Based on the previous observations, we also define DRVDS1 and DRVDS0 as the voltage levels applied to VDD_CC, in DS mode, such that the lower bound of SNMDS1 and SNMDS0, respectively, considering all core-cells in the array, is zero.

dRVDS1 and DRVDS0 are the lower bounds of core-cell array supply voltage that still ensure retention of logic 1 and logic 0 , respectively, in all core-cells, when the SRAM is in DS mode.


A path is called a dt -critical path if its delay is greater than the timing requirement minus dt.

dt delay increment on a dt-critical path will cause the path s delay to exceed the  p F1 y q s t r dt-dominator: {g, h, i} dt-side input: w1 (l -> i), w2 (n -> h), w3 (j -> e), w4 (r -> f), w5 (p -> o), w6 (q -> d) Figure 3: The original circuit.


The power is zero at the lowest frequency, as the frequency increases, the spectrum increases.

the spectrum at the high frequency is higher than that at the low frequency.


There is, then, a need for design tools that capture the speci.cities of these technologies, to explore the space of possible solutions, and to validate proposed circuits and architectures.

researchers need to rethink the methodologies and design tools involved.


The environmental, conceptual and material constraints of this design problem constitute Murmur s differences from the relevant-prior work.

environmental Constraints Murmur s interaction with its environment is designed to be dependent on the nature of the sonic space it inhabits.


In this paper, we propose a novel CAD solution to the path isolation problem, where the goal is to .lter the bins of candidate paths and determine, by leveraging PSTA models, the true path that corresponds to the measured delay in every bin.

we will use PSTA information about candidate paths to determine the most likely combination of true speedpaths P * = {P1,t1 ,...,Pn,tn },where Pi,ti .


In this context, we study reversible circuits which are a subset of quantum circuits that map conventional 0-1 bit-strings into other such bit-strings.

the largest module in Shor s numberfactoring algorithm [13] modular exponentiation is implemented as a reversible circuit [7] (acting on entangled quantum states), exceeds all other modules asymptotically in size, and thus requires most attention of CAD tools.


The results demonstrate the quality of output image highly depends on input image type.

images with more information in high frequency components are more error tolerant under voltage overscaling.


To simplify our problem, we set the extended distance of each LEEV as double as the minimum distance demanded by the via extension rule.


Despite the availability of this information, there is no report of successful reverse-engineering of an FPGA bitstream.

contrary to one report [5], in the 1990s, according to the principals involved, the NeoCad company reverse-engineered Xilinx s bitstream generation software, not the bitstream itself [4].


A collision in a nodes Communication Area occurs, i. more than one node is sendingin that Communication Area.

a sender succeeds in sendinga frame to the receiver, if the sender is the only node producingsignals in the receivers Communication Area.


N/A means that no placements were produced due to input problems, crashes or unsupported features.

mPL 1.2b does not support uneven cell sizes and Feng Shui 1.2could not read IBM benchmarks (.xed in Feng Shui 1.5).


For a given target t, a set of mutually independent spawn points are selected among all blocks in the procedure with reaching probability to t greater than a threshold3,bycomputing a heuristic value indicating their e.ectiveness as spawn points for the target.

the merit of a given spawn-point s is computed as the product of the following factors: The .rst factor is the posteriori probability that the spawn precedes the target.


As an example, the comparator could be designed in order to give to its output: i) (1, 0) or (0, 1), as Pass indication; ii) (0, 0) or (1, 1), as Fail indication and in the case of faults affecting itself.

this latter condition should be guaranteed for all faults likely to affect the comparators of next generation microprocessors, that is all possible internal SAs, SOPs and BFs [22, 23].


If we use M_CLK as pre-charge signal of our dynamic level converters, unexpected pre-charging occurs during Dead Zone .

dynamic level converter has two evaluation phases during one clock cycle.


To alleviate this problem, we propose to compress th e data set by eliminating some training instances.

the training space is divided into a grid space.


Since the input to a second level cache depends on both the temporal reference pattern of a workload and the filtering properties of the first level cache, the inverse square root law becomes only an approximation.

the power law dependence is approximate and no single exponent is obtained.


5.3 Baselines 5.3.1 Conventional LPM The .rst baseline that we choose to compare with is the conventional LPM (CLPM ) that is currently prevalent in microcontrollers.

the LPM4 mode of the MSP430G2452 is chosen as CLPM , as it is the least power consuming data retention mode available.


The transformation and aggregation functions in generalized reduction operations are associative and commutative.

the result of the operation is independent of the order input data items are processed.


We show how the substrate signi.cantly improves the DC and AC voltage drop in their power distribution networks in these designs.

the voltage drop in the ground distribution networks is improved by the presence of the low impedance substrate.


For this class of designs, the application of formal methods is a real challenge.

the veri.cation of liveness properties is often intractable.


However, it has recently gained attention, mostly due to the wide usage of ultra-thin oxide devices.

international Technology Road Map for *This research was funded in part by Semiconductor Research Corporation and by Focused Center Research Program (GSRC).


Our project is a work in progress and much still remains to be done.

we hope to run more comprehensive tests in a 1196 community setting to provide a better evaluation.


The reason why some fluctuations are observed in the plot is that the considered system has discrete fixed parameter values, such as the discrete values of the fragment size (in Table I), transmit power level, and modulation level supported like other systems.

since each step size of the parameters affects the energy consumption differently, the monotonic relationships mentioned above are not always true.


The resulting integrand is smooth and can be evaluated using Gauss quadrature points in (., .).

if the evaluation point (rj is such that P-1((rj) is on the patch, then (uo, vo)= P-1((rj(x, y, z)) (15) u-uo = .cos .


The number of queries to look at, and the order in which the selected queries are executed is not .xed.

the order of accessing the data in a data window is not pre-determined.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge our colleagues in Motorola s DigitalDNA laboratories and in the Architectures and Systems Platforms group, who implement design tools and lithography process strategies and partner with us so that our algorithmic processes and their design standard lithographic and thin film processes work in concert.

we wish to acknowledge the significant experience and learning that Clyde Browning, Bernie Roman, Kevin Lucas, Ed Travis, Tareq Bustami, and Alfred Reich have brought to us.


In this case, the failure probability can be expressed as [5]: () () Ix ppx Pf =pq()x pdx .


Effect of Adaptivity: We observe that the expected traf.c for adaptive versions of the routing schemes have very similar distribution to the static version with similar or lesser corresponding values for the data points of interest.

for RDC and RDG, the AI routing scheme reduces the maximum traf.c by 50% in comparison to its static counterpart, SI.


This is because a high moment matching order of any parameter will introduce a large number of cross terms in the multi-parameter expansion, thus lead to a large reduced model size.

for interconnect variational modeling, choosing a low moment matching order for variational parameters (due to the small range of variation) does not significantly reduce the model size if the order for variable s remains high.


We note that all analysis in this paper is conducted over 24 hour periods.

a scanner identi.ed on one day is not assumed to be a scanner on the next day in the dataset (unless of course we independently identify it on this second day).


However, the integration of these components to SOAR will complicate the system design.

additional complex and energyconsuming image processing algorithms (e.g., distortion recti.cation) are often needed.


The placement allows the given long-path to be implemented.

if all circuit edges are connected without considering electrical faults, the minimum delay among all possible paths of that illegal circuit must be less than or equal to the required long-path.


The figure shows substantial scalability increase when these hand tunings are introduced.

it can be concluded that treating local accesses as private and block prefetching are two important compiler optimizations and must be incorporated in UPC compiler implementations.


Furthermore, we acknowledge that recent work by Wang et al.

[36] has shown that as many as 40% of all dynamic branches are outcome tolerant.they do not affect correct program behavior when forced down the incorrect path.


These components are based on an existing linear asynchronous pipeline called Mousetrap [21].

they use single-rail bundled data encoding, in which a synchronous-style data channel is augmented with an extra req wire, and a single transition on the req accompanying the data bundle indicates the data is valid.


Third, we increased the variety of situations in which Responders can be.

responders have to choose from different number of offers coming from Proposers which are in different situations.


2.2.5 Data Size In general, parallel architectures require large data sizes, in order to keep the utilization rate of parallel processing elements busy.

iO busbased accelerators tend to become less efficient with small data sizes, due to the communications overhead.


4.1 Periodic Routing The .rst tool written to prototype the MDGRAPE-4 NoC was a fairly standard detail router that is unremarkable except for the fact that it supports a notion of periodic boundary.

it allows the user to de.ne pairs of lines which limit the routing area, but which allows wires to pass through one line and emerge wrapped around from the other.


To generate new design solutions, speci.c operators have to be designed.

a single-point crossover combinestwoparent encodingstoproduce(potentially)bettersolutions.


The algorithm it- eratively builds and tests all regression models of the form: P = co + ciQ1 + c2Q2 + + cwQw ... where Qi denotes the i-th term (of order C) of the form: Qi -~ VlV2...~)G and vj is a candidate independent variable.

the algorithm iterates on all regression models of up to T product terms of up to C variables each.


More noticeable, however, is a 52% reduction of the average latency for the channels in the four trees.

the average read latency (round-trip)for the ARM and TriMedia is reduced from 565 and 470 ns to 230 and 215 ns respectively.


Hence, si can be computed only using the input bits of 6preceding bit positions starting from ith bit position.

we can form several 6bit adders, each computing the carry-in and sum bit for a particular bit position as shown in Fig.


From Figure 4 it is easily veri.ed that the acceptable range of datapath width is 32-bits ~ 15-bits.

the reduction of design space is approximately 28%.


Tracking Spatial Utilization: Spatial utilization is measured by tracking the utilization of 64-byte sub-blocks allocated in sets that the block size predictor samples.

it allocates a utilization bit vector (8 bits for a 512 byte block, one for each 64B sub-block) for each sampled way and sets a bit to true whenever the corresponding subblock is accessed by the CPU.


It is critical to note that, a successful application of RRR also implies the possibility of parameter reduction.

by the previously described rigorous procedure, the inherent redundancy in the predictor variables can be .ltered out statistically.


