UTD di.raction coe.cients can be computed for eachdi.racted path, or canbe interpolated froma smallsetofprecomputed values forfasterprocessing.

the second common di.raction-calculation method uses theBiot-Tolstoy-Medwin(BTM) solution,a time-domain formulation for di.ractionfrom a rigid orpressure-release wedge[7,8,19].theBTM-basedexpression derivedbySvenssonet al.in[9]hasbeenusedby anumberof authors (e.g., see [3,20,21]) becauseitisformulated asa line integral along the di.ractingedgeandthusiswellsuited forusewith .niteedges,and because theBTMsolutiongives an exact solutionfor di.ractionfromarigid(orpressure release)wedge.Furtherdetailsof theBTMformulationin[9] areprovidedin Section3 asitis the basisfor ourapproximationtechnique.


The UCP [10] is, given a matrix M of m rows and n columns, for which Mi, j is either 0 or 1, is the problem of  .nding a minimum cardinality column subset C, such that for all C', .j.C'Mi, j = 1,.i .

{1,···,n}.|C|=|C'| (1) the columns in the set C cover M in the sense that every row of M contains a 1-entry in at least one of the columns of C, and there is no smaller set C' which also covers M. The matrix M is called constraint matrix of UCP.


A cut is K-feasible if X is a K-feasible cone.

the cardinality of the cut-set (or cut size of the cut) is = K. The level of a node v is the length of the longest path from any PI node to v. The level of a PI node is zero.


An important issue of the design .ow is estimating the IPC and the block power dissipations required to generate the temperature distribution of the microarchitecture layout.

the number of pipelined latencies required by each bus of the microarchitecture is proportional to its length, and therefore for every .oorplan, there is a corresponding bus-latency con.guration, and consequently an IPC and a power (and temperature) distribution.


Both counterexamples and proofs are equally important for the efficiency of HA.

the counterexamples indicate locations in the circuit structure where abstraction is not adequately precise.


Further, the simulation of multiple OPT con.gurations makes use of the fact that OPT obeys the stack property [9].

caches with the same number of sets but higher associativity are guaranteed to contain all the lines that a smaller associative cache would contain at any point in time.


This is because Node B would have .nished its over the air transmission by the time Node A started its over the air transmission.

node A inferred a collision when there was none to occur.


We also make a key observation that the performance overhead of Ascend can be largely eliminated by taking advantage of the streaming computation model.

if the working set of the currently-processed record .ts in the cache, Stream-Ascend can signi.cantly reduce both the ORAM capacity requirement and the number of ORAM accesses.


Finally, dodec does not suffer from congestion or hotspots in the network.

the mesh-eq-rt suffers from increased contention due to longer packets and the center nodes in a mesh see a greater level of congestion.


After a decision value is computed, the threshold value, DVth, is used to determine the output class label.

{ 1,if DV(x) .DVth Class Label = -1,otherwise.


In such a case, we have demonstrated that the energy efficiency is optimized when VDD is lowered as much as possible to just meet the throughput requirements.

due to the quadratic nature of dynamic energy and the fixed throughput requirement, using a higher VDD to quickly finish the computation and then turning off the supply by means of sleep transistors to reduce leakage consumes more energy overall than lowering VDD to the point where there is just enough time to finish the computation.


The goal of this paper to e.ciently explore the vast design space that exists between FC and FD control strategies.

we propose the Custom Feedback (CF) control architecture in which each VFI makes control decisions based on local state information augmented with partial global state feedback (instead of full global state feedback as is the case for FC control).


Proposed algorithm for buffer planning This approach uses the global view of the floorplanning stage and the placement optimization process simultaneously.

we enforce the BRM as an assertion and enforce the placement to run with respect to it.


It specifies data sets of 3 different sizes and is concerned with the time required to perform an FFT of a given size as the number of devices used increases.

the input vectors are classified as small (512 complex elements), medium (4,096 complex elements) and large (16,384 complex elements).


However, because of the di.erent coding algorithms, the D to A parallel converters di.er.

since the input signal is compared simultaneously with two thresholds to produce a single RSD digit, the output thermometric code from the RSD converter requires half of the digits required by the equivalent CRZ converter.


Considering that relay logic synthesis would take an intractable amount of time to process an LZA with 234 inputs, we choose instead to synthesize just a single bitwise block with three input bits that can be replicated 78 times to comprise the Anticipation Logic.

the same bitwise logic for a bit i can be applied to all bits.


For higher level interaction tasks, advanced techniques have to be used.

for browsing information, the small screen size imposes the use of zooming user interfaces (ZUI) such as [Bederson and Hollan 1994] or [Igarashi and Hinckley 2000].


Fine-grained locks are more scalable, but they are difficult to use effectively and correctly.

they introduce substantial software engineering problems, as the conventions associating locks with objects become more complex and error-prone.


Our speci.c contributions are as follows:  Foremost, our work is the .rst to recognize opportunities forinter-core TLB cooperation and propose mechanisms in response.

by pushing TLB mapping information from theinitial miss core (leader) to the other cores, Leader-Followerprefetching can eliminate up to 57% of the TLB misses acrossthe surveyed workloads.


There are several approaches, e.g., Snugglebug [3], Java PathFinder [20], and DART [9], that use precise symbolic or concolic analysis to search for a concrete execution path that ends at a given program point with a state that satis.es a given condition.

these approaches under 2 Although it is not fully clear from their paper, we assume that they include arrayload and arraylength instructions within their get.eld category, and arraystore instructions within their put.eld category.


Additionally, if a witness is found, MaxBMC asks for the quality q of this witness.

the witness with the highest quality for each transition step is identi.ed, and therefore, MaxBMC determines the Pareto-optimal qualities for the sequence lengths until a bound k. As in BMC, one can encode the structure of MaxBMC as CNF, including soft clauses: M axBM Ck = I0 .T0,1 .. .


We focus our study on conflicts generated by information sharing, leading us to develop a methodology for assessing internal risk based on a representation of the information flow and of the value items exchanged, and on the identification of configurations that can lead to, or could be exploited by opportunistic behaviors'.

we focus on partners behavior related to misrepresentation of reality, meaning that each actor can lie, providing fake inputs to the computation of the SC's working point.


If we use K to denote the maximum number of TBs that can be supported using the static shared memory management, we vary the upper bound of this counter from K+1 to K+3 and show the performance impact in Figure 15.

we use dynamic shared memory management to allow an SM to host 1~3 more TBs.


Although the order of the above system is reduced to q, its numerical solution remains costly.

evaluation of W T f(Vz) term typically requires at least O(N) operations, and makes system (2) as costly to evaluate as system (1).


INTRODUCTION As manufacturing technology shrinks, integrated circuits (ICs) become more sensitive to process variations, and the yield of ICs has su.ered [1].

via-open defect has been identi.ed as one of the important factors to cause chip failures [2].


The time slots that the devices are used and the time slots the routing paths are used are interleaving and independent.

there are interleaving device and routing stages.


Then in W the 3rd dissection, the sliding step is W = 64 , and the error bound 43 1 from Theorem 1 is )2 1.556%.

after 64 - ( 1 128 two dissections, we only need consider windows whose density is very close to the actual maximum density (the density difference is less than 1.556%).


This sample was chosen in order to present extreme cases as well as the diversity in behavior for the different refresh policies proposed.

we tried to avoid plotting benchmarks that show similar behavior.


Moreover, the voltage established on C2 is essentially the same as the voltage on C1 due to the fact that the change in input signal is small because the sampling rate is high relative to the input signal bandwidth, i.e., high oversampling ratio.

little charge sharing is observed in normal operation.


Nevertheless, in-depth investigation reveals that many design and security issues have not been fully understood based on ex Hsien-Hsin S. Lee School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 leehs@gatech.edu isting literature.

the role of integrity protection and its relationship with privacy protection in the context of secure processor design was not su.ciently addressed.


The implementation of Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 3 can be combined.

the BCAT does not need to be calculated in its entirety.


First, we built up an arti.cial scheduling trace that estimates the worst-case in an ad-hoc manner.

we assumed that the system enters the critical state at the beginning of the hyperperiod, all re-executable tasks being (maximally) reexecuted with wcet ' from (1) and all droppable tasks being dropped from the beginning.


However, due to .ner time granularity of enforcement of cache partitioning (smaller enforcement interval), we may have cache repartitioning happening multiple times before processor partitioning of the next iteration (as illustrated in Figure 3).

we may have di.erent cache partitions enforced for the same processor partition (during the same iteration), depending on theratiobetween enforcement interval for processor partitioning and the enforcement interval for cache partitioning.


An example description to decode the in-memory addition instruction.

if the memcomp .ag is set to 1, the addition is transferred into a memory load, where the effective address is calculated by the translate() function based on the operands and the operation type.


CONCLUSION This case study has shown that there is an important trade-off between calculations and memory accesses, which is much more prominent in the hardware implementation than in the software implementation.

the hardware implementation of the tile renderer uses more compute-intensive direct evaluation of certain parameters instead of forward differencing to avoid writing back parameters to the SDRAM.


PROPOSED SIGNIFICANCE DRIVEN target WBSN, we focus on ECG monitoring.

we utilize as case study a DWT-based ECG monitoring application, in APPROACHwhich the following subtasks are executed sequentially: linear As previously mentioned, all existing resilient techniques have transformation, redundancy removal, and encoding [10].


The 2001 System Drivers Chapter observed that rapid MPU frequency increases up to that time had been enabled by reduction in the number of fanout-of-four (FO4) delays per clock period.

microarchitecture (aggressive pipelining, with fewer stages of logic per pipeline stage) had been used to increase frequency at a faster rate than the intrinsic growth of device switching speed.


In [14], physical information is used for PFA area reduction.

for the case of an open, the affected line is topologically examined to identify possible open locations in the wire segments that could cause the failure.


INTRODUCTION As the semiconductor process technology gets advanced, techniques to reduce leakage current of MOS circuits get more important.

low standby leakage is strongly required in LSI s for cell phones to prolong the battery life.


