Fortunately, one resizing task will not affect others as long as the resized cells are far away enough to avoid signi.cant capacitance or slew effect.

when all the zero points in the delay-power curve are chosen, the network .ow corresponds to the current design.


The RNGs can be customised for the needs of the application, with a single generator producing as many bits per cycle as the application requires.

table 3 shows .ve devicefamilies and asummaryoftheblockRAMfound within each.


An approach based on simulated annealing is used in [10] for partitioning the cores into several islands during floorplanning both at the chip and island levels.

the optimal energy solution may create problems when attempting to generate feasible floorplans.


This strategy is particularly attractive for interconnect SI test as we are able to calculate the SI testing time during the optimization process.

[26] Q. Xu and N. Nicolici, Resource-Constrained System-on-a-Chip Test: A Survey, in IEE Proc.


It obviously demonstrates reduction in NoC power consumption by 9-17%.

for reasonable assumption we should consider that the channel 0 -24 10 -24 -26 -28 10-5 -30 -30   Voltage gain S21 (dB) -32 -32 10-10 -34 -34 -36 -36 10-15 -38 -38 Distance(cm) Distance between transmitter and receiver (cm) SNR(dB) (a) (b) (c) Figure 5: (a) Experiment results showing power decay with distance (b)Measurement vs. calculated voltage gain comparison for di.erent frequencies (c)Bit-Error-Rate vs. SNR for FDMA/CDMA with 20GHz channel bandwidth divided to 128 subchannel is not noise free.


TSV farms can cause different thermal effects on different layers due to the unequal x,y,z thermal conductivities.

the .oorplanner uses a simple wire length model based on manhattan-distance, to estimate the wire length overhead.


All nodes at the ith level in the tree are at an edge distance of i from the source node.

second, we propose a Generalized Network-.ow approach to accomplish two goals: to allocate the whitespace to the blocks and to determine the oxide thicknesses of the decaps to be implemented in the whitespace.


Conclusions In implementing our action research plan to develop, test, and improve parallel computing education curriculum, we feel that we have been able to document the value of immediate, visual, and authentic results, as well as the value of a uniform environment that easily installs non-destructively on commonly available hardware.

participants highlight this instructional dynamism is a key factor of workshop success.


Therefore, the memory chunk in which a memory object is placed is not relevant, but the offset within the chunk.

3. pWCET estimations of caches implementing modulo + LRU and modulo + random replacement (labelled as mod+lru and mod+rr respectively).


Direct methods such as LU or Cholesky matrix factorizations, or iterative methods [9, 10] can be used for power grid transient analysis according to problem scales.

the optimization problem can be formulated as: Objective function: n min : G(c1,c2,...cm)= gi(c1,c2,...cm), (6) i=1 Subject to: m ci = Cui ,and ci = Ctot, (7) i=1 where G(c1,c2,...cm) is the total power supply noise obtained by summing up the noise values of all the n violating nodes.


vvdescribes the characteristics of the path.

while the .rst approach is intuitive, it may not be the most desirable approach when time-to-market is considered.


[6] H.Woesner, J.P. Ebert, M. Schlager, and A. Wolisz, Power saving mechanisms in emerging standards for wireless LANs: The MAC layer perspective , IEEE Personal Communication Systems, 98.

the best fit locus can be obtained for each device facilitating minimum power operation during run time.


A study on a wide range of real-world traces found that 49-99% of writes require less than 1-week retention time [17].

on the .oating-gate during an erase operation, which causes 10 0 Figure 5: Average number of cell errors versus P/E cycles.


In the Y track, either low-swing or conventional signalling could be used, again depending on power or timing budgets.

we demonstrate in this paper, through a case study on a typical FPGA interconnect, that a two pronged approach, the Encoded-Low Swing Technique [1] and DT-MOS based switch block [5] reduces greatly the amount of energy consumed by the interconnect.


This relationship continues with each succeeding level requiring half as many switches as the level before.

hsra: High-speed, hierarchical synchronous recon.gurable array.


We can actually get a good approximation.

if we start with AoB and VoB as initial approximations, the .nal solutions similar to those in (21) and (22) will not contain such correction terms.


The room for trade-offcan be enlarged by covering the delay loss with wire swapping, which has been shown to be good for delay optimization[2].

2) Gateresizing lowers the power consumption at the cost of delaypenalty.


MAYOL, W. W., TORDOFF, B., AND MURRAY, D. W. 2000.

no additional sensors have to be used as limit or reference switches.


