This is a great idea and more intensive studies for better S are being made.

s is severely device point of view for mainly two reasons.


Parts of the mask are etched to create phase di.erence between regions and can enhance resolution for certain features by up to a factor of two [8].

another aspect of designing future library design is making them variation aware.


It can start a write or read transaction.

it used Peripheral Local Buses (PLB) and interface like Bus Macros, which are being discontinued by Xilinx.


The current source loadings can be formulated as matrix · F · z1.1(j,j) R W (i, j)= r1 F .

n×n, the FPS preconditioner z = F P SP recond (r), the rhs vector b .


IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 25(2): 334-344, February, 2006.

droplets travel clockwise through the rotary.


In the case of packet loss, it can simplify error concealment significantly and is therefore a good option for streaming audio to small mobile devices.

instead of developing more audio formats, we feel that a more exciting research frontier now is to build systems which enable appealing applications and services, leveraging mature technologies.


The forces computed during early iterations are very useful, as they provide a global picture of how the design should spread to achieve general overlap removal.

for every circuit, we set up two experiments: (a) KraftwerkNC for global placement as well as refinement, and (b) KraftwerkNC for global placement and FD-Mongrel for refinement.


Each speech lasts for about 10 s and we measured accuracy of the estimated region from the smartphone array.

in Dia, we aim to achieve a reasonable determinism by probing the hardware clocks only at the ISR (Stage 2).


If the odd version of a constant of Ti is an element of M, then it is not considered in computation of costad d .

in its heuristic part, an array of constants is chosen, its alternative implementations are found, and it is synthesized with the one that has the smallest cost.


Our simulation results show that the power ef.ciency of memristorbased approximated computation framework is higher than 400 GFLOPS/W.

is a scale coef.cient which is set to 1.1~1.5 in our design to achieve a safety margin.


Connection-block and switch-block populations are both 100% (see [10]).


We are also looking at PC like Web browsing experiences on the smart phones.

while traditional CMOS scaling had worked well for power reduction until 130nm, starting 90nm the equation has completely changed with leakage power becoming a dominant factor in the overall power consumption.


2(b-c), for which traditional optimization reaches its limits while the proposed methodology can optimize further.

3) Majority Function: The n-input (n odd) majority function M returns the logic value assumed by more than half of the inputs.


A single placement .ow handling both structures is extremely valuable, improving design time, quality, and saving development and maintenance costs.

careful examination of this tableyields thefollowing surprising results: 1.


The precision of the model is thus suf.cient to proceed to yield optimization.

typical design parameters are polarization currents or common mode voltages which can be controlled in the .nal circuit.


MinimizingEtnforthegiventoimplies.foranyn.fnding theminimumEgivento.whihinthisaseisEo.Seond,assumewearesolving"fndthevaluesofEandtthat EO E nO1O minimizeEtfornoi 1(to)".Withthehelpof theminimum-energyfuntion,weanwriteEtn asasinglevariablefuntionint.Thisfuntionisminimized.given thattheminimum-energyfuntionisantimonotoni.where n d(Et) i0 dt dEbnbbn-l to+nEotoi dt b dEto +ni0, Eobdt butfornow todE ninoi(to) Eodt b todEbtodE (to)i(to).


Finally, with distributed caches, it is possible to partition the accesses up in a manner in which they cause multiplicative misses in each of the L1 caches, rather than localizing the misses to one of the caches.

we report the improvement of our technique relative to the base RHOP case.


3.2 Candidate Selection Although an advantage of using a discrete grid is that one can explore the entire design space with a finite number of evaluations, it can become practically infeasible as the design space dimension increases.

nonetheless, they tend to consume long execution times and require a large number of simulation runs.


We believe that the interface is mainly interesting for users that already wear helmets or masks during work, e.g.

we propose a novel interface that is controlled through the tongue.


If transition t has two singleton guards, then: 8 ( ) d(t)· T h(t)= a· m(a)-.

it requires an exhaustive exploration of the reachability graph that is exponentially larger than the size of the bounded TGMG.


Seen as a low cost investment means for attracting new customers and o.ering new services, more often wireless networks are deployed by service providers, public transportation authorities, small business and franchises, etc.

these steps can be performed in parallel, although in the .gure they are shown sequentially for clarity.


We focus on pub/sub communication and compare it, where meaningful, with queues.


[8] Y. Nakamura, M. Takamiya, and T. Sakurai, An On-Chip Noise Canceller with High Voltage Supply Lines for Nanosecond-Range Power Supply Noise, in Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers, pp.

we propose an OVB technique that uses clock activation detection.


We have focused on decomposing circuits made up of Toffoli gates[10].

the improved decompositions of Section 3 also led to signi.cant improvements on the .nal elementary gate count required to implement a single To.oli gate of any size.


Some features are shown in menus as available, but do not actually function.

one of Rise Vision s strengths is the ability to add in free gadgets to enhance the display experience and create additional content.


Circuit Samples To perform our experiments and validate the approach, we considered various multiplier and fast adder structures.

if T1>d, it is also possible to leave unchanged the duty cycle of Ck, but we need to introduce a delay equal to T1-d on the input of Extra-Latch (see figure 2).


[13] S. Kwon et al., Optimizing video application design for phase-change RAMbased main memory, IEEE Trans.

to SET a PCM device, a long programming current pulse, which is weaker than the RESET programming current, is applied to program the cell from the amorphous state to the polycrystalline state.


The conventional power gating technique however can incur a high delay and area penalty, making its use prohibitive in key logic blocks such as arrays.

active leakage is also reduced by the proposed sub-segmentation.


TILOS: A posynomial programming approach to transistor sizing.


Combined, these two mechanisms result in a 50% to 60% performance increase for our test microarchitecture, without requiring a completely new scheduling mechanism.

they can be uniquely identified using the architected register name and the LID.


The results of FMEA and RoI are compared and their correlation is discussed.

dRC and DfM rules should preferably be checked together, subject to prioritizing their implementation based on their impact on yield and time to market.


Lschedule and Lmin represent the current and minimum schedule lengths, respectively.

our work focuses on the instruction level.


The performance improvement of L1-lo2 or L1-lo3 L1 cache w.r.t the baseline SRAM L1 cache comes from the shorter read latency even though its write latency is still longer, as shown in Table 2.

as expected, the regular STT- RAM L2 cache with L2-hi design shows the worst perfor 106  mance among all the con.gurations, especially for bench- Refresh energy 123 0.1 0.01 marks with high L1 miss rates, and L2 write frequencies 105 (such as mcf and swaptions).


In all benchmarks studied, we measure losses in coverage below 0.1%.

on average, Single+B (single thread with B as checkers) yields 33% coverage with HB128 recovery (D, B, b, and bs_B are covered).


Base layer includes the coarse level of DCT coefficients and the enhancement layer includes the finer level of DCT coefficients.

we run the decoder with two different machines: An Intel Xeon 1.7GHz and an Intel Pentium IV 2.8GHz.


In silico simulation of biological network dynamics.

from the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, the recurrence matrix A in (6) satis.es its own characteristic equation, i.e.


Since each iteration labels at least one backward arc, the number of iterations is at most .l i=1(migM/gi)+ 1 (one additional iteration may be needed if the last arc in a longest path is a forward arc).

most recently, Lavin et al[9] have explored how design restrictions could improve the manufacturability and extended the design restrictions on polysilicon conductors to all the layers of a design and proposed to use a set of simple geometric objects, such as points for contacts and vias, sticks for wiring and rectangles for diffusion, to represent the layout.


Figure 4(c) shows the NMOS transient drain-source current ids transitions with the two input slopes.

we also optimize device setting by minimizing energy and delay product (ED).


Their results con.rm our conjecture that too small stripe sizes should be avoided because of the negative e.ect on large sequential writes.

the third option is increasing the spare capacity to ensure that a su.cient number of free blocks is always available.


Consequently, there is an initial time penalty associated with the development of the test environment.

now the test environment can adapt automatically depending on the derivative.


Nevertheless, since the growth of exhaustive simulation time is exponential to the number of inputs, the STA approach generally requires less CPU time than the simulation approach.

developed a fault model targeting RTDs technology and proposed a generic automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) framework for testing threshold logic networks [22].


By a detail analysis, it is clear that the location of poles, P2, P3, P4,5 and zeros, Z1, Z2,3 is directly related to the transconductance of transistors M3-M6.

when this circuit is used in single-stage amplifiers, some problems are caused in frequency compensation of the amplifier.


Wait-freedom restricts the possible mechanisms that can be used, and in that sense penalizes the DSM model.

iEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 1(1):6 16, 1990.


These hardware-description languages make it more dif.cult and timeconsuming for designers to specify many substantially different micro-architectures.

for very small training-set size, random sampling is helpful to escape from local optimal where the sequential-TED algorithm could be trapped.


Each of these buses also typically includes its own data strobe (DQS) line.

the range of capacitance that can be used for phase delay communication (CRange) is determined by several factors: the frequency of the signal it is overlaid on and the physical attributes of the signal driver, the board-level trace, and the FPGA s input pad.


iii i La ;Op b .La.Opb StoreStore: If 2 stores appear in a particular order in ; then they must also appear in the same order in .

the following are the 6 TSO axioms: Order: There is a total order over all stores.


5 shows several simulated voltage waveforms on a node based on different susceptance models: (1) original S; (2) folded S with mutual terms; (3) folded S without mutual terms; (4) no S. We can see a very good match among the three waveforms.

since the self inductances and mutual inductances of the segments can be evaluated with closeform formulas which are functions of geometrical parameters, the geometrical symmetry in power/ground distribution guarantees that = , = , = and = .


and the guards discovered from this trajectory are gFH =19.6and gHF =20.2.

.k = 1 .Pi(tp + kP ) - Pi(tp +(k - 1)P ) = Pi(tp + P ) - Pi(tp)=.Pi .k = 1 .Ri(tp + kP ) - Ri(tp +(k - 1)P ) = Ri(tp + P ) - Ri(tp)=.Ri Theorem 1.


EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION This section demonstrates the practicality of the approach presented in this paper and evaluate the e.ciency of the hardware designs generated by our compiler.

this demonstrated the improvement over the previous work and justi.es the design decision to introduce a Bluespec back-end.


