We gathered quantitative data on the prevalence and nature of computer virus infections at our study site, which support our hypothesis that even of.ine computers need periodic software updates to be protected against .ash-drive-borne viruses.

we found that the virus population at our .eld site was surprisingly young out of 674 infected .les observed, 63 .les contained a virus that had been discovered by anti-virus vendors fewer than six months before our scanner detected it.


It then prioritizes those suggestions, presents them, and allows the administrator to evaluate the e.ect of each suggestion and implement the suggestion that produces the most desirable outcome.

policy-Morph allows the administrator to evaluate the desirability of each option, without forcing him to encode all relevant constraints in a formal language.


To do this, we can think of the e.ect of insertions/deletions as implicitly rede.ning the notion of centroid to be more .exible than that of no subtree of size more than n/2 when the centroid is removed .

hypothetically suppose that in our construction we replaced the notion of centroid by that of c-approximate-centroid: A node whose removal leaves subtrees with respective sizes of no more than cn for a constant c = 0.5 (e.g., c = 3/4).


To summarize, the paper makes the following contributions:  We discuss how protocol learning techniques can be used to model the tra.c generated during the execution of malware samples.

we describe the limitations of protocol-agnostic approaches and show that, if properly setup and con.gured, they can be used to successfully replay real malware conversations.


The premise of data geolocation is that a provider may have some (economic) incentive for re-locating data in breach of contract, but assuring that all copies exist within some geographic region is outside the scope of our work.

data geolocation may be able to detect (in the context of privacy law) noncompliance, i.e.


Thus, packets exchanged via text-based protocols can never contain bytes that correspond to stack addresses.

nebula s false positives mainly come from packets in binary-based protocols or binary .les that are being transferred.


let db =  type ResultType = {name : string^H ; diff : int^L} let differences : Expr  = <@ for c in (% db).Couples do for p1 in (% db).People do for p2 in (% db).People do if (c.Person1 = p1.Id) && (c.Person2 = p2.Id) && (abs (p1.Age -p2.Age) > 10) then yield ({ name = p1.Name ; diff = p1.Age -p2.Age }) @> let main = run differences As can be seen in the above program the information-.ow policy for this program is speci.ed by giving a type annotation to the quoted expression that generates the query, i.e., a type annotation for differences.

the name components of the result are typed con.dential, while the age differences are public.


are applied to bb3,bb4 and bb3* ,bb4 * as changes of basis matrix, respectively.


Although all of these threats are hazardous to the mobile devices, we focus only on the Threat 4 in this paper since existing security approaches have mitigated Threat 1-3.

threat 1 can be solved by using access control mechanisms like [2,6,15] (both in the VMM and in the kernel) and end-to-end encryption mechanisms.


2.2 DJB Hash value The filter-hash value computed using the above method does not represent the whole signature since it is computed from a part of the signature.

it is computed for a sub string in the signature of length L'.


Table 7 lists the Qwsc metric normalized by the best result (minimal cost) for each dataset.

the best algorithm is 1.0, and larger values represent the ratio between an algorithm s performance and the best observed for that dataset.


(These are also known as delta-systems.)

if an elementbelongsto anydistinctpair of sets, then it belongs to all of them, so in fact, the kernel equals i Si .


we introduce Security-Reinforcing Applications (SRAs), a novel class of applications that can reliably deliver rewards when users accept justified risks or reject unjustified ones.


What is critical, GM cannot know usk itself (but can convince that the user knows usk by using zero-knowledge proofs).

we can remove a secret key usk from the syntax of group signature unless non-frameability is required.


2.4.2 Semantics The semantics of the policy language is de.ned with respect to a schema F = (Id, {Si }i.Id , U, R, Q, I ), a con.guration C = (U, R, org , own, pol ), and a S = (sta, cur).

the semantics is de.ned via a preprocessing function and a satisfaction relation.


This is still a signi.cant improvement over the 2000 types that are in the SELinux reference policy.

the SELinux policy binary is reduced from 3MB to less than 300KB, resulting in greater than a 90% reduction in policy size.


CONCLUSION We evaluated experimentally the resiliency of three popular open-source software-based network firewalls against a probing technique to remotely discover last-matching or bottom rules of the security policy of a network firewall.

we measured and examined the resiliency of Linux NetFilter, Linxu IPSets, and FreeBSD ipfw.


The security of a geo-spatial key assignment scheme is de.ned in a standard way.

we require the properties of completeness and soundness to hold, as de.ned below: Completeness A user with access privileges to a rectan gular area R is able to compute the access key for each cell within R. Soundness Any coalition of users with access to rectangle areas R1, .


First, they did not propose the method how to set the jump register.

they frequently use the edx as jump register, but the gadget (e.g., pop %edx; jmp *x) which sets the edx may lead to the circle problem as mentioned in Section 3.1.


To make matters worse, the deployment of malicious apps is simpli.ed by ready-to-use toolkits starting at $25 [13].

there is motive and opportunity, and as a result, there are many malicious apps spreading on Facebook every day [20].


We achieve this in steps, by constructing y-packets, z-packets and s-packets that have the following properties: The y-packets are constructed to be linearly independent from Eve s observations, and thus information-theoretically secure from Eve.


Thatis,EON canbejust as effective as a theorem-proving tool.

we now prove that the vulnerabilities above cannot be exploitedif suitable constraints areimposed on the model.


Moreover, the set of constraints {G1,... , Gc},where each Gi is a disjunction of primitive constraint expressions, is equivalent to the constraint expression G1 .···.Gc.

we can reduce the problem of determining the satis.ability of ((S, E),U,A,C ) to the problem of determining the satis.ability of a work.ow of the form ((S, E),U, A, G1 .···.Gc), where c = |C|;each clause Gi =(., Si 1,Si 11) has the form .i,1 .···..i,m(i),with m(i)= |Si 1|·|Si 11|;and each literal 11 .S11 .i,j has the form (., s1 ,s 11)for some s 1 .Si 1 and s i .we can represent any instance of WSP3(=, =) as a work.ow containing a constraint expression in conjunctive normal form in which each of the literals is a primitive constraint (which corresponds to a single Type 1 constraint).


Given yc ,ye1yp1Q, we write yng-e rye1 if the change of state from yto ye1is allowed by y, and y' -g ye1if a sequence of zero or more allowed changes leads from yto y1.


An impact of a dispersed burst is lower than that of a condensed burst.

if the inter-packet delay, in arriving tra.c, is large enough, to allow the receiving host to process each packet before the arrival of a new one, then, even a large burst may not introduce signi.cant delays into the tra.c .ow.


The security of the single-block-length block cipher modes has been analyzed in [28, 6].

black-Rogaway-Shrimpton have proved that the Davies-Meyer mode has asymptotically optimal bound for collision and preimage resistance, i.e.


A practical application is to allow users to install and try new applications without worrying about malware.

if something abnormal happens, one can simply throw away the infected VM.


In addition, the unknown normalizing constant C is common to all patterns.

given any pair of patterns x1, x2, the ratio of probability mass p(x1)/p(x2) is available without knowing the exact probabilities, according to Eq.(1).


(b) We analyze all collected malicious URLs using a highinteraction honeypot.

we use the honeypot Shelia [23] which monitors a target application and employs taint tracking for identifying memory corruption and code injection attacks.


Similar to the SSS construction [31], our 2-cloud ORAM scheme requires the client to store less than 1.5GB of data for an ORAM of 1TB in capacity (i.e., less than 0.15% of the ORAM capacity).

in addition to caching v about O( N) data blocks where N is the total number of blocks, the client also stores about 4 bytes of metadata per block.


4.1 Of.ine Hook Pro.ler Our of.ine hook pro.ler is essentially a whole-system emulator with additional functionality in instrumenting and monitoring the execution of every memory access instruction.

given a list of kernel hook locations for protection, we run the target system on top of the pro.ler.


However, note that we expect the level of exposure to different ethno-cultural groups to vary across the geographical space.

on average a resident of London is likely to have friendships spanning a wider spectrum of communities rather than a resident of Swansea4, due to the substantial mixture of ethnic groups living in London.


3.4 Complexity Due to space limitations, we present the complexity results for our SoD-enforcement monitor implementation without proof and refer to [6] for more details.

we discuss the runtime complexity of a re.nement call.


Even so, Table 5 shows that the certifying algorithm for maximum .ow outperforms the lower bound by orders of magnitude.

the certifying algorithm speeds up by 2405× on a graph with 1,000 nodes.


The size of the stream n. This determines the parameter con.guration of our GCK hash function hnew by Algorithm 3.

the running time and the key size of both hnew and hold increase with respect to n. 2.


But in a world where transparent cryptography is built in to every telephone, computer and network node, giving the honest Alices and Bobs of the world a mechanism to keep their secrets from Eve might also give the less savory the ability to evade legal surveillance.

what if Eve is occasionally the good guy?


Hence, it cannot provide a .negrained access control.

the Core OS layer cannot enforce access control on the main Objective-C constructs such as used classes, objects, variables, and methods, which are extensively used by iOS applications and involve a chain of diverse system calls, .les, and memory structures.


When applications access email addresses, the E-P3P policy is always enforced.

if the application is used by an employee in the marketing department then the access is authorized, but if it would be used by a sales department employee, then access would be denied.


By assigning weights to both, it enables organizations to set their own priorities on the relative importance of future maintenance vs. the cost of changing over.

by tuning the weight, one can tune the trade-o.


If the protocol successfully terminates (i.e., both parties compute a shared key) then we want that both parties have computed the same key, and that this key is associated to the right identities.

both Alice and Bob must end with the same key K, and have consistent views of who the key was shared with.


Zubulake claimed that Chapin treated her differently than her coworkers, who all happened to be male.

zubulake claimed that Chapin treated her unfairly by "... ridiculing and belittling her in front of co-workers; [...] excluding her from work-related outings with male co-workers and clients; [...] making sexist remarks in her presence; and [...] isolating her from the other senior salespersons on the Desk by seating her apart from them" [14].


