We argue that this is a realistic assumption given that TRA and TRV need to be typically broad casted back to back given a small delay (in the order of few sec onds); it is therefore unlikely that one of them is con.rmed within the .rst few seconds in a new block.

1 if a block is created within{tk-1,tk}, Xk = 0 otherwise.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Yingjiu Li s work is supported in part by SMU Research Of.ce under number 12-C220-SMU-006.

a sequence of pressed keys observed by an adversary is equivalent to a random sequence, which is similar to a ciphertext generated by a one-time pad.


Previously, a great deal of work has investigated anonymization techniques [27, 16, 8, 13, 28, 5] to ensure network data privacy.

to draw a neighbor T ' of Ti-1 uniformly at random, we .rst randomly choose an internal node r in Ti-1 (other than the root) and then permute the three subtrees associated with r to generate two alternative con.gurations of r s subtrees, as illustrated in Figure 2.


gadgets are used to implement the function that copies injected code from data memory to program memory.


Similarly, freezing is another class of physical attack that can extract a key if it was ever stored in an accessible part of memory [5].

all other portions, including the error-correcting unit (ECU) and the crypto core (CC) were implemented in software on the ARM processor.


These parameters are used to generate a key pair (pkNM , skNM ) as shown in Algorithm 2.

5.4 Filing Complaint and Blacklist Update If Bob .nds Alice has misbehaved, Bob executes this protocol to obtain Alice s pnym from the NM and update the blacklist.


With such a local ticket repository, a smartphone simply appends an unused ticket before it submits a report, and then discards this ticket.

[34] investigates worms in Bluetooth envi ronment and recommends deploying monitoring systems in high tra.c area.


3.5 Setup Phase Setting up an implementation of our protocol requires a number of steps.

role Manager(RoM) the role manager that maps a user to a set of roles.


First we point out that the modi.ed protocol Den-.AMTC remains an authenticator even if used in a concurrent setting.

unforgeability and deniability should still hold against such a powerful attacker.


The OAuth Manager is implemented as a separate application, and is responsible for displaying the authorization and authentication in an embedded web component hosted in the OAuth manager and is accessible to the client app.


Although the use of specialized hardware achieves high processing rates, most implementations require customprogramming, andare usually tied to the underlying device.

wedemonstrate that ourimplementation scales well with the number ofprocessing units.


The portion of system calls with degree of 1 gives hints to classify the malware families.

we can detect the malicious behavior of programs by generating the system call graph of the malware and exploring the network properties.


As previously mentioned users of the original PassFaces system tended to choose attractive faces of people sharing their race, and users of the Draw-a-Secret system tended to draw symmetric patterns to use during authentication.

research later discredited this hypothesis because it implied a constant positive correlation between recognition and recall, with recognition always easier then recall.


In principle, such an ap 1In fact the security kernel has to provide comprehensive user access control as in typical operating systems, including system login and screen lock functionality, in order to prevent unauthorized access to the wallet.

truWallet works with standard SSL-based authentication solutions for the web except that minor modi.cations and extensions on the server-side are necessary.


a PIN (Personal Identification Number), used by entities for registration in the PSD.

we believe that our approach explored a more complete approach different from other research projects in that we take into account mobility, usability, and security.


SRNET: A Real-time, Cross-based Anomaly Detection and Visualization System for Wireless Sensor Networks  Eirini Karapistoli Department of Information Systems University of Macedonia Egnatias 156, 54006, Thessaloniki, Greece ikarapis@uom.gr  Panagiotis Sarigiannidis Dept.

the J I M i function corresponds to the results obtained by a jamming attack to a single or to multiple sensor nodes.


In strong secrecy, the intruder learns a key KG only if KG is lost, a dishonest member received KG, either when it joined the group or while it was a member of the group, or if a pairwise key was stolen and used to distribute KG.

group protocols usually do not have such a notion of individual sessions strongly tied to principals and keys.


This doesn t pose a problem, because as mentioned previously, we are interested in only those locations where users spend signi.cant amount of time.

figure 4 shows the box-plot of phone usage at different locations.


Because this mechanism integrates with the application s language, it allows developers .exibility in choosing a response to the SQLIAs that matches the speci.c needs of their organization.

in its dynamicpart,thetechniqueinspectsthedynamicallygenerated queries for compliance with the statically-built model.


At .rst glance, this problem is well-studied: there is a huge body of literature on Gaussian mixture modeling with unknown numbers of components, including integrated model selection and estimation approaches (e.g., [6]).

additional domain knowledge (e.g., the relative sizes of the bumps, their spread, and inter-bump spacings) can be easily incorporated within the Bayesian formulation.


The local uni.cation used to generate the set of candidate matches that is then reduced using def-use chains and value preservation is limited by several restrictions.

the control .ow of the software now follows the calculation of a logical XOR, and at each of the four possible end points of the control .ow graph, code can be implemented that stores the result of the calculation to some output register.


[9] D. Gao, M. K. Reiter, D. Song, On Gray-Box Program Tracking for Anomaly Detection , 13th USENIX Security Symposium, August 2004 [10] Debin Gao, Michael K. Reiter and Dawn Song, Gray-Box Extraction of Execution Graphs for Anomaly Detection , the 11th ACM CCS conf., 2004.

data layout 1 scheme only allows performing protections on v5, v8 and v9 together at P4 since only they are adjacent and the protection operations on them can be clustered at the same clustering point (i.e.


the agent system and of different agents from each other.

in addition to portable code, Java offers a serialization mechanism allowing to capture a mobile agent's object instance graph before it migrates to a different host, and to resurrect the agent in the new environment.


In Proceedings of the ACM conference on Computer and communications security, pages 1043 1054.

we argue that this environment also requires a well-con.gured application sandbox to prevent applications from bypassing the APIs.


3.1 Threats Classi.cation of threats can assist in .nding threat severity, precautions, and its countermeasures.


because the corresponding ACK packets are never sent by the attacker), it would seem intuitive that lowering the timeout values when the queue is under attack would result in more illegitimate request being .ushed out than legitimate ones.

they have been a topic of much research for almost as long.


As noted in Section 2.2, it is theoretically possible for a single attacker on a modem to generate more than enough traf.c to exceed this threshold using large wscale values.

whereas previous work has focused on opt-ack as a means to greedily improve end-to-end performance, we study optack exclusively as a denial of service attack.


REFERENCES [1] G. Carl, G. Kesidis, and S. Rai, Denial of service attack detection techniques, IEEE Internet Computing, 10(1): 82-89, Jan. 2006.

in the experiments, we utilized the attackers to access the victim web server and launch well-known DDoS attacks using a series of DDoS tools such as Stacheldraht and TFN2K.


In particular, for each i, where i =1,..., 2m, and each point (x * ,t * ), the ODE d j jj ** z(t)= .i(z(t)),z(t )= x (26) i ii dt has a unique solution, de.ned for all t. We say that t .. j * * zi (t;x ,t * )passing through(x ,t * )is the i-th characteristic curve for the j-th subsystem.

following switching PDE models the o.takewithdrawal under discrete open/close actions of the adversary .


Thus, we can compute all ei s with |ei| < Xi when Xt)j/t < N(1+o(1))(j/k)(t+1)/t (X1 · · · , which achieves the < N(1+o(1)) maximum N(1+o(1)) at j= k-1.

[15] extended this attack to solve the GACD problem on multiple instances.


They have no interest to verify whether a spectrum is actually used by a primary user or not.

achieving a trustworthy monitoring is not easy.


Note that the communication function is also part of the veri.cation function (Figure 3) and is veri.ed by the checksum function.

[30] A. Seshadri, M. Luk, E. Shi, A. Perrig, L. van Doorn, and P. Khosla.


Unfortunately, current leading technologies are restricted to .

it is desirable for the challenge to be relatively stable so the PUF can be used as an identi.er or key.


The three images in Figure 2, which backgrounds have been removed are shown in Figure 3.


Likewise, every line read from the memory is decrypted before it is stored in L2 cache and used by the program.

our work is based on its proposed mechanisms in handling potential attacks.


We observe that this chain is usually no longer than three for most applications.

first, access control policies are implemented jointly through the proper de.nition of database access operations (e.g., SQL queries) and the data processing and .ltering functions within web applications.


The space requirement for their reference monitor is linear to the size of the formula but independent of the size of the history.

the space of social states is the set G[V, R].


Theassumptionbehindthis modusoperandiisthatthetypical maliciousprogramtriestoperformits maliciousactions as soon as possible.

a behavioral pro.le aims to capture a program s behavior at anhigherlevel of abstractionthanaraw system call trace while correctly retaining a program s behavioral semantics.


Now consider Obviously, for N N D(R, Rref )= X 2 (ri - rref,i) D(R, R )= X (ri - ri)2 i=1 i=1 Note that the reference value Rref is obtained from the reg-D(R, R ) ~ .2(N) istration process where the average value of multiple images 2sr 2 is used.

bASIS OF THE METHOD Authenticity and originality are two major requirements for printed document which need to be authenticated.


We instantiate our protocol using the Burmester-Desmedt (BD) GKA [3] and benchmark a proof-of-concept implementation of the protocol core as a plugin for Pidgin.1  2.

for all following rounds, S uses the symmetric keys shared by the adversarial parties with the honest user to simulate the honest user s inputs following t ' and runs the adversary code to produce the adversarial portion of the transcript T ' .


Focusing on PasswordCategory, dictionary strings seem to be the easiest passwords to enter (23.8%).

passwords created on smartphones were signi.cantly shorter than PC passwords and passwords on smartphones as well as tablets used signi.cantly fewer upper case letters.


It could be the case, for instance, that Z is expressive enough for a particular application and also has lower administrative overheads than Y would in the same situation.

even RBAC1 uses several times as many roles as there are users in the system, potentially indicating a poor .t from all three systems, as the administrative value of using roles is reduced when the the number of roles exceeds the number of users [27].


