While stream processors are well-suited to implementing algorithms that are data.ow in character, a key challenge is the ef.cient implementation of control constructs.

the presence of conditionals ( if-then-else constructs) and loops ( for and while constructs) in algorithms typically creates performance bottlenecks that limit the throughput of the resulting stream processor even if the remainder of the algorithm is ef.ciently pipelined.


600 500 400 R (ohm) 300 200 electrostatic effect at the surface.

usually alkali metals desposition on the surface results in positive adsorptions.they build an electric dipole layer point to the surface by negative charge (electron) transfer from Cs or K to the surface, which will remarkably reduce the WF.


As shown in this figure, optically routing destinationchecking and acknowledgement packets through the network consumes approximately 80% and 86% of the total power dissipated for optical data transmission in the case of low and high offered loads, respectively.

power consumption of 2.5E+6 220 2.0E+6 180 1.5E+6 140 1.0E+6 100 5.0E+5 60 0.0E+0 20 0.0 0.2 the control architecture dominates total power consumption.


Transaction recovery is essential to database management systems (DBMSs) to ensure the atomicity and durability of transactions, and a number of excellent designs were proposed.

aRIES [17] is one of the state-of-the-art approaches, beside shadow paging, and is widely adopted by conventional DBMSs such as MySQL, DB2, BigTable and HBase [9, 18].


As described in Section 2.2, all paths from the post-synthesis router model with 10% or less slack relative to the 1 GHz clock frequency, were examined.

information about the activity factor and duty cycle of all wire nodes along each critical path under these workloads was retained for analysis.


If this assumption does not hold, the algorithm fails since it does not use any advanced musical knowledge.

one failed sample has no drums and uses only a synthesized shaker sound marking beats.


Constant correction [1] and variable correction [2] schemes are proposed for approximate AND-array multiplier s. However, since Booth multipliers are much more e.cient than AND-array multipliers, approximate Booth multipliers have been intensively investigated [3]-[8].

statistical linear regression analysis [3], estimation threshold calculation [4] and self-compensation approach [5] have been utilized to compensate the truncation error.


As depicted in this figure, for all traffic conditions, total latency for data transmission is dominated by optical data routing through the waveguides.

in the case of light traffic conditions, optical latency for control packet transmission is negligible compared to the total latency, and this ratio retains small values even for high traffics.


The value 8 is such that there is no leakage value for the design in the closed interval [Lmin , Lmin + 8].

there is no discriminant in the leakage ADD Htotal in the above closed interval.


Due to the constant area property of the reduction process, the reduced solution in RFSP mapped from the smallest area solution in FSP must also be the smallest area solution in RFSP.

if we can find the optimal solution in RFSP, then by using a back-mapping process, we can determine the optimal solution in the original solution space FSP.


We consider a wire to be a true positive if it is part of combinational logic used in the triggering of the backdoor.

a true positive wire is part of the circuit that produces malicious activity.


4, we summarize the concept of chroma features, which are used as common mid-level representation for comparing the symbolic transcriptions and the audio material.

we present various strategies that capture and compensate for variations in intonation and tuning.


The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by extensive experimental data on current industrial designs.

we compare our results with respect to worst slack and number of inverters to (partially new) theoretical lower bounds and show that our solutions are very close to these.


This paper describes the challenges faced in building crossbar array based molecular memory, and develops a methodology to optimize molecular scale architectures based on experimental device data taken at room temperature.

we discuss reading and writing such memory using CMOS and compiling a solution for easily reading device conductivity states (typically characterized by very small currents).


CircuitConstrainis satis.able if and only if the assignment to e and the assignment to the input vector X is consistent with a suitable Fc.

for all satisfying assignments to CircuitConstrain, Fc(X)= e. PROOF.


Note the similarity between Algorithm I above and that in [8, Algorithm I].

the operations between the leftmost m+1 bits of w and y above are exactly the same as the operations between u and v in [8, Algorithm I].


SLACK UPDATE ALGORITHM The principal impediment to slack-based optimization and design exploration is that transforming a system changes its timing properties and hence its slack values.

once the circuit is changed, its slack values are obsolete.


These tracks can only connect to each other in x and y directions.

each TSV is connected to 4 two-dimensional tracks [4].


To guarantee the timing correctness of the circuit after repair without necessarily changing our problem formulation completely, we translate the timing constraint for each to-be-repaired fault as length constraints in the .ow graph.

each wire/mux in the TSV grid is associated with a length weight, and given a length constraint for each signal, the length of repair channel (the distance between the signal with the faulty TSV and its reconnected TSV) cannot violate the length constraint.


3.4 Incompletely Speci.ed Functions It is well known that many practical logic functions contain don t care conditions.

the output for certain input combination is irrelevant.


In this context, some previous works [20][21] have coped with the analysis of benefits and drawbacks of following such an approach in the design process.

this work presents an innovative extension of the approach discussed in [21] introducing the exploitation of polymorphism in the design of the ATM UTOPIA Cells Handler [3]: benefits and drawbacks of such an approach are discussed in the following.


Here we plot two curves based on the test criteria: the solid curve uses both intra- and inter-ADC test specification for screening the ADC array, and the dotted curve uses a test criteria based on intra-ADC specifications only.

for the dotted curve, we indirectly enforce the inter-ADC performance with testing it by tightening the variance requirement on individual ADCs (by a factor of 4).


The simplest design variant of decoupled DIMM is using 1 : 2 ratio between the channel s and the devices data rates.

the channel data rate is double of the device data rate.


The goal here is to identify short-running queries for which the generic and specific plans yield comparable performance and use GA for them.

we use the following two criteria to pick a generic plan: a) If the request is a tactical request i.e.


We solve this segmentation problem by incorporating a rhythm tapping function into our Voice-to-MIDI system.

we divorce handling of inputting separate notes from singing.


To keep our predictor design simple, we exploit history in memory reference stream, as memory references are known to show good correlation with past behavior [23].


For a given distance x between blocks, our proposed technique improves the heat conduction ef.ciency fHAB by enabling the heat dissipation along the path with higher thermal conductivity and larger contact area.

the algorithm maximizes the heat conduction ef.ciency on the maximum thermal gradients, where the temperature distance between the source and drain are highest.


As part of our ongoing research we are examining the usefulness of architectural techniques in simplifying the design of software for such systems.

hardware support for multi-threading can reduce code footprint for save/restore overhead, it can enable zero-cycle interrupt response from service threads, and potentially even reduce software complexity.


3.1 Extraction of Application Launch Sequences We employed software-based disk I/O pro.ling tools to capture the sequence of block requests generated during an application launch.

we used Blktrace [18] for Linux applications and TraceView [19] for Windows applications.


The MARS simulator implements the educationally important portions of the MIPS instruction set utilized by Computer Organization and Design Third Edition (COD3) [6].

the MARS simulator implements:  All the instructions in the left-hand column of COD3 Figure 3.24, p. 226, which are the primary concentration of the text.


Hence, it is extremely important to minimize the design overhead associated with temperature sensors without surrendering the accuracy of thermal monitoring.

the open question here is how to accurately capture the full-chip thermal map with a minimum number of temperature sensors.


(10) is easy to state but not to impose.

the constraint is not convex, and the least squares problem in eq.


Then, instead of manipulating PDFs, projected versions (now probability mass functions) are manipulated instead.

all the PDFs are approximated as tables of M voltage-probability pairs.


This means that although the algorithm for discretization is applied on each instance in the design, the solution cell from the library is found but is not instantiated in the design.

by applying discretization, the size and shape of the physical cell which matches the given load are provided to the placer, but the timing analysis is not updated to re.ect this choice.


The Speedy DDR controller alone provides a baseline power consumption that includes major draws due to IOBs (2.322 W), PLLs (0.227 W), and leakage (0.601 W).

the IOB power consumption is very high due to the large number of DDR pins and the use of digitally controlled impedance (DCI) [3]: the 105 pins of the DDR2 interface account for 2.284 W. The variable portion of the power cost is dominantly attributable to clock distribution and BRAMs.


Thus we need about 30 bytes (1Gbps*50cylces/232MHz) extra bu.er space.

there are at most 30 bytes coming into the NP during the initiation of a new PE.


If the initial assignments are too tight, we can easily and incrementally expand the stage intervals to .nd a better solution without numerous modi.cation of the entire routine.

we can expand all latest available stages for all operations by a user-de.ned range.


3.. Multidimensional Near Neighbor Search For incremental computation of matrix element values, we need to detect partial solutions visited earlier in the synthesis run which are close to the current one.

we need to perform a multidimensional near(est) neighbor search where the search dimension is the number of design variables the matrix element depends on.


Results showed that the converter is significantly sensitive to transient faults.

the lower bits of the digital output are the most prone to bit-inversions.


At the same time, VBA also needs to be operated to maintain the P/N ratio, otherwise the degradation both in SRAM operating margin as well as in the peripheral circuit would appear.

the forward bias in VBA also decreases the ratio between pull-up and pass-gate MOSFET, which induces the degradation in write margin.


Regarding the memory management of embedded devices, there are two critical issues: (i) designing the most suitable on-chip memory con.guration and (ii) restructuring the application code to make better use of the available on-chip memory space.

exploiting small, fast, and power-ef.cient on-chip memories is critical from both performance and power angles.


In other words, the working sets of instruction caches barely change for long cycles in many workloads.

the past access patterns for the instruction cache lines are good indi cators for the future usage of the instruction cache lines.


Note that the moving region construction is over optimistic as when one register is moved, the slack of the other register which has a datapath to the moved register changes.

the feasible region of movement generated at this stage for each register Ri is valid when the rest of the registers are unmoved.


A specialized set of synthesis techniques, formally known as datapath merging [1] [3], have been proposed in order to map datapath con.gurations onto the shared resources of a CGRP in an optimized manner.

while the operation binding consists of the resource sharing decisions among the operations of a single DFG, the datapath merging refers to the resource sharing decisions among the functional units of multiple datapaths (see Figure 1), where each datapath is generated after performing the operation binding on its corresponding DFG.


Transaction requests take place by calling interface functions of these channels models, which encapsulate low-level details of the information exchange.

at the transactionlevel, the emphasis is more on the functionality of the data transfers-what data are transferred to and from what locations-and less on their actual implementation (that is, on the actual protocol used for data transfer).


