In actuality, throughput is slightly less than average latency of the locally asynchronous circuit, since the circuit can only process inputs as fast as they are fed to the input queue.

the decoupled stage can only catch up when it falls behind, but cannot pull ahead when it has processed all available inputs.


This is exacerbated by the TTM driven platform environment.

eSW development must commence prior to finalization of the HW design, and this ESW development often requires more HW and timing dependent detail than a soft-prototyping environment provides.


a logic 1 corresponding to 0.5 VDD determines a 0.25 VDD input difference.


Furthermore, the value of pin this model is unknown, and authors experimentally assumed different values ranging from 0 to 0.9 and obtained different results.

this correlation needs to be determined.


The latencies of way locator lookup are smaller than those associated with looking up large SRAM tag stores [5] (6 cycles for 1MB, 7 for 2MB and 9 cycles for 4MB in CACTII 22nm).

while the techniques employed in the Bi-Modal Cache are well-known, they are orchestrated in an effective manner to design a .exible DRAM cache organization that achieves signi.cant performance and that can continue to bene.t with scaling DRAM cache size.


No matter what its shape is, the routing of the bus must span all the nodes in the common graph.

our aim is to .nd a good spanning tree denoted by Tj (Vj ,ETj )from the common graph Gcj(Vj ,Ej).


in a connected ad hoc network, a packet can travel from any source to its destination either directly, or through some set of intermediate packet forwarding nodes.


However this does not in.uence the .ow of our method where gates are treated as a primitive unit and paths are treated as connection of gate primitives.

the delay and degradation approximation can still be obtained from the .ow with the capacitive load Cj-1 changed in previous stage and output slew rate Sj changed in current stage.


In our case, this length is the same as the minimum global wire length.

for a wire of length l, the number of repeaters on that wire is: 0, if l < l crossover nrepeater(l) = (2) rC ow (4) Where, Sopt =0.58 RC w nmos and Cnmos = Cg(2. )


are general enough to cover various mapping strategies in previous work.

our mapping parameters can be used by other compiler or auto-tuners to explore the mapping space.


The second mechanism ensures that ri+ is not overtaken by any negative response rj in any of the nodes that follow the supplier in ring order.

one of the two requesting nodes will see ri+ before rj -.


In case of onchip digitization, the analog wrapper needs to include the lowest cost data converters that can still provide the required frequency and accuracy for applying the core tests.

on-chip conversion of each analog test to digital patterns imposes requirements on the analog in analog out Figure 2.


When the number of failed disks is more than the erasure capability, information will be lost and data will be unavailable.

to maintain a high system reliability level, a key approach is to repair and recover a failed component as quickly aspossible[1].


QCA layout is currently restricted to a single layer with very limited number of wire crossing permitted.

wire crossing minimization is crucial in improving the manufacturability of QCA circuits.


QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS The goal of this section is to study the bene.t of the multichannel communications of the Split Phase Approach (SPA) in terms of the network throughput with respect to the single channel MAC protocol IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) [15].

we consider two STPN compact models: (i) Model1: the compact model of the SPA described in the .gure 8.


due to its exponential dependency on the threshold voltage, and the subthreshold leakage current is smaller in a footer than in a header due to the smaller size of a footer with the same delay penalty.

a footer is superior to a header in terms of its 0.90 own leakage current as well as in terms of input gate leakage (Vdd ) current.


Both approaches come at an area and power cost as they require a greater caches or memories to become effective.

heterogeneous memory architectures with caches and scratch-pad SRAM have been introduced [8], where the scratchpad can hold frequently used cache blocks.


It is the responsibility of the compilers and the cache system to optimize the computing and data accesses.

in most applications,itis a commonphenomenon that computing and data accesses are entangled with each other.


It would de.nitely be an overkill to huddle thousands of latches.

an important pre-CNS placement challenge is: Problem 6: Given a netlist, achieve a pre-CNS global placement solution with minimum HPWL, congestion, and minimize placement change during post-CNS placement stage according to clock gating information.


Because B is a prime number, (a1 - a2)(k - k) is not a multiple of B, which contradicts.

y1 = y2, and with a di.erent slope k' the two points are not in the same group.


The spilling process uses normal memory requests, injected on the backside of the L1.

predictor data is naturally stored in caches and can optionally be stored in main memory.


The complexity of the interconnection circuit creates a di.culty to predict and analyze the performance of interconnect signaling.

accurate interconnect characterization and modeling are essential to provide a theoretical basis to study the performance of global interconnects in FPGAs.


On the other hand, considering the high design and debugging cost of using FPGAs, we argue that it is not a cost e.ective way to implement some kernels of EMAN on FPGAs, such as 3D-FFTs, heuristic particle selection and etc.

theperformanceof the FPGA-based accelerator will be dictated to a large extent by the ability to evaluate, extract and o.oad the most bene.cial parts of the application.


False negatives, whilenotharmful toperformance, limitthepotential applicability of the optimization.

we would like to reduce both kinds of errors.


Traditional standard-cell placement techniques assume that cells have the similar sizes.

they cannot handle problems with di.erent sizes well.


In addition, spatially .ne-grained scaling is di.cult because level shifters are necessary between di.erent voltage levels.

core-level or block-level scaling to select from a few variable voltage levels is reasonable.


This web interface (see Figure 3) displays a description of each bicycle, the localization and the itinerary followed by the bicycles, the pictures from the cameras, and several parameters on each network interface of the mobile network components during the trip.

this collection of data allows the Pracom audience (located in Brest) to follow the demonstration and each bicycle.


As discussed in previous sections, the operational ordering may not be identical, but the resultant output is identical to that of the RTL.

the time and effort which had been invested in creation and verification of these C models can be leveraged by applying SEC techniques for verification.


At the same time, it sends the request to swap the data in memory according to the remapping results.

the writing behavior in the following running stage is optimized.


In order for cores to communicate efficiently with each other, an efficient on-chip communication fabric is essential.

over the last few years, networkson-chip (NoCs) have received much research interest, for CMPs as well as application specific multi-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs) [4].


2.3 Problem Formulation The work [8] has shown that a side overlay with length not longer than wline is SADP-friendly.

we de.ne a side overlay whose length is longer than wline as a hard overlay ;otherwise, it is a non-hard overlay.


Given any type T , UT.Tqa yields an implementation of Tqa, the query-abortable counterpart of T .To describe UT.Tqa , we .rst prove that every type T has a queriable counterpart Tq such that Tqa =(Tq)a, i.e., Tqa is the abortable counterpart of Tq.

given any type T (with an associated APPLYT procedure) we can derive an implementation of Tqa in two steps: (a) we .rst use the given APPLYT procedure to derive an APPLYTq procedure for type Tq, and (b) we then use APPLYTq in any universal construction for abortable types, such as UT.Ta described in Section 5.


Since ui((ci,R i),(c-i,R-i)) = w(1 -a)Ri.i(R i,R-i)-ci < w(1 -a)Ri.i(Rfi ,R-i)-ci = ui((ci,Rfi ),(c-i,R-i)), player i will gain more utility if it reports a false trans f mission rate Rrather than Ri.

truthfully i following the protocol is not a NE.


In the last constraint in (4), the gates in each gate group are forced to have the same set of parameters.

the di.erent cell count remains the same during the total slack maximization.


We limit the third index by choosing an appropriate value h for the history length.

w becomes an n × m × (h +1) 3-dimensional array of 8-bit weights.


Instead, Kiln releases NV memory data blocks right after the corresponding transaction is committed.

kiln reduces the total time of completing a sequence of persistent memory transactions by eliminating the truncation operations.


In this way, many redundant combinations of p,d and l are no longer need to be tested.

the performance of this algorithm can be signi.cantly boosted.


The most important feature of our symbolic method is that existing constrained-random testbenches can be reused for formal veri.cation.

it can be easily integrated into currently prevalent simulation-based veri.cation .ows.


To avoid changing the I/O pad locations of a design, an extra metal layer, called a Redistribution Layer (RDL), is added to redistribute the I/O pads to the bump pads.

a .ip-chip router is needed to connect the I/O pads to the bump pads.


However, more advanced technology nodes provide more wire layers for routing.

there are less routing congestion problems in the advanced technology nodes.


Additionally, since the structure is centrally located, for all but the smallest CMPs, the structure will be farther from cores than the local caches.

the time required to access the store will likely be larger than a local cache hit.


Verifying that a protocol is correct and deadlock- and livelock-free entails checking that all reachable system states are valid (e.g., only a single writing core at a time).

as the number of system components (e.g., caches) and the complexity of the protocols increase, both the number of reachable system states and the number of interleavings among protocol actions increase exponentially (i.e., the state space explosion problem).


Theyshow that the corresponding .nite element equations can be solved analytically after suitable approximations.

they are able to model arbitrarily shaped objects and simulate realistic sounds for a few objects at interactive rates.


For e ' = LHCC(e)tohold requiresboth e and e ' to access the same memory location.

lHCC satis.es the second property of a concrete observerfunction as well.


We express this as: Va =max A-1Hi (9) i.V(IF ) where V(IF ) denotes the set of vertices of IF .

va can be computed in two steps: 1) Solve A-1Hi at all vertices of IF and let S be the set of solution vectors 2) Va(j)is the maximum value of the jth component of all vectors in S. Alone, however, this procedure is insu.cient, since the number of vertices in IF may be too large [4].


Transitions close to the initial state are visited many times.

a large portion of the overall test time is wasted.


Contrary to the case in an SP-Domino gate where the pull-up device has to be adequately sized to charge the large capacitance on the dynamic node, most of MP1 s initial current drive will be utilized to quickly charge up the much smaller capacitance on DYN1 as the current drained by the isolation transistor MN1 would be limited by its near-zero drain-to-source voltage.

the sizing  Figure 6: Simulated waveforms of a SSPD 16-bit dynamic multiplexer.


Illustration of the SEU effect in a memory cell 3.2 Crosstalk Fault Model Due to the continuous shrinking geometry of semiconductor devices, the widths of metallic interconnects are being reduced, while their resistances are being augmented.

the delay introduced by these interconnections is increasing.


When the signal has high modulation, scheme B reduces decoding complexity more effectively.

hybrid inter-sector CoMP transmission scheme B has low complexity than scheme A.


