QCon talk Justice Will Take Us Millions Of Intricate Moves , see http://crummy.com/writing/speaking/2008-QCon/act3.html include a link to start it, the client can trust the service to have determined this operation to not be possible.


In [2], the similarities and differences between them are discussed.

modeling languages are also a programming language.


forall checks if BDD is 1 regardless of the value of the variable.

these rules usually reduce the size of the BDDs.


Reimagining Leaderboards: Towards Gamifying Competency Models through Social Game Mechanics Katie Seaborn Peter Pennefather Deborah I. Fels University of Toronto University of Toronto Ryerson University 5 King s College Road 144 College Street 350 Victoria Street Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8 Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2 Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3 kseaborn@mie.utoronto.ca p.pennefather@utoronto.ca dfels@ryerson.ca ABSTRACT Competency models have been widely employed within education, training and development contexts.


Nevertheless, it is convenient to extend some external data types.

iEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, Submitted for publishing:1 25, October 2010.


Realm computation is performed transitively--as a closure of universesmbased on the need to satisfy universe constraints.

in some cases, errors can be detected at compile time; specifically, most statically typed languages will allow you to eliminate most type errors at compile time, due to the additional information intro- duced by the type system.


Propertiesmaybeof arbitrarytype.For instance,theclass Region in Figure 2 has an int property called rank.

constraint systems provide code for checking consistencyand entailment.


So far we did not .nd any use case, where an application makes use of indirect branch targets that are stored in shared memory and we assume that this would already be an exceptional case for non-replicated execution.

[4] Austin, T. DIVA: a reliable substrate for deep submicron microarchitecture design.


They also introduce various types of social networks and suggest a classification for community detection methods based on the type and nature of social networks.

we also present the proposed systems architecture including BusinessProcesses and Services.


For general Boolean expressions, the proposed ideas lead to NPhard problems.

in Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 04), pages 562 571, Tokyo, Japan, March 24 26 2004.


presented in PUC interfaces are used for only one function.

automatically Generating Custom User Interfaces for Users With Physical Disabilities, in ASSETS.


In Proceedings of Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics, pages 97 106, 2002.

[6] T. Thelin, P. Runeson, and C. Wohlin.


we highlight two of the preconditions for Theorem 1.


It is in charge of managing all the communications between the UMTS device and the Internet infrastructures.

if that resource exists, then this information is given back to the user.


For him, beauty is not an aspect of objects, but the result of our aesthetic judgment of such objects.

this implies that there is a direct and potent relationship between the perception of beautiful 1 See e.g.


l.put (l.get c) c ~C c (GETPUT) l.get(l.put ac) ~A a (PUTGET) l.get(l.create a) ~A a (CREATEGET) These relaxed laws are just the basic lens laws on the equivalence classes C/~C and A/~A (and when ~C and ~A are equality they revert to the basic lens laws precisely).

as in the earlier work, theypropose relaxed variants of the lens laws and develop a semantics based on sophisticated propagation of annotated values.


Speci.cally, For any value contexts F, Gand fresh variable x, we have the following implication: H[F[x] ] .G[H[x] ] .

in the context of program optimisation both aspects playa central role, as the aim of optimisation is to improvethe operational performance of programs while maintainingtheir denotational correctness.


Utah and Nevada disclosure details (RSL) UT-7 and NV-9 both obligate the entity to notify the individual of a data breach, but their pre-conditions differ significantly: UT-7 requires that the entity conduct an investigation into the breach, whereas NV-9 requires no investigation.

mA §93H(1)(a) retains many of these constraints in the definition of notice (see Figure 18).


The algorithms are independent of the target programming language, because they rely on language-independent properties only.

the Java programming language uses an intermediate language made of byte-codes.


This is because the authors [7] recognize the need to separate aspect implementation and aspect binding.

one can easily think of other examples where more than one abstraction declare a non-empty provided facet.


Layered learning occurs separately on each hand designed level with a hand designed interface between each level.

in [9] a t-test is evaluated and found to be e.ective when an appropriate population size is not known.


Asa result,a totalnumber of 2,023 records in the elemental table and 278 records in the composite tablehave been collected in 3 hours and 5 minutes.


In this paper, we treat static checkers as systems for .nding errors.

every reasoning system must make a trade-o.


This approach allowed us to load the graph data into the PlainGraph s data structures faster than using the EdgeListReader class of ScaleGraph which reads only a single .le.

elapsed time for calculating in/out degree (shown in elapsed time per vertex).


Apart from the two open questions in group (e) in which the respondents were asked to write their opinion, all responses to group (b), (c), (d) and (e) questions are in 5-point Likert scale where one (1) indicates strong disagreement and five (5) indicates strong agreement.

in the latter case, the key job responsibilities of an architect in terms of design, documentation and communication [6] can be defined at a high-level without a clear articulation of what tasks and what steps are required, and who would have ownership.


Apart from the underlying projects, other tasks than the ones chosen might pose a threat to validity.

when advise relations are to be viewed in Treemaps, they are abstracted as coloured rectangles.


Recall from the SELinks query comprehension (shown in Section 2.2) that the where-clause needs to .rst test if the authorization check revealed the contents of the protected string; if so, it checks whether the revealed string contains the keyword.

to determine whether access to a given node is to be granted, the code needs only to consult the exact label, and make no further reference to other labels of other nodes.


Firstly, a Mapping Study can be performed to obtain a research topic overview and then a more specific study through a Systematic Review.

we summarize the research protocol in the following subsections.


Motivation Types help to detect and prevent errors by helping programmers to organize and document data, and by allowing tools like compilers to verify program correctness with respect to the type system.

one of these quali.ers, NonNull, provides an implicit subtype of each Java type thatexcludes thevalue null(i.e.,areference whose type is NonNull T can never be null).


In our experiences, too often a single CS class or someone else is assumed to provide an understanding of how to use computers as part of the scientific problem-solving process.

trial & Error search   2.2.1 Computer Precision This foundational module examines and experiments with the manner in which computers store numbers.


In our reimplementation of Video2Text we use the same parameter values as in the original paper.

a more signi.cant result is that accurate predictions can be made from the users comments, provided that there are enough of them.


Determining the current state of the system and how it was entered, is crucial for distributed debugging.


The best covering arrays often do as well.

the D-optimal design generators (as expected) produced designs as good as the D-optimal exhaustive data.


in Georgakopoulos, D., Prinz, W. and Wolf, A. eds.

it could be argued too that local, individual, or personal factors also have a bearing on particular situations.


We describe an abstract implementation of rewriting in the sense that we ignore (by encapsulation) many program details, any e.cient pattern matching [13], or any e.cient strategy [2].

in Second International Conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, pages 190 203, New York, September 1985.


At this point three versions of the object are reachable: the original that no longer contains the most up-to-date payload, the wide version that is actively being accessed and modi.ed by the mutator, and the uninitialized to-space copy referenced by the wide object.

memory fragmentation may be created, leading eventually to a long compaction phase that foils the real-time guarantee.


