When both of these two lines transmit the same digital signal 1 or 0 at the same time, it represents that the voltage applied across the memristor is zero since there is no voltage difference.

no current will pass through the memristor and the state of the memristor will remain unchanged.


As before, an UPDATE must not span multiple phases.

if the UPDATEbegins less than 13 steps before the end of a phase, it waits until the beginning of the next phase.


As a result, during each cycle, this architecture can concurrently perform multiple reads and a single write operation.

we can handle the requirements of wide bandwidth and high-speed data accessing.


Because EEG signals can vary considerably among patients with epilepsy, a patientspeci.c seizure onset detector trained using data from a single patient tends to have better speci.city and sensitivity than a nonpatient speci.c detector [27].

for selecting a channel subset for seizure onset detection, we elected to use our technique on each patient separately.


It can be shown that the voltage at any node i in the electrical network is equal to the expected gain the walker will receive if he starts from the corresponding node in the random walk.

the node voltage can be estimated by running N walks from node i as N , (2) Vi = 1/ N · .Dk k =1 where Dk is the gain of the kth walk.


Even if the current is balanced, EM still cannot be fully healed.

aC plus DC model is applied to estimate the best EM MTTF [15] under an unbalanced situation.


It can be observed that the SEU tolerance has been built into the logic function being realized.

after reducing the truth table using Karnaugh Maps, the OR function can be represented in our approach as OR = E ( A + B) + P E Repeating the similar steps for standard 2 input AND, XOR, as well as Full Adder circuits yields the following expressions:   AND= E (A B)+P E XOR= E (AB + AB)+P E FullAdder_Sum= E (A.B.C)+P E  FullAdder_Carry= E (AB+BC+ AC)+P E Based on these expressions, the generalized expression for any logic function F therefore becomes, Fhardened = E (F ) + P E from the above expressions it is clear that the proposed technique uses the error signal from the decoupled ground line as a control signal to allow only correct transitions by the circuit being hardened.


8 Pareto-optimal Front of jitter, gain and current of VCO (a) 3-D (b) projection on gain vs. current (c) projection on gain vs. current plus contour lines of jitter (d) projection on jitter vs. current pluscontours of gain (e) projection on jitter vs. gain plus contours of current Asmentioned in Sec.3.2, we can assume that the optimal solution will be on the Pareto front.

we calculate explicit analytical models for the Pareto fronts of the behaviorallevel parameters and thus reduce the design space.


Only three multipliers, two adders and one bar rel shifter are allocated to perform all necessary oper ations.

it takes 41 clock cycles to compute one output sample from the spectral sharp ening .lter.


For S1 and S2, one of thefollowing casesispossible: 1.

eitherS1 or S2 is an exactcopy of S.the Mth most recently accessed tag of S1 or S2 will be the Mth most recently accessed tag of S. 2.


When technology scales down into 45nm and 32nm technology, each SKITTER sensor tends to have increasing number of stages, thereby larger area overhead.

stage count and transistor count for TSUNAMI PSN sensor and SKIT-TER sensor are estimated at di.erent technology nodes as shown in Columns 2 through 5 of Table 4.


void send(Pdu* p, sc_time& time_out=-1, bool& sent); This function implements synchronous blocking send.

the sender will deliver the Pdu p, only if the channel is free, the destination process is ready to receive, and the user-defined timeout value has not expired.


Designing reliable systems from unreliable components: the approximation circuit.

if the number of essential side challenges of transistor variability and degradation.


P in each of pi s four quadrants (top-right, top-left, bottomleft, and bottom-right) as shown in Figure 1.

each point has up to four outgoing relationships with respect to its neighbors.


Forwarding from the Store Queue or Write Buffer will provide the required value for any subsequent load to the same word.

at the memory controller, classification of memory operations according to the nature of the triggering instruction might be considered.


Another factor, linked to the low volume of this sector, was the low interest from ASIC s vendors for this market, and finding an ASIC was becoming challenging.

infrastructure products designed in late 90 s are essentially based on ASSP s and glue FPGA s. These IC s are currently fulfilling all the needs, in terms of capacity and speed, of these products leaving no room for ASIC s.  After the major downturn of the overall telecom industry, infrastructure equipment is now facing two challenges.


The input operations are already assigned to the corresponding input ports.

o2 is assigned to the input port S1, O3 to R1, O4 to S2, O5 to R2, O6 to S3, O11 to B and O12 to S2.


Since E.ort, the velocity of hand motion, is expected to change around transitions in gestural phase, one would expect that these features might be helpful for SU detection.

a series of gestural features are de.ned related with E.ort around an inter-word boundary.


While, electrical wires are dominated by the dynamic power, which is linearly dependent on the switching activity.

it is imperative to examine the comparisons in terms of the switching activity, in case future wire architectures using wires more efficiently are designed.


Scheduling also raises a tough verification challenge in HLS since most of scheduling results cannot be one-to-one mapped to their original behavior descriptions.

in this paper, we would like to address the scheduling verification issue.


For example, in a chip multiprocessor (CMP) architecture with a shared L2 cache distributed across the chip, the L1 miss rate is often under 10% [7], which results in relatively low traf.c injection rates at the processors.

using concentration to share the network resources is an effective technique for CMP traf.c.


Although the proposed DVS technique may degrade luminance of the panel, the panel luminance can be restored with appropriate image compensation.

power is saved on the OLED display panel with only minor changes in the color and luminance of the image.


We then showed that the same problem cannot be solved in the DSM model with the same parameters, even if we weaken these parameters in all of the following ways simultaneously: (1) we allow only one signaler instead of many, (2) we settle for O(1) RMRs complexity in the amortized sense rather thanin the worst case,(3) we allow unbounded space,(4) we weaken theprogress conditionfrom wait-freetoterminating,and(5) weallow useofCompareAnd-Swap or Load-Linked/Store-Conditional in addition to reads and writes.

we separatetheCC andDSM models in terms of their power for solving the signaling problem e.ciently with respect to amortized RMR complexity.


Only the piracy problem has a signi.cant impact on technical and security considerations.

we devote additional arguments detailing this current piracy.


Hence, all instructions in both branches are executed and performance is potentially wasted.

an algorithmshould avoid conditional executions whenever it is possible.


The heat due to viscous dissipation increases from 0.91 W in 2002 to 1.13 W in 2003.

in the second region, due to the higher rotational speed growth (and its relationship in the cubic power), the viscous dissipationgrows from 2 W in 2004 to over 35.55 W in 2009, causing a signi.cant rise in temperature, well beyond the thermal envelope of 45.22 C. all other things remaining constant, it is clear that future single platter disk drives would not be able to provide the desired IDRs at the 2.6 platter size.


8 >>>>>>>>>>>>>< >>>>>>>>>>>>>: init(y0)=1 init(y1)=0 init(y2)=0 next(y0)=(,0 .,1).¬y0 next(y1)=(,0 .,1).¬y1 next(y2)=0 init(,0)=1 init(,1)=0 next(,0)=0 next(,1)=,0 .,1 Figure 10: Final acyclic equation system for program Q1 The main purpose of our method is to transform an equation system with cyclic dependencies into an equivalent acyclic one.

it can be used for the translation of Quartz or Esterel programs with delayed actions to acyclic equation systems.


The problem aggravates since variation on via due to cut misalignment, electro migration and thermal stress increases.

distortions in signal transmission are observed.


Like a SIP thread, a SNeF4SS thread automatically invokes the servlet s service method.

the application programmer s job consists of writing code for the doTransition method to implement the actions performed on transitions of the business machine.


For example, when N=16 there are 65536 combinations.

it may be impractical to obtain representative profile information about all the applications that execute concurrently.


Then, all vertical edges are separated into two categories based on their heading directions, and the horizontal edges that connect two different types of vertical edges are labeled as starting points (SP), such as S1 and S2.

the polygon is partitioned into several sub-edge arrays (SEA) by these SPs, such as G1 and G2.


Therefore, no decoderis needed compared with the"segment con.guration" architecture,while only one bank is activatedfor each original array access.

our algorithm will try to .nd best factors for cyclic partitioning which introducesthe least decoding logics.


The transistors P1, P2, P3, P8, P9, and P10 form a bank of four transistor current mirrors.

the transistors P1 to P3 and  P8 P9 P10 P13 P12 P11 P14 P15 P16 P1 P2 P3 P4O- P5 I+ N1 N2 P6 I- P7 O+ Ibias N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N14 N12 N11 N13 N3 N4 Figure 10: Schematic of circuit 3 [17].


However, the new constraints between write and half select disturb in a bit-interleaved 8-T SRAM cannot be solved using those methods because write targeted cell and half selected cell always experience the same word-line pulse width and voltage level.

special regard is paid to this fact in this paper.


According to De.nition 3, the power-network resource requirement of the .oorplan in Figure 1(a) is greater than that in Figure 1(b) since both bounding boxes of VDDH and VDDL blocks in the .oorplan of Figure 1(a) are larger than those of Figure 1(b).

the .oorplan in Figure 1(b) is more desirable.


Although the GPS will attempt to determine its position if it can see at least three satellites, three-satellite locks are not as accurate as locks generated from four or more satellites.

we ignore any locks with less than four satellites.


NoC architectures have many design parameters including network topology, routing algorithm, and router architecture; all of which severely affecting the system performance and energy.

network architecture for such embedded systems should be carefully selected to meet desired requirements [2].


Finally, we observed that the estimate of the ß coef.cients varies a lot for extreme yields estimation and for small sample sizes.

we limit ß to the [0.5, 2] range based on empirical observations.


In this work, we propose a new architecture with dual operating modes for FS-STTtion.

the read disturbance is unidirectional.For instance, writing 0" into a STT-RAM cell requires a switching current from BL to SL (refer to Fig.


This will overwrite the original initialization.

the last read (OP18) results in a data value of FFFF for non-faulty interconnects and 0000 in case a fault is present.


Considering the future prevalence of server consolidation and the need for performance isolation, an e.cient routing algorithm should combine high adaptivity with dynamic workload isolation.

we believe utilizing precise information is optimal; redundant or insu.cient information easily leads to inferior performance.


