Processor 8-core, 4GHz, Intel atom-like cores private, 32KB/32KB, 4-way, LRU, I/D-L1 128B line size, write-back private, 2MB, 4-way, LRU L2 128B line size, write-back DRAM private, 32MB, 8-way, LRU Cache 128B line size, write-back 32GB, 128B line size, 32 banks, 4 ranks, PCM 8/32-entry read/write queues Main Read .rst, write burst when full Memory 4000-cycle write, 500-cycle read SET: 4000 cycles [15], 90µW/bit, 13.5pJ/bit [11] RESET: 500 cycles [15], 480µW/bit, 19.2pJ/bit [11] Table 3: Baseline Con.guration The simulated workloads are summarized in Table 4.

since WoM-SET performs one proactive-SET operation for every other write to the same line, there are two types of writes: i) WoM-SET-1 represents the write using the 1st-write code.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

the cap layer also needs to suppress surface diffusion (see Section 5.6).


2 shows the overview of the proposed approach.

in order to fully envision the feature of CSER, we use full-scope IRV and BCR, which always perform the respective recovery operations, as two reference techniques.


The correction ratio can be calculated as: E 4C V 2 4C tg -total tg DD tg = 2 = (13) E (C + C )V C + C total G P DD G P This correction ratio is proportional to the size of the TG, since Ctg itself is proportional to the size of the TG.

figure 4 shows an example of the balanced (i.e., CG=CP) charge recycling operation when transitioning from sleep to active mode for an inverter chain in 70nm CMOS technology generated in HSPICE.


For large designs, OBDD representation for the entire transition relation usually cannot be constructed.

2 Proceedings of the Design,Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 03) 1530-1591/03 $17.00 &#169; 2003 IEEE when the ATPG continued backtracking to .nd the fourth, .fth and the sixth solutions (the three lying under d the right branch of node 10, Soln#4, Soln#5 and Soln#6 ), we observed an interesting phenomenon: the same partial assign fFTnTFnFnment for decision nodes 1101}is repeated.


[Tha1-99, Tha2-99] in that these performance gains are achieved through user-de.ned hints and implementation-de.ned directives, to communicate the anticipated application I/O pattern(s) to the underlying .le system which has the capability to exploit this additional knowledge.

figure 1: GPFS block allocation used by MPI-IO/GPFS in data shipping mode (using the default stripe size) I/O agents are multi-threaded and are also responsible for combining data access requests issued by all participating tasks in collective data access operations.


This is because for these benchmarks the absolute cache miss number without procedure placement is very small.

the results are shown in Figure 3 and 4 for 4K and 8K cache, respectively.


Restricted K bounds 6 Conclusions The wiring congestion is a very important design factor which directly impacts the time-to-market of complex System-on-Chip designs, and must be considered both globally in logic synthesis, and locally in physical design.

gLSVLSI 03, April 28-29, 2003, Washington, DC, USA.


Floating-point (FP) arithmetic [9] provides the full precision of mantissa and a huge dynamic range with exponent, and is very suitable for developing and simulating algorithms.

the results for ADSP-218x are excerpted from its application notes [8].


The proposed technique yields 42% reduced read failures under NBTI.

the rest of the paper is organized as follows.


Alternatively, the evaluator can make further efforts to conjecture the structure of LFSR (in order to detect the MOLES) by side-channel cryptanalysis.

proposes a malicious core embedded into a general-purpose microprocessor to implement two Trojan mechanisms.


In that latter work, the control algorithm used the cost of a set of cache references as an indirect indicator of the processor performance.

unique to the Accounting Cache is that although a cache con.guration is selected during a time interval it is possible to measure the hit/miss rate of any other con.guration, and consequently it is possible to evaluate the cost of a set of cache references for all con.guration even although only one of the con.gurations have been used during an interval.


The 200-cycle interval is shown here to illustrate the potential high-frequency di/dt e.ects from a .ne-grained perspective.

the combined weight of the sliding window, 1 = 3.7 The queue controller will therefore permit both module gating events to occur, since the threshold constraint is not violated in this case.


The key idea to guarantee privacy is obfuscated program execution in hardware; to evaluate an arbitrary instruction, Ascend gives o. the signature of having evaluated any possible instruction.

second, the user sends its encrypted private inputs encryptK (xuser), a public running time T and a public number of bytes to include in the .nal result S. At the same time, the server


Finally, we determine the energy minimizing parameters and compare to the spatial and sequential extremes from the previous sections.

in the general case, the con.guration memories may need to change at more than two di.erent times.


Assuming independent errors, the mean time to failure drops down to about 30 seconds for such a system, assuming no error correction.

considering ever larger near-diagonal approximation with increasing W , Fig.


Then 0= w= 1and w=(u/2)· 10-n+1, having at most (n- 1)digits after the decimal point.


If the original Icell is large, the maximum possible Icell under a reduced VDD cannot be the same as the original Icell even when the PWM duty ratio is set to 100%.

figure 8: Measured luminance by VDD and gray level.


Then, through an extended sweeping line algorithm, the large problem can be further mapped into a minimum rectangle overlapping problem.

in this way, the runtime can be reduced to O(F 2 Ne + aNen).


Intrinsic Hardware Evolution of Neural Networks in Reconfigurable Analogue and Digital Devices.

the FPAA system does display increased relative performance and robustness in adapting to changes in the environment.


WaveScript makes it natural to express such applications, and our isochronous SigSeg representation makes it possible to implement such applications ef.ciently, since isochronicity makes it easy to identify the tuples in different data streams that correspond to the same point in time.

one of the core features of WaveScope is the programming language.


The excessive cuts and the corresponding sets of Fo-Cuts and the sets of Sub-Cuts are hold.

section 5 presents experimental results.


These benchmarks were repeated on Intrepid and Kraken and are shown in .gs.

approximately 100 such .les are archived (e.g.


For a convex function any local optimum is also a global optimum.

set Delaymax = Delay with minimum sizes 3.


Wei, and Y.-L. Wang, Electromigration characteristics of copper dual damascene interconnects -line length and via number dependence, in IPFA, 2009, p. 723.

there are many blocks within a chip, such that a large number of compensation strip locations are required to be determined.


For on-chip clocking, [7] proposed using hard axis directed magnetic .elds from current driven wires.

for example, during simulation of the initial corner turn design (Fig.


[15] Todd Austin, Eric Larson, and Dan Ernst.

we e.ectively shrink the size of the given set during times of infrequent use, helping eliminate leakagepower.


Keywords Capo, CapoOne, Deterministic Replay, Replay Sphere.

in all of the hardware-based deterministic replay schemes proposed, it is at least .lled in hardware, transparently to the software.


PathPred is another method to construct plausible reaction pathways based on the chemical structure transformation patterns of small molecules [41].

the modularization may eliminate some EFMs that span several subsystems in the larger network [26].


[21] A. Mishchenko, S. Chatterjee, and R. K. Brayton.

the aim in this new version is to maintain this level of high quality design, both through careful software engineering and the inclusion of a suite of regression tests that permit short-turnaround software checking, and longer-turnaround software coverage and quality of result checking.


Fully Connected Circular Bu.ers (FC-CB) [16] avoided the delay caused in the link list approach and used registers which selectively shift some .its within the bu.er.

reducing the number of router bu.ers reduces the component capacitances within the bu.er.


Unlike traditional packaging in which the die is attached to the substrate face up and the connection is made by using wire, the solder bumped die in .ip-chip BGA is .ipped over and placed face down, with the conductive bumps connecting directly to the matching metal pads on the laminate substrate [13].

the design of such a system would make it nearly impossible to detect the transmitter through visual inspection or by netlist extraction.


This also potentiallycomplicates thedesign since writes will effectivelytake two cycles to complete.

looking in more detail, we observe that the number of BRAMS used is constant for both designs for 32-256 entries, re.ecting the native capacity of each BRAM.


On the other hand, for our case study, worst-case values for (n,h) will be (2,7) to meet the worst-case delay.

the topology selected in this paper is a 2D mesh, with a floor-plan similar to that in Figure 1.Grey circles represent switches, black lines represent links.


Icount requires additional hardware counters to keep track of the count of issued but not-yet-retired instruction per thread and a mechanism for preferential fetch.

bACKGROUND This section provides background information on multithreading architectures and the UNIX priority scheduler.


We also found that the victim network would always suffer from the dropping attack unless all forwarding paths were free of malicious nodes.

[13] Y.-C. Hu, D. B. Johnson, and A. Perrig.


[27] RIVEST, R. The necessity of feedback in minimal monotone combinational circuits.

the use of delayed actions results in more general equation systems of the following form: 8 >>>: n init(xy)= xx,x .


evaluated the effects of dual-Vdd and dual-Vt fabrics on power consumption [19].

normal SRAM operation can be performed right after the RESTORE operation without having to RESET the RRAM at low resistance state.


Abstract In this paper, we present a radiation-hardened digital design approach.This approach is based on the use of Code Word State Preserving (CWSP)elements at each .ip-.op of the design, and leaving the rest of the designunaltered.

in Section 3.1, we discuss,by way of introduction, the design of the CWSP element, and explainhow it is utilized in [21, 15].


in [14] studied the effect of associativity in caches, and introduced a forest simulation technique to simulate alternate directmapped caches quickly.

it should be noted that simulation time for cache block size of 8 bytes and 32 bytes also show SCUD to have an average speed up of 19 times.


Introduction Theoretical research has established that the lower bound on the critical path delay of the adder has complexity O(log n),where n is the adder width.

as shown in Figure 6, the window adder consists of two small adders, adder0 and adder1.


After making the design elastic, some don t care values marked as invalid may appear (denoted as *).

an example on what .ow equivalence means is illustrated below.


1 (b), the cascaded crossbar switches consist of smaller (i.e.

even though their solving method is exact, it is not as general as the work in [19], since only a fixed size of crossbar switch can be used in a single optimal topology.


For the purpose of digital systems modeling, several types of PNs have been proposed, imposing some necessary restrictions and at the same time adding certain extensions to the basic PN definition.

several changes were proposed some of the functions were removed and changed, initial marking was added and the transition enabling conditions were adapted.


The concatenation is done by using the memory blocks in c2 from the bottom level to top level and from right to left to update c1.

at this point, we have computed the average" probabilistic GBT for each basic block in the context of the whole program.


In order to keep the time to market of the SoC as short as possible, time cannot be spent on redesigning each TAPed core giving away the boundary scan features and replacing them with P1500 wrappers.

testing TAPed Cores and Wrapped Cores With The Same Test Access Mechanism.