EN, a bit of addressable memory, is clocked through U1 to avoid glitches.

certain other timing constraints must also be enforced for the image sensor to operate properly.


We can then find the expected fortuitous detection (EFD) for a fault f with the following formula: static bridging surrogates 4.00E-03 # faultszf test set f test set i EFD( f ) i 1test set f We performed this experiment twice for c432 once for stuck-at faults and once for transition faults.

mercer, Fortuitous Detection and Its Impact on Test Set Sizes Using Stuck-at and Transition Faults, Proc.


It has evolved from reconsidering a number of issues including the interface between a processor core and the NI, the clock-domain crossings, and the way DMA controllers are used to implement end-to-end transfer of data between processor cores.

the new NI micro-architecture may lead to substantial area reductions on the processor cores as well.


Furthermore, to improve the integrity of output waveform of this model, particularly for the exponential tail area, the gate output area has to be divided into two parts by the empirically-derived threshold voltage.

is derived from a speci.c gate input signal, it is applicable to any other input waveform since the value of .


Compared to the approach of performing a layout, our metric is stable and fast, because the globally optimal solution to the SDP problem can be obtained in polynomial time.

the weighted sum of square LL for pairwise distances, i.e., wij dpi - pj d2,does of ij fer more .exibility, because of the larger number of weights (n 2, compared to n in the formulation for spreading score).


The outcomes from the corner simulation process provide a good overview of the variability in speed and power that could impact the design.

there is a sweet spot" where the best power/performance trade-off is met.


As a result, the changes in maximum arrival time We will dominate changes in slack when we move from one PVT corner to another.

modern timing analyzers account for this e.ect by integrating crosstalk analysis, commonly referred to as signal integrity (SI) analysis, into STA runs.


This constraint propagation step is referred to as the bottom-up phase in the rest of this paper.

we need to drop some constraints from further consideration, and try to solve the resulting (reduced) system of constraints again.


load byte) go to the same mini-bank, which leads to bank con.icts.

the data array is divided into two banks and each bank is subdivided into four mini-banks.


Electrical Design of Advanced Packaging and Systems Symposium (EDAPS), 2012.

it means that only less than 7% of interposer samples which we claimed to be functional but are actually defective.


The technology mapping techniques described in this paper can be used for both HFPA and APEX.

these architectures can provide results that are somewhat better than our reference LUT-based architecture.


During transmission, the node sends packets from only one of its antennas, while during reception, it uses all of its antennas to receive and decode packets from multiple nodes simultaneously.


Ga.ney and Ulvila [6] combined ROC curves with cost analysis methods to compute the expected cost of an IDS so that di.erent IDSs can be evaluated and compared based on their expected costs.

we .ltered the GTTrace set to remove known attacks, split the trace into training and testing sets, and injected numerous HTTP attacks into the testing set, using tools such as libreport [8], given small values of a and large values of ß, ROC and CI D can both be approximated as straight lines, and the equation for CI D becomes essentially K(1 - ß)/H(X), where K is a constant.


in the calibration and scoring process, a separation threshold of -0.9 is used for SVM models.


[8] L. Greengard and V. Rokhlin, A fast algorithm for particle simulations, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.

it is impor tant to accurately estimate leakage currents so that they can be ac counted for during design, and so that it is possible to effectively optimize the total power consumption of a chip.


Because CNT has the advantages such as long mean free paths, high current carrying capability and high thermal conductivity, CNT has an attractive potential as future nanoscale interconnect which can enhance the electrical performance and eliminate electro-migration reliability concerns [7].

for the modeling of CNT bundles, the CNT bundle has the same dimensions as those of copper wires.


Using MPI-2: Advanced Features of the Message-Passing Interface.

in the case of HDF5 writes we see signi.cantly lower peak performance, peaking at approximately 240 Mbytes/sec.


In fact, an additions chain is a simplified case of tree where s=1.

finally, sections IV and V present our experimental results and conclusions.


Security and privacy aspects of low-cost radio frequency identi.cation systems.

tsudik [21] proposes to compute tag pseudonyms thanks to a keyed hash of current time.


That is, even if a suspicious FF can borrow some time from its successive logic level, the timing slack of this level is reduced.

f(xs0 x¯s1 ), indicating whether the correct state would lead to the change of the output based on the erroneous state.


on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, vol.

the leakage power is a constant in every result.


