Throughput of the low-end SSD (Intel 320) with random writes of 4KB pages when various fractions of its raw capacity are allocated as over-provisioned space.

the FAST FTL improves on BAST with a .exible address mapping in the log buffer to improve space utilization.


Thus it is possible to mix functionality description with structure description.

rADL [14], though similar to LISA, can model more complex pipelines since RADL makes control signals ex- plicit.


Finally, section 6 concludes this paper.

in LCTES 04: Proceedings of Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems, pages 211 220, 2004.


We have mentioned the general rules used in the estimation algorithm.

object motion detected with vibration sensor is considered as the most important information in our system because the system uses vibration information to determine the timing to estimate object location.


A graph G = (V, E) maintained as a graph circuit is a collec- tion of gates (representing the vertices V) and wires connect- ing the gates (representing the edges E).

if, for every active vertex v, the host maintains an edge incidence set Iv of the edges entering and leaving v, deletion of v may be performed in O(1I~[) steps) In practice, it is possible to use the capa- bility of contemporary RCHW arrays (e.g., [12]) to write an SThe incidence sets I can be maintained on a conventional VO vl V2 V3 VO vl V2 v3 I 1 _. o 1  .


Finally, border areas between neighboring segments are checked to find the exact boundaries, because there might be conflicts at the boundaries due to inconsistency between results of the voice detection and repetition detection, and between results of different repetition pairs.

the computational complexity involved may make it difficult to work in real time or deal with a large database.


CRBcast is a two-phase broadcasting protocol.

in Figure 2, the fraction of nodes that successfully receive a particular packet (denoted by R1) and np = 2000 packets (denoted by Rnp) are shown for the topology T. We also depicted R1 np, which is a lower bound for Rnp by Lemma 1.


A sliding window bu.er object is instantiated for 2048 image width and 5x5 window size in Line 7, then used in Lines 10 and 13.

increasing image resolutions make it ever more di.cult to obtain su.cient throughput from external SDRAM frame bu.ers while providing simple, low-latency memory resources for the data path.


these are results of simulating 1000 sample chips.


Example of FIR Canonical Filter of 5 taps scheme IN_tr0 R0_tr0 R1_tr0 R2_tr0 R3_tr0 C2_tr0 C4_tr0 C1_tr0 C3_tr0 C5_tr0 pad OUT_dr0    check0 IN_tr1 R0_tr1 R1_tr1 R2_tr1 R3_tr1 Upset detection and C1_tr1 C5_tr1 C2_tr1 C3_tr1 C4_tr1 voter block check1 OUT_dr1     pad Figure 12.

sRAM-based FPGAs are uniquely suited for remote missions, because they can be reprogrammed by the user as many times as necessary in a very short period.


Right: Scattering patterns for a detailed surface.

the errors in Medwin s model do not appear to show up for geometries with symmetrical situations, such as for noise barriers with parallel edges.


A high sensitivity process-sensor has been proposed in [6] utilizing the extremely high process-sensitivity of MOS transistors operating in sub-threshold.

since the process-sensor output varies by ~0.7% per mV variation in NMOS thresholdvoltage, the worst-case temperature variation will reduce the accuracy of the sensor by ~5mV of the NMOS Vth.


Also note how with the BS design, the throughput reduction is almost negligible for the output period of 4 cycles to 7 cycles.

when the buffer is considered full, that is, there is only one free buffer space left, in a thief buffer and if it needs to receive more .its, the buffer stealing mechanism is activated to steal the unused free buffer space in victim buffers.


Other Design Options Local DMDC In our implementation, the end check register is a global register in that there can be multiple unsafe stores in-.ight and they all update the register as they issue (can only increase the checking window size).

dMDC still uses the conventional approach of ruling out dependence or coherence violation through address and timing information, albeit with approximations.


Table 4 lists all the statistical functions applied to the frame-level features within the window to capture different aspect of the frame-level features.

the average power consumption by the Android application unit is about 374.49 mW, when the application unit runs all the routines (input processing, frame-and window-level feature extraction and classi.cation).


Each window is then mapped to a symbol according to a speci.c mapping rule.

we experimentally validate the e.ectiveness the BoF-based framework for recognizing nine activity classes and evaluate six factors which impact the performance of the framework.


The scheme in [7] used almost the same technique as that in this paper in terms of making use of don t-care bit.

for the second part of the test set, only first two scan chains are involved in the scan operation in the same way as that in the first part.


The analysis also showed that for a dual rail design, the correlation coefficient of the correct key guess can be negative.

by measuring the power supply of an IC as it encrypts, and then performing statistical analysis of the measured power traces, the secret key can readily be determined.


For example, by using operator-based MOR, the number of time-points or harmonics used for periodic time-varying discretization can be dynamically changed at each Krylov reduction step; indeed, one can switch between time-and frequency-domain discretizations, if so desired, without any code changes necessary at the upper level (i.e., the operator-LPTV-MOR routine) of the procedure.

manual abstraction needs to be aided by extensive nonlinear simulation; parameters of interest, such as poles, may not be easy to obtain; and manual abstraction may miss important nonidealities, especially those relating to interactions between sub-systems.


In the Uranus-Neptune region, the orbital period of protoplanets and planetesimals is of the order of 100 years.

even with the blockstep method, the average number of particles which can be integrated in parallel might be as few as one hundred or less, even for N = 105 or larger.


[3] B. Halpin, C. Y. R. Chen, N. Sehgal, Timing driven placement using physical net constraints , Proc.

multiple iterations are needed to converge timing and every iteration requires timing analysis making such a manual flow very time-consuming.


Percentage of 0, 1, and 2 input operand ready instructions, on an average, is 14.3%, 45.4%, and 40.3%, respectively, for a Figure 4.

978-3-9810801-3-1/DATE08 &#169; 2008 EDAA  2 Related Work As process variation can signi.cantly impact performance, several circuit-level and architectural-level techniques have been proposed in the literature to minimize the performance loss.


Compiled-Code Simulator for Inc/Dec Arch Before runtime, we know what operations are included in each instruction.

the FIR filter loop, in particular, allows us to stress the pipeline.


They also need to be designed to the specifications common to the rest of the system, namely low losses, small size and high performance.

tests using real weather conditions would be beneficial, to ensure that lab results are applicable, and this would require a longterm monitoring of the AUTs.


In this section we quantify the impact of these delay reductions on the overall performance of application designs implemented in such FPGA.

logic Density Improvement 2.80 LB- SRAM + RR- SRAM PT 61% Un occupied 39% % LB 37% RR 44% 19% Memory 2.60 Switch 2.40 CMOS LB- SRAM + RR- SRAM PT 84% 16% % Memory Figure 5: Logic density improvement of 3D-FPGA Switch as a function of the normalized con.guration mem- Unoccupied  ory cell size.


After 6-time charge injection trials, the minimum VDDmin is 74mV when Vpwell is 250mV.

191 CMOS transfer gates to make the staggered loop are added to original 96 inverters for the chain.


If the original flow in the flow network is 0, only the forward edge is added.

[17] does not have current information; we randomly inject a positive or negative current to each terminal, the current value is normally distributed within the range [-k, +k].


As a result of these considerations, we keep major and minor counters together in memory and in the counter cache.

ef.cient, secure, and cost-effective memory authentication is dif.cult for several reasons.


This helps novices to understand the basic problems.

maestro, and P. Reviriego, A methodology for automatic insertion of selective TMR in digital circuits a.ected by SEUs , IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, pp.


in density-reduction-oriented layer assignment for the LA-4 problem, the 4 buses, A, E, G and K, to the top and bottom boundaries and the 3 buses, B, F and I, to the left and right boundaries can be assigned on the first layer.


Execution time is calculated as a product of clock length and the number of clock cycles taken.

what differentiates EPIC and superscalar processors is the way that this parallelism is discovered: Superscalar processors use logic to schedule instructions at runtime, while EPIC processors rely on compilers that can statically expose parallelism at compile time.


In a commercial FPGA however, in addition to LUTs, other types of hardware structures are usually present.

the SRAM con.guration cells can be slowed down and their leakage reduced or eliminated using previously-published low-leakage memory techniques (e.g., [10]) or by implementing memory cells with high-VTH or long channel transistors.


Similarly due to limited bandwidth of wireless channels efficient MAC protocols become necessary to enable multiple cores communicate simultaneously using the wireless medium.

the area overheads of photonic devices and waveguides are shown to be significant.


Let us now explain why some samplers have the same accuracy.

rr estimates the lengths of the input stream.


With the advent of the instructionalscreensaver, the necessity to leave the visor in an indicativeposition decreased.


Implementing these functions directly from C/C++ provides the highest abstraction and productivity advantage.

hence, high-level hardware design requires transparent and flexible expression of this joint development.


Read and write accesses are burstoriented, in DDR2 SDRAM, with the burst length being programmable to either 4 or 8.

i/O modules in SDRAM cannot access the DRAM array directly.


[8] C. J. Vieri, "Pendulum: a reversible computer architecture, " M.S.


It is obvious that the potential replacement of this .nal block can cause a greater vertical leftover.

hence, when more than one PM type is available the problem complexity obviously grows.


For this example, the end of expansions; (2) a slack-dependent component design runs at 308 MHz after legalization.

a connection with larger weight and longer CUs are larger depending on the architecture.


if the circuit is not reduced to a single wire, then the theorem states that the circuit is hazardous.


In this section, we evaluate the operation time and area of the proposed Montgomery multiplier.

because EC-DSA[1] that is the standardized elliptic curve-based signature scheme uses both .elds, Montgomery multipliers need to be practicable in both .elds as well.


In this paper, a dynamic VC architecture with congestion awareness is proposed.

the prediction unit of neighbor calculates the number of departure flits as shown in equation (7), where k denotes the stride and lw denotes the list length of the winner.


Also, when both inputs of a C-Element are low, the output will be low which means that neither one of the PMOS transistors is overdriven.

figure 15 shows the test bench circuit used to simulate the adder circuit.


Is there a tweeting path from Alice to Bob?

as of today, this data is for the most part still untapped, partly because of the complexity entailed by analyzing some of these vast social connectivity graphs.


The merge unit is the throughput bottleneck of the architecture because this module can not be pipelined because of the closed loop connecting the merge unit outputs to its inputs.