INTRODUCTION The internet-sector server marketisgrowingatafast pace,by 40 to 65% per year according to various market trend studies (in-cludingbyIDC).Thisfast increaseisduetovariousnovel internet services that are being offered, along with ubiquitous internet access possibilities through various devices including mobile devices such as smartphones and netbooks.

smartphones enable their users to be permanently in touch with email, the internet, social networking sites such asFacebook andTwitter, e-commerce, etc.


Details of the usage of these .elds are discussed in Section 4.

the S bit overlaps with the operation .eld and has the special meaning of looking for successor.


SetID : A SetID is an identi.er for ATCache to identify if the SetTag for the correct set exists in the ATCache.

a SetID of an ATCache is analogous to a tag of a conventional cache.


Given C E VG1 = C E VG2, we use the mathematical induction to prove the functional equivalence of G1 and G2.

we would like to show that G1(.n) = G2(.n) for i i i = 0 ~ n. 1) Base case: For i = 0: Since .n 0 contains only the all-0 vector, the weighted summation of G1 and G2 under .n 0 is zero.


shows the CPU time overhead of BRMBI compared to conventional flow.

as can be seen in Table 2, larger circuits have better PDP improvement (from 1.4% for small circuits to 35% for large circuit), as large circuits have more bins in planning level, the more concise BRM is generated that leads to better distribution of buffers.


1.0 Introduction In 1997, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) identified a major design crisis approaching in its National Technology Road Map for Semiconductors [Sia97].

they mentioned the drastic increase of clock frequency and the exponential increase of circuit complexity, and concluded that a novel asynchronous approach could be required to solve some of the industry s future problems.


3.4 Canonization Example In this section we exemplify the computation of some of the canonical forms previously presented.

we obtain the canonical representation of a three input multiplexer with respect to truth table lexicographical ordering, and to cofactor and shifted cofactor representation.


Fractional sample rate 1/4 of the output port of the Add4 block implies that only one output sample is produced after 4 invocations of the Add4 block.

each invocation consumes 1 input sample, but every 4-th invocation produces one output sample.


3.1 Average Resource Dynamic Power We assume that each resource will consume a typical average dynamic power for executing one operation.

the total dynamic power will be represented by a constant after the scheduled DFG is given.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Google for hosting the last author of this paper as a visiting faculty in the System Health Group during the summer of 2009.

we thank Wolf-Dietrich Weber for his e.orts in making the data available for us and Chris May.eld who provided scripts to extract some of the data.


Power supplynoise can alsobe tackled at the system-level.

workload assignment can have a signi.cant impact on the induced power supply noise in a multi-core system.


This property can be demonstrated by analyzing the SCON, and the guarantees provided by the synchronization algorithms.


This speedup is invested in DSE accuracy by using HLS.

hLS gives on average more than 77% higher annotation accuracy, in comparison to manually-annotated models.


5.1.1 Static QoS Policies We define a policy as static if the hardware mechanism required for it does not need to perform dynamic resource assignment.

static policies are defined such that the specified target and constraint do not require continuous adjustment of resources.


Figure 2 presents estimates of total interconnect area as 512 length-4 channel wires are gradually replaced with 8-to-1 bit-serial wires.2 Although area is needed for the bit-serial wiring and SER/DES circuits, area is saved as traditional wiring is removed.

note the input connection block area shrinks signi.cantly because semi-random switch patterns can be replaced with more orderly word-wide inputs [10].


Therefore, we can conclude that when the tagis atthe Xth way of a cache setin thebigger cache where X> (A/2),depending on the value of X, tail tohead searching can reduce the number of ways searchedinside a set ofthe smaller cache from one to (A/2).

the tail to head searching can reduce searching up to 50% compared to the head to tail search.


However, we have observed that these ways have very different utilization, and this utilization varies across time and way order.

the first way has higher utilization than the second one, which in turn has higher utilization than the third one, and so on.


However, it is also important to understand tangle from another perspective.

we need to answer the following questions: (i) Given a particular CDN what are the di.erent resources that they host/serve?


Packet snif.ng has also been applied to wireless (and wired) LANs [6].

two interesting systems for passive analysis of WLANs have been proposed, namely WIT [9] and JIGSAW [2].


Both Table III and II report three multi-columns, one for each evaluated policy.

we use the round-robin sensor-less policy, i.e.


We also consider a largescale scientific task that might run in cloud datacenters.

we benchmark one instance per core of the Klee SAT Solver, an important component of CloudSuite 2.0 s Software Testing workload.


Some hardening techniques for matrix multiplication are presented and compared in [11].

as cache corruption produces multiple errors on the same row or column of the output matrix, errors can be corrected in constant time by adding checksums in the input matrices extending the Algorithm Based Fault Tolerance (ABFT) TABLE III FFT CROSS SECTION AND FIT AT NYC  TABLE IV REAL AND IMAGINARY PART PERCENTAGE, CROSS SECTION, AND FIT Percentage Cross section FIT FFT Real 94.96% 3.50·10-6cm2 4.90·105 FFT Imaginary 96.17% 3.55·10-6cm2 4.97·105 TABLE V FFT SINGLE AND MULTIPLE ERRORS FFT Real FFT Imaginary Single Multiple Single Multiple Percentage 1.61% 98.39% 4.00% 96.00% FIT 7.89·103 4.82·105 19.80·103 4.67·105 technique proposed in [19], based on Freivalds results [20].


s), we will show that their results are really only a starting point.

these studies have only considered commodity DRAMs with traditional main memory architectures.


In general, equation systems may have more than one solution in the four-valued domain.

it may be the case that neither the least xy.nor the greatest .xpoint xy belongs to .


However, FinFET also experiences multiple temporal degradations, e.g., Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI), Hot Carrier Injection (HCI).

on top of the spatial uncertainty caused by process variations, various temporal degradations hold back the feature size of technology from further scaling.


INTRODUCTION MOSFET scaling into deep sub-100nm has resulted in signi.cantincrease inleakagepower consumption.

in 45nmtechnology andbeyond,leakagepower consumptionwillcatch up with, and may even dominate, dynamic power consumption [1].


We use real, publicly available benchmarks for all of our experiments.

our experiments were conducted on design units from the USB 2.0 Function Core, the USB 1.1 PHY, and the Ethernet MAC 10/100 Mbps designs from www.opencores.org.


In this context, the paper proposes a mutation model for perturbing transaction level modeling (TLM) SystemC descriptions.

the main constructs provided by the SystemC TLM 2.0 library have been analyzed, and a set of mutants is proposed to perturb the primitives related to the TLM communication interfaces.


Unexcitability Analysis of SEUs Affecting the Routing Structure of SRAM-based FPGAs Cinzia Bernardeschi Luca Cassano Andrea Domenici Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa, Italy cinzia.bernardeschi@ing.unipi.it Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa, Italy luca.cassano@ing.unipi.it Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa, Italy andrea.domenici@ing.unipi.it Luca Sterpone Dipartimento di Automatica ed Informatica Politecnico di Torino, Italy luca.sterpone@polito.it ABSTRACT Testing SEUs in the con.guration memory of SRAM-based FPGAs is very costly due to their large con.guration memory, therefore it is necessary to optimize the generation of test patterns.

in order to reduce the e.ort required of automatic test pattern generators, it is useful to identify early the unexcitable faults, i.e., those faults that cannot be excited by any combination of input signals.


These statistics are used to predict the V/f settings for the next window.

we use a last value predictor to set the next window s V/f point.


solution generated using pattern i would have a higher capacitance and maximum delay than the solution generated using pattern j.

wiring pattern i should not be considered in the .rst place.


Information for fault database: We record the information regarding the pilots in the fault database (.gure 1).

we record the unique pilot id and the size of the population it represents.


These four properties can be separately maintained in di.erent manners in a system.

for example, transactional memories (TMs) [22] maintain A, C, and I, separated from D, while a recent study on failure-atomic msync [36] focuses on A and D. a persistent memory system needs to ensure atomicity, consistency, and durability.


Improving speed is one of the subthreshold circuit design challenge.

this paper investigates the performance of FPGA interconnect resource using CMOS, Carbon Nano Tube Transistors (CNFETs), FinFET and operating drivers in near threshold region.


This step can be easily substituted with a gate-level estimation tool if the gate-level netlist and testbenches are available.

we can come back to this point after the RTL freeze for more accurate power estimation.


Generalizing the case where each wire has a separate model is straightforward.

this would allow us to compensate for the parasitic inductances and capacitances of bonding wires, lead frames, solder bumps, etc.


This is because they have poor locality, forcing the bits to move.

the reason the bits aren t idle is because they are doing something worse for system .delity, they are in transit.


Several run-time oriented caching policies and schemes [9,  10, 21] have been proposed to distinguish certain characteristics of data access patterns in order to achieve better performance.

these schemes distinguish between data that is accessed in a private manner by one core and data that is shared by two or more cores and adjust the caching methodology accordingly.


2.2.3 An Iterative Clustering Scheme In order to prevent audio segments of different types to be merged into the same cluster, we also propose an iterative clustering scheme to verify whether a cluster can be divided any further.

at each iteration, each cluster obtained from previous iteration is further clustered using the spectral clustering scheme.


Since, the simulation-based method is very time-consuming, we consider a bound.

if it cannot .nd the optimal solution and does not improve the accuracy of the obtained solution more than 0.1% after 100,000 iterations, the simulation is terminated and the last obtained result is reported.


For example, the 65nm technology described and sub-V behavior.

we focus on SNM, delay, andthin [14] offers low power and high power devices, with each energy consumption in sub-V circuits.th.


µ ...... y d assuming perfect contacts, given by the Landauer-Buttiker formula, is 4e2/h 2p (5) = 155 µS [11].

the resistance of a carbon h nanotube of length L < .CNT with ideal coupling to the two metal LK = contacts at its ends is given by [34]: 2e2v F h (1) R = R = 6.45K.


Note that the extra hardware needs to be added within the same framework of the diagnosis scheme.

new output positions need to be added to distinguish each member of an ambiguity group, while the only way to observe any fault at the output positions is through the comparison of redundant copies of the same signal.