[2] S. Gupta and et al., Spark: A high-level synthesis framework for applying parallelizing compiler transformations, in ISVLSI, 2003, pp.

stringent throughput/area constraints, especially the demand for power optimization at the system level is rather challenging for existing C2RTL synthesis tools.


in fact, if Spiral results were removed from the set (because of the lower performance), RNS would become competitive to the evaluated TCS implementations also in terms of power and area.


Via-last TSVs are realized once the CMOS devices are completed and after the grinding and thinning process for wafer thinning.

gates are spreaded out so that WL slightly increases.


Alternative implementations of two-level adaptive branch prediction.

in MICRO 39: Proceedings of the 39th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pages 359 370, Washington, DC, USA, 2006.


We have ic1.ix =0mod b1, but b1 >F1 * (ic1)= sup{ic1.ix | ix .K} =sup{|ic1.ix|| ix .K}because K is 0-symmetric.

the function Fi is connected to the gauge function of the projection of K along the vectors ia1, ..., iai-1.


This policy allows the FU to undergo recovery for CycleTD cycles after each stress phase.

we choose to study FUs because of the general trend in multicore processor design, where more cores are integrated onto the die each sucessive generation but the cores themselves tend tobe relatively simple andhave only a small number of FUs.


The speech recognition engine computes a global score based on the grammar and on the quality of the pronunciation by the user.

figure 4: Approach-avoidance behavior during the considered interval time.


Due to the increased ground capacitance, it introduces little timing degradation on TSV nets.

impact of Substrate Resistance Silicon substrate also plays an important role in TSV-to-TSV coupling issue.


All experimental data along witha more detailed description of experiments are given in [3], together with detailed results for properties of I-GEP and C-GEP.

there exist instances of f and SG for which I-GEP does not solve GEP correctly (e.g., see full version of this write-up [3]).


The detection accuracy is computed by taking the ratio of true detection (sum of the number of good TSVs classi.ed as good and the number of defective TSVs classi.ed as defective) to the total number of TSVs in the die.

our proposed technique is based on imaging the die-surface and hence, the potential risk of TSV damage from probe tips is eliminated.


This talk draws on collaborations with many colleagues over the last two decades on memory models (in particular, a CACM'10 paper with Hans-J.

boehm) and with faculty, researchers, and students from the DPJ and DeNovo projects.


It uses the default strategy for allocation, which does not allocate the global to a register.

like for runtime disambiguation, the goal is to perform code scheduling in the presence of ambiguous memory operations.


The .rst implementation is the baseline it is the original source code without using intra-block parallelization or inter-block pipelining optimization.

we can simplify the program performance estimate in clock cycles as follows latbase latp = + costp Sintra × Sinter p p and Sinter where Sp intra p represent the intra-and inter-block speedup (discussed next), respectively and costp represents the implementation overhead.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work or personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

41stSymposiumonFoundationsofComputerSiene, FOCS'2OOO,pages575 58l,RedondoBeah, California,U.S.A.,2000.


The user must only supply the correct control signals, respecting the protocol implementation, but it is important to notice that at bus level we do not simulate the hardware RTL signals transfer to keep the correct timing.

we create a Bus as an object that contains several channels (X_channel is not a SC_channel, it is a normal C++ object), just to respect the modularity of an object oriented reuse specification.


In addition, the erase prevention also requires considerations and changes in the tree restructuring mechanisms as presented in Section 3.4.

the check also would slow down applications not supporting overwrites.


This reduces the opportunity to put more banks into a low-power mode.

if the table inter-access time is T , and the resynchronization time is Tp (assuming less than T ), then the optimizer can transition the associated modules into a low-power mode (with a unit time energy of Ep) for the initial T - Tp period (which would consume a total [T - Tp]Ep energy), activate the module to bring it back to the active mode at the end of this period following which the module will resynchronize before it is accessed again (consuming TpEa energy during the transition assuming that Ea is the unit time energy for active mode as well as during the transition period).


Optimization-based iterativereconstruction approaches, e.g., compressive sensing provide ways to reduce the radiation exposure, without sacri.cing image quality.

we ignore the mathematic details that can be referred in [4], but show the pseudo-code for the core computing functions instead.


Figure 7 examines the performance impact of limiting the number of instructions allowed in the fast window, and it appears 18 instructions is an effective and reasonable limit 4.

the next 3 oldest not-ready in- structions may not reside in contiguous locations, but in- stead be dispersed in the slow window.


EURO-DAC,  202-207, 1995 X. Lin, R. Thompson, Test Generation for Designs with Multiple Clocks , Proc.

input signals are scan-clk, and scan-en.


First, we introduce the variables used in our linear program.

the number enclosed in the parenthesis denotes the number of wires after solution space reduction is applied (i.e., the number of wires that are not identified as zero-delay-insertion wires).


a Boolean-based implementation requires a larger circuit with seven or eight gate elements (about 25 30 MOSFETs) [60].


Create a directed edge for each vertex pair Vin .

a top-down synthesis methodology for .ow-based micro.uidic biochips considering valve-switching minimization is necessary for maintaining the reliability.


An Observability-Based Code Cov to measure testability.

classical code-based coverage metrics such as line/code block coverage, branch/conditional coverage, expression coverage, path coverage and the most recent tag coverage are not suf.cient to guarantee the detection of all design errors.


To evaluate e.ects of such parasitic elements, a suitable model has been developed.

rEFERENCES age reference, as a function of the digital switching current duration.


Each entry contains the number of packets transmitted most recently and the recent tra.c patterns.

the global predictor (square dotted line) performs well in all the evaluated update time intervals.


Logic synthesis results after loop unrolling.

[11] L.-F. Chao, A. S. LaPaugh, and E. H.-M. Sha.


First, scaling the application to use additional processors often does not scale the required resources uniformly.

to make the contrast with software optimization techniques more interesting, we compare the tuned application to the best performance a hardware solution could ever achieve through a limit study.


3.3 Dual Interlocked Storage Cell (DICE) The schematic of the latch proposed in [1, 3], is shown in Fig.

frequent * This research was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grant # 0102830.


Each resistor is 1H, each sink A-I has a grounded capacitance of 10fF while each internal node has a grounded capacitance of 1fF.

it should be noted that the run time advantage of crunching resistor networks into more compact forms applies to each time step of each simulation performed by static timing.


If no contiguous regions are found again for any cluster, block shifting is performed to increase aligned deadspace (Section 5.3).

(a) Inter-layer nets n1 = {p1,p5}, n2 = {p2,p4}, and n3 = {p3,p6} need to be connected through TSVs.


Even in the presence of high magnetic fields, a small leakage current is caused by the imperfect scattering of holes at the p-n junction.

this circuit is a bistable inverter chain, and can be used to create stable memory storage.


Speci.cally, the test-scheduling algorithm .rst schedules all the tasks of the .rst session of each island, then it schedules all tasks of the second session of each island, and so on, until all tasks of all Fig.


However, design decisions are often based on nominal (rather than statistical) values of circuit attributes under the assumption that all transistors are alike.

impact of Die-to-Die and Within-Die Parameter Fluctuations on the Maximum Clock Frequency Distribution for Gigascale Integration.


To further reduce the write stress to the non-volatile cache, we propose to adopt two optimization schemes, the multiple dirty bit (MDB) and Fig.

our leading zeros masking scheme has very high possibility in reducing the write stress in the upper half of the data unit.


The two nodes then can not be represented well by the sampling node anymore.

the larger the violation regions, the more gains our method shows.


4) The cache line size is set to the page size, i.e.,1KB and 4KB.

special actions are required during page faults, as shown in Figure 3.


The simulation using Coherence Vector model, however, shows that this gate does not work as a majority gate at all as shown in Figure 8 (a).

a1 A2 A3 A12 A Inject io n  Meas urement A p hase b lo ck point point Figure 11: The maximum length of a phase block The propagation of a signal can be delayed by jogs and rippers on the interconnect wires.


Table 2 gives both post-synthesis and post-place-and-route area and delay results for the different tree structures.


5.1.3 Analysis of Detected Faults Unmasked faults in many structures are highly visible as they are permanent in nature and are highly intrusive to the program s execution.

such a combination of simple high-level detection and potentially more complex and low-level diagnosis assumes a checkpoint/replay mechanism for recovery, which is also required for various other proposals for reliability as well as for other functions (e.g., transactional memory and speculative multithreading).


4.3 Example 3: Hybrid DVB-T/H Transmission The third demo features a hybrid DVB-T/H setup with one DVB-T channel and two DVB-H channels.

the Multimedia research community needs an open, versatile transmitter framework serving as a foundation and playground for prototype implementations.


28.1 Modeling the Function Cache for Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis* Raimund Kirner Real-Time Systems Group Institut fuer Technische Informatik Technische Universitaet Wien, Austria raimund@vmars.tuwien.ac.at  Martin Schoeberl System-on-a-Chip Group Institut fuer Technische Informatik Technische Universitaet Wien, Austria mschoebe@mail.tuwien.ac.at ABSTRACT Static worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis is done by modeling the hardware behavior.

to distinguish di.erent call contexts, inlining is a common technique.


2.3 Energy Static power dissipation of an SSA cache consists of leakage power of active blocks, leakage power dissipated by blocks in the sleep mode, and the energy consumption incurred by the extra L1 misses that are introduced when off cache lines are accessed.

this scheme does not activate an additional cache block right away once a cache miss happens, as done by these techniques.


This EFSM is called smallest EFSM (SEFSM) (see Section 2).

it has been shown that a REFSM can be di.culty traversed, because of the presence of conditional statements on its update functions.


Gaus_265 runs for only 10ms on the discrete system.

fusionSim is an open-source modeling framework capable of cycle-accurate simulation of a complete x86-based computer system with a CPU and a GPU.


Finding the best sequence of transformations required a long trial and error process coupled with detailed dynamic analysis.

v. FUTURE AND ON-GOING WORK This whole optimization strategy raises several practical issues: How do we build such a decision tree ?


Tiling algorithms usually focus on L1 caches.

the TLB miss ratio is reduced from 5.08e-4 to 2.08e-5.