First, if two transistors that are adjacent in the ordering have a di.usion net in common, then the net may be shared in di.usion between the two transistors, resulting in a brick width reduction of one poly pitch (see Figure 2).

a good ordering will minimize brick width by allowing for as much di.usion sharing between adjacent transistors as possible.


In order to apply this method, it is necessary to determine aVirtex-dependent specific technology power factor Kp to estimate the internal power consumption.

we developed a bench- mark test design, which is characterized by the fact, that all FF toggle in each clock cycle.


EVALUATION The impact of the target frequency on clock frequency and chip area of the generated processors is presented in the following.

at least 5 processors have been generated for each instruction set.


Parameters such as signal degradation from splitters, routing congestion, and delay balance will ultimately decide how circuits are partitioned for separate implementation.

we are exploring ways to integrate this technique with automated layout and routing using the same building block concept used for synthesis.


In addition, a normalization with the latency is important as it can contribute to the communication bottleneck depending on the nature of the data traffic.

bandwidth density per latency per power severs as a fair compound metric to compare various interconnect technologies.


Unfortunately, most computing hardware platforms do not allow such flexible control of the audio device sampling period.

a different implementation needs to be defined that does not involve the modification of the device sampling period.


During the design .ow the adaptors often also have to bridge a gap in model abstraction, which calls for implementing a bus interface state machine in the adaptor.

manually developing these P· Bcouplings is much too tedious and error prone.


In Mapping B, where FPGAs are utilized, the time associated with FPGA simulation constitutes the major simulation performance bottleneck and parallelizing this simulation component yields almost a linear reduction in simulation time.

with two processors the speedup is almost 2, and with four processors the speedup is nearly 4.


2(a), it is seen that the optimal delay for both FTOC and OLC joint schemes is greater than the optimal delay for the uncoded case.

we conclude that coding does not provide any delay bene.ts at the 130 nm node due to the high cost of encoding and decoding.


Here, the algorithm terminated with a linearization error .

design centering could not be performed without the consideration of sizing rules.


It is an attractive solution to cope with the ever-increasing design complexity.

as an essential approach to improve both the runtime and quality of result, various clustering algorithms have been adopted in the stateof-the-art placement algorithms [1 7].


Since the three-coloring problem is NP-complete, the time required to exactly solve it increases dramatically with the numbers of vertices and edges in the graph.

to reduce the problem size, we shall divide the con.ict graph into a set of coloring-independent groups, and then the color assignment problem can be solved independently for each group without a.ecting overall solution quality.


Therefore, for latency-critical applications, using complex dictionary-based compression algorithms [40] signi.cantly degrades performance due to their high decompression latencies.

prior work on compression of inmemory data has proposed simpler algorithms with low decompression latencies and reasonably high compression ratios, as discussed next.


In addition, the convolution operation is performed in two clock cycles whereas the absolute value and addition requires only two additional clock cycles [6].

an initial delay equivalent to 3220 clock cycles is required.


Moreover, many of the experimental studies present in the literature ignore the fact that most of the contemporary communication systems employ very complex and sophisticated transmission and multi access techniques such as the use of di.erent modulation schemes and bursty communications.

in this study, a comprehensive and .exible experimental setup with various practical scenarios is established in order to evaluate the performance of energy detection method for spectrum sensing.


As a result, O(nlogn) dominate the time complexity of this part.

the time complexity of Step1 is O(nlogn).


With multiple memory controllers, a large collective transfer is divided into smaller ones, each of which is assigned to a CMS engine.

a chip-wide operation will activate all CMS engines, each performing a portion of the operation.


Using it as an input signal would make it difficult to distinguish the spurious content introduced by the amplification stage.

we have characterized it by applying a sine wave produced by a function generator.


However, since X has a small number of paths, very few timing errors are introduced when the paths in X are relaxed.

paths through logic cone X are ignored and minimum period retiming will automatically move F F 2 forward to balance the path lengths of Y and Z, shifting the path wall favorably as shown in Figure 2.


To compare this method with the uniform coding,we encoded the ASCII characters with the codes from ..(7, 1), ..(7, 2) and ..(7, 3) and report the corresponding average costs in the following: Encoding Data-aware ..(7, 1) ..(7, 2) ..(7, 3) Avg cost 1.24 1.42 1.37 1.34 We see that the ASCII data-aware coding,on average, reduces the energy cost to 92% of the best cost achieved from ..(7, 3).

for overwriting each ASCII character, there will be an 8% reduction in the energy cost compared to the results of the uniform encoding.


ATPG-based node-merging approach [5] only requires MAs(nt = sa0) and MAs(nt = sa1) to .nd substitute nodes.

we can combine the node-merging approach with the NAR algorithm for circuit size reduction.


On the other hand, the output of the system is given by the currents on the contacts.

from (3), it is easy to see that these can be obtained as T T -1 J = Y adj V = Y adj GY adj U (4) | {z } Gc which exposes the conductance model of the system of contacts.


In the meanwhile, participants should investigate the powerful CNF encoder for converting the CircuitSAT problem into CNF format [16].

the final program should have two modes: in setting exploration phase, the program should optimize and generate the SAT solver setting and encoder setting based on the small set of samples, and in the solving phase, the program becomes a CNF encoder that converts a CircuitSAT problem into CNF, based on the optimized setting.


Compared with the non-synopsis change detector, the DFT-based change detector can detect the changes without considering individual raw data items.

the main major arising questions are: How many DFT coe.cients are su.cient to detect the changes?


However, when it comes to signal integrity, when the inputs change, signal integrity is an issue on every switching node.

it can be easily argued that all signal integrity related faults must be considered all at once rather than one at a time.


Within each local region, the area .ll can be used to improve the CMP performance.

density variation between two windows in opposite corners of the layout will not cause problems because of the polishing dynamics.


However, Onchip decaps are typically manufactured using MOS transistors, and excessive on-chip decaps would not only consume on-chip area, but also cause more leakage power, low yield and lower resonant frequency [1].

as long as power supply noises are constrained, decaps should be minimized, especially when the white space (WS) left after placement and routing is limited.


When the machine says something, it is immediately lost if the user doesn t hold that information in short term memory.

the design of the SUI must take into account the user s short term memory in accepting queries and processing query results.


After the assignment of a1 or a2, the value will also be transmitted into the register for a3 (denoted as Ra3).

ra3 is ready before the execution of basic block 4.


It means that the two constraints, ..11 .¬..12 and ..12 .¬..11, are equivalent.

the above six constraints can be reduced into three clauses as follows.


However, setting C2 s output to 0 will block C1 s output from sensitizing to O1.

an attacker cannot resolve the functionality of C1.


If the data is in off-chip memory, then the lookup latency of LLT becomes serialized, and the total latency would be 3 units.

co-Located LLT has lower latency for data lines in the stacked DRAM.


When it comes time to simulate the reliability effects under the normal operating conditions, it is based on the fundamental assumption that the accelerated stresses can be extrapolated back to normal operating conditions.

it is important to choose appropriate accelerated stress conditions such that they cause sufficient device degradation within a reasonable length of time while still being close enough to the real operating conditions to allow systematic extrapolation.


It is not likely that a onestep algorithm can solve such a problem.

we propose to solve the CIOP problem via the following twostep algorithm, constraint driven I/O planning (CPP L)and constraint driven detailed I/O placement (CDP L).


Situation (c) represents one node that will a.ect the biasing calculation since it is neither behind the source/target nor closer to the tree than the routing box.


The .rst one, it gives more priority to the forwarding queue.

we observe less load, then more aptitude to send new packets.


Even the bandgap is not well defined in these structures due to edge disorder.

it is not clear that these devices can out-perform conventional Si-based FET devices.


Thus, to save additional resources and to preserve traces, an implementation cannot arbitrarily merge a sequence of iterations into a single one, but only a sequence of iterations that is caused by different non-con.icting actions.

an implementation is assumed to .re a subset of actions of the CAOS model in each step, such that the choice of the subset guarantees the desired property by construction.


Thus,inputs get passed over as long as selecting them prevents a maximum matching.

packetchaining isabletoo.era slight throughput increase at high loads where the fairness issues with augmenting paths lead to increased instability.


Unlike normal DAE systems arising from circuits, where all unknowns (physical node voltages and branch currents) are periodic, the oscillator phase equation has unboundedly increasing terms.

standard HB cannot be applied directly to phase macromodels of oscillators.


Phase shifting technology combined with a unique antenna configuration makes this realization possible.

as the world moves toward contactless, wireless communication links, it is believed that the near ubiquity of Bluetooth in mobile devices makes this technology an excellent choice for delivering the benefits of NFC today without the wait, effort and cost associated with adopting NFC globally.


Based on the analytical model in Section 2, we can calculate the degradation profile of each individual transistor, and therefore the circuit lifetime using SPICE.

the designer is able to get a fast assessment of the circuit reliability before actually drawing the circuit layout and taping out.


From the DRAM configuration, bank ID (bit 13-15) and rank ID (bit 30-31) are used for selecting banks [4].

the system contains 4 bank groups, and each group has 8 banks.


It is not easy for a human operator to draw a trajectory accurately, because there is no work piece in front of the operator.

with continuous position checking of the robot on the work piece through cameras, the operator can draw an accurate trajectory.


Paths that perform load disambiguation involving store-to-load forwarding are critical paths in the LSU, and longer paths are exercised when the in-.ight dynamic dependence chain is longer.

a generator template for the LSU, shown in Figure 1(A), consists of dependent instructions that necessitate store-to-load forwarding.


In addition, it propagates only the maximum value of the data.

the estimated dynamic range can be very conservative.


This separation guarantees that, unless the memory access traf.c is extremely unbalanced, packets between different sources and destinations will not interfere.

the MoT network provides high average throughput that is very close to its peak throughput.


1The wavelength of light to pattern transistors cannot be decreased below 193nm with current technology[10].

the semiconductor industry is fabricating 45nm CMOS devices using 193nm optical light.


The sensors incorporated into this device are also used to protect the system from thermal emergencies and to cap power consumption in case of necessity.

we can assure that they are calibrated and accurate enough to perform our study.


