(b) Concurrent transmissions of two nodes lead to four constellation points.

this experiment also shows a limitation of Buzz.


We also study thepopularity(interms of numberof requests andrank) ofindividualprograms andhow that changes over time.

we note that the curve does not follow a straight line on the log-log scale.


Whenever the pipe goes smaller than the CWND, it checks which segments are not yet received and resends them.

jF nodes generate no tra.c themselves; like non-malicious nodes, JF drop for only a small fraction of time; yet, with this dropping pattern during a maliciously chosen period, the following behavior results.


The main reason is that the operator s operator s approach on average the same number of trials to sucapproach cannot predict the signi.cant traf.c load increase on links cessfully mitigate an uneven-split failure.

a Framework for Distributed Monitoring and Root Cause Analysis for Large IP Networks.


Graph based analysis of 2-d fpga routing.

the number of switches needed can be calculated as a classical geometric series: (r (r (r N 1 N 1 N 1 NN Nswitch =+ + + + ···= 4244484 2 These linear organizations also allow us to have only a single switch at each tree level, such that the total switches along the worst-case path is again only 2 logr(N) -1.


Our analysis takes into consideration the behavior of the routing protocol and the inter-dependence of resources (time-slots) of neighboring regions in a wireless network.

the total number of slots available at R(p2) can be considered as B - 1.


In restoration mechanisms only a single path is used from a source to a destination, and therefor they consume less resources.

first, we start by presenting the decision version of the source grouping problem.


As an example, Figure 6 shows the throughput obtained during two of the observed trips of the mobile node: the upper plot refers to a trip of duration equal to 140 s and with tra.c .owing from the mobile point to the desktop (uplink), while the lower plot refers to a trip of duration equal to 130 s and with tra.c .owing from the desktop to the mobile point (downlink).

in this way, a node does not maintain the full route to a destination but every node on the path only knows the next hop to use to reach it.


Our approach leverages the intuition and understanding that developers have of the likely protocol actions that can be exploited and the likely network conditions under which manipulations can succeed.

in our experiments, we .nd that this is not a signi.cant limitation because for all attacks that we study, we are able to link the relevant header .elds to internal variables.


this means that if assume the block i is correct, then it can verify the block i+1 through computing the Hash value of (i+1)th block and then compare with the attached Hash value from ith block.


As a heuristic they use an adaption of the LFT heuristic that schedules activities according to growing values of LF.

we follow the concept of distinguishing between the packet urgency and importance that we also deploy for MLLF.We endorse the heuristic function with a weighting factor .


For example, the policy modify(port=2) is a function that moves a packet from its current port to port 2.

we allow operators to control how much they want to store for later use, by only collecting tra.c satisfying pre-speci.ed queries, while .exibly supporting the full generality of queries available in earlier approaches.


The algorithm in [10] is a receiver-initiated collision avoidance scheme for frequencyhopping networks.

the unfairness is due to unfortunate interactions between TCP and MAC-layer timers, causing a rich get richer and poor get poorer phenomenon.


5.4 Performance comparison summary In a random mobility context we can conclude that the technique of reducing the considered neighborhood does not help achieve better quality solutions.

moreover, we test the performances of our previous algorithms [12, 13] in mobile context with respect to these measures.


The optimal players have identical cost: Max(P)= ci(P) for all i.

the optimal strategies are for each player to move in a straight line.


Knowing run-time drift nodes use very short GT instead of long GT based on worst-case drift.

nodes should shorten sleeping periods to guarantee end-to-end delays.


Statistics on the receiver, transmitter and processor were recorded for the duration of 20 seconds for each execution, and the recordings commenced 10 3.2 Power consumption: Unicast traffic Unicast communication is typically used in Specknets when nodes are required to send data to a specific destination, or when packets are required to traverse a pre-determined route.

in Figure 5, using B-MAC as an example, when node A sends a packet to node C, then node B is also woken up as it will detect activity on the channel while listening.


This requirement can be impractical in actual systems for large values of t. In this section, we address the case when the number of tags can be orders of magnitude larger than the maximum frame size fmax ,where fmax can be very small.

g0 (µ0(t)) = t and gc (µc(t)) = t. Theorem 2.


In addition, the probability that a test connection initiated in ring iwill depart to another ring during the next tpredict time units is denoted pd,i (pd,i =1- e -ditpredict ).

to present the results, we .rst recall that the prediction methodology used in the proposed CAC aims at avoiding situations where the base station runs out of downlink transmission power as the distribution of users change in the target cell.


Finally, the answer to the question how steady is the Internet?

iID models are a mixed blessing; they are very tractable, but IID processes are very hard to predict.


Upon starting, Webserver registers its IP address to the DNS server automatically.

we recommend running at least two instances of Nethamnano to ensure fault tolerance.


An overlay approach to name-based routing, by contrast, allows the access control policy decision to be made anywhere in the Internet.

upon rejoining, the endpoint attempts to re-initialize the suspended .ow from the new address using the existing tokens; if the initialization succeeds, for instance mobility inside the same network where the new M-Box can use the same token as the old M-Box, data .ow can be resumed immediately.


To introduce the concept of core we introduce the following de.nitions.


Paxson studied Internet failures and routing pathologies by running periodic traceroutes between 37 distributed sites on the Internet [18].

the paths between these hosts traverse more than 50% of the well-connected autonomous systems (AS s) on the Inter- Copyright 2003 ACM 1-58113-664-1/03/0006 ...$5.00.


If this assignment causes the MSN to be changed, that change must be propagated again to the entire network.

figure 8 shows the results of the two-hop Mica2 benchmark.


The main reason causing the retransmissions and timeout events for the upstream traffic is because the ACKs from PC4 to PC1 and PC2 are lost due to heavily congested downstream link.

the downstream client on the softphone heard really poor voice quality, while the upstream IP phone still had pretty good voice quality.


IPv6 introduces challenges and opportunities for managing spoo.ng.

6.2 De.ning a Solution Space Our results provide insights into the Internet s lack of packet-level accountability despite clear need and long historical record of spoo.ng-based exploits: Protection of provider from spoofed sources: Providers are driven by economics and have little incentive to deploy, maintain, and support current best practices .ltering [3].


by varying p, one can obtain a fully regular (p = 0) and a fully random (p = 1) network topology.


Karlin, and S. Saroiu, Dynamically Fault-Tolerant Content Addressable Networks, IPTPS, March 2002.

since the diameter itself does not tell the whole story, we also study the average distances between all pairs of nodes since this metric (rather than the diameter) determines the expected response time (i.e., number of hops) and the capacity of the peer-to-peer network.


On the other hand, simplicity does not provide accurate heuristics.

then, at each node there is a guarantee that content will be propagated to other nodes if the content has arrived at the node.


Since larger transfers tend to achieve higher throughput, the variation in transfer times is compressed.

since the Weibull distribution is not long-tailed, we conclude that this dataset does not support the hypothesis that the distribution of interarrival times for TCP connections is long-tailed.


The access is often the bottleneck in today s Internet, and this is very likely going to continue with CCN as the in-network caching will relax the core and put further the pressure on the access.

uSE CASES The above model can be applied to any network topology and can be solved numerically for the download rate of every content, and hence for network resource utilization.


y or y .x (or both), (transitivity) for each x,y, z .

the rule sB .. = sB tells us that, to preserve M, we need .


Out of all the research e.orts discussed above ACFG, API-CFG, Call-Gram and VSA-2 show impressive results and have the potential to be used as real-time malware detectors.

a CFG provides .ner details about the structure of the program than a call graph.


The main advantage of using hierarchical cluster based routing in sensor networks is scalability and communication e.ciency.

section 4 has experimental results and the discussion about them.


The observations and the predictions outlined above can be used to optimise the caching performance.

the stretched exponential distribution of internet media access patterns.


The use of short request-to-send (RTS) and clear-to-send (CTS) packets makes this mechanism particularly e.ective since the channel is reserved before a data packet is transmitted.

figure 5 compares the network throughputs for the 50-m topologies while Figure 6 compares the network throughputs for the 100-m topologies.


listen time and queued packet listen time reduce the difference.

5 Evaluation In order to evaluate and demonstrate the correctness and bene.ts of X-MAC we have implemented the protocol on top of the Mantis Operating System (MOS) [5].


(1), the probability of packet reception is always non-negative albeit small over long distance.

each intermediate node, uses the closest kth neighbor in a p sector towards the destination as the next hop.


However, for this proof of concept, it is not necessary to verify all the Skype users who are downloading with BitTorrent.

4.2 Mobility of the Anonymized Users We now describe how to scale our scheme to measure the availability and mobility of a representative sample of anonymized Skype users.


Moreover, with the use of unidirectional beacon pulse, it is impossible to compute and compensate for the propagation delay, thus leading to large synchronization error.

the cluster head then runs the second linear regression to obtain the .nal estimated skew and o.set of neighboring node y, denoted by and , respectively.


This conference stays static throughout the game, i.e.

for each participant the mixer will mix the voice signals of every other participant and transmit a single cumulative signal.


To cope with the di.erent delays of packets, which possibly travel along di.erent paths from di.erent sources, the sink needs to wait a minimum period of time to collect reports before concluding anything.

in fact, although the application delivery ratio degrades quickly as the source packet rate increases, nearly 100% of packets that are actually sent by the MAC are received by mote R. with this experimental setup, the packet loss is indeed due almost exclusively to the limit imposed by ß, and not by collision at the receiver.


The management and experimental network can be connected to the Internet via the WIDE[6] or the JGN[1] networks depending on the experimenter s requirements.

starBED is a testbed facility for conducting network experiments.


[14] A. Mishra and W. A. Arbaugh, An initial security analysis of the IEEE 802.1x standard, Tech.

given a sus (a) (b) Figure 5: (a) USRP/GNU Radio platform and the RX400 RF Frontend used in experiments.


The Event Sources create the RDE events.

there is a one-to-one match between URLs on the Web Server and the topics on the Push Server.