However, it has been proved that Greedy-Search algorithm is an Hn-approximation algorithm for the MSC problem.

to the best of our knowledge, work related to UAS and hybrid hierarchy, and hence the AQ problem is new and has not been carried out by other researchers.


If an attacker has direct access to the .lesystem outside these systems, access control mechanisms do not take e.ect anymore.

it is possible to recover deleted records and .eld data, and even rollback to previous versions of .eld data as long as the used areas of the .le have not been overwritten by other data.


Thus, it is not necessaryto fetchandverifyall MerkleTreenodesuptothe rooton each memory access, signi.cantly improving memory bandwidth consumption and veri.cation performance.

the reason being, since this MAC value has previously been veri.ed and is safe on-chip, it can be trusted as if it were the root of the tree.


3.4 Trading Off Self-healing Capability for Less Broadcast size In our previous schemes, each key distribution message contains redundant information for all the other m - 1 sessions.

technical Report TR-2003-03, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, 2003.


The dotted lines on the other hand explain how information .ows inside the system.

a can send an intent to application B which has SEND SMS permission and happens to listen for these kind of intents.


If a clickable element is found (7), whose attributes (e.g., the href attribute of an  tag) match the URL of the candidate click, we consider this to be a con.rmed click, which reports information including the URL of the page currently rendered in the browser (i.e., the URL in the address bar), the path in the current page DOM of the found clickable element, and the URL of the next Web resource that would be requested as a consequence of clicking on that element.

while this is not completely accurate, because the download happened through an automatic redirect, the click graph produced is correct.


, aN ) and sets si := Read(S, ai) for all i .

a has no in- P .uence anymore once Attest is executed between P and V P in the execution phase.


a trusted path between an I/O module and I/O devices can be established as in related work [22, 40].


During their lifetime, Term_A and Term_B steadily attracted new victims and number of victims was almost doubled close to the end of the vote.

a verypopular social engineering techniqueis regarding bill or debt, where fraudsters claim .ctitious debts owed by the victims in order to acquire private information or defraud victims of money.


When c receives ; m1, every value for nonce N and for the claimed sender D is ; possible, and the answer m2 that c sends depends on these two variables.

in [27], we considered what we call the logical aspect: a mismatch between the behavior of a channel as an assumption and as a goal.


After verifying the clients identity, I dP issues a token for U containing several claims (e.g., user s identity, expiration time, and access rights).

aCS Spoo.ng attacks may be possible even if signed  messages are used.


The device diversity is produced by con.guring virtual platformstoemulate heterogeneous devices for the replicas, one with Intel 82540EM NIC (Network Interface Card), sound Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

if one service application stays one or more additional cycles in the idle mode than the other replicated application due to the late arrival of incoming packet, the system call sequences of them 91 will diverge a little bit.


Speci.cally, if the rootkit can predict the exact number of hardware events that occur during the execution of a system call, it could carefully modify the system call to generate the same number as the original one.

scenario #4: The rootkit may undo modi.cations.


(iii)Audience: Users who perceive the project by viewing it and interacting with it.

traditional watermarking methods applied on single files are not adequate for covering the complete procedure of producing a digital art project.


the memory consumption is O(s + log m), KeyGen(1s) $ 1. k .


since each bucket C(i) includes an equal number of slots from each original bucket in {B(j)}, the adversary cannot trace a given output element to its original bucket B(j).


In general, such modeling is useful for any kind of library code we wish to invoke, but not track information flow during its execution in detail.

with the current state of the art in web security, any thirdparty code can always send information to its own originating server, e.g.


If the user needs to connect to a wireless network that does not require a passcode; the first thing to do is creating a VPN tunnel connection through a reliable system, then sending all the internet traffic through this connection.

the hacker gets the chance to perform his/her actions on the targeted system, when a user is in session with wider powers.


Player i then shares this secret by splitting it into n shares and giving the jth share to player j.

he proves that the state he is sharing is |0)).


After evaluating the trust score, the trust credentials which mainly include i) aggregated trust value, ii) SLA of CSPs iii) and their Level of Trust are exchanged between home and foreign CSPs.

in PaaS model customer has also control of middleware operating systems like Java runtime environments.


We assume that a consumer spends about $3.5 for paid apps per month and usually uses unlimited Wi-Fi plan which costs about $53 per month.

according to [7], the user delay tolerance has a relatively sharp bound around 5 seconds.


updates force the data producer to locally recompute the Vornoi neighbors for each affected point, resign a hash including the concatenation of the point and its neighbors, and transmit the signature to the data store.


As stated in section 3, targeted stealth attacks are becoming a serious concern, coupled with the complexity of Grid systems we believe that undetected Grid server compromises will occur no matter which security precautions are taken.

the users could still, however, log on to his or her worker nodes and check manually since a Service Host compromise does not spill over to the virtual worker nodes.


In this case, the training stops when the probability di.erence is no more changing with respect to the threshold.

for each i-th run of a given URL u, the initial probability vector p is the probability of each distinct function to be an initial state.


The simulations indicated that convolving ., independent of the number of entries, took very little time, as did the querying for global accessibility through the PolicyGlobe algorithm.

it is expected, then, that in a sparse network, the generation of .


(Airborne software systems are normally certi.ed to the RTCA DO178B standard.)

eFBs replace several pounds of paper and provide an ef.cient interface to these documents.


Section 5 contains our experiments where we apply our results to analyze an integrity check on non-uniformly distributed PINs.

n n #(B ' )log2#(B ' and B ' 1,..., B ' n be chosen as in H(D|P) #(B)log2#(B)- Corollary 1.


Frank has a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

the virtual machine managers provide us with better sandboxing, detailed monitoring capabilities and fine-grained access control on the resource usage.


4.4.1 Generic Cyclic Colored Matrix Model We de.ne a generic cyclic colored matrix model by expanding a generic colored matrix model de.ned by Garg et al.

we assign an adjacency matrix to each edge, in which we set a secret of starting vertex, and put these adjacency matrices of all edges in the ciphertext.


In fact, di.erent techniques can be employed to model the sequences of functions.

the approach has been evaluated on a large scale malicious and benign webpage URLs accessible publicly.


The scheme allows users to sign anonymously, yet demonstrate to a veri.er that he or she belongs to a certain privileged group.

has about the same di.culty as factoring a .n bit number.


Since that publication the PM has been re.ned and to demonstrate its viability in specifying and enforcing a wide variety of attribute-based policies, NIST has developed a reference implementation.

is RBAC fundamental to access control and can it eventually be extended and tinkered with to accommodate any policy?


Unlike EIA2, grounds for trusting EIA1 and EIA3 are not so solid.

gMAC can work with other stream ciphers directly.


It can work with the spamming attack (§3.2) or any other ongoing data services, thus forming a stealthy accounting attack.

the overhead by our defense module is low and affordable.


In total, this mandates a central directory as a source of authorit decisions are ultimately bound to this central directory.

use of the smartcard for Logical Access Control had not yet been addressed.


In particular, we observe that the authentication accuracy for RSS-based method degrades to only around 0.64 as shown in Figure 9.

average authentication accuracy: Given P testing cases, the average authentication accuracy is given as: 1 P Aavg = P Ap.


Even though our prototype s log .les contained no particularly sensitive information, we took the extra precaution of having our prototype software encrypt its log .les using our research group s public key before the software sent the logs over the Internet or over our network of USB drives.

when a user inserts a .ash drive into a machine running FlashPatch, the FlashPatch daemon .rst checks whether a .le called daily.cvd exists on the .ash drive (in a particular subdirectory allocated for FlashPatch).


In our targeted solution, a user has access to a trusted third party that veri.es the .ngerprint of an authentic hotspot.

we concluded that the information content of clock skews alone is too limited and unique device .ngerprinting using clock skews is not practically feasible for wireless access points due to its limited distinctiveness.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

if (g,h,y1,y2) is a random tuple then with probability 1 -1/q it is not a Di.e-Hellman tuple.


EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION We nowpresent the experimental evaluation of of ourprototype.

it would seem that C and S would have to attempt the encryption and/or decryption twice.


Deploying MANETs for such applications, customers could demand privacy for the group members and transmission contents as a property of the network.

nodes activities corresponding to these kind of packets (such as leaving the mesh) will be hidden from the eavesdroppers and this mechanism would also facilitate leader location privacy as will be described later.


Permissions such as r and w have no effect on directories, but they are still important because any new .les created in this directory will inherit this ACL.

[12] Carl M. Ellison, Bill Frantz, Butler Lampson, Ron Rivest, Brian M. Thomas, and Tatu Ylönen.


Travis Atkison Department of Computer Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston, LA 71270 atkison@latech.edu Traditionally, these defense tools used signature-based detection which involves comparing the byte sequence of a suspected malicious application to the signatures of known threats, stored in a virus signature database.

adaBoost works by iteratively training several models of a classifier and reweighting the data set instances in favor of instances which were misclassified previously so subsequent classifiers can better predict the classes of those instances.


consider an Erd¨os-R´enyi random graph G(n, p).


TxF s locking mechanism is also very similar to QuickSilver.

when a process performs an operation that potentially contaminates it, such as via reading from a network socket or communicating with another low integrity process, it drops integrity and cannot perform sensitive operations.


the IC supply chain, marked in red in Fig.


The approach described in this paper is similar to Lee s because it relies on a set of selected features to perform both classi.cation and link analysis on the data.

although the attacks were known to us, all are based on existing code that was used unmodi.ed.


Figure 4 shows a patch to CVE-2010-2071, in which the btrfs module forgets to check the owner of a .le when setting .le permissions.

these techniques include runtime mechanisms such as code integrity checks [22], software fault isolation [6, 15], and user-level device drivers [5], as well as bug-.nding tools and static analysis [1, 2].