In addition, it seems plausible that many real metamorphic engines will have limited repertoires of transformations they are able to make.

they will be capable of generating output instructions selected from only a limited set of forms.


Second, it must be able to identify parts of the malware database that are not relevant to a given malware query.

the feature vector needs to be able to pinpoint the obviously irrelevant, but not necessarily the most relevant.


Next,toguarantee a strong key fromthe cleansed Ri, the CC applies a cryptographic hash.

to generate a 256-bit AES key, the CC computes K = H(Ri), whereH is the SHA-256 hash function.


To remain sound, updates to the the store must be made with respect to submaps of the map to be joined as well.

the analysis should perform: s ' = s Ura .


To our surprise, recent software diversity and randomization approaches do not ful.l these criteria (as shown in the comparison in Table 1).

they randomize the code only within its segment so that it stays as one block, which means a leaked pointer is always surrounded by the remainder of the code.


3.1.4 Cost Analysis In addition to evaluating the comprehensive coverage provided by kernel tracing systems, we also calculate the performance and storage overheads caused by collecting kernel traces as follows: Performance overhead Since this amount of user and sys process time includes the execution time caused by the system call fuzzer, we remove it for retrieving the performance overhead produced by kernel tracing systems.

we calculate the performance overhead by subtracting the total amount of user and sys process time obtained in step 1 from the time obtained in step 2.


Therefore, a shared secret is insuf.cient for secure exchange of authentic information.

gitM attacks are possible, exploiting the absence of message authenticity.


Noting here that, the two distances were thresholding before combined using AND rule where the threshold for the Place and draw gesture is placed at FRR = 0%.

a sample is accepted if and only if both distances were below experimentally de.ned thresholds.


Upon completion of the transfer, we scripted Volatility to parse several pieces of information from the memory capture relevant to this example.

we extracted the decoded executable contents which we can then analyze of.ine with the Immunity debugger [2].


3.3 DesignDecisions Implementing the full-.edged CL anonymous credential system would not be feasible on current cards.

features such as an age-proof(i.e.,proving thatthedate of birth contained in the credential issued has a distance of at most n years from the current date) or encoding all the more than 20 typical .elds of a standard identity card and allowing selective disclosure for each of them would result in a computation time on the order of 70 100 seconds.


The corresponding figure for the DAS group would be less than 60 bits.


We also would like to note that this problem formulation easily supports multi-level security where access levels form a military-style ladder or a hierarchy.

suppose that, for instance, access to the Secret level permits access to a certain area RS.


Having established this basis, we describe how the model is used to facilitate a role-based administration approach.

we discuss our notion of scopes , which describe the objects over which an administrator has authority.


(1) View graph is a higher level representation of an app s behavior than the traditional code level birthmarks (e.g., opcode sequence, program dependence graph).

viewDroid does not need instruction-level details.


A number of three-move identi.cation schemes in the literature turn out to have such a homomorphism though.

one can obtain e.cient multi-signature schemes based on discrete logarithms from [36], based on RSA from [19], based on factoring from [16, 15, 33, 37], and based on pairings from [23].


dynamic setting of system parameters Since our experience with RTTs is relatively new, we cannot be sure that RTTs that are considered secure today will still be secure in the future.

we must assume that once RTTs are used to secure something of value they will become the target of many hacking attempts, and attackers might .nd a way of e.ciently breaking RTTs.


We highlight our main contributions below: We show how the chunk-table approach can be made ef.cient and compatible with separate compilation.

mIP encodes each entry in the chunk table as a single bit and uses a bitmap to store all bits.


One of the main drawbacks in these models is that data modi.cation is not supervised at all as long as the subjects obey the speci.ed rules.

once a subject is assigned a particular integrity level, the subject is absolutely trusted at the given level.


[12] also indicate that using role hierarchies is not a natural approach to specifying the domain of an administrator.

domain is often speci.ed based on the structure of an organization, e.g., all roles in one branch of a bank.


However, some anti-segmentation techniques resist their attack.

the authors report that extra lines of random length and whose thickness and slope matches that of character fragments, as well as character collapsing, i.e.


They are used in the graph-similarity computation as a coarse-grained .lter to identify functions from two programs that are likely to be matched.

if two functions have similar mnemonic sequences, they are likely to be the same function.


However, this fexibility poses signifcant challenges to security.

an end user (be it human or machine) may access a web service directly, or through a number of intermediaries, while these intermediaries may be formed on the fy for a particular task.


.For the same source code, different compilers on different OSes may use a different memory layout for the same set of variables.

the memory layout of a C program s variables on by a Linux host could be different from that on a Solaris host.


The auditor commits to the secret values a ' i as well as to the pseudo-random values used in computing si ' .

a computes the following commitments: aJ j gj := g mod N, for 1 = j = s, prf hi := g fkJ (i) mod N, for 1 = i = n. As the values si ' were computed in F, i.e.


To apply the KE scheme, each string value is represented with asingle element and each numerical value is represented as abagof bits, where each numerical value of size s bits is represented with s elements as shown in Table 6.

one numerical value of size s bits is equal to s string values.


Note that since the framework supports di.erent types of security policies, the security rules could entail di.erent types of authorizations.

if the antecedent of a security rule encodes an access control or admin policy, the consequent denotes the entailed access control or admin authorizations.


When the server is honest, the server can classify the client s input into only two subsets.

a malicious server may learn less than one bit of extra information.


That is, P is the disjoint union of the sets P + , P - and P 0,where P + is the set of up permissions, P - is the set of down permissions and P 0 is the set of neutral permissions.4 Each permission p .P is available to some subset of roles in the hierarchy called the e.ective roles of p and denoted RE (p).

we de.ne the function RE : P .P(R), where .


However, we expect that there are diminishing returns.

after some time, all code blocks that are part of the stalling code region have been seen, and no new nodes are added to the CFG when the queue is processed.


Remote channels require a different approach, as the attacker is effectively unrestrained.

a remote attacker must be assumed to have an accurate clock.


Also, among the attack sessions, we observed that 425,719 sessions were related to unknown attacks, because they did not trigger any IDS alerts, but they contained shellcodes detected by Ashula.

in case of known attacks, they have to be recorded by our IDS, and if a session contains shellcode(s), there is a high possibility that it is related to a real attack.


If it does not have any payload, the packet is silently ignored unless there happens to be pending data that can be piggybacked.

the host cannot send another 0-payload acknowledgment packet for the 0-payload incoming ACK packet, which will create endless TCP ACK storm [23].


Indeed, it might change the intended semantics of a policy.

applying a reduction function to di.erent stages of the policy evaluation process may result in a di.erent decision.


To demonstrate the usability problems in current access control systems and the feasibility of our proposed solution, we have chosen an existing access control mechanism, the WebDAV access control list standard [4], as the starting point for usability improvement.

the WebDAV (Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning) [7] system is designed to create an infrastructure for distributed file systems built on top of the nowubiquitous foundation of the World-Wide-Web, the HTTP protocol.


between complexity and robustness against colluding behavior, and should be setup to account for the expected behavior of the players with respect to collusions.

if during the computation it is not expected that a signi.cant number of players will collude, the protocol can be made more e.cient by setting the collusion threshold low.


There are two possible solutions: One is to follow the same approach taken by current system backup software, which utilizes the Volume Shadow Copy Service (more details in [18]) of Windows to access the locked .les.

we can create a shadow copy of the locked .le and instruct VMwatcher to access the shadow copy for VM state procurement.


It signi.cantly increases the solution space for individual characters, and makes it harder for the CNN engine to accurately recognize the characters.

with a limited number of training data, it is unsurprising that the CNN engine will decrease our attack s success.


It monitors how the sensitive information propagates within the whole guest system (including the propagation through the kernel and all applications).

we need to investigate whether the information has propagated into the sample (i.e., whether it has been accessed by the sample) and what the sample has done with the information (e.g., sending it to an external server via the network).


To the best of our knowledge, we are the .rst to propose a general solution to defeat all forms of ROP.

our solution can defend against both known variations and future evolutions of the attack.


This number may not re.ect the exact number of instances there were indeed running.

there may have been virtual machines that might have been blocking all ports.


Instead of constructing a cipher of larger block size, Liskov, Rivest, and Wagner [5] and Halevi and Rogaway [4] proposed modes of operations to address the similar problems.

halevi and Rogaway [4] proposed tweakable the following tweakable enciphering mode for storage block level encrypitons: derive the ciphertext c of a plaintext m as c = Et K (m) where t is the hard disk position that m (c indeed) is stored.


We envisage the deployment of Internet PKS to happen in three phases.

we think that initial participation in PKS will be driven by policy bodies and their communities (Phase I).


Application # of files echo Select Insert Update Delete PHP-Address book 112 367 35 44 25 7 Serendipity 1,044 1,219 4 1 1 0 PHP-fusions 418 2555 82 4 7 1 Our evaluation approach is as follows: we consider applications with vulnerable code.

we search in the OSVDB1 database for reported vulnerabilities for these applications (related to XSS and SQLI) and revise different files appropriately to create vulnerable version of applications.


The color represents the priority information of the Snort alert.

red, yellow, and blue mean priority 1, 2, and 3, respectively.


Furthermore, the PKI uses identity-based cryptographic techniques whereby a simple string can be used as a public key, which simpli.es signi.cantly public key management.

we propose an extension of an identitybased signature scheme to be used in the Security Mediator environment, which represents to our knowledge the .rst signature scheme of this kind.


Secure comparison problem requires that the access is granted if and only if [xi,xj ] n [xa,xb] Ø.

= given the above-mentioned (P, L), we can compute (MK, P KA) .


Thus, for each ßi that was incorrect, A can compute the ith bit of the ¯¯ secret s; so on average A learns m/2 bits of the secret s from each protocol run.

the probability that B accepts, 2-m is exactly the same that the probability that A¯learns all of the bits of s.  5.


