[4] C. Raiciu, S. Barre, C. Pluntke, A. Greenhalgh, D. Wischik, and M. Handley.

the best connection has stable round-trip-times, but the sub.ows achieve di.erent throughputs.


Viewing routing structure as a probabilistic distribution gives a node the .exibility to use a routing table of any size.

with a .nite bandwidth, a DHT node must somehow make a tradeoff between the freshness and the size of its routing table.


REFERENCE [1] Crossbow: Supplier of wireless sensor network hardware and software components.

we need more than one kind of monitoring data to help us determining the event.


Although directional transmission and reception provide the same gain for the corresponding link, they have a quite different impact on other communication links.

aRC uses the baseline MAC extension to support directional antennas by Takai, Martin et al.


We vary the frame delay constraint from 0.1 to 0.99 to produce a tradeoff curve for energy saving ratio and delayed frame ratio.

moreover, the network throughput degrades dramatically when the beacon interval decreases [18].


Each time a parameter oi.pk is changed, the counter oi.vck is incremented to be the maximum in Q (k =0, 1, ..., l).

just data in a replica is removed in an impoverishing operation like delete.


Discovering web apps is not automatic like in our framework.

since the app must be installed like a native application, installation of PhoneGap apps do not meet the lightweight and convenience requirements of localized proximity applications.


Since timing assumptions can not be made in asynchronous networks, it it di.cult to determine if a node has crashed or is slow to respond, thus raising false suspicions.

it is di.cult to provide consistent data services on top of SONs that build on key-based search.


Furthermore, for the small datagrams typical of sensor networks, control overhead of RTS/CTS can be large.

a grant-to-send is a quiet time during which only the recipient of the packet may transmit.


Finally, we observe that AODV allows a slightly shorter Gnutella bootstrapping time, as suggested by the slopes in the .rst 100 seconds.

additionally, it was a natural choice to implement the cross-layer interface inside the PROTOLIB, so as to provide OLSR and Gnutella with platform independent objects for cross-layer interactions.


On packet transmission, the agent looks up the destination Ethernet address D in a local table, yielding a set of k VLANs that reach that destination.

iaaSnetworks must support virtualization and multitenancy, at scales of tens of thousands of tenants and servers, and hundredsof thousandsof VMs.


Session completion time is another potential evaluation metric.

so while a small set of transactions suffer more, for the majority 10000 1000 1000  Additional Delay (ms) 100 10 Additional Delay (ms) 100 10 1 1 WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT 10000 10000  Additional Delay (ms) 1000 100 10 Additional Delay (ms) 1000 100 10 1 WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT 1 10000 10000  Additional Delay (ms) 1000 100 10 Additional Delay (ms) 1000 100 10 1 WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT 1 10000 10000 Additional Delay (ms) 100 10 1 WCETT ETX HOP PKTPAIR RTT Figure 20: Performance over Heavy Traf.c Period, Central Placement, Testbed Con.guration B of transactions the delay is still acceptable.


Afterwards, the information of the discovered topology and the proximity between the peer to receive or produce similar events is used to build an event routing overlay.

p // msg for core ci is received from p 5: if .t.C w(ci) <w(t) then 6: trigger Send(JOIN CORE, ci, p ) 7: for all v .


Speci.cally, a virtual channel vc k denotes that the buyer i and the buyer i,j j may cause interference between each other on channel ck, and thus they cannot work on channel ck simultaneously.

it discourages truthfully behaving participants from joining the auction, if strategyproofness is not guaranteed.


Thus the optimal multicast rate can not be better than R * .

these overheads must be traded o. against the spectrum e.ciencyand throughput gains that result from using multicast over unicast.


For example, the signature action: Message m in [IPDatagram d]{i_x,i_y}| m.dst != i_y; represents a link-level message used during the delivery of an IP datagram such that the link-level destination address isnotthe.naldestinationinterface(i.e.,the messageisnot the last one in the delivery process).

states are characterized by means of assertions, which are functions with zero or more arguments returning Boolean values.


they are missed in the asymptotic representation of the equation to terms of order o(a).


On July 19th, 2004, from 9:30am, when we began our data collection, to 9:37am, a host outside of the UMASS campus network performed a port scan at port 4899 by sending many SYN packets to different hosts in the UMASS campus network.

we divide time into slots of .xed length d. Suppose the traf.c in a time slot contains the packet sequences {x1,...,xn}, the empirical distribution P of the packet classes in this time slot is 2 1 (xi .


This makes it harder for an attacker to obtain a list of all active nodes.

while it is possible that keys based on the secp112r1 curve can be cracked in the future, the security provided by the secp112r1 curve is su.cient for our purposes.


The transmission cost is CA,P assumed is proportional to the number of links the data packets travel with the proportionality constant that is denoted by d .

code of 0 indicates the end of point list, and the total length of options is 12 bytes.


3.1 Original Strategy (OS) The original strategy is presented as reference here, in which the secondary user does not relay packets for primary users.

2007AA01Z257, National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.60972057, National Science and Technology Major Project under grant No.2009ZX03003-004.


From Figure 4 we can see that when the number of subchannel (K) increases, the throughput of the network will increase at the same time.


Pk) case 1: r if n = nRelay the received packet to the sink; else Send the sensed data to the sink; endif case 2: r if n = nRelay the received packet to the mobile; else Find a neighbor in P3  G andsendsenseddata to it; endif case 3: a if n = nRelay the received packet to the mobile or nr; else if n. G Find a neighbor in P3  G andsendsenseddata to it; else Relay the received packet towards na using a neighbor in P3  G; endif case 4, .

we denote the nodes out side the transmission range of the sink as P1.The set of all the nodes which can reach the sink within j hops is denoted as Qj =k=j Pk.We use nk to represent a node in Pk and n=j to represent a node in Qj.


In a grid barrier, every sensor is located at the central point of a grid, and the distance between neighboring sensors is no more than 2Rs.

figure 2: A grid barrier Definition 2 (1-GBME).


Assume we have outliers X = {x1,x2,...,xk}sent to a non-leaf y that contains outliers Y = {y1,y2,...,ya}for a = 0, where X and Y are sorted such that xi is a more likely outlier than xj , where i>j for i .

[3] M. M. Breunig, H.-P. Kriegel, R. T. Ng, and J. Sander.


The first configuration, which prioritizes the clusters creation, has the number of CH nodes close to the network distribution itself.

figure 1 presents an example of the defined structure.


Through rigorous privacy analysis and experiment on real dataset, our scheme is secure and efficient.

most of existing searchable encryption schemes only support exact keyword search.


Distributed digital signatures case study This case study was conducted within the R&D project sponsored by the Polish Scientific Council, Grant No.

chevalier, L. Compagna, J. Cuellar, P. Hankes Drielsma, P.C.


The slope of the straight line between calibrations 1 and 2 can be viewed as a (t1).

first, it does not require any extra hardware support.


In addition to predicting Wi-Fi availability, Blue-Fi also User t = 0.8 p2p Global U1 59.6% 68.3% 79.4% U2 57.8% 72.2% 84.5% U3 51.1% 78.4% 86.3% U4 73.4% 78.8% 89.1% U5 74.2% 81.8% 90.1% U6 50.2% 66.5% 88.1% U7 58.8% 71.1% 90.1% U8 61.2% 69.4% 83.3% U9 44.6% 65.1% 80.8% U10 60.2% 70.8% 76.4% U11 60.1% 72.2% 77.3% U12 64.5% 70.9% 73.2% Table 6: Improvement in Coverage because of peerto-peer and global sharing aims to learn new access points that provide connectivity, i.e., open or unsecured wireless networks.

referencedevices can alsobeplaced usingsystematic techniques.


UV-CAST assumes boundary vehicles have a higher probability of encountering new neighbors.

moreover, the video messages are inserted into the network at three di.erent data rates, 100 kbps, 500 kbps and 1 Mbps.


With a credit management and a compensation mechanism, our algorithms provide rate guarantee and fair access to the channel.

the possible OVSF codes can be represented by a code tree as shown in Fig.


we model a BitTorrent-like network as routing data blocks on a directed graph over discrete time steps.


shortest path link) shortest path link.)

they do not show how well they can prevent loops and the cache size they need.


3.1.2 Utilization-Based VFI Creation To find the optimal utilization-based clustering, we group the cores that are in each quartile of the utilization values within a single VFI.

more recently, it has been shown that mSWNoC can help improving the temperature profile of the NoC switches and links compared to a traditional mesh in presence of DVFS [13].


Our results indicate that TCP is a reliable fall-back mechanism.

for example, the timing of our discovery and dissemination of RRset staleness coincided with a large drop in its incidence.


With the increase in mean cluster size, intra cluster messages increase, but load is relieved on inter cluster exchanges.

the two-tiered authentication and encryption scheme to prevent a malicious node which makes a network entry in our architecture, is as follows.


Moreover, we cannot reproduce the same experiment because of the imprecision of the human factor.

the cost of making experiments with laboratorylevel testbeds is larger than that of software simulation.


Furthermore, type qualifiers are constant and cannot change state.

the Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part ol this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advan- tage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


Prior work [16] has proposed Single-Path Mode, which establish a new MPTCP sub.ow only after the current sub.ow is inactive, at the expense of two more round-trip times compared with the current Backup Mode.

using different congestion control algorithms has a greater effect on larger .ow sizes.


In addition, four threads are implemented, one main thread receiving messages from the input modules, and the others threads are dedicated for scheduling and sending messages, and control the charge of the node.

when a node A has to send a periodic or geocast message M,and receives the same message M, sent by another node B (cf.


minimum 100000 0.1 Proportional using FIFO Proportional using FIFO Minimum-access using GreedyDual Minimum-access using GreedyDual Minimum-query using GreedyDual 10000 slope=-1.0 Number of replicas slope=-0.667 slope=-0.5 1000 100 10 1 Normalized retrieval cost 0.01 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 Object popularity rank, i Alpha Figure 7: Number of replicas of objects with different access probabilities in steady-state, proportional strategy/FIFO, minimum-query strategy/GreedyDual, and minimum-access strategy/GreedyDual.


Constraint (18) is the SINR constraint (1) which is described in the system model.

upper bound ratio all simulation scenarios.