In the above analysis on sizing, the correct sizes are needed to provide the needed slacks in the circuit, otherwise the penalty related to p(Q+(s)) - p(s) is incurred, which is generally larger than the penalty when a size is available.

large gates sizes are need to drive large capacitive loads in the design, due to wireloads and gate fanouts.


Note that it is also possible to do N-variant design post-synthesis.

at the other extreme, one can set m =1, logicia =Ø, logicib =logici.


These highly consumptive threads also tend to have more memory level parallelism and are less sensitive to latency.

the VPC arbiters precisely provide each thread its allocated share of the cache bandwidth over a broad range of allocations.


After some minimum entropy is met or a maximum depth is reached, a branch terminates, storing in the node the mix of labels in its group.

optionally, the AV engine can communicate to the OS or supervisory software that it has detected a suspect process so that the system can start migrating other co-resident sensitive computation.


THE MINIMUM DELAY WIRE SHAP-ING FOR PATH WITH BRANCH LOAD The minimum delay wire shaping for a path with single load (k T0xis shown in [8, 3].

the result of Monte Carlo serves as an ideal baseline for comparisons.


Results obtained while conducting the experiment validates this point.

average suspected list indicates the di.erence between lower and upper bound (including the lower bound) given by the bound calculation algorithm.


if a voltage proportional to ft is attached to the source terminal of M2, with the right proportionality factor F (if2) adjusted (using the current mirror gain K1 and aspect ratio S2/S1), the equality of (5) can be satis.ed.


Designers will need to rely on the power analysis tool to verify and recon.gure their power network.

scope of optimization should focus on stripe level rather than edge level.


we choose a reference resource in this connected component, either the physical resource if it exists (in this case, it is unique since two physical resources always interfere), or any resource otherwise.


Benchmarked against a software implementation on a high performance computing platform, the resultant implementation from using our technique still achieves an 8X improvement in overall computation speed while also fitting on the Virtex-II device.

we assume the multiplications with bit-width less than 17 bit are conducted with these hardware multipliers.


Testing by simulation uses a .xed set of rules that are checked against violation.

test suites are used to perform the compliance test.


If array x and y do not interfere with each other in the cache, and the cache is large enough to hold several rows of array x and y, we can expect that there is a write back stream for reference x[i,j], a read stream for x[i+1,j] from the second row of array x, a read stream for x[i,j+1] for the first row of array x, and so to the references to array y.

for example, when the processor is working on the nth iteration, the address generator may still be prefetching the data needed in the nth iteration.


As we shall see in Section 5, we do not have to physically move the data but need only ensure that if it is evicted from the cache, it goes to local memory.


Problem: A problem is communication with other systems.

it can only reference memory in the DATA section.


As with data caches the TLB miss rate determines the ef.cacy.

this is an iterative application with a run-time of over 45 minutes on a 300MHz UltraSPARC-II system (180 billion instructions).


Besides, postrouting ECO operations might also change the routing result and introduce extra vias into the design.

mE3 ME3 V2V1VIA2 ME2 ME2 Net1 Net2 V3VIA1 ME1ME1 (a) (b) D1 D3 (c) (d) D2 (e) (f)  D1 D1 V 1 V 1 V 1 D1 C 1 C 1 D2 D2 V 2 D2 V 2 D2 V 2 C 1 D3 C 2 C 2 D3 V 3 V 3 D3 V 3 (g) (h) (i) Fig.


[0, p 2 ] can be transformed to an equivalent sin function within region [0, p 2 ].

one is for transmission line and the other is for bu.er.


Matrix equations (4) can be put together by employing the compatibility equations (2).

the discretized boundary elements on these pieces of surfaces may be much more than that of the assumption (11).


Although the focus of this paper is not on the development and improvement of conventional placement algorithms, a conventional placer is necessary to provide a baseline of comparison between the repair placement approaches described later in this paper.

due to the random nature of the simulated annealing placer, the repair placer will likely repair other sites that were used in the original placement (i.e., some of the sites used in the original placement are not used in the repair placement).


A fully associative software-managed cache design.

locality, liveness and last touch are a function of both the replacement policy and the available cache size.


Step 5: Add and schedule explicit prefetch instructions After all instructions have been scheduled and the algorithm has attached the appropriate hints to memory instructions, it may add explicit software prefetch instructions for some memory operations.

for example, once a loop .nishes, no .ushing action is needed if either (i) there are no memory dependences between the loop and the code following it (up to the next .ushing point), or (ii) instructions following the loop that are memory dependent on any instruction in the loop are either marked not to use the L0 buffers or are scheduled in the same cluster than those in the loop.


For instance a LOAD instruction that hits in the cache versus the same instruction that misses the next time will create di.erent module access patterns and clock-gating activity.

using the same module queue) are spread out across multiple cycles.


In the case when DCMs are used, the hotspot occurs at DCMs, and therefore, we do not see any reduction in peak temperature.

increasing logic density and performance has in turn led to an increase in power densities, which manifests itself in the form of high temperatures.


Integration of routers in assessment (at 28nm).

since we do not consider design functionality during cell mapping, logic redundancy can result, and we therefore use Synopsys DC Compiler [42] to simplify the netlist with Boolean transforms.


The sensitivity metric corresponding to such gates is particularly high given the possibility of achieving even greater gains by reassigning an output flipflop.

in Section 5, we present results and conclude in Section 6.


Also, they may be often inactive, only triggered as needed in special time intervals.

the controllability of the threshold makes us easily adjust the algorithm to trade off false alarm and detection rate according to different detection requirements.


As we will see in subsection C, the coefficient matrix is sparse for multi-medium problems, so we choose a GMRES solver [14].


The test of the sockets, including the stage controller modules given in the figure 3, can be performed using full scan.

the difference between the two architectures is that the TTA have the implicit data control i.e.


In our simulation, we use a simplified model of device behavior where the conductance change speed dg(t)/dt is a function of the voltage.

desirable memristors have a "neutral" voltage range where negligible change of the conductance occurs.


The plots shown in Fig 7.1 7.7 were obtained from ISCAS and MCNC benchmark circuits shown in Table 7.1.

for 5 and 6 pin congestion metrics, we do not consider any possible placement con.gurations.


[3] first proposed a Markov process to detect the information-hiding behaviors in JPEG images.

in comparison with AAST, our approaches improve the testing accuracy by about 23% ~ 46% in high signal complexity.


This technique leads to a negligible SIMD overhead since the input buffer is typically present in current wireless architectures for synchronization purposes [11] and the data shuffling required is minimal.

standard cell placement is then optimized, followed by clock tree synthesis and final place&route.


Even in HLS for ASICs, wire delays cannot be ignored, especially for the deeper submicron processes.

they are used for carry-in and carry-out flags, comparison result flags, logical operations, etc.


These overapproximated envelopes contain but are not equal to the set of all possible states of the dynamical system [6].

139 0.40 10-2 0.63 10-2 accepted linearization points for each transient region, thereby providing better simulation acceleration and making the reduced model more accurate and robust for a fuzzy number of inputs, parameters and initial conditions.


RESULTS 5.1 NoC Energy Consumption We analyzed the energy consumption of di.erent tra.c patterns and tested the predictions of equation 5 on two NoC con.gurations with di.erent process technologies.

firstly, based on recent results showing that communication patterns of many parallel applications follow Rent s rule [6], we propose a Rent s rule tra.c generator.


Greedy Cost is a cost optimization workflow scheduling algorithm in order to map tasks on cheapest resources.

a Fast Elitist Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA- II.


., where, X denotes any non metal parameter (e.g., V , T ,...).


At 2,048 columns and rows, 76% of the area under a crosspoint array is unused, permitting additional peripheral logic to be placed under the array to improve the area ef.ciency of larger size arrays.

the transistor size and metal lines constrain Fig.


We created the following set of scenarios on this platform: Normal trace Anomalies Record video Zooming and toggling the camera light on/off Play youtube video Playing different video, toggling HD on/off Play game Change sound, using different controls Run .ash applet Reload page, leave page Embedded target: This scenario uses a non-commercial demonstrator platform for QNX Neutrino [6].

the main challenge of trace-based anomaly detection is how to identify an incorrect behavior without raising too many false alarms.


As the number of forwarding misspeculations is very low, a RIB can also be used to recover from forwarding misspeculations.

nevertheless, a sample of its full behavior is shown in the last subsection.


At the .rst step, the nets are ordered as a, c, b, d, e according to their costs.

ordered escape routing based on boolean satis.ability.


General Terms Design  Keywords Memory Cell, Modeling, Memristor, Ternary Content Addressable Memory, TCAM 1.

(2) For state 2 , mem1 must be in the ROFF state and mem2 must be in the RON state, so VX and VY are low and high respectively.


For example, if we assume 80% overlapping, five windows will process during one second.

as mentioned earlier, in voltage scaling which is a wellestablished method for power reduction, it is important to determine the activity level of the unit of interest to adjust the supply voltage accordingly.


However, factorizing the resultant less sparse matrix is usually much more time consuming.

the key ideas of the proposed adaptive support circuit preconditioned GMRES method are summarized as follows, where ........ denotes the number of GMRES iterations in current Newton-Raphson step, and .......... denotes the number of GMRES iterations in previous Newton-Raphson step.


Specifically, a rotary ring is a double loop made of interconnects.

as shown in Figure 3, in order to achieve energy recycling, the charge at the clock load from the register must be drawn back to the rotary ring.


between 10 and 100 can be a good choice.

the sensor data is collected using various probes connected to each baby.


All these components are involved in the real execution of the SSD .rmware (if available) or of its abstracted behavior.

to meet the AMBA AHB protocol requirements in optimized platform instances, both the split and burst transactions are supported, thus hiding wait states and arbitration penalties as much as possible.


In the remainder of the paper, we present data derived us- ing rePLay as a substrate.


the Symposium on Architecture for Networking and Communications Systems, Oct. 2005.

our policy is tailored to the 3D architecture and migrations are treated differently based on whether the accessed data lies in the same or different layer as the accessing processor.


This helps is performing quick simulations in a computationally ef.cient manner, as described in the next section.

we now present a methodology to estimate the NBTI-induced Vthdegradation of a PMOS device, when a random aperiodic waveform is applied to its gate.