In a sorting problem for example, the objective function OFSort( ) can be defined as the percentage of items that are correctly sorted in a solution instance.

the objective of a sorting algorithm would be to find a solution such that the objective function OFSort( ) is maximized.


So if write requests access the busy rank that services the read requests, there will be signi.cant interference with the read requests.

libquantum bene.ts signi.cantly by using the prediction driven technique to service memory write requests when the rank is idle.


For digital circuits, behavioral modeling can be performed with high-level description languages such as VHDL or Verilog, but these languages are not appropriate for a right behavioral description of analog systems, since the analog characterization is composed not only of the function that the circuit has to perform, but also the second-order nonidealities intrinsic to analog operation.

a suitable analog high-level description language with enough resources to implement those second-order effects must be used to create correct behavioral models of analog circuits.


If a symbolic address is in the second region, then H ' = y < H' +n.

moreover, n is a power of two and H ' is a multiple of n. all numbers from H ' to H' +n- 1 are equal to H',if log2(n)LSBs of y are set to zero.


have similar characteristics to real circuits, they are not guaranteed to have realistic operation, and subtleties of the circuit structure not captured by the circuit profiling may be lost.

it is not guaranteed that an architecture that can implement synthetic circuits will be able to implement real circuits with similar characteristics.


A large resistance is therefore recommended to be placed inside the decap cells to protect from potential ESD damage.

this tradeoff between ESD performance and transient response becomes the main decap design challenge in 90nm.


As a result, if a decision is made that A is better than B (assuming minimization), inferior solutions will be selected more often.

in a noisy environment, a probabilistic decision is more adequate.


If however, we decide the device parameter is defective when it is not, we incur the smaller cost of the circuit only.

care should be considered when selecting a new threshold depending on the circuit at hand and the type of test that the user is interest in.


Second, participants thought that Swedish speakers knew more about Sweden than American speakers, and vice versa.

not surprisingly, speaker with an accent from the same county of the introduced city was considered more knowledgeable for that tourist city.


Specifically, if the high and low Vth are not sufficiently far apart, some high Vth transistors may be faster than some low Vth transistors in the presence of variations.

the insertion is unsuccessful at changing the delay and becomes ineffective to reduce power consumption, especially the leakage.


As shown in Figure 3(a), log block is full with sequentially LSNs and since data block was already invalidated and obsolete, data block should be erased, and then log block is changed to data block.

only one erase operation is required for merge operation.


The latter solution, applying larger pages worsen page internal fragmentation and then decrease memory uti- lization and the overall system performance.


Early work in molecular switching su.ered from .lament formation due to the small gap separating the nano-wires.

the switching behavior observed was due to the metallic .lament instead of molecule.


In fact, the value of a block includes not only the penalty on its misses, but also the reduction of processor stall cycles on its hits, i.e., hit bene.t.

we propose a method to compute both miss penalty and hit bene.t.


BACKGROUND & MOTIVATIONS Although the entire SLLC capacity can be accessed by all cores, allowing free use, without constraints, does not lead to e.cient utilization of SLLC resources.

various strategies have been proposed to make the best use of the SLLC capacity.


p r i + 1 i + N (7) From the induction hypothesis, Zi can be calculated.

we can again set up a differential equation to find wi which minimizes average energy consumption in the case of cascaded PRs, as Eqn (8).


Unfortunately, the traditional approach often requires a large number of simulations for accurate yield estimation.

variance reduction techniques are proposed to improve the accuracy or reduce the simulation runs in MC analysis.


N If we require the expected error to be less than a threshold E, then we have p(1 - p) < E. N This requires that the bit length N is larger than p(1-p) .

from .2 the error aspect, stochastic encoding requires a long bit stream.


What is more, the high-cost DfD is only used during debugging; iii) the utilization of trace buffer decreases as the latency increases.

one relevant question is: can we develop a holistic solution that takes these factors into consideration?


When the FPGA is programmed with the con.guration bit stream of a particular algorithm, if occupies a certain number of Frames1.

an algorithm s logic may occupy either a set of contiguous frames or a set of non-contiguous frames on the FPGA , as predetermined by the area constraints on the FPGA during the programming of the same.


Since in [7], all droplets enter their .rst device at the beginnings of device stages, we can control all such gating electrodes together with a single control signal that is turned on each time a device stage starts.


For example, a process may execute for 100 cycles without data transfers, which would not affect the measured bandwidth.

a percentage of 100% does not necessarily suggest a saturated channel, but rather the efficient use of the channel.


Firstly, to facilitate learning those relevant variables from V , if any bit of a bit-vector variable is included in V , this variable and the original formula constraints with all its input variables in F are added in Fo.

this Fo only contains a subset of formula constraints of F without the enforced constant constraints included in Fu.


For example, powering on Routers 4 and 5 in Figure 4(a) has larger performance benefits than powering on Routers 0 and 1, as the former provide a shortcut to route packets that would otherwise be detoured through 9->13->12->8.

taking the placement of bypass paths and routers into account, additional performance gains can be obtained.


Isochronic forks are the only part of a QDI circuit which must be implemented in such a way that their timing constraints are met.

in the following we focus on isochronic fork implementation on nano-crossbar arrays.


This was for example implemented for size, temperature and voltagedependent model parameters.

fewer single element parameters were used as inputs to kernels, and were used to generate vectors for each device within the kernel.


First, low power design is recommended to save energy while achieving comparable performance.

wasted storage and redundant operations should be eliminated.


In addition, these methods are easy to parallelize since they mostly consist of large matrixvector multiplications.

simple primaldual methods, where a single system of equations is solved, could be more suited to the FPGA fabric.


For instance, a complex vector of size 2n is needed to represent all the information in n quantum bits, and modeling (simulating) the time evolution of the states calls for square matrices of size 22n [6].

feynman proposed quantum computing which uses the quantum mechanical states themselves to simulate quantum processes.


Then the probability Psuccess that the bioassay is implemented Nb successfully is given by: Psuccess = Pi = PNb (if Pi = P for i=1 all i).

the probability of successful implementation Psuccess decreases exponentially with the number of dilution/mixing operation.


The resulting extra area increases power and such extra area may be used to design-time optimization such as device sizing or alternative architecture to reduce variation.

an optimal balance between the performance and area/power cost considering design time and post-silicon tuning must be found.


Basically, Input_Ack is the output of a C_Element gate with Input_Valid and Output_Valid as its inputs.

when both the inputs and output are valid, the Input_Ack signal becomes one acknowledging the input channels.


The working set techniques do not perform well because they do not keep track of instruction (or branch/procedure) execution frequencies.

the maximum sensitivity achiev able (.th = 0) by the instruction working set technique is 20 limited to 81%.


First, in order to make the functionality of the circuit critical-race2 free, dichotomies are added to constrain the binary state encoding of the circuit [14].

the resulting state codes ensure that a transition between two states never reaches a transient state with a different destination state for the current input.


The conversion of SDFGs to HSDFGs can easily be adapted though.

a naive MCM analysis leads to enumerating all simple cyclesof the HSDFG and collecting the expressions in the DCMS.Also, the state-space method of [7] cannot be directly usedfor parametric throughput analysis, but it can be generalized.In the remainder, we introduce two variations of the existingmethods and one new method for calculating the throughputof a parametric SDFG.


Responsibility for damage to another system as a result of a honeynet is likely to fall upon the operator of the honeynet.

it is of the utmost importance to properly secure the honeynet.


It is evident dent crossbars, while the Path-Sensitive router has chained from Figure 3 that the generic router suffers from high condependency between requests.

only 2 cases out of tention probability, which inevitably leads to high Head-of- Line (HoL) blocking.


3D ICs o.er a number of advantages over traditional two-dimensional (2D) designs, such as higher packing density, smaller footprint, and shorter global interconnects.

3D IC designs have drawn a lot of attentions from both academia and industry in recent years.


We assume a NoC architecture that requires very low area overhead and high performance from the switches.

we consider only codes that can process 100-200 bit wide buses in a single clock cycle and that can be implemented in a few gates of hardware for each bit.


Low-Power Third Order ..Modulator To complete the design strategy the parameters that determine the performance ( N) of the A/D converter have to be evaluated.

these parameters can be set so that the desired resolution can be achieved.


Each sub-population Pi applies one particular .tness function which is related to the required performance result Rk of E valuate value.

the .tness function determines the quali.ed individuals to be preserved to the crossover pool in a weighted ratio, and the others should be extinct.


The replication cache based approaches, however, can improve the loads with replica by 22.7% more than ICR on average (note that it can even 100% loads with replica by counting in the replicas in the L2 cache).

the replication cache scheme can trade a small area overhead to enhance data reliability more signi.cantly than the ICR approach.


Different physical and neural delays in the transmission of signals can result in contamination of temporal congruency.

the brain needs to compensate for temporal lags to recalibrate audiovisual simultaneity [Fujisaki et al.


If it is not successful after a prede.ned number of retries, it automatically switches to the Greedy BISM.

it performs a thresholding on random reties and then switches to partial con.guration and diagnosis.


For example, assuming two layers L1 and L2, if the .nal width of packed modules of L1 is larger than the .nal width of packed modules of L2 and the height of L1 is smaller that of L2, a signi.cant portion of chip area is wasted due to the need for the layer dimensions to match for manufacturing.

care must also be taken in both stages of our algorithm so that the dimension of each layer will be 0.0 0 (b) Vdd = 0.9V Fig.


32-bit Simple ALU: We select this component as it contains a high logic depth compared to most other structures in a microprocessor core.

the ALU provides an interesting structure to study commonality in sensitized paths.


Indeed, when the optimization formulation is stripped of these constraints, it is observed that the worst-case waveforms matches the RPTgenerated ones, but, as expected, these waveforms overestimate maximum voltage drop with respect to their constrained counterparts.

this technique has the clear benefit of offering less pessimistic predictions, and broader usercharacterization of current waveforms than is possible with RPT.


value 1 in ci, is high enough to meet all synchronization requirements before any activation;  processor frequency values: a global causality problem (between different projected clocks) also arises when a processor P2 executing a data consuming task, is active very often before the required activations of a processor P1 executing a data producing task.

the choice of processor frequencies must satisfy the global causality.