Assume that the routing resources of a GRG are just utilized by all horizontal and vertical routing edges or all by diagonal edges.

c vertical edges v 2 2 and ch horizontal edges or 2 c c diagonal edges.


Technology Description Quantum computers are no longer a fantasy for the future.

quantum ion-trapping technology may potentially lead to a quantum computer with memory size of 50-100 qubits within the next 5 years [33].


In the coarse pin assignment stage, the targeted con.guration H is simpli.ed by replacing all k-input PLBs with k-LUTs.

we compute an approximation by assuming that every k-input PLB can implement any function of k inputs.


Power delivery in a) a traditional system, and b) a system with on-chip voltage down-conversion, which may be needed to enable near-threshold computing may improve device-level soft error immunity.

fin-FET technologies are inherently comprised of parallel devices, which may offer further Qcrit enhancement [17].


2.3 Adiabatic Memories To implement a fully adiabatic memory, all the data written in the memory must be kept or recovered without being destroyed.

a large memory is also required to store all the data for the backward computation.


Boosting refers to a meta algorithm that can improve the results of any classi.cation algorithm by giving to each instance of the training set a particular weight proportional with the di.culty to classify such instance.

a .rst classi.cation model is proposed giving the same weight to all the training instances.


We duplicate states to an island only when they are required by this island.

suppose sj is a state for basic block j of a CDFG.


peak_current; By applying the 0-1 ILP solver, we have the results that S1,1 = 1, S1,2 = 0, S3,1 = 1, S3,2 = 0, S4,2 = 0, S4,3 = 1, S6,2 = 0 and S6,3 = 1.

the peak current is 2*c under the multi-domain clock skew schedule in which TC1 = d1, TC2 = d2, TC3 = d1, TC4 = d3, TC5 = d2 and TC6 = d3.


Such a decoder must use universal .eld arithmetic operations.

the .eld arithmetic operations work properly regardless of the size of the underlying .eld and the generator primitive polynomial.


It can be piece-wisely linearized for the sake of model compactness, as illustrated in Figure 3.

if we rewrite (15) as: D ()= fD 0+ D* f (17) max max max we need multiple pairs of (D0max, D*max) values for the macromodel.


With a lower load, dynamic power consumption is reduced and we observe this in general.

we note that the circuits that use DSP blocks consume equal or less power when the area e.cient DSP blocks are used as compared to when those same circuits are implemented without the DSP blocks.


The second transformation, however, is much more difficult: The professional recording needs to be modified to sound like Jane s voice.

jane s voice characteristics how she said the verse need to be imprinted onto the existing medieval spoken audio signal.


Results of Tables 1 and 2 show that less than 2% of channel-level co-directional nets are longer than 0.3 of FPGA dimension and less than 0.07% of the groups has contains more than 8 wire segment.

in channel-level multiplexing, there are not considerably suitable groups for multiplexing.


First, they are task-centric and/or code-centric whereas Flikker is datacentric.

the techniques require programmers to identify regions of code where errors are allowed (code perforation infers such regions automatically [16]), while Flikker requires programmers to identify data items where errors are allowed, i.e., non-critical data.


Our implementation avoids the problems related to metastability by making the handshake controller react in an identical manner irrespective of whether the stage received a token .rst or an antitoken .rst.

we remove the burden of deciding whether the token or the antitoken arrived .rst, by specifying the reactions to both events as being identical.


We modify the meaning of the operation encoding proposed by [3].

state 1 for the i-th operation means that the result of the operation is latched in a register, whereas a combinational operation is possible even in state 0, if a successor requires it.


In order to achieve that while growing the TRRT, we .lter out the candidates for the closest node that have a time annotation higher than that of qsample .


With respect to this temporal relationship, multimedia applications are characterized by soft rather than hard real-time constraints and then they may tolerate a small percentage of missed deadlines.

the behavior of multimedia applications is not necessarily characterized by a single hard real-time constraint, as is the case for safety critical applications, but by a probability (or distribution of probabilities) which captures some variability in the performance metrics.


Depending on the current scenario, a node may function as a gateway, as a source of data, or event to shutdown itself.

it may decide to reconfigure the hardware, the software or a combination of both.


A fault in the combinational logic is a transient logic pulse in a node that can disappear, according to the logic delay and topology.

this means that a transient fault in the combinational logic may or may not be latched by a storage cell.


Since designers have already spent considerable effort to realize the design, we should avoid methods that need to rearrange large sections of the design in response to these small change requests.

we want to avoid creation of additional errors or unanticipated consequences in modules already correct and validated thus far.


can be expanded with high order moments mp and pdf(f) can be extracted from Inversion Fourier f , transform of F(.).

there is a one-to-one correspondence between high order moments mfp and pdf(f).


Such characterization process is unavoidably expensive and accuracy of the resulting statistical variation models is strongly in.uenced by the limitation in test structures, test time and measurement accuracy as well as sources of variation that are di.cult to monitor.

characterizing within-die process variations and spatial correlations requires a signi.cant number of measurements and presents special challenges [8].


While the above technique effectively eliminates data transmission errors in functional mode, it can cause other problems for reliable modular testing with vulnerable TAMs.

the associated test traf.c jitter and variable test bandwidth can violate the stringent timing requirements of the ATE (detailed in Section 3).


vector machines), because the number of classes evolves continuously as new speakers appear in the system.

by describing speakers individually rather than in contrast to one another, we avoid continuously, explicitely, updating a rapidly growing number of inter-class boundaries ; 2.


SPIN features a number of pre-de.ned checks that can be run on a PROMELA model.

since we model the communication between modules using the PROMELA notion of a channel, SPIN globally proves freedom of deadlock in the composed system.


For example, the inputs of p3, which are p5 and p6, should be covered.

assume that pattern pi with m inputs has nodes ni1, ni2, , nim as inputs.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper we have proposed a system level technique for mapping large system-on-chip (SoC) designs to channel-width constrained FPGAs.

the method helps .t hard-to-route circuits into FPGAs that have narrow channel widths at the expense of using more CLBs.


This is a critical problem as both power and performance behavior of a design are signi.cantly in.uenced by the data communication (data access) distances between the processor cores and storage blocks.

if a computation block (e.g., a processor core) frequently accesses data from certain storage blocks, these storage blocks should be placed into positions close (in vertical or horizontal sense) to that processor core.


In this panel, a group of experts from both nano and CMOS worlds gather to debate these issues.

the panel seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Do atomically-engineered materials and fabrication techniques offer new capabilities that are sufficiently compelling to encourage the necessary investment and learning?


Such methodology is facing a serious problem in nanometer IC designs where people tend to use huge clock bu.ers for robustness against variations.

clock bu.ers are often placed far from ideal locations to avoid overlap with logic cells.


the routine Even with straightforward porting, Intel TSX provides a is a try-lock operation, despite the name.


In addition, their target values further determines other process details.

channel doping, Nch, can be estimated when the expected threshold voltage is given.


Along a similar vein, we would like to know how di.erent natural partitions are from optimal ones.

in a Capitalist system, how does the cache self-allocate, and how does this compare with an allocation determined by an optimal-seeking policy?


The results demonstrate that for these cells propagated noise does not have such a relevant impact as for single-stage cells.

for complex and multiple-stage cells, the error percent of linear superposition (obtained by modeling the cell with a linear resistor) with respect to ELDO simulations was always less than a few percents for all possible worst-case combinations of propagating glitches and switching aggressors.


Since a refresh operation is necessary in a DRAM, the increase in memory capacity has directly caused two problems: disturbance and power consumption.

standby power consumption has become one of the most serious problems for using a DRAM in mobile applications.


When both power reduction techniques are accessible, the system power is signi.cantly reduced as the load decreases, with no performance degradation.

the operation of DVFS and PCPG improves the power-performance e.ciency for the SPECpower benchmark over the same scenario where only PCPG is enabled.


We propose a novel placement approach called grid morphing, which is speci.cally tailored for an incremental approach to placement.

our technique focuses on the stability of the placement, which is critical for minimization of perturbation of the .nal placement under changes applied to the input netlist.


Therefore, the insertion dSFF on the net G12 will be discarded according to [1].

there is no existing insertion position to improve the transition probability of the net G13.


On one hand, we expect that the early-stage mean µE and the late-stage mean µL are similar.

the difference between µE and µL is small.


The .rst step in increasing the synergy was to include post-silicon aspects in the POWER7 veri.cation plan.

each item in the veri.cation plan received post-silicon attention, in addition to the regular pre-silicon treatment.


CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES In this invited paper, we presented an overview of spintronics for low-power computing.

we addressed seven spintronic technologies and six computing systems or logic circuits that integrate the spin degree of freedom of electrons.


We consider a system with DVFS capability where the clock frequency values are normalized with respect to fmax .


For instance, R01361MM and R01978MM are functionally related.

the response variable x47 is strongly related to the predictors x62 .


For a direct-mapped cache A =1, for a setassociative cache A> 1, and for a fully associative cache N =1.

a direct-mapped cache has only one cache block per set, whereas a fully-associative cache has only one cache set.


If we de.ne an RV ri as being a discrete 774 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD 03) 1092-3152/03 $ 17.00 &#169; 2003 ACM Knowing that (s2 -s 2 )/Var( s2 ) is standard normal, this Vi Vi Vi condition reduces to: (v )(v ) (s2 -s 2 ) n (s2 -s 2 ) n 2,i Vi 1,i Vi F -F =a.

(35) Ssi Ssi if s2 <s12 ,i,then a 1 -a con.dence level that node i is Vi safe is attained i. n satis.es (35).


In this work, we chose to replicate data only at the time of write since read-only data are already available (in its unmodi.ed form) from the next level in the memory hierarchy.

it is more important to provide higher reliability for cache lines that are dirty (since in a write back dL1 these are not .ushed to L2), while in the case an error occurs for a clean line, one could always go deeper in the memory hierarchy to bring the line [9].


Threshold-based workload execution measure of the number of times the sign of the target is scenario prediction (1-DS) correctly forecasted.

dS=50% implies that the predicted direction was correct for half of the predictions.


We observe that as the CMAX value increases, the maximum rise and fall slews for both single-TSV and multi-TSV cases increase.


