ESP is used in tunnel mode which means that it encapsulates the whole IP packet in an encrypted ESP payload over IP.

mobile IP provides neither authentication with the visited network nor tunnel encryption.


WPS security strength comes from that security keys are generated randomly and the network name SSID is not broadcasted.

iNTRODUCTION Security is the major weakness in the wireless technology, because there is no control over the communication channel (the wireless medium).


The simulation of PBMRP was written in C language, but the front-end data related to mobility model and MAC protocol were generated by NS2.

bandwidth-Efficient Multicast Routing Protocol (BEMRP) [6] is a tree based multicast protocol.


Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

outages lasting minutes or longer are handled by current routing protocols.


However, the technique operates on the sample space of the symbol alphabets (the alphabet space consists of the options that the physical-layer symbols can take).

while we vary the power amplitude in Section 5.1, we now vary the frequency o.set between the two signals, as hardware oscillators naturally operate at di.erent frequencies and have unique frequency drift and jitter.


CODA: COngestion Detection and Avoidance in Sensor Networks.

this raises the question of whether alternative or complementary control solutions exist that could maintain application .delity at the sink, even in the case of increased workload or overload conditions.


Extensive simulations show that D2 achieves a near-optimal performance in a wide variety of settings.

since we consider the case where there is only one task, we have Ws 0 = W , and Vi E V  {s}, W 0 = 0. i The completion time T , also called the makespan, is de.ned as the time di.erence between the origin time, i.e., slot 0, and the .nish time, i.e., the time point when all nodes .nish their respective workload that belongs to C. T = min t, subject to Wi t = 0, Vi E V .


4.2 Fault Tolerant and QoS based Service Advertisement Phase: Service providers advertise themselves by sending Fault tolerant and QoS based service advertisement messages (FTQoSAdv msg) to the neighboring road components (RRs and vehicles).

our proposed FTQoSLocVSDP achieves a high connection rate, which is more than 90 percent when the number of requests ranges from 10 to 100.


We then assume that each node needs at least one time slot for transmission and our objective is to design a scheduling that minimizes T. Theoretical Performance Guarantee for Ef.cient Centralized/Distributed Algorithms: We consider two kinds of interference models: RTS/CTS model and protocol interference model with .xed transmission power.

for a given communication graph G, the interference graph FG may be different.


The typical encoding rate for audio is 20 kbps which is low enough for most hosts on the Internet to support, including dial-up modems.

compared to the performance without any clustering, as presented in Figure 11, the stability performance remains roughly the same.


In addition, PDFPQ must continuously monitor the rtPS packets which results in large overheads.

these service classes have different QoS requirements.


These modulations are illustrated in Fig.

the capabilities of the transmitter node may necessitate spreading them over the symbol duration.


Traffic signals provide the key mechanism to regulate traffic, and promote safe and efficient traffic flow at intersections.

this decoupling of publishers and subscribers can allow for greater scalability and a more dynamic network topology Technologywise ITS applications are very demanding.


We use Si to denote the cell de.ned by base station zi, and for simplicity, by abusing the notation little bit, we say the cell Si is the service region of base station zi, i.e., zi serves as a functional gateway for all wireless nodes in cell Si when Cellular Routing strategy is used.

a .1ns kr (2) If |Ta;B | + |T ;|: We have |T ;c1 c9ns | < |T ;cB | + |T ;|= · v 2 a · k According our construction approach, we know that for any routing tree Ti;, each base station has at most 19 adjacent cellular links, then together with the fact that the length of each cellular link is at most r, we have the following inequation: |Tc;|= |T I | a vB× 19 × r. Since m = 2 , we have |T ;B |, it |= 6|T ; a/ m 10r2 v c follows that |T ;c3nsa This im B|= k for some constant c3.


Let us return to the product space de.ned above.

again we seek to measure the same object that we have direct access to through probing.


Two bridges i and j are directly con i nected via the link connected to port x on i and port y on j if and only if Fx n Fy =0/ and Fx .

if truly end-to-end utilization measurements are needed, then the necessary measurement can be obtained from the hosts themselves, if SNMP-enabled.


The impact on caches was negligible while ISA support is limited to specific effects on certain algorithms.

class three, the 32-bit architectures, comprises a third range of cycle overheads fairly close to each other (StrongARM, XScale and SPARC).


of the 2003 IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications (SNPA 2003), May 2003.

figure 1 shows a hypothetical piece of persistent data holding addresses; in which data is organised using a Datom map as an entry point.


cannot be less than pK = max max 1 0.01%, in accordance with (10)).

a new PLR formula is needed for candidates.


Note that the injection pattern satisfies Condition (2.1).

we also say that S1ri-l-1 ~ _ I-~ +  recurrences ~rj for j > i are above recurrence ~ri and that recurrences ~rj for j < i are below recurrence 7r~.


In order to improve the latency without radically altering the routing scheme, the latency for each (or most) of these hops must be improved.

unlike the previous simulations, the targets of each node s find_doc requests are chosen from a Zipf distribution.


Other passive schemes focus on measuring the available bandwidth on a currently utilized connection.

fatVAP is similar to Juggler in its design principles and implementation.


The router core has complete control and accurate .ow information (e.g., the arrival time and length of each packet) for downlink .ows.

the testbed consists of a source machine (S), an access router (R1), and three mobile nodes (MN1, MN2, & MN3).


In many previous studies the impact of incoherent crosstalk is ignored.

a. Bastos-Filho, Joaquim F. Martins-Filho.


Note that a destination Hd s attack detection module may take longer than Tf to identify an attack source Hs.After the detection, as soon as the destination receives a new packet from the attack source, it may immediately send a StopIt request.

other schemes have similar performance in destination .ooding attacks and one-way link .ooding attacks.


The focus is on black box analysis of a large volume of con.guration information to identify errors, independent of their semantics.

finally, we look at the total time taken for the request-response exchange to complete.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

the type of channel model has a signi.cant e.ect on the capacity values obtained at these SNRs.


Note that this functionality is very dif.cult or impossible to obtain with normal RTS/CTS style control signaling that is coupled with the data plane.

since the channel SNR is dynamic, and the bitrate adaptation algorithms cannot estimate SNR perfectly as we will show below, we can typically support much greater .ash rates of 50, 000 .ashes per second.


The time elapsed since the backlog exceeds ß can be formally expressed as: Iß(t) = sup{d = 0 : b(t -d)> ß .

when b(t)= ß, Iß(t) becomes zero and the price will be .xed as p(t)= h(0).


The relative research is just beginning.

keywords Crowdsourced Systems, Pocket Switched Network, Dynamic Mobility, Social Graph.


For each correct node p, assume the t nodes in N(p)are Byzantine and can be used by Carol to disrupt p s communicationsfor ß=B0 time slots.

this applicationfallsintoCase2 ofTheorem1: aDDoS attack targetstheserverwhilecommunicationsfrom the server to the clients are notdisrupted.


for example, the 0b 0000 0001 means that this alarm is happened by temperature sensor)] Figure 6.

the four red line boxes of left sub picture show alarming situation of WBAN2.


The running time for Step 8 is O((l + n) log (l + n)) because we should order all l + n items to .nd the minimal one among them.

first, we consider the cases where we do not have updates.


We use the algorithm proposed by Tsukiyama et al.


There are two versions of this attack: sequential, and concurrent.

when the node recovers from the transient network problem, it can contribute to secure geographic routing, while improving its trust level.


To evaluate the accuracy of the rate choice by the protocols, we use per-packet evaluation by measuring the success or failure of the actual rate versus the ideal rate.

an SNR-based decision at the time of the RTS reception is stale by the time of the data packet reception, resulting in underselection by SNRtriggered protocols.


Conclusion In the Evolved Packet Core, grouping SGWs in particular service areas that overlap is an interesting concept that solves many issues regarding route optimization and service reliability.

the remainder of this paper is organized as follows.


It gets the up-to-date routing information by the interaction with routing layer which noti.es the information to it as soon as the routing table is updated.

peer-to-peer multimedia streaming using bittorrent.


ScriptGen di.ers from others because it uses the protocol automaton to identify similar messages.

we try to be as accurate as possible and check carefully our implementations of these approaches.


Hence, the set of t malicious members can prevent the honest members from e.ciently creating a valid signature.

the description includes the system set-up, the t-bounded o.setting threshold signature generation protocol, and the proactive share update protocol.


To do so, we log the following data once per second: .

the UAN is partially disconnected, and communication distance varies over time according to the position (cell and actual position) of the UAVs.


Considering the inclusion of service requirements in the request, a Creq message is proposed, where a list of QoS requirements, context parameters and AS attributes is requested.

requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


[23] U. Maurer and Y. Yacobi, Non-interactive public-key cryptography, Advances in Cryptology Eurocrypt'92, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 658,(1993), Springer, 458- 460.

instead, one possibility is to use a heuristic that can be summarized as follows: if it routes like a router, it probably is a router .


Conclusions and Future Work We have described a solution to the route oscillation problem in I-BGP with route re.ection.

first, the modi.cation admits a fairly simple analysis which proves that both persistent and transient oscillations are eliminated without restricting router con.gurations or the use of MEDs in any way.


In this paper, we present a new Coordinate system called the Internet Coordinate System (ICS).

the largest eigenvalues are 4760.0 and 7787.3, respectively, for the NPD and NLANR data sets.


Finally, we establish from this bibliography study that on the one hand -information on position, moving, battery state helps in selecting good paths from the point of view of livetime.

in the following, we survey the most important propositions to enhance routing from the point of view of path stability.


Of the three extensions we considered, TCP Long Option presents the greatest cause for concern.

we also look for middleboxes that split the connection, processing the TIMESTAMP at the middlebox on either the inbound or outbound leg.


According to the model, on distances si,i-1 >> s * i,i-1 the vehicle i accelerates until it reaches its desired speed.

we base this model on the approaches from the domain of urban transportation planning [32].


For example, physical carrier sensing can effectively detect hidden terminals by decreasing its sensing threshold.

mG-LOCAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MG-Local is composed of three components: adaptive multivariable control, G-Local optimization, and a con.gurable fairness interface.