Increase in Avg path hop counts (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Failed nodes (%) Failed nodes (%) Figure 2: Left: Percentage of failed paths for varying percentages of node failures across di.erent routing geometries.Right: Percent increase in average path hop-counts of successful paths for varying percentages of node failures across di.erent routing geometries.Butter.y is left o. of this graph because its path increase is so much higher than the others, reaching 700%, that it would distort the y-axis.All algorithms use 16 200  90 80 70 60 150 Failed paths (%) 100 50 40 30 20 10 50 0 0 sequential neighbors.

the increase in resilience to path failures comes at the cost of path stretch.


The download .ows (regardless of the number nd of download .ows) gain transmission opportunities at the roughly same rate as a single TCP upload .ow.

uDP tra.cis inelasticand therefore does not su.er from the cross-layer interaction evident with TCP tra.c, so we use UDP for calibration.


Further, optical spectrum is unregulated and has no bandwidth limitations.

at .rst glance, these requirements are at odds with the trajectory of today s commercial FSO devices they are bulky, expen 4In effect, we need RF beams with angular divergence 1 millira dian to create a small interference footprint at 50-100m range.


Our intent here is to consider the e.ects and highlight some principles for designing computations to be robust against errors.

a key feature of our approach is that the ESS supports only ephemeral storage of (tag, value) pairs; each (tag, value) binding is accessible for only a .xed interval of time after it is created.


Dynamic ports accounted for 36% in 2005 and decreased to 19% in 2008.

the client-type traf.c is slowly moving towards high volume usage.


Thus we envision a fully virtualized datacenter in which bare-metal workloads become the exception, even for mission-critical applications.

qemu/KVM is an open-source hypervisor, whereas H2 is a commercial x86 hypervisor.


Thus, they are the cornerstone of many basic security functionalities.

the base station s secret root keying material.


It is in fact unfeasible to embed a complex library in a sensor node to implement the Controller.

a. Garay, G. Itkis, D. Micciancio, M. Naor, and B. Pinkas.


with WPS, as rates are assigned based to the number of .ows in each queue, it results in a graceful increase in FCT (see Figure 2(b)).


In the following section we demon Table 3: Energy budgets, variability, and data rates based on collected traces for daily human routines.

using Piid and Pmarkov , both r and ON times are nearly independent of C. Additionally, evaluating policy performance using Pmeas shows that the ON times are an important metric because they can be low for small values of C (Fig.


4.3 Estimation algorithm Our goal, which is common in most statistical estimation problems, is to .nd the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of T based on the observations.

5.1 Traf.c traces We use packet header traces of Internet tra.c from three sources: Universityof North Carolina (UNC) (courtesyof Prof. Je.ay), University of Southern California (USC) (cour 0.4 2 1.6 form UNC was collected at the 1 Gbps access link connect 0.3 1.4 tesyof Prof. Papadopoulos), and NLANR [13].


For example, two switches in a connected minority component of a network may not be able to communicate with each other even though they have a physical path connecting them.

the availability issues in SDNs are more deep rooted than that and arise even in the presence of ideal control channels that don t impose any dependencies.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Wireless communication, network communications.

assuming that the number of audio-visual entities (e) being streamed is k at time ti, the middleware can add a new entity at time ti+1 while the following condition is satisfied: k +1 .Ri+1(ej ) = RTCP j=1 the middleware drops entities while the inverse condition is satisfied: k .


We consider primaryinterference in this paper.


1 It is also referred to as .ooding or many-to-many communica- IPSN 04, April 26 27, 2004,Berkeley,California,USA.

accordingly, at the beginning of phase P , there will be N representative nodes i(P -1) who need to disseminate the sample measurements gathered during phase (P - 1).


Current video streaming systems use WMANs to broadcast videos, in which each mobile device independently receives and decodes the video data from the base station.

the sumption of the proposed cooperative system and compare rl ,it against that of the current system.


These user behaviors impact the delay constraints of the corresponding traf.c and, thus, affect the performance of CoAST.

coAST does not introduce extra RRC state transitions.


Ad hoc routes are healed locally within minimal latency.

suppose that L events occur in area A (here an event is an ad hoc node s physical presence).


WWW 2011, March 28 April 1, 2011, Hyderabad, India.

previously he was a researcher at the IBM Zurich Research Lab and a senior researcher at ETH Z¨ urich.


Thus it treats O.E (and OnE) more as a request than a command.

corybantic s approach is too coarse grain in that it avoids modeling combined operational objectives of competing controller modules.


This gives BU BUmr s.M R = NmhNcn (11)Tmr Here, binding update messages from MR are carried over only one wireless network.

here (lmr - 1) represents the number of wired hops and .r includes the pre.x and binding update cost.


Let us now discuss the PCIs utilization ratio deploying both scenarios, see figure 7.

as the network size increases, the probability of experiencing collisions also increases.


Erasable Coding is used in bulk transmission [11], in which the sender encodes k packets to m packets.

as the packet/block size increases, the critical BER decreases.


While current implementations developed within recent EU-FP7 research projects (e.g.

we can derive the E[delayhop] for the DBA-MAC scheme as follows: E[delayhop]DBA = p·E[delayhop]FMF +(1-p)·E[delayhop]CBF (19) Through the probability 1 - p we model all the cases in which the backbone creation process fails due e.g.


This theoretical toolisperfectly suitable to describe the trend of transmission duration and, consequently, toforeseethelengthofthe next sendinginterval.

in order to highlight the effect of an increasing data rate R on the transmission queues length, the traf.c arriving from theprevious transmission ending the ratio.


A duplicate data packet detection and suppression mechanism is therefore used at the destination node.

within the SPA dimension, a new path is used if the reported PLR is .


First, we should solve the Windows problem of ARP proxy.

proxy for all IP addresses results in a problem.


If vj is on the minimum cost path when declaring Pjemit and cj , it may either no longer be on it by overdeclaring thus resulting in a loss of revenue, or it may still be on the minimum cost path, but the payment that it receives does not change.

there is a big caveat in the route discovery phase: the nodes have to indicate the signal strength at which they emit and they also need to forward information regarding their neighbors received signal strengths.


Indeed, the throughput maximization procedure starts in state R. After each transmission, two possibilities are envisaged.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The IMS Playground @ FOKUS-An Open Testbed for Next Generation Network Multimedia Services.

we cannot report whether this optional function of an IMS network is performed by our test bed in accordance with the speci.cations.


The question may be set, aren t we filling a desperately needed hole with this system?

this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly describes the related work on the area.


The payment of Fn paid by Um canbe expressedas .C n k,m,Fn is selected by Um, Rn =k..n (5) 0, otherwise.

the step optimum cannot guarantee global optimal result because in the .rst step, each FUE only concerns its own choice and it doesn t know other FUEs choice which means other FUEs linked to the same FAP may compete for the channel resource.


1) The segment counts are identical for all nets, i.e.

the following lemma states the optimal substructure property.


With a single vehicle, this is relatively straightforward and has been studied in past work [16].

typically, as a vehicle passes a roadside access point, it experiences poor signal quality when entering wireless range, followed by a stronger signal as the vehicle nears the access point, and a weakening signal after the vehicle passes the access point.


1When an edge weight is zero, we substitute it with a small enough value so that its inverse yields a .nite value.

the Space-Time-Graph scripts can be used to evaluate the performance of opportunistic networking protocols based on contact-traces.


Comparison Results: We carry out experiments comparing Modellet, RADAR, and EZPerfect in terms of localization accuracy.

there is no one-size.t-all solution among existing localization algorithms, even for a single deployment.


The need for multiple monitors covering the same area comes from the fact that Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

we weight the importance of the .ow using the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) metric [10].


Simulation results show that there exist the trade-ff values of the linear and arithmetically-progressive tax-rate parameters to approach high overall spectral efficiency, high perceived throughput and fairness in distributing available resources.

calculation of such an optimal tax is quite a difficult task, requires the knowledge of the CINRs at all SCs for all links, and results in many tax values specific for every player.


Now in both con.gurations (i.e., the human is on the left of the phone and blocking the direct path, or on the right of the phone and blocking the re.ected path), the sum of the incident energies will be identical, making it dif.cult to infer the AP s direction.

spinLoc: Spin Once to Know Your Location Souvik Sen Romit Roy Choudhury Srihari Nelakuditi Duke University Duke University University of South Carolina souvik.sen@duke.edu romit.rc@duke.edu srihari@cse.sc.edu ABSTRACT The rapid growth of location-based applications has spurred extensive research on localization.


In order to allow for a regular use of the connection by the victim unit, the attacker has to establish a regular connection to a real network to forward tra.c it receives from the mobile station.

rEFERENCES [1] E. Barkan, E. Biham, and N. Keller.


Then, the utility function in equation (3) is differentiated in order to find the maximum of ui.

the incentive mechanism design is needed as a basis for motivating peers to join and transit the query message.


On the contrary, which the instances can be classi.ed by SSFD but cat not classi.ed by FSD is named the advantage or type-2.

and in this section, we discuss the reason why our proposed SSFD is more e.ective.


There are many existing works focusing on dealing with this problem, but few of them also take the indispensable privacy issue into account.

authorities can also give some rewards to the nodes with high ATVal as an incentive.


Other proposals are based on the use of the IEEE 1609.4 standard [6] in order to optimize the hando.

the mobile device is entirely in charge of deciding when to hando.


Here, the information on its neighbors and hidden nodes are generated by recording their assignment information that each of them transmits in its assigned slot.

in USAP-MA, ASAP, and E-ASAP, which changes the frame length of nodes dynamically, the average channel utilizations are always higher than that in USAP.


An Overlay Architecture for Throughput Optimal Multipath Routing Nathaniel M. Jones Georgios S. Paschos Brooke Shrader MIT Lincoln Laboratory MIT, Cambridge, MA & MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, MA CERTH-ITI, Greece Lexington, MA Eytan Modiano MIT, Cambridge, MA ABSTRACT Legacy networks are often designed to operate with simple single-path routing, like shortest-path, which is known to be throughput suboptimal.


If ßZF is di.erent for primary and cognitive transmission then MSE does not become zero.

iNTRODUCTION Over the last decade, there has been tremendous proliferation of wireless technologies around the world to provide ubiquitous connectivity to the end users.


Increasingly well-ordered photonic crystals have been demonstrated in recent years.

colloid deposited on mesoscopically patterned substrate.


