To diagnose the result of the .rst 12N test, the failure pattern of the fault (see Table 1) has to be examined by the BIST circuitry.

during diagnosis, the faulty bit in the memory word has to be compared at every read access to the word containing the faulty bit.


In addition, since this algorithm requires the calcula- tion of recovery probability, it may be computationally expensive.

exhaustive hybrid is more suitable for an QoS controlled en- vironment such as DiffServ where network characteristics are more predictable and not varying frequently.


Since our middleware can easily take user-and kernel-level information, it can perform GCs by utilizing host-level idle times.

miFi can e.ectively hide GC overheads and make them invisible to users during the I/O congestion periods.


Remote addresses are translated via the concept of a home node, which is guaranteed to have the translation [26].

each node s portion of global memory includes objects for which it is the home node.


Since each fall has unique movements (such as acceleration or rotation), the compar ison of algorithm s sensitivity and specificity without fall situation records is meaningless.

a meaningful comparison of algorithms as well as parameter settings can only be achieved via prerecorded fall situations.


PCE of a rectifier circuit is also affected by several parameters such as circuit topology, diode-device parameters, input RF signal frequency, amplitude, and output loading conditions [4].

designing a rectifier with high PCE, high sensitivity for long-range communication are important design challenges of any passive RFID rectifier.


An expansion of the probability function in terms of Hermite polynomials [20] is very suited for close-to-Gaussian distributions as the current scenario.

by .tting just the .rst three moments of the random variable, we get the following approximation for the distribution fa(x)of an a-coef.cient: (x 3 -3x).3 + 1 2 fa(x)= v · exp (-x /2), (10) 2p where .3 is the skewness of the original a. in order to include the effects of process variations in our scenario, we have to characterize the model coef.cients not only by their mean value, i.e.


Here TFET shows higher Ion compared to Si FinFET at VCC < 0.5V, but losing the energy efficiency at high Vcc due to tunneling process limitation.

at low Vin,AC, TFET can achieve higher peak IM1, but has lower peak IM1 at high Vin,AC compared to Si FinFET.


A sample is de.ned as a continuous code section of .xed number of instructions equal to size.

each training benchmarks with a total of inst instructions will generate K = inst/size code samples for one particular CPU/cache frequency, and Nc · Nh · K samples for all frequency combinations.


As a result, the counter will count one extra cycle.

we have upper and lower bounds on the counter state based on t and T : t t - 1 = c = +1 T T * In the .rst extreme case, the calculated period T will be larger than the actual one: ttt T 2 * T == = T= T + = T + E+, c t - 1 t - Tt - T T where E+ = T 2/(t - T ) is the absolute error.


However, hardware implementations of these functions would lead to high latency and/or high area consumption.

simpli.cations such as storing the precomputed values of the inverse functions of erfc and igamc are made prior to the implementation.


As mentioned previously, Neumann boundary condition implies even symmetry of the pressure .eld about the interface and each partition is processed with this assumption.

the Finite Difference stencil may also be thought of as a sum of two parts  The .rst part assumes that the pressure .eld has even symmetry about the interface, namely, pi = pi+1, pi-1 = pi+2 and pi-2 = pi+3, and this enforces Neumann boundary conditions.


Motion estimation is often employed in the motion-compensation process; however, this process is very compute-intensive and typically is at least 60% of the workload of the video encoder.

recomputing the motion vectors causes the problem of video down-scaling from a compressed bit-stream to be a computationally intensive task.


Though the method of [13] is ef.cient when compared to the perturbation method, it still requires one simulation for each output.

a direct application of this method is not practical for multi output networks, like clock networks.


At nodes the worst RAT is calculated as the minimum of all RATs of the incoming edges.

node AT represents the maximum delay from the circuit source to the node while node RAT is the maximum delay from the node to the sink but with a minus sign.


The occurrence of every bi-party rendezvous involves exactly one + label and one  label.

for every bi-party rendezvous r and its labels {ri+}.


According to the control graph in Figure 2(b), P2 is the primary partition and it takes all the primary inputs.

we need only generate the primary stress vectors for P2.


This behavior has to do with the fact that local traffic solutions tend to use fewer routers with multiple local ports where each port is more utilized.

a smaller sharing factor can be applied.


The random variability is often eliminated by using many sensors or increasing the number of components in a sensor.

there is a trade-off between area and elimination ratio of random variability.


However, the basic underlying operations are the same address re-mapping between the original data space and the shadow space, and word-granularity data operations.

a programmable active memory controller that can control hardware that e.ciently supports these underlying operations can provide all of the active memory techniques above and more.


The 4n 2-space variant of C-GEP almost always outperformed the (n 2 + n)-space variant, and it is also easier to implement.

if disk space is not at a premium, the 4n 2-space C-GEP should be used instead of the (n 2 + n)-space variant, and I-GEP is preferable to both variants of C-GEP whenever applicable.


For instance, in the case of cache size 16/32KB, the WCET of macro block_filter1 may be estimated to be greater than 11,000 cycles while its execution cycle ranges between 7,000 and 8,500 cycles in most cases.

path-based DVS methods may suffer from the error in workload prediction causing less energy reduction than possible otherwise.


This means that its evaluation does not produce glitches (additional spurious leakage resulting from incomplete transitions caused by races between signals).


EjG)within the same group are independent.

we have assumed (see §2.2) that the dependence matrix DScontains only O s and 1 s. the .rst condition is apparently valid.


Fortunately, transistors in latches are usually quite large because they have large fan-outs and do not have sense amplifiers to accelerate their reading.

their lifetime can be long enough even if their contents are highly biased.


The datapath power consumption is found to be 75% of the total ME power consumption for full search motion estimation algorithm and 50% of the total ME power consumption for three step search algorithm [7].

it is important to reduce the datapath power consumption.


They fetch or store all the data from and to the individual memories.

we have developed an approach where we start from the connections of the processing elements on the bus and connect the memories close to them based on their number of accesses.


However, with the WB scheme, when the destination STT banks arebusy serving writes, the read packets from read intensive applications are prioritized over write packets and this decreases their maximum slowdown by 14%.

the proposed schemes apart from improving performance,alsoaidin establishinga certainlevelof fairness across applications co-scheduled in the CMP.


In order to achieve the highest probability of success in read operations, VG is set based on the mean value of program window.

increase the size of program window can reduces the error rates in read operations.


As an example, the lower bound of A ' Al is de.ned as the overlap between R00 and R01 , both of which have the same standard deviation sR00 .

the corresponding optimum reference z0 ' = )/2 = (1 + (ß + 1)/2k) µ.


Each time a sensor passes through tag coverage, it should be able to read it twice to calculate its instantaneous speed and receive the stored content, update the tag content, and read it again to make sure that no error has occurred during writing.

the minimum period of stay of a sensor node in the coverage of a tag, say tstay,is given by tstay = tw +3 × tr,where tw and tr represent the period of time required by a sensor node to write and read the content of the chosen tag, respectively.


For an instruction, dispatch precedes execution, which in turn happens before commit.

within each instruction, there is a DE edge, and an EC edge.


Realizable tests are those that can be delivered using instructions.

to avoid producing undeliverable test patterns, the tests are generated under the constraints imposed by the processor instruction set.


8 we can see that with the same process variation, the average delay variation of the traditional buffer can be as large as 234.1 ns while for the proposed buffer, the variation is only 134.46 ns.

the boost technique can effectively suppress the process variation effect.


Withasafe marginof200µm (= case(b)),von Mises stress magnitude reduces signi.cantly.

given the TSV placement, we can .nd safe locations for package-bumps without affecting the package design much, or vice versa.


As shown in Section 5.1, almost zero errors are observed between the proposed approach and Monte-Carlo results even without cross terms.

it is sufficient to keep only several important cross terms and ignore the majority of them.


3.6 Wiring Distribution Histogram Shape While the assumption of the shape of the wiring histogram being invariant is valid for homogeneous designs whose microarchitectures and implementation methodologies are similar, such as those that are shrunk from one process node to the next, decisions taken at the microarchitectural stage can have a significant impact on the interconnection complexity of the layout of the design.

for instance, in the example cited earlier that illustrated the successful use of fat wires, the decision to revert to an old microarchitecture that was first designed for implementation using very few routing layers reduced the interconnection complexity sufficiently to allow the use of fat wires.


However, it violates the isolation principle of components.

simICT allows components to use callback function if it does not affect the parallelization.


The serving rate and latency for aggregate .ow f(1,2,3) in node 1 is equal to R1 = 1 and T1 = 1, respectively.


In low granularity elastic designs, all .ip-.ops are replaced by Elastic Bu.ers (EB).

an EB can be implemented as a pair of Elastic Half-Bu.ers, (EHB), in the same fashion as .ip-.ops can be implemented as a pair of two transparent latches with opposite polarity (master and slave).the designer of an elastic system has the choice between using edge-triggered or transparent latches.


The projection of this convex set into the (p)space is another convex set, Fp.

if we solve the problem for parameters p1,p2,...,pk, any point in the convex hull de.ned by p1,p2,...,pk will be inside Fp, and thus corresponds to a solvable problem.


We model interconnect power per tile as 15% of processor(µcore array in our case) dynamic power for an active link, adaptingthe .ndingsin[50].Theworst casepowerforatileis990 milliwatts.

dynamic chip power for the PLUG is derived by considering the (maximum) number of tiles that will be activated during the executionofa method(activity number (A))and considering and average links active (L).worst casepower canbe modeledas A tiles executing instructions in all µcores and one memory access every cycle.


Our simulations compare four low cost techniques for improving the performance of the cache hierarchy with the same benchmarks and processor-memory design parameters.

the comparisons are on a level playing .eld and the performance gains from each of the designs can be assessed more easily.


Nevertheless, this approach is rather difficult.

in this modified design, the connection is fixed but the plaintext is rotated to be aligned with the bits that are to be replaced in the hiding vector.


Hence, many cells use the same number, but they are placed regularly far apart from each other to reduce interference.

the frequency division assignment is such that each set of cells numbered from 1 to 9 employs di.erent frequency channels (bandwidths).