For automata with identical observation mappings, the algorithm is sound.

if the output is c-ABSTRACTION , then, A2 is a c-abstraction of A1 upto time T , and if the output is (COUNTEREX , x10, d) then A2 is not a c-abstraction of A1.


It is our goal to provide a solution that implements the policies re.ected by the above access thresholds.

our goal is to guarantee that an adversary controlling nc accounts, and with access to na accounts, cannot succeed with more than an expected ncT + nat throttle requests in one time period, with T and t de.ned as above.


Therefore, the script of body.onClick() can traverse in Frame1 s DOM tree as long as the traversal does not reach the window proxy level.

frame1 s document subtree is merged into Frame0 s DOM tree, so the script can reference to the document object using F1Doc = event.


For demonstration purposes, Figure 6 highlights three areas of the interaction model and the corresponding XMI representation.

thehighlighted areasinclude thefollowing elements: In the XMI representation, lifelines are de.ned via a lifeline element with the respective xmi:type attribute set to uml:Lifeline.


The UGC considers a special type of PCP veri.ers: veri.ers that read at most two locations in the proof, and only make unique tests.

given the value read from the .rst location, there is a unique value for the second location that makes the veri.er accept, and vice versa.


In what follows, we give a theoretical e.ciency analysis of this operation.

we consider the number of invocations of the NEG(·)operation with respect to the number of travel records, n, and the number of locations, l. During each protocol run, the negation service is used for two tasks: (i) to compute the elements of matrix T (see equation (1)), and (ii) to perform the negation of the elements neg of matrix T : ti,j = NEG(ti,j ).


Thus, normal applications may run conventionally on the system and in parallel with security sensitive applications which are executed on top of the MVEE.

this paper contributes the following: A novel technique to build a user-space MVEE that does not need any OS kernel modi.cation.


In our implementation, the ReferenceMonitor class is used in the OS components related to these channels to conduct mediation.

for intent and scheme, the enforcement code was placed within the API startActivityForResult, which needs to be called by startActivity, when a message delivered through those channels attempts to start an Activity.


Experimented on the same platform, the active Probes features produced a considerably Figure 2: Plot of ROC graphs of six combinations of feature sources better classi.cation performance, compared to the passive features.

the Probe features incurred a zero false-detection rate (FPR), while achieving a true-detection rate (TPR) of 86%.


Such attestation is nested: each BGP speaker signs the AS path in sequence, as it joins.

.rst the origin BGP speaker signs the AS number of the origin autonomous system, the pre.x, and the intended receiver (in the form of AS number).


Question 2: What is the minimal amount of interaction required to achieve authenticated key agreement (IT-AKA) from arbitrarily weak secrets?


Researchers have developed many sophisticated algorithms to trade accuracy for reduced storage overhead [6, 31], but they all amount to approximating information that can be precisely and cheaply tracked by the sender!

the .lter s task could be simpli.ed if each sender could be trusted to include its current outbound bandwidth usage in each packet it sent.


However, with the advent of CPUs and operating systems that support the W.X guarantee [3], this threat has been mitigated in many contexts.

w.X enforces the property that a given memory page will never be both writable and executable at the same time.


We make .nitizing (i.e., small-scopes) assumptions that are realistic.

we assume that certain parameters are bounded by constants.


A patient privacy policy is de.ned in a way that it either extends or overwrites parts of the basic privacy principles declared by the global authorization policy.

the author of such a policy provides further details on her/his privacy conception or modi.es parts of the globally existing privacy measures to strengthen or weaken their e.ects, respectively.


In AWSS-Rec, the parties in WCORE and corresponding OKSet s are used for reconstructing the secret.

in the reconstruction phase, Pj s IC-Commitment on fj(x) is revealed by reconstructing it with the help of the parties in OKSetPj, for every Pj .


Unfortunately, these attacks will probably be replaced by others.

memory safety will not protect applications from being invoked in unintended or malicious ways.


Throughout this paper, we use the term anonymity as a synonym of anonymity in terms of unlinkability [15].

wireless transmission and node ID is not linkable from both directions: an anonymous transmission is not linkable to any node ID, and a node ID is not linkable to any anonymous transmission.


Thanks to the distribution operation in step 3, the result will be a complete mixing of elements.

since each bucket C(i) includes an equal number of slots from each original bucket in {B(j)}, the adversary cannot trace a given output element to its original bucket B(j).


Vj, and also node m. Vi matches with n. Vj.

not only the substitution of nodes but also the edge structure play a role in the computation of distance between the attributed FCGs of two malware programs (more details will be introduced in §6.4).


The comparison of the access control and information flow control meta-models yielded a number of interest observations.

the history-dependent nature of information flow control is seen as an inherent feature in contrast to access control.


Then EK (·) can be used with the parameter n = 4096 (note that 1024 bytes are 8162 = 2 × 4096 bits).

each storage device block unit is one cipher-block of EK (·) and is divided into two parts L and R, each of 4096 bits.


Using active proxies has been suggested before in the context of location-based services.

brunato and Battiti have proposed a HTTP proxy to feed details into a location-based recommendation system [6].


[N - 2m, N ), only then the corresponding computed (encrypted) bit can be wrong (due to over.ow).

the number of possible values of r that can give rise to error are 2m.


At any depth d, 0 =d =lk +lac -1, the number of edges from vertices at depth d to vertices at depth d +1should be one.

crypted attack code and prepare the polymorphic blending attack packet by concatenating attack vector, decryptor, decryption key, and the encrypted attack code.


The operation of nShield should not rely on either initiator nor target.

it should work in a standalone manner with no physical connections to neither initiator nor target.


Trust Relationships established between the Credentials and Tokens Manager (CTMs, Figure 3) are based on SPKI/SDSI mutual CTM group inclusion.

each CTM inserts the other CTM in its local SPKI/SDSI group and issues a certificate denoting group membership (a SDSI name certificate).


In this approach, Bluetooth is used as the primary means of communication between the botmaster and infected devices.

a hybrid approach is suggested whereby a set of seed nodes are .rst selected with which the botmaster communicates over the traditional network (such as SMS), and these seed nodes then relay the messages to other nodes in close physical proximity over Bluetooth.


It seems that the most natural way of capturing the idea that other principals could punish the violator is to say that there is a sequence of events that they can carry out (either typically or probabilistically) that produce a punishing trace, regardless of what other events occur in the trace.

(events that produce a punishing trace are sequentially enabled at extensions of the violating trace Tev, even if these are interleaved with unrelated events.)


Therefore, for prediction, each test example must be mapped using the same representation as we have used for the training data set.

we need to compute the distance between each test example and all training examples.


When Snd and Rcv exchange messages longer than a single bit, however, their actions become more detectable.

the longer the message, the more likely it is for Adv to correctly identify a CEM between two or more parties.


To ensure that the result of such comparisons is always correct, we modify the computation to add a .ag which indicates whether wjk is non-zero.


In this study, we consider the existence of a malicious entity in the medical unit as the potential attacker.

a medical unit might contain a disgruntled employee or it can be hacked by an intruder that is trying to obtain private genomic information about a patient (for which it is not authorized).


The performance of such systems is greatly in.uenced by the reliability of users ratings.

when a page has few ratings1, by colluding, attackers ratings can easily deviate the real credibility of this page.


Let us now consider the value t* = logs C~: unlike the previous two quantities, t* assumes dif- ferent values in the above two games.

while in game G2, t* contains information about the message Ma, in game G3, t* is just a random value: denote with [t*]2 and It*]3 the values of t* in game G2 and game G3, respectively.


However, the isolation must be breached such that the two parts of VPFS are still able to communicate with each other.

the split-implementation approach used for VPFS relies on a high-bandwidth communication channel to transfer data between the trusted and the untrusted part (e.g., based on shared memory), as well as on a fast signaling mechanism.


Our main contributions are: (1) We formally de.ne the privacy leakage function, selective security and single-dimensional privacy of a treebased public-key MDRSE in this paper.

we are among the .rst to distinguish path pattern from traditional access pattern and include path pattern in the privacy R-trees do not guarantee a good worst-case performance [17, 18], but they generally perform well with real-world data.


Another motivation of this paper is to enable the U-Prove technology in TPM 2.0 such that the TPM can be a trusted device for U-Prove, using the same TPM signature primitive for DAA without any additional overhead.

u-Prove is supported by TPM 2.0 with zero extra cost of the TPM resources.


to have from ., so that the secret s is revealed.

if party d1 commits to a secret s to obtain a commitment / opening pair (d, .)


Typically, a subject starts at a high integrity level and has the integrity level reduced as low integrity inputs are used.

a subject type retains its high integrity abilities as long as it does not read low integrity data or execute a low integrity program.


In that sense, we do not bring in additional cryptographic overhead but still enable the WSN with the desired security feature.

we choose the pairwise key pre-distribution scheme proposed by Blundo et.


A good strategy under these circumstances is to place the same topic documents into di.erent groups, so that the likelihood of having documents of the attacker s interest among the false positives is minimized.

if an attacker is interested in documents on, say, computer security, then such documents are distributed among a number of groups, and are mixed with a large variety of documents on di.erent topics.


In [17] constructions for e.cient provably-secure key assignment schemes are presented.

one construction provides constant private information and public information linear in the number of the classes.


In this current research, a dynamic analysis approach is taken which monitors and measures the runtime behavior and logs from the mobile application.

a concept of user awareness (UA) is proposed which represents a degree of intent with which an application tries to hide its activities from a user.


Consequently, Java runtime systems have to be re-designed for multi-tasking, and each agent should execute within a task of its own, isolated from all other tasks in the JVM.

static variables of shared classes have to be replicated for each task.


As such, in recent years, it has been intensively investigated and several systems and prototypes [18, 6, 17, 19, 2] have been proposed.

trust negotiation provides an effective way for two initially untrusted parties to de.ne a distributed, shared declarative authorization policy, using as building blocks the parties local policies.