Using pseudonyms is a necessary .rst step to make tracking in these networks more dif.cult.

no application or network level con.dentiality mechanisms, such as SSL or IPSec, would mask this identi.er either.


We get an 18.7 hours trace, and extract the sending/receiving time of each packet.

the occurrence of state promotions should not be increased when we try to eliminate the energy waste caused by the Tail Time.


Note that due to the hashing of thekeys, the positions of distinct road segment IDs in the ID space are entirely independent.

2.3 Security and Privacy An important challenge in both peer-to-peer traf.c information systems andVANET-based approaches is the security and privacy of users and data.


j=1 2j the average stretch between nearby pairs is O(log n) (and one pair has stretch n), while the average stretch over all pairs is O(1).


Research activity on this domain considers the security orthogonal to QoS since both of them are separately managed.

in the next section, we detail the functioning of the proposed architecture for each segment.


On(i ) consists of On(i)/d(i ) intervals of length d(i), and according to the 79 lemma, in each of these intervals the overall average latency is equal to hu(i)d(i)2/2.

the time instant when item i appears in the broadcast is indicated by a small black mark above the time axis.


Theseconditionalprobabilitiesareusedtoupdatetheprobabilityvectorip byapplyingBayes Rule[3] pi *P(M|ri) pi = Pn pj *P(M|rj) j=1 foreachreferencepointi.

figure 2: Each asterisk represents a reference point with eight signal strength histograms in an exemplary operation area.


Frequency selection is likely to be the slowest time scale operation, since changes in the AP occupancy of speci.c channels is likely to be infrequent.

in the former case, the cooperation is typically limited to frequency selection and power control, among the cooperative WLANs (see section 4).


Red cars simply do not have a valid position.


Hence, most of these systems are designed with suf.cient resources to service an expected mix of packet types, while ensuring that the worst-case performance requirements for only the basic IP-forwarding benchmark are met.

by making use of registers, and where available, the small fast memories close to the processor [22] to store temporarydata, the overhead for temporary-data accesses can be eliminated.


Note that the ID of the base station is 0 .

over a one year period that the network was up, the inability to maintain a high enough voltage value from the battery was a significant cause for the nodes to be down.


In TCP incast, tens of senders simultaneously send tra.c to a receiver.

the local CPU on the switches are dummy components in the OF architecture, whereas it is much more intelligent in our design as it swaps the .ows, monitors the queues and decides the tra.c redirection.


It follows, when t4 approaches s then f(t1,t2,t3,t4) continuously approaches f(s, t2,t3,t4) from above.

in fact, for  * i =2 the proposition is proved with equation (24).


Then, each packet is attempted in turn to check if it is feasible to add it to the batch.

in the steady state, our gateway module injects CBR UDP traf.c (in 1500B datagrams) to each AP at a rate just exceeding the maximum theoretical wireless bandwidth.


INTRODUCTION In recent years, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have received increasing attention from academia and industry alike.

aggregation only disseminates summarized information.


VRR maintains the invariant that the nextA and nextB .elds in a node s routing table entries are in the pset of the node.

route update messages in DSDV [34] have size O(n).


Other approaches [20 23]illustrated that optimalnetwork performance could notbe reachedby solely considering connectivity, and suggested to also take into account transmission load or interference levels.

of the 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON 06), Reston, VA, USA, September 2006, pp.


[26] David Taylor, Alex Chandra, Yuhua Chen, Sarang Dharmapurikar, John Lockwood, Wenjing Tang, and Jonathan Turner.

if the probe of the off-chip table requires multiple memory accesses, the performance of the algorithm can suffer.


This popularity index combines the normalized weighted attractions and the normalized integration value.

routes in opportunistic networking are dynamically constructed in a hop-by-hop fashion, where intermediate nodes are opportunistically utilized in order to accommodate for the lack of an end-to-end path towards a destination [13].


We can further convert such problem to a traditional network .ow problem which has only edge capacity constraints using the well known node-splitting method in network .ow problems ([27] page 41 42).

in order to provide a tight bound on the moving distance, we use a di.erent placement than the deterministic placement discussed in the previous section, which places k v sensors at the same grid point of side length ds =2r.


The .gure shows that, among the successfully delivered messages, 73.2% reach their destination in less than 10 seconds, which justi.es the conventional characterization of SMS as near real-time .

vehicular Technology, 52(1), January 2003.


In the rest of the section, we refer to a MAC protocol supporting the CtS strategy as simply CtS-MAC.

assume that CtS is augmented with an intermediate signal in addition to the basic start and stop signals.


The argument of neighbor consists the address of the neighboring node and the interface to reach it.

work in Progress, November 2007. draft-ietf-autoconf-manetarch-07.


Figure 1 shows the delivery ratio as a function of the number of nodes  for Periodic and Poisson message arrivals, when the power management is enabled and disabled.

channel accesses are perfectly synchronized and this increases the amount of contention among nodes.


However, unlike these related works, IDIPS is not limited to the peers selection in P2P and can measure path performances.

iNTRODUCTION Content is often replicated and distributed with the help of e.cient content distribution networks (CDN) [3, 5] or even end-user based replication with peer-to-peer applications.


RDMA initiator RDMA target TCP sender TCP receiver      B y tes per Energy (M B y tes/joule) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0  Figure 10: BPE for Chelsio Bandwidth Tests From Figure 5, we noticed that CPU utilization drops as the message size increases for Mellanox RDMA tests.

we believe that it is equally important to study the power aspect of high performance communication.


All routing schemes based on scheduling or re-occurring events have one thing in common: they rely on a synchronized common time base.

(t) dependent on di.erent values for O Each time the rating is needed, the node can calculate the current rating of its own clock.


Often they are guided by many factors such as infrastructure (roads, malls, trails, playgrounds, mountains, etc.

in this scheme, the number of nodes remains the same throughout the simulation.


On the one hand, a small value of a will lead to a small subset of candidate proxy forwarders, which will deplete their battery power very quickly.

iEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.


|W | may be as high as 100 in typical o.ce buildings, resulting in a model with a signi.cant number of parameters.

the two buildings used in our experiments contained 64 nodes and 28 nodes, respectively.


In this work, we assume that the clustering information is static.

in this work, we use the following method to identify the connectors: we first identify the clusters each node belongs to.


While cellular network coverage is often provided in populated areas, those facilities may fall victim to a disaster or simply may not be available in areas such as mountains and forests.

figure 4 shows the throughput versus distance for scenario A.


In contrast to the type I imperfect handover, the type II imperfect handover (Figure 7) can be seen as a late handover.

in case of the inter-AR handover, the current AR may ask the new AR to provide information necessary for the MN s registration with the new FA.


connection, transmission of a .le, etc.).

when used for point to point communication, it employs a master/slave time division duplexing scheme based on slots of 625µs and using 1µs symbols [9].


Chord: A Scalable Peer-to-peer Lookup  Service for Internet Applications.

3.2 Subscription Management As mentioned in section 3.1, a subscription is represented by a triple (d_id, s_id, f), where f is a filter that specifies the subscriber s interest in specific events.


, SH E N K E R , S., A N D STO -I C A , I.

for CLDP, we do the same, extract the resulting planarized graph, and compute the stretch metricoff-line using a standalone program in order to reduce simulation running time.


It is worth noting that, although the algorithm has been shown to perform well in a variety of scenarios, it has recently been found that it does not completely eliminate free-riding [16, 17, 23].

bACKGROUND BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer content distribution protocol that scales well with the number of participating peers.


To evaluate the impact of LEAD on link layer error recovery mechanisms, we implemented three protocols, including Maranel lo [13], link layer forward error correction (FEC) [18], and partial packet retransmission (PPR) [16].

the percentage of pilot bits in a particular network also varies substantially depending on the size of packet payload.


(0,1), x<b< n, and c = 1, (a +(1 -a) n-x )c is a convex function of x. W·(b-x) Proof.

the performance with this frame size constraint is similar to the results shown in Section 5.


In the context of quorum systems, a strategy is a rule giving each quorum an access frequency so that the frequencies sum up to one.

an M-QCH system can support m rendezvous channels (m .


Distinct with the existing solution, F-ODFC utilizes a probabilistic method to solve the fairness issue among multiple contending BSs.

extensive simulation results show the proposed scheme distinctly outperforms 802.22 ODFC and CASS.


Reversely, if the size is immoderately small, requested VMs will not be able to be place into Incubator timely.

to copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


in such wireless systems with limited resources, both advanced transmission techniques and e.cient packet scheduling algorithms are essential.


In this way, with a .xed size of the sensing .eld, the node density depends on the total number of sensor nodes.

these problems are especially serious in applications where sinks move at relatively high speed.


Note that dr is unnecessary since CL-ARQ does not require the intervention of the receiver s MAC to trigger ARQ retransmission.

similarly, NAK message is returned immediately after the receiver s MAC realizes a delivery failure.


We used the batch-mode feature of Pagestats and gathered results from 967 URLs.


Further e.orts are carried out within the IEEE and as collaborations between AP and wireless client manufacturers [12].

as Table 2 shows, a scanning based hando.


When QoS violation is detected, the MHs will perform a channel switch and shift the load to neighboring APs.

such instability will incur more overhead and harm QoS.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

the time for the network to stabilize is the information propagation time in the network,which depends on the maximal hops from the goals or the obstacles to any node in the network.


Convolutional-encoder, Viterbi decoder, FFT, and iFFT were taken from EEMBC telecom suite [1].

we had to implement an unbiased IEEE 802.11n transmitter and receiver.


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION We introduced a novel framework for P2P media streaming, BEAM, that uses alliance basedpeering scheme to solve some of the existing problems in chunk based P2P media streaming.

in BEAM, the initial bu.ering time can be reduced from approximately 30 seconds to 10-12 seconds for smaller swarms and less than 20 seconds for larger swarms (4096 nodes).


it may result in large error to interpret NLOS condition into LOS condition.


The same sub-carriers can be used by the macrocell user and the femtocells that are very close to each other.


It results in the low throughput in .ow S6R6 and high throughput in .ows S5R5 and S7R7.

that means a node needs to detect the network load in order to choose the transmission mode.


A silicon 60GHz receiver and transmitter chipset for broadband communications.

in our system, we replace the NIC with the proposed simple Y-switch and at least two transceivers.