Depending on the degree of distribution, and the size of the data consumers base, users data may be stored in multiple locations, based on providers internal scheduling and management processes.

as data travels across sites and is modi.ed by multiple parties, it may be replicated and accessed from remote locations.


Moreover, a uni.ed placement algorithm that considers both datapath and random logic (blocks with no regular structures) is still missing in the literature.

it is desirable to develop a new placement algorithm that can exploit the regular structures of datapath circuits and meanwhile utilize state-of-the-art techniques to achieve high quality and scalability.


It uses DRAM for data storage and SRAM for segment and packet pointers.

all manipulations of data structures occur in parallel with data transfers, keeping DRAM accesses to a minimum.


access transistors in the 6-T design with feedback more gate overdrive.

only a small performance hit is incurred byintroducing the feedback.


For noisy measurements of highly variable emotion dimensions, the dynamics will cause more deviations over non-speech regions.

extrapolation improves the correlation performances by reducing these deviations.


Note that for some advanced processors, there may be multiple IMs in the system.


If either G ' 2 or G ' 3 is not the minimum restricted pre.x graph, a smaller pre.x graph for G ' 1 can be obtained by substituting G ' 2 or G ' 3 to the minimum one, which con.icts with the assumption that G ' 1 is minimum.

both G ' 2 and G3 ' should be the minimum restricted pre.x graphs and the principle of optimality holds.


To accomplish this, a delay signal is required to determine the write termination time.


Nevertheless, in the practical multiplier verification process as shown in Figure 1, we need to build the decision diagrams not only for the arithmetic expression of the multiplier, but also for the optimized netlist in order to perform equivalence checking between these two models.

we may still suffer from the memory explosion problem when building decision diagrams for intermediate signals in the gate-level netlist.


This is because leakage is proportional to program runtime and the runtime (as shown in Figure 7) of the three schemes is similar.

the key factor that influences the system energy is the L2 STT-RAM dynamic energy.


We saved the last covariance matrix learned by the algorithm.

we obtained 50 covariance matrices learned from di.erent CMA-ES initializations and folds.


In [28] a low energy MPEG-4 FGS streaming [29] policy using a client-feedback method is presented, where the client decoding aptitude in each timeslot is communicated to the server, and the server subsequently determines the additional amount of data in the form of enhancement layers on top of the MPEG-4 base layer.

the server adjusts its data rate based on the feedback value from the client.


No matter in which way the reliability functionality is realized, it would incur extra resources either in terms of the gate number (more hardware), or operation number (more software).

the resultant extra resources must introduce more execution time, area, power, and/or energy consumption.


For the breakdown, we count a replay towards the last cause in time.

when a technique eliminates a cause for one load, it may still trigger a replay due to a different cause and increase the number of replays in another category.


MEMORY BANDWIDTH VERSUS PIN COUNT IN INDUSTRY-STANDARD MEMORY INTERFACES peak, available The peak available memory bandwidth, Bmem , for a processor, is a function of the memory bus clock (fmem), the number of bits on the memory bus (Nmembits), and the number of on-chip memory controllers (NMC): peak, available Bmem = fmem · Nmembits · NMC.

(1) for example, a single JEDEC DDR3-2133 standard memory, having a bus clock of 1066 MHz DDR clock (double-data-rate fmem = 2133 MHz), and 64-bit transfers(Nmembits = 64), the peak available bandwidth is 17.06 GB/s.


Lemmas 1 and 2 (equations 8-9) indicate that the nodes visit ratio and the forwarding probabilities averaged over all possible instances of the topologies are similar to the visit ratios and forwarding probabilities of an average topology where each node has a number of neighbors equal to the average case.

as a result of these two lemmas, one may derive the remaining set of model parameters (effective packet arrival rate and number of packets traversed) by considering the average case topology.


If the input switches from 0000 -0101 at time t = 0: output i will switch at times t =6, 11; j at t =9, 12; k at t =8, 10; and l at t =7, 12.

the left side will be faster for the left output (i switches before k), while the right side will be faster for the right (l switches before j).


1, CMDL uses a shunt resistor to connect the two rails of each differential output.

there is always current .owing through the shunt resistor, in one way or another, giving rise to the name current mode.


when using a large request size, the target sees individual small I/O requests.

the target may either invoke the disk scheduler too early if it is eager or too late if it waits for more requests to arrive, affecting disk seek time and ef.ciency.


The matching networks in both stages of the PA are designed using low-loss shieldedsubstrate coplanar waveguides with an effective wavelength nearly twice smaller than that of silicon dioxide.

there is almost 50% reduction in matching network size resulting in lower loss.


Here, we use a simple naming convention for these functions based on where they are executed: SW (software) and HW (hardware) functions.

rD_IMGS, GET_LABEL, and WR_DISP belong to SW functions since they are mapped to be executed in the host processor, and COM_COST and STRM_TRWS belong to HW functions for their implementation on FPGAs.


The difficulty in applying DPR to BLOCON is that we cannot afford passing these k-bit arrays among the IMs within a CC.

we modified DPR by extending the micro CC to CC.


However, functional memory simulation is not appropriate to exploit parallelism, that is, parallel or pipelined mem-ory architectures.

once a processor/memory architecture is found that roughly meets the initial design criteria, the model can be re.ned to a cycle-accurate model, which is used to collect the desired pro.ling data of the microarchitecture.


In CMOS circuits, most power is dissipated as dynamic power for charging and discharging of internal node capacitances.

researchers have investigated techniques for minimizing the number of transitions inside the circuits.


The intuition of the loading, replacement, and wait decision is to make the total gain of the acceleration engine resident processes high.

the load, replace, and wait decisions will be made only if the decision would not decrease the total gain of resident processes.


As shown in the diagram, UB3 occupies the same area as of NDLX architecture and consumes similar amount of power.

with the same area and power, custom architectures UB3 runs almost twice as fast as NDLX and consumes half the energy.


(6) i=1 To solve this optimization problem, the conductance matrix G, with GV = I, needs to be known according to Equation (1).

we use the following equations to express the conductance for each possible TSV position i: gtsvi = g1xi1 + g2xi2+... + gnxin (i = 1, 2, ...M ) xi1 + xi2+... + xin = 1 (7) xi .


This parallel management, in addition to applications persistence, empowers the runtime system to provide other important features such as load balancing [19], fault tolerance [23], ef.cient parallel I/O [24], [25], and power management [26], [27].

an adaptive RTS orchestrates a control system [28].


This problem is not mitigated by faster hardware as (1) FPGAs are getting larger faster than uniprocessor CPUs are delivering more, useful MIPS [1] and (2) traditional algorithms for placement generally scale superlinearly in device size.

we expect this problem only to increase with time.


The key idea behind Error Transformation is to detect errors that cannot be corrected by ECC and bring in valid data from HDD arrays accordingly.

as shown in Figure 3, error detection via checksums is employed.


To this end, the configuration bits of each MUX should be kept together.

the interconnections of SRAM cells are modified in a way that the configuration SRAM cells of each MUX have a common Writeenable line and chronological Data_in lines.


In the original formulation in [4] only one AT variable resides at each node, while in our approach one for each primary input may exist.

we have adjusted the pruning procedure to calculate gains for and prune AT variables rather than nodes.


Since there are 27 ASCII characters, .. =7 and we set .. = 1.

the codes will be of length 4 + .. + .. = 12.


Since these two vertices in the chain are connected through the 0-edge representing addition, then due to the communitive property order {2, 3} is equivalent to {3, 2}.

when any such chain is constructed, we enforce the same vertex order (from the smallest to the largest row/column index).


registers (RT ) page size 25 µs 80 µs 200 µs 3 µs 2KB command signal latency (C) 3 cycles Table 2: Parameters in virtual device simulation cycles (RT ).

we can .nally formulate page mode read/write access times of NAND .ash memory in page mode, as shown in Table 1.


Often, several solve phases use those matrices.

we focus on the AMG solve phase; evaluation of setup phase vulnerability is future work.


This study highlights the fact that leakage power variations cause power state characteristics, and hence the effectiveness of power management policies, to vary from one chip to another.

we conclude that, under variations, the effectiveness of power management must be evaluated in the context of an energy distribution rather than a deterministic measure of energy consumption.


Thus, even if one arbitrary cell in this biochip becomes faulty due to a manufacturing defect, this failure cannot be avoided by reconfiguration, and the fabricated biochip has to be discarded.

the yield for this biochip design is very low.


For simplicity, the playback delay is defined as a maximum delay bound in this group of users in this particular network.

every peer will have the same playback delay.


Note that the battery is not the only contributor to the weight, the current single channel prototype weighs approximately 30 to 40 g. However, using off-the-shelf components, a single channel system including the ampli.ers could be reduced to 10 g, which is the weight of the EZ430-RF2500.

reducing the number of channels will also reduce overall device weight.


The NAND-gate (callout B) is connected to a NOT-gate (callout C) and an inverted input to an AND-gate (callout D).

the two bubbles and NOT-gate are, in reality, redundant and can be removed.


Full-.edged Monte Carlo simulation is computationally too expensive even when compact SPICE-like models [3, 2] are used, and is impossible using exact device simulators.

analytical models for distributions of circuit metrics under process variations are necessary to make statistical analysis tractable.


In this way, they were previously specified to be attained by means of instructions.

they were known before the benchmark executions.


For example, a technique could be to use the target as a butter.y net, or to extend the classical 2D box selection to 3D space.

users would be able to select groups of objects by locking them up into 3D selection areas.


Different versions of each gate have the same footprint, in the sense that they have the same physical size and same locations for input and output pins.

there is no need to redo the placement and routing after changing the gate versions.


(3) TCPU_active is assumed to be constant regardless of memory system since the number and execution time of instructions are fixed.

we are concerned about TCPU_idle which is proportional to off-chip memory access time.


It is   constant parameter that depends on the specific circuit design and topology of the charge pump [11].

the average input current of the charge pump in the steady state can be modeled (ITEG) is equal to the input current of the power converter (IIN).


(42) v (b)1+ 2 <.< 4  For this category, Z(s) has complex poles and decreases monotonically with frequency.

zmax = R.As in section 4.2, the maximum worst-case voltage noise can be calculated and the ratio is V 1 -1 (s)tan 1 e .