The average error of µ and s for the 30-segment RC ladders is presented in Table 2.

i 2 } E (.X i )=E µsX i ) E .X i )=E (µsX ) (6) C in CFO form can be approximated as: m m C .. a b +µ.a b .+.


Shared memory, the interconnect between processing elements, and I/O interfaces are all accessed by multiple processing elements, making the contention for shared resources a signi.cant in.uence on the overall system performance and an important modeling consideration.

the MESH performance advantage would especially be evident with large and more complex models where the prohibitively large ISS simulation and model generation times would hamper rapid design exploration.


The source and drain junction capacitances can also inject current into the substrate.

the remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Sec tion 2 presents the models for the substrate, the on-chip and package power distribution networks, and the current consumption of the devices and also presents our simulation approach.


=kNY (10) thedistributionofthoseinteronnetionsisnot symmetrialalongthefouredgesofthebin.Thenumberof wiresoriginatingfrombinSandrossingrightboundarye, denotedasIs-c,shouldbeproportionaltoareaA2,andan beexpressedas A2 Is-c =Is (11)2Ablok TheaboveformulaarisesfromthefatthatSgets4boundaries,andtheareaofSismuhsmallerthanthetotalarea oftheblok.Similarly,wehave A1 .


Even very small time-intervals are expanded to at least one clock period, if they coincide with sampling events.

the a.ne signals in the system are described as in Equation 4.


Substituting a new module for an old module may be very difficult when several other modules on a SoC depend on internal signals and potentially subtle or nonobvious behavioral properties.

composing a two-dimensional tiled design in which tiles align in both dimensions may still be difficult.


[9] presented a .exible power model for FP-GAs and evaluated di.erent FPGA architectures for power e.ciency.

time-based control seems to be a very promising approach for such designs.


(c) layout generation considering preserved routing characteristics.

a simple experiment for layout preservation can show the necessity.


of tag bits for caches can be e.ectively reduced by utilizing indexes of Translation Lookaside Bu.er (TLB) entries.

these invalidations incur three problems.


Uncertainty intervals may be provided for example by a global time service such as NTP.


In Xilinx Virtex FPGAs, in general, an addition/subtraction performed on two ..-bit operands requires .. 4-input LUTs [12].

also, the constraints of the 0-1 ILP problem are obtained by .nding the Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) formulas of each gate in the network and expressing each clause of the CNF formulas as a linear inequality, as described in [17].


However, this technique requires .nding and storing all possible single and multiple path delay faults that can be logically sensitized under any of the failing vectors.

it corresponds to the observed behavior of the failing chip.


Autostereoscopic volumetric displays, which present scene illumination to multiple viewpoints as a volume of light sources (voxels), naturally provide correct geometric and focus cues.

the resulting spatial resolution differs for each image plane (Table 1), but even the lowest resolution is high enough that observers did not comment on the visibility of individual pixels.


[11] Z. Zhang, L. Dolecek, B. Nikolic, V. Anantharam, and M. J. Wainwright, Design of LDPC decoders for improved low error rate performance: quantization and algorithm choices, IEEE Trans.

practical performance of LDPC codes can be far from their theoretical limit for two reasons: (1) a practical code s block length is limited to hundreds to thousands of bits to meet latency and complexity constraints; (2) practical decoder implementations introduce nonidealities, such as finite word length and fixed-point quantization effects [11].


Fortunately, this kind of gate may be decomposed in a set of simpler gates that are either positive or negative unate.


[5] B. Bishop et al., Design Considerations for Data bus Charge Recovery, IEEE Trans.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.4.3 [Interconnections (Subsystems)]: Interfaces General Terms: Design Keywords: Power Dissipation, Charge Recycling, Data Buses  1.


Recently, Sinanoglu [13] proposed a diagnosis method to tolerant hold-time faults in scan chains.

huang, C.-W. Tzeng, A new robust paradigm for diagnosing hold-time faults in scan chains, Proc.


Since ROC curve is closely related to classifiers capability of separating classes, it is an effective way for visualizing and comparing performance of classifiers.

the false positives are not random false alarms.


A convenient starting point is obtained by choosing xi, yi,and wi randomly within their corresponding bounds.

the output of the algorithm is the .nal .oorplan within the .xed die which includes the location and sizing for each of the modules.


Note that track shifting (TS2) and data management (HBWBR) are executed simultaneously and are independent to each other.

compared with array-style random access memory, including STT-RAM, integrating tape-style racetrack memory faces several unique design challenges: (1) To effectively utilize the stripe structure, new circuit layouts and optimizations are necessary.


M1 to M9 are the lines of temporal results after the .rst .ltering.

all the predictors can be calculated from an initial value M, which is the predictor of the upper-left corner before rounding.


As alternatives to static CMOS are deployed to permit overall speed/power performance gains, layout automation and physical veri.cation (e.g., automated extraction of novel active and passive structures from layout) will be needed.

most of today s design technology crises veri.cation, embedded software and system-level design, enabling of power management at the architectural and operatingsystem levels, analog/mixed-signal synthesis and reuse, design for test lie elsewhere.


By means of a special couple of CLUE messages (OPTIONS and OPTIONS RESPONSE ), the CLUE endpoints agree on the version of the CLUE protocol and on the options to be used in the telepresence session.

this work represents a .rst attempt of combining CLUE mechanisms with the upcoming web real time communication technologies.


In terms of aggregate service, a super-round is equivalent to a round in the original algorithm or DRR.

the updated crfi will be positive if wfi > L, in which case the scheduler will enqueue fi in highQ.


IN T RO D U C T I O N There is today little doubt on the fact that a highperformance and cost-effective network-on-chip (NoC) can only be designed in nanoscale technologies under relaxed synchronization assumptions.

after the output channel request, RE QOut , makes a transition, the data register and latch L5 are made opaque.


When we increase the slack S1for Sink1 to 2 in Figure 3 (b), b0has tostay VddH restricted by S0 = 1.

for the rest part of the paper, we use slack to represent the useful slack.


Figure 2 shows an example of position is to .nd the position of the right-most edge (the LRU edge) of the histogram of .rst reuse positions.

to the last-level shared L3 cache of a 2-core CMP with private L1 and L2 caches.


Code correlation allows SMS to apply a pattern learned in one spatial region to many others.

hysteresis afforded by the saturating counters allows spatial history to learn the stable parts of each pattern.


Independent variables in this continuous optimization problem include the sizes of all the interconnects in the mesh.

the adjoint circuit is essentially a time-varying linear circuit.


Only one out of the .ve circuits has timing slack reduction of 16 ps.

the region constrained by the two lines that have the k-values in the middle among ki p0, ki p1, kpj 0, kpj 1 for positive slope edges and the two lines that have the k-values in the middle among kni 0, kni 1, knj 0, knj 1 for negative slope edges is the merging region MRv for the newly merged cluster Gv.


In this way, we can iteratively update the Elmore delay targets for each sink to compensate the errors.

the lower and upper bounds for wire widths are 1{mand 10{m, respectively.


While lM is provided in manufacturer datasheets, lS is typically not.

ph nix compared to the baseline architecture.


For example, pattern (a, b, c, d, e) = (1, 1, 1, 0, 0) has the delay of 2.

we have the following cases: (1) the Boolean function LPAF1 states that long paths of gate h and gate k are sensitized; (2) LPAF2 states that a long path of gate h is sensitized and a short path of gate k is sensitized with k to be a non-controlling value, k=1; (3) LPAF3 states that a long path of gate k is sensitized and a short path of gate h is sensitized with h=1.


In Proceedings of Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing, pages 198 202.

unlike crossbars for which routing is trivial, the routing problem for Clos networks is time consuming.


Note that we simply chose the relatively low frequency to have short hard-    Figure 7: The overview of our processor implementation.

this is infeasible because there are an exponentially large number of challenges.


Results from our evaluations show that the proposed diagnosis scheme achieves an increased diagnosis coverage and reduces diagnosis time compared to those obtained in [7, 8], with neglectable extra area cost.

due to the latch mechanism of the memory cell, the cell flips its value from ZERO to ONE as long as the voltage difference between nodes A and B reaches a threshold.


The runtime increases quickly with more variables and constraints.

this is a directed acyclic graph and the longest path can be identi.ed in linear time.


Sjeng has the largest percentage of kernel accesses (i.e.

in cases where one wants to support on-demand read accesses to the DRAM modules from the programmable RISC core, our solution provides a probing mode.


The cost overhead for analyzing these causes was too big to be justified by the yield improvement.

in this scenario, the gate / wiring delay becomes more susceptible to crosstalk.


Therefore, the internal power consumed for redundant pre-charge for the case D=Q=1 is saved.

clearly, there exists a delay penalty if D switches to low CLK CKD CK D S Q  Fig.


INTRODUCTION The demands of modern power electronics converters for high power, high density and high efficiency have raised opportunities for the new high speed, wide bandgap power semiconductor devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs [1]-[4].

as long as a better SiC MOSFET model is available, the prediction of the switching energy can be improved.


As shown in this table, the uniform sampling with 5 points (U5) and the non-uniform sampling with 3 points (NU3) scenarios lead to 26.7% and 25.4% timing margin reduction (167% and 155% lifetime improvement), respectively.

for this purpose, we start from a netlist mapped into the original aging-unaware library.


the use of functional patterns for this task would be of extreme interest if they would be able to cover faults.


In SAWP, the error detection and correction perform simultaneously with the pipeline.


Momchil Milev has been with the High Performance Analog EDA Group, of Texas Instruments Inc (former Burr-Brown Corp) since 1998.

analog Artists' scale environment variable support.


Since the delay difference in a fault-tolerant unit affects the global clock timing, the smaller the delay difference is, the easier the balancing of clock timing is.

to be practically effective in using TFUs, a number of important issues that have not been fully or never been addressed should be resolved.


Note that configuration data for each faulty FPGA should be separately maintained.

applying an external test to an embedded core is a difficult problem (for example,the core may have more pins than the SoC); the solution usually consists of inserting DFT structures to allow the input stimuli and the core responses to be transported between core and SoC pins [16].


The benchmarks were synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler and clock trees were synthesized with IC Compiler, using Nangate 45nm OpenCell Library[15].


We have to check if any of the tags being broadcasted in the present cycle match with the operands of the entry.

this scheme will leave the Grant 2 of the top two Request signals un-discharged.