This means 36 mW is drawn from a reservoir supercapacitor to supply 1.8 mW to the target embedded loads.

the ef.ciency of the load-side dc-dc converter can be a crucial problem when the target load is in sleep mode.


Both, noise and process variations, result in logic errors resulting in system failure.


As in the case of complete, it is assumed that signals internal to the FPGA (likely driven by con.guration bits) control the select inputs of the multiplexer.

this construct represents a bus-based multiplexer whose input-to-output path is set during FPGA con.guration.


After running both pre-and post-stress simulation we have a complete description of the current sinking capability pro.le before and after NBTI stress.

we are able to estimate the temporal variation .Ids of the Ids current drained by the pMOS sleep transistor.


Area Overhead A primary motivation for Argus is to use less area than existing schemes, such as core replication and DIVA.

we wanted to devise a scheme that used a small fraction of the area of even a simple core.


The concept of reliable blocks, i.e., management units, are proposed to not only enhance the reliability but also increase the block utilization and defer the erase time (so as to improve the read/write response time).

we aim at the alleviation of program disturb inside each block (referred to as intra-block program disturb)to have more reliable blocks for better reliability and even performance.


As a result, the proposed architecture can be further stacked in the vertical zdirection as needed.

the module integration level can be improved without cooling problems, assuming that the entire deeplystacked 3D modules can be placed in liquid cooling environment.


Therefore, instead of using latches, we stick to the FF-basedparadigm, but using a special version ofFFin which the clock edge ofthe masterlatchisdelayed so asto create a window of transparency instead of a hard boundary for capturing the data.

by introducing a transparency window we effectively decrease theFFsetup time.


However, for convenience, we will continue to use them as parameters when proving the lower bound.

we choose the following values for the parameters (for simplicity assume that these values are all integers): k = l = n~log S n and e=d=~ 1 (lo-~n) k Recall that M = 2 cl°g'~, so due to Claim 4.2, the prob- ability that f outputs 0 on a negative test input is at least: 1-,~"c log n e-~ = 2½n½1og] he- ½,~ log] ,-,= -k'1 for large enough n, it is more than any constant probability (we take 3 as our constant).


(i, j)e(Y-[x,y])((dPxy -dP = CCy *(ty ij) *CCi *ctij)+ ij ((i, j)=[x,y])((dPxy -dPx ij ) *CCi *ctij ) -Eqn (B) ij dij depends only on whether vertices vi and v j are in the same partition, or in different partitions.


Routing rules can then be added to the logic brick SAT formulation to ensure that those defects are unlikely.

if two nets in a logic brick cause feedback when they are bridged, they are identi.ed as a forbidden pair.


In this paper, we adopt the Importance Sampling (IS) based information theory inspired Minimum Cross Entropy method, to propose a general technique to quickly evaluate the failure probability of SRAM cells.

we .rst mathematically formulate the failure of SRAM cells such that the concept of Cross Entropy Distance can be leveraged, and the distance between the ideal distribution for IS and the practical distribution for IS (which is used for generating samples), is well-de.ned.


We present a framework of components for constructing a variety of compressing profilers.

we propose stratified periodic sampling as the compression method of choice.


Exploiting the critical product (JL) for immortality, however, requires knowledge of the effects of linked segments.

the entire interconnect tree, which is the set of segments that are linked without diffusion barriers that is, within one layer of metallization  needs to be included in the calculation [6][39].


Supposethatthe trajectoryof agivenMT takesitthrough an overlay at a point where the overlay has width w. Assuming that the overlay consists of a single tracking area, then the distance that the MT will travel before deregistering will be of the form kvT, for k an integer.

deregistration will occur at the smallest value of k such that kvT > w, namely k = .w/vT.


R + to represent the earliest and the latest output arrival times of a gate respectively.

t(v) and T(v) are the minimum and the maximum delays to the output of gate v from the nearest preceding registers.


The cardinalities of the three sets depend on the (...... , .... .............. ) pair, and determine the existence of a solution.

if .. = 0, the desired lifetime and error constraints are impossible to meet.


The results we report in this paper o.ers an interesting counter-point to their conclusion.

we show that the use of inexpensive SSDs as a bu.er cache is a cost-e.ective alternative for structuring a VoD server as opposed to increasing either the disk bandwidth or RAM capacity to meet a given QoS constraint.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS This section describes a comprehensive characterization of the clock load of the ASIC-like control logic designs in the POWER4 core.

this section presents the total wire load, total device load, Clock Uplift Factor, and the portion of the wire load on each of the four available metal wiring layers for individual ASIC-like control logic designs, the six functional units, and the core itself.


When Ds[4]=0 and Dt[4]=0, let Addr[8]=0, Addr[7:4]= Ds[4:0], Addr[3:0]=Dt[4:0], there are 256 entries in this address range, and the yellow partition will be stored in it;  When Ds[4]=0 and Dt[4]=1, let Addr[8:6]=3 b100, Addr[5:4] = Dt[1:0], Addr[3:0]=Ds[4:0], there are 64 entries in this address range, and the pink partition will be stored in this area;  When Ds[4]=1 and Dt[4]=0, we can swap Ds and Dt, so the second pink partition will be stored in the same address range.

because the two pink partitions are symmetric, we only store one of them to the RAM block.


In addition, modules are capable of performing some logical operations on their input values.

the module is selected to perform one of the following functions on their input signals: - output = left input (shift right) - output = right input (pass without shift) - output = (left input AND right input) - output = (left input OR right input) - output = (left input XNOR right input) - output = (left input BYTE-WISE-OR right input) - output = (left input BYTE-WISE-AND right input)  The utility of each these operations will be examined during the discussion of the applications in the following subsections.


Together, these approaches also support performance portability, as currently investigated in the EU FP7 project PEPPHER.

we consider (1) a library-based approach, here represented by the integration of the SkePU C++ skeleton programming library with the StarPU runtime system for dynamic scheduling and dynamic selection of suitable execution units for parallel tasks; (2) a language-based approach, here represented by the Of.oad-C++ high-level language extensions and Of.oad compiler to generate platform-speci.c code; and (3) a componentbased approach, speci.cally the PEPPHER component system for annotating user-level application components with performance metadata, thereby preparing them for performance-aware composition.


This proposal is accepted as the t+1 ' next value (x = x)if a drawn from U(0, 1) satis.es j 't'.

p (x)Q(x ; x) a< min , 1 , (3) P (xt)Q(x'; xt) acceptance is likely if the proposal state is more probable than the last state.


E. Neuromorphics Spintronics may also allow the emergence of radically novel computing paradigms in electronics.

for several years, researchers have been designing neuromorphic circuits that work analogously to the brain (see Fig.


Our implementation differs from the design in one respect: our current prototype does not include an interface to non-volatile storage.

while we would expect the EDF and cast vote records to be stored on .ash memory in a .nished implementation, our prototype uses volatile memory (e.g., registers) to simulate this functionality.


Consequently, interfaces for interaction have to operate in real mobile conditions.

they should operate independently, without being connected to an additional computer, and without assuming the user is sitting in front of a table.


Note that the nets a and b have an overlapping routing segment (called S) in the FPGA where they both run alongside each other.

this induces two intermediate nodes C and D in G. the node C receives different signals along its two incoming edges.


However, in both approaches the problem is encoded for each truth table line separately.

the respective constraints representing the network to be synthesized are not built only for one truth table line, but they are duplicated for the remaining 2n - 1 truth table lines.


If the instruction at the tail of the queue is issued, no compaction is necessary.

only instructions newer than the oldest instruction issued must be updated.


functions of time t, time does not play a role in the relation between VPC and Vout.

the optimal power clock voltage V opt at time instant tx can be determined if the PC output voltage value Vout is known at that time, no matter what tx is, i.e.


Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 ABSTRACT With multi-core processors now mainstream, the shift to many-core processors poses a new set of design challenges.

the scalability of coherence protocols remains a signi.cant challenge.


MOTIVATION As mentioned in the introduction, combinational logic within the processor will increasingly become the victim of soft errors [6].

hardening the datapath of the processor is challenging due to the irregularity of the combinational logic used for computation.


EME RGING NON-VOL AT IL E MEM O RY TE C HNOL OGIE S Technology scaling of SRAM and DRAM (which are the common memory technologies used in traditional memory hierarchy) are increasingly constrained by fundamental technology limits.

the increasing leakage power for SRAM/DRAM and the increasing refresh dynamic power for DRAM have posed challenges for circuit/architecture designers for future memory hierarchy design.


Informally, what this means is that, for .xed values of loops iand k, the successive iterations of the jloop access the same element from this array.

the jloop carries (exhibits) temporal reuse for this reference.


First the location for clock source is determined, then all descendent s locations are recursively located.

each clock sink s location is itself and each internal node s location is derived from its parent s location and the condition whether there exists extension.


Figure 5 illustrates an example of the issue and our proposed solution.

it illustrates the case when x >> 9 is added to x >> 7 when two bit-slices of x are Original Data ( x ) sign data bits b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 sign Input ANDing ( x' ) b12  x' >> 9b11 b11 m MUX x' >> 7 b9 b9 b12 b11 b10 Implementation Figure 5.


The characteristic of these applications is that the total data space (including scalars, arrays and program code) is heavily dominated by array variables.

scalars and program code occupy relatively smaller portion of the total data space in these applications.


4.4 Comparisons With Existing Methods In this .nal set of experiments, we compare the proposed thermal management method with state-of-the-art convex-based thermal management techniques, in the case of time varying workload requirements.

we have implemented for the comparisons the Pro-Temp technique described in [5], where we chose the frequency to satisfy the maximum workload requirements, while the maximum chip temperature is taken into account.


In recent years, aggressive technology scaling has introduced new challenges for SRAM/DRAM (henceforth xRAM ) design.

a phenomenon known as Random Telegraph Noise (RTN1) has become a serious concern.


