As well as being ultimately scalable to gate lengths in the order of 10nm, and offering low power consumption [23], double gate devices exhibit a number of characteristics that make them well suited to reconfigurable architectures.

they can theoretically be built on top of other structures in three-dimensional layouts and they do not require additional structures such as body contacts and well structures that enlarge traditional CMOS layouts.


Such a distribution has the Markov or memoryless property which states that if time t has elapsed with no arrivals, then the distribution of further waiting time is the same as it would be if no waiting time had passed.

the system does not remember that t time units have produced no arrivals.


Next we will examine minimal safe partitions under different policies.

we introduce a new policy below called keep nothing policy after showing the drawbacks of policy introduced in our previous work [1].


If lossless compression is conducted for an individual page, it causes a serious internal fragmentation problem [1].

the size of compressed data is smaller than a page, wasting the rest of the page.


Fitness function of individuals that belong to a generation can be obtained fully independently.

parallelism is only limited by the population size.


Chebyshev approximations theory is a well-developed .eld in a number of literatures.

for univariate functions z .f( x), [11] states the existence of Chebyshev a.ne approximation.


Using it to reduce the number of free-running clocks in the circuitry holding the enable can thus save power.

the output of the NAND gate can be used to form a set-reset latch.


We also believe that sequential circuits may bene.t signi.cantly from the approach presented in this paper.

cross-cycle implications that were used in [2] to improve error detection rates, can also be used to reduce test set lengths by providing multiple new observations points in the circuit.


It is assumed (or hoped) that, if a non-visual interface is successful in enabling information manipulation, exploration and provides access to functionality in ways which are coherent in the above senses, then effective collaboration can emerge as a natural benefit.

if the same relationships between manipulable interface elements are available to both sighted and blind users, then there are no barriers to effective collaboration at least not on interface design grounds.


Existing solutions mostly focused on synchronizing the nodes CPU clocks.

extensive research has been devoted to synchronization in sensor networks (see [34] for a comprehensive survey).


A solution is to limit Distance-based Cross-Core prefetches toinstances when both the D-TLB and PB miss, because in thesecases the OS will be interrupted anyway.

we implement Burst Distance-based Cross-Core prefetching.


Finally, the use of our approach places a few restrictions on the pipeline and on-chip cache organizations.

the approach of disabling defective functional units requires multiple units of each class, otherwise, a single defect in a critical nonreplicated unit could render the processor broken.


a cheating user i always reports a random value for |hi0|or |h0i|.


We run this experiment 4 times, each with di.erent characteristics of the network tra.c generated in parallel.

we run experiments with Nemesis behaving as a sender and as a receiving, and using packets of 64 and 1470 bytes.


This ensures that anysubsequent con.icting access will miss in the private cache and generate a directory request.

for any given location, the .rst con.ict between the running thread and a local descheduled thread always results in an L1 miss.


4.1 Multipumping Implementations Since multipumped memories multiplex ports over time, the order of read/write operations must be carefully managed: violating the precedence of reads and writes would break the external appearance of them occurring at the same time.

writes must be performed at the end to avoid Write-After-Read (WAR) violations where an earlier internal write updates a value before it has been read by a subsequent internal read.


Canonical loadings measure the contribution of the original variables in the canonical components by computing the correlation between gesture parameters X (or audio descriptors Y) and its corresponding canonical components XA (or YB).

we compute the gesture parameter loadings lx i,h =(corr(xi, uh)) for 1 = i = m1, 1 = h = N (and similarly ly for audio descriptors).


As this applies to all pin permutations, it does not change their relative merit; therefore, the best pin permutation (and its applicability) would remain the same.

backward propagation does not affect the optimal choice of pin permutations at upstream LEs.


The second method (our presented method) .nds the washing paths by horizontal searching.

the next destination is found in the horizontal direction.


If we can arrange to read the memory sequentially, we can amortize the energy reading from the array core across v all the M bits read.

instead of using a multiplexer to select the column, we read the column bits into a shift register.


In this work we target architectures where the voltages of functional units are fixed.

the voltages of functional units are either high or low and can not change during run time.


As a result, s i)is moved from P to a valley slot or a peak slot with fewer skews than that of P. Valley .lling increases the number of skews in the valley slots.

the lowest valley slot V , i.e., the valley slot with the fewest number of skews, is selected.


For different layers, the shape is different.

we choose a rectangle with width W W and height H H X X for a single resource of type X.


Therefore, to control the output loading of its fanin gates can avoid the input-slew violation of the current gate.

we can transfer the problem of solving inputslew violations for the current pin into the problem of solving output-loading violation for its fanin gates.


This error is inevitable if the denominator of the target concentration is not a power of 2 or even not a rational number, such as 3 or v2.

the error is limited within 12..+1 if n fractional bits are used to represent the target concentration.


Second, most of the common substitution errors reflect a single dot error within the braille cell.

the user either deleted a dot (left out finger), inserted an extra dot (by pressing an extra finger), or substituted a finger (e.g.


Unfortunately, not properly accounting for leakage power at RTL or above might result in highly suboptimal designs from a power perspective, since decisions taken in the early design stages play a signi.cant role in determining .nal performance and power .gures.

it cannot be neglected that leakage and dynamic power reduction are sometimes con.icting requirements.


Next, we eliminate those outputs that are 0 (1) with probability P> |0.5- d| for speci.ed d. Finally, we eliminate outputs that can be predicted by other outputs with certainty greater than a speci.ed threshold (Section VIII).

we transmit a maximal independent set of outputs that are not often 0 (1).


Likewise, Equation (10) shows that Wi(tq)=1 when TSi > tq.

ui(tq)=1if tq =TSi and tq < TEi .when Vi(tq)=1 and Wi(tq)=1, we have Ui(tq)=1.


Consequently, bringing the design perspective and the manufacturing constraints under a single umbrella will be an efficient and intelligent way of developing a particular technology node.

the shift to the electrical and lithoaware restricted design rules will allow the future technology to be more cost-effective and optimized for performance at the same time.


3.2 Impact of Back-Bias on Geometrical Variation The variations in channel length, silicon thickness, gate-oxide thickness, and BOX thickness modify the electrostatics in the silicon device.

variations in these parameters change the SCE in devices, resulting in threshold voltage variation.


Essentially these don t care bits mask out some of the bits in the state when they are compared to the speci.ed bits in the CAM entry.

the string representing an entry in the CAM can be speci.ed in a format similar to the following: 011xxxx11xx0x1.


The cost is given by the size in LUTs of a generic power model that will be used to service all the components in the combined cluster.

if CLi and CLj are two clusters, the area cost of P a generic power model that services the cluster CLi CLj is approximately given by P Area(CLi CLj )).


As semiconductor technology is scaled and the supply voltage is reduced, the total current that must be supplied by the power network is expected to increase even further, making it more difficult to meet stringent supply integrity constraints.

the LdI/dt voltage drop is expected to become more prominent as it worsens with both increasing current demand and clock frequency [2].


If this is the case, in order to .nd a solution, we need to sacri.ce some constraints.

we need to drop some constraints from further consideration, and try to solve the resulting (reduced) system of constraints again.


To deal with this, we periodically update activity and probability values during guarding.

after introducing T guards into the mapped circuit, we recompute the switching activities and probabilities for all circuit signals.


This algorithm evaluates every n LRR value requests.

the LRR value for a processing element remains static for durations of roughly n cycles.


The first one is the functional execution, and the second one is the temporal execution.

the code is executed in zero time (in the simulation) and then the thread is slept to take up the corresponding time in the processor.


For example, as depicted in Table 4, faults F1 and F2 cause the response 111, so either fault F1 or F2 should be made unlikely in order to diagnose the cause of the erroneous response.

if a circuit generates the failure response 111, the failure can be diagnoed accurately if either either F1 or F2 are made improbable.


More importantly, it offers features that are highly desirable for mobile applications.

java source code is not directly compiled into native code, but into an architectural-neutral intermediate form called Java bytecode.


It is crucial to formally verify the system for certain properties, e.g., the absence of deadlocks.

the speci.cations of the wrappers and that of the communication network together yield a system speci.cation, which can be model-checked.


Note that Phase 1 used a wordlevel arrival times of input addends during the CSA-tree allocation.

if there is an n-bit addend X = (xn-1, xn-2 ···x0), Phase 1 uses max{D(xn-1), D(xn-2) ··· D(x0)}as the value of D(X).


Note that some implementations of simple gates were evolved at the transistor level [5, 8, 19]; however, as mentioned above, the evolutionary design of more complicated digital circuits directly at the transistor level is currently outside the capabilities of commonly available computers.

langeheine [8] argues that the evolutionary design of the XOR gate is di.cult.


In the case of CoMD, all the power management settings exhibit similar performance levels.

dVFS-Only and PCPG+DVFS do not present the lack of robustness exhibited for the Lulesh application.


These computations can be made e.cient using the same voltage discretization strategy described for the pulse-based methods.

since the argument range for each of the probability density functions is the range of voltage values at the receiver input, this range of voltages can be discretized on to a grid of M uniformly spaced voltage sample points.


As shown in the results in Table II, the proposed multiplier has the lowest NMED, MRED and ER among the three approximate multipliers.

it has very low NMED and MRED compared to the other two designs.


This choice not only reflects the balancing criteria that the overall runtime should be optimized for a given quality level, but also the fact that the choice of a faster, but less efficient, placement algorithm may increase the runtimes of the router, as it must accommodate a more difficult placement.

tradeoffs made in placement or routing individually may not necessarily translate into corresponding tradeoffs overall.


Resource elasticity quanti.es the extent to which an agent demands a resource.

in a multi-resource setting, elasticities quantify the relative importance of each resource to an agent.


This would require that the weight terms, wij of the NN that model the Ar and Br matrices, be programmable.

the b bits used to represent each weight term, should be stored digitally and be modi.able.