Macrocell Topology As can be observed from Table 2, in macro cell environment, the Okumura Hata s path loss model is employed which, considering a carrier frequency of 2 GHz and a base station antenna height of 15 meters, is transformed to Equation (3): L = 128.1 + 37.6 Log10(R) (3) where R represents the distance between the UE and the Node B in Km [18].

[19] 3GPP TS 25.803 v6.0.0, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; S-CCPCH performance for MBMS, (Release 6).


These three links will not be allowed to share a slot since the interference edges (2, 5) and (8, 5) exists.

the other method uses a graph representation of the network, assuming limited knowledge of the interferences.


Hence, an autoconfiguration protocol that can be deployed independent of the MANET protocol in use seems to be more appropriate for sensor networks.

in case of IPv6-enabled sensor nodes autoconfiguration consists of: a) Address autoconfiguration Depending on the area of communication, IP addresses have different scopes.


Since, for all strings Wj, XWj =0, the matrix M must have full rank as well, which is a contradiction.

we show that if we assume that the qusdonot determine the strings uniquely, this leads to a contradiction.


[11] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Speci.cations: High-Speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band, Part 11 standard ed., IEEE 802.11 Working Group, September 1999.

spatialmultiplexing algorithms only perform well in certain types of wireless channels with good spatial structure.


[1, In this case, the set A(ik+1) may overlap with multiple past Ind(ij ), where each ij was scheduled to a different thread.

its main limitations are that (i) being .ow-insensitive, it cannot soundly analyze programs that have loops in the index computation; and (ii) when table indices depend on conditional instructions, the resulting scheduling function is imprecise.


b. CARTESIANPRODUCTOFALGEBRAS TheCartesianproductof algebrasisdifferenttothe lexicalproductconsideredpreviously[26,27].


Such a scheme consists of some k trees, each spanning the set of target nodes, together with a duration time per tree.

it is essential to develop protocols that optimize the overall energy utilization of the network, in order to maximize its capability to function for the longest possible time.


Note that the proposal of this work is an extension of our previous proposal concerning network broadcast for distributed systems like P2P overlays [12, 14].

the number of messages was fairly constant even under non-static conditions.


In Figure 11, we show a scatter plot of the overall RTT improvement (x-axis) and the corresponding propagation time difference (y-axis) offered by the best overlay path relative to the best multihoming path.

next, we contrast k-multihoming against k-overlay routing to understand the additional bene.ts gained by allowing end-systems almost arbitrary control on end-to-end paths, relative to multihoming (Section 5.6).


Therefore, G(pi)has a minimal solution for p(i,k).

summarizing, in any FTP tra.c, the proposal can distribute packets e.ectively in comparison with other meth 0.01420 15 0.012 0.01 10 VC Average Delay (sec/frame)  IP Average Delay (sec/packet) FTP Response Time (sec/file) 0.008 0.0065 0.004 1x106 2x106 3x106 4x106 5x106 0 1x107 2x107 3x107 4x107 0 1x106 2x106 3x106 4x106 Sum Throughput of VC and FTP (bytes/sec) IP Throughput (bps) FTP Throougput (bytes/sec) Figure 20: Dependence of VC aver- Figure 18: Dependenc of IP delay Figure 19: Dependence of FTP re age delay on sum throughput of VC on IP throughput.


Similar results can be inexpensive and Wireless LANs are widely deployed.

the averaged node delivery probability is halved by making a bad assignment, whereas the difference between both is varying for each individual node.


Here social usability is examined in the context of collaborative learning through mobile technology, where it is a prerequisite for taking technology into use, for being able to use it diversely, and for being willing to participate in a virtual learning community (Lazar & Preece 2002; Haythornthwaite 2002; Davis, Bagozzi & Warshaw 1989).

they are also important issues in the design of systems supporting social usability.


% of [3] s completion time required   Figure 6.

the former causes high energy consumption which leads to reduced lifetime of the network, while the latter has high budget demands as large scale deployment of the sensor field comprises thousands of nodes.


The top row shows examples of eigen.ows that exhibit strong 5As in Section 4.2, the raw data is too voluminous to present, but plots of the complete set of eigen.ows for both datasets are available at [16].

it is not our intent to suggest that any eigen.ow can be unambiguously categorized in this manner.


Optimization of transmission power in competitive wireless networks.


The operators/schedulers plan virtual machines (VMs) to meet the computational demands and place jobs across the VMs.

in short: disaggregation brings greater modularity to computing hardware, and with it, the .exibility that enables greater optimization and customization.


As f(R)= -4.48 < f (G) and f(R)< f (B) the vertex has to be extended.

the Nelder-Mead method or Downhill Simplex Method or Amoeba Method is a commonly used nonlinear optimization technique, which is a well-de.ned numerical method for problems that do not need to use the derivatives of the function [7, 12].


The wealth effect tells that when the APs pro.tability is not high, the market prices cannot be high.


In Supercomputing 2000, IEEE and ACM SIGARCH, (Published by CD-ROM), November 2000.

a total processing cost of 0.384 µs processing cost is incurred for one 9000-byte JUMBO frame map and unmap.


They have to manage security in order to protect their networks from unwanted access, potentially configure parental controls to restrict Internet usage for their children, and diagnose and troubleshoot connectivity problems, to name but a few.

this indicates that users have the desire to manage their networks themselves (as opposed to relying on external help sources), but that the tools are not yet available that can support their needs.


Coordination games over collision channels.

as a concluding remark regarding the e.ciency of NE, we state that the self-con.guring nature of the network does not imply a signi.cant loss of optimality, i.e., if the network were cen-the solution to the OP (26) might not be necessarily a fully mixed strategy, i.e., a vector qk with more than one entry di.erent from zero.


That means, fEMSE is maximized by the set of all sensors V .

{v}) - ft(S), where S are a subset of sensors that have already been selected.


Such choice may well be made at game configuration time, before starting the playing session.

recent advances in the design of mobile terminals allow users to select the wireless network to use in order to connect to Internet services.


The multicast processing on each RNC is therefore much less than the processing required of the GGSN in the former architecture.

in this modified multicast architecture we have moved the multicast routing protocol termination from GGSN to RNC.


Since in each virtual output-queue VOQi,j , all cells of thesamepacket p are stored one after the other, there is no cell of a di.erent packet that is forwarded by CCF between cells of packet p. Therefore, only cells of one packet are in aij (T, k) and were forwarded by CCF before time-slot (k-1)T; we next bound the number of such cells: Since the maximum packet size is Lmax and the last cell of each packet was forwarded by the CCF after time-slot (k-1)T,at most Lmax -1 such cells share the same input-port and the same output-port.

in addition, packets that were not fully forwarded by the CCF algorithm until the frame boundary are queued in the input-side of the switch until the next frame, as captured by the next de.nition: Definition 5.


On the other hand, the set of AIOS inferences are determined by the Nash equilibria of the game model based on the rationality notion of an expected-utility maximizer .

by contrast, edge, and uncertainty; (4) such a formalization can be used the system s utility function is u d : Sa × Sd .


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have presented a path selection mechanism that includes a new routing metric, EFD, which selects the path having minimum forwarding delay.

delay and queueing delay, and hence, ignored some important factors like transmission time of the contending nodes, their loads and densities which might hinder the network performance.


5.2 Improvement of Cell Capacity The primary purpose of our experiments is to determine the capacity improvement of Argos, in order to ultimately answer the practicality of the many-antenna MUBF base station proposal from the theory community.

later, we will show that when M = K this ine.ciency can even result in conjugate MUBF out-performing zero-forcing.


It is noticed that the above algorithm works in a recursive manner.

notably, the interference cancellation coordination in n+ is one-way: nodes in the overhearing cell must use their spare antennas to cancel the inter-cell interference.


Nevertheless, compared to packet loss, the penalty is not as severe in our experimental context, because of the accumulative acknowledgement mechanism.

in general, the solutions that operate at the IP layer are regarded as being more suitable as they do not violate any of the basic Internet design principles [3], and more importantly because they do not require any changes to the protocols at the corresponding nodes.


Under the random walk mobility assumption, the area covered by movement during k time-slots constitutes the dominating part of a cluster member s coverage area.

by the term non-trivial velocity, we mean that the velocity of nodes v is T(1).


Our method is general and can be applied to all random access protocols.

the analysis is very B tn1 t cn (a) t=0 n t cn similar to the previous cases.


DA-STDMA, as opposed to STDMA, still has a high reusability of the timeslots by the use of directional antenna.

based on graph theoretic techniques, [7] presented a distributed algorithm to find an optimal and conflict-free broadcasting schedule in multi-hop packet radio networks.


as a recent report on the communications market stresses [22], the average time spent on watching television remains signi.cant despite the uptake of broadband services.


If GENI is to provide a useful platform for experimentation and deployment of experimental network services, it must be sufficiently reliable and stable to allow researchers to work without interference from others.

they can be used both to implement line cards and PEs.


This plugin consists of a dynamic library loaded by the routing daemon at startup.

the bene.t of this RSSI correction is shown by comparing the playback result of the uncorrected raw version.


For example, if the original sample value was (0...01000)2=(8)10, and the watermark bit is zero is to be embedded into 4th LSB layer, instead of value (0...00000)2=(0)10, that would the standard algorithm produce, the proposed algorithm produces sample that has value (0...00111)2=(7)10, which is far more closer to the original one.

international Conference on Image Processing, Chicago, IL, 399-403 [9] Roy, S., Manasmita M., 2011.


A Zero Public Infrastructure Vehicle Based Tra.c Information System.

false negatives may not be so detrimental for our cause since they will not propagate the informationinthewrongdirection.


The XCAST6 header also comprises of a bitmap with bits corresponding to each destination, which the routers use to determine which of the embedded destinations the packet needs to be delivered and to which ones a copy of the packet has already been delivered[5].

this in effect adds these two data containers into the generated IPv6ExtensionHeader class.


Despite all the efforts that have been put into adding reliability and high availability to networking systems, errors such as software bugs, hardware failures, and con.guration errors are inevitable, and could severely impact the performance of the network.

the checkpointed states of two nodes are consistent if, for every update that affects both nodes, their states are collected on the same side of the line associated with that update.


Many enterprise networks and most MANETs are much more sparsely connected; other algorithms can do much better in such cases.

there are two obvious ways to approach this.