But, say, if user's private key stored on the cloud gets corrupted, this limits or may even completely stop the computational task at hand.

we feel that, for every piece of data that has a way of recovery, corruption is not really a privacy concern.


Suppose a client wants to outsource her private data to a semi-honest server in an encrypted form such that she can later on still read and write her encrypted data blocks, while the server should not learn anything other than the number of blocks it stores and the total number of accesses.

the server should not see the access pattern of the queries (i.e., which element was accessed at which time).


In these [4]-[8] methods, an FO estimation pro cess is dependent on training symbol structure.

the methods in [4]-[8] are necessary speci.c training symbol structure for FO estimation.


In our problem domain, a node represents a labeled pointer, and an edge from one node to another dictates a con.dence level that the source pointer has on the target pointer.

the con.dence level is a conditional probability on how likely the target pointer is correctly labeled given the source pointer is correctly labeled.


While these parameters could be assigned independently from the underlying infrastructure, in practice this is not so.

the Amazon EC2 internal IP address space is cleanly partitioned between availability zones (likely to make it easy to manage separate network connectivity for these zones) and instance types within these zones also show considerable regularity.


We will prove that after the commitment construction phase, all of P s answers to later queries that pass both the decommitment checks are guaranteed to be bound to one single function (from queries to answers) with high probability.

having committed, P is very likely incapable of cheating the veri.ers with fake answers.


4.2 Reduction to SAT and ILP In Section 4.1, we showed that the problem of .nding an appropriate encryption key for a polymorphic blending attack is very hard.

it may take time exponential to the key length or character size.


While using an error-detecting code and shortening the extractor outputs intuitively may seem to work in a straightforward manner, the proofs turn out to be quite tricky.

we will need to use a proof technique that is completely di.erent from the one used in [19] and [12], for the following reason.


HIJACKING REMEDIATION In this section we discuss how our remediation process works.

we study how long it takes for users to recover their account after being hijacked and analyze what is the success rate of the various options (SMS, email, knowledge test) that can be used by user to recover their accounts.


Depending on the number of virtual processors required by the VM, one or more groups may be used.

this approach is simple to implement, although the biggest drawback is that it may result in under utilization of the platform.if a VM requires cache isolation and uses fewer cores than the sum of all the cores in the groups assigned to it, these unassigned cores cannot be used.


The underlying AES-CTR-then-HMAC-SHA1 core is a provably secure authenticated encryption scheme per results by Bellare and Namprempre [1] and Krawczyk [17] and standard assumptions on AES-CTR and HMAC-SHA1.

at a high-level, the new WinZip encryption architecture appears quite solid.


a process cannot be of the form pack(pack(...)).


Each dot in Figure 7 corresponds to the dot at the same position in Figure 8.

the XML document represented by a dot in Figure 8 is the one obtained by encrypting the XML document represented by the dot at the same position in Figure 7.


On a multi-CPU system, the SKINIT instruction has additional requirements which must be met for secure initialization.

sKINIT can only be run on the Boot Strap Processor (BSP), and all Application Processors (APs) must successfully receive an INIT Inter-Processor Interrupt (IPI) so that they respond correctly to a handshaking synchronization step performed during the execution of SKINIT .


This intuitively makes sense since it is only keeping enough information from previous measurements to guarantee that the true value is preserved.

it is not computing the convex hull at time t as map S and intersect and map S and fuse do (and potentially introduce additional points to the fused region), nor is it mapping potentially corrupted polyhedra as does map n. We note, however, that without additional assumptions about the rank of A, map R and intersect and pairwise intersect are not subsets of each other.


If the i - I st server introduces naive (or unin- tentional) errors into its output, these are likely to be de- teeted.

the (i - 1) st server does not the check- sum in the ciphertext being passed to the i th server, so it is unlikely to be able to determine a way of, e.g., flipping a few bits without being detected.


Speci.cally, a modal logic provides an internal, local perspective on relational structures [4].

a modal formula speci.es topological properties from the perspective of a speci.c vertex in a relational structure, by describing how the relational structure appears to a crawler locating at that vertex.


EVALUATION In this section, we present our experiments and results.

we have conducted two sets of experiments.


The current implementation still has several other storage channels we intend to close or limit, but we believe these can be mitigated without affecting the claims of the paper.

asbestos does not yet deal gracefully with certain forms of resource exhaustion.


When B receives a message on b, it checks its MAC and acts upon it, here simply by forwarding on a channel c. Intuitively, we would expect that B forwards on c only a message that A has MACed.

although an attacker may intercept, modify, and inject messages on b, it should not be able to forge a MAC and trick B into forwarding some other message.


In order to help secure GPS systems, we also propose and develop GPS attack defenses not previously considered in the literature.


On the other hand, adaptive hash functions, such as bcrypt [48] and scrypt [47], can be con.gured in terms of the work factor they introduce.

as processing power increases over time these functions can be tuned to take constant amount of time.


This top-down technique was used when the trustterms ontology was developed both in CmapTools and Protégé.

fundamental concepts were mapped first, with the ontology progressively expanding as additional terms were incorporated.


Network forensic investigations are typically conducted on the connection meta information level or on the payload level.

horizon Extender focuses on the retention of network forensic evidence for the following generic purposes: Attribution: Attribution deals with assigning leaked content, e.g., to attribute a known .le that has been uploaded to a client and remote server identity.


The term particular manner is concerned with the question of how a task is expected to be performed; speci.c purpose refers to a particular task or scenario like usage of an object, web service access, or some computational activity.

trust is directly associated with the expected behavior of a particular task .


Allowing partitions to emerge from dynamic use has the potential of resulting in partitions that do not correspond to application function, resulting in a possible application deadlock.

an application may not be able to get access to resources that it would normally have been allowed.


The sorted list is essential for the agglomerative single linkage clustering.

malware si s family is de.ned as the set of malware whose distance is less than ., thus all malware in the sorted list with similarity >.


We relate properties to traces: we identify traces that should exist, or should not exist in the system for a property to hold.

we establish assertions of the form, property p holds if and only if no trace of type t is generated by the system.


), and it is easy to verify that the above examples do.

when a fragile permutation family is closed under composition, a mix-cascade completely made by fragile mixes could be vulnerable: An active adversary only need insert a message to the batch, .nd the output corresponding to its input message, and use this to determine the combined permutation performed by the cascade.


Note that it is possible to enforce a static constraint by considering the con.guration of the system.

we only require blacklists for historical authorization constraints.


Suppose that with probability at least p, the execution time for a single request is at most Tbig.

the adversarial insider controls execution time but cannot make the probability of exceeding Tbig greater than 1 - p. For some computations, such as blinded cryptographic operations on suf.ciently isolated computers, p can be gained by sampling with randomly generated inputs.


In this study, we therefore aim to investigate the e.ect of giving user guidelines to users on the creation phase of our developed click-draw based graphical passwords.

we conducted two experiments to explore the e.ect of user guidelines in our study with 60 participants and the experimental results indicate that by applying user guidelines into the phase of password creation, users can overall create better click-draw based graphical passwords.


T = {0, ..., t} and nonzero elements of s form a strictly increasing sequence.

s represents the characterization vector of some subset of [t].


There is also no evidence showing that the victim s computer had been hacked or had been accessed by unauthorized personnel.


We note that this type of adversary is di.erent from other rational adversaries considered in cryptography.

covert adversaries may misbehave arbitrarily, as long as the probability for detecting misbehavior is negligible.


We make use of a commitment scheme that is homomorphic.

given C(x), C(y), their product C(x)C(y) is a commitment of the value x + y.


However, since no user report is found complaining about these numbers, theymay notyetbeutilizedforfraud activitiesorthefraudstershave notyet advertised these numbers.

these numbers are dormant IRSF numbers in comparison to other active IRSF numbers reported by users.


4.1 Results of Scenario I As mentioned earlier, in Scenario I, the attacker is limited to accessing k speci.c meters.

the attacker can only modify the measurements of these k meters.


As we assume that the adversary can only corrupt randomizers, S interact with T only as (dishonest) randomizer.

whenever some dishonest Rj is to read a device, the ideal world adversary S receives from T a message containing either an index d or a string ..


An important property of a set-membership proof scheme to high light is that the signer only needs to compute T and Sonce, regard less of how many set elements it will eventually compute member ship proofs for.

the cost of one public key signature com putation can be amortized over the cost of many set-membership proofs.


Therefore, cloud providers usually take steps to hide the exact identity of the physical server running the hosted cloud services as well as the structure of their internal network (and of particular servers within it).

to prevent identi.cation of services placement, clouds often use a random mapping between external IP addresses (of hosted services) and the internal IP addresses (of the virtual instances running the services), and/or employ other separation techniques, e.g., see [29].


Ever since OAuth was successfully adopted by the industry, major companies have re-purposed OAuth for authentication as well.

the protocol enables a user to prove his/her identity to a relying party, utilizing his/her existing session with the service provider.


For functions with a formal parameter of type access vector t, If a kernel module M is recursion-free, all functions in M are but do not refer to any particular access vector (such as D IR R EA D, loop-free, and updates to predicates can be determined precisely D I R W R ITE, or D IR S E A RC H), the analysis returns {(true I .x.x)}(i.e., predicates are not set to Unknown), then Algorithm 2 propa  (not shown in Algorithm 2 for brevity), which says that the function gates predicates precisely.

the predicate at statement s is p potentially authorizes any conceptual operation, based upon the acif and only if s is reached under condition p. cess vector it is invoked with (the variable x in .x.x denotes the Because Algorithm 2 ignores back-edges on loops, loop bod access vector).