INTRODUCTION Higher semiconductor technology integration due to geometry scaling opens the door to new market segments.

technology evolution enables adding some degree of intelligence to any control or measuring engine such as environment sensor applications to monitor wind, sea level, Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Comparing the two halves, we see that for decoupled voltages and frequencies, our chiplevel power proxy still achieves about the same level of accuracy when frequency and voltage are decoupled from each other.

9.5% variations of supply voltage do not lead to worse power proxy estimation.


The fundamental idea is to modify the histogram test procedure in a code-after-code test procedure so that only a limited number of storage elements are required.

we propose to concurrently store and process the histogram code-after-code.


In a dilution operation, two source droplets are always required, and thus the out-degree of a branch (non-leaf) node in a mixing tree is always two.

a mixing tree must be a full binary tree, in which every branch node has exactly two children.


During each round of scheduling, if the latency-sensitive queue does not use up its allocated bandwidth, the residual bandwidth is used by the repay credit counter.

whenever the repay-Credit is greater than 1, and the debtQ is not empty, the CBR pops the debtQ, increments the ............ corresponding to the popped ID, and decrements the repayCredit.Lowlatency queues can then use their debit credits to extend their service time.


Based on our earlier experience with placement and x 104 Amount of Redundancy in Number of SRAM Cells (x) Figure 6: The area of a 2-stage 30X1 multiplexer without any redundant SRAM cell(x1), and with 2x, 3x, and 6x additional SRAM cells in stage 1. routing experiments with benchmark circuits in VPR, we observed that typical routing utilization was in the range of 50% - 70% in FPGA [13].

30% - 50% resources in routing and connection switches are not being used.


Or t Cj = ³ ( t)Pij td (3) Ci t () t 0 Max Operation: Let A be the max of arrival time as node a( A) and o a arrival time at node b( Ab ).

ao = max Aa,Ab) (4) ( The CDF at node o can simply be given by C()t= C()tCb()t(5) o a the CDF of the maximum of two independent random variables is simply the product of the CDF of the two variables.


BACKGROUND NBTI has emerged as the most relevant source of permanent, time-dependent variation of the transistor parameters for sub-90nm technologies.

nBTI causes an increase overtime of thethreshold voltage ofpMOS transistors, which in turn reduces the robustness of a SRAM cell.


As demonstrated in Figure 1, among a number of possible locations for parameters, the parameter reduction procedure is to identify the dominant directions in the probability sense.

to identify the vectors that either have the most pronounced variances (e.g.


Second, since in F2BFLY a .it only takes at most 1 hop in each dimension, an incoming .it that is currently traversing in the row/column dimension will not continue to traverse in the same dimension.

an incoming .it using the row dimension will either turn to the column dimension or go to the ejection port; an incoming .it using the column dimension will de.nitely go to the ejection port (it cannot turn to the row dimension with XY-routing).


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In Section 3, we presented an analysis of the Rambus ring-oscillator circuit.

we showed how monotonicity properties arising from basic properties of MOSFETs can be used to derive an ef.cient algorithm for .nding the DC equilibria of oscillators in this family.


PROPOSED TECHNIQUES The basic idea of our approach is to match the distance of a register from the clock root, which does not necessarily overlap with the clock source, with its clock signal delay target.

registers with large (small) delay targets are preferred to be placed far away (close to) the clock root so that the wire detours can be minimized.


B. Bounded Model Checking Bounded Model Checking (BMC) is a technique which validates a sequential system by a given exploration limit up to a prede.ned number of time steps.

bMC considers safety and liveness properties.


In this paper, we focus on building upon and improving these known techniques through a scalable REC approach, resulting in e.cient design of large-scale datapath networks from the DSP domain.

we leverage the empirical evidence that inexact logic minimization yields error distributions that are (approximately) gaussian and therefore, minimizing the mean value of these error distributions (when variance is kept constant) will improve the SNR in the context of DSP hardware.


For case two, the worst-case performance corner may be given by Pmin or Pmax while the best case corner is given by PminGL.

for case two, it is not possible to saybeforehand on which side the worst-case corner lies because the slope of the graph shown in Figure 7 may be different on each side, i.e., the slope of the curve on the right to PminGL may be higher or lower than the slope to the left of PminGL.


While the latency of accessing main memory may seem prohibitively high, this paper makes a key insight that this latency can be hidden by exploiting memorylevel parallelism (MLP) [26,29].

the correlation table in main memory can be accessed while the processor is stalled on another memory or off-chip access.


It can be seen that a channel s status is solely determined by the energy of the received signal.

if the received energy amplitude exceeds a given threshold, the channel is perceived busy, otherwise the channel is determined idle.


There are two possibilities: (1) when a new line is accessed, and it is not linked with a table entry, the tev needs to be set and the line indicated by the line link needs to reset its tev.


The configuration of the first row decoder can be any of the four possibilities: 0x, x0, 1x, x1, correspondingly, the second row decoder of subarray 3 must be 1x, x1, 0x, x0, respectively.

if the first row decoder is 0x, then the second row decoder of subarray 3 must be 1x.


The procedure outlined in Algorithm 2 is inadequate, however, where a minimum ripple height RHmin has to be observed.

we have found that a simple search and compare procedure is adequate to .nd an RH such that Lo = Lmax .an interval in RH is divided into a number of steps, and the RH at each step is submitted to a procedure executing Algorithm 3.


Compared to Lazy, however, it adds the energy consumed in the predictors.

the predictors used by the Superset algorithms consume substantial energy in both training and prediction.


Specifically, this first step of DREAMS relies on geometrically matching the possible layout locations identified/implied by diagnosis with known locations of rule violations.

the objective of this step is to produce a rule-candidate matrix, where the rows are failed-chip diagnosis candidates and the columns are DFM rule types.


In this paper we propose the idea of chaining localized streams in order to both partially reconstruct the chronological information in the miss stream and to build longer streams, while maintaining a higher miss prediction accuracy derived from localization.

we apply this idea which we call Stream Chaining to a PC localized prefetcher and we show one scheme for chaining streams, which we call Miss Graph prefetching.We show that this scheme captures well common application behavior and we show that it can be easily implemented on a simple extension to the Global History Buffer (GHB) [12], which is a convenient structure to implement various prefetching algorithms.


algorithm 2 is used, for each applica array portions of the application based on their frequency of use.


In our work, "active area" is defined with respect to each clock cycle, and is the area which has switching ac- tivities.

the active area for a clock cycle i is the sum of the area of functional blocks which should be on during that clock cycle.


In Step 2, we make use of a con.gurable parameter, CPfrac, that serves as one factor to determine the suitability of a job as a checkpointing candidate.

cPfrac is used to prevent a job from being checkpointed if the overhead in doing so is su.ciently long compared to the remaining execution time.


In view of the discussion of Section 5.4, it is recommended that all passing properties developed in an attempt to increase coverage be retained.

one should not thin the set of properties by model checking them in the reverse order in which they were generated, lest the quality of the test set may be adversely affected.


This paper proposes extending ReSim [4] to simulate CPbased SSR.

we use simulation-only bitstreams to correlate the accesses of a simulated con.guration port with the state of a simulated module.


In section 3, we will show that the optimal window size of a SEFF is equal to the borrowed time in the preceding pipeline stage.

in the optimal linear pipeline design, data arrives at the end of the transparency window of the SEFF, and as a result, the output of the SEFF is valid after a data to Q delay with respect to the end of transparency window, i.e., after w + t with respect to the dq clock edge.


{LTI , NTI }, where LTI , NTI are computed according to the instructions using the output of I (denoted from now on as uses of I).

lTI and NTI are computed as the element-wise inclusive-or of the opcode-dependent linear and nonlinear contributions (contLT (J) and contNT(J), respectively) of all the uses J of the output variable of I:  NTI =contNT(J), LTI =contLT (J) .J.uses(I) .J.uses(I) The contributions contNT(J) and contLT (J) take into account the part of the partial decryption function Ef -1 performed by the inversion of J.


It can be proven that if the first term in (18) is finite, i.e., In >Vdsat R , andV >V , the second term is finite too.

if n dsat thn the noise amplitude exceeds the SNM, given sufficiently long (but still finite) duration for the noise pulse, state-flip can occur.


Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that some of our architectural proposals cannot be described by the tools.

the use of fixed interconnect topologies is not supported by the VTR flow (AAPACK and VPR).


Let M denote a designated set of movable cells.

we denote the set of nets containing at least one movable cell by EM andthe setof.xedcells in EM by F.F = e.EM eM.


The excessive cuts and the corresponding sets of Fo-Cuts and the sets of Sub-Cuts are hold.

the above ' '' check can be executed with C , C and N(VCI ,ECI ), and it is not necessary to generate N (VCII ,ECII ).


4.3 3D-TxRx 3D-TxRx is a hardware cryptography design with three stacked tiers and 1.8V power supply.

tier-0 contains an AES module for hardware-accelerated AES encryption.


The main idea of this proposal is the decoupling of the measurement and the selection steps.

for each upstream downstream routers pair, the NBTI degradation is evaluated in the downstream router by means of sensors, since it physically hosts the VC buffers.


On the other hand, if the back-off factor is increased from one process generation to the next, the delay, noise and slew metrics worsen significantly even when normalized to the (already degraded) optimal metrics achievable in the scaled interconnect.

while a back-off can improve the buffer count, it can be exploited only once and today s designs have already made use of it.


First, we see that s/µ has a larger impact on system perfromance than µ.

variance of retention time has larger impact than the mean retention time.


Themainheatsources are battery cells, switches, and controllers.

battery cellsgenerate themostheat ofall.


Introduction The strong demand for complex high performance digital circuits motivates a continuous reduction of the minimum feature size in VLSI process technologies, which in turn introduces new challenges.

the interconnect delay has become a dominant factor in delay calculations.


In particular, the Dense logic block with one via layer has higher power than the Sparse logic block for both Jumper20 and Jumper40 routing fabrics.

whitespace inserted by the placer is not as well-placed as the uniform whitespace obtainedfrom using a sparselayout.


The e.ect of the radiation on the local metal interconnects is important as it can greatly in.uence the overall behaviour of a system using wireless interconnects for intra-chip communication.

the e.ect of the radiation on the metal interconnects can interfere with the integrity of the signals on the metal interconnect.