If the precon.gured clock drift ratio is much larger than the actual clock rate difference, then the sender will wake up much earlier than the receiver does, unnecessarily increasing the sender s duty cycle and energy consumption.

unlike EM-MAC, nodes in MuChMAC use a .xed set of channels, without adapting to current channel conditions such as interference or jamming on a channel.


Given memory S, however, it is not clear whether to allocate more stash (and hence, to recover from more reordered packets) or to use more buckets (and hence, to be more resilient to loss); we will investigate this tradeoff analytically and experimentally.

the expected number of bad packets that are sampled and not corrected is E[L]= ßpT + max{0,pR - W} (4) Working with the conditional expectation.


STPM monitors the interarrival time of transfer hints, as well as the number of transfers that are closely correlated in time we refer to such clusters of transfers as runs.

pSMadaptive does not transition to CAM because it does not detect enough network tra.c.


Instead we suggest changing the decision process to force the algebra to be strictly monotonic.

this type of approach does not cover all uses for MEDs.


when there are at least 2 tier2 nodes to provide alternative paths, BEND nearly doubles throughput gain over 802.11 compared to COPE-Sim.


For reference purposes, the plots also re port the baseline power consumption .id when the target device is in Idle state.

the (implicit or explicit) assumption of all previous energy consumption models [7,9,11,12,15,17,23,30,40] is that the PA operations dom inate the consumption of the whole device, which allows to model consumption with a .nite number of states, e.g., {active, idle} [9, 11], {transmission, reception, idle} [15, 17, 40], and so on.


Following GNP as well as a number of subsequent landmark-Our approach requires only 3-6 probes per host in a host pair.

the median and average relative errors of our estimates are 4.1% and 12.9% vs., respectively, 9.64% and 19.15% for GNP.


The total revenue of each system is calculated by summing all the revenue gathered from the sessions admitted into the system, minus the revenue loss (L) caused by the users churning due to unsatis.ed service.

while wireless voice networks only need to provide the same quality-of-service (QoS) to all the users (the same BERor bit error rate, the same bandwidth, the same delay, etc.


Nodes bearing grudges: Towards routing security, fairness, and robustness in mobile ad hoc networks.

promiscuous monitoring fails in ambiguous collisions and receiver collisions [16].


Echterho., S. Jirka, I. Simonis, T. Everding, C. Stasch, S. Liang, and R. Lemmens.

changes concerned both bug .xes and the inclusion of new functionalities, as it is usually done for smartphone apps, where the presence of software distribution mechanisms (app stores) pushes towards a model characterized by a short update and release cycle.


It should be noted that the connectivity graph is a function of the node locations and the transmission range, and the topology is a function of the connectivity graph and the channel-to-interface assignments.

suppose a node i receives a hello message from its neighbor node j.


Given this assumption, we propose L-SGS and SGS exploiting the broadcast property of the wireless communication medium.

in Proceedings of the IEEE CAS Workshop, September 2002.


Most of them rely on channel feedback inferred from MAC layer retransmission/loss counts to adjust transmit rates.

a more general way of comparing rate algorithms is to compare the value of .


7 shows a clear diurnal pattern observed in a 24-hour snapshot of tra.c on FC, where bandwidth consumption rises around the start 4 of working hours in the United States and Canada ( 9AM No.

the somewhat surprising result, however, is that FC users on Hugged 1500 Got Love?


Temporally, each frame corresponds to a time slot, so the code blocks at the same position in di.erent frames simply indicate orthogonal temporal channels.

the capacities of the QR code and Strata images are 4096 and 2731 bits respectively.


When a host changes location, it updates the new IP address to the dynamic DNS server.

further, the approach is limited only to Web cookies.


[2] Andersen, S. On the .uctuations of sums of random variables.

note also that even when they meet in the continuous-space model, they may not in the quantized discrete-space model.


In this paper, we focus on investigating this adaptability issue with respect to proactive MANET routing protocols.

the rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we discuss some related work.


Even though unicast packets, followed by acknowledgments, are more common today, broadcast packets suf.ce to probe the underlying connectivity and let us measure connectivity from a sender to all receivers simultaneously [1].

bRR contains several regions of inadequate connectivity.


Furthermore, we design a novel lattice correlator that correlates to parts of the preamble and is able to accurately determine the start time of detected preambles, a key requirement for accurate rollback of speculative preamble transmissions.

the ef.ciency of WiFi has deteriorated from over 80% at 1 Mbps to under 10% at 1 Gbps.


The basic case in which no cross-cut tra.c nor pacing is present,illustratedinFigure7(a), showsthat most oftheinterarrival times are 12. s, which is roughly the transfer time of MTU sized packets at 1Gbps.

we control the system load by limiting the access link rates and advertised congestion window, and by changing the number of end users from 150 to 1200.


improvements over the base adaptive routing algorithm ranged from a few percent to nearly 50% higher throughput (i.e.


The background load was composed of CPU, memory, I/O, and network usage.

snort rules were created to detect speci.c patterns in payloads, such as SQL injection patterns.


(4) Biometric keys cannot be forged or distributed easily.

the GW-node and the sensor node will not know about  Table 2: E.ciency comparisons Phase User or node Watro et al.


New generations should only be created when necessary since the fewer the number of packets in a generation, the smaller the bene.ts of network coding.

in general, a node will send out a linear combination of all the information it has (at the given time).


Because g(t) ' monotonically increases (g(t) > 0), and h(t) monotonically decreases (h'(t) < 0), there is only one root to the equation g(t)= h(t).

proposed to utilize the switched multi-beam forming capability of the directional antennas for establishing communicating pairs [9].


OpenFlow and the .rst controller implementations are already deployed in networks.

data points which even lie outside the whisker range are drawn as red crosses.


In[22],weproposetousemultiplenetwork measurementsin order tolearn theprobabilities of networklinks being congested.

even though a lossy MILS spansseveralASes(30% of themspan morethan3ASes),it is not clear that the actuallossylinksin thisgroup areinter-AS orintra-AS.Indeed,in[36], only27.5% oflossy links are con.rmed to be inter-AS whereas 15% are intra-AS.


Not surprisingly, a number of peer to peer systems for VANET have been recently proposed in the literature.

through analytical analysis, we computed the expected number of vehicles needed to download a certain .le.


For the same time period, hij is the number of users moving from cell i into cell j.The value of hij can be assessed by handover statistics.

local search is not able to improve its solution further even if more budget is made available, because the algorithm reaches already a local optimum for B ' = 15%.


In the case of inter-region mobility, a member moving from one region to another one updates his location to the members in both the old and the new regions.

the WCS server presides over community membership maintenance.


In other words, when bit rate variation is slight, in the proposed algorithm, the BS will assign the video user data transmission opportunity directly without any bandwidth request process, just like UGS algorithm.


Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), which has a similar performance to Ethernet, is typically used for data transport in cellular systems, however it is specialized for sending continuous synchronized I/Q samples, and would have to be altered to support this application.

in low coherence channels, it may be impossible to collect CSI for all available users and still have time left to send data, thus limiting the number of users that can be optimally served.


3.2 Data Structures The primary fields of the MRREQ packet used in GMZRP are as .

at the node granularity, the source or an intermediate forwarding node only keeps the information of its child nodes.


Wenote thatanumberof papers deal with sensing issuesin cognitive networks [12, 8, 14].

iEEE Std 802.15.3, IEEE,NewYork,NY, 2003.


The sender may experience loss in this case.

we also found a strong correlation between .ow rate and size, suggesting an interaction between bandwidth available to a user and what the user does with that bandwidth.


As described in the previous section, computing the access latency from this replication topology involves a simple function over inter-node data transfer latencies (for example, the time taken to transfer 5 MB from 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.2), involving sum, min and max operators.

4.2 Contour and the Application The basic functionality provided by Contour is data access latency estimation: applications (or cloud subsystems) can estimate the time taken to read or write data from any compute node in the network.


When the MN receives an RA message with Pre.x Type 1 and PMIPv6 pre.x.

it cannot be expected what arrives .rst.


Average transmission delay Figure 4 and Figure 5 own the same configuration as Figure 3.

secondary interference occurs when a receiver station is just within the range of more than one sender station on the same channel.


2) Prosan: With PROSAN, the source node only forwards the message to the sensor node that has higher delivery probability among its neighbors.

if, when S has information I to send, a pmule is able to collect it, S will give it to the p-mule, but, as it is also able to compute the time when I will be delivered to actuators, for a period t, it will continue to use PROSAN to try to deliver I with less delay to other nodes.


SPECIALCASESUNDERCP While the previous section considered the scheduling problem under CP mode with both channel diversity and MRM, we now lookattwo special cases:(i)lack of channeldiversity, and(ii)without multi-resolution modulation; and highlight the applicability of CPSgin these cases.

or s1 will eitherretain orimprovethe existing allocation(and objective value) of all other sessions(captured through .L1 and .L2), resultingin atleasthalf of the optimalLP relaxationperformance.


Unlike .ssion and fusion, free routing is not a program transformation.

there have been hardware techniques to create limited forms of communication fusion [8] wherein multicast circuits are opportunistically set-up/torn-down at runtime.


Additionally, scene analysis schemes are mostly preferred for indoor positioning due to their independence on an indoor propagation radio model.

results based on real data showed performance improvement without sacri.cing the complexity of the system.


This paper introduced a new analytical model that can be used to e.ciently design the underlying interconnection network in data centers.

m i - (m - 1)i is the number of ways in which a particular output port always receives a packet.


The classical test architectures [1] are no more valid, indeed, the self-organizing of the network, in which neither a wired network nor a centralized control exists, raises new problematics such as which entity will play the role of a tester.


the next heuristic improves on FGH by making more careful choices.


It can be con.rmed that the overhead of the proposed technique appeared from the exposure overhead of TMTP, The multicast session increase sees a greater di.erence from the measurement result of implosion.

the periodic hop prompt which used ERS large overhead.


In our data, we observe that only 0.42% of all UDP fragments lacked a UDP checksum.

a series is in-order (Figure 3) if the fragments are observed arriving sequentially; we never monitor a fragment with an offset lower than its predecessors.