3 illustrates the congestion detection circuit where a 3-bit shift register is adopted to store the threshold signal whenever a new flit enters or leaves the buffer (flit events: flit_tx or flit_rx).

in each flit event, if the number of occupied cells of the buffer is larger (smaller) than a threshold value, the threshold signal is assigned to one (zero) and stored in the shift register.


Note that in Table 3 the number of bu.ers in the .xed stage (m) for 90nm and 45nm designs are both 0.

there is essentially no .xed stage in these two designs.


The increasing (or decreasing) rising time causes a shrinking (or widening) output pulse width, resulting in a failure at the end of the 10mm link.

the output pulse widths obtained from process corner simulations of the single delay cell design are Wout,0 >Wout,1 >Wout,2 > ... > Wout,10 (1) (bit 1 transmission f ailure) or Wout,0 <Wout,1 <Wout,2 < ... < Wout,10.


With the recent advances in virtualization, more solutions have been pushed down to the inner rings.

since hypervisor controls the outer computer systems, a number of techniques use virtual machine introspection (VMI) [16]to detect the kernel rootkits (e.g., [24, 14, 15]).


This step assumes that speculative features such as memory hierarchy are not used by the program.

the program .ts entirely on the on-chip cache of the chosen processor.


We maintain the abbreviations and conventions from the previous sections.


In a storage cell (e.g., a memory cell, a latch or a flip-flop), such a sufficiently strong transient current pulse can reverse the cell state, producing the inversion in the stored value.

it provokes a bit flip in the storage cell.


Switching off power to a cache line has important implications for the rest of the cache circuitry.

the first access to a powered-off cache line should: (i) result in a miss (since data and tag might be corrupted without power) (ii) reset the counter and restore power to the cache line and (iii) delay an appropriate amount of time until the cache-line circuits stabilize after power is restored.


To achieve this property, the following is required: All bits within a single PUF response should be random and unpredictable.

bits in a single response do not supply information about each other and cannot be predicted.


An algorithm is terminating if, for any fair history H of the algorithm where no process crashes, each (partially or fully completed) call to a procedure in H incurs a .nite number of steps.

(in H each process that participates either terminates after completing a .nite number of procedure calls, or else it makes in.nitely many procedure calls.)


However, we observe that correlation does not necessarily lead to inaccuracy, if properly managed.

in circuits like the SC adder, inputs can be correlated without affecting the accuracy of the result.


This goal is achieved by exploiting the fact that most model coefficients of a highdimensional performance model are close to zero.

the unknown model coefficients carry a unique sparse pattern.


To alleviate that problem, we need proactive load-balancing to push noncritical consumers away from their producers.

5contention does not arise because the criticality predictor produces false negatives.


First, a traditional memory array is created with MR = 64 rows and 10% column redundancy.

if the memory array has MC columns in total, there are 10%xMC redundant columns reserved for memory repair.


To analyze this, we considered the scenario where the die is divided into 4 regions only.

the original 16 regions were clubbed together into four regions to determine the supply voltage and body-biasing parameters.


a light tailed distribution has its tail distribution decays in the same order or even more rapidly than exponential, where a long tailed distribution decays slower than exponential.


The goal of weighting is to lessen the impact of access to o.sets that occur frequently and independently of other accesses.

in the absence of weights it is likely that a workload with an on-disk cache would return a single group, where every element has been classi.ed into the cache group.


In contrast, FW development and validation require execution speed and can manage with observability and debug at the sequential / program/instruction level.

they do not need accurate internal HW models, and can get by with abstract HW (like the one in a virtual-platform model), as long as the HW interaction with FW is accurate.


However, in spite of its excellent performance, the beat-based segmentation will inevitably introduce some slight deviations when experiencing various signal distortions.

different copies of a music piece are not segmented into exactly the same set of beats and as a result, the precise timing of each beat would not match.


In order to generate a test for a fault f, i.e.

stuck-at-0 (s-a0) or stuck-at-1 (s-a-1), the circuit CNF FC is augmented f by additional constraints Ffor fault detection and fault F propagation with respect to the speci.c fault f. the following CNF formulation results: f f FTest = FC · FF f The CNF Ftypically includes the complete output cone of F the fault site, the faulty gate itself, and D-chain constraints topropagate the fault to an observation point [15].


Note that in IPC, a property .. is proven to hold globally (unboundedly) because the computational model for the proof assumes an arbitrary starting state ..0 (and not the initial state as in BMC).

the property is implicitly preceded by a G operator: G .. =G (.. .


Although originally developed for consumer vehicles, the CAN bus is now gaining widespread acceptance for use in many other land, sea, and air-based vehicle platforms.

the CANaerospace upper-layer protocol, standardized by NASA, is of particular interest as it defines message types and encodings for many datum related to air-vehicle parameters and control as well as providing inherent support for N-redundancy.


Co-executingjobs may con.ict with each other on various shared resources which may adversely affectoverallperformance.Or,reversely, systemperformance maygreatlybene.tfrom co-executing jobs that put compatible demands on shared resources.

the performance interactions and symbiosis between coexecutingjobs on multithreadedprocessors canbepositive or negative[28].


We therefore assume a linear relationship between the usage of the control logic and the input size.

we assume S koactl (n) = a1 n + ß1 and S bcctl ( n , k ) = a 2 n + ß 2 k + .


Our results, collected using the Simics simulation toolset [17], demonstrate that not just the different applications require different percentages of idle processors to be used for computation duplication, but also even within the same application, the different loop nests work best (from the perspective of the energy-delay-fallibility product) with the different percentages of idle processors being used for duplication.

the amount of duplication should be tuned at a loop nest granularity.


In this paper, we discuss the mapping problem in future SoCs.

we account for classes of replicated modules and for multistage processing pipelines.


Each priority is directly related to the dependency vectors that result in accesses to the page.

the priority depends on the maximal iso-y subsets that the dependency vectors are part of and their positions in that subset.


Hence, the total capacitance at the dynamic node for p-type domino is not as small as could be expected from a first-order analysis.

the drive current degradation due to the lower mobility of the node voltages in the circuit become close to Vdd or ground, including the virtual ground (vgnd) or virtual supply (vsup), in the case of PMOS or NMOS gating, respectively.


Because AC is a block-based design, all the cache hits come solely from the temporal reuse.

the hit ratio directly corresponds to the bandwidth savings provided by the cache.


On the contrary, in [6, 7], we showed that di.erent kinds of EFSMs can be generated starting form the same HDL description, and each of them is composed of transitions with a more or less uniformly distributed probability of being activated.

in [6] we proposed a procedure that generate a new EFSM, starting from a reference EFSM (REFSM) that is exactly equivalent to the HDL description of design under veri.cation (DUV).


In other words, The two .nal constraints (C8 and C9)relateall thevariables to each other.

the constraint C8 determines the relationship between the overall used layers, yrs,and the layers used by each speci.c application, ukrs.The relationship is straightforward from the de.nition of the two variables.


For 2Bcgskew, each table in the predictor is given a virtual 48-bit address space.

the 2Bc-gskew predictor is given a virtual hardware budget of 256 terabytes.


The configuration register may also be configured to shut down ways, resulting in a 4 Kbyte directmapped or 2-way set associative cache or a 2 Kbyte directmapped cache.

2 Kbyte 2-or 4-way set associative and 4 Kbyte 4-way set associative caches are not possible using the configurable cache hardware.


However, with limited testing coverage, large number of TSVs, and various possible crack propagation directions, conventional chip testing techniques may fail to identify every chip with critical cracks.

a direct critical crack detection technique is imperative to guarantee shipping only critical-crack-free chips.


The tree edge cost between any two connected vertices is de.ned as the non-boundary portion of the rectilinear distance between the two points.

the tree edge overlapping with the polygon boundary has a zero-cost; 2.


The traditional notion of value locality [3, 8] is quite distinct from frequent value locality.

value locality is de.ned in context of individual instructions and is observed by examining the values generated by multiple executions of a speci.c instruction.


In our simulations, we use 4-way and 8-way setassociative caches to observe the effectiveness of PMA and the BPS.

we target a 64KB 4-way associative cache and a 64KB 8-way associative cache with 32-byte block sizes.


with b0 = p0 in the model-checking state space, such that {bi | 0 : i < |O|} nn is a chain of channel bounds and bi = pi.

0ci<|a| 0ci<|a| n if O is .nite, then b|a|-1 = pi.


Even though this strategy mainly targets TSV degradation/failure, it can also be used to target for path delay faults caused by the degradation of other onpath circuit elements.

as long as the identi.ed repair solution is con.rmed to be valid with online testing, it is not necessary to root-cause the path delay fault to a particular circuit element.


It shows that the number of committed instructions is only about 30% to 40% of the total number of fetched instructions for all example.

the instruction fetch rate is much higher than instruction commit rate in bus transmission.


In case of a 1024-bit adder the largest carry propagation is under 22 bits in 99.99% cases.

if we implement a 1024 bit adder using several 24-bit adders similar to Fig.


In the tensile mode, the mobility is increased up to 10% [2].

the mobility change is a non-symmetrical distribution, which violates the typical assumption of normal distribution.


, 8, which derive compressed-domain representation of the spectral components by directly using the compressively-sensed EEG samples.

in order to compute the desired features, H j must be such that it yields an output signal from which the energy of the original band-isolated signal fj can be obtained.


Stack distance is useful for program analysis because it is independent of speci.c cache sizes.

the reuse distance, which is the LRU stack distance, has been extensively used in improving program and system locality [37].


The retransmission scheme also involves another type of test reliability concern besides the test traf.c jitter problem.

when retransmission happens, the test data transfer is stalled and hence the total test data volume that can be processed on-chip is reduced.


As described in Section 2.1, we utilize a task queue-based software task management system [25, 22, 27].

task queues are pre-populated with of.ine-generated schedules right before the start of each parallel section.


The stoic s view of ratiocination was that seminal reasons were the impetus for animate motion [2].

the nature of a whole cannot be discovered by dividing it into its component parts and studying each Integrated & Architecture + Concurrent, Iterative S/W H/W Development + Optimized Final Product Figure 1.


Since the links are usually inserted between leaf nodes [6,7], after skew minimization in stage 1, the e.ect of adding link resistors back is not large.

the improvement obtained in stage 1 can be mostly retained even after adding link resistors back.