From a timing perspective, the models must at least be cycle approximate.

the verification models can largely be derived from other functionally accurate models such as those described in the preceding paragraphs, but with added timing detail.


multiply 92 if the number of FPGAs is 3).

tp and Tnp are the lower and the upper bound of the total execution time.


3.5 Global Buffer Re-Placement As mentioned in Section 3.2, placing bu.ers in the current level would change temperature distributions and a.ect bu.ers placed in the previous levels.

after constructing a clock tree topology level-by-level, we perform global optimization to simultaneously adjust all bu.er locations under the same clock tree topology.


i i If Vb is the volume of the n-dimensional unit ball, then the Ellipsoid E has the volume Ve =det(E)·Vb .

(6) det(E) could be used as an objective function for the maximization of the ellipsoid volume.


Acceptable error in calibration coefficient is within 0.1.With no test, some of the devices display errors beyondthis limit.

we can conclude, even from this small sample set that testing and calibration are absolutelynecessary for correct operation.


However, when the other benchmarks are able to detect that the current .ow is a safe connection, they leave the packet out of tracking the .ow state.

there are two types of application according to the processing behavior along a networking connection, namely: the applications that the main stateful processing is concentrated on the .rst packets of the connection (e.g.


We consider that [5] has 5 multiplexers 5:1 in each router, whereas our proposal has one 5:1 multiplexer and 4 multiplexers 2:1.

adNoC uses only 8 multiplexers 2:1, whereas [5] uses 20 multiplexers 2:1 (4 for each multiplexer 5:1, in each channel), which increases power in at least 26.88.W for each router and 0.32mW for all network.


Consider two cores that have af.nity at cache L. The chances for experiencing destructive interactions in the cache space are higher if these cores do not share data, as this will typically increase the number of distinct data elements that compete for the limited cache space.

if two iterations (that belong to a parallel loop) do not share data, it is better to assign those iterations to cores that do not have af.nity at any cache (if possible).


Extra energy has to be consumed in driving clock-trees and pulling up and down the external bus between the on-chip cache and external memory.

reduction of memory stalls also reduces power consumption during on-line periodic testing.


If a voltage partitioning solution can have largest group capacitance lower than c(Fmin ), it means that the total capacitance of that solution is lower than the total capacitance of our greedy solution which is not possible.

any voltage partitioning solution (including the optimal solution) has peak group capacitance at least c(Fmin ).


Therefore, the value of N is equal to the associativity of cache.

for partitioning a 32-way cache the lookahead algorithm will require a maximum time of 512 operations (recall that we perform partitioning once every 5M cycles).


(2) The correctness of condition 2) follows directly from the proof of condition 1).


in practice we approximate the Hessian given the gradient.


Figure 5 shows that 7 clock cycles are needed to go from corner-tocorner for the predicted die-size in the 0.07µm technology generation, assuming a 5 GHz clock, even with aggressive interconnect optimization including buffer insertion and wire-sizing.

we have to consider retiming and pipelining during physical hierarchy generation.


Leakage Energy: Thanks to their non-volatility nature, MRAM cells do not consume any standby leakage power.

mRAM cache only has two sources of leakage power.


System tests are derived from each case such as data flow, interrupts mapping, operating modes and wakeup transitions.

the use cases are further refined as applications information becomes available.


1.2 is used where the same set of CNTs are used in pull-up (p-type) and pull-down (n-type) devices.

the number of CNTs and their types (m-or s-) are the same for pull-up and pull-down CNFETs.


According to the Monte Carlo simulation results, the period of the ring oscillator s output is nearly equal to the 128-stage FO1-INV delay, 128×DINV.

the counted number count is equal to  Period of NAND (ns) (a)     (b) Figure 10.


These policies allow the vast majority of accesses to occur to the fastest d-group with infrequent data swaps between d-groups.

distance associativity fundamentally changes the trade-offs made by NUCA s best-performing design, resulting in higher performance and substantially lower energy.


Caches are already known to consume a large portion (about 30-70%) of total processor power [2] [3] and on-chip cache size will continue to grow due to device scaling coupled with performance requirements.

in order to manage total power consumption and reliability of the system, it is important to manage power and reliability of the caches.


This analysis is complicated by the fact that LHPNs typically have an in.nite number of states.

to perform state space exploration on LHPNs, it is necessary to represent this in.nite number of states using a .nite number of state equivalence classes called state sets.


One possibility for the experiment design is to have a task solved the two subjects.

for this project, a task should be capable of triggering conversations typical for a phone call.


Level Converter Design for Sub-threshold Logic As discussed in the previous section, conventional static level INB converters cannot be applied for communication between sub (b) Level conversion fails in ultra low voltage input due to weak pull down Fig.

2 Failure mechanism of conventional level converter when applied to sub-threshold logic in our dynamic converter design, we assumed that a high voltage clock would be delivered through an extra clock path.


As we scale down to the deep sub-micron feature sizes, interconnects and transistors are miniaturized and are more prone to physical defects.

circuits become more susceptible to intermittent faults.


We .nd that it is possible to take the circuit from state 0 to state 1 by applying the input combination 01.

we apply the unique input 01 output sequence of state 0, then take the state-transition 0 .


Besides, our preliminary results show that more than half of the decomposition graphs can be decomposed using this fast method.

the runtime can be dramatically reduced.


5.3 Randomized Selection The size of knob-setting space K grows exponentially as explained in Section 3.

even if a very fast learning model  H is used, the exhaustive search in K (Line 12 in Algorithm 1) makes the iterative-re.nement framework not scalable.


When there is little sharing, thread a.nity has less potential for improvements, even when the heterogeneity is high.

both the amount and heterogeneity of the sharing must be taken into account when analyzing the potential for thread a.nity of a parallel application.


This, however, would place a large burden on the server every time a new update is released.

message generation capability was added to the synchronization software.


The ISR then proceeds to set the hypnosflag, and the WuI  Figure 6: HYPNOS Hardware Implementation interface controls, and toggles the PxOUT to select VDDL as the power supply.


Sp} = {0,4,5} corresponds to a recovery sequence {xi}0=i=6 = {1000110}.

the read-optimal and balanced recovery schemeis symbols d1,3 , d2,3 , d3,3 are recoveredby rowparity, and symbols d0,3 , d4,3 , d5,3 are recoveredbydiagonalparity.


Traditionally, the communication officer would have to call all the community workers individually to make an announcement.

the communication officers were very keen to use the service and also contacted us to provide feedback on service problems and suggestions for improvements.


Figure 3(d) shows an improved optimal-timing CSA-tree structure, which we call circuit3, produced by our algorithm under the general CSA timing model.

the timing of circuit3 (=11) is shorter than that of circut1 (=13), and the interconnects in circuit3 are still as regular as that in circuit1.


While the assumption of deterministic service times is valid in the case of network routers serving .xed-size packets, or is a reasonable approximation when the packet sizes have small variance, such an assumption is hardly justi.ed in the case of Web servers where, in addition to the long range dependency of the arrival process, requests vary largely in their sizes and service demands, often having nontraditional (subexponential) tail distributions, [1, 10, 12, 17, 23].

how would the performance be in.uenced by the LRD input process and the non-traditional service time distributions remains an open question, important both in theory and practice such as Web server performance and QoS concerns.


This large gap results in strong refractive e.ects in lithography.

it is a huge challenge to reliably print layout features on wafers and the printing is more susceptible to lithographic process variations.


However, the DP region of the optimal memory con.guration is much smaller than the SP region.

area overhead of entire memory array area is tolerable.


temperature variations is enhanced with the scaling of supply voltage.

as the supply voltage is scaled below the optimum supply voltage, the rate of increase of delay variations Normalized energy per cycle, delay, andenergy- delay product (determined primarily by the variations of the gate overdrive for VDD < VOptimum) is enhanced as shown in Fig.


The shortcoming of this method is the absence of a fault model at behavioral level that has on obvious correlation to manufacturing defects.

several innovative methods have been presented to include sequential depth, sequential loops, and controllability/observability objectives into the stages of HLS which affects the sequential automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) time and fault coverage of the final circuit.


Multiple components can be instantiated by the user in the graphic interface.

each component s code is compiled into a dynamic link library file.


If CircularScan is used, there are only 4 speci.ed bits of the current pattern that vary from the captured response of the previously applied pattern.

only updating these particular bits with the new architecture is suf.cient to load the next pattern.


For wireless sensing nodes, non-inverting flyback topology is very attractive, since it can flexibly achieve either step-up or step-down voltage conversion.

the desired output voltage level can always be achieved by adjusting the conversion ratio.


According to our simulation, increasing W to be larger than 2V gives only marginal throughput gain.

we choose the frame window size (W )to be V by default as a reasonable design tradeoff.


In a hybrid FPGA/FPCA, both devices share the same global routing network; the FPCA replaces LUTs with counters in one (or more) rectangular subregions.

the FPCA-1.0 architecture can implement a compressor tree with significantly fewer logic levels than any type of compressor synthesized on an FPGA.


For multiple power (voltage) mode designs, the clock signal delay on a path may change as the applied power mode (i.e., operating condition) changes.

a clock tree optimized to meet clock skew constraint on one power mode may violate clock skew constraint on another power mode.


Whenever one or more of the coe.cient values slip outside its individual hyper-cube we get a di.erent set of coe.cients that re.ects a detectable fault.

equation (4) describes a hypercube for all parameters that correspond to either good machine values or undetectable parameter faults [1, 4, 10]: ai,min <ai <ai,max .ai, 0 = i = n (4) This paper is organized as follows.


Although we use similar error rates as with the restriction phase, the interpolation phase is generally more reliable since it performs fewer computations.

the same error rate results in a fewer total error injections.


Most of the time, the modi.cation is critical through some inter-die correlations which bring the most signi.cant parasitics and matching behavior.

this area has been one of the most studied areas in analog design automation.


It is known that previous works on modules alignment and abutment, such as [2], are not necessary for BDFs [1].


This penalty includes a light-weighted trap and an unconditional branch.

a mis-speculation, especially for address mis- speculation, could be expensive.