It is also compared with the recently proposed Energy Balanced Routing Protocol (EBRP) and established that our proposed work is performing well as compared with the existing one in terms of Throughput and End-to-End Delay and this proposed work retains all the positive features of Portion of Living Node (PLN) and Network Lifetime.

they have proposed an novel routing scheme called Energy Balanced Routing Protocol which does overcome the problem of energy consumption imbalance is a serious issue in recently proposed energy-efficient routing techniques, and it does demonstrate the advantage of balanced energy consumption between the sensor network.this schemes consumes more cost which leads End-to-End delay.


Finally, compared with no data transmission, it stays longer (about 40 seconds) in 3G even when it can return to the 4G network.

another possible solution is that the operator immediately switches the user back to the 4G LTE network once the call completes.


SINRequal to 0, in other words, ............ .... case1 takin g value is alway s high er than threshold, case2 taking ............ .... between 0 to a seconds, case3 taking All nodes use CC2420 radio transceiver which occup ies 2.4GHz frequency band and transmit p ower of sender nodes is a to ß seconds, case4 taking bet ween ............ ....  fixed to -3dBm.

the result of naive Bayesian classifier, the proposed algorithm which jointly considers PRR and previous state is equal to prior ............ .. .. value, respected result.


Users mobility should be exploited to bridge partitions and move data.

distributed systemsbased on gossiping[5] arealsorelated to our system.


Moreover, even a secure AS may prefer to use an insecure route for economic or performance reasons (as in our security 2nd or 3rd models).

draft-white-sobgp-bgp-deployment-01.txt, June 2003, expired.


Thus far, we have observed that each station BSi transmits a single navigation signal si(ts) at time ts.


The paper will focus particularly on the behavior of each approach in utilizing the wireless channel.

moreover, discussions about feasibility of the solution in real world scenario are also provided.


To that end, , it will decrease after each iteration, eventually m we have developed a sequence generator (SG) based on a Markov chain model [8].

the reason for this seemingly counterintuitive result is that the feedback systems usually have stable operating points unique to their inputs.


We used one CBR real time and two non-real time sources each with 15 receivers.

in our approach, we integrated the probing with the multicast routing in order to reduce the overhead introduced by probing messages for the multicast scenario.


If the source or destination host is a local host, an Internet trace route is executed todetermine anInternetpath and anICMPbandwidth testis performed.

forinstance,theFTPbandwidth measurementtoolinNADMA measures the bandwidth between two FTP servers.


MAC designs using local signaling among nodes [5][9][11], e.g., exchanging request-to-send(RTS)/(clear-to-send)CTS messages over a common code/frequency control channel, realize transmitter-receiver hand-shaking and may improve the performance over random access schemes.


Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation (Berkeley, CA, USA, 2010), 19 19.

we show that distributed-adaptive-routing may be used to provide a scalable and non-blocking routing even for long flows on a rearrangeably-non-blocking Clos network under halfrate conditions.


a) Nodes generate traffic independently of each other, via a Poisson process with a mean rate of~.g messages per cycle.

by modelling the injection channel in the source node as an M/G/I queue, the mean arrival rate and mean service time arc given by the following equations ~'~ = 2n +Ash + ~n Aa" (26) ~, = ~,b + "g~r Sb -~ S,, (27) Approximating the variance of the service time distribution by (S, -M) z yields a mean waiting time at the source as --2 ~.


The implementation known as Trunked IAX protocol allows the use a single header for the passage of several calls, meaning that it is possible to send several conversations on the same stream, which represents a significant saving bandwidth, since with this avoids the overhead of IP and UDP transport layers too.

in addition, IAX uses UDP port 4569 to communicate all the packages, using for that purpose call a field of 15 bits within the header of the protocol for multiplexing the streams over a single UDP association [10].


6 we evaluate the performance of the considered methodin terms of theEve sknowledge ofthe channel which is strictly related to the distance d. We assume P/s2 = 25 dB and PFA =10-4 .


[1] achieved a secret bit rate up to 10.18bps for a single pair of BAN nodes based on RSS measurements.

4.2 Node Authentication For node authentication alone, we conducted 17 experiments with the random combination of the following factors -location of experiment, movement, mote placement and subject.


However, our goal is to have bundles being exchanged also with users that are socially well-connected with the destination, and not only to have bundles being delivered directly to the destination.

as social proximity relates to how physically close users are and how much time they spend together, Bluetooth is the most indicated technology to exploit such proximity as it supports only close range communication.


Nevertheless, the 802.11p workingmostly failed to meet the QoS requirements defined by the vehicular community.

and in a certain regions, it is important to position a mechanism that can maintain the bothsafety and non-safety data communications when infrastructure is not present (Multi-hop communication).


Also, .rewalls can be easily con.gured to disable STC by removing the STC-permit TCP option (e.g., just one line of command on Cisco .rewalls [1]).

[12] Z. Wang, Z. Qian, Q. Xu, Z. M. Mao, and M. Zhang.


We propose a method to classify ASes into a number of types depending on their function and business type, using observable topological properties of those ASes.

if the snapshot duration is too small (say a few days), then the majority .ltering mechanism may not be able to .lter out backup links that appear during long-lasting failures such as .ber cuts.


The design and implementation of a session layer for delay-tolerant networks.


Jie Hui, Aaron Drake, Kevin Lau T-Mobile USA Inc.* {Jie.Hui, Aaron.Drake, Kevin.Lau} @t-mobile.com  1.

in this paper, we present a collection of measurement techniques and datasets that greatly improve our understanding of the impact of RRC state transitions, especially on application performance.


These plots focus on forging probabilities such 2-64 as and2-80 , to show that PEAC is completely customizable and that it can reach high level of security.

on the other end, PEAC can just use longer hash chain (that is, increasing the parameter L) to amortize the overhead induced by the transmission of the TPK over several time intervals.


IEEE 802.11 technology can offer higher data rates than cellular, but there are significant differences in the coverage area which should be efficiently taken into account for a handover decision in order to provide service quality.

presents our MIH protocol development in detail.


Recently, support for DOORS was also extended to encompass embedded systems based on the Maemo platform used by Nokia Internet Tablets and OpenWRT, a Linux-based firmware distribution for wireless access points.

when the mobile node returns back into its home network, both fields would contain identical values for the IPv6 address.


In order to provide a better view of the dynamics of the Internet numbers allocation, Figures 4 and 5 show the number of added ASNs and IP address blocks from ARIN, respectively.

from the viewpoint of security, it is su.cient to monitor BGP route announcements.


PlP2is negligible in our measurements, so we ignore it.

they are sometimes circuitous, contributing to in.ation in end-to-end paths [28].


This loses the clear separation between rates (and so only three rates are shown for legibility).

we now show that CSI measured at one transmit power level is useful to predict delivery at a different power level.


We next discuss several additional requirements that we argue are essential if the system is to actually succeed in the Internet.

we leverage the existing system to store our ADDRPOL and SRO records.


In this paper, we propose and analyze a cross-layer, scal able and e.cient integrated mobility and service manage ment scheme, called DMAPwSR, with the goal to mini mize the network cost incurred for mobility management  Figure 1: Example Mobility and Service Management Scenarios under DMAPwSR.

mIP v6 Cservice = .t + at (4) 1.2  1.4 1 1.3 1.4 Cost Difference 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 01/81/41/2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 SMR Figure 6: Cost di.erence between MIPv6, HMIPv6 and DMAPwSR.


i.e., if the data density is higher than the threshold, we use a .ngerprint-based approach, otherwise, we choose a model-based approach.

the former directly calculates the distance between .ngerprints and .nds the most matched one or multiple .ngerprints.


Hit 257.68 264.05 271.53 274.87 275.46 Other Hit 62.33 59.57 52.85 45.80 41.52 Total Hit 320.01 323.62 324.38 320.67 316.98 Table 5.1: Total encoding size in MB with various allocations of space for the .le cache, with total cache size 10 MB.

the client, upon receiving the hash data, uses an ordered data structure to identify all blocks whose MD5 hashes start with the received pre.xes.


But, in this case, we characterize transitions of Z(t)from an ON period to an OFF period.

1 Figure 3: Non-o.oaded tra.c from a single source Lemma 1.


This is due to the fact that RWs do not require multi-hop routing and avoid .ooding altogether.

once we have such a loose upper bound, we can use the birthday paradox principle to obtain a much tighter bound in the following manner.


Once the buffers are large enough to contain all the messages generated during the entire simulation (not shown due to space constraints), its delivery ratio matches ED.

we chose to implement a linkstate routing algorithm for two reasons.


They form the routing structure F. Note that Tk rooted at gk may include nodes not in Dk, and in that case, the number of descendants of gk, |VDk |, will exceed c(gk).

if the budget for gateways is limited, we should increase l at the cost of larger monitoring quality loss.


However, for most of these models there are neither implementations nor synthetic traces public available.

instead of classifying the models after their dependencies, the applications or scenarios are of more interest for the users and may be used as a criterion for classi.cation.


The dynamically changing network topology makes the maintenance of any multicast tree in DTNs challenging.The performance of different multicast approaches relies on the knowledgeofnetworkconditions that DTN nodes can discover and disseminate among one another.

4.5 Comparisons with Other Multicast  Approaches In this section, we compare our CAMR scheme with U-Multicast, DTBR, and OS-Multicast schemes using random waypoint mobility model and a scenario with 25 nodes randomly distributed in 1000x1000 m2 and a traffic load of 1 bundle every 2 seconds.


However, idle listening is essential in order to receive messages from other nodes that need to be forwarded along to the next hop.

optimizing wireless sensors means reducing costs, increasing lifetimes, and locating sensors close to the action.


p the signal that tx transmits canbe expressed as m 1 si.vi .


DCCP runs with this idea: each half-connection has an independent set of variables and features, including a congestion control method.

related Work In the early days of Internet multimedia the research community naturally assumed that congestion control would be an integral part of UDP applications, although much of this work targeted multicast [11, 29].


We avoid this by replacing the center of mass of the points in the mixing strategy by the algorithm de- scribed in Lemma 4.

we may assume that only points on convex hull triangulation T. The mobile convex hull can be maintained kinetically [4] with O(log n) locality and O(log 2 n) time responsiveness.