(i) ERR0 =1, : .Pi+1 Gi i+1 ERR1 =0k-1:0 k-1:0 =1, .Pk-1:0Pki -1:0 =0,which implies that a long carry chain generates at a bit position and propagates to the MSB position.

if ERR0 =1,ERR1 adder width window size Perr(ERR0 =1, ERR1 =1) 64 14 < 0.01% 128 15 < 0.01% 256 16 < 0.01% 512 17 < 0.01%  = Table 1: Error rates in VLCSA-2 for signed Gaussian inputs, 0, we know that a long carry chain occurs and does not incur errors.


Table3 shows the results, from which we can see that .-OASMT consistently runs efficiently for all test cases.

.-OASMT can route 1000 terminals in the presence of 10000 rectangular obstacles in 2-geometry within 3 seconds.


We used a modified version of CACTI 3.0 [10] and assumed 0.13µm technology.

we modified CACTI so that it can estimate the energy, access time, and area of memory Memory LossReduction PerfLoss 8-r/8-w ports RF - 27% w/ 16 DWQ 85% 4% w/ 16 OPB 15% 22% w/ 16 DWQ and 16 OPB 96% 1% structures such as a register file, the DWQ, and the OPRQ, which do not require tag memory in cache memories.


NOISE INJECTION IN FPGA CAD This work focuses on the logic synthesis and technology mapping stages.

we inject noise into the algorithms implemented in the academic tool, ABC [4].


They observed that both orthogonal and diagonal capacities are needed to model a tile exactly.

the YW-model uses 2-dimensional routing capacity vectors, i.e., (O-cap, D-cap), to describe the capacities of tiles.


Note that pattern graphs with di.erent schedules are not considered functionality equivalent.

the corresponding nodes in two equivalent pattern graphs must have corresponding cycle assignments in the schedule (e.g.


This is a richer library compared to the inverter, NAND2 and NOR2 gates used herein, which justi.es better results by previous approach.

the circuit C499 has a high number of instances of XOR2 gates.


First of all, it is necessary to discover feasible variable values for each attendant device.

all design variable values which cause device failed should be exclusive at this stage.


The study examines scanning prevalence, rates, types, and address clustering, offering a unique global perspective.

in this paper we also examine the phenomenon of scanning, but from a perspective global in time rather than space.the data upon which we base our study begins in 1994 during which the measured site experienced virtually no scanning activity through 2006, long past the point at which scanning became a ubiquitous phenomenon [10].


It is suf.ciently abstract to achieve good performance levels, and it provides both functional accuracy for running commercial workloads and suf.cient timing accuracy to interface to detailed hardware models.

it allows us to model the overheads incurred by our approach accurately.


Even if executed on the same GPU, FFT and MxM have different throughput and execution time, which may indeed turn into different radiation-induced error rates.

the FFT elaborates 8 times more data than MxM (64x512x512 complex elements in the FFT versus 2048x2048 real elements in the MxM), but instantiate less threads (512x512 for each of the 6 iterations in the FFT versus 2048x2048 in the MxM).


Accurate assessment of the testability of a given part of a design is important not only because it avoids problems in the production testing phase, but also because it makes sure that the design is being properly tested from a functional point of view.

the existence of dark spots in the design, i.e., blocks or constructs that are not being properly exercised is to be avoided in an agile development process.


conventional cache is that, on every access, regardless of the access data half of the bitlines would be discharged to low and then precharged to high before the next access.

for each access the conventional cache power consumption is fixed and independent of the access data.


4.2 Optimization Problem We seek a solution that will systematically satisfy the objective that the sum of the buffer sizes required does not exceed the available on-chip resources (e.g., the number of BRAMs).

we want to .nd the loops l for all arrays a such that: BS(a, l) < maxBuffSize a.Arrays(P) .


However, in order to take moments on a linear network, we still must model transistors as linear resistors.

our devices are modeled with only two .xed resistances: when a device is on, we assume a .xed .nite 2When using (unmodi.ed) Nodal Analysis, the matrix is symmetric, diagonally dominant, and has positive diagonal elements.


This demonstrates that the OLED display can achieve the same luminance by adjusting the color value (gray level here) even under different VDD levels.

we can restore the color value with a reduced VDD, which proves the key premise of DVS for OLEDs.


Hence, the steady-state temperatures of the 3D IC must be written as a function of this distance in the analytical formulation, with the channel widths as an input parameter.

if the distance from the inlet is measured along the coordinate axis z, then we need to .nd an equation of the form: d T(z) = F(z, wC(z), T(z)), (1) dz where T(z) is the steady-state temperatures vector on the IC and wC(z) is a vector of width functions of different  Fig.


7(b) and 7(c), implying that the SOI would extend the low-voltage limitation of the bulk by at least three generations.

the Vmin is reduced to about one-third of the tolerable speed variation (i.e., .t = 1.2), as shown in Fig.


Also, architecture exploration in classical sense was also practiced to design the next version of HW.

using the ViP, we could easily test how the performance is influenced with the change of CPU types, clock speeds, memory sizes, and so on.


Most earlier work in this area focuses on the power supply assignment problem.

[2]-[8] provide algorithms that select gates to be assigned to the available supplies.


The common practice is to estimate the moments of a distribution.

if the distribution of performance metrics is Gaussian, the distribution is fully characterized by its .rst two moments, i.e., mean and variance.


Under this approximation, we can set the constant ks as follows: Hg Wg × Ws + × Hs Ch Cv ks = , (4) Area(s) where Hg (Wg) is the height (width) of the congestion bin, Hs (Ws) is the height (width) of the netbox, Ch (Cv)isthe total horizontal (vertical) capacity of the congestion bin.

ch (Cv) represents the number of wires in all metal layers that can pass the congestion bin horizontally Hg Wg (vertically).


So, most properties that we want to verify are written in a modular manner.

a formula may require only part of a system to be veri.ed by model checking.


Although, many material systems exhibit resistive switching and several are compatible with the CMOS processes, these devices face their own challenges.

they suffer from low yield and high device-to-device variability.


2) .f W .W min dd min = =0 , = =0 , .W .W .V .V dd dd 22 22 () .V .g ( ) V .f W .W min dd min = =0 , = =0 22 22 .W .W .V .V dd dd Note that the first two conditions in Equation 2 tend to push optimization toward larger gate sizes and lower Vdd.

a reduction in Vdd causes an increase in W, which causes further reduction in Vdd.


As a result, the walker earns money in each step, but gets no award at home.

for any power grid problem, we can construct a random walk problem that is mathematically equivalent, i.e., characterized by the same set of equations.


Our goal is to provide a platform that supports healthcare services capable of exploiting household networked appliances for the purpose of providing better healthcare services.

this paper considers motion body sensors for the purpose of physiotherapy.


In our diagnosis approach [3], we further analyze each site by taking into account the behavior of the transistors and wires that physically surrounds each site.

we exploit the following neighboring observation about a defect that affects a site si [3]: A defective site si is controlled by the lines that surround si.


This paper presents single-sensor methods for device pose classi.cation and walking speed estimation that generalize well to standard mobile phones and tablets.

the paper makes the following contributions: We give device pose classi.cation and walking speed estimation methods that are predictive for new users, and do not assume known sensor orientation or placement;  Our approach, based on regularized kernel methods, can   be ef.ciently implemented online; and Through a leave-one-participant-out generalization experiment with 14 participants, we show that online pose estimation accuracy was 94%, and online speed estimator had an error of less than 12-15% compared to truth.


Therefore, although a modest fraction of read hits in the L1 data cache have replicas available, ICR schemes cannot achieve 100% or near 100% loads with replica.

a non-trivia portion of data is still un-protected by ICR approaches, which may cause severe consequences.


It becomes obvious that the design methodology and simulation performance have a signi.cant impact on the ef.ciency of the exploration process, hence, on the quality of the architecture implementation and the design time.

the ability to vary the abstraction level of the underlying architecture model, that means, the re.nement from an initial functional speci.cation to an RT-level implementation, is of extreme importance to avoid expensive turn-around times.


MissMaps in general can be imprecise in answering cacheline residency queries so long as they are conservative (e.g., with Bloom .lters).

if a cacheline is present in the DRAM cache, then the MissMap must always accurately report this.


A PLI feature that we mostly take advantage of is shared memory (global variables).

several PLI functions can access and change the value of a global variable.


C, whereas readings from sensor D increase by 10.

c. exhaust recirculation is now blocked and the temperature di.erence A - B lowers from around 20.


The path loss and interference usually vary with time and, as a result, there is a considerable variation in the error rates observed in message packets transmitted over the wireless channel.

sINR for MH i in a given transmission is ~' = cz, + N, (1) where G is called the channel processing gain, Pi is the trans- mit power of MH i, 7/i is the path loss between MH i and the BS, 27i is the amount of interference for MH i, and Ni is the intensity of the noise in MH i's wireless channel.


This paper addresses the reliability of register files in superscalar processors.

we propose to duplicate actively used physical registers in unused physical registers.


Assume that the memory state is all-0 when the SMarch is completed.

the AMarch executes the following operations for each word: ddddd {(Wd;dj,Wd;dj,rd;dj,Wd;dj,rd;dj)}.


Since the exits are not independent, there is only one such ordering.

given a cost upper bound of C, the schedules of interest are those with a cost less than C. for a schedule S: m L pei S(ei) < C i=1 A deadline of exit ek is the maximum value of S(ek) such that the above inequality holds.


2.2 Timing Models and Test Point Insertion The delay of a single logic gate can be expressed as d = gh + p, where g and h are logical e.ort and electrical e.ort, respectively; and p is parasitic delay.

we use the delay model in [15] that connects the gate delay to its sizing and operating voltages: · L2 ktp · kf it Vdd Delay = · (1+s)Vdd-Vth 2 · n · µ · f2 2·n·ft t (ln(e + 1))2 (1) .i · Wi + Wi+1 · Wi where L is e.ective channel length, Vth is threshold voltage, W is gate width, Vdd is supply voltage, n is substreshold slope, µ is mobility, Cox is oxide capacitance, D is clock period, ft is thermal voltage ft = kT /q, s is drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) factor, subscripts i and i + 1 represent the driver and load gates, respectively, .