In Proceedings of the 19th ACM symposium on Operating systems principles (SOSP 03), pages 193 206, 2003.

other work in this direction (e.g., [10, 4]) can be used to enhance HyperSentry s measurement agent.


Secure Communication: The transmitted data shall be protected by encryption.

section 4 analyzes the security of the proposed mechanism.


For example, a remove .lter excludes a .le from the original image, and a hide .lter keeps the .le but replaces its content with some safer version (e.g., replacing credit card numbers with invalid numbers).

doing it only at the client side is potentially less e.ective and less e.cient.


In order to guarantee transmission for all nodes during a time slot, the latin square dimension P (which decides the number of available channels) must at least be equal to the number of colors produced by the vertex-coloring step.

dATA EXFILTRATION FRAMEWORK MULEPRO s starting point is to assume that network nodes are operating in a normal mode.


The graphs also show that in the single guest scenarios (A and C), guest 2 performs much worse than guest 1.

if a sender s radio transmission can be received by a receiver, then this receiver s radio transmission can also be received by the sender.


The authors do not explicitly specify the value of n used in their study.

mathematically, it is represented as: t KLi(Xj || Xj+1)= n Xj log Xj (10) j=0 Xj+1 3.2.11 Jensen-Shannon Divergence It is a popular measure in probability theory and statistics and measures the similarity between two probability distributions [31].


This means we need to be able to restrict access to a speci.c column within a column family.

an operand can be a resource expression, current time, an integer, or a string.


As mentioned in Section 3, choosing a Markov chain over a di.erent mobility model is arbitrary, but our method can handle other mobility models as well.

for instance, the user might currently be on a street that only leads to an abortion clinic.


Various security measures such as authentication, firewalls, access control, certificates, and data encryption are being used to protect systems against unauthorized access.

a schedule, as described in [2], is a collection of transactions that are interleaved and there exists a partial ordering among the operations of these transactions.


most consumers, however, are willing to give up some privacy in exchange for a service.


NA and PK cannot convey the intention of users, so they are inadequate.

our aim is to propose a simple solution that enables reinforcement of password-based authentication used by EC sites that specialize in account management used by EC sites.


in Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Information Assurance and Security (2007), IEEE Computer Society.


.T , * there exists an RBAC state .. such that .

it is not powerful enough to allow constructs such as pre-conditions involving user-role memberships.


Otherwise, the security of principal p might be violated by sending code from different parti- tionings to hosts trusted by p. A simple way to avoid this problem is to compute a one-way hash of all the splitter's inputs--trust dec- larations and program text--and to embed this hash value into all messages exchanged by subprograms.

suppose the host h is bad and let L, be the label of an expression in the program.


Blocking only cookie sets does not block cross-origin CSS attacks.

3.3 Attack Limitations The attacker s ability to conduct a cross-origin CSS attack is limited by the structure and behavior of the target web site.


If we only consider Figure 6(b), we note that Hough has the biggest overall contributions.

the analysis presented in this paper is relatively simple and we think that detector analysis and output analysis can subsequently be greatly improved.


in the following, we will describe three possible ways of implementing this attack.


A perfect malware detector should have a very high True Positive Rate (TPR) with less False Positive Rate (FPR) [22].

categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [OPERATING SYSTEMS]: Security and Protection Invasive Software(Virus, Worms, Rootkits etc.)


Following the idea of Squid, caching of one request demands a memory size of 128 bits after applying MD5 to the URL.

if we can measure I1,we can have a good estimate of I2 and thus we can set up Ttime accordingly.


In case of deny, thePDP(6) requests theServerRBACManager to traverse in the encrypted role hierarchy graph in order to .nd if the base role, from which the Requester s role might be inherited, has permission to access the requested resource.

wehaveproposeda solution,ESPOON(EnforcingSecurityPoliciesinOutsOurced eNvironments)[1],in order to enforce security policies in outsourced environments.


It incorporates the advantages of broad, role-based permission assignment and administration across object types as in RBAC and yet provides the flexibility for fine-grained activation of permissions for individual users on individual object instances.

iNTRODUCTION In the past decade, we have witnessed many new emerging trends in computing.


It also uses multi-core processors to allow isolated workloads to run in parallel to a legacy hypervisor or OS.

nohype: virtualized cloud infrastructure without the virtualization.


Task Type of tool: Examples Example of using a tool to perform the task Receive and process noti.cations E-mail: Pine, Outlook, Mutt To receive an e-mail from myNetWatchman reporting a worm in one of the organization s machines Monitor the network Intrusion detection system (IDS): Snort, Argus To set Snort to monitor network tra.c and alert if attack s signatures are found Network sni.ers: tcpdump, Ethereal To capture and analyze the tra.c using tcpdump and Ethereal.

the kinds of responsibilities that exhibit response to events show the clearest manifestations of adaptation.


One way to find optimum tuning is to slowly increase the discriminator table size in each dimension till a perfect mapping is found.

at the end, as threads finish their operation, they are synchronized, and are allowed to service the next round of requests only after the synchronization is complete.


we cannot expect to compute least cost feedback in all cases.


Observe that the above instance of WSP is satis.able if and only if f is NAE-satis.able.

ordered WSP (OWSP) Input: A constrained work.ow authorization schema (S,U, ,A,C).


Table 3.3.6 Modified Assumption (Failure of First Main Biometric): EFS and PEFS Results  Sensor cam micro body weight MBUj,0 main biometric usage 0 1 1 1-MBUj,0 compensational biometric usage 1 0 0 WN0 used weights normalization 1.639 MSfus,0 fused matching score 0.054 0.413 0.092 sum: 0.559 HVfus,0 fused verification hash code 0.18 0.59 0 sum: 0.77  The fused matching score for EFS and the fused verification hash code for PEFS are also decreasing as it is shown in Table 3.3.6.

this concept is called Simplified Face Speech Fusion (SFSF) within this paper.


This approach allows us to take advantage of existing .le-system infrastructure for the untrusted part of the implementation.

since VPFS is intended to provide private storage for isolated applications, it is suf.cient to assume that only one principal is using a virtual private .le system.


[2] M. J. Atallah, K. B. Frikken, and M. Blanton.

it violates the assumption that end user will directly access data from cloud server.


Our hypothesis is that the typing style has a signi.cant effect on the sound produced and can reduce the sound differences among clicks of different keys (and similarities between separate clicks of the same key).


As an illustrative scenario we propose a lightweight IDS, showing that monitoring the energy consumption is su.cient to reliably detect attacks.

hence, both sides will have the consensus that the token should not be transferred over this link.


3.5), this attack pattern would be infeasible, as no entry point into the application logic can be accessed from outside of an authenticated context.

the extension hooks itself as an observer into the browser s rendering process and monitors the outgoing HTTP requests.


calculate the sensitivity of querying the mean vector as 2./n,where n is the number of records in the database and .

most accurate results need not be computed with query sets of smaller sensitivities.


some other Intel features can be used for SICE.


This prevents the compromise of any single-application VM from impacting any other applications on the system.

section 3 describes Terra s local security model, Terra s impact on application assurance, and how remote parties can take advantage of Terra s security model.


TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION The CT software is intended to guide the user through the entire process--from the initial steps of responding to the outbreak of a terrorist insurgency to the end-point of conflict resolution, with each step involving the full spectrum of options, situation reports, and ideal- and worst-case scenarios; strategic, operational, and tactical planning and execution, including coercive (military) and conciliatory (peaceful) responses; the interaction between governmental, insurgent, and third party actors in a typical conflict, culminating in either military victory, defeat, or stalemate, or negotiated settlement, including the post-conflict reconstruction of society.

at the operational level political, diplomatic, military, judicial and law enforcement agencies are employed to achieve strategic goals through the execution of a CT campaign.


Recent research has shown that signature-based detectors can be effective in detecting polymorphic viruses [36] and obfuscated variants of known malware [22].

for this analysis, we used the same testbed as used in the previous section.


An attacker can sign up end-host Rto a high bandwidth traf.c stream sent to idby inserting a trigger (id,R).

when a packet reaches an i3 node where there is no matching trigger for the packet ID, the i3 node sends back a pushback message to the node where the packet was previously matched.


In all conditions but Chosen Text, passwords were ran domly assigned, making the e.ective password space equal Mean SD Median Skewness Kurtosis to the theoretical password space and pre-determining the BPT 15.74 10.48 13.38 3.00 10.19 security of the password system against guessing attacks.


Similarly, a discontinuity in bursty write tra.c to dynamic kernel regions can also be distinguished from the normal kernel memory access patterns.

they also sketched the possibility of memory shadowing attack to evade their monitoring system because the dedicated core was not able to access the context of the other core.


More speci.cally, we have de.ned a lattice consisting of protection domains on one axis and users (not roles) on the other axis.

it needs to be recognized that this alone is insu.cient to de.ne any given threat.


P(E)P(H | E) hence P(E)P(H |E) P(E | H ) .

unless the state of B is known, otherwise A and C can evidentially influence each other.


The confusion matrix listed in Table 3 shows the classi.cation results on the test set.

since the Twitter timeline frequently updates, the crawler can repeatedly call the timeline API.


Hence, employing trusted sources complicates the task of de.ning a simple security model.

external security servers implement their own behaviour and may require the client to fully authenticate itself before providing the credential.


In the script runtime, the interface function for name querying is InvokeByName, which is responsible for mapping an object name string to a dispatch-ID.

livshits and Lam proposed a static analysis technique to find XSS bugs in Java applications [14].


Each record in this data set contains only a login timestamp and anonymized user ID.

anomalous Payload-Based Network Intrusion Detection, in Proc.


ROLE ENGINEERING Role engineering concerns capturing and analyzing various components of RBAC models for a later implementation.

we prefer to using > stereotype, since it has more appropriate in terms of semantics and terminology.