This metric primarily demonstrates temporal locality of individual lines, but does not account for spatial locality between lines.

we look at the distribution of intervals, choosing lines for which most accesses occur a few cycles apart.


Then zs Zi (s) z1sFi (-2) = z1s + z2 s2 + .... (5.2) z 1 where Fi(s) is the Laplace transform of fi.

from any admissible function we can form an expression that matches the first two moments of ZdR(s).


Different evaluation functions in .tting with the implementation backend and the corresponding implementation technology can be incorporated into our solution framework to evaluate the implementation cost of the set partitions and RST topologies generated.

we experimentedwithanimplementationcostmodel basedonthe power consumption parameters of a 70nm process technology where leakage power is a major source of energy consumption.


A trusted timer (low) is used to control the execution of untrusted components.

the Master state (trusted, labeled with low, enforced tagged) sets up a timer and transits to the Slave state (also trusted, low), which falls into its child state (potentially untrusted, dynamic tagged) and executes the computation logic.


One objection could be that market effects will obviate the need for veri.able accounting.

providers who consistently overcharge customers or are unable to correctly attribute resource consumption to customers and pay the cost themselves will eventually be weeded out.


Less total number of critical cells implies less Lvt cells and higher percentage of Hvt cells being used eventually.

we trade small dynamic power increase for large leakage power reduction.


Here, LE B is a better seed candidate since its c value is smaller than that of A.

b has a lesser average separation from its neighboring nodes, and more nets can be potentially absorbed for internal routing.


ROBUST LEARNING KERNELS For our proposed hotspot detection methodology, MLKs (machine learning kernels) play an essential role unlike previous works.

we employ special MLKs and integrate them in a special manner for detection accuracy/robustness enhancement and false-alarm suppression.


To statistically encode such a sparse pattern as our prior knowledge, we exploit the fact that if the early-stage coefficient aE,m has a large (or small) magnitude, it is likely that the late-stage coefficient aL,m also has a large (or small) magnitude.

we model each late-stage coefficient as a zero-mean Gaussian distribution: 2 aL m 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 pdf (a )= L,m ...... · exp - , .2 a2 Number of Samples per Configuration · p·.·aE m 2 · (15) , .


Collapsing We define a collapsing condition as that when all states in to(s) are NOP and none of them directly appears in a reachability check.

under such a condition, we collapse all the NOP states and merge them with s. .t.to(s) (with t being NOP), we remove the transitions s.f(x,i) t and t.TRUE q and add a new transition s.f(x,i) q.


In this paper we present a novel technique to reduce energy consumption for CMP core interconnect leveraging spatial locality speculation to identify unused cache block words.

we propose to predict which words in each cache block fetch will be used and leverage that prediction to reduce dynamic energy consumption in the NoC channels and routers through diminished switching activity.


GATE CLUSTERING Objective of the clustering procedure is that of identifying groups of cells that will be power-gated by the same sleep transistor cell.

the clustering algorithm we have implemented takes into account both the physical positions of the cells in the layout and their timing paths.The pseudo-code of the proposed algorithm is shown in Figure 4.


So, when we don t like the answers, it s time to change the question.

we need to successively relax the tight constraints imposed by today s design ideologies, and, by proposing alternative system level design strategies and methods, see whether technology evolution can take new directions and come up with new, more appropriate answers as it scales.


Because of its shared nature between the input and output schedulers, the internal bu.ers occupancies can serve as a good arbitration criterion.

our previously proposed MCBF (Most Critical internal Bu.er First) algorithm [9] was shown to outperform all existing algorithms while basing its scheduling decision exclusively on the internal bu.ers occupancies only.


As a result, in a TR LLC controlling eviction frequency, by delaying when misses are served for each task, is enough to trustworthily upper-bound the maximum e.ect that such task may have on other co-running ones in the LLC.

the WCET estimated for a task ti is trustworthy regardless of its particular co-runner tasks as long as their aggregated miss frequency and so their eviction frequency  is below the prede.ned miss frequency threshold, M Ti, for which ti s WCET estimate is computed.


2.2 Fixpoint Theory Fixpoint theory is well understood in theoretical computer science.

the Tarski-Knaster theorem is often used to compute least and greatest .xpoints [44].


Therefore, the propagation delay of a logic block and its variation must be considered for appropriate adjustment of the evaluation and the precharge signals.

the computation delay of each crossbar block must be considered in the logic mapping in order to tolerate delay variations.


A dirty PC is a PC that might be involved in garbage collection for block recycling, where a clean PC does not.

an LCPC, an FCPC, and an FDPC are a set of contiguous live pages, free pages, and dead pages, respectively.


Timing analysis is an essential aspect of determining whether a crosstalk event can create a faulty output in a circuit.

the signal arrival times and transition times (inverse of slew rates) in a circuit can change as a function of the crosstalk noise that is present in the circuit.


However, any missing variable in a standard ADD is interpreted as marking replicated matrix entries.

the entries of the matrix for both values of the variable are identical.


INTRODUCTION By the increasing development of integrated circuit technology, interconnects have become one of the most critical factors that signi.cantly a.ect the quality of the .nal designs.

the long interconnects cause serious e.ects on circuit timing, power, and area.


A third approach targets delay violation in data caches.

we develop a VAriable-latency Cache Architecture (VACA).


Neither of these techniques, however, can guarantee freshness.

this is because even if the client encrypts the data and uses a signature or MAC, this does not prevent an adversary who can access and manipulate the memory, disk space, or software of the untrusted server, or who can intercept and manipulate messages transmitted over the untrusted network, from performing a replay attack.in response to a read request, the adversary can replace the most recent signed and encrypted version of the desired data with an older but likewise signed and encrypted version.


Consider the decomposition chart for the decomposition g(h(X1),X2).

the column multiplicity is equal to W. if we ignore the outputs in Y1, plog2 Wl lines are necessary and su.cient to realize the functions in Y2.


(Variability) (%) efficacy of dual Vth and dual L design and spatial correlation of L. -5 .

t/T (%) dd while both methods are effective at high VDD, they are shown to be ineffective at very low VDD due to the excessive path delay variability.


Future research is required to generalize these results, as the Gujarati farmers may not be representative of all farmers.

their perceptions of authorities and willingness to seek information may di.er from farmers in India.


For the purposes of the following examples, kbT is expressed in normalized units relative to the logic state energy.

thermal energy is expressed as a fraction of unit logic state energy.


In this paper, we propose a technique that automates most of these tasks.

the tasks of analysis, encapsulating and establishing connections can be automated.


Training network: We will use two networks for letters & numbers training with noises, in each network we will adjust the weights of each unit in such a way that the error between the desired output and the actual output is reduced, we compute the error derivative of the weights.

it must calculate how the error changes as each weight is increased or decreased slightly, the MLP network trained with input vector Xi and desired output Dj , m input layers (m=200), l hidden layers was picked by guesswork and experience (l=10), n output layers (n=15 for letters recognition, n = 10 for numbers recognition).


We were able to meet this minimum latency while still serializing tag and data access.

we first do a tag access to determine which (if any) of the seven cache ways holds the current address.


Measurement Testbed Architecture with QMA More specifically, air-ground, wireless ad-hoc and satellite segments have been considered to emulate a particular emergency scenario where terrestrial, on board of an aerial vehicle, and both local and remote headquarters operators have to effectively collaborate.

air-ground segment has been emulated by Wideband Radio Channel Emulator made by Elektrobit, named PropsimC2.


The series resistance of low-quality integrated inductor introduces signi.cant thermal noise and degrades LNA input matching.

the noise optimization has to consider the fact that series resistance of inductor varies with inductance following speci.c pattern determined by physical implementation of inductor [1].


This is because MLC .ash employs distinct threshold voltages to represent di.erent data patterns [26].

programming di.erent data patterns (i.e., 11 , 10 , 00 , or 10 ) onto a cell results in distinct threshold voltages.


Access latency to the L2 cache is derived from Cacti to be 6 cy cles, while off-chip main memory access delay is assumed The other noteworthy trend of Figure 5 is the variation in average read access latency reduction.

lu and rad exhibit the least amount of savings.


The second type is to replace certain complicated modules by their approximation counter parts.

in contrast to the first type of speed-up process that does not change the output values, the second type speed-up process changes the output values.


INTRODUCTION S  p+(VBN) n+(VBP) Major challenges in developing deep-sub volt embedded (e-) NiSi DRAMs are to achieve a high signal-to-noise-ratio (S/N) cell SOI G G array with a logic-compatible planar cell and high-speed midpoint (tSOI < 20 nm) S D S D sensing (i.e., a half-VDD data-line precharge), and to reduce the BOX p+ n+ (tBOX < 10 nm) speed variation of peripheral circuits caused by the threshold (VT) n-Well STI variation of MOST.

noise in the array must be p-Sub  significantly reduced.


The .ow throughput decreases from ck to ck/m for each ring k. 4.2 Admission control based on the minimum data rate We now consider an admission control based on the minimum data rate: a new data transfer is accepted if and only if its rate and the rate of ongoing transfers would be larger than cmin.

the admission decision now depends on the location of users.


The entry labeled other includes parts of the calculation that fell outside these six phases, such as cell-tagging, level data initialization, and load balancing.

the times reported are averages across processors; times are summed over all processors and then divided by the number of processors.


Our aim is to accomplish this goal in this paper.

we investigated the impact on logic block leakage power by shutting down unused transistors in the look-up tables (LUTs).


Towards this goal, we design our system with the following considerations: (i) ability to work across metering devices with different sampling rates; (ii) support for easy installation and untethered operation; (iii) scalability and .exibility for users to target speci.c subsets of end-loads at distributed locations for the monitoring.

the second and third design considerations require the add-on mote sensor to run on battery with aggressive sleep scheduling to conserve energy.


In addition, the G for interconnect is non-singular in VNA.

let the resulting BBD system equation is L-1 at branch ik be an element between node vi and vj .The kk Yx= Bu (19) product of ElL-1 is where 3 ik 2 3 ik 3 2 Y1 0 ... 0 X10 .