(Cnt_0_0 # Cnt_0_1 #= Cnt_0_0 + 2, (Cnt_0_0 #>= 8) #==> Cnt_0_1 #= Cnt_0_0, For incomplete case statements, the expressiveness of GNU Prolog provides a solution.

the selected inputs are combined as a new integer variable; and another new Boolean variable is introduced to encode the fact that the default entry is taken.


4.2 Channel-width Pro.le of IP Blocks For FPGA designs that contain multiple IP blocks, we hypothesized that the channel width needed to route will be similar to the IP block with the highest channel width needs.

the other IP blocks do not temper the channel width needs of the hard-to-route IP block.


A coordinate generated on the end-effector of the exoskeleton device directly represents a coordinate of the endeffector of the robot.


In this paper, we identify applications that drive 3D integration and point out the challenges they bring.

we focus on through silicon viabased (TSV-based) 3D integration.


In this device, the gate is physically suspended with four supporting arms(sides) over the channel area.

in the absence of any gate bias, an air-gap exists between the gate material and the gate oxide layer.


Rather, the integrated yet .exible architecture will enable these questions to be explored in the context of a real working system.

we can let chaos reign until we understand the design space, and then we can rein in the chaos to converge on known good design points.


6 shows the body biasing voltage and supply voltage required each year, computed by NBTI-VSBB to meet the timing constraint.

the adjustment time points tp are year 0, year 1, year 2, ···, year 9.


edges in the CFG, and not just the edges in the cut-set separating software-mapped nodes and hardware-mapped nodes.

the cost of a node depends whether it is in software or in hardware, and the cost of an edge depends whether its origin node is in soft- ware or in hardware and whether its destination node is in software or in hardware.


First, the revised interaction model separates the preview and execution in the process.

the user can preview the correctness of the recently applied gesture with tactile feedback and decide either to cancel the action or to proceed to the next step.


In traditional adders, each output depends on all previous (lower or equal signi.cance) bits.

the most signi.cant output depends on all the n bits, where n is the adder width.


Each wire has an internal switch block population of 50%.

routing switches can connect only to the ends of a wire segment (2 of the 4 possible switch block locations).


We simulate cache con.gurations with 1 to 256 cache sets, degree of associativity from 1 to 4, and 16-byte cache lines.

a total of 24 cache con.gurations are simulated in a single pass.


They can then moved within the data-path if and only if there are enough registers associated to the serialization feed-back loop at that time.

since .p i=ksi denotes the delayline depth associated with these registers, the number of registers that can be used for pipelining is then min(.p i=ksi,.i) (see .gure 3.e for the skewing and 3.f for the register factorization).


These papers mainly address techniques for intelligently setting idleness thresholds, and data layout techniques for increasing the achievable energy savings.

some works [15, 16, 20, 29] have considered page layouts that concentrate accesses on a subset of chips.


This is in turn due to nondeterminisminducedfrom theinitialmicroarchitecture statesbeing different between the screening and replay phases.

88% of these undiagnosed faults never activate the faultindiagnosis, resulting in no divergence.


Locality k is a parameter showing the proximity of neighboring wires in each side that actively affect one wire due to coupling capacitances.

the victim is affected by the signals carried on k wires on each side of it mainly due to the repercussion effects of coupling capacitances.


(VPC -Vk)ik (VPC ,Vk,t)+ ; k=1Rk replace its constraints by circuit equations: V.k = fk and V¯.k = f¯ k, for k =1,2,...,n, (3) ik(VPC ,Vk,t) (Vk-V¯k) Vk-V¯k) where fk = - and f¯ k = ; set time T to ¯ Ck CkRk RkCk the .nal charging time; set f(·) to zero; the trajectory vector u(t) to be optimized becomes the power clock voltage VPC (t).

one is to shape the power clock waveform, to minimize the total energy dissipation during charging each capacitor from a speci.ed initial voltage to a speci.ed .nal voltage within a time period T .


[3], which is color the conflict graph in a breadth first manner.

assign the first color to an arbitrarily chosen feature from each connected component of the conflict graph.


mm2 dice can well be modeled using the polynomials of the .rst or the second order.

for small transistors or small sized dice, .rst order polynomial models the systematic component very well.


To master the complexity of the reconfiguration process, the scheme repairs a single fault per test session.

the memory is tested until a first fault is found and repaired.


We formulate the problem of selecting a good time to launch DoS attacks as an optimal stopping problem that the adversary has to solve in real-time.

we use the theory for the Best-Choice Problem to identify an optimal stopping criteria and then use a low pass .lter to identify when the time series of a process variable has reached its peak.


When a round key is applied to the state, the .ips are completely determined by the round key itself.

the round key determines the seasoning e.ect of PCM cells in the processing of encryption.


Example 1(Contd): We illustrate simplification constraints at depth, d=4.

we consider the effect of simplification on the unrolled expression for variable is_full.


As shown in the table, our design methodology C can improve the die area by 15.9% and the maximum IR drop by 41.8% with comparable wirelength and average delay, compared to the design methodology B.

as shown in Table 2, our methodology required only one iteration to get the reported results while Methodologies A and B needed several iterations.


This processing extracts the information one is measuring from the RF signal and represents the result as a low-frequency signal, which can be further processed by structures specified in the standard (1149.4).

the aim of this study is to design the required RF analogue circuit structures (i.e.


Furthermore, both of these services use the Amazon EC2 cloud.

the server IPaddress for both of these services can be the same.


Nevertheless, we are still able to derive a few theoretical results that shed some light on how energy should be assigned for probabilistic multipliers.

we shall show in Proposition 4 that, for independent random variables A1,A2,...,AM .


Finally, our protocol supports multiple versions and full per-word speculative state, which makes it less susceptible to squashing.

out-of-order false dependences, whether RAW, WAR, or WAW, never cause a squash in our system.


We assume that step 2 is performed using a backward stable algorithm for example Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting, the GMRES iterative method, Backward stability implies that there exists Hk such that (1) (A + H )d = r where , Hk =f(n)es A k k k where f(n) is a reasonably small function of n .

equation (1) states that the computed solution dk is an exact solution for an approximated problem.


3.2 Timely Access of Main Memory Predictor Tables The second key insight observed from the epoch model is that it is possible to hide the latency of accessing a slow predictor under a prior off-chip miss.

if the prediction is needed in the current epoch, the predictor access can be timely as long as the access is made in an earlier epoch.


It will be demonstrated that the number of computations can be greatly reduced by obtaining both sufficient and necessary conditions for valid and useful transformations.

for a given destination node these conditions can be evaluated by performing only two redundancy tests.


The typical contract consists of a precondition (obligation) and a postcondition (bene.t) and it is interpreted as a partial correctness guarantee: If the input to the operation ful.lls the precondition and if the operation terminates, then the output is guaranteed to meet the postcondition.

a contract provides a (partial) speci.cation of an operation that an implementation of the operation must ful.ll.


The MLC-2 and MLC-4 series represent multi-level PCM cells of 2 and 4-bit width.

each cell stores 4 (MLC-2) or 16 (MLC-4) binary values.


We showed that, in the case of internal faults, some DFT structures may become useless, with detrimental effects on test effectiveness and product quality.

as an example, we have shown that, for a recently proposed scheme (employed for the Motorola high performance microprocessor e500 core [17]), this may be the case for the 48% of all possible stuck-ats, for the 46% of all possible stuck-opens and for the 10% of all possible resistive bridgings.


Rather than simply placing existing spatial and temporal predictors side by side, an intelligent spatio-temporal hybrid design can overcome some of the underlying techniques limitations.

spatial prefetching suffers from its inability to predict the first miss to each region, and regions are restricted to a fixed size.


The main goal is to understand if it is possible to .nd a .xed set of coe.cients that work over the entire characterization space with a reasonable error.

we want to check if is possible to implement LUT-free timing analysis.


Parameters j and a are utilized to approximate the type of nets existing in a particular layout with two lines.

parameter j corresponds to different generations of FPGA devices.


Since the current request must be finished before the next request, the reasonable value of Rcycles is supposed to be smaller than the minimum possible interval time.

designers can also assign a tighter real-time requirement.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.5.2 [Design Aids]: Automatic synthesis; F.1.2 [Modes of Computation]: Process Management Parallelism and concurrency General Terms Design, Algorithms, Languages  Keywords High Level Synthesis, Iterative stencil loops, Symbolic Execution, Performance and Area Estimation 1.

iNTRODUCTION A large number of interesting algorithms for scienti.c computation and multidimensional signals processing, come in the form of iterative applications of a given transformation t. starting from a signal f (a frame), the overall transformation T is de.ned as the repeated application of t: f1 = t( f ), f2 = t( f1), ..., fn = t( fn-1) = T ( f ) Typically, the desired T ( f ) is a .xed point of the single step transformation t : t(T ( f )) = T ( f ).


2.2 Synthetic Error Injection Lacking a design with real errors, as is often the case in veri.cation research, it is necessary to inject design errors to evaluate the capabilities of a proposed veri.cation approach.

automatic diagnosis and diagnostic test pattern generation tools require designs with errors for experimental evaluation of their e.ectiveness.


In general, if a datapath component and its associated signals can be implemented by a set of conventional FPGA tiles arranged in a H × H square with W tracks per channel, the same circuit can also be implemented by a single FPGA tile with bus-based connections.

the granularity of the tile, M , should be equal to H2 ; and the logic capacity of the multi-bit logic block should be H2 times of the logic capacity of a conventional FPGA logic block.


We utilize the Rent s rule based circuit fanout distribution 0 [12][13] to validate their claim of allocating the segments of mostly length 4.

we observe that for the best areadelay trade-off, FPGA arrays need to have segments of length 4 as given in equation (19): Circuits FO m Ours Xilinx-like FO Net FO () .


The 0R-gate at each vertex (see Figure 4) that gates the collector signal to the distributor is replaced with a clocked latch.

the signal reaching a vertex v is clocked into the latch every clock period and, at the next clock, injected into v's distributor.