Out-of-sequence acknowledgements are thus not acted upon until all intermediate acks arrive.

more broadly, applications should .rst issue a write to storage, ensure such write has been .ushed from memory to the disk controller, and only then reply to a client the result of an operation.


It is considered that once the results are generated, it is too late to intervene and a new cycle of designgeneration is initiated.

at each step of a wizard, it is possible to graphically present the designer with a visualization of the current UI based on the actual values of options.


The performance of this design suffers when the first message between any two cells is sent, especially if there are multiple pathways between the cells, as each path will be explored.

when the genome is instantiated on a given set of hardware, each cell will differentiate into a cell type by choosing a cell task to perform (or possibly be inhibited from differentiating, in which case it is idle).


In a typical deployment, SC A L A N YT IC S is used as a non-intrusive network monitoring tool through a network tap.

once a packet is accepted into the event queue, SC A L A N Y T IC S ensures that this packet will be processed by the system.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS As Figure 10 shows, the system was teste ted in an indoor parking garage in the basement of a univ versity building.

the estimated frequency is still affected by the indoor multipath interference.


IVO differs from the projects referred above in many ways.

the implementation of their control flow often becomes a complex task.


These are discussed next, followed by an analysis of the advantages of this paradigm.

the availability of ready-to-use building blocks had a rather perverse effect on the community.


Moreover, we are also building new plug-ins for providing new tags (e.g., Rationale, scenario) and providing users with the facility of building the tags themselves.

native code is interpreted by language runtime which causes some performance bottlenecks especially in CPU intensive tasks such as information extraction.


Obviously we do not want con.dential medical data to be available to the general public so it is not allowed to .ow into PublicData.

performance comparison of compute-intensive tasks computing intensive tasks.


IR3: Preservation of distribution constraints.

thus an interaction can be a starting point for design refinement.


As a result, the end of the first release is in a sense where the requirements engineering of the next version begins.

handbook of software engineering and knowledge engineering.


Constraints are not inferred from the de.nition of the algorithm, but some constraints can be propagated from the types used in the algorithm signature (see section 5.1).

we should warn against careless usage of default parameters: as we discuss in section 4.1.3, limiting the number of type-variables in constraints is essential to ensure termination of type-checking.


Observe that cp3, cp1i,and sc7 each correspond to clear peaks in the graph, although of steadily decreasing magnitude, indicating that cp3 is the best suited partitioning scheme among those considered for the speci.c code under analysis.

viewing the entire program P as a single unit usually leads to poor code coverage (as will be shown experimentally later) if P is large and non-trivial.


The drawbacks of the inheritance and visitor patterns are discussed in [1] and the author has claimed that TreeCC can be a better alternative to both these patterns.

keywords Separation of concerns, aspect-oriented programming, pattern transformation, compiling 1.


There is one main operation in these DHT systems, lookup(key), which returns the identity of the node storing the object with that key.

the root sends the query path to the node that inserts the data.


Flow of xlet execution At this point, a message (usually a red-dot) appears on the upper left corner of the TV screen, indicating that the xlet application is ready for execution and waiting for the TV viewer s request (by pressing the red-button in the remote control).

when an image needs to be displayed during the execution of the xlet code, it will call a system/middleware method which performs the loading and decoding of the image, saves the decoded image at the image cache, and get the image object.


[1, 4, 5, 9, 7]) show that particle swarm optimization is equally well suited or even better than genetic algorithms for solving a number of test problems1 .

this happens until the particle does not achieve any further improvements for a speci.c number of iterations called the refreshing gap m; .nally yielding a reassignment of particles.


However, in order to observe the details and duration of different timers, additional information needs to be observed.

del_timer, del_timer_sync, try_to_del_timer_sync: Cancel a timer from the timer subsystem and set it inactive.


formally stated, we .rst .nd the smallest j for C(P (ßn,j),P (ßm, 200))= 0.5, then we .nd the smallest i for C(P (an,i),P (ßm,j)) = 0.5.

technical Report CMU/SEI-2007-TN-001, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 2007.


At one of the companies the respondents had deviating views of how responsibility should be distributed between manufacturing and PD for driving this task.

one of the interviewees said that "As it is difficult to write explicit requirements for everything that must be delivered, it is important to have a close communication with the suppliers so that they understand what we want".


Otherwise, the module-matching algorithm continues to look for a different pair of matching modules.

n degrees of separation: multi-dimensional separation of concerns.


[21] J.Yang,M.Soffa,L.Selavo,andK.Whitehouse.Clairvoyant:acomprehensive source-leveldebuggerfor wireless sensornetworks.

environmental conditions, componentfailure, andprogramming error can all causeproblems.


Make a draft of the user interface and design the API that would be most convenient for the user interface.

the tests also lower the threshold for refactoring and rewriting the code.


4.2 Propagation Along Def-Use Chains The algorithm in Figure 7 assumes that the def-use information of program is already available before optimization.

in the case of the vperm operation that generates the .nal output virtual register, there is in our strategy no room left to choose.


To this end, there is a need to de.ne a trust threshold which acts as a dynamic barrier to control the visibility of the audience by imposing an inferred (secondary ) privacy setting.

both Resnick Figure 1: Comparison of gained coverage (a) and MAEs (b) with initial privacy 20%.


Functionally Oriented Modeling  The initial version of UML was primarily based on the object paradigm.

[6] OMG, UML 2.0 Diagram Interchange Draft Adopted Specification , OMG document ptc/03-07-03, Available at: http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ptc/2003-07-03.


The simplest way to do this is to store the entire state for the snapshot of the later time slice, but this method stores much more state than necessary because most of the state is likely the same (e.g., the disk is unlikely to change much between slices).

whereas the original recording would describe the state of the virtual machine and log the non-deterministic inputs to the virtual machine, the new recording would describe only the state of the process and the inputs to that process.


IT departments may face resistance to change due to the feeling of having lost the control over the service offering.

from the software development perspective, a shift of ITrelated work to a provider shortens the product timetomarket, which in turn increases enterprise revenue.


The idea behind this was that once all the code would have been covered by unit tests, the program would contain less bugs, be easier to maintain and trace.

tales About a Small Software Testing Bridge from Academy to SMEs Drs.


3.2 Our Simpli.ed Delay Set Analysis Precise delay set analysis .nds the minimal set of delay edges that need to be enforced in a program.


The evaluation is conducted for our approach using a case study, which shows that our FFSAS is advantageous to address the problems of self-adaptation for software systems.

cheng, Rainbow: Cost-Effective Software Architecture-Based Self-Adaptation.


This tool allows users to specify parent-child dependencies between jobs.

as shown in Figure 5, the job submission tools condor submit and condor submit dag and the Condor daemons were modi.ed to connect directly to the database and perform insert and update operations in the course of work.ow submission and execution.


To identify possible areas of concern, designers are required to consult existing maintenance information from identical products.

these components, called Web Services, interoperate based on a formal de.nition independent of the underlying platform and programming language.