Since each part of the testbench is entirely written in standard VHDL and all the external information it needs are directly read from files, any commercial VHDL simulator can perform the test simulation.

we could use ad-hoc languages and tools, such as COSSAP, but in this case we need an analog and a digital simulator, coupled together [1].


Threshold-based workload execution measure of the number of times the sign of the target is scenario prediction (1-DS) correctly forecasted.

[8] P. J. Joseph, K. Vaswani and M. J. Thazhuthaveetil, A Predictive Performance Model for Superscalar Processors, MICRO, 2006.


Estimation of the correlation coef.cient using the Bayesian Approach and its applications for epidemiologic research BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol 3, 2003.

the path-based SSTA is aware of only one unknown correlation parameter .ab to be learned (in between the two paths).


Performance Sensitivity Analysis Using Statistical Methods and Its Applications to Delay Testing.

for each candidate defect i, the larger the probability Pi is, the most likely the defect is the cause.


For example, absolute guarantees on delivered MIPS, MFLOPS, IPC, transactions per second, etc.

the DiskSim simulation environment -version 2.0 reference manual.


Fair et al., Chemical and biological applications of digital-micro.uidic devices , IEEE Design & Test of Computers, vol.

the solution provided by the method in [11] has a major fallacy and is not feasible in practice.


The symbolic simulator on the other hand only instantiated one single cell which implicitly stores the data of all the cells in the grid.

we implemented a gate-level model of such a cell and instructed our simulator to use the symbolic instance array technique for them.


This was done to reduce the diode on-resistance in half, in order to keep the resistance of the path low, and help keep the voltage at the gate of the LNA transistor low.

in Section 2, the chosen ESD protection topology will be discussed.


2) Test case redundancy problem: Even if we only generate test cases on states selected, we can still get a large number of test cases.

to execute a virtual device symbolically, we .rst set the device reset state as the initial state s0 of the virtual device, which is a concrete state.


The same independence of key generation applies to ASM schemes.

also, fu tntScomputes P ) s partial sharevvosjGK(x(jnSby Pm p (lnN.


For example, under l(NE)r(N), a network can be rendered faulty in 3 years.

[13] B. Datta and W. Burleson, Analysis and mitigation of nbti-impact on pvt variability in repeated global interconnect performance, in Proc.


[15] A. Patel, F. Afram, S. Chen, and K. Ghose, Marss: A full system simulator for multicore x86 CPUs, in Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference (DAC), 2011.

however, using 0.1ms time slice can often increase the context switching costs signi.cantly.


Because people have different mouth and teeth specifications, sensor orientation can change for different users.

iSWC 13, September 9 12, 2013, Zurich, Switzerland.


For simplicity, the instruction set is limited to the nine simple instructions summarized in Table 5.

logisim provides a friendly educational tool for performing basic digital simulations [4].


We demonstrate loop shifting with an example in Figure 1.

there is a substantial increase in area from 22 % to up to 150 %.


The hold mode appears when CLOCK is low (Fig.

the differential voltage value is maintained.


2.2 Feature Extraction Phase The structural features have been extracted from the geometry of the signatures.


Extending battery life-times for UWB-IR applications is often the primary goal and requires one to improve the energy efficiency of the RF sub-circuits.

low power pulse-shaping techniques that avoid the use of external filters or baluns for FCC compliance is also an active area of research [1, 2].


The dynamic repair scheme is also implemented since it reduces the hardware cost drastically for a given repair efficiency.

d) When the signal Ri is activated (Ri=1) the value of latch FBIi+1 is transferred to the latch FBIi.


This method easily lends itself to combining per-thread chunk sequences rather than per-processor chunk sequences.

replay performance of the web server applications.


The measured current is converted to a voltage (e.g., with a simple resistor or an op-amp based circuit) and then buffered.

use of mechanisms beyond simple counters (timers) that can be subjected to memory-corruption attacks.1  Several kinds of lifetime bounding can be contemplated: 1. limiting total time of use (= metering), where the chip can be power-cycled multiple times;  1 One can count clock ticks whenever the chip is in power-on state, and then terminate the chip function when the total number of ticks exceeds a given limit.


The remainder of the performance improvements will not be described in this paper.

a LAB-based routing architecture consists of a highly connected block of logic elements connected to a sparser inter-LAB routing fabric.


When a clock 0 pp i 31 pp o 31 1 1 pp i 32 pp o 32 1 0 pp i 33 pp o 33 0 ev 31 1 gator hasXundera test cube, justificationis conductedto set 0tothe clock gatorto shut off the connected flip-flops.

bACKGROUND 2.1 Post-ATPG IR-Drop Reduction Fig.