From the energy angle, they are responsible from up to 42% of overall on-chip energy consumption [11].

optimizing their performance and energy characteristics is very important and is expected to be even more so in the future.


Increasing the TSV distance has big impact on Rsi and Csi,but has little impact on CT SV .

the total coupling channel impedance Z5 isnot sensitivetotheTSV distance.Toverify this, we perform transient simulations to examine the coupling noise variation with different TSV distances.


One-class SVMs require samples from only one class of data (positive class) (assuming negative class elsewhere) and compute the optimal hyperplane maximizing the separation of data from the origin.

even if minimum support estimation is attempted through the training process, there is no explicit penalty in having a large support regions in O.


In this region, the process cannot be checkpointed due to the atomicity property of communication operations (i.e., the message can have only one of two distinct states, sent/received and not sent/not received ).

in order to obey the atomicity property, upon receiving a checkpoint signal, the process should delay the signal until it transits either to the non-critical section state, if the process is coming from a non-critical section state, or to the non-critical, Ckpt.-unsafe state, otherwise.


Note that Ti is defined as the time relative to a global time reference.


This implies that significant share of power will be spent on charging the unwanted parasitic capacitances.

for any practical device, carbon nanotube array must be used instead of a single carbon nanotube.


The reduced current demand in dual VDD circuits proves useful here since it becomes feasible to use lesser decoupling capacitors for each of VDDL and VDDH as compared to the single VDD case.

for Cblk (and similarly for others), we have, Cblk CblkH CblkL , and (1) CblkH / CblkL I (VDDH ) / I(VDDL) where, CblkH/CblkL are the decoupling capacitances attached to VDDH/VDDL, and I(VDDH)/I(VDDL) are the current demands on VDDH/VDDL respectively.


After the simulated annealing process stops, we report the lowest cost with the least number of unassigned buses.

we can .nd the desired .oorplan with the most feasible buses.


For this evaluation we need cycle-accurate models to extract detail statistics for hardware components, operating system and middleware operations, while long real-life workloads from streaming applications are executed.

in this work we have built a complete estimation framework extending the .exible HW/SW FPGA-based hardware emulation infrastructure presented in [2].


The coupling path is mainly on the siliconbulk surface, which can be well controlled by substrate contact.

byaddingsuf.cient substrate contact,thesurfacecanbe strongly tied to ground, thus alleviating TSV-to-device coupling.


If no unit FMSV violate an area constraint, all unit FMSVs will be enumerated.

the limit of |F | is about 16 practically.


The expected value of the sum of these error Etotal is computed by assuming that each bit in A, B and P has an equal probability of being one or zero.

the expected value of the total error is the sum of expected reduction error and the expected rounding error as Etotal = Ereduction + Erounding S-k-1 S-1 X X 1 1 -m-n+q -m-n+z Etotal = (q +1) · 2+ · 2 4 2 q=0 z=S-k where S = m + n - r [14].


Thus we expect a consistency of 50% between the results of actual placement and the results of the random placement.

achieving 50% consistency is a trivial achievement, and any consistency above 50% is desirable.


At the start of an application launch, successive block requests are all hits in the .ash memory, and thus FCFP entirely eliminates disk seek time and rotational latency during that period.

we can expect a reduction in the total H-HDD access time that is roughly in proportion to the size of the pinned set.


In this section, we describe its behavior when executing other types of instructions.

3in-order superscalar processors have a higher performance than do scalar processors.


However, the relatively low throughput due to the maskless direct write process constrains EBL from high volume manufacturing.

eBL was only applied to few applications such as photomask fabrication [15].


Thus, it would be time-consuming to perform a full exploration in such a large design space using a detailed simulation.

in this section, we .rst present analytical models that enable quick evaluation of the refresh overhead in terms of power, lifetime, and performance.


In order to nullify the effects of Vdd-scaling and/or process variation, we need to prevent wrong intermediate computation values from being added to the final output.

in case of delay errors, we gate the outputs of affected adders by ANDing with zero or NORing with one.


Due to the constant silicon features and rule-based challenge supply, PUF can be described into mathematical models, which reveal the complicated correlation between challenge and responses.

if given a number of known CRPs, the built model of PUF can be used to predict unknown ones.


siESpower can vary between minimum and maximum slack available in a stage.


If z in (3) is taken as 95%RI , the 95th percentile of RI , we can show that 95%RI is no less than 95%RD, the 95th percentile of RD.

95%RI = 95%RD, (4) which can be also written as: 95%RD = a · 95%RI , (5) where a takes a value between 0 and 1.


We assume that the CPU is tamper-resistant.


In contrast, our sequence-by-sequence (SBS) solution accrues and compresses several architectural events over a period of time before it transfers the information off-platform for comparison with a golden model.

the storage and transfer bandwidth demands are amortized over a period of execution and can be controlled by a user by extending or shortening the window length.


For every input arc, this characterization is performed for a transition in the input which causes a rise in the output signal, and a transition which causes a fall in the output signal.

every input arc has a rise delay hyperplane that uses rise sensitivities and a fall delay hyperplane that uses fall sensitivities.


In the second mode, however, the length of k - 1 chains is increased to n +1, while the length of the last chain reduces to n - k +1.

the two di.erent scan modes change the dependency between the values of scan cells in slices.


A reference Y axis is selected and plots of the access time, noise margin and power consumption are normalized to this axis by using a constant.

all parameters are in the same range and they can be plotted on a single graph.


Thus all CNOTm gates that have the a1-th bit in their control bits, i.e., those in Groups B or C, have been deleted.


Overall AF overhead is the same in both schemes, as in scheme ES av  the two bitstream average activity factors  there are two parallel encoders/decoders, each  (a1=a2) encoding/decoding one bit ever y cycle, while in scheme SE there is one encoder/decoder encoding/decoding two bits ever y cycle.

the best encoder/decoder location will depend on which one provides higher reduction in activity factor.


Decisions made at the architectural level have the potential of biggest impact on the power consumption of the .nal chip.

it is no longer acceptable to postpone the design decisions that a.ect the power until the back-end design phase.


But, the relaxed skew bound results in lower Fmax than other two curves.

we see that by controlling both the skew and slew bounds, we design a low-energy clock network for a given target Fmax more effectively.


F This bound shows that the decaying rate of the truncation F error of Green's function based formulation is in the order of i2l2 (ip/L x)2 +(lp/L y)2 .

the convergence rate of GIT based method is much faster than Green's function based method [6].


INTRODUCTION One of the major obstacles to the wide-spread adoption of photovoltaics is the high cost of conventional silicon based solar cells.

large-area, solution-processed photovoltaic devices fabricated from materials other than crystalline silicon are of keen interest to the energy community.


In case 0 or 2 bits are protected, the error will be masked, and will affect the user with probability Vi * P3/3.

in case the sum of S of the j affected bits is even, the corresponding case should be set to 1, otherwise it should be set to 0.


3 Operations and data path of HS cell It can be see that the state related to S1 is only propagated to the MUX-DFFs of cell 4, cell 2 and cell 0 whose index number is even, while the state related to S2 is only propagated to the MUX-DFFs of cell 3, and cell 1 whose index number is odd.

the scan chain can be divided into two logical scan chains.


For instance, it may cause irresponsible, or even criminal, use of the Internet.

it would be desirable to have revocable anonymity in our internet applications.


Thus, the complete set of direct implications associated with A = 1 is: {(A,1,0), (H,1,0), (B,1,0), (C,1,0), (D,1,0), (I,1,0), (J,1,-1)} b) Indirect Implications: Although C = 1 or D = 1 do not imply anything on gate F individually, together, they imply F = 1.

indirectly, A = 1 would imply F = 1 (shown as a dashed line in Figure 1).


In addition, the proactive approach has greater impact on improving lifetime reliability when component wearout is balanced.

scheduling recovery mode to balance wearout can make the proactive approach more effective in enhancing lifetime reliability.


Arbiter outputs are registered to shorten the critical path such that it does not extend past the router .rst stage.

propagating the selected output port one cycle in advance is necessary to avoid inserting bubbles.


C which makes it easy to .nd an overlap-free solution.

instead of the full-blown no-overlapping constraints, we prefer to have the minimum number of overlap-free constraints so that LP-based optimization in Eq.


This linear behavior can be explained through the denominator of Eq.20, which does not vary that much for low output currents.

the Icap is more or less proportional to the derivative of Iout.


The breakdown of a system into constituent parts is a very natural process for asynchronous systems, as these are generally composed of asynchronous blocks which communicate with each other via delay-insensitive asynchronous handshaking protocols.

it is straightforward to draw block boundaries at the handshake interfaces.


In addition, [39] demonstrates that for most applica- tions, few cache-lines in a page make up the majority of all accesses to that page.

allocating space on RLDRAM at a page granu- larity does not yield much bene.t.


Related Work The body of work on low-power MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks is rather intimidating.

we only provide a very brief survey of existing MAC mechanisms that we believe to be representative of existing literature.


An ideal electrical DFM solution does not require any changes to existing design flows, does not require a different hand-off to manufacturing, and does not require detailed proprietary process information from the foundry.

chip designers can reap the substantial benefits of electrical DFM at a very low cost of adoption.


Minimum energy delay point occurs in subthreshold region and subthreshold operation of circuits shows order of power saving over superthreshold circuits.

it is also important to investigate the possibility of extending the use of FPGA even in subthreshold region for ultra low power applications.


These faults cannot be detected by march test because the faults cause a random logic value to be read from the defective RRAM cells [9].

a special Design-for-testability (DfT) scheme is required; this will be given next.


Using some heuristic methodologies, this work starts from a user-given initial design and reuses its yield analysis results to avoid identifying the hard-to-predict feasible region.

the required regression efforts and iteration cost can be greatly reduced while improving the design yield.


In this all its four adjacent cells are deactivated.

we can paper, we empirically set ß =15 and .


Reduction in pin counts and test data volume enables utilization of low cost testers.

the proposed scheme can easily be automated without impacting the design process, thus achieving signi.cant cost reductions in manufacturing test.