We call it the naive decoding scheme hereafter.

in an ISP network environment, the value K can be safely limited to a couple of hundreds.


Some protocols use a two-way communication to discover the clock drift and thus correct the clock.

this means that the sensor nodes are able to estimate their geographical position without the need to be .tted with a GPS.


IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 57.

a conventional system would need to retransmit the entire packet (i.e., 64 bytes) assuming the second packet arrives error-free.


In order to improve the performance, multiuser detection (MUD) is utilized by jointly processing the signals from all users [1].

in our simulations, we only considerquadraturephase-shift keying (QPSK) system.


For most deployment scenarios that require more than 1056 ports, Quartz should instead be used as a component in a large DCN.

table 9 shows a summary of their key properties.


iScope: personalized multi-modality image search for mobile devices.

the coverage model is relatively simple, depending only on the distance between the target and the object, which does not consider the uniqueness of photo coverage.


The percentage of OK routes is very high, over 95%, indicating that OLSR did an excellent job of maintaining routes in the network over time.

if a path exists from the source to the destination but a routing table entry is not present in the source node s routing table, the route is classi.ed as Type B.


The Detour measurement study made the observation, using Pax- son's and their own data collected at various times between 1995 and 1999, that path selection in the wide-area Intemet is sub- optimal from the standpoint of end-to-end latency, packet loss rate, and TCP throughput [23].

this solution does not generally achieve fault detection and recovery within several seconds because of the degree of aggregation used to achieve wide-area routing scalabil- ity.


whether or not to retransmit the information.

these benefits are enhanced given the safety-critical domain and therefore the desire for reliability, transparency and understanding in all of its aspects.


n=1 Apply Fourier Transform to d(t) and we get the following: N k 5(u- D(u) = S(u).C(u) = (Sinc(uT)× )).C(u) (3) T Figure 1: Operational .owchart of AdapComm modules (DSProbe, NetEst, QoECtrl ).

the overall end-to-end achievable throughput directly e.ects the QoE, and therefore, it has signi.cant value [10].


In [7], Bianchi first proposed the Markov chain model which was a milestone in WLAN s performance analysis.

[4] W. Wang, S. C. Liew, V. O. K. Li, Solutions to performance problems in VoIP over a 802.11 wireless LAN, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Jan. 2005.


The top 3 a.ected protocols are listed in Table 2.

possibly, we will expand this idea by also inspecting the abuse of public web services (e.g.


To this effect, many different learning techniques are available and can be used by a cognitive radio ranging from pure lookup tables to arbitrary combinations of machine learning techniques that include artificial neural networks, evolutionary/ genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, hidden Markov models, etc.

the dynamic use of the spectrum causes adverse effects on the performance of conventional communication protocols, which were developed considering a fixed frequency band for communication.


Oscilloscope measurements to show the working system based on the software-based approach described in Section 2.1 (Section 3.5).

the part was modeled in a computer aided design (CAD) software and Figure 7: 3D-model and 3D-printed additional light bulb parts.


The supplicant re-computes the PTK only if the nonce in the message does not match the stored ANonce.


At time t =0, ALG will schedule all packets from S0.


If this power exceeds a minimum level, a node v at this point can successfully receive the message and falls within the transmission range.

the social optimum for such a game is a radius vector r¯such that each v .


(3) In all other cases where t moves tThe FPi t i t i t it i is updated, the FPin LPLPin LPis implicitly At thetimewhen LPto from one square to another in ( * LP t i +2)8, we replace the old with a temporary forwarding pointer to the new Li rent lookup request as when a LP tthe FPi could cause similar racing conditions with a concur t i +1 instead of removing the and update FP t i is removed.

during this time, t moves at most .d =.ttot ·v node By Equation (4), .d =.


Forwarding packets in events diby P RADS2 while packets from events are still arriving) are processed out-of-order with a parallelized loss-free move.

for strict consistency this global order must match the order in which packets are received by sw. For strong consistency the global order may differ from the order in which packets were received by sw, but updates for packets received by a speci.c NF instance must occur in the global order in the order the instance received the packets.


We say that a node is able to communicate with the wired network if there is a sequence of communication channels with su.ciently high signal to noise ratio that form a path from the node to a wired base station.

the model also includes some residential buildings along the perimeter of the modeled area.


We would like to get full packet Figure 8: Centroid and SVM accuracy per tra.c type size tra.c traces to improve the L7-.lter pre-classi.cation phase.

the idea for the non-linear case is to map the input data to a higher dimensional space F by a function .


Most variants appear as a web-browser add-on thatprovidesaseemingly legitimatefunctionality.

the excluded alerts originating from dynamic IP address ranges, correspond to less than 17% of the total active internal IPs inourdata.


From this local risk measure we derive a global measure: the average probability of correctly guessing the real identity of anonymized addresses(pcg ).

international Journal on Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-based Systems, 10(5):557 570, 2002.


(11) denotes the joint probability distribution of YT and the probability that the Markov process is in state j (where j E E) at time T, conditioned on the event that the Markov process was in state (0; i) at time 0.

12, we compare the results for different arrival patterns, with the average interarrival time for all the different arrival processes set to be the same.


To enable some degree of protection against such attacks, it appears that the introduction of a central repository of recommendation information is bene.cial.

cluster 1 represents high bandwidth and high delay corresponding to downloading music.


Delay between the arrival of an LSP and the stalrt of SPF computation.

on the other hand there are links that hardly ever fail.


The calculated reception rate is then compared to a threshold f to determine the reference connection state of the link at round t. Fig.

the overhead of the protocol adaptation should be very low.


Messages sent via a physical channel may get lost or corrupted, for example, due to material imperfections or signal inferences.

we advocate the model of ABE networks as a natural and useful extension of the asynchronous network model.


6 Discussion On-demand synchronization HARMONIA can be easily extended to handle on-demand synchronization in which a node requests its parent for initiating synchronization.

the drift in the MCC in this time contributes to the synchronization error; therefore, it should be kept small.


After degree reduction by using decoded set D,we have y7 = x3 .

(Equivalence class) Given a set of encoded packets {yi}r i=1, an induced equivalence class E is a set of unique native packets satisfying the fol lowing condition.


During the .rst phase, K source packets are encoded through LT code.

copyright c 2010 ACM 978-1-4503-0062-9/10/06/... $10.00" Nan Yang School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China 100081 yangnan1616@sina.com munication; E.4 [Coding and Information Theory]: Error control codes  General Terms Theory  Keywords Cooperative communications, partial cooperation, fountain codes 1.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


Using 1-way hash function in performing digestion of identities and credentials, it is infeasible (or extremely hard) to reverse the digesting function to obtain the original credentials/identities belonged to the users.

gPS, GIS, etc., ZKLFK FDQ OHDG WR WKH SULYDF WKUHDW FDOOHG ³7UDFNLQJ´ To preserve privacy of XVHU¶V FRQWH[WXDO LQIormation, anonymity is a property which many frameworks and architectures attempt to achieve.


Both the DIFFS processor and the ADC are running at 40 MHz.

iNTRODUCTION Cognitive Radio Networking is a rapidly evolving research thrust area in wireless communications nowadays, aspiring to create a major paradigm shift in the wireless landscape through Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management.


We argue that an ICN should not only recognize information by its name, but also by its traffic nature.

note that R does not directly address the host to where the requests are sent and the network may route each request to a different location.


A measurement study of multiplicative overhead effects in wireless networks.

smartphones are far less prevalent in the residential area, appearing in similar numbers to hotspot users.


homogeneous loci, each of which is an enclosure, get together to form a locale of the behavior.


What this query seeks for is the sensor(s) whosehumidity valueis the maximumhumidity across the whole sensornet.

[2] proposed a heuristic that can handle only the maximization of one dimension, i.e., of the sensor ID.DaCoNhandlesdata ofthe sensor andtherefore it is able to handle multidimensional values of di.erent semantics (maximization, minimization or combination of them, etc).


p0,0 h1 h1 h1 h1 h1 pn-1,n-1 pn,n Figure 1.

large fluctuations near saturation point preclude more accurate estimate of the saturation point.


In the expected usage pattern, users know ahead of time where they want their data delivered, and provide a hint to the system to initiate the data transfer.

our system, called Sulula, provides an infrastructure for distributing private data in challenged networks.


4.1 Deadlock Avoidance Deadlock is a situation where network resources continuously wait for each other to be released.


In the spirit of static global e.ciency Eglob [12], we de.ne the temporal ef.ciency ETij between nodes i and j and between the time interval tmin to tmax as: ETh ij (tmin,tmax)= ij (tmin1 ,tmax) (3) dh where temporally disconnected nodes intuitively have ETij = 1/8 = 0.

since temporal local e.ciency Eloc measures how people you meet interact amongst themselves we can drill in and examine on a local view, if the interaction between such acquaintances are any better for spreading information.


The optical substrate measurement data is provided to a XMPP PubSub measurement server and a SILO measurement service at VM1 periodically consumes measurement data from the XMPP server to get new BER (bit error rate) and power levels, while SILO Tuning Agent also periodically checks for SILO measurement service, to react to the measurement data changes.

we observed that the response time is always below 50ms, which is sending rate of measurement server.


the handling of dynamic and continuous attributes.

[26] M. Jakobsson and A. Juels, Mix and Match: Secure Function Evaluation via Ciphertexts, in Advances in Cryptology: ASIACRYPT 00.


As shown in Section 2, Floodlight, POX and Beacon are terminated along with similar test applications.

this design increases the robustness of a NOS, because it only runs necessary services.


The graph on the right characterizes in.ation as a function of the reference distance between city pairs.

first, we consider the peering topology the union of all peering points between two ISPs.


We observe that for the case of barrier coverage, random placements need approximately log(n)more sensors than that 6Lemma 6.1 can be easily proved for slanted crossing lines in the same manner as it has been proved for orthogonal crossing lines.

in the case of k-barrier coverage, individual nodes can neither locally say yes nor no to the question of whether a given region is k-barrier covered.