For example, the server can schedule an energy constrained device to sleep for a duration within which it does not need to send or receive packets.

the congestion control window size grows faster for DOMINO than for DCF.


Session Initiation (p, p in Figure 2) After the Relay Server is selected by Management Server, Pairing Server sends a Session Initiation packet to both of External Devices.


In fact, without loss of generality, we assume that the values ai are integers from [m]= {1,... ,m}.

to lower the size of veri.cation information, the aggregator .rst hashes the measurements with a cryptographic hash function, e.g., v3,0 = H(m0),assuming that the size of the hash is smaller than the size of the data.


Moreover, the adversary is able to combine information obtained from multiple nodes to launch attacks.

if the endorsement of the CN has been used to generate SEnd , a reaction is necessary, i.e., either CH initiates a new report generation or CH waits for a new query from the sink.


given the .exibility of today s cognitive radios, an application can easily transmit on frequencies outside of its allocated range, either accidentally due to miscon.guration, or intentionally to avoid spectrum licensing costs.


The most ef.cient implementation is to embed the requests for data in the beacons.

the work by Choudhury [6] also concerns data dissemination, albeit it assumes a random push mode (gossip).


(6) We have the following lemmas: Lemma 1.

it is possible for users or transmitters to utilize the time-varying nature of the channels by opportunistically selecting the best one to use for transmission [7, 14, 8].


When Mininet instantiates an instance of the topology, it will automatically create all required links, perform con.guration of the routing engines, and connect to the Transit Portal service.

in ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, volume 32, pages 3 16.


The actual high-density deployments in schools usually lasted for only 2 days, while the long-term deployments were in smaller groups where the neighborhood size was signi.cantly below our estimate of 4 neighbors on average.

correctly con.gured radios will verify approximately the same values.


METRICS RELEVANT TO CONTENT PROVIDERS In this section we discuss two key aspects for our study: (i) what constitutes a content provider relative to each censorship event, and (ii) the metrics on which we base our assessment of changes resulting from censorship events (note that we can only apply these metrics to unencrypted traf.c).

for SOHO traf.c, the average porn bandwidth reduces by a factor of three.


The GIS models restricts node movements along the exact course of roads.

distance (m) Figure 9: Ratio of Distances Between All Nodes (Sampling Ratio is 1 Meter).


PRELIMINARY EVALUATION In this section we show some preliminary evaluation results of our schemes, and refer the readers to [23] for more comprehensive 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of heavy changes Figure 6: Heavy change detection accuracy: true positive (top) and false positive (bottom).

we note that for non-hierarchical keys, such as source/destintion pairs of IP addresses, an alternate (and slightly less ef.cient) scheme needs to be used.


The case is more complicated in wireless networks, especially in highly dynamic environments (e.g., helicopter ad hoc networks).

in the dynamic scene, it could avoid additional overhead, ease channel contention, as well as reduce the algorithm complexity, since it does not rely on the probe packets.


Very interesting work related to IS-IS [1] conver- gence in ISP networks (and the potential for much faster convergence) has appeared in talks and Internet drafts from Packet Design [7] [8].

the op- erator has to ensure that the most suitable reuters (taking into account load and hardware capabilities) can become DR and BDR.


Most evaluations consider detection rate as their major performance criteria, gauging trade-offs between false positives and false negatives.

they motivate us to explore several novel ways of reducing resource requirements.


Non-slotted messages, however, can afford to miss a slot given that they can be sent in any subsequent slots.

[29] P. Mutaf and C. Castelluccia, Insecurity of the paging channel in a wireless internet, in Proc.


For example, an FD might or might not be inherently reversible; it might be rewritten in .ight; it might be independent of the location of the sender in the network, or not.

the association layers must carry destination and source AIds.


3.1 An Example Scenario using Ditto We illustrate how Ditto can exploit locality and similarity to improve transfer performance using an example.

ditto s caching works on a longer time scale (multiple requests for the same .le) and at the granularity of application data chunks.


The idea is .nding the erage as the area of the coverage disc to the area of a smallest coverage disc in which a unit cell can be fully covered by that disc wherever a sensor is placed in the cell.

in [8], the authors addressed a probabilistic k-coverage model that can determine the appropriate number of sensors to provide k-coverage of a region under mostly sleeping sensor nodes.


Typically these alerts correspond to P2P, VoIP, and chat related rules.

statl: An attack language for state-based intrusion detection, 2002.


Throughput Received Packets (24 nodes) 3.5 Analysis The overall assessment of this simulation was that the performance of the 24-node configuration was better than that for 12-node configuration in every respect, except for dropped packets, as denoted in Table 1.

selected nodes then became mobile, moving to a new location while maintaining communications with its respective companions.


For example, Deluge [3] sends .urries of data packets using single-hop broadcasts, forming a region of intense interference.

fWP penalizes protocols with more packets or larger quiet times to give priority for protocols that have occupied the channel less.


EkhoNet di.ers from these e.orts in that it is designed for raw data transfer from high-rate sensors at extremely low power levels.

since the WISP5.0 platform is not currently available, we evaluate its power consumption with a prototype that uses the same MCU (MSP430FR5969).


The Time header (Line 4 in Table 1) carries a time-stamp specifyingthe point in time at which the VITP message was generated by its originating peer.

the service infrastructure should try to come up with a reply to the driver s requests, well before the driver decides whether or not to take the JFK Dr exit.


signaling can be piggybacked on outgoing data packets for more efficient handoff, particularly for real-time applications with continuous stream of data packets.


Ideally, if applications had access to measurements that quantify network performance, they could dynamically adapt to network conditions and improve user satisfaction.

we need traces collected at end-hosts to experiment with different delay detection techniques.


2p1B Denoting r := p2/p1, we get then r(A- B)+ 2B rA E(R)/E(S)= = - r/2+ 1.

for probes in which any packet is lost, we consider the one-way delay of the most recent successfully transmitted packet as an estimateof the maximum queue depth(OWDmax).We then consider a loss episode (or, more generally, a congestion episode) to be delimitedby probes within t seconds of an indication of a lost packet (i.e., a missing probe sequence number) and having a one-way delay greater than (1- a) × OWDmax .


In our tests, about half of the Vista ports were in the Vista client port range ([214 +215, 216 - 1]); they may thus be covered by our client port scheme.

a routing protocol dynamically controls what paths traf.c should take to a destination; a hybrid .rewall dynamically controls what is blocked.


There may or may not be temporal forwarding between t1 and t2.

at every point in time the modified namespace must be integrated with the rest of the system to minimize disruption and enable testing.


In order to reach their full potential, a number of key issues, such as localization and topology control, need to be addressed.

figure 5 shows one such realization of a PPP for Volcano-based path losses between the nodes.


Third, short .ows are less likely because .ows are de.ned on a sender to a destination IP address basis.

we limit the amount of data as well as the period of validity.


Equation 3 suggests the size of each communication set to be equal to K. This condition implies that all sites have the capability of doing the same amount of work.

we propose algorithm 4 to assign each communication set to a corresponding node.


For this test case, the average WAP gateway s CPU usage increased significantly from 9% to 37%, and reached a peak of 48 %, as shown in Figure 8b.

the Attacker UML interface represents the attacker capabilities and provides operations for the ECA rule and its respective keywords.


In conclusion, the low entropy of some peers is either a measurement artifact due to modi.ed or misbehaving clients, or the result of the this remote peer spent in the peer set when the local inability of the rarest .rst algorithm to reach ideal entropy peer is in leecher state; in some extreme cases.

this paper is not a case against solutions based on source or network coding.


r there exist positive integers dr and {drr ' : r .


Any invalidation logic should be applied only when invalidating requests receive a successful response, i.e., PUT, POST, DELETE requests that receive 2xx/3xx responses.

wWW2010, April 26-30, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina.


As the deployment of charging stations depends on the mobility of evehicles, which is not observable in real urban areas at higher scales, the real-world behavior is not yet clear.

in [8], the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different communication technologies available for smart grids, such as wireless mesh networks (WMNs), cellular networks, powerline communication, and digital subscriber lines.


Consider a packet i that arrived in the bu.er when there were some other packets present.

for every packet arrival event we registered: Unique identi.er of the wireless card for which the event occurred  Unique frame identi.cation number (we used IEEE  802.11 frame ID for this purpose) Packet arrival timestamp And for every packet departure event we logged: Unique identi.er of the wireless card for which the event occurred  Unique frame identi.cation number  Transmitted frame size in bytes  MAC-layer transmission rate used with the frame  Packet departure timestamp  This information was su cient for calculating aforementioned fairness metrics.


The only bright example is OS Symbian, which is fully capable to run a firewall application, actually many firewall applications exist for this platform on the market.

[24] Xenakis, C.: Malicious actions against the GPRS technology, Journal in Computer Virology, vol.


Full Duplex Backscatter Dinesh Bharadia Kiran Raj Joshi Sachin Katti Stanford University Stanford University Stanford University dineshb@stanford.edu krjoshi@stanford.edu skatti@stanford.edu ABSTRACT This paper asks the following question: could we transform the radios found in our personal gadgets into powerful multipurpose scanning devices that can detect and locate tumors, guns, buried human bodies, a la the Star Trek Tricoder?

[16] B. Fleury, M. Tschudin, R. Heddergott, D. Dahlhaus, and K. Ingeman Pedersen.


It is obvious that CG(V,E)=CG'(V,E) based on graph symmetry property.

security for Sensor Networks , in CADIP Research Symposium, 2002.


Similar to the above two factors, by compressing the CSI over time, i.e., increasing the feedback period, an inverse-linear reduction in overhead is achieved, as shown in Fig.

by triggering CSI updates only when needed, AFC can achieve up to multi-folds of throughput gain over static schemes.


in the simulation, we simply use the following force function, a hybrid function from [10, 1, 8].


[1] proposes a number of optimizations for applying fast incremental route-updates in a pipelined fashion.

tCAMs activate all memory locations in a single access in the worst-case, therefore their power dissipation is expected to be much higher than that of the trie-based schemes.