In this work, we interpret the variability in wcet as coming from the re-execution scheme, as shown in (1).

the nominal execution time (k = 0) is the case when there is no fault, while the critical case includes the re-execution and variations in wcet ' .


Our goal is to develop a technique to explore DRAM power savings in the active mode.

our proposed technique reduces DRAM power consumption by improving DRAM page hit rate.


Therefore, from the initial partitioning, we find the best mergeable pairs of partitions whose merging will result in a better circuit im- plementation in terms of area and power.

we compute the goodness of a merging using a cost met- ric which considers the gain of the merging in terms of area and power compared with the area and power before the merging.


For instance, the schedule directive in TIE is used to explicitly specify the relation between datapath and pipeline.

the publication stage of an instruction result is speci.ed.


while increasing the switch memory bu.ers is non-critical for large-grain networks, it certainly is for onchip networks whose switch area should be kept as small as possible.


Analyzing 48 recordings from PhysioNet s MIT-BIH Arrhythmia[8] database, weestimatedthatanoracle scheme that provided an accurate prediction of the occurrence of each QRS complex would lead to an ideal sensor duty cycle of 11.5±3.5% (variation across the traces).

by turning on the AFE at the right moment and keeping it powered11% of the time, eachQRS complex couldbe correctly detected, extracted and communicated.


The design of the DEFACTO system is largely motivated by the observation that the potential of synthesis tools can be greatly improved by employing state-of-the-art parallelizing compiler analyses.

data dependence analyses allow compilers to understand data access patterns in multi-dimensional arrays, absent from current synthesis tools.


In fact, di.erently from random-based ATPGs, a deterministic ATPG needs to exploit the structural information embedded in the description of the DUV to explore its state space.

the SEFSM model is specially suited to be used with ATPGs that generate test sequences by deterministically activating the enabling functions of the transitions.


Prior studies have presented Retention Relaxation for NVM to optimize the write performance or write endurance of NVM systems.

these studies target STT-RAM caches [27, 42, 62, 63] and NAND .ash SSDs [11, 36, 37, 39, 45], and refreshing is adopted.


That is be-cause read-write dependency is automatically maintained by hardware through the same SSM entry.

the ssm_put/ssm_get in different iterations can overlap each other.


2004], sources are grouped together Figure2:Overviewofouroverallsound rendering pipeline.we introduceanimproved hierarchicalsound source clusteringthat better handles visible sources and a premixing technique for progressive per-source processing.


Our target application is to provide an alternative to manual note-taking in multiparty meetings, providing additional functionality to what is available in the typical set of notes.

since spoken language includes signi.cant useful information besides the words, e.g., speaker identity and emotional a.ect (signi.cantly cued by speaker intonation), enabling search through the complete audio record can be much more useful than a simple transcription.


In these applications only the order between the relevant events needs to be tracked and these relevant events constitute a small percentage of the total number of events.

we show that if the events which increment the same component are totally ordered (or form a chain), then the timestamps capture the ordering accurately.


Since these are also used for route-through connections, this is larger than the number of logical pterms in each logic block.

pp = P +2 × Wseg + F (1) in addition to the P logical pterms, we may need one physical wire for each signal that routes through the array for bu.ering; there will be at most Op of these.


In our initial testing, we found that leads as short as 0.75 created enough inductance to completely isolate the capacitors from the board traces.

no matter how large a capacitor we applied, there was no significant change in the signal phase.


But, it does not attempt to optimize the hierarchical SPM usage across multiple, independent imperfectly-nested loops.

it does not try to take advantage of inter-nest data reuse.


In this work we empirical ly characterize the power and energy consumed by di.erent types of servers.

in order to understand the behavior of their energy and power consumption, we perform measurements in di.erent servers.


The distribution of transactions : total transaction / non-bus transaction types master0 master1 master2 master3 m_type5 70% / 75% 10% / 0% 10% / 0% 10% / 0% m_type6 40% / 75% 40% / 75% 10% / 0% 10% / 0% m_type7 30% / 75% 30% / 75% 30% / 75% 10% / 0% m_type8 25% / 75% 25% / 75% 25% / 75% 25% / 75% -In Table 4, the transaction of the masters with long job length is mostly non-bus transactions.

the majority of the masters have internal job.


Coverage analysis can identify inaccuracies in implementation.

these can be the inaccurate specification or selection of corner cases in large spaces, or the improper distribution of fields within their possible value spaces.


Based on the experimental results, they concluded that using meta-classi.ers was in general effective.

combining classi.ers using Plurality Voting turned out to be the best classi.er.


NBTI changes the pMOSFET transistor parameters over time.

it leads to an increase in the threshold voltage (Vth), as well as a reduction in the drive current due to charge carrier mobility degradation.


In our implementation, we adopt the exact sensitization criterion [3] for delay simulation.

the simulation implicitly assumes the .oating mode operation, which is consistent with the underlying assumption of TCF formulation.


(1) starting from the state ORIG (S0) : One_S0 = {S0 HBURST==0 ;{S4[=0]}&&{S1[Æ1]}};  (2) starting from the state NSEQ/SEQ (S1) : One_S1 = {S1 HBURST==0 ;{S4[=0]}&&{S1[Æ1]}};   The 1-beat burst transaction is composed of the sequence One_S0 and the sequence One_S1 by using a sequence OR operator.

one = {{One_S0} | {One_S1}}; Example 2 4-beat burst transaction.


This covers a majority of the DoS exploit attacks.

iNDRA s micro recovery mechanism always rolls back by one service request when something is wrong.


In our experiments, each of these programsisexecutedusing8 threadsand, therefore,onetoeight cores can be allocated to each application by our proposed control centric scheme(1 = c i(k)= 8), since it is not bene.cial from the performance and utilization perspectives to allocate more than eight cores to an application with eight running threads (note that, the number of threads does not change during execution when using METE).

the number of threads of a running application indicates the maximum number of cores that can be allocated to it.


Finally, when the number of inputs glitching exceeds a certain limit beyond which the cost of model characterization or model evaluation, i.e., number of parameters, is undesirable or unfeasible, one may conservatively bound the noise.

one may tie together all the inputs, or rely on logic and the responses of single inputs to bound the response of multiple inputs.


We demonstrate an ability to change carrier injection properties; and to improve device performance in both ON- and OFF- transistor states.

oxidizing and redox-active molecules are introduced to modify the workfunction of the source and drain electrodes of CNTFETs and, correspondingly, of their SBs.


Upon termination (line 14 of ComputeDelay), Formula (1) must be satis.able for D = lowerDelay.

there exists a PI assignment to sensitize some true path achieving this delay value.


The difference is that the NoCAlert checkers will raise permanent/prolonged (rather than momentary) assertions upon the occurrence of a permanent/intermittent fault.

since the NoCAlert checkers raise an exception upon an invariance violation, NoCAlert s performance/accuracy is orthogonal to whether the invariance is temporary or permanent; as soon as the invariance violation commences, NoCAlert will detect it.


Speci.cally, the set of PI assignments that makes the output value of f stablize no earlier than time t = 0 is characterized by a (no-early) TCF, denoted .f,t .

a PI assignment satisfying .f,t makes the output value of f remains unknown (under the .oating-mode assumption) until time t. When the stablization value of f is speci.c to value 0 (respectively 1), the corresponding 0/1-speci.ed TCF is denoted as .f=0,t (respectively .f=1,t).


A key observation is that currents follow the least-impedance paths when .owing from the VDD source to the destination sink.

if there are multiple paths from a VDD source to a destination sink, the current .owing along each path is inversely proportional to the impedance of the path.


However, the adversary cannot perform attacks that require complete unscrutinized access to the CPU for extended periods of time.

this implies that the service provider has organizational procedures in place to prevent attacks, but cannot guarantee the absence of a small set of rogue employees.1 We consider denial-of-service, side-channel, and fault injection attacks beyond the scope of this paper.


Naturally, aliasing effects can occur if there are overlapping LDCs in the same program region.

the precomputation of one LDC may cancel the precomputation of another even though the two LDCs are distinct and do not share data.


With the Stratix-II architecture [2], Altera introduced a new logic architecture, which allows the 6-input LUTs (6-LUTs) to be decomposed into smaller LUTs that share several inputs.

two 3-LUTs can be organized to compute the carry and save functions of a CSA, which acts as a 3:2 compressor; in conjunction with the carry chain, the logic block can be configured as a ternary CPA.


The experimental results have shown that our algorithm outperforms a reasonable heuristic by large margins.

only our algorithm can solve all the test cases well.


each arbiter outputs 1 if and only if the .rst 0.


Dynamic Predicate Learning A fundamental problem of existing lazy solvers is that they build the Boolean skeleton only with predicates in the original formula.

any predicate not in the original formula does not appear in the initial Boolean skeleton and will never be added later.


The third, on the other hand, is optional.


[14] processor compliant with the SPARC V8 architecture.

we used a temperature range of -40°C-125°C, and a voltage range of 0.72V-1.1V.


Sequences of one or more intervals that do not belong to stable phases are called unstable regions.

all the individual intervals belonging to an unstable region are separated by phase changes.


These coef.cients give a sense of where the mismatch between pre-silicon and post-silicon timing lies individually on each chip.

tracks the mismatch of cell characterization, ntracks the mismatch of the interconnect extraction and 5tracks the pessimism of the setup time constraint of the .ip .op.


The x-axis represents the sequence of instructions in the .rst round; the y-axis shows, for each instruction, the average issue latency.

the average delay in clock cycles between the instruction entering and exiting the RI stage.


CONSTRUCTING PROBABILISTIC REGRESSION SUITES Suppose, for example, we conducted massive simulations with many different parameter sets (speci.cation .les), achieved satisfactory coverage, and would like to maintain only the sets of parameters that are most important.

from a large repository of parameter sets we wish to select a subset that is as small as possible, yet capable of producing similar coverage.


8(a) yields 19 system-design points, with an average ..M of 1% and a max ..M of 7%.

17 out of the 19 points have an ..M = 3%.