Loh and Hill mentioned that it is possible to allow the MissMap to have false positives [11].

if the MissMap says that a block is present in the DRAM cache when in fact it is not, then there is only a performance impact as the system needlessly pays for the latency of the DRAM cache before going to main memory.


The RESET currents for all lines range from 0.88mA to 1.15mA (instead of 1.14mA to 1.15mA at 4MB block level).

some lines can work at 0.88mA after adopting ECP to rescue 6 dormant cells.


In this paper, we show that we can solve such potential timing violations in high-level synthesis without degrading speed performance, but by devising register assignment and clocking scheme.

we will combine Backward-Data-Direction (BDD) clocking, Forward-Data-Direction (FDD) clocking, and Structural Robustness against delay Variation (SRV)-based register assignment to solve potential timing violations.


The early-stage model is used as a template to define our prior knowledge for late-stage (e.g., post-layout) performance modeling.

a prior distribution is statistically defined for the late-stage model coefficients.


In addition, it shall be noted that compared with conventional color assignment problem, in TPL-OSR the solution space is much larger.

to resolve the coloring con.ict between two abutted cells ci, cj , apart from picking up compatible coloring solutions, TPL-OSR can seek to .ip cells (see Fig.


It will never eliminate the I/O bus transfer (DMA), which is the major bottleneck to the I/O performance.

only two memory cycles are eliminated in zero-copy implementation.


If the output of the verifying operation is valid, then Y will know that the message M is authentic.


It turns out kernel based learning methods such as support vector machines [5] [6] are useful tools for this purpose.

this paper adopts kernel ridge regression [7] [8] and the related con.dence interval computing algorithm [9] to construct such analog models for the digital block and estimate the error interval, the latter of which ensures the conservativeness of this conversion as required by formal veri.cation.


We also show that transient effects are sensitive to non-uniform de-cap distribution and that locality is a tight function of frequency and of the package-die resonance, producing newly explained localized resonant effects.

all of these points have impact on what kind of analysis and optimization are required from CAD.


We found that proper queue sizing can reduce or even completely avoid the performance loss due to imbalanced relay stations insertion in reconvergent paths.

the performance of LISs with back-pressure after proper queue sizing can reach that of LISs without back-pressure.


Loh and Hill observed that the tags and data reside in the same DRAM row, and so the actual latency of a cache hit can be less than two full accesses by exploiting row buffer locality [11].

the DRAM row is opened or activated into the row buffer only once, and then tag and data requests can be served directly out of the row buffer at a lower latency compared to two back-to-back accesses to different rows.


The monitor extracts the interface behaviors from the detailed signals to the high level transactions, and displays transactions in nWave environment[9].

the input of the monitor is the detailed interface signals on the bus; the output is the corresponding transactions.


xzhao@us.ibm.com, yangwan@gatech.edu, mikeman@us.ibm.com, limsk@ece.gatech.edu Abstract In this paper, we present a transient modeling of electromigration (EM) in TSV and TSV-to-wire interfaces in the power delivery network (PDN) of 3D ICs.

we model atomic depletion and accumulation, effective resistance degradation, and full chip-scale PDN lifetime degradation due to EM.


Note that the chosen cut at this point may be violating input/output constraints and convexity constraints.

we allow a cut to be illegal giving it an opportunity to eventually grow into a valid cut.


A. I/O Ordering I/O column is ordered by the number of product terms it engages.


It propagates information to the predecessors of each node, and uses it to trim the search when those nodes are reached.

the algorithm of [6] propagates information on whether adding a node would violate the convexity constraint, and on the number of successors that are already part of the subgraph.


A link is composed of either 8 or 16 lanes, each of which transfers one bit at a time with 10 to 15 Gb/s of the signaling rate.

between o.-chip link transceivers and vault controllers, there exists a crossbar network to route each packet to the vault corresponding to its target address.1 unlike traditional memory organization where each memory address is statically mapped to a speci.c channel, any link can be used to transmit a packet regardless of its target address as shown in Figure 2.


A zero SHCT value provides a strong indication that futurelines brought into the LLC by that signature will not receive anycache hits.

references associated with this signature always have a distant re-reference interval.


To have acceptable yield, potential manufacturing difficulties must be anticipated and then remedied using appropriate design compensations.


also encoding the local or the contextual labels as follows: A simple stratagem used to accelerate the clustering pro cesses is to start the algorithms with codebooks properly = f(ci,LN (i)) (2) c initialized [14].

a good initialization of code-i books for the current task could be one of those proposed where LN (i)is the setof labels of node i, ci is the start i is the resulting centroid also encoding the for the baseline algorithms, i.e.


Leakage power consumes a substantial portion of the standby power (e.g., 81.1% of the standby power at 200MHz).

the leakage power consumed by input channels is the largest.


Otherwise, real event messages may be dropped at proxies.

we require .P,agg(.real 1 P ) aggP(.real ) P Tproxy The choice ofTproxy concernsbalancingthetrade-o.


Forthis reason, the total violation value is the most important ranking metricforbothprimary and secondary criteria mentioned above.

a solution with smaller violations will alwaysbe rankedhigher than another solution with larger violations.


The ENSBox was speci.cally designed to support this type of application with low deployment overhead.

the ENSBox supports automated self-con.guration through the existing acoustic sensor interface that can compute relative array positions to within 10 cm, and estimate array orientation to within 1.5 degrees [5].


Note that each Monte Carlo sample is created by running an expensive transistor-level simulation.

107~109 simulations must be performed in order to collect 107~109 samples.


At the next control step, the speculative OSMs will execute along their reset edges, discard their tokens and return to I.


3.2 Off-Line Analyzer Component Although the sni.er module provides deep visibility into the services/applications on the wire in real-time, some analytics cannot be performed in real-time.

dissecting and analyzing the data in di.erent ways can expose very interesting insights about the tra.c.


Mainstream AMD GPUs tended to outperform NVidia GPUs in terms of Gh/s per $, in part due to a instruction set well-suited for the bit-level nature of the SHA256 algorithm, and also because the AMD VLIW ISA provides for a greater number parallel ALUs running at slightly lower frequency than NVidia products.

rotate operations and bit-wise choose operations could be implemented with single instructions in the AMD ISAs.


Instead of link-list, table is used for buffer management which results in that control logics have to be complicated.


Based on the values of X and Y, which are in turn computed by our leakage minimization algorithm, this gate is changed as follows: If (X==1) out = g(in)  else if (Y == 1) out = OR(NOT(SLEEP), g(in)) else out = AND(SLEEP,g(in)) Modifying this gate as described above enables controlling the output of the gate independent of its inputs in the standby mode.

if we must have a ONE at the output of the gate when in the standby mode, we replace the gate with AND(SLEEP,g(in)).


In particular, to enhance our ability to do future research on Warp, we are willing to abandon our ad hoc database infrastructure and replace it completely with OA and OA Gear components at a native level.

we made the decision to integrate Warp placer tightly with OA and OA Gear.


In most of the tests, the synthesis was able to use multiple memory operations concurrently.

in each clock cycle, several memory banks were accessed.


Biological noise was documented more than half a century ago, where experimental studies have showed that production of metabolic molecules was highly variable between individual cells in a clonal population [1].

isogenic cells can exhibit very different behaviors in a homogeneous environment.


To find grid pieces, we intersect the transformed low cover set with the rectangular cells obtained earlier.

for each value of V1..VM, we obtain a set (which is called a grid piece) G(R(low cover set)), where G = [V1..VM, dV1..dVM] .


A simpli.ed model of spatial correlation can be achieved by partitioning the chip into N grids and assuming perfect spatial correlation within each grid [11, 12].

the devices within one grid have the correlation coe.cient of 1 and hence bear the same spatially-correlated variation component, whereas devices in two di.erent grids, ith and jth corr for example, have a covariance of .i,j s2 ,with a correlation coe.cient .i,j <1 [11].


Each P (fi,tj ) is set to one permanently in the generic-state test selection phase.

the weight of fault fi is added to the weight of test tj as long as tj detects fi and establishes a unique neighborhood state not yet established by tests in TN .


m 0 the late-stage model coefficients associated with these additional basis functions.

the prior knowledge for these latestage model coefficients is missing.


This is based on the observation that many rooms in buildings and of.ces contain motion sensitive lights.

when motion, and therefore people, are detected in a room the lights stay illuminated, and when no motion is detected the lights automatically turn off.


Each sensor provides the controller with a measurement; an interval containing all possible values of the true state is then computed based on that sensor s precision, implementation guarantees and sampling jitter.

if the manufacturer s precision guarantee is d, then an interval of size 2d centered at the sensor s measurement is constructed; the interval size is further increased if the worst-case guarantees for sampling jitter (and implementation limitations) are considered (e.g., the design of intervals in [5]).


Since R is total, Formula (1) is unsatis.able by Proposition 1.

the set {a .X |R(a, 0)=0 and R(a, 1) = 0}is empty.


Given n Proc s, our design can handle n concurrent contexts.

a context and its associated Proc keep track of the progress of their assigned packet.


While easy to define and implement, these very simple coverage monitors facilitated finding multiple bugs.

they improved the quality of the stress testing, where regressions were biased towards intensive stimulation of selected functions in the logic.


Instead, the access latency has a variance depending on the a.ect of process variations on STT-RAM cells.

the access to some parts of the caches can be faster than the rest parts due to di.erent e.ects of process variations on the STT-RAM cells.


However, the BDD approachfor QBF leads to the smallestoverall synthesis time for non-trivial functions.

for some benchmarks the runtimeis higher than forSWORD indeed, but this only holds for functions with an overall synthesis time of less than one second (e.g.


This means that its design and implementation is simpli.ed by building off of the existing language, adding some features and restricting others.

bioProto modi.es Proto as follows: Primitives can be annotated with genetic regulatory network speci.cations, and  Only a restricted subset of Proto is used, excluding all non-Boolean types, all operations that require non-Boolean types, and all operations over space or time.


Next, based on timing analysis results reported with Synopsys PrimeTime, we set 70% of the circuit s longest path delay as the threshold to differentiate regular FFs and suspicious FFs.

for those FFs whose driving path delays are larger than this threshold, they are replaced with timing speculators.