Indeed, it is not di.cult to see that the modular mapping ic1.ix + b1(ic2.ix + b2(···+ bn-1icn.ix)) mod i bi is also valid.

this is a second (but equivalent) guaranteed mechanism for deriving valid one-dimensional modular mappings.


Next, we study the impact of increasing associativity on the performance of the cache.

we would like to see if set-associative caches can outperform the SPM.


On the side of random access memory (RAM), nano-magnetic storage devices (MRAM) are very promising candidates to replace the traditional CMOS-based memory solutions.

spin Transfer Torque (STT) memory is gaining signi.cant attention as it is non-volatile, scalable, has low read access times and its endurance can reach to that of SRAM [3, 7, 16].


we propose a new power-gating architecture that reduces the turnon current through sequential activation of an optimallysized set of sleep transistors.


In general, a wire w2 has a weakly-affecting dependency w1 if in nearly all cases the value of w1 does not determine the value of w2 .

for some threshold value o > 0 such that o « 1, the control value of w1 on w2 is less than o.


The existence of the lowest necessary threshold voltage VT (VTmin) of MOSFETs in each block, and the ever-larger VT variation (.VT) that occurs with device scaling are mainly responsible for the issues.

for the SRAM block, which needs quite a high VTmin (e.g., 0.5-0.7 V) to ensure the data retention current, Vmin is high and becomes higher due to the ever-larger .VT [2].


One example of unique gate layouts that could help face the power challenges of nanometer design is the use of different Vth s inside a cell.

the use of different threshold transistors in a stacked arrangement can give fairly substantial leakage savings with minimal delay penalties.


The fitness function needs to be carefully defined, and accurately computed.

the fitness function can not be just the value of the validation metric: it must also contain some terms that indicate how to increase the covered branches, not just to count the already covered ones.


In IGFinFET structures the gates are not tied together, however, the electrostatic correlation between gates is strong because of narrow .n.

if one gate is activated, developed channel under this gate would make the other gate easier to be turned on.


This distance is essentially determined by the current demand in the vicinity of the TSV and the interconnect impedance characteristics of the TSV and intraplane metal layers.

these ancillary paths should not be perceived as another means to globally distribute power and ground within a 3-D circuit.


The pessimism comes from not considering the chronological information of changes in the system status.

even though re-execution and task dropping never happen until the fault occurring moment, this hint is not considered in Naive, but only in the proposed technique.


Comparing the best models returned for different values of C we observe that most of the terms of a lower-order best model do appear as sub-terms in higher-order best models.

the best model in 8(4, 4) is a third- order model, namely, the best model in `5(4, 3): B(4, 4) = B(4, 3).


Hence, truncating each bit will disable part of the LUT content.

useful entries will be stored in consecutive blocks, making the memory management trivial.


2(b), regardless of the signal rotation direction, the same phase point sets (indicated by bold points labeled A, B, C, D) remain the same.

zero skew clock signals are always available on these points on an ROA-brick.


A General Method to Evaluate RF BISTTechniques Based on Non-parametric Density Estimation Haralampos-G. Stratigopoulos, JeanneTongbong and Salvador Mir TIMA Laboratory/CNRS 46Av.F´elixViallet, 38031 Grenoble, France Abstract We present a general method to evaluate RF Built-In Self-Test (BIST) techniques during the design stage.

the adaptive kernel estimator is used to construct an estimate of the joint probability density function of the performances of the RF device under test and the actual BIST measurements.


This use of a single tile places restrictions on the logical architectures that can be explored.

the channel widthisrestricted tomultiples oftwicethesegment length [18].


They further extended the RAMP model to evaluate the system failure caused by technology scaling.

estimates the mean times to failure (MTTF) of devices due to various aging phenomena can be found in [20].


The abstract breakpoint has a false match, but the overlap region does not match.

the algorithm knows that it has breakpointed at the wrong place.


Therefore, PCM programming widely adopts iteration-based programming and verifying (P&V) write scheme (Figure 1(b)).

writing a 1 is presented in Figure 1(c).


Note that (where applicable) such a compiler-based strategy has an important advantage over pure OS-based and hardware-based techniques.

the compiler-based strategy (unlike pure OS or pure hardware-based strategies) does not rely on history of data access patterns; that is, the compiler can predict (quite accurately for the array-intensive codes) future data access patterns (and also, future idle times), and select the most appropriate mode to switch to when idleness is predicted.


The tighter delay constraint values are chosen such that the differences are exactly equal to the delay overheads exhibited by the flipflop variants in Table 1.

given a circuit with the operating delay point set at (D-62)ps, the inclusion of the F100 flipflops at the outputs will introduce a fixed amount of delay overhead (of exactly +62ps) resulting in the modified circuit operating at the initial delay value D. In a similar fashion, we introduce the F130 flipflop for the circuit synthesized to operate at (D-92)ps and so on for the five delay points depicted in the plot.


Because ubiquitous computing requires a vertical system integration spanning all levels from application software down to low-level hardware issues we provide some complementary approaches here covering some fundamental implementation approaches.

these are: recon.gurable architectures for .exible adaption to communication standards  recon.gurable solutions for e.cient wireless baseband implementations  dynamic power management  recon.gurable processors  design of .exible systems based on Network-on-Chip (NoC) platforms  software-based hardware deployment and remote recon.guration  This paper is structured as follows: First we decribe how speci.c system features which are important for ubiquitous systems can be addressed on block-level by applying recon.gurable techniques.


4 We have also experimented with much larger, real-world designs; the average improvement is in the same range, although the deviation is larger.

while in most cases we have observed improvements, there are cases where the results actually degraded, due to the accumulated inaccuracy in our delay estimation.


We illustrate the application of novel HW-SW thermal and reliability analysis frameworks to enhance the resilience to aging of processing cores of MPSoCs at the microarchitectural level.

we provide for illustration purposes the consequences of different compiler optimizations and registers assignment techniques in the shared register .le architecture of a Leon 3 processor [15] while executing an extended set of real-life benchmarks.


This is particularly relevant as the recent Intel Core i7 implements such a policy [13].

a cache line in the LLC may appear to have few uses, but this may simply be a result of high hit rates in the L1/L2 caches.


Therefore if the reversed process is known, each node-sojourn time can be taken from either process.

the reversed process can be used for the .rst node in a path and the forward process for the other nodes in a recursive analysis.


The layout description of the circuit is used to identify neighbors.

for every metal layer where si resides, every neighboring line within some distance d is deemed a neighbor.


(We instructed participants to walk faster, rather than to run.)

that speci.c motion segment from this particular participant was an unseen pattern that machine-learning based approach may have dif.culties with.


What this means is that, for .xed values of loops i1 and i3, the successive iterations of the i2 loop access the same element from this array.

the i2 loop carries (exhibits) temporal reuse for this reference.


YN(j) ×N(j) , will modify the matrix content belonging to all its ancestors.

si+1 Si+2 Si+2 4 5  Di+2 Di+2 i+2 Di+2 12 4 D3 Figure 3: Illustration of an elimination tree.


Thus our results on total counts also contradict Mathur and Cook s results: we believe the reason for this is thatPME assume perfecttrace alignment whichdonothold ingeneral(seeFigure3in Section2.1.3).Ifthis assumption does not hold, then the corrections that PME computes may introduce error instead of reducing error.

we believe, and our results support our belief, thatTAM is a more consistent performer than PME.


As explained above, inter- and intra-die variations are analyzed in isolation.

sdelay,inter and sdelay,intra are independently calculated and combined to obtain the overall distribution of delay.During statistical timing analysis, the signal arrival time is calculated at each gate bypropagating the delay from the primary input in the circuit.


Therefore, routing can take a long time to complete or it may even fail.

design routability and routing congestion are major concerns with today's design flow.


A systematic defect is less random due to its dependency on both design and fabrication parameter values that were initially unknown at the time of the defect s first manifestation.

it is simply a manufacturability issue that was missed or deemed not worthy to guard against using appropriate DFM rules.


These characterizations are based on two forbidden substructures (again, see [14] for details).

this means that the following con.gurations have to be avoided: 1. induced chordless cycles of length 4 in E EE; 2. so-called 2-chordless odd cycles in the set E EEof edges excluded from E EE(see [11, 14] for details); 3. infeasible stable sets in E EE.


To compute the arrival time in a block-based SSTA framework, two atomic operations, max and sum, are needed.

given D1 and D2 D1 = d01 + A1X + XT B1X + r1R1, T D2 = d02 + A2X + XB2X + r2R2, (14) we want to compute T Dm =max(D1,D2)= dm0 + AmX + XBmX + rmRm, T Ds = D1 + D2 = ds0 + AsX + XBsX + rsRs.


While EMR of a router only drops its associated wavelength, RMRs are labeled with their respective resonant wavelength modes.

rMRs of router (i,j,l) labeled with .1,a , .1,ß , .l , .d1 , .d2 , .2,a , and .2,ß drop wavelength channels associated to the destination groups D1,a , D1,ß , Dl , Dd1 , Dd2 , D2,a , and D2,ß , respectively.


Given the two different mapping schemes offered by L0 buffers, the compiler will choose between two different unrolling factors for each loop: N (where N is the number of clusters, in this work, 4), and no unrolling.

the algorithm will choose the unrolling factor (1 or N) that minimizes compute time, which can be computed statically by the compiler.


Additional set of constraints for domino gate output x includes all the possible constraints of type g1 *g2*...*gn *x, where {g1,g2,...,gn} is the minimum set of non clock inputs turning off the pull-down network of that node.

applying 0 to {g1,g2,...,gn} and 1 to the other gate inputs in evaluation phase produces 1 at output x.


When any of the two following criteria is satisfied, the location of this sub-band and this frame is considered an onset: Sub-band loudness is above a pre-determined threshold L[ j] = threshold1 follows the musical note structure.

the central frequency F[ j] = ... 1 0 L[ j] threshold1 of each sub-band equals the musical notes (G3, G#3, A3, A#3, < etc.).


To ensure this, the third constraint (C7) speci.es that each application can only be assigned at most one variant at each layer.

the two .nal constraints (C8 and C9)relateall thevariables to each other.