MRU:MostRecentlyUsedPosition LRU:LeastRecentlyUsedPosition (b) BPLRU.

nOR .ash memory, as it delivers high access speed, is popular for code storage.


the exact value of VN depends on the previous state of the inputs (we ignore the effect of leakage currents here).


This work was supported primarily by the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under award number EEC-9986866.

most circuits comprising the AFEmust support rail-to-rail input and output stages.


(0, 1) and 0 = g(0),g(1) = 1,  then g(t) can be converted into a Bernstein polynomial of degree m with coe.cients 0 = bmi = 1(i =0, 1,...,m).

for each speci.c value of n, we also properly designed the adder tree shown in Figure 4.


[6] L. Valiant and G. J. Brebner, Universal schemes for parallel communication, in ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, May 1981, pp.

we study the variation in per-node average packet latency and report the standard deviation of the average latency across different nodes normalized to mesh-eq-rt.


One such compromise requires decomposing a circuit into multiple lower dimensional components.

our goal is simply to obtain an approximate failure probability using as few SPICE simulations as possible.


Moreover, test vector compression compresses vectors to reduce test sequence.

first, test vectors are designed to generate a lot of switchings within a clock period.


Experimental results assess the execution time estimation capability of the library.

moreover, only a thread, a timer or an external interruption can generate a signal.


[17] I. Polian and W. Rao, Selective Hardening of NanoPLA Circuits, International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance of VLSI Systems, pp.

the gap is the difference between the two DC evaluations scaled to the maximum possible size of the DC.


The BlackWidow memory consistency model requires that requests to the same address maintain ordering in the network.

if the packet is corrupted, it is marked as soft error, and a good CRC is generated so that it is not detected by the receiver as a transmission error.


Section 4 describes the extrapolation and the evaluation process.

in the following we give an example to illustrate how we determine these two parameters.


si , ft j The capacity ci,j and wirelength li,j can be obtained during length calculation.

after exploring the complexity of this problem, we first claim this problem belongs to class P instead of class NPhard [13].


the gates such as NAND/NOR, NOR/NAND, AND-OR-Invert etc.)

basically, there are two reasons for this problem: Firstly, complex solutions require long chromosomes to be represented but these long chromosomes imply large search spaces that are usually di.cult to search.


Figure 6(b) shows the di.erent estimates for each method.

static analyses only apply to codes free of data-dependent constructs.


One good example is a left-right side-by-side format (Figure 9).

dLP designs already had good dynamic range.


Both of the schemes are based on stochastic inference.

as a precursor, the reader can look at Figure 2 for an example of the representation of a small circuit.


It can be achieved by designing separate LNAs for different frequencies.

d2  Figure 4: Noise Figure verses overdrive voltage at different bias currents of the inductively degenerated LNA designed using fixed power optimization method.


Figure 7(a) shows an original routing path between tiles T1 and T3.

[3] K. L. Clarkson, S. Kapoor, and P. M. Vaidya, Rectilinear shortest paths through polygonal obstacles in O(n(log n) ) time, in Proc.


Some of them will be equivalent because of having the same distances to the chip boundaries.

robust .xed-outline .oorplanning through evolutionary search.


Micro architecture coverage directed generation of test programs.

secondly, only valid cross-product states are explored in HiTER.


However, a problem arises from the static structure of UPPAAL, which does not allow for the creation of new modules.

by being an event-based speci.cation with an integrated recon.gurable and timed behavior, this MoC is highly applicable for recon.gurable hardware and real-time software models.


The delay of each gate (di(sx, s .0)) is also at its nominal value.

categories and Subject Descriptors B.6.2 [LOGIC DESIGN]: Design Aids Automatic synthesis, optimization General Terms Algorithms, Performance, Design, Theory Keywords Gate Sizing, Process Variations, Speed Binning 1.


A permutation-based page interleaving scheme to reduce row-bu.er con.icts and exploit data locality.

the cycle cannot be reserved for a new column access because that would require an activation to be issued at the current cycle to open the row.


In Figure 3, the times have been shifted so that start time of both packets 1 and 2 are aligned at time 0 on the graph.

zero-copy implementations only help I/O performance when the I/O bus clock rate is close to the memory bus clock rate.


The design has two nominally identical components: left and right.

an attacker without access to the physical IC will not be able to determine the requested information in the given time period, even given a complete characterization of the circuit and fabrication and design information.


If the induced voltage is in the range where both the nMOS transistor and the pMOS one turn on, supply current will flow through the transistors.

the supply current change which is generated by the voltage induced by the electric field is used in our test.


The generated test program is shown in Table 1 where Decode unit is in stall due to the read-after-write(RAW) hazard by FADD instruction.

for the test generation scenarios consisting of large designs and deep counterexamples, SAT-based BMC may not be able to generate tests.


At each event cycle the function shiftlV shifts the input samples one step to the right.

a design methodology should separate (1) function (what the system is supposed to do) from architecture (how it does it) and (2) communication from computation.


CARRANZA, J., THEOBALT, C., MAGNOR, M., AND SEIDEL, H. 2003.

all current systems use a centralized processor for compression, which limits their scalability in the number of compressed views.


Infact, thispartis added to recover the energies locked up in internal capacitances.

the amount of the dissipated energy in this case is given by: 1 2Einternal = CinternalVdd , (4) 2 where Cinternal is changed for each two consecutive input values.


It provides the highest improvements for memory intensive workloads (on average 11% and maximum of 23% faster runtime for apache).

although DCC_8_8 achieves higher effective capacity than DCC_4_16 and SCC, it performs on average similar to DCC_4_16.


Dynamic storage allocation, a survey and critical review.

also, we have compared our DM manager with Kingsley.


In our algorithm, we use the relative discrepancy, which is a variation of the a-distance as our distance function.


We empirically validate this undesired e.ect of the corners on IR drops.


The SDPL signal restoration transistors are controlled by the gate inputs, rather than the output.

the number of transistors assigned high-Vt values is comparable to the results presented in [11].


This .nding is in agreement with Intel s projections in [9].

from each cache to its node, the links include single address and data paths, and as many snoop-response paths as needed in each topology (number of snoop requests per cycle in Table 3).


TRANSISTOR PLACEMENT Because of the single-row di.usion style of our regular fabric, the transistor placement problem simpli.es to the problem of .nding a good ordering of the PMOS and NMOS transistors within their respective rows.

the transistor placements produced by our algorithm are therefore optimal with respect to brick width (and hence area, since brick height is assumed .xed), and strongly Pareto optimal with respect to channel density and estimated wirelength.


If the primary sleep vector is known and each logic cell is turned on only after all its fanin cells are turned on, then the input values of the logic cell will be known at the time it is turned on.

note that in Figure 6, we can simultaneously turn on the first and third inverters before turning on the second and forth inverters without producing any short circuit current.


Trying to specify pipelining via regular expressions or any other cycle-by-cycle style requires the user to entangle all the possible parallel behaviors by hand, resulting in a dif.cult, error-prone speci.cation process and an unreadable speci.cation.

by introducing two novel extensions  storage variables and a pipelining operator we have created a speci.cation style that does work very well for interface monitors.


Therefore SDRAM rows adjacent in the physical address space stride across dif- ferent banks.

.,..._,i,lil i ; /I, _IIMIIM[ ~ ~1 ,I .I..... ,Idll -~,~| II .MUllUlII ~1 II .,dlIIMMII[ [ ,HI II .,dlIMIIlUlI!


Two major problems have to be faced: the first is that TLM includes a range of abstraction levels and the second is that a mapping between TLM assertions and RTL assertions should be provided and formally proven.

by using formal methods the verification activity may concentrate just on the expected behavior of the Design Under Test (DUT), because the formal analysis itself takes care of the DUT implementation details.


Based on those observations, in this paper, we are motivated to study the combination of buffer insertion and gate downsizing during clock skew scheduling for achieving the lower bound of the clock period with the minimum leakage power.

the number of our required inserted buffers is much less than previous work [8].


Further, one might argue that use of a di.erent attack or implementation technique may be more or less e.ective than the theory predicts.

firstly, the use of randomised register renaming, while seemingly a reasonable approach, fails to contribute to security; our attack focuses on the output of table look-ups that are realised by memory access rather than register access.


However, in spite of its excellent performance, the beat-based segmentation will inevitably introduce some slight deviations when experiencing various signal distortions.

s ... .. s c1 c2 c36 where the random sequence S = (s1, s2, , s36) is generated by k2.


A and B have a session key, have veri.ed their respective identities, and have prevented replays.

these scenarios do not consider the possibility of an attacker who has stolen a PIV card and obtained the PIN, perhaps because the legitimate card holder wrote it down.


It works well when there are no hard errors.

a conventional charge pump has 4-16 charging stages during the charging process, corresponding to different voltage levels.


The second approach our own improved the accuracy and the effective range significantly, while it utilized well-known techniques for the localization procedure [19].

the current sensor fusion implementation does not handle multiple shots.


The intra-die correlations were captured by de-correlating the random variables modeling device parameters using Principal Component Analysis.

using this criteria, the KLE for p(x, .)


figure 5 shows the general architecture of an adder (with single critical path) in the purview of our elastic clocking scheme.


Combining (31) and (32), we have (A + BaLa)v - K(CA + CBaLa +GM)v =(A + BaLa)v = .v.

by similar argument as in Lemma 2, we can prove that supk .k /k must be .nite.


Depending on the purpose and the physical category, the requirements can be very different in terms of bandwidth, resolution and size.

larger crystals with a frequency variation < 0.1% permit a Power Consumption 1mW Temperature Sensor  Microphone Static LCD-Digit 1µW Switch 1bps 1kbps 1Mbps Bandwidth Bandwidth and energy demand of several  Figure 2. reduction of space for the energy supply because the intervals for Sensor LED components during a 100% duty cycle, based on [6] the synchronization of the system rates can be increased.


Triggered by "the less flexibility first" principle, for a VLSI block placement problem, we develop its own "the less flexibility first" principles as follows.

the slicing structure is very limited since trivially most of the packings are non-slicing, but it has been very popular for the sake of its simpleness.


Energy savings achieved by the ASBE technique on a set of benchmark programs are around 40%.


[4] D. Boggs, A. Baktha, J. Hawkins, D. Marr, J. Miller, P. Roussel, R. Singhal, B.

separating the two goals allows a much more relaxed implementation (hence the name) which not only mitigates the escalating microprocessor design complexity, but can lead to opportunities a more sophisticated and proactive approach can not provide.