The binding of RNAP to the Promoter sequence can either be enhanced or repressed by Transcription Factors (TFs) and small molecules.

the expression of a gene, which is ultimately transcribed and translated to a protein, can be regulated turned on or off depending upon the type of the promoter sequence at the beginning of the gene and its regulators.


The pitch refers to the spacing between the neighboring GNRs in the TFET channel, and in this paper, we assume that an individual GNR channel has a contact width of 10nm, and that this equals the pitch in the GNR array.

a TFET with 4 GNRs has a total contact width of 40nm.


During write operation OP2 to OP17 (with different data than Init Data), any SA0 in the address lines will overwrite Init Data of address 0.

read operation OP18 is able to detect any SA0 fault.


Interestingly, is present in not only the denominator, ++( but also the numerator, because 6 ++T1 can be factorized as d1 +f7a e+V 2 .

2 is common factor shared by 66hh gs(g(h gs the denominator and numerator of y( gs .


As shown in Fig.3(a), the voltage difference between ON and OFF states increases as the value of Rsense increases.

for a larger read-out margin, Rsense needs to be as large as possible.


(17): .perf = a · Hhit + ß · Nhit (17) where a and ß are user de.ned weights, Hhit is the hotspot detection accuracy and Nhit is the non-hotspot detection accuracy.

.perf represents the weighed summation of hotspot and non-hotspot detection accuracies.


All the satisfying assignments are needed to construct g(X).

when a satisfying assignment is found, the assignment of X is stored and the procedure backtracks to continue as in the case that a conflict occurs.


The address information stored in the pipeline registers is also used by other components, like the bus controller, the program counter (PC) and the exception unit.

the testability of these units is also affected negatively.


Under the assumption of the path delays being random variables, the a-percentile of a path delay can be written as za[Dp] = µ(Dp) + zas(Dp) 1 2 the optimal solution does not lie in the new feasible region.

this transformation results in considerable reduction in the complexity at the cost of slight degradation in the quality of the solution.


As Qrises further, the propensities are still comparable, but the nominal current Id becomes smaller and smaller.

even though the trap activity continues (as seen from Fig.


For example, searching for (0b9, 00c, 0ae, 0c2, 016) yields an L2 PSC match.

only the L1 entry (508 concatenated with index 0ae) is looked up in the hardware caches (and possibly main memory).


1) Error Accumulation: The error signals can be summed up using accurate adders and thus, the accumulated error can fully compensate the inaccurate product; however to reduce complexity, an approximate error accumulation is introduced.

consider the observation that the error vector of each approximate adder tends to have more 0 s than 1 s. the probability that the error vectors have an error bit 1 at the same position, is quite small.


Since GNRs may have a low subband, the approximation is not always accurate.

we need to derive an expression valid for all possible E. Since (3) cannot be solved directly, we approximate f(E) with an exponential function when EF < EC = 0, a step function when EF - EC > 3kT , and a smoothing function in between.


Because LRF uses 512 additional lines, in order to make afair comparison, we add onelineper setforthese schemes.

all schemes have the same number of data lines, i.e., 8704 lines, or 544KB data size.


Since all nodes in this area are within k hops of the calculating node, the detection algorithm can compute the diameter of each local map after determining each neighbor node s location.

4.3.3 Detection Procedure we propose to use the diameter to determine whether there is a wormhole attack present or not.


If it does not, we consider that we must have overesti mated time budgets.

we reduce each task time budget based on certain heuristics and validate again until the constraints are sat is.ed.


The deviations are always positive meaning the deadline requirements are always satis.ed.

our simulator is both fast and reasonably accurate in producing results, satisfying the deadline constraints.


Research into the optimization of these repeaters has shown that the repeaters can also be designed to sample and maintain data line voltage levels when required [25].

with repeaters as potential storage elements, we can use them as bu.ers along the links by triggering a control signal at high network loads when there are no more bu.ers in the router.


This contribution may be become especially signi.cant for multiple-output circuits.

we developed a new algorithm implementation that accounts for gate inputs correlation (NISU B RCT GIC).


Programmers must know about circuit desi gn to create the right interrupts for user input in their tools, annd designers must know about mathematical algorithms to givee the right input.

university curricula sho uld provide and recommend a combination of courses on anaalog/mixed-signal design and on numerical mathematics and optimization.


The fact that every store writes a unique value in our problem makes it obvious which store created the value read by each load.

the read-mapping information is readily available.


Detailed results obtained for each sound track are listed in Table 8, in which the recall and precision are not computed as percentages, but indicated by the ratios X/Y of the relevant counts.

it shows more details on there are how many ground-truths, and how many are correctly or falsely detected.


However, even the main issue window is broadcast-free and issues instructions based on the predicted ready time.

a sanity check is required, and the instruction is re-deposited into the pre-wakeup table if the sources are not ready.


6, the coupling energy (of the ground state), Ei,j , is an increasing function of |Cyy,i.j |(and |Cyy,j.i|) of the con.icts related to the hotspots.

increasing |Cyy,i.j | (and |Cyy,j.i|) of the con.icts related to the hotspots increases the coupling energy of the con.icts related to the hotspots.


This sum can be accurately approximated as a lognormal random variable using an extension of Wilkinson s method [18].

the leakage power dissipation of a function unit can also be expressed as a lognormal random variable in a canonical form.


Along with the power conservation we also aim at achieving high reliability.

we must operate the disks only in safe utilization zones.


This, in turn, results in less power and delay overhead due to a communication via a bridge.

the memory partitioning and mapping of Fig.


Resolving differences at such extreme common-mode voltages with a single latch would be ineffective.

a dual-sense-amp latch structure was developed.


Since the least signi.cant bits of set index in memory address are used for bank index, all banks mostly have the same probability to be accessed.

the farthest bank is accessed with same probability as the closest bank.


3.2.2 Generating Points of DP-curves with Level Shifters To calculate the accumulated delay di and power .i of ablock bi, including the delay and power of bi, we need to simultaneously consider the contribution of delay and power from level shifters.

di and .i are calculated by di = di + di + xij · ds, (6) and .i = .i + pi + xij · ps, (7) where xij is a 0-1 variable indicating whether a level shifter is needed from block j to block i (1 if needed; 0, otherwise), di (pi) is the delay (power) of bi,and ds (ps) is the delay (power) of a level shifter.


If we use one million TSVs of this size, the TSVs occupy area of 50 million gates, which is prohibitive.

tSV size and count should be considered in 3D ICs.


The depth constraint is needed so that if BTWMap s solution is not enough of an improvement, it will still have the same depth as the original circuit.

it can do no worse than the original algorithm in terms of depth.


Another plus is its free VHDL source code and its accompanying tool chain.

a 4-way multi-processor is an ideal candidate for overhead processing, since the overhead consists of four independent rows which can be processed in parallel.


Identifying Recurring Spatial Patterns Upon a trigger access, SMS predicts the subset of blocks within the region that are spatially correlated and therefore likely to be accessed.

a key problem in SMS is finding a prediction index that is strongly correlated to recurring spatial patterns.


Type Speci.cation 1 Ascend stair step 45 stairs/min 2 Ascend stair step 60 stairs/min 3 Ascend stair step 75 stairs/min 4 Walk on treadmill 3 miles/hour, incline: 0% 5 Walk on treadmill 3 miles/hour, incline: 1.5% 6 Walk on treadmill 3 miles/hour, incline: 3% 7 Walk on treadmill 4 miles/hour, incline: 0% 8 Walk on treadmill 4 miles/hour, incline: 1.5% 9 Walk on treadmill 4 miles/hour, incline: 3% 10 Run on treadmill 6 miles/hour, incline: 0% 11 Run on treadmill 6 miles/hour, incline: 1.5% 12 Run on treadmill 6 miles/hour, incline: 3% tion while the proposed architecture is worn on-body was not feasible due to the cost prohibitive issues.

we synthesized the proposed architecture using CAD tools and measured the power consumption of individual screening blocks.


To avoid such occurrences, we have to anticipate the availability of routing paths during synthesis.

droplet routing must be included in the synthesis flow for digital microfluidics.


L(1), its output slew sik,out is available as a PCE from (14).

for all the nodes in L(2), the slew and output arrival times are only functions of the underlying random variables.


Therefore, assuming the IC surface is divided into an m× n grid, the total leakagepower of the processor is calculatedby: mn we use our sensory circuit to measure), and the information Pleakage = ·· N[i,j] Ileakage[i,j] Vdd regarding heat dissipation in the corresponding temperature i=1 j=1 range for cooling down, which can be precisely calculated based on the Newton s law of cooling.

r can be where N[i,j] and Ileakage[i,j] denote the number of gates and the leakage current in each block of the grid.


Typically, SRAM bitcells have the smallest device sizes on a chip.

they show the largest sensitivity to di.erent sources of variations -such as random dopant .uctuations (RDF), lineedge roughness (LER) and others [3, 4].


It is also known that LRU outperforms FIFO and general deterministic Marking strategies, such as FWF (Flush-When-Full), which are also k-competitive [17].

competitive analysis does not properly discern between the behavior of di.erent algorithms.


However, VPR s routing algorithms reliance on constructing a routing resource graph of the configurable logic fabric makes those algorithms difficult to use for JIT compilation.

we developed the Riverside On-Chip Router (ROCR), specifically designed for lean on-chip execution in JIT compilation for FPGAs.


Cg = Cgi +2 × COL (3) COL = W × CGDO (4) if VS-D =0 then, Cgi = W×L×Cox Cg,0 = W×L×Cox+2×W × CGDO (5) if VS-D = VDD then, Cgi = W×L×Cd Cg,V DD = W×L×Cd+2×W × CGDO (6) Cmax CR = (7) Cmin Since, Cmax = Cg,0 (8) and, Cmin = Cg,V DD (9) CR = Cg,0 (10) Cg,V DD CR = L× Cox+ 2 × CGDO (11) L× Cd+ 2 × CGDO  Once the comparison starts with the given models, the capacitance change will not a.ect the circuit s decision due to cross-coupled inverters in the VcTL gate.

these capacitance changes are not modeled.


1 every clock zone samples a new data at every clock cycle.

every standard cell can be modeled by a register, to emulate signals propagation, and an ideal logic gate without delay, to represent the logic functions.


The main difference is the modi.ed use of the available memory hierarchy where using the technique of [8], another intermediate signal is created and assigned differently for the speed optimized implementation.

an energy-intensive multi-port memory is added in the memory hierarchy, delivering more bandwidth and improving the worst-case execution path of the application.