Doing BCP on (A.B) is identical to doing BCP on (A .

the largest FPGAs today have more than 5× our memory and would support problems with 250,000 variables and clauses.


The cpu index is maintained by the simulation engine.

a pure un-timed C model is not satisfactory either since some timing notions will still be required for performance analysis or power consumption.


If the latencies are the same, the algorithm keeps scanning the next clock tree node (line 7, 8).

the overall time complexity of our algorithm is dominated by the two-stage algorithm of ADB insertion with delay value assignments on ADBs, which 2 requires O(n ) times.


The general problems of common leakage reduction techniques are the need for additional devices (e.g.

further, Vth can be modeled as [10]: T ox  (2) Vth =Vth 0 +.


[4] P.-C. Chang, et al., .ETAHM: an energy-aware task alloca-tion algorithm for heterogeneous multiprocessor,.

we assert that temperature-aware task mapping is a subset of the lifetime-aware task mapping problem.


Any input must be the result of a prior gate evaluation, but here, the source gate evaluation is not available from the primary shift register or the secondary recycle shift register.

by reconstructing hierarchy information into a virtual design tree (such as the one in Figure 2), gates belonging to any macro whose size falls below a prede.ned threshold are collapsed into their parent hierarchy.


In our test suite, only 1.2% of the two-pin nets had more than two bends.

this is the case, because the method is essentially based on probabilities, that always sum up to 1.


de Kock et al., YAPI: Application modeling for signal processing systems, in Proc.

our .ow is general enough to be used for a systematic mapping of applications onto multiple CPUs and FPGAs.


To achieve energy saving, our scheme switches the supply voltage to the minimum operating voltage immediately after the chip starts an operation using high-speed transistors.

in general, lower voltages result in longer latencies.


Otherwise, we keep the probability for that entry.

steps Same as Algsim, except that we change step 7, and step 8 7.


Like its predecessors [13], MDGRAPE-4 devices incorporate a large number of specialized .oatingpoint pipelines, broadcast memories and con.guration and control units onto a single die.

at .rst glance, the QSA circuit may seem more sensitive to variation e.ects than a simpler di.erential circuit due to the increased number of matched components: The four sensing PMOS devices must be matched to each other, and the NMOS devices (excluding the smaller reset devices) must also be matched.


The comparison and analysis for the luminescence spectrum of the four devices mentioned above are discussed followed, and the detailed luminescence mechanism of white PLED based on MEH-PPV and PVK is explained base on the results of experiment.

red and blue luminance material is always dissolved into solution firstly and then formed emitting layer on the ITO glass by the method of spin coating or ink-jet printing, so the cognition of luminescence mechanism is very difficult.


When a matrix is too large for an available memory size, then, the sorted tight ELL is recommended.

so we implement data-level parallelism of CG and GM-RES on GPU.


A process-tolerant cache architecture for improved yield in nanoscale technologies.

[28] J. Tschanz, J. Kao, and S. Narendra.


Furthermore, an e.cient implementation of a data structure must allow a fast execution of operations like rotation, exchange and the transformation from the abstract representation to the real geometry.

various families of circuits such as logic, processor, memory and analog circuits can be integrated into a single package.


We expect the negated gates to be more easily detected by the equivalence checking tools.

there are many hidden replacements for the moderate gate replacements.


3.3 Transaction based Error Characterization The error simulations are executed for multiple benchmarks and the criticality of each signal is assessed based on the effects of a single-bit error on any signal over different types of transactions, namely, read and writes in our case.

with the increasingly stringent power and area budget all such schemes are under reconsideration.


A qualified activation command must contain the widget name WID, the function name FID and optionally the parameter PID.

the topic states are being reset and the response update is performed again, leading to the distribution marked (1)*.


To compensate for this e.ect, larger device widths for the power gating switch can be used at the expense of increased area and power for entering and exiting sleep mode.

the remainder of the paper is organized as follows.


Recon.guration is 0 8 0 5 only applied to the memory interfaces, and internal bus widths are 0 0 0 .xed.

figure 8(c) il  (a) No mal z d IPC  ( ) No mal z d  Po   Table 2: Characteristics of selected GPGPU benchmarks (the instruction count (IC) and the memory intensity (MI)).


Similar results were reported in [8, 4].

the electric .eld close to an electrode determines the capacitance of a con.guration.


For memory design in nanometer scale technologies, the traditionally-used static stability analysis may no longer be sufficient.

the overriding reason is that the power-minimization driven supply voltage scaling dangerously reduces design options.


To make matters worse, the capacity of SRAM bitcells on a processor is huge.

the proposed scheme is suitable for dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).


More on diminished-1 arithmetic mod (2n +1)will be offered in section 2 of the paper.

without affecting the overall system delay, the mod 17 and mod 257 residue channels can operate at supply voltages V17 =2.36V and V257 =3.37V.


These are the basic steps of our delaydriven path expansion algorithm.

this gives the critical ports a higher priority to be routed to the sources.


When both the input and the output is high, n0 is low and n1 is designed at 500mV below VDDH due to the reduced swing inverter.

nodes intn and intp are used to drive output transistors Mno and Mpo, respectively.


We compute the difference between a thermal map x and its approximation xbas a function of K for the two different methods, k-LSE and EigenMaps.

it is key to design many core designs that prevent hot spots and large on-chip temperature gradients, as both conditions severely affect system s characteristics.


When analyzing the d clock domain it is inefficient to ever traverse the edge e to the c domain.

the smallest difference determines the requirement.


Since OFF-LINE exhaustively searches over all resource partitionings, we not only know the best partitioning, but we also know exactly how performance varies with partitioning for every epoch.

the remaining 14 workloads in Figure 7 exhibit sharp peaks.


This state-of-the-art video coding standard outperforms previous standards by employing bipredictive motion estimation, spatial prediction and adaptive entropy coding techniques.

this architecture was validated and is being progressively prototyped using a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA board.


Since our work deals with behavioral-level partitioning, we do not know the actual size or actual composition of a functional block.

[8] A. Farrahi and M. Sarrafzadeh, "System partitioning to maximize sleep time", Proc.


Since there are no .oating nodes in this circuit, the Gauss-Seidel method can be applied to .nding the DC solution ef.ciently.

the transient analysis was carried out for the time interval from 0 [ns] to 2.0 [ns] using 1 [ps] time step size.


As this formulation is neither linear nor convex, mathematical and combinatorial methods are not easily applied.

the heat is typically conducted through the silicon substrate to the package, and then to the ambient by a heat sink.


AOI211 placed by (a) BB-SA and (b) RD-SA placers Fig.

the actual probability of a route takes both path weights and its edge probabilities into account.


The VoiceMint is in this niche of symbiont electronics that could help people with disabilities, or augment capabilities within everyone.

each year 200.000 people have their voice box permanently removed for treatment against cancer [1]).


The importance of subbands are used to allocate quantization bits for MDCT coe.cients of each subband so that the important subbands should be coded .rst in the bitstream to gain the gradually  Figure 1: Block diagram of G.729.1 encoder.

in [5] frequency regions are divided to more segments that each segment contains about only 2-3 scale-factor subbands.


5.1 General observations The DSP functionality is dominated by arithmetic.

this slice produces an intermediate carry output signal cout0 which is connected with the carry input of the 2There is a sort of partial symmetry in a multiplexer function, but its realization is rather costly.


The popular approach for handling these uncertainties due to process variations has been to use probabilistic models, which describes these uncertain parameters in terms of probability distributions.

next, we explain the proposed fuzzy gate sizing approach for optimization in presence of process variations.


Master Core out-of-order superscalar at 2 GHz, 4-wide, 128-entry ROB, 96-entry LD/ST queue, Worker Cores up to 64, in-order at 2 GHz L1 Caches 32KB, 4-way, 64-byte block, 1 port, 1-cycle, LRU, split I/D L2 Caches private 256KB, 8-way, 64-byte block, 2-port, 8-cycles, NRU, 16 MSHRs, uni.ed, coherent, inclusive Coherence MESI directory per memory controller, 4 virtual networks, 10-cycles, non-blocking L2 Prefetcher PC-based stride, 64 streams, degree of 4 NoC 2D Mesh at 2 GHz, 2 cores per node, 16-byte control packets, 80-byte data packets, 16-byte links, 1-cycle link, 5-stage routers, 4 virtual networks, 4 VCs per virtual network DRAM 4 dual-channel memory controllers, 16GB DDR3 SDRAM, PC3-15400, 8 banks, FR-FCFS scheduling policy  EBP 32 commands, 8 outstanding requests ECM 8 epochs using 3 bits per L2 tag Table 1: Detailed architectural parameters for the simulated system.

based on this value, the associated cache-lines are requested with the proper coherence permissions: Shared or Exclusive.


A reconfigurable baseband platform based on an asynchronous networkonchip.

the links with highest capacity are the links connecting the DRAM controllers and the L2 caches.


, which is larger than the one previously found.

bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 63 GND VDD VDD VDD GND  : : tile CLK CLK CLK Detailed view of one possible tile is given in Fig.


Before SPICE, analog circuit analysis and design was done mostly by hand, by solving equations on paper.

advanced signal integrity analysis and models are becoming part of mainstream design.


CONCLUSIONS Detailed modeling of intrinsic and parasitic capacitances has been carried out for T-CNFET devices.

we show that in order to reduce the impact of parasitic capacitance, nanotube density has to be optimized.


Reliability and power are interlinked problems viewed by the semiconductor industry as the key inhibiters of Moore s Law.

the overhead of this construction is enormous, e.g., to obtain Pe,sys =0.5pe when pe =0.005 requires a replication factor of N = 2000.


The STB spreads accesses across banks, so each bank sees a statistically similar request stream, but sampled proportionally to bank partition size: 2/3 of the accesses are sent to the .rst partition, and 1/3 to the second.

on a miss on the private cache levels, a per-core sharebank translation buffer (STB) .nds the bank the line maps to, as well as its bank partition.


It identi.es the move with the maximum gain, and inserts that move to to move list (Line 9-12).

the algorithm .nd k consecutive moves,  1A-1  which give best Gk = i=k gi.


These approaches are not applicable to embedded processors who typically do not use register renaming.

pR E V I O U S WO R K As ECC and duplication are too costly, current approaches try to protect register .le partially.