Since caches typically account for 30-60% of the total processor area and 20-50% of the processor spower consumption, the overhead Figure 2: Quad-Core Cache Hierarchy from cache snooping is rather signi.cant across the system as a whole.

the additional power consumption inherent in bus-snooping is often prohibitive and is typically avoided in most mobile processors to date.


We found that the move acceptance ratio is a good measure of progress independent of the circuit (precise temperature values are a function of cost and hence are netlist-dependent).

we selected the starting temperature to be the temperature that achieves a particular acceptance ratio during the initial large-tile optimization.


We assume that cache size variations investigated in this study do not impact cache latency.

for more realistic scenarios where larger caches have longer latencies, the reported energy budget and energy consumption could be viewed as budget upper bound and consumption lower bound.


), the inequality becomes: Tck = t0 (1 + 2.).

(12) by prohibiting transitions that induce a large delay, the clock period can be signi.cantly reduced.


Since the temporal requirement of TCF(f=0, 1+) is met, we only need to consider the functional requirement f=0.


Currently, no existing public benchmark suites can be used to evaluate the Kiln design.

we constructed a set of benchmarks as described in Table 3.


Let the incoming .its have equal probability 1/N of being addressed to any given output.

we can compute the Pc from Ppe as follows: 200 40 40 20 20 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Flit Injection Probability 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Flit Injection Probability (a) Uniform Traf.c (b) Self-Similar Traf.c  PpeH (4) Pc = N Average Latency (cycle) The total contention probability (Pcon) consists of the VA con.ict 120 100 probability (Pcon va) and the SA contention probability (Pcon sa).


It will be shown later that using a uniform prior distribution e.ectively applies a bound on the estimated quantities.

the process of learning a uniform prior can be thought of obtaining a bound on the quantities to be estimated, and the probability distribution can be thought of as a mathematical tool to model correlation.


Thus, in order to get the same resolution as the deterministic implementation, we need N =2M .

we need 2M cycles to get the result when using a serial implementation; alternatively, we need 2M copies when using a parallel implementation.


We aggregate together any two holes whose Hamming distance is one.

the two uncovered tasks 0,2 and 0,3 from Figure 3 can be aggregated into the single hole 0, 2,3}.


Another problem is that this technique does not consider the extra delay incurred by the modified gate.

we propose the use of a transmission-gate technique to ease this problem.


Also, the greater dynamic write energy on NVM increases the total energy consumption.

if we can provide con.gurability on the hybrid cache design, it can be recon.gured to accommodate varied workloads.


A fundamental result states that I(t) is very close to its deterministic approximation de.ned by a difference equation: I(t) n I(t +1) = n -[n -I(t)] e - , I(0) = 1 (1) and Sn = log2 n +ln n + O(1) as n .8 with probability 1 [14].

after O(log2 n) rounds (n represents the number of nodes) all the nodes have received the message with high probability (w.h.p.


INTRODUCTION Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite signals experiences phase acceleration due to the Doppler Effect [1].

in order to demodulate these signals a synchronization system that can track signal with phase acceleration is required.


Moreover, the voltage generated from the harvester is not stable.

the LDO is used to provide a stable output, saturating at at 1.8V and the energy is stored in capacitors C1 and C2 for powering up the voltage monitor, sensor interface, ULP Clock, digital logic and other circuitry.


The proposed model is based on an application layer MESH network, which allows any user to join the network at any point of time and to view any part of the video stream.

the buffer of the previous users are used.


IIn addition, theese ddesigns are basiccally extension oof the 6T cells annd write operatioon iss similar to the 6T cell.

tthey consume coomparatively higgh ppower during wwrite operation, since the bitllines have to bbe ddischarged by a llarge amount to ensure successfuul writing.


If the energy harvester could satisfy this energy requirement, then the system could conceivably operate perpetually.

hypnos is a signi.cant step in realizing perpetual systems.


Similarly, the double-line and single-line arrows represent the cuts in the following iterative bi-partitioning procedure and indicate their associated buses.

bus types can be represented using a full binary tree with all operation partitions as  (a) (c) Figure 3: Operation partitioning.


Interconnect delays have scaled to become comparable to or even greater than gate delays in modern process technologies.

interconnect synthesis has become one of the critical steps in high-performance designs.


However, analysis of these cases is not as straightforward as in figure 3a.

we need an algorithm to avoid breaking data dependences in the data dependence graph.


However, it is harder for Complex ones because they are caused by complex state and sequences of events.

in this paper, we focus on Concurrent defects, which are 69% of the Critical ones.


Our proposed circuit has significant immunity to input noise because due to the DC voltage of sources of NMOS transistors of evaluation network, their threshold voltage increases.

their trip point increases and their subthreshold leakage current reduces significantly, due to stacking effect.


Specifically, each new logical register value is mapped to a different physical register.

even if the instructions are executed out-of-order, no WAR or WAW hazards will occur.


However, while applying ECC protection to out-of-core memories (such as the caches) is the state-of-the-art method for resiliency enhancement, generation of checkwords at core clock speed is infeasible, due to computational complexity.

ef.cient ECC methods cannot be applied to the fast, in-core memory arrays.


In this work, Q1 is the transistor placed in close proximity to the CUT, whereas Q2 is placed far away from the CUT and any other heat source.

q1 is sensitive to variations in the DC power dissipated by the CUT, whereas Q2 is unaffected.


However, in the absence of error correction schemes, the chip error rate will grow in direct proportion to the number of bits on the chip.

while Moore s Law gives us exponential increases in transistor counts, this bounty comes at the cost of exponential increases in error rates for unprotected chips!


[4], the choice of architecture may affect the reported results substantially.

we repeated the experiments on six additional different computing systems.


According to Property 1, the size of each solution set is upper bounded by m, the maximum number of implementation options of a gate.

the runtime of the merging procedure merge(fanout(vi)) is O(mb), where b is the maximum number of fanout among all gates.


It should be noted that the FSM that contains the control part of any IP represents a very small fraction of the overall size of the design [13].

even tripling the overall area or power of these FSMs will not signi.cantly a.ect the overall area and power of the IP.


In comparison, because our store-load pair predictor uses realistic hardware, as described in Section 2.1, it incurs aliasing (only as much as the original store-set predictor).

our predictor ends up being more conservative in predicting a load to be independent.


The channel between all BSs and the k-th user is represented by the channel matrix Hk NKand has complex of size × r entries for the channel gains.

every column of Hk represents the single-output multiple-input (SIMO) channel between each BS and the k-th user.


4.2 Oscillator and Timer Power Consumption Provided with thepower measurementsfromlast section, we can see that most of the energy of the XCXT is spent while the CPU is o..

it is very important to be able to attribute that energy to the speci.c components in order to optimize the XCXT power e.ciency.


However, the bu.ered streams will hold the bu.er space in the interval cache for a longer duration when the video length increases.

requests that cannot be served by interval cache will go to disks and they can be rejected when the disks bandwidth is fully used.


as early as possible, whereas bandwidth sensitive subsystems require their periodic requests to be serviced within certain period of time.

it becomes mandatory for MPMC to simultaneously satisfy di.erent and often competing QoS requirements.


In the latency model proposed in this paper, we have assumed that a slave is ideal with no latency in response to a master at all.

when we design a real SoC with a shared bus using IS model, we must consider more marginal budget about several parameters.


7(a), the routing path of net A on Layer 1 is too close to one signal pin of net B since the lookpin state is not considered.

the signal pin of net B is covered by blockages induced by net A on Layers 2 and 3, as shown in Figs.


Evaluation of the fabricated chip demonstrates that VSP can reduce the energy consumption, due to preventing glitch propagations caused by logic delay, wire delay and crosstalk noise.

vSP is superior to the PSU according to results for the fabricated chip.


The drain-source voltage is discharged to be less than the gate-source voltage, the NMOS transistor enters the linear region.

the NMOS transistor can be modeled as a voltage dependent resistor rds , which is shown in Fig.


2 Proceedings of the Design,Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 03) 1530-1591/03 $17.00 &#169; 2003 IEEE Integer bit patterns It is known [3], that most integer operands are small.

most of the bits in a 2 s complement representation are constant and represent the sign.


To simplify the notation, we rewrite from Eq(7) as .

the original thermal mitigation problem can be converted into finding the best permutation matrix under multiple constraints described in Section III.


Variation in threshold voltage and channel length of transistors leads to gate delay variation and therefore critical path delay variation between different cores.

different cores have different frequencies.


in a device where analog and digital circuits are integrated on the same chip, e.ects of digital switching noise on the analog section are often the limiting factor, a.ecting the overall system performance.

a correct design methodology should take the digital switching noise into account from the early stages of the design process, and requires a fast and accurate analysis of current consumption during logic transitions, in order to evaluate the noise due to the switching activity of digital cells.


From .ow level, such as number of packets of a given .ow, up to user or higher level, such as where do the users go on the network.

audit and monitoring applications heighten system administrators awareness of network usage practices.


Besides, the baud rate supported by the previously used controller was limited to 19200 kBaud.

the latency for transmitting control commands via the RS232-interface to the controller was inacceptably high.


Finally, compatibility with industry standard data formats can also be a signi.cant problem with such an approach.

oA Gear tries to provide a .exible, shared timing tool to avoid complete reimplementation on a perproject basis.


Note that the Cooling-Pool is extremely small, and its size is merely 1% of the main mapping table size.

the capacity overhead introduced by Cooling-Pool is acceptable when compared to its contribution of the write activities reduction in PCM.


However, VQ merely remains at .V due to tthe design consttraint of the readd operation.

t o successfully wwrite into the celll, VQB must fall below Vtrip, and MAAR has to be strronger than MPRR (MAL strongerr than MPL).


For terminal applications the block size and thus the interleaver sequence can change, but is constant within one time transmission interval.

from an energy ef.ciency point of view, a table based interleaver is more ef.cient, because the address sequences have to be computed only once for a dedicated block size, instead of recomputed for every block.