Due to the Vt assignments made in previous path iterations, it is possible that the path being processed cannot meet timing constraints.

since cells can be shared by multiple paths, too many cells in the current path may be locked such that even if all the unlocked cells are swapped to LVT, the timing constraints will still not be met.


We performed the HLS with state-of-the-art algorithms for the di.erent steps.

we adopted a classic list-based scheduling, based on dynamic mobility values, followed by a resource binding targeting multiplexer minimization.


1) Device characteristics: A MOBILE switches to the monos-ai table or bistable mode of operation depending upon its bias voltage, VCLK , which oscillates between 0V and VDD [9].

monostable if VCLK < 2VP VOUT =metastable if VCLK 2VP (3) bistable if VCLK > 2VP , where VOU T and VP are the MOBILE output voltage and the RTD peak voltage, respectively.


Out-of-Order -checks for all possible out-of-order executions of commands from the same CP.

a command that was sent from source si after a command that was sent from source sj in the same CP is responded  Model # Tasks Sim Overhead [sec] Ratio Name (Legal) Simple Auxiliary Commands 256 206 4 51.5 Command 240 225 9 25 Response (112) (50) (5.6) Out-of 576 711 21 33.9 Order (192) (125) (6) Table 2.


Based on Theorem 2, GH-tree based cut removal in Section 4 can be applied here to search all (K-1)-cuts.

after constructing GH-tree, all edges with weight less than K are removed.


0.1 [4] Patwari, N., and Wilson, J. Spatial models for human motion-induced signal strength variance on static 0 links.

iEEE Transactions on Information Forensics  Figure 9: Confusion matrix when two receive devices are utilised we have considered feature samples from two individuals only and the study was conducted only on a single day.


Thus, different runs have different orderings for garbage collection, compilation, and transactions.

our use of transactions as milestones resulted in poor trace alignment for Java applications.


However, it can effect the values of some of the parameters.

the degree of superscalar processing will be altered with out-or-order processing.


For the sake of these experiments we have used only UML2EG, as the generation of a Queueing Network has been delayed in the process.

we have exploited the XPRIT capability of producing the structure of an Execution Graph (owing S-PMIF) from one or more UML Sequence Diagrams (represented in XMI).


Second, we describe how BRAM usage is determined based on buffer dimensions.

we present the technique used by VivadoHLS to concatenate BRAMs to create buffers with large bit-widths and depths.


Because our methodology is pro.le driven, we recognize the importance of addressing the issue of pro.le sensitivity to different input workloads.

does the set of delinquent loads for an application remain relatively constant across different inputs?


For a direct-mapped cache A =1, for a set-associative cache A> 1, and for a fully associative cache K =1.

a directmapped cache has only one cache block per set, whereas a fullyassociative cache has only one cache set.


Definition 3: (VOT Inverter) A Variable-Output-Threshold (VOT) inverter is the combination of a normal CMOS inverter and a ST inverter, with the function depending on the value of a control signal, say Z.

a VOT inverter operates in two different modes (1) normal mode, and (2) Schmitt-Trigger (ST) mode.


Both routing problems are important for real-world designs.

the free-assignment problem with obstacle constraints has attracted increasing attention in real-world practice recently for two major reasons: (1) Designers on a placement team require an e.ective and e.cient free-assignment router to help improve/evaluate the placement quality to facilitate routing.


We implement OLED DVS prototype and do the measurements on a real hardware testbed.

we use the same experimental setup as that introduced in Section 3 to measure power consumption.


Ideally, hash functions for a Bloom filter need to be perfectly random, i.e., input keys should be hashed into each position in the table with exactly the same probability.

in our application, an Ninput Boolean function is represented by its truth table (a 2N-bit string), and different functions often show similar characteristics.


In addressing this problem, we note that simply allocating an application s thread data to the closest MC may not be optimal since it does not take into account queuing delays, row-bu.er con.icts, etc.

we focus on placement strategies which incorporate: (i) the communication distance and latency between the core and the MC, (ii) queuing delay at the MC, and (iii) DRAM access latency which is heavily in.uenced by row-bu.er hit rates.


Furthermore, currently the data of the different pollutants measured at the different stations in the city are aggregated to a single number, the air quality index (AQI), that is published once a day on a website.

there is not enough data gathered to evaluate air quality in a given neighborhood and the publicly available information is even more deficient.


This ensures that the evenness of wear is assessed over all blocks at any point in time.


This becomes more complicated in sub100nm technologies where we are dealing with not only the subthreshold leakage but also gate leakage.

gate leakage is projected to surpass subthreshold leakage at around a 65nm technology [9].


After the operation(variable)-to-island binding, we perform a detailed binding within each island.

a register .le is allocated for the set of variables assigned to it.


Attracted by the promise of CGRAs, more than a dozen CGRAs including XPP [2], PADDI [4], PipeRench [9], KressArray [13], Morphosys [18], MATRIX [20], and REMARC [21] were proposed over the past decade.

the ADRES CGRA has been shown to achieve power ef.ciency of 60 GOps/W in 32 nm CMOS technology [3].


In this paper, we observe that exploiting the mathematical property of idempotence in programs allows the bene.ts of both speculative execution and precise state to be achieved with minimal power or complexity overhead in the hardware.

we show how programs can be constructed in a special way, such that execution is always restartable over some interval of instructions, regardless of the order in which those instructions issue or retire.


Brej and Garside attempted to solve the problem of preemption [1, 2], but their approach had signi.cant drawbacks.

their approach did not appropriately address a metastability issue: the handshake control in a pipeline stage can become metastable if the stage receives a data token and an anti-token nearly simultaneously.


To bene.t from our observation of Section 3.2, we need to start searching from bottom level of the tree or biggest cache con.guration and continue towards the smallest cache con.guration.

we need bottom-up simulation inside the tree.


We consider L0 lines smaller than L1 blocks.

we assume that the size of an L0 line is the size of an L1 line divided by the number of clusters.


The buffer placement/sizing is done such that the smallest buffer that can drive a given set of loads will be used.

we assume that all the buffers in the library have a valid capacitance range, which is used to choose the smallest buffer for a given load.


Cell: A diagnosis candidate where the victim exhibits stuck-at behavior only when the driving gate has specific input values is characterized as a cell defect and placed in this category.

the inputs of the driving gates are the only relevant neighbors of this victim.


In the extreme case when the clock generator is tuned for maximum frequency, delay chain must have a delay equal to the clock buffer and so there is no time for port controllers to generate Ri.

growth of dark gray area in figure 3 leaves less room for light gray area.


Let .memory size to the routing delay of a qubit.


In addition, take any finite or infinite run in which all participating processes terminate, and reorder the output sets $1,6:2, ... by set inclusion to get R1, R2, ....

it is required that for every such sequence R, [Rll <_ k and for all i, [Ri+II-IR/I _< k. no snapshot contains more than k "new" ele- ments.


Methods currently exist to extract physical neighborhoods as they have been de.ned here.

critical area extraction [12] can be used in a binary sense to determine proximity of polygons.


Given the similarities between systems biology networks and electronic circuits, this paper seeks to investigate the applicability of circuit topology and structure analysis techniques to systems biology networks.

electronic circuits have shown unique properties as displayed by the famed Rent s rule [9, 17].


We found a performance decrease ranging from 2.2% to 0.65% across all tested STB1 bank sizes.

for 8-entry STB1 banks, IPC loss is about 0.8%.


In summary,theprimaryranking criteriaisde.nedinlexicographic order as follows: 1) total violations, 2) total leakage power, and 3) runtime.

total leakage power will be used to rank results with identical total violation values.


For example, SoC allows the designer to overcome some performance drawbacks of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) by implementing on a single chip many or most of the chips previously on a PCB.

single-chip integration allows one to take advantage of increased bus speeds and widths.


Insertion of LUTs for synchronization of computations These circuit architectures, which we call memory-based computing in this paper, are intended to process data stream coming from the storage areas, and so they should be located close to the storage areas with lots of ports or connections.

the data transfer bandwidth between memory-based computing units and data storages should not be bottlenecks.


RESULTS In this section, we present several heterogeneous NoC designs.

we demonstrate the area savings that can be achieved by our novel heterogeneous NoC design without violating any performance constraints.


As long as we constrain our computation costs to (say) 0.1MIPS , the cost of the computation for the prediction is negligible in comparison with the savings in power draw from the ECG sensor.

using a little energy for intelligent processing gives us large savings in the energy cost of the ECG sensor.


PCBs are transparent to the mapped design and the design .ow.

only UCBs exist in the design view and can be used for application mapping.


are .xed, the minimized probability is thus a linear combination of probabilities p1(vi), i.e., of the probabilities qi.


Moreover, the lack of a preview function prevents the user from correcting or canceling an error.

even though the user recognizes errors during the action, there is no way to cancel it.


Conversely, Swedish participants rated information from Swedish speakers more valuable than information from American speakers.

the similarity-attraction effect holds for perceived information quality.


To prevent livelock, however, a thread is not evicted unless it has executed at least  Figure 3: Acyclic Channel Dependency Graph of ENC one instruction since it arrived at the current core.

an existing thread will be evicted by a new thread only if it has made some progress in its current visit on the core.


For each non-biased branch captured in A, the function hashes the branch address, the address of the nonbiased branch and its distance in the history recorded in P to select a row and uses its depth in A to map to a column in Wm.

for every non-biased branch of every path, the predictor tracks the correlation of that branch in conjunction with its recorded distance in the history.


We consider a proof to be correct if each step of the proof is correct.

each clause C added to the current CNF F is indeed a conflict one.


This phenomenon can also be interpreted as di.erent cores have di.erent tolerability to delay variation if they are con.gured at the same frequency.


2 Yield Limitations The continuous advancements in semiconductor process technology are not without limitations.

these large embedded memories in combination with the process Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work or personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The number of products in an MSOP of fA and its complement are equal to 1 and 2, respectively.