OVERVIEW OF ENTROPY AND ITS MEA (a) Mibench patricia SUREMENT The entropy or information content is a measure of uncertainty or unpredictability of a random variable X [16].

[14] proposed a software-controlled reduced virtual page number mechanism to reduce the TLB energy.


14 the minimum phase delay that can be accurately measured (t.min) equals (3* tminQuantum) or 234.4ps.

this is because these signals were simply more readily accessible.


Furthermore, the benefits of wire length reduc- tion may outweigh the additional via cost.

our final set of experiments, shown in Table 3 considers the num- ber of Steiner points and bends required to implement the non- (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 5: Topologies generated by the GRATS-tree algorithm for a 17-pin net in fract.


For the remaining, a bounded proof can give some confidence in the correctness of the properties.

simulation vectors from the constrained generator lead the analysis engines to an interesting state for further formal analysis [4].


The rest of this paper is structured as follows.

an operation in the source programming language is converted to intermediate representation (IR) with a few typical patterns, and compiler back-end has been familiar and reliable for such patterns.


One of the limitations of classical evolutionary algorithms and other optimization methods is that they do not provide a model of the search space or .tness function being optimized.

we have also evaluated the feasibility of OpenViBE as a tool for fast addition and validation of alternative machine learning algorithms for BCI development.


Calculating Internal Data Rate (IDR): The maximum IDR would be experienced by tracks in the outermost zone (zone 0) of the disk drive, since there are more bits stored there while the angular velocity is the same across the tracks.

tPI is improved by advances in the servo design, track misregistration reduction techniques, and more sophisticated heads [3].


Though the DC droop specification was 10%, LBSF DC droop was only 1% at the minimum possible keeper size.

the total overhead is less compared to LBSF.


In this paper we show that there are other options for providing information for growing digital circuits.

gECCO 05, June 25 29, 2005, Washington, DC, USA.


This allows a design which can meet tighter energy consumption, performance, and cost constraints.

in this paper, we present a methodology to rapidly and accurately explore the cache design space by: estimating cache miss rates for many different cache con.gurations simultaneously; and investigate the effect of different cache con.gurations on the energy and performance of a system.


((A | B) & (C | D)) ms00 Flip Flop sequential Figure 1: Cell families in the ISPD-2012 and ISPD-2013 Benchmark Suites  3.

the cell library provided is in Synopsys LibertyTMformat.


Note that if 70 EHP minimum constraints are used rather than effective constraints, MSP the minimum pulse width increases signi.cantly.

only one interdependent pair of setup and hold times is considered; therefore, the interdependence is not exploited to improve slacks.


115 McLaughlin Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 510 642 8540 sengupta@ce.berkeley.edu about 160m and as the inverse-fourth of the distance thereafter.

it is important to characterize the physical properties of the DSRC channel.


INTERCONNECTED RINGS Interconnected rings have been studied for 5-stages [9] and for 3stages with a triangular configuration [10].

reducing this budget, a significant power consumption reduction in the whole system is obtained.


The first signal is scheduled the data sent at t = 0 and t = tpulse can be used only at t = 2 * tclk.at the beginning of the clock period and the second signal is As a result there is an increase in the signal latency.

assuming the first signal reaches Line_out at t= 1.5 * tclk (accounting for any clock skew and guardband), the second signal at P1 will reach Line_out at t = 1.5 * tclk + tpulse.


[11] Pickles J. H. A Monte Carlo Method for Surface Field Calculations, Proceedings of COMPUMAG 78, Grenoble, 1978.

this same strength carries with it an inherent weakness: the more general and formal its language, the less is theory ready to provide a numerical solution in a particular application [1].


The corresponding Tretention and Tread are 381 days and 4,6000, respectively, according to Fig.

this scheme may fail to recover the corrupted data when its parity is not committed in time.


It might be even reasonable to assign a single arbitrary failure e.ect to a single arbitrary failure mode if detailed failure behavior is not de.ned.


The majority of the proposed solutions concentrated on deploying the minimum number of relays in the network.

to solve this problem, we present three heuristic algorithms targeting at .nding the minimum number of relays to form k-element connected networks.


Fortunately, in most situations involving an FPGA coprocessor, time-critical functions are implemented on the FPGA, in which case software simply initializes the coherent array with minimal overhead.

the application then executes other code and later (step 2) repeats this process for F2() by transferring B back to the FPGA memory, executing F2() on the FPGA, and transferring the results C back to the CPU.