Certi.cate issuers themselves can only infer that a certi.ed service has changed a-posteriori (for example, through auditing) unless they are informed about each new update of the service.

there is still a strong assumption that both the consumer and the CA trust the platform provider for not being malicious.


Second, the service logics tend to change rapidly .

as of now, industrial observers expect applications servers to be a $27 billion business by the year 20102 .


For an e-commerce protocol such as IOTP, it is important to ensure that it works correctly and does not contain errors (e.g., deadlocks), which may cause disruption of the service or worse situations such as incorrect financial transactions.

again, this relates to error handling, and accordingly we use two variables rc for the message retransmission counter and rid for the received message identifier.


6 states that the amount of data blocks read in each cycle should be sufficient for G$ S playback.

let us assume that with the arrival of new stream, s, the cycle length is extended to T. Each session loads Bi amount of data blocks in each cycle.


2.3 Internal and External VISITORs In their presentation of the VISITOR pattern, Gamma et al.

we would liketo create a simple,but expressive,purelyfunctional object-oriented language and investigate the implementation of somedesignpatterns as components.


It signi.cantly reduces the e.ort necessary to synthesize a speci.cation based on source code.

it additionally introduced a validation process using AIAM instances as a basis for model-based validation of the speci.cations.


Essentially, this property prevents branches from becoming relevant to thread Ts merely for implementing a dependence emanating from Ts.

in Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pages 1 11, December 1994.


3.1 Alternative Implementation of Stacks  The bounded Stack_Template can be realized using an array.

each of C1 and C2 have alternative implementations that provide performance trade-offs.


Thereafter, we extend the algorithm to initialize operator graphs for destinations that are farther away, to deal with fast moving consumers (Algorithm 6).

for a mobile situation awareness application, it is not scalable to continuously perform live computation on all of the sensors everywhere.


on making a .ash cache persistent across client restarts which saves several hours of cache warm-up time but also incurs considerable overhead from committing metadata updates persistently.

the great potential of .ash caching has motivated several related solutions.


Figure 2 illustrates the backedge as a dotted edge in the control-.ow graph of bar.

for a cache with 1024 lines, the time for the modular stage exceeds the traditional time causing the total time to be larger for the new approach.


[9] G. Bracha, M. Odersky, D. Stoutamire, and P. Wadler.


Both have their individual drawbacks and do not consider processing costs.

this local decision may lead to an overall increase in costs.


This is equivalent to minimizing the number of distributed transactions.

if a transaction does have abort operations, we want to encourage replication of all objects that were used in the commit/abort decision, as opposed to engaging in a coordinated transaction.


Accordingly, a PDM designed to specify variabilities in model transformation assets cannot contains features that are particular for web shop or for e-learning domains.

we prefer the use of runtime compositions.


Speci.cation of Expressive Goals In this section, we present our main contribution, a formalism to specify constraints on Web services.

this means that in order to check whether the Web service is compliant to company s policies, one must be able to reason about the information .ow and the order of activities that transport information.


To emulate an actual network environment, we instantiate all Quagga BGP daemons on a single machine and use the proxy to intercept BGP messages.

per-node provenance information and other system state (such as the network topology and bandwidth utilization) can be periodically captured as system snapshots at each node, and then propagated to a central Log Store that resides at the visualization node.


the number of synchronization points such as supersteps must be minimized as well since a potentially large number of tasks could be ready to execute but are stalled within the following supersteps.


Experiments show that our signature detection can correctly label 93% of malware instances; our anomaly detector is capable of detecting zero-day malware with a low false negative rate (2%) and an acceptable false positive rate (5.15%) for a vetting purpose.

once an SMS is received by the mobile phone, Zitmo creates an SMS object from the raw Protocol Data Unit by calling createFromPdu(byte[]).


Instead, each new system depends on information that is already being worked in the legacy system and redundancy of data is not interesting in this case.

figure 6: The Architecture of the Application Integration Based on Web Services (Jiang 2008).


RELATED WORK The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the de facto standard for object-oriented data modeling [1].

discussions focused on important domain issues, such as the kinds of information that were important to capture and how to build flexibility into the model to accommodate future changes.


a possible termination of the transition shall not result in a system which no longer works.


We do not want the system to implement heavyweight protocols in support of more consistency than the subscribers need.

the optimization they proposed for load balancing is to repartition the network by sliding and splitting the trigger boxes across different machines.


While this is the initial set, we are aiming for a general design that will support a far greater number of tools, including those based upon both numeric and symbolic representations of certainty.

a typical inference method might take the maximum answer as the conclusion when combining several questions assessed along a continuous scale.


during system design time the software architects develop a software architecture model.


Section 4 presents a brief description of the InteGrade system and architecture.

the Local Resource Manager (LRM) and the Global Resource Manager (GRM) cooperatively handle intra-cluster resource management.


Most UCR degree programs outside science and engineering schools require undergraduates to take any course in computing or math as an elective; CS 8 attracts approximately 2,000 students per year (the university enrolls about 3,500 new students per year).

the regular course teaching assistant left the room.


Notice that the t-latency result shown by Theorem 4.4 considers the worst case where the t messages of lowest priority value span t distinct priorities.

an execution of a given algorithm in a given dynamic graph proceeds as follows.


Conditional must not aliasing for static race detection.

[9] C. Flanagan, S. N. Freund, and J. Yi.


From the result, we can see that the realtime and .nal errors are improved if we do not use negative radiorange constraints in the early slots, especially between 0 and 2 time slots.

ad-hoc localization ThesameEC vector and the ECcoe.cient areapplied to in urban district.


Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond.

only an Is not allowed to back call rule will be generated when a module of type Layer is added.


By repeating this experiment we will slowly recover all the variants of the initial scenario.

the short answer is that our Reduced Dynamic Decision Tree (RDDT) technique leads to a workable solution.


Augmented DSL programs interoperate with the generic debugger infrastructure, which provides the glue to connect an instrumented DSL program to the IDE debug services and changes the program model in reaction to the received debug events.

as an example, consider the following return statement: return expression; which should be transformed to something like this: var temp := expression; event(exit-event, debug-information); return temp; DSLs that support Java-like exceptions and try-.nally blocks simplify the multiple exit points issue.


17.7 Related Patterns  RATE PACKAGE aggregates several BOOK RATEs.


If the counter is below the threshold, however, the dispatcher clones the original AST and replaces all the marked feval calls with direct calls to the evaluated function given as its second parameter.

asomewhat surprising discovery in this work was the complex interplay between the JIT-time interprocedural type analysis and the on-the-.y transformations.


Clearly, the notion of in and out for a VM or for a VD is straightforward.

the result is a new technology for network virtualization with many useful applications including secure multi-tenancy in cloud computing.


This step uses a nested Master/Detail pattern.

master/Detail The most relevant point to present is the MasterDetail class.


By extension, given any two resources X and Y where X is an ancestor of Y, Y is dependent on X, either directly or indirectly.

furm provides a WatchDog class for monitoring threads for proper resource cleanup.