Whenever the boundary bit crosstalk unit receives a data, it checks which class the data belongs and considers the corresponding value.

if the data belongs to 10-class, the boundary bit crosstalk unit considers 10 as the value for the data.


Therefore, rather than modeling the access cost of each block request individually, we model the access cost of each sub-sequence B k,l =(bk,...,bl ) (k < l), which is taken from the application launch sequence B, such that (pk,..., pl )=(0,1,...,1,0).

the requests bk and bl are met by the HDD, while bk+1,...,bl-1 come from the .ash memory.


Furthermore, there exist even more expensive substrate variants to improve parameters such as radio frequency loss or temperature stability.

the class of thin film substrates with a wiring pitch below 50 microns bridges the gap to the IC technologies.


(This is dictated by our underlying application, since we used a commercial tool to implement the oracle.)

in addition to our oracle, those related works use a symmetric oracle (which allows also to minimize x subject to a bound on y).


we can efficiently update the residual graph D and the s-t paths when edges are added to or deleted from G. adding an edge to G (while G has no perfect matching) results in the addition of the corresponding edge to D, and the addition of at most one s-t path containing this edge.


Although SFR faults have no effect on system functionality, they may have other detrimental effects in the system operation.

they may cause a signi.cant increase in the system dynamic power consumption.


61 Delay discrete-time analog output can be assumed to be approximately linear [7] and [8].

for a specific A/D converter topology and circuit technology, the energy required for analog-to-digital conversions EAD, is approximately constant.


The Vss regulator output voltage must have a constant output voltage over at least 3 decades of current demand.

when entering the low power state directly from high frequency operation the die may be hot.


The following test blocks are developed to maximize the code coverage of the targeted metric and to improve the test sets.

in the case of the PIA, the results obtained from CCMs and from gate-level fault simulation experiments showed that the maximization of only one metric has been sufficient to achieve high fault coverage.


The predictor keeps track of the tendency of a given branch in a given position in the history to agree with the outcome of B.

for every component of every path, the predictor tracks the correlation of that component with the outcome of B.Tomake a prediction, the correlations of each component of the current path are aggregated to form a prediction.


If the latency L of the initial schedule is greater than the desired latency (bound) Ld, then we iteratively reduce L by allocating a new resource (typically a less reliable one) to a node until we reach to Ld.

we pick the slowest node on the critical path (Note that selecting a node which is not on the critical path will not help us reduce the initial latency value), and use a faster but potentially less reliable version for it.


Every crack in an interposer segment is unique since crack topologies of interposer segments vary in positions, sizes and directions.

it is unlikely that the same cracks occur at the same positions in two interposer segments under test.


In addition to that, if we have an even faster memory (called Level 3), the element U[i][k]can be transferred to this memory (just before the lloop) and can be used from there throughout the execution of the l loop.

at a given time, one row of array Ucan be in Level 2 SPM and one element from this row can be in Level 1 SPM (the fastest level).


T that maps each functional unit v. V to a tile ti .

t. P(v)= ti means that functional unit or interconnect unit v is in the tile ti of the .oorplan.


In this section, we present simulation result on a set of MCNC benchmarks to demonstrate the feasibility of this methodology.

we show (a) isolation of critical paths to a cofactor (having low activation probability); (b) reduction of supply voltage for low power dissipation while maintaining robustness.


Experimental results on industrial designs illustrate the speed, quality, practicality, and .exibility of our procedure.

we buffer about 100 000 repeater trees per minute and obtain results that are close to the theoretical optimum in several respects.


As long as a physical SCORE compute page is larger than one of our placement engine processing elements (~400 LUTs as described in the previous section), a SCORE device is capable of performing inter-page placement on itself.

we can directly configure the physical SCORE device to be a placement engine that is exactly large enough to place the set of pages that can run on the physical device in a single SCORE timeslice.


One key .nding of our study is that contrasting to what one would hope, the recent, best-in-class academic placers, with the exception of FastPlace, are not signi.cantly faster than VPR.

when the number of clusters in the netlist is less than 50K, VPR can outperform Capo both in terms of runtime and QoR 4 .


2) Resource clustering RC(RlH): Resources are clustered in components H={h1,h2, ,hh} subject to |R|.|H|.

a component contains parallel processing resources, and these resources share one interface for bus transfers.


WIRELESS INTERCONNECT ANALYSIS The electromagnetic radiation e.ects of the wireless interconnect system on a die are investigated using an FEMbased full-wave simulation analysis.

the wireless interconnect system is analyzed for the coupling of the transmitting and receiving antennas as well as the (undesirable) coupling between the transmitting antenna and the wire interconnects.


4.2 Representing and Manipulating the Coarsest Base It is easy to extend the representation for the coarsest decompositions to a representation for the coarsest base: it is su.cient to apply the aforementioned transformations modulo equivalence classes.

wheneverweneedto update the coarsest decomposition for a slice p,we recursively update the representants of the slices linked by the .eld p->cb.


We compute the MSE for four different combinations of reconstruction algorithms and sensor allocation algorithms.

we consider EigenMaps, k-LSE, our greedy algorithm for sensor allocation and the energycenter algorithm [12] (referred as energy in the .gures).


Unfortunately, with the growth of interface protocol complexity, describing the full details of typical interface protocols with regular expressions reveals the limitations of it.

the complexity of using the regular expressions for describing interface protocol grows exponentially.


The tool is implemented using PIN [36] and instruments transactional memory applications at runtime.

it intercepts transactional operations and generates a trace of globally ordered TM BEGIN, TM READ, TM WRITE and TM COMMIT operations.


A PCPG device, which is implemented with many parallel transistors and on/off signal buffers, is similar to the largest component (i.e., the pass device between VI and VO) of a typical LDO VR, as illustrated in Figure 2.

an LDO VR can be implemented by augmenting a PCPG device with feedback control circuitry comprised of an error amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter, and a reference voltage generator.


LocalSideEffect A possible manipulation of some data through a pointer passed to a function prevented the transformation.

a pointer argument to the call might point to a local variable.


Therefore, our codesign .ow must contain all steps in Figure 2 before the PCB routing.

in the last step of our codesign .ow, we should have performed the escape routing and route all nets to the BGA boundary.


The index expression of B after the transforma [ ][ ][ ][] ii tion is RT-1 f+fo= += 12 -1 -20 Ii01 11 ji 0 [] ii .


Finally, it is important to note that while the handler function is called, the coherence controller independently responds to the cache event, as usual.

the original coherence protocol itself is unaltered in ECMon.


From the above analysis (the example of Figure 4), we can observe that the x-coordinate (y-coordinate) of an essential vertex is the same as that of pin-vertices or obstacle corners.

a possible candidate of an essential vertex is a vertex with the same x-coordinate (y-coordinate) as that of pin-vertices or obstacle corners.


By decreasing MTTD or increasing MTTM, EMR is reduced.

in a protected design, some failures of unprotected designs are masked by decreasing MTTD or increasing MTTM.


Then, other first-order RSM equations are used to link PCA level and behavior level (Bi), as shown in (10).

the hierarchical behavior-level sizing only consists of some linear equations.


To the best of our knowledge, formal speci.cation and veri.cation of pipelined bus protocols has not been studied until recently.

[11] formally speci.es the pipelined Itanium bus protocol.


Due to sources of uncertainty not accounted for in simulations and additional measurement errors, the allowed expression rates ranges are much wider.

minimal expression from pBad and pT et is allowed regardless of the concentration of their respective inducer and repressor.


Smaller tiles result in greater power saving as more signals are pipelined.

when leakage power is signi.cant (.F= 0.1%), pipelining through repeater optimization and voltage scaling is more effective at reducing the inter-tile wire power, since pipelining is more effective at saving leakage power (Section 3.3).


If one of LOAD/STORE signals is active, it means that an operation inside the data-path generated the request.

for LOAD, o.set is added to the base address and the corresponding location into the memory is accessed, directly returning the value on data r, without any access to the bus.


It is important to clarify that at this stage we are interested only in the implication discovery process, while the process of trimming the list trying to get rid of weak implications might actually hinder our purpose.

the authors of [1] consider as weak, those implications that can be included in other implications and implications where the implicant and the implicand can be derived from a common node; while these implications can be discarded for online error detection, theymight be critical for .nding a path between the primary outputs and the primary inputs.


By providing this information back to the rate controller, it can determine whether the low priority application should be throttled down or not.

if a low priority application does not generate much cache occupancy and/or memory bandwidth, then it does not need to be throttled down.


The error rate of programming (SET/RESET) a FBDRAM is decided by two factors: (1) programming timing and (2) programming current.

the access can only succeed when the timing is long enough and the current is high enough.


Typically timing and leakage power are strongly correlated [2], where fast ICs have high leakage, and ICs with low leakage have slow timings.

there is a sweet spot" where the best power/performance trade-off is met.


In the foregoing discussion, we assume that the processor includes a simple instruction re-execution mechanism, whereby the memory unit can drop an executing load or store and place the instruction back on the scheduler s ready list.

loads and stores that are unable to complete because of structural con.icts in the SFC or the MDT may be re-executed.


This tutorial introduces recent techniques for distributed-LC, traveling wave, and standing wave resonant clock distributions.

the tutorial discusses the recent developments and open research problems.


First, during testing but before fabrication2, these dynamic checks will ensure that security violations are revealed to the hardware designers as functionality bugs, which the modern design process already has many techniques for detecting and dealing with.

sapper transforms the problem of detecting security violations during testing (for which there is little support and experience in the modern design process) into the problem of detecting functionality bugs during testing (for which there is a great deal of support and experience).


Since quantum circuits describe time evolution of a quantum mechanical system where individual wires represent physical instances, and time propagates from left to right, this imposes restrictions on the circuit topology.

quantum and reversible circuits are strings of gates.