Statistical simulation: Adding ef.ciency to the computer designer s toolbox.

we also expect the memory hierarchy to interact with adjacent levels (e.g.


Base address is the .rst memory address in a given regular vector access stream.


Also, researchers in the BCI area primarily focus on high-level optimization to improve the system accuracy.

[15] A. Bashashati, M. Fatourechi, R. Ward, G. Birch, A survey of signal processing algorithms in brain computer interfaces based on electrical brain signals, Journal of Neural engineering, vol.


The same reasoning applies to the case of varying reducing the frequency, which preserve (in fact, improve) system the off-chip workload ymax in Figure 4c.

figure 3a and When we investigate the effects of Cef and y, ßi is set to ßmin .


1: Initialization phase: a) Load the netlist.

dAC 2012, June 3-7, 2012, San Francisco, California, USA.


the ideal cases give an optimistic insight on how well GNRFET circuits may perform once fabrication technology becomes more mature.


Note a relevant property of resonant clocking: the higher the frequency, the faster the latch.

yet, these circuits generally imply intrinsic race conditions, which drain extra current.


However, increasing n from 2 to 32 results in less than 10% reduction in latency.

we use a 3The simulation setup is described in Section 3.2 oblivious adaptive 40 35 oblivious adaptive  40 35 3030   Latency (cycles) Latency (cycles) Latency (cycles) Latency (cycles) 25 20 15 10 25 20 15 10 5 5 0 Figure 3: Block diagram of a 1K node high-radix 0 folded-Clos network with radix-64 routers.


An important aspect of the optimization is that, assuming the control information doesn t increase signi.cantly, the reduction scales well as the link width increases.

iNTRODUCTION With rapidly decreasing feature size, it has become more feasible to integrate dozens of IP blocks into a Systems-on-Chip (SoC).


on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2003.

current routers can only handle 2D-ICs, and the usual approach is to to split the 3D design into separate designs for each tier, each of which can be routed independently.


rects, we assume they are all primary registrations and treat this classi.cation as an overestimate.

if we could categorically say that xxx domains are undesirable to all registrants, redirects would strongly indicate defensive registrations.


One reason for the scalability is that the WaveScalar instruction placement algorithms isolate individual Splash threads into different portions of the die.

finally, we explored the behavior of WaveScalar s hierarchical, on-chip interconnect.


We find the node h1 in this stack and go back to this node.

node k1 does not have a transition, so we pass it by and come to the same terminal node (again y=0).


This causes low accuracy and useful fraction values, as seen in Figures 3(d) and 3(e).

how effective are the af.nity hints in reducing the overall wallclock execution time?


Cycle-accurate and circuit simulation results of a wide-issue superscalar processor indicate that: (1) in future CMOS technologies (e.g., 70nm and beyond), cache architectures that exploit bitline isolation can eliminate up to 90% of the bitline discharge, (2) ondemand precharging (i.e., decoding the address and subsequently precharging the accessed subarrays) is not viable in level-one caches because precharging increases the cache access latency, and (3) our proposal for gated precharging to exploit subarray reference locality and precharging only the recently accessed subarrays eliminates nearly all of bitline discharge in nanoscale CMOS caches with only a 1% of performance degradation.

the energy overhead in switching the precharge devices is expected to dramatically decrease compared to the static pull-up s bitline discharge for future CMOS technologies.


finally, the capacitance for the same net will be added and annotated into SPEF .le and used for full-chip analysis.


However, in our case, the RF energy conversion is a transient process in which the output power capacitor C2 is charged by the rectified RF energy.

it has been proved in rectenna design that the RF front end low pass filter following the input antenna serves as a buffer for better impedance matching between the rectifier circuit and antenna and blocks the flow of harmonic energy from the rectifier back to antenna [4]; both effects are crucial for the best efficiency.


The conventional round-robin distribution (referred to as simple striping in some existing work) is in place in many of parallel file systems [3][5][11].

the data layout of a given application can then be determined based on the weighted summation of the costs of its I/O requests.


These applications are computation and not data fetch limited, so the fundamental energy/operation bound is a couple hundred femtojoules in a 90nm process, which is equivalent to moving one bit less than a mm.

after speedups in the first four functions, CABAC becomes the bottleneck and cannot be ignored.


A true random implementation of faults, that is, the analysis of the effects on the rising edges, falling edges and stable states on all nodes separately, would require intensive computational resources.

if VIN > VREF/2, the comparator will output a HIGH value, which indicates that the MSB is 1 .


A subfloorplan having the LR, LT, LB, RT, RB, or TB constraint is said to have two types of boundary constraints.

each M1 operation swaps two adjacent operands in an expression.


One solution to this problem is to make the overlapping region a new partition, referred to as the overlapping partition, and use direct-addressing for it.

step 6 / 19.8 Product 2 finishes optical detection and leaves the array to the waste reservoir.


Steady-state analysis of nonlinear circuits with period inputs.

the chances of converging to one of the solutions are much higher, leading to improved robustness in numerical solution.


There are UPDATE operations to component i occurring in three consecutive phases.

at the next step, some processes may also write t +1mod 4 to T [i].no process reading t +1 mod 4 from T [i]will write to T [i]during this phase, since the parity of t +1 mod 4 matches the parity of the phase.


Abstract Reverse scaled LC transmission lines are an effective alternative to on-chip global interconnects which severely limit the chip performance in nano-CMOS technologies.

we define ratios ar1 and ar2 as ar1 w / hd (5) ar2 t / hd (6) We compute w, hd and t for a given cross sectional area (A) of the interconnect as follows, (7) w A u ar1 / ar2  Fig 3.


Design Automation and Test in Europe, pp.

for instance, in a single processor-pool architecture, a processor set {P0, P1, P2} is paired with {P0, P1} when P2 fails.


In interval arithmetic, a classical variable xis represented by an - - = x= x + interval x=[x ,x +] which satis.es x .

next we show how a.ne arithmetic can be applied to compute the variational transfer function.


Furthermore are area and clock frequency measures shown which were obtained through further logic synthesis of the controller models for a XILINX Virtex V100CS144-4 using Synopsys FPGA II compiler.

in the next step a trans-  s == p1 s == p2 G1 G1 G2  e e .. 12  (a) FA graph with labeled e edges (b) condensed FA graph without e edges Figure 6: Transformation of FA graph with e transitions into a condensed FA without e transitions formation is applied to the two automaton graphs which generates equivalent graphs without e-transitions.


The decoder structure of (3, 5) codes is shown in Fig.

as a result, the number of clock cycles to .nish the iterative process now becomes (m + 1) × n + w. the throughput gain is ((m + 1) × n +w)/ (2 × m × n).


For the VBL metric, it should be noted that setting WL to VDD before sweeping down BL is similar to a read operation, which might be capable of flipping the cell if the variation causes such a strong write ability that a read could change the cell s state.

the write operation is not truly successful in this case.


Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for linux.

the thermal sensor readings need to be processed by software to provide meaningful data.


The general max S problem with arbitrary path delays cp determined by AATs and RATs can be reduced to the case of identical cp by adding a super-source and a super-sink connected respectively by constant delay edges to all timing sources and sinks.

e2p de F =max=max(1) pp cp cp Here de denotes the signal delay along edge e of the timing graph and can also be written as de =dij(xi;yi;xj;yj),making F a function of vertex locations via convex delay models for individual edges.10 Common edge delay models can be based on linear or quadratic (squared) edge wirelength, or on Elmore delay (see Section 2.3).


[2] Yao, X. and Higuchi, T., Promises and challenges of evolvable hardware, IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Reviews, 1999, 29(1):87-97.

for example, an evolved individual with 4 inputs and 3 outputs, the fitness value of each output of parents is 14/16, 9/16, 15/16 and 9/16, 12/16, 11/16.


[5] G. Iapichino, C. Bonnet, O. del Rio Herrero, C. Baudoin, I. Buret, A Mobile Ad-hoc Satellite and Wireless Mesh Networking Approach for Public Safety Communications , 10th International Workshop on Signal Processing for Space Communications, 2008.

finally, Windows Media Encoder has been installed on the laptop-A to send test video by means the emulated link connecting the aerial vehicle with the Mobile Ground Station .


In our approach, given the reference block bref (in this case bref = B8), we are only interested in the cache line c1, c2, c3.


Then, we use these intermediate checksums to calculate our .nal checksum values as s[n] = s0[n] + s1[n] and t[n] = 2(t0[n] + t1[n]) - s1[n].

eDC and ECC come at high computational cost and area overhead [4].


These more frequent interruptions with multiplexing will perturb the program more than the less frequent interruptions ofDTW(Sum): in the worst case these interruptions will perturb the very behavior that the performance analyst needs to understand.

this evaluation is de.cient because performance analysts often wish to investigate the relationship between the time-varying behavior of metrics; this section explores whether or not multiplexing enables reasoning across metrics.


In this paper, a pattern is a collection of events from the event sequence.

concurrent request patterns are usually one of the root causes of performance violations.


Both architectures presented by [7] and [8] support variable block size.

y1 =(A + F)+ 44[(C + D)-(B + E)]+ 4(C + D)-(B + E) (5) The second step of the processing unit calculates the half-pixel luminance value applying equation (2) to y1 if the control unit indicates the interpolation of V or H Type half-pixels, or equation (3) if it indicates the interpolation of D Type.


First, the thermal modeling for the early design stage is introduced in section II.

the convergence rate of GIT based method is much faster than Green's function based method [6].


[4] A. F. Harris III, M. Stojanovic, and M. Zorzi.

the system uses a specialized repertoire of communication gateways, which signi.cantly limit its interoperability.


At circuit level, it is possible to add redundancy to the circuit.

[2] Y. Conraux, J. P. Nozi`eres, V. D. Costa, M. Toulemonde, and K. Ounadjela.


This allows bypassing faulty cores as well as scheduling for performance.

since the vote values are arriving asynchronously, vote values can also be analyzed in parallel with the time period in which the leader is waiting for receipt of all the children results.


However, the cost has to be kept under the sum of the old communication cost and the relaxation allowed (captured by the variable Relaxation).

the scheme reduces the occurrence of thermal emergencies in all benchmarks tested and improves the overall performance as well.


Figure 8 shows that the performance model achieves median errors ranging from 0.5 percent (swim) to 8.6 percent (mcf) with an overall median error across all benchmarks of 2.3 percent.

as can be seen, scale 1 is the finest representation of the data.