Consider a pcd that describes the following join point: any call to the functionfuncl where control flowed through functions f, g, and h in that order.

we add this dynamic aspect in the advice that governs run-program: (define no-socket-adv (lambda (p) (lambda (a) (raise 'no-socket-allowed)))) (define run-adv (lambda (p) (lambda (a) (if (no-run-permission ?


The collaboration between processes using BP.

in this paper we adopt the approach used by BPJ and propose (through a proof-of-concept) implementing b-threads as Erlang processes.


For the ideal model (assuming cubic Counting from left to right, the kth (1= k= M) line segment of EN (·)shares the same starting tcoordinate and ending tcoordinate with the kth line segment of SN (·).

both Ei(·)and Si(·)(1 = i<N, see Figure 2(c) and 2(d)) are still step functions.


There is an identity conversion between tuples if there is an identity conversion between the elements of the tuple.

no special effort is necessary to generate correct C++ code for tuples.


Figure 1: Three possible latency sources.

in Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 09), Chicago, IL, Nov. 2009.


Additionally, AP-IP has the adv vantage of allowing the lower-priority vehicles to make smart speed decisions about crossing the conflicting cell.

the format of these safety messages is defined by the SAE's J2735 standard [3].


Intu itively, SS insists that each system trace may be reordered (while preserving a con.ict order, de.ned below) into an observationally equivalent sequence such that transactions of distinct threads do not overlap and the order of non-overlapping transactions is preserved.

in practice, however, their most successful applications have been in proving complex data structure invariants in small code, or simple data structure invariants in large code.


JGI 02, November 3 5, 2002, Seattle, Washington, USA.

the IPL provides a connection-oriented scheme (send and receive ports must be connected in order to communicate).


Instead of increasing the contribution ratio, an application can save the received c s and use them for later remote execution.

tasklets are much lighter weight than the proposed cloudlet implementation of copying virtual machines between mobile nodes and cloudlet nodes [17].


inouranalysis,wehaveassumedthatatomiityisatthe levelofamemoryreadorwrite.Inprogramswithstatement levelatomiityoroarseratomiitydatadependenemay notbetransitive.Considertheprogram (8o)3l:x=10; obegin{ (8l)32:x=x1; }{ (82)33:x=20; }oend; (8o)34:y=x; HereS4isdatadependentonS2andS2isdatadependentonSl.thevalueomputedatSliskilledby S3andheneS4isnottransitivelydependentonSl.An implementationofthisprograminalanguagesuhasJava doesyieldthevalueof11forysineJavadoesnotprovide statementlevelatomiity.ifthestatementsare synhronizedthenS4annotbetransitivelydependenton Sl.Thisisaninterestingproblemthatouranalysisdoes nothandleyet.


The three algorithms mainly happen at the optimization phase of a dynamic binary translator.

dynamoRIO depends on the Itanium hardware engine to run complex, hardto-translate and infrequently executed IA-32 instructions, i.e.


These analyses are described in section 4.

switching between processor modes can only be done by a few control transfer instructions, including the branch-and-exchange (BX) instruction, the branch-with-link-and-exchange (BLX) instruction, and some load instructions which update the program counter.


Furthermore, the board also consists of UART-bus port for debugging communication between modules.

one of the most promising research directions in this field has been made by OGC [4].


If the predicate contains disjunctions (OR operators), one test is required for each truth value combination (of clauses) that makes 1 Flattening statecharts leads to more complex state behavior representations.

on the other hand the ATP seems to offer a very strong guarantee (though no certainty) that (nearly) all faults will be detected.


Contigra: an xml-based architecture for component-oriented 3d applications.

it has also access to all properties and behaviour ports of mainUnit.


The comparisonE[TDT]= s.SDOT E[TOT ]turns outtobethesame asinequality(12),which we used in the comparison between subdomain and random TTAs of Section 5.

quantitative assessment of testingtechniques can help to this end.


Object-relative translation translate raw address to a 4-tuple (Instruction ID, group, object, offset).

the .ne-grained, object-relative, multi-dimensional grammar provides extra .exibility and adaptability to memory optimizations.


Figure 14 illustrates the latency overhead of our implementation.

afterward, Apache calls followed by almost simultaneous requests for several embed-read again to collect the second request for Mark2.jpg.


Table 2 shows four examples of the pinput clause covering four different .le input patterns.

when using parallel I/O, programmers must be highly skilled in order to express, and make ef.cient use of, parallel I/O operations.


This is estimated based on previous executions of the applications, by measuring the di.erence from the ready time of the application until all its map and reduce tasks complete.

the main methods of dealing with failures are spatial redundancy, temporal redundancy and checkpointing.


Secure slices of insecure programs categories and subject descriptors.

at run-time, our approach checks this condition along with program taint propagation.


The central, resource-limited video streaming server o.ers a continuous video stream.

a tracking functionality is hosted on the central server to provide node contacts used for the initial neighborhoods in the P2P topology, while the exchange of media chunks is then done completely decentralized.


For example, engineers at GM have defined a production line for the Safety integration area.

at GM the nesting is at least four levels deep.


In this program, only the buffer contents are relevant, so the commit policy makes only that comparison.

when a new object (e.g., a process or .le) becomes included in a speculation, a checkpoint of its state must be taken so it can be rolled back if the speculation fails.


Even if this is not directly possible, we can make comparisons ( something has more or less variety than another thing ) or apply ordinal scaling ( This product is the fifth most profitable ).

: Gerneralizing Generalizability in Information Systems Research.


A key step in this process is the identification of the core business types; these are the concepts that emerge as being independent business-related entities as we analyze the type model.

cOMPONENT SPECIFICATION Cheesman and Daniels [2] propose an approach to building enterprise-scale component systems.


In a time budget of10 minutesperprogram,Apollofound214di.erentfaults.

apollo cannotbe appliedtotwo ofMinamide s subject programs(phpwims and timeclock) becausetheprograms need to be executed in a Web-browser and the current implementation of Apollodoes not support this mode of execution(see section5.5).


[20] proposed a broker based content dissemination scheme targeted for dynamic wireless environments.


The descriptions are used to automatically prepare PlanetLab hosts, deploy the subject system, execute commands, monitor progress, and handle any clean up.

input and output data for actions are representedby ovals.


Inter-processor synchroniza TCP/IP Crypto offload Crypto offload framework stack tion is achieved through interrupts.

crypto of.oading IPsec packets whose size is less than the breakeven threshold hurts performance.


Undoubtedly, software evolution capability is a vital part in achieving such sustainability, as software that is not adaptable will become obsolete sooner or later.

in terms of measuring CPU, Memory, Disk and execution time cost for running certain software, it does not mean one consumes more of those is not sustainable.


the experiment reveals no signi.cant improvement compared to tournament selection with k =7.


Next, we analyze the requirements in more detail (Section 3) and summarize some related work (Section 2).

as part of our e.orts we originally developed a provisioning framework based on XCAT.