Although the attenuation values spans over a large range (in this example from -53 dB to -34 dB), the transmitting power, Pt ,is set assuming the maximum attenuation, GAmax,that in this case is -53 dB.

pt = Pr - Gamax, where Pr is the required receiving power which guarantees a certain BER: 2 Pr = N0Rb [Q-1(BE R)r, where, N0 is the transceiver noise spectral density, Rb is the data rate, and Q-1 is the inverse function of the tail probability of standard normal distribution.


The main challenge of this undertaking was to establish an infrastructure which enables simultaneously the separate validation of hardware and software aspects of the project, and the evaluation of the architecture parameter space.

the need for accurate simulation and the introduction of new experimental core designs con.icted with the need for fully-featured mature operating system and library services in benchmark software.


Furthermore, even in detecting the information-hiding of the audios with high signal complexity, our approaches deliver very impressive and promising performance.

in comparison with AAST, our approaches improve the testing accuracy by about 23% ~ 46% in high signal complexity.


This paper proposes an automatic ECO synthesis algorithm by interpolation.

we tackle the problem by a series of partial recti.cations.


However, it is still below SW_OPT solution.

it reduces the maximum temperature by as much as 10.3oC and 11.2oC, for multipliers and ALUs, respectively (2.7oC and 3.6oC on average).


Xc = xab ni k The second type of closure constraints combines all variables Xc that correspond to all nets connecting chip c with other chips using the pin type k. Among variables belonging to Xc k there should be no more than m variables equal to 1.

in every group of m+1 variables belonging to Xc k , there should be at least one variable equal to 0.


It provides information to the ISP that naturally re.ects its end-users habits along with the con.guration CDNs adopt for serving tra.c generated by ISP s end-users.

it re.ects the current usage of the network with respect to the tra.c and external events (like CDN policy changes).


The total size of data blocks assigned to a memory module should be no more than its capacity.

for every tj in T,  size(dk) = CapSP M (tj ).


4KB), but there is no other relationship between them.

large system pages can be used to improve TLB hit rates without affecting the size of our encryption pages.


In this paper we describe how the interaction between the two levels of abstraction is managed to provide accurate analysis of the dependability of the whole system.

the proposed technique is shown to be able to identify faults affecting the CAN network whose effects are most likely to be critical for vehicle s dynamic.


Further, Figure 2(b) shows that the 1b SA-1 consumes 40% less active mode energy than the 32b KSA-32.

total energy consumed by a 1b system over 32 cycles is less than that consumed by a 32b system in just one cycle.


Performance of naive method (Twakeup =0, 1, 2, 3) fabric in the simulator.

each router had three pipeline stages, and each packet consisted of .ve .its including one .it header (see Fig.1).


However, the subset of VTR benchmarks, which are bigger and make use of memories and DSP blocks, performs generally worse in the AIC architectures than in the reference LUT architecture.

the pure and hybrid architectures achieve a 4% and 10% slow down, respectively.


We have shown that as applications become more complex, concurrency and communication play increasingly important roles in the design process.

highly concurrent communicating models demand truly scalable communication architectures.


the accuracy of extracting critical area has great in.uence on the yield prediction.


5.3 Bank Idleness Analysis To better understand the energy behavior of memory banks, we identi.ed the most widely-used low-power mode.

we found the mode in which a bank spends most of its time.


Our simulation tool updates its simulation statistics every delta sim time (50 µs in our evaluations).

at each delta sim time, it reevaluates the per-core and overall chip statistics.


Therefore, the process of collecting vectors can be improved as well.

the original vectors can be regarded as minterms and the optimized vectors as cubes.


The less specific patterns, although usually not explicitly represented in the analysis, should be updated if necessary.

when a generalization of a pattern is discovered, the generalization of all its more general patterns should also be considered.


The severity of these constraints will vary significantly between applications, which may lead to a variety of solutions in practice.

recent advances in 3D-integration [12] and integrated optical communication [15] may provide new opportunities to improve package form factor and memory bandwidth.


(iv) Their diagnosis time is dominated by the time for diagnosing Data Retention Faults (DRFs), which, in practice, are diagnosed by performing a read operation following a predetermined delay (e.g., 100 ms) [3].

the total diagnosis time for these small e-SRAMs is at least a couple of hundred milliseconds, regardless of the memory size/capacity and diagnosis methodology, e.g., parallel or sequential diagnosis.


However, little work has been done to combine these two approaches.

work is still needed to compile a high-level language program, based on C/C++/Java, with software level optimizations with the intent of generating a hardware circuit.


In open page mode, activate power is a function of page hit rate.

higher page hit rate means same number of read and write operations could be completed with fewer activate operations.


These protocols together can be represented in a semi-lattice or a lattice, with the least constrained and most constrained protocols as its top and bottom elements, respectively.

the unique top element corresponds to the most concurrent protocol for which safe data computation is guaranteed (i.e., no data overrun or sampling of stale data), as derived in Sections 3.2 and 3.3.


An operation v is extendable if v can be assigned to the low Vdd and executed in multiple clock cycles, and the extended execution delay of v will not violate the overall latency constraint, and in the same time, the data dependencies between v and other operations are still valid.

v will still generate its data in time so that the data can flow to all the other operations that require it.


Similarly, a controller is allowed to switch between a 1ms and a 5ms sampling period at time 5ms, 10ms, 15ms etc.

it is possible to switch among sampling periods whenever corresponding tasks are released together on ERCOSek.


E.ectively,in our system, the size ofa memory regionhas noimpact ontheperformance of the coherencyprotocolbecausethenumber of cachessharingdata in that region is limited to the caches in a node.

as each memory region is an independent coherency domain,aprocessorbound toacertain memory regiondoes not need to know what happens in other regions, and thus changesina memory regionareonly noti.edtothecachesof that memory region.


Since all the live values are latched at the basic block outputs, one clock cycle is needed to transfer data from one BB to its successors.

the execution of each BB takes at least one cycle.


Z+ indicates the queue size for an edge e, denoted as q(e).

for an edge e = (v1, v2), w(e) specifies the number of tokens in the place on solid edge from transition v1 to transition v2 and q(e) specifies the one on dashed edge from transition v2 to transition v1 in the original MG, respectively.


To verify that this is indeed the case, we modi.ed our idealized list scheduler (discussed in Section 2.2) to prioritize instructions based solely on LoC values.

we remove from the list scheduler its knowledge of instantaneous criticality, replacing it instead with knowledge only of average previous criticality.


For instance, L1 caches occupy 50% chip area and are one of the main energy contributors in the ARM Cortex A5 processor [3] in order to improve energy e.ciency at HP mode.

our approach is built on top of a 6T+10T hybrid cache although any other hybrid con.gurations proposed in [16] may be used.


To identify functionallyuntestable faults, we performed constrained ATPG under a set of relaxed constraints that are independent of the selection of testprogram templates.

eX1contains several multiplexerswhose select signals must satisfy one-hot encoding constraints.


To do this, we execute just the operating system on the processor.

sPINE consumes packets from the physical network controller as quickly as possible, without dispatching any worker threads for application specific processing.


Unfortunately, there is a cyclic inter-dependency between them that compromises the performance.

the assignment decision of operations to functional units is based on the knowledge of the assignment of variables to registers.


The resultant p-value is quite small (< 0.05) for this test, suggesting strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

the seven features extracted from the raw test data are proved to be closely correlated with test-termination points that produce accurate diagnosis results, thereby providing more useful information for predicting the Y labels than a random coin toss.


However, this does not mean no HTs can defeat it.

attackers may exploit the assumptions used in VeriTrust to evade it.


Introduction Interconnect lines play a dominant role in the signal integrity degradation.

as both a circuit speed and the level of integration become Giga-scale (i.e., several GHz operation frequency and a billion transistors in a silicon die) [1][2], a more accurate interconnect line model is crucial for an accurate signal integrity verification.


3 (with the cross-sectional view along its bitline).

all cells in a row share a single SL, eliminating the areas taken by N SLs previously, where N is number of columns.


R_node R_cwise R_ccwise R_across  Figure 4: Octagon Router  4.2 Veri.cation of the RTL Implementation Model We have written a request-response tra.c environment and a basic router model in VHDL.

a request is generated at a source Octagon node to be sent to a destination Octagon node.


scl(smax,wmax) +scl(si4,wj4) (5) where, (si4,wj4) = argminDist(I(si1,wj1)+(si2,wj2), I(smax ,wmax )+(s,w))(s,w) for a 3 core processor, one of which hosts a0 and the remaining two cores host2 other applications, instead of measuring performance degradation with all scl settings for the remaining two cores, we only need to measure performance with (i) all possible settings of scl on one core (which effectively covers also the scl pairs satisfying the conditions for Equation (4)) and, (ii) scl (smax , wmax )on one core and all settings of scl on the 3rd core (covering the combinations satisfying Equation (5)).


Similarly, a single thread handles a unique input port in 2nd kernel.

the first two kernels utilize thread level parallelism.


This algorithm can perform simultaneous learning and control.

the value update rule for an state-action pair in Watkin s Q(.)


In the PBCA, BS of a cell is able to pro-actively allocate channel resource by estimating the channel request based on the predicted location information in order to reduce the ratio of dropping call request within hotspot cells.

if a BS predicts that it will need more channels than its own channel limit after a speci.c lookahead time, it pro-actively borrows available channels from neighboring cells before receiving surge of call requests.


5.2 Application: Image Sharpening We use a probabilistic multiplier to enhance some digital images.

we use a .lter to sharpen blurred images.


Rajan and Ramaswamy [7] recently proposed using a shepherd cache to emulate the OPT replacement.

some policies, so-called early eviction, evict the lines as soon as they aredead.


curves can be achieved, but not a mix of the two.

once the device type is chosen, then the design is restricted to the corresponding power vs. delay tradeo..


Because a lower value of Nsampgives rise to a higher uncertainty in the objective function evaluation, a larger number of generations is required for a stable evaluation of the performance of designs.

because the value of Nsampis directly correlated with the reliability of the clock speed estimate, GAs running with low Nsampvalues require more generations to properly evaluate the performance of designs.