Moreover, the heuristic algorithm works much better with a larger set of con.gurations for the small type because this set of con.gurations holds the property which is assumed in the heuristic approach.

when a part of the virtual memory is left to be .lled with a smaller type of physical memories, a correct decision has been made.


Given a gxxgybin structure, any region query used in our LZ-router can be (approximately) answered in O( g(gx+gy))using segment-treelike data structures.

the complexity for our LZ-routing is O( g(1x1+1y1) g(gx+gy)).


Finally, latency incurred due to recon.guration preventsfast or real-timewake-up techniques that are popularin low-power MACprotocols from being used.

duty cycling is limited to long sleep cycles and cases in which the discarding of the application state can be tolerated.


We iteratively determine the locations of droplets at each time step by ILP formulation.

our algorithm can obtain a highquality solution within reasonable CPU time.


A simple way to deploy TLM is to statically partition the address space into low-latency region (stacked DRAM) and high-latency region (off-chip memory).

tLM services memory requests with either low-latency or high-latency depending on the physical location of the page address.


(5) If there is no CNOTt1 before [t1,{c1}], ixt1 )remains i0)just before the gate [t1,{c1}].

after applying [t1,{c1}], the state of ixt1 )and that of ixc1 )must be the same, which means that we can change t1 to c1 in the index set of the latter gate s control bits.


2 Si i =1 The condition given in Equation 9 is based on differential sensitivity, which is valid only for small changes in parameters.

equation 9 has to be evaluated at every point in the device parameter space (the space spanned by the range of possible variations of parameters) for ensuring diagnosability.


Then, to remember a way number, 6 bits are needed.

each table entry has 38 bits(2+(1+6)+1+4×(6+1)) in total, in which 24 are used for remembering way numbers for branches.


It should also be emphasized that, while a 15.7% increase in the register file energy consumption (for CE) may seem significant at first glance, the register file energy itself typically constitutes a small fraction of the overall system energy.

one may expect the impact on the overall system energy consumption to be within tolerable limits.


As veri.ed in prior works [8 13], it is helpful to reduce the logic value differences between v1 and its response vector v2 by .lling the X-bits in v1 intelligently; while in LoS scheme, v1 is turned into v2 by a shift clock.

adjacent .ll [7] originally proposed for shift power reduction can be adopted to reduce the capture power of LoS scheme.


However, in the design of fixed-width left-to-right multipliers, most gates lying in the LSP part will be deleted.

the acceleration effect of the above design becomes insignificant for the fixed-width left-to-right multipliers.


As more and more iterations complete, the edges that tend to be congested have larger he than those with available capacity.

he helps to distribute the routing demands to the less congested areas in the routing graph.


That is, we further apply an additional supernode transformation to the Tile space JS.

from the Tile space JS we produce the Group Space S JG ={jGljG =lHGjS,jEJS}.


However, none of these approaches truly allow multiple data items to be processed concurrently; only a single data item is allowed to be processed by the loop hardware at any time.

in existing approaches, even if the loop is pipelined at the circuit level, it is effectively unpipelined at the algorithm level.


In order to mimic a practical .ash memory usage pattern, the cell-to-cell interference e.ect needs to be taken into consideration.

in our testing scheme, the available P/E cycles of a .ash memory are divided into multiple segments, with each consisting of 1,000 P/E cycles.


On average, these applications spend 83% of their run-time in resilient kernels, out of which 74% belongs to the dominant kernel.

the bulk of the resilience can be exploited by focusing approximate computing design e.orts on the dominant kernel.


An ATCache with a caching ratio of 256 would cache only 1k (256k/256) sets.

the overhead of ATCache is around 1.375kB (11 * 1024/8 bytes).


In addition, since the number of backtracked levels determines the con.ict clause size, the derived con.ict clauses are more likely to be of small size.

the SAT search space can be ef.ciently pruned due to the high quality of the derive learnings.


The latter depends on the biasing condition which is related to the gate topology and input signal.

the input pattern of each gate strongly affects the subthreshold as well as the gate leakage current.


Each stage consists of parallel pairwise comparisons, followed by the same perfect shuf.e.

sN5 in  creases the latency of Sn in exchange of the regularity in the permutation stages.


Moreover, it becomes more complicated when the character of asymmetric read/write access is considered.

for the popular one-transistor-one-MTJ (Magnetic Tunneling Junction) based STT-RAM cell, various design parameters, such as MTJ shape, MgO thickness, access transistor s gate length/width, etc., can be a.ected by process variation s. the characteristics of STT-RAM cells in an STT-RAM cache can be quite di.erent from each other.


However, out of these 1399 mWatts, the difference between the accessing and active power consumptions, 867 mWatts, is reserved to allow a chip to be activated.

the actual 25% power budget for 4 RDRAM chips is 532 = 1399 -867 mWatts.


The cost ci is the power overhead from the conversion and is expressed as: ci = P (SiZ ) - P (SiXY ) (7) where P (SiZ ) and P (SiXY ) are the power of a Z-cut (i.e., using one TSV) or an XY-cut (i.e., using multiple TSVs) for Si.

our goal is to choose low-cost nodes for TSV count reduction.


0.5% of overall delay) between two consecutive iterations, to monitor the effect not only on the target FF/PO but also on all others.

an iterative optimization solution is employed to improve the circuit lifetime.


We apply the nonlinear RRR-based parameter reduction algorithm in Section 3.2 to generated three parameter-reduced models with one, two and three parameters, respectively.

the maximum parameter reduction achieved is 20x for this example.


When a packet leaves the router, its timestamp is updated to the logical time of the router.

in the case of multiple clock domains, a snapshot entry also includes the logical timestamp of the packet.


For libquantum, the memory access patterns has very high row-buffer hit rates in the off-chip DRAM resulting in mostly type X requests.

both SRAM-Tag and LH-Cache show performance degradations due to their inabilities to exploit the spatial locality of sequential access streams.


If there are two extra electrons bounded in a cell, they must be forced to locate on the opposite corners of the cell due to Coulomb repulsion in ground states.

these two ground states can be used to represent logic 0 and 1 as shown in Fig 1(a).


As for the theoretical energy limit, intuitively, due to the nature of broadcasting, a broadcast .it needs to visit all k2 routers in the network and traverse k2 crossbars/links connecting them.

the energy limit grows quadratically with the number of routers in the network.


However, an operation in the source programming language is converted to intermediate representation (IR) with a few typical patterns, and compiler back-end has been familiar and reliable for such patterns.

we believe that randomly generated IR may be useful to test compiler back-ends, but a few issues should be addressed before that, such as reconstructing the high-level information needed.


Otherwise, the starting time of vj is the same as the starting time of vi.

based on the structure of T-tree, the starting time of vc in Figure 4 is the same as the ending time of va, and the starting times of vb, vc,and vd are the same.


All the D-edges in the constraint graph Gcg(GINS(k),PMIN(k)) are non-critical.

applying OCSS to GINS(k) may lead to further clock period minimization.


As the selected sinks are only approximately equidistant from the center, shortestpath delays can be slightly di.erent.

we estimate excess distance (slack) on each path and pass it to the router.


No hardware/software codesign is required; veri.cation can be done fully in software using standard debugging tools.

hardware testing can be minimized to sanitychecking the .nal design.


Moreover, the weight of each vertex indicates the perturbation of the corresponding feasible double via.

the DVI/WB problem is modeled as that of .nding a minimum-weight maximum independent set (mWMIS) on the enhanced con.ict graph, i.e., among all maximum independent sets, .nding the one with the smallest total weight.


For FA-DFR/BER scheme, our preliminary experiments show that the difference in PSNR between consecutive frames make the 2nd , 3rd,and 4th frame in the descending order of the importance on average.

fA-DFR/BER with 2nd frame is studied to improve the video quality most and indicates that we select BER rather than DFR whenever a soft error occurs in encoding the 2nd frame.


The area of a single 54-bit leading zero counter is over two times larger than the area of four 15-bit counters.

we distribute the counting into two stages employing some techniques from [15].


After separately deriving each sub-PSF, the sub-PSFs might be overlapped with each other on the merging have g(x, y) G(x , y ) gc(x , y ) (a) (b) Figure 4: Illustration of deriving a sub-PSF from the original boundaries.

as we merge the sub-PSFs, the merging bound- PSF.


In the methods of start-gap and security-refresh, we varied their swapping periods (in terms of write counts).

as the swapping period increases, lifetime extension and swapping overhead decrease.


= lH + QH During the power grid reduction of AMG, the nodes con nected to power pads are always kept [12, 15].

a signi.cant portion of nodes in the coarse grid are connected to power pads.


Then, at time tj+1,the n-th sensor reads the real temper-2.5 ature value T(xn,tj+1) and quantizes the prediction error E(xn,tj+1)= T(xn,tj+1) - T.(xn,tj+1), getting the quan tized output ET(xn,tj+1), with an scalar quantizer Q.Next, all the sensors send their quantized prediction errors to the BS, which obtains a reconstruction for each temperature T value T(tj+1) by adding these quantized prediction errors to the previously predicted values, that is, TT(xn,tj+1)= T.(xn,tj+1)+ ET(xn,tj+1), n =0,... ,2M (18) Then, the BS starts performing the prediction operation again and the whole process is repeated.

the system is very similar to that of a closed-loop DPCM where the encoders are the sensors and the decoder is the BS, and importantly, the prediction operation makes use of the heat equation and the conductivity properties of the heat conductor ring.


When it enters the master mode it cannot be interrupted by the RF Module.

the RF module uses a local FIFO queue to temporally store the data to be transmitted to the ReISC SoC.


As before, during each iteration, solutions to this abstract problem may either be valid or spurious.

an additional veri.cation step is necessary for each solution.


But the throughput improves in proportion with M. Thus, Energy E.ciency (b/s/mW) or (b/J) increases within limits.

an argument exists for pipelining the SD under limitations imposed by standard cells, memory, clocking and pipelining characteristics.


The runtime for discretization is O(n) since we only discretize the best continuous solution.

the total runtime is bounded by O(n+( mk4 2 )k ·mk log k·(m+1)k).


In the case of integer benchmarks, most of applications have low usage frequency of FPAlu and long idle intervals frequently appear.

conventional deepest sleep are e.ective but shallowest sleep are not e.ective due to its less leakage saving e.ciency.


Likewise, input m1, of rank 1, is connected to a rank-1 input of GPC0 by the link p1,0,1.