SDV is intended to be used by driver developers out of the box.

it has been used to .nd a number of deep and hard-to-reproduce errors within device drivers for the Windows operating system, including those that are distributed as a part of the Windows driver development kit.


This is not however suf.cient: because of the disequations, it might be not so easy to decide the equivalence of such sets (or matrices) of constraint systems (see Example 8).


The details are explained in this section.

the approach still need to be used in more real projects.


With these functions, we can de.ne functions to fully desugar and resugar terms in the language s syntax: desugar * = s->t ; desugarrs ; t->c rs * resugar = c->t ; resugar; t->s rs rs A surface reduction sequence for a deterministic language can now be computed as follows: 3 Other orders, e.g., bottom-up instead of top-down, are possible; we follow the precedent set by Scheme macros.

for instance, the following evaluation sequence is perfectly consistent with these two properties: not(true) OR not(false) + true a stepper that only shows the .nal step is unhelpful.


As a result, it was missing many opportunities where the pro.le data indicated that a non-hot (but still pro.led) virtual call site had only been seen to invoke a single small target method.

each node in N represents a distinct method.


To overbook resources in a controlled fashion, they do capacity pro.ling (either CPU or network bandwidth).

from the standpoint of storage clients or enterprise servers, the virtual storage devices are desired to be as tangible as physical disks.


The amount of neighbors in a given region, where a mobile node is located, is expected to change dynamically due to the mobility of the users.

we de.ne the QoI equation: QoIi(t)= QoIi(t - 1) + (#MaxNeighbors - #Neighborsi) (2) In every period the QoIi(t) is adjusted based on the actual number and the maximum expected neighbors in the region.


In our research, dynamic binary translation is used to form strands.

in aggregate, the multiple in-order processing elements enable super- scalar out-of-order execution as each of the processing elements adapts to the delays it encounters.


In Acute we build in support for the generation and typing of name expressions, leaving the various and complex dynamics of interaction constructs to be coded up above marshalling and bytestring interaction.

the programmer might intend that all values of this type satisfy the even invariant; they can ensure this, no matter how the module is used, simply by checking that the start and up operations preserve evenness.


To safely perform such an update we cannot update the two threads independently; we must perform some coordination of when updates occur.

as the runtime coordination is concerned only with when, not if, we will apply an update then we retain a purely static analysis.


into another poset ( E, ;), where the relation ; is the smallest transitive relation that satis.es each of the following (as shown in Figure 2): (a) a .

belonging to any of these classes, the temporal property E F (.)


Current model based tools include code generators in such tools as Rational Rose [5] and Rhapsody [6], where graphical representations of a software system automatically generates implementation.

in terms of electronic systems, the truck market is also closely related to other markets e.g.


This trend of using more and more standardised components continues to move upwards to the high availability functionality level.

xDSA still does not address the service availability issue in any way.


The goal of their study was to improve testing and debugging.

software-Practice and Experience, 19(7):607 685, July 1989.


A New Type System for JVM Lock Primitives Futoshi Iwama Naoki Kobayashi University of Tokyo Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Japan iwama@kb.cs.titech.ac.jp kobayasi@cs.titech.ac.jp ABSTRACT A bytecode veri.er for the Java virtual machine language (JVML) checks that bytecode does not cause any fatal error before the code is executed.


BitTorrent uses incentives to discourage bad distribution behavior, called leeching, when a peer downloads more than it uploads.

it is not known which peers will participate in the upcoming rounds and how the transmission bounds will change.


These differences were not large in our projects.

how people feel about their position in a group, and their overall attitude toward their group, are major factors that influence how software development teams fimction.


The standard approach to this problem is to translate re.nement types {x:t | f}to dependent pairs (x:t * proof f) for example, Coq (Bertot and Cast´ eran 2004) adopts exactly this strategy to represent re.nement types (sometimes called subset types, in Coq terminology).

stateIs s readFoo : s:st. proof (Derivable p s) .


This reduces the amount of video data that needs to be transmitted from the server.

we then describe in detail the design of our FVV streaming client and its components.


In this scenario, a client places in- creasing reliance upon the redundancy of the mesh to ensure timely delivery of packets that are not received from a particular router.

we say a mesh is k-resilient when all of its nodes are k-resilient.


There seemed to be a general feeling that it was fine for the corporate metrics team to monitor product quality, but when it came to individual process improvement practices, the project or team manager should be given the authority to deal with metrics data, as they are closer to it and understand it better.

and the MAM is a basically a combination of all the factors that have been encountered in the literature on metrics programs.


As evidence of these claims, we present an implementation of our approach in the Links programming language, which we call SELinks, and demonstrate, through application experience, that SELinks is expressive and, through experimental measurements, that it achieves good performance.

to use this facility, we de.ne parsers for each of our UDTs.


[17] P. Montesinos, L. Ceze, and J. Torrellas.

finally, hardware-assisted sys tems can replay data-races at very low record-mode costs, but require non-commodity hardware [10,17,18].


PERFORMANCES AND EXPERIMENTS The effectiveness of the field-based approach is of course related to costs and performances in managing fields.

figure 4(b) shows the same values, but in these experiment only the source of the tuple moves, changing the topology.


We collect the performance metrics after the ISN index cache is warmed to obtain steady state measurements.

all of these factors contribute to greater resource demands and longer query processing times.


In [11], codes for correcting synchronization errors were designed, which were capable of correcting a certain number of synchronization errors, in the presence of one substitution error.

the number of .ipping errors can be estimated by d = d ' · ll ' , and one can further obtain the BER estimation by p = d/l.


An edge (X, Y ) in a ICDG means that Y is interprocedurally control dependent on X.

only the branch constraints represent the conditions which must be satis.ed so that the path is traversed.


Multifacet s general execution-driven multiprocessor simulator (GEMS) toolset.

ifia and iaj are non-uniformly generated (i.e., they i have di.erent access matrices), | h(ia -iaj ) | would be, in most cases, an expression containing one or more loop iterator variables, e.g., ik from ii =(i1 ,i2 , ··· ,in).


A tool that flags each concurrent edit as a conflict requires little cost to fix the conflict as the programmers involved in making the conflicting changes can provide a stitch in time .

in Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Supported Coopearative Work.


Programming languages are very long-range things, with widespread adoption likely to take a decade or more.

categories and Subject Descriptors D.1.m [Programming Techniques]: Miscellaneous; D.2.0 [Software Engineering]: General; J.2 [Computer Applications]: Physical Sciences and Engineering General Terms Design, Management Keywords Component-based software engineering, scienti.c computing, high-performance computing, parallel computing, simulation 1.


Julie Wagner1,2,3 Wendy E. Mackay1,2,3 St´ephane Huot2,1,3 wagner@lri.fr mackay@lri.fr huot@lri.fr 1 INRIA F-91405 Orsay, France 2 Univ Paris-Sud (LRI ) F-91405 Orsay, France 3CNRS (LRI) F-91405 Orsay, France ABSTRACT Sleep mode lets users go for days or weeks without rebooting, supporting work on multiple tasks that they can return to later.

seldom rebooters keep windows longer than normal rebooters (F1,1 = 97.3, p < 0.0001, mean = 8.5 sessions vs. mean = 2.7 sessions).