Observe that the property depends on the contents of the RAM.

even after applying the techniques such as localization reduction, the system will have 16KB (16 × 1024 × 8) latches.


In this case, after all the free pages are consumed, most pages are likely to have been updated multiple times.

gC can .nd   60 80 0 1020304050 0 1020304050 Response time (ms) Response time (ms) 100 40 100 0 Residual lifetime (%) 20 40 (a) 0-10% LPN is reserved (b) 0-100% LPN is reserved 40 Figure 2: Analytical model of residual lifetime Figure 3: Read latency of the Intel 320 SSD victim blocks with a high percentage of invalidated pages, decreasing the number of valid pages copied and increasing the GC e.ciency.


In case all SAR s evaluated to 10000 in the second cycle, no change is made to the TRvalues.

at the end of conversion cycle, if only one of the TR s remains high, it is identified as the winner and the corresponding SAR value is effectively the degree of match (DOM).


In our model, we .x the gate pitch, which is same as Lgate.


The only di.erence of this traversal from the one in Section 3.3 is that the starting arrival timing from the primary input k is ak, which is unknown until this module is integrated into a hierarchical design.

an arrival time item from k to a latch j becomes to aj = ak + Dkj + Ckj T (35) If this arrival time is propagated a latch stage further, the corresponding delay shift can be merged with the right side of (35) by adding the random variables and the coe.cients of T separately.


Finite-domain constraints with word-level variables can have multiple, monotonically decreasing range changes.

a variable vi, with a range (l,m), can appear with a different range (j,k), where, either j < l or k < m, in the current implication graph.


Also, at those low voltages, circuit reliability is compromised due to reduced noise margin, especially when considering the effects of process variation.

considering performance, energy efficiency and reliability, we choose 1.0V as our core operating voltage.


Theorem 2 provides a conservative bound because it does not take into consideration the sizes of attacked intervals and can only be achieved when at least two correct sensors intersect at exactly one point, namely the true value.

we formulate the following theorems that specify bounds on the fusion interval based on the size of the attacked intervals.


Qualitative Simulation is an attracting method that computes behavior envelopes for dynamical systems over continuous ranges of their parameters.

this method can be employed to verify PLLs locking property given a model that encompasses their imperfections.


However, multiple reads from disks for recovery consume I/O bandwidth of the system and in.uence the system service performance [12].

by reducing the number of disk reads, one can also improve the performance to users during the online failure recovery mode.


According to our experiments, the bitrate increases less than 0.5% for most of our test signals when stage 3 is employed.


For non-recon.gurable tasks except the detection tasks, since the reservoirs and dispensing ports are outside the 2D micro.uidic array as shown in Figure 1, we only need to consider the time aspect for this type of tasks.

we model it as a 3D line with both its width and height being zero.


Instead of speci.cally designing a set of rules for dynamic con.guration of resizable caches in SMT processors, we apply GAs: we want to obtain new con.gurations that can improve the IPC results.

we consider an individual of the population as a sequence of con.gurations to be applied at speci.c intervals when running a given benchmark on the previously described SMT architecture.


7), whereas the input and output terminals of all datapath logic resources can connect to any routing track.

if two instances are mapped to ALU positions X1 and X2 in the architecture, the cutsize contribution due to a two-terminal signal that connects the two instances is simply |X1-X2|.


PTM operations including information extraction are performed on the compressed form.

this method has complexity polynomial in the size of the ADD of a circuit and empirically scales to a width of 40+ signals.


Equation (28) is similar to (22); the only di.erence being that the voltage drop (Vi - Vj) in the RC cases shifts to the voltage drop minus the Ldi/dt drop.

the RC model in Figure 2(a) can be modi.ed and becomes a new RLC model,which is showninFigure 2(b).


This is due to applying the same cycle time to the network channels as the routers.

the network with the enhanced two-stage router also has higher-frequency channels, which have a lower latency in absolute time.


In fact, T P, F P are used as basic inputs to compute CI D .

cI D presents a composite/uni.ed measure and a nature tradeo.


The power of expressiveness provided by the C# language enables us to make a clean and simple implementation of the environment.

all the presented concepts for modeling and simulation were implemented in approximately 1550 lines of code.


Another adjustment technique exploits the fact that slices of datapaths usually implement the same functionality.

con.guration bit sharing can be applied to reduce unnecessary area overhead.


As one can see, the vulnerability cycles for all different renames are much clustered, with most of the renames being vulnerable between 0 to 5 cycles.

we explored the possibility of correlating the histogram with the vulnerability for the different architectural   Fig.


This is true because slow adders have longer critical paths and the change in current drawn by the gates due to process variation averages out; resulting in small s/µ.

for tolerance to process variation, RCA and  7C-5   S31 S19 ... S12 S0 activation (a) (b) Delay variation in C2SA adder (Nominal Voltage) KS Adder 0.12 Delay variation in BK adder (Low Voltage) 0.02  0.02 00 0 0.5 11.5 2 01234 Delay (ns) Delay (ns) Delay (ns) Delay variation in BK adder (Nominal Voltage) 0.14 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.12 0.1 0.08 # of occurences # of occurences 0.06 0.04 0.04 0 01234567    (c) (d)  s (ps)   and 64-bit adders and corresponding area overhead BK are the best choice.


For example, an improved ICCG method was put forward in [18], which can reduce the computation time by 30% - 50% compared with the ICCG method.

by using these algorithms, the runtime for equation-solving can be reduced to be small enough to be neglected.


Represented in PCDT, a net path passes through common edges from one triangle to another, and crossing points are assigned on the triangle s edges.

a triangle edge constrains the number of nets passing through it.


How-ever, they touch more than 95% of the total heap memory and the average number of references per cache line is rel- atively small (70 in JEss and 154 in JACK for 32-byte line size).

the short-lived objects produce a large amount of cold misses.


5.4 Instruction Cache Resizing Results For our benchmark set, the instruction cache has extremely low miss rates.

it is easier to .nd a common reference miss rate for a large set of benchmarks.


However, the memory can respond quickly to the access of different banks in the memory.

we consider the bank con.ict patterns as one of the root causes of performance violation.


On the other hand, we notice that Cij (0) = Pij (uij ), which means that all the components are powered at minimum voltage with longest latency.

we obtain the rightmost Pareto point P(f) of Problem 2 at f = fmax = -pt.


(ri[0]·Ci) (8) i=1 i=1 i=1 The first term of equation (8) expresses the doubling of Xn, which is the correlation value between the n-bit signal ri[n:1] and Ci.

the correlation value Xn+1 can be rewritten according to (7) and (8) as L L L Xn+1 = 2·Xn + .


Unfortunately, T-Vpack attempts to pack as many BLEs as possible into any given cluster.

one important contribution of this paper is to modify T-Vpack to allow for more empty BLEs in timing critical clusters.


One can still obtain optimal design values for any other voltage, by explicitly specifying that voltage, which will then override the default internal voltage value.

the tool allows the architect to choose the best interconnect options that suit their requirements.


To gain performance benefits, advanced standards utilize a multitude of modalities that aim to maximize throughput based on current channel conditions.

to fully characterize the performance of a system under all possible channel variations and modalities requires a vast sample space of simulation channels.


For example, the error correction codes (ECC) table explored in [11] for CPU register protection may cause large area overhead when applied in GPGPU with thousands of registers.

it is imperative to develop a different set of GPGPU-aware reliability optimization techniques in the presence of soft errors.


An additional optimization omitted in the pseudo-code of Figure 3.1, is that of caching previously computed results.

when decomposition checking is applied repeatedly to the same function, it is retrieved from the cache, instead of running the check from scratch.


Since both mean values are assumed to carry the same amount of noise, taking their di.erence cancels out the noise with an adequate number of power trace data.

the Di.erential Power of DPA .nds better correlation between the power consumption and the input data compared to SPA in practice.


That is, it is impossible that for any vj , .n i n .1 i G1(vj ) = 1, but G1(vk ) = 0.

because number of 1 = i  we are given G1(.n) = G2(.n), that means i i .............. G1(vj ) = G2(vj ) for all vj , we can conclude ............. .


Assuming that we have six onchip blocks (i.e., r = 6), we assign a private on-chip block per chain.

the DBG can be easily scheduled with only 6 (on-chip block) loads; i.e., each OB is reserved for a data block.


Variation immunity: The regularity of a bus implies that all bus bits remain contiguous when routed from the driver to the load(s).

parametric variations [4], no matter how they distribute and act, affect all the bits nearly equally, and thus have little effect on the delay matching of the bus bits.


A passive radio-triggering circuit is used to generate an interrupt to wake it up when a proper signal is sent by the UAV.

the microcontroller is the only component drawing current from the power source in sleep mode.


In particular, a long-latency write operation to STT-RAM cache may obstruct other cache accesses and result in severe performance degradation.

mitigation techniques to minimize the write overhead are required in order to successfully adopt this new technology for cache design.


Furthermore, e.cient error e.ect simulation requires avoiding the error-prone process of manual error injection.

these fault models should be available in a formalized form to enable automatic con.guration/generation of the error injectors inside the UVM-based testbenches as mentioned in Section 3.3.


Ti means how many positions from the bottom of Ri-1 are not used, and Bi-1 means how many positions from the top of Ri-1 are not used.

the total number of unused positions should be less than the total positions in the region Ri-1.


For example, if a 3-bit vertical fault occurs in the first bit of byte 0 of the first three rows (left array), the fault affects bit 0 of byte 0, bit 0 of byte 6 and bit 0 of byte 7 of R1 and R2 (right array).

by adding two registers and two barrel shifters to a parity-protected cache with 8 interleaved parity bits, CPPC has the potential to correct all spatial MBEs contained in an 8*8 square.


However, our white space insertion takes O(n 2), which is computationally equivalent to computing block location using longest path computation for area.

we can afford white space insertion (and area increase) at every move.


Similarly, any tampering with result within Send() is detected.

the processor does not have to pay any overheads in protecting such I/O functions.


However, at a macroscopic level, it is reasonable to assume that the effective activation energy is same for a wire and varies only between the wires [2], [12], [15] [18].

we work with the idea of the effective activation energy for each wire, which is an averaged activation energy value for that wire.