While the original Tomasulo architecture only scheduled instructions via the issue queue read from instruction memory, enabling faulty instructions to re-execute will require a mechanism toreintroduceacompletedinstructionbackinto the execution engine.

given this, the correct and reliable operation of these microprocessors will become a more prominent objective in order to satisfy consumer experience levels.


Note that in the TDMA scheduling, the assignment of slices has an impact on the run-time of an application.

d We denote by tags(s) the set of tags associated with a signal s, i.e.


This contributes to higher performance (Figure 10) and lower energy consumption (Figure 11) at low memory utilization.

results are normalized to an ideal system that omits refresh entirely.


When the sequence of produced data is different from the sequence of consumed data, extra storage and control on the consumer side is proposed [15].

legof, IP integration methodology for SoC design , ICM,, 2004.


We also remark that the results for the Max-Model are better than for the Average-Model.

the fault sequence is pk,p0,... ,pk-1, which repeats in cyclic order.


{SI,SO} starting with SI and ending with SO and set of covered tests C .T Phase 1: Run the multi-fragment greedy algorithm (Figure 2) to get scan chain fragments P0,...,PD+1 and set of covered tests C. Phase 2: Construct a complete graph G' with vertex set {SI,SO}.


The simplest method to satisfy the forbidden pattern condition is to duplicate every data wire.

crosstalk avoidance codes proposed in [12] reduce the worst-case delay by ensuring that a transition from one codeword to another codeword does not cause adjacent wires to transition in opposite directions.


proposed an analytical model in [5] to predict whether interconnections can be successfully routed through when given an FPGA architecture.

when the long wires at channel 1, 2 and 3 are all routed, although these channels are the shortest paths for the interconnection, the interconnection will traverse to channel 4, which Figure 3: (a) An abstract view of both direct and fringed interconnections in a link after the placement and routing steps.


Figure 4 shows the area synthesis results of various-sized Network Routers at 4.0ns using a .exible interface (IFC) between InputPort and Scheduler modules.

results are demonstrated on a variety of .exible structures, including functional blocks, programmable state machines, and latency-insensitive interfaces.


j +) grow monotonically with respect to the window size [18].


3D stacking allows close integration between memory and processing elements (again reducing the power and increasing bandwidth) and allows close integration with a photonic interconnect.

if processing elements are contained within the memory stack, they will be able to take advantage of slightly improved latencies.


Other errors that corrupt the state stored in SETTOFF are detected and corrected on the .y.

the soft errors are becoming a concern at the same time.


Optimal switch network provided by our method for Equation (9).


We show that our approach is able to achieve the same level of accuracy with at least two orders of magnitude reduction in computation time and an order of magnitude less memory requirements.

for example, if the input mesh is complex with 5,000 vertices, the number of modes mixed is bounded by 1000 instead of the earlier 3N = 15, 000 which isa substantial performancegain.


[12] F. Martinez Vallina, N. Jachimiec, J. Saniie, NOVA Interconnect for Dynamically Recon.gurable NoC systems .


We designed a performance-enhanced standard cell library by implementing the proposed performance enhancement methods on the standard cell library.

subthreshold designs su.er from a drawback of low operating speed.


For instance, in H.264/AVC, there are only nine 4x4 intra candidates [25].

finally, considering Transpose-2T architecture, the energy results were close for all syntheses, with a maximum variation of 7.9% reduction, when comparing maximum frequency TE method with the target throughput FHT method.


The two levels of tuning operate within a single variability budget, and because their effectiveness depends on the magnitude and the spatial structure of variability their joint co-optimization is required.

2 The solution to this problem is an optimal policy P =(,ppp , ) and the vector of gate width w such that the 0 1 2 timing constraints are satisfied.


30 2400% 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 2200% 2000% 1800% store address needs to send a snoop probe to the instruction cache.

the hardware requires a small amount of logic to check the SMN bit annotation.


[17] proposed the method to allocate thermal vias using Lagrangian relaxation instead of steady-state thermal analysis in 3D IC which can avoid Figure 1.

we consider a result to be a good one once it has a low cost.


The complete architecture, showed in Figure 2, is described as follows.

there is an open research opportunity for investigation of the FAC building blocks, suitable for integration in CMOS technology.


D The algorithm is e.cient not only from a theoretical point of view but also in practice: A run on 3.6 millions circuits and 9 regions take less than 90 seconds (on an IBM P650 with 1.45 GHz).

finally, Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The equivalent circuit model of a SWCNT interconnect.

the total repeater capacitance reduces resulting in a lower power dissipation.


Then, it will process (y,y ) and y and y are actually equivalent due to the reconnection on (z,z ).

lOGIC ECO SYNTHESIS We observe that designers are often able to perform ECO synthesis quickly because they come up with intelligent guesses about correspondences between the VHDL and the original implementation and then verify them.


Figure 1 shows the impulse response of the second-order lumped model used in this paper.

in apsi, a variety of microarchi-Based on the analysis in Section 3, we applied appropriate tectural events contributed to emergencies in the top loop.


B. Kahng and Q. Wang, Implementation and Extensibility of an Analytic Placer, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design 24(5) (2005), pp.

in our implementation, we use r0 to choose long nets for more accurate minimization, and we decide the value of r0 according the grid spacing Wg.


We also analyzed the impact of resource sharing for combinational patterns (i.e.

two additional optimizations are possible that provide further area reductions: 1.


[11] http://www.mathworks.com [12] E. Caldwell, A.

we can control the deviation by affecting how close are the latest arrival times at the inputs of a given gate.


Recall that each edge e represents a path of an unused route, and the path consists of a set of routing objects.

for ECO3 without the layer range, the commercial tool cannot .nd a DRC-clean solution even when it uses up all the routing layers.


An ideal futility ranking scheme based on OPT ranks a cache line with high re-reference potential as less futile.

while sharing LLCs among multiple concurrently executing threads is generally bene.cial for increasing resource utilization, unregulated sharing can compromise performance isolation and thus violate per-thread QoS requirements.


The naive algorithm always let the system run at the highest voltage and hence the run-time leakage power consumed is very high.

due to the steep increase in leakage, several modi.ed DVS techniques have been proposed to trade the dynamic energy reduction for more leakage saving in order to obtain the minimal total energy [4, 14].


Using these notations, the necessary and su.cient conditions of a retiming solution under a given .xed clock period T can be stated as follows.

v , we associate it with another variable t(u)to represent its arrival time with respect to the farthest preceding .ip-.op on its incoming paths,.


The proof is easy and we omit it in the paper.


C that contains e) 3: count = count + 1; 3: for (each edge e  ' .

we assume the placement, the input to our QCA routing problem, is done based on a K-Layered Bipartite Graph (KLBG).


General Terms Algorithms, management, measurement, performance, design, experimentation, languages  Keywords Cache architecture, prefetching, garbage collection, mark-sweep, prefetch-on-grey, buffered prefetch, depth-.rst, breadth-.rst 1.

in stark contrast, BP-4 (second and fourth bars) shows noticeable mean speedup for both GC-intensive benchmarks and overall, with marginal speedup for FSD 3 (1.57% GC-intensive and 1.17% overall) but signi.cant speedup at FSD 10 (6.25% GC intensive and 4.47% overall).


This can result in buffer area and power wastage.

we use the same 65-nm technology parameters and transistor models from bptm [18] and same set of benchmark circuits.


Please note that the same amount of coupling capacitance may cause different value of delay depending on its location.

if the charges can be released through a low impedance path connected to a diffusion, gate damages can be avoided.


The quality of an ASIC is generally measured in terms of power, performance, and area.

additionally, most standard deviations listed are above zero, which indicates that there is some variety in the characteristic values, as desired.


Dynamic Voltage Scaling with Links for Power Optimization of Interconnection Networks.

we have an overall lower contention probability, which results in lower average queuing length (Bps) and waiting time (Wps).


A blind node records the arrival time of the message (ri) and is able to calculate the Timeof-Flight (TOF) of the message with a clock-bias of its local clock (b).

figure 1(b) shows a non-cooperative localization and time-synchronization setup.


7 illustrates the two steps of the pipeline-level partitioning method.

as a result, it also requires a large number 978-1-4799-1235-3/13/$31.00 &#169;2013 IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design  Fig.


Section 5 presents experimental results.

the other parameters are as explained above.


Unfortunately, it su.ers from the small write problem when the parity protection mechanism is employed.

[22] M. Rosenblum and J. K. Ousterhout, The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System, ACM Trans.


These techniques require the parallel placer to run on expensive shared-memory machines (SGI Origin) or specialized distributed memory multiprocessors (IBM-SP2).

table 1 shows the size and number of the trees in the covers produced for the benchmarks used in our experiments.


It is worthwhile to know that the interpolant 0 for the above terminal case is not unique.

we will need a more efficient algorithm to correlate the cofactor interpolant concept with the conflict analysis process and devise a composition rule for the sub-interpolants3 of the learned clauses.


Approach Multi Cycle Write No Half Success V = 500mV  Figure 16.

with VSUPPLY = 500mV, VWWL_HIGH = 500mV, and VWWL_LOW = 390mV, the operating frequency with no failures is 64MHz and the average and maximum number of write cycles for the array is 2.25 and 3, respectively.


Figure 3: Scenario in which isolation of ci reduces the toggle rate at the input of its fanout candidate cj.

for instance, in Figure 2 isolation of a0 affects the toggle rate of input A of a1.


Requisite hardware support, from technology re-optimization and memory redesign to integrated voltage regulation and 3D-integration, depends more on the development and execution of known techniques rather than a search for the invention of new solutions.

design of ionimplanted MOSFETs with very small physical dimensions.


However, as for the net G13, although insertion dSFF on the net G12 can improve its transition probability, the transition probability of the net G9 become smaller than TPth.

in fact, when the number of the insertion points is small, the flip-flops can be removed and only one 2-to-1 MUX is inserted for a selected net.


The overlap area is the initial feasible region without time borrowing as shown in Figure 5(a).

in the sequel, let  ( ) denote the setup time, ( ) denote the hold time, ( ) denote clock-to-Q delay for flip-flops (pulsed-latches).


The Bacon mote uses TI s CC430 SoC, which combines a 900MHz radio core (almost equivalent to a CC1101) and an MSP430MCU.

phoenix: An epidemic approach to time reconstruction.