Returning to our running example, let us derive from D a slightly higher abstraction, having the same objects and relation L as D but only one additional relation G= N. S. This abstraction, which we call U,provides partial information about a user s interpretation of the SFC diagram.

g contains exactly those action-step associations which are explicitly guaranteed in the diagram, and thus hold in all semantic interpretations which respect the meaning of quali.ers.


Following [1] and [10], we also concentrate on acyclic SDF graphs since algorithms for acyclic graphs can be used in the general SAS framework developed in [1].

the loose interdependence framework of [1] constructs an SAS for an arbitrary SDF graph by decomposing the SDF graph into strongly connected components recursively.


c0 / for a chain of N identical gates with logical effort g, LGR is preferable in terms of power if Nrep > N = g (35) In terms of delay, it would be beneficial to combine the two techniques: use smaller wire segments and add some repeaters.


with the output voltage is neglected, as long as Mb1 stays in saturation, the gain is independent of the bias currents and voltages.

the gain remains constant and the input-output characteristic is linear[1].


In addition, the multipliers and accumulators in the asynchronous data-path consist of fine-grain partitioned bit-slices that are selectively activated by mask control signals.

the MASK unit identifies bit-slices of input data that contains non-SEBs as well as the special case in which the data is  MSB LSB Input ( x1 ' ) m(3) m(2) m(1) 4 >>9 2 >>7 0 >>5 0 >>4 >>2   Figure 4.


7, we can recognize that the output current from the charge pump can be adjusted by controlling the switching frequency.

the MCU can .nd the new IMPP as follows: starting from the switching frequency of just below the previous IMPP, sweep the I-F curve by monitoring both Isolar and Icharging.


Instead, we must also note the associated latency when a node is explored.

a post-register wave can expand to a given node even if it has already been explored by a pre-register wave.


To build a system that can operate under all market conditions, specifically in periods of very high volatility, the FAST protocol and its data rates need to be analyzed in more detail.

the maximum data rates that can occur in realistic trading systems need to be understood.


In Figure 5 an example of assembly code is reported by which it is possible to read a register with all read_ports of the selected domain.

considering the domain 1 and the register r0.0 we notice that this register is used as operand 1 in the first instruction of the macro-instruction 1 and then as operand 2 in the first instruction of macro-instruction 2.


Synthesis of Low Power Clock Trees for Handling Power-supply Variations Shashank BujimallaCheng-Kok KohSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA sbujimal@purdue.edu chengkok@purdue.edu ABSTRACT The International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD) 2010 contest presents the challenge of synthesizing clock distribution networks that are tolerant to severe power-supply and wire-width variations.

a robust clock network should satisfy the local clock skew (LCS) constraint, i.e., the clock skew between any pair of sequential elements that are closer than a user-speci.ed distance is below a userspeci.ed limit, even in the presence of variations.


This means that, on average, the effective delay of the VLSA, which is composed of ACA, error detection, and error recovery, is almost the same as the delay of error detection.

on average VLSA has a 1.5× speedup over the DesignWare adder.


This problem is .xed by PAMPA, which detects that these applications are single-thread performance bound and keeps frequency at its maximum value.

fluidanimate and Streamcluster fall into the Scenario B (Section 5) which leads PAMPA to increase frequency to alleviate single-thread performance limitations.


In FCFS, each arriving process is assigned a time stamp and processes are scheduled according to their stamp values.

the next process to be executed is the one with the earliest arrival time stamp.


Therefore, they can replace recognized regions with target macro blocks, and the size of original design must be reduced while all macro blocks have zero costs (size).

the primitive gates in the replaced regions represent the size reduction.


These 32 data input signals will actually reuse some of the signals that are the inputs the ESB when it is in RAM mode.

the 16 bit data input bus, the 11 bit read address bus and the low order 5 bits of the write address bus will be used as the 32 literal input signals for the ESB in product term mode.


When the consumed power is less than the input power, M1 bypasses the surplus current, preventing the voltage on the capacitor from increasing too much.

if the voltage across the capacitor reaches Vdd,, the surplus power (the difference between the input power and the consumed power) will be bypassed or "abandoned", rather than accumulated on the capacitor.


To understand the performance impact of each front-end technique, we applied one technique at a time to the baseline and measured the resulting IPC degradations normalized to the baseline (Figure 4).

each stack from top to bottom represents the following in cumulative form: IPCs when adding commit-time misprediction recovery (& Chkpt Removal); our most aggressive speculation control of allowing only one in-flight unresolved branch (& Spec Cntrl); fetch buffer resizing (& Fetch Buff); and register file resizing (& Regs).


S, k1 <k2 (4) Besides, a stage will not enter into the subsequent stage until all included operations have been .nished.

the duration of a stage is lower-bounded by the slowest operation assigned to the stage.


As bounded by memory bandwidth, performance on CPU cannot be improved by as large as 17 times no matter more cores or higher CPU frequency is available.

speedup on CUDA is contributed by video memory bandwidth as well rather than GPU only.


Our experiments have shown however that for the .ltering engine application, the variable ordering does not have a strong in.uence on the BDD size, apparently because the boolean functions we consider are shallow, i.e., structurally simple, but numerous.

the natural variable ordering where either BDD variables corresponding to the same attribute are kept close together, or variables are ordered according to frequency, both give good results; however they do not show signi.cant improvement over random orders.


More importantly, the PL and PL-EC-Perf variations of Knapsack and LRU-Ordered can conserve at least as much energy as state-of-the-art techniques that conserve energy explicitly in the absence of a power limit, for equally small performance degradations.

these techniques can match the energy savings of the latter approach by appropriately setting the power budget.


Definition 3 Taint of Original Logic Function: The Original Logic Function is said to be tainted when toggling tainted input(s) of the function leads to a change at the output.

a flow of information from a tainted input propagates to the output.


It is very difficult to apply the finished VPR tool flow [14] to our FPGA architecture.

it is necessary to modify a complicated resource graph generation part of VPR to output a resource graph corresponding to our FPGA architecture using VPR.


each constraint in i i abst(X) is a relaxation of a corresponding constraint in conc(X)1 .


A number of SMs are free when approaching the end of the kernel execution, and they have to wait for other busy SMs to finish their tasks.

the SPs become idle when no more blocks can be assigned to the SM.


Our aim is now to .nd the bucket which contains the Median.

we .nd j such that the following three constraints are satis.ed: el + c0 + c1 + ... + cj-1 < (N + 1)/2 (2) c0 + c1 + ... + cj = (N + 1)/2 (3) cj = 2EN (4) where el is equal to 0 in the .rst iteration and updated as follows in other cases.


2.1 Problem Formulation Optimal cache indexing is the problem of selecting K bits among all address bits of a processor for indexing into the cache.

let us assume that a processor has an M-bit bus and is connected to a cache of size S bytes that is A-way set associative and has line size equal to L bytes.


Although the test suite we use has already been able to get reasonable coverage on three virtual devices, the coverage can still be signi.cantly improved using our generated test cases.

for E1000 and Tigon3, the function coverage can be improved to 100%.


The constraint of x is tokeep thepoly-to-poly space x to be withingivenprocess tolerance P andlayoutdesign tolerance D. Theprocesstolerance, P,de.nesthelimitation oflithography patterning for poly layer.

we can not get a proper gate patterning image below a certain pitch of poly.


Our aim is to .nd conditional constants, whereby under the presence of some other node Yn, the set Sis no longer h empty for a target gate .

we want to .nd if the nFnnFn multi-node relations (hen&&Y) tand (howt&&Y) thold.


The results show thatSHiP-PCand SHiP-ISeqboth dynamicallycorrelatethe current program context to an expected re-reference interval.

sHiP-PC and SHiP-ISeq are especially effective inmanaging a commonly found access pattern in applications such as halo, excel, gemsFDTD,and zeusmp.Figure 7 captures astreamofmemoryreferencestoaparticularcachesetingemsFDTD.


The output voltage depends on the amount of charge that has been charged/discharged through the MOS.

the integral average of the charging/discharging current determines the delay characteristics.


1) Design concept: From statistical point of view, write-0 usually completes much earlier than write-1.

during the same write pulse period, if all the write-1 bits have been successful, the probability of errant write-0 bits is extremely low.


As respect to the event rate, the plots indicate that semi-asynchronous checkpointing allows an acceleration of the simulation model execution.

the best event rate of semi-asynchronous checkpointing is about 63 × 103 events per sec., while the best event rate with CPU based checkpointing is about 58 × 103 events per sec., thus semiasynchronous checkpointing provides a performance gain in the order of 9%.


Since every link is fully pipelined, as long as a transfer is issued to the first pipeline stage on the link, it will be automatically forwarded through the subsequent pipeline stages.

one transfer can be issued on a link in each clock cycle (i.e., the throughput of a link is one transfer per cycle).


On the other way, and with a more applicable point of view, the two other speakers will talk about certain optical and quantum devices.

dr de Riedmatten from the Institute of Photonic Sciences will dissert about quantum memories as an alternative to the actual magnetic memories, while Dr. Assefa will expose his last research in IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center about nanophotonic devices for next generation of supercomputers.


We can also see that there are partition sizes at which the error in estimation is very large.

at these levels of placement granularity, the wireload model breaks down.


INTRODUCTION This paper explores the design space of memory-management unit (MMU) caches for accelerating virtual-to-physical address translation in processor architectures, like x86-64, that implement paged virtual memory using a radix tree for their page table.

these caches accelerate the page table walk that occurs after a miss in the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB).


A second feature which is worth noting is the impact of cold execution: when one commences execution with an empty issue bu.er, there is typically less exploitable ILP within instructions near the start of the program.

it takes a while for the issue bu.er to warm up .


At an abstract level, the purpose of an IDS is to classify the input data (i.e., events that the IDS monitors) correctly as normal or an intrusion.

the IDS output (i.e., the alarms) should faithfully re.ect the truth about the input (i.e., whether an intrusion really occurs or not).


While similar in some aspects to Chang et al s work, our system takes a different approach to address the problem.

our system is based on RFID infrastructure and uses the Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) [3] for user and free weight identification and exercise identification.