The sphere decoder exhaustively examines all the paths that satisfy the sphere radius constraint for the calculation of the soft output.

it can achieve better performance than the LSD scheme used in [6] that does not exhaustively examines all the paths satisfying the sphere radius constraint.


Because each rule collection only labeling one arrival time, we cannot use time shifting to align these different hold and setup times.

in the bipartite graph we do not produce the edge between the rule collection and the suffix rule set if there is a conflict.


But for supply voltages internal to a single adder we use the bivos scheme presented in [4].

supply voltages are assigned to minimize energy considering both entire n-bit adders and components inside a single adder.


As mentioned in Section 3.1.2, when each root tree is a pin-vertex, the SPCs are equivalent to the Voronoi regions de.ned in [15].

we apply the algorithm in [15] to the OAVG G(V , E) to obtain the initial SPCs with respect to the set P of pin-vertices.


(Recall that the fortuitous detection of defects given the detection of a targeted fault is analogous to the detection of a nontargeted fault given the detection of a targeted fault).

for our experiments, we can consider two defect spaces: a defect space in which all defects correspond to stuck-at faults, and a defect space in which all defects correspond to the more difficult-to-detect transition faults.


functions in Equation (8) with Gaussian PDFs.

the optimum read reference voltage Vopt between two neighboring states should satisfy: 1 (vopt .


Next, we can try to combine clusters of size 3 on r with clusters of size 2 on s, and so on.

all the feasible clusters can be generated.


We were able to use a fast functional simulator (sim-profile)because obtaining the profile does not require a cycle-accurate simulation.

furthermore, the profile information only needs to be collected once (unless the application or processor core is changed).the simulator s runtime was sufficiently fast for ourpurposes (profile simulations took less than 25 minutes per benchmark to complete.)


Now the non-leaf node P is connected to the rest of the circuit only through nets ELR.

the internal nets EC , (the ones cut at P ,) are abstracted away by MI NABSTR AC T, resulting in the minimum leakage relation .P + (ELR).


Figure 4 shows the basic idea of how the load buffer works.

when load E and load G issue, there are older nonissued loads, namely load C and load D. load E and load G are out-of-order-issued loads.


Continuous advances in MOSFET design and development result in improvements in terms of costs, size, and energy-e.ciency.

complex active cell balancing architectures with speci.c features such as non-neighbor transfers become economical.


As shown in [10], the temperature dependency of SRAM .ngerprints is not negligible in many situations, for example, authentication of widely distributed sensors.

a reliable system evaluation method for such authentication systems that operate under a wide range of temperatures should be investigated further.


Note also that the presence of higher harmonicsin the input, together with corresponding harmonics in theoscillator s PPV, facilitate mth sub-harmonic lock indicatingthat nonlinearity is useful for SHIL.

the Adlerized SHILequation (20), together with computational tools for determiningthe PPV s harmonics [17], provides concrete design guidelinesfor utilizing SHIL.


Symbolic execution is a well-known technique [21] that has traditionally been employed for testing purposes, which consists in executing the algorithm by propagating symbolic expressions rather than the actual values of the variables.

after executing the algorithm from iteration i to i + m, the output is not the numeric value of fi+m, but a set of equations that relate each element of fi+m to a subset of elements of fi.


Unfortunately, these results indicate that one cannot simply throw more resources at the problem to increase the performance of the CAD tools adding more space in the FPGA slows the runtimes, even though (or perhaps precisely because) the placement and routing are less constrained.

performance improvements come from algorithm changes, not the easing of FPGA resource constraints.


While this may appear as a simpli.cation, simulations on chains of nand and nor gates provided similar changes to inverter chains, in terms of delay and power, as the supply voltage was lowered.

using an inverter chain to characterize the e.ect of lower supply voltages is warranted.


The transistor s immunity to line transients is therefore limited.

the pin associated with the transistor becomes a limiting factor for electrical static discharge (ESD) and safe operating area (SOA) rating of the switching regulator chip.


1. r X(, ) () ij X(, ) X cij i j , 1,...,16 (1) ij (, ) , Additionally, because of Dependency (b), the HT and IDCT computations have to stall until the coefficients from the AC path and the DC path are available, respectively.

our novel contribution proposes an AC/DC-path decoupling scheme that overcomes this dependency while still being correct.


Register RC is initialized with pattern 1010 and thus core C sees one active clock edge every two ATE CLK cycles.

the scan clock frequency for core C is set to F /2.


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used extensively for large-scale monitoring at high spatial resolution.

the integration of MEMS and WSN technologies enables the measurement of airflow patterns at high spatial and temporal resolution.


2.3 RF-MOST modelling At the start of the design, no RF-models for the MOStransistors were available.

a transistor subcircuit has been constructed using the following approach ([9]): From the available BSIM3-models an intrinsic MOST model is derived by setting all junction-areas to zero;  The junctions are added as diodes in the RF-MOST subcircuit, resulting in higher accuracy of the junction capacitor values for low .nger numbers;  Source, drain and substrate resistors are added to the subcircuit;  A layout-related coupling capacitor between source and drain is added;  A physical gate resistance is added.


The physical implementation of our algorithm will be hierarchical.

it is reminiscent of the work by Floyd and Ullman [21], who use hierarchy in their construction of a non-deterministic .nite automaton.


If there are M memory regions to be mapped to N cache colors, there are NM possible mappings, which is a large number that makes any brute-force approach impractical.

heuristics are needed to make mapping decisions at runtime.


Rather it was iterative with many of the activities occurring in parallel.

for example, work with mock-ups and prototypes are used to further develop design visions and scenario descriptions, which can then give rise to additional field work and in turn influence our understanding of design and implementation challenges [13].


As a result, the signals from both antennas are coherently shifted into the base band.

the phase difference between the two signals is maintained.


The AWE method and other model reduction methods are classi.ed into the method of numerical analysis.

we can not obtain the closed-form expression of the transfer function, using these model reduction algorithms.


However, here all worm instances have to remain silent for multiple time units simultaneously; whereas worm instances must simply slow their rate of connection attempts to avoid the connection rate limiter.

table 1 suggests that even in slow scanning worms, Friends gateways should be able to recognize and prevent worm spread.


Low cost the coprocessor must cost less than the main host processor because users prefer to spend money on increasing processing capacity.

using one of the main processors in SMP systems for detecting malicious codes makes inefficient use of the system s computational resources.


Since the entire design is encapsulated in Simulink, it can be simulated along with models of analog front-end.

the effect of analog nonidealities and fixed-point computation can be evaluated at a system level.


Itis alsoworth noting thatinconventionalcustomcircuit design, optimizationfrequently takestheform ofminimizing the area subject to a delay constraint.

such a form is not as useful for FPGA-based optimization again because the performanceoftheFPGAisnotknownuntilusercircuits are implemented ontheFPGA.theabsolutevalueof any delay constraint would not be informative.


Compared with un-terminated scheme (as shown in Figure 3(a)), resistive termination improves the bandwidth by alleviating the ISI, but lowers the swing of output signal and adds power consumption in the termination.

a non-tapered inverter chain (as shown in Figure 3(b)) is devised to amplify the received signal and recover it back to digital level.


As a consequence, the number of nets that are both unpredictable and (potentially) critical is rather small.

if these few nets can be identified early and prerouted (along with some of the most critical nets), the overall routability impact is quite limited even as the predictability of the design improves significantly.


Classification versus Regression The traditional approach for statistical learning based test has focus on regression [6, However, regression is a multi-dimensional problem, where each dimension is a specification.

th e training data required t o adequately cover th e multidimensional space for building th e regression model can be extremely large.


Restarts and clause recording, according to Gomes et al [6] brought SAT solvers in the direction of general resolution, which is considered the main factor of e.ciency of SAT solvers in real world problems.

the last two instances of the modular SAT solver will test the power of changing heuristics at run-time.


3.3 Delay Elements From equation (4) and Figure 6, one can see that increasing the transparency window of the i th soft-edge FF-set puts more rigid constraint on the hold time condition for the i th stage of the pipeline.

if needed, delay elements may be utilized in the minimum-delay path(s) to alleviate the hold time constraint violation.


During the search all problems are feasible except the last one.

note that the constraints corresponding to total_leakage <= C -1 are tighter than the ones corresponding to total_leakage <= C.every solution of iteration i+1 is a solution of iteration i.In every iteration, the SAT solver produces many conflict clauses during the search for the answer.3 We use this fact to speedup the search by using the conflict clauses that are generated during the ith iteration and adding new clauses to them to model the (i+1)th iteration.


This is because when a message is blocked somewhere along its path, it is possible for body .its upstream to continue traversing links, up to the blocked link, and until input buffers become full (assuming certain .ow controls such as virtual cut-through [10]).

link utilization and network power will be higher for those few cycles before the buffers .ll up.


This approach solves the SAT problem by enumerating through the satisfying assignments that represent local minterms of the care set of the given node.

it should be limited to nodes with roughly 10 inputs or less, which is typically the case for most Boolean networks.


nominal delay-values was found to increase significantly under NBTIstress as is evident from the values reported in Table 3.

pVT induced random variability in interconnect performance is sufficiently aggravated in the presence of NBTI-stress and it worsens as the number of stress-sites is increased.


N, ifa K-LUT t ' is generated for t during the mapping phase, then the level of t ' in the mapping solution is no more than g(t) and l(t), the depth of the optimal mapping solution for Nt.

since any mapping solution for N induces a solution for Nt, g(t) and l(t) are also the minimum depths for the K-LUT generated for t in and mapping solution of N. the mapping solution of N is optimal and requires O(n + m) time [2].


Depending on the branch, local contains either the original value of ic[k] (line 2) or sc (line 3).

the store to ic[k], after the hammock, is effectively conditional ic[k] s value may or may not change even though it is performed unconditionally.


However, more pipelined stages also bring extra delay and energy overhead based on (4) and (5) generally.

pipelining is not a free technique that can be used without any constraint.


8C-1 AVS-Aware Power-Gate Sizing for Maximum Performance and Power Efficiency of Power-Constrained Processors Abhishek Sinkar and Nam Sung Kim Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 e-mail: sinkar@wisc.edu Abstract -Power-gating devices incur a small amount of voltage drop across them when they are on in active mode, degrading the maximum frequency of processors.

large power-gating devices are often implemented to minimize the drop (thus the frequency degradation), requiring considerable die area.