Communication between smartphones and server is based both on polling and push mechanisms.

for example a smartphone could be in a small street that has never been sampled, but contained in an area characterized by excessive coverage.


the average energy consumption, which measures the Scenario Description ratio of total dissipated energy by the nodes to the num 1 WSN with all the management functions ber of nodes in the network.

in points 75 and 100 a great di.erence can be perceived in the number of false positives, which has decreased as expected, since the number of orphan nodes 100 6.


We use fairness index (F I) de.ned by Jain [12], as follows.

deterministic QoS protection is veri.ed.


The groups of the protest segment have much more users involved than the groups of the pro-governmental segment, as shown by the tables in Appendix A.

we have already concluded that the groups that mobilize the offline activity of users tend to be closer to the segment centre.


In principle, workconserving-ness aims to fully exploit the link bandwidth, which was precious before but no longer now, yet at the cost of large buffer, which is the major bottleneck to scalability both now and in the foreseeable future.

the smooth multiplexing problem (SMP) is to generate a smooth schedule such that cells of each flow are smoothly or evenly distributed in the whole sequence.


CalREN is also a high-speed network connecting universities in California.

in a sense, we would like to be able to: 1) Use some indicators to establish con.dence in the capacity estimated by CapProbe; and 2) Stop sending probes based on the above indicators.


The maximum connection duration is generally 50 minutes.

analyzing Peer-to-Peer Traf.c Across Large Networks.


Assitive environments, however, have critical privacy requirements.

we select nodes for each group at random from all nodes in the system.


RTTwireless is computed in a similar way as in Section 4.2.

1 proc recv_pkt() { 2 foreach received TCP ACK do 3 read RTTwired from TCP header 4 set RTTwireless = RTT -RTTwired 5 calculate transmission rate using RTTwireless 6 done 7 } Figure 5.


Otherwise, the client is inactive and is waiting for the other player to return the ball.

the .rst time a data .ow enters the network the mean delay is close to 25 ms. After that, the delay decreases on each link along the routing path.


[14] Martin Roesch and Chris Green, SNORT: The Open Source Network Intrusion Detection System 1.9.1, Nov. 2002, http://www.snort.org/.

when using libpcap, even the package size is 1518 Byte, the maximum size of Ethernet, it can not achieve the utmost speed.


To this end, we use a global key pool of N keys, divided into n non-overlapping partitions with m = N/n keys each.

a sensor node only possesses keys from one single partition, but two nodes have certain probability of sharing keys because they may pick keys from the same partition.


Localhost .ow set EachVRinstancemustrespondtoARP, routing, and con.guration messages destined to its virtual interfaces.

again, the output interface lookupfor the forwardingaction isperformed using the VE routing table.


Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance.

as the mobility of nodes is typically limited in speed, and much slower than information propagation over wired or wireless links, the delay for such a mobility assisted scheme remains non-negligible.


Let co be the cell in the middle of this cluster.

using Lemma 1, it follows that almost surely each of these cells would contain more than 16 log n nodes, for large n.we obtain p N(n) N(n) E[H] = ·16 log n · 4 4n Noting that N(n)= 1/a2(n)= T(n/ log n), the result follows.


Also, the relations and businesses among Internet stakeholders like ISPs, CPs, and users should be taken into account.

with the highly skewed popularity distribution (e.g., a is 1.2 or 1.4), Vanilla NDN is better than Oracle since popular items have more requests, and hence interests for popular items are more likely to be hit on cache.


All lifetime values with the transmission range limitations are normalized with the lifetime values obtained when there is no transmission range limitation.

in [17] the authors formulated lifetime maximization in the presence of position dependent maximum transmission range limitations in WSNs as an LP problem.


For each scheduling method, DSSS reduces by approximately half the amount of state each node must share.

brie.y, devices determine con.icts in the network through local topology discovery, receive duration requirements from routing layer inputs, and estimate propagation delay to neighboring nodes through a synchronization protocol [3, 18].


Node mobility was not considered, but we shown that human activity has a real impact on route stability because the routing protocols change state from sample to sample in order to minimize the number of hops.

in IEEE Personal Communications, 8(1):8-15, February 2001; see also www.monarch.cs.rice.edu [10] A. K. Vyas and F. A. Tobagi, Throughput of a Linear Multihop Wireless Network, Tech.


In fact, we do not want to separate the two components at all.

if Dv > Dw ,then w will retransmit and v will not.


Depending on the technology used, the received signal may be partially hidden in the noise floor.

the increased number of senders positively affected the ratio of correctly received black burst transmissions as well as the transmission range.


This is complex because not only are the services in the area unknown to new users, the available means of communication are also unknown.

the ultimate goal of such a system is to provide the support required by the applications and users.


Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT).

solaris shows an equal or superior performance for large data.


Thus there is no connection truncation at all encounter node speed.

each node only has a .nite amount of data for dissemination to another node.


We will see in the following that the choke algorithm veri.es our two fairness criteria with a simple distributed algorithm that does not require the complex computation of a threshold.

a torrent can thus be viewed as a collection of interconnected peer sets.


Due to over-plotting, the density of points is missing in Figure 2(a).

wij gets larger with increasing neighborhood overlap Oij on average, and vice versa.


Such non-market transfers are due to mergers and acquisitions that do not result in any change in the origin AS of the pre.x, and are thus false negatives with our methodology.

we build our pre.x-AS mappings from BGP data, assigning the origin AS of a pre.x as its owner .


Please refer to Figure 3 to illustrate: this CCG is built based on the example shown in Figure 2, we add directed edges from c1 to v1, v2 and v3; from c2 to v4, v5 and v6; from c3 to v7 and v8.

the utility function is a submodular function related to total sensing rate from that component.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper we have shown that significant energy conservation can be achieved by transferring data in high speed bursts.

energy limited peers can start issuing new timed requests to the regular peer at Tr.


First, it is easy to see that DCDS (vi-1,vi) = 2w(TCDS ) 2h = d(T ) and d(T )= D. Then we have the following: i=1 We note that the number of new nodes on the added shortest path 2h - 2 = d(T ) - 2 = D - 2 = D * is exactly equal to DSP T (r, vi) - 1 and |TCDS | = w(TCDS )+1.

taking ß as an user-de.ned input, we derive a relationship between a and ß, which shows the relationship between the size of the constructed CDS and the optimal solution of CDS on size.


We de.ne a link as a BGP session between two adjacent ASes; in our case, a link is between the AS which announces prepended routes and its upstream AS.

we note that due to its very nature, this data is not su.cient to quantify the incidence or the e.ectiveness of prepending.


By this construction, the simulated virtual interface can continuously transmit/receive, with 0 switching delay.

the set of axis-parallel squares C are known to have VC-dimension 3.


The delay performance is more obvious when simulating with bursty traffic.

there exists more possibility of queue buffers being empty when traffic load is low.


The gap exceeded 6 % only for three SPR instances  Scenario Scenario (a) Power minimization(b) CapEx minimization Figure 3: Breakdown of power consumption for the Abilene network with ßa = 110 W, ßt = 240 W. Scenario Scenario (a) Power minimization(b) CapEx minimization Figure 4: Breakdown of power consumption for the Abilene network with ßa = 622 W, ßt = 811 W. (max.

all of them assume Multi-Commodity Flow (MCF) [1], i.e., the typical transportation problem where multiple commodities (traf.c demands) need to be routed over a network with limited capacity.


For the sites C, D and E these latencies were 3.5 ms, 3.5 ms and 3.0 ms respectively.

the join procedure, therefore, incurs a higher overhead at the RP and the higher layers of the hierarchy than the lower layers.


(4) If we ignore the rich stochastic properties of Tdfr and Tifr by only considering their .rst-order behavior, their respective mobility patterns Mdfr and Mifr would have identical utility U(t0).

in fact, for each one of these mobility-related metrics, we can de.ne a twostate (e.g., states 0 and 1 ) random process Zt,and the metric represents the recurrence time of a given state (e.g., state 1 out of 0-1valued process Zt).


1 -.dkl.=m =M -.dkl., glk(m)= 0 otherwise.


Each of these nodes forms a cluster and is designated as the cluster-head for the subtree induced by it.

it is essential that the k-tree core be constantly maintained through changes in the network topology.


For ED, most data is routed using satellites (60%) and the rest us 3The precise starting time, coupled with the location on Earth, is required by the satellite tracking software in order to determine the satellite contact parameters.

continuing the route computed earlier may be far from optimal.


possible that with direct path blocked, the path difference is still smaller than dc and not detected.

so if the amplitude of the .rst peak is greater than the second peak, we mark the spectrum as useful.


Indeed, we .nd that a Weibull distribution with a shape parameter of 0.5 yields a visually reasonable .t for Facebook.

oSNs might add features that increase the per-user bandwidth demand.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have proposed two online algorithms to detect rogue access points, based on real time passive measurements collected at a gateway router.

7.3 Scalability Study We investigate the scalability of our approach by looking at its CPU and memory usages of the PC that runs the detection algorithms(the con.guration ofthePCisdescribed in Section 6.1).


SENSING SCHEME Here we present a periodic sensing scheme and its induced Markov Chain model.

we assume that the SU employs a slotted protocol.


These kinds of packets should be reorganized for the frame-based prioritization.

in particular, we develop an independent MPEG-2 TS parsing tool and customize the proposed parsing procedure for the general TS structure.


Additionally, asymptotic characteristics and the growth rate of the expected optimal SDP objective value of our proposed method are studied.

the accuracy of localization can be improved by fusing both TOA and AOA measurements from neighboring base stations (hybrid measurements) [1]-[3].


If F > 0, Aij =F/nis the per-source feedback(step 3 ofFigure4).

speci.cally, since implementing thelogicforputting anetwork elementto sleep is easier and less expensive than sophisticated scaling techniques, it islikelythatthe .rstpower-awarenetworkinghardwaregeneration willfeature only the sleepfunctionality.


This resolution, called a domain name lookup, is typically the initial step in communica- tion between two IP endpoints when the remote IP address is not known.

from each bin we took the maximum number and the minimum num- ber, and took the difference as the range of values in each bin.


Anotherimportant intuitionthat canbegained fromthose .guresisthat bothperformanceindicesincreasewiththe numberof users.

as perthe previous case, each RBis allocatedtothebestUE,but each user cannot get more than a .xed amount of resources.