(Note, that for prime moduli, one needs at least r multiplications to compute such a polynomial. )

polynomial rr Q(x,y)=xiyi-P(x,y) i=1 i=1 o(1) can be computed also with only t= r homogeneous multiplications: trr Q(x,y)= bij xicij yi, (1) j=1i=1 i=1 and it has the following properties: (i) the coe.cients of the xiyi terms equals to 1, for i = 1,2,...,r, (ii) any other coe.cient is 0 modulo at least one primepower divisor of m.  In particular, for m = 6, the coe.cient of any xiyj (where i= j ), is either 0, or 4 or 3 modulo 6.


On the research side, various high-level modeling languages have been developed over the last decade, such as ACL2 [22], PVS [30], TLA [27], and Uclid [26], but none of these language is ready for serious industrial usage.

it d be better to adopt an industry-standard language such as SystemVerilog or SystemC.


3-D systems with DTM capability allocate the workload or adjust the coolant flow rate based on the thermal status of individual planes.

performance of a dynamic thermal management unit in 3-D ICs strongly depends upon the accuracy of the temperature information obtained from each core in a 3-D stack.


in Performance Evaluation of Computer and The term pij (k - 1,k)= P [Qk = j|Qk-1 = i] denotes the probability that the process makes a transition from state i at period k - 1 to state j at period k. This probability is obtained from the arrival load A and given that A is the same in all the periods, then the pij (k-1,k) does not depend on the period k. we can represent pij (k - 1,k) as pij and Eq.13 is reduced to: X P [Qk = j]= P [Qk = i] · pij (13) i Communication Systems, Joint Tutorial Papers of pij is known as the one-step transition probability.


Third, PRAM has a large latency in write operation (about 12 times larger than DRAM write latency [7]).

if the decay method is applied and more data are written back from DRAM to PRAM, the memory access latency degrades due to the latency of PRAM writes.


Currently in CUDA this linearization is deterministic such that indices in dimension x vary the fastest, followed by dimension y, etc.

multi-dimensional thread blocks are essentially syntactic sugar for a .xed linearization strategy (the user could also linearize the kernel manually completely equivalently).


Some of them are also computationally intensive.

they are not completely suitable for temperature-aware design.


(1) y x+1 that each bit in the stream is one is P (X = 1) = .

a real 2 NN x -x + e 22 e number x = -1 is represented by a stream of all zeros and a real number x = 0 is represented by a stream of bits that have probability 0.5 of being one.


As with the previous type of TGs (Subsection 3.1.1), the implementation of the trace-driven TG tries to save as much logic as possible in the board.

each instantiation consumes 652 slices (7.02%) on our FPGA device.


If N is the number of loops in the net, only 2N + 1 net delay calculations have to be performed to determine the nominal and the worst delay of a net without adjacent loops.

for practical applications the number of net delay calculations is enormously reduced.


302 InstructionsExecutedinParallel benchmark 1 2 3 4 5 db 90.12 9.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 javac 93.41 6.28 0.17 0.00 0.00 jess 92.05 7.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 mpeg 94.70 5.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 mtrt 91.22 8.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 Table3:Percentageofinstructionsexecutedinpar-allelwhenusingaDB-Cacheof128entries Table3showsthepercentageofinstructionsthat canbeexecutedinparallelforthepicoJava-IIwitha fllunitandDB-Cache(of128entries).Itisseenthat 90-94%oftheinstructionsareexecutedwithoutbeing pairedwithotherinstructions.Javacisonebenchmarkinwhichweseeanegligiblesmallpercentofthe instructionsbeingexecutedatarateof3instructions percycle(0.17%).Weneversee4or5bytecodes beingexecutedinonecycle,becauseofthedependenciestothestack.Thisimpliesthatinthelimited windowweareinvestigating,mostoftheinstructions haveadependencytothestack,andislimitingthe executionwidthevenifweareabletodecodeupto 5instructionsinonecycle.Sincethereisoneunique stack,anoperationwhichexpectsanoperandfrom thestackmustwaitanddependonthepreviousload orwrittenbackdatatobestoredintothestack.This causesaseverelimitationtotheinstructionlevelparallelismthatcanbeexploited.itwewillbe notbepossibletogainmuchperformancebyadding resourcestoexecutemorethan2instructionsinone cycle,withoutalleviatingtheconstraintsimposedby thestack.


4.2 Rescheduling Computation Order As discussed earlier, DCT has inherent error-resilience that allows low computation accuracy for high frequency components.

the elements of Y matrix {yij } with larger i-values and j-values can tolerate accuracy loss with limited image quality degradation.


Similarly, this process continues untilthelast shiftfrom n-1ton whichhas(n-k+1)k swaps.

for each elementlike k in set P ' , there are 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Network Size Figure 4: The impact of network scale on the optimal proxy number in PFS.


Simulation results show that the CNTFET-based crossbar achieves a significant improvement in sense voltage on/off ratio and noise margin.

this paper demonstrates that the CNTFET design is a viable candidate for crossbar memory design in nanoscale.


Indeed, if only very few symbols are corrupted, there is little basis for an informed classi.cation.

the voter discards packets with less than eight corrupted symbols that are classi.ed as interfered.


In fact, for the two tpcc traces, LRU performance degrades slightly as associativity increases.

even when we do not expect a significant benefit from full associativity alone, there is room for improvement via better replacement policies.


Approach overview Because a parameterized system design approach will have numerous interdependent parameters, an approach requiring simulation for each configuration would be computationally infeasible due to the exponential number of configurations.

we instead use a two-step approach to parameter optimization, as shown in Figure 1.


The number of CPUs used and the individual CPU con.guration (capability, clock speed) depends on the application scenario.

the available CPU power can be adjusted to the application requirements and an over-provisioning of computation and I/O resources can be avoided.


Such situations include swapping pages while executing another part of the program, page thrashing while executing the hot-spot, dynamically allocating/deallocating data, and dynamically linked libraries.

for such cases, the OS would be responsible for adjusting the size of the minimal physical tags when changes in the instruction and data working sets occur.


The i-th comparator outputs a 1 if Ri < k and a 0 otherwise.

the outputs of the d k comparators are all random bits with probability of being one.


In many cases, control cost increases more rapidly than leakage saving.

there should exist a trade-off point, at which the leakage saving and control cost are balanced.


I I I ··· s s s n1 n2 nn the k-th element of [B] vector can be represented by n I bk = skj vsj .

(6) j=1 the i-th incident wave can be represented by n Z0k -.kx Wi (x, .


Consequently, the key to ExecD s energy savings is the amount of time the processor spends drafting.

robust synchronization mechanisms are integral to ExecD s success.


These blocks, known as function- nodes, not only indicate which state-variables are related but also how they are related.

more specifically, a function node f that has links to state-variables X and Y assigns a weight f( X= x, Y= y | m) to any outcome X = x, Y = y given a measurement m. function-nodes define constraints (or interdependencies) between state-variables.


Instead, we enrich the system description by assertions, which are checked in all steps to preserve of the CAOS semantics.

our design .ow is as follows (see Figure 3): a CAOS model is translated to synchronous guarded actions with additional assertions.


The latency for each stage is n +1 gates [10], which for B = 26 is less than 1 cycle even for a very aggressively pipelined processor.

a 3 stage Feistel network would require 1.5B bit storage, less than 2 · gates, and a delay of 3 cycles.


B. Robustness Repair For a given netlist, critical paths are often determined by physical layout.

we evaluate our robustnessrepair methodology using SDD fault coverage and the delay effectiveness metric [15].


It can be shown [2] that net loss of the algorithm is bounded by O( T ln N ) or that the average net loss per period decreases at the rate O( (ln N) /T ) .

as T increases, the difference decreases to zero.


For the Construction mission class, our analysis shows that for long-term missions, the PoMC loss per component reliability decrease is typically greater than the PoMC gain per robot number increase.

it is more beneficial in terms of the mission success rate to increase the quality of the robot components as opposed to the number of robots, given the budget constraint.


However, with the IC technologies advancing, when the driver impedance does not dominate the metal resistance ofinterconnect any more, these models begin to su.er inaccuracy problem.

some techniques are proposed to improve the above gate model by turning the step voltage source into a time-varying piecewise one and choosing the value ofthe series resistor more elaborately.


{} where {0,1,2, ,(j-1),j}config(k-1)(odd) denote all of the elements within the maximum length odd configuration of nodes, and {0,1,2, ,(j-1),j}config(0)(even) denote the all of the elements within the minimum length even configuration of nodes, and vice versa for the terms {0,1,2, ,(j-1),j}config(k-1)(even) and {0,1,2, ,(j1),j}config(0)(odd).

the nodes within the graph of the largest odd (even) configuration and the smallest even (odd) configuration are not mutually exclusive.


In our current implementation, we do not store matches that are potentially good from the congestion standpoint, but have possibly inferior delay characteristics.

we do not minimize the congestion to the fullest extent possible.


The .+ of the SP is the order of the blocks from up-left to the right-bottom, and .-is the order of the blocks from bottom-left to up-right.

many SP s may correspond to the same floorplan.


Once a region of code is found to be hot , it is reorganized into superblock(s) and is optimized.

translation overhead is a function of two major items.


In practice, H(i) is necessarily an integer, thus the maximum error is equal to 1.

the measurement accuracy can be evaluated by: 1 dDNL = (Eq.E) H ideal Hence, imposing an accuracy better than 0.05 LSB on the DNL measurement corresponds to choose Hideal higher than 20.


For the Pareto optimal solutions excluding the manual design, the area varies only by 10% while the energy consumption varies by a factor of 2.7.

large energy gains can be obtained by sacri.cing some area for the given tile.


The table illustrates that the CED coverage remains fairly constant for different technology-mapped implementations.

we can conclude that the effectiveness of CED achieved using the proposed technique depends mainly on the Boolean function being approximated, i.e., it is technology-independent.


Further, note, regardless of dielectric media, the propagation mode of the lossy transmission lines cannot be completely decoupled by conventional modal analysis [8].

in general, except for lossless inhomogeneous media transmission lines, the direct application of the conventional modal decoupling techniques may generate a significant error.