Therefore, when verifying an implementation of a public method, the class invariant will be conjoined with the method s pre-and postconditions.

then the set of methods and constructors, TCM , transitively called by CM :: M can be computed starting from the set containing the single element (CM::M, Csub) by recursively adding method calls, as described below, until TCM reaches a .xed point.


The idea for these workshops was borne out of the realisation that these problems and demands are not unique to software Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

the paper by Chatzigeorgiou et al , focuses on analyzing the structure of software using Graph Theory, aiming to help design activities such as determining overloaded classes, good system decomposition clusterings and scale-freeness of OO systems, plus detection of design patterns.


Because of the structure of network-based space layouts, graph algorithms are the natural choice for experimentation with query processing methods.

simulation will be performed by running service queries on a large, procedurally generated space model.


[29] Z. Zhuang, K.-H. Kim, and J. P. Singh.

for ODK Sensors to be easily deployable by end-users with limited technical abilities the framework and user-level drivers need to fit in Android s app distribution model.


The key requirements of sense and respond rules can be summarized as follows: Event-triggered Rule Evaluation: Sense and respond rules enable companies to monitor their business, IT and organizational processes in real-time, and respond to exceptions and capitalize on time-sensitive business opportunities as soon as new events occur within the business environment.

for example, a transport might have a transport-start and transport-end event-pair.


INTRODUCTION We investigate the dimensionality properties of the Internet delay space, i.e., the matrix of measured round-trip latencies between Internet hosts.

this question is currently a subject of our ongoing work.


Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for large embedded real-time software design.

sensor and actuator SWCs are bound to a particular ECU where the sensor or the actuator is connected to.


The normal distribution is almost an order of magnitude worse.

the proposed approach requires a known, prede.ned and limited set of possible publication and subscription attributes, thus limiting the expressiveness of the content-based pub/sub.


Note that equation (6) guarantees the schedulability of job Ji by requiring Ji be .nished just at its deadline.

we .rst brie.y review the VSLP algorithm that constructs the DVS voltage schedule.


German and Davies [6] describe several challenges of comparing the source code of di.erent libraries.

[8] developed a tool Altair that ranks related API methods for a given method according to the share variables between methods.


The blades run the SLES10 (Linux) operating system.


In highly interactive games, which request high consistency and GS-DR-LL might be employed, the results of operations are quite difficult to be estimated and a small threshold must be used.

by employing physical clock synchronization, GS-DR can accurately calculate the states of shared entities after receiving state updates, and it can eliminate after inconsistency.


Because DRK uses CPU-private code caches, this patch will not affect other CPUs.

memory on a slab page that is part of an allocated object is considered addressable.


handle = portProcess => portProcess[attachments ].ran.

process of type announce to a TopicPublisher element from the HornetQ platform (cf.


Consider a class de.nition of the kind class D extends C> : what would be the direct supertype of type D?

as far as full rei.cation is concerned they do a.ect runtime aspects.


There may be three kinds of variables in a query.

the maintenance code may be run even after an object can no longer affect the result of a query, until it is garbage collected.


After the automatic conversion, these comments can typically be manually fixed with minimal effort.

this is advantageous in situations where the input and output variables are identical, and the procedure modifies the input values during its processing.


It should be noted that this approach leads to a certain amount of code duplication, however, it also permits specialized code optimization along each path (Figure 8).

using such machineindependent software on resource-constrained devices such as mobile phones and PDAs remains a challenge, as both interpretation and just-in-time compilation of the intermediate VM language run into technological limitations.


As the replication framework does not depend on the middleware, any middleware data that passes the framework does so in an opaque way.

then, we discuss how to map the generic architecture on arbitrary middleware systems.


A preliminary study promises that we can use text retrieval methods for this problem and the results are bound to be better than state of the art in natural language summarization.

little work addressed the summarization of the text in source code.


If we determine that we are unable to include a .le, due to its unavailability at compile-time, or if the correctness of its inclusion is undecided, we generate code to invoke the interpreter at run-time, which executes the included .le.

there is a signi.cant amount of work in determining the full set of semantics for each permutation of operator and built-in type.


We observe that the loading time increases linearly with the number of content items loaded, and that the desktop brewers are substantially quicker in loading content, as expected.

of the user-provided data, only the user s username, email address, and cloud provider are uploaded to the Priv.io server (the email address allows the user to later change their cloud provider).


We have chosen the name networkhypervisor for our proposed software layer to intentionally call to mind the concept of virtualization.

the decision about whichphysicalportto senda tunneled packet outofis thephysical forwardingdecision, andisdetermined via a standard routing protocol.


Requirements speci.cations describe at the system level what end-users expect a software system to do.

we require speci.cations of end-user requirements and a detailed system design model.


For all experiments presented in this paper, we plot the quantiles of the samples of observations against the quantiles of GPD.

workload selection: As we mentioned in Section 1, for processors with one level of resource sharing, the task scheduling is done in a single step, called workload selection: out of all ready-to-run tasks, the OS selects a set of tasks (workload) that will concurrently execute on the processor [32].


We now de.ne the (runtime) processes of the user-de.ned threads and channels.


Figure 1: Overview design of SDS  Metadata Service: Instead of just locating bytes of data, the proposed metadata service is able to locate data based on attributes of the data.

one prominent example of data management system with the array data model is SciDB [17].


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


These results are mainly because of the existence of helper functions in the PHP runtimes.

such server-side code has high potential for drastic optimization from just-in-time (JIT) compilation.


As the packet moves forward from one switch to another, the hop counter number decreases by one.

[22] V. Raghunathan, M. B. Srivastava, and R. K. Gupta.


the safe enumerator example signed extreme cases, the runtime overhead was still less in Figure 4, the examples supported by other runtime ver than 200%, but we were able to write raw MOP speci.cai.cation systems such as Tracematches [2], PQL [38] and tions for the same properties, reducing the overhead below PTQL [27], as well as most of the examples in Sections 6 30%.


To avoid this problem many software metrics researchers have suggested measuring cohesion as the ratio of the actual number of links compared with the maximum number of links.

we discuss these types of validation and the problems associated with them below.


the deployment of semantic-rich description languages such as OWL-S is not trivial [15], since developers must learn how to formally describe service semantics using three classes: the Service Pro.le class describes what the service does ; the Service Model class describes how the service works ; and the Service Grounding class describes how to access the service [11].


For JHotDraw, ANOVA did not indicate any signi.cant di.erence among patterns for both rc (p-value=0.39) and  95% CI for the Mean 2.0 1.5 1.0 r 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0  d nsite aorator o mp c m meooDC ter-Cp a d A (c) rl rl (p-value=0.93).