Address information is forwarded iff the packet satis.es (valid) · ((addrmatch · Full In f i f o )).

address information is forwarded if the packet is valid, and does not match the ADS address, or if the In.fo is full.


We see that while logic '1's are not precharged up to VDD, they always gate a xnwFET in the next stage that is part of a pull down network.

the logic style is such that logic '1' inputs when evaluated will cause logic '0' output at the next stage.


We assume our method of monitoring and counting must be non-intrusive.

we cannot introduce extra clock cycles or change the patterns occurring over bus B. Nonintrusiveness is important in embedded systems, since hard realtime constraints often must be met, and precise timing of input/output operations is often imperative.


We present an automated 3D microarchitecture evaluation flow (MEVA-3D) that can be used to compare and contrast 2D and 3D implementations of a given architecture.

we make the following contributions in this work: This research is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant CCR-0096383 and DARPA under Prime Contract DAAH01-03-C-R193 through CFDRC Corporation.


In addition to the reduced memory tra.c provided by our caching scheme, the ISB enjoys several other signi.cant bene.ts: Improved Prediction Capability: Unlike GHB-based solutions (see Section 3), the ISB can use PC localization, a technique that segregates the prefetcher input into multiple streams based on the PC of the loading instruction, which is known to improve coverage and accuracy [28, 39, 38, 25].

the ISB can combine PC localization and address correlation because any PC-localized temporal stream is stored consecutively in the on-chip address cache (see Figure 2), i.e., the localization is performed before physical addresses are translated to structural addresses.


Although other promising approaches can be considered, the variables used are derived from a classical high-level synthesis procedure.

among information like loop nesting, number of code lines, input and output counts and size, variables lifeness, control steps, etc., the selected subset only includes the number of control steps, number of control inputs, number of control outputs, number and size of data registers, number and size of multiplexers and number, type and size of operators.


We show that program data.ow can be mapped to clustered machines so as to achieve an IPC rivaling that of an equivalent monolithic machine.

the IPC penalties observed by extant schemes are largely an artifact of instruction steering and scheduling policies.


a.A Observe that the above de.nitions do not rely on the existence of observations.

r*(L, p)represents the Bayes risk prior to any experimentation and provides the minimum expected risk imposed on the decision maker if it were to rely only on prior information.


The overall coverage of the design, i.e., the total area of the .nal defect tolerant design in which a defect could be detected and corrected, is 88.6%.

9 out of 10 randomly placed defects would be detected and corrected by our prototype design.


In our experimentation we observed that STGen consumes more time than both Reactis and ET.

for twelve models STGen consumes relatively more time, however, higher coverage was achieved for eight of those models.


The bus tracer records bus signals cycle-by-cycle in cycle level; in transaction level, bus tracer records the trace only when signals transactions occurred.

if a signal remains the same value during a transfer, the bus tracer does not record the signals value besides at the .rst time.


The goal of this paper is to propose different arrangements (simplex and duplex) for a memory system which utilizes RS codes as EDAC; the objectives are to achieve resilience to both transient and permanent faults and retaining data integrity.

the duplication of the memory modules (duplex) allows to cope with the occurrence of permanent faults, while the RS coding and the periodic execution of scrubbing allow to reduce the impact of transient faults.


However, regardless of the chosen algorithm, each GA varies according to the EHW application.

the following GA parameters need to be considered: 1.


The di.erence ratio of quantities a and b is de.ned to be max{a-b , b-a }·A where ba A =1 if a =b,and A = -1 otherwise.

when a is smaller than b, its di.erence ratio is negative and otherwise it is positive.


They are laid out in close proximity to the device and they monitor it by virtue of being subjected to the same process variations.

any degradation in the performances of the device re.ects on the outputs of the sensors that shift away from their nominal values.


t-., (46) 2l2 c where it can be noted that pdiffr(t) is nothing but a scaled and delayed version of the source signal.


As we just presented a .rst step, there remain some obstacles to overcome.

the unpredictability of interpolation prevents relation determinization from being robustly scalable.


We can see that the ATCache achieves 10.3% speedup without MAP-I predictor and 11.9% with the predictor while consuming only 47.375kB (without MAP-I) and 48kB with MAP-I (256 entries).

we are able to do almost as well as tags-in-SRAM while consuming 0.5% SRAM overhead compared to a tags-in-SRAM design.


[9] Proposed comparison ( 1,949,487 0 +1,949,487 sum 0 347,036 -347,036 C 1,949,487 1,695,501 +253,986 A 1,301,845 0 +1,301,845 .C 0 40,395 -40,395 Total saving +3,117,887 Furthermore, in the proposed SDMP scheme, C value is only required in row operation for the calculation of .C, while in former MP scheme, message C is accessed at both row and column operation.

in former MP scheme, message C should be accessible by both row and column address, while in SDMP, a row of message C can be stored in a single memory line, thus saving control logic and area.


But since we have w(px)=w(ph), and dc(pF(h))=dc(pF(y)), we would have got w(px)-dc(pF(y))=w(ph)-dc(pF(h)); that is, such an assignment would not make the gain larger.


Thus, we select the significant data as a percentage of the complete spectrum.

we examine three significant cases that are shown in Table 1.


In the PMSR method, a speech expert builds small-vocabulary recognizers by transcribing the pronunciation of a word from the target language into phonemes in the source language.

by employing cross-language phoneme mapping using existing acoustic models, one can avoid training new acoustic models, often the costliest and most complex part of training a speech recognizer.


We assign a distinct type for each group, Si, i = 1,..., k.We use labels: A,B,C,...,to represent theirtypes.AnI/O port in a group Si possesses the type of Si.

we say I/O ports of each chip are evenly divided into k groups of size m such that (i) type(S1), type(S2), ...., type(Sk) are pairwise distinct; (ii) size(S1)= size(S2) =...= size(Sk)= m. In terms of the number of terminals per net, two kinds of boardlevel routing problems (BLRPs) are identified: (i) two-terminal BLRP where all nets are two-terminal nets; and (ii) multiterminal BLRP whereat least onenet hasmorethantwo terminals.


We show that the number of qubits available for implementing quantum computational circuits can be increased by replacing some of the projective single-qubit measurements in one-way quantum computation with generalized measurements.

while one needs two single-qubit measurements to initialize an arbitrary logical qubit state, a single POVM is enough to achieve the same.


In addition, two additional NMOS devices are connected to each storage node for decoupling the output node from the storage node as in the case of conventional 8T SRAM cells [17].

one of these transistors is connected to virtual power rail for reducing leakage current to the output bit lines.


For example, essential to the informal argument in the preceding example is the ability to focus precisely on the part of the diagram which is responsible for property Safe.

focusing on the loop and excluding the alarm-raising and fault-checking parts of the diagram.


.. .. 2 ............h .. = .......... = ........ (.... - .... ), (5) where ..........h denotes the graph of the original system, ...... denotes the spanning-tree support graph after scaling, ...... denotes the edge conductance between nodes .. and .. of the original spanning-tree support graph ......,and .. denotes the scaling factor to be found.

note that the original support graph consumes less power than the original graph, thus the scaling factor is always greater than one.all the wires (edges) of the spanning tree are sized up to form a more conductive spanning-tree support graph, as shown in Fig.3.


In this paper, the ratios for di.erent impedance pro.les are analyzed, and the assumption is proved to be not necessarily true.

for secondorder impedances, the maximum ratio can be two.


Note that the circuit topology is unchanged in all implementations of a given benchmark.

we do not re-synthesize the circuit with a new library but instead map the gate-level netlist to a new .lib and proceed with the back-end of the typical ASIC .ow.


We have three groups of workloads, which we denote as setsA,B,andC.SetsAandB serveas ourtrainingworkload groups, but are also used in testing via cross-validation [14], while set C is only used for testing.

training data from set A is used to test set B and vice versa.


Request evaluation starts from the smallest cache con.guration of the CLT cache group and .nishes in the biggest cache con.guration.

cLT Record updating starts from the top level of the associated binomial tree and .nishes in the bottom level.


{1,2,...,l}, is assigned a weight wi such that f assumes the value 1 when the weighted sum of its inputs equals or exceeds the value of the function s threshold, T [3].

l 1 ifi=1 wixi =T +don f(x1,x2,...,xn)= l (1) 0 ifi=1 wixi <T -dof f , Parameters don and dof f represent defect tolerances that must be considered since variations (due to manufacturing defects, temperature changes, etc.)


Therefore, WAVAK has a larger current balance to allow more read requests to be served in parallel than PASAK.

wAVAK achieves a larger subarray-level parallelism than PASAK under the same bank power budget, resulting in a smaller latency.


In this study, the four key aspects we identi.ed earlier are idealized and the instruction window size is varied from 128 up to 2048.

for an instruction window size of 1024, the scheduling window size is 1024, the store queue and register .le are sized ideally, and the rename map table is available instantaneously for branch misprediction recovery.


Let I+ = I + (0 0 0 0 1)T, where + denotes vector addition.

in order to have bank locality, the array elements accessed by I equation is m11 = 1 and m12 = -1, which can subsequently be completed to a full data transformation matrix - .... 1 1 it is possible to find an M matrix to satisfy intra-reference bank locality.


This technique is extremely useful while developing a regression verification environment in which the compact and effective pattern suites are crucial to minimize the required simulation time.

the proposed methodology can increase the efficiency of the regression verification process.


We also validated our recovery approach using a set of real exploits against the selected popular server applications.

exploit codes or scripts are collected from various   Percentage of Requests After Filtering % Figure 9: L1 instruction cache miss rate 10 1.6  Normalized Service Response Time 8 6 4 2 032-entry 64-entry Queue Entry Size Figure 10: E.ectiveness of Code Origin Check Filtering hackers websites or security agent websites.6 we launched remote exploit attacks targeted for the following server vulnerability, CVE documented attack CAN2003-0651 [1] on HTTP server, exploit (VU#196945) [4] on bind daemon, documented exploits (CAN-2003-0466) [1] on FTP server, and documented exploit (CAN-2004-0640) [1] on SSLtelnet daemon.