In these applications, while general purpose registers are highly used thus vulnerable, many special purpose register are unused in a considerable portion of execution.

through utilizing unused registers and mirroring the content of vulnerable registers, the overall vulnerability of the RF can be improved signi.cantly, leading to an improved reliability of applications without imposing a signi.cant overhead.


The basic compression method collapses and counts identical tuples.

profiling overhead is reduced be- cause software processes a shorter stream.


However, this great accuracy comes at a cost of extremely high computational complexity and runtime.

chip-scale lithography simulations are usually reserved for final safeguarding steps before tapeout.


First, if tDATA(1) is sufficiently slower than tDATA(2) such that tDATA(1) tW(1)>tW(1)+tDATA(2), then tCYCLE is limited by tDATA(1), where tCYCLE=tDATA(1) tW(1).

the first constraint is defined as: tDATA(1) -tW(1) = tW(1) + tDATA(2) (2) Second, if tDATA(1) is faster than tDATA(2), then tCYCLE=tDATA(2).


However, the area a k-LUTs grows expontentially with respect to k. Using k-LUTs with large k may considerably lowers chip density.


ARM710 AMULET2e ARM810 Transistors 570,295 454,000 836,022 MIPS 23 42 86 Power mW 120 150 500 MIPS/W 192 280 172  Table 1: Comparison of the AMULET2e against similar controllers (taken from [1]) Also, the controller is not locked to a particular frequency, and although it will have a characteristic cycle time, individual cycle times will vary from the average.

power is less concentrated in spectral peaks and instead is distributed more evenly over the entire spectrum.


We emphasize, however, that the worst-case delay is bounded.

while the hardware necessary for performing CED may be reduced, it is still possible to guarantee error detection within the speci.ed latency.


A dummy insertion tool must control metal density to adjust the ILD thickness, which is an important capability for such a tool.

we convert the original problem, the thickness variation minimization problem, into a density controllability maximization problem.


The processor must detect this dependence and either deliver the value from the store buffer/queue or stall the load until the value is committed.

every load must associatively search the store buffer/queue and ascertain that there are no prior stores with matching addresses.


This type of decision bene.ts only the packets in the immediate future, which tend to interfere with other packets.

the evenness of uniform traf.c is not necessarily maintained in the long run [4].


Given a target PER value PERth, we need to .nd target symbol error rate (SER) P s,th and bit error rate Pb,th for the design of adaptive modulation.

for uncoded transmission and medium-to-high average SNRs (ASNRs), PERth is related to P s,th and Pb,th by Np Nb PERth =1 -(1 -P 1 -(1 -P(1) s,th)b,th) P s,th =1 -(1 -PERth)1/Np (2) and Ps,th/log2 Mj .


With these different environments in mind, we should conserve as much energy as possible (beyond the conservation that comes naturally from the lower power budget), at the same time as limiting power consumption.

we developed versions of our techniques that conserve additional energy, as long as doing so does not degrade performance beyond a pre-established threshold.


The numbers only grow larger when cache partitioning is also considered.

it is impractical to evaluate all partitions before deciding on the most suitable one.


On the other hand, a large fraction of false positives can cause unnecessary reconfigurations which can lead to significant performance loss and increase in power.

a good phase detection technique should have high sensitivity and a small fraction of false positives.


This is because changes to core frequency are re.ected in the rate at which the activity proxy to accumulate events.

aP naturally incorporates core frequency.


The second non-dominant pole is cancelled by the feedforward path, where gmf should be large enough.

a voltage amplifier is added in the feedforward path.


Note that 8 of the 10 simulations performed resulted in a final, incorrect state of the line.

the addition of biaxial anisotropy at the device-level seems to result in lower energy clocks at least when considering 5 nm thick devices.


Finally, storing multiple bits per memristor cell [5].

assuming smaller crossbar pitch, a near term 100x density advantage of the crossbar memristor memory can be achieved with either Fnano 13nm (still assuming Fcmos = 32nm, 60%, 40% area e.ciency for SRAM and memristor crossbar, respectively).


When a hit in BTIB occurs, instructions stored in the BTI .eld are sent to the instruction fetch queue while CA stage of the cache pipeline is skipped.

the current fetch request does not incur a bank con.ict.


Conclusions and Future Work In order to detect any trojan instance by observing the output logic value, we must trigger it.

generation of an optimal set of test vectors, which can trigger the trojans will remain as an important problem.


2 CLDC design in C2SA (a) CLDC Schematic (b) Functionality of CLDC VDD can be scaled down until LS equals Dstd under original VDD.

original clock period, which is mainly determined by Dstd and the data setup/hold time of CSA under original VDD, is maintained.


Moreover, as underwater system maintenance is very expensive, node battery lifetime must be extended.

an optimal solution should run reliable but still low complexity algorithms in low power architectures.


From a performance perspective, the crosstalk between bus signals, caused by increased capacitive coupling, is considered one of the major factors that affect the worst-case delay of bus signals.

elimination of the worst-case couplingtransitions can reduce the worst-case delay.


Energy and frequency of a microcontroller measured cuits accumulate more and more leakage energy, which eventually offsets the quadratic savings of switch energy.

the total energy consumption starts to increase once the supply voltage scales down below a certain point, which we refer to as the energy in silicon, showing to be energy optimal at 0.35V In this paper, we explore pipeline methodology in ultra low power design space and propose so-called super pipelining to optimal voltage or Vmin.


(This opens the question of whether there is an implementation that uses infinitely many registers with a constant number of steps per operation.)

at the current state of affairs, in order to translate a uniform shared-memory algorithm (such as MX) to use NADs, one needs to "open the box".


around 5-15% in a 4way zcache) and independent of the number of partitions or their sizes.


The reason is that the positive diagonal entries in SDD become bigger after subtracting the nega tive diagonal entries in SDG , while other off-diagonal elements become smaller.

it becomes possible to ignore the offdiagonal entries in the folded S without sacrificing too much accuracy for a symmetrical design such as the one in Fig.


While 25.6% of the lifetime is decreased in DCC, ACCNVM goes through an 8.0% reduction in lifetime.

our proposal enhances 19.1% of the write endurance compared to DCC.


Similar issues would be experienced in parallel programs using a large number of cores, because the likelihood of having a slow core in place for such particular program increases with the number of cores.

performance variability is highly important both in terms of average variability and maximum variability.


More cycles for k consecutive DRAM accesses means the DRAM throughput is low at that time.

we could determine the size of the write buffer by checking the counter.


Here, macros that mark critical sections are mapped to acquire and release a single global lock, instead.

the code section that is being synchronized is the same as Intel TSX.


Table 5 shows the transition overheads for the three modes are on the order of 10 µs.

compared to our 500 µs explore times, these have relatively low overheads ranging from 1 to 4 %.


In our pilot study, the signal processing exhibited suitable accuracy so that a microcontroller for further processing may not be required.

to provide a fair comparison and highlight the bene.ts of the GDM technique, we use the screening block with the highest accuracy as the point of reference.


To avoid incorrect execution, for each instruction, it assesses whether the fault location might be exercised by the corresponding opcode.

without using extra redundancy, it is only applicable to defects in about 10% of core area.


To access a 64 byte cache line, a rowbuffer is activated and 64 K bits are read from the DRAM cells.

less than 1% of data in a bank s row-buffer is actually used to service one access request.


(1 + s · R1 · Cgs) Zout = rod (1) gm + s · Cgs 1 The load exhibits an impedance, Zout of gm dro at low frequencies and R1dro at high frequencies.

if R1 » 1 , then |Zout| gm increases with frequencies, exhibiting inductive behavior.


Due to the restructuring, the process F4now has to decide at each execution whether to read data from r2l,or r22.

the iteration space of process F4gets partitioned into two subdomains.


The decoding proceeds when the node receives n linearly independent encoded messages [e1, e2, ., en]T. An n ×n coefficient matrix C is formed, using the coefficients included in each message.

the original messages [b1, b2, ., bn]T are obtained as: T -1 ]T [b1 ,b2 ,...,bn ]= C [e1 ,e2 ,...,en (4) computing the inverse of C is the first step to obtain bj.


As discussed in Section 3, the focus of our proposed approaches is the category of applications, which have low TLP due to the limited capacity of shared memory in an SM.

among all the workloads in Table 1, our experiments do not include MM, TP, and RD as they have high TLP already and are not affected by our approaches.


The required structure is a small tag cache withthe same associativity asthedata cachebuthalf number of sets, and it is indexed using the same bits of the data cache after removing the bit that we wish to replace.

this cache uses a similar indexing logic as the data cache, which will be explained in Section 3.3.


DRAM Energy Reduction by Prefetching-Based Memory Traf.c Clustering Yebin Lee and Soontae Kim Department of Computer Science Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, Republic of Korea {smartcode, kims}@kaist.ac.kr ABSTRACT DRAMs consume a large portion of total system energy consumption.

reducing DRAM energy consumption is able to prolong the lifetime of battery-operated embedded/portable systems.


At run time, such maximum dynamic power is not always reached.

as long as Pmax is not exceeded, we can dynamically increase the frequency beyond Fcal which will increase the dynamic power and, at the same time, require our D-FGBB circuit to increase the BB of cells.


and itssymmetric counterpart must abut the Tosatisfy the feasiblecondition, therepresentative module of M s j In addition to representing symmetry islands using slicing trees, on the right-half plane of the symmetry-island placement must be on wefurtherexplorethemonotonic-current-path constraintsintheslicthe left boundary of the right-half plane.


Even if freqmine had been willing to share resources with linear, it would prefer linear s allocation over its own.

the allocation from equal slowdown is far from equitable.


Only the leaf-level .ip-.ops are free to be partitioned to maintain area balance.

mIVs will be inserted following all leaf clock buffers that drive .ip-.ops in both tiers.


For completely-speci.ed functions it is provable, though, that decomposition preserves symmetry in the non-decomposition variables of f in the re-expressed f .

they need to be computed only initially, and then simply updated as synthesis evolves.


TimberWolf transitioned from an academic tool, with the highest version being 7.0, to a commercial tool, with a beginning 1.0 version number.

reported results using TimberWolf 1.x are likely references to a fairly recent commercial tool, and not to a very early academic effort.