Speci.cally, given a graph G =(V,E), we partition V into ck (where ck =l(n/d)j) subsets, V1,V2,...,Vck such that Vi nVj = Ø for i j,|Vi| = d, and .= V , and = iVi the number of edges of E whose incident nodes belong to different subsets is minimized.

ci =(Vi,Ei), where Ei consists of the edges between the vertices in Vi.


sign(sQIDASn , [ASn, ASn-1, ... , AS1]); 11: end if 12: return true; With these algorithms, the validity of BGP announcements is guaranteed by enforcing veri.cations and route attestations in the IN/OUT .lters of BGP speakers.

the identity of a BGP speaker is veri.ed and its route authenticity is guaranteed by the route attestation rules, through which different speakers build a transitive trust relationship.


For the purpose of early detection for terrorists' movements, activities and associations, the enhancement of information gathering and extraction of significant knowledge is required.

it is Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


When m2 is known to the eavesdropper, rx2 can decode m1 via interference cancellation [15].

rx2 .rst removes the interference caused by m2 from y2, and then decodes m1 from the remaining signals as: rx2 (h11f22 - f21h12) h11h22 - h12h21 v m = v (y2 - p2m2)1 p1(h21f22 - h22f21) h11f22 - f21h12 (7)(h11f22 - f21h12) = m1 + v n2 p1(h21f22 - h22f21) where all components, except m1, in this equation are known to rx2, and the sniffed SNR is controlled by the forged CSI, i.e., f21 and f22.


INTRODUCTION With rising popularity of tablets and M2M applications, Cisco [6] foresees that in 2015, the average smartphone will generate a tra.c of 1.3 109 bytes.month-1, which represents a 16-fold increase over the 2010 average of 79 106 bytes.month-1 .

aggregate smartphone tra.c in 2015 will be 47 times more than in 2010.


It is necessary that the host that generates the program partition that executes on host h be trusted to protect all data that h protects during execution.

the partitioning host could be permitted to serve in place of h during execution.


This paper clarifies the need for methodological improvement in the way risk assessments are currently conducted.

they do not address the problem of critical control subsetting (i.e.


The designated initial state q0 represents the shared executable s entry point(s) of interest to the adversary.

mon(q0 )nBBToChunks(b) n = Ø for each basic block b that the adversary wants to detect initially.


As such, we assume that S is trusted to store keys securely.

if an attacker can steal a key K from S, we assume he can steal the sensitive data directly without having to bypass our security mechanism.


to break LD-CS-CMA of the credential scheme) as SuccLD-C S-CM A A (k) and the success probability of any polynomially bounded adversary A is negligible.


4.2 Proof of Theorem 1 The correctness of the generic construction can be easily veri.edfromthecorrectness of the underlyingID-KEM and AE schemes.

we prove semantic security of ciphertexts in Lemma 1 and information-theoretic privacy of UCP in Lemma 2.


Access control lists implemented in BIND version 8 and 9 5 demand mutual authentication to prevent IP spoo.ng attacks.

in BIND 8 and 9, it is possible to create IP address-based access control lists to queries via the named address match list acl and the allow-query substatement or the more versatile BIND 9 view mechanism.


Since the adversary has no predisposition as to what the correct feedback should be, there is no advantage in receiving any of it.

given a client adversary that shares a key with probability p with an honest server using the DPD protocol, we can construct an adversary that has the same e.ectiveness against the embedded PAKE protocol.


Bitcoin [9] relies on blocks, a hash-based Proof of Work (PoW) concept, to ensure the security of transactions.

given the set of transactions that have been announced since the last block, and the hash of the last block, Bitcoin miners need to .nd a nonce, that would make the hash of the formed block smaller than a 256bit number target: hash{Bl || MR(TR1, .


However, once these two partial signatures are both transformed to the full signatures, the proxy s secret key will be revealed.

the proxy can transform only one of the two partial signatures; hence the name of 1-out-of-2 signature is obtained.


implies .d 2 d1-ß0 , hence L is (O(d 21 - ß20 ),.O(1))-spread.

by Theorem 4.1 and (4.10), for every TN 21 +ß0 , we know that X(G, L) 2 is (T, O(d ß0 )T,.O(1))-spread for such T , X(G, L) is (T,NO(1)T,.O(1))-spread.


Alternatively, one could sum the outcomes of the applicable norms and evaluate the total result.

a weighted average could be used to calculate n i=1 wivi the composed value: vc =n .


Comparing our construction to some non-hybrid schemes, we see that it is not as efficient as some of these.

it is not as efficient as the con- struction of Jakobsson [16], or the repaired version of this protocol by Mitomo and Kurosawa [24], whose asymptotic per-server costs in terms of the number of modular exponen- tiations are O(N) in the expected and O(Nn) in the worst case.


(c is an aggregate containment) then 17: int count = Exec(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM A_R WHERE subject= u ) 18: if count > 0 then 19: roles.insert(A.R) 20: roleNames.insert(R) 21: 22: return roles  4.3 Answering Capability Queries The hierarchical collection of dynamic views generated by the compilation procedure described in Section 4.1 is wellsuited for answering proof of compliance and role membership queries precisely because it takes a role-centric view of the system.

views are explicitly created to manage role memberships.


The host should exercise discretion in this task.

it should not permit any unnecessary system calls and pay close attention to the memory-related system calls such as mprotect, mmap, and brk.


(2) Users of an application must be denied access to any information that is not allowed from either global level or source level.

both the global and local policies must be respected.


Finding 2 At least 43% signatures are not based on code-level artifacts.

these are based on .le names, checksums (or binary sequences) or information easily obtained by the Package-Manager API.


{0, 1} * and associated access control lists ACL1,..., ACLN .

c.The semantics of the access control lists is that only users who have credentials for all data categories in ACLi can access Ri.the access control list is a conjunction of keywords; disjunctions can be realized by letting the same record appear multiple times in the database.


Two other participants (10% of 20) said that they were persuaded to use a locking mechanism by a friend or signi.cant other, and otherwise would not have done so.

for some users, social in.uence or adherence to social norms is the prime motivator, rather than speci.c privacy or security concerns: I guess just that was suggested to be a good idea, my girlfriend uses one (P25) My friend reminded me that this was a smartphone...there was access to lots of my accounts (P27) Finally, another two participants (10% of 20) indicated that they set it up simply because they did not see a reason not to, though could not mention any speci.c concerns: I .gured since it had the feature anyway, it s pretty quick I guess, I might as well use it... (P2) Just like, why not?


However, as we also point out, completely blocking internal communication may not be a practical solution.

internal communication is required for many applications, and allows to reduce communication costs on the cloud, as well as latency for clients.


a pure GSCS policy authorizes by considering only the relationship between the owner and requester locations, but ignoring the locations of other users.


Furthermore, the results of these algorithms are in.uenced by the value that is considered as threshold, ß , in order to either accept or reject a new test pattern (not in the training set).

we denote the threshold used for DTW-D and DTW-S, with ßD and ßS , respectively.


It is easy to see that, any IA-DHKE, where the sessionkey, and all the pre-computed and stored session-states, can be derived merely from DH-exponents x and y (and public values), is perfectly HP-deniable.

both KEA/OPACITY and OAKE are perfectly HP-deniable.


This implies that existing applications are unable to detect the presence of CertShim while allowing CertShim to remain entirely method-agnostic.

certShim does not interfere with the logic built into existing applications since return values remain true to the OpenSSL and GnuTLS APIs and Cert-Shim itself holds no opinion on which veri.cation methods it should or should not use; CertShim can even be con.gured to take no action for a given application or domain.


Hence, using the tag and the length, P-Tag can specify any range.

one tag can represent multiple ranges and we can distinguish between these ranges by using di.erent lengths for the same tag.


However, with our assumption of an infrastructureless environment, each host could only store some CA information of recent interest.

each host may have only a small piece of knowledge of the certificate hierarchy.


That is, there are some isolated nodes that meet all the other nodes with a very low frequency (compared to the meeting frequency the other nodes have).

an isolated node can appear for the .rst time in the network (i.e.


We emphasize that homomorphism is a property that message authentication techniques may exhibit, but not a tool for automatically authenticating general operators/functions (such as the ones examined in this paper) over distributed data.

we are not aware of any prior work that has addressed the general linear queries such as matrix multiplication and dot products that we study here.


In the thick strokes , character strokes can be completely picked up by CFS, leading to not just fewer components than in the thin strokes , but also a simpli.ed treatment by the follow-up attack procedures.

thick strokes is a weaker design than thin strokes in terms of security.


In addition to host-based features, we can also use lexical properties of the URLs themselves as potentially strong features (again, we are not considering theWeb page content).

if the URLs themselves look malicious, then a lexical feature set can help us automatically learn the tell-tale strings that characterize a malicious or benign URL.Forexample, malicious sites mayhavelegitimatelooking tokens appended to the sub-domain of the hostname, or have them embedded in the path of the URL for obfuscation purposes.


It is intended for a broadcaster B to encrypt a message m .M for an arbitrary subset S .

{1,...,n} of his listeners using a broadcast key bk.cm .


In the rest of this work we assume that a recommendation is given for a speci.c condition (or a combination of conditions) and is computed from ratings submitted by patients.

patient i who has seen physician j for condition k can submit a rating rijk on the scale 1 to n. We use P rjk = i rijk to denote the sum of all ratings for physician j on condition k and weight wjk to denote the number of patients who contributed their ratings for physician j treating condition k. 2.3 Privacy Requirements In the vast majority of existing recommendation systems, data contributed by users is assumed to be public information.


The main reasons for such a popularity of smartphone usage are the overall improvement in performance, battery life, and decreasing price of the mobile Internet access over 3G radio networks.

the frequent Internet access is crucial for the success of application markets and a high Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Because repeated revocation requires a revocation scheme capable of revoking |D| + |R| users (rather than just |R|) it may be less e.cient.

given the constraints of the particular application, it may be desirable to construct a degradation scheme directly rather than via a revocation scheme.


Information theory tells us that this is theoretically possible for n = 2 terminals, but not how to do it.

the existing theoretical results (upper and lower bounds on the secrecy rate achievable between two nodes given idealized channel conditions) rely on combinatorial constructions that are not implementable in practice.