To obtain the ground truth, we label a segment as ZigBee if the sender sends a ZigBee packet at the same time.

the probe packets may get lost under interference, resulting in idle listening on the sender.


One scenario involving sensor networks frequently mentioned in literature is that of aircraft deployment of sensors followed by in .ight collection of data by simply cruising the sensor .eld.

this partitioning of the parameter space shows that in absence of highly performant measuring hardware for both angles and ranges, range free algorithms such as DV-hop, provide the best performance tradeo.. existing prototype hardware, such as the Cricket compass 5o [9] provide AoA with an estimated sa =0.1 for certain conditions.


All packets can share one CSI obtained in the beginning of each period.

in addition, as we noted above, in high SINR case, closedloop MIMO transmission is more sensitive to compression, hence aggressive compression tends to su.er more from capacity loss.


Figure 16 shows reduced throughput gain when the link is mobile because CSpy pays a higher overall switching cost.

tool release: gathering 802.11 n traces with channel state information.


To evaluate 1) and 2), we wrote a simulator in Python that implements CM to deploy TAG models, and Oktopus [4] to deploy virtual cluster (VC) hose with homogeneous bandwidth and VOC models.

even without Coloc, which seeks colocation bene.ts between components, the Balance-only approach performed close to OVOC in Fig.


This is due to the reduced interference between nodes in larger diameter networks, where nodes only interfere with its closest neighbors.

it is shown that a control theory approach is indeed needed to guarantee stability in data collection networks and prevent undue oscillation of nodes among di.erent wireless channels upon dynamic changes in load conditions.


In addition, to reduce the greater energy consumption in the CHs because of large distance of the CHs from BS, we use average distance of the nodes from the BS while selecting CHs.

the nodes which are far away from the BS have chances to use up more energy when they act as CH nodes.


Thus packet delivery ratio is reduced because of data collisions occurring in the nodes near the ellipse.

so the control overhead of SPEED significantly increases than other two protocols with an increasing number of communication sessions.


Third, once the call completes, the phone switches back to 4G after two handoffs (HSPA to UMTS, followed by UMTS to 4G) at 65th and 66.4th seconds.

for example, 4G users experience 83.4% uplink improvement and 53.8% downlink gain at 11PM.


SIP has become the state-of-the-art protocol for signaling in both IP telephony and other types of multimedia applications.

the idea of handling mobility at the application layer using SIP [4] is a popular idea in current research.


Flooding may not be desirable, especially for lattices of high dimension.

this holds only in dimension 1, and, for larger dimension (i.e., for k = 2), it is impossible to construct a function f such that the forgetting process yields .


The majority of false positives originate from the limited number of samples for the speci.c {IP,port} pair.

in fact, approximately 90% of false positives represent {IP,port} pairs that communicate with one IP only.


This cumulative success led to more participation to the point where the original design choices of IPv4 were nearing their limit of relevance, and its design needed to be revisited.

at a macro level of the Internet, the "market" has shown a great reluctance, at best, to adopt IPv6.


On one hand, it shows that training a classi.er on one site before running on other can lead to unpredictable results.

an important by product of this study is to highlight the need to test new classi.ers not simply on traces collected on a given site, but also on traces collected on di.erent sites.


they need to find new parents that are not affected by the departing of the host.


Previous work also showed evidence about the abuse of short URLs.

4.2.3 Non-obvious Uses of Short URLs We also analyzed how short URLs interconnect together pages of di.erent categories, to understand whether some categories have a majority of container or landing pages.


Switching regulators are constantpower devices.

micro power meterforenergymonitoringofwireless sensornetworks at scale.


In addition to determining coverage, CPICH power heavily in.uences the amount of Soft Handover(SHO).Non-uniform cellCPICHpower allowsfor signi.cantpower saving andtherebyhigher capacityfor tra.c channels.

thegapsbetweenthe results of our algorithm andoptimum are0,0.51%,4.77% respectively for aSHOratio6%,10% and14%.


Such scheduling schemes have recently received much attention in the context of mesh networking (see for example [21, 3, 1, 19, 17, 4]).

the vertices represent wireless nodes implementing CSMA, and the edges represent interference constraints: that is, if the node at one end of an edge emits, the node at the other end will sense the channel to be busy and refrain from emitting1.As in many CSMA systems, we let nodes wait for a random (but small) amount of time after they sense the channel to be idle before emitting; if the channel is still idle after this random waiting time, they actually start their transmission.


I, then the amount of link capacity used by this physical realization matches the lower bound of any interconnection network that can feasibly route all hose TMs.

the theory of heterogeneous treelike topologies has not been previously developed, and we wish to use heterogeneity to reduce the cost of network upgrades.


A. Simulation Results The main advantage of simulation is that the true link loss rates are known, so validating the inferences of network tomog- raphy is easy.

in our study here, we only use a uni- requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


The second inequality in (3) represents the same constraint for all transmitters affected by the communication between i and j.

let us assume that receiver j knows that the selected m * is 2, SNRj is 40 dB, BERaj is 0.001, and INRj is 45 dB.


Thebottomlevel(level0)inthis conjectured hierarchy is populated by trivial tasks, tasks that canbesolved asynchronously(e.g.,(2n-1)-renaming).

crd( s)<C , and thus C is not the smallest corridor that contains a schedule that is not deciding with I and any G a contradiction.


The timestamp register is useful to track the time elapse between events.

in such a way, the VNIC can ensure full separation of tra.c for VMs within the same physical host.


The Case for a Multi-hop Wireless Local Area Network.

no Available SoftRepeater: We place the AP and A at location X, and B at location Z.


2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary vinczez@tmit.bme.hu ABSTRACT Energy efficiency is a very important goal in wireless sensor networks.

2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary vida@tmit.bme.hu in this paper we propose a solution that assumes an eventdriven scenario, where sensors send data to the sink node in a multi-hop manner.


Du et all looked at HTTP tra.c captured from internet kiosks in two developing countries [6].

while there are some clear associations with high con.dence, these tend to be limited to very popular destinations (such as facebook.com .


This enables MMAC to use fewer hops in several instances.

in comparison, intermediate nodes in DMAC and 802.11 remain occupied for the entire span of CTS, DATA and ACK transmission.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we present the .rst protocol that can accurately optimizetheperformance of opportunistic routinginIEEE802.11 networks.

shortest path routing uses unicast transmissions, whose MAC-layer ACKs aregiven higherpriority andhence more reliable.


In this paper, we apply a similar method to examine the behavior of next hop candidate nodes.

in more realistic scenarios especially when the links between nodes are unreliable, the values of a and ß may not be calculated accurately.


Furthermore, in order to increase the user satisfaction, it is necessary the QoS support of mobile users, allowing the user to keep acceptable quality level in on-going multi-user sessions, independently of its movement.

[12] D. Zagar, D. Vilendecic and K. Mlinaric.


This difference becomes more important when trying to use our improved algorithm to scale such a system to hundreds of nodes.

in Proceedings of the 2009 USENIX AnnualTechnical Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, June 2009.


In this architecture, the leaf nodes don t need to maintain the complex routing information, but sends the sensed data to one of the router nodes.

thread DBop inserts the collected data into database.


The third part, delay larger than 0.18 ms, is the delay due to contention with other voice packets.

for high loads the 0.2 calculated bound is tighter.


6.2.2 eBGP Session Resets The failure or recovery of an eBGP session can cause multiple events that affect the eBGP-learned routes from one neighbor at a single border router.

we focus on those in Figure 11 showing the duration of a routing disruption relative to the corresponding traf.c weight of the affected pre.xes for clusters with traf.c weight larger than 1%.


Frequently accessed data items axe cached on the client side.

lbe~st: an id list of the data items that the server received in the last IR interval.


We observe that nearly 99% of the links have an SNR above 15 dB.

we observed that the amount of interference was very high.


To integrate the WMNs with real applications, the protocols, standards and algorithms used for the MRs should consider the current and widely deployed technologies (e.g., Ethernet, IEEE 802.11 and TCP/IP v4 and v6), and new emerging technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.16).

we give a list of guidelines that should be considered for the design of such a network, and analyze them in the context of different application scenarios.


In this case, the backup routes of the children are formed by using the residual degrees of the children and grandchildren.

p2PMMS 05, November 11, 2005, Singapore.


In the area of self-assembled nanowire interconnect, the lack of control over the fabrication process makes it hard to obtain both reliable and structured networks.

4.3 Open Problems Despite considerable advancements in engineering distributed bionetworks in living organisms, there are several remaining challenges that hamper reliable construction and quick modulation of pattern formation in these synthetic systems.


If the delay exceeds discretion range, voting takes place.

our method detects this case by letting each player node attach the hash value of the event list received at the last timeslot to an event which the player wants to generate at the current timeslot.


In an adhoc mobile grid, each device also has a resident context listener (see Figure 3(a)).

the domain of such applications range from ehealth, through e-learning, to disaster handling and crisis management.


This reduces the complexity of Pr2-P2PSIP.

it seems to be necessary to consider this privacy issue in P2PSIP networks as well.


It forwards packets from the eNodeB to the SGW/MME and vice versa.

[10] HA N , B., HU I , P., KU M A R , V. A ., MA R AT H E , M. V. , SH AO , J., A N D SR I N I VA S A N , A.


For example, [7] examines PoP to PoP traf.c matrices.

it seems that a single metric is unlikely to cover this adequately, so we shall present several.


Remark that the calculation of Eavg is performed dynamically and is subject to change over time; in this sense, we will de.ne it as a function of time, i.e.

en can be adjusted in a way such that a target µa(R) is achieved given the expected µ(R).


for a connection between M and C to have been created before node M moved.


In such a topology, there are only n links.

found that link usage, as measured by the set of node pairs (source-destination pairs)whose traf.c traverses the link, also follows a power-law distribution, i.e., there is a very small number of links that are on the shortest paths of the majority of node pairs.


#providers per PlanetLab source 0.92 0.69 0.81 0.10 Table 1: First-hop connectivity of the PlanetLab sites The unique upstream providers and locations of the remaining 26 PlanetLab sites are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1(a), respectively.

bFind needs to be more aggressive than Vegas.


Networking named content, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies, pages 1-12, ACM, 2009.

since retransmitted interest packets for loss recovery are not distinguished from regular (or previously aggregated) interest packets in PIT, the retransmitted interest packets will be also aggregated in the PIT.