Table 5 reports the power reduction of the SRAM block for different values of the high threshold voltage when only three different configurations are utilized.

we consider other configurations that have smaller leakage reductions due to their lower delay overheads.


When the Peltier device is cooling the FPGA, the amount of heat that it removes is proportional to the current provided by the power supply and how efficiently the heat is taken away from the other side of the device.

if we use these techniques to watermark our IP, how might pirates try to obfuscate these identifiers?


6.2 Retired instruction addresses The data associated with each retired instruction is the address of the committed instruction.

this is only the case if the overall logic size mapped to the platform (design + checkers) exceeds a certain threshold, dependent on the accelerator s characteristics.


[18] T. Koide, M. Ono, S. Wakabayashi and Y. Nishimaru, Par-POPINS: A Timing-Driven Parallel Placement Method with the Elmore Delay Model for Row Based VLSIs .


A chip-to-wafer bonding is required to stack known good dies (KGDs) or LSI chips with different sizes and different technologies.

it is necessary for achieving such low voltage operation to introduce new near-threshold logic circuits.


In the ith sub-adder, errors occur when (1) the LSB part of the result (SUMi[k - 1: 0]) has all 1 values (probability P = 21 k ) and (2) the LSB part ([k - 1:0])ofthe (i +1)th sub-adder produces a carry bit (prob 1 11 111 ability P = + · + · · + ...).

we have tested our approximate adder on a real application a Gaussian smoothing .lter used in [6].


In 14th IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems, pp.

the high optical loss of typical silicon waveguides, optical couplers, and on-ring resonators dramatically increase the laser power consumption.


IMPACT OF PROCESS VARIATION IN CACHES 2.1 Cache Leakage Power Microprocessor performance has been improved by increasing the capacity of on-chip caches.

furthermore, we show that compared to a conventional design, an adaptive cache architecture resilient to process variations can even achieve an improvement on application performance in conjunction with a 6X lower leakage despite the effects of process variation.


From the result, we suppose a degree of association of each log block from our Equation (1) suggested above.

(c) Full merge operation Figure 3.Merge operations if all log blocks are exhausted, we should choose one victim block and empty out the block.


By repeating this measuring sequence, the malicious process .nally can classify all physical memory lines according to their bank locations within  1.33 seconds.

each level performs the Security Refresh algorithm with its own register values and settings, and the Security Refresh algorithm guarantees the integrity of the address remapping as mentioned in Section 3.3.


Hot Carrier injection (HCI) is one of transistor wear-outeffects mainly considered for N-type MOSFETs.

in prior work, alltransistors are assumed to have the same degradation model parameters, which are subject to variations similar to the variations in physical process parameters.


The FPGA implementations are synthesized from RTL code for the custom CMOS processors, with some FPGA-speci.c circuit-level optimizations.

unpipelined latency is pipelined cycle time×stages.


Note that in the case that a droplet stays at its original location, cell (x,y)does not necessarily need to be activated and all the neighboring cells of (x,y) must be deactivated, as demonstrated in [3].

note that both rule #1 and #2 state that the cells diagonally we do not need to explicitly handle the dynamic .u-adjacent to cell (x,y) cannot be activated at time t+1.


Our initial benchmarks, obtained by evaluating NetRad components using NEXRAD data show that that these components generally have sub-second execution times, making them well-suited for use in the NetRad system.

other, more scalable, approaches towards optimization are currently being investigated.


All benchmarks are generated using NanGate FreePDK45 Generic Open Cell Library [1], which is available online.

no existing algorithms are able to handle this coloring constraint.


General Terms Algorithms, Performance, Design Keywords User Interface, Segmentation, Classification, Zoning, Bottom-Up Analysis, Preview Display, Scanning, Click and Select.

we review past, present and future preview-based UI tools that allow efficient and accurate means of capture to the user.


Uncorq: Unconstrained Snoop Request Delivery in Embedded-Ring Multiprocessors* Karin Strauss Xiaowei Shen Josep Torrellas University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu  Abstract Snoopy cache coherence can be implemented in any physical network topology by embedding a logical unidirectional ring in the network.

these algorithms require requests to use the ring, which limits performance.


We have discarded the .rst 5 samples of dynamic annotations, taking into account the reaction time of the raters.

acronyms: RND: random level, BSL: Baseline (a) Static Run Arousal Valence Ranking Dist.


Write time (ns) of proposed TCAM cell vs supply voltage at 32nm technology As for the search time, the simulation results in Table 1 show that the search time at 32nm is less than at 45 and 65nm; however at the same scaling, the simulation results show that the search time is slower at a higher supply voltage.

as mentioned previously, during the search operation, if the TCAM cell is in state 0 or 2 , VX will increase from 0V to VDD at a rate dependent on the memristance range.


Furthermore, since all Trojan measurements are compared to the Trojan-free results (which include static dissipation) the presented detection results provide a conservative lower bound.

it is desirable to reduce the supply voltage during measurement.


For illustration purposes let us suppose that the array a[y][x]is of size 4 .4 and is required to be mapped to a memory with four columns (i.e., q =4).

memory size minimization techniques such as in-place mapping usually reduce energy consumption.


[12] S.-T. Cheng, R.K. Brayton, Compiling Verilog into Automata , Dept.

.. 2 (5) k Nevertheless (5) is a recursive expression, which can easily be expanded for the interesting small values of r, ; can only be estimated numerically.


Long test sequences are run on emulator and upon error detection, the DUT is loaded on a simulator for debugging, with the help of checkpoints or design snapshots saved during emulation.

initially the HDL simulator is idle and the DUT is executed in pure emulation mode with massive sets of input stimuli for large no.


Since the basis of the framework is consolidated, these future works are oriented to increase the robustness of the solution, expand the possibilities of experimentation, and gradually improve the overall performance and reliability.

4.1.3 Speaker Identi.cation  Speaker Identi.cation is the task to determine who is speaking.


Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, and confirm that existing noise analysis approaches based on linear superposition of the propagated and crosstalk-injected noise can be highly inaccurate, thus impairing the sign-off functional verification phase.

the noise injected on a victim net by adjacent aggressor nets through coupling capacitances is typically computed with network Model Order Reduction (MOR) techniques [3][5], or analytical macromodels that capture the relevant physical parameters of the noise waveform [6], and by assuming a linear model of both the aggressor and the victim driver cells (the Thevenin-equivalent circuit for the aggressor drivers, and the holding resistance for the victim driver).


Although a Monte-Carlo simulation can provide a complete evaluation on the statistical device behavior, long simulation time usually becomes intolerable at the early design stage for large scale circuitry.

here the variable charge (q) is the integral of the current passing through the memristor over time [3].


The try_swap() function is executed by each thread with their respective local data or unchanged global data.

the 25-threadedversion was measured with stdev000 circuit andthe result is shown in Figure 9.


In addition, the standard error and correlation coefficient are calculated to provide a numerical measurement of the accuracy of the prediction.

with this convenience comes a limitation, the greatest of which is providing power from a limited source.


Finally, errors accumulating can lead to system failure [8].

this is not always the case, soft fails being equally present due to the aggressive influences of the external environment, which also have to be modelled [22].


In general, a control application Cl is partitioned into three tasks (see Fig.


Impact of interconnect variations on termediate, s =3w) the clock skew of a gigahertz microprocessor.

if we focus on the worst-case delay of a stage that consists of a driving gate loaded with interconnects and fan-out gates, it is necessary to consider not only interconnect variations but also transistor variations at the same time.


Although, increasing WM0/WM1 further will lead to a further reduction in bounce, the area penalty becomes VDDV prohibitive.

standby gate leakage in the power switches will increase and the area of the header/footer block will grow with N due both to the number and widths of headers/footers.


Each FSM is mapped to an RTOS task that performs state dependent processing, for example, measurement control, physical channel configuration etc.

also timing F g r e3 SW ar c h t ec t r e  The L1 SW performs tasks like idle mode and power save operation, measurement and data channel control, tracking and synchronization control, protocol data processing through the protocol stack API and configure appropriate registers in the HW.


Otherwise, the functionality of C2 can be resolved to be NOR by applying 1101 at the inputs.

if one is trying to resolve if C1 is NOR, one can use the input pattern X110 .


Note that for simplicity, we do not show timing arcs related to the opcode channel in the ALU.

these performance stalls can be removed using slack matching2 .


Duplication can be detected by comparing the analyzed dataeither with all the stored data or to a speci.c part of a treebased data array.

the Tptr of Block C is updated to 0x0, and the data entry in 0x2 is invalidated (Step 7).


This is apparent because the three schemes all add more tag ways as shown in Figure 6.

iNTRODUCTION The embedded/portable computing systems are becoming more powerful to increase performance and to run a variety of programs; typical processors used in smartphones, tablet PCs, and smart TVs employ dual-issue superscalar processors and L2 caches as shown in Table 1.


The scattering characteristics of a cylindrical shell with a hemi-spherical cap on one end are calculated by BEM and Finite Element Method considering the coupling effect between the elastic shells and the interior filler [2].

figures 2, 3, 4 display the receiving directivities of each channel of the sensors at different frequencies when the sensors are installed forward, laterally and vertically.


Proof: The objective function of ICO problem is the summation of convex functions; therefore, it is convex.

= 1 ( 1 - vi ) a minimize the power dissipation while meeting both a timing constraint and an input capacitance constraint.


In this case study, the only hidden class component, the pipeline component, is tested satisfactory.

we study the processor as an RT level design, consisting of a set of components.


In order to leverage the theory of MDP to solve the power allocation problem, we convert the CTMC to an Embedded Markov Chain (EMC) [21].

we therefore focus on o.-line power allocation algorithms.


First, the initial model is build only once and can be used many times to test different circuit s requirements since the parameters ranges don t change.

if we store the performance and constrained information resulting from each training set, it is possible to build a model as exposed in this paper at any time, adapted for each circuit requirements and allowing posterior model upgrade and reusability.


Energy-delay product when optimizing energy with delay bound.

adopting most of these solutions leads to more power consumption.


They pushed for HTM additions that could be used for other things, like watchpoints; we instead argue that watchpoints can be used to make (among other things) faster TM systems.

of the Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 1988.


For example, module A is active during period i to i+1 and period i+4.

iSBA can analyze the non-concurrency relations among candidate PR Modules and figure out optimal PR Module schemes.


Value locality in the integer physical RF.

typically, a load request is injected in the cache/memory hierarchy and travels through the hierarchy until it obtains the value.