Furthermore, the placement of nodes will impact the accuracy of the recognition system.

the .oor is not the best location to recognise human activities [1].


While the domain decomposition method has been successfully demonstrated with high efficiency for several practical applications, it is only applicable to a limited set of power grid analysis problems where a direct solver (i.e., Cholesky decomposition) is used.

the domain decomposition method proposed in [13] becomes inefficient, or even inapplicable, if the multi-grid algorithm [3]-[6] or the randomized algorithm [7]-[8] is used as the core numerical engine for large-scale power grid analysis.


However, many studies [7-11] indicate that a big mismatch between global routing and detailed routing exists.

a good global routing result does not imply that a feasible detailed routing result exists.


If a decoder is able to address all 2NA subsets of a set of NA NW, the set of NWs is said to be fully addressable.Given a set of NA NWs and a set of NA MWs, we say the sets are uniquely coupled if each of the NA NWs is controlled by a unique MW.

each of the NA MWs provides individual control over a distinct NW.


The architecture of a typical .ash controller is presented along with potential solutions to improve reliability and performance in consumer products.

technologies for address translation, striping, real-timeperformance, and wearleveling are discussed.


Instead, let us consider the comparison of WSN channels under a .xed loss function.

an experiment Ma is better than an experiment Mb for a given loss function L and all possible priors if .p,R * (L, p)=R * b(L, p), and one a could further consider comparing the Bayes risks under a .xed loss function and a .xed a-priori distribution p. Under this relaxed point of view, Sakaguchi [13] showed that, if A = {0,1} and if we adopt the 0-1 loss function L0-1(.,a)=1{.


Note that each segment can only be assigned to tracks on a deck of panels that are ondi.erentlayersbut are associated with the same row/column of G-Cells spanned by the segment.

it is natural to perform the global segment assignment in a panel-by-panel manner.


Thirdly, Features with high time consumption and high correlation are removed from the initially preserved features.

if one pair of features TC value is larger than a pre-set threshold, one of these two features will be discarded.


In the rest of this paper we will describe the divide-andconcatenate architecture optimization technique.


The mapping of the kernel s logical addresses into physical addresses requires a simple linear translation.

the physical address of kernel code and data typically is computed using the following equation: , (1)  where aphys is the physical address, avirt is the logical address, and C00000000h is the static translation constant.


Although the space requirements of our implementations are near optimal when a single LL/SC variable is imple- mented, our present algorithms do not extend well when the number of LL/SC variables to be supported is large.

in order to implement M LL/SC variables using CAS or RLL/RSC instructions, our algorithms re-quire O(M) space per process (which amounts to O(NM) space among all N processes).


The results are summarized in Table 3 and show that configurability can save energy even with reduced leakage.

even with reduced leakage there is a substantial opportunity to reduce energy consumption, with a lower bound of an average 44% saving for the dynamic-energy-only model (DynOnly).


All the regions of operation and the transitions are correctly described by preserving the physics.

the volume inversion, that cannot be captured by using the charge-sheet approximation, is well accounted of in this model.


Four combinations of the magnetization directions of the two domains correspond to the four resistance states of MTJ.

the .rst and second bits of a 2-bit data can be de.ned by the magnetization directions of the hard and soft domain, respectively.


The type of hardware organization a.ects the performance of Relax.

two costs dictated by the hardware are important: (1) the cost in cycles to detect and initiate recovery, and (2) the cost in cycles to transition into and out of relax blocks.


Note that the above error-rates are only a function of the refresh period and temperature.

the error-rates do not depend on the duration of low refresh mode.


The separation of concerns does not only provide a better theoretical understanding of existing CAOS languages and synthesis tools such as Bluespec, but it also has many practical advantages: The representation as synchronous guarded actions allows us to carry out many analyses and optimizations known from the synchronous domain.

speci.cation and veri.cation based on temporal logics becomes possible.


http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2593069.2593186 various passive and active techniques is their low heat-pumping capability [1].

none of the traditional techniques has the ability to pump heat fluxes higher than 1,000W/cm2.


For (p1, p2) to be a valid test, p1 has to satisfy two conditions: First, p1 must provide proper initial value for the target fault.

at the fault site s in the circuit C, the logic value of s should reset to 0 for an STR fault and set to 1 for an STF fault.


While effective in many cases, such time-borrowing techniques have the inherent weakness of error effect propagation.

even if a suspicious FF can borrow some time from its successive logic level, the timing slack of this level is reduced and hence some initially non-suspicious .ip.ops in this level may become suspicious ones and need to be replaced by sequential elements with time-borrowing capability again.


McFarland organizes the data bits in each subarray by bit number.

data bit 0 from each way are grouped together, then data bit 1, etc.


Being the FFT block widely studied, we focused our analysis in the ST code decoder.

at the transmitter side, the space-time encoding takes place before the OFDM modulation.


always arrives earlier than (and is waiting for) ayw., i.e., the next iteration is throttled due to the late completion of the handshake reset phase of the previous iteration, resulting in a bottleneck; the GCP is: (rsv., axv., rxw., ayw., rys.)*.

if no bottleneck exists, then a stage should process its inputs as soon as they all arrive.


As can be seen from the .gure, our data recomputation based approach is quite effective for our benchmark codes, when the on-chip SPM size falls between 1/6th and 3/6th of the total application data.

there is a certain range for the (Total SPM size)/(Total Data Size) ratio for which our approach generates the best results.


As we are not making any assumptions about the structure of a,we will consider the least-squares estimate *-1 a =(FbmFmb)Fbmy, * where Fbm is the adjoint (conjugate transpose) of Fmb.The stabilityofthisrecoveryiscompletelycharacterized bythe singular values of F * To have con.dence in our estimate mb.

* a ,we would like Fmb to be well-conditioned.we would like the spectrum (the set of singular values) of F * mb to consist of b non-zero values that are all about the same size.


In this representation, large sequences of ones get replaced by (1, 0, -1) Suppose, we start representing k in binary and ks = ks+1 = ks+2 ... = ks+t-1 = 1 and ks+t = 0.

an expansion for some (t>= 1), with t consecutive ones can be realized as 2s(2t - 1) = 2s+t - 2s [7].


marques@famaf.unc.edu.ar Abstract In this work, we present an exploratory study on the ability of Oscillation-Based Test (OBT) for testing continuous-time low-pass ladder filters.

fifth and seventh order Butterworth and elliptic filters are addressed.


Observation 11: Not all areas on a chip are equally likely to be affected by errors.

the top and the bottom of the row/column space on a bank seem to be more likely to experience errors.


Since the reliability of the ASK-OOK modulation is related to the energy per bit, Eb, spent to reach the receiver s antenna, we can determine the power required by the transmitter for each value of attenuation Ga.

for the ASK-OOK modulation the bit error rate can be computed as:  Eb BE R = Q (3) N0 where N0 is the transceiver noise spectral density and the Q function is the tail probability of the standard normal distribution.


There can be at most v 4 max max 2kv4 of them.

.v min 2kv4 |Fbig |= max (7) Ev4 min Otherwise, the total power (the sum of power over all partitions) is greater than ELv2 2kv4 2kLv2 min max max 2 · = 2 , (8) vmax Ev4 v min min which is obtained assuming that all the functional units have the voltage level vmin .


These classi.ers work with different sensor features to gain different perspectives and uncover different patterns.

each data point is classi.ed by 2 different classi.ers working with different features/attributes and the result with higher con.dence is used to retrain and improve both classi.ers.


It is interesting to note that the communication strategy used in our approach lies in-between that of the basic latency-insensitive approach and the recently proposed network-on-a-chip (NoC) approach [1].

noC s provide a higher level of communication abstraction, where data is organized as packets, and sophisticated protocols handle error recovery and .ow control.


The main TS reference file contain the three types of content that are focused in this paper and will be used as the testbench input.

for each program there is at least one compressed video stream, one compressed audio stream, and associated system data to allow navigation and synchronization of the output.


4.5 Start After Start (SAS) for duplicable tasks Given two duplicable tasks, A and B, possibly with no data dependence between their replicas, SAS(B,A) is aimed at specifying the level of synchronization ( lockstep ) between the two tasks.

it specifies the permissible range of the number of replicas by which A s dispatching may advance over B s dispatching.


In order to reduce the impact of random variation, we would like to represent the spatial signature of each wafer by using its spatially correlated component only.

if the spatially correlated variation is modeled by the linear combination of .


4.ACCURACY In this section, wevalidatethatthe branch-on-random sbehavior is suitablefor instrumentationsampling.We consider thebranchon-random s sampling suitable if it achieves accuracy similar to or better than software counter-based sampling.

we demonstrate that no idiosyncrasies of the LFSR s behavior preventit frombeing suitablefor useinsamplingprogram behaviors.


Communication partners, also called principals, follow the protocol.

their devices timely and safely delete1 data and they do not reveal timelimited data or keys in ways not speci.ed by the protocol.


The remaining time is spent in the DSE phase and for other operations like the parsing of the source code and the generation of the intermediate representation.

the DSE phase takes from 1% to 4% of the overall design time while other activities take from 1% to 11% of the design time.


Lines of response are the lines that are drawn between two interactions during image reconstruction.

they are the tomography algorithms estimation of the lines of travel of the two photons from one event.


To reduce the computation complexity, the denoise algorithm usually utilizes pixel information from the same row for filling in the bad pixels.


We evaluate our partitioning-based placement algorithm on the well-known benchmarks and demonstrate its effectiveness.

we show that a sub-quadratic objective combined with a reliable partitioning is able to close the gap to state-of-the-art force-directed algorithms.


CONCLUSIONS Table 2 reports the results for optimal L(61,62,..., 6~-l)- coloring, known up to now in the literature.

such a table indicates, for the most common regular net-works, the minimum number of channels required by a suf- ficiently large network.