This sharing information is collected pro-actively: when coherence activities are initiated on a cache line within a region, we make use of additional wires in the interconnection to collect the sharing status of all regions within the page, including other regions that are not directly affected by the coherence activity.

the main contributions of this paper are as follows: We propose a snoop traffic filtering technique that makes use of coarse-grained sharing information on the basis of regions within a page, pro-actively collecting the sharing information of all regions within a page during snoop activities on any line within that page.


As a result, the locality constraints above should be re-written in terms of X (i.e., they need to be re-mapped).

after the propagation, we re-write the constraints as: )))) 10u0 01u0 Mx = and Mx = 01u110u1 Now, solving Mxfrom these constraints is more dif.cult as Mx is involved in both the equalities.


Second, the regularity condition (1) of SGR leads to a precise decomposition theorem in Section 3, which says that for a .xed k,a k-way SGR is decomposable if the density is large enough.


The Bus class provides all the constructs that make the communication between behaviors possible.

we use dynamic instantiation that creates a new class X_channel (where X represents bus protocol) for every master or slave port instantiated into the model.


Rodrigo Laiola Guimarães CWI: Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica Science Park 123 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands +31 20 592 93 33 rlaiola@cwi.nl ABSTRACT This thesis aims to analyze, model, and develop a framework for next-generation multimedia authoring tools targeted to end-users.

i concentrate on the combination of automatic and manual processes for the realization of such framework.


However, such reuse still faces serious challenges.

hard IP blocks may exhibit rectilinear shapes; handling such blocks is not effectively supported by recent 3D layout representations.


The choice of an MRCT data structure is due to the fact that it captures, for each occurrence of a reference, a set of references that may cause a conflict.

the MRCT data structure is an array of size N (number of unique references) of sets, where each set corresponds to one unique reference.


Similar to the inspection of search performance, these power results are measured in the worst case for a fair power evaluation.

the IPv6 prefix (or word) size is 128 bits, but there are no IP whose prefix length is less than 8 bits [15].


1.2 1 ) 0.138 -0.275 1.77 ß = 0.742 + 0.0129R - 0.0287C + 0.443 (C R t (13) Wt tt 0.8 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Interconnect W idth (m) x 10-7 Figure 7: Stage Delay vs. Interconnect Width  3.2 Determining Performance Corners PECAN uses PminGL to find the performance corners of a stage.

the location of PminGL in relation to the range Pmin to Pmax determines the location of the performance corners.


WIRELESS INTERCONNECT ANALYSIS The electromagnetic radiation e.ects of the wireless interconnect system on a die are investigated using an FEMbased full-wave simulation analysis.

the wireless interconnect system is analyzed for the coupling of the transmitting and receiving antennas as well as the (undesirable) coupling between the transmitting antenna and the metal interconnects.


The off-chip memory access can last hundreds of cycles, and a long latency memory transaction from one thread would stall all threads within a warp.

the warp cannot proceed until all the memory accesses from its threads complete.


We assume that the hardware TCB of Iso-X is limited only to the microprocessor, physical memory (DRAM), and system buses.

we assume that hardware attacks (such as snooping on the memory bus or probing the physical memory) are not part of the threat model.


e) P: The absolute distance in the past global history of corresponding non-biased branches included in array A.

p captures the pos hist of the non-biased branches present in the RS.


The bene.t of parameterized states is that Caisson can synthesizeasingle logic circuit that can safelybe usedat multiple security levels.

the data being operated on (the Caisson registers) musthave distinct types,but the logic operating on thedata (theCaissonstates)canbe parameterizedoverthetypesofthedata, making the synthesized circuit much more ef.cient.


hw count sw count  random 100 95 90 85 80 fop antlr bloat lusearch xalan jython pmd luindex average lected forimplementationease.

thevariationthatwe observedin eachoftheseexperimentswas not statistically signi.cant relativetothedistributionof resultsachievedfrom initializing theLFSRwith differentvalues.


Content reference itself does not mean an actual media instance but an abstract reference of content.

content can exist without actual media instance, but content just have a unique CRID.


b 80  6.6 Using Only Branch Predictions In this section, we apply our forward-slice analysis framework to estimate the dynamic instruction coverage of a ReStore-like architecture.

there is only a single thread and confident branch predictions are used to check corresponding branches and their backward slices, as discussed in Section 2.2.


But it is still a prototype o.ering a high potential for improvements.

more sophisticated optimization techniques could be integrated which aim at producing better results in terms of circuit area and speed.


(2): each neuron in the model represents the thermal state of a given point (node or thermal cell) in the volume of the IC.

it is su.cient to de.ne a neuron for each node in the layers of the IC where the heat dissipation occurs (active layers).


Since a RS-repeater can store up to two .its, the distributed storage on a channel of K RS-repeaters is equal to 2 · K. But, the fact that a relay station contains the logic implementing the low-level .ow control mechanism makes it possible to reduce the size of the downstream queue to a minimum value that is always as if K = 0.

(Qmin = 1) is su.cient when combining RS-repeaters with the ack/nack .ow control mechanism.


For the call graph example in Figure 2(c), a typical cloning (assuming p 0and p 00demand different layouts for the same array) creates two versions of p(denoted p.and p..in Figure 2(d)), one for each layout.

the loop transformations in p.are applied assuming a column-major memory layout for the array while they are applied in p..under a row-major memory layout.


Although the graphical approach based on structural controllability theory offers a general tool for directed networks, the approach fails if the assumption of independence of free link parameters and non-symmetry of the structural matrices is violated [10].

the graphical approach can not be applied to any arbitrary complex network with structure and con.gurations of the link weights where the parameters (-i.e., the elements of the systems matrices) are not independently varying.


The bars depict the average of the minimum number of lamb switches for all the cases.

for each combination of faults we have obtained the minimum number of lamb switches to be disabled in order to make the irregular topology compatible with the LBDR routing mechanism.


Other four schemes are created by adding some artificial perturbations to the partitioning results obtained from Par1.

par2 randomly exchanges 0.5% of cells, Par3 randomly exchanges 1% of cells, Par4 randomly exchanges 5% of cells and Par5 randomly exchanges 10% of cells between partitions.


The rationale is that this frame has already missed its deadline and it is going to be displayed at the time when the next frame is supposed to be displayed.

instead of delaying the display of the whole sequence of frames, we decide to drop the next frame so that the second to the next frame can be decoded before its deadline.


--single-width pipelined functional units --one memory port (supports both loads and stores) --memory and function unit chaining enabled --load vector startup time: 18 clock cycles --function unit startup time: 6 clock cycles An important performance issue is whether sequences of zeros in the VM can be skipped simultaneously.

there are two basic ways of implementing masked operations.


We use push-periodic as the delivery mechanism.

each channel is subdivided into logical units called "broadcast units" or "cycles" in short.


While it is perhaps not necessary to reach the limits of the operating range, it is important to reproduce the conditions that can be found in a real deployment during the hottest and coldest times of the year.

the testbed should be able to reach values up to 70-75.C, as experiences from outdoor deployments have shown that the on-board temperature of sensor nodes that are exposed to direct sunlight or are embedded into transparent packaging can reach extremely high values [7], [8], [9], [18].


The HyTM execution time shown in the graphs below is that of the transaction executing solely as a hardware transaction.

we use the best case performance of HyTM.


We found that our random chips improve the zero-load latency by 31% and 17% with dTDMA buses and P2P links, respectively.

in the case of dTDMA buses, a larger number of paths go through our random topology chips; thus this reduction becomes larger when compared to P2P links.


For designs with locality where p < 1, not all edges are cut by the top bisection.


If there is a match in the correlation table, the miss addresses in the other EMAB entries are used to update the correlation table entry.

the miss addresses contained in the two latest EMAB entries are used.


3.1 Buffer Skipping in 8-phase nRERL In multi-phase nRERL, it is necessary to use manybuffers to retain the data for phase aligning.

the buffers are used for the data retaining during several phases until a right phase is arrived.


Under the condition xi > 0, i =1,...,N,we .nd that (17) can be rewritten as N L yi xi-1=0.

(18) xi i=1 If the ratios yi , i=1,...,N, are decreasing in i, then by virtue of xi (18) there must exist some kwith 1=k<N such that yi -1=0,i=1,...,k xi and yi -1=0,i =k+1,...,N. xi xi = yi for i =1,...,k and yi = xi for i = k +1,...,N. We now readily obtain the comparison x .


We expect CPPCs to be even more efficient as lower-level caches.

we show that the energy consumed by an L2 CPPC is only 7% higher than the same cache with parity protection, which is very small, considering that a CPPC provides error correction capability for dirty data.


These bits define how the FPGA resources are used to form a netlist implementing the circuit mapped on the FPGA.

these bits determine how the CLBs are connected and which functions the LUTs inside the CLBs implement.


As can be seen in equation (3), all R and C components in this circuit contribute to the shape of the step response.

the deviation of one circuit component from the nominal value results in the shape of the step response being di.erent from the nominal one.


To decrease the power overhead of the masking method, we suggest to mask the power to some speci.c levels depending on the switching activity of the cipher.

based on the range of the switching activity SA we determine the masking current IM (SA).


This paper illustrates a number of techniques, all based in the bio-inspired camp, that provide varying degrees of dependability over and above standard designs.

three different techniques are considered: using FPGAs and continuous evolution to circumvent faults as and when they occur, using FPGAs and ideas from developmental biology to create designs that possess emergent fault tolerant properties, and finally we consider a novel ASIC, designed and built with bio-inspired systems in-mind, and show how this too can cope with unexpected events during operation.


Therefore, while computing the top-1 aggressor set, aggressor a1 will be chosen as compared to a2.


In this paper, we propose both L1 and lower level cache designs that use STT-RAM.

our designs use STT-RAM cells with various data retention time and write performances, made possible by di.erent magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) designs.


This is because, after inserting the .rst link link a, the values of ru and Ru,u used in equation 2 will change for every sink, resulting in changed the values of the a and ß for all possible links.

hence, the new values of a for link d might be lower than that of link c as a result of which it might be better to choose link d. even though link c is better than link d for the initial clock tree, link d might become better after the insertion of the .rst link.


xi are the optimization variables obeying the implicit positive constraint, i.e., xi > 0.

a standard form GP must satisfy the following conditions: the objective must be posynomial (and it must be minimized), the equality constraints can only have the form of a monomial equal to 1, and the inequality constraints can only have the form of a posynomial less than or equal to 1.