Note that, the harmonic mean is computed over per-application speedup as opposed to per-thread speedup in [6], as our workload is constituted of multiple multithreaded applications and not single threaded applications.

p X IPCappi(scheme) = IPCprock , (3) k=1 where P is the number of processors in the partition allocated to appi.


These input signal probabilities are determined as a function of the design workload which is available only during runtime.

it is di.cult to identify P.apriori and include it in the crit macromodel M. Let M be a subcircuit of C that contains a subset of K paths from ., where K is a user-de.ned value.


(22), 2Hsi (2IB VBS )   (22) X dep qN Sub Vbi and iB are major factors to DIBL effect.

although applying stress changes Vbi and iB, the impact of stress on DIBL effect H si   (23) C dep X dep the subthreshold swing is subject to be changed through Eq.


This allows arbitration to be incorporated into the switch fabric without additional area overhead (since space underneath the cross-point is otherwise largely unused), and guarantees that the arbitration delay is identical to the datapath delay.

by embedding the logic-dominated arbitration into the wire-dominated crossbar, the 2D Swizzle-Switch allows a compact design and scaling of matrix crossbars to high radices.


Under a grid based spatial correlation model, this corresponds to placing two test structures in the same grid, which is an obvious redundancy and can easily be avoided even before PCA.

we assume that such redundan cies are removed, and that no two rows of AT t are identical.


(25) MSDU _ remain * L ,R,P  PHY mode selection t  the proposed algorithm can reduce the energy consumption and adapt to changes in the channel status dynamically, while simultaneously satisfying the QoS requirements -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 Fragment size for WPAN systems with a contention-based access protocol.


N such that f(k)= Avk8 +1(k)+ k+1 , for n= n0.

for k= 3and n= n0, n-1 we can write the page fault rate in the following way.


task ordering will have little impact on the reuse distance of shared data.


The weakness of the above methods is that they are tuned to and compared with routable designs only.

it is not clear how they deal with unroutable designs.


We find that the right-to-left array multiplier without a fast final adder needs 59 unit delays, while the left-to-right array multiplier with on-the-fly converters takes only 42 unit delays.

the 8 × 8 left-to-right full-width multiplier is about 28% faster than the right-to-left full-width multiplier, and this estimation is close to that reported in [5].


However, even with a generally unstable algorithm we can tether all new placements to a given trial placement, with a tunable amount of freedom for further optimizations.

we distinguish inherent stability from relative stability.


LDOs have weak transfer functions so that as long as working in the regulation region they are not sensitive to the input changes.

large voltage .uctuations at the o.-chip circuits and VDD grids can not propagate to local grids.


With a higher activity factor, microprocessor energy consumption is more dominated by Eswitch, making quadratic switching energy reduction more effective down to lower voltages.

vmin is lower with high activity factor.


Thermal distribution keeps changing during the circuit operation, so it is impossible to tackle all possible distributions.

we target two representative pro.les, namely, uniform and worst-case, so that the skew values are identical under these two situations.


In particular, one limitation of their approach is the assumption that the data rates on all input and output channels of a synchronous module are identical.

all input channels must be read, and all output channels must be written on every clock cycle when the module is not stalled.


A certain fraction of this total will end up being placed in the way and we estimate this fraction as the ratio of the size of the neighborhood to the size of the whole design.

this gives a measure of how many remaining 2-pin nets or cells (which are not in the neighborhood) may end up being placed among those neighborhood cells.


Each cluster is then placed into a separate island.

each island can be turned off for maximal possible number of cycles when the logic contained within it is idling.


The extent to which mixing has been completed can be quanti.ed by analyzing images for a droplet.

the control software will force the biochip to continue mixing until the feedback information shows that the droplets are su.ciently well-mixed.


On the other hand, if the size of the replaceable unit is very large, then, to repair a single faulty-cell within a replaceable unit will require to use a spare unit of large size, making high the repair cost per faulty-cell.

there is an optimal size of the replaceable unit for each memory size and for the target number of repairable faults.


Since j has not yet proposed any value, by line 6, aj .val = ..

we receive that v ' must have been written at ballot b ' , b1 = b ' < b2.


At this point, there is no more multiplier left to generate the right operand (f) and directly transfer it to the right input port of U2.

we assume that f is stored in the register file and try to read it from there.


We also assume that the netlist information is not available.

all interconnects are assumed to be independent.


When considering inductive coupling the worst case signal delay predicted by an RLCM interconnect model degrades compared to the signal delay resulted in simulations of both RCL and RC model.

in inductively coupled on-chip interconnects, the optimum number of repeaters is generally higher than the number predicted by an RCL model and the expected savings in area and power consumption are too optimistically.


Subtree Delay Typical subtree embeddings show that the delays of the minimum wire length, zero-skew subtrees tend to be highly correlated with similar means.

the delay does not provide a good differentiating metric.


Optical signals are affected by scattering underwater, and their range drops dramatically in turbidity.

the majority of underwater cable-free networks utilize acoustic waves to communicate reliably.


However, these works all consider the boundary constraint to limit modules placed on the boundary of a chip.

none of existing works have considered boundary constraint for symmetry islands.


Constraint-driven systems provide a large set of primitives, but, underlying engines fail to map those to a high-quality layout.

most, if not all industrial practitioners rely on hand-crafted layout.


In addition, it is difficult at the ATE to reference the external  timing to an on-chip generated clock.

any inputs driven by the ATE or output pin responses must not require speed timing in relation to the clocks or other signals.


This indirectly increases the access energy, increasing ., and therefore the power consumption of the hierarchy.

there is a trade-off between the peak bandwidth constraint and energy ef.ciency.


Because in most applications only nodal-voltage vn is of interest, the inductive branch-current il can be eliminated as an intermediate variable.

(6) can be further written in the NA matrix with the second-order admittance (sC + G +G/s)x(s)= EiI(s) u(s)= ET i x(s), (7) where x(s)= vn, G= ElL-1ET .


However, if no read operations on the data are issued, there is no way to know the way number containing the data in the data cache.

chances to reduce tag matching energy consumption in the data cache depends on the probability of occurrences of read operations after write operations on the same data.


Rn are state variables (for example, node voltages in circuit equations), xu are inputs (for example, voltage and current sources), and xy are outputs.

the input-output pair of (1) is a pair of continuous-time continuous-value waveforms (u(t),y(t)).


Indeed, the average overhead of Rebound_NoDWB in SPLASH-2 is 7%.

we suggest supporting delayed writebacks in local checkpointing.


This requires the droop detector system to be more sensitive at the lower supply voltage.

the delay modulation at a low supply voltage (tp_ddc(vdd_low)) has to be higher than the delay modulation at a high supply voltage (tp_ddc(vdd_high)).


That is, the circuit is transformed to an asynchronous version in a plug-compatible manner, meaning that the asynchronous circuit functions in exactly the same way as the synchronous version, with flip-flops in the same positions within the cir-cuitry.

the same built-in self-test circuitry is used.


At the mean time, fi increase could re duce dthr i due to increased temperature, preventing ci increase.

deciding whether fi can be increased is subject to whether ci is actually increased after the scaling.


The power density and heat generation of the AMB are much higher than those of the DRAM.

we are only concerned with the chip(s) next to the AMB, which has the highest temperature.


It is relatively straightforward to express the relative timing constraints that a gate-level direct-mapped control circuit must ful.ll for correct operation.

it is possible to perform timing veri.cation of the asynchronous circuit s path constraints at various stages of the EDA .ow.


The number of memory mapped registers may be very large.

having an enhanced view of these registers (e.g.


If the bit-  Address lines are accessed soon after isolation, the energy savings might be insigni.cant because the bitline discharge remains high while the overhead is consumed.

although the oracle precharges only one subarray for all STAGE1.


In addition, we observe that the peak temperature in the optimally modulated channel case equals to the peak temperature of the minimum channel width case, which is lower than the peak temperature of the maximum channel width case.

our proposal implicitly minimizes the peak temperature to the lowest value achievable within a given channel width range.


the don t care state), one memristor must be in the RON state, while the other memristor must be in the ROFF state.

the total resistance of the TCAM cell in state 2 is ROFF + RON.


Y : X when it is synthesized into a FPGA.

the max operation of two 20 bit data will cost 40 ALUT.


For example, even in conventional tree-based clock networks across 500mm2 processor die with frequency up to 2.5GHz , the unintended clock skew can be e.ciently limited less than 10ps [13].

it can be extrapolated that for relatively spatial concentrated pipeline logics with less die area, the unintentional skew can be further optimized.


This is because the preprocessing heuristic mentioned in Section 5 moves a large number of registers from the interconnect structure in to the inputs of functional units.

the pipelined router has to find fewer registers in the interconnect structure, thus improving the delay characteristics of netlists.


AsdiscussedinSection6.2, we change scalinglevels atthegranularity of 100 points.

the above latencies of changing the scaling mechanisms are minimal and acceptable.


partial cabled mooring) and all data from 4 m are transmitted to shore every 20 minutes.

a designcost-benefit analysis between cables and acoustic technology for shallow water real time moored systems can easily be accomplished using the CHARM.


If a packed block is critical and the candidate block it is connected to is critical, then the edge to the candidate from the cluster is critical too.

block criticalities alone achieves the goal of absorbing critical edges most of the time while avoiding the larger development e.ort needed to implement edge criticalities.


By Proposition 1 and the condition on f, the block lengths are non-decreasing, the .rst block having a length of f-1(3) -f-1(2) + 1 = 3 -2 + 1 = 2.

each block contains at least one request to pk.


In typical data center workloads like proxy and MapReduce, most data are overwritten frequently, which suggests a short data retention in only days or even hours [17].

in a retention relaxation situation such as .ash memory used to store log data, the width of those margins can be largely reduced without a.ecting reliability.


However, FlatFractal s serialized combinations can occur in TreeFractal simply by the requests occurring non-concurrently, one after another.

flatFractal s interactions are not only a strict subset of TreeFractal s but are identical to the interactions of a conflict-free TreeFractal protocol.