When using ECC the Initiator veri.es the ECDSA signature on the Responder certi.cate and executes an ECDH operation to obtain the Pre-Master Secret.

in TLS, the handshake starts with a client sending an ClientHello message to the server.


The public key of that TTP, however, can be hardcoded into the Linux kernel or de.ned by a command line argument that is measured by the boot loader.

all three approaches discussed in this paper require veri.cation of signatures.


We predicted that passwords constructed by the custom layout would contain more digits and special characters than those constructed by the standard layout.

we designed and evaluated the effectiveness of a custom layout that presented the users a more convenient option to insert digits and special characters while constructing a password.


We note that the task of evaluating univariate polynomials of large degree was earlier considered in [9].

more formally, we de.ne function privacy based on an indistinguishability experiment as follows.


3.1 Package Manager modi.cations The Package Manager service is the focal point for permissions management in Android.

we have shown that mocking Internet and location permissions e.ectively disables this functionality.


The coverage rate of our Control and Cluster Conditions (96.1% and 96.8% respectively) is higher than the other blacklists (89.2%, 65.7%, and 40.4%).

in this paper, we experimented with changing how participants votes are weighted.


Therefore, we simply collect them in a separate memory page, mark it read-only to KVM, and make it available to the trampoline code.

[39] WANG, Z., AND JIANG, X. HyperSafe: A Lightweight Approach to Provide Lifetime Hypervisor Contr ol-Flow Integrity.


In other branches of science (such as chemistry or physics), we have the advantage of codified knowledge that help explain an observed phenomena (such as a chemical reaction or a physical event), or even design and predict the outcome of new experiments.


Due to the limited extent of this paper and the many uncertainties on the substance of the proposed changes, especially with regard to the employment context, the proposed changes are left out of the discussion in this paper.

4.1 Applicable Law The processing of personal data is regulated in Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data [17].


The server that hosts the identity page is called the identity host.

figure1illustrates how service provider SP.com assigns a session token to the user who claims the ownership of identity alice.me.


The algorithm extracts the nodes (or tags; subsequently, we use both terms interchangeably) from the Domain Object Model (DOM) tree of a web site that are di.erent between base and current version.

we investigate two clusters in more detail.


We hand-picked a dataset from our MD:Pro malware feed to generate the tests and examples in this paper.

whereas this work focuses on supporting reverse engineering work on individual samples at the assembly language level, our work supports reverse engineering work across many samples at the system call level.


Knowing this information, one can search through the code for these instructions and subsequently identify the beginning of many functions in the code.

at the same time, we do not want to include instructions that may taint our results.


Moreover, as in the statistical evaluation, Lux0R substan tially outperforms PjScan in terms of classi.cation accuracy.

4Annotation objects are normally used to store comments within a PDF document [1].


The open source software development model presents an effective nearly free approach that researchers could apply to creating enforcement policy.

a variety of interesting policies arise in the middle of the continuum.


The novelty of the model lies in the con.guration-based stochastic modeling of the AMI using the logs collected at smart collector and device con.guration.

for example, if the range de.ned as 10 minutes in discrete intervals of one sec 0 0 Size States (a) Response for Reading (b) Response for Load Request Management Request Figure 5: Response Probabilities when a request was generated for Reading and Load Management ond each, then the probability that the attacker can guess the correct time interval (attack probability) is as low as 0.0017.


This article presents an Internet-scale Passive IP Trackback (PIT) mechanism that does not require ISP deployment.

it is impossible to achieve an Internet route map that covers all the ISPs.


For example, questions about who the user will be meeting next Monday at 5pm or where the meeting on Thursday will be located are activity-based authentication questions that have an element of secrecy.

in our security model, we assume that the server is not compromised by malicious software, which means that all application data is secure on the server.


to .nd causes for false positives at lower thresholds, we manually examined the 28 entrypoints that changed classi.cation after more than 50 invocations.


3. view_employee(User, Person, SSN, Salary, Email, Dept, Position, Bday) :view_employee( alice , User, _, _, _, Dept, manager , _),  view_employee( alice , Person, SSN, Salary, Email, Dept, Position, Bday).

towards formal veri.cation of role-based access control policies.


When the browser extension receives the response containing the authentication assertion from the IdP, it would add appropriate attribute assertion(s) from its local cache and then forward the entire package to the RP.

it converts the token format from a SAML response message into a SAML request message, compatible with Liberty-conformant IdPs supporting the browser post pro.le.


We are now a more efficient, agile organization and able to do more with less.


Furthermore, JFKr provides repudiability on the key exchange, since neither side can prove to a third party that their peer in fact participated in the protocol exchange with them.

otherwise, he may respond with an exponential from any group of his own choosing.


An immediate future research direction is to implement subsystems described in this position paper.

the effectiveness of such a tool will be enhanced by visualization features that allow analysts to compare anomalous activities to normal conditions.


to in the variant stale-safe properties presented in the following paragraphs.

join and Add are free of this constraint and can be used at any point in time.


Application market such as Google Play Store is playing an important role in the popularity of Android devices and drive the economy of Android applications.

sTATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS In order to systematically characterize Andorid apps (i.e.


Yet, there is a protocol for AND that gets advantage E and reveals only O(E2) bits of information (see Lemma 1)!

journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, pp.


Traditionally a user is manually assigned to appropriate roles by a security administrator.

due to space limit, we will not elaborate on this.


Many issues of incremental change design are open and require additional research [25].


It identi.es the nodes under attack, the magnitude of the thread, and the dangerous cluster.

more speci.cally, the Upper Right Quarter constitutes the control panel of the scheme.


Proceedings of Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, 2007.

private information retrieval (PIR) [7, 9, 18] allows a querier to ask for an entry in a remote database without revealing the index of this entry.


Of course, when an insider is malicious there is no way to prevent this malicious player from learning the value of the session key computed by a group of which he is a valid member.


For example, by exploiting our kernel code identi.cation process, the adversary may make up some data to make OS-SOMMELIER believe that some of the fake pages are kernel code.

we make use of both .eld value-invariant [13] signatures in PGD entry and the strong .eld points-to signatures [23] (i.e., the points-to relationship between a PGD entry and the target page directory table).


Badds the tuple (qi,ii,ri)to the I-list, and responds with I(qi)= ii.

in Section 2, we formally de.ne public-key schemes, the notions of security we used, and the Bilinear Di.e-Hellman assumption, which is the basis for the security of our system.


These services also can be scaled on demand.

selecting a cloud provider involves: the de.nition, negotiation, monitoring, and enforcement of mutual expectations and agreements.


[39] Monirul I. Sharif, Andrea Lanzi, Jonathon T. Gi.n, and Wenke Lee.

for higher values the amount of the noise objects still decreases, because some of them fall into existing clusters.


Third, we then present our comparison evaluation study, reporting that the Vigilare system detected all the transient attacks on immutable regions without performance degradation while the snapshot-based monitor could not detect all the attacks and induced considerable performance degradation with an average of 17.5 % for 50ms snapshot interval in our tuned STREAM benchmark test.

snooper delivers the accrued bus tra.c to Veri.er.


As the SoftAndroid market contained only .ve instances of malware, its ROC curve is the easiest to analyze.

some AV products used in Virus Total have a high false positive rate.


COUNTERMEASURES There are multiple avenues for possible defenses against cross-VM side-channels, whose bene.ts and downsides we discuss here.

in our approach, the number of memorypages usedfor the prime-probe protocol is small enough to avoid further TLB evictions.


The app did not accept self-signed certi.cates.

to our knowledge, the FAA does not digitally sign the aeronautical data it provides.


4.1 Convergence Buffering source events helps prevent slowing down the event source and absorbs temporary variations in event rate.

exposing private information by timing web applications.


As described, Algorithm 3 keeps only constantly many counters.

these statistics, in one form or the other, have a long history, and are considered basic in data analysis tasks over dynamic data in the past few decades and di.erent streaming solutions are known for these problems: 1.


Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.

a gateway compromise can easily lead to the compromise of the gateway's proxy credential and its unauthorized use to access TeraGrid resources.


This line segment is decomposable into many shorter line sub-segments, thelengthsof which arerandombetweenthe rangeof[a,b].

-..(1-Pth) -.Pth Pi =(1-Pth)ee =(1-Pth)e. P = -.dPth 1-Pid =1-(1-Pth)d e The value of .


The purpose of identification is to establish the identity of someone or something.

for example, one distribution company is AllPay and is assigned a geographical region of the country.


the other branch of an if-block) may lead to omission errors, where implicit .ow occurs because there was no information .ow in the intercepted trace.

other ways to change the control .ow, like break, continue, return, or try ... catch ... .nally cannot be injected into the block that is calling eval, as the speci.cation states that these must be enclosed in a block not crossing function boundaries.


REFERENCES [1] K. Akkaya and M. Younis, A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.

t old,       (3) The developed method for the trust level calculating takes into account impact of the energy level on the trust level.


We observe diverse attack vectors from application-level privilege escalation attacks and sensory malware [5, 9] to runtime attacks that hijack the execution .ow of apps, in particular the recently proposed just-in-time return-oriented programming attack technique [7] which circumvents .ne-grained address space layout randomization.

we consider two emerging trends with high commercial interest: smart devices as access tokens (e.g., in conjunction with NFC), and smart devices as powerful sensors for context-aware access control to resources.


Improving the Scalability of Platform Attestation Frederic StumpfTechnische Universität Andreas Fuchs Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Stefan Katzenbeisser Technische Universität Darmstadt Information Technology Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany stumpf@sec-tud.de Darmstadt, Germany a.fuchs@sit.fraunhofer.de Darmstadt, Germany skatzenbeisser@acm.org Claudia Eckert Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany eckert@sec-tud.de ABSTRACT In the process of platform attestation, a Trusted Platform Module is a performance bottleneck, which causes enormous delays if multiple simultaneously attestation requests arrive in a short period of time.

to verify that a speci.c platform con.guration is trusted and to obtain a proof that a speci.c attestation token belongs to a speci.c platform, expensive TPM operations are required.