The mechanisms that we proposed consumes less power with minimum hardware changes required in the memory cluster.

in a superscalar pro cessor, multiple memory operations will be performed con-90.00% currently in each cycle, using multiple AGUs, larger mem ory order bu.ers for address disambiguation, and multi-80.00% ported TLBs and caches.


When there is no fault between the .rst read of value and the time is overwritten the error behavior of COW is identical to COR.

these clearly incur an energy overhead and may also hurt performance as they may delay a normal access.


When the MCU is active, PxOUT is pulled high and the VDDH selection is reinforced.

the total power consumption for Hypnos in idle mode is 57.2nW .


1 and 2, available online: http://www.altera.com/ [2] Altera Corporation, Stratix II vs. Virtex-4 Performance Comparison, available online: http://www.altera.com/ [3] Altera Corporation, Stratix III Device Handbook, vol.

each CSlice is designed to implement both functions.


A power data file is generated while the smart card specific model is simulating.

the power consumption profile is analyzed at this level.


These techniques are useful if one can modify the source code to optimize for performance.

at 8 threads, even locks and atomics outperform the con.ict-free approaches.


In addition, routability checking is integrated into the above procedure for ef.ciency.

pROPOSED REPAIR ALGORITHM In this section, we .rst formulate the in-.eld repair problem and then present details of the proposed repair algorithm.


Increased code span produces more deviated codes which may produce more erroneous estimations.

a BIST scheme for on-chip ADC and DAC testing.


Of course, this optimization is performed to each net without a.ecting the 100% detailed routing completion rate.

our constraint graph captures the relation of nets more accurately than the order graph.


We need to point out here that the set of codewords that have the minimum Eng may not be the set of codewords that gives the minimum Eexp.

authors of [11] introduced the delayed bus algorithm that spaces out the timing of the transitions on adjacent bus wires to reduce bus energy.


we model the bus as a time-invariant, linear system speci.ed by its impulse response.


Because program control flow is repetitive, the processor frontend typically fetches the same sequence of instruction blocks in the same order, resulting in temporal correlation among consecutively accessed instruction blocks.

we present speedups based on the average UIPC computed at Jumps (weighted by coverage) 80% 60% 40% 20% a 95% confidence level with less than ±5% error.


Some have suggested other techniques such as the use of Hidden Markov Models to attack the matching problem.

they compared pitch intervals between two musical sequences, de.ning t as a lookup table based on the difference between intervals; musically harmonious intervals such as a .fth (seven semitones) were given very low transformation values, while dissonant intervals were assigned higher costs.


Overall measured load balance is computed in exactly the same way, except that n(p) represents the computed time in the numerical kernels on processor p, and n(i) is the computed time across all processors at step i.

the features of this design are described elsewhere [16, 15].


In extending the original protocol, our protocol carefully maintains the atomicity of transactions.

gET SL, GET XL , REDL, I N VL and DW NL are all requests, and belong on the request channel.


Details on this process are out of the scope of this work, but the interested reader is referred to [4].

even though the BPSK is implemented with fewer bits, it still consumes more energy per bit of information than the QPSK.


If the probability factor of multiple experts is equal, then it randomly wi t+1 =wi tßli t selects one of them (step 1 in Figure 2).

an effective DPM policy must maximize power savings while keeping performance degradation within acceptable limits.


[9]J.Plusquelic, D.Chiarulli and P.Levitan : "Identification of defective CMOS devices using correlation and regression analysis of frequency domain transient signal data", Proc.

it is very difficult to detect open defects by measuring supply current of ICs.


After each ATPG run, we obtain a free-BDD from which unreachable partial-states are extracted.

pre-image computations usually have exponential complexity and it will be infeasible to compute them even for a 2PODEM backtraces from a given objective (say, Xv)and makes decisions on the primary inputs to justify it (i.e.


A low-voltage-swing dynamic bus driver (Fig.


References [1] Altera Corp. http://www.altera.com, 2004.

hardware/software partitioning requires a special compiler that profiles, estimates hardware size, and generates an application binary that communicates with a hardware description that implements the software kernels.


The proposed circuit is similar to a previous current window comparator [9] in the aspect of comparing current signals at high impedance nodes.

built-in-self-tesiting techniques for programmable capacitor arrays.


As it can be observed, prediction 4If a buffer entry is not available a retry message is returned to the sender.

the bene.ts found for store misses are not so signi.cant (less than 1.10 for all cases) and even a small slow-down is observed for MP3D.