However, application-oriented scenarios are not enough when it comes to terms of non-functional properties (NFP) like average power dissipation because they are not solely in.uenced by the application itself, but also by shared resources and especially the underlying platform con.guration.

we suggest to consider also platform scenarios, e.g.


(10) ¨ ¸ k ®kk k ¾ 't 't &#169;¹ ¯ " Since the left-hand side in (10) is constructed by linear elements, the coefficient matrix in the left-hand side is constant through the transient simulation and always invertible.

it is noted that computing ak i requires only once LU decomposition of the left-hand side matrix in (10).


Electrical energy can vary its rate-of-flow and change direction.


However, the highest available position of C is lower than the calculated position.

c is put on its highest available position and the crosstalk to A is 7.


In India, is among the highest sugarcane producing countries.

there is large number of sugar factories throughout India.


(7) viEe exp(xi/h) The estimation function for the minimum value can be de.ned similarly.

the WA wirelength model is given by (.. .


Since humans receives eighty percent of surrounding information by eyesight, providing scent with visual information can drastically clarify the kind of scent.

we de.ne the requirements of FRAGWRAP as the following:  Adding a chemical, which is the source of scent, to a real object  Adding visual information which relates to the scent of chemicals  To achieve these requirements, we focused on soap bubble.


This is possible because the usage of the cache port is usually scheduled before it is known whether the value will be forwarded from an earlier store in the LSQ [8,13].

since we have scheduled the load for cache access anyway, the load can still be performed at no cost.


As proved in the previous work [21], data deduplication can achieve 20:1 compression ratio and 100MB/s single-stream processing bandwidth.

figure 6 well illustrates that the data deduplication has a potential to improve write performance for write-intensive applications with the DDiHA approach.


When the island capacitance is 0.5 aF, the island diameter is 3 4 nm [17].

room-temperature operation would require an island with a diameter of at most a few nanometers.


This last is caused by patient s movements, respiration and .uctuations of the impedance between electrodes and skin, and is ubiquitous in all electrocardiographic devices.

baseline wander removal turns out to be an unavoidable step in any processing of ECG signals.


Loop transformations can change the schedule (e.g., execution order) of loop iterations such that the data access pattern can be changed.

here we derive the loop transformation given a desired data access pattern.


Additionally, if the selected CCT is too small, it may not be practically possible to implement the functional unit, and if the CCT is too large, then most of time functional units will stay idling.

we have applied the clock slack minimization algorithm [5, 6] and modi.ed it to include the concept of timing events that is directly resulted from the impact of the process variation.


However, the con.dence levels tell us that only the cpu-dsp architecture can meet the real-time constraint with nearly 100% con.dence while the all-cpu architecture can meet the deadline with only about 80% con.dence.

we can con.rm that the cpudsp architecture can be applied to lower the cost and it would be very risky to use the all-cpu architecture (20% chance to miss the deadline).


The base recovery model restarts from the checker that detects the fault, whether or not the original faulty instruction is in the backward slice of the checker.

in all cases, coverage is limited to only checker instructions (those that can check themselves): Dup, B, D, and possibly SS, SW.


SWITCH-FACTOR CALCULATION FOR RLC LINES In VLSI designs, a switching signal is usually approximated by a linear ramp between 0 and Vdd, with a finite rise time.

the switch-factor S of two switching signals as defined in Eqn.


The second scenario is more like traditional signal routing [1].

we adopt a merging criterion similar as that of Rectilinear Steiner Aborescence (RSA) [10].


If a design is unroutable, the designer has to enlarge the design area and even perform the design process all over again.

congestion analysis and routability optimization are required in the earlier Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


However, all of these approaches introduce a significant penalty in performance, power, die size, and design time.

designers must carefully weigh the benefits of adding these techniques against their cost.


On the other hand, a 2-stage design resulted in a poorly balanced solution as registers and memory accesses must be serialized in the second stage.

we found that the 3-stage pipeline solution strikes the best balance between design area and transistor utilization.


SAR is a measure of energy deposited by an RF field in a given mass of tissue, and it is directly related to body heating effect caused by RF signal.

not only required power to establish an enhanced-range wireless communication system but also SAR can be reduced by introducing the proposed designed wearable antenna.


This fact is known as the curse of dimensionality .

reducing the number of parameters becomes a key way to an accurate as well as e.cient analysis.


Algorithm 2 describes how the weight of each edge {u, v} is calculated.

it sums the occurrences of all signatures that point to a frame f in column c which u is active and does the same for v. Then, it adds the minimum of these values to the weight w. the increase in w will be zero if either u or v were never active for the signatures that point to c. Moreover, a large value will only be added to w when both groups are active for signatures with frequent occurrence.


By distributing those MP data that are independent onto block RAMs, the memory operations of multiple ports and operations on di.erent block RAMs can be performed simultaneously.

the system can gain more performance improvement.


as the two sets of activity, internally in the router and at the link are almost identical.

the link utilization is a good proxy for measuring dynamic power.


Given that the body voltage of MB7 is greater than or equal to VDSAT, M1 is guaranteed to be operating in saturation.

when the mirror input is equal to the user defined saturation current, the reference device (M1) will be biased at the edge of saturation.


Meanwhile, the 3D-BPM was shown to be a quite suitable method that has sufficient accuracy for simulating devices based on SOI channel waveguides [3, 4].

the design for devices on the SOI platform will now be performed using the 3D-BPM.


A special characteristic of the .rst design (design1) was that the activation signal of the isolation candidates in the .rst combinational stage of the design could be controlled from a primary input.

the relationship between power savings and the statistics of the activation signal could be investigated by applying stimuli with different signal statistics to the circuit.


We observe that only a subset of slack values are typically affected by the change in vc.

the core of our algorithm is discovering this subset.


In case ofdelayfaults, thefaults are actuallypaths.

thefault effecthas already been propagated to a .op.


In our system, the CPU is activated once per sec (on)  ond.

in a one second period, the CPU is idle for 1 - TCPU seconds.


Evaluation results assumes a system with 3 bit LSC for an SRAM, 3 bit LSC for an STT-RAM, 5 bit WSC for an STT-RAM, 5 bit TSC and 5 bit SSC for a set, 1 bit I for each line, and 3 bit MD for each a set.

the hybrid architecture incurs 137 bit SRAM storage overhead per each set that is less than 1.6% capacity overhead with respect to STT-RAM and 6.6% overhead in area overhead.


For each connection block that a 2-pin net passes through, we impose exclusivity constraints with respect to all other 2-pin nets that pass through the same connection block and that belong to other multi-pin nets, i.e., the exclusivity constraints require that 2pin nets that belong to different multi-pin nets should not get routed on the same track in a connection block.

we can represent the 2-pin nets as vertices in a CSP graph, with an edge between two vertices that correspond to 2-pin nets that should be routed on different tracks in the same connection block.


In our cost function, the time component is dynamically weighted by the distance from the boundarywe have observed experimentally that close to the boundary, desirable weights for the time component in this region are even lower than what our cost function provides.

we needed to add the notion of a threshold region very close to the boundary where we explicitly assign a lower weightage to the time component of the cost function.


In order to estimate the total power consumed by the repeaters, the power for one repeater section in (6) is multiplied by the number of repeaters.

the total repeater power is given by 2 L .aVdd f ((c0 +cp )s +cl) .


If J is a truncation operation (thus a unary operation, see Figure 2c), its net effect is that some of the bits of I are discarded to obtain J.

the attacker will not be able to reconstruct the effect of any fault affecting only the truncated bits from the value computed by J.


Actual simulation of circuits using extracted power supply model and transistors against input vectors is complex and can only be performed for small circuits.

vector-less approach is imperative for scalability of solution.


When the power-based heuristic is used, new task mappings are only generated when a component fails since the amount of power a component dissipates per unit of work does not change over time.

the power-based heuristic is listed without a task mapping interval time in the legend.


Proposition 1: If cuts C1 and C2 are equal, so are their signatures.

(if the signatures of C1 and C2 are not equal, neither are the cuts.)


This advantage is made use of in the Pick Best Link procedure.

we can ef.ciently obtain the values of a for all possible links in a given clock network.


It can be seen from Figure 1 that PMOS leakage current remains lower than minimum NMOS leakage current for PMOS widths up to about 500 nm.


To the best of our knowledge,currently, there is no publicly-available all-f ash array system.

in this work, we perform a simulation-basedstudy with real workloads collected at thousand nodes on anIBM iDataPlex machine [36, 51] and published by SNIA [2]and UMASS [6].


In both .gures, we observe that the power consumption values grow linearly as the number of misses increase.

we de.ne the model as a linear combination of these di.erent factors that contribute to the power consumption.


The caller must verify that the ready signal is asserted and then assert the enable signal (in the same cycle) to make a call.

an interface speci.es a contract between the caller andthe callee [4].Rather than imposingtheburden of obeying such interfacecontractson theuser,theBluespec scheduler actually guarantees that they will never be violated.


The VC cache can prevent the bitlines from being discharged in accessing 0 , such that the power dissipated in accessing 0 is much less than the power dissipated in accessing 1 .

unlike the conventional cache where the power consumption is not sensitive to the 0 percentage of the access data, for each access the power consumption of the VC cache is varied with the 0 percentage of the access data.


To support this, the world is split up into segments which are distributed across servers.

where 2like most 3D games, using TCP is problematic there is one instance of a metaverse for the entire user base3 , as in the case of SL, signi.cant Round Trip Times (RTTs) for some users are unavoidable.


We denote the strides as L3for the steady case, while L2and L1correspond to the case of the .rst iteration of the i3loop after incrementing i2 or i1, respectively.

l3=3S3 L2=2S2 3(k3-n3) L1=1S1 2(k2-n2)3(k3-n3) if the CDMI contains these stride values and is aware of which load/store instruction is currently requesting/writing a data, no address communication is needed from the processor.


In VoD storage, the workload mainly consists of large but scattered read requests to service multiple streaming clients.

large random read throughput is the most important metric of SSDs.