1, Frequency (%) 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 1e-05 1e-06 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Packet Size Figure 2: Packet size distribution of cafeteria trace we need to have a di.erent message for waking up each of the di.erent WiFi receivers in the AP s range.

figure 1: Esense application in three example scenarios Scenario Sender Intended Receiver Possible Message Content Coordinated Coexistence WiFi Node All nodes (or Master) of a given WPAN Identity of the WPAN, next CFP start time (relative to reception of this message) Energy Savings WiFi Node Secondary radio of the WiFi node it wants to wake-up Identity of the secondary radio (or receiver WiFi) Interference Map WiFi Node Broadcast Identity of the sender WiFi node Table 1: Esense communication details for the three example scenarios Energy Management: WiFi enabled devices such as smart phones, laptops and router boards often employ a variety of techniques to conserve battery power.


registers back to the HA (or to some hierarchy point in a more complex solution).

figure 5: The component structure of the simulation of CMFS written in OMNet++.


The system will track in real time how many people are standing in front of a poster/demo for how long.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


8 retransmissions can be performed), therefore, r is equal to 1.

in Figure 15, the delivery rate of PRR×distance improves, as expected, with more retransmissions, with a high improvement achieved from 0 to 10 retransmissions.


That is, the nodes are more sensitive to a target.

from Section 5, we see that the computational complexity of adding a new active node is O(2n) in both Se-Grid and Co-Grid, where n is the number of the nodes already activated in the same grid.


For SNC computations, the popular token-bucket arrival curve and rate-latency service curves are considered.

based on Equations 4 and 5, the required tesselations are formulated.


bGP is inevitably facing many security problems.


Indexing: The TM builds indexes of buffered packets to facilitate quick access to them.

the TM also proved crucial in illuminating a high-pro.le case of compromised user credentials [5] by providing evidence from the past that was otherwise unavailable.


By the time an upstream lookup arrives into stage s+1 and dereferences the pointer in question, the write-bubble has already written out the new node.

unfortunately, controlled pre.x expansion causes a non-deterministic increase in the routing-table size due to replication of pointers and pre.xes, and consequently increases the total memory space.


scalable Network Technologies, Culver City, CA.


We create two nodes following the modified Mobile-node structure and configure one node for sending and the other for receiving packets.

most of delay times are larger than the lowest delay and especially when the number of sending nodes exceeds the particular value, i.e.


Geometry No Proximity PNS PRS XOR 9 9 11 Ring 9 9 9 Tree 10 10 N/A Hypercube 9 N/A 9 Table 3: These 90th percentile hopcounts for the dif- Question #1: Which is more e.ective, PNS or PRS?

[5] IRIS: Infrastructure for Resilient Internet Systems.


In a truly software-de.ned network, these alternatives (Figure 1) should be limited to a straightforward selection between silicone and software.

we believe accepting this performance bound as a limitation is a more natural way than assuming the function can only be implemented in ASIC, which most likely will stop any further development.


It can be switched on again by a WAKE UP message from one of its neighbors on the X2 interface (Fig.

if not, it cancels the procedure, otherwise it forces the handovers of its clients to its sponsoring neighbors and switches o. after that.


In [1], it is assumed that the realization factor a is uniformly distributed.

2.2 SAP s Optimal Spectrum Investment andPricing In our model, SAP must pay for two kinds of costs: leasing cost and cooperation cost, since SAP leases Wl units of bandwidth from spectrum owner and uses SUs cooperation capability by announcing p.We denote the unit leasing cost and the unit cooperation cost to Cl and Cc, respectively.


Then the probability that at least one of the ECRs is compromised is: PPor7 =1 - (1 - 7)F , (2) If we want to control PPor7 under a threshold, say G, then F = log1-1 (1 - G).

[24] X. Yang, D. Wetherall, and T. Anderson.


Fortunately, they use the frequency with which addresses appear in a dynamic packet trace information that is not available from anonymized static con.guration .les.

five of the 31 networks used regexps involving communities, but only two networks used regexps with range expressions.


During a few hours, the TI-F estimate is higher than the active measurement (i.e., the points above the diagonal).

we see a primary mode to the left of line at maximum slope ratio = 5.


Wireless Communications, 7(6):1987 1992, June 2008.

it is necessary to avoid transmission modes for which upper bound and lower bound on transmit power are too close.


The NM installed a Network hotspot into a conference hall for such an event in 2007.

no quality of service can be guaranteed in practice.


This has the advantage that it provides continuous protection, has no storage requirement, and no extra computation overhead to perform the necessary checks.

without knowing the DRK, any modi.cations to the executable will not pass the integrity checks when it is loaded into cache during execution.


I=(e), without loss of generality, we assume that rp = rq.

the number of links, that interfere or are interfered by link li(p),j(p) and whose radius is not smaller than ri(p),j(p) /2, is at most 2C1,2 ·..


More generally, for an (n, p)-secure KPS, an attacker with access to secrets of n nodes can compute a fraction2 p of all possible pairwise secrets.

the values ai = f(A, i), 0 = i = m - 1, 0 = ai = M - 1, determine the subset of m keys assigned to node A.


The result shows that among the 224 colors of the input space, not only the map was able to select 100 representative samples (SOMs are vector coding techniques), but it also generated a topologically ordered representation of the color space, in the sense that similar colors were mapped to nearby locations.

each iteration determines the BMU (requiring N comparisons), and then applies the update rule (2) to the map weights.


These values provide us with an estimation of how signi.cant the performance gain is.

wireless Networks, 8(2-3):275 288, March 2002.


Figure 5 shows the logic operation of an backward access controller in the response phase.

split transactions lead to an increase in arbitration complexity.


By placing multiple directional antennas on the surface of a mobile device, the device can opportunistically select one for directional transmission without adding RF circuitry, in contrast to the simultaneous use of multiple RF chains by beamforming.

but it is important to note that more directional antennas introduce additional training overhead to MiDAS symbol-based, which increases linearly with the number of antennas.


ONGOING AND FUTURE WORK We are currently specifying the complete operation of a distributed IPC layer, along with the various mechanisms and interfaces that are needed to support a variety of policies over di.erent scopes.

the 5How paths are chosen is a matter of policy.


The ITU s Digital Access Index is one composite metric that factors in affordability when comparing ICT (in addition to quality, infrastructure, and knowledge).

rahul Tongia Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), School of Computer Science (ISRI) Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA +1-412-268-5619 tongia@cmu.edu ABSTRACT I present analysis examining some of the causes of poor connectivity in developing countries.


In the top .gure, the network has weak barrier coverage for all orthogonal crossing paths (dashed paths).

moreover, since each segment computes the barriers between vertical barriers at the two ends, a larger number of local barriers will be obtained, resulting in strengthened local barrier coverage for each segment.


They belong to Tier-1 ISPs representative of one of the largest countries in different geographic regions: Asia (China), South America (Brazil), North America (US), and Europe (France).

likewise, entries on Internet forums typically indicate the date and time of access.


A key design factor in computing C F C is the weight factor a which determines how signi.cant is the .it .ow history through a link in the previous RI period.

the control logic in the router performs a set of necessary services on the packet such as determination of next hop route, arbitration and allocation of VC in the next router, allocation and traversal of the crossbar switch.


This pattern can Goodput (Mbps) 3 also be observed in TCOC and OCOC.

there are very few performance studies of mesh networks especially in the multiple channel arena.


Finally, we note that there has been considerable interest in recent work in combating collisions and interference [4].

autoMAC allows for 2 concurrent transmissions on the uplink in each time slot.


This resultsinthe sublineargrowth of the cover ratio.

sUMMARY In this paper, we investigated a random walk based routingschemeinawireless sensornetwork wheresink nodesare independentlydistributedat random with a concentration c. When a packet is generated from a randomly chosen sensor node,itperforms an unbiased random motion until reaching a sink node where it is trapped.


Our protocol can be used together with such privacy-enhancing techniques.

this also ensures that two access points belonging to the same network (same SSID), cannot be distinguished from two unrelated access points which is useful for hiding whole networks, and their size.


Let T be the .nal data aggregation tree.

5, both latency and transmission times have big gaps between these two methods when the density (maximum degree .)


They can be efficient, flexible and transparent transport bursty IP and Ethernet traffic over optical WDM networks and provide statistical multiplexing gains.

sERVER VISION OPTICAL NETWORK Generically, server is a hardware and software device designed to perform a specific function for many users.


The work [7] investigates the optimal movement to construct the k-barrier coverage in a circular area.

the constraints of constructing the barrier coverage are described as follows.


We then study how routing algorithms can be used to minimize our new objective function: the energy required to reliably transmit a packet to the destination, the effective transmission energy.

the graph thus shows the importance of choosing links with appropriate link error rates, even in the HHR case.


This is because the bogon list used by the .ow-based classi.er is a subset of the bogon list used by our DPI classi.er.

in Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement, pages 27 40.


Note also that the LCR algorithm assigns a single hub for each spoke PE, and each spoke PE is assumed to use the single hub consistently for all packets.


In most of the experiments, concatenation performance was similar to the baseline, or was closer to the baseline than to piggybacking.

[9] V. Licea, A Comparison of the DVB/DAVIC, DOCSIS and IEEE 802.14 Cable Modem Specifications, IEEE 2000 ICC, May 2000.


In the experiment, C(X)+ C(Y ) C(X + Y ), C(1) 18µs and T (100KB) 90µs.

since this is a library bu.er that the application will not access, the information for the receiver to notify the sender that the bu.er can be released can be piggybacked in a later control message.


IMPLEMENTATIONANDEVALUATION In addition to large-scale simulations, we implemented our opportunistic .oodingandtheimprovedtraditional.oodingdescribed in Section5 on theTinyOS/Moteplatform in nesC with30 MicaZ motes tofurther validate ourdesigninpractice.

each mote randomly generates a speci.ed working schedule controllableby a stand-alonebase station node and correspondingGUI opportunistic .ooding in terms of delay.


distributed to(0, 1) the above gives Z 1 2(M +1 -m) P{D}=P{D |p}dp = , M +1 0 when m = M = 2m -1.

then, by using the Lagrange s interpolationpolynomial(1), one candeterminethe coe.cients of the newpolynomial and also the remaining n * -m * newshadows.