B.Asays x .Bsays x Figure 3: Example LLL proof of the lemma rsa-says.

all that s required is to sign the hash function s formula:6 x Ks says .x.


It is also programmable, and can use any available tricks over the Internet (e.g., using Tor [2] to hide its identity and location) to cheat the cellular carrier.

they are held responsible for .xing the threats since these attacks do exploit the MDC loopholes in the cellular infrastructure.


On .nding an inconsistency, the client can detect the cheater by performing only a single step of the delegated computation.

it requires N·(N-1) 2 different executions of the protocol.


Using a hash table reduces scanning time significantly when compared to a sequential match.

the disadvantage with the DJB hash is that it is computationally expensive.


The results can however be extended to any number of honest processes.

but, it does prevent the attacker from destroying communicated messages.


Certainly, general aggregate signatures outperform in terms of space.

in Proceedings of Asiacrypt 2001, number 2248 in LNCS, pages 514 532.


The CDDHT consists of 2,200 nodes as the number of providers from one-month DShield data.

how to achieve load balancing among SFCs?


The last two hypotheses are related to our proposed approach.

the security rami.cation of this disengagement is the constant surfacing of new attacks that exploit Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


[10] Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook, 2011.

only one resolver was found across the two pre.xes we scanned belonging to the U.S.


The powerbox simpli.es management because, when the user selects a .le in the powerbox, the powerbox delegates access to the application.

yellow indicates directories which contain some accessible .les (bucket).


Otherwise, he either has to do this all the time, sending every message to the target device, or gets caught when he stops doing that.

examples of those apps include Facebook, Google Plus, Chase bank and PayPal.


In contrast, remote credentials enable the access to a remote target.

the test suite to be executed is packaged together in a self-extracting archive, uploaded to the AMI, and run on the machine with administrative privileges.


If too many nodes in the graph are badly labeled (i.e., their labels are not the hash of their in-neighbors labels) the veri.er will reject the solution with high probability.

s' (b) When the emulation of P is .nished, suppose (p1,p2) is the generated message.


t1 = t ' 1 + t '' 1 for sending the request until starting to receive contents on the returning path is t1 .

3.3 Low GranularityApproach The main limitation of the approach in §3.2 is that it does not enable low granularity of the preserved privacy when both the adversary and honest user are using the same AP, unlike the protocol described in §3.1.


In the case of PAWS, no trust can be assumed among users, and ensuring users associated with the same network SSID cannot eavesdrop on each-other s tra.c is a major con.dentiality requirement.

fUTURE WORK At present the PAWS project has active deployments in a digitally deprived area in Nottingham.


The same stakeholder may attach different stakes to satisfying different requirements within the overall system specification.

the vector of requirement failure probabilities is given by the following equation: PR = DP o PE , where DP is the Dependency matrix and PE is the vector of component failure probabilities (simply one entry per component).


Most of them focused on exact graph or subgraph matching, i.e., graph or subgraph isomorphism.

eVALUATION In this section, we apply SMIT to a large collection of real-world malware .les and evaluate its performance in terms of effectiveness (whether the results produced by SMIT are meaningful and similar to those produced by human analysts), ef.ciency,and scalability.


Level n is assumed to be in the ID and group offset.

the sizes of the bit vectors vary from 1 bit, 2 bits to 2n-1 bits, where the level k bit vector contains 2k bits.


Visualizing system activity gives users a means of understanding and assessing the consequences of their action.

the history that has become manifest in these views is the history of a particular session, or the part of the session that any given user might see.


the protocol can be easily implemented in a privacy preserving manner that permits the client C not to reveal his data to the server S, yet the server is able to perform the analysis of the ECG quality without revealing the private parameters (e.g., the .lter) of its algorithm.


The invariant also holds when dynamically linking libraries.

for instance, the classic CFI instrumentation [3] inserts identi.ers (representing a class of indirect branches and targets) before branch targets and checks before indirect branches to ensure that they jump to targets speci.ed in the CFG.


For each participant, we trained the Classi.er using the labeled context feature vectors and evaluated the performance of the classi.ers using 10-fold cross-validation.

sociological literature suggests that questions about such contexts are perceived as intrusive and will therefore not be answered [4, 10].


Intuitively, we can keep the camera from being illuminated in order to avoid forming a virtual image on the screen.

this observation veri.es our analysis in Section 3.4.2.


The cost of losing a smartphone is more than simply the replacement cost of the hardware, as the data that can be found on the device is likely to be sensitive.

ser wadda and Phoha showed that gesture styles could be observed and replicated automatically [31].


A detector of this class is shown on the right-hand side of Figure 2.

network administrators lack techniques to further analyze and understand detection algorithms.


To safeguard the rights established under the Acts, the IPC has five key roles: resolving appeals when government organizations refuse to grant access to information;  investigating privacy complaints about government-held information;  ensuring that government organizations comply with the Acts;  conducting research on access and privacy issues and providing advice on proposed government legislation and programs;  educating the public about Ontario s access and privacy laws and access and privacy issues.

the Assistant Commissioner and selected staff have been given the authority to assist her by issuing orders, resolving appeals and investigating privacy complaints.


Valgrind: A Program Supervision Framework.


In order to check falsification, this system has to deploy other security option, which may be WS-Security and so on.

idP must send WSC and WSP right privilege for access to user s attributes when WSC accesses WSP as a delegator of the attribute owner.


(1), the intuition is that if g is low entropy then extr(s) is close to uniform even given g(s), and for high-entropy g(s) the reasoning from the proof above still holds when replacing pr.x(s)with extr(s).

the idea of this argument is that an attacker can try to apply many di.erent functions to the key s, and use colli ' sions of the form g(s)= g(s) todoabinary search for the key s. the attacker uses two di.erent functional ' queries g,g, and checks if it gets the same answer on both.


Furthermore, the lack of an enforced control.ow graph prevents the use of standard compiler techniques for optimizing SFI enforcement mechanisms.

in 18th Usenix Security Symposium, pages 51 66, 2009.


Enterprises that usedtopopulate theirinternal userdirectoriesbydoingtheir ownidentity vetting are now moving away from their closedworld assumption and start relying more and more on external identity providers instead.

depending on the underlying technology, theseURIs maybe mapped topublickeys(for X.509 and anonymouscredentials),serverURLs(for LDAP and OpenID), or any other way of pointing to a card issuer.


We plan to detect such processes using the approach given in [49] and exclude them from being checkpointed if they are non-system-critical processes.

encrypting sensitive information in memory can add signi.cant overheads to access the information and may still expose sensitive information if the VM is checkpointed at the moment when some program decrypts the sensitive information.


4.2 Rule/Policy Combining Algorithms XACML de.nes .ve standard rule combining algorithms and six standard policy combining algorithms.

because each rule in XACML may evaluate to multiple different values, such as permit , deny , not applicable , or indeterminate and these values may have to be further combined to generate a .nal decision, a L 8 logic would seem a reasonable choice in that we may be able to use different rational numbers to represent di.erent decisions and use connectives of L 8 to express decision algorithms.


The variable t0 denotes the start time of an entity s transition process so that t0 serves as a reference point of time for all time related activities in the process, t1 represents the maximum allowed time for attack to occur without it affecting the transition (or asset), t2 represents the time when the transition is enabled, t3 represents the time when the transition can fire, t4 represents when the transition fires and finally t5 represents when the transition is disabled/blocked.

if the current operational state value is equal or greater than what is mandated by its mission, then the asset is considered available, and the execution can proceed.


This means that delegation permits have to be reissued each time the user logs into a cross domain service and have a very limited lifetime.

the revocation of a delegation policy is relatively simple with the help of a dedicated web interface provided by the DS.


Without a way to convince PV to accept a di.erent public key, an attacker needs to produce a signature over incorrect exchange information that will verify with key KP+ E .If the authentic public key were to verify an attacker-generated signature for the message X||IV , PV would believe the other phone signed that message, indicating PE sent X instead of IE .

in Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security (HotSec) (2011).


(The transaction amount, recipient phone number and user PIN were held constant in both tasks.)

we remark that faithful deletion of nonces does not improve security in EKO s scheme in a significant way, whereas in our scheme, it is quite beneficial.


It is therefore naturally believed (and experimentally veri.ed) that the victim becomes nervous under such an attack.

aim We need to capture the skin conductance response level when Harry is calm to set a baseline (normal emotional state) before coercing him.


These studies provide a strong foundation for the observation that protecting content from unwanted audiences is more than simply a matter of preventing strangers from accessing pro.les.

your employer using your pro.le to assess 55.0% 4 your suitability for the company.


assigns for horizontal and vertical Figure 1.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, we propose SDAP, a Secure Data Aggregation Protocol for large-scale sensor networks.

it may not be effective for arbitrary tree topology.


In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, May 2005.

the DOFS-VM is specially con.gured in the following ways:  Processes running in the DOFS-VM can physically retrieve con.dential documents stored in a DOFS server.


3.4 Risk Mitigation Based on the risks identi.ed in phase II and assessed in phase III of our smart grid risk management approach, mitigation strategies are subsequently developed in phase IV.

journal of Communications, 8(8):463 472, 2013.


then we can express the policy that requires equal number of users who are r1 as those that are r2 using the term (r1 nr2)+ .

c(f).C(f)gives an upperbound on the actual set of characteristic numbers of f. 3.3 The Term-Con.guration Satis.ability (TCSAT) Problem We have discussed the TSAT problem, which asks whether a term is satis.able at all.


The time required by a fuzzy inference engine to estimate risks may be quite high especially when there are tens of parameters and hundreds of fuzzy rules.

clearly, the critical step of RAC is the risk estimation of an access request that consists of the possibility of an information leak in the future and the value of the information.