The average coverage falls from 94% at OV10 to 76% at OV-50 and .nally to 47% at OV-200.

at OV-50 and higher, we simply do not have enough pro.le data to generate af.nity hints for page placement for a signi.cant number of pages.


This test set has Table 7: Performance of comprehensive test set on equal-to comparators (2n+2 vectors) BW 4 8 16 32 BW 4 8 16 32 Area Optimized #Gates 39 79 193 405 FltC (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a length of (2n+2) where n is the bit-width of the comparator.

it is linearly growing with size but still can be derived at runtime.


This increase of clock frequency makes global clock distribution difficult, since the allowable clock skew is getting smaller.

advanced interconnect systems capable of distributing high frequency, low latency, and high timing resolution signals must be investigated and developed.


These structures increase system implementation and test complexity.

most of the academic reliability proposals have not been implemented in real hardware.


These blocks are relatively small and can easily fit into reasonably sized on-chip memories.

a data scheduling at this block level significantly reduces the system energy consumption.


The equivalent time (tx) is extracted from the relationship between charge and timing.

tx is the value of the pulse width (measured in seconds) generated by a charge of one Coulomb.


As the read latency of PCM is increased from 2X to 16X, the average execution time of the PCM-only system increases from 0.35 to 1.09.

the higher read latency of PCM hurts performance even with 4X boost in capacity.


Thus, for a max scaling factor f, the corresponding supply voltage is Vdd = f ×V = max f. Regarding frequency, for a small threshold voltage Vt, the circuit delay becomes 1 / Vdd = 1/ f. Let us now return to the application reliability derived previously.

the reliability of a single process, scaled with a factor f is: .


Also, s= [s , ... s , s ] is the present sequence of symbols till level i.

a full symbol vector would be s(0) and each symbol within that vector is indexed as si.


From our experiments, this case happens rarely.

we assume that this overhead will be small.


Note that the actual prediction success rates were higher than those shown in Figure 18, because a prediction should be concluded is a failure only when the face was not detected in the cropped image but successfully detected in the whole image.

taking volunteer 4 as an example, the actual prediction success rate was 78/92 0.85.


Attempting to scale them reveals power density and access time constraints.

a different approachneeds tobe explored.


When the proposed body bias is applied to 2-NAND 21-stages chain, the delay was about 10% faster than that of conventional at defined Vt=0.1V Temp.=125°C.

in case of keeping delay of the chain fixed, it is possible to reduce the power consumption by scaling power supply voltage.


While the constraint method overcomes the limitation regarding nonconvex Pareto curves, it still does not generate evenly distributed points on the Pareto front.

we introduce the normal-boundary intersection approach [1] to the area of circuit design.


The key enabler for PEPSE is the limited ability of compilers to extract suf.cient ILP (instruction level parallelism) to fully utilize the parallelism afforded by some architectures such as the Itanium Processor Family (IPF).

once an application is optimized and scheduled, our compiler-orchestrated prefetching system is allowed to steal any remaining resources to embed speculative address precomputation within program regions that are likely to bene.t from prefetching.


The test suites that are used to stress the systems and highlight criticalities may be regarded as generic fail tests not focused on a specific microprocessor.

they can be used as a baseline to evaluate the performances of the proposed methodology.


In this paper, we show how to derive boolean functions from these speci.cations such that the boolean functions are satis.able iff the speci.ed system has a feasible binding.


Furthermore, c2 is also positive since the power is still consumed even for a very low (or close to zero) IPC.

both c1 and c2 are positive and the convexity of model is maintained.


Bottom-up selfassemblyprocessusedinthefabricationofnanoscaledevicesyields signi.cantly more defects compared to the conventional top-down lithography used in CMOS fabrication.

applying defect tolerant design schemes is inevitable in order to map the design to these programmable fabrics by bypassing defects.


NI kernel block diagram C. Concurrent Calculation of Michael MIC As mentioned above, sequential partitioning of Michael is algorithmically infeasible.

we have to juxtaposes 3 MIC block units and feed them the workloads every 243µs.


At the same time, upgrading test vector memory for 16 channels from 7 M to 14 M would cost only USD 1,500.

if we double the test vector memory for all 512 chan  nels, it will cost around (512/1 x15=USD 4 .For this money, the increase in test throughput is 27%.


According to the Equation (2), Vth shift due to HCI has a direct relation with the switching activity.

the HCI minimization problem of a gate is equivalent to a minimization of the total e.ective switching activity.


This technique requires the extraction of program characteristics that are related to the microarchitecture under consideration.

if any major changes occur, new features could be needed to continue to characterise the program.


This algorithm can .nish ADB insertion in 2 times of clock tree traversing.

the algorithm of ADB insertion in multiple power modes can simply import the results of ADB insertion in single power modes, and combine the results as the .nal decision of ADB insertion in a clock tree.


These bits wear faster than the rest in a data block, especially for applications with high frequent locality.

we shift the positions of log2(FV number) bits, which store the encoded frequent values, inside the data block.


In the TDM block, there are M .ip .ops and M 2× 1multiplexers.

aTDM block =M *(AFF + A2×1MUX), where AFF and A2×1MUX is the area of the .ip .op and multiplexer, respectively.


The matrix can also include the obstacle information in the bus structure.

we can de.ne the value of bij as follows: 0 twist CANNOT be made at bijbij = 1 twist CAN be made at bij the paired bus structure can be expressed in matrix B.


3 (b), the subsequent switching sequence of the proposed method can be adopted with both top-plate input and bottom-plate input ADC structures, and it is more e.cient than that of the conventional one.

for a 3 bit case, the conventional switching procedure consumes 8.75C V 2 while the proposed method DD does only 1.75C V 2 the proposed method requires DD .


2.3 Sensitivity Formulations of Acceleration Gradient in Plane Wave Field Two types of acceleration gradient components are measured by acoustic dyadic sensors: the pure partial derivatives of acceleration and the mixed partial derivatives of acceleration.

two sensitivity formulations are presented in this paper.


If wK-1,P 0 >wK,P 0, then the Kth monitor will get advantage over the (K - 1)th one.

keeping wK-1,P 0 = wK,P 0 = 1 would be more fair.


wb(d)isalmost .at with a value around ßb until d=1/ßb and decreases rapidly after that.

iGDR gives larger weights to memory-blocks with larger ßb, behaves similarly to the LFU algorithm.


The most effective cut-rule can only split half of the rules in a certain dimension.

the depth of the tree (and the worst-case time) is 8(klog(l/k)).


To keep the tests as general as possible the branch target address is selected randomly from this range.

the input test template must specify additional restrictions on the range of the target address, to avoid in.nite loops in the generated tests.


4.6 Aging Sensors Accurate performance-degradation monitoring of CMOS circuits is one of the most critical issues for adaptive design techniques.

in addition to modeling and studies of aging, additional on-chip aging sensors can be implemented to monitor and report aging and reliability.


It is hoped that most functions appearing in practical circuits can be realized by a well designed macrocell.

due to the wide variety of macrocells possible, e.cient general algorithms are not known for macrocell mapping.1 we focus here on a speci.c macrocell architecture used in a commercial FPGA and illustrate how factor cuts may be used to signi.cantly improve the quality of mapping.


However, conventional methods cannot detect a digital watermark at high speed.

this paper proposes that scalefactor values in MP3 data be altered so as not to spoil audio quality.


High-OS: Typical invocations of the OS, except for system calls and interrupts, complete in few 100s of instructions.

abnormallyhighnumber of contiguousOSinstructions represents an anomaly.


PUF has a much larger overhead compared with BFSM and CFSM.

we share it among the IPs to reduce the overhead.


According to the simulation result, in order to drive more than 216µA current, the W/L ratio of NMOS in each MRAM cell should be greater than 4.33.

the minimum size of NMOS should be 390nm×90nm.


It is expected that the CNCAP will be used in integratedcircuits near the end of the International TechnologyRoadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) with operating voltages of 0.5V [2].

if we let the maximum voltage drop across the CNTs be 100mV, we can approximate the worst case CNT resistance as: RkO+µµ) =O =(6.45 )(11 m 1.6 m +100mV 25µA 14.5k For our short CNTs, the contact resistance, RC, at the top and bottom of each CNT could be very important.


2.2 Memristor-based Memory Attractive properties of the memristor such as non-volatility, high distinguishability, low-power, scalability and fast accessing speed make it a promising candidate for the nextgeneration high-density and high performance memory technology [8][10].

memristor-based memory structure has been studied recently [8].


In essence, these classes of applications have much more spatial locality than temporal locality.

streaming buffers (or other forms of block transfers) can be more effective than typical caches for stencil computations.


To put this result into perspective, 2,313 clock cycles is a value inferior to a typical time slice in a multi-task operating system.

the impact to compute a new path represents a very small impact in the overall performance of an MPSoC system.


Multimedia applications typically demonstrate periodic behavior.

the communication requirement between any two cores is modeled as a tuple , where T is the period (in clock cycles) of the transactions and L is the transaction list.


The v longest path in this network will be 2 n - 1, which is the minimum time required for updating the expected costs at all nodes.

the network converge time is proportional to the network diameter, which is the longest path in the network.


An Area-Optimized Multiplexer Implementation It is well-known that FPGAs are inef.cient at implementing multiplexers.

in this section, a novel multiplexer implementation, optimized in the number of LUTs, is presented.


j shares no edge with the disconnected loop.

their contributions to EDi remain unchanged and the location of the worst open does not depend on their contribution.


Second, the instructions executed per second depend on the operating frequency (as seen in Eq(7)) and therefore the utilization of a core changes with the frequency.

the power consumption of a processing core as a function of operating frequency, P(F), can be written as: peak peak P(F)= P · fd(F)· uI(F) + P · fs(F) (8) dyn sta The equation above consists of three components: (1) Ppeak and dyn Ppeak sta are the peak dynamic and static power consumption of each core from the design speci.cations; (2) fd(F)and fs(F)encapsulate the impact of voltage and frequency scaling on the peak dynamic and static power consumption, assuming the the processor utilization remains constant; (3) uI(F) encapsulates the change in processor utilization as a result of frequency scaling.