Another interpretation of Figure 4a is that results are sensitive to whitespace allocation.

the Dense logic block with one via layer has higher power than the Sparse logic block for both Jumper20 and Jumper40 routing fabrics.


In an idealized study (Section 2), we prove the existence of cluster assignments and instruction schedules that yield performance almost identical to (within 2% of) the performance of an equivalent monolithic machine.

we demonstrate that penalties observed by extant schemes are not inherent to the underlying hardware, but are entirely an artifact of the policies used to manage it.


Thefirst part determinesif aparticularinstanceofmemcopy ormeminit canbe fully/partiallyacceleratedbyRowClone.Thesecondpartinvolves the changes required tothe cache coherence protocol toensure coherenceofdataintheon-chipcaches.Wediscussthesepartsin thissection.

4.2.1 Source/Destination Alignment and Size For the processor toaccelerateacopy/initialization operation usingRowClone,theoperationmustsatisfycertainalignmentand sizeconstraints.foranoperationtobeacceleratedby FPM,1)thesourceanddestinationregionsshouldbewithinthe samesubarray, 2)thesource anddestinationregions shouldbe row-aligned,and3)theoperationshouldspananentirerow.


However, when Subroutine SDM fails to generate a skew distribution that matches the target skew distribution, the register tapping locations cannot be derived based on the skew values.

since the tapping locations in different bins are different from their targets, the capacitive load of the ring deviates from the original assumption.


In addition, instead of assuming that all the relevant DFM rules are equally important, we ask: if a DFM rule is indeed relevant, how important is this rule when compared to other relevant DFM rules?

while prior work focuses on identifying or testing for systematic issues, our work focuses on understanding the economic benefit of applying a particular set of DFM rules and ranking them according to their relative contribution to yield enhancement.


In current processes, circuit designs are no longer asked to perform a functional task at speed for only a single chip design project.

circuitry previously designed to satisfy a set of strict electrical and physical constraints[1],[2],[3] is being asked to perform double-duty as circuitry in multiple follow-on chips that have different, and stricter, electrical and physical constraints.


However, the runtime pro.ling overhead is negligible compared with the time required to provide cycle accurate information by simulation.

while gprof may add additional seconds or minutes to a software application s execution, cycle-accurate simulation requires seconds to minutes to simulate each cycle of a hardware system, depending on its complexity.


The key di.erence with the one from Section 2.1 is that suspect variables for a location are shared only within a .xed time-window of clock cycles and not over the entire error trace.

this time-window can model the excitation of a suspect within the given set of clock cycles, but it cannot model it across di.erent time-windows.


Considering all benchmarks (also those without any improvement), on average static power consumption is reduced by 23%, dynamic power consumption by 25%, area by 24%, and delay by 17%.

applying design methods for reversible circuits indeed leads to much better codings and, thus, represents a promising alternative to conventional design methods.


gs Consequently, the e.ective switching activity of the transistor N1 is less than the switching activity of its input.

the lower transistor (N2) masks some switchings of the upper transistor which causes N1 to su.er less from HCI.


The focus of this paper has been the multimodal nature of MAMI.

we have proposed and evaluated two multimodal approaches to image retrieval: First, we have compared the accuracy of three multimodal fusion algorithms.


The authors show how to use their methods to trade off classi.cation accuracy for bandwidth.

they use a feature selection method based on mutual information to scale the data set such that computation is appropriate for a mobile device.


To reach a particular data fetch or instruction fetch point, there is an execution path, also called program slice, that includes all the previous dependent instructions.

according to authen-then-fetch, a secure processor is allowed to issue fetch address on the front side bus only after all the instructions and data involved in the path or program slice have been authenticated.


Several CAD algorithms and methodologies are developed to optimize the design variables of the proposed MEMS resonator array.

a new linear programming formulation is derived for statistical resonator array optimization and a heuristic algorithm is developed for optimal post-silicon resonator selection.


We then described algorithmic techniques that signi.cantly enhance the scalability and robustness of .oorplacement, making it possible for the .rst time to solve hard instances mentioned above.

obstacle evasion is necessary to support fast multilevel .oorplacement of designs with many macros, even when no .xed obstacles are initially present.


First, the e.ectiveness of DN-Hunter depends on the visibility into the DNS tra.c of the ISP/enterprise.

dN-Hunter will be rendered useless if it does not have visibility into the DNS queries and responses along with the data .ows from the end-users.


FPGAs allow the user to configure on-chip storage at will and customize it for each loop.

this storage can be used to efficiently reduce the number of memory accessing by reusing data.


For small circuits, like a full-adder [8], the FPGA design worked correctly; however, for larger circuits, such as a non-pipelined 4-bit × 4-bit dual-rail unsigned multiplier [9], the FPGA design malfunctioned.

20 out of the 256 possible operations generated an incorrect output, due to both rails of at least one dual-rail output signal being simultaneously asserted, which is an illegal state.


If we bank the eTLB and the data-array the same logical way we can access them serially.

the output of each eTLB bank will go directly and exclusively to the associated data bank, thereby eliminating the eTLB output H-Tree.


Though amazingly dense, these nanoelectronic technologies are fragile: small statistical .uctuations that would be swamped in older devices by large normal distributions can lead to faulty behavior in nanoscale devices.

we can no longer depend on the law of large numbers applied to atoms or charges in a single device [1].


C)In the thirdset of experiments, we also consider randomly selected cheating users who use random cheating strategies, but the random cheating behavior is extended to cheating in the entire process of cooperative relay.

users can cheat not only in reporting Ri but also in reporting h0i and hi0.


The aspect ratio of the modules can be defined at design time, providing significant power vs. access time vs. area trade-offs.

in the configuration represented in Figure 1, each block (B0 through B15) is a factor of 16 smaller than those used in traditional memory configurations.


There are many alternatives to determine at run-time the individual workloads of the clusters and their relative workload imbalance.

there are several figures that can be used to measure these features.


Although our tests are application-independent,we can take advantage of knowing the circuits to be implemented in the embedded FPGA.

tREC may avoid applying additional diagnostic configurations when the suspected cells are not used in any of the target circuits.


If there exists a point (xb,yb) on R(b)and a point (xv ,yv)on R(v) such that xb <xv and yb = yv,then R(v) issaid tobetothe right of R(b).

r(v) is said to be to the right of R(b)if there exists a point on R(v) which is to the right of R(b).


Indeed, since Spice models are updated infrequently, there is bound to be a discrepancy between the statistics of the simulation model and the actual statistics produced by the foundry process.

an anchor point in actual fabricated silicon is necessary in order to learn an accurate and e.ective classi.cation boundary.


Second, while we start off our exposition in terms of exponential probability distributions, we later conclude that the speci.c form of the probability distributions matters less than anticipated.

the new scaling phenomena we discover for the EEL statistic hold for a broad class of stage-time probability distributions.


According to [1], the pitch for C4 bumps is around 120µm, which is much larger than that of TSV (1.7µm as shown in [22] and this .gure keeps shrinking with technology improvements).

one single test pad can consume area equivalent to hundreds of TSVs (see Fig.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we presented a TCAM enabled hardware approach to handle minimization for emerging On-Chip logic minimization applications.

we implemented m-Trie based approach toward logic minimization in hardware using a novel architecture.


In the results presented in this section, the frequency of operation was selected to be 1.9 GHz, do = 100 meters, and the BS antenna height hb 50 meters.

the terrain was assumed to be either hilly with light tree density or flat with moderate-to-heavy tree density a = 4.0, b = 0.0065, c = 17.1, ~ = 0.75, po = 9.6, and a~ = 3.0.


5.2 Packet Format and Messaging Protocol As described above, the network adapter decouples the .ash chip and the controller from NoSSD.

network adapter handles encapsulation of NAND .ash messages, generated by either the controller or .ash chips, for the routing strategy.


To the L2 cache, the cache line does not appear to have a temporal reuse.

l1 filters the apparent behavior of the cache line.


FINITE STATE MACHINE WITH DATAPATH (FSMD) In this paper, we assume that the target design to be debugged is implemented in such a way that the controller part and the datapath part can be clearly separated.

we consider a target design can be represented by an FSMD (Finite State Machine with Datapath), which is a representation of RTL designs.


For microarchitectural simulation, we use a modified Simplescalar / Alpha 3.0 tool set [3].

we extended sim-outorder to perform full speculative scheduling with squashing replay assuming constant execution latency.


Outputs of those counters, N18 and N28 , have a same period (16 times of CLK period), and the phase difference between N18 and N28 is the same time period as the pulse width of CLK.

a pulse width of a very high frequency clock is taken out as a phase difference between two lower frequency clocks that can be more easily observed.


However, we observed some circumstances that can explain when TaxSOM behaves better than the other models.

we observed that TaxSOM is signi.cantly better than the other models when documents descriptions are made of labels of wrong classes together with labels of the correct class.


the literal HoldsAt(equalTo(availability(veh2), "not avail"), 50) that can be derived from the literals L7, L8, L18 and L19 in the event log of Figure 6 and the assumption A3 (A3 belongs to dep(A2)).

if CRS had behaved as expected by the assumptions A2 and A3 in this case, veh2 should not have been reported by the operation FindAvailable as available and, subsequently, veh2 should not have been hired.


Furthermore, both levels of the cache consume the J v BRC (T ) same amount of power as .COBSBM .

the two levels of cache are on an iso-power line (i.e., have the same power consumption).


Taking into consideration the nonlinear property of transistor devices and gates, the proposed approach does not split a single transistor or gate into different partitions; instead, each partition has a full-version of all transistor devices.

transistor devices are duplicated in both partitions and solved at every half time point.


The three scenarios presented in the following are characterized by the property that the attacker could misrepresent when communicating with the master planner, and the reaction of the chain to the release of such misleading data.

for each attack we identify the property that is likely to change and the possible justifications of the attack from the point of view of the attacker, providing some examples.