As a case study, we then experiment with ACs in the GPRS network, using a prototype implementation.

we stretched AA with various levels of AC request load, and the measurement results show that AC issuing is attainable in terms of service time, while simultaneously can deliver flexible and scalable solutions to both future mobiles operators and users.


We use these mechanisms in our network layer implementation to support our congestion control algorithms.

we are investigating whether losses occur because of hidden terminal collisions (in which case RTS/CTS might be a solution) or due to additive interference from distant sources of noise.


INTRODUCTION IN the early days of the development of the Internet architecture[1] mobile nodes were not the common network entity that they are today.

at each event the configuration is renewed automatically and the end user does not suffer any particular inconvenience.


It is obvious, as expected, that the mobility of the node a.ects the received signal strength.

we implemented an intelligent controller, based on fuzzy logic, in order to help sensor mobile nodes to decide whether they have to hando.


Various techniques have been proposed to reduce the power con-sumption of each key component of a smartphone such as the screen [22], CPU [24] and network communication [20, 23].

collec-tively, these operations consume a significant amount of power.


On the other hand, sensor applications in soil media and tunnels have unique communication problems.

future research challenges will be highlighted in both areas.


If sensor module is used for a long time, time drift is generated.

at the end of the frame which is ack-slot, the sink node transmits acknowledgement.


We do not assume preloaded statistical information to be highly accurate since tra.c patterns vary throughout the day.

on our algorithms, we run two simulations with di.erent .


The manufacturer: responsible for generating and sending R-CFG .les to the regulatory agency, and, as an optional task, signing and/or encrypting an R-CFG after it has been licensed; 2.

it was not possible to calculate session key.


A delay has been proposed in which the nodes with higher energy levels forwards the request with low delay and the nodes with low energy level upon receiving a request waits for a long time and thus longer delay.

this paper proposes a comprehensive review on QoS Models, QoS routing protocols, mobility management and power management for MANET.


Forthesakeofsimplicity,inthispaperwepropose immediateimplementationsof schedulingandresourceallocation algorithms,aswell asasimpleproceduretohandlethe contentions among operators.

when more usersareinthesystem,themarginalimprovement due to multiuserdiversitybecomeslower sinceforalmostall the subchannelsthereisa userwithgoodCQI.the curves seemto saturate around 18 users.


Journal of Robotics Research, 24(9):771 786, Oct. 2005.

categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.1[Network Architecture and Design]: Wireless communication General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Management Keywords: RFID, tour guiding, wireless sensor network 1.


We use extended attributes to store a .le s usage policy.

at boot time, the kernel can retrieve the EFS s secret key from the TPM and mount the EFS.


Similarly, prior work on incremental redundancy andhybrid ARQ[29, 18,7]providesa limited form of rate adaptation by adaptively providing the right amount of redundancy needed to enable decoding of partially correct packets.


because we want to uncover the operational practices of certain CDNs and CPs with regards to client localization and clustering, we explore different pre.x sets of varying scopes and magnitudes.


When in contact, we can roughly locate them relatively to one another.

[8] K. Freivalds, U. Dogrus¨ oz, and P. Kikusts.


In theory, PRR can be computed based on SNR and other radio parameters such as the modulation scheme, encoding scheme, frame and preamble lengths [37].

as shown in Figure 7, the majority of the experiment results were marked above the x = y line, indicating that the overall delivery cost of CTP with TALENT is better than the other estimators.


Because the visibility constraint from Section 3.1.1 enforces that the capture period is less than symbol spacing, the next frame s exposure will begin at least ajk before the transmission of symbol B ends, guaranteeing that a(j+1)(k+1) = ajk = 0.5.

for symmetry, we target that ajk >0.5 for a symbol k to be decodable from capture j.


The updated distance which a sensor should have between its neighbors is thus determined.


In fact, when node mobility is high, N1(t0) is large and the corresponding B1(t0) is small.

congestion may be local and occurs only in one or two lanes.


However, SPDY s performance is better than HTTP after the initial set of web pages.

upon close inspection of one HTTP run, we found all (442) retransmissions were in fact spurious.


We plan to examine these advances in combination with more advanced OS and Java soft and hard real-time support.

in emulation systems, time advances independently of emulation progress.


Note that in the deployment scenario described in this paper, the IRSCP can only modify MEDs for iBGP routes.

signi.cant bene.t is still provided to routes that do pass through the IRSCP, most notably, routes of customers and data centers in the provider network.


In [10] we proposed an API able of supporting several MAC behaviors, including a TDMA-like and a multi-channel medium access control.

in our infrastructure scenario, such a synchronization is easily provided by the beacon timestamps, while in general scenarios it has to be explicitly supported by the MAClet Distribution Protocol.


This is observed while comparing the row-column approach with diagonal.

there are a couple of ways to act after nodes rendezvous, e.g.


The stable property is very favorable, as the content items increase rapidly nowadays.

we strive to thoroughly remove the redundancy with implicit cooperation among caches in order to efficiently utilize the available cache space and minimize inter-ISP traffic.


Compared with the other models, the site-speci.c model does not depend on special assumption, so it works on most general building environment.

the signal strength map SS-MAP table consists a grid of known locations in which the values of corresponding signal strength are stored.


Condition 2: Readings belonging to the same cluster must have a positive correlation, above 0.5, with the modeling of the signal propagation in the area covered by the cluster (Observation 2).

spectrum sensing has been gaining a lot of attention, although several studies argue that single device sensing doesn t form a valuable source of spectrum information [1, 12].


Human-computer interaction studies similarly show that people react to small di.erences in the delay of operations (see [12] and references therein).


The reader is a single power-full device and decoding complexity can be delegated to it whilekeeping the backscatter nodes simple and power ef.cient [27].

we transform the above compressive sensing problem into an equivalent compressive sensing problem, but with signi.cantly reduced computational complexity.


[4] D. G. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, M. F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris.

in the worst case, the path set will consist of |E| paths.


On Service Guarantees for Input-bu.ered Crossbar Switches: A Capacity Decomposition Approach by Birkho.

we choose to simplify the analysis by not modeling pod-local traf.c and leave this optimization to future work.


Using the insight gained from the microbenchmarks, we then implemented the Measurement Overlay and used it to improve the performance of MediaNet, presented in Section 5.

such a one-size-.ts-all piggybacking percentage is probably not the best approach, since shorter probe trains (10-20 packets) will probably pay too high a penalty.


Feng Zhao Microsoft Research Asia 5 Dan Ling Street Beijing, 100080 China zhao@microsoft.com observation from these work is the di.culty in architecting a single protocol that can address all application requirements.

this reordering can delay pending packets that do not have common parameters with previous pending packets in the queue.


HMAC: keyed-hashing for message authentication.

in experiment 2 it was not sent over the TLS connection and this resulted in errors.


[13] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Interaction channel for satellite distribution systems , ETSI EN 301 790 V1.4.1 (200509).

the allocated rate will be constant and equal to the maximum rate.


INTERFERENCE-AWARE ROUTING 3.1 Challenge Our focus is to incorporate interference awareness mechanisms on top of table-based routing.

the maximum number of iterations in the DPC algorithm is set to 20.


To stimulate nodes to forward each other s traf.c, many methods have recently been proposed and evaluated (e.g., [3, 4, 5, 6, 22, 24, 30, 31, 39, 40, 47]).

wireless and Mobile Network Architectures.


[5] John B. Carter, John K. Bennett, and Willy Zwaenepoel.

it optimizes diffusion for applications and networks that have geographically scoped queries.


Based on the information gathered from the connections, 17 of these do not involve the three Skype hosts, and are thus TCP false positives.


In addition, breadcrumbs uses client location information as part of its model, which means that clients must estimate the bandwidth available in di.erent location grids and the transition probabilities between adjacent grids.

we then generate realistic workloads based on the distributions.


In addition, phase 2 consumes O(Ni )throughout the non-cooperative sample exchange task and O(i)for distributing the gathered sample measurements throughout each set.

accordingly, with proper choice of the parameter i,we can control the relative importance of TT and SL.


8.2 Trace Collection To evaluate the antenna selection methods under controlled settings, we first collect RSSI traces of all four antennas of the hardware prototype.

we observe that they provide more gain for LOS indoor and outdoor environments.


Finally, it can contain AES prede.ned commands (Table 1).

as we had not yet foreseen the long-term need for automation, the execution of the various .ngerprinting tools and recording of the tra.c traces required manual intervention.


We characterize such VPNs with the following parameters: 1.

we believe that this paper is unique in providing an understanding of VPN characteristics from an operational, large scale VPN service.


This paper aims to develop a tree reconstruction mechanism that repairs the connectivity of tree T so that the reconstructed tree topology can exploit the potential of information aggregation.

afterwards, the backoff time period of the proxy node with smallest id counts down to zero.


Because of this ambiguity, it is preferable to measure performance at the physical layer in terms of SNR or a function of it.

acknowledgments: We thank NateKushman and David Malone for their comments.


As a result, existing power studies for computing systems usually focused on other system components such as the CPUs, the memory, and the disks.

for TCP, we have used the iperf benchmark.


The simulator took the measured bandwidth traces, the historical trajectories and the mobile user s current location and speed as input, and estimated the geo-bandwidth information for the user.

the chance of false bandwidth prediction also increases, and the chance of bu.er under.ow increases (210s in Figure 11(d) and 110s in Figure 11(e)).


If applying the same attacking methodology to CensorSpoofer, the censor could delay the packets sent by the user, and detect if there are any tra.c pattern changes in the downstream .ow.

perfect resistance to insider attacks: The censor should not be able to break unblockability or unobservability of CensorSpoofer even if nearly all users are compromised.


Then, the optimal total cost is given from Theorem 1 by, * 1/2 3/4 1-E ß Ct,u,inact =T(m· q · N)=T(N· T) 1-E ß 1-E ß = aNT+ o(NT) From the total cost expenditure constraints, 1-E ß 1-E ß aNT+ o(NT) = eN Note that there exists Tmax such that it satis.es the above equality; T> a, Tmax can be approximated as follows: ( )1/ß e · NE/ßTmax = a where ß E >0.

[13] N. Trigoni, Y. Yao, A. Demers, J. Gehrke, and R. Rajaraman.