To cope with these amounts, companies need a considerable number of administrators3.A wide range of business and system knowledge is needed to perform these administrative tasks.

membership of this role might be a precondition for further assignments within the project by the local administrator.


This issue arises from the use of APIs such as DOM and SAX.

iNTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation XML [1] is a language for representing tree-structured data and was standardized by W3C [2] in 1998.


[39] S. .Capkun, L. Buttyán, and J.-P. Hubaux.

when sampling nearby channels only after some time, there is a better chance of environmental changes occurring.


1.2 Contribution While all these national eID solutions are able to provide authentic and quali.ed identity attributes to service providers in a user-centric manner, they nearly all lack in selective disclosure possibilities as only the full eID can be revealed during an authentication process [18].

in addition to these legally required redactions, the Citizen is able to redact more identity attributes out of IDL * , which the citizen does not want to be sent to the service provider.


Analysis of the results of the user study and the characteristics of the two attacks provides signi.cant insight that allows us to design a secure, yet usable, system that renders the attacks ine.ective.

it doesn t face the challenge of creating a correct and extensive dataset as other image-based CAPTCHA schemes do [15, 26].


[4] U. Bayer, I. Habibi, D. Balzarotti, E. Kirda, and C. Kruegel.

we can state that, currently, the intrusion detection .eld does not satisfy Popper s criterion.


Alice andBob submittheirinputstoSerena and retrieve them after computation.

compute: OnceSerenahas received all(encrypted)inputs she performs the computation of the set intersection.


In this paper, we propose our new model for intrusion de- tection and response in mobile, ad-hoc wireless networks.

we believe that the IDS for a wireless ad-hoc network should mainly use statisti- cal anomaly detection techniques.


It essentially extracts a set of required attributes by a user playing a role to access a speci.c object.

if two sets have more than one attribute value pairs where the values are unequal, merger can only occur if all the values for one user s attributes have the subClass or compatible relationship to those of the other user s attributes.


MULTI-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION Several biometric mechanisms have been recently considered and proposed, such as DNA sequencing, retina scans and .ngerprints.

this also helps addressing deployment and scalability concerns.


According to their observations, spammers send more messages than legitimate users, and are more likely to follow other spammers than legitimate users.

cONCLUSION In this paper, we have studied the problem of automation by bots and cyborgs on Twitter.


We recorded 45,679 messages over a period of 36 days.

research purposes can justify the collection and processing of data under certain circumstances.


The properties of Kraft-Sch¨afer are as follows.


& Lunt, P. (1997) Making passwords secure and usable in People & Computers XII (proceedings of HCI 97) Springer, pp.

there are some serious re-adjustments to the current approach to privacy that must be made before effective mechanisms within this domain can be devised.


According to the Advanced Con.guration and Power Interface (ACPI) speci.cation [10], processor cores keep their state as long as the processor runs in the S0 or S1 power modes.

the public key is sent to the user as a part of the workload attestation evidence signed by the SMI handler.


The adversary may have partial knowledge about w, so we assume only that w has some entropy from Eve s point of view.

achieving a e.cient privacy ampli.cation protocol with entropy loss T(.)


Algorithm 2 is used to insert key-gate:>.

the key-gate Kl 11.lso becomes non-mutnblc.


The players mutual goal is to .nd that leaf.

of length n (where the players send bits in an alternating order), there exists a simulating protocol A that simulates .


Further, the top three most frequently requested extended permissions are: Send me email , Access my profile information , and Post to my Wall .

the majority of participants believed that the POLY design did a better job than the MONO design: with the bright colors displayed on the request for permission page, it can t help but draw attention.


Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.

according to the of.cial document [6], Baidu Location SDK does not function well on virtual machines.


A long lifetime campaign can last around a year such as campaigns 1 and 5.

the SMTP servers path includes IP address and receiving time of each hop, hence it uncovers how a spam passes through the network from the sender to the receiver.


We are ignoring some details here to focus on these two features of the structure.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been supported by National Science Foundation grants CCF-0430012 and CCF-0427794, and by gifts from Intel and Cisco Systems.

the algorithm proposed is based on the following lemma.


Given a group signature s, the essential of revocation check is an algorithm RCheck taking s and each element in S as the input.

all the additional cost is a constant independent of the number of (revoked) group members.


The mean number of yes-answers given by the control group was 86.6, while the mean for the introspective group was 98.56.

the experimental group s rankings were much less similar to the experts ranking, demonstrating a correlation of only 0.11.


Palevo/Butter.y is a botnet toolkit that, according to [30], is behind the currently most prevalent malware family.

c&C traf.c should be blocked to trigger backup behavior.


Similarly, simple power attacks can be prevented by eliminating key-dependent variations in the power usage of cryptographic operations.

3.1 Fault Attack Against RSA-CRT Implementation RSA decryption operation is simply a modular exponentiation of big integers, i.e., s = m d (mod N), where d is the private key, N is the modulus, factored into two private random primes, p and q, i.e.


In our protocol, the adversary can guess K or the private key in order to break our protocol.

impersonation attack An impersonation attack means that an adversary masquerades as an authorized user by stealing or changing the message in a protocol.


Over-.tting results from representations with surplus capacity, while insu.cient capacity will lead to hypotheses that fail to capture the problem s underlying complexity.


Using these basic constructs, we can implement complex policy composition like overriding.

when an application is downloaded, it is imperative that the application fall under the administration of these stakeholders.


The mandating physician is indicated in a .eld of the HL7v3 message; if the local information system is working properly and is not tampered with, this information system may take care that only valid physicians (corresponding to information in the delegation table) can be .lled in in the overseer .eld.

3.4 Binding Tokens to Requests A token is a data structure that contains a (minimal) set of information that allows the LSP to verify the authenticity and integrity of an incoming request.


in the following descriptions, the number t of corrupted parties always pertains to the parties 1,...,n, and never includes the designated party 0, which is treated separately.


Note that the correlation with IP space hovers around zero, indicating that attack correlation is independent from the distance in IP space.

the exchange of alert data can be o.ine, but if it is short then e.ective collab oration against common attackers requires realtime exchange of information.


Hence, one may be inclined to measure the overall security in Figure 2 as the same as that in the left-hand side of Figure 1.

our work on minimum-cost network hardening is one of the .rst efforts toward the quantitative study of network security [15, 31].


We developed a policy-based public-key encryption scheme from bilinear pairings and proved its security under the corresponding security model.

the de.nition of this security notion must be adapted to the policy-based setting.


we characterize input events coming from the HD as deterministic.


Rules completely lack the capacity of roles to build business roles which contain all permissions for a speci.c business function and can be assigned by nontechnical administrators.

it is complemented by a Rule Engine which contains rules as described in section 2.2.3.


Indistinguishable regions in Geographic Privacy Jorge CuellarMartín Ochoa Ruben Rios Siemens AG Siemens AG, Computer Science jorge.cuellar@siemens.com TU Dortmund Department, martin.ochoa@cs.tu-University of Malaga dortmund.de ruben@lcc.uma.es ABSTRACT The ubiquity of positioning devices poses a natural security challenge: users want to take advantage of location-related services as well as social sharing of their position but at the same time have security concerns about how much information should be shared about their exact position.

moreover, we will investigate what are the implications of using dishonest obfuscation functions in the provision of practical location-based services as well as their impact on the privacy protection level.


Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Main Speci.cation.


This lets HiStar safely report most errors to the calling application.

two tags per compartment are suf.cient to implement any pairwise communication policy.


Therefore, we can state at a minimum that the APRNGs of applications based org.webkit are vulnerable.

the main interest is whether the problem of APRNG poses a threat to the con.dentiality of OpenSSL, such as a session key recovery.


Information Systems Research 15,4 (2004), 336-355.

most users do not understand how apps work, what information they can access, or how they are developed and reviewed [4].


[bit.ly]  Incentive -No Previous Screen Lock (1) IMPORTANT: As a way to encourage security, we are giving away a free $10 Amazon Gift Card.

[bit.ly]  Deterrence -Pattern Screen Lock (1) IMPORTANT: Gesture based passwords have are easy to guess and thus anyone with your phone could have access to all your personal messages and info.


In either case, we can represent these constraints as the restrictions on the width and depth of the creation tree, respectively.

capi × Rolei, a many-to-many capability-torole assignment relation.


The kind of character to be used and the conditions of the input digit number added.

thereby, it understands what clause the clause has depended on [19].


A systematic way to deal with client-side code accessing third-party servers is to require that these accesses be tunneled through the server.

the ideas of RIPLEY are fully applicable to Silverlight [37], Flash [18], as well as regular AJAX applications.


[32] T. Sherwood, S. Sair, and B. Calder.


If the unlinkability requirement is relaxed, a TPM suspected of being compromised can be revoked even if the private key is not known.

the issuer publishes the group public key.


We show in Figure 12 the average time to respond to a challenge for an honest server using c =4 drives, 250 Steps as well as for the expected and powerful adversaries using d =3than 150 steps.

scheduling algorithms for modern disk drives.


To deal with this problem, our architecture introduces the notion of policy packages.

by default, the execution of an application is disabled in order to ensure that only compliant applications are executed on the mobile device.


We utilize security-aware attack-resilient estimators that identify attacks and allow the controller to pursue a mitigation strategy.

resilient adaptive control with application to vehicle cruise control.


Similarly, there is no guarantee that attackers cannot remotely break into the computer [26, 30, 33], but should we allow attackers to easily decrypt the passwords saved by a BPM?

users do not need to remember a large number of strong passwords; meanwhile, BPMs will only .ll the passwords on the login forms of the corresponding websites and thus can potentially protect against phishing attacks.


Unfortunately, this assumption is not always valid.

then, we calculate k-or-less proportion p(k) as an indicator of the identi.ability of D, where p(k)= nk- ,for k .