Results of the Incorporated 3D Physical Planning Flow For the experiments on 3D physical planning, we use an Alphalike detailed microprocessor with the IVM verilog model [16], as well as several MCNC benchmarks.

the temperature of each block can then be estimated as: ... ... T1 R11 R12 ... R1n P1 T2 R21 R22 ... R2n P2 ... ... .


In order to verify these assumptions in practice, several UWB test platforms have been realized.

the transmitter operates in the frequency range from 3.1 5 GHz.


Various critical transistor parameters such as oxide thickness and channel length are getting smaller to enable this aggressive transistor scaling.

the first order of business is to identify the slowest region of the die, and to find the optimal supply voltage and bias conditions to satisfy the frequency constraint.


The HPST latch is transparent to transient faults occurring at the input node (D) when CLK is 0 .

transmission gates TG4 and TG5 turn ON to prevent N3 and N4 from floating.


1.5 xv  dv qv  1.5 1 0.5 0 Voltage qv xv  dv Each of these effects can individually cause circuit failures.

as shown by the INV2 input (xv) and output (dv) voltages in Figure 3(a), even in the worst case when both aggressors switch simultaneously in the same direction, the output glitch of INV2 is not strong enough to cause a logic error in DFFV.


Deepness Threshold Constraint: Although P@10 does not satisfy the previous two constraints, one motivation for using it is that in some cases it is advisable to assume a practical deepness threshold.

there exist several studies on predicting the weight of a document in the ranking in terms of the probability to be explored by the user.


Once the source of the bug is known, then a more detailed investigation of the relevant design module can be performed to identify the exact nature of the electrical bug.

it is difficult to check the dynamic behavior of mixed-signal/RF systems using formal checking methods.


Asymmetric bloating allows the positive and negative bloats for a variable to be different.

regions 3 and 4 are analogous to regions 1 and 2 corresponding to logically high and monotonically falling signals respectively.


Table I shows the steps in the proposed algorithm.

after reducing the maximum power grid noise to below a given threshold, allocating more decaps to an area where no critical timing paths exist will add power consumption with little impact on performance.


Transitions can be detected offline by running a speech recognizer over the entire audio stream and looking for the names of activities.

correlation between labelers shows the inherent ambiguity of classification and, through outlier detection, weeds out poor labelers.


Therefore, we can insert one more dummy in Figure 7 (c).

in Figure 11 (a), G represents a ground .ll region with a height Hg.


[7] Otto Schwelb, The nature of spurious mode suppression in extended FSR microring multiplexers.

if is too large, the spectral response is wide but uneven Fig.


The screen function removes those rendezvous that do not appear on the edges from the current states.

their limited expressiveness makes modeling inconvenient in many applications.


(2) Some edges are almost always among the most critical edges in the timing analysis graph.

criticality History Guided FPGA Placement Algorithm for Timing Optimization Hao Li and Yue Zhuo Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of North Texas Denton, Texas, USA ABSTRACT We present an e.cient timing-driven placement algorithm for FPGAs.


The sampling rates for both accelerometer and gyroscope are set to 100 Hz.

to overcome this problem, we use a statistical-based approach.


OBSERVE: Occupancy-based system for ef.cient reduction of HVAC energy.

data from the Imote2 is transmitted back to a base station, where control signals are passed to BACnet  (a) Background Image (b) Occupied area (c) Components Figure 2.


To address these challenges,this paper presentsapower-ef.cient programmable architecture, Diet SODA, that has been optimized for DSC image signal processing.

next, False Color Suppressionoccurs, and .nally the image is compressed by using JPEG Compression and stored in .ash memory.


The 2nd level DTLB on the Itanium 2 processor contains 128 entries, covering only a megabyte of virtual space when using 8KB virtual pages.


REFERENCES [1] Manvi Agarwal, S. K. Nandy, J. v. Eijndhoven, and S. Balakrishanan.

a HyperOp can include 2Basic block split occurs when it includes a very large number of instructions or when a function call is encountered.


that combines repeating pattern discovery and binary time-frequency masking [13].

result shown in Figure 3 leads to the following observa tions.


The transition times between si and sj are determined by the trajectory time .t computed by a transient (c) (c) step from pi to pj : (c) (c) T(R(si, sj)) = .t(pi ,pj ) (35) Each transition from a transient step has an atomic transition proposition of 0, marking it as dynamic transition created by a state space trajectory step: T(R(si, sj)) > 0 .

the trajectory-directed partitioning algorithm is summarized in Algorithm 1.


With the reinsertion bit as 1, a high-demand set will not give up its floating blocks once it is re-inserted to the queue in the current interval.

extra care needs to be taken when a pointer of some element of the SPM is passed as a parameter to a function, and all memory references inside the callee function are based on the input pointer parameter.


Given that only 32B of data can be read/written with BC4, employing it for all the requests can have a negative impact on the performance.

figure 2: Percentage of half writes in the overall memory requests.


As a result, in the downstream design stages, designers can concentrate only on register-to-register path delay to optimize circuit performance.


Anand-Barua method invokes cache simulation in each iteration.

we select benchmarks from MiBench and MediaBench for evaluation purposes.


If the height of the design is reduced, it can become un-routable because the routing resources on the V cut line are insufficient, although the length-demand appears to be sufficient.

we now show the difference between the resource consolidation and congestion-driven approaches.


It is seen that there is no potential slack in this circuit.

we used four discrete slack levels for each gate as {0,10,20,33}.


any node can send a command to another node to release its time slot.


Because the rate of seizures is fairly low (fewer than one per day for most patients), the use of the radio will be rare.

figure 16 illustrates the average energy savings achieved by the subset detector for each patient for the off-head architecture.


Once the PCM device receives an U NL INK command to unlink addrp for consecutive s bytes, the indirect bits and the link information of the corresponding virtual pages vpm (vpm + len) are reset to unlink the virtual pages vps (vps + len) linked to virtual pages vpm (vpm + len), so that data accesses to virtual pages vpm (vpm+len) in the main-memory space won t be redirected to the virtual pages vps (vps + len) in the storage space anymore.

rethinking Database Algorithms for Phase Change Memory.


30 20 8 10 6 0 4 Figure 7: Location estimates obtained from beacon 2 signals received from two di.erent sets of beacon nodes at a sensor node located at (40,35).

gPS-less low cost outdoor localization for very small devices.


VALIDATION IN A COMMERCIAL FPGA IMPLEMENTATION FLOW The Quartus University interface program (QUIP) kit is designed to enable university or other researchers to plug new CAD tools and ideas into the complete Altera s Quartus II CAD .ow from register transfer level (and even above) descriptions of circuits to programming .les for real FPGAs.

the optimal placement solution in Figure 6(c) on this optimal clustering yields a longest path delay of 2.0, which cannot be improved by postplacement duplication.


Those parameters tend to change dynamically within functional operation.

delay line delay versus number of buffers for different  derive supply voltages at T=20C.


The amplifier is modeled by its linear transfer function and an approximation of the second-order and third-order (see Fig.

section 2 reviews the power series description of nonlinearities.


The rationale behind this version is that locality oriented loop transformations in general improve spatial access patterns, and this can also improve bank locality.

the access pattern of those applications Even against this highly-optimized version we achieve 14.7% energy savings on the average when considering all codes in our benchmark suite.


Noting that Ic =CV.,where C is the matrix of internode capacitances, we get V.=-C-1Im(V ) (8) For simplicity, we assume that all capacitors are to ground and have constant values.

furthermore, fabrication processes for SoC and AMS chips are typically developed to optimize performance and density of the digital circuits, as the digital circuitry occupies the majority of the die area.


Adiabatic design is based on a slow charge and discharge of a capacitive load using a time-varying clocked power supply, usually realized by resonant LC-based oscillators.


Consider the case of a single potential HTLSIB where the initial chain length is n, and the chain length behind the potential HTLSIB is m. Assume the attacker checks the chain length by shifting in a distinctive d-bit pattern and observing when it exits the chain.

c. Providing No Feedback: Hiding an Increase or Decrease in Chain Length So far, we have assumed an attacker will use the chain length as an indicator of whether a new area of the chain has been opened (or closed).


The user with zero utility envies the other user s allocation.

0.6 0.4 24GB/s 12MB 0.6 0.4 x y =(4) 1 1 22 0.2 0.8 24GB/s 12MB 0.2 0.8 x y =(5) 2 2 22 In our example with two agents, Equations (4) (5) must be satis.ed.


The main idea is to exploit the fact that the typical length of the carry propagation is usually much shorter than the full width of the adder.

in Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe, pages 1250 1255, 2008.


It is important to assess the loss of signal propagation on the human body to design stable and reliable NFCC networks.

we compared methods of measurement using a battery-powered TX and an AC-powered TX.


Remote activation of ICs for piracy prevention and digital right management.

a detailed description and security proofs for this work is outside the scope of this paper.


Applications include interactive walls as Digital Public Art [4], digital signage using visual expressions, Ambient Displays [12] using organic life-like movements, and the moving dolls in theme parks combining three-dimensional structure impossible with images and robotics technology.

people may feel comfortable interaction with lower levels of communication with plant-shaped robots because plants are fragile existences anyway.


Two switches could be simultaneously turned on or off in different conditions.

a step change is introduced to the load current of VU, IU, between 20mA (light load) and 100mA (heavy load), the rising and falling edges are at 100us and 200us respectively as shown in waveform ILOAD2 in Fig.8.


Dynamic quality control techniques for multimedia applicationshavebeen exploredin[19,20], which vary the amount of computation performed in each frame based on time and energy consumed, as well as thequality of the encodedframe.

in the case of the checkerboard dataset, DES achieves lower (around 15%) energy bene.ts over the static conservative technique.


Middle/Right: multi-Vth synthesis .ow 3.1 Performance-optimized synthesis .ow Our .rst objective is to characterize critical path and area of the different adder implementations when synthesized for maximum performance and as a function of data parallelism.

for a single-threshold technology library and power optimizations enabled in the synthesis tool, the DW selection strategy for poweroptimal adder instances does not need to take the DIR into account.