Because RTS/CTS mitigates effects of hidden terminals, the results for CSMA/CA are more balanced, and downlink traf.c contributes with 414 kb/sec whereas uplink traf.c contributes with 407 kb/sec.

notice that the total goodput achieved by the system is 67% of that of the reference model for CSMA (and slightly less for CSMA/CA) and signi.cantly less than twice that achieved with a single omnidirectional antenna.


In Proceedings of IEEE DySPAN, pages 1 11, April 2010.

(1) in Stage III, SAP announces the optimal price p* =arg maxp=0 = R(p, a, Wl,p), and in Stage * II, SAP determines the optimal leasing amount W = l arg maxWl R(p, a, Wl,p*).


Indeed, existing protocols either do not satisfactorily address the problem of coercion and vote-buying [2, 3, 10], or they are too impractical and involved to be understood by the vast majority of users [5, 11].

in fact, despite being a realistic threat undoubtedly relevant for governments that wish to implement e-voting [10, 14], this problem is rarely addressed at all in remote e-voting protocols.


We show that this variance can obscure even large improvements in infection and recovery.

once a website has been cleaned, the administrator informs the search engine and the blacklisting is removed without delay.


Other proposals focus on reducing bandwidth usage by employing overlay networks to distribute data [4] and to perform partial aggregation [11].

more critically, their performance is still bound by the limited bandwidth at the edge.


Given that the network sharing functional block on node B relies only on generic API calls to operate, the same module can be used for sharing all sorts of networks.

at this point, all data sent by the TCP FB on IDP u will be tunneled through the Y network and then forwarded to the X FB on its IDP r. The X functional block then adds the received data into an appropriate X packet and sends it to the destination address.


Our methodology is to construct a hierarchical control scheme to combine the advantages of independent control schemes (simplicity) and joint control (accuracy) to achieve good performance with low overhead.


SIMULATION RESULTS We now present simulations that explore the quantitative di.erence between mechanisms, and illustrate the e.ects Figure 2: Sample demand realization for 3 buyers with our trace-inspired model for 600 simulated secs.

we get e.cient strict priority queuing without any kernel modi.cations, with the caveat that we can only use a small .xed number of queues.


INTRODUCTION DVBH [1] is a European transmission standard for mobile multimedia broadcasting.

the controlplane protocols of the two specifications are of more difference, such as the smartcardbased KMS (Key Management Systems) in the service and content protection frameworks.


As we mentioned before LSP performs really well in random packet loss scenario.

however most of the packets were lost in several short or medium size bursts.


On the other hand, some licensed bands have signi.cant dead times, since the licensed user may not be using all the assigned spectrum or may not be using it all the time.

in addition, wireless devices increasingly integrate several wireless interfaces and their protocols.


The intended receiver R retrieves the IDs of all intermediate nodes, composes a message that contains all these IDs along the route to the source node, and then encrypts the message through the agent AEA.

as we discussed earlier, the source node chooses the quickest route as the optimal route.


l refer the interested reader to [19] where the derivation is described in detail.

time is slotted and slots are grouped into repeating frames.


Finally, note that speculatively transmitting acks does not require full-duplex capability since there is no transmission during reception; we simply overlap the processing of already received data during transmission.

in this experiment, we used two kinds of nodes  near and far nodes.


Research solutions often involve analyzing the boundaries between two or more systems, such as the atmosphere and the ocean, requiring access to more data than needed in studies of either system in isolation.

understanding the details of the formation process remains an outstanding problem in astrophysics.


The .rst found pre.x is the longest pre.x since there is no longer one in FIB.

meanwhile, we elaborate a string-oriented perfect hash table to reduce memory consumption which stores the signature of the key in the entry instead of the key itself.


Figure 3 is the procedure of the context report protocol.

iEEE 802.16 family doesn't provide end-to-end network solutions since there will be many business issues promoting the wireless technology.


In HD video conferencing, we have two dimensions for adaptation: spatial and temporal quality.

an application have to choose either low delay or high bandwidth but not both.


3.1.2.2 The Suitability Re-Assessment Procedure The MN may change its direction whilst in a periphery zone, so the suitability of an advance reservation should be re-assessed regularly.

the other weakness is that Soh assumes that, at any particular location in the current cell, there is only a single cell to which a MN can hand-over.


the tradeoff between service rate and delay for exponential service increase is clearly derived and the choice of algorithm will depend on the delay sensitivity and cost of the resource represented as the service rate.


HEU took shorter time than OPT, but can still take up to 0.50 sec.

sCALABLE VIDEO STREAMING OVER A HYBRID NETWORK We follow the system architecture presented in Do et al.


The flow establishment packet is then forwarded to the next hop k+1 along the route towards the destination.

section 3 provides selected simulation results for prioritized multi-flow H.264 transmissions.


on Power Electronics and Motion Control, pp.

but it is not appropriate to detect the high precise signal for its repeatability and low precision .if we choose temperature sensor such as AD590,LM35 ,the system will be more complicated because the analog signals outputs needs A / D conversion.As a result ' temperature calibration will be a difficult problem.


In the results we present, the wireless range of all nodes was 10m.

the .rst case happens with probability .D/(.D + 1), the second with probability 1/(.D + 1).


If energy consumption is a .rst-class concern as it is for handheld devices the best policy for the client would be to transmit data to the .le server when the mobile device has the highest-bandwidth network connection that it will enjoy in the near future.

the purpose of maintaining this database is to estimate the quality of a connection to the Internet, for all the di.erent access points a mobile device encounters.


Our approach follows the same principles.

[25] K.JamiesonandH.Balakrishnan.PPR:PartialPacketRecoveryfor WirelessNetworks.In Proc.


The transmitter sends out 100 packets (20 packets per second) at each transmission power level.

the LQI readings suffer saturation when they get close to 110, which is the maximum quality frame detectable by the CC2420 [7].


To attenuate such a pessimistic view, some use a hopdistancebased interference than three hops awayfrom each other.


the proposed algorithm has the .exibility of supporting many scenarios using one technique.


Our proof techniques give powerful methods for computing the price of anarchy with respect to an arbitrary class of latency functions.

next, it is straightforward to check that Theorem 3.9 and hence Theorem 5.3 remain valid with our new de.nition of anarchy value, provided we only care about the worstpossible value of .


If the primary path becomes unavailable, one of the secondary paths is engaged as the primary path.

in the receiver, the control is returned from select() when the receiver receives the L5-DATA segment.


We have shown how CMFS would work over IP.

the MN records all the MAs along the way (from the MAP to HA).


This important feature has been exploited in several studies, ranging from the construction of energy ef.cient routing trees [1, 2] to network coding [3].

this way, routing information naturally propagates upstream with no need for broadcast beacons.


This prevents nodes from fabricating location information.

in addition, it returns an authenticated CTS (Clear To Send) packet to s. 4.


China wanghuinudt@gmail.com, sunzhigang@nudt.edu.cn ABSTRACT The rapid growth of diverse applications and services over the Internet poses signi.cant challenges to the traditional multicast routing protocols.

in the traditional multicast routing protocols, policy is not exerting impact on mechanism, and there is no clear boundary and separation between policies and mechanisms.


assume the control variables, the locations of the  4.1 Network Structure ble vertices, to be {(x1,y1), (x2,y2),..., (xn,yn)}.

end as discussed in Section 4.1, it is not clear that deploying a node at the vertices v1 will produce a maximal Algorithm 2: Algorithm for dynamic deployment probability of connectivity between v1 and all its neighbor nodes.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1[NetworkArchitecture andDesign]: Wireless communication, Sensor networks General Terms Algorithms, Performance, Experimentation  Keywords Global Optimization, Ant Colony Optimization, Wireless Sensor Networks 1.

heuristics for the traveling salesman problem.


In Panama, if an IP packet does not require additional processing, its forwarding path is an interrupt-free pipeline coordinated by network processors lying on the packet s forwarding path.

an alternative way to measure the effectiveness of the Figure 12 shows how the packet rate changes as the percentage of .ows that require computation worth one extension function increases.


Thedata collector runs ef.ciently on a 5.

the RRC (Radio Resource Control) state machine analysis accurately infers the radio states from packet traces so that ARO has a complete view of radio resource and radio energy utilization during the entire data collection period.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

senders interests often align more closely with their receivers than with the welfare of all network users.


We can then see on figure 9 the total traffic delivered by both protocols in lowdensity network.

researchers benefit from a common tool for performance evaluation or comparison with few risks that the results be influenced by a specific implementation.


The 5.9kbps Speex codec generates 15 bytes every 20ms.

there are four important design choices in LiT which enable its practical implementation.


Admission control and gating mechanisms will be needed as the software on the mobile device searches for the lucky image frames, which require further processing at the cloudlet.

this mode of operation does not require any architectural change nor hardware change to existing equipment.


From Figure 19 we see that, as expected from the analysis in §4.2, the throughput gain ZipTx provides is much larger in the outdoor scenario.

the chosen bit-rate itself depends on whether the receiver can utilize partial packets.


RFC 3927 speci.es autocon.guration of link-local addresses for IPv4.

if it is not speci.ed, the newest package list will be downloaded on the .rst check for updates, and as all package versions will be identical to the ones installed, nothing will be downloaded.


Network queueing is relatively stable at short timescales.

[7] S.BiswasandR.Morris.ExOR:Opportunisticmulti-hop routingfor wireless networks.In ACMSIGCOMM,2005.


2.2 Virtualization To provide the illusion of a virtual Grid environment, the MicroGrid intercepts all direct uses of resources or information services made by the application.

[17] Randy L. Ribler, Je.rey S. Vetter, Huseyin Simitci, , and Daniel A. Reed.


The work in [15] provides a comparison between preamble-sampling and wake-up radio systems, but Figure 1: Developed MiXiM model for a WuR-equipped node.


Once the KDC (TGS part), receiving the TGS request from the user, verifies the TGT ticket and hence the user authenticity, it sends to the user the service ticket containing the necessary credentials (keys) according to the user profile and according to the required service.

this approach requires lot of processing and consumes lot of resources, thus presenting a deployment limitation.


This is due to the selection principle which keeps the best ancestors of the prior generation in the next one.

we adapt the .tness function to f (N)=f (N)-conless (RN ).


vehicles will need to broadcast HELLO beacon message in the following situations: · If any of these vehicles changes its direction, for instance the vehicle takes the next exit; it will make a last broadcast on this road before leaving it, to notify other vehicles about its absence to avoid sending any packets.