In this case, we know that the previous dual simplex operation already yielded the leftmost point for P(f) with f = fmin.

the parametric simplex algorithm can be terminated.


If the counters of all the SRAM blocks in a set are saturated, no migration will be performed.

the possibility that another write-intensive block could be swapped from the SRAM back to STT-RAM is avoided.


Since sub-threshold logic is very sensitive to process and temperature variations, low voltage clock may suffer from clock jitter.

we may not guarantee that low voltage clock follows high voltage clock within half clock cycle period.


In general the linear programming formulation will result in fractional .ows corresponding to nets partially using certain routing resources.

a randomized rounding procedure is used to discretize the solution.


Except in logic-ROMs, NVM typically has a low read-write speed.

volatile memories (SRAM and DRAM) are frequently embedded in system-on-a-chip (SoC) or 3D-IC devices to achieve high-speed operations.


Several traces can satisfy the same property.

more than one path may lead to a .nal state verifying the property: there exist some states where a choice among several possible outgoing transitions has to be made.


As such, Start-Gap is insensitive to spare lines as all lines wear out at similar time.

with Start-Gap the PCM memory system may not have to provision signi.cantly more spare lines just for tolerating endurance related wear out.


When specifying the mapping of functions to segments and segments to regions, code objects must be speci.ed in the script as individual object .les.

in order to implement and evaluate arbitrary code overlay mappings at function level resolution, each function must be placed in a separate source .le.


We received feedback from medical interpreters that the system should provide support using voice data.

in this study, we considered the support for multilingual communication by voice data in the medical .eld.


In addition, the twofigures-of-merit (FOMs) commonly employed to evaluate the modulator Power W performance are also included; namely, FOM1 Power W() 2DR bit()2BW Hz()· -----------------------------------1012·= (1) FOM2 2kT 322DR bit()2BW Hz()··------------------------------------------- ·= (2) () Note that FOM1 specially accountsfor the power consumption, whereasFOM2 stresses on the modulator resolution.

the smaller FOM1 and the larger FOM2 , the better performance of the S.modulator.


The Cake is a Lie: Privilege Rings as a Policy Resource Sergey Bratus, Peter C. Johnson, Michael E. Locasto Ashwin Ramaswamy, Sean W. Smith Department of Computer Science Computer Science Department George Mason University Dartmouth College Fairfax, VA, USA Hanover, NH, USA mlocasto@gmu.edu {sergey,pete,ashwinr,sws}@cs.dartmouth.edu  ABSTRACT Components of commodity OS kernels typically execute at the same privilege level.

the compromise of even a single component undermines the trustworthiness of the entire kernel and its ability to enforce separation between user-level processes.


However, the speed of memory copy by the CPU is limited to approximately 4 GB/s.

copying data at 1.25 GB/s is a heavy load for the hosts.


Similarly, an input may participate in both allocations as long as it has multiple VCs, because the packets at the heads of that input s VCs may request di.erent outputs.

con.icts may arise between the two allocators.


In the down-stream case the diffusion barrier in the bottom of the via is in direct neighborhood to the preferred diffusion path at the metal-to-barrier interface (Figure 6).

in a design the up-stream direction can carry higher current densities than down-stream.


The full safe range is R123 , which is the sum of R12 and R13 .

now we can explore the full safe range R123 for S1 -S2 .


The timing model contains only the constraints of timing requirements inside this module and the information to compute arrival times at its outputs.

the timing model can be much smaller compared to the original netlist, because the internal circuit structure is not considered.


3.1 Principal Operationsfor State Restoration Our proposed algorithm relies on applying two principal operations to forward propagate and backward justify known values among circuit nodes to reconstruct the missing data.

we label them forward and backward operations, and they are illustrated in Figure 2.


In our case, conversely, adaptation is dynamic and thus it has to be measured on-line.

the number of sensors and their resolution does matter.


2.1 Addressing Cache Pollution Observation:Ifacacheblockwithhighreuseisprematurelyevictedfromthecache,thenitwilllikelybeaccessed soonaftereviction.Ontheotherhand,acacheblockwith littleornoreusewilllikelynotbeaccessedforalongtime aftereviction.


any combinational logic placed in these paths could be susceptible to glitches and data loss [1], as shown in Figure 2.


And our test framework has performed nicely.

we think that this framework would make it possible for WSN protocol developers to verify protocols easily.


Figure 10 shows the new data path, and this data path is highly sensitive to cache size and data processing speed, including the CPU and memory bandwidth.

building a BPF-based capturing system requires even more careful system design.


Also, all the other contending flows of Fi may have to send a packet before this flow.

the total delay for a packet from Fi to reach the input buffer of the first switch is given by: ui0 = MAX (Ui0 ,U0I(x))+ .x U0I(x), with x = 1 ... z0(i, 0) (3) j For the subsequent hops, ui can be calculated similarly: jj ui = MAX (Ui , Uj I(x))+ .x UjI(x) with x=1 ... zc(i,j),1= j= hi (4) Please note that, if there is no contention for the flow, then the above equation reduces to uij = Uij .


The load/store identi.cation information can be simply an index that will be used by the CDMI to access the tables with the application information.

instead of allowing the CDMI to update its state to the next load/store instruction by itself, this state can be explicitly speci.ed by the processor side.


The reason for this is that for fewer cores, MaxBIPS tries to .t into the power envelope with fewer mode combination alternatives to select from.

at many points, the policy must conservatively under.t the power budget, thus sacri.cing some of the attainable performance.


However, stalls can give rise to deadlocks which can only be resolved by rolling back transactions.

con.icts can fundamentally limit concurrency and subsequently the performance of a TM system.


We see that for the coefficients of third-order terms, if the probability of each operation failing is 0.1, the coefficient would already be around 0.001, which is pretty insignificant.

we choose to ignore the terms from the third order and beyond, looking at only the first-order term and second-order term.


We have chosen these sizes because as Table 3 shows, the storage overhead for the L2 cache con.guration considered is about 7kB for the static SBC and about 13 kB for the dynamic SBC.

the 8kB and the 16kB victim caches are larger than the static and the dynamic SBC respectively.


The wavelength of audible sound falls exactly in the range of the dimensions of common objects, in the order of a few centimeters to a few meters.

unlike light, sound bends (diffracts) appreciably around most objects, especially at lower frequencies.


Secondly, if h(x) is admissible, meaning that it never overestimates the actual cost from the current node to the target node, then A* search is optimal.

for the Manhattan routing (i.e., only horizontal and vertical connections allowed), h(x) is usually set as the Manhattan distance from any visiting node to the target, because it is the smallest possible distance between any two points in the Manhattan space.


3.2 Our Approach for OASG Looking at the above mentioned issues we conceived that rather than modifying Zhou et al s [1] approach, it will be bestto simply build ontheiridea.

weproposean algorithm based on octant partition exhibiting uniqueness property similar to their algorithm.


The second input to the CWSPelement attains its correct value after an additional delay of 8.

theoutput of the CWSP element is guaranteed to be correct only after a delayof 28.


For the former case that all the primary inputs are connected to the primary partitions, the primary stress vectors of the original circuit will be the combinations of those for the primary stress vectors for the primary partitions.

we need only to generate the primary stress vectors for the primary partitions.


In effect, a hit in the NTLB allows the twodimensional page walk to skip the page walk on the virtual machine monitor s page table.

if every access to the guest s page table hits in the NTLB, then the number of accesses to the Page Walk Cache and the memory hierarchy is the same as it would be for native execution.


Once the supply voltage dropped below 1.2v, the Mica Mote automatically shut down and stopped transmitting.

we can safely ignore the impact of battery voltage in our tests as long as we ensure that the supply voltage stays above 1.5v.


Then, we consider partial ii differentiation of (with respect to xjand j, giving the optimality conditions of CS.

for l<j<ni, () ; ;; ; (/ xj#f 2 ek lxj x ;; ;;;;; kjkj kj () ;; + wjw)# (8) ;;;;; kjkj () ; ;; ; (/ Yj#f2eklYj Y ;; ;;;;; kj kjkj () ;; + hh)# (9) j ;;;;; kjkj ii where leldenotes the number of the pins of e. kkIn Equation (8), there are niequations with nivariables.


However, it also incurs more overhead in terms of storage space and computations required to obtain and update the parity sectors.


The main characteristic of a trapezoidal association of transistors is its lower output conductance compared to a single rectangular transistor.

early voltage (VA) is also increased, leading to an advantageous configuration for analog gain stages.


At the same time, replicating a block in adjacent L2 slices offers virtually no latency benefit, as multiple replicas are one network hop away from a core, while having just one copy nearby is enough.

replication should be done at a coarser granularity: R-NUCA logically divides the L2 into clusters of neighboring slices, replicating instructions at the granularity of a cluster rather than in individual L2 slices.


We .nd that the simulation of these applications need at best 3.5 hours (for cache block size of 64 bytes) and at worst 4.5 hours (for cache block size of 4 bytes) to .nish.

we use Dinero IV to simulate 75 different cache con.gurations (varying set size and associativity) with cache block size of 64 bytes for each SPEC CPU2000 application.


0 No signal in this cone is A D observable due to the B controlling value present at one of D s inputs  As stated in the theorem, if it can be guaranteed that a signal/fault does not re-converge with itself in a higher time frame or does not become observable/testable even after recombination, it can safely be marked as unobservable or untestable.

we propagate unobservability backwards across time frame boundaries, and declare a signal as unobservable only if it is truly unobservable in accordance with our theorem.


Clearly, the adoption of the pipeline paradigm requires the inclusion of new hardware resources in order to support the more complex architectural specifications.

it is expected that the performance of pipelined architectures becomes higher than the obtained by classic processors; in fact, the number of clock cycles per executed instruction must be close to 1.