On selection of candidates for opportunistic anypath forwarding.

by selecting only D as the candidate of node A, the total number of candidates is reduced by 25% in Case-2.


This type of list is .xed and cannot be altered by any other party in the system, except the B-UE which originated the list.

for example, the B-UE can provide an initial list that can have some or no entries, and this list is being updated by the BM-SC after receiving session subscriptions from the R-UEs.


For instance, by de.nition, a HTTP GET request is received over a single TCP connection, from a single source address.

from the outset, ICN designs have tried to move away from such location-oriented dependencies.


With synchronous and deterministic sleeping schedules, nodes tend to wake up at the same time.

7.1 Semi-De.nite programming-based convex Polynomial Underestimation (SDPU) We use a polynomial underestimator function of degree L =4, thus, u¨(.


density of the leaves), the measurement values can change over time, too.

signals from the MAXWell BS were not frequently missed during the experiment because each MAXWell sector was operating on a unique channel, which is not shared with other BSs, and the signal qual- Median Distance Error (meters) 80 Grid-S / Euclidean Distance 60 40 20 0 50 100 150 200  Number of Neighbors K ity was fair in the experiment area since the MAXWell BS is located relatively close.


An attack s effectiveness is a function of a number of system parameters.

there are too few multihop .ows for the JF to even slightly degrade the fairness index, i.e., repeated collisions and buffer over.ow severely impede multihop traf.c.


The sampling rate has to be chosen depending on the wardriving vehicle speed since the coherence time is dependent on it.

this algorithm is regarded non-usable when thedatamissesarenotconsistentovertimeoroverasmall distance.


This is also particular to a given interface, meaning it s a technology-dependent process since each technology (e.g., Bluetooth, 802.11) requires different settings.

the ne etwork gains fault tolerance and may be able to resist disruptions caused by sudden departures of the actual Leader.


Providing a large number of deltas per .le increases the chances that nodes do not have to download the complete .le.

basedona combinationof empirical observationsand analytical results, we identify interesting properties of today s update traf.c and user behavior.


Second, EM-MAC achieves quick and accurate multichannel rendezvous, thereby minimizing sender idle listening and overhearing.

above this amount, each time the amount of error was doubled, one additional iteration of the algorithm was used by our EM-MAC implementation: for errors above 20 ms but below 40 ms, only 1 iteration of the exponential chase algorithm was used; up to 80 ms, only 2 iterations were used; and up to 160 ms, only 3 iterations were used.


[6] IETF RFC 3550, 2003, RTP: A Transport Protocol for RealTime Applications.

in OMA BCAST Service Guide, the container structure is only functionally similar to the one in DVBIPDC ESG, but the internal design is in different way.


It is apparently impossible to partition the network according to such noisy NSV edges.

of International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, pp.


However, large .uctuations do not necessarily mean a large importance for classi.cation [16].

these EEG signals comprise the training set and are used to derive a classi.cation algorithm.


We might expect a pure trade-off with this technique, i.e.

the most important application area of DSRC is safety.


RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The performance of the multiple retransmission technique has been explored in Ns2 [20].

this solution can be attractive because it requires minimal network bandwidth and processing cost as well as improvement of the video quality.


A, µA ' ,A '' , and .AA ' ,A '' .B ' ,B '' are given by (2), (3), |C| and(4) respectively, and dA ' ,B '' : R. [0,1] are any ,A '' .B ' + functions that satisfy the following property: d·.· (n).

[11] Massouli´ e, L., and Twigg, A. Rate-optimal schemes for peer-to-peer live streaming.


Using the Markov chain, pL in the mobility-based and the adaptive schemes are derived from Eqs.

since each MN has di.erent mobility characteristics, the furthest MAP may not constitute an appropriate solution for some MNs (e.g., slow MNs).


Experiment 1: In Figure 3 we compare RDE (without PF marking) with the original .ve policies presented in [2] on the scenarios with no path failure.

the Network Time Protocol (NTP) can indeed be used for this purpose, but since NTP is not always available in all end hosts, our proposal is not to calculate the absolute delays, but the relative one way delays of each path.


Sensornet deployments in short-term work zones are not guaranteed to be highly-engineered : the placement of nodes in the network cannot be predetermined.

361  Figure 2: Some examples of traf.c statistics that we can measure using our sensornet infrastructure deployed in work zones.


However, identifying elephant .ows through their approach requires the identities (e.g., source IP addresses) of potential elephant .ows; i.e., it requires apriori knowledge of the elephant .ows .rst.

[7] A. Kumar, J. Xu, J. Wang, O. Spatschek, and L. Li, Space-Code Bloom Filter for E.cient Per-Flow Tra.c Measurement, In proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, Hong Kong, China, March 2004.


[20] R. Beyah, S. Kangude, and G. Y. et al.

[(x1,y1 )] accumulator[0].current point .


SenSys 11,November 1 4, 2011, Seattle,WA, USA.

when the condition of one linkofthehybrid nodegetsbad,we arelikelytobe able to compensate for the loss with the other link.


We .nd that some of these cannot be easily captured by simple, one or two parameter, distributions.

a link failure/repair of a backbone link is different.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

multiple base stations are connected by wired links to one GW which is connected to the global Internet.


Such a bargain procedure can be directly realized on the Intemet.

another attractive approach is to implement an electronic auction on the Internet.


For such purposes, a good estimation of the one-way delay average of medium time scales is required.

to make our estimation of one-way delays more exact and to incorporate the queuing delay while still avoiding clock drift problems, we use a different approach.


In ACM, editor, ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pages 263 270, Seattle, Washington, Aug. 1999.

sensor networks are typically modeled as an infrastructure of high density short-range wireless devices, stationary and connected with each other and/or with a base station/controller.


The dashed curves represent the costs of probabilistic forwarding if we assume that when the packet is delivered to the destination, this information is instantaneously propagated to all the nodes which stop copying the packet.

[9] T. Spyropoulos, K. Psounis, and C. S. Raghavendra.


If the congestion level diminishes, the average of its packet growth rate will .ip to a higher steady-state value (a positive trend).

due to itshighsmoothingcapability,wehave adopted thefollowing Epanechnikov quadratic kernel given by: j3 (1-u 2) if|u|=1 D(u)= 4 (3) 0 otherwise Returning back to our rate smoothing case, we have chosen to apply the kernel smoothing technique on the estimated rate samples rather than on the instantaneous rate ones 1 .


The Facebook application allows local storage of locally generated, locally consumed content.

these applications store content on servers that may be geographically distant from where the users are located.


DESIGNREQUIREMENTSFORTE In summary, our evaluations show aperformancegap of 15-20% between optimal routing and current routing practices.

data centers areproneto congestion underheavytraf.cworkloads.


We show the effectiveness of our approach by comparing it with two previously published TCAMbased solutions (MUD and Geometric Intersection-based solution), and two representative software-based solutions (EGT-PC [10] and HiCuts [11]) in Section 5.

hence, the energy consumption level is high when packets match many entries.


Hence, how many neighbors can be infected in an infection cycle is, to a higher degree, determined by how many neighbors can be discovered in an infection cycle.

it is, however, worth mentioning that links under discussion here actually are not Bluetooth links generated between neighboring devices.


The third box shows the state of the network 400 seconds into the simulation.

it is important to clearly mark distinct areas of an event.


Figure 6 shows that at 0 sec stream #1 is admitted without the need to adjust the bit rate, but at 30 sec, also stream #2 requires to enter the network.

such dramatic growth is creating problems in crowded areas, as the Wi-Fi bandwidth is limited and interference effects start to limit the technology usability.


V2k Since D1 = ,wesee that D1 is at least V2k-1 .. .

first, a malicious adversary sets the initial value of all header bits in the packet, including those allocated to PPM, and thus this adversary will attempt to use this ability to hide the information being transmitted.


SenSys 09, November 4 6, 2009, Berkeley, CA, USA.

the shortcoming of this method is straining the computational capacity of the sensor.


Unfortunately, this could be problematic for the ARP request stream sent by the router gateway, as this request stream can contain a signi.cant amount of anomalous requests (see Section 2.2).

a closer look at a short period before and during 3500 Distribution of ARP burstiness the spikes reveals that almost every host that broadcasts requests during the peak times lacks a mapping for the same 3000 IP address.


In a real disaster scenario, an object s proximity to an event is a major factor in how it reacts.

this movement pattern is then repeated continuously.


Therefor sensor i can detect a spectrum by the single-node detection and false alarm probabilities as [6]: Pdi = PonPdi (3) Pfi = Poff Pfi (4)  3.2 A Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme In this paper, it is assumed that the cooperative spectrum sensing is coordinated by the common receiver.

one wants to save as much energy as possible by using fewer sensors and a shorter sensing interval.


A tree-based hybrid centralized routing protocol is presented in [12] which uses hop-count as the routing metric.

so, nodes need to exchange this value periodically which is not speci.ed in the draft of 802.11s.


INTRODUCTION: NEPAL AND ITS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE Nepal is a small Himalayan republic bordered by China in the North and India in South, East and West.

after many failed attempts, he contacted BBC who gave his project, media coverage, and through that he met Johan Verrept from Belgium: together, they started on the project on 2002.


This is important to analyze and evaluate due to resource constraint nature of WSNs.

in response to the Req packet, trusted neighborhood nodes send back reply messages(Rep) to the requester.


In [20], Rosen shows that if the utility function of each player is strictly concave, then an equilibrium solution exists and it is unique.

iEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2001.


General Terms ALGORITHMS, THEORY, PERFORMANCE  Keywords MIMO schemes, diversity, spatial multiplexing, scheme selection 1.

vBLAST reaches smaller diversity gain with respect to the Alamouti 2 × 2 case.


The traf.c dynamics also a.ect the values chosen for NU .A very large NU may seem like a good way to increase e.ciency when using the divider protocol, but this will delay tra.c generated at nodes until the next scheduled portion of the frame.

tDMA cannot easily adapt to changing tra.c conditions.


It was necessary to generate the tra.c using several NICs simultaneously because the deployed cards were not able to send out packets at maximum speed when generating small packets.

our comparison con.rms that PF RING indeedperformsbetter than PF PACKET, as can be seen in Figure 7.