3.2 Step 2: Reconstructing pattern evolution history across releases Once having identi.ed instances of design patterns in each release of the software system, it is necessary to trace them, i.e., to identify whether a pattern instance identi.ed in release j represents an evolution of a design pattern instance identi.ed in release j - 1.


Currently, the ACL pragmas simply deploy a random starting point into the scanned keypoints and a percentage (70% for example) are used to reduce the match computation time.

in most cases, the keypoint matching stays at around 60-70%, indicating that from frame to frame, the ACL system will modify the descriptor length to 32 for 60-70% of keypoints.


A signi.cant percentage of Internet users believe that pure P2P systems are more secure and less prone to users traceability than hybrid ones and thus choose to use the former.

there are two major problems with this approach, highlighted by Limewire developers, with whom we discuss this solution [6].


However, end users are not able to directly access, explore, and combine di.erent sources due to a number of technological barriers: (i) Data is stored in heterogeneous formats, e.g., XML, CSV, PDF, JSON, and HTML; (ii) users do not know where to .nd required data sources; (iii) provided that they are aware of appropriate sources, they frequently do not have the means and skills to access them; and (iv) if users are able of collecting raw data from various sources, they are typically not capable of performing necessary data processing and data integration tasks.

we use a graph-based model to semantically describe the input and output of a widget so that the platform can make use of the annotated models to provide semantic search, data model matching, and auto composition.


Virtual services and virtual resources are accountable for initiating the messages to remote VSM if their desired physical counterparts are not available locally.

they are actually a commitment that service- computing developers have to make whenever they decide to use certain middleware product.


Without knowledge about the entering hardware state, a conservative analysis has to assume that any hardware state is possible, leading to exploration of unreachable states and overly pessimistic bounds.


Web libraries such as Twitter Bootstrap are implemented in three parts: CSS, Javascript, and HTML.

there is a network effect o.ering greater bene.t (in the availability of more templates) as the number of participants grows.


Action research, which is regarded as participatory, emancipatory and contextual, was adopted in this study.

r11 This is a basic application which is not needed, but cool.


0 5 10152025 Figure3:ThetimingdiagramforthetwoGiotto tasksP andQ asensororatuator,ortoaninputofaontrollaw.AGiottotaskisaperioditaskthatonsistsofinputandoutput portsaswellassomesequentialpieeofode,withknown WCET,writteninanyprogramminglanguage.ThusGiotto anbeseenasanextensionofastandardnon-embeddedprogramminglanguage.AGiottotaskmayalsoarrystatein ordertokeeptrakofitspastinvoations.


An introduction to input/output automata.

the meta-model does not provide any support to express dependencies between the activities of two agents, restore the normal computation in case an activity fails and add activities dynamically.


Let s understand El by .rst considering a description of Vec that only has the single constructor nil or cons.

in addition to solving PartI 1 by currying arguments, CurriedEl also solves PartI 2 by implicitly supplying the correctness proof.


Partial payments may be made at any time and the interest rate is floating and may change at any time.


While it is not a good .t for static parallelism, it is a useful solution for the extreme case of dynamic parallelism in unfamiliar code.

llanos.Designspaceexplorationofasoftware speculative parallelization scheme.


Our analysis splits the expensive interprocedural analysis into two phases of intraprocedural analysis: a standard local live variable analysis followed by a forward data-.ow analysis.

for some actor programs, there is still considerable room for improvement even after applying SOTER, which is mainly due to the conservatism of our static analysis.


Model Master: An Object-Oriented Spreadsheet Front-End.

di.erentauthorshaveindicated someofthelimitations ofspreadsheet systemswhich mayin.uencethequality of spreadsheets [8, 14, 17].


Initially, all spuriously reachable methods are assigned a uniform level of .uid.

these two call edges are a potential source of imprecision in the static call graph.


Nonetheless, these systems are much more complex to implement and to manage, in spite of the good results and the effective assistance which are observed long-term.

to give results with accuracy, the system must be trained on a very long period.


Figure 2 illustrates this with another set of IOR collective write experiments, where we .xed the size of data block per process (2GB) and varied the number of processes.

the cloud enables users to setup optimized I/O con.gurations for each application upon its execution, instead of con.guring an I/O sub-system for all applications that may run in the system.


One implication of these findings is that understanding patterns of development and change in complexity may benefit from analysis at the level of relatively clearly delineated projects or subprojects.

the same procedure is used for our release level measure of lack of cohesion.


In this paper, we present a compositional framework for dynamic SPLs relying on MDPs with annotated costs, used, e.g., to reason about resource requirements, energy consumption or monetary costs.

for analyzing SPLs, various approaches annotating additional data to feature models were considered.


This is possible thanks to the prede.ned ECA rules.

for the purposes of this paper, we focus on some standard 2PC-based protocols.


And the actual execution of the jobs according to it (after applying the procrastination algorithm in [19]) is shown in Figure 2(e), which incurs a total energy consumption of 5.88mJ.

obviously, the solution for Problem 1 can be very helpful in solving Problem 2.


AmItalk to arbitrary systems by replacing Mobidyc with ActorNet and its runtime engine.

13th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS), pp 148-157, October 1994.


Currently, we only use the lowest and the highest frequency available.

based on a fully functional implementation within the Linux kernel, it is shown that our approach is feasible and allows for power savings of up to 10% while delivering a performance comparable to disabledpower management andbeing more energy-e.cient than the traditional time-driven variant.


of Computer Science and Engineering Intel Corporation UniversityofWashington Santa Clara,CA 95054 Seattle,WA98195 {tatiana.shpeisman,vijay.s.menon,ali-reza.adl-tabatabai,rick.hudson,bratin.saha}@intel.com {alaska,djg,kfm}@cs.washington.edu Abstract Transactional memory provides a new concurrencycontrol mechanism that avoids manyof the pitfalls of lock-based synchronization.

x10: an object-oriented approach to non-uniform cluster computing.


4.3 Typing and Translation of Tabular When typing schemas, we use binding times to track the availability of variables.

tabular is focused on learning from relational data, and does not directly address some of the emerging application areas of probabilistic programming such as vision as inverse graphics (Mansinghka et al.


[22] R. Van Renesse, K. Birman, and W. Vogels.

iEE Proceedings-Software, Special Issue on Unanticipated Software Evolution, 2004.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not madeordistributedforpro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bearthisnoticeand thefull citation onthe .rstpage.Tocopy otherwise,to republish, topost on servers or to redistribute tolists, requiresprior speci.c permissionand/or afee.

when the systems under test are usedby communities, the entire community cande.nethetestinggoals and algorithms, and can share the e.ort and fruits of executing those algorithms.


Method invocations are more complex, but basically it is the same procedure.

there are many examples where this resolution can already be performed at link time.


The autofocus calculations use the image data itself and are done before each subaperture merge.

performance efficiency is traditionally better achieved by developing code tuned for the specific target hardware.


Unfortunately, these solutions require either changes to developer tool chains or to the underlying operating system.

these tools can manipulate the application code by supplying callback functions which are called by DynamoRIO before the code is placed in either code caches.