INTRODUCTION Network traf.c exhibits large amount of redundancy when different users on the Internet access same or similar content.

zipf-like distributions will have relative probability of a hit for the ith most popular chunk proportional to ia for some a close to -1.


The modern intrusion detection methods aim to observe the network holistically to more effectively identify network traf.c anomalies.

while the computation in the higher layers must be still reasonably ef.cient, the preprocessing by the lower layers allows us to deploy more sophisticated algorithms.


* -SINR k ( ) | that each transmitter tries to ii i maximize.

our scheme avoids introducing this punishment mechanism.


We .nd that PF has a  Delivery Cost Delivery Delay ED (LF) PR (LF) MP (LF) ED (PF) PR (PF) MP (PF) Figure 5: Local users mobility patterns in LF mode helped a higher number of tourists messages to reach their destinations than in PF mode.

the delivery ratio of ED router decreases when everyone in the network is forwarding messages (Figure 2), because a large amount of messages stored by all nodes is dropped, as buffer constraint is a pivotal factor of this routing performance.


Aquiba considers collaboration without community bonds, i.e., the collaboration could take placeautomaticallyamongstrangers, evenwithoutthembeing aware of it.

iNTRODUCTION Proliferation of mobile cellular subscribers as well as advancesinMEMS-basedsensor technology andlow-powerRF design has realized the practical usage of mobile sensing devices for the purpose of participatory sensing [3, 4, 6] in urban areas.


The algorithm constructs a tree in which peers P with lower values of T(P) are located towards the edge of the tree (closer to the leaves).

pODC 10, July 25 28, 2010, Zurich, Switzerland.


60% of videos experiencing buffer starvation also experienced some form of rate reduction.

the outermost two layers we consider correspond to the Internet transport (TCP or UDP) and network (IP) protocols respectively.


DISCUSSION Our measurements demonstrate the Internet s vulnerability to IP source address spoo.ng, and attacks which exploit this vulnerability.

reactively .nding and blocking spoofed tra.c remains a largely manual and time-consuming process, requiring expensive inter-ISP cooperation, rendering it an unsolved problem for network operators.


For most traffic loads, DMAC-DA1 and DMAC-DA achieve higher throughput than DMAC.

handshakes in DMAC-DA In IEEE 802.11, a CTS frame does not include the address of the source of the CTS frame since it is mainly used to confirm the reception of an RTS frame.


We enhance SDN to perform the demanding task of handling high volume DDoS tra.c.

oPEN ISSUES AND FUTURE WORK Clearly, DrawBridge needs to support scalable handling of a potentially very large number of rules, speedy deployment of new rules, and secure handling of all operations.


Measures are sent to the so-called sink node whose task is to provide an accurate .eld reconstruction; data transmissions between nodes and sink are considered to be error free.

the sink node is in charge of reconstructing the sensed .eld.


Handbook of Combinatorial Optimization 4 (1999), 209 258.

further, APs in Symphony also cooperate to use SIC to simultaneously transmit two packets to a single client resulting in higher applicability of SIC [20].


The number of v s child nodes in any tree that contains v is no more than 8(f(d)+1)a by Lemma 2.11.

by De.nition 3.3, for any naming l.Li-1, the con.gu i-1 ration of the routing table of every node vin .j=0Vj is the same, i.e.


That is why, there might be some load to an access point in surplus.

[10] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko.


The final random number assigned to each sensor will be its unique ID.

to use this technique all sensors needs to know the size of the network.


This technique allows us to use the standard EtherMAC modules.

a simulation-based evaluation strategy is indispensable for the design of an in-vehicle backbone.


formance degradations, such as error rates, which are reported and investigated on a longer time scale.

1 Introduction Operational IP networks are intrinsically exposed to a wide variety of faults and impairments.


Assuming a network of n nodes, phase one requires n × r messages to complete.

the rest of the article is organized as follows.


Copyright 2007 WICON/PWSN 987-963-9799-04-2 conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion, or pollutants, at different locations [1].

when a node is going to lose its power, it should immediately be extracted from the network and the tables of their neighbor nodes should be updated.


The coverage-based path generation framework is designed and implemented by Zheng Ma.

if we want to keep i and j connected under two simultaneous failures, we shall set the target connectivity req(l)=5.


Service composition is foreseen to be a key enabler for creating flexible and scalable architectures for the Future Internet.

this has led to crosslayer and sub-layer solutions that break the rigidity of current TCP/IP stack, and has caused an increase in the complexity of the architecture.


One observation consists of received sig- M P (C) P (Xm|C)P (Ym|C, Xm) (1) nal strengths from all active access points (in the best case m=1 the total number of access points: 14 in our case).

in the case of 3 CPs, one can notice a large increase in precision, where on average it increased by 15.52%, 18.72% and 13.04% for WLAN-based, image-based and the fusion method respectively.


4.2 Wi-Fi Communication Performance The objectives of this .eld test were to evaluate the performance of Wi-Fi communications between two mobile station nodes in various scenarios.

gateways based on Wi-Fi access points running OpenWRT or DDWRT may prove more convenient once the communication protocols become stable, as they have lower cost, are more compact, and the burden of cross compilation becomes negligible.


Conceptually, the pre-capabilities we have described could directly serve as these capabilities.

sIFF is implemented as described in [25].


Truthful send as much of that as possible, bu.ering demand until it bidding by buyer 1 will result in the second buyer s packet be g(p) - x. s is allocated: di(t, x) = p=t ing dropped every period, and a charge of $2 for each packet, Impatient buyer: A buyer i who sends until time p, and then goes away if some minimum amount of service m has representing the per-epoch externality on buyer 2.

we consider demand models Di that satisfy the following condition: Definition 1.


Each VMN in EMWIN maintains a neighbor table of its accessible VMNs.

since a virtual device only affects egress traffic, one single virtual device is attached to the network interface card for egress traffic to impose predefined network effects, as shown in Figure 4.


is likely that this would qualitatively change the protocols stretch.


oAW provides a convenient way to add the constraints to the model editor, created by EMF, and check the constraints at edit-time.

it is sub-classed by the concepts channel, rule and .lter.


With this technique, the expected e.ective channel gain for a future channel is maximized.

3.2 Maximizing the expected effective channel gains Frequency-domain processing (a subcarrier-wise scheme) is considered for simplicity.


REFERENCES [1] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and Arkko, J.

as mentioned before, the FMIPv6 is based on the assumption that MN s next movement can be predicted precisely.


It is the default RAA in Madwi.. SampleRate adapts rates based on transmission statistics over a sliding window.

this scheme has the drawback of requiring a lot of training data to be collected to account for every possible context.


In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM international workshop on Vehicular inter-networking (VANET), pages 21 30, 2011.

sTANDARD COMPLIANT SYNCHRONOUS MAC In Section 3, we considered a power control approach within the DCC framework to improve the behavior, which is fully compatible with IEEE 802.11p standards and thus asynchronous in nature.


2.1.3 Retry-based rate control An improvement over the FER-based approach is to downscale immediately when the MAC is struggling to transmit a frame correctly over the link.

figure 2: Structure of the hybrid rate controller.


Each user discovers such published descriptions before proceeding to issue any queries and stores the necessary info.

not all of the software solutions presented thus far deal with exactly the same issues, i.e., their respective application scenarios and target domains di.er.


Request.1 Application Reply Application Reply Reply Request.2 Application Reply Application  Request.3 Application Figure 4: Pool structure Each time the Pool Manager receives a reply from the SLP subsystem, all application references that are stored in the list of the corresponding request are noti.ed.

the determination of appropriate registration periods depends on many environmental circumstances and is sub ject to further research.


we expect our approach to have similar overall energy characteristics to [22].


4.3.2 End-to-end Delay   ) elay nd D -to-E En  y (s) ela -end D End-t End-to-End Delay Figure 10.

b will not be able to receive the DATA packet.


If the attacker can capture and foster the collusion of enough nodes that collectively know the entire set of k+m keys (we call the set of captured nodes in this case the collusion chain), the network is considered compromised.

the network initialization will take place safely.


Unlike link quality, the only way, thus far, for a cellular client to obtain a measure of load has been to perform active probing, which defeats the goal of minimizing the active duration of the radio.

as we show here, another key factor is the load in the cell, arising from the communication of other nodes.


An internal node that receives a message from its parent, forwards it to its immediate tree offspring only once.

this is still not enough to obtain an efficient simulation for problem (2), which we now address.


3.2 Movement Generation We have considered two main movement scenarios for our MANET: Grid model: a simple model in which nodes do not move but stand still forming a grid.

the client-server communication model has to be adapted in a smart way to meet the MANET scenario.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is supported by the Research and Development support programme of the Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia (PAID-00-11), the Spanish project Sensorizaci´on ambiental subacu´atica para la inspecci´on y monitorizaci´on de explotaciones de acuicultura marina (ref.

when the rest of the control packets of the EDETA protocol are introduced (ACK and POLL) the packet delay in the TAck alternative is higher than in the DAck alternative.


In Figure 2 we present our evaluation topology in the Contiki Simulation Environment (left) and the packet reception ratio (PRR) for an interoperating LLN (TinyOS in green and NanoQplus in yellow).

given the current status and .exibility of the IETF RPL standard (RFC 6550 [1]), while data collection may be fully functional, individual nodes in the interoperating RPL network may become unreachable in some cases.


It retrieves the binding info, veri.es it, and extracts the content pre.x and location name from it.

we take the amount of changes that were required as an indication that the approach is not in strong violation of the original CCN design: About 4% (~ 330 lines) of the code of the CCN daemon, and 1.4% (~ 180 lines) of the CCN library were changed.


In all cases, the delivery rate remains constant about 97%.

this protocoldoes notensure the end-to-enddelivery ofdataifintermediate nodes are not interested in these data.


unlike prior cognitive systems, which use only a single contiguous band, cognitive aggregation merges manynon-contiguous bands into a single high-throughput communication channel, as shown in Fig.