In the case of (2,2) one cube C1 in one of the exact expressions of g K must be equal to one cube C2 in one of the ' ' exact expressions of g L .

the following theorem constrains the weight of a function g comprising three arbitrary cubes of (3) to w(g) = 3, under the stated assumptions.


This means that instead of using ~200RV s to accurately model CD variation for every device in ourlibrary, we only need 2.

future work includes running our experiments againat next-generation process nodes when the data becomes available.


Once the values are latched, column-level commands, such as read (RD) and write (WR), are applied to the open (activated) row and the speci.ed address regions are accessed.

cHARM organizations with main-memory access frequency oblivious mapping (con.gurations with su.x O in Figure 11) result in smaller performance improvement than AR×N.


In contrast, we used 3-bits and 4-bits shift register con.gurations for LFSR/MISR and TPCs, respectively, to satisfy the design constraints for shift register realization on memory blocks.

power-Aware Testing and Test Strategies for Low Power Devices.


On the subject of low-power BCH decoder, a lot of research has been done for the first and second decoding steps, namely the syndrome computation [2] and the key equation solver [2-4].

savings of 40% have been reported when K = 2.


Note that the CMOS implementation of this function requires at least 8 transistors.

the value of the characteristic voltages defined by the unity gain points are VIH = 77.9mV = -VIL and VOH =436mV = -VOL.


(31) l LG-1CKCr l-1 5 CMmgu We notice that in the above procedure, G-1 l can be e.ciently computed using the LU of G while other ma trix computations are performed directly since the dimen |Y21|(1/ohm) 4 3 sions of involved matrices or vectors are small.

for the full model with link insertions, two reduced order models are considered.


A bus stretches over a chip to connect multiple bus masters and slaves, and it usually run at lower speed than processors.

[7] T. Dumitras, R. Marculescu, On-chip stochastic communication Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference, 2003.


Hard macros will revolutionize SoC design.

to analyze voltage drop, we have to explore the current behavior of each block.


In con.guration phase, the tri-stated switcher outputs and inputs are  Figure 2.

for m combinations, the width k of the instruction register can be calculated using the formula : k=dlog2(m)e  3.3 Implementation and Results A CAS architecture generator has been developed.


(Recall the discussion above, where a low base rate implies there are few attack packets exposed to the risk of being misclassi.ed as F N .)

for example, at one con.guration, T P = 0.8, F P = 0.1, while at another con.guration, T P = 0.9, F P = 0.2.


We use a differential Markov table as described in section 4.2, where each entry in the Markov table is only 16-bits (total table size of 4Kbytes).

stream buffers that are performing useful prefetches will stay allocated and have a longer lifetime.


In this experiment, we define the routability as the routed rate of the escape nets in the ordered escape routing problem.

besides that, the routability-driven connection of any relocated escape terminal must be routed by using the closet global path over the pin columns between the related terminal and its transfer pin.


First and foremost is the need to verify the integration of several previously designed cores in a relatively short time.

[6] Palnitkar, S., Design Verification with e, Prentice Hall, 2003.


Exploring these extensions is a part of our future work.

the bene.t (reduction in misses) that applications get for a given amount of cache resources may not correlate with the demand.


Reactive NUCA: Near-optimal block placement and replication in distributed caches.

when faced with instability and uncertainty, the ability to learn and correctly predict diminishes; prediction is severely hampered when previously observed accesses disappear or when previously unseen accesses emerge in the middle of the learned sequences.


Failure to satisfy the requirements of their memory clientsis highly undesirable and may result in failure to comply with a given standard, or even violate the functional correctness oftheMPSoC[49].

adaptive striping requires a page-level address translation mechanism to support its striping at the page level.


in order to evolve an optimized circuit, the evaluation function should also consider the minimization of logic gate count as follow.


Monte-Carlo technique is suitable for computing this integral because we do not use it inanoptimizationprocedure.

the contribution of intra-die variation into the correlation between the chip slack and leakage is small comparing with the contribution of chip to chip variation.


We propose to partition the cache by allocating one partition to each processor-set (processor partition), thereby encouraging constructive sharing among threads of the same application and alleviating the impact of con.ict misses in the cache due to the impact of interactionsbetween memory references of di.erent applications in the cache.

in a similar manner, Figure 5(b) plots results of varying the EnforcementInterval for cache partitioning of the same mix (Mix1) in the range of 1 Million -100 Million cycles.


Also note that when the a a b b 9 9 (a) c (b) c Figure 6.

oc t 8 Oc t 1  Qu ad 1 Quad 4 Oc t 2 Oc t 7 u Oc t 3 Oc t 6 Qu a d 3 Qu ad 2 Oc t 5  Oc t 4  Figure 2.


The system we areproposingprovides several additional advantages.

when the working set of an application is bigger than the available main memory, the thrashing problem easily arises.


After placing ourselves in the directory containing the Verilog above, we start our ACL2based analysis system and execute the commands below.


Each constraint maps directly to the respective textual description introduced above.

there is a strong need to study the performance of a network in the presence of a congested channel, and to design protocols that can deliver high and stable performance despite interference.


This suggests that it is crucial for FPGA architects to know the amount of interconnect variation within their benchmark circuits.

since it seesthe entire circuit,it can do critical-path analysis and betiming-driven when re-clustering.


Approach of [9] introduced the design of customized NBTI-resilient cells consisting of a set of NAND gates to minimize the degradation ratio of all PMOS transistors in the cell.

cache partitioning approach [3] provides excellent solution to reduce aging and energy but in this case, performance of the cache reduces signi.cantly as discussed before.


2when compared to a excitation only testfor a stuck-atfault 3NotethatORgate s side-inputis checkedfor valuesinbothcycles L1 #define legal (insn_input == add) || (insn_input == sub) L2 if ( legal&&(m==0)&&(p==0)) begin L3 wait(1);  n  n p x,1 p L4 if ( legal&&(m==1)&&(n==1)&&(p==0))begin 0,1  L5 ASSERT_FALSE; L6 end L7 end (a) (b) (c) Figure2:Illustrationoffunctional mapping.

the synthesized OR1200 cpu core had nearly 16000 combinationalgates and approximately1600 sequential elements.


ADDITIONAL AUTHORS Additional authors: David Reynolds, Je.rey Bernstein, Theophane Weber and Bill Bradley.

it is possible to formulate convex approximations of the original integer program by taking a linear programming relaxation.


Today s especially controller devices, communicate to their environment at a comparably low speed.

it can also be extended to provide clocking when applying memory tests through the scan logic.


In weak inversion regime, the electrostatic potentials at the source and drain of short-channel devices increase the potential at the center of the silicon body of the transistor, which is the minimum potential of the channel.

the propagation delays are extracted with the simulations of this model with the parameter set extracted for the given technology.


RH0 increases coverage to 95%, up from 88% with base recovery.

a potential drawback of ROB occupancy management is performance degradation, which we explore further in Section 6.5.


Since each switching block preserves the track assignment from the connection block where a 2-pin net comes from before it gets routed to another connection block, then we only need to impose exclusivity constraints once for each pair of 2pin nets that belong to different multi-pin nets and that pass together through several connection blocks.

in this representation, an ITE operator ITE(i, t, e) takes three arguments: a Boolean variable i, such that if i is true then the ITE selects the then-argument t and otherwise the elseargument e, where the then- and else-arguments are either ITE subtrees or domain values that appear as leaves of the tree.


One important issue is that because of the recon.guration penalty, multiple copies of a task may not be able to start at the same time therefore, individual execution time (workloads) of the multiple copies may vary.

while it is possible to .t our applications onto suitably sized target devices, we assume for experimental purposes that the resource constraint is less than the aggregate size of all tasks.


Eall = Ecache + Etable = Ectag + Ecdata + Ecoutput + Ecdecoding + Etdecoding + Etdata + Etoutput For highly associative caches, with the way mask design, the number of tags needed to be checked is dynamically decided by the mask.

mangione-Smith, The Filter Cache: An Energy Ef.cient Memory Structure, MICRO, 1997.


Teramac consists of 65,536 LUTs (Look Up Tables) distributed among 864 FPGAs and connected via crossbars in a fattree network [17].

the conscious design decision to out-wire Rent s Rule (Teramac used Rent s Rule exponents of 2/3 to 1, as opposed to 1/2 to 2/3) allowed the system to function normally despite defects in 10% of logic cells and 10% of interchip interconnects.


It means that most of the 16 4x4 modes were the same and choose only one 16x16 mode is better, since it will generate less modes information.

the application of the proposed heuristic resulted in an average increase of 5.02% in the bit-rate and an average decrease of 0.255dB in the image quality (PSNR).


Moreover, it is anticipated that a fully systolic architecture will exhibit even higher performance gains.

to the best of our knowledge, the architecture proposed in this paper is the first attempt to implement a hardware architecture that can be used for identifying and masking LCRs in protein sequences.


There is a difference between low-power design and power-aware design [23].

the degradation of the center frequency due to parasitic and process variation effects has been narrowed down from 43.5% to 1%, along with 25% power minimization using dual-oxide technique.


The accuracy and precision varies from eye to eye like this because the eye tracker s pupil measurements depend on its estimate of the camera-pupil distance, which is a.ected by errors in the eye tracker s calibration to each eye s corneal shape.

there were 84 dilations with duration less than 30 seconds with starting diameters and ending diameters that were both measured with the two instruments simultaneously.


If the size is bigger than the pre-determined percentage of the available free space, the clustered object is dissolved.

this may not happen in timerless buffering: such a solution soon becomes infeasible as long as the slew constraint is not too loose.


A typical set of factors might be: performance, responsiveness, reserve capacity, power consumption and cost, where each factor is a function of functions of events.

the primary event sources are just the data gathered from hardware, software and the physical elements of the system.


While both approaches focus on accelerating FAST decoding, to the best of our knowledge our approach is the first one that deploys FPGA hardware for this purpose.

an optional integer for example needs to be decremented by one, a mandatory integer, however, does not.


Aside from the internal active hardware metering that only exploits design modi.cations (sequential or combinational) for lock embedding [3], other methods of active metering based on inclusion of external cryptography circuits were introduced [10, 19, 18, 20].

they may not be reproducible for average customers who may not have an access to the fuses without depackaging and invasively probing the chips.


It ensures covering all the external interrupt cases and reduces the veri.cation time.

our approach adopts a generic assertion rule database which is generalized from the analysis of many microprocessors.