CONCLUSIONS Many future Internet architectures are being designed to include new forms of name resolution, and the associated name resolution servers represent a powerful architectural component that can support security.

it is possible to deploy access control mechanisms at a name resolution service so as to regulate access to network address information, which could otherwise be used by an adversary to launch network attacks or could be queried to glean information useful for subverting privacy.


3.2 Combination with target systems In [32, p. 40], Schneider describes how security automata are to be combined with a target system via a simulation: The target is executed in tandem with a simulation of the security automaton.

initialization or creation of the target causes an initialized instance of the security automaton simulation to be created.


Each of our privacy notions is de.ned in two variants, re.ecting that adversaries might of might not have a copy of the signing key.

we also address security with full key exposure (FKE), which has been formalized for anonymous schemes by Fischlin [17] (and is also considered in [2, 25], but did not .nd formal treatment in the de.nitions of con.dentiality in [16]).


3.2 DerivingRoleEngineeringArtifactsfrom BPMNCollaboration Models Figure14 shows theintegrated meta-model for thederivation of role engineering artifacts from BPMN collaboration models.

itindicates whatBPMNmodel elements are used toderive corresponding role engineering artifacts: We use participants and lanes to identify candidate roles.


automated or human-triggered vehicle-generated announcements will be made possible.


DEFINITIONAL APPROACH AND SOME INTRINSIC LIMITATIONS Roughly, to de.ne security with respect to key-dependent input attacks we modify the standard attack scenarios for the various primitives that we study, by allowing the attacker to query its oracles not only on explicit strings but also on functions of the secret key.

where the original notion provided the attacker access to an oracle O(·), we addanoracle O'(·) that gets as input a description of a function g (e.g., in the form of a circuit that computes the function) and outputs O(g(s)) where s is the secret key of the construction in question.


Even if vehicle drivers specify policies to control the access to their data, those policies need to be enforced against all data at the server site.

drivers will only be told by the government that their data are used according to their policies, but will not know whether the government misuse the data as the government actually collects all data.


However, we need to extend MoCFI to introduce the policy enforcement and the runtime Objective-C analyzer.

the latter component enables runtime analysis of Ob jective-C constructs to tackle the challenges mentioned in Section 5.


Second, it should allow one to specify the behavior oftheintegratedpolicy atthegranularity of requests and effects.

one should be able to explicitly characterize a set of requests that need to be permitted or denied by the integrated policy.


Here, we use PlainText [41], a popular text-editing app, as an example to explain what can go wrong, though apps using Dropbox iOS SDK are all vulnerable.

after the mobile user authorizes this account linking, the Dropbox app delivers to the PlainText app a scheme URL, which is in the following format: db://1/connect?oauth_token&oauth_token_secret&uid.


In addition to the revenue and reputation loss to the genuine IC manufacturer, a counterfeit chip in electronic equipment may lead to severe consequences with potentially degraded quality, reliability, and performance in .eld operation [2].

it poses serious threats in many mission-critical applications.


To account for the fact that nodes that are online (at distance 1) may go of.ine permanently (e.g., due to an equipment failure), we expire the distances after one week.

if a computer or .ash drive has not connected to any other node in the system in one week, the FlashPatch software resets its distance to 8.


Results from game theory may be relevant to adversarial learning systems.

deception games involve players that have partial information and in.uence the information seen by other players.


The column vectors with no more than k nonzero elements can be used as attack vectors.

when the matrix H is a sparse matrix (which is usually the case in real power systems), it does not take many column transformations to construct a desirable attack vector.


Speci.cally, by randomizing the start address of the code segment, a single exploit packet would not be e.ective on all running instances of an application.

two di.erent running instances would have a di.erent base address, so the addresses that an attacker needed to jump to in one instance would not be the same as the addresses in the other instance.


Suppose S = {s1,s2,s3,s4}, such that s1 < s2 <s4, s1 <s3 <s4 and s2 I s3,and C = {( =,s2,s3)}.

then we may de.ne a plan p with the property that p(s2)= p(s3),in which case ((s1,s2,s3,s4),p) is not a solution to OWSP (since there is a restriction on the user that performs 7an execution schedule is a linear extension or topological sort of (S, ).


RsM : IDU , T , E *]User creates an encrypted package, denoted E *, containing the requested role to activate (Role), the hash that provides proof- H * of-location, the user s password P wdU , and the two certi.cates signed previously by RoM.

e * = EKU (Role, H * , P wdU , CertU , CertLD).


For so doing, we first scale the floating point data by locally tracking it and finding local minimum and maximum values of that ECG segment within a window ., that is centered on the data value.

a  3.3 Watermark Extraction time-based sliding window over the data stream is employed for The extraction procedure involves almost exactly the same finding the local minimum and maximum values of that window.


But the SEMU code uses these ReactOS layouts only for ease of implementation.

we could easily generate these layouts from the PDB .les and will do so for future SEMU versions.


{0,1}and computes T1 := Ahmod N, T2 := g whe(g " )r mod N, K := Bf mod p. 2.

the prover produces a signature of knowledge that T1 and T2 are commitments to the prover s private key and K was computed using the prover s secret f. the prover computes the signature of knowledge SPK{(f,v,e,w,r,ew,ee,er): f -ew Z =T1 eRSv h(mod N) .


Instead, we chose to place the burden of entropy estimations on D itself, which allows us to concentrate on the provable security of the refresh and next procedures.

in our security de.nition we will not attempt to verify if D s claims are accurate (as we said, this appears hopeless without some kind of heuristics), but will only require security when D is legitimate, as de.ned in (3).


However, they are not immune to exploitable software bugs.

due to the close integration with the host and the unique presence underneath guest virtual machines, a hosted hypervisor if compromised can also jeopardize the host system and completely take over all guests in the same physical machine.


human genomesnaturally opensup newand excitingfrontiersin numerous .elds,includingbioinformatics,genomics,genetics,and medicine.

the vision of personalized medicine has been one of the driving forces behind FGS research.


However, RBAC+ and RBAC = cannot be used to ex- ST ST press these requirements given the con.guration in Figure 1(e).


In this setting, a sensor is corrupted if there exists a time step t such that its polyhedron does not contain the true value at t. We still use f to denote the upper bound on the number of corrupted sensors.

this means that there are at least n - f sensors that are correct in all time steps.


First, there should be no single mask describing the set of decoy passwords.

it should not be possible to determine the structure or the properties of all decoy passwords, including the actual password, by looking at any small subset of them.


This paper groups all ACBs of the same function as one CN.

a CN is equivalent to a function or an interruptinthispaper.


Finally, the attacker picks a challenge user v* and is required to run a successful handshake, convincing the simulator that he is user v* having owned the challenge tag.

at the end of the game, the attacker is required to output the key K. We call this game Impersonate.


In our case, the goal of veri.cation is to show that there is no way for the partitions to a.ect each other, directly or indirectly, except through the intended channel.

there should be no way for a partition to access the memory or register contents, by reading or writing, of the other partition, other than when the communication is realized by explicit usage of the intended channel, by both partitions in collaboration.


Our algorithm is guaranteed to detect any manipulation of the aggregate by the adversary beyond what is achievable through direct injection of data values at compromised nodes.

the adversary can never gain any advantage from misrepresenting intermediate aggregation computations.


Merging of two methods Documents are deemed similar if the number of common fingerprints exceeds a specified threshold.

if the two documents have substantial textual overlap.


This restriction is on the dependency relationships involving agents; in simple terms the only relation involving an agent is a directed edge from a process to an agent.

agents in a provenance graph can only have an in-degree.


Given the desired node degree, we .nd the ratio of the required rf to the given rt.


The baseline scheme can prevent memory corruption attacks completely.

all memory objects can be protected from being attacked.


Figure 7 illustrates the results: with a increasing from 16 to 1024, the corresponding number of conditions that can be uniquely identi.ed drops from 201 to 1.

except a peculiar condition DEMENTIA IN HEAD INJURY whose total reply Figure 7: Effectiveness of round up and round down payload has 13513 bytes with its condition overview of 11106 bytes (a huge deviation from the average case), all other conditions can no longer be determined from the usage statistics when the counter value is rounded to a multiple of 1024 bytes.


Most commonly, user authentication is based on something you know, but this is a particular problem for tabletop interfaces, as they are particularly vulnerable to shoulder sur.ng given their remit to foster co-located collaboration.

tabletop users would typically authenticate in full view of a number of observers.


We believe that relationship-based access control could be applied in many other scenarios.

the coarse-grained decisionmaking in RBAC can be re.ned using such relationship information.


(This is illustrated by the example in Section 2).

lP violations can not always be addressed by changing the policy, one may have to adapt the architecture.


The .rst one is based on the passcode adopted by Apple products.

the user to be authenticated is asked to input the correct 4-digital passcode to unlock the screen.


We leave it to the community to determine what function is most meaningful for use in medical recommendation systems, but for the purposes of our realization, we propose to compute the scores as a combination of the average rating rjk/wjk and the number of patients treated wjk.


That is, using a zero-knowledge proof, U convinces OV of (1) possessing a signature generated by OI on a statement containing attr and N, and (2) knowing the master secret key SU related to N. We stress that U does not reveal any other information to OV .

u does not send OV the actual credential.


When obligations are added, it is not immediately clear how they should a.ect the reference monitor s decision.

the relationship between access control and obligations is not yet well studied.


Note that an encapsulated range does not include the end points that de.ne it.

an encapsulated range is analogous to strict administrative scope (which omits the top element in an administrative domain).


Moreover, the Trusted Computing Group (TCG)1 has published several speci.cations on various concepts of trusted infrastructures (see, e.g., [35, 34]).

it de.nes attestation protocols that allow a platform to provide evidence of its integrity, and therefore its trustworthiness with respect to well de.ned policies, to remote parties [24].


Claim 1 provides a lower bound B ' in terms of B.