Then, the gateway node broadcasts periodic Multicast Hello Messages (MHM) to all the gateway nodes through the backbone.

the result is that by using hopping and WMN we can send that same data rate over the same distance, but perhaps only a linear increase in power.


Also, voice over IP is becoming the favored means of voice communication mainly because of its low cost when compared to voice communication over traditional networks like cellular and PSTN.

available: http://www.counterpath.com/xlitedownload.html [14] Digium Wildcard TE110P Single T1/E1 PCI card VoIP SIP IAX Asterisk PBX.


Weight-Based Multicast Protocol (WBM) [9] is also a tree based multicast protocol.

in PBMRP, similar to ATP, each node needs to maintain two parameters: Qt and Tt, where Qt and Tt are the queuing delay and transmission delay.


S*BGP ensures that the AS-level paths learned actually exist in the network.

in [21], the authors evaluated the e.cacy of origin authentication against attacks that it was not designed to prevent namely, the m, d attack of Section 3.1.


)rmax and duj vj <rmax (13) By geometry, SIV <SV < 2SIV holds.

the .rst region A,with Ih(ei) = 1, is called the completely interference area; the second region B,with Ih(ei) .


We next elaborate the three theorems: THEOR E M 1.

if there are any spare antennas on the AP after cancelling the intra-cell interference, they can be used to orthogonalize the channel vectors of the clients in other cells in the same way.


More details about the devices and the datasets, including synchronization issues can be found in [14].

we can assign high priorities to messages which are farther away from their destination than closer messages.


(my) As we assume the coordinated node collisions negligible, given a node in set M is going to start a new transmission, the probability that this node is node mx should be equal to f. (x) at optimum.

the results show that the network bandwidth can be shared fairly and the target throughput of each TCP .ow can be reached.


Storing the entire set T consumes memory but enables reduction in data transmission by replacing a raw signal update(B× Fs signal samples) anda subsequent server update(Fs samples) by a single feature update (one parameter value).

this generative model is used at the physician end to generate a synthetic signal from a set of input parameters corresponding to characteristic features of the signal.


step 2: Asensor u with m(u) = WHITE receiving m(v)= BLACK from v .Nu is dominated by v.Node u sets m(u) = GRAY, r(u)= r(v), and broadcasts m(u)and r(u).


Some applications put heavy weight on audio quality, some consider higher quality for upper body video streams, and some seek very low end-to-end interactivity delay.

to copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


Thus, a coordinator may not be aware of the time slots of its neighbors, especially if a complete sub-tree is reinitialized after an error situation.

this is not possible in the mesh peer-to-peer networks, where coordinators need to receive continuously to be able to receive data from any node in the range.


Then, we apply Lemma 8.5 and Lemma 8.6 to bound the time to .nd LPt i.

-1 might be outside * cations to the lookup and publish algorithms, such that they t i contains a LPunder the lazy publishing +1 , the publish cost might be extremely high.


[4] BJUREFORS, F., GUNNINGBERG, P., ROHNER, C., AND TAVAKOLI, S. Congestion Avoidance in a Data-Centric Opportunistic Network.

in particularly sparse networks we need to explicitly consider non-local information to successfully promote system concerns.


Steering the process: The merge procedure in SFX was constructed to be asymmetrical.

tEST AND DEMONSTRATION The SFX algorithm was developed and implemented in an environment which allowed the same software to run in simulation and on the actual nodes.


they represent the duration through which the involved vehicles keep the highway blocked.


The new reality prompted the need of digital identity, which is a human identity representation in computing and digital age.

if a Clean Slate is the Solution What Was the Problem.


The average delay increase is justified by two factors: the link saturation and the use of several MCS in the access network.

the proposed algorithm makes a list of rtPS connections arranged by the lowest time of transmission, whose deadline is closer than the next current time (line 6).


Such mobile malware can potentially be used for a wide range of malicious activities, such as stealing sensitive user information, distributed denial of service attack against network infrastructure, etc.

in enterprise and data center networks, virtual local area network (VLAN) technology is commonplace and continues to evolve.


This community has often complained that their only good data sets to test new technologies against are synthetic.

scrub-tcpdump: A multi-level packet anonymizer demonstrating privacy/analysis tradeo.s.


to date, most research regarding massive-MIMO has been restricted to theory that is based on analytical or simulation results.


For example, an MPRG graph node could indicate a group of hosts compromised at the user level at depth one (meaning a direct attack) and root level at depth three (meaning two steppingstone attacks were used).

instead, we explore every reachability group, walking backwards to discover the hosts using the group and forwards to discover the hosts exploited and vulnerabilities used through the group.


during route setup, multiple nodedisjoint paths are discovered between a source and a destination node.


An RF channel is used for coordination of peer-to-peer sensing and sensor data exchange, and the actual sensing is performed using an ultrasonic channel.

in the motion experiments where a valid solution was returned, 70% returned an accurate set of readings within one second after the laptop had come to rest, 90% within .ve seconds, and 95% within six seconds.


This extra distance(.d) can be approximated as: .d = ./2 sin(.)

rSSI is an union of the energy of all the signal paths direct as well as multipath re.ections.


For instance, a piece of high quality media content shared by a desktop peer can not be easily rendered on a smart phone peer because of its limited processing capability.

the peers resided on PC can render the full quality media content, while the peers on PDA or the smart phone can only render partial quality content.


Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, jan. 2005.

if the average lifetime of the neighbours links is lower than an adapted threshold (based on lifetime history), we decrease the beacon rate.


(a): collision due to retransmission at one-hop neighbor; (b): collision due to retransmission at two-hop neighbor; (c): timing diagram.

proactive protocols (e.g., DSDV and OLSR) involve a large signaling overheard to establish routes for the .rst time and each time the network topology changes due to mobility or node failures.


In IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 660-670.

as a result, the WSN bypasses low energy sensors and transmits by means of the traffic load-aware path to efficiently extend the lifespan of the whole WSN.


For example, u3 requires quality 300 and it is directly connected to p1, so it can receive the video stream with quality 300.

step 2 is repeated until the message reaches a root proxy.


It is observed that the time for a query operation increases with increasing quorum size and grid size.

in SLALoM, the area is divided into unit regions and each node is assigned multiple uniformly distributed home regions.


From the adaptation aspect, the scheme does take into account the current user view for selecting main stream.

2.1 3D Compression The compression of 3D video streams (or depth streams since they contain the depth information) is a relatively new area.


internally, the server setup can use any protocol.


Therefore, E has to be adjusted and wt+1 is set to the maximum battery capacity Iu (Lines 7 and 8).

the items that are marked grey are data actually transmitted in the packet.


Considering that the objective of this research is to evaluate the cost-benefit trade-off in terms of the additional topology knowledge achieved by applying each of the proposed strategies, at the cost of increasing the communication overhead, from our previous results we can argue that strategies TC=1 and TC=3 increase the communication overhead when compared to TC=0, for all values of MPR, but without providing any additional topology knowledge with respect to TC=0, therefore, no benefit is gained even when additional cost is paid.

measurements were taken at the end of the simulation time.


Unfortunately, due to the change of the dynamic topology with time in MANET, several issues, like the processing overhead, packets collisions, and route maintaining, need to be overcome.

we compare the data delivery ratio under different speed condition.


GPS Receivers In 1980, only one commercial GPS receiver was available on the market, at a price of several hundred thousand U.S. dollars.

the law breakers can be caught easily through this system.


ARIN has 19 dense cores, 60 transit cores, 612 outer cores, 682 small regional ISPs, and 8056 customers.

the unique pre.x count does not represent the real scope of damage in terms of reachability.


This decrease in the received power is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.


the aggregate arrival rate to an input or output port is less than 1.

then, its position in the output queue at the beginning of time cycle ts+1 is larger than the length of the corresponding output queue maintained by GU at the beginning of this time cycle.


The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.

the vehicles which have the same direction will form a cluster.


3In most simulations, our protocol needed20s to converge.

we include a .eld in the Hello messages containing the costs of the 1-hop neighborhood.


Concerning t,in contrast, the new protocol for periodic sensors is worse than the previousoneswhen d is very small, con.rming that periodic sensors bene.t of moderately long awake period.

such devices can model the general behavior of sensor nodes with harvesting capability which collect energy during the sleep periods and perform their duties during the awake periods.


As the electronic commerce is becoming more and more important and popular in the world, it is desirable to need a mechanism that allows two parties to sign a digital contract via the Internet.

upon receiving (CA, VA, s1), Bob checks the validity of CA and VA, and whether h(m) = s1 e1 mod n. If all those veri.cations go through, Bob returns his signature sB to Alice, since he is convinced that the expected s2 = h(m)d2 mod n can be revealed by Bob or the TTP.


In this case, more interference may be arisen when there are more RSs.

the m + 1 paths can be mapped to the objects contained in each class.


If two nodes never attempt to communicate, the inter-contact time between the nodes (or any other metrics relating to that node pair) is not relevant to the performance of the system.

a message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks.


The response is the output of a hash function which uses the challenge and the password as input parameters.

the web service requests a challenge from the ID server, which is also located in the company s network.


These few long .ows may not have enough entropy to uniformly distribute the load.

flowBender s performance, like that of RPS and DeTail, su.ers with a larger fan-in degree due to synchronized packet arrivals to the destination ToR with the receiver s last hop being the bottleneck i.e., multipathing does not help in principle.


For example, node 69 gets the highest balance among these nodes, but it has the second least utility in the end.

even if other nodes see a(digitally signed) message with claimed cost, they still do not know what is the claimed cost recognized by the source node S, because they have no idea whether this node has updated its claimed cost or not.


The table segments the number of found neighbors according the measured link quality (PRR).

waking up every ~2 s waiting for a wake-up call that is triggered manually as soon as all nodes are deployed.


Under STDMA it is advantageous for the links to use maximum transmission power when active and refrain from further power adaptation, cf.

the input parameters for the dimensioning task are the locations of the wireless routers, the routes in the network and the tra.c parameters of each route (i.e., the o.ered load and the respective throughput requirement).


They can then, depending on the particular channel assignments performed, move, bend, split into several walls and so on.

self-organization in communication networks: Principles and design paradigms.