In IFAC Symposium on Advances in Automotive Control (IFAC-AAC 04), apr 2004.

last but not least, codelevel integration actually prevents the use of analysis and/or optimization techniques that may be applicable to the original source model.


From this point of view, it is interesting to look at Bjørner s approach [2], who de.nes a simple two-level lambda calculus that offers constructs to generate and to inspect (by pattern matching) lambda calculus terms .

basically, we need additional syntactic convenience.


Large number of subjective techniques are developed and used in software industry to deal with this issue.

information could be entered by scroll bar or text box.


Secondly, professional audio devices are usually built with higher quality quartz crystals than commodity computing hardware.

interaction with other Impromptu processes is strictly via message passing through Impromptu s inter-process communication (IPC) mechanism.


d o t P r o d ( vP ) ) 5 .s c a l e ( 1 -a l p h a) .

these optimizations did not apply to the more general scenarios (non-rectangular regions) and even with local type inference and aggressive method inlining were vulnerable to loss of static type information across method boundaries due to the complexity of specifying the necessary constraints.


The priority assignment rule (R5) guarantees a suf.cient condition for the ASCET speci.cation to comply with the SR semantics.

functional correctness and reactive performance are increasingly dif.cult to verify.


Contrarily, the cosimulation and its subsystem models are required to be decoupled from the variability model.

4.3.4 Boundary Condition Modi.ers The BCS o.ers boundary conditions (e.g.


For non-tail calls only, the trace wrapper sets the trace continuation to the new current continuation before applying the embedded procedure and restores the old trace continuation after.

the compiler eliminates the proedure?check, replaces the closure indirect with a jump into the lambdabody (past the argument-count check or directly into the appropriate ase-lambdabody), passes a closure pointer only if the procedure has free variables, and, for rest arguments, allocates the list at the call site where the number of arguments is known and no loop is needed.


Each subject applies only one technique.

the experiment is limited to testing two hypotheses on the efficiency and effectiveness of the participants: HA0: Inspection teams applying perspective-based inspections have better effectiveness than teams applying heuristic evaluation.


Referring to Hopkins interpretation [6], the coefficients of description length, priority value, and ExpA are small.

to be able to extract a meaningful and general rule, the model needs to be adjusted with regard to its confidence factor and pruning parameters.


6.4.2) between editor and scanner, and then he also quit because of a phone call.

the API trace slicing used in FUDA only uses shared objects in argument lists of calls to detect dependencies in the heap.


The HAD UML pro.le extension to MARTE de.nes precise semantics for parallel frameworks (e.g.

a current MCP example is the Intel Core i7-800.


ing the tracing mechanism and Paraver we have been able to analyse the behavior of the applications in each case and to decide which is the mechanism with less overhead.

in Proceedings of the 1991 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing, .


In general, we found that the ratio between execution time and turnaround time for the jobs in the community grid varies between 0.01 to 1, with the average at 0.3 (as opposed to 1 for collaborative grids).

observe that the number of replicas generated in this experiment is larger than the number of replicas in the one involving only collaborative grids, even by the restrictive policies.


At this point, the designer can simulate the system in software to prove correctness.

while signi.cant work has been done in the areas of logic veri.cation and distributed debugging, 1 This assumes an inherent limitation in the amount of instruction-level parallelism that can be exploited, which is a more advanced topic of computer architecture.


We de.ne a mismatch as any code region that is in a clone cluster (as de.ned by exact matching of feature vectors) but has a di.erent normalized instruction sequence from the plurality of code regions in that cluster; this metric is simply counting all mismatched clone pairs (as de.ned in Section 3.3.1) between each clone within the cluster and a single element having the plurality instruction sequence.

the ability to detect binary clones is important because source code is not always available, for example, in the case of commercial o. the shelf (COTS) software.


In both cases, the analysis determines that the corresponding allocation site is not unitary.

section 2.1 describes the execution of the analysis on a small example.


The algorithm inserts a task and its dependents into a tentative schedule, in the order of their critical times, earliest critical time .rst.

another disadvantage is the possibility of deadlocks that can occur when lock holders crash, causing inde.nite starvation to blockers.


So, while we can use the sample points pk(h) to estimate EG,h[Xk], there is no obvious way to go from that to P our target quantity EG[F0(S)] = G Pr[G] · F0(G).

16 16 For the cumulant based approach, we have the vectors 7 59 145 -337 K1 = [ 1 , ], K2 = [ 1 , ], K3 = [0, ], K4 = [ -1 , ].


Typically, an interview lasted for approximately one hour and they were arranged as face-to- face interviews with one or two organization participant and one or two researchers.

in the game development industry, the development phase is often called production and the production phase is called post-production or shipping phase.


The blocks of threads are scheduled automatically on the di.erent SMs and we do not know in which order the di.erent blocks are going to execute.

as noted before, this was an approximation.


Related Work A related approach proposes [14] Feature Oriented Refactoring (FOR), which is the process of decomposing a program, usually legacy, into features.

5.2 SPL Refactoring We apply program and FM refactorings for achieving those goals using our extended de.nition for SPLs presented in Section 2.2.


Our results further show that differences between dynamic load balancing algorithms with and without spatial locality are minimal in the LAN environment.

players are able to move, eat, and .ght other players.


The JavaMen package provides classes that are used to specify the current deployment of the system (that is what JavaMen components are available) and to provide the functionality used by these components.

interfacing with hardware is usually achieved by using native methods that target a particular platform.


Yet, quite good accuracies are achieved if the raw measurement values are post-processed with elaborate techniques like noise cancelling, digital filtering, peak detection and calibration [19].

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.4 [Distributed Systems]: Distributed applications General Terms Measurement, Experimentation, Algorithms, Theory Keywords Localization, Distance Estimation, Transmission Power, Wireless Sensor Networks 1.


The items in the checklist can be expressed as questions or as statements.

the paired t-test allowed rejecting the null hypothesis (H0-effectiveness) with the significance level of 0.041.


Section3describes task activity vectors and presents the design of our vector-based scheduling policies.

itincreases the chances that a suitable task is found, if there are only few tasks of a given priority.


Several di.erent payment plans might exist for service usage.

another concern might be the realism of the artefacts that are used in the experiments: reliability scores and service invocation costs.


An app ( DoubleIt ) project hierarchy in Eclipse.

students should get into the habit of immediately inserting a stub in their activity class when adding a button widget to their UI.


In the aforementioned case, when location information is not available, the application is still invoked with context information that has no location information and hence it can decide how to proceed with the controlling of the ambient temperature.

for large-scale pervasive systems none of these programming models provide an adequate solution.


Hence, we use path analysis techniques to .nd the longest path of the preempted task in terms of the cost function de.ned in Equation (5).

our approach can still apply to many such systems.


Research has shown that ASA alerts can identify certain classifications of faults and field failures [8].

the SVD provides a means for associating files with field failures and ASA alerts with those files.