While there are algorithms such as MHT that do not require a track initiation phase, M/N method can achieve admissible performance and a better power saving policy for WSN applications.

exponential-beta method is much more generous for the distant detections than exponential.


"Schema-Independent and Schema-Friendly Scientific Metadata Management."

2003 [1] and was used in that report as part of the explanation therein regarding cyberinfrastructure.


Keywords DPWS, XACML, plug and play, home networking, security, trust 1.

we suggest that inter domain discovery messages are signed on the message layer using the compact signature format de.ned in [10].


It is also worth noting that, as the number of .ows in a class increase, the law of large numbers comes into play and the expected behavior begins to approach the aggregate sample path behavior.

we also thank the anonymous reviewers and Victor Firoiu for useful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper.


Since D5 is the combination of three atomic decisions, its weight is the aggregate weight of three nodes, i.e., w5 =3.

there are two classes with label 0 and 1 respectively.


It is in fact current practice to add timestamps to game events in online games.

such network does not provide a full reliability, since it was not possible to transmit the whole game event trace (i.e.


[7] T. Ylonen, Thoughts on how to mount an attack on tcpdpriv s -a50 option....

we anonymize regular expressions involving digit wildcards and ranges by leveraging automata theory [6].


Similar to [8], the receive FDE weight and the residual ISI replica are updated in each iteration.

[9] K. Takeda, H. Tomeba, and F. Adachi, Multicode DS-CDMA with joint transmit/receive frequency-domain equalization, Proc.


[5] T. Camp, J. Boleng, V. Davies, A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research, Wireless Communication & Mobile Computing (WCMC),vol.

firstly, we develop a theoretical framework to study the means and the distributions of link lifetime, new link interarrival time, link breakage interarrival time and link change interarrival time.


PROBLEM FORMULATION The model of single user accessing to the unauthorized spectrum in CRN studied in this paper is illustrated in Fig.1.

compared with the algorithm existing now, this algorithm has a simple procedure and low computational complexity.


(3) The N-PVR-SCP receives the nPVR service capture request and responses this request back to the UE through the core IMS.

one thing has to be thought is how do teachers help learners to learn extensively after school or office?


At that level, the derived signal HiL 6 (x) contains aggregated data values that are 26 x 5 = 320 minutes apart.

comparisons between the performance of the PS(4,1) Type II to the system RS4 (whose filters are all 5-tap, but whose approximation order is only 2), yielded a signifi cant difference in performance.


In Proceedings of the ACM MobiHoc, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2002.

pRISM w/o RPC PRISM with partial RPC PRISM with full RPC IDEAL Packet reordering is a major problem in multi-path rout 1.2 ing environments.


For an interplay of several oscillators, the topology of the interconnections can be described by a graph G = {V, E}, where V is a .nite set of oscillators and eij .

here, only  Figure 3: Average link density with respect to number of nodes in the network where average is calculated over 30 experiments for each N. Links are considered only where the reception rate is greater than 50%.


4.1 WSN Testbed and Methodology Several di.erent scenarios were considered to evaluate the impact of positioning to secrecy and robustness.

the frequent case of a sensor network with static motes is supported.


It enables us to perform the estimation using tcpdump trace passively measured at the receiver side.

figure 18 shows the every run for simulation scenarios of no ack loss and of 0.01 ack loss rate.


In method QaFCD, the default value of constraint packet delay is 160µs.

this model can assist EERs to adapt their capacities with the information of the incoming network tra.c along the tra.c path.


show in [4] that there is a huge potential to reduce the energy consumption of LTE networks by using the publicly accessible residential femto base stations (which they name as pico base stations) to supplement the capacity of the macro network.

according to their characterization, the radiated power is divided into the following categories: very low, low, medium, and high.


They take into account .le sizes but not their popularity distributions.

3.2.2 CORC Scheme The receipt exchange in the case of CORC is almost identical to that of DCRC.


More complex properties, such as the frequency of a document, can be defined using Zipf--like distributions .

errors in time-based header values *), and the ability of clients and servers to abort transactions at any time.


Such thoroughfares are often straight and lined with large buildings.

coverage to indoor nodes requires signi.cantly higher infrastructure densities.


At a given iteration, a VC is deleted from one of theselinks only if the impact of the deletion on packet latency is less thanthe impact of deleting VCs from any other link in the network.

the change in packet latency is much smoother in the case of deletion of VCs, compared to addition.


Every packet is authenticated and the packet sender s identity is unforgeable (of course, only for uncompromised senders).

this attack can be countered by a secure neighbor detection scheme discovering 2-hop neighborhood rather than 1-hop neighborhood.


In CRP [12], routing is done quickly and enhances the error tolerance because the cluster head can use another node to forward the packet if required.

it constructs a new complete cluster list using the newly established information in the CLERR when the RREQ initiator receives the CLERR.


IMPLEMENTATION Due to security policies, software components and systems are typically predetermined.

it is impossible to connect to it by using a TCP connection with a binary protocol like the bundle protocol.


Multiple solutions have been proposed by industry and academia with this vision.

[9] Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (e-utra); user equipment (ue) radio transmission and reception.


Last graph shows Catnap with adaptation.

the Catnap-like cross tra.c can increase the transfer time by up to 18%.


After a social worker symposium, a curriculum was developed for training supervisors who then go on to train PSWs.

at the inception of the program, they trained community members who already work with OVC in order to empower and motivate them to continue to provide services to the OVC.


The basic idea is to exploit the valley-free property of Internet paths to assign pairwise relationships between ASes.

in this paper, we evaluate the topologies of real anonymity networks in the context of the properties of Internet routing at the AS-level, and design ways to quantify the results.


In what follows, we apply the improved algorithm to the the same request set in Example 1.

with the use of speech coding techniques that produce compressed voice and/or detect silent periods, it is expected that high quality voice data can be transmitted at or below 4Kbps, and that the Bluetooth speci.cation will support voice transmission at two or more distinct rates.


InSectionIV-C,we .nd that all traf.cgoing through oneof the GGSNs can result in up to an order of magnitude increase in air mile.Speci.cally, the mediandistance of EAR is142km and that of EAG is 993km.


DYMO, FSR, RIP and ZRP are considered for the comparison purpose.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


Then w can create a local copy of n s log.

figure 2 shows the results for the PlanetLab experiment.


In the proactive defense strategy, all radios of a sensor switch channels periodically.

consuming more power, the relative defense-to-power consumption increased resulting in almost constant JDPE (Eqn.


The TCP stream in a bad location yields a throughput lower than the TCP download in bad location in Figure 6(a).

in the .rst layout, both laptops are placed in locations that provide good wireless connectivity.


This joint state comes for free in the sense that it does not require additional proofs.

given our theorems, (real-world) security protocols can be analyzed with a high degree of modularity and without giving up on precision: Once implicit disjointness is established for a protocol .rst proof step , it su.ces to carry out single-session analysis for the protocols second proof step in order to obtain multi-session security with joint state for the original protocol, not just an idealized version with pre-established SIDs added in various places, as explained in Sections 3 and 4.


Meanwhile, sensors and sensor networks have in recent years been adopted as a major research focus by federal funding agencies.

this system can handle about 41 (i.e., 500/12) tags per second.


a performance module can get periodic updates from a monitoring system.


If logically we have an unstable link, indicated by the reception of spurious HELLOs, chances are still good to successfully transmit data packets to the next hop.

figure 7 and 8 show the Ping delivery success charts for OLSR and LUNAR, respectively.


This has the main advantage that debugging activities may benefit from knowledge about the causal re- lation of the events in a computation.

universitb di Pisa Corso Italia 40 56125, Pisa, Italy giangi@di.unipi.it  Keywords Wide Area Network, Programming Languages, Debuggers ABSTRACT Advancements in network-aware computing has prompted the study of novel programming languages with advanced programming abstractions to support various forms of mo- bility and to coordinate and monitor the use of resources.


They typically translate a query to an operator graph, place the operators to stream processing nodes, and execute them to process the streamed data.

6.3 Recombination and Mutation Recombination creates newalternatives in the search space from the individuals selected in the steps performed beforehand.


A more subtle danger arises from the use of the CDC as a control channel for the CCC.

the J-standard has, however, in practice served as a guide from which other industry associations have made minimal modi.cations to suit their di.ering technical requirements [22, 15].


For each request, rl, we can compute a distance dl that is the num- ber of positions up the stack that the requested document is moved.

departures from this locality are rela- tively frequent, but not persistent.


In SecondNet, we re-interpret MPLS label as port.

they just perform priority queueing and forward packets based on the source routing information carried in the packet headers.


Lookup operations are easily done if one is also given a state as input; that is, one can check if a .ow is in a speci.c state easily by checking for the appropriate (.ow-id,state) pair.

an example of modifying an entry is given in Figure 1.


Scenario 3 consists of a movement away from the access point within the .rst 30 seconds while remaining at the end position for further 20 seconds until the end of the experiment.

in Proceedings of the NCA 03, pages 249 256, May 2003.


Figure 3 Architecture of WLAN Interworking Conceptually, MN could have a higher data rate in WLAN compared to the CDMA2000 network.

cDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev.A can provide up to 3.1 Mb/s in forward link and 1.8Mb/s in reverse link.


It provides a weak foundation for theorists to "reason about" the Internet, but as a practical matter it has benefited most applications by forcing them to be much more robust to varying performance and technical changes than they would otherwise have been.

end, if it need not be modified in transit4.


d The base algorithm with the same threshold as before (th block = 15) captures seven out of ten positive dse peaks upon upstream valve operation because of the asynchronous temperature drop on both sides (§4.3).

on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators and Eurosensors IX., volume 1, pages 369 372, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1995.


802.11 was already proposed in [2], where di.erent layers were mapped to 802.11e access categories.

again, the proxy starts to serve the base layer of the video (approx.


Demodulation converts the separated signals into bits (2).

we report results from both 802.11a/g and 802.11n runs for our algorithm.


Exploring semantic interference in heterogenous sensor networks.

the potentially large number of co-located networks and fairly small number of channels suggests that this will not be an unusual situation.