Node B is connected to the User Equipment (UE) via the Uu interface (based on the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA technology) and to the RNC via the Iub interface.

[3] 3GPP, TR 22.146 v6.5.0, Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service; Stage 1 (Release 6).


This allows to eliminatephysical shortcutsbetweengroups, which would bias the evaluation of the ability of policies to bring data objects from one community to the others.

ourmainresultscan be summarised as follows.


However, to resist against time varying misbehaviors, intermittent link availability, network congestion and most importantly misbehaving nodes when they comprise a considerable percentage of the network members and compromise most of the paths, a closed loop feedback system is proposed to react to these behaviors based on Path State Information (PSI) concept.

although multipath routing and data forwarding imposes information redundancy at the .rst step, we argue that as it prolongs the route lifetime and reduces retransmissions it can achieve better overall performance saving that the system is tuned properly[11, 16, 20].


3 Implementation In this section, we describe the implementation of a RESTful communication protocol for wireless sensor networks.

6LoWPAN [10, 9] is a standard for implementing IPv6 on wireless sensor networks.


INTRODUCTION Wireless multi-hop networking is known as the art of networking without a network.

sIMULATION EXPERIMENTS In this section, we present simulation results to verify the accuracy of our analytical model.


[5]P. Gupta andP.R.Kumar, The capacityof wireless networks," IEEETrans.

if we extract all these nodes and linkages (direct and indirect ones) in St(.


additionally, thecurrentauthorsarerunning anexperiment atSt Andrews with relatively short TTL values for A and PTR records.


Based on the approximate equation (9), we may therefore after all say that as n tends to in.nity, the q-quantile of Rk denoted by rk (q, n) satis.es rk (q, n) = V log n + (k - 1) log(nmrk (q, n)2) - log(k - 1)!

no exact analytical results exist for .nite n. There is hence a gap in the knowledge of the distribution of R that prevents accurately predicting the connectivity of this network model with a .nite number of nodes.


The analysis in this subsection demonstrates that Mc-Dis can support most duty cycles and even in the cases where the duty cycles cannot be directed supported, Mc-Dis can use neighboring duty cycles with almost negligible errors.

the following requirements should be satis.ed:  Maximal discovery diversity/robustness with bounded (and minimal) worst-case discovery delay;  Support for heterogenous and arbitrary duty cycles to provide .ne-grained control of energy saving levels.


On 26 June 2007 Microsoft updated the critical vulnerability message MS07-22 which informs customers about vulnerability in the Windows kernel which could allow elevation of privilege.

we proposed the Security Ontology [3] classification which is based on the security relationship model presented in [9] (see Figure 1).


Less replicas are enough to guarantee big MDAHN, which means less tra.c around the network.

it should be noted that creating as many replicas as possible might not be a good solution in MANETs.


In the suggested method, an ICMP option is used to carry the signature, instead of IPSec AH, because options that are not recognized by a host are ignored.

3.2.2 Bogus Address Configuration Prefix An attacking node can send a false Router Advertisement message and specify an invalid subnet prefix to be used by a host for address autoconfiguration.


unicast or broadcast), which in turn depends on the traf.c type j.


A minimum number of out-neighbours e and in-neighbours f is enforced by the algorithm (not shown in the sketch above for the sake of simplicity) so as to avoid disconnecting some peers from the overlay.

the graph suggests that the overlay adapts to within about 10% of its .nal state in roughly 1, 000 chunks, i.e., about 100 seconds.


Another concern is that the extremely long delays we ob 0 102030405060 Time (s) served in cellular networks are due to Radio Resource Control(RRC) statetransitions[1] ratherthanbu.erbloat.

despite theirgrowing importance due to theboom of smart phones, we still lack a comprehensive study of bu.erbloat in cellular networks and its impact on TCP performance.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1[Network Architecture and Design]: Wireless communication  General Terms Design, Experimentation, Performance 1.

we introduce a new delta compression scheme that is suited to compress ECG signals by detecting the waveform of ECG signals.


In this context, variables realizations are often denoted samples, Vi variables attributes and X the goal attribute.

the other plots are related to cells (4,2), (5,1) and (5,3); they allow to draw several conclusions.


Therefore, when the number of MSs, K, exceeds the number of transmit antennas, M, the BS often chooses the best M (or fewer) MSs whose SINR is maximized [8].

for simplicity, we assume each MS is equipped with a single receive antenna (N = 1).


In the previous section we determined that betweenness centrality is the best choice for our purpose.

simulation results show better performance of this proposal in comparison with traditional topology control methods in terms of number of logical neighbors, energy consumption, latency and hit-ratio (percentage of served queries).


[11] A. Greenberg, J. R. Hamilton, N. Jain, S. Kandula, C. Kim, P. Lahiri, D. A. Maltz, P. Patel, and S. Sengupta.

between any pair of end hosts in di.erent pods, there are (k/2)2 equalcost paths, each of which corresponds to a core switch.


Link quality-based model: Models using any concept of distance or SINR require pairwise distance or signal strength measurements.

exhaustive search is feasible to obtain optimal schedules for both models.


OpenFlow is an innovative technology and enables .ne-grained, .ow level control of Ethernet switching.

availability is required, and e.cient use of multiple paths between pairs of end hosts is becoming more important.


[3] H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, S. Seshana, and R. Katz.

packet losses cause loss of synchronization between the sender and the receiver.


sYSTEM DESIGN The SLS system was designed with two main goals in mind: (i) enabling tunable and private location sharing with limited contacts, and (ii) limiting end-user location over exposure.


Smart port sleeping explores a sleep-wake mechanism between active and sleep modes for energy savings in the physical layer, and later leads to the establishment of standard IEEE 802.3az.

rEFERENCES [1] The Applied Research Group.


[9] Sacramento, V., Endler, M., Rubinsztejn, H. K., Lima, L. S., Gonalves, K., Nascimento, F.N., and Bueno, G. A.

advances in telecommunications and computer engineering have enabled mobile and wireless networks, namely Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET), in which mobile nodes coordinate themselves to enable message routing in a totally decentralized fashion [1].


However, it provides new tools (e.g., the generation of meaningful synthetic traces) to analyze novel caching approaches in the future, and insight that has been missing to date on the caching schemes adopted in ICN architectures.

2.2 Architectures and Systems In-network caching of named content is a cornerstone of many ICN architectures [2, 17, 21].


In total, 1000 connection requests are injected in each simulation run.

so, N. H. Vaidya, A routing protocol for utilizing multiple channels in multi-hop wireless networks with a single transceiver, UIUC Technical Report, 2004.


)m) represents the probability that at least one of the mconnections times out and m,is the approximate overhead of launching mparallel connections.

speci.cally, we observe that different times of the day produce large variations, which is probably due to changing server and network loads.


Thus, the cost to process an input string of l bytes by our approach is between O(l) and O(nl).

the dark circles of each column stands for the frontier states after consuming an input symbol.


4.1.1 Weight Approximation As discussed earlier, optimal MW scheduling has to solve WMIS problems over time-slots with di.erent weights.

stability is an asymptotic concept, and thus its trade-o.


The idea is that an underlying and unknownprobabilisticmodelhandles all thosecaseswheretwo ormorepeers ask toreceivefroma common otherpeer orfromthesource:howeverthesecases are handled, the greater the number of peers who all ask to receivefromacommon otherpeer orfromthesource(i.e.the higher congestion), the less likely it becomes, for each of them, to be precisely the one who actually receives.

the focus is on simplerulesoftheform: certainpeers i .


A considerable amount of work has been done on modelling the MAC protocol of WLAN.

figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the simulation results and analytical results of the total network throughput Th(L)+ Th(R) for the two test cases.


In AT&T s network, they report an averagelatency of25.23ms with a standarddeviation of33.47ms.

choffnes, andF.E.Bustamante.CrowdsourcingISP characterization to the network edge.In Proc.


The congestion window of the cellular path could then become extremely large and hence su.er severe RTT in.ation [3, 15], which can degrade the performance of MPTCP.

cellular networks exhibit larger minimum RTTs and higher RTT variability.


Camp, V. Mancuso, O. Gurewitz, and E. Knightly.

recall that reference [18] considered hidden terminals with homogeneous links, whereas we now explore the joint e.ect of hidden terminals (Fig.


The main contribution of this paper is: The implementation of a web switch in a multiprocessor reconfigurable platform supporting TCP splicing  The proposed Connection Manager and the URL string parsing co-processors  The performance, power, and area evaluation and the comparison against a network processor-based and a software-based scheme  This paper is organized in the following way.

the low power consumption in our scheme is mainly caused by the use of low frequency components.


The details of policy reassessment process are explained as follows: Before and after the selected action being executed, the immediate reward is obtained as the difference according to (5).

with the autonomic policy reassessment, the Q value of each (c, a) pair converges to the maximum value, and then the optimal policy is achieved.


If the time is greater than Tlatency, it means that the packet may expire and the scheduler will increase DC of rtPS by the packet length.

if the quality of the radio frequency is bad, PHY will change the coding scheme to lessen the influence or just sends the most important packets to maintain the quality.


If the AR is a MAG, the Proxy Binding Update (PBU) message is sent by the MAG to the LMA as in PMIPv6, however, the MNP of the MR is carried in the PBU message.

the network-based localized mobility support provided by basic PMIPv6 was only designed for single host.


Compared with available bandwidth measurement techniques, such as pathload which sends 12 streams of 100 packets in 15 seconds [21] and requires tomography to identify which is the constraining link, TSLP uses 2 packets every 5 minutes to sample a targeted interdomain link, and does not require a cooperative end-host at the other end of the path.

we asked the ISPs involved to validate our inferences of this and other links that exhibit this behavior, but they are generally blocked by NDAs from sharing tra.c data.


Since every tag has exactly one representative bit in each partition of Vt, we may be able to use one of the partitions to carry the order information.

in the above protocol, each tag in M will have to receive m IDs 2 on average from the reader before it transmits.


dom(s) such that xs = s or s .Nn, then s f s. 2.

in this extended abstract we omit the details of the de.nition of IITMs, as these details are not necessary to be able to follow the rest of the paper.