[Petroni 2007] surveyed 25 kernel rootkits and none of them violate our assumptions.

all 25 rootkits make use of injected code in the kernel space, and 24 of them require injected code to be persistent throughout their lifetime.


Secondly, our constructions impose a very low overhead to all parties.

they do not entail the costly exponentiation operations involved in DiSH, and do not require the owner to maintain sophisticated structures, as in the database outsourcing solutions.


We show a method of encrypting integers more e.ciently by encoding them in the polynomial ring, in essence enabling a smaller choice of t and better e.ciency.

for small enough mi e in order to add e integers.


This means that we have to send new credentials to all of the remaining users, which provides a huge burden on both the users and the system and clearly is not suitable.

our goal is to achieve the mode of operation where termination of a single user s subscription does not affect other users, just like in the systems we use today.


Suppose A is a .nite multiset of ABAC literals where the fourth attributes are ground, and {a1,...,an}lists elements of A in the decreasing order of their ranks.


In the meantime, empirical data to support the decision on acceptability can be gathered.

more information becomes available on the direction of development of the new technology, as the properties and the consequences of these technologies are the emergent outcome of the co-evolution of technology and society .


Consequently, this technique poses a low overhead which makes it energy efficient and therefore useful for the resource constrained oppnets.

our multiple layer ID technique proposes methods for ID for four different layers.


This representation allows us to .nish the computation and sort the scores without performing expensive division operations.

to compare the scores of two physicians j1 and j2, we compare sj.


Every sensor has been pre-con.gured to observe and report on the policy-related activity of its speci.c application.

a sensor reports each local policy decision.


Note that there is a tradeoff between the number of forged packets detected and the number of nodes running an IASN protocol.

the DSDV routing protocol was used for the construction of ADTs.


To perform the job functions or tasks, users need to access information resources.

job functions or tasks are related to permissions.


We consider empty policies inherently unsafe.

even faults should have policies attached to them.


WhiletheSDKprovidesdocumentationandsample codefortraditional smart cards(e.g., only reading or only writing NDEF-formatted tags), this approach is undesirable for our design.

this basic approach would require connecting the phone to the reader twice; the .rst touch would send data from the phone to reader, and the second touch would be the response.


A wide range of solutions have been proposed to defend against memory corruption attacks, and to increase the complexity of performing these two attack steps [10, 11, 12, 18, 35].

all modern operating systems support some form of memory protection mechanism to prevent programs from executing code that resides in certain memory regions [33].


Finally, we can use the external-memory deterministic oblivious-sorting algorithm of Goodrich and Mitzenmacher [9], for instance, so as to use messages of size O(M1/2), which will result in an algorithm that sorts in O((N/M) logv M (N/M )) = O((N/M)c 2) I/Os.

such a sorting algorithm uses a constant amortized number of I/Os per item.


The agency can also exclude more than one player for each super code sequence.

the agency can exclude the top two players, or the top three players, etc.


Sanitization edges are the earliest possible edges at which we can perform sanitization: they are sink-independent edges that are the earliest sink-independent edge for some path from a source to a sink.

if e is a sanitization edge, then for at least one path from a source to a sink, it is the earliest sink-independent edge.


Moreover, '' let us denote by Jthe instance over the target schema such that J ' is the result of chasing Jwith the set E tof egds.

jis a canonical universal solution for the given data exchange setting and ' source instance.


The de.nition is not only straightforward, but also unnecessary for our purposes, since we will abandon this machine for a reformulation in the next section.

to model objects (and hash maps) in this semantics, objects are mapped to a base object location (some e in the set OLoc).


Having selected p, a respective ciphertext c is chosen uniformly at random from [rmin + mS ,rmax - mL], where mS = p-dmin and mL = dmax -p are the numbers of plaintexts smaller and larger than p. The resulting pair (p, c) is added to f (line 11), dividing both the domain and the range into subspaces.

the lower subspace has domain [dmin,p - 1] and range [rmin,c - 1], whereas the upper subspace has domain [p+1,dmax] and range [c+1,rmax].


CONCLUSION This paper has introduced authentication protocol for ad hoc home network.

the proposed protocol considered user convenience and guest authentication in a home environment.


This paper represents an innovative anomaly management framework for .rewalls, adopting a rule-based segmentation technique to identify policy anomalies and derive effective anomaly resolutions.

we articulate a grid-based representation technique for providing an intuitive cognitive sense about policy anomaly and facilitating ef.cient policy anomaly management.


Furthermore, we gradually .ll the set of observed SNPs (XK) with the set of 80k SNPs of other family members.

we sequentially reveal 80k SNPs (whose IDs are in S) of all family members (excluding the target in  (a) (b) (c) Figure 5: Evolution of the genomic privacy of the (a) grandparent (GP1), (b) parent (P5), and (c) child (C7).


Then HESSK (·) can be used with the parameter n = 4096, m = 256, and l =16 (note that 1024 bytes are 8162 = 2 × 4096 bits).

each storage device block unit is divided into two parts L and R, each of 4096 bits.


On the Invisibility of Designated Con.rmer Signatures Rui Xue State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100080 P.R.China rxue@is.iscas.ac.cn Fubiao Xia School of Computer Science University of Birmingham Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom F.Xia@cs.bham.ac.uk  Guilin Wang School of Computer Science and Software Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia guilin@uow.edu.au ABSTRACT As an important cryptographic primitive, designated con.rmer signatures are introduced to control the public veri.ability of signatures.

only the signer or a semi-trusted party, called designated con.rmer, can interactively assist a veri.er to check the validity of a designated con.rmer signature.


The relation £ is a conservative, syntactic notion of equivalence.

if two functions are observable to an attacker who can only make observations at security level J or lower, then the two functions must be syntactically identical for the attacker to regard them as equivalent; the attacker can distinguish two functions that are contextually equivalent, but syntactically different.


The RTKDSM system uses the XenAccess API [13] to set up necessary memory mappings required to access the monitored VM s memory pages (Step 2 of Figure 2).

it leverages the PyXaFS file system in the XenAccess tool suite to make the physical memory pages of a monitored VM available to Dom0.


[22] generalized the results [21, 23, 34] and proved that non-equivocation with signatures (or transferable non-equivocation) allows treating Byzantine faults as crash faults for many distributed computing tasks.

they present a generic transformation that enables any crash-fault tolerant distributed protocol to tolerate the same number of Byzantine faults using transferable non-equivocation.


A direct analogue of Protocol 3 implements a system for special honest-veri.er batch perfect zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge for this claim.

p engages V in two parallel instances of a relaxed Protocol 3: in one instance, P proves knowledge of an (arbitrary sized) index set S .


The Accuracy of User Authentication Through Keystroke Features Using The Most Frequent Words Alaa Darabseh Akbar Siami Namin Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Texas Tech University Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USALubbock, TX, USA alaa.darabseh@ttu.edu akbar.namin@ttu.edu ABSTRACT We study the performance and in.uence of various keystroke features on keystroke dynamics authentication systems.

we investigate the performance of keystroke features on a subset of most frequently used English words.


The test is based on the proportion of zeroes and ones.

it tests the closeness of the proportion of ones to 0.5.


As monotonic policies may be quite common, we introduce a unary operator v as a syntactic sugar.


Some frequently used abbreviations are given in table 3.

if f is a formula then the formula Df holds for an interval if f holds for any suffix of the interval.


GENERIC SOFTWARE ATTESTATION In this section, we formalize a generic software attestation scheme that captures most existing schemes in the literature.

we formally de.ne several aspects and assumptions, most of them being only informally discussed or implicitly de.ned so far.


The intruder model is thus greatly simplified.

presence of an adversary, is indicated by a message exchanged between two users (one honest and one dishonest).


g. the relational structure that represents the social state of the community does not change over time, as the social state contains only bl edges.


Since this problem is in general NP-hard, a heuristic is proposed.

the basic algorithm presented above is modified as follows.


We believe there is little to be gained by adopting a rigorous approach here, and for the sake of simplicity, we do not make the distinction between abstract and concrete sets whenever it is clear from the context.

we assume that the decision set of XACML v2, D4, is included into that of XACML v3, D6, such that Indeterminate and Indeterminate{PD} are just di.erent interpretations of the same abstract decision.


Setting the source of an image element is an asynchronous operation.

after we set the source of an image element, the browser issues the request in a separate thread.


In fact, a set of small changes to the JavaScript interpreter would help us secure event capture and delivery and would also address the sources of non-determinism discussed above.

instrumenting Math.Random and Date routines as well as event handlers as described in Section 3.2 in the interpreter is the easiest and most systematic way to treat these issues that ensures that malicious JavaScript code co-existing within the same page is unable togain access to this data.


-1 when the number of attackers is large.

loss rates with TVA are heavily topology-dependent because they are exponential in the number of AS-hops contained in the network path.


We believe that veri.ability of data is key.

if authenticity of data cannot be veri.ed by a third party, that third party would hesitate to use those data for certain types of services, such as demand-response aggregation for which customers receive monetary incentives according to their performance.


Note that although we believe InvokeMemberFunc and InvokeNavigation are able to comprehensively perform accenting in all script-sending scenarios, the security does not rely on the comprehensiveness hypothetically, if there was an unexpected scenario to send a script without being accented, it would fail the compilation in the receiver frame.

the incomprehensiveness would not cause a security compromise, but a compatibility problem only cause a fail-stop, but not a security bug.


Conversely, if p satis.es (~i,S1,S2), then it also satis.es (~j ,S1,S2) for all j<i.


This work presents X-GTRBAC Admin, an administration model that aims at enabling policy administration within a large enterprise.

it simplifies the process of user-to-role and permission-to-role assignments, and thus allows decentralization of the policy administration tasks.


For computerized elections the principles for fair elections are not all that obvious anymore.

the internet turns out to be a highway fraught with accidents, where breaches of security and privacy have become all too common.