It can also be used in improving simulation performance during the system correctness and performance analysis phase of a project.

if parallel resource structures are present in the resource mapped system (e.g., Figures 6 and 7) then straightforward parallel simulation techniques can be used to reduce simulation times Consider, for example, Figure 7 where there are both serial and parallel structures and two types of resources: FP-GAs and GPPs (assume that all GPPs are identical).


To model process variations, in this example for each region we consider four geometrical variations in wire width (W), wire thickness (T), wire spacing (S), and dielectric layer thickness (H).

there are a total of 20 variation variables.


To sample IPC dynamics, we break down the entire program execution into 1024 intervals and then sample 1024 IPC data within each interval.

at the finest resolution level, the program dynamics of each execution interval are represented by an IPC data series with a length of 1024.


C is a scalar, which is the constant term.

if we have two random variables y =xT A x + B x + C and y = xT A x + B x + C , the sum 1111 2 222 operation is straightforward: Figure 3 Linear vs. Quadratic Approximation  3.


If the path is routed in an L-shape with a horizontal and a vertical segment, the two segments are usually on different metal layers.

it is likely that the width variation has a abrupt change at layer switching.


Still, most methodologies impose strong restrictions on the simulator software, e.g., they forbid using parts of the SystemC API, or even require a structural redesign.

complications arise when applying those techniques to existing simulators or third party intellectual property, where source code is typically not freely available.


In summary, hit/miss probabilities exist for all accesses, and so their ETPs.


It can be seen that the MSE for the 1/4 power law model is smaller and converges.

the 1/4 power law model is selected for estimating Dmax of the circuit.


However, design decisions are often based on nominal (rather than statistical) values of circuit attributes under the assumption that all transistors are alike.

design decisions based on nominal data are not correct because the used data are either overestimations or underestimations of actual (silicon) data (i.e.


For each slice, the boundary is labeled as 1 , a polygon block is labeled as 1 , and a space block is labeled as 0.

each slice corresponds to a binary sequence, and then this sequence is converted to a decimal number.


Further computational reductions can be achieved through down-sampling prior to processing by a polyphase .lter.

f also corresponds to the polyphase down-sampling possible as a result of BPF.


The performance measure for this nonlinearity is usually expressed by the third-order input intercept point (I I P3) per DC power consumption (I I P3/DC ), since the third-order intercept point (I P3) is usually proportional to DC power consumption.

it is a great challenge to increase I P3/DC for extremely low-power systems such as ZigBee.


The MPG value of the rule-based policy over the 10 driving cycles is 55 and the MPG value of the proposed policy over the 10 driving cycles is 78.

the proposed policy improves the fuel economy by 42% compared to the rule-based policy in the PHEV.


By construction, ix/(.ixi) belongs to iai +Vect(ia1,...,iai-1), therefore F(ix/(.ixi)) =Fi(iai).


The relations among the circuit parameters at various levels can be de.ned either through approximate behavioral models, or through simulator-based models, such as the sensitivity analysis.

there is inherently a hierarchical construct followed during the design process.


Thus, building global synthesis and simulation models is becoming more and more difficult as it requires interfacing complex heterogeneous subsystems.

many design bottlenecks are created as the different design teams--for software, hardware, and test--are not able to work concurrently.


In addition, this interconnect has the cheapest implementation cost comparing to other fabrics.

the optimum solution is to combine both Interconnects, metal and surface wave, in one hybrid multilayered network as shown in Fig.


The equationfordynamicpower dissipation canbegiven as(10).

l k)sk V 2 Pd(i)= tpi Ci(¯dd/(2tc) (10) k=foi theleakagepower of agateisdirectlyproportional to its size, and the dynamic power is proportional to the sum of the sizes of its fan-out gates.


However, it does not guarantee that packets with same source and destination will follow the same route.

the delay of packets with same source and destination may vary and packets may also arrive out of order, requiring buffering element at the receiving end.


Proof: It is known that the NAND gate is the universal gate.

we can use only NAND gates to implement any clock control logic.


Li [6] pre-manufacturing assignment yields are not always monotonically increasing because each target delay has a custom high-Vdd map.

some target delays will have a better yield for a given assignment map than other target delays.


In addition, the F1 step in the itera-The shifting needed to compute the root from its wth power tion level i + 1 has been put o..

the coe.cients is implemented in the Fract Power block.


On the contrary, our proposed method considers resource con.icts due to pipelined behavior.

we can relax a real time budget for each task by expanding end-to-end latency constraints while satisfying a given throughput constraint.


The main idea is to exploit the fact that the typical length of the carry propagation is usually much shorter than the full width of the adder.

an opportunistic adder built with short carry chains can potentially operate at a much faster speed with reasonably accurate results.


Thus, we have dk + dk latch +(dk nor) = dsetup, xor as the setup-time constraint for the latch at pipeline stage k.Moreover, the hold-time constraint of a latch speci.es the minimum time interval that input data of the latch must remain unchanged after the latch is closed for input data to be accepted correctly [12][13].

we have (k-1) (k-1) (k-1) (k-1) k k dxor + dnor + d+ d= (dxor + dnor)+ dhold, latch bundle as the hold-time constraint for the latch at pipeline stage k.If delays of gates with the same type are the same, the hold-time constraint can be rewritten as (k-1) (k-1) d+ d= dhold.


However, they are only concerned with state estimation.

it is not clear what is the impact of integrity attacks on the control performance.


In the case of SRAM PUFs, the PUF are the startup values where as the characteristic behavior are the relative biases that lead to these values.

when evaluating the logical state of an SRAM cell, the PUF response is analyzed as in [9].


The acceptable range of on-chip buffer size in practice is known as (1K× 8) bits to (8K× 32) bits [3].

a subset of the internal signals should be selected to store the values for limited cycles, and they may not be suf.cient for debugging.


The 4x2 and 4x4 UWSF configuration keeper size is limited by glitch.

the required keeper size decreases as LBLA capacitance is increased by increasing the number of sub-segments per LBLA segment.


We show that processor-centric network architectures cannot fully utilize processor bandwidth across different traf.c patterns.

we propose a memory-centric network in which all processor channels are connected to HMCs and not to any other processors as all communication between processors goes through intermediate HMCs.


The question is that most budgeting algorithms do not consider connectivity and timing sensitivity (how per unit wire length affects delay).

the iterative timing optimization often may not converge in practice.


The introduction of so many buffers affects various circuit design aspects such as area and power consumption.

it is inevitable to find better algorithms for buffer insertion to decrease this large number of buffers and its side effects on such metrics as the power consumption and timing closure.


At the same time, it features the lowest number of MRRs.

we restrict the problem of identifying the topologies that are better suited for processor-memory communication, and lay them outtwice: for the memory request network (from hubs to memorycontrollers) and the memory response one (from controllers tohubs).


Further increase in second stage bias current leads to increasing shot noise from the second stage.

there is a trade-off between the noise added by the second stage and its cancellation of the first stage noise.


Also, the position of the high-Vt group in a stack of transistors changes the impact of a high-Vt group assignment on the different input to output gate delays.

the input state of a gate must be chosen such that its associated high-Vt group results in the least degradation of the critical paths in the circuit.


On the other hand, the shadow tag is also aware when the working set increases.

the disabled cache banks are enabled again.


Recently, leakage power also affects the yield inpower-constrained designs [2]-[5] due to limited total power budget,which is imposed by limited power-supply and cooling-solutioncapacity.

many leaky dies, satisfying Fmax constraints sufficiently, may be discarded because they exceed power (andthermal) constraint; this becomes worse as technology scaling increases the spread of leakage power (e.g.


Also, the variation in stress-duration causes noticable performance deviation only for the short-range global wires (1-3mm).

for future analyses we limit the affected repeater-fraction to 0.2 (20%) and the stress-duration to 120 months as an upper-bound for NBTI induced delay-degradation.


This will result in a increase of 18% in test throughput.

for the same cost, increasing the test vector memory depth is more bene.cial than increasing the number of ATE channels.


It can be seen from the road tra.c statistics in [27] that the number of cars on a motorway is almost 5 times larger than the number of cars using built-up roads with a maximum speed limit of 60 km/h.

the average density of cars on the motorway shall have the greatest impact on the distribution of a WSN for vehicular.


Hence, the multi-finger DTCS transistors can supply the required current even at a small terminal voltage .9.

two DC supply levels separated by a difference of ~20mV can be chosen.


However, in some cases, a per-server (associated with a specific user or application) metric might be more appropriate.

we also study per-blade workload degradation averaged across the individual blades in the system.


DSC, like other clustering algorithms, groups nodes in clusters so that nodes in the same cluster are unlikely to bene.t from executing in parallel.

all nodes in the same cluster should be scheduled on the same processor (thread here).


As such, when no input port is scheduled to transfer a data to a speci.c output port in a particular time, that output port (or lane) is considered idle.

correctly identifying the idle cycles of a crossbar depends mostly on the output of the scheduling algorithm of the switch.


This procedure consumes a major portion of the solvers run time.

an efficient HCP is key to a hybrid SAT solver.


On average, one way of the cache is resized every 550.000 instructions, which corresponds to resizing the whole cache (4 ways) once every 2.200.000 instructions.

the impact of cache resizing (a few hundreds of cycles) on performance is negligible.


Each H.263 encoder is mapped to a separate ARM720T except allME and DCT blocks, which are mapped to a motion estimation(ME) hardware component and a discrete cosine transform (DCT)hardware component respectively.

four H.263 encoders share two hardware components.


The gateway node can also present more diagnostic information about the attacks.

the local IDS agents and the aggregation algorithm under the zone based framework complement each other to form a complete MANET IDS.


[4] suggested to use the content in the DVR boxes for peer-to-peer exchange via the available network connection, similar to Bittorrent.

the availability of movies can be increased.


This is because a powered-off block cannot perform the assumed functions temporarily, and waking up the block takes an additional wakeup delay, thus potentially stalling system progress.

effective use of power-gating should achieve two objectives in a balanced way: (1) Maximize net energy savings, which means to maximize the idleness of unneeded functional blocks in order to increase the cumulative energy savings while reducing the associated energy overhead as much as possible; (2) Minimize performance penalty, which means to partially or completely reduce/hide the wakeup latency of needed functional blocks, so that execution can continue with minimal delay.


fi d(X)  Table 2.1: Truth table of an incompletely speci.ed function.


a separate constraint has to be built for each truth table line of the function f to be synthesized.

the instances grow exponentially with respect to the number of input variables of the function f. In this paper, we present an approach for reversible logic synthesis which leadstoa polynomial size encodingby taking advantage of Quanti.ed Boolean Formula (QBF) satis.ability a generalization of Boolean satis.ability.