Figure 2: The 3-pole-based response signal and eigenmodes of the 3-coupled line system.

the re- the 50% delay time of the i-th line can be ap sponse signal is investigated in the center line.


18(b) that not only the EDP contours and iso-performance curves shift but also the design space gets restricted by thermal constraint that cannot be predicted by traditional evaluation.

if electrothermal couplings are (i) standard technique, (ii-iv) temperature aware technique with only variable interconnect resistance (ii), only variable driver resistance (iii) and variable interconnect and driver resistances (iv).


A zero magnetic .eld, when no current is applied for both WWL and BWL, is also not able to switch the magnetization.

the cell addressability can be achieved under programming operation.


However, we .nd that this compact design has poor fault-tolerance capability; its FTI is only 0.0833, which implies that most cells in this micro.uidic array are not C-Covered (there are only 10 cells that are C-Covered, as highlighted in Figure 19).

if a cell becomes faulty during .eld operation, there is a low probability that the biochip can tolerate this fault via recon.guration.


The charging is quick because of the placement of Cdecap before the voltage selector unit.

only the e.ective capacitance of the MCU needs to be charged.


The number of voltage option decreases at each schedule point as we move from 0 to ...... ;for this reason, it makes sense to build the decision tree backwards from ...... .

the root of this tree represents the choice of voltage to be used from .... to ...... , the .rst level represents the choice of voltage ....-1 to ....,and so on,until the last level in which the voltage from 0 to ..1 is selected.


In contrast, the IR drop across a sleep transistor in the active mode varies inversely with the size.

sizing a sleep transistor becomes a key concern for designers because it greatly affects the leakage reduction and performance in a power gating design.


Through our analysis we found that most of the memory operations with page-mode opportunities are the results of memory accesses generated through prefetch operations.

we use processor s prefetch engine to provide request meta-data information which directs the scheme s page-mode accesses and request priority scheme.


According to [24], metal width (W ), ILD thickness (H), and metal thickness (T ) signi.cantly a.ect two major performance parameters resistance (R)and capacitance (C).

if we want to capture the variations of resistance and capacitance, we have to model the variability of these physical parameters (that is, the variability of metal width, ILD thickness, and metal thickness) .rst.


But in the case of REDE-FINE, the instructions execute on the Fabric and the Support Logic is unaware of these branch decisions.

use of hardware branch predictors is rendered impossible.


fin = 40.00 MHz |A(fin)| = 1.00 Ain = 1.00 mV PSS fu = 40.00 MHz Cc = 2.84 pF PM = 60.00° In practice, due to parameter variations, the value of the on-chip compensation capacitor Cc is not exactly the same as the nominal value of 2.84 pF.

the phase margin and unity gain frequency deviate from the ideal values.


We trace along the tree edges in a top-down manner and insert the identical type and size of bu.ers at the positions with an identical distance from the clock source.

the delays of bu.ers can be similar, even if we do not introduce timing models or refer to simulation for timing analysis.


Firstly, the production pattern of ZeroPad, [12048], matches exactly with the consumption pattern of IFFT.

we need only a size-1 bu.er between ZeroPad and IFFT, provided we schedule IFFT to start executing 1 cycle after start of .ring of ZeroPad.


Although WiFi provides very high data rates, it tends to be much too power hungry for efficient continuous operation with a small battery.

the WiSeBox architecture is based on a bulky central radio and processing unit, and the sensors themselves have to be wired across the body.


Figure 2 shows a  Figure 2: In the example RTL block B, Y 1 and Y 2 are independent signals.

b can be decomposed into two independent blocks, B1 and B2.


Hence, any aggregate inter-layer core activity mismatch manifests itself as internal voltage noise.

balancing current consumption across the layers is a key challenge facing voltage stacking.


Since the null space of E is normally .ltered out in Krylov subspace constructions [4], the resulting ROM is normally  1C-1 nonsingular which misses the Mi (i =0, 1, ···) term in the original model.

the polynomial term P (s) cannot be preserved by existing Krylov-subspace projections.


Especially, the comparator s power dissipation becomes very large as it changes to the higher resolution.

comparator section is the critical component for low power consumption.


Due to an imbalance in the kernel s resource requirements, one of the resources is saturated earlier than others and hence, several warps end up in Xalu or Xmem state.

whenever Equalizer detects that Xalu and Xmem are beyond a threshold, it can declare the kernel to be compute or memory intensive.


Similarly, when the original circuit F outputs 0, by applying counter-positive law, its 1-approximate logic must also ' ' output 0 (e.g., G1 = 0), and hence F = 0.


In this event, the execution from the start of the computational epoch to the point where the defect was detected cannot be trusted as correct, because this unchecked computation may have used the faulty component.

the results of the computed during the epoch are discarded, and the underlying hardware must be repaired.


Thus, the distance of the different conditional distributions in neighboring states are equal (or close).

the distance of the overall distributions between neighboring states is also equal to or close to the distance of any of the conditional distributions between neighboring states.


As was the case in the N-Delay router, we accumulate delay at K4 one delay at a time.

we start by finding a 1-Delay route to K4, then a 2-Delay route, a 3-Delay route, and finally a 4-Delay route to K4.


Note that we will still need a wire spanning the array to identify the exact segment of wordline that needs to be activated but this is very lightly loaded and therefore has low delay and energy.

we are not changing the way data gets laid out across DRAM chip arrays, but every access only brings down the relevant cache line into the row bu.er.


From this figure, we can easily see that, at a fixed CPU clock frequency, CPIavg is linearly related to MPIavg as follows: CPI =b f()·MPI +c (6) avg avg where b(f) is frequency-dependent slope.

notice that intercept c is equal to the average on-chip CPI, CPIavg onchip and is independent of frequency f. Eq.


In addition, for applications with self-modifying code (e.g., runtime code generation), parity-protected instruction caches will have problems to correct the transient errors even if they are detected.

in order to protect the instruction cache appropriately to meet the reliability requirement without over-compromising other design constraints, such as performance and energy consumption, the .rst step is to understand and measure cache vulnerability to transient errors accurately and quantitatively.


Not only do the electrons in each cell repel each other, but the repulsion propagates to adjacent cells.

inputs A, B, and Prog are affecting the configuration of the center and Out cells.


Suppose the lower level RL gives number of tradeoff options:            , ,      , then we need try at most tradeoff options to derive new element from each known  .


In general, academic ideas mostly address point issues and are effective under certain conditions while a production solution is required to address all concerns, including corner situations.

the main trial is to have appropriate algorithms at the proper steps in the design flow.


In addition, the patterns for other phases of MILC are also regular (but with nearest-neighbor communication instead of collectives).

even a sophisticated application such as MILC has a repetitive and regular pattern that is recognizable 0.1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Iteration number Fig.


However, the delay of rename stage (18 FO4) is only around half of the clock period (36 FO4).

sAVS can be applied to rename stage with error-free operations (at scaled VDD of SAVS: 0.725V in our simulation, Section 4.1).


However, the algorithmic complexity of MIMO detection is decreased by 58.7% at the same time.

an overall complexity reduction is achieved, showing that the MMSE-SQRD algorithm and corresponding hardware architecture presented are good choices for MIMO detecting systems.


upsize devices to improve robustness at the expense of increased energy consumption.

variability must be considered when analyzing the minimum energy operating point.


The one shown rightmost allows the compression stage to perform any length of overlapping from 0 to 23 between two adjacent seeds.

this implementation exploits all the possibilities of compression ratios and is expected to obtain a maximum time reduction as discussed.


However, while easy to implement and extremely flexible, these approaches require state-of-the-art and expensive hardware platforms to execute, and consume excessive amount of energy.

the use of such systems can only be limited to certain medical applications, where power and cost are not an issue.


As detailed .oorplanning turns a global .oorplan into a perfect, zero-whitespace, zero-overlap solution, it should change the initial solution as little as possible.

one possible objective function is the sum of shape distances between the original and .nal shapes.


That means, partitioning three-fourths of the 32MB memory as EC-Cache can gain a significant EC-Cache hit rate (because EC-Cache has 8× more lines than a data cache does given the same memory resource) without sacrificing the data-cache hit rate obviously.

this setting shows a great potential in performance speedup.


Each time a job Ji tries to access a gcs, this can be currently locked by a lower priority remote job of a task tj .lpr(i).

the blocking time due to lpr tasks which share the same GR with Ji is given by the longest gcs of tasks in the set .i,j: G (.GR Bi2(wi(q))= q · ni · max j ) (7).tj..i,j Each job Ji can also be blocked by hpr jobs that request the same GR as Ji (i.e.


(30) |yei|t0.tp .2 is speci.ed by user and t0, tp de.ne the period of the evaluation.

only those signi.cant perturbations dGi j are propagated to the level i+1.


Note that each symmetry pair or self-symmetry module must have its own representative module.

the number of the representatives in a symmetry group should be the same as the number of symmetry pairs and self-symmetry modules.


These characteristics make it hard to execute program codes directly from NAND .ash memory.

we have to use RAM as a working storage for executing programs as shown in Figure 1(b).


In the following analy- sis, Inv~ is assumed to transition from high-to-low while the input of Inv2 is fixed at Vdd.

the initial voltage of V1 and V2 are Vaa and ground, respectively.


More in details, in the fault free case, the comparator input bits are such that ai = bi, .i.

no series of two n-or pchannel transistors is conductive.


Unfortunately, the actual clock rate of a chip is a function of not only the in-plane geometry of the wiring layers, but also the routing of those wires.

this work focuses on maximizing the expected clock rate of a given distribution of wires, based on the sampling techniques described in the previous sections.


On the other hand, interactive sound rendering algorithms are only limited to scenes with a few thousand triangles.

most interactive applications typically use precomputed, static sound effects based on .xed models of propagation.


Here we only need to compare the performance of the algorithms for a .xed set of servers.

the cost associated with servers is neglected and only revenues are considered.


MIF duration is in the order of few milliseconds.

the OS can easily change the RII of the LLC at MIF boundaries, which occur coordinately across all cores.