With every fault detected and corrected, there will be one stall cycle penalty for the recovery cycle.

we see that with error correction, that schedule could potentially need up to 7 clock cycles, including recovery if the multipliers in clock cycles 1, 2, and 3 all fail (e.g, requiring two clock cycles).


We list the statistics for the simulation workload (.rst line) and normal workload (second line).

meyer proposed architecture support for a particular kind of concurrent-GC readbarrier for an object-based RISC processor [28].


709 714, May 2003. proposed as a strong solution to reduce the complexity and/or the energy dissipation of on-chip interconnect fabrics.

tX schematics for the four bus schemes: P, S, ES, and SE P S SE  b1 b2  f Figure 7 compares the overall average activity factor for all schemes versus the sum of the input bitstream activity factors for m=4.


ARM Trust-Zone also requires ARM s AMBA bus architecture and peripheral interfaces to be modi.ed to support the S-bit.

the APU can keep the application from modifying the current peripheral con.guration if required.


Both the capacitors in the '-model have the same value.

weibull model gives better results since it also models the shape of the waveform.


We use CM0 Enable and CM1 Enable to select the active compression engine.

the cost of the bus tracer is not signi.cant in a typical SoC.


If no such path exists, the process stops and MAX is the minimal valid clock period.

the necessary conditions for single-cycle and multi-cycle sensitizable paths are derived in Section 5.


To upsample hotspot training patterns and compensate the layout clip extraction error (Section 3.5), we slightly shift each hotspot training pattern upwards, downwards, leftwards and rightwards to create several counterparts before topological classification.


Experimental results suggest thatit maybe an effectivetechnique evenforproblems that are close to the hard satis.ability threshold[15].

our approach retains completeness(sinceitisimplements a completeprocedure) but has the potential of high speedup (since the incomplete procedure is executed on a highly parallel graphics processor based platform).


Case BGA size Chip-Driven Our Flow #routed nets rout.

in Figure 8(b), the ball is assigned to signal 4, and the adjustment on escape routing requires much more routing resources.


To save hardware resources necessary for this learning, our dead hint detector statically classi.es all C4 evictions as live because dead blocks are usually a minority in the C4 class.

we conclude that our classi.cation can successfully partition the dirty cacheblocksbased ontheir nextusedistance, which the code signature fails to do.


Later sections will offer more realistic policies for managing these tradeoffs.

namely, one could consider approaches in which lines tar- geted for shutoff do not receive refresh, and eventually the values decay away.


Before reading the stored value, RBL is charged to 0.45V.

it is important to note also (as verified by simulation) that when the chirality vector n of MN33, MN43, MP53 and MP63 is changed from 10 to 14, there is no significant change in the SNM of TC SRAM1.


The costat the Steiner point is 9 the cost at the source is 13 .

foreach insertion in a tile t , we record the e t() cost.


By controlling the virtual to physical page mapping, OS has the ability to assign cache color of a virtual page.

the number 40 is an arbitrary threshold, we select four out of thirteen black applications to construct the workloads.


Figure 6(a) shows key features of a reduction tree, which spans Loca Network (a) Reduction tree.

for the .attened butter.y, we assume SRAM buffers that are more area-and energyef.cient than .ip-.ops for large buffer con.gurations.


For acceleration, the work [8] characterizes each partial voltage partitioning solution, denoted by s, as follows.

due to our choice of threshold in categorizing Fbig and Fsmall , the largest capacitance of Fsmall is bounded by EL ' .


The advantage of this approach is that the delay metric remains a closed-form formula even for ramp inputs.

in the same work, it was also shown how these moments can be used to approximate the poles of the circuit and hence the time domain waveform can be computed under arbitrary inputs.


Similarly, if a given extra capacitance, .

the bottom-up-based MMM approach only obtained a length-matching result from clock source to all the sinks.


Since ROB-DDs require a Boolean representation of the circuit and the size of a ROBDD grows, sometimes exponentially, with the number of Boolean variables.

lEC uses .-automata as the uni.ed models for both the system design and the property, and checks whether the language of the system au- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Program traces were generated by SimpleScalar and fed into all of these three methods.

the tail to head searching can reduce searching up to 50% compared to the head to tail search.


Though STL makes the large problem simpler to deal with to some extent, it ignores a potential rich information source which can be provided by extra related tasks [2].

res., Part B: Methodol., 18 B(1):1 11, February 1984.


Having analyzed the pitfalls as well as the advantages of the three aforementioned mechanisms, we are now able to formulate two distinct characteristics that an ideal1 replacement/placement algorithms should have.

a large number of noticeable increases in execution times are observed for the other algorithms.


The probabilities assigned to the di.erent paths in P are assumed to utilize the theories so that the assigned probability is a combination of the observed behavior history of a node and the estimated energy class.

the proposed model has at least one sequential equilibrium point and the learning sequence converges to a sequential equilibrium.


Furthermore comparisons between the results of the two case studies reveal the advantages and trade-offs in testing time, test data volume, pin counts and decoder hardware overhead using the two different implementations of test data decompression.

system Dcoreprovides an effective means of testing multiple cores in parallel and therefore can be used for testing multiple sites simultaneously.


We compared our synthesis results with the systematic method in [7, Section 7.2] for those LUTs that appear in Shor s algorithm.


Recognizing 50 human action categories of web videos.

fashion and the recognition of objects and actions serve each other.


First, it is possible that all the nodes that access the current data block have already been scheduled.

ef.cient Utilization of Scratch-Pad Memory in Embedded Processor Applications.


00: Original software without countermeasures  1x: Countermeasures protecting the data layer  2x: Combinations of data protection methods  3x: Countermeasures protecting the control .ow layer  4x: Combinations of control .ow protection methods  5x: Combinations of data and control .ow protection Following countermeasures were implemented and simulated:  Test 10: Instruction Duplication:  A calculation is carried out multiple times (here: twice) and the result is assigned to two variables.

this software part was spared from fault simulations throughout this work, since in real security microcontrollers, the AES will be computed by speci.c hardware circuits protected by hardware countermeasures [19].


Sustaining moore s law in embedded computing through probabilistic and approximate design: Retrospects and prospects.

also, these techniques do not perform any structural modi.cations to circuits but rather simplify circuits only through redundancy propagation or by pruning gates exclusive to a path.


In Workshop on Multi-Threaded Execution, Architecture, and Compilers, Jan. 1999.

section 6 evaluates the impact of these schedulers on response time.


Chen, Multilevel Routing with Antenna Avoidance, in Proc.

since its ancestors are not yet visited, the traverse then proceeds upward, finally ending at internal node I3; the left border of the PMT, BL, is then determined.


4.1 Observation and Problem Formulation At .rst, the basic observation is formulated in the following lemma: Lemma 1.

inparticular,ifthehitting setproblemhas no solution with cardinality k, it has been proven that the considered circuit contains more than k missing control errors.


However, since there are no series/stackeddevices in inverter layouts, there is negligible space to apply Guideline 1.

ioff and Ion versus Ls/d curves for stress-based performance enhancement in isolated PMOS, NMOS devices.


Board, core or disk temperatures correlate to failures in some studies but not others [7,8].

we were unable to extract the power consumption data from the CDU via the standard SNMP configuration options.


DYNAMIC DUA L -GRANULARITY SPARING (DDS) The 3DP scheme performs error correction by recomputing the data based on parity information.

[17] J. T. Pawlowski, Hybrid memory cube (hmc), in HOT-CHIPS, 2011.


3.1 The basic ENC algorithm (ENC0) Whenever a thread needs to move from a non-native core to a destination core, ENC0 .rst sends the thread to its native core which has a dedicated resource for the thread.

[9] Jason E. Miller, Harshad Kasture, George Kurian, Charles Gruenwald, Nathan Beckmann, Christopher Celio, Jonathan Eastep, and Anant Agarwal.


This is because SiZ is a unique solution, and the decision tree is pruned at this node.

the objective function Equation (3) is to minimize the total cost from cut orientation conversion.


Usually, the focus is on area balance and 3D-Via minimization, and for that a netlist partitioning is used.

in: Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference - Asia and South Pacific, ASP-DAC 2005.


Peer departures: We now examine the performance of BitMax and BT when peers leave the system as soon as they .nish downloading.

even if a node disconnect immediately after completing downloading, it still has to contribute for the duration of its participation.


We use differential read and write operations because of their better energy, latency, and robust noise margins.

to the best of our knowledge, no previous work quantified the magnitude of RAT latency and energy as a function of the number of GCs.


The pseudo-code for our algorithm is provided in Table I.

full-chip leakage estimation considering power supply and temperature variations.


In this case the basis is {a .bc, ab .ac}.

we need to know the null-spaces of various expressions, which we compute incrementally.


Results are good and have supported Moore s law for many years.

there is a growing trend where the systems integration roadmap is driving the need for more analog functionality to interface with the real world.


CASE STUDY ON USING PCRAMSIM In this section, we conduct two case studies to demonstrate how to use the PCRAMsim tool to estimate and optimize the PCRAM memory design and the PCRAM cache design, respectively.

in this paper we develop a PCRAM model called PCRAMsim to bridge the gap between the abundant research activity at the lower level and the lack of a high-level PCRAM model.


Furthermore, as pointed out in [3], most DSP functions mainly concern certain quantitative performance criteria (e.g., signal to noise ratio (SNR)) and operations with such transient logic errors may not necessarily make the signal processing performance unacceptable.

furthermore, we assume the desired SNR degradation overscaling to reduce the power consumption by about 13% when d has a uniform distribution between 0dB and 5dB, i.e., dmax=5dB.


The easiest way to include a con.ict clause is to exclude the input combination of the proposed solution.

as these solutions were proven to sensitize the crosstalk scenario under the unbounded delay assumption, it is now required to verify whether they hold also under the more realistic min max delay assumption.


In addition, very difficult hardware bugs may be detected only when running the real software with real applications.

2) There is a number of modifications that are required for the FPGA netlist: customizing the testbench to Aptix platform, introducing clock generation and reset logic, building the clock distribution on the FPGA platform, changing the non-mappable structures and gated clocks, etc.


Finally, the user cannot customize the recommended video by including, for example, a voice commentary or strategically placed line art overlays.