As two nodes transmit atpower P0 but each node employs only T /2, the injected energy is always P0 ·T independent of the number of transmitters.

to hold, there must be exactly one node in an annulus with inner radius d and outer radius d + .


Long tails were cropped for clarity and the longest block was 1029 bytes long.

we select the winnowing window size instead of a block size and we are guaranteed to have at least one boundary in any window of this size inside the payload.


Permission-role assignment and User-role assignment should be handled in UCON administration models which are not discussed in this paper.

suppose a music composer (say Bob) wants to sell his new song through a distributor, and a buyer (say Alice) wants to buy the song from the distributor.


AndroPilot is written in Python and leverages monkey and ViewServer as the main tools for interacting with the Android system.

for this and other reasons, Google explicitly discourage the use of VirusTotal for evaluating or comparing malware detectors.


The adversary cannot output a valid mark of a computer he has not successfully attacked, but with a negligible probability.

it is also of value to consider how the privacy implications can be limited to an absolute minimum.


The platform supports signed applications and has a user-accessible option to allow unsigned applications, similar to the Android platform.

the ease at which such attacks can be performed once the veil of obscurity is lifted is certainly cause for concern.


Moreover, gathering and correlating security data from other security-related logs (e.g., .rewall logs) could also help to understand the big picture.

experimenting the proposed PHPIDS visualization extension on real-world datasets shows promise for providing complementary information for e.ective situational awareness.


The Academic Access Management Federation in Japan (nickname: GakuNin ) started in 2009 [3].

for security oriented services it isn t secure enough.


To show the ef.cacy of our proposed approach, we adopt the state-of-the-art k-anonymity and tcloseness to anonymize the set of KI P F S found by our algorithm, and then compared with the original k-anonymity and t-closeness applied on the pre-de.ned set of semi-id features.

this set of correlated features can not be directly acquired.


In describing the generalization to the design, we make two assumptions:  As in the homogeneous case, the server processes only one request at a time.

[2] S. Agarwal, T. Dawson, and C. Tryfonas.


To ensure the integrity of shared data structures and of JVM inter- nals, the mobile agent system has to enforce a user/kernel bound- re'y, where shared structures are manipulated only within the ker- nel.

in many JVMs adapting thread priorities is an expensive operation, since it triggers the scheduler.


This approach is known as black marker anonymisation and it can also be applied partially.

without the IP addresses the detection method would not be capable of reporting any more the exact number of scanning or scanned hosts.


We will only focus on the out-of order execution between cooperative and administrative operations as we want to see the impact of controlling the access in a real-time collaborative editor.

authorizations are timestamped and hence the solution could not be applied in a P2P context.


The XO-1 was targeted to ship with the AMD Geode GX-500 processor running at 366 MHz, which could only encrypt about 4MB/s with the AES-128 algorithm in CBC mode, a tenth of the throughput of the NAND .ash chip.

users cannot be expected to choose passwords when they .rst receive computers.


Moreover, a closer investigation with this instruction yields the following 6 bytes unique instruction sequence: 0f 20 d8: mov EAX, CR3; 0f 22 d8: mov CR3, EAX; In fact, these two consecutive instructions are used by the modern OS to force a TLB .ush, avoiding problems related to implicit caching [18].

we have to neutralize the randomization.


Even if persistence is achieved, the cloud computing environment will be minimized with only the data and programs necessary to carry out the required computation, and so will likely be of low value to the attacker.2 In order to escape to the high-value client environment, the attacker must compromise the channel between the client and the cloud.

pDFs are essential and ubiquitous in many places where layouts must be preserved across platforms and environments.


Section 3 gives an overview of the Mesh architecture and its usage.

before any grid middleware can be deployed in security-conscious organizations, it must be backed with assurance that it has been designed and implemented to minimize both the opportunity for compromise as well as the damage possible from compromise.


This will be noted wherever appropriate.


In this paper, a Default Build Server is a build server as described above, with the concept described later in this section not applied.

hence, Jenkins is a common representative of a CI system.


For each cryptographic reference implementation PF , the algorithm selects for each high-level parameter its possible values among the ones generated in the previous step.

in Black Hat Technical Security Conference, 2008.


REFERENCES [1] FICO Credit Score, Apr 2009.

based on our experimental results in Section 5.2, Tp and Sp are the cheapest one in a modern CPU like Intel Core 2 Duo.


In access trees, each non-leaf node is a (t, n) threshold gate described by its n child nodes and the threshold value t of a (t-1)-degree polynomial.

table 2: On-line cryptographic cost Signing Verify Exponent Paring Owner 1 1 5n Consumer 2 2(|I L|) + 1 Authorizer 2 11 Authority 1 2|I - 5| Server 1 2|L| +2 Table 2 shows that the number of users and attribute universe size do not a.ect computation cost per token.


Update -Toupdateadatarecordd,Alicesimplyinstructsthe ' cloud to replace Epka (d ) with the updated one.

alicewishesto outsource the data and stores it on the cloud for easy user access.


In this paper we propose to make security more social, by integrating community oversight into security mechanisms.

yet such policies will not be clearly articulated, may vary and conflict across the community, and change over time.


To make the design scalable, we divide the network into domains or subnetworks and modify the Mgorithm in [8].

while this integrity checking is going on, the egress node could either wait (pessimistic approach) or could forward the packet ahead (optimistic approach).


Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2006.

one cannot symmetrically state that grants of q should take priority over denials of p. It should be possible to state absolute access rights as well as absolute prohibitions.


[22] .rst formalized the notion of veri.able computation to solve the problem of veri.ably outsourcing the computation of an arbitrary functions, which based on Yao s garbled circuits [23] and Gentry s breakthrough on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme [24].

2: KGC computes ai = xi +a, ßi = b×(yi .h1(xi,yi,ri))+ c,for i =0, ...,n - 1, where x .


They do not have a means of protecting the data on the system.

this cost is independent of whether the .le was opened for reading, writing or appending.


REFERENCES [1] T. Johansson, G. Kabatianskii, and B. J. M. Smeets.

then the MAC MACi,j is handed over to Pi, while the MAC key keyj,i is handed over to Pj .


Minimal Performance: In general, the tss api requires an extensive amount of repetitive code for even the routine tasks, like creating a key, managing passwords or data encryption and decryption.

categories and Sub ject Descriptors D.4.6 [OPERATING SYSTEMS]: Security and Protection Cryptographic controls ;D.4.7 [OPERATING SYS-TEMS]: Organization and Design Real-time systems and embedded systems Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


O is the set of output symbols, which include web responses sent to users (e.g., header( Location:user.php )) and SQL queries issued to the database (e.g., Query0 ).

we leverage a wellknown technique (i.e., daikon engine [12]) to derive valuebased invariants, including the invariants over variables that are used for indicating the application state and the data constraints.


The measurement device was implemented by a compact software-defined radio device (USRP N210).

the threat of display capture via EM emanation, called EM display stealing, has been studied for the relatively larger displays of desktop and notebook PCs.


A number of currently existing models do satisfy many of the requirements stated above such as allowing locality of control and .exible choices of enforcement mechanisms.

by utilizing Figure 3: Decentralized Authorization Using the Extended XACML with Delegations an attribute .eld, this pro.le introduces no changes to the original XACML schema .le.


One of their disadvantages, therefore, is their limited ability to identify malicious behavior that has not previously appeared in their training sets.

this family is classi.ed by McAfee[15] as a backdoor.


Credentials are signed assertions describing properties of a sub ject that are used to establish trust between two unknown communicating parties before allowing access to information or services.

pDL formulas are composed from atomic propositions by applying arbitrary propositional connectives, and modal operators ( r) f and [r]f.Formula ( r) f means that there exists an execution of r (i.e., a sequence of actions conforming to the regular expression r)reaching a state where f holds; and formula [r]f is intended to mean that all terminating executions of r reach a state where f holds.


It acts as an extra layer of security on so called safe or known hosts.

mySafeBox allows the users to reset their passwords and have it emailed to them.


While we assume that an IP address represents a single machine, we acknowledge that the ISP customers are likely using their public IPs to represent multiple private (NATed) hosts.

a multifaceted approach to understanding the botnet phenomenon.


We proposed a method to reliably identify whether an 802.11 AP is operated by specialized software.

there is a great need to equip users with additional tools and methods for the veri.cation of the APs they connect to, in order to make sure that these are authentic and not traps operated by an attacker.


[23] F.Stajano and R.Anderson.The resurrecting duckling: Security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks.

after a node detects an impersonation attack, it knows one of its neighbors is compromised, although it does not know which one.In this case, it increases its challenge probability pc.It can also send a notice encrypted with its pairwise keys to each neighbor, so that every node will be aware of the compromise.Finally, it sends a notice to the controller, encrypted with its individual key.The controller can then take any necessary actions to detect and recover from the compromise.


3.1 Application Layer Applications will run inside a secure sandbox that will limit their access to user data and communication channels.

[3] boyd, d.m.. Taken Out of Context American Teen Sociality in Networked Publics.


White paper, available online at http://csrc.nist.gov/ encryption/dss/ecdsa/NISTReCur.pdf, July 1999.

the auxiliary coordinate T is split up into factors E and H so that EH = T = X Y /Z , thereby saving a multiplication in the point doubling.


For example, the set of numbers that the user calls on a regular basis, the duration of the calls with those numbers, the set of numbers that the user sends SMS to, base station identi.cation numbers that serve the device, a list of URLs visited in the data transactions, a set of IP address that the device contacted, etc.

we assume there is no malicious activity in the training data.


In addition to that, each of the future smart appliances should consist of database to store the information necessary to identify the EPC.

during the production stage, the tags are supposed to update their Ka and S periodically.