It is also important to note that the .nal operating frequency of the design can vary depending on the random seed given to the placement tool.

latticeECP/EC Family Data Sheet, May 2005.


Notice that the lower bound depends on the specific cover.

a mapping tool described in [24] was used to generate a list of cells to be evaluated in this work.


In contrast to these SOI-based optical NoC architectures, we propose a novel polymer-based optical ring bus (ORB) based opto-electric communication architecture that does not require the complexity of network interfaces and packet routers.

it can be seen that the ORB architecture provides a performance speedup over traditional allelectrical bus-based communication architectures for UDSM technology nodes.


n Suppose that the total amount of computation is L = i=1 ci and the amount of available slack is S = D - L. If the total WCET of the selected tasks is X,we have X = L and X = S. After reserving X amount of slack for recovery (in the form of re-execution), the remaining slack (S - X) couldbeusedto scale down the processing frequency for the selected tasks.

for real-time embedded systems where reliability is as important as energy ef.ciency, reliability-cognizant energy management becomes a necessity.


C. Bus Routing Algorithm Our bus routing algorithm is sequential, where we route each bus one-by-one.

this latencyaware timing slack can be traded in microarchitectural bus routing for other objectives.


[9] A. Gordon-Ross, P. Viana, F. Vahid, W. Najjar, and E. Barros.

n Cache hit[cj(b,n)] = L(b,d) (2) d=1 We can estimate the cache miss rate of a given cache con.guration cj(b,n) for a sequence T by subtracting the result of Cache hit from the total size of the sequence of addresses |T |(Equation 3): |TT|-Cache hit[cj(b,n)] Miss rate[cj(b,n)] = (3) |TT| Any fully-associative cache con.guration cj(b,n) within the design space de.ned by the boundaries 0 = b = bmax and 1 = d = dmax can be estimated by using the Locality Table L. just one single-pass simulation of the application (or trace T ) is necessary to generate the entire contents of L.  5.


A monitoring and recon.guration module intercepts all the calls to the database subsystem.

the reason for this is because the lower layer Li is realized using a higher degree of N-variant of simpler (and thus lower complexity) implementations, and hence Li shall be considered more reliable than Li+1 .


A Type 2-b potential overlay scenario incurs at least a unit of side overlay regardless of color assignment.

many existing layout decomposition algorithms use assistant core patterns for overlay minimization [1, 12, 13, 14].


Figure 4 (b) shows the C code which models the system.

a paradigm shift from synchronous to asynchronous is unlikely to happen in the processor industry in the near future.


Along the same line of reasoning, we may think of using a similar approach for compensating the temperature e.ects.

we think it can be used as the basis for a new, .exible design paradigm which will enable the exploration of the power vs. temperature-insensitivity trade-o..


We employed the LBP features that are provided within the challenge [15].

it is important to note that if the model parameters are estimated over the concatenated sequences, spurious signals will appear due to the jumps at the concatenation site.


The performance of CCWS is sensitive to the size of the victim tags and the locality score cutoffs and is not as effective on the kernels that are not highly cache sensitive.

when the SM frequency is reduced by 15%, the most affected kernels are compute kernels and they move signi.cantly into quadrant 4 losing performance while saving energy (Figure 1b.


(N)(s)= .t(0,...,0,1), which is useful for GSMuS.


This results in the core being occasionally heated up.

from the .gure 5, we observe that mixing a cold task with a hot task on SMT reduces on-chip temperatures by up to 3 .


For example, if Cmin = 4, Cmax = 13, C1 = 6, CN = 10, and N = 26 di.erent voltage levels, the total time Ttotal = Tcalib + Tmeas = 29tcalib + W * 3tmeas.

by controlling the select signals C[0], C[1], ..., C[K - 1], the delay of the entire line becomes recon.gurable.


The bottom-left coordinate and AR of this module will be decided by solving these equations.

we will focus on those sub-regions containing two or three modules.


A way to abstract this is to select the least-utilized path when mapping (Step 2), where path utilizations are calculated by summing link utilizations for all links along the path, averaging it across the timeline, given message .ows that have been mapped.

our model can be readily extended to include the effects of buffering as follows.


The idea is to reduce the number of accessed data by reusing those previously accessed data.

the block matching algorithm is summarized as follows.


2.2 Bottlenecks in Massive Multicore Networking Here we will consider bottlenecks in massive multicore networking in more details, assuming CPUbased multicore designs, not GPUbased ones.

these technologies are facing challenges in applying them to massive multicore networking.


Note that the gate leakage of the LUTs in each of the slices depends on the input vector, thereby the static signal probabilities.

active leakage power optimization for FPGAs, In Proceedings of ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays, 2004.


While the patches in the grid hierarchy are distributed among processors, box information (i.e., the bounding-box region of the patch) and variable information are known to all processors.

managing application complexity in the SAMRAI object-oriented framework.


In our experiments we have three main axes: (1) cell delay parameters, (2) supply voltage noise parameters, and (3) temperature.

table 4: Comparison of proposed worst-case performance model and SPICE for a 2-input NAND chain.


In fact we observed that higher reductions in miss rates can be achieved by augmenting a DMC with a small FVC as opposed to doubling the size of DMC for the 124.m88ksimand 134.perlbenchmarks.

fVC retains values by using compact encoded representations of frequent values to achieve data compression.


Public Domain Software and Documentation, http://suif.stanford.edu.

high e.ciency measures come from large decreases in execution time relative to the increase in area, assuming a larger design is faster.


REFERENCES [1] H. Graeb, F. Balasa, R. Castro-Lopez, Y.-W. Chang, F.V.

in addition to the topological constraints, routing congestion is also a desirable consideration for analog placement [3].


The power-gate controllers that send control signals to L1and L2 cache arrays in our technique impose a very small overhead in terms of the logical complexity involved: for L1cache arrays, eight states are needed in total to model the length of a Stall between warp scheduling stage and memory stage in both active.sleep and sleep.active procedures.


is responsible for much of the total cost improvement.

a schedule S is an assignment of a cycle, S(i) to each node i.


we have chosen to implement and compare with the segment tree approach.


For example, if the victim page is write cache and resided in PRAM, we eliminate the page from PRAM write queue.

fUTURE WORKS In the proposed migration scheme, we determined the page migration by the page monitoring with four monitoring queues.


j It is easy to see (from Rules (3) and (4)) that when rt + jj-1 jj w+ btj = w -b + fj , one has wt+1 = rt + wt + bj and tt t jj-1 b=0.

automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software.


EDP T =(tturn on + tturn off ) × (Poff leak + Pon leak) m-1 × (Rblock - i × Rconcur) (3) i=1 where m = IRblock/Rconcurl.

[13] M. Keating, D. Flynn, R. Aitken, A. Gibbons, and K. Shi.


The latency of set operation is larger than that of reset operation.

pCM Characterization In this section, we explain the PCM chip used in our study and our characterization of data-dependent write latency.


There are two basic scheduling modes that SystemC Compiler can use to synthesize a behavioral model: Cycle-.xed: the timing of the description is strictly preserved, that is, all blocks of instructions between two witstatements are scheduled to be executed in a single clock cycle, if possible; Superstate-.xed: the scheduler can split sequences of instructions to be executed in a single clock cycle over many cycles; the I/O semantic is preserved.

note that, while the unbalanced if can never be scheduled, whatever the I/O scheduling mode chosen, this structure can be scheduled in superstate-.xed mode.


Lower left corner is more preferable (HetJ: Heterojunction, HomJ: Homojunction, gnr: GrapheneNano-Ribbon, Bis: Bilayer pseudospin).

state-of-the-art FinFETtechnologies continue to demonstrate superior performance thansteep slope devices in application domains demanding peak singlethreaded performance.


For this reason, typically only a portion of these faults that have the highest probability of occurrence are actually targeted for test generation.

we considered non-feedback four-way bridging faults between every pair of lines that are outputs of multi-input gates and are not inputs of the same gate.


As a result, embedded system price, size, weight, and reliability are all strongly dependent on power dissipation.

using SETs, multiple control signals (the select signals of multiplexer) can be integrated into a single SET.


these circuits are capable for extremely high frequencies.


Table 4: Power Optimization Results (Cell Height: 9 Interconnect Pitches).

our algorithm executes iterative optimization that decreases 6. i ztgradually, where 6. i zt is a variable that represents the amount of transistor width reduced in a single iteration.


In our approach, the architecture has no instruction abstraction and the cycle-accurate compiler must generate the control signals of datapath components in each clock cycle.

the corresponding RTAs must be scheduled in or before clock cycle 2 and write the result in register file RF.


Users consequently are expected to make as many rel- evance judgements as are needed to obtain satisfactory search effectiveness.

this cycle of relevance feedback can be iterated until the user is satisfied with the retrieved documents.


there is a path from wire w to the node.

in fact, all highlighted paths in Figure 3 are dt-critical paths.


The .rst sub-route connects the wash reservoir (WR)to S4,5, and the second sub-route connects S4,5 to the waste reservoir (WS).

3(a), instead of using two wash droplets W1,2 and W1,3 to clean two crosscontamination sites S1,2 and S1,3, we append one wash droplet to each of functional droplets D1, D2 and D3.


In [4] [5] [6] [7] aging e.ects are analyzed at the gate-level.

the probability with which the RTL-DTMC transitions to a new state is equivalent to the probability of applying the corresponding new input pattern.


We develop new delay and energy metrics that effectively capture the important effects of device scaling, and we use those to drive device optimization.

no study has yet suggested how the scaling of physical dimensions and electrical parameters will affect sub-Vth circuits.


There is a hyperpath between two RCs when there is at least one timing path connecting a register output in the origin RC to a register input in the destination RC.

new models need to dynamically predict the next state of the system based on the software it is running and the environmental conditions it is placed in, and be aware of the non-determinism present due the physical variations.


TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF THE KEY CIRCUIT COMPONENTS Component Name Parameters M0 M1 M2 M3 RS Cg CS 3µm / 20µm 20µm / 1µm 0.5µm/15µm 0.5µm/15µm 400KO 10pf 1pf   Fig.

when the proposed circuit is used in the WuRx architecture shown in Figure 1 (b), its driver circuit has to be modeled by a current source as shown in Figure 4 (b).


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

using the clock enable pin on the BUFG, as in Fig.


1 (b), the minimal storage needed is 8 with distribution [2, 2, 4].