We assume that tra.c arrives at uniform rate in a period but the number of arrivals in a period are independent and have a distribution modeled by a histogram.

if we have N bits in a sampling period, the inter-arrival distribution is deterministic with value 1/N.


RELATED WORK The design methodology and key research problems of NoCs have been discussed in [5, 10].

a large buffer size reduces the average packet latency in NoC; however, the large buffer size also increases the overall NoC area.


In their paper, Arakawa et al., describe the main architectural features of the 0.13 um SuperH processor both in the standard and in the low-power version.

they describe the details of the processor architecture and the memory subsystem that are suited for the multimedia application domain.


The peculiar feature of the design is that its structure is extendable according to required descrambling speed.

the extendable structure can include several descrambling units operating in parallel and the number of the descrambling unit is decided by processing speed required for an input data rate.


This, in turn, implies the sparseness of .. Second, the prior PDF in (11) treats each .i equally.

the prior PDF does not tell us which .i is zero or non-zero.


obviously, CLR is different from nominal clock skew because clock skew on 1V is 15ps -12ps = 3ps while clock skew on 1.1V is 2ps.a solution that may have larger clock skew under conventional skew de.nition but with smaller CLR is still favorable.


As a result, the overall delay of UB3 is even 10% lower than TB3.

removing under-10%-utilized units not only does not impose any performance overhead, but also improves the performance by 10% in our experiments.


The mapping between the coordinates and the blocks is ensured by variable MMap for the storage blocks, and variable PMap for the processor cores.

MMapx,y,z,m : indicates whether coordinate (x,y,z) is assigned to storage block m.  PMapx,y,z,p : indicates whether coordinate (x,y,z) is as signed to processor core p. The distances between a processor core and a storage i=1 j=1 Storage blocks should be mapped to the chip based on the coordinate and dimensions of the corresponding storage block.


We disable the feature of type-matching used in our gated clock tree synthesis.


Here, by assigning higher priority to one of the tasks, burst dispatching will be used whenever possible.

if the number of available cores is smaller than the difference between the current gap and the relevant limit, a single burst of same-task replicas will take place, which is the most efficient.


The ISBA-based resource optimization turns out to be a standard Maximum-Weighted Independent Set Problem (MWISP).

we need to find an independent set of the Intersection Graph and maximize the sum of the weights of the vertices in the selected independent set.


For ease of discussion, we .rst suppose that na is directly driven by nf1 and nf2 without any inv in between them.


For each cluster, all the gates are assigned the same body bias voltage as is determined by some critical gates as shown in Figure 1.

the body bias voltage of the cluster is dominated by a small portion of critical gates, even though a large portion of non-critical gates actually contribute more to the cluster leakage.


by using high-Vt cells as much as possible).

to reduce total power where leakage becomes prominent, it is more effective to use placement and gate sizing to promotemoreef fectiveVt swapping a f terwards than using them independently for local power reduction.


The router C s table status is determined by the arrival time of LSAs.

the one (valid or false LSAs) which arrives earlier in time, will be kept and the other one will be discarded.


Future work Gesture recognition generally requires training data from original user[12][8].

the accuracy decreased by using the training data of others.


Then, the genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to each F-Table in order to put 'don't cares' (*~s) in appropri- ate places using the T-Tables.

the F-Table evolves into the E-Table (i.e., the Evolved-Table) by adapting itself to the training case records of the T- Tables (Fig.


4.2 Integration With the Operating System The hardware implementation of the AVC requires modi.cations to SELinux to work.

proper interfaces for the hardware accelerators should be added and the related function calls in the SELinux code need to be modi.ed accordingly.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we explore a number of conditions when an exact minimum SOP can be found by a divide-and-conquer strategy.

we rely on a class of decomposable orthodox functions, for which SOP minimization can be derived from the decomposition tree of the function.


Although Nostradamus completely covers errors in register dataflow, it does not completely cover errors in memory dataflow.

nostradamus does not detect when an error causes a load of address B to obtain the value of the wrong store to address B.


One strategy places capacitors uniformly on the chip (uniform placement).

this strategy does not consider power consumption distribution, but it performs chip-level capacitance insertion.


the two current sensor measurements) from the 1K Trojan-free chip instances to train our classi.er.

we are solving a 1-class classi.cation problem, where our objective is to train a classi.er to enclose the region of acceptable (trusted) functionality without any data of unacceptable (untrusted) functionality.


PROPOSED ARCHITECTURAL SYNTHESIS METHODOLOGY  In this section we describe our proposed architectural synthesis methodology.

we will focus on the global In RDR-Pipe, the value of a variable may be transmitted from its producer island to several consumer islands, taking different numbers of clock cycles.


It should be noted that the artifacts only model the aspects of the fabric that are essential to partial recon.guration.

the con.guration bitstreams are replaced by simulation-only bitstreams, possible con.guration ports are represented by an ICAP artifact, and the part of con.guration memory to which each recon.gurable region (RR) is mapped is substituted by an Extended Portal.


Slack is an alternative type of time-separation relationship [18].

slackis de.ned asa time entity onevery edgeinG.


As a concrete example, consider the ideal mixing operation mmm zt) =xt)yt) h (5)mmmm where xt) =cos 2 f1t)and yt) =cos 2 f2t), with f1 =1GHz and f2 =f1 q10kHz.

the two tones f1 and f2 are very closely spaced, with the difference tone f1 qf2 =10kHz being much smaller.


However, in many other applications, the separation between critical and non-critical data may not be as obvious.

applications in which the critical state it tightly intertwined with the non-critical state are not good candidates for Flikker.


It is desirable to design backdoors with rare triggers to avoid unintentional exposure during design validation or other benign testing.

triggers give stealth and control to the adversary.


We have found that the ideal formal means for representing the trade-off inherent in probabilistic powerperformance optimization is the probabilistic power-delay Pareto set, or just probabilistic Pareto set (PPS).

the PPS are the solutions to the power-performance optimization problems under uncertainty that have the general form such as: min Q a() P st.. Pr{ D < Do} = ß This problem minimizes the value of the power at a high quantile (a) of the power distribution subject to a probabilistically defined timing constraint which is to be met with the probability (confidence level) of ß.


A given block can evade obstacles by moving horizontally or vertically from the location where it would normally be inserted, as shown in Figure 9.

blocks intersecting with .xed obstacles are snapped to the closest legal location consistent with the structure of the B*-tree.


Once the state variable reaches quiescence, it will remain there by forcing its second derivative to remain equal to zero.

once a state variable reaches quiescence, the response of that variable just follows the steady state and influence of other state variables until an input or PWL region model is changed.


Ac, its trace p in the routing tree Ts from s to t in Gr, excluding terminals, sat- P is.es v.p d(v) = dmax(a).

no connection in the routing violates the assigned maximum delay.


Note that for PCM designs, the number of physical segments is usually larger than the number of virtual segments, so that there are always some free physical segments in free segment list unless too many physical segments are worn out.

if there are too many free physical segments whose remaining write counts are no more than the discarding threshold Td, the PCM device should be considered a worn-out device and should be replaced.


(7) In this case, since there exists only an unique eigenvalue, multi-coupled lines cannot be mathematically decoupled by using the modal waves.

since ever y modal propagation speeds are identical, they cannot be decoupled by using the conventional modal analysis technique.


In leakage dominant technologies, the exponential relationship between the leakage power and temperature makes the inclusion of the thermal behavior into the design process fundamentally important.

current power reduction techniques for caches may not be fully optimized in the presence of thermal effects.


Static .uidic constraint states the minimum spacing between two droplets must be one cell.

there are no other droplets in the 3 × 3 region centered by a droplet.


SMT processors have the advantage of dynamically trading o. instruction-level parallelism (ILP) for thread-level parallelism (TLP).

hardware resources that are partially unoccupied due to insu.cient single-thread ILP (for example due to long-latency operations, control and data dependences, etc.)


Conclusions This work addressed a computing framework whereby scheduling policies are decided offline, and are enforced during run time.

we investigated the case of duplicable tasks, i.e., tasks that have many instances (data parallelism).


In this work, we show that the sizing methods used to obtain maximum performance must be reformulated for use in subthreshold designs due to these different characteristics.

we explain how the widely-used logical effort method must be modified, and we develop a new framework for optimal device sizing in subthreshold based on this method.


Designers can decide to trace AHB signals in detail or in rough depend on debugging objectives; moreover, the trace granularities can be changed while tracing is processed.

di.erent trace strategy results can be stored in a single trace .le.


SIMULATION RESULTS Our analysis aims at investigating the e.ects of bonding and package parasitics in digital switching noise propagation.

we want to understand whether: the RLCK parasitic network in Fig.


Since the program state may contain pointer values, and is constantly retrieved and updated by the LD and ST instructions, it is mandatory that the program state is kept track of.

the possible address values that each memory location may assume must be maintained at every program point.


The following values, even though have been picked-up from actual measurements, must be considered in a qualitative way.

only to illustrate the efficacy of the rule.


The probability p(n) is termed absorption probability .

the absorption probability is the probability that a node is the destination of a packet given that the node has received the packet from its neighbors.


Second, the performance corners may be different from the process corners.

it is shown that the best-case corner may not depend on Pmin or Pmax for a particular interconnect parameter but on a value within that range.


Moreover, in our proposed method, we require that the mutual inductance values between neighboring wires remain the same.

we require the multi-band entries of L to match those of L. The solution that we describe relies on the elegant structure of the inverse of block-tridiagonal matrices which provides a compact parametrization for matrices with block-tridiagonal inverses.


5.2 Data Variability Some participants commands are better recognized than others.

participant B had high accuracy rates, most likely because of the volume of the audio was loud and clear.


Automated tools have held designers to manipulate more transistors on a design project and shorten the design cycle.

logic synthesis tools have contributed significantly to reduce the cycle time.