NetworkMD: Topology Inference and Failure Diagnosis in the Last Mile Yun Mao University of Pennsylvania maoy@cis.upenn.edu Shu Tao IBM T. J. Watson Research shutao@us.ibm.com Hani Jamjoom IBM T. J. Watson Research jamjoom@us.ibm.com Jonathan M. Smith University of Pennsylvania jms@cis.upenn.edu ABSTRACT Health monitoring, automated failure localization and diagnosis have all become critical to service providers of large distribution networks (e.g., digital cable and .ber-to-thehome), due to the increases in scale and complexity of their o.ered services.

a general model for clustering binary data.


A pair of the replicas o3 and o4 are changed by degrading the colour with monochromatic (mc) one in a downcolour (dc) operation; o3 = o4 ((b, r, s),mc).

here, a pair of the operations opih and opih+1 are continuous (or there is no gap between opih and opih+1) in the log Li if |vihk - vih+1k|= 1 for k 0, 1, ..., l. Otherwise, there must be some operation between the operations opih and opih +1, i.e.


In the simulations, the packet lengths for the best-effort data packets are geometrically distributed with parameter q([5]): i.l P[PaketLength=islots]=q(1-q),i.1.

in the .nal section, we present the conclusions.


In contrast, traceroute measurements provide the ability to infer the data paths that packets take when traversing the Internet.

during BGP route Figure7: Eight patternsforthe locationsof missing linksrelativetothe VPs.Abold arrowrepresentsa customer-to-provider link or a combination of customer-to-provider links; a bidirectional (thin) arrow represents only one peering link; a dotted arrow represents an identi.edmissinglink.Readingthe.gure,pattern(b)meanstherearemissingc2p,p2p,andp2clinkswhenstartingataVPand traversing one (or multiple) customer-to-provider links.


This suggests that it may be possible to infer network characteristics without the need to evaluate complete sets of end-to-end paths.

data is required to better evaluate our hypotheses.


As in a clustered architecture, addressing and routing require less overhead: a node only needs to maintain a route towards one broker while the brokers form an overlay to route packets towards their true destinations using any underlying routing protocol, unicast or multicast if available.

brokers form the core of the network, they therefore attract a lot of traffic and all nodes close to a broker will see their energy consumption increase with channel activity, which militates for a sparse overlay of brokers.


Gigaseope In Gigascope, we take a different approach.

both LFTAs and HFTAs produce data streams with temporal properties and we can compose complex queries using stream operators.


Using this method, for iteration i, we use the set of deployed (protocol-speaking) ASes in the previous iteration (Si-1) to determine the set Ai of ASes that will adopt the security protocol in the current iteration i.

when the switching threshold was below the critical threshold, the system eventually converged to full adoption; (2) under the Strong Attacker Model, OA+1 yields comparable adoptability compared with schemes with full AS PATH security.


Because of the superposition of waves and the phase shift made by the circuit of passive elements the total signal in each particular direction could be ampli.ed or attenuated by changing the capacitance of varactor.


Browsers such as the Pocket Internet Explorer (PIE)[6] are developed with capabilities that can address resource constraints on mobile devices.

context-aware interactive content adaptation.


multi user MIMO), the net rate (throughput) depends on the channels precoding vectors at UL clients 1 and 2 respectively.

1 0iHU 01 2 0iHU 02 ~ = Rate(u (9) ~ v2i) ~ u 0i are the receive .lter vectors (eg.


This solution is inspired by the literature in [13-15].

the source waits for a predefined time-interval before initiating a new Path Discovery process.


6.3 Comparison of Routing Overhead Theroutingoverheaddesribeshowmanyroutingmessagesforroutedisoveryandroutemaintenaneneedtobe sentinordertopropagatethedatamessages.Inthispaper, theroutingoverheadisobtainedasfollows: ontrolinBytes Overhead=(I)ontrolinBytes+DatainBytes whereontrolnyeisthetotalnumberofontrolbytes iBtstransmittedandDatainBytesisthetotalnumberofdata bytesreeived.Intheproposedprotool,theadditionalof ontrolbytesaountsforRSETandRNTFmessagesaswell asthepiggybakedneighborinformationofthenodesinthe RREPmessage.theroutingoverheadremainsfair whenthenumberoftraffowsinreases,beausethenumberofontrolbytestransmittedisalmostonstantwithout hangewiththeinreasingtraffow.Weanseefrom Fig.I4andI5thattheroutingoverheadsofTBRprotool andproposedprotoolbeomeverylosewitheahothersas 20 40 60 80100 Number of nodes FigureI3:Averageend-to-enddelayasafuntionofnumber ofnodes(40fowswith50pakets/seond).


Substituting for the three val log log n ues, and then applying Lemma 2 to extend the results to an (m, c)-network, we have the following theorem.

this was the channel model used by Gupta and Kumar [10], and we primarily use this model in our analysis.


Another problem we address is whether the Erd¨enyi os-R´random graph model is suitable for estimating the connectivity probability of the network graph of a DSN.

thus GN can be estimated to be dmin-edge-connected on average, where dmin is computed using (1) and (4).


The function direction() returns a unit length vector with the appropriate z and y components.

this maximum distance is another parameter that deter-mines the characteristics of a swarm formation.


ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 8(5), October 2003.

as the operator cannot distinguish between this case and the one where D does not want to send the acknowledgment to save resources, it charges D in all cases.


The reason can be explained by inspecting the data in Table 2: because a frame scheduling delay is arti.cially introduced before a node attempts to transmit its pending frame, the inter-transmission delay is larger than the interval necessary to send two consecutive frames, when the number of nodes is small and the packet Packet Size (bytes) Average Delay (sec) IEEE 802.11 MFS/IEEE 802.11 125 bytes 0.013167 0.013260 250 bytes 0.018164 0.018208 500 bytes 0.027333 0.027993 1000 bytes 0.046461 0.048708  Table 2: The average inter-transmission time measured by a tagged node when the number of nodes is 5. size is long.


They found that Greedy-Global outperforms the other three heuristics.

sP-DNA depends on pm(t + 1) rather than N .


Distributed sensing, sensing-coverage and the optimal scheduling of sensors are the chief parameters to assure the quality of the network in this context [14, 24].

for a small network as shown in Figure 2 application-end issues a request which is routed possibly with multiple hops to the appropriate node.


Hence, more than Ktransmissions can possibly be scheduled in the same region thereby showing a slight increasing trend in performance with increasing load.

the decoding strategy employed at the receiver involves signi.cant complexity.


Adding IP options, however, increases the size of packets and may cause larger packets to become fragmented.

probe packets must be indistinguishable from regular data packets.


Another approach is attempted by OpenDNS [23], which purposely blocks harmful domains.

without introducing a new higher-layer protocol that would in turn necessitate software modi.cation, and 2.


A similar script needs to be invoked to build the rest of the path.

communication between the protocol modules and the NM was done through UDP-IP over this management channel.


The second challenge is that it is also expensive for MOs to negotiate individual deals with a large number of content providers.

charging more for data (which is what time-dependent pricing must do to reduce demand) makes mobile data plans even worse than they currently are.


This argument is used to motivate specialized cross-layer solutions [17, 21] or even to advocate the use of unstructured P2P protocols (see e.g.

iEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 11(1):17 32, Feb. 2003.


To different mobile nodes, the Bottom Anchor Port is the same but the Upper Anchor Port should be different.


PPR also has the potential to improve the performance of multiradio diversity (MRD) schemes [23] in which multiple access points listen to a transmission and combine the data to recover errors before forwarding the result, saving on retransmissions.Avudainayagan [5,35] et al.develop a scheme in which multiple nodes (e.g., access points) exchange soft decision estimates of each data symbol and collaboratively use that information to improve decoding performance.For this application, PPR s SoftPHY hintswould provideawaytodesignaprotocolthatdoesnotrelyonthe speci.cs of the PHY, unlike this previous work.

we have implemented a software-de.ned radio transmitter and receiver using a combination of the USRP hardware with CppSim [26] and Matlab.


We continue in the next section by describing our implementation of these methods to cluster DNS tra.c.

rESULTS In this section we report our experiences using TreeTop to perform both o.-line and real-time analyses.


Similarly, rules only specify the logical content without dictating how they will be implemented.

similarly, a heavy sequential algorithm on the processing plane would restrict the bene.ts of a multi-core architecture if it forbids pipelined parallelism.


Figure 8 shows that, in over 75% of the cases, a hosts experiences fewer than two loss bursts as a result of a failover event, while a host can experience up to 6 loss bursts as a result of a single failover event.

their probing frequency is limited by the roundtrip delay and the probe response time from routers.


The available fibre bandwidth and current high-speed electronics allow high splitting ratios together with high bandwidth per user assignments.

considering this, the main features that may define a highly scalable new-generation PON may be stated: x High splitting ratio (>64) x High speed (> 1 Gbps) x High BW per user (>100Mbps) x Bidirectional, symmetrical, single fibre interface x Long reach (> 20 Km) x Passive x Simple upgradeability x Centralized management and monitoring x Dynamic resource allocation x Basic protection incorporated Another point to address here is that some operators already have a legacy PON problem: how will they evolve from BPON/GPON/GE-PON to NG-PON, and, architectures applicable if the network shall be fibre lean such that NG-PON will need to share fibres with legacy PONs.


Simple Update of Keys: Updating of keys can be done in the same way as in the case of compromise.

mD does not need to validate any certi.cates upon roaming as HN s certi.cate is pre-installed on MD.


Furthermore, there are other fields that contribute to the uniqueness, one of which--the destina- tion address--qs likely to differ significantly in different streams.

a second difference is that the analysis missed one host.


For instance, many on-line computer games as well as instant messaging applications support real-time voice communication between users.

in [19], we introduced our overlay network (there more generally termed networking middleware) consisting of a number of interconnected proxy servers and described its capabilities to intelligently manage user bandwidth in networked multimedia applications.


Second, to properly drop packets, a 2-hop neighbor has to know a complete list of 1hop neighbors of the congested node since it only needs to drop packets intended to the congested area.

for short-lived TCP .ows, even if it captures the channel, it will not hurt other .ows too much since it ends very quickly anyway.


Assuming it has knowledge of these groups, it can do this by removing all links in the group in substep (a)above, and restoring them allin(c).

we use D = dp =50ms[18]and dr = 2ms[8,9] for the Sprint topology.


In fact, both OLSR and E-OLSR:1 curves are more or less the same (both mean and standard deviation are very close for OLSR and E-OLSR:1).

optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR).