While the notion ofROKsis apromisingone, thedisheartening consensus is that ROKs cannot be created through algorithmic processes alone.

we are aware of no work that has proposed a ROK design that relies solely on software.


Second, it splits out .ows for di.erent security contexts and client applications.

in the context of SSO, it supports client.ow so that the OAuth protocol can be executed completely within a browser.


Similar to most SBI techniques, PSI does not support selfmodifying code.

any attempt to modify existing code (or to transfer control to runtime-generated code) will be denied, causing such applications to fail.


By considering the attacks in [5, 8, 11], we show in this section how the knowledge of the fault model a.ects the e.ectiveness of the attack.

we will show that if the attacker is not able to distinguish if the injected fault belongs to the model, he has a very low probability to .nd the correct key.


Because embedded systems usually have strict energy and cost constraints, countermeasures developed for general purpose systems may not be practical for embedded systems.

countermeasures for embedded systems need to be not only e.ective in detecting attacks, but also e.cient in terms of minimizing the associated energy and hardware overhead.


Note that edf(g, h) gives the cost of a particular edit path from g to h.The minimality of edit distance across all edit paths ensures that the distance from the Hungarian method is an upper bound on the edit distance.

for any two graphs g and h, ed(g, h) = edf(g, h).


We also include the dif.culty level of the puzzle in the hash computation to prevent an adversary from reusing computation for a hard puzzle as a solution for an easy puzzle.

if the adversary attempts to solve a level 7 puzzle, she may discover viable solutions for puzzles at level 1-6.


In addition, each party learns the number of rounds the protocol takes to terminate.

in the .rst round, each party learns that if there is an optimal solution, then its minimum of ranks is larger than k- 1.


They base their argument on the following doctrine: the more diverse a network environment (e.g., network s hosts are con.gured with di.erent operating system and services types), the smaller the likelihood of all hosts being compromised by the same attack.

attacks in heterogeneous network environments are limited to speci.c, smaller set of hosts.


the lossiness is at least a log N -(log N -2) (£-2)(log N-3)-2 log(1/E) bits and the leakage rate is = 1-o(1).


Recall from our earlier discussion, security requirements are constraints on functional requirements.

they specify who can exercise functionality or conditions under which functionality may occur.


How e.ective is IntFlow in reducing false positives?

how good is it in omitting developer-intended violations from the reported results?


In what follows, we argue that pronounceable authentication strings might o.er a promising alternative to traditional passwords.

we believe pronounceable authentication strings can lead to both improved system security and a decreased burden on users by providing memorable, hint-able passwords that are resistant to attack.


One possible solution is to trade o. larger memory footprint with possibly slower access time.

we can utilize disk storage to store old Bloom .lters.


They change only the URA and the PRA components of ARBAC97, but not RRA97.

they do not changed the fundamental approach of using administrative roles, additional relations, and role ranges based on hierarchies.


We reduce multiplications to highly e.cient squaring operations on the hardware acceleration by employing a binomial formula.

we compute the modular multiplication of a and b modulo n by computing ((a +b)2 -a 2 -b2)/2 (mod n)= ab (modn).


In other respects, the error model of mpqc is stronger: in our setting errors may be maliciously coordinated.

they will not be independently placed, and they may in fact depend on the data of the computation the adversaries will use any partial information known about the other players data, as well as information about their own data, to attempt to corrupt the computation.


Thus, we can compute all ei s with |ei| < Xi when Xt)j/t < N(1+o(1))(j/k)(t+1)/t (X1 · · · , which achieves the < N(1+o(1)) maximum N(1+o(1)) at j= k-1.

if Xi k , we can compute those ei for which |ei| < Xi in polynomial time.


However, due to bilateral information exchange, information may .ow to others in a variety of forms, many of which cannot be protected by access control policies alone.

sensitive information may be inferred by observing negotiation participants behavior even when access control policies are strictly enforced.


Replenishing checkpoints happens in the audit phase.

after an audit, the auctioneer generates a new set of chains and checkpoints, and marks all of the ones associated with the current audit non-reusable.


This optimization reduces the amortized cost of writing to H to ß + O(.).

the client-server bandwidth overhead (in addition to transferring the block itself ) can be broken down into two parts: 1) about O(.


This system used authenticated encryption to store data confidentially, provide file integrity, and delete unwanted versions of files on versioning file systems.

versions of files are deleted by overwriting a small 128-bit stub.


This model of interdependence does not account for a possibility of correlated attack probabilities.

all attacks are assumed to be independent, and simultaneous attacks are ignored.


As a result of this trend, security threats that traditionally only applied to PCs can now also be encountered on mobile devices.

as miscreants discover that mobile devices can be targeted and exploited for .nancial gain, new forms of malware are created to do so.


Speci.cally, for 15% of noise and 16 seeds, A(G) is 0.2 and 0.84 (or the anonymity is 3.29 and 13.82 bits) when using community-aware and community-blind algorithms, respectively.

the community-aware algorithm reduces the anonymity by 10 additional bits compared to the community-blind algorithm.


The destination IPs seem to be varied as well, though the source IP for a given destination IP appears to send packets only to that destination IP.

each source IP sends several packets to only a single destination IP.


+ )-strong extractor with seed length q bits.

ext takes seeds of input q, outputs 2-.-1 .


By carefully picking the values of S and E, we can cause sYSMALLOc() to write a word we choose to any location in memory that has an address congruent to 4 modulo 8.

the word in memory we wish to overwrite is a saved instruction pointer from a call instruction.


These approaches have no way of evaluating which facts are useful.

if a learned fact is violated later during monitoring, it is not possible to know if the violation corresponds to a legitimate execution of the program or to an attack.


DSD-DSSS is superior to all previous attempts for anti-jamming spread spectrum broadcast communication without shared keys.

even if a jammer possesses real-time online analysis capability to launch reactive jamming attacks, DSD-DSSS can still defeat the jamming attacks with a very high probability.


Unfortunately, almost all of the incarnations of pointer tainting are .awed.

we demonstrate that the application of pointer tainting to the detection of keyloggers and other privacybreaching malware is problematic.


While pragmatic, this approach lacks an argument which security policy it guarantees.

its disregard of implicit .ow allows subversion.


This way, SPPEAR achieves its goals under weakened assumptions on the trustworthiness of the PS system.

we ensure user privacy even in the case of honest-but-curious  infrastructure and prevent a single PS entity from answering the user-information sensitive question: Which user (Who) submitted What sample, for which task (Where) and When .


After forward chaining .nishes, the system reverts to backward chaining mode to solve goal S. The primary difference between linear logic programming and more standard logic programming is that the former does not allow weakening or contraction in proof contexts, as is the case for the unrestricted proof contexts of Prolog and Datalog.

in the spirit of linear logic [9], facts are like resources, that are consumed when used in the proof of a judgement the same linear fact cannot be used more than once in the proof.


(as we will see later, duplicates are suppressed when the erasure-coded copy C is rebuilt.)

every time a block is written, the new value of the block along with its block identi.er is added to the hierarchical log structure H.  4.2 Operations After describing the three types of bu.ers that we use to organize the original blocks, we are ready to give the high level intuition of the operations of our construction.


Mark encoding convention: Given Si, c, vfalse and vtrue as above, we de.ne mark(Si) E{true, false, invalid} to be true if vc(Si) > (vtrue ×|Si|), false if vc(Si) <vfalse × |Si| and invalid if vc(Si) E (vfalse ×|Si|,vtrue ×|Si|).

the watermark is modeled by the percentage of positive con.dence violators present in Si for a given con.dence factor c and con.dence violators hysteresis (vfalse,vtrue).


3.2 Hash Set The .rst and most simplistic method to represent a set and be able to answer membership queries is to use a hash set.

instead of storing each element in the clear we use a one-way cryptographic hash function (e.g., SHA1) [11] and store only a salted hash value of each element.


Thus, we would like a forward-secure signature scheme to perform not much worse than a standard one, in terms of time (for key generation, signing and verifying), and space (key size and signature size).

it is not desirable for these parameters to grow with the number of time periods T .


While EARDet has zero FPs in any case as expected, Figure 6(a) to Figure 6(d) shows that both FMF and AMF have high FPs rates in both attack scenarios when using very limited memory as EARDet.

the attacker can successfully incriminate benign small .ows.


Without much e.ort, we can obtain some basic results by translating Polymorphic DCC into System F (speci.cally, into a version of System F with unit, product, sum, and function types, as well as universal quanti.cation), even with an encoding less sophisticated than the one introduced by Tse and Zdancewic (see Section 5.4).

our encoding may simply delete all occurrences of says.Writing (·)F for this encoding, we have that (A says s)F =(s)F The encoding is trivial for true, ., ., ., .,and type variables.


Therefore, this scheme is effectively broken.

the misuse of colour turned out to be a security disaster.


In fact, views are possible with arbitrarily mixed levels.

objects at various levels of aggregation are consistent with one another.


As a .nal note, we would like to point out that PKC components could become the source of attacks if not properly used.

developers should pay special attention to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks against PKC.


A q-ary code C is m-wise uniform if for any sequence of m distinct indices [i1,i2,...,im]and any sequence of values [x1,x2,...,xm]pickedfromthe q code symbols: |C| |{c |c .C, ci1 = x1,ci2 = x2, ..., cim = xm}|= .

qm the code is m-wise uniform if every pattern of m symbols occurs with equal frequency in the code.


If a receipt is found and veri.ed then the check succeeds, indicating that revocation has occurred and the contract is complete.

if check succeeds then T should never be opened.


We remark that in lieu of presenting an end-to-end system, we show that our proposed solver is indeed a modular contribution to any hypothetical dynamic symbolic execution end-to-end system.

the superior performance of our solver can be used, without signi.cant engineering of integrating it, to obtain an improvement in the hypothetical system.


Note that the detection of simple strings, namely the exact string matching is a well-studied problem with many optimized solutions [5,6,8,13,15,24,27].

there are high-throughput hardware solutions with very small memory footprints [5,8,24].