(14), SINR will be increased if the STBC- RAKE receiver increases the adopted finger number P .

if there is no channel estimation error, any resolvable delay path of the desired user will be helpful in increasing system SINR.


This is primarily because they yield reduced state-space equations whose order (q)is signi.cantly smaller than the order of the original set of statespace equations (N).

the reduction matrix V is of size N×q, where q « N. A similar idea is used for generating reduced order linearizations for trajectory based models.


This reversed migration process essentially neutralizes the material flow due to electromigration.

a wiring segment is not susceptible to electromigration if the product of the segment s current density J and the segment s length L is less than a process-technologydependent threshold value (JL)Blech [4].


(¬x2 .y2)  INF((x1,x2),(y1,y2)):=(x1 .y1,x2 .y2)  SUP((x1,x2),(y1,y2)):=(x1 .y1,x2 .y2)  Of course, the above de.nition has been made with some care.

it turns out that the above operations on .


We see that when the input size is very small (I1), the overheads dominate, and there is not much difference between different scheduling algorithms.

the configuration reuse is not very critical.


Moreover, wt is not only removed but also may be replaced with a new input wire to vt.


These attacks allow the adversary to either reduce the size of the computationally hard problem underlying the cipher security, or provide additional information to solve it ef.ciently.

concerning the case of symmetric block ciphers, Biham and Shamir introduced the Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) technique [5], providing a way to break the security provided by the DES cipher.


The categories cover the most important reasons for imprecision but not every possible reason.

some dereferences may not fall into any of the categories.


3.1 Design Space Exploration The baseline architecture in our design space exploration assumes a hypothetical LA with in.nite resources.

loops are modulo scheduled onto a machine with unlimited registers, FUs, memory ports, etc.


Therefore, .ash memory performs out-place updates.

data is written to a free page, and the old page is invalidated.


These annotations, however, do not offer any guarantee that the fundamental operation of the program is not compromised.

these annotations are either unsafe and may lead to unacceptable program behavior or need dynamic checks that end up consuming energy.


We assume an adversary who can eavesdrop and modify all FPGA-external communication lines, eavesdrop and modify all FPGA-external memories, arbitrarily recon.gure the FPGA, but cannot eavesdrop or modify FPGA-internal states.

we exclude invasive attacks such as glitch attacks, microprobing attacks or attacks using laser or Focused Ion Beam (FIB) to gain or modify FPGA internals.


Impact of Data Transformations on Memory Bank Locality M. Kandemir Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University, USA kandemir@cse.psu.edu Abstract High-energy consumption presents a problem for sustainable clock frequency and deliverable performance.

memory energy consumption of array-intensive applications can be overwhelming due to poor cache locality.


INTRODUCTION Aggressive silicon geometry scaling opens the door to new market segments, encompassing a vast array of emerging applications such as environment sensors to monitor wind, sea level, temperature, tsunamis, biomedical and healthcare sensors to monitor the body, etc.

technology evolution enables the design of battery-powered ultra-low-cost (e.g., below 1 USD) computing devices to achieve the main requirements for this new market segment: (i) ultra-low energy consumption in order to extend battery lifetime, (ii) very simple system design for increased yield and reduced cost and (iii) strong functional and timing guarantees for running critical applications on top.


3(b), mixers 1 and 2 are controlled together, meaning that the mixers must begin and cease the executions synchronously.

o1 and o3 are simultaneously begun and ceased when the slower operation (o3 in Fig.


The common notation of a qubit denotes one of these states as |0> and the other as |1>.A quantum system with a collection of n qubits is called a quantum register of size n. Unlike a classical bit, the state of a qubit can take not only two pure states |0> and |1>, but also any linear combinations of these pure states, also called superposition, resulting in exponentially larger state space.


These techniques can be aided by end-to-end testing of large designs.

we want to analyze the correctness of the entire synthesis system through algorithmic changes, including advanced sequential synthesis algorithms such as retiming and other manipulation of registers.


In the combined solution, SoCLC can be accessed for either a short CS lock or a long CS lock.

the lock registers residing in SoCLC are divided into two types of locks.


PRELIMINARIES System model: We study a real-time system where the tasks have been scheduled to meet their deadlines.

each task has been associated with a starting time, completion time, and worst-case execution time.


This means that some channels and routers remain unused during test, not because of the traffic, but because the number of test interfaces is small.

if more interfaces with a test controller were available, the network usage and the test parallelism could be increased, thus reducing the system test time.


One rationale for focusing initially on stuck-open switch defects is that con.guration bits can be made more tolerant to variation than bu.ered switches without a power penalty.

one way reduce dependence on threshold voltage (Vt) variation is to increase Vt and the total voltage swing.


The AV engine o.ers this protection by rejecting updates from any revision that is older than the revision number is the hardware counter.


k: root if [o~] = 0 node(c~) = node(ig,... ,ik+l)[ik] otherwise We can then define the set .A(p) of substates leading to node p (or "above" p) as .A(p) = {c~ : node(s) = p}.

a(one) = S. We illustrate the use of decision diagrams for storing a state space with a few simple examples.


The features you think you need in your memory system depend on your application characteristics, which in turn depend on how carefully the application is coded or tuned to .t the architecture or machine.

memory system researchers choose what parallel applications to use when evaluating their approach and also which version and optimization level to apply.


To improve the fidelity of general purpose computation on GPUs (GPGPU), we investigate software approaches to perform redundant execution.

we propose and study three different, applicationlevel techniques.


We provide a comprehensive study of the area, performance, power and energy of various techniques for code generation in the polyhedral model.

we study the tuning of arithmetic operators generated during complex loop tiling, and two alternative methods to generate loop bounds for tiled programs.


So we adopt a strategy of proportional-spacing cutting.

m-1 fictitious planes perpendicular to X-axis cut the dielectric equally along the X-axis, and n-1 fictitious planes perpendicular to Y-axis cut the dielectric equally along the Y-axis.


That means for many workloads the server internal temperatures are still quite low (less than 40C) when the fan speeds start to increase.

we observe that for an idle server, the temperature measured at CPU and memory is still at a very modest 25-30C 4 when the fan speeds start to increase.


The distribution pdf(XS~ | XS) implies that the value of XS~ is not deterministic.

since XS and XS~ are not fully correlated, it is impossible to exactly know XS~ after XS is measured.


However, the on-chip interconnection network, or network-on-chip (NoC), is also an important source of power consumption and heat generation.

the tra.c .owing through the NoC a.ects directly its power and thermal distribution.


In reality, slew constraint is much more prevalent than timing constraint: it is reported in [2] that only a fraction (roughly 5-10%) of nets need to be re-bu.ered for delay optimization; for the remaining fraction (roughly 90-95%), the slew based bu.er insertion was su.cient to meet the net s timing constraint.

it is su.cient to bu.er all nets to .x slew violations without worrying about delay.


Completeness analysis determines whether every possible input scenario corresponding to a transaction sequence of the design can be covered by a chain of properties that predicts the value of states and outputs at every point in time.

any two designs ful.lling all the properties of a complete property suite are formally equivalent.


Our initial optimism about the success of our approach stemmed from the widely accepted observation that objects tend to die young [1], which has been veri.ed for Java [9].

it is likely that a newly allocated object will become dead (whether we can detect this or not) relatively soon after it is allocated.


Likewise,thearray operatesaslong asatleast m-out-of-n cells function.

(n - m)M +(N - M)n battery cells can be used as backups.


For example the set {(x + y)[5 : 0] = 0001, (x+ y)[7 : 3] = 00100} can be proven inconsistent using our algorithm, by applying the same reasoning on the uninterpreted term (x + y).

our algorithms improves the congruence closure algorithm by giving explicit interpretation to the extraction operation.


Some optimal nonmonotonic routes can be found in linear time within the bounding box b that minimally contains p by (i) employing duplex-edge relaxation and (ii) echo-relaxation if the relaxation succeeded in the direction opposite to node ordering (from a greater-numbered node to a smaller-numbered node).

in the forward-going node ordering, if a backward edge at node v(x, y) results in a smaller-cost route, we forward-propagate the smaller cost through all recentlyrelaxed edges incident to v. Figure 1 illustrates .nding an optimal route with three distinct monotonic segments in one BF pass.


Similar to image and video thumbnail, music snippet is defined as the most representative or highlight except of a music clip.

a snippet is much shorter than the original music from which it is extracted; yet, it will capture the main theme or chorus of the original music.


However, it assumes that the cores have to use all of the pre-determined test sets and the corresponding resources.

the scheduling algorithm only arranges the sequence of the test sets, which is different from (or actually a special case of ) our proposed algorithm (to be discussed later in Sec.


Thirdly, we plan to implement packet classification in software to investigate the performance tradeoffs relative to hardware-based packet classification.

[8] assuming that the hardware-based packet classification requires a similar number of transistors relative to a processor core, is it better to perform packet classification in software with N processors or in hardware with N-1 processors?


There are several types of on chip bus proposals such as AMBA from ARM [3], PLB crossbar switch from IBM [4], Wishbone from Silicore [5], silicon backplane from Sonics Inc. [6] and so on.

aMBA of ARM is conventionally used in a number of systems because it is a good architecture for applying embedded systems with low power [7].


At the same time, in order to simplify the performance analysis, most performance models assume that each action in the system is characterized by an exponential distribution determining its duration.

when enabled, an activity with rate r will delay for a period determined by the distribution 1 - e-rt.


Equation (4) shows that to keep .Vout at a low level, Lf and/or Cf has to be large if the operation frequency f is low.

an e.ective way to reduce the area of the LC .lter in the buck converter is to use a high operation frequency [2].


misalignment between layers) coupled with lithographic line-end shortening (a.k.a.

pull-back); 6Nangate-cells are generated with preference for transistor chaining over pairing; whereas, our method enforces pairing of transistors with same gate-signal.


To ensure that an NML ensemble settles into the LC state, after the clock .eld is removed, it is essential that this LC state has the smallest Etotal (i.e., Ecoupling).

a necessary condition for an NML circuit to function correctly, the LC state must be equivalent to the ground state.


, N. It is known that the solution to the linear programming problem is always attained at a vertex of the corresponding constraint set.

in the solution to the linear programming problem with N + 1 unknowns q0, q1, .