(0, 0) ignition / [in_park], chk_belts (1, 1) break V toggle_cruise /  cruise / (2, 2) Fig.3.interfaeforarontroller TheinterfaeforthisexampleisshowninFigure3.Any transitionoftheinterfaehasaninputidentialtothe inputofthetransitioninFbeingsimulatedbyDinthat stepandanhavetwokindsofoutputsassoiatedwith thetransition.Thefrstkindofoutputsorrespondsto generatingtheinputsofD(foring)andweenlosethese outputsin'[]'todenoteforingoutputs.Theothersetof outputsoftheinterfaearetheoutputsofDthatmustbe hidden.Theinterfaeanalsodisableextratransitionsin DnotmathingF.Inthisexample,theinterfaedisables thetransitiontriggeredbybeltunfastenedfromstate1of D. Thisexampleillustratestheneedforadaptingageneri devieDtomathafuntionFbyonstrutinganinterfaeandomposingitwiththedevie.given arbitrarypairsFandDwhiharesynhronousprograms themainissueistodeidewhethersuhaninterfaeexistsandifso,todeterminetheinterfae.Inthenext setion,weformalisethismathingproblembyrepresentingFandDasinputoutputbooleanautomata(IOB) [6](whiharemodelsofsynhronousprograms)andthen formalisingtheinterfaegenerationquestion.


Moreover, our safe register construction is quite elaborate, as are known e.cient reductions from safe registers to regular ones.

from an engineering perspective, it is desirable to derive simpler solutions.


Finding the data dependency of fault sensitivity is the main issue for the attackers in FSA attack.

the proposed countermeasure is a masking method that aims at masking the factors that affect the data dependency of fault sensitivity.


Common benchmarks for reversible circuit synthesis can be veri.ed in milliseconds by the above techniques.

we focus on scalable blocks of standard quantum algorithms,  TABLE I ADDER VERIFICATION PERFORMED BY SEVERAL TECHNIQUES.


According to the linear estimation, giving up this margin entirely would only yield a gain improvement of about 2 dB.

it might be preferable to ensure saturation of N6 by a topological modi.cation.


Based on Matzke s estimation [12], the whole die is reachable within 2 clock cycles for 0.18µm technology.

we assume 4ns are needed for clock distribution 2ns used to transmit the control signal to the root of clock tree, and 2ns for the clock to propagate through the clock tree.


of (Cb,Rb,Tb,Ln,Tn)is given by: fCb,Rb,Tb,Ln,Tn =g(Cb,Rb,Tb) ·fLn,Tn .


The generation of cell level compact model exploits the fact that the Fourier conduction equation with constant thermal properties is a linear elliptic boundary value problem.

the average temperature of the cell level model can be uniquely written as: 6 T = aT + a aq (1) avg .ff 0 f =1 where the coefficients af determine the influence of the six boundary temperatures of the cuboidal domain of cell on Tavg.


Being able to use the same interconnect for providing access to large amounts of online storage as well as high throughput will result in improved cost-ef.ciency.

there are currently efforts underway to examine the feasibility of attaching storage to large systems through system area networks.


This includes only the dynamic power dissipated in clock network due to the charging and discharging of the clock node capacitance(which includes the interconnect and the load capacitance).

clock designs aim for a lower skew and lesser power.


Initially, the logic value stored in cell q of the LFSR is represented by the binary variable aq.

the initial state {E1(1), E2(1), , Ek(1)} of the LFSR consists of k variables, {a1, a2, , ak}, where k is the LFSR length and E1(1)=a1, E2(1)=a2, , Ek(1)=ak.


By regulating the access of software threads to hardware resources, it provides a global system control .ow across resources.

using the layered model described above, the MESH simulator can model the behavior of heterogeneous processors executing parallel software threads.


[3] and [8] incorporate the capability to simulate reluctance, but signi.cant modi.cations to traditional analysis tools are inevitable.

several previous works have dealt with generating SPICE compatible reluctance models.


Our experiments indicate that the minimum area solution is guaranteed to be found with a uniform assignment of margin coefficients to all the paths.

setting k = k .p .P guarantees a solution with minimum area.


Load replay errors : If the replay logic does not work properly, it may neither identify nor reissue all the instructions that depend on a load that misses in the data cache.

there could be silent commitment of bogus values, potentially corrupting the architectural state.


To scale to 64K nodes, the .attened butter.y requires two additional dimensions, each of size 16, while the dragon.y, with its effective radix of 256, connects all of the groups in a single, large dimension.

while both topologies provide the same amount of global bisection bandwidth, the dragon.y requires only half the number of global cables compared to the .attened butter.y.


Note: I/O has a 1 V power supply pact of local transistor-to-transistor variations is quite severe.

monte Carlo simulations were performed for additional variation analysis using Spectre to verify tim ing on critical paths.


While issuing a read command for less than a .ash page results in fetching the whole page into the SSD controller s cache, writing less than a .ash page can cause performance degrading readmodify-write operations that also raise write ampli.cation.

writing less data to an SSD than its page size should be avoided in any case.


This is because the higher stress from the aggressor TSV creates higher strain energy for the crack to grow further.

it is possible that a crack can create a bridge between two TSVs (bridge crack).


From Theorem 1, we know that increasing the maximum temperature of a schedule under the JUST policy would decrease the makespan.

there is a unique value of Topt for which (20) is tight.


If more than one synchronized Data Elementary Stream is used in a data service, the DEBn buffer is split uniformly among all the synchronized, streaming and non-streaming, data elementary streams used in the data service.

higher service levels can be used to deploy data services using multiple data elementary streams with large DAU sizes.


Simplified process flow for fabrication of hybrid NEM S-CMOS circuits.

after patterning any of these sacrificial materials, a layer of AlSi can be sputtered to build the mechanical component and then patterned with chlorine plasma etch (Figure 7 (f)).


Since the 32-bit FVs are encoded in 5 bits, the remaining 27 bits do not store any useful information.

they can be shut down to save static power.


All these improvements result from using word level features, which can cover many bit level features.

word level assertions can have high input space coverage and high readability.


Figure 1: Combined Active and Passive Safety (CAPS)  Categories and Subject Descriptors Photo: Bosch  B.8 [Performance and Reliability]: Reliability, Testing, and Fault Tolerance; C.4 [Performance of Systems]: Re medical aids, industrial production and cars, their risk of liability, availability and serviceability failure increases, which may threaten human lives or physical conditions.

the evaluation of safety is a crucial General Terms topic in several areas, especially for automotive electronics.


However, if we change the processing sequence to -a2 = {1,2,4,3,6,5},we have the storage locations of the stems as -g2 = {1,2,1,2,2,1},V =2, in which we only need 2 storage spaces for simulating these six stems instead of 3.

a different ordering might result in a different storage requirement.


In this work we choose not to ignore the higher order terms in the expanded Taylor series.

we model the gate delays as a general polynomial in the global variables Yi.


Note that because the experiments were performed in a live radio environment that we cannot fully control, we do not have the ground truth on whether a given corrupted packet was indeed corrupted by the interferer that we have activated during the experiment.

we estimate the classi.cation accuracy by statistical means instead.


Both signal amplitude noise and jitter magnitude must comply with speci.c requirements in the communication standards for a certain BER level.

jitter generation, transfer, measurement and testing have been a subject to numerous studies [3, 5, 16, 2, 14, 9, 1, 6, 8, 7, 15].


While it is part of our longterm agenda to incorporate temperature-awareness into other stages of high-level synthesis also, we determined it to be reasonable to separate these two hard tasks initially and tackle each individually.

we directed our attention to resource binding first, which highly impacts the activity on a resource.


Piecewise linear approximation of the delay has been widely used in the gate level timing analysis.

the delay of the function unit can also be expressed in a piecewise linear function.


Characterization typically takes weeks or months even on large dedicated computer clusters.

even relatively modest improvements in core characterization procedures can have a large impact on reducing the time taken to achieve timing closure and on the quality of designs achieved.


The weight for the total cell displacement objective, Wd, is set to a small value.

the weighted total displacement component is used as a tie-breaker and has little impact on worst-slack maximization.


Due to complexities such as gate-specific parasitics and Miller effect, particularly observable in the A1 region, significant reduction on a single function representation was not possible.

we relied on Mallow s Cp selection, which resulted in around 28-30 terms (compared to 35 for the full model).


Also the speed of the mobile terminal has a great impact on the received radio signal.

in order to evaluate the impact of the mobile radio in a multicellular environment, a channel model using standard models and techniques has been de.ned and developed in 3GPP [2003], partly based on real measurements.


In principle, the STA must be repeated after each Tox change; however, we observe that every such Tox change is local and only changes delays and arrival times in its transitive fanout region.

after the .rst iteration, we achieve e.ciency by performing incremental STA that processes only the a.ected regions.


However, the silicon device does not always generate an interrupt to notify the driver when the data transfer is completed.

if the driver is not well written, it will treat no interrupt as an incorrect data transfer in the silicon device, and report an exception by mistake.


When the material and diameter of TSVs are determined, the only variable is Ttsv, the thermal load of TSVs.

the proposed design-time thermal management scheme alleviates thermomechanical stresses by reducing the thermal load on TSVs.


The cache is con.gured such that only 8kB are available for replacement, the remainder is .lled with garbage data.

the benchmarks are big enough to generate cache contention.


To reduce the simulation effort required for computing the quality metric of a modi.ed test sequence, we only consider faults that are detected up to n0 times by Tcpi , for a constant n 0 <n .

we compute the sets Fm over a subset of the faults that have 1 =ndet(f ) =n0 before the modi.cation, and we use these sets to determine whether a modi.cation of Tcpi is acceptable.


In this example, DCT1D block is sequentially invoked 8 times after the Transpose block produces 64 samples, but repeatedly exchanging hand-shaking control signals per invocation.

this asynchronous communication incurs nonnegligible runtime overhead while it is robust enough to allow non-deterministic block execution time.


Otherwise, we could not decode the obtained results correctly.

theSEP interpreterexecutesthe programinan encodedfashion and thereby generates encoded outputs which are checked by another (standard) hardware unit, e. g. an FPGA which implements the checker whose task it is to determineifthe generatedoutput consistsofvalidcodewords.


MINIMIZING WIRELENGTH SUBJECT TO SKEW CONSTRAINTS Besides improving process variation tolerance, it is desirable to minimize total wirelength for the clock tree and thereby reduce power dissipation.

we further propose an algorithm on minimizing wirelength subject to skew constraints.


First, our approach considers gate downsizing, while previous work [8] does not.

the number of our required inserted buffers is much less than previous work [8].