The time complexity spent in assigning the highest priority variable to the highest priority register is O(n*|TOCSS|), where |TOCSS| is the time complexity of optimal clock skew scheduling used.

the time complexity of our heuristic algorithm is O(m*n*|TOCSS|).


In reality, different events often activate different behaviors of a computation task with different WCET, or different bus loads for a communication task.

a lower maximum load (and a higher minimum load) can be determined for a sequence of successive activations of a higher-priority task if the types of the activating events are considered.


In the worst case, a PCM device could be failure in few days because some PCM cells would be worn out in few days due to the receiving of intensive writes.

many excellent approaches have been proposed to target this issue and can be classi.ed into two directions.


Second, the degrees of performance and reliability provided are reduced as the workload of the system increases.

under heavy workload conditions, the scrubbing mechanism will not be able to provide the desired level of reliability.


In this scheme, we determine the classification between random and partial to zero and non-zero offset, respectively.

according to the contents into log block, we are able to classify the nature of a log block into following five kinds: F, R, P, S, and V which short for free, random, switch, partial, and victim log block, respectively.


It is important to note that it is impossible to represent all classes of microarchitectures using a single template.

one can come up with a variety of templates and corresponding library .les to model any architectural space, and use the MEVA system to evaluate each class of microarchitectures with physical planning.


By assuming the gate delay follows Gaussian Distribution,the delay distribution of a path also follows Gaussian Distribution, which can be represented as (µ,s), where µ is the mean value of the path delay and s is the standard deviation of the path delay.

the probability for the delay of path i to exceed clock period T is: T - µi Di = 1 - F( ) .


On the other end of the spectrum, the proposed analysis is highly accurate compared to the min-max or covariance approaches with only a small increase in computation time.

even though the functions governing the relations between variables in adjacent layers are much more complicated compared to the .rst example, a similar conclusion can be drawn from this example.


We are interested in understanding whether the observed behavior depends on age of the nodes.

we divide nodes into different classes based on their age (estimated as the difference between time of link formation and the time since arrival of node in the system) and label the nodes as younger than (x) days and older than (x) days .


It assumes the delay of a wire branch must be shorter than other branches.

it adds extra gates (inverter chains) on the path of other branches to make sure their delays are longer than this branch.


This spatial topology represents the second reconfiguration level.

more than one crosspoint per output can be connected at the same time, and more than one topology can be implemented on demand.


It is important to keep in mind that the RSWEL optimization allowing reconstitution of shared+written blocks back into L1 completely overcomes this weakness.

we point out this worst case primarily to put our results for the baseline SWEL protocol into context.


So the segment lengths xsr+1 - xsr and xsr - xsr-1 will be counted in both the upper and the lower sub-nets.

it is less desirable to break the net at a pin with a large xsr+1 - xsr-1.


Hence, in order to improve RaT e.ciency, we would like to stop executing the runahead thread when it .nishes generating useful prefetch requests, that is, there is no more MLP to be exploited.

we want to determine the useful lifetime of a runahead thread to expose as much MLP as possible with the minimum number of speculative instructions.


Here, AR1 and AR2 representthe addressesin Replica1and Replica2,respectively.

data accesses and program counters should satisfy the following conditions: AR2 = MAP [AR1] and PCR2 = MAP [PCR1].


In addition, there is no colocation of different jobs on the same nodes.

each node is dedicated to a single job at a time.


By de.nition of T6C(n), bit (2, n)is 6C.

if the value of bit (2, n-1) is b, then the values of bits (1, n), (2, n)and (3, n)should be b, b and b respectively.


These values are mapped to proper SRAM cells according tothe layer-partition scheme.

with same variation map, theyield results are different according to the layer-partition scheme.


Conjugation by the Hadamard gate interchanges the {Ry, Rz, CNOT } and the {Ry, Rx, CNOT} gate libraries.

proposition 3.2 Any two-qubit operator can be simulated by eighteen gates in the {Ry,Rx, CNOT} gate library.


For recent technologies it will be less.

it makes sense to concentrate our efforts to decrease the wire power consumption.


The pixel analog memories have PMOS switches with leakage current which makes the signal to drift toward increasing voltage values.

the worst case is given by the memory C2M pre-charged at the lowest value VMax(t0)= Vsat, with no update applied.


It has been adopted by many application standards such as HD DVD [6], DVB-H [7], HD-DTV [8], etc.

its implementation is a very popular research topic to date.


However, to achieve a similar memoryperformance tolinear mode, the number ofbytes on x axis(thefast axis) shouldbemultiples of 96.


The operation (vi n vj) represents common literals in both vi and vj vertices.

an edge e formally exists if and only if: (vinvj) .


The former exploits bank-level parallelism, and the latter reduces the average write latency.

combining the two mechanisms can lead to greater performance gains.


3) SROA Generation: The tapping point set Sopt generated from tapping point set generation may not be quali.ed to form an SROA due to a potential lack of integrity.

the object of SROA Generation is to substitute a portion of the rings in the tapping point set Sopt with the other rings in S in order to satisfy the SROA construction rules with a minimum total distance increase.


The gate leakages are inherently unique at each IC post-fabrication due to PV.

for the input .j , the total measured leakage (Imeas(.j )) can be written as: leak K Imeas k ..j leak (.j )+ E(.j )= Ileak(qjk) (1) k=1 where E(.j ) is the measurement error for the input .j , qjk is the input at the gate Gk after applying .j to the primary inputs, and Ileakk (qjk) is the leakage of gate Gk with qjk as its inputs.


Because of the regularity of FPGAs, the input slew rate for the same type of circuit elements is very close.

the chip short circuit power can be further simpli.ed as: X Psc = f · SW · SCi(Sli) (14) i.T where Sli is the input slew rate of type i circuit element, which is computed as the output slew rate of the element driving type i element.


We de.ne the literal set L as L ={li} ={x¯1,x1,x¯2,x2,...,x¯n,xn,},i=1,2,...,2n Accordingly, the cofactor set F is de.ned as F ={fi} ={fx¯1 ,fx1 ,fx¯2 ,fx2 ,...,fx¯n ,fxn ,},i=1,2,...,2n Shannon Expansion can be implemented by simply using aMUX with xi as the select bit and the positive and negativecofactors connected to the positive and negative MUX inputs,respectively.


For values of 8pi with high probability, fs(x, p) can be inferred from (11), in which cks = log dks , qi = log pi, ui = 8pi/pi, and yj = log xj .

fs(x, p) 1 can be reformulated as a log-sum-exp constraint where Opi  np np lse As 0 + uj As j y, bs 0 + uj bsj 0 (12) j=1 j=1 with appropriate Aj s and bj s, j = 0, 1, .


The OLED DVS reduces the supply voltage to the display on average.

we can extend the available design space when we use those two techniques at the same time.


{p2, p3} Duplicated states perform the same operations as the original states, so concatenation to conditional blocks does not modify the functionality.

a functionally equivalent FSMD (referred to as recomposed FSMD) can be obtained from the original FSMD by performing concatenation to each conditional block that are undergoes speculative code motion during HLS.


This phenomenon is due to the fact that, at low voltages, delay is determined more by the threshold voltage, whereas with high voltages, delay is determined more by the mobility.

the delay of a gate may increase or decrease due to temperature depending largely on the value of Vdd.


Compared to existing low-power solutions for mobile applications, the active power is comparable, while the standby power is several orders of magnitude too high.

we prioritize our efforts to target dramatic standby power reduction, and approach active power as a secondary goal.


At the same time, when multiple horizontal buses are considered, we also need to avoid overlaps between horizontal buses.

the above basic alignment is not enough.


Although the Authors define data rates close to real situations, there is neither variation on data injection rates nor in packet sizes.

the modeled traffic does not accurately correspond to real application behavior.


Since each basis has its distinct structure matrices J0,the related potential coe.cient matrix P0 = J0T HJ0 has di.erent densities.

it s desirable that one can choose a since the charge on panel 4 is the sum of charges on panels 6 and 7, upper level panels now only need to gather the charge on panel 4 and do not need the charge on panel 6.


2 Bandwidth accumulation in cascaded path Decision variables CostFreq and Ix The slowest crossbar determines the maximum clock frequency of entire cascaded crossbar switches.

we need to find the minimum frequency among |X| crossbars.


1f2 exhibits an exponential decay when both transistors operate in the linear re- gion.

the peak coupling noise can be approximated at Tnsatl A comparison of the analytical expressions with SPICE simula- tions is listed in Table 6.


Since the macros in a mixed-size design are typically much larger than standard cells, the traditional cell legalization technique cannot handle the macro legalization well.

we present a linear programming based macro legalization algorithm to remove the overlaps between macros during multilevel global placement.


This may not be the case since some incident tracks from the horizontal and the vertical directions may be connected to the same outgoing track of the SB.

our model may provide optimistic values for routability.


Although ourrankingisrootedinthefundamentalphysics of the situation, early implementations of time-sync protocols in sensor networks elevated the signi.cance of the second source well above the third.

much of the early work on time synchronization, speci.cally for sensor networks, focused on the design of protocols and regression mechanisms to cope with the noisy time stamps that their implementations achieved.


However, the .rst LUT cluster of the multiplier already needs 34 LUTs, exceeding the area constraint.

the folding level has to be further decreased to level-4 in order to guarantee that each LUT cluster can be accommodated within the available LEs.


Constant current driving When using the current source as a constant drive, the domain wall velocity can be obtained by dV (t) - (r - r ) · v = (8) H L I · dt Here, the current I is constant, and hence, the domain wall velocity v is fixed.

the voltage cross the memristor decreases linearly, providing a nice linearity curve for temperature detection.


These requirements are driven by prefetch behavior, which are fully engaged via long stanzas of unit-stride stream accesses.

in practical terms, stencil computations must be blocked for the largest level of cache hierarchy that operates at core bandwidth, as was empirically and analytically demonstrated in Sections 5 and 6.