Post-silicon tuning through DAC Such drain current variation leads to signi.cant power and performance degradation and various analog design techniques are proposed to reduce its impact.

post-silicon tuning is widely used to calibrate process variation after fabrication using tunable elements.


Suppose we want to solve a simple offset assignment (SOA) problem.

we assumed to have a target architecture with a single address register (AR) with only the indirect and auto-increment/decrement address modes.


virtual channels) exploit the concept of turn prohibition .

authors of [12] exploit the creation of a spanning tree of the topology, placing bidirectional restrictions to avoid that a packet can traverse a given link in both up and down directions.


In summary, our contributions can be stated as follows: First, we provide a novel static technique for run-time reconfiguration of the task-to-processor mapping on a processor failure aiming at stream applications.

with the proposed technique, the task remapping decisions with the minimum cost are found while throughput degradation of application is kept minimal at processor failures.


This paper develops CMP memory systems for workload consolidation by imposing a two-level virtual (or logical) coherence hierarchy on a physically .at CMP that harmonizes with VM assignment.

we show that the best of our two virtual hierarchy variants performs 12-58% better than the best alternative .at directory protocol when consolidating Apache, OLTP, and Zeus commercial workloads on a 64-tile CMP.


The indexing function in Figure 9 needs to be modi.ed.

the estimated coverage of a 10-instruction test becomes the union of coverages of several 3-instruction instances retrieved from the database.


The total average estimation error considering the third intercept point IIP3, frequency of operation F0, and amplifier gain at the frequency of operation was 6.12.

the IIP3 estimation error was 8.0%, the F0 estimation error was 2.7%, and the Gain F0 estimation error was 7.7%.


In other words, even our base case takes advantage of low-power operating modes, and the approach proposed in this paper tries to improve over it.

all the energy benefits reported in this work are coming from our data layout optimization strategy.


... or... with .. (2) to estimate the contention delay of, we simply model them as one single ... and ... transmission in a period.


Second, the cost function must prefer balanced register placement to unbalanced.

if the placement tool tends to place a register off-center in terms of pre-register and post-register delay, the register can oscillate between positions on either side.


The Muller C-element is a state-holding gate that is often used in asynchronous circuits to synchronize signals without using any clock.

when both inputs A and B are low, the output C should be low.


Nevertheless, one should acknowledge the efforts that ensure that in order to achieve the flexibility required by modern SDR's, it should be performed by combining a DSP processor (reconfigurable software) and an FPGA (reconfigurable hardware) [5].

while the DSP processor handles system control and configuration functions, the FPGA implements the computationally-intensive signal processing data path and control, minimizing the system latency.


By explicitly optimizing the design towards a better quality-e.ort curve, our adder is shown to be much more e.ective than existing designs.

experimental results demonstrate that we can simultaneously achieve much better throughput and image quality when applying our adder to a DCT application.


The explanation variables are the ones that appear in the set {l|l = 0 and l = w j and w j = MIS} as literals.

the literals corresponding to these explaining variables always have false value in the MIS clauses.


3.2 Benchmarks For our experiments, we have selected a number of benchmarks representative of applications that run on batterypowered embedded devices.

an embedded system must exist or be in active development, on which similar software is expected to be used, while the corresponding embedded system is battery-powered.


HIGH 1.1 mm Subthreshold 45 322214 10 7 Technology (nm) Figure 14: Compute & global interconnect energy scaling Logic energy (with its own local interconnect) will scale disproportionately with respect to global interconnect energy as shown in Figure 14.

energy per operation will reduce faster than energy to move data over a fixed distance.


Among the 206 successful double measurements, there are 84 pairs of double measurements that took place within 30 seconds of each other.

there were 84 dilations with duration less than 30 seconds with starting diameters and ending diameters that were both measured with the two instruments simultaneously.


Again, the proposed method was able to minimize more transistors than the other technique, which is dedicated to factoring read-once functions.

the method [13] always delivers the exact (minimum) solution for this class of functions when considering single gate devices.


This is because not all added signals on the RAKE fingers will have effective SINR contribution in a real practice.

if the added fingers do not satisfy the requirement of Equ.


SimBs are also used to simulate CP-based SSR.

the static module transfers a SimB instead of a real bitstream to the ICAP artifact.


We guaranty this by a tight cooperation between self-tests and rollback recovery.

the system state used for performing rollback recovery is maintained until the next self-test session (e.g.


The stage where Ik is output is permitted to issue valid data only after all the succeeding stages have signaled their readiness to accept it.

ik should be acknowledged by every stage input Oi.Fork(Ik).


To simulate the situation where there is some degree of information about the relation between input waveforms, we drive the network with a set of sinusoids with .xed, but somewhat uncertain, phase relation.

each input is of the form shown in Figure 2: a single sinusoid, but on each input, the set from which the input is drawn has some dither introduced into its phase and frequency.


Considering the runtime bene.ts of our optimization scheme, this increase in compilation time is tolerable.

in many embedded designs, a large number of machine cycles can be spent in compilation as these systems typically run a single application or a small set of related applications, and the increases in compilation times can be compensated for by the large quantities of end-products shipped.


We order the set of faults including the faults detected by U .

we do not drop the faults detected by U from the set of target faults F .


We note that, in the worst case, until receiving a request from a channel C, the user has to wait as long as the time to transmit the entire broadcast cycle of C. It is therefore preferred to minimize the time to deliver the longest cycle.

we need to find a schedule S that minimizes LongestCycle(S) = maxl<i<rn ki k. (~"~i=1 Length(itemij)/Bi).


This implies that the performance of the PHP engine is relatively low initially, but then improves gradually as more and more code gets cached and optimized; this is obviously re.ected in theWeb server response times observed by the end user.

in the context of this work, it is important that we measure the performance of the PHP engine in steady-state modus, in which it executes highly optimized code as opposed to interpreting the PHP code.


INDUCTOR MULTIPLIERS Active devices could substitute for the inductor altogether.

transconductance-capacitor (Gm-C) filters can reproduce the frequency response of an inductor [11] [12], and they previously have drawn attention in this application [13].


In this paper we focus on leakage reduction through automatic insertion of sleep transistors for power gating in standard cell based designs.

we propose clustering algorithms for rowbased power-gating methodology which is based on using rows of the layout as the granularity for clustering.


We are to grow each partial voltage partitioning solution to be the complete voltage partitioning solution.

starting from each partial solution s, assign each functional unit in Fsmall to a partition in s. This will be accomplished in two steps.


When p approaches 1 or the route length is long, Tu is large.

it takes From the .gure, we can see that without attacker, the network needs 1sec to re-establish a broken path.


INTRODUCTION As the supply and threshold voltages are decreasing with technology scaling, full-chip veri.cation is becoming more and more challenging.

checking the integrity of the voltage on the power grid is becoming crucial.


Flow Control Flow Control Figure 1: The IBC Switching Architecture.

we showed the feasibility of such design for 24 × 24 IBC switchwitha 10 Gbps port speed.


With our state machine model of the networked system, we need not make a distinction between nodes and links when considering faults.

a link is simply a node that passes data between two other nodes.


We address here the problem of mixed-signal systemlevel design that has received scant attention from the design community.

we are interested in design space exploration and analog/digital tradeo.


In this paper, we argue that there is a natural .t between functional programming and genetic regulatory networks, exploring this connection in depth through the example of BioProto, a piggyback DSL on the Proto general-purpose spatial language.

we present the .rst formalization of BioProto syntax and semantics, and compare these to the formal syntax and semantics of the parent language Proto.


For each phase phi do 4.1 Decide the direction for all the nodes in the phase phi 4.2 For each node ni in the phase phi do 4.2.1 Check for bent for node ni 4.2.2 If There is a bent Then Construct a path matching bent mode, connecting ni and n     Combine shared edges between phases     Combine shared edges inside phases  else Construct a path matching non-bent mode, connecting ni and n     Combine shared edges between phases     Combine shared edges inside phases Return T2  3.4 The complexity of .-OASMT algorithm In Step1, we can generate DT by an O(nlogn) algorithm [16], where n is the sum of the terminal number and the corner point number in obstacles.

n = COnO +nT,, where nO is the number of obstacles, nT is the number of terminals, and CO is maximum of edges that one obstacle has.


3.1 Results: Transactional Memory State-of-the-art HTM proposals [18] can be adapted to work with the dual-versioning cache.

we evaluate in a full-system simulation environment a state-of-theart log-based HTM as baseline (labeled Base), and a modi.ed version of the baseline that uses our proposed dvSRAM and logs as a fall-back mechanism only for cachelines that over.ow the L1D cache (labeled DV ).


Many architectural solutions used in CMP systems are borrowed from the off-chip realm without substantial alterations.

many of the cache coherence protocols used or proposed take advantage of premises from System-Multiprocessors.


8), the top and bottom borders for PMT extraction are located at Z and Y, respectively; however, the tile bordered by the points (B,Y) and (C,Z) is not maximum vertically stripped.

for a vertical (horizontal)-layer routing plane, PMT extraction is also conducted on the left and right (top and bottom) neighboring space tiles to determine whether their top and bottom (left and right) borders of the PMT are the same as those of the currently processed space tile after the first PMT extraction is completed.


Since I/O requests heading to the hot clusterscompete with one another for the shared resources, more hotclusters we have, higher the ratio of I/O requests that sufferfrom the resource contention.

the number of I/O requests benef ting from Triple-A increases as thenumber of hot clusters increases.


Øbuildings blocks are combined linearly.

a function x(t) defined in this way is expressed as follow, and called a basis function expansion.


It is important to note that cyclic dependencies in SI-TM are different from cyclic dependencies in con.ict serializable approaches.

sI-TM de.nes type based dependencies, whereas CS uses temporal dependencies.


Between 1997 and 2001, he successively worked for Matra Nortel Communications and Philips Consumer Communications.

he was the project manager of several large-scale European projects in the .eld of multimodal speaker veri.cation and audio processing.