The superior performance of entropy metrics on truncateddata suggests that the distribution of .ows per network pre.x is similar to the distribution per IP address.

in Switzerland and in the European Union any data that can be used either directly or indirectly, i.e., through the use of additional information, to identify an individual is considered personaldata and must thereforebeprotected.


The covariance of X (t) given (Y(t) ' ,Z(t) ' ,Y (t - 1) ' ,Z(t - 1) ' ,··· ) can be written using the following proposition.

resource limitations (cache memory, required band width, etc) and the high volume of tra.c in today s high speed network allow only for limited measurements through sampling.


With each run of the infected program a new version of the malware is encrypted and stored for the next run.

a HMM is trained using the assembly opcode sequences of the metamorphic malware .les.


Leveraging these e.orts, we exploit the multiple paths between servers to ensure energy e.ciency.

[3] Amazon S3 Availability Event: July 20, 2008. http://status.aws.amazon.com/s3-20080720.html.


We extended the method proposed in [17] so that we were able to precisely identify routing instances and their interconnections from a network s router con.guration .les.

a router can then compute the global cost of the routes to each destination and select the shortest one.


Howuver, to have slot definitions scattered around the intranet in the XML tags of HTML flies would be impractical.

links, documents, slots) is centzalised in the intranet database.


In what follows, we describe our basic design for a CAN in Section 2, describe and evaluate this design in more detail in Section 3 and discuss our results in Section 4.

node 6 is not a neighbor of 1 because their coordinate zones abut along both the X and Y axes.


We show that the predictions made by our methodology match well with the observed pairwise interference among links in our testbed under a variety of conditions.

however, there is no guarantee that the predictions of the 1-hop model will be accurate in other environments.


In this paper, we present A-MAC, a new receiver-initiated link layer that shows it is possible to support multiple services under a uni.ed architecture, and to do so more ef.ciently and scalably than prior designs.

flash .ooding: Exploiting the capture effect for rapid .ooding in wireless sensor networks.


Moreover, vehicles are inserted at the opposite edges of the highway at a constant rate (1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 vehicles/hour).

we also use the Simulator for Urban MObility 0.17.0 (SUMO) [3] to build the scenarios and the vehicle mobility model.


Our EURA heuristic tries to .rst satisfy MSs requests and then reduce their energy consumption by selecting proper RSs, MCSs, and transmission powers.

the above bi-objective problem is especially important when the network is nonsaturated.


Based on the analysis QoS requirements of each flow and the Service Level Agreement (SLA) supported by each domain, the mapping mechanism maps each flow of a DiffServ domain to an IntServ domain and vice versa.

multicast Listener Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2).


Then, Carol s cost is O(2(b/2+1)r ' ) a b/2+1 while the cost to Alice is O(T lnn)since she will proceed intothenext(and,w.h.p., .nal)round.

by atleast step h = 2(1-(h+1)/k)i k-1, the set Si,k-1 contains T(n lnn )informed nodes which en 2i/k sures that all remaining uninformed nodes can receive m ifno step in creating Si,h isblocked.


25, we shall get a straight line with slope 1/ log q, while the shape of (2) in the same type of .gure does not depends on q.

figure9shows the total throughputs for varying number of uplink TCP .ows.


Hence we would expect Zi ~ Zi-1 in some probabilistic sense.

bmn ( -E )-K e 2 ~ 2n~ 1 - .n when K v 2 log n. -E-log(1-E) V (K ) Pr Dmin > m (1 - .)


The characteristics of P2P such as scalability and their distributed nature make P2P increasingly attractive.

of eleventh international conference on World Wide Web, 2002.


Compared with the special cas es in Section 4, when k = 2, the LS algorithm guarantees rendezvous in O(|Vi||Vj |) time slots, which corroborate the v analysis, and while k = O( n), the quorum based algorithm guarantees rendezvous in O(n) time slots, which meets the lower bound when both |Vi|, |Vj | =O(n).

4 guarantees rendezvous in M TTR = |Vi||Vj | O( k2 Number of channels: N ) time slots.


PA-SHORT is concerned with optimizing and healing paths to reduce the number of hops, whereas the main goal of EA-SHORT is to conservepower in MANETs.

all other short-cuts (n,1) or (n,2) are very well detected by the source node when n is more than 2.


Headphones and earphones use a soft cable, which may advertently or inadvertently become coiled.

based on our experimental results, under typical distance between the transmitter and receiver, such as 2.5 meters with a RSSI of -100 dBm, m=2 can offer a good reliability, i.e., a bit error rate of less than 5%.


is the fraction of requests that are rejected.

further, we account for multiple resources.


[29] K. Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi, and G. Pottie.

most real-world sensing networks deploy resource-constrained sensing nodes for their low hardware cost and small footprint.


In our earlier work, we proposed a protocol called CogMAC [11] and experimentally validated it on WARP testbed.

the demonstration will be supported by a poster containing the implementation architecture and key experimental results from realistic deployment setups.


[3] Chalermek intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin, John Heidemann, Directed diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on networking.

figure 1(b) shows the tree generated by SPT scheme.


Prior work [18] shows that the problem of .ow arbitration can indeed be solved in a distributed fashion: each switch along the path of a .ow independently makes the arbitration decision and returns the allocated rate for its own link, and the source can pick the minimum rate.

increasing the number of queues beyond this provides only marginal improvement in AFCT.


The throughput improvement comes from the use of thunks, which allow the Intentional Networking version to avoid polling and better schedule background transmissions.

the network conditions are much more variable than in either of our microbenchmarks.


Such dynamic spectrum access (DSA) will result in increased utilization of the spectrum and quicker launch of new applications.

we present DSM aspects of 802.22, and analyze its performance.


Consider a policy ., which incurs payoffs: v(a(1)),v(a(2)),.... Let dj be the distance between the point .ji=1 v(a(i))/j.

be a scheduling policy that ful.lls some sets of clients.


To alleviate these drawbacks, we need large chunks.

report, available at http://netgroup.uniroma2.it/CONET.


I would assume that the IP address of other users are stored in some directory node (or supernode) which can only be queried when a call is about to be placed.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Brian Levine for input during the initial discussions of this work, Brian Lynn for help with the measurement set up, Devesh Agrawal for help with implementation of fast switching, and Mira Dontcheva and Wilmot Li for help with collecting data in San Francisco.


The online Madden NFL server is not used during the actual game play itself, but rather simply serves to facilitate people .nding each other before games start.

our ongoing work is to determine more e.ective ways to Sequence Number 0.7 740 evaluate latency on passing performance.


Our policies are represented as rules grounded in concepts andpredicates speci.edinanontology.

router 1 is loaded with Policy 2 which allows sharing advertisements for the pre.x 12.1/16 and has higher priority than Policy 1.


Namely, of all processors in S at the beginning of phase p whose gossiping message was not received by q, p has the smallest ID.

by the induction hypothesis, q has received M by the end of superphase .a+f-1.


Due to collisions the network throughput significantly deteriorates when the node density increases.

this is because when the network is not overloaded, the channels are under-utilized and to better utilize the channels more than one flow should be scheduled to transmit on the same channel in the same slot.


The following exchange of rating information between such similar users is done via an ad-hoc peer-to-peer interaction.

in ICN 08: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Networking, pages 460 467, Washington, DC, USA, 2008.


of IEEE Int'l Performance Computing and Communications Conference, April 7-9, 2005.

conclusion In this paper, we propose a 0-hop broadcasting technique called Cell Broadcast to reduce broadcasts in a high density environment.


(9) 2a - 2 Now, consider generating a random realization of Iout, taking only nodes within some maximum distance into account for conceptual simplicity.

(ß)= [] log E e ßJ =log J * (-ß)of J,wethenhave 8 2 ßt-a .


We find that the amount of data generated during the sleeping cycle (200ms) is 5000 bytes (packet size*sleeping cycle/inter arrival rate) which is just half of an OFDM bandwidth.

in order to fulfill the capacity of the allocated OFDM frame, a BS repeatedly put the packe ts which have the smallest counter into this OFDM frame until the capacity of the fragment OFDM frame is completely fulfilled.


}), {Nr with nonce Nr not seen or generated before by B; B B (2) At time t2 , recorded as tREP , node B has sentmessage m2 = B ); (REP,Nr B (3) At time t3 , recorded as tRNG, node B has received a RNG message m3 =1||Ns , with Ns neither seen nor generated before by B; A (4) Node B has received the following message with tREQ A and tREP passing the synchronization test: AAA m4 = (ACK,Ns,tREQ,tREP ,tRNG,MACKAB {.})

as we show in Section 2, virtually all of them are not generally applicable to WSN, either because they need specializedhardware,orthey rely onthepresence of an external trustworthy infrastructure, or because they are based on assumptions that limit their applicability.


These measurements could be obtained through careful passive monitoring of all traf.c entering and exiting the system in question.

the shorter the interval over which we conduct our measurements, the better placed we are with respect to our assumption of stationarity.


A is supposed to .nd the link quality between B and itself has degraded, and then probe the next channel to search for B.

first, we modi.ed the bu.ering mechanism to address the fact that bu.ered packets may need to be sent on di.erent channels.


Since BlTl = IlTl and BhTh = IhTh, IlTl > Il Ih Il Bh Bl = Bh IhTh is true according to the assumption and Ih Il Ih Lemma 1.

[3] H. S. Ashwini, Amit Thawani, and Y. N. Srikant.


It combines principles from Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks to develop novel spectrum aware channel assignment and routing algorithms.

expected idle Tidle and busy durations Tbusy are based on cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) using two exponential distributions with rate .


(4) 1 - Pi If all hosts share the same CW and consider the successful transmission and collision intervals like any other intervals during which they wait3,the attempt probability Pe can be computed as [5,9,7]: 2 Pe(CW)= .

this has low impact on the throughput,because of the .at shape of the cost function for a large number of hosts N (cf.


For instance, ALLIA maintains hit-rate statistics of successful service requests; therefore intermediate nodes update their statistics when a service reply is forwarded.

notice that even when centralized DA(s) are not required by these protocols, a local DA is present on each node.


The resulting performance using the three most common centrality measures (degree, closeness and betweenness) is evaluated.

for a dynamic wireless mesh network formed by user hand-held devices, we have proposed and evaluated some mechanisms to select which of those devices must act as routers, forwarding the packets received from other hand-helds to their destination.