This means that the delay at the output increases at a higher rate when the LATs at the inputs are equal.

the gate is more robust to variations when the input-range is different from zero.


The two conflicting factors are the worst-case cycle time Tworst and the reduction in average energy dissipation .Eav.

in the optimization process a figure of merit will be used, which is defined as the ratio between the reduction in average energy dissipation and the cycle time.


If we denote the seed vector as S, the output slice vector as 0and the XOR network matrix as X, then the relationship between an output slice and its seed can be expressed as: [0]=[X][S] Suppose the required output slice contains four speci.ed bits, such as 0=(0b010i03040506070809)=(x1xx0x1xx0).

o0 = S3 O0 0001 O1 = S2 S3 O1 0011 O2 = S1 S2 S3 O2 0111 O3 = S0 S1 S2 S3 O3 1111 S0 O4 = S0 O4 1110 S1 S1 S2 = O5 1101 S2O5 = S0 S1 S3 S3 S2 O6 1010 O =S 60 O7 = S1 S3 O7 0101 O8 1011O8 = S0 S2 S3 O9 0101O9 = S1 S2 Figure 3: Matrix representation of an XOR network example with only (01040609) speci.ed to (1010), the seed can be determined by utilizing the four rows in matrix Xcorresponding to 01006and 09.


AOP provides such a new modularization concept,called an aspect.

component and aspect are two basic concepts in the AOP approach [Kiczales et al.


DOUBLE-CUTVIAINSERTION Without loss of generality, we assume that a redundant via can be inserted next to a single via in one of four positions.

four types of double-cut vias can be de.ned (see De.nition 1)[10].


In this work, we propose the use of push pull-based switched cap regulation which can source or sink charge by making the fly capacitors shuttle between supply-Vmid and Vmid-ground potentials with the help of switches.

instead of switching the granules, the switched capacitors will switch roles to regulate the Vmid, reducing the overhead.


Since the timing and power of the circuit depend on the net delay and net switching power, the overall degradation of timing and power of the entire circuit level is lower about 2-3% which is still signi.cant.

we incorporate via stack RC in all of our 4BM-based designs.


1(c) shows the binding result produced by the algorithm in [17], which tries to reduce the value of swpeak rather than that of swtot .


The biggest advantage of the Transduction Method is to be easier to import constraints on physical design into logic design.

while the physical design like placement and routing is getting more important for high-performance FPGA circuit design, transformation-based logicoptimizations, such as the Transduction Method as well as ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation)-based ones [5] [6] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12], are also getting more signi.cant, since such optimization methods can transform logic circuits so .exibly that the circuits satisfy the speci.cations, such as the speed and area.


All embedded applications, such as for example PDAs, cellphones, smart cards and sensor nodes in an ambient intelligent environment need to communicate with their environment.

they will need cryptographic capabilities for authentication and confidentiality.


The adoption of a diode to protect the solar module does not help because the PV cell only works whenthebuffervoltageislower thanthe PV panel voltage, and the diode is forward biased.

the amount of power drawn from the PV module also depends on the energybuffer level (VBAT or VCAP ).


It is always possible to transform a general logic network of AND, OR, and NOT functions (universal logic) into an equivalent network consisting only of AND and OR functions which take literals (variables and their complements) as inputs.

Z the network of AND and OR functions can be implemented only by MVs and the same test generation approach presented in the previous section can be still exploited.


First, Imai and Asano proved that n axis-aligned rectangles (e.g., bounding boxes) have a single non-empty n-way intersection iff each pair of these rectangles overlap.

rather than check all subsets of overlapping bounding boxes, we may search  Figure 4: Flow of net clustering and TSV-island insertion.


MapReduce follows a data locality concepts, according to which the data is processed by the resource where it is available.

the optimal data distribution among the available resource is the major task that MapReduce tries to solve.


1), the whole Si wafer is used as back-gate electrode below the transistor.

electrical characteristics as well as height profiles can be measured after CNT deposition.


However, the generation of a defect occupation based on the abstraction parameters is a complex operation with various degrees of freedom.

this conversion is the key point of our approach and will be evaluated extensively in Section V. The generation process of the defect occupation as indicated in Figure 3 (top) is based on the monotone function described above.


it is desirable to consider the trade-o.


All of the architectures contain one adder and one subtracter (an oval represents a functional unit).

the bindings of the -1, -2, +1, and +2 operations are .xed.


The device generation [7] considers device-related performance constraints, as well as device parasitics in diffusion and gate rectangles that construct transistors.

the other port rectangles must be included in interconnect parasitic calculation.


A fixed pipeline can not efficiently orchestrate the prediction process as it needs to guarantee a fixed throughput total active clock cycles under the worst condition.

a fine granularity, self 10e1 10 12 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 9 Testing Video sequences 8 7 6 5 testvideoseque4 nces 3 2 adaptive pipeline shown in Figure 5, is proposed which is self 9 2 1 1 8 No.ofgatedcl7ocks 6 5 4 3 1. container 2. mother daughter 3. news  4. akiyo   5. foreman adjustable under input combinations.


This configurability partially enables/disables the error detection on the less significant N bits of the fraction determined through the error_significance_threshold clause.

the FP pipeline is able to detect and correct any timing error if it is reconfigured for the accurate mode; on the other hand, in the approximate mode the FP pipeline ignores any timing error on the less significant N bits of the fraction.


The technique that is used in the final phase of a design is very important even if the absolute delay improvement is small (e.g., a few pico-seconds).

it is very meaningful to provide designers of high performance microprocessors with new methods to improve delay.


Furthermore, FPGA clock rates have remained stable for sometime, with 250-300Mhz being a maximum clock rate on high-end commodity FPGA products for greater than 5 years.

when wanting to manipulate high speed network streams such as those at and beyond 10Gbps, FPGAbased designs must capitalise on the increased gate-count: the designs must become larger and inevitably more complex.


However, various applications are running on a multi-or many-core processor, and their traf.c loads are not constant.

a dynamic optimization of on-chip routers pipeline structure in response to a given traf.c pattern is an aggressive and challenging research topic in order to provide an ideal on-chip network infrastructure.


Moreover, following Theorem 3.1, if |TCSm[j]|= A, then the m[j]will be cache miss irrespective of locking other memory blocks in the cache.

we can eliminate TCSm[j] from further consideration as far as cache locking decisions are concerned.


physical CBRAM crossbar implementation with a 130nm CMOS process, where the sheet resistance is 0.06O/D and the minimum width of interconnect metal is 0.2µum (for M2 and M3).

in the following simulations, Rmesh is estimated to 0.12O and Raccess to 5O (corresponding to a metal line of 0.2µm×16µm).


In a frac-N transmitter, the oscillator phase tracks the modulating signal only for frequency components within the PLL loop bandwidth.

the data rate needs to be less than twice the loop bandwidth.


Classical BDDs based on Shannon s decomposition naturally correspond to circuits built by Shannon s decomposition algorithm.

not only BDDs can be used as compact and convenient representation of logic functions, but as a structure for direct synthesis of logic cells and circuits.


Ifthe design modi.cation changes the load, the iterative computation is needed to be repeated again to obtain a new driving source for the gate model.

for this new modeling technique, the saving ofruntime spent on the gate modeling work in the synthesis/optimization loops is obvious.


An input is de.ned as a variable that is live at the entry point of a region ( live-in to the region).

a region is idempotent if it does not overwrite its live-in variables.


Phi is the output voltage of the oscillator circuit.

if the proposed approach can reduce the static power consumption more than SRB, the new approach will lead to a lower static power dissipation than both VT and SRB.


In order to obtain the desired wave with target sink nearest to source during each iteration, ViaBuf only marks each wave with its target sink, while modi.ed RMP marks each wave with the reachable sinks of solutions.

solutions in a wave might have di.erent reachable sinks in ViaBuf algorithm, but all these solutions are intended to build a tree for this target sink.


The core system is equipped with additional hardware which can be recon.gured during run-time to integrate more functionality the evolution step.

the system size is not .xed at the beginning.


Unlike the table look-up style of local translation, for global translation it is more e.cient to determine if the virtual address is contained within the span of a global segment.

if the scope value indicates global translation, a fully-associative lookup is performed using the global segment descriptors.


Scalability: A serious issue when using the BDD-based approach is that its SAT solving capability is bought by an exponential complexity in terms of memory in the worst case.

we investigate the number of examples where BDD fails to highlight the superiority of ST in terms of scalability.


proof:Infgure1(b),thecircuitispartitionedintotwo partswithanetcutC1.ThismeansthatthereareC1nets crossingfromlefttoright,orviceversa.Letuslookata tileboundarylocatedattherighthalf.Intheworstcase, alltheseC1netspassthisspecifcboundary.Hencethefrst bi-partitioningcontributesC1totheroutingdemandofthis boundary.Similarly,theithbi-partitioningcontributesCi totheroutingdemand.foranyboundary,theupper boundofthemaximumroutingdemandis 2H 2H;1 XX1;a2H i Ci =C1 a=C1 .


Like that, the only degree of freedom to be exploited by subcontroller 2 is when to transmit the images with rate r2(t)inorder to save as much energy as possible.

we want to maximize the energy EC (N) at the end of the day.


Finally, the tra.c characterization and consequently the quality of service require special attention due to the new requirements that arise with the implementation of IoT, whose main characteristic involves heterogeneous technologies.

this research proposes to address these open issues, summarized below, and of fundamental importance for the IoT [1] [3]: Mobility in heterogeneous scenarios;  Standardization taking into consideration the various involved technologies;  Tra.c characterization;  Quality of Service -QoS taking into account the new requirements arising from the heterogeneity of involved nodes.


Two points ((a1, (a1k1 + y1)%B) and (a2, (a2k2 + y2)%B)) are in the same group as long as con.guration in which every pair of faults are not in the same group.

at the time when a data block ac cumulates f faults at most C f 2 + 1 re-partitions have been performed.


It calculates the target frame address directly from the comparators outputs.

it minimizes the use of flip-flops but introduces additional delay.