The main hypothesis motivating previous work in wirelength estimation is that wirelength correlates well with post-route delay.

b. Kahng and S. Reda, Intrinsic shortest path length: A new, accurate a priori wirelength estimator, in IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, Digest of Technical Papers, ICCAD, San Jose, CA, United States, 2005, pp.


As the target wire wt = (u, v) is removed, its area flow af(wt) will be re-distributed to the fanout of u and it is desirable to remove a wire with smaller area flow.

(3) Performing logic perturbation in routing stage is clearly more effective for delay improvements due to the more accurate timing information that can only be precisely known after routing.


We also generalize this problem for multiple-TAMs.

the test schedule of a SoC is feasible if no two cores are assigned to the same SoC pin for the same testing time instance and for each core all its wrapper pins are assigned to SoC pins for the entire time needed to test that core.


Since VTHC should be kept relatively constant, than Vref1 and Vref2 must be constant, otherwise the loop looses it functionality.

efficiency is evaluated as ratio between the averaged power at load and power supply.


There are significant amounts of skew in the product data distribution.

we have good reason to believe that our derivation is correct.


leakage is not temperature dependent, whereas, JT leakage is weakly dependent on temperature [2].

dynamic body biasing applies forward (or zero) body bias in the active mode to achieve high performance and an optimal reverse body bias in the standby mode to minimize leakage.


The voltage at the P/G terminals of a power delivery system should not exceed the maximum level (typically 10% of the power supply voltage) to guarantee fault-free operation.

the overall e.ective radius is therefore shaped like a diamond.


satisfy the conflict-free constraint in Eqn.

if the arrays in the benchmarks are originally large, memory padding may introduce extra memory overhead; this means that more block RAMs are required.


Conclusion In this paper, we propose a new capacitive boosted buffer technique for high speed process variation tolerant interconnect.

the relative current variation is about 2 times smaller if we use boost technique.


In the context of micro-scale thermal energy harvesting, there are two main challenges.

in micro-scale energy harvesting systems, the power loss in the interface circuitry cannot be ignored in comparison with the harvested power.


To find the Average Latency under different traffic pattern, testbenches connected to each router through local injection channels as a local Processing Element (PE) generates the number of packets somewhere between 10,000 and 100,000 and fills the destination of each packet according to the traffic pattern.

in fact, R[3,3] and R[1,3] particularly in the depicted scenario due to failure in R[2,3] are supposed to received more flits compared to the non-faulty condition.


It can be observed that static NBTI is significantly higher than dynamic NBTI.

{IN1, ,INm}: primary input vector for sleep mode.


Optical interconnects in UNION signi.cantly lower the energy consumption, and optical signals are transmitted from source to destination without buffering.

jointly designing communication architectures for both inter-chip and intra-chip communication could potentially yield better solutions.


Like RDIP, these techniques exploit relationships in a program s control .ow graph.

cooperative prefetching: Compiler and hardware support for e.ective instruction prefetching in modern processors.


Performances of carbon-based interconnects are evaluated as a more radical solution.

while many novel technologies such as spintronics, plasmonics, photonics, phononics, spin waves, and domain walls are being researched, this section focuses on interconnects for spintronics.


Forconvenience,wede.nethenumberof references to a cache line between its insertion and eviction as its reuse frequency, and call aline with reusefrequency N as a N-reused line.

ifbothL2cacheandLRF are missed, the request is sent to the memory controller.


Figure 1(a) shows a high-level block diagram of an FPGA and illustrates the structure of a programmable interconnect.

all these measures only prevent malicious code in an IP from accessing the key or con.guration data.


Our purpose is to motivate further discussion on such ecologies of interaction devices to support content mobility.

categories and Subject Descriptors H.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems: Audio input/output, video; H.5.2 User Interfaces: Interaction styles, evaluation/methodology.


Characterizing the Impact of Different Memory-Intensity Levels.


The plot in Figure 5 (a) shows a design where the new bits used to index the cache set are computed together with the full address.

there are two other techniques to tolerate faulty bits in caches: word disabling (wdis) [22, 25] and bit .x [25].


The SmartFusion current is 10× less than the Spartan.

while these systems offer impressive performance, their power draw is measured in Watts, making them unsuitable for a low-power, battery-operated solution.


memory and Register Protection In an MMM, the .rst key challenge is to prevent high-performance applications from corruptingthe state of reliable applications.In afaultfree system this protection is achieved through a combination of now-standard software mechanisms and policies (e.g., page-based memory protection) and hardware support(e.g.,TLBpermission checks).Furtherprotection can be achieved using additional software mechanisms such as Overshadow[9].these existingmechanisms make the assumptionthathardwareitselfis reliable.


So it is necessary to merge adjacent tiles into bigger tiles, as shown in Figure 1(b).

our router completed the routing for all the benchmark circuits and consumed only 13 seconds for the largest circuit fc2624.


We use exponentially distributed weights because they provide a means of weighting queues more realistically than previous traces.

the core trace has little locality, low hit rates and, hence, low throughput.


3.4 Deriving Module Interface Annotations The same procedure that was used to derive the scheduling relationship among rules (DERIVEREL) can be used to determine the scheduling relationship (interface annotation) of interface methods: DERIVEREL(g1, g2) returns the interface annotation for methods g1 and g2.

hence, each action method of a module has two control signals: enable (en) and ready (rdy), while a read method has only a ready control signal (see Figure 2).


Process and environmental variations are becoming more severe, varied, and constraining at nanometer scale process technologies.

temperature-dependent timing variation is smaller than voltage-dependent timing variation.


The advantages of the MC-based methods are their capability to perform Spice-accurate simulations and cut development, integration, and modeling costs.

in fact, the cost of a poor selection of a JPDF can be huge and lead to a signi.cant increase in the estimation error even worse than that of the crude-MC [12].


The figure shows performance improvement obtained for each of the sets of possible delay chain settings.

the amount of LAB area that is used to implement inter-LAB routing is relatively small.


In other cases, DUT modifications to avoid X propagation are undesired for timing reasons.

(3) Area overhead and wiring are reduced, most significantly for small designs.


The Read-out path would be turned on when Figure 4. the Write 0 operation completes and the floating bit-line would be pulled down.

the row-based VGND control and the column-based data-aware Write Word-Line form a cross-point Write structure, thus eliminating Write Half-Select Disturb to facilitate bit-interleaving architecture.


C is mainly determined by the average number of edges of an ODE (not by the total number of ODEs), because the neighbor function and the incremental cost function only modifies one ODE and the neighbors.

a complex physical system model may contain different types of equations such that using only general solvers or only custom solvers does not provide all of the possible speedup.


2) Dynamic Page Skipping: Dynamic page skipping is the second strategy adopted in 3D-FlashMap, and it is applied to metadata blocks.

when disturbance effects are considered, the spatial locality results in severe disturbance to adjacent physical blocks in threedimensional .ash memory.


Only a few designs based on this concept, all with relatively low clock speeds, have been reported [18,19].

we make the following observations: P static / P dynamic 0.1 0.1 1.


Since we only have one variable, even with a complicated physics-based model for a(vchip)and b(vchip), we can still e.ciently solve this problem in a numerical way.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


What is the detection coverage and latency for such faults?

in International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), 2003.


In our proposed cache design, we consider the imbalanced performance with .ash memory devices and choose to have write requests update the cache content.

read requests are also serviced by the cache.


The rest of the 29% of the leakage is contributed by sequentials and clock buffers.

these blocks implement the control logic, which tends to be skinny, as compared to data paths.


Each logic family has a unique set of advantages and tradeoffs, and the choice of logic family is therefore dependent on application-specific requirements.

6 which perform (a) 2:1 and (b) 4:1 multiplexing functions.


Thanks to the signature utilization, it is possible to categorize the obstacles, to recognize the degree of dangerousness and to reduce the false alarms.

and the respective signature S. Lastly, the corresponding audio alarm is to be reconstituted according to the MTT computation results, which as stated takes into account both the obstacle position and the respective signature.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

although the evaluation sequences were not used for training the model, they still come from the same database as the training data, and were hence recorded with the same actor, in the same settings, etc.


as sensor networks are embedded in uncontrolled environments, a user often does not know exactly what the sensor data will look like, and so must be able to reprogram sensor network nodes after deployment.


In the cases (d) and (f), the results of CDCTree are better than those of An-OARSMan as shown in red circles.

this method requires a large memory as well as high computation cost because we have to calculate the currents at each edge while the total edge number is in.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded in part by the NSF grant CNS 0958510 and Intel and supported by grants FA 99500910389 (AFOSR), FA 865011C7190 (DARPA), FA 87501020253 (DARPA), CCF/TC 1054844 (NSF) and a gift from Synopsys Inc.

the design is also heavily pipelined, with roughly one .ip .op between each pair of complex logic gates for critical portions of the design.


It can be seen that the Q value from SVM approximately follows the trend of SPICE results, although it gives some small errors occasionally.

(2) -||a-b|| SVM machinery attempts to produce a .attest regression model according to the introduced margin e and thereby avoids over-.tting.


To derive PERI, we use the principle of the skewness, i.e., the relative difference between the mean and the median.

nevertheless, the approach of this paper remains valid and can be used with any step slew metric.


Therefore assuming that the layout of the transistors is carefully designed, we estimate that the dcan be as low as 0.2%.

the differential input sinewaves applied at the input terminals have an amplitude of ±200mV and frequencies of 800MHz and 900MHz at terminals v1 and v2 respectively, producing an output at 100MHz.


Receiver: TmoteInvent [29] was used as the listener node, due to its low-cost and low-power (100 times more power e.cient than the DSP on the transmitter) features that are expected from a WSN platform.

the capability of these systems have been upgraded by using DSP/smart phones that typically consume higher power and resources.


Ina.ashcrowding architecture there is no padding: all the chip s tiles are small cores with a modicum of local memory.

we lump all padding tiles into a single category, simply assuming that a core tile serviced by i padding tiles boosts its performance by some enhancement factor f (i), and ignoring whether such a boost originates from fewer cache misses, fewer pipeline stalls, dedicated arithmetic circuitry etc.


Rose, and A. Marquardt, Architecture and CAD for Deep-Submicron FPGAs , Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

fO =1 where FOMAX is the maximum fanout in the clustered circuit [12].


using a .sheye lens creates new challenges.