Anindividual i with .tness(Si, Li, Ui)is better than any individual j with .tness (Sj, Lj, Uj) if: (Si and not(Sj)) or (Si and Sj and (Li < Lj)) or(Si and Sj and (Li = Lj) and (Ui < Uj)).

a given individual is better than another if it is schedulable and the other is not, or if it uses a smaller cache(bothbeing schedulable), orin case of tie, the former presents a lower system utilisation.


In noncooperative games, players choose their strategies independently and the rules of the game do not allow binding commitments among the players.

noncooperative games are played with fully rational players.


Figure 4 presents the results for the four considered applications.

each graph reports the two Pareto fronts for dvfs and dvfs-repl, and the solutions that have been explored (actually, the subset closest to the Pareto fronts for sake of space).


We can use back repeatedly to work backwards all the way around the oscillator ring.

if backn(x,y)=(y,x), then we ve found a DC equilibrium.


INTRODUCTION Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that process multiple bits of data at a time are an alternative architectural approach for implementing datapath circuits on reconfigurable hardware that presents new opportunities for exploiting datapath regularity.

multi-bit processing increases the number of signals that can be grouped and routed as buses and, consequently, can be effectively used to reduce the number of programmable routing connections in an FPGA.


As a result, we scaled and adjusted the cells for our test.

the features are scaled to meet the minimum width requirement 40nm.


RELATEDWORK Several researchers [14, 8] have proposed in-network aggregation algorithms which fuse the sensed information en route to the BS to reduce the communication overhead.

these algorithms are designed to compute algebraic aggregates, such as Sum, Count, and Average.


In this paper we present an approach for performing data reuse analysis, suggesting several memory configurations for exploiting reuse that adapts the program to the selected memory configuration.

our approach creates a customized scratch pad memory that employs a hierarchical buffer organization, and also inserts the appropriate code in the source to perform the necessary transfers to and from this customized scratchpad organization.


The users define their expectations in our PA language with specific source code annotations as Figure 3 shows; this language provides access to various performance metrics as well as key features of the architecture and user parameters.

expressions can contain references to values such as $wtime (wall clock time), $nLoads (number of memory load instructions), $nFlops (number of floating point operations), $nL1LoadMisses (number of L1 data cache misses), $nCyclesReadStall (cycles stalled on read memory accesses), or $nInsts (number of instructions).


Covariance among the output signals We have mentioned above that in order to calculate the signal arrival time (µAout and sAout ) at the output of a gate in a particular logic level, covariance between the input signals are obtained from the previous logic level.

the signal correlation information among all output edges of a particular logic level needs to be propagated to the next logic level.


In this paper, we further show that the input and output schedulers can all be embedded within the crossbar fabric chip.

we show the implementation feasibility of such design for 24 × 24 IBC switch running at 10 Gbps per port.


Since the first step in these synthesis flows is the scheduling of the block diagram, we consider in this paper scheduling strategies for minimizing memory usage, where we make use of the restricted control flow in the SDF specification model.

we describe a technique for reducing buffering requirements in SDF graphs based on lifetime analysis and memory allocation heuristics for single appearance looped schedules.


In order to meet the physical constraints of using a real platform when mapping virtual PEs to physical PEs, the virtual PE graph G must first be scaled down.

we perform graph folding on G by applying a homomorphic folding function f that maps the larger graph to a smaller, more compact version G while preserving the structure of G. f maps G to G , where the size n of the vertex set of G is less than or equal to the number of supportable PEs in the target platform S; f : G.G | G n < S. f must also maintain the topology of G in G by either maintaining an existing edge of G in G , or by merging the equations of vertex a .


Since any change would lead to the loss of original functionalities, it can only be a bug-based HT instead of a parasite-based HT.

the parasite-based HT must be designed with at least one dedicated trigger input.


Each function unit corresponds to an object of C++.

the function model consists of a set of function units.


The absolute accuracy of the height depends on the sea level reference pressure used, and the time of the day.

for the same reference level, the barometer can very well report signi.cantly different altitudes at different times of the day.


Note that total (both static and dynamic) power consumption is likely to be reduced even more because of reduced operating temperature which reduces leakage power consumption.

the reduced cost factors mentioned above are pessimistic cost savings; actual savings in power consumption and total cost of ownership will be higher.


Table 2 shows the key simulation parameters.

the L1 cache parameters are representative of the latest high-performance processors like Intel Nehalem and Sandy Bridge.


Di,j =1indicates that subarray Ai is dirty at the entry of loop nest Lj.

the host processor has updated the values of some of the elements of subarray Ai,and Ai has not been written back to the disk.


State of Health Aware Charge Management in Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage Systems Qing Xie, Xue Lin, Yanzhi Wang, and Massoud Pedram Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, 90089 {xqing, xuelin, yanzhiwa, pedram}@usc.edu Ab stra ct This paper is the first to present an efficient charge management algorithm focusing on extending the cycle life of battery elements in hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) systems while simultaneously improving the overall cycle efficiency.

it proposes to apply a crossover filter to the power source and load profiles.


Non-critical magnet: A magnet is non-critical if, given the existing Hx (from the ensemble and/or clock .eld), (i) it is capable of remaining in a metastable state such that it does not switch prematurely (i.e., HminExtra = 0), and (ii) it can switch to a logically correct easy axis when needed (i.e., HmaxExtra > 0).

a magnet is non-critical if: (HminExtra = 0) .


While it is clear that forwarding delay and load balance underly the performance problems, aggregate statistics relating to these metrics are not meaningful many instructions can incur these penalties without impacting the overall execution time [9].

we are only interested in cases where forwarding delay and contention stalls contribute directly to the program s execution time.


Global Convergence Analysis of Mixed-Signal Systems Sangho Youn1, Jaeha Kim1, and Mark Horowitz2 1Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea and 2Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A. shyoun@mics.snu.ac.kr, jaeha@snu.ac.kr, horowitz@stanford.edu ABSTRACT This paper proposes two practical approaches to address global convergence failures, commonly encountered in mixed-signal systems in which analog and digital components closely interact.

a nominally-working system may fail intermittently depending on its initial conditions upon start-up.


This panel brings together specialists from industry and ESL tool houses to discuss whether current ESL tools available are usable and meeting the requirements of the industry.

we would like to know to what degree currently available tools from major ESL tool houses are used for designing what kind of systems in industry, and for what purpose such as analysis, design space exploration, or synthesis, etc.


This approach is fundamentally limited because energy estimation in the .rst step is signi.cantly hindered by how the estimation is distributed to processes in the second step.

the model must employ linear aggregation and employ predictors that can be counted per process.


As such, if an LE is mapped into a single (hierarchical) physical cell, pin permutation usually does not necessitate the change of the global part of routing; therefore, the delay difference can often be determined by that of the local part (at or near C), which can be pre-calculated and stored in a table for quick reference.

if the switch is symmetric with respect to C, i.e.


The signals wbuf _match and wbuf _read are new internal signals relevant for the behavior of rack.

wbuf _read has a strong in.uence on rack as the rapid growth of rack s coverage from wbuf _match to wbuf _read shows.


In later sections, we will show that our approach does indeed satisfy the previous three criteria.

when applied to Altera s Stratix architecture using several benchmarks from the Altera QUIP [5] and the ITC benchmark suite we will show our technique on average leaves over 90% of a place-and-routed circuit unchanged; has a marginal impact to circuit performance where we reduce the frequency by less than 3% on average; and is robust enough to handle over 80% of the changes presented.


We now describe the results obtained through our ADFA data.ow analysis, and reported in Figure 3, and compare them with ad-hoc ones available in open literature.

figure 3 depicts, for each instruction of the ciphers, the minimum value of log2(|Kf |) among all of the possible single-bit fault injectable into its output.


1 if v E O obs(v) = W v ' EFO(v) (obs(v ' ) .

f (other(v ' , v))) otherwise (3) the value of vertex v is not observable iff for each of its fanouts either the value of the fanout vertex itself is not observable or its other input evaluates to 0, thus blocking the logical path.


BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW 2.1 Threat Model As an extended hardware in AMB, MGUARD is effective for attackers who have gained the administrator s privilege on the host system through such as remote exploits.

when the OS has already been compromised by the attackers, MG UARD is able to .nd out suspicious modi.cations.


Let m represent the number of logic blocks using spine s, and S the number of locations available on the spine.

the tilt for s is de.ned to be: tilts =0, for m =0 tilts =1+1.5× (m/S), for 0<m = 0.5× S (9) tilts =1.5+0.5× (m/S), for m> 0.5× S the tilt cost increases with slope 1.5 as blocks are initially added to the spine, and then increases more gradually (with slope 0.5) when the spine is more than half full.


Finally, the third part of the table (Documents) gives a .avour of the complexity of the problem.

the row Label in Docs describes the occurrence of labels denoting a category in the documents corpora.


For example, the average (maximum) error for DC voltage-drop analysis obtained at the .oorplanning stage is only 3.94% (8.41%), compared to the post-layout power simulation results using Synopsys/PowerMill.

with our .oorplan-based P/G network analyzer, the power integrity-driven design .ow successfully .xed the IR-drop errors earlier at the .oorplanning stage and thus enabled the single-pass design methodology, while the traditional .ow needed very time-consuming and expensive iterations for all of the three designs.


Only then we will be able to tackle the task of analog layout synthesis.

we think that the abilities of analyzing and verifying are a precondition for synthesizing [11].


C. Heterogenous Integration 3D integration also provides new opportunities for future architecture design, with a new dimension of design space exploration.

the heterogenous integration capabil Detectors Fig.


In face of the variety of programs and application domains, those results indicate that, not only hot-spot applications are quite common, but that their frequently accessed spots can .t in relatively small SPMs, without the need to dynamically change its allocation.

table 2 holds evidence that NOB allocation is likely to be a pragmatical approach for many applications.