(6) where L is the in.nitesimal generator of the underlying stochastic hybrid process.

we can apply this result to SDP with the generator given by (3).


By making some topology assumptions, we exploit the ray-tracing model of [4] to develop an approximate multi-channel model between cooperating relays and the destination.

we determine conditions under which the multipath pro.le is common between each cooperating node and the receiver (modulo a leading delay and associated attenuation).


Other bins are distributed among expansion regions based on the number of congested bins in each region.

regions which have more congested bins get more bins in order to distribute routing congestion uniformly.


By Parseval s theorem, the signal energy can be estimated in the frequency domain by summing squared frequency magnitudes.

given a DFT vector of the acceleration magnitude signal mj where the magnitude of each coef.cient is taken (|M(f1)|, ..., |M(fN )|), the energy is N n xE = |M(fj )|2 .


For example, the conditions under which a given function evaluates to true, the number of truth assignments and the probability of the function being one, are all invariants of the function.

the observability conditions of an input variable w.r.t a given function do not depend on logic implementation.


Together, these components comprise a high quality factor, or high-Q, LC-tank as a precision reference for the clock oscillator.

a significant focus of thiswork has been to develop these components in a manner that iscompatible with commercial CMOS manufacturing processes.a simple maskless post-process has been developed torelease the micromachined components without damaging theactive electronics.


Both transistors are still in the linear region, but the channel resistance is modified.

ceff _ overall Ceff _ n // Ceff _ p = Ceff _ n +Ceff _ p (6)  Reff _ overall (Reff _ p + Ron _ n ) //( Reff _ n + Ron _ p ) R R on _ n on _ p R // R = (7) on _ n on _ p R +R on _ n on _ p where Ceff_n, Ceff_p, Reff_n and Reff_p are the intrinsic effective capacitances and resistances, respectively, and Ron_p and Ron_n are the channel resistance of the two transistors.


There are two potential advantages of a unified cache: (1) For a given cache size, a unified cache has a higher hit rate than split caches because it balances the load between instruction and data fetches automatically.

if an execution pattern involves many more instruction fetches than data fetches, then the cache will tend to fill up with instructions, and if an execution pattern involves relatively more data fetches, the opposite will occur.


However, a PCM device serves read requests much faster than write requests.

a write request consumes more device service cycles than a read.


We were unable to override this decision to experiment with alternative thread allocation policies.

with one thread per processor, we cannot explore the implications of shared cache hierarchies on the router s performance.


This indicates that for a given speci.cation, the circuit lifetime, which is characterized by a threshold IR drop, can be longer than the lifetime of the EMdegraded wire, i.e., an individual wire whose resistance exceeds a speci.c threshold.

the power grid is robust to some EM failures in individual wires.


reserved for macro internal signal routing.

a global router is disallowed to use 100% of wire resources sitting on top of macros.


In the second part, we show early insights ascertained from group-context-dependent movement of users from our live deployment of the system (using location features alone) at the Singapore Management University (See Figure 3).

we show dashboard views of residency times and location transitions of individuals traveling alone vs. in groups of varying sizes.


We then present a hierarchical framework called hierarchical B*-trees (HB*-trees) which can simultaneously optimize the placement with both symmetry islands and non-symmetry modules and dynamically update the rectilinear shape for the modules in a symmetry island.

the overall time complexity for packing an ASF-B*-tree or an HB*-tree is the same as (1) (Group (2)) listed below, while that with 2D symmetry must satisfy either of the four equations in Group (3) or Group (4).


In this paper, we first analyze memory latency reduction opportunities in a 3D main memory system with Wide I/O by taking better advantage of 3D integration technology and quantify their benefit.

redesigning the DRAM to memory controller synchronizers and placing the address, command, and data pads closer to the DRAM banks can decrease 3D main memory latency by 24.7%.


Therefore, the switching activity and sensitivity are two closely related values.

for those nodes close to the primary outputs or latch inputs, these two values should be highly correlated since their observability s are 100% and SDC becomes the only factor to determine their both values.


The solution x a is strictly better than x b in at least a  one objective.


Characterizing CMP Working Sets To understand the potential bene.ts and costs of replication, this section analyzes the sharing behavior of cache blocks during their on-chip lifetime; that is, the interval from when a miss brings a block on chip until it is replaced.

the study simulates an eight-processor CMP executing various commercial and scienti.c workloads under the Solaris 9 operating system.


The second approach on the contrary, is based on clustering models, where learning is constrained by the knowledge associated to the taxonomy de.nition.

the two proposed clustering models, are based on the notion of K-means and Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) [14].


As with sneak leakage analysis, the interfaces of the sleep regions require special attention.

a block in cutoff might drive CMOS gates with a floating node, thereby opening a static current path from power to ground.


Researchers have attacker deduces a key by .rst pruning the set of potential keys, established lower bounds on the delay and area of the adder [8].

and then exhaustively enumerates the decryption procedure using An n-bit adder must have a delay .


(16) Since .. ' is increasing we may reparametrize the family using the mean ...

to the NEF above corresponds a family .... such that for each pair (.., ..) satisfying .. ' (..)= .. we have .... = ..... Now, the circuit variable .. is a random variable from NEF and it can be reparametrized by the mean .. as follows .. (.., ..)= ....(..)(..)= ....(..)= ......(..(..).. - ..(..(..)))h(..).


For all tests, we use a leave-one-out approach.

we use one player for testing and the remaining four players for training.


The goal of the study was to find any C description that would compile to the humandesigned circuit.

the claim is not that all functionally equivalent C algorithms would compile to that circuit.


1.1 Contributions of This Paper We theorize that a general acceleration mechanism should alert programmers when speci.ed locations in memory are being accessed.

having the ability to set a large number of data watchpoints (WPs) would bene.t a wide range of analyses.


Lifetime Extension CYA alternatives can also be used to compensate for lifetime wear.

at these small feature sizes, component characteristics change by large amounts during operation (e.g.


We concentrate on the third solution in this paper by planning the global location of buffers in the floorplanning stage and use this plan as a constraint in the detailed placement stage.

in the floorplanning stage, a global map of buffer requirements in various regions of the chip is estimated and in the detailed placement phase, the distribution of buffers are managed to be fit in the estimated buffer requirement map.


At low frequency, i.e., z1, the voltage Vd approaches Vr.

any voltage variation at X vanishes after a few clock periods.


That is, we may not need to run the training period in these visits.

by utilizing the past history information, we can eliminate most of the overheads due to running the training periods.


If this is the case, our TRAP-4 uses smaller storage space than daily backup while being able to recover data to any point-in-time.

with less storage space than today s daily backup TRAP-4 achieves near 0 RPO as opposed to 24 hours RPO.


Instead, we restrict attention to restricted classes of supervisor strategies and look for suf.cient conditions.

we consider counting supervisors that do not depend on the exact sequence of controller actions and system states to determine when to switch, but only on the number of steps since the last switch.


By extensive Monte Carlo simulations using the proposed device model it was possible to demonstrate the variation-limiting properties of the load circuits.

the standard deviations of the device conductance were quantified which allows for comparison of the variation-limiting quality of particular programming circuits.


Here, the VM register is inspected for only leading zero counts of 1,3,7,15,..maxVL-1 (maxVL is the maximum hardware vector length.)

it checks for zero counts that are a power-of-two minus one.


To study this, we analyze the behavior of a hypothetical processor that employs both the methods independently.

we assume that a memory reference is tested for a hit in both the RB and prefetch bu.ers while each technique update their bu.ers (RB and prefetch bu.ers) independently.


Essentially, transmitting in quadrature allows a kind of logical equalization: at any given moment, two of the QSA inputs are guaranteed to be in a deep zero state.

two of the QSA inputs will have been zero for at least two consecutive symbol periods.


William R. Eisenstadt Jongin Shim ECE Department ECE Department University of Florida, Hanyang Univ., Ansan, Gainesville, FL32603, Kyungki-Do, Korea USA, 352-392-4946 +82-31-400-5179 wre@tec.u..edu jishim@giga.hanyang.ac.kr and level of integration of the VLSI circuits so dramatically increase, the signal integrity degradation due to the integrated circuit interconnects becomes one of the critical issues [2]-[7].

long interconnect line length and tight physical spacing signi.cantly degrade the signal integrity due to signal delay, crosstalk, ringing, and glitches [5].


This improvement comes from using our proposed p × q partitioning algorithm to replace the corresponding one in MSVbaseline only, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our reconstruction algorithm.

even for non-TS conventional circuits, our proposed solution lead to much more power-ef.cient MSV designs.


The two-stage algorithm can easily quantify the impact of setting a gate to high Vth on the extent to which other gates in the circuit can be assigned to low Vdd.

we can independently judge the impact of Vth and Vdd assignment on total power, something that is difficult to achieve in a flow that simultaneously assigns low Vdd and high Vth as in [7].


However, since we wanted to record and replay applications rather than a full system, we had to modify DeLorean s chunking policies substantially.

chunks had to be truncated at system calls and page faults.


To exploit this property, we introduce a scheduling step at the beginning of the treatment of each audio frame.

we maintain a list of sound events proposed by the physics engine (which we call TempSoundsList) and a Figure 5: Effect of temporal scheduling; computational peaks are delayed, the slope of increase in computation time is smoothed out and the duration of peaks is reduced.


This advantage comes partly from ef.cient .ne-grain pipelining [4] and pipeline optimization techniques which balance asynchronous pipelines to prevent stalls and starvation.

slack Matching is a problem unique to asynchronous design generally de.ned as adding a minimum number of pipeline buffers to an asynchronous circuit to achieve a given performance target [5][6].


In addition, the need to keep the primary NAND gate relatively fast sets an upper limit on the load it can drive.

it restricts the maximum size of the output inverter.


Let s assume, for example, that the total simulation time is 10,000,000 nsec, and state saving frequency is 10,000 nsec.

the simulation run is divided into 1,000 slices, each slice being allocated 10,000 nsec of the simulation time.


Because NBTI impact on threshold voltage decreases as the duty cycle is reduced, it implies that by input vector control the duty cycle and hence the NBTI e.ect can be managed.

nBTI strongly depends on the input vector and the state of the gate inputs.