Mult/Div, 4 FP ALU, 2 FP Mult/Div Branch predictor 2K-entry, combined, 3-cycle misprediction penalty Issue/Commit width 4 instructions per cycle Memory Hierarchy L1I cache 64KB, 64B blocks, 4-way, LRU, 1 cycle hit latency L1D cache 64KB, 64B blocks, 4-way, LRU, 1 cycle hit latency L2 unified cache 1MB, 128B blocks, 4-way, LRU, 10 cycles hit latency, 100 cycles miss penalty DTLB/ITLB 128 entries, fully set associative  3.2 Virtual execution environment Jikes RVM is a research Java virtual machine developed at IBM T. J. Watson Center [3].

since idle units consume only 10% of their peak power, energy is less sensitive to pipeline stalls than execution time, resulting in the lower power dissipation during garbage collection.


To derive the expressions for the worst-case noise area, we .rst study the step and ramp response of the model.

[17] used power transmission line to reduce the PDN noise.


[3] P. Zimmerman, G. Nicholas, B. D. Jaeger, B. Kaczer, A. Stesmans, L. Ragnarsson, D. P. Brunco, F. E. Leys, M. Caymax, G. Winderickx, K. Opsomer, M. Meuris, and M. M. Heyns, High performance Ge pMOS devices using a Si-compatible process flow, IEDM Tech.


In other words, qsample [t] = qnear [t].

that bias does not violate the probabilistic completeness property of TRRTs, since limK.8 k i × rand(0, Tmax ) = 0.


Since the higher A(Li) has, the more rapid the merge cost, distributing the updates is the best way to minimize the A(Li).

we have to decrease the associativity between log block and data block to prevent the performance degradation.


I use Twitter less since some of my nearest friends stopped using it (24 year s old, female).

third, you can invite people through your email address book.


Other challenge with LS design involves (a) tight area budget as the LS should fit within the array with minimum area overhead, (b) the LS transistors should be protected to avoid reliability degradation due to NBTI, PBTI and HCI [4] and (c) reducing the leakage of the LS to alleviate the burden from charge pump and save standby power.

note that the leakage of the waked up LSs is higher than that of sleep mode LSs and therefore they will present extra load to the CP.


Pattern matching determines whether a portion of the uncommitted logic network can be realized by a given cell in the library.

2 Pseudocode of the algorithm for optimal covering  tp-req parent node tc-req = tp-req - tp tp gp tc-req gc styp   (b) (a) Fig.


Figure 1: Example of SoC .oorplan withWideIOTSV interfaces Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) have been proposed as a scalable interconnect for on-chip communication [5].

having access to multiple ports, requires the SoC to be able to ef.ciently use them to achieve the overall bandwidth requirement.


For the third and fourth symbols, each survivor path is simply extended to only one modulation point that is closest to Pc at li,i the i-th depth for i =3, 4.

due to the signi.cant impact of the value of K on the detection performance as shown in Fig.


Any polygons not resulting in overlaps are removed from PFA considerations.

when the victim behaves as a stuck-at-0(1), then the physical neighbors with logic value 1(0) are deemed irrelevant.


it indicates the direction (rise or fall), in which the temperature change is more signi.cant.


This forms the basis for our claim that the leakage for a HL design is precisely estimable from the leakage values of each of its constituent gates.

in practice, the leakage of such a design can vary widely and is hard to control or predict, making MTCMOS less appealing.


Figure 6 shows the detailed state transitions.

[5] Z. Fang et al., Transformer: a functional-driven cycle-accurate multicore simulator, in Proc.


This means that both add and max operations are linear in the number of variation sources.

in [6], non-Gaussian process parameters were addressed, but .rst-order linear models were used.


Though there is signi.cant evidence suggesting a growing rate of soft errors in future technology generations [10], this problem is actively being addressed in research [27, 27, 28, 38].

each bar in the plot (except 1 and 2) is for a different con.guration of the MOP selection algorithm.


As validation data are already generated when structural test generation begins, we propose to use them as a primary and "free" test set for structural faults.

when the circuit descriptions include constant declarations, CR seems to be the most efficient operator.


During these wait-states, the CPU is prevented from doing anything else, which increases the CPU load.

reconfigurable hardware meets these two requirements and is therefore a valid solution to this problem.


RELATED WORK To the best of our knowledge, the coupling relation between scheduling and register allocation was not really addressed in the synthesis community, except in an exact non-scalable ILP formulation such as that of Wilson et al [33].

5C-2  Figure 9: Soft Scheduling Cycle Count Relative to List Scheduling With Chaining Enabled on Optimized PowerStone 6.


While the collision resolution algorithms described in Sections 3.3 and 4.4 are expected to provide, in practice, individualnode forward progress, they do not guarantee it.

karin Strauss is now with Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).


conventional cache is that, on every access, regardless of the access data half of the bitlines would be discharged to low and then precharged to high before the next access.

we use SimpleScalar [11] to evaluate the 0/1 distribution of the cache access data for both the SPEC2000 and MediaBench benchmark suits.


There are, in fact, many possible implementations of this speci.cation of varying performance.

bOOLEAN p.s.moe BOOLEAN p.s.rtm where p .


A Scalable High-Performance Computing Solution for Network on Chips.

the question of .nding a layout for sparse CCC reduces to .nding a layout for hypercube in a line.


If those bits are still clear on eviction, the data would not be written back from cache.

directives that interface between the running application and the cache.


This may be useful in reducing the average pressure on L2 links by restricting a signi.cant fraction of communication to be intra-group.

[4] G. Faanes, A. Bataineh, D. Roweth, T. Court, E. Froese, B. Alverson, T. Johnson, J. Kopnick, M. Higgins, and J. Reinhard, Cray cascade: A scalable hpc system based on a dragon.y network, in High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC), 2012 International Conference for, Nov 2012.


(v, u) ./E * } 3 l e t succ-T (r) b e t h e s u c c e s s o r o f r i n -T 4 c(8, succ * (8)) : = c I 5 r : = 8 6 w h i l e (succ-T (r) !

a prefetch for the replaced item, denoted as ps3 , is inserted at the program point (r2, r1).


The following part brie.y describes how this scheme executes load/store instructions.

if a misprediction is detected in the OXU, the misprediction penalty is increased by the number of the stages of the IXU, which is usually four or .ve, because its pipeline length is prolonged.


Since we keep the subsequences in Ai sorted by decreasing value of nm, ai,0 has the largest value of nm of all the subsequences in Ai.

not all the weight assignments de.ned by the sets Ai are considered.


This result is not surprising concerning to RSSI, as we know that instant RSSI samples belonging to the same burst are all very similar.

evaluating the quality of a link in the shortest possible time allows algorithms to adapt rapidly to fast changes in the overall LQ con.guration of a network.


Power consumption as estimated by the infrared-based system and the .tted models using the performance counters for the 15 test cases.

when the cores and caches are experiencing high activity, the I/O and DDR channels will experience low activity and vice versa.


we then present a thorough analysis of the assumptions underlying these models; based on this analysis, we discuss requirements for predictors of routing resources within models of achievable routing.


REFERENCES [1] Moshe (Maury) Bach, Mark Charney, Robert Cohn, Elena Demikhovsky, Tevi Devor, Kim Hazelwood, Aamer Jaleel, Chi-Keung Luk, Gail Lyons, Harish Patil, and Ady Tal.

the network-trace approach fails to realistically evaluate application performance, because the timing of packet generation, which depends on on-chip network conditions, is assumed before the actual simulation of the network.


More enhanced models are still being developed to ensure true broadband nature.

() 2 x 2-(x 2 -1) 2-x J(x)=3(1- x )e - 10- xe 5 (17) -(x+2)2 - 3e +x If sparsity index SPindex of the .t is de.ned as Number of RV s SPindex = (18) Size of training sample then it turns out to be 0.04 with only 4 RVs.


This function prioritizes objects that: (1) have more descriptive names; (2) are closer to the user; (3) are larger; (4) are interactive; and (5) are not sub objects.

command-based exploration and object interaction is significantly slower in TextSL [2] due to the requirement of users to have to iteratively query their environment.


DIVA: A Reliable Substrate for Deep Submicron Microarchitecture Design.

the impact is minimal if SSNs are wide enough to make wrap-around infrequent.


A signi.cant area reduction is observable as 39 operations of the conventional Averaging/Median .lter are reduced to 28 operations of the evolved .lter.

an example of chromosome and a corresponding circuit is given in Fig.


Because of this, simulation and dynamic code generation systems only need to deal with their caches becoming full on an infrequent basis.

of course, the primary challenge with implementing caches in software is achieving good performance.


4 (a), in the coarse-grained approach at least one nonlinear Newton iteration is performed at t4 after the solution at t3 has fully converged.

in Table 2, we list the runtimes and speedups (w.r.t serial BE) of six coarse-grained WavePipe schemes, which are 2thread backward pipelining, 2-thread forward pipelining, 3thread one-backward-one-forward pipelining, 3-thread twoforward pipelining, 4-thread two-forward-one-backward pipelining, and 4-thread three-forward pipelining, respectively.


Injections of the form (e22 f1 f21)are blockedat e22 by packets from the previous round because distance to their destination is longer.

if there is a connected component of G. that is not a subgraph of an unicyclic graph, then return no.


the chirality and diameter), a multi-diameter (multi-threshold voltage) CNTFETbased ternary memory cell design has been initially pursued in [5].

based on the previously proposed STI inverter [4], this paper proposes a ternary CNTFET SRAM cell.


Though they claim improvements in the interconnect delay, they do not include the delay of their encoder and decoder circuits into the total delay.

the energy gains are marginal due to the fact that the standard bus energy can be reduced further under the increased area penalty (25%) of the 4/2 encoder.


The opinions in this paper don t necessarily represent DARPA or o.cial US policy.

if the working set of the currently-processed record .ts in the cache, Stream-Ascend can signi.cantly reduce both the ORAM capacity requirement and the number of ORAM accesses.


Once such bit becomes faulty due to degradation, it behaves as any other faulty bit at that Vcc.Hence, any mechanism to tolerate permanent faulty bits can take advantage of these properties to isolate faulty bits and prevent further errors.

we have also studied the impact on performance predictability for multi-core con.gurations.


By default, the .rst slot s instruction is issued to the vector path, and the second one is issued to the scalar path, enforcing parallel execution.

a shared on-chip memory, called Matrix Memory, allows concurrent accesses of all data paths in matrix-shaped access patterns.