Their response vector Y is assumed unknown and are used to gauge the effectiveness of the learned model.

denotes a failure response for any of the ICs in the reserved 10% population, and its corresponding action of whether to continue or terminate testing suggested by the learned model base on .


On the other hand, a lot of new transistor structures such as Fin FET, Multi-gate FET, fully-depleted (FD) SOI and so on have been proposed, and according to ITRS, they are considered to be the promising candidates for future device that replace the conventional bulk CMOS technology.

although SRAM developers are now facing many critical problems, there are also many ways to overcome by combining those design and device techniques.


This original model assumes too many simplifying hypotheses.

it expresses how a message travels in the network, but the granularity is the movement of the message from its source to its destination, not the time steps of this movement: where and when a message is temporarily delayed by the presence of other messages in the network cannot be shown by this model.


We could notice for large designs, GDRouter is also e.ective in improving detailed routing routability.

it shows that GDRouter reduces over 60% unassigned global segments when pitch size is two and over 90% when pitch size is one.


However, this is different on engineering level where the reliability of devices can be readjusted if real .eld data are collected over a long period of time.

today s safety systems include rich functionality sets for measuring various condition parameters at run-time.


Moreover, clock tree engineering must ensure that the maximum delay discrepancy remains below the acceptable clock skew, which is very di.cult for clock speeds in the GHz range [1, 8, 19, 23, 27, 29].

given that a clock tree typically supplies a signi.cant part of the chip (possibly even the entire die), the logarithmic height of a clock tree inevitably results in long wires.


In addition to adding pads to Replica 2, the compiler places objects that are separated by a pad in two different 64-B blocks.

these objects are aligned at 64-B boundaries.Asanexample, Array A and B in the .gure areplaced in two separate 64-B blocks by inserting extra space between them even though the arrays are smaller than 64 bytes.


This communication requires extensive routing and logic, and limits the number of PE s that can be implemented as well as the operating frequency of the design.

the aforementioned limitations have practically restricted the prior work to realizing very small parallelization factors p. our approach achieves an improvement of 60% in the value of the parallelization factor for a 64-bit .oating point matrix multiplication compared to the best known prior approach [3].


According to the design functionality, the RTL EFSM may traverse one or more computational phases (and the related subgraph), to provide the .nal result.

we distinguishbetween threedi.erentkinds of RTLdesigns: single-phase, multi-phase, and memory-phase designs.


Since all the 20 recognized gestures are performed using the hands, we focus only on location of the hand joints.

we consider only the y-coordinate of the hand joint locations.


To address this dif.culty, an estimate of x(t3) is quickly computed and used to launch the second thread.

we employ Forward Euler(FE) ruletoget theestimate, say x(t3).


The degree of such failures depends on the size/type of the memory bit-cell, but also on the array organization and strongly on the supply voltage (Vdd).

as the on-chip memory density increases, lowering the supply voltage is the most effective approach for low power operation in order to meet the tight power budgets in wireless communication systems.


[0,Ci] The pessimism of this computation comes directly from the fact that it considers a constant cost for every possible preemption, and this constant cost is assumed to be the maximum possible cost.

this approach is not sensitive to the preemption cost pattern of the task.


With Controlled PUFs many of these limitations can be lifted.

the reuse of a challenge-response pair can be considered, and recharging of a PUF can be done over an untrusted network.


The next columns show the results on three di.erent variations of GDRouter.

the .rst one is GDRouter without ICRWE phase.


However, commercial tools are impossible to tweak and dif.cult to integrate with.

commercial tools typically do not save global routing results (which would be convenient for evaluating global placement) but rather offer a monolithic global+detail routing optimization.


the vital control messaging occurring in a design must be treated exactly the same as the often somewhat redundant data being transported from processing element to processing element.


Our proposed research focuses on extending the widely used synchronous design methodology to cope with a high degree of variation, by guaranteeing that the design is free of timing faults at a given frequency.

we plan to develop a new methodology and the associated synthesis tools to allow a synchronous design with its clock operating at better than the worst-case delay [17].


In fact, instead of shifting permanently a data input/output to a fixed position, we shift it dynamically to various positions.

a data input/output is shifted only when a part of a bloc containing a faulty cell is selected by the memory addresses.


Instead, current DNA-based computing aims to develop molecular information processing similar to that which occurs inside cells and to engineer systems that can process information that is intrinsically molecular (such as the information encoded in the concentrations of various cellular molecules).

it is a promising way to embed bio-compatible computing elements into a living cell.


Similarly, we observe the same behavior in the sparsification and redundancy removal memory segment (Tmp_buffer).

high error values occur when the faults are in the most significant bytes of the set of half words.


A new thresholdupdate process is triggered only when the difference between the current group size nand n yydis greater than WM n the win ng g ndow buffer.

threshold update process is triggered only when Ing g-n {ydIn.sWM n. The group admission controller includes functions used to identify admission protocols and distribute the messages to the corresponding libraries.


It keeps the length of the critical path.

referring these registers, we can .nd when the tail instruction .nishes.


In contrast, in the adap- tive scheme, many MHs defer their transmission when the interference level increases and their deadline requirements permit.

the MHs do not unnecessarily transmit at high power level when not required to meet their QoS re- quirements.


[10] reconsider these works on parallelism extraction by using HTG as intermediate representation for highlevel synthesis.

they exploit the structural nature of the HTG to perform the scheduling of the operations with code motion and speculation.


the reciprocal of resolution is controlled to be less than 1.5.


Each of the experimental results presented in this work represent about 10,000 fault injections, yielding a 1% con.dence interval at a 95% con.dence level.

if an experiment were to be performed 20 times, 19 of the ex-  Figure 2: Flow chart of fault injection and analysis process.


in extreme environments exhibiting radiation and temperature levels different from Earth surface [22].

in this paper, we will be interested in faults in the con.guration memory of FPGAs.


Even if it converges, there is no guarantee that the converged solution is an optimal solution to Parea , or to LDarea .


Such a penalty can be traded for a smaller reduction of the subthreshold leakage current in stand-by mode by limiting the number of cells that will be power-gated.

it is possible to trade (or even nullify) the re-activation delay penalty by preventing the power gating in the circuit of some (all) of the cells whose arrival times are shorter than the re-activation delay of the sleep transistors.


Delay margin (denoted by a) is de.ned as the difference (normalized to the signed-off circuit delay) between the target delay and the delay of the signed-off circuit at t = 0 (denoted by Dt=0).

dt arget - Dt=0 a = Dt arget (1) 1 Dt arget = Ft arget To estimate the Vf inal versus a curve of a circuit (before the circuit is implemented), we assume that the critical path of the circuit is composed of a mix of different cell types.


Numerous research papers have proposed various compaction techniques to reduce the number of test vectors and the volume of test data [4].

[8] studied the effect of detection-oriented test compaction on fault diagnosis experimentally and showed the loss of diagnosis capability of such methods.


structions: ( l , p ) = {lhit, lmiss}{phit, pmiss}, where lhit and lmiss are the latency of hit and miss respectively and phit and pmiss the associated probability in each case.

in this section, we show that phit and pmiss can be computed analytically based on the properties of RR and our random placement (RP) policy.


While our experimental results are promising, we believe that our cost function in measuring similarity between phase combinations could be more indicative of inter-phase interaction and is under further investigation.

we are currently investigating how to measure similarity by analyzing the memory access characteristics of the program to develop inter-thread dependencies and correlations.


A large number of early methods are static.

two static methods presented in [21, 2] are based on integer linear programming (ILP), which can be expensive if applied to a program with a large data set [20] A dynamic method can often outperform an optimal static method.


We also want to emphasize that, while our experiments use this particular I/O prefetching algorithm, its choice is really orthogonal to the main focus of this paper.

asfaras itsapplicabilityisconcerned,ourprefetchthrottling anddatapinningschemes canbeusedalongwith any existing I/O prefetching algorithm.


This way, the return value of the function would always be an AST, and this would remove the above limitation.

code generation can be generic on the type of the variable, whereas function calling can not.


Circuit and design techniques that can mitigate failures at low voltages due to supply noises, temperature excursions, aging-induced degradations, as well as workload and activity changes are discussed.

techniques for dynamic adaptation to environmental variations, and error detection, preemption and response are introduced.


The combined impact of these factors is not multiplicative.

the microarchitectural power factor accounts for reduction in IPC and increase in registers per stage for deeper pipelines, timing overhead per pipeline stage, power for clock distribution and registers, and use of timing slack for gate downsizing and voltage scaling, using a detailed pipeline performance and power model [9].


The array of zero/one sets contains a pair of sets for each address bit.

for index bit Bi, we compute a pair of sets called zero Zi and one Oi.


To improve system performance, one wants to minimize the number of hosts that have to be probed before the query is resolved.

one way to do this is to replicate the data on several hosts.1 either when the data is originally 1For the basic questions we address, it does not matter if the actual data is replicated or if only pointers to the data stored or when it is the subject of a later search, the data can be proactively replicated on other hosts.


Horizontal YAPD (H-YAPD) One problem with the YAPD scheme is the correlation of process variation parameters between different cache ways.

since different banks/ways of a cache are implemented physically close to each other, they are strongly correlated.


To satisfy the stability requirement, it must be held that 2 h> .

(8) ....  in order to maintain stability, the step size h must be greater than twice of the largest time constant in the system, which is obviously unacceptable from an accuracy point of view.


Initially, we addressed the problems with TCP over 10GbE LFNs by an inductive approach.

we analyzed the problems by observing real data transfer over 10GbE LFNs.


However, most of these caches were designed in isolation of theunderlyingNoC and ratherassumeasimple2Dpacketswitched NoC, thus possibly missing optimization opportunities.

not all cache organizations would equallybene.tif the simplepacket-switchedNoCis replaced with animproved one.