Rather, the combination of phases that are concurrently running are necessary to determine the performance of each workload.

phase representatives must be rede.ned as the unique phase combinations that occur during execution.


We propose several enhancements to the standard cut enumeration procedure [7][22].

we introduce cut filtering with signatures and show that it leads to a speed-up.


On the other hand, the use model for commercial post-route leakage recovery tools is to preserve a timing signoff (with .xed SPEF from a complete detailed route) while minimizing leakage.

the industry tools assume a starting timing-feasible solution.


This model captures the complexity of physical implementation of a given gate based on the Hamiltonian describing the underlying quantum physical system.

it estimates the cost of a CnNOT (and n = 2) as 2n - 5 3-qubit Toffoli gates (and 10n - 15 2-qubit gates).


INTRODUCTION Flash memory recently gains a lot of attention in serving as a storage-system alternative (e.g., [1, 3, 4, 8]) or as caches for hard disks.

windows ReadyBoost [6] lets users use a removable .ash memory device to improve system * Supported in part by research grants from Taiwan, ROC National Science Council under Grants NSC95-2219-E-002014 and NSC 95R0062-AE00-07.


Similarly, when fine robotic motion is needed, if the speed of the robot has not been set sufficiently slow, the current position of the robot often drops out of the desired trajectory.

in the teaching method using a force/torque sensor, if the speed of the robot has been set to fast, the robot does not follow the movement of the operator but leads the movement of the operator.


User Person who interacts with the product Goal Intended outcome Task Activities required to achieve a goal Product Part of the equipment (hardware, software and materials) for which usability is to be specified or evaluated Measure (noun) Value resulting from measurement and the process used to obtain that value  Usability engineering, also called User Centered Design (UCD), is a methodology for designing technology products/services such that they meet usability objectives.

usability engineering or UCD is a set of activities that need to be taken so as to ensure usability in an ICT product/service design/development [5].


p. The correlation matrix can be estimated as N l l Kij = 1 .

ui uj (10) N l 1 1the input waveforms u(t)actually applied to the statespace model.


Each input channel monitors a request signal, which indicates that new packets (or requests) are approaching the input channel, and it is used for making a decision to go to the active mode.

if the request signal for a sleeping channel is asserted, then the channel starts the wake-up procedure to receive new packets.


The most important use of this dynamic model in our framework is to predict the performance of a thread if allocated certain number of L2 and L3 ways.

using the observed (sL2,sL3) values, we can .t a surface that represent the d values under various cache (way) allocations and use this surface to predict the performance of the thread if allocated (sL2,sL3), i.e., sL2 L2 ways and sL3 L3 ways.


However, such techniques limit the performance gains obtained by technology scaling and, in combination with the worst-case conditions can lead to large power overheads [4] contradicting with the other main challenge in WBSN nodes.

wBSN nodes need to perform complex computations within strict power budgets and limited energy resources.


Sustainable Multi-Core Architecture with on-chip Wireless Links Jacob Murray, Partha Pande, Behrooz Shirazi School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University {jmurray, pande, shirazi}@eecs.wsu.edu ABSTRACT Current commercial systems on chip (SoC) designs integrate an increasingly large number of pre-designed cores and their number is predicted to increase significantly in the near future.

molecular-scale computing will allow single or even multiple order-of-magnitude improvements in device densities.


Besides the WS algorithm used by DynaStore, which is unsuitable for the data-centric model (see Section 3), most of DynaStore remaining logic can be easily adapted to the model.

its read/write mechanism is based on the ABD algorithm [4].


Although a longitudinal study is still in order, these observations give us a good indication of the learnability of our non-speech vocalization scheme.

the subjective quality of the voice painter s new work is more fluid and curvilinear than his prior work, and arguably more in the spirit of his inspiration, Jackson Pollock.


In the .rst stage, our approach is to assign as many signals as possible to these imaginary tracks.

a signal can be assigned only to two pads with the same label.


The skew-free problem is based on the symmetry structure, where all the paths from the clock source to sinks are similar.

there are the same wire-length, the same number of branched and bu.ers, and identical type of bu.er in all paths from root to all sinks in the clock tree.


This new windowing technique can approximate the complete don t cares within 2.34%, and can be used for many logic synthesis operations.

we apply DCOW to our FPGA mapping algorithm to reduce the number of possible faults.


To compute the overhead of characterization we investigated several well-known testing algorithms, including MARCH B, MARCH SS, GALPAT, and pseudo-random algorithms for testing Active Neighborhood Pattern Sensitive Faults (ANPSFs) [11][13].

we considered a deterministic (100% coverage) ANPSF algorithm and a pseudo-random coupling fault detection technique with 99.9% coverage.


After binding and scheduling, every node (operation) of the CDFG is bound to a functional unit and scheduled to a certain control step.

a bound functional unit will execute a set of operations in a certain order.


A better scheme would be decrementing count values at sampling points.

when we increase the count values of the currently accessed arrays (or when we create new entries in the table), we can also decrement the count values of all other (not updated) entries in the table.


As the probability of a pcmos switch being correct approached 1, the energy consumed grew extremely rapidly.

a small decrease in the probability of correctness (below 1) can be traded for a signi.cant drop in the energy consumed, illustrated in Figure 1 during one switching step involving an XOR gate.


It is possible that the communication characteristics of this new sub-computation is different from the original computation; however, in this paper, a conservative approach is adopted and all communication is assumed to be uniform.

if two processors, Pi,j and Pk,l , communicate in mapping generated by phase one and if in the new mapping Pi,j is split into Pm,n and Po,p; then, in the new mapping, it is assumed that Pm,n and Po,p communicate with Pk,l and no quali.cation about the communication is made.


interference between two links is not binary , but instead a ratio between 0 and 1, as we describe later.


The improvement increases with the parallel scale.

the improvement is close to 80% in the executions with 40 MPI tasks and 16 OpenMP threads per task and with 100 MPI tasks and 16 OpenMP threads per task.


There is still a signifcant challenge in designing a hardware architecture with smooth migration from existing technology infrastructures.

it is very important to consider how we can practically evolve from the technology options in use today.


(3) Rl2 + rpu2 + rpv2 Rl2 +( .2 )rpu2 +( .3 )rpv2 .1 .1 Therefore, if we choose .1 = .2 and .1 = .3, we will be able to satisfy (3).

l2 can be made more e.ective than l1 by selecting a much smaller link than the minimum length link l1 between all sink pairs of subtrees Ti and Tj .


The colored blocks represent the redundancy groups mapped to each pairs of disk 0 and another disk.

the blocks with the same color (shade) belong to the same redundancy group.


Therefore, for optimal decomposition of layout for double dipole lithography, we need to analyze the image of diffraction pattern propagating from a mask in the lens pupil.

dDL decomposition should be performed by considering the spatial frequency domain information instead of just the spatial orientations of patterns in the layout.


(10) Vt |Bk-1 ,Bk That the bits are uncorrelated and equally likely to be a zero or a one yields a simpli.cation for a pair of terms in the above pair of equations.

f k-1 (v|1, 1)P (Bk =1|Bk-1 =1)= Vt |Bk-1 ,Bk 1 fV k (v|1) t |Bk 2 f k-1 (v|0, 0)P (Bk =0|Bk-1 =0)= V |Bk-1 ,Bk t 1 fV k (v|0), (11) t |Bk 2 whereweexploited thefactthatif Bk = Bk-1 , there is no edge between the kth and k - 1th bit.


r(v) represents the number of sequentials moved from v s outputs toward its inputs.

if we require that r(vd) at the driver and r(vr )at all receivers to be equal, it is guaranteed that latencies at the receivers remain the same after retiming.


Code coverage methods concentrate on identifying which part of the hardware description language (HDL) code has been executed in the design under verification (DUV).

they measure how much of the HDL implementation has been exercised [3-6].


various recon.gurable or even evolvable hardware models promising scalable distribution of parallel processing tasks have emerged [21, 14] Typical recon.gurable hardware implementations separate the memory and combinational component through the use of look-up tables (LUTs) where arbitrary logic functions are performed by looking up their values in fast memory [6] grouped usually in blocks of SRAM.


3.4 FPGA Technology Mapping for Sequential Circuits Prof. Liu s group also studied the logic synthesis problem for FPGA designs.

he and former student Peichen Pan had a breakthrough result on optimal FPGA mapping for sequential circuits [15].


FPGA offers highly parallel hardware architectures that are not possible on conventional high end processors or other embedded controllers.

a parallel architecture for collision avoidance is proposed that portrays the advantages of FPGA implementation over the sequential implementation for same processor or clock speed with the objective of parallelizing the computation.


f is an offset within a block and s is the stride.


Note that, writing only the modi.ed words back instead of whole modi.ed cache block has implications on performance, power consumption, and reliability.

since the bus tra.c between the L1 data and L2 caches will be lowered, performance improvements through this approach might be possible.


In this paper, we present an ef.cient FPGA implementation of the two-dimensional DWT (2D-DWT) for lossy image compression.

the hardware architecture proposed allows compression ratios comparable to software implementations and guarantees, that no block artefacts are introduced.


To find a good metric for estimating the balance of excitation, we need to consider how to maximize the probability of detection for an unmodeled defect with arbitrary detection requirements.

if we have no knowledge about what type of defect is present, then we cannot say with certainty that any particular site should be equal to either a one or a zero to excite that defect.


The pipeline behavior that achieves the best performance occurs if all stages in the chain are balanced with respect to each other and the communication overhead between the stages is minimized.

the data production rates of the producer .lters is matched by the data consumption rates of the consumer .lters.


As can be seen from Table 1, even with the presence of some boundary-constrained modules, our algorithm could still obtain placements of very high quality.

our algorithm was always able to generate placements of even better quality for 2 test cases (i.e., ami49 and random1), and of the same or comparable quality for 5 test cases (i.e., apte, xerox, hp, and ami33, random2).


Since those cross-terms have the same function symbol (no matter if they have Subterms), their order is thus decided by the value of their TermIDs.

the standard order of cross-terms with the same function symbol is the same order as when the terms are first generated during the construction of the MDG.