The power values listed for barometer and Google approaches include the base CPU awake power, sensing power, as well as computation power.

they undergo jumps in height, both in the up and down direction.


As shown in Table 4, DSMC3D has same-word RAW dependences, the only ones that cause squashes in our protocol if they happen out of order.

loop unrolling may also degrade performance.


For that reason, we previously proposed a dynamic optical recon.guration circuit that is the smallest optical recon.guration circuit among all ORGAs.

41 photodiodes were implemented in this ORLB.


Thermal issues greatly a.ects interconnect design and electromigration (EM) reliability [3].

the interconnect optimization guided by statistical analysis techniques instead of pessimistic worst-case values has become an inevitable trend [26].


These results also indicate that this method scales well for large examples.

in the future, we are interested in generalizing this work to the case where there is internal feedback.


This increases design uncertainty considerably, and hence, may also lead to over-and under-design at each stage in the supply chain.

in order to account for parametric and functional robustness of a module or component, its WCD parameters are calculated according to [8].


we say Electrode ex and ey are compatible if and only if they can be assigned to the same control pin, which also means that actuation sequences ASx and ASy are compatible.


This indicates that our method for guaranteeing performance is indeed effective, even when combined with algorithms such as OD+ and OS+ that are not designed to be performanceaware.

for available slack values S in the interval (A · tM-1,8], we determine the value of Thk(S)to be the same as that at S = A· tM-1.


While tolerating an unexpected timing error entails a large performance overhead in pipelined architectures [3], we observe that scheduling an instruction with a predictable timing error becomes logically equivalent to a variable latency operation.

in libquantum, CDS is particularly effective as it can eliminate 86% of the timing violation penalty, compared to 64% in ABS.


Nick Yu : The fabless business model will definitely not only survive, but will thrive, as the economic and technical factors that dictate the need to amortize the cost of technology development and fab ownership across multiple entities are all accentuated at each successive technology node.

thus development methodologies on both, process and design end, need to accommodate changes to allow for global optimization of the end product, rather than just optimizing the process or the design.


Not surprisingly, the answer to this question follows from testing an appropriate logical implication.

the module ARB is known to satisfy the following properties: h1: G(i1-o) 1 h2: G((i21i1)-o) 2 the module ARB gives i1higher priority than i2.


Conventional voltage level shifters (CVLS), as shown in Figure 1, require two voltage supplies, the input domain voltage supply (VDDI) and the output domain voltage supply (VDDO).

these simulations were performed at each of the three temperatures mentioned above.


If such a scheme were to be implemented, then this would let DTM techniques (especially those with policies relying on frequent task migrations, e.g.

eXPERIMENTS 6.1 Experimental Methodology The RTL simulation environment (our entire MPSoC was implemented in RTL using generated code from ASIPmeister [17] and hand modi.ed code) was ModelSim (HDL simulator) [18].


The operating temperature of a circuit element depends upon the proximity to a hot spot within a die.

in comparison, the increase of TC-Q in the original design was 95%.


Moreover,theamountofdummy .llisnotdirectly optimized as an objective of routing.

µ is a small number comparedto G. Moreover, . '


may be distinct for different chip designs [17].

av stands for the dB gain at frequency 10MHz, with a lower bound limit Alimit = 51dB.


If the standard C application code is endian dependent, it must be refactored to be endian independent.

the computation portion of a custom instruction is usually written in a language similar to the hardware description language (HDL), which is a parallel processing language.


The most basic structure to implement this technique is depicted in Figure 1, where M is the Up-Sampler factor used.

this is not a feature of pulse shape Filters for TV Systems.


Figure 3(e) shows the map for horizontal congestion for the solution involving the match M1: it is obtained by the simple bin-wise sum of the congestion maps at N1, N2, and N3.

we also employ a better delay computation approach as compared to [5].


His research has included effects of oceanographic features (internal tides, surface ducts), marine mammals (dolphin sonar, mammal tracking, environmental effects), mine counter measures, matched-field processing, computational acoustics, geoacoustic inversion, and target scattering.

as the technology matures, interest turns to performance modeling.


5 shows a con.ict that is solvable by our simultaneous layer assignment.

iLP-based algorithms usually have high runtime overhead.


his early technical contributions were in understanding hot-electron effects and in advancing bipolar technology.


Also, without considering the electrical .eld distribution, the noise is over-estimated because aggressors are seeing the whole TSV MOS capacitance.

to alleviate the TSV-to-TSV coupling noise, we proposed a novel model and a method to protect the victim TSVs by grounded TABLE X NOISE REDUCTION RESULTS ON TWO DESIGN STYLES Placement style Irregular Regular Total noise on TSV net (V) 101.1 96.5 Noise reduction 27.3% 27.1% TSV-induced delay (ns) 0.81 0.93 TSV-induced power (µW) 12.75 12.86 TABLE XI FULL-CHIP NOISE REDUCTION WITH GUARD RING VS TSV SHIELDING Guard ring TSV shielding in [1] Protected TSV # 298 118 Initial TSV size (µm2) Protected TSV size (µm2) 49 68.89 to 121 49 361 Initial footprint 380µm× 380µm 402µm× 402µm Final footprint 380µm× 380µm 421µm× 421µm Noise reduction 27.3% 42.04% Area overhead (µm2) 11053 (7.65%) 42598 (26.4%) active region.


The number of inputs to f is k where k§n.

for simple arithmetic units like adders and multipliers we choose f to be a function of the propagate signal of a full adder block.


Moreover, high transverse electric field (electric field from the gate to the channel) can also cause similar phenomenon (energy subband quantization as shown in Fig.

since, in this case E is zero, carriers are only subjected to structural confinement.


2.2 Simulation algorithms in HMAPS In HMAPS, various numerical integration methods are paired with nonlinear iterative methods to form a pool of simulation algorithms.

the computational cost is still proportional to the number of non-zeros in the LU factors.


due to lack of public knowledge for this process of the GPUs, we do not compare with these methods.


Although other possible trade-off points could be considered, we empirically found that these four points yield good optimization results and provide a systematic approach for constructing all versions of a cell.

when the circuit is in standby mode, a larger amount of leakage reduction is desirable since this will translate directly to longer battery life (e.g., standby time for a cell phone).


The datapath for the LA is derived from the schedule and synthesized using Synopsys design compiler.

2.2 Accelerator Pipeline Hardware Schema Each kernel is mapped to a loop accelerator (LA).


This expression for a complete loop is completely analogous to (2) for a single line.

the inductance of this circuit is L1+2 =L11 +L22 +2L12: (2) If the partial inductance is a linear function of length, the inductance of the circuit is the sum of the inductance of its elements, i.e., Llinear =L11 +L22: (3) The difference between the nonlinear dependence [see (2)] and the linear dependence [see (3)] is the presence of the cross coupling term 2L12.


Once the nonlinear simulation has been done, we use current sources and capacitors to model gate current consumption and the di.usion and gate capacitance, respectively.

to avoid the numerical errors, a set of orthogonal bases is built to span the same subspace as spanned by the .nite moments of x(s).


It s quite clear from this .gure and the earlier energy comparisons that a larger cache is clearly bene.cial for the larger benchmarks (most of SPEC CPU2006 and Mediabench) and especially those with loop dominated codes provided that the loop iterations are suf.ciently large.

we must carefully select the blocks to be written into the NVM array.


This is especially noteworthy since we model aggressive clock gating where only latches that need to be activated actually see a clock signal.

each plot represents a single configuration implemented in the four nanometer nodes.


As such we need to compute the moments of input admittance (impedance) of the transmission line to model the interconnect.

g 1 + y C 2 R =1 +m1y +m2 y +····+mkyk +··· (9) 1 + y L where k-th moment is G 1 + y k C d R 1 + y L k dy mk = (10)k!


[26] D. Lee, et al., Excellent uniformity and reproducible resistance switching characteristics of doped binary metal oxides for non-volatile resistance memory applications, IEDM Dig.

the on-chip SRAM is one of the bottlenecks in reducing the VDD (in OR of) a mobile SoC or 3D-IC.


The performance of our instruction scheduling algorithm combined with this faster hardware con.guration is presented in Figure 4 as FAST.

the performance improvement for simple scheduling (all operations executed on the recon.gurable hardware) and 20x faster recon.gurations is 27 % while our scheduling algorithm contributes to a performance improvement between 43 % and 94 % compared to SW.


As a result, the embraceable LO power and .V are necessary, and the transistor sizes and LO biases of the current reuse pair are trade-offs.

[4] Z. Zhang, L. Tsui, Z. Chen and J. Lau, A CMOS selfmixing-free front-end for direct conversion applications, in proc.


together with simple data migration policy can allocate more than 90% of cache hits to soft-ways.

10 illustrates its utilization in an 8-way cache memory.


After splitting, the procedures are mapped in memory so that two procedures which call each other will be mapped close in memory.

there has been little re- search on the impact of software and compiler-level optimizations for improving the behavior of such workloads.


The conditional nature of the encoding requires one redundancy bit to signal whether the encoding is applied or not to a received pattern.

in fact, most LCD interfaces use serial connection to minimize the electrical e.ects occurring during the transmission of data on a .at cable at frequencies in the range required by typical LCD displays (in the order of few hundred of MHz).


Considering maximum of 2 instruction per cycle for Intel Core2 processor and clock frequency of 2.6 GHz, 5.2 G instructions can be executed per second.

further details about IPC of compiled loops is presented in Appendix G. it can be estimated that CGRA would approximately execute 3.3 GOps per second.


The problem with this approach is that two syntactically identical k-limited access-paths ap1 and ap2 (at a programs point) need not necessarily point to the same runtime object, and hence are not must-aliased.

it would be possible to take a slice of the program starting from the root dereference, and do our analysis only on the slice.


The topologies are derived from ring and spidergon topologies and this proposal considers routers with only three input/output ports for the connection among the NoC routers and one port to connect the core.

figure1shows anexampleof the target ASHiNoC topology.


The .rst level, that implements a single intra-cluster barrier for every cluster/clock domain and the top level, that is implemented by employing inter-cluster  Fig.

as we can observe, the most ef.cient implementation is still CBarrier for these particular con.gurations.