And by de.nition of FSA, it will forward along this sequence if it exists.


For example, the well-known Conficker, Mariposa, Coreflood, and Waledac/Kelihos botnets are all ineffective in the aspect of monitoring the botnet and retrieving the collected data, demonstrating that even sophisticated botnets have no robust and efficient upstream channel.

the Property Requirements of the Divided Sub-Channels ChannelProperty Survivability Identification Confidentiality Availability Robustness Recoverability Scalability Monitor Efficiency CDC necessary necessary necessary necessary RC necessary necessary necessary necessary DUC necessary necessary necessary necessary necessary  3.


Due to lack of space, we simply state the two main theorems that result from our analysis.

in more detail, if a packet transmission fails at the link layer, a .nite number of retransmissions are attempted for each packet (as in IEEE 802.11).


During the .rst channel change, these nodes switched back to the original channel to broadcast the change channel command, thus requiring a total of 3 channel changes.

these two frequency zones, boundary nodes have to on both between two channels to relay packets, a process we spectral multiplexing.


BIOGRAPHY Kevin A. Kwiat is a Principal Computer Engineer in the Cyber Science Branch of the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in Rome, New York where he has worked for over 28 years.

we liken the fight-through problem to an Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act (OODA) loop.


3 depicts the degree distribution of BATH, INFC06 and UCSD traces, where the BATH and INFC06 traces exhibit a power-law distribution, while the UCSD trace shows that most nodes have similar degrees.

it is sensitive to select the time window at the absolute time of the day.


Moreover, it is possible to generate a stream of keys in advance (offline), speeding up the process of secure communication.

hence, the increase of security costs only one addition operation.


Inferring AS-level Internet topology from router-level path traces.

our examination of data shows that this is not the case, i.e.,(h0 -h8)remains relatively stableover different starting dates, which validates the assumption of bh .


SecureArray makes no assumptions about the type of antenna that the attacker uses.

our results also show that ef.cacy degrades very little when we reduce the number of antennas at the AP to six and four.


Let s see why and how our algorithm is not so sensible to noise and encompasses non circular detection area.

indeed, Christophe L´evy compares in [14] di.erent methods of parametrization on small systems ,like mobile phones, for reduced vocabulary and have shown that the parametrization based on MFCC is signi.cantly more e.cient for this kind of systems.


Consider BSS i, and de.ne Ci as a set of interfering BSSs of BSS i.

[9] P. C. Ng and S. C. Liew, Offered load control in IEEE 802.11 multi-hop ad-hoc networks , in Proc.


Throughput/frame Figure 3: Performance of DRA,DRA+,LRA.

it can be seen that both DRA and DRA+ converge quickly, with DRA taking about 3 frames and DRA+ taking slightly longer, about 5 frames to attain close to 90% of the optimal value, thereby making them conducive for practical deployment.


Principals are able to query PANE to determine their available capabilities, examine the schedule of bandwidth availability, create sub-shares, and grant privileges to other principals.

networks are the shared fabric interconnecting users, applications, and devices, and .uctuating, unpredictable network performance and reliability create challenges and uncertainty for network administrators, application developers, and frustrated end-users alike.


The call dropping rate is acceptable before high traffic load was applied, but after changing the load, the call dropping rate increases, then slowly declines to about the same level as before, because of the implementation of ideal assignment and admission control.

by using an agent, it would be possible to allow selection of SP by offering on price, QoS, or value added service.


The control unit can then analyze the driver s health condition and generate warning signs or make automatic control of car, if necessary, for safety driving.

the transmitter electrode consisting of two metal pieces was directly contacted to the left chest, and the receiver was connected to a personal computer via a USB cable for recording the received data and counting the BER.


Our model does not include fading and thus rather represents mean values.

phD thesis, Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen, Munich, Germany, July 2000.


Those websites which do not have a mobile version, tend to have even more objects.

g2 shows a different behavior by periodically downloading small chunks of the video every 10 seconds.


However, recent natural catastrophes have shown that it is not possible to de.nitively secure a data storage location.

this rarely happens without any warning.


Rd., Taipei, Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan chiawei74105@yahoo.com.tw htwu@csie.ntut.edu.tw ufvkomj@hotmail.com ABSTRACT To improve the performance of IEEE 802.11e, many methods based on admission control mechanisms and adaptive contention window adjustment algorithms are proposed.


This is surprising since, unlike sensors/WSNs or MANETs, RFID tags are expected to be close and relevant to the average user/consumer.

of California, Irvine, USA David Molnar Roberto Di Pietro Melanie Rieback Univ.


In slot 4, B suppresses its transmission, since its .ags are identical to those in the packet it received from A in slot 3.

the PRR decreases gradually from 0.65 with two transmitters to 0.15 with 15 transmitters.


In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM), pages 32 43, Boston, MA, Aug. 2000.

a topological map models the environment as a graph, with each node representing a region (such as a particular room or corridor), and each edge representing regions that are connected in space.


As the next level of the clustering hierarchy, the time-domain clustering takes the NE grouping result as input to perform the hour grouping for each identi.ed NE-group.

it is increasingly dif.cult to monitor an operational 3G network with naive pre-de.ned threshold scheme.


Nodes that are forwarders but not receivers are represented by black points.

this energy model takes overhearing into consideration.


If we assume that the sum of the maximum power that can be transmitted by each mobile in the uplink, is the same as N ¯ the power constraint of the downlink, i.e., i=1 p¯i = Q,the following condition has to be satis.ed by using Equations (20) and (22): N aUL .

for a given instance, a total of 10 mobiles are generated, the locations of which are randomly distributed over the cell.


There is a lot of research on the physical design of nodes and various network protocols like low-power e.cient MAC layers.


It also adopts some of the features added in [5] and [7] to account for spectrum mobility.

the proposed framework has the potential to account for the mobility challenges in both network and spectrum heterogeneous environments in a .exible and scalable manner.


In particular, the packet at the head of queue i at time t is a 1-packet.

in this model we have a switch with m incoming FIFO queues with bounded capacities and one output port.


higher-levelompilation.Manyprojetshave hardwiredspeifappliationlevelinformationinompilers.Theseprojetsinlude:theERASERdynami   Protool Buferallo Diretory(*) Send-wait FalsePos Applied FalsePos Applied FalsePos Applied bitvetor 0 17 3 214 2 32 dynptr 2 19 13 3 2 2 3 si 0 5 1 0 11 ona 0 32 5 659 0 7 ra 0 20 9 424 2 35 onnonode 0 4 0 1 2 2 total 2 97 31 176 125 Table6:Appliabilityofthethreelessefetiveheks:approximatenumberoftimesthehekwasapplied.The raedetetionheker[26];ompilerdiretedprefethingandmanagementofI/O[23];theuseofstatianalysistohekforseurityerrorsinprivilegedprograms[1]; ParaSoft'sInsure++[19],whihanhekforUnix systemallerrors;andtheGNUompilers'-Walloption,whihwarnsaboutdangerousfuntionsandquestionableprogrammingpratiesLoally,thispaperaddressesadiferentproblemdomain.Moreglobally,these pastprojetslookatspeifproblemsthatompilation anhelp,whereasMCprovidesaframeworkforapplyingompilationtoallaspetsofprogramming.Itsextensibilityletsimplementorshekrestritionsnotpossiblewiththeseotherapproahes.Thesuessofthis priorworkanbeviewedasgivingredenetotheir generalizationinMC.


In this paper, we proved that it was possible to design and to implement a mobile application that provides well-integrated security with minimal effect.

interestingly, [2] also used, many years ago, mobile devices as cryptography mediums, with the difference that it was to sign documents stored and transmitted using desktop computers.


In light of these considerations, we explicitly decouple the eviction policy from presentation and the cost from value.

the union of all search terms in a search session represents a bag of search words that can potentially be Figure 2: Example values for (a) domain topics, (b) search topics, and (c) content topics.


For example, if the session between Y and RR1 were an over session instead of an up session, Y would have no way to receive an eBGP route learned at Z.

operators need to be able to predict the effects of a con.guration change before deployment in the live network.


The de.nition of the operating range3 simply ensures that we can get a .nite estimate.

we use the bisection search method for the results in this paper.


(packets/s) bu *(ms/packet) P *Tx(W ) eP (%) .


The upper and lower envelope of all max-min data points is drawn in the same plot.

aNCS 06, December 3-5, 2006, San Jose, California, USA.


Itisknownthat solving(2) forthe optimal policy isPSPACE-hardingeneral[7].

gLOBAL CONTROL: DISPATCH The global control operates on top of local control at the macro time scale of rounds.


These above algorithms can effectively use various networks resource using multi path.

the goal of the proposed system is to guarantee stable end-to-end QoS required for seamless multimedia service.


The bitmaps of the Tree Bitmap Algorithm for the multibit version are also shown.

www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space  [14] Policies for IPv4 address space management in the Asia Paci.c region.


Requiring the mobile node to implement a mobile aware network stack was reasonable, requiring it of every node on the Internet was not.

whether, or more probably when, should the address(es) listed in the DNS for the Mobile Node be updated to reflect the node s new location.


nodes in contact must be within transmission range of each other while nodes not in contact should be beyond transmission range.

the time to reach a threshold of accuracy when starting without knowledge of initial positions in the experiments of Section.


A large amount of work considered methods for coping with voids, face routing being one of the .rst solutions[1,9].

figure 12 shows an example route used inBinary WaypointRoutinginthisnetwork whileFigure14 presents the corresponding tra.c map.


This is consistent in our indoor environment.

we used the cyclicdiversity MIMO mode and thus transmitted a single data stream from our two antenna systems.


that can be triggered by the low power sensing modalities.

hudson, K. Yao, and D. Estrin, Coherent Acoustic Array Processing and Localization on Wireless Sensor Network , to apprear in IEEE Proceedings, Mid 2003.


To validate our design, we have implemented QATO on Android platform and have developed a web browser and a photo uploader on top of it.

qr do if Sr > 0 then EXECUTETASK(Tj) Qr .


not all higher layer protocols employ checksums, and in any case it is dangerous to rely on such checksums because they are typically designed only for low residual error rates.