The node voltages are treated as deterministic variables in the range of supply voltages with some margin added to account for the overshoot and undershoot.

the total current through the capacitances (at the output) at any instant of a transient simulation is equal to the DC current for the corresponding instantaneous voltages i.e, Idc(Vi(t),Vo(t)) = Iload(t)+ Iparasitic(t) (1) where Idc(Vi(t),Vo(t)) is the DC output current at instantaneous input voltage (Vi(t)) and output voltage (Vo(t)) at time t. Iload(t) is the current through the output load capacitor, and Iparasitic(t) is the current through the parasitic capacitances, at time t. For a large load capacitance, Iload is much larger than Iprasitic because the current is divided in the ratio of the capacitances.


We note that the cut sequences used in this work were of uniform direction on any given level; sequences such as shown in Figure 1(d) were not considered.

capo uses a cut sequence with aspect ratio of 1.


Charge accumulation is performed via a voltage to frequency converter circuit, sim- Sender and Receiver CPU at 208 MHz 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0Time (sec) Sender and Receiver CPU at 208 MHz Power (mW) Power (mW) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time (sec) Figure 9.

nAND reads are more expensive, power-wise than NOR reads: in fact, NOR reads don t cause any discernable difference above NOR s idle power dissipation.


Due to NBTI effect, the threshold voltage of the PMOS transistors increases over time, resulting in reduced switching speeds for logic gates, and the corresponding degradation in circuit performance and increased probability of circuit failure due to timing constraint violations [1][2].

due to the NBTI effect, delay of combinational circuits itself increases.


BACKGROUND 2.1 TFT Mobility Change under Bending There are three popular types of TFT technologies: amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFT, polysilicon (poly-Si) TFT, and organic TFT (OTFT).

inward bending results in compressive strain while outward bending results in tensile strain.


Complexity also makes it hard to predict the time-to-market and increases the risks of application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design [1].

since design NRE costs are an order of magnitude larger than fabrication NRE costs, a two-step design system seems attractive.


[12] D. Bernick, B. Bruckert, P. D. Vigna, D. Garcia, R. Jardine, J. Klecka, and J. Smullen.

projections of current technology trends indicate that these techniques are unlikely to satisfy reliability requirements in future technology generations [14].


RELATED WORK Memory-Level Parallelism (MLP) refers to the idea of generating multiple cache misses in parallel such that their latencies are overlapped [10].

[5] Y. Chou, B. Fahs, and S. G. Abraham.


As mentioned earlier, since DBG nodes IU,i, j and IU,i', j exhibit locality (as they access the same data block), the .nal schedule should place such nodes into consecutive slots as much as possible.

we can now schedule IV,2,2 and IV,3,2 as well.


A simple image processing technique is used to detect the target in the captured image.

that work aims at maintaining a uniform node density in the event of node deaths and does not address the issue of obstacles and sensing medium anisotropies.


[14] R. Schreier, The Delta-Sigma Toolbox 5.2 , www.mathworks.com/support/ftp/controlssv5.shtml, Nov 1999.

for the sake of completeness, these paths were also considered.


The tra.c volumes are normalized to the tra.c generated by the baseline without prefetching for each con.guration.

task data reuse is not always possible, and depends on the distance between producer and consumer tasks, which is an intrinsic characteristic of each application.


We begin with the accurate modeling of degradation at the transistor level.

during the dynamic operation, the delay degradation caused by NBTI e.ect is relatively insensitive to supply voltage.


In this case, the max-VQbar is 168mV and the destructive read does not take place.

modeling of failure probability and statistical design of SRAM array for yield enhancement in nanoscaled CMOS.


Due to the relatively low cost of GA based ATPG as compared to deterministic timed ATPG, the results suggest that the extra cost is worth the effort.


For example, assume the case that there is only a single possible quantum, and the resulting probability of matching is 0.2.

note that gates are not correlated in terms of Vth, and no other parameters in Equation 1 are signi.cantly impacted by PV.


MLP-Aware Replacement using an Existing Cost-Sensitive Replacement Policy We proposed the SBAR mechanism to implement a MLPaware cache replacement policy.

comparison of LRU, LIN, and SBAR for the ammp benchmark in terms of: (a) the average cost of misses, (b) the number of misses per 1000 instructions, and (c) IPC.


Second, gate-alignment requirement for 1Dpoly induces negligible area overhead in FreePDK process, which uses the same rule for minimum and contacted gatepitch.

table II: PROCESS CONTROL PARAMETERS USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS.


Furthermore, continuous checking consumes signi.cant energy and requires part of the maximum power envelope to be dedicated to it.

reVive: Cost-e.ective architectural support for rollback recovery in shared-memory multiprocessors.


The main output of the instruction is a public key, which has been derived from the PUF-based root key Kp and a seed So known only to the device owner.

f_read_asym_keys[] checks tag hP K .t to ensure that input data has not been tampered with.


The reset wire is shared by all data wires to specify the start of the data transmission (before the transmission of a cache block); the number of clock cycles between the reset signal and a bit-.ip on a data  Figure 3: Illustrative example of three communication techniques: (a) parallel, (b) serial, and (c) DESC.

every data chunk contains at most one bit from each data segment; similarly, each parity chunk contains one parity bit from each segment.


This is because these benchmarks show small percentages of cache lines .tting 32B but most cache lines are compressed well; the 32B L2 cache lines can capture larger than 32B uncompressed data, which increases the probability of a particular word to hit in the L2 cache.

these compressed 32B cache lines can be exploited to design a smaller L2 cache than the conventional L2 cache without noticeable performance hit in three ways.


Each activation sequence may contain several don t care terms, which can be replaced by 1 or 0 .

in this section, we propose a two-stage ILP-based droplet routing algorithm of global routing followed by incremental ILP-based routing for PDMFBs.


Previously reported high-accuracy thermal sensor designs either benefit from analog-friendly, large-feature size manufacturing processes [3],[4] or from MEMS techniques [5] which have yet to be integrated in high scale to a high volume digital CMOS processes.

this imposes certain limits on how far the sensing structures can be placed with respect to the thermal sensor core in order to ensure the voltage drop is within acceptable levels.


This means that the packet rate is constant until the throughput reaches its maximum.

reducing the number of the Table 3: Specs of machines for the performance evaluation Router CPU Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 M620 (2.67GHz, dual core) Memory 8GiB, DDR3 (1333MT/s) NIC Adapter Intel(R) 82577LM (1 port) register access will improves the forwarding throughput.


To model process variations, in this example for each region we consider four geometrical variations in wire width (W), wire thickness (T), wire spacing (S), and dielectric layer thickness (H).

to apply the reduced rank approximation, ideally one would like to .nd some regression matrices 2 .


The existing paradigm can easily remain if the fin pitch equals the M2 pitch.

the sequential cells are variants on standard themes (D flip-flops with and without scan, presets and clears, both synchronous and asynchronous, gated or inverted clocks, inputs, outputs and so on).


LISA core Bus interface SystemC Phase bus Instruction Accurate (IA) model LISA2TLM CycleAccurate Functional API API Transfer  Transaction RTL pins API + Debug API about manually developing and re.ning TLM and RTL SoC modules in combination with their intercommunication [7, 8].

this estimation is already relatively good and obtained almost for free , without modifying the instruction accurate processor model developed in section 4.1.


All frequency fractions will be magnified because spontaneity Raman scattering generates the photon at the whole range of Raman gain spectral bandwidth.

from the result, it shows that Raman threshold value is easy to be reached even using very short fiber, when the diameter of the fiber is pulled into the rank of sub-micrometer.


Cheng and Lin extended van Ginneken s algorithm to allow b buffer types in time For modern design libraries that contain hundreds of buffers, it is a serious challenge to balance the speed and performance of the buffer insertion algorithm.

considerany three candidates a,  in such that < < For any buffer type B, if then 2 Proof: From the definition of convex pruning, we have If then  Lemma 4 implies that for any buffer type if candidate a maximizes among its previous and next consecutive candidates in then a maximizes among all candidates in Function identifies  from and generates new candidates = 1,.. .


On subsequent accesses to a private block, the processor will .nd it in its L1 cache (in case of no eviction), so no additional directory access will be done.

we simulate a 16-tile CMP with 2-cycle, 64KB, 4-way L1 instruction and data caches, and a shared (NUCA) LLC cache with 512KB and 8-way per tile.


It is very complicated to model a NN with multiple output classification ability.

we propose to determine the worst case trip point value based on a set of multiple trip point measurements with respect to different non-deterministic random tests.


T = 2p + 1) to the tile domains, where p is a fresh integer variable.

in Section II, we recall loop tiling and illustrate our technique through a synthetic example.


First, writing bit 1 consumes less current than writing bit 0 in PCM.

[13] L. Jiang, B. Zhao, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, and B. R. Childers, Improving write operations in mlc phase change memory, in HPCA, 2012, pp.


A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems.

w 2 is n columns 2n .1 wide and consists of NB[7] bits.


By the de.nition, an ESD connected component (ECC) of a constrained graph contains only np-vertices, and for each npvertex in the ECC, there is always a path leading to every other  Non-pad vertex Pad vertex Non-constrained edge Constrained edge Figure 5: The constrained graph constructed from the netlist in Figure 1, using the construction methods presented in Section 3.2.1. np-vertices in the ECC by nc-edges.

the p-vertex, A, detects no ESD connected component, since all the np-vertices have been visited.


The level of a node in a circuit is equal to the maximal length of a path leading to the node from an input of the circuit.

let the observable matrix consist of dashes in the initial state, and our procedure specifies values of the matrix elements by substituting values 0 or 1 for dashes.


The effectiveness of both wear-leveling and ECC designs are highly dependent on the specific error properties of flash memory.

the even page comes under programming current disturbance and some additional electrons could be attracted into the floating gates of the even page.


Each cache set is analyzed individually.

m[j]will be cache miss when |Locki .TCSm[j]|=A.


If we substitute a few variables into Eq.

looking at these results, we can draw several conclusions.


The experimental results show that our algorithm reduces worst-case skew by up to 5X compared to the existing zero-skew based approach ZST/DME [2, 3] with small (up to 1%) wirelength overhead.

using this time-variant thermal power as input, the transient-temperature T (ti,nj) over the chip is calculated at di.erent time-instant ti for each node nj in the grid.


A linear growth in the circuit size would result in an exponential runtime increase.

if we equip the SIC with sensors because of the size and speed advantages, it would provide inexpensive and fast predictions that could be used for adaptive load balancing and server scheduling.