0.6 Biti(x) by the aforementioned table, a template has been obtained for estimating the static power consumption with the moments of the signal.

we employed a decomposition in Legendre polynomials with order 7.


Figure 10 shows the results of synthesis in terms of number of devices (CNFETs) versus the number of network nodes while the network scales up from 10 × 10 to 100 × 100 nodes.

figure 10 shows that the proposed implementation occupies about 17,5% of our node budget.


4.2 AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY (AG) The partial success of CE is a strong motivation to look for more aggressive schemes.

an aggressive scheme can address the failures incurred by the lack of a duplicate.


Thirdly, the end-to-end delay of a connection gives a global 50 40 30 Transmission Probability Figure 15: Delay of the dynamic (K =1) and static (K =0) cases for K=4 (Connections b and c of the asymmetric network of .gure 11) 70 vision on the stability of nodes that forms this connection.

it is mainly a.ected by the waiting time on the 65 forwarding intermediate queues.


Furthermore, the bandwidth of the layers also increases from BL to EL as shown in Table 1.

the loss of a packet in different layers has very different perceptual impact on audio quality.


termines when to start and end the data acquisition.

the amount of accumulated data depends on the player.


After the root sets are computed, we compute the MFFS that is below the k-feasible cut.

the MFFS can be cov-ered by the EMB regardless of whether I input(MFFS(m-root))[> k. the MFFS(m-root) below the cut is guaranteed to be k-feasible because only k inputs in the cut set are needed to generate the MFFS outputs.


From the Verilog fragment, it is clear that portions of word[7:0] are assigned to in both branches of the if statement.

when mode is equal to 1, the five most significant bits of word[7:0] (i.e.


(x / y): (1 + (x -1)/ y)) Second, MulUB is a technique to scale the upper bound constraints lJ to eliminate division whenever possible.


Evolving software architectures in such scenarios is very challenging [6, 21].

existing methods and tools for identifying and evaluating suitable architectural changes were devised for use as part of o.-line Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


In B&B approaches, when a smaller upper-bound is achieved, the pruning rate will be accelerated.

more inferior schedules will be identi.ed and an optimal result will be achieved quickly.


These operations are carried out in a recon.gurable manner due to their .exibility in area and time domain.

we can perform these operations anywhere on the 2D plane during di.erent time steps [12, 15].


Due to time limit, we did not have a very e.cient implementation of the algorithm.

we did not implement the computational geometry functions such as intersecting, merging and subtraction by ourselves.


We demonstrated quantitatively that previously proposed DVFS performance predictors, designed with an over-simpli.ed view of the memory system (e.g., assuming a constant access latency or disregard ing prefetching), generate inaccurate performance predictions and lose out on potential energy savings.

we have shown that the commonly used linear DVFS performance model breaks down in the presence of prefetching because it does not account for .nite memory bandwidth.


As no explicit bit-.eld speci.cation is given in its SE-MANTICS section, the expression shares the speci.cation of the operands.

the addition of two operands (a, 0, 32) and (b, 0, 32) results in the 3-tuple (c, 0, 32), where c is the result of the 32-bit addition of a and b.


30.0% In the near future, we will focus on finding an Sp eed up 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% arbitrator to decide whether to select helper threaded or in-thread cache prefetching optimizations based on profitability analysis.

since some programs sped up by helper threading can also be sped up by in-thread prefetching, the dynamic optimizer may favor in-thread optimization when the other on -10.0% Figure 11.


Because the gate voltage of P 2is equal to VDD, gate-source voltage of P 2 is equal to zero.

p 1is under stress and P 2 is in the recovery mode.


As most software components on a sensor node generally have little interaction it is relatively easy to relocate these components to dedicated processors.

software components that interact with hardware elements can be moved to a processor dedicated to support this hardware.


The first factor is ½ the period of the signal we are piggybacking upon (t1/2signal).

if the input pad on the FPGA does not need any setup time, the input signal can reach VH just as the driver is switching from a logic 1 to a logic 0 .


They are also very useful for treatment progression, as the quantity of tracer uptake can be tracked over the progression of the therapy [8].

the number of events detected from cancerous tissue is directly related to metabolic rate of the tissue.


To support this mechanism, we need re.nement on the DRFM to allow selective variable replication.

we add a set of storage elements, namely input buffers, into the data-routing logic for each island, and thus allow direct data routes from an external LRF to the input buffer, as shown in Fig.


The following observation is immediately inferred from the above theorem: The delay of each path in the optimal solution from the primary input node s to primary output node t is equal to T. Now that the distance of every node to the destination is independent of the path taken, let ti be a variable assigned to each node vi that represents its distance to t. We call ti the distance variable of node vi.

ti is the delay of the system from node vi to the output.


Second, a given consumer tends either to always be the most critical consumer of its producer s value, or is almost never the most critical one.

there is a bimodal distribution of static consumers tendency to be the most critical one.


The SB structure is only relevant for EL.

if we want high quality audio, the price to pay is increased delay and bandwidth requirement.


This ratio drops to 10.8%, 4.4%, 0.4%, and 0.06% after 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 cycles after going into the AR state, respectively.

if we wait long enough, it is likely that contents of a given physical register are dead, and thus can be used for holding the duplicate of an active register.


These statistics can then be used by an invocation of the AM algorithm to refine the accuracy assignments for use in the next simulation iteration.

aM and subcircuit simulations alternate, starting with a very rough (and thus low cost) simulation throughout the cir-cuit.


This simple graph-based analysis is very effective with some classes of circuits.

it is suf.cient to remove all internal voters in pipelined architectures such as logarithm units and .oating-point multipliers (see Table 3).


Through careful mapping of the scan algorithm, we were able to achieve a near-maximum performance gain with only a single embedded CPU.

scan operation and FTL execution time (tens of microseconds) are e.ectively hidden by data transfer time between .ash memory and the internal DRAM.


Then for each net, we compute its T N and assign the target delay as 1.1* T N .

optopt all the pretreatments of the experiments are kept the same as the comparison floorplanner.


INTRODUCTION Recently, ultra low voltage (ULV) operations, where the supply voltage of CMOS circuits is scaled down to near or below the threshold voltage (VT) of transistors, have gained a significant amount of attention due to 5-20× energy savings.

uLV operations can benefit many energy-constrained applications such as implantable medical devices, remote surveillance systems, wireless sensor networks, and mobile electronics [16].


Such testing alone might be adequate for a simple digital design but the complexity of our design requires larger-scale simulations.

due to the exclusive use of NMOS pass transistors trees for multiplexers and tri-state drivers, signal voltages are degraded below the full VDD level.


3.1 ATPG Engine Given a generic EFSM model, we assume, as reference, an ATPG that exploits the information provided by the enabling functions of the EFSM to increase the controllability and the observability of random resistant faults.

it tries to uniformly move across the transitions of the EFSM.


When a new fault is detected in a group already containing a fault in the current partition con.guration, a re-partition, or selecting another partition con.guration in the set, is required to resolve the fault collision.

the minimal requirement on any partition scheme is to ensure separation of two faults in a group into two di.erent groups by switching to another partition con.guration.


This is accomplished by determining internal signal behavior implicitly.

our method annotates each state with stability information about each internal signal.


(0) corresponds to the marginal distribution of the fading process.

the blocking rate is given by (12), for the corresponding cell load: R d.(r) .¯= .


In this paper, we present a technique for generating a set of circuits that repair permanent faults within an FPGA.

this paper identi.es a complete set of repair circuits before the fault occurs.


The To.oli gate inverts a single bit if the AND of a set of control lines is 1.


Such a computation can be performed in constant time for all the networks, except for binary trees which require log- arithmic time in the number of vertices.

the 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 'bit 1 0 1 0 I" 1 W 1 2 '2 1 0 1 2 S -1 -1 3 1 3 -I Table 3: The vectors bit, W, and $ computed by the Tree-6-L(2, 1, 1)-coloring algorithm to color ver-tex u = (6, 43).


Fortunately, as we just make local changes (e.g., for one super-gate a time) in each logic optimization step, we only need to estimate the corresponding local timing error rate changes.

it is not necessary to acquire an accurate overall circuit timing error rate.


outdegree are selected .rst for mapping.

cores are .rst sorted in the descending order of their outdegree.


An Efficient Approach to Generic Multimedia Adaptation Joseph Thomas-Kerr Ian Burnett Christian Ritz W hisper Laboratories, School of Electrical Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of W ollongong, W ollongong NSW Australia 2522 +61 (2) 4221 3065 joetk@elec.uow.edu.au i.burnett@elec.uow.edu.au chritz@elec.uow.edu.au ABSTRACT This paper addresses efficiency issues identified in the Bitstream Syntax Description Language used by the MPEG-21 generic multimedia adaptation framework.

when used to adapt modern content formats such as H.264/AVC, AAC, and SLS, the time required for processing increases exponentially relative to the duration of the bitstream.


For example, if the simulation trace records values of (1,1,1,1,0) fori2[0] (the first bit of i2), while the mapping function given by([0] AND [1]) evaluates to (0,0,1,1,1), the difference in evaluated and expected outputs is captured by (1¯ 0, 1¯ 0, 1¯ 1, 1¯ 1, 0¯ 1) = (1,1,0,0,1).

the likelihood oferror in estimation due to the use of this mapping function is 0.6.


Since db performs insertions and deletions between sorts the set sizes used in two di.erent sorts may be di.erent and thus di.erent sorts will have slightly di.erent behavior; (ii) Our sampling frequency was not high enough to take at least one sample for every change in set size.

if we did not have a sample at set size of 5081 we could not con.rm that the IPC did indeed start to drop at 5081.


The algorithm could give up using L0 buffers in this loop and use a more conservative schedule (the same schedule as a clustered processor without buffers), which in this case generates better results.

the execution time of such loop is reduced by 30% when the conservative schedule is used instead, compared to the version generated for L0 buffers.


Recognizing this technological impediment to the otherwise large potential of spoken dialog systems in the developing world, we set out to develop a technique that will allow a low-cost, accurate speech recognizer to be built for any language.


The input language of SMV allows us to describe each of the modules in the protocol (master, slave, arbiter, decoder) as a .nite state machine.

the user speci.es the initial states and transition relation of each of the modules.