The set certain(n)of I n certain answers of a query over the target schema, with respect to a source instance I, consists of all tuples that are in the intersection of all n(n) s, as Jvaries over all solutions for I(here, n(J Jn)n denotes the result of evaluating on J).

the notion of the certain answers originated in the context of incomplete databases (see [21] for a survey).


Bank IT SP Users 46 000 150 000 Target systems 25 10 Attributes in rules 15 6 Rules 1000 2000 Rule changes per week 10 1 Table 2: Quantity Structure for Case Studies Our conclusion is that ERBAC with rule-based provisioning has proven to be an e.cient concept in practice for the administration of users and their access rights.

permissions can easily be taken away or added to a role if necessary.


A well-known example of a container is the directory C:Program Files, which stores the directories of many Windows programs.

collecting and/or enforcing data .ow at end hosts is very challenging, especially on real machines and with minimal performance impact.


Waters, Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption: An Expressive, E.cient, and Provably Secure Realization, In Public Key Cryptography PKC, vol 6571 of LNCS, pp.

the computation cost in this procedure results from a symmetric-key encryption for data .les, a signature, and a CP-ABE encryption for the header.


Our example process shows .ve exclusive Gateways(diamonds), aStartEvent(circle) toindicatewhereto begintheprocess and aEndEvent(circle with thickline) toindicate where thepath of theprocess will end.

in addition, we are currently investigating the options to combine the derivations from scenario and process models based on different languages to automatically propose a candidate RBAC model.


The straightforward approach to de.ne such a theory of interaction is to de.ne a .nite state machine and use related techniques developed in theoretical computer science.

plan arguments are constructed from policies, serving as a way to represent and reason with policies and their objectives.


However, the installer clearly receives input from untrusted processes (e.g., the untrusted programs themselves) which is necessary for correct functioning.

the CW-Lite semantics should be modi.ed slightly to include this case.


The nondeterminism created by the abstraction process determines exactly where mimicry attacks are possible.

there exists some ifor which executing the sequence mci,sci that overrides system call arguments with attacker s values instead of the sequence lci,sci consisting of the legitimate block of instruction lci preceding the system call sci will not follow the program execution paths from which gi has been generated and propagated and will violate gi that summarizes the data .ow in lci.


Number of Bins= 100, Bin Size= 2.97 candidates whose likelihood is larger than that of X.

we observe that for di.erent local arrangements, the likelihood of a point being the minutia can be di.erent.


, g£, h1, · · · , hn) to A. Simulating leakage oracle.

advances in Cryptology -CRYPTO 2008, 28th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 17-21, 2008.


(9) For robustness against overbidding, a generalization of Theorem 1 holds.

recently, the researches of keyword auctions have also attracted considerableattention [3] [5].


4.2 Example We use the example of history in Figure 2 where two sites col laborate on a shared document having initial version V0|{op0} to illustrate the construction of authenticators.

sHH cannot ensure the integrity of data in the sense that it is original or forged.


Fortunately, most major web servers are ready to accept percent encoded versions of these characters as equivalent, so it is su.cient to utilize the common percent-escaping for these characters in URLs instead.

it can be stated that amongst the 10.000 most popular web pages, roughly one third uses the innerHTML property, and about 65% use Java-Script libraries like jQuery [7], who abet mXSS attacks by using the innerHTML property instead of the corresponding DOM methods.


Because the variants may create new child processes, the monitor is not the parent of these children.

the performance degradation of equake is caused by improves overall performance.


If blank, all logs are considered trusted.

the ability to update these security levels allows browser vendors to protect users from cryptographic vulnerabilities as long as users update their browsers.


likes and dislikes) for di.erent categories (e.g., music, cars, sports) in Section 3.3.

note that these are accumulated categories, e.g., we combined all 12 musical categories like jazz, classical, etc.


There are actually two factors that impact the success of a gadget chain.

our attack does not require a Turing complete set of gadgets.


Technical report, CERT Coordination Center, July 2002. http://www.cert.org/idar.

[28] Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Jon Orwant.


In all experiments we ran, the time it takes a jammed node to detect jamming was almost constant and independent of the network size, topology, or the jammer type (about 50 time-slots).

channel sur.ng is essentially an adaptive form of frequency hopping which is performed at the data-link layer as opposed to the physical layer.


subsequent work on FDH [11] and PSS [3, 12] has focused on speci.c classes of trapdoor permutations such as the RSA and Rabin permutations.


We emphasize, however, that even with just addressing the L1 cache, D¨ uppel already interferes with all known cryptographic sidechannel attacks that have been demonstrated in a virtualized SMP environment.

before cleansing the L1 cache (and any other time-shared caches), D¨ uppel .rst determines if the VCPU it is running on has been preempted since it last ran on the VCPU.


Claim 12 shows that v violates at most 2EeT of GT s edges.

n kkk  As before, since v * is a hybrid of the codewords (vt)and v, it follows that t.[k]{r} .


The TPM picks random integers rv .R {0, 1}£v+£Ø+£H and rf0 , rf1 .R {0, 1}£f +£Ø+£H and computes Srv rf0 rf1 £f r f T1t :=R0 R1 mod n r f :=rf0 + rf1 2mod .

this approach would never work in practice: as soon as one hardware module (TPM) gets compromised and the secret key extracted and published, veri.ers can no longer distinguish between real TPMs and fake ones.


Categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection authentication General Terms: Security.

in 2003, Sun-Yeh forged a valid login request message only by , which are made public [7]identifier f and compute is the current timestamp.


(g) The operator 8 does not distribute over ..

if we allow the application of + to non-unit terms and de.ne it as follows: f+ def = f U(f .f) U(f .f .f) U ··· Term In CF?


propose a cure to amnesia, by introducing a new machine, which is as fast as DFA, but requires much fewer number of states.

the architecture will remain flexible in face of the frequent signature updates.


This approach is shown to be e.ective in reducing spam, DDoS attacks, click frauds, and so on [3, 8].

spamming botnets: Signatures and characteristics.


At this time, we are not aware of corresponding analyses of computing systems diversity from the point of view of how much diversity is sustainable in a particular computational ecosystem.

each node s time-to-compromise is not distributed independently of the other nodes time-to-compromise.


Also the remaining helper bits, which represent the ECC redundancy, are updated accordingly.

consider a .rst cooperating pair, requesting help and having response bit rc1.


Our payload attribution method described in the following section is similar to SPIE in that both are digesting schemes.

however, source IP addresses can be spoofed which means the PAS will not be able to attribute an excerpt to its rightful owner.


The single mission-key solution is inadequate because the capture of any sensor node may compromise the entire DSN since selective key revocation is impossible upon sensorcapture detection.

these methods would force an adversary to conduct tra.c analysis to discover the pattern of key sharing.


MIT Press, Massachusetts, 2 edition, 1972.

we also need to normalize the RBS9 distributions as the number of interclass comparisons is very large compared to the number of intraclass comparisons.


After between 20 to 28 seconds, the VirtualBox host starts resuming or restoring the VMs.

setting up and maintaining a CI system on their own servers is a major e.ort.


In this phase, SDAP randomly groups all the nodes into multiple logical groups and performs aggregation in each group.

speci.cally, our design goal includes: Low communication overhead: The purpose of conducting aggregation is to reduce communication overhead.


From our observation, this websites contains 20% more user records than the phone book data set we crawled.

a resourceful attacker has great potential to become more powerful than we have demonstrated in this work.


If such isolation can be achieved, we can directly use the access control system in Android and its underlying Linux to enforce privilege restriction, by assigning di.erent permissions to di.erent UIDs.

even though VSS does not count the shared memory, the corresponding overhead still decreases slightly to 45%.


We also would like to thank Korea Information Security Agency (KISA) for kindly providing malware samples for our experiments.

heuristics about packed code may not be reliable in all cases and can be easily evaded.


4.3 Security Properties Here we discuss the security properties of our implementation based on the OAuth protocol.

they enable a centralization of friend relationship data and friend group data in a single SNS and reusing these relationships at other SNSs or external service providers for access control.


As of today, a simple analysis of the default TA stores in Operating Systems (OSes) and browsers reveals 132 TA in Firefox, 152 TA in OSX, 286 in XP, and (obviously heading in the right direction) just 30 TA in Vista.

being able to securely identify a user is not su.cient.


Finally, we will consider to add sanitized packet headers of honeypot data to Kyoto 2006+ dataset.

in our further investigation, we observed that most source IP addresses in Japan are located in black hole sensors and honeypots, and some of them were caused by Unicast Flooding of L2 Switches[8] which generates incomplete data of sessions and makes IDS raises false alarms.


When the .le does not already exist, it is created and padded to a non-zero size.

to ensure that MAPs refer to the same individual, mesh-getkey .rst maps the local user name into a globally unique Mesh user name in X.509 Distinguished Name [36] format, called the muser name.


Note that the leader node needs to set the .ag .eld to 1 , so that data from this group will not be aggregated any more.

unlike the trimming-based resilient aggregation [9] that simply ignore some fraction of highest and lowest values without any reasoning, our attestation scheme provides effective means to validate and then probably accept the abnormal values, as oftentimes we are more interested in those abnormal values than normal ones.


For example, we observed that it is hard to tell apart p and b ; g and j , and a and 8 .

this scheme relied too much on the colour scheme to provide security we tested 100 samples of this scheme, and they were indeed all resistant to the best OCR program on the market.


the problem is: given an app s identity number (the unique identi.er assigned to the app by Facebook), can we detect if the app is malicious?


However, because mount is required for the root shell, it is also possible to abuse it by mounting temporary .le systems on top of protected directories.

4.2 Customizing the Userspace In addition to securing the kernel, both teams attempted to harden user-level programs and, in particular, the EVS user shell.


[9] A. D. Brucker, J. Doser, and B. Wol.. An MDA framework supporting OCL.

allowing every user to read patient data in case of an emergency.