As will be shown shortly, a monolithic rendering scheme cannot guarantee good performance in all conditions.

a sensible rendering framework should allow renderers to be placed at different points in the rendering pipeline given in .gure 1.


Putting the thick wire and the thinwire in the same layer results in layout irregularity and henceincurs the DFM issues.

the non-uniform routingarchitecture is not capable to preserve a regular layout in eachmetal layer without incurring stacked vias overheads.


Since replication controlis already enforcedby thecoherenceprotocol,inthis paperNissetto1likein[3]and[11].

ifthespilled block is evicted again, it is evicted from the chip.


The (partial) coverage results shown in this section were produced after several thousands of test-cases were measured, covering more than 90% of the model.

they re.ect a fairly mature point in the veri.cation process.


It is roughly 5 orders of magnitude lower than the energy consumed per I-cache access (1.9nJ).


For the circuit shown in Figure 1, gate H = 1 is an unjustified gate in the implication list for A = 1, as none of H s inputs is implied to a value of logic 1.

h is a candidate for the application of extended backward implications.


Moreover, most of such parameters tend to a.ect NBTI mechanism in an exponential manner, which further increases complexity.

in order to obtain a more realistic insight of NBTI degradation at the circuit level, researchers have often used a post-silicon fMAX measurement based characterization method.


Notice that this theorem is applied because of the values of and .

the assignments that explain these two values are also the where and are the literals which explain the values in and , as described in section 4.2.


The offset O and the mantissa L varies, due to the overall data path size.

lNSI is realized with an overall data path size of 16 bit while LNSI I and LNSI I I are realized with 18 bit, which refer to L = 9, Q3.12 and L = 11, Q3.14, respectively.


[13] .rst traverse the performance specs as constraints in a set of convex problem.

a combination of performance space is generated.


When two methods are called from one rule then it must appear as if the external rule (together with the methods it calls) executes atomically with respect to the rules inside the module.

if we do not know if the enabled methods are being called from a single or from multiple rules (because both would be valid executions), then the scheduler must assume that they are being called from a single rule and schedule all internal rules to either occur before or after the methods.


Moreover, although core 2 and 3 have the same frequency, their temperatures differ because of the different heat spreading capabilities due to their position in the .oorplan 5.

in our experiments, we trigger our task-migration based policy to achieve thermal balancing after this initial phase.


This increases the total leakage currents, while input gate leakage current remains almost constant.

the portion of input gate leakage current gets smaller as is evident in Fig.


In contrast, when the utilization The utilization U of the disk system during the m I/O phases is the levels stay within a certain range (e.g., between 20% and 65% weighted sum of the disk utilization of all the m phases.

the when the disk age is 6 months old, see Fig.


The necessary enforcement conditions will be derived by the compiler and the security checks will be automatically inserted into the resulting logic.

these assignments will take effect only when they are guaranteed to be secure.


Our strategy, based upon machine learning techniques, models the impact of the parameterization of the tool on the target objectives, given the characteristics of the input.

a predictor is able to suggest a subset of parameters that are likely to lead to optimal hardware implementations.


There are at most O(N2) timing constraints in our formulation, while the number of center-of-gravity and upper/lower bound constraints are at most O(N).

the number of constraints in our optimization problem is at most O(N2).


However, on most popular architectures the dot product has to be emulated using scalar .oating-point operations.

cancellation and immediate rounding causes uncertainties and inaccurate numerical results.


After the .rst iteration, the least signi.cant bits in the two concatenated registers are always zero.

when initialized properly, we need to keep track of 2m - 1 bits for the two concatenated registers.


If Tij is queried by a reader allocated to group Gk and its pseudonym pointed to Uk, the identi.cation unit Uk is unable to .nd the tag s identity from the set of secret keys it possesses.

uk informs the dispatcher which sends the pseudonym to the following unit.


In this work, the same TAMs that traverse multiple layers in post-bond testing are fully reused for pre-bond tests.

tAMs can be divided into multiple parts and distributed among the different silicon layers.


iii) The idea of variable gain is introduced.

we can trace solution curves smoothly and e.ciently.


In fact we show in an experiment that ignoring these factors during GR and just considering local congestion is not e.ective in (a) (b) # of global nets: 8 non-uniform # of local nets: 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 11412 00002  (c) (d) (e) Figure 1: Binning to create non-uniform gcells.

after decomposition, each net consists of two n n pin locations: (Tn = {p1 , p 2 }).


benefited and undergone a true revolution due to these devices.

the use of reprogrammable radio architectures leads us to the concept of Software-Defined Radios (SDR) [1].


Thus, although the small block approach bypasses the post-RTL design challenges described earlier, its non-scalability makes it infeasible.

the new post-RTL design challenges described in Section 4.1 and 4.2 cannot just be wished away, and must be tackled with new algorithmic and methodological innovations.


However, at this stage, it is often too late to revise circuit topology or architecture in order to improve circuit reliability.

it is desirable to have a methodology that can avoid such surprises by estimating delay degradation in earlier stages of the design .ow.


It should be noted that, during garbage collection, the reference .elds of the primary objects may be updated due to compaction.

we discard and collect all the duplicates whose primary objects contain reference .elds.


These data could be included into the test program or provided by the external test machine.

both test programs and data must be carefully combined in order to obtain high coverage figures.


DRAM device cannot handle other requests and consumes power during the wake up from the low-power states to the active or idle state.

the use of the self-refresh state without care incurs severe performance degradation and excessive transition energy consumption.


As a consequence, this e.ect generates more runahead threads due to future L2 cache misses that could not be avoided by useful previous prefetches which impact on the performance.

in order to keep the performance of the original RaT mechanism, we chose the DDT=64 as the threshold value with the best tradeo.


Speci.cally, setting e0 to 0 constrains all possible assignments of X0 to the offset of Fc, while setting e1 to 1 constrains all possible assignments of X1 to the onset of Fc.

due to these constraints, a satisfying assignment to .gure 9 will .nd a minterm pair assignment to variables X0 and X1 that respectively map to the offset and onset of function Fc.


This settling time is reasonable for one or two cycles in a low-power system.

the use of an enable signal to turn sleep regions on and off at a local level seems feasible in generic architectures.


Protocol overhead: The message bundling also provides less TCP/IP header overhead.

the number of packets sent in the Random conversation was reduced from 40 to 16 when using a BundleTime of 7 s. the messages are sent in the same packet reducing the TCP/IP overhead.


Looking at the same numbers in a different way, in Figure 4, all points are contained between the 30% and 80% contours if .Linter =-1s.

in this range, Isub is greater than Igate by one order of magnitude on average, and thus the variation of L can have a large effect on the total leakage as Isub is exponentially dependent on L. ignoring spatial correlation results in a substantial under-estimation of the standard deviation, and thus the worst-case full-chip leakage.


The cost functions are neither convex nor differentiable for sink nodes.

the network .ow resource allocation problem is NP-hard [10].


The root cause is increased parameter variations in nanotechnology which means that desired feature dimensions cannot be reproduced repeatedly.

even small variations of critical parameters like dopant concentration, channel length or gate oxide thickness have huge impact on performance, power consumption and reliability.


5) is also attractive because its size is less than one-fourth of that of the conventional SRAM cell [12].

regardless of the bulk CMOS and FD-SOI, the 6-T SRAM cell might be replaced by the twin DRAM cell in low-VDD largememory applications in the deep-sub-100-nm generation.


In addition, multiplication is a high latency operation requiring between 2 and 8 cycles to complete [1].

the performance of a multiplier has a direct e.ect on the throughput and cycle time of a system.


In the most common scenario, publishers and subscribers have no reciprocal knowledge about each other.

one of the major advantages of the pub-sub style is that the various clients are loosely coupled.


If there exists a node in the system whose only communication path is through a node with the L0 algorithm enabled, for example, due to failures in its other links, then such a node will be effectively disconnected from the network.

rather than greedily enabling local decision algorithms to minimize consumption of local energy resources, devices must take into consideration the role they play in the system as a whole.


However, because the PowerPC is relatively slow, pattern matching using a sequential algorithm is not a good approach.

work on moving the string matching implementation from software onto the FPGA fabric is ongoing.


For a ring with -3dB bandwidth of 0.17nm [25], the worst case temperature change will take more than 773ms to shift the resonator out of resonance with the carrier.

the worst-case maximum spacing between calibration packets is 773ms.


The clock frequency and hence the delay is also improved by 19%, on average.

trimming has even improved the performance.


Because a pointer can potentially point to anywhere in the memory, a pointer dereference can potentially access any of them.

without pointer analysis, we would be forced to send all of those variables with any safe partitions containing a pointer reference.


The Start register is incremented (modulo number of memory lines) on each Gap Rotation.

for a memory containing N lines, Gap Rotation occurs once every (N + 1) Gap Movement.


In such a case, the decode delay is around half of clock cycle.

sAVS may be applied to decode stage with error free operations.


Each satisfying assignment 1 for St0 can determine a unique vector of values for features in F which leads to t0 = 1.

this vector 0 of values and t= 1 can be considered the antecedent and consequent of an assertion, respectively.


Similarly, a number of other operations, such as the computation of the output loading condition are shared for all discretization points.

it was found that in practice, the run time overhead due to the backward traversal of the proposed approach was relatively minor.


A HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR LEFTOVER REDUCTION The basic idea of the heuristic algorithm for leftover reduction is to use larger types of physical memories as long as they do not create any leftover.

it sorts the types of physical memories based on their capacity and starts with the largest type.


By applying the Veri.er-Tuple .vedi.erentinformationlayers are classi.ed which include a basic di.erentiation between syntax and semantic features.

we are able to expose the connection between the di.erent but interacting layers of information.


INTRODUCTION The static parameters of a multi-step analog to digital (A/D) converter are determined by analog errors in various A/D converter components.

a major challenge in A/D converter calibration is to estimate the contribution of those individual errors to the overall A/D converter linearity parameters.


1, the circuit throughput is determined by Pe(T ).

if we can make design changes to reduce circuit timing error rate, the system throughput can be enhanced.


The lines in the middle are more subject to coupling capacitance and mutual inductance interferences compared to the lines at (or close to) the side of interconnect network.

as a general trend, more efforts are required to .nd the desired test pattern at (or close to) sides because the candidate set is smaller.