Indoor Localization Without the Pain Krishna Chintalapudi Anand Padmanabha Iyer Venkata N. Padmanabhan Microsoft Research India Microsoft Research India Microsoft Research India krchinta@microsoft.com v-anandi@microsoft.com padmanab@microsoft.com ABSTRACT While WiFi-based indoor localization is attractive, the need for a signi.cant degree of pre-deployment effort is a key challenge.

in practical scenarios, multiple users would provide training data.


By referring to the results in Table 1, we believe, with the number of sub.ows increasing, XMP will obtain more bandwidth than DCTCP.

this ratio is nearly close to zero for XMP as well as DCTCP.


As a result, there is considerable literature that simply treats the network as a black box and infers aspects of the topology through active measurements [1, 4, 5, 6].

false links between PoPs that are connected in Sprintreal only increase the number of link-disjoint PoPs and 28% of the pairs when considering PoP-disjoint paths.


The replication mark indicates that the fetched object can be cached at the router upon its arrival and its replica creation time is then set to the current time.

the performance of AsympOpt is very close to the bounds obtained from the optimization solutions.


What smaller collections are that lower number of Event Sources is tracking changes on each one of them.

the database has a mechanism to trigger an event when a collection in a database is modi.ed.


Our proposal has similar aspects since it has a two-stage signaling, where the first phase is the query to the GOBS Connection Server and the second phase is the explicit signaling in response to this query.


Other works are concerned with simulation or performance comparison of voice application relaying on best-effort MANET routing protocols [2].


The USRP motherboard was equipped with two RFX-900 daughter-boards and Alien ALR-9610 circular antennas.

since our RFID listener is able to decode both the queries from the reader and the replies from the tag(s), it can be also used as a sort of passive protocol analyzer for conventional Gen2 systems.


For instance, a failure in an intermediate hop breaks the entire route, but the PNC assumes that an independent stream is terminated and keeps allocating CTAs for other hops until it is eventually notified by all participating DEVs to terminate.

mB-OFDM is widely supported by various industry associations, and is adopted by the ECMA-368 standard [10].


As with regular inter-domain routing, this control is both partial (i.e., shared across ISPs) and implemented in a decentralized manner.

one offers limited change, providing additional services but not substantial revision to the fundamental architecture.


6068 nasser@cis.uoguelph.ca  ABSTRACT Next generation wireless cellular networks aim to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) for multimedia applications.

as for handoff calls, the initial position is determined when the handoff event is scheduled as described below.


Further, our use of BDDs has been inspired by [20, 12, 13].

the match expression can include wildcards, and ranges of values just like for standard ACLs.


From the request messages, we exclude those generated when the client is either in the renewing or the rebinding state, as their purpose is to update the lease duration.


From Theorem 3, the per-node total cost cannot be bounded regardless of m and/or q in the active constraint region since it is at least T(N1/2).

in this case, the lower-tier would consist of the wireless nodes within each limitedsize cluster, while the upper-tier would provide a wired connection between cluster-heads that can be used to inject queries from any point in the network into any cluster with minimal energy expense.


When there are several cameras in the wireless network, because the control and manage messages are divided by the number of cameras, we obtain that there is lower camera effective bandwidth consumption.

a wireless server for 802,11g costs more than a wireless 802.11g camera.


P2VoD: Providing Fault Tolerant Video-on-Demand Streaming in Peer-to-Peer Environment.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Wireless Communication; C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Protocols General Terms Performance, Design, Algorithms  Keywords Opportunistic networks, service provisioning, performance evaluation, analytical modelling * This work was partially funded by the European Commission under the SCAMPI (258414) FIRE Project and by the US National Science Foundations award CNS-0834493.

in the simulated environment the nodes move in a square, according to the Random Way-Point (RWP) mobility model, with the modi.cations described in [8] to guarantee stationarity (the nodes average speed is 1.5 m/s, representative of walking speeds).


From the intended sensor distribution patterns, we can form the following two categories: the uniform distribution methods and the planned distribution methods.

ts and Td parameters still a.ects QoSv signi.cantly.


In the 50-node network simulation, the number of the cluster head is still relatively high; in this case there are five clusters in the network.

the robustness of various routing protocols in some special environment, e.g.


This property ensures that the signal samples transmitted on the channel are linearly related to the original pixel values.

the physical layer transmits the video using hierarchical modulation over OFDM, an inner convolutional code and an outer Reed-Solomon code following the recommendations in [4].


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

for the Wavelan card [7], Pa =1425mW and Ps =177mW .


Bus operators were also not interested in supporting the unauthorized download of copyrighted material.

a more benign and continuous tra.c shaping and management approach is required for a more graceful experience.


[34] F. Sultan, K. Srinivasan, D. Iyer, and L. Iftode.

the streaming may take more time (and is thus, again, potentially prone to further disconnections).


Step 8: The MH in the cell receive the packets from the new manager and replies the packet MYID (host_id, manager_id) to the manager.

step 2: Send the message to the mobile agent (MA1).


[0; k - 1] AD(ui+1..i) = AD(ui+1..i+1) (2) Step 3 Since the network complies with Guideline 1, all routing processes within the same routing instance have the same AD value.

then, each routing process presents its best route to the route selection procedure.


Second, we have spammers that use spam emails to propagate scams, such as phishing campaigns.

once the names have been harvested, they are used as terms in a search engine query.


Only in the case of an exception, the NE actively sends a TRAP message.

5.1 Tool Integration For the integration of these tools, their properties have to be given as previously introduced in order to register them at the GTLS.


The PPE generates a completion event for this send operation once all of the data is ACKed by the TCP peer.

it may still be necessary to use multiple processes per proces  accept read  write  write  read  close  (a) Baseline (b) AIO Figure 3: State machine for handling a single connection sor to mask unavoidable blocking (e.g., for disk I/O on a page fault [39]).


may be small enough for collisions to be possible.

we consider privacy against both peers and authorities the latter correspond to either front-end authorities (typically base stations) that handle the bulk of the interaction with the nodes, and back-end authorities (the privacy representatives, or ombudsmen these remain o.-line for most of the time).


1 can be rewritten: S diS g(L, t)=Aisit -- d+ n(L, t) (3) c i where the receiver can only infer the pseudoranges Ri from the delays di/c + d: Ri = di + c · d. (4) The clock offset d adds a fourth unknown scalar.

two receivers at the physical locations P1 = P2 can be spoofed to the locations Lj1 = L2jand time offsets d1j,d2jif the attacker is free to choose any PiA i .


In the case of EDGE/GPRS and 3G, the spike in energy is sustained for almost three seconds, followed by another lower energy plateau of about four and twelve seconds, respectively.

the mobile phone includes two components -the energy monitor and the byte-exchanger.


A recent report identi.es a number of examples that may be considered PII [9] including: Name (full name, maiden name, mother s maiden name), personal identi.cation number (e.g., Social Security Number), address (street or email address), telephone numbers, or personal characteristics (such as photographic images especially of face or other distinguishing characteristic, X-rays, .ngerprints, or other biometric image).

as our examples have shown, Facebook does not consistently follow this technique; even when consistently followed, other (non-Referer header related) leakage mechanisms outlined will continue to occur.


We had done extensive re-iterations and usability testing to design what we felt would be the best user experience with the given technical limitations and time constraints.

in hindsight, we would have kept the VPN wizard on the Home screen but also allow for easy connection from the Home screen as well.


Therefore, 20 MHz channel width provides good resilience to delay spread in most indoor environments, where the delay spread has been shown to be 50 ns in homes, 100 ns in of.ces, and 300 ns in industrial environments [8].

the WiMax [24] standard speci.es 8 different channel widths mainly for compliance in international markets and to meet FCC regulations.


With forwarding also constrained, the system does not meet constraints.

we validate its effectiveness using a dataset consisting of both live trace and simulated network events.


The absence of packet switching allows a shared medium to be used as a communication channel.

the amount of time needed to wait before another node can start to use the bus to transmit depends on the distance between the current transmitting node and the next scheduled to transmit.


Because of its mobility-based adaptiveness, the MAC-delay in the case of our protocol with mobility-based adaptation is less when compared to that of the version which is non-mobility-aware.

with these assumptions, the unique-channel or the commonchannel of a node can be modeled by a four-state Markov chain when it operates on the DCF-mode (i.e.


The creation of a new barrier often require multiple sensors to be relocated to certain locations respectively.

in the experiments, we consider three network scenarios where the length of the .eld is set to be 1000, 3000, and 5000, respectively.


CONCLUSION This paper has described a simple analytical model to compute the mean message latency in wormhole-muted k-ary n-cubes with Duato's fully-adaptive rooting algorithm.

836 S can be written as S=M-~t-~a (5) where M is the message length, and B is the average blocking time seen by the message at each hop.


According to the user manual of Aguri, the s-switch is used to output a summary every a seconds.

in Figure 4, four relevant patterns can be observed.


2.2 Transmission Model  Each mesh router is equipped with two radio interfaces such that it transmits at bits/s in backbone communications and it transmits at bits/s in local communications.

when wireless links replace wired links and multi-hop communications replace single-hop communications, more comprehensive traffic modeling schemes are required to solve the backbone nodes placement problem in multi-hop wireless networks.


With modern high performance networks it would be necessary to define the SSH receive window to at least 64MiB if not 128MiB.

in the case of HPN-SSH it demonstrates the relative computational cost of different ciphers.


The focus of our approximation is the metric at bottleneck link of each .ow, as the source term is self-maintained in each   K Q Figure 2: Queue length approximation 5.

to prevent this, we stipulate that the source will abort 4 the transmission of a .ow when Zs(t) > maxl.L(s) Cl, as it implies that even the largest link capacity along its path is no 2 0 longer suf.cient for the .ow to .nish before deadline.


But it is little compared to the overall cost.

[8] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko.


Each .le fi is associated with a single content provider, or owner, and only the owner can generate new .le versions.

false positives on the version .lter can lead to a PND believing that both PNDs have the same version of a .le when they do not.


2.5 Extending PCIQ to More than Two Subcrossbars The partitioned switch organization can be further elaborated by partitioning the initial crossbar in more than two subcrossbars.

whenever an arbiter matches a request to a free output link, the entire packet will be forwarded.