In addition, in DCC, blocks belonging to other super-blocks may need to be evicted too.

determining which block or super-block is best to replace in DCC is very complex.


However, as we will see in this paper (Section 2), in a hard realtime system, sometimes the spare must be activated even before the primary unit fails; otherwise a failure in the primary unit may result in missing a deadline.

the cold standby-sparing technique cannot be used in hard real-time systems.


Denoting by x(k1,k2)=[xk1 ··· xk2 ]T,with 1 = k1 <k2 = n, a generic subvector2 of x, it will come in handy later to express the quadratic variation of x(k1,k2)interms of x.

introducing the diagonal matrix S(k1,k2) .Rn×n de.ned as S(k1,k2)= diag {s1,··· ,sn} (3) with  1 ,k1 =i=k2 si = , 0 , otherwise the quadratic variation of x(k1,k2) can be computed as [x(k1,k2)] = DS(k1,k2)x 2 .


BULK-BIC SENSORS EMBEDDED IN COMBINATIONAL CELLS A transient pulse in a combinational circuit, produced by a particle strikes, may be captured by a memory cell, producing a soft-error [3].

the detection of transient faults in combinational circuits is very important in recent technologies.


Thus, inter-CAB/intra-column interconnect limitations have to be adjusted accordingly.

di.erent number of global wires per column are allowed for each architecture.


In Figure 12(a), for example, suppose that double joint d1 in the left voltage island has been .lled.

two single joints individually exist in the two voltage islands.


The logic high-level VH corresponds to a positive input voltage whereas the logic low-level VL corresponds to a negative input voltage.

each couple of memristors {Mij+, Mij-}, with conductance Gij+ and Gijassociated to a differential input {Xi+, Xi-} constitutes a signedsynaptic weight Wij = K (Gij+ - Gij-) from input i with state Xi to output j with state Xj.


Inthe other words, we shouldcarefully control the mask overlay if the trim mask edge is on metal lines.

we should note the following issues if a trim mask should cut the merged area: The width of a trim mask should meet the trim mask width constraint which is usually the same as the minimum target layout width or slightly larger.


CPU time greatly depends on the performance of a stuck-at ATPG tool used as an engine for this method.

our method can drive all the bene.ts of the existing or future developed high performance ATPG tools, although in this experiment we used an inhouse ATPG tool.


Provided that M1, M2, M3 and M12 work in the ohmic region, upon ideal transistors matching, the whole set of equations developed for the divider still holds.

assuming a floating load CL at the transconductor´s outputs (see Figure 3 a)), the differential current IL through this load can be expressed as: 1 Iz + + I = (Vin -Vin -) = Gm (Vin -Vin -).


As observed in the table, the function Table II: Synthesis results: Con.guration functions function Area [µm2] total power [µW/GHz] Optical network I 1 052 686 Optical network II 366 663 Electrical network 363 725 used in the "Optical Network I" is the largest one; it requires 1052µm2, which is 3 times the area of the other functions.

the overhead reported in table I represents the worst case of the three examples.


The network components of the chosen topology are automatically built using SystemC soft macros from ×pipes library.

sUNMAP bridges an important design gap in building NoCs.


To remedy this situation, we need the ability to perform race resolution at every critical section exit.

we have to associate a lock variable with each access (the term lock variable here refers to the memory location used in the test&test&set operation, which marks the start of a critical section).


The key observation is that although the register assignment is done later using a completely different algorithm (graph coloring), the effectiveness of the step is directly impacted by targeted objective function during scheduling.


If the PE is  executing some OS function, the treatment of the interruption due to the fault may be delayed.

the variation observed in the results is mostly induced by the OS s task scheduling scheme.


= .Lu(ni)= Lu(nj ), ki kj where the function L(ni)and Lu(ni) denote the respective length and unit length of the capacitor net ni (i.e., Lu(ni)= L(ni)/ki).

if the unit lengths of all capacitor nets are the same, the length ratio exactly matches the desired capacitance ratio.


Another advantage of our model, is to avoid deadlocks, because, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, the codes .nally generated for computation tasks and server tasks (here from the code of Figure 3) are completely symmetrical, and retain the control .ow of the initial code.

even if the execution conditions of communications are not known at compile time, they are the same on the server tasks and on the computation tasks during the execution, and the runtime ensures that there is always one, and solely one, consumer access per produced page of a communication bu.er.


As shown in Figure 2, 80.5% cache lines are reused under two times.

a small 2-bit entry, in which 112 indicates a non-less reused frequency, is su.cient for both high coverage and storage e.ciency.


We assume that these IOs are placed in one of the possible corners of the FPGA.


It then also follows that the algorithm visits .ows in a RR fashion, much like in DRR: between any two visits to .ow fi, all the other active .ows will have received one visit.

all active .ows are visited the same number of times, plus-minus one.


18: } 19: } 20: } 21: } Fig.5 Algorithm of DFT Strategy 2 of ATPG patterns of blocks except Bfs must not exceed TP(Bfs) so that TP(Bfs) is nearly equal to the number of ATPG patterns of an LSI from Assumption 1.

this algorithm takes notice that the numbers of ATPG patterns of partial scan design blocks must not exceed TP(Bfs) (from 15th line to the 18th line of Fig.5).


However, this test size of C2l might still be too large for mass production.

in this section, we develop a test selection methodology to create a smaller test set and use density estimation to compare the e.ectiveness of the selected test set to the superset.


The typical time to erase a block in NOR .ash is about 1 or 2 seconds.


Also, increases in associativity cannot choose which sets to merge, while the SBC can be implemented using either a static policy, which also preestablishes which sets can be associated, or a dynamic one that allows to associate a set with any other one.

as we will see in the evaluation, the SBC achieves better performance than equivalent increases in associativity while not bringing their inconveniences.


In ZebraNet, for example, bytes output from the radio will be lost if not processed in time.

impala has an hierarchical event handling model that processes simple hardware interrupts in short/atomic routines and handles complex software events in long/preemptable routines.


The partition, {Tk(i, cs, nsk)}, represents how the next state of each latch, nsk, depends on the values of inputs, i, and the current state, cs, of all latches: 1 We do not distinguish between sets, relations, and their characteristic functions.

it is possible to think of [(cs), Img(ns), and T(i, cs,ns) as completely specified Boolean functions represented using e.g.


3b), will become locally critical thus eliminating ps from the GCP.

(1) represents a necessary and suf.cient condition for obtaining a GCP free of ps sequences.


However test sequences conversion is infeasible in same cases, because of the presence of faults which are detectable on the SEFSM, but undetectable on the REFSM [7].

we propose a procedure to generate a new kind of EFSM, which is exactly equivalent to the REFSM, but it preserves the traversing characteristics of the SEFSM (see Section 4).


However, we can verify 15% of the nodes with a typical total speed-up of 27x.

the bene.ts of our upper-bounding and macromodeling techniques are quite signi.cant.


Unfortunately, a c-equivalent pair of faults might not be equivalent in a Speed-Independent circuit, since the circuit under each fault might have different hazard conditions that lead to different nondeterministic states.

a test for one fault in a c-equivalent pair might be invalid for the other.


The layout of the SFC diagram of Figure 1 is such that, for any given step or transition, membership of one these modes is represented as membership of an identi.able region of the graph (one of the regions N , A or F above).

a conceptual aspect of the artifact (membership of some behavioural mode) is directly captured by a representing relation in the diagram with matching logical properties (membership of a spatial region in the plane).


Optimization re-weights each spring, thus changing the placement of the control points after a standard quadratic placement solve.

an outer nonlinear optimization loop adjusts the weights on the edges, while an inner quadratic loop solves for the locations of the control points after each weight perturbation, and computes the appropriate gate location changes under some as-yet-to-be-described warping transformation.


Based on the extracted surface current data, we found that the vertical current distribution for thick conductor is not symmetrical as compared to the thinner one.

the approximation formula used in [2] which assumed symmetrical vertical current profile is not applicable for LTCC technology where thick conductors are used.


An intelligent memory controller could reorder the accesses to re-extract some of the locality, but this is unlikely to scale to many cores.

we perform most of our design and analysis assuming random traf.c.


Because the governing equations and boundary conditions are linear with respect to temperature, superposition can be used to add the thermal effects of each chip on a substrate.

to find the temperature gain for a given point, the thermal effect of each chip at that point can simply be superposed.


This result is not a surprise when we consider that just 18% of dynamic instructions are loads and 23% are dictor does not incur performance degradation in vortex and stores.

even though the load buffer removes the searches required for detecting a load-load order violation from the queue, the load queue still has a signi.cant number Table 3 shows the accuracy of our store-load pair predicof searches from stores for detecting store-load order viola tion.


This balances the recoveries in the two phases.

(11) can be used as an approximation for p * .


If the rise delay of Clock Synchronizer output node is shorter the fall delay, one input of the OR gate is changed to 1 before other input becomes 0 and the output is not changed between period 1 and period 2 .

the Dead Zone can be removed if the fall delay of Clock Synchronizer is larger than its rise delay.


Both MAX and AVG incur a signi.cant percentage of synchronization slowdowns.

if the individual thread slowdown estimation does   SUM W/O EM MAX AVG 1.4 1.2  normalized execution time 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 (a) Performance (b) Energy (c) Lock contention (d) Synchronization slowdown Figure 3: Extending the previous synchronization-oblivious performance guaranteeing scheme with the three slowdown aggregation methods (with 10% slowdown limit).


This has been regarded as the important social factor for communities.

the other reasons identified, such as low trust, harassment and dissatisfaction with moderators must also be regarded as social factors, or the sociability of the community.


The total execution time for this mapping is 7 cycles since the data from Op2 takes 1 cycle to reach Op4 and data from Op4 takes 1 more cycle to reach Op6.

we have to take the data communication overheads /* Schedules operations in basic block currBB */ ScheduleBB(currBB, PE List , currCycle) 1: A .


In another case, a branch misprediction may cause a roll-back and effectively vulnerability of the table entries in the speculative path will be zero.

average AVF of each architectural to physical register mapping can be determined according to net lifetime of the mapping in a program which is the difference between total lifetime in execution and total speculative lifetime on mispredicted branch executions.


That is, the signal propagation to this common point is identical for both clock and data, and thus does not warrant any early-late split.

the credit for a hold test with one data path dp sharing a sub-path with clock path cp is: H old L E C (dp)= at (C P )-at (C P ), (15) where C P is the point when cp and dp diverge (Figure 4).