Similarly, a low useful fraction value could be either due to low coverage or to low accuracy of the hints.

this could occur, for example, if the program has few DTLB misses but a large number of cache misses going to memory.


If a particular grid is determined to be congested (resp.

this greedy algorithm is very fast, with negligible running time compared to that of global placement, and increases wirelength by about 4% for IBM-PLACE v2.0 circuits.


Recent studies on partitioning of (cache) resources have either advocated the need for fair distribution [3] between threads and applications or the need for unfair distribution [5] with the purpose of improving overall system performance.

qoS Policies and Architecture for Cache/Memory in CMP Platforms Ravi Iyer1, Li Zhao1, Fei Guo2, Ramesh Illikkal1, Srihari Makineni1, Don Newell1, Yan Solihin2, Lisa Hsu3, Steve Reinhardt3 1Intel Corporation 2North Carolina State University 3University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Contact Email: (ravishankar.iyer@intel.com, li.zhao@intel.com) ABSTRACT As we enter the era of CMP platforms with multiple threads/cores on the die, the diversity of the simultaneous workloads running on them is expected to increase.


Directed tests, on the other hand, are promising to achieve high coverage with a drastically small number of tests [1][2].

[8] introduced space pruning technique during their veri.cation of the Cray processor.


As software driver for this MPSoC design, we have de.ned a benchmark that stresses the processing power of the MPSoC design to observe Figure 4: MPSoC .oorplan with uneven distribution of cores on the die and a shared bus interconnect Figure 5: Temperature waveform with one task running on MB1 effects in temperature.

the master daemon takes care of implementing the run-time thermal-aware task allocation policy.


The coef.cients of the polynomial expansion are obtained using the response from SPICE at samples obtained by taking (2+1) order Gaussian quadrature in each variable .j .

due to highly non-linear dependence of the capacitances on node voltages, we store the capacitance value in a 2-D lookup table with indices as Vin and Vout.


MODELING PROCESS VARIATION In this paper, we leverage existing stochastic techniques common in the circuit design community to develop architectural models for on-chip caches.

on-chip thermal sensors could be combined with structures like the DEGREE register to adjust power estimates for runtime conditions.


Furthermore, the design-for-test (DfT) capabilities permit a multi-step A/D converter re-configuration in such a way that all sub-blocks are tested for their full input range allowing full functional observability and controllability.

for mid-range A/D converter measurements, the coarse A/D converter values are prearranged since they determine mid-range A/D converter references.


Mutation rates, ranging from 0.001 to 0.5, have been used in past EHW GAs, with varying levels of success [15].

building a reconfigurable architecture on top of another reconfigurable architecture implies inefficient resource utilization, given the reconfiguration level redundancy.


equalizing the input and output of an FF for the launch capture pulse) are conducted in a highly effective way, by considering the impact of a FF on launch switching activity.

it is a challenging issue to apply these methods for Xidentification and X-filling related to test modification.


For collecting demographic information, we administered a pre-test questionnaire.

we are not aware of other published studies directly comparing these two input modalities for the population we are considering users with limited education and experience with computer interfaces.


V. ELD3 F O R EFFI C I E N T L1 DC AC C E S S As previously explained, parallel L1 DC tag and data access for loads is essential to avoid stall cycles.

the ELD3 technique can potentially also be used in combination with other approaches for making L1 DC accesses more energy ef.cient.


In this circuit, when the clock is at HIGH level, the n-data chains are evaluating and the nfo data chain imposes the result at the output, while the p-fo-data chain will be in high impedance state; when the clock is at LOW, the p-data chains are evaluating and the p-fo data chain imposes the result at the output, while the n-fo-data chain will be in high impedance.

iMPLEMENTED CELLS A few E-TSPC blocks were drawn in order to implement more complex circuits with them.


In this layer, a realistic wire length is considered to be less than a few hundred microns.

the interconnect capacitance increases with the decrease of h. The variations of r do not depend on the interconnect spacing.


They are compared against results in columns four and five collected after running the script with the restructuring technique.

the interval also represents a set of two possible functions for h. new logic for hcan be selected either as y1 yor as 8 y.y.


Decreased capacitance increases supply ripple, which in turn increases processor energy consumption as shown in Figure 3.

once the Word signal has been activated to sense the cell, Bit and Bit do not respond to a changing VDD.


[7] Prof. D. V. Razevig, High voltage engineering (Khanna Publishers, Delhi-