Decreasing Vgd reduces the GIDL currents of the cut-off MOSFETs and decreasing Vgc decreases the gate-quantum-tunneling leakage currents of the turn-on MOSFETs.

the total leakage current of the load circuit will greatly decrease.


By performing logic perturbations on the mapped circuit, we can replace long nets with shorter alternative nets or internal wires.

a critical path delay is likely to be reduced.


To compute the canonical decomposition of an operator U, it is necessary to pick a basis of eigenvectors for P = (E*UE)(E*UE)t .

for almost all operators those for which P has distinct eigenvalues the non-uniqueness amounts to a .nite number of cases.


However, the efficiency of simulation is highly dependent on the number of levels and on the number of gates in tree-like subcircuits represented by graphs.

we have also used 5 tree-like circuits with numbers of levels from 2 to 10 (numbers of gates from 3 to 1023).


4, the new extracted model with only two reduced parameters can predict the circuit delay PDFs very accurately when comparing with the original model that has all 24 parameters (Vth).

before we perform the parameter reduction, we should .rst realize that the true parameter dimension of the partitioned circuit strongly depends on internal structure of the partition.


We assume that the logic values of the wires during one test are independent of the values of the wires during another test.

the distribution of logic values on the wires is independent of whether a sa0 or a sa1 test is applied.


Nevertheless, decrease of the number of bits in many cases does not lead to an expected reduction in the checker s complexity.

an approach that takes into account of the checker s complexity at the earlier stages of the code construction becomes quite topical.


In latency-insensitive design, relay-stations perform functional pipelining and electrical re-buffering [12, 13] and are inserted at the RT level of abstraction.

at the physical level, NoC link wires are routed un-buffered between two switches (if a link is short) or between relay-stations.


Because such invalid mapping can occur, it is necessary to include the third step, in which the packet is checked against the resulting rule.

the complete Rule Table has to be stored in the third step.


It is likely that the proposed algorithm will used on individual IP blocks, without a priori information of the application environment.

timing violations may occur on outgoing (non-local, intra-block) data paths, as the clock skew on these data paths will be unaccounted for in the initial computation.


pTherefore, the total decoding time tfds offiis given by tfd)ffpi==tPh 1tcn fp1+dtPntfpi =fhkh/f f)dPt+/fffsdPw wdi The total time needed to decompress the codeword is given by fpdtnfpfp ti)ltfit1+dtfds ofi hphtfhkh =/ffTf,+E/ffsdPc+wdi/ffsdPw hh 1fhpk+i =+(1) f f1fE where f f)dfpPw=-fpf f1fhE.fp fphk Let E1EEpcEbe the absolute frequencies of the members of the tthgroup.

the decompression time ,fp for the runs belonging to ptthgroup is given by t hkh fp1fhp+difp ,==+)Eit n f f1fEnont t 1hp p1 hkhp =fEfit1+f+)Ef dititnn f f1fEntn-nonp Let us assume that Pd is the largest group.


Functional coverage, as the name implies, focuses on the functionality of the design and is to prove that all functions undergo simulation.

functional coverage is implementation specific and coverage spaces need to be defined manually.


NAND) combines the timing clock signal with the logically generated output.

this allows removal of the foot transistor in the OR plane, since the AND plane outputs are asserted as rising edges into that plane.


Using the capacities as probability distributions .. ... (CDF) for s. A fold-change in enzyme level is assumed to directly correlatee with a fold-change in the maximal reaction velocity (..,...)).

flux capacity distributions were calculated by mu change distributions with ..,.... 3.2 Identifying Interventi .. .. .......,....... ...,..... .


Note that operation 1 can be scheduled at a later cycle, but these choices will only increase the schedule time of operation 2, and are not shown in the table.

the best schedule time for operation 2 is cycle 1 and can be achieved by scheduling operation 1 on either FU B or FU C. The possible schedule times for the operation pairs 1 3 and 1 4 look similar to Table 1, and the best schedule times for operations 3 and 4 is achieved by scheduling operation 1 on either FU B or FU C. Algorithm 3 will return the FLASH RANK of 1 for both FUs B and C, and the scheduler can assign operation 1 to either FU B or C. Assume the scheduler chooses function units in alphabetical order and assigns operation 1 to FU B.


If we consider Texas Instrument s MSP430F5438 low-power microcontroller executing [16 bit, 50 Hz] DTW operation with 1 MHz clock, the power consumption of the microcontroller measures at 410 µW.

our proposed GDMM will exhibit a 99.7% power reduction compared to the microcontroller scenario.


Any undirected graph G has a natural distance metric on its vertices, with the distance between any pair of vertices given by the shortest path between them in G. Graph embedding maps the vertices of G into a chosen metric space, typically to preserve certain properties such as edge lengths (i.e., distances) by minimizing distortion.

iC placement has a natural correspondence with graph embedding into a chosen two-dimensional metric space representing the chip surface.


Hence, it is safe to assume that the correlation between locations within a certain distance, say 200µm, is equal to 1.

a much coarser grid can be used for sampling and obtaining 6.


(ii) (a, a' ) sit below (b, b' ) along the vertical direction, and their horizontal projections overlap, respectively.

there is no relationship in Gh, and in Gv: a .


The request on position 4 needs to .ght for a grant only with the requests with equal maximum symbols.

our .rst goal is to generate a reduced request vector that involves only the requests that are associated with the maximum arithmetic symbol.


It is possible that one has clicked on the text in a given row and/or column.

initially the region will be classified as text.


The exact start and end time of operations is determined on the basis of feedback from sensors during bioassay run-time, hence they are not included in the results derived by the proposed synthesis algorithm.

the synthesis results that we derive are semi-deterministic.


Single-pass simulators read the application trace only once and simulate all the cache con.gurations together.

a large combination of cache con.gurations have to be simulated together at once and this number will exponentially increase with the number of private L1 caches.


The resulting hexagonal crystal lattice provides graphene with a gapless energy band structure in which the conduction and the valence bands touch each other at the Fermi energy (.... ) [3].

differently from semiconductors, where .... falls in the bandgap, with graphene it is not possible to implement an OFF state.


In this approach, the control unit throttles the WAKEUP signal propagation and dynamically controls the wakeup sequence When a high voltage drop is detected as shown in Figure 4.

the possibility of the occurrence of excessive voltage drop is reduced signi.cantly, even without raising the VDD level, widening power nets, and permanently prolonging the wakeup time.


As the procedure in Section 4.1 allows only one droplet routing during a certain time interval, and the one in Section 4.2 intentionally stalls the departure of a droplet to enhance routability, the routing resources are under low utilization, creating a large number of timing violations.

by rerouting each droplet in a greedy manner, we can increase the resource utilization, satisfy timing constraints, and improve fault-tolerance without hurting routability.


If the chosen minimum current of 1mA was measured across 1mO, the volt drop across this resistance would be 0.000'001 V. This is below the resolution minimum.

the resistance had to be at least 0.002 O.


This is a consequence of the simpler crossbars, smaller VA and SA units, and shorter logic depth.

the bene.ts afforded by the RoCo router are two-fold: reduced average network latency and lower energy consumed per packet.


The memory controller adds an overhead of about 3 cycles.

we make our memory model capable of processing one transaction every 10 cycles assuming a 125MHzclock frequency.


LP BASED PLACEMENT FOR POWER The objective of our LP placement formulation is to reduce the power in Vt-swapping stage incrementally.

instead of reducing the worst case delay, our LP based placement is formulated primarily to reduce the total number of critical and semicritical cells, i.e.


The inverter F = A will become a buffer F = A, while the AND and OR gates are also changed as seen in Table 1.

the proposed graphene device can be considered as a MUX-XOR gate: =(AUB )+(.)


Since we want to simulate test programs, which can take several milliseconds at the physical ATE, the performance of the model is extremely important.

as long as we consider only functional tests, models at a high level of abstraction, that is VHDL behavioural models, seem to be the best choice.


The accurate results prove that the physical interactions among major L, Vth, and VDD are sufficiently and correctly modeled.

it is plausible that this analytical approach is also appropriate for studies of delay variability.


notice that every time C+ occurs on an edge, A+ and B+ also  occur on that edge.


Competition among the different nets for the available metal resources could lead to net topologies with detours.

the .nal net topologies could be different than their Steinerbased placement counterparts.


A larger LT or UT saves more energy but incurs a higher slowdown (larger LT implies more aggressive transitions to lower speeds while a larger UT implies lazier transitions to higher speeds).

similar to memory, PD dynamically adjusts LT and UT based on the predicted access count and available slack in the next epoch, to reduce energy consumption while only using the available slack.


With a segmented hash table, the collision policies are more or less equally effective up to very high loads, around 90%.

the additional memory overheads required to support pointer management in linear chaining are probably not justifiable.


The Nehalem microarchitecture equips each processor with an integrated memory controller, and thus memory latency and bandwidth scalability are improved [7].

we re-ran the experiment using an Intel Xeon X5650 system (Nehalem).


Therefore, addition of new search function that searches from tail to head can reduce number of searches.

we can conclude that when the tagis atthe Xth way of a cache setin thebigger cache where X> (A/2),depending on the value of X, tail tohead searching can reduce the number of ways searchedinside a set ofthe smaller cache from one to (A/2).


Since MCLRP has all the cut lines anchored on polygon in.ection vertices, it follows that all its cut lines lie on the above de.ned HGP.

it is suf.cient to search through all the partitions on HGP for MCLRP.


For example, partial recon.guration for module Mi is easier if the maximum empty rectangle (MER) for Mi is relatively large.

f2(Mi) increases with the ratio of MER size to the area of Mi, that is, with R(Mi) = A(MER)/A(Mi).


Any fault candidate K = {a1,...,ak} of minimal cardinality breaks all unsat cores, i.e., resolves all contradictions.

each core derived during the run of the framework must share at least one abnormal predicate with K. Since the set of suspects S is extended until all unsatis.able cores are broken, K .S.


Now, the exact layout sensitivity computation can be performed only on those previously identified regions and not on the entire chip layout.

the computation effort becomes fast and efficient.


According to our results, for such a RACB, the hit rate of region reuse can reach 70% without causing noticeable quality degradation.

with the (Pmem+Ppip)/PALL to be 3/4 and VCS to be the critical sequence, (so that k/N=4/16=0.25), based on Equation (2), we can obtain 55.9% of region execution power savings by applying the RACB technique.