As in real life, however, we always want to reduce the amount of nondeterminism as much as possible.

we simulate nondeterminism only a.ecting the delays on packet arrivals (a real scenario encountered inbring-up labs).


We observed that having just two bins was not giving very good results.


Already on the abstraction level of TLM models, manually exploiting this freedom becomes very tedious and error prone.

again tools support the designer by reducing his work to the more creative part.


Another global array sz is used to remember the maximum number of tokens that were stored in a channel at any given moment of the schedule.

it encodes the bound b Ø 1 of a state (p , b) in the model-checking state space.


That is, the respective constraints representing the network to be synthesized are not built only for one truth table line, but they are duplicated for the remaining 2n - 1 truth table lines.

the instances grow exponentially with respect to the number n of variables.


Previous work [8] shows the leakage energy can be as high as 80% of total energy consumption for an L2 cache in 130nm process.

using STT-RAM last-level caches can effectively reduce standby leakage power in caches.


For example, in the DAG in Figure 2(b) after the superior subgraph transformation the node e is predecessor semi-superior to node f , and node e is the only branch instruction parallel to f .

the superior edge (e, f ) is added as shown in Figure 3(a).


Whereas there isn t a saturated booster EDFA in the short-range LIC system, both optical signals with RZ and NRZ formats have the same peak power which depends on the peak output power of the direct modulated laser.

the RZ format performs similar with NRZ format in the short-range LIC system.


The notation Si is used to denote the projection onto i-th element in a tuple.

s1(s) = f1 and S2(s) = f2 for a state s. i Definition: Run (r) A run r RUNS is defined as r: N o STATES, a mapping that associates a sequence of clock ticks represented as integers with a sequence of states.


As discussed in Section 2.3, current replication toolkits rarely support such dynamicity.

we designed a novel replication framework, named DarX, with such dynamic features.


The architectural exploration loop has within itself the performance estimation phase for evaluation of these architectures.

the architectural exploration procedure serves the purpose of deciding an optimal architecture for the system and provides an initial estimation of the required specifications for each of the block.


The second condition of the if statement (E ' (t)=E ' (t +p))is always true when p is a multiple of the LCM of all delays of the original circuit (M).

p is a multiple of the oscillation period if E(t)=E(t+ p)where p> 0, t = t0, and (p%M =0).


However, as describedin the followingsubsections, we alsoconsider observability don t cares (ODCs).As a consequence,the simulation values in the fanout ofthe target net might change aftera replacement.

after each restructuring operation,wemark the simulation vectors in the transitive fanout ofatarget netas tainted .


These observations are also corroborated by the results of the work in [13].

a .rst order model of the soft error in a logic circuit can only consider, the e.ect of the size of the gate and the sizes of the gates in the transitive fan-in of the gate.


The CAUTION++ architecture should allow putting in place correctly the identi.ed RRM techniques, hopefully despite the occurrence of faults.

the design of the CAUTION++ architecture necessitates validation and veri.cation activities to be performed as soon as possible from the very early phases of the design process, in order to justi.ably trust the identi.ed solutions and to make appropriate choices among several possible alternatives.


Column6 contains the runtimesfor boththe algorithms, which show that although treegrowingheuristic is slower, both the methods have practical runtimes that are in seconds.

the tree growing algorithm improves the interconnect capacitance over the traditionally employed nearest source heuristic, stillmaintainingpractical runtimes.


Each operator is either a .rst order operator or a composition using higher order operators.

in the following, vectors are written as x =(xi)0=i<n = (x0,...,xn), and operators An are functions on these vectors of length n. y = Anx indicates that an operator An is applied to an input vector x, generating an output vector y.


3-a, the HP gate is obtained by connecting inputs to the CGs of p-FETs.

the performance for pulling the logic gate up is improved by applying the low-Vth configuration of the devices (solid line in Fig.


However, performance may change greatly from one core to another for a given program just because faulty bit location changes.

it is mandatory providing a mechanism to increase performance predictability.


If many offset 0s are continually generated, there is the log block thrashing like BAST.

to overcome the problem, we should continually improve this scheme.


Thus, the bias was designed to generate two basic bias currents ITCP (I2) and ITCN (I4), with temperature coefficients positive and negative respectively.

a temperature compensated current is obtained by weighted sum of the currents with positive and negative temperature coefficients.


are extremely large so that the number of possible combinations for space sharing is also tremendous.

.nding an optimal compensation con.guration in this case is very time-consuming.


Of course, for complex RFID systems, the BER characterization of each tagreader communication is very difficult to realize.

our simulator allows us to evaluate the efficiency of different monitoring approaches for several possible BER configurations.


For some benchmarks, e.g., b17, in Table II, the simulation approach reported smaller delays than our approach due to the non-exhaustive, 100,000 random patterns, simulation.

the simulation approach reports a lower bound of delay for these benchmarks.


Thereby, the achievable quality of a solution is directly related to the accuracy of performance values.

we require a cycle-accurate simulator in order to measure the performance of the ISAs for a given application.


Timing and power are calculated for each circuit element.

it is very time-consuming to explore the huge hyper-arch solution space using methods from [4, 5].


Second, the accuracy provided by a Monte-Carlo v method is, in general, proportional to ~ 1/ Ni, where Ni is the total number of simulations.

to achieve reasonable quality, we often need to make a lot of simulations as a result, the computation time required for a Monte-Carlo method becomes much longer than for an analytical method.


As we replicate more pointers, the fraction of execution time spent in the checks increases, making it likely that many errors will occur during them rather than in the original code.

we miss errors or more segmentation faults occur.


The analysis above showsthatDishighlysensitivetothe change in .H.

in other words, minimizing .H isagood surrogateforminimizing D. our routingobjectiveisto minimize the .H after routing.nishes.Wedothisbytryingtoleave .H unchanged, or minimizingtheincreaseinits value, when routing each net, and bytryingto reduce.H when ripping up a netintheEPDpostprocessing stage.


that excercises the design with 163 frames, this translates to a total timing constraint of 3.26 s. The vocoder is a computation-dominated design.

design space exploration is focused on computation design.


However, the investigated MBMS bearers use transmission time intervals of up to 80 ms.

an meters   Figure 5: Example of PedA and VehA movement within a cell appropriate conversion of the effective SINR for every TTI is required.


To avoid a rapid growth in the number of vertices in the projection polygon, COHO performs a simpli.cation step where the projection polygon is replaces by an enclosing polygon of smaller degree.

every vertex but one in a cluster will be discarded by the simpli.cation process, but the projection algorithm expended a signi.cant amount of computation time to determine these vertices.


Since the iterations are incremental, instances having incorrect VTH selection are not swapped back to a higher VTH once another upstream or downstream instance is found that proves to be a better VTH selection.

taking prorated weights at the beginning of the selection process not only reduces the leakage power of the entire design but also reduces the number of iterations that would be required to achieve timing closure.


Results of private links interconnect using Schedule 2 The deadlines for reading and writing the OF DM-symbols are more strict for Schedule 2 compared to Schedule 1.

a higher frequency and a higher pipeline degree are required to meet all deadlines (see Figure 8).


The two different values will suit different needs of gates G2 and G3: Gate G2 can choose value 1 to optimize NBTI degradation, and gate G3 can also choose value 0 for better leakage reduction.

our proposed technique has higher flexibility with regard to connecting the fan-out gates before or after the transmission gate to achieve better leakage reduction.


In addition, performance measures could be varied at different time.

performance tests were completed during semester break and holidays.


The second observation is the fact that the SRAMs are being accessed every clock cycle and thus the limiting factor is the access time to the SRAM and not the speed of the processing element.

it is not necessary to invest in a fast ASIC design.


For a hardware related bug, the designer often traces down to the transition of the notable internal signals.

the Data Observer is also capable of capturing the prede.ned internal signals.


On the other hand, it may also hardwire choices in ways that are awkward to particular applications.

we plan to design mechanisms for Impala to have input from the applications on the execution of these operations.


Nevertheless, it is based on macroblock level pipeline and can not seamlessly fit into our design, since 4x4 level pipeline requires calculation of each 4x4 block in double-z order instead of directly computing a 16x16 block as a whole.

we propose a two-level seed scheme to pre-calculate a main seed and store seven calculated pixels of certain locations as second-level seeds.


In other words, the change of gm, gmbs, and gds from Reg#i to Reg#j is fixed.

in the case that a small amount of MOSFETs change operating regions, we could update the L and U matrices directly with the rank-one update technique [12][13], rather than updating the MNA matrix and performing costly LU factorization again.


DWT output of a typical ECG signal error occurs in the most significant bytes, the values are changed to injected fault pattern instance k. significantly from a low- to a high-valued coefficient.

the output coefficient would resemble a different signal from the original one, that its quality cannot be determined.


Note that the pitch of power/ground grid is fixed in this study (i.e., fix the area cost for clock design).

the spacing between clock and the nearest power/ground lines is reduced when the clock width is increased.


However, one thing to keep in mind is that the PWNL definition of nonlinear devices is only used for the preconditioner, rather than the circuit matrix equation Ax=b.

reasonable approximation can be made to ease the The PWNL definition of nonlinear devices will introduce discontinuous first-order derivatives of a device model equation.


In short, manual abstraction can be computationally expensive, time-consuming and of varying .delity.

it is very desirable to be able to abstract macromodels directly and automatically from full SPICE-level circuits with- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


I/O path in FIOS In this way, requests from I/O intensive virtual machines can be absorbed by V-cache and the crazy consuming of disk bandwidth can be reduced.

the I/O performance of other virtual machines will not be injured by the advent of I/O intensive domain.


We have therefore concluded that dedicated hardware support for our chosen API GASNet is essential to maintain low latency, a crucial metric for parallel systems.

our main communication component uses a control API very close to GASNet and directly implements its Active Message capability for memory-to-memory transfers.


(3) When considering only conduction losses, VOU T needs to be as close to VOU T,N L as possible for a given VIN for a converter to be ef.cient.

as discussed above, it is not possible for VOU T to equal VOU T ,N L. when considering both conduction loss and parasitic switching loss [9], it should be as optimally close to VOU T ,N L as possible.