These are respectively the set of events which a method mEMavailable to a connection eEEcan be set in waiting for, and the set of events it can raise.

the rate of Explicit Synchronization ESyn(xNy), xNyE(ENM)between two connection method pairs is de.ned as ESyn(xNy)=Iset(x)nsset(y)I Note that ESyn(xNy)=ESyn(yNx).


However, ELVIN does not have a .ltering engine similar to ours or GRYPHON s. The BDD-based approach can be easily extended to handle more complicated atomic properties such as ELVIN s regular expressions.

the BDD .ltering engine can be used in the context of ELVIN, as well.


To enlarge the retention time, the capacitance must be higher.

any number of faulty SRAM cells can be managed through the use of an eDRAM way as a backup of the SRAM way (also referred to as replica), provided that the data in the replica is accessed within the required retention time.


Conditional criticality is more useful cost for a design re-spin is prohibitive.

statistical for optimization since the optimization should focus only methods have recently attracted attention as a promising on chips violating timing constraints.


The rest of operations, including relationship recognition of symmetric vertices and symmetric-feasibility checking, takes O(1) time.

the edge change operation takes O(n) time.


However, when line g is eliminated, all the logic that drives only line g can be eliminated as well.

the presence of an undetectable fault (g ,h' ) implies that the circuit can be further optimized, or that it contains redundant logic.


This can be explained in part by the fact that each link is utilized by more routing paths.

a link failure has a bigger impact on the state of the network.


Concept and Design of a Cognitive Radio Prototyping Platform Christian Kocks Alexander Viessmann Andrey Skrebtsov Department of Communication Department of Communication Department of Communication Technologies Technologies Technologies University of Duisburg-Essen University of Duisburg-Essen University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany Duisburg, Germany Duisburg, Germany info@kommunikationstechnik.org info@kommunikationstechnik.org info@kommunikationstechnik.org Guido H. Bruck Department of Communication Technologies University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany info@kommunikationstechnik.org ABSTRACT The increasing demand for higher data rates in communication systems requires an e.cient utilization of the limited frequency spectrum resource.

cognitive radio aspects are of utmost interest.


On the other hand, such an approach does not verify the design at Vf inal during signoff.

it is possible that the implemented circuit does not meet design requirements (including performance through lifetime) and require another signoff iteration.


However, recall that when a chunk running on a node is about to displace from L2 an uncommitted updated line from another chunk, the processor stalls.

a job running under the aggressive scheme may stall due to another job.


2(n-1)^2 links with 3-bit width and v2a average length for transferring congestion status from agents to local routers (diagonal links).

the total wiring overhead of CATRA method is: OverheadCATRA = 4(n)(n-1)a + 12(n-1)(n-2)a + 2((n-1)^2)(v2a) + 6((n-1)^2)(v2a) On top of that, in n×n mesh network, given a channel width of 128 bits [14][15], the wiring requirements for transmitting data packets is: OverheadDataPackets =2×128×(n)(n-1)a .


Physically, the maximum current .ows at the center of the body (farthest away from the gate, at x = 0), and its magnitude is determined primarily by the smallest carrier concentration in the y direction, at the top of the source-drain barrier [9].


Crossbar and MUX/DEMUX Faults: In the proposed RoCo router architecture, a decoder (DEMUX) is used to guide a .it into a group of path-sensitive queues, and a multiplexer (MUX) is used to direct a winning .it to the crossbar input.

the MUXes and DEMUXes all lie on Figure 7.


As showninFigure8, whenprocessingmultipletime steps, for each extratime stepprocessed, we need an extralayer of halo.

to process three time steps in one pass, for a decomposed block of size nx × ny × n, we need to stream in nx × ny × n points toget(nx - 6d)× (ny - 6d)× n results (d denotes the number of points on each side of the center point of the stencil).


The balance between the strength of PMOS and NMOS transistors (expressed as b in (40) and (41)) of the measured chip is unknown.


The increase in average delay comes from the fact that the tra.c to or from some nodes, other than those on theboundary,inaspeci.cpartition needs morehopstoreachthe destination nodes in other partitions.

minimizing the inter-partition tra.cbyusing ASNoC-FM makes the increasein theaverage delayminimum.


If T m is a Monte Carlo estimate of Tm obtained using Nmc simula tions, then it is easy to show [10] that Tm is distributed as N (Tm, s2 ) with variance mc 2 smc = Tm(1 - Tm)/Nmc.

(3) Tm is contained with con.dence 100 · (1 - a)% within the interval i i i i = Pr{.


The digital logic consists of two timers with a periodicity of 6sec and 96sec, and generates control/enable signals for reading and processing the sensor data every 6sec and transmitting it every 96sec.

the UWB TX circuit is only enabled by the P2 switch every 96sec to minimize standby power consumption.


Introduction Even for well-tested deployed systems, undetected errors may lead to catastrophic failures similar to the failures of Therac-25 device [18] and Ariane 5 .ight [19].

safety-critical embedded systems typically used in medical, nuclear, and automotive domains require compliance with standards that recommend the use of software monitors to detect anomalies in the development and production phases (e.g., ISO-26262 [7] for automotive functional safety and DO-178C [8] for airborne systems).


estimates based on the maximum and minimum Vdd are 1.423X and 1.167X at the 99th percentile.

the robust strategy improves the leakage estimate by 7.0%, compared to using the maximum Vdd.


Thiseffect is fatal to the conventional BMS.

the system reliability in the conventional BMS is subject to that of individual battery cells, resulting in C1.p for the array-level and C1.pp for the cell-level in Table 4.


Now the number of substrings of length W that have precisely k l's is given by (~).

assuming W to be even, and using elementary combinatorics, the average transition activity per word for a bitline is therefore given by, W w W -k + 1) x (~) Ek~=o k x (kw) + Ek=~+l( T W+l r W = 2w ,  Y_-o x + Ego' + x 214, , ----W W  :12w × (7::)+ 1 + T × 2 W (w + a)2 W-' -"7' × 2 w there is a net reduction in switching activity over transmitting the uncoded bits.


during the basic time interval T starting at t,the task is executed ri(t) times.

a task needs energy e Ei(t1,t2)= ei · ri(u)intimeinterval[t1,t2)for t1 =u<t2 successful execution.


B +CLB +CL before and after the die separation for testing.

tSV-buffers allow us to build a zero-skew 3D tree that contains a zero-skew 2D tree on die-0 after die separation.


Synchronizers solve this issue within the MACT architecture.

the intelligent insertion of such synchronizers at the appropriate place is an important matter when it comes to latency and space optimization.


Here, data is mirrored such that it can be read from any of the drives.

data loss only occurs when all drives fail increasing reliability substantially at the expense of storage space.


The requirement for such a format is that neither IP provider nor IP integrator have to change their internal formats because of the reasons given above.

it is necessary to have a general intermediate format which is known by both parties.


scheduling in the operating system as a.ected by external interrupts).

even two runs collecting the same metrics and using the same inputs generate unaligned traces.


However, the more accurate the prediction scheme is, the more information it requires.

a very accurate scheme will also have a high overhead.


For the higher values of n , n >n is obtained.

considering constraints such as the number of tests in an n detection test set, appropriate values of n for a partitioned n -detection test set are lower than those for conventional n -detection test sets.


This is due to the described problem that did not allowed to precisely set the bias point for all the circuit stages, particularly the output one.

these results do not yet make it possible to fully confirm our predictions.


Although we can use Condition 1 to check if an added node is a substitute node, it is not e.cient to add all possible nodes into the circuit .rst and then identify which are substitute nodes for the target node.

we transform the problem of .nding an added substitute node into .nding its two fanin nodes.


More capacity in the nodes gives the B-Tree more space in its internal arrays to append entries, hence delaying a mandatory garbage collection or tree restructuring.

increasing the value size has the opposing effect.


For example, past research has demonstrated that only a few select store instructions con.ict with younger loads, thereby preventing them to be issued to the cache memory early [SR1].

actions necessary to enforce this dependence at runtime requires distinct state changes (but predictable through store PCs) from the default case.


In order to optimize the power consumption in such systems, researchers must understand the major sources of power consumption.

we present a power profiling study on light-weight embedded systems in the next section.


For a given level j,a run of length tj is a sequence of run congested wavefronts based at times (t +1,...,t + tj ), run preceded by a non-congested wavefront based at time t.It is clear that the tj time steps during which an IP is queued in Qj must be part of a run, whence an upper bound on the length of any run is also an upper bound on the waiting time tj .

we turn our attention to the length of a run.


Direct I/O does not use caches and hence the memory is freed as soon as the I/O is complete.

direct I/O reduces the CPU overhead associated with I/O by eliminating the data copy between the kernel bu.er and the user bu.er.


Irrespective of whether channel trees are used or not, each channel has a separate NI queue.

there is no possibility of inter-channel blocking, and the trees can be programmed at run-time to adapt to speci.c application needs.


However, the latency is reduced if the bus usage is increased.

the effect of the single transfer becomes quite smaller compared to the burst transfer when bus usage becomes 90%.


As can be seen, applying one round of the swap heuristic results in ~ 5% utility increase, while more rounds of the swap heuristic result in negligible increase.

we conclude that the acceptance ratio of the schedule has more impact on the utility accrual than the actual execution sequence of jobs.


3.4.3 Proof of Correctness We will now prove that, for each of the three cases under consideration, the raised hyperplane meets the criteria speci.ed in section 3.4.1.

notice that, in all three cases, the raised hy (i) (i) perplane Dhas a constant term .= P,and .= 0, for i 0 j 1 = j = n. Recall also that the peak corner is at the origin Cp =(0,0,··· ,0), thus for each of these cases: Di (Cp)= .0 (i) = P (27) the raised hyperplane Di satis.es the third criterion of section 3.4.1 for all the three cases.


If the copy operation is eliminated by swapping pages or offloading to a copy engine, then using DCA for payload is unnecessary.

capability to turn DCA on or off dynamically by the NIC will be important.


As soon as a mapper is suspected to be failing, a new map task will be delivered to replicate the failed one; 2. replicate intermediate data when there are intermediate outputs that have already been validated (by the central server) and some of the mappers that reported these results take too long to answer to the central server probes.

nodes might be used to replicate intermediate data to compensate other mappers that die while waiting for the reduce phase to start.