BASIS The inner ear is one of nature's more remarkable transduction devices.

the snail-shaped cochlea serves to transduce sounds into electrical signals that are ultimately encoded by the brain.


To tolerate such random failures and malicious attacks we can employ a replication scheme on top of our tamper-evident scheme.

for each data .le that we want to store, we store several copies on separate storage servers, and use several different virtual counters managed by separate virtual counter managers.


Inter-Flow Temporal Distribution indicates the distribution of the packets from all connections across the time.

the number of packets between two packets of the same .ow.


Dynamic logic has been employed in the design since it can produce faster and, for high speed applications, even power efficient circuits.

the E-TSPC [1] technique was applied in the fastest part of the divider (the synchronous counter), and the conventional TSPC [2], in the other parts.


More recent works [4] on reduction methods proposed implicit techniques, to avoid even generating redundant rows and columns.

much interest has been aroused by ef.cient data structures, which are well suited to support the solving procedures.


Alternately, the lfp bound n and the gfp bound m together give the completeness bounds for BMC on the property F(p.G(q)).

for our customized formulation of property F(p.G(q)) (in Figure 3) we need to search for a path prefix (called stem) of length at most n to a state, where p=true and from which there exists a finite path of length m where q=true always.


We would also like to directly compare existing input techniques to VoicePen.

we would like to compare non-linguistic vocalization to pen pressure for controlling brush attributes such as thickness, color, curvature, and opacity, as well as to the use of keyboard or other button-based interfaces that allow the attribute value to be changed in a discrete or fixed increment.


We then verify that the delay resulting from the hybrid circuit is smaller than the previous delay of the design.

we make sure that the delay of the PLA portion is smaller than the delay of the standard-cell based portion of the circuit.


Hence, ideally in each iteration the perspective of novelty should be de.ned with respect to the uncovered items.

the novelty of a test should be evaluated based on its chance to provide coverage on the uncovered items.


For two solutions with the same number of immediate downstream bu.ers, domination is de.ned solely on C,W,Si,Li,Ui.

the i-th bu.er in .1 and that in .2 may refer to di.erent immediate downstream bu.ers.


Experimental results show that our algorithms can e.ectively generate con.ict-free migrated layouts with 14% smaller layout areas and 28% smaller layout changes, compared with the traditional method of layout decomposition followed by layout migration.

our reduction technique can reduce the runtimes for the test cases from more than one day for the basic ILP formulation to only seconds.


Cache poisoning attacks are possible due to vulnerability in port randomisation algorithms recommended in [RFC6056].

our results show, that contrary to common belief, per-destination ports assignment is vulnerable to attacks.


After updating the array for all samples, the action for each state is the one that minimizes the metric.

after updating the Acc table for all samples, the action for each state, ST[CPIkij ][L2PIkij][MPIkij][i][j], is the frequency combination (x,y) that produce the minimum Acc[CPIkij][L2PIkij][MPIkij][i][j][x][y].


the state is on a valid scheduling trace from the initial state to termination.

the validated initial state set si,R,validated includes all possible allocations for the computed set of schedules.


INTRODUCTION Recent studies have pointed to potential benefits of developing speech technologies for developing regions [7, 9, 15, 16].

high-quality automatic speech recognition (ASR) is an essential part of spoken dialog systems (SDS), which have particularly high potential in telephone-based applications.


To meet the need of researchers in the memcomputing area, we propose in this paper a .exible yet open-to-public cycle accurate microarchitecture level simulation platform MSim with the hope to further promote studies in memcomputing.

the simulation platform consists of the following tool chains as shown in Fig.


The typical memory architecture of mobile embedded systems consists of ROM for initial bootstrapping and code execution, RAM for working memory, and flash memory for permanent data storage.

emerging memory technology, the flash memory, is becoming an indispensable component in mobile embedded systems due to its versatile features: non-volatility, solid-state reliability, low power consumption, etc.


The basic implementation is to prefetch data P iterations earlier than its actual access to hide the load latency, where P is the estimated prefetch latency from lower-level memory in terms of loop iteration [15].

in order to hide the memory access latency, the prefetching instruction of the memory reference set at iteration i + P + 1 will be issued at iteration i and will replace iteration i s data access set.


The second architecture class, archaclr ,is identical to the .rst architecture but adds asynchronous clear functionality to the outputs of the embedded memory blocks in the FPGA fabric.

when the asynchronous clear is active, the outputs of the embedded memory block immediately clear to a zero or preset value.


We achieved a recognition accuracy of 79.0% on average with 23 classes of ingredients.

nine classes were recognized with more than 92% accuracy.


In the current-limited regime, complementary LC-VCOs o.er higher gm for a given bias current and lower switching transistor noise than NMOS only VCOs [8].

to obtain the same phase noise performance, the complementary LC-VCO consumes less power than NMOS/PMOS-only topologies.


The false speculation of adder will cause spurious branch mispredictions.

a correctly predicted branch will be considered mispredicted because the adder that is used to calculate target address and to verify the branch prediction is wrong.


The given analog system is speci.ed as a connected network of behavioral blocks.

a signal .ow graph representation of the analog system composed of transfer function blocks, nonlinear function blocks and summing nodes.


Practical Aspects of Reliability Analysis for IC Designs T. Pompl 1 C. Schlünder 1 M. Hommel 1 H. Nielen 1 J. Schneider 2 +49 89 234 41029 + 49 89 234 52934 +49 89 234 40491 +49 89 234 50632 +49 89 234 23974 thomas .pompl christian.schluender martina.hommel heiko.nielen jens.schneider @infineon.c om @infineon.c om @infineon.c om @infineon.c om @infineon.c om 1 Infineon Technologies, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81730 Munich, Germany 2 Infineon Technologies, Am Campeon 1, 81726 Munich, Germany ABSTRACT Voltage analysis is a major part of design-in reliability as voltage is the driver for electric degradation in dielectrics and MOS devices.

voltage has the largest influence on gate oxide reliability.


Besides, because m, p, and q are relative to the dimension of the crossbar n, we assume m = km × n, p = kp × n, and q = kq × n. Then, we can rewrite (1) as 22 2 Area = (2 + k )( k + k )Pn + (2 + k )Pn .


Recent proposals include lightweight block ciphers HIGHT [16], PRESENT [5], CLEFIA [20], LED [14], PRINCE [6], and SIMON/SPECK [4], lightweight stream ciphers Grain [15], Trivium [8], and MICKEY [3], as well as a lightweight hybrid cipher Hummingbird [10] and its security enhanced version Hummingbird-2 [11].

lightweight symmetric ciphers have also attracted a lot of attention from industry, as demonstrated by the adoption of CLEFIA and PRESENT in the ISO/IEC Standard 29192-2.


(fk)is the corresponding fault rate and si is the slack allocated to Tk (part of which is reserved for recovery).

whenever the available slack is larger than the task s WCET, by scheduling a recovery task, one can preserve the reliability of a real-time task while 1In fact, such a slow-down may result in a reliability degradation of at least two orders of magnitude [27].


The algorithm Tree-6-L(2, 1, 1)-coloring, instead of comput- ing the grid vertex to which each tree vertex is mapped, directly maps each grid edge to a shift on the color pattern sequence, thus obtaining the color of a tree vertex as the sum of the shifts along the tree path.

cross-ing a vertical edge upwards corresponds to one left cyclic shift on the pattern sequence, crossing a vertical edge down- wards corresponds to one right cyclic shift, and crossing on a horizontal edge corresponds to a cyclic shift of three po- sitions.


Future work will be guided by objective of increasing the precision of the approach, while still retaining its practicality and demanddrivenness.

we would like to investigate more precise techniques to reason about references to arrays and recursive data structures, perhaps by inferring and using speci.cations for container classes (which often encapsulate arrays and recursive data structures).


17, the performance difference when using a nonoptimally vs. optimally chosen n value can be as much as 2.1×.

the difference between an optimal LRR update frequency and worst-case LRR update frequency can be as little as 450 LRR requests (on the order of 100s to 1000s of cycles).


Therefore, channels assigned to near stations must be separated by at least a gap which is inversely pro- portional to the distance between the two stations.

a minimum channel separation 6~ is required between channels assigned to stations at distance i, with i < a, such that 6~ decreases when i increases [8].


As discussed above, we need to update slack at the inputs of a node, v', only when the changed node, vc, is present along a proper subset of the inputs.

while this notion works for an acyclic graph, it must be modi.ed for a strongly connected graph, since thereisapath betweeneverytwonodesinthegraph.Inthiscase, we use knowledge of tokens to determine when a timing change '' arrives a v. for each input edge, (u, v) .


Weihua Sheng, Jianjiang Ceng, Manuel Hohenauer, Hanno Scharwächter, Rainer Leupers, Heinrich Meyr Institute for Integrated Systems Aachen, Germany ADLs is to capture the architectural information required for the tool generation in a consistent and unambiguous way.

the C compiler and the instruction-set simulator (possibly on differ ent abstraction levels) require the speci.cation of the instructions semantics, however, from very different points of view.


Basically, VDD change should not alter Icell to make the DVS of an OLED panel feasible.


In a third step, all the propagation delay values are recomputed considering the new input ramp values but without applying any derating factors related to the temperature or supply voltage changes.

only the effects of the input ramp variations induced by the temperature and biasing changes are considered.


{,,, ,,,, v vv Following our discussion in Section 2, every device is uniquely characterized by the way its wires are connected to each other.

the device is uniquely characterized by the partition of the set T into maximal subsets of wires that are electrically connected.


Figure 3 also shows the surface plot of global output quality (Qglobal ) obtained with respect to the output quality (and corresponding energy) of each candidate (QC1/EC1, QC2/EC2).

the three points A, B and C with different local quality con.gurations result in the same global quality.


2.2 Result accuracy versus cooldown length Before we present the bulk of our experimental data, we examine the bene.ts of the fault injection and analysis methodology presented in Section 2.1.


Merging Analysis: One interesting advantage of the Mergeable cache is that it can dynamically discover mergeable cache blocks which software mechanisms cannot without incurring large overhead for merging data blocks.

the Mergeable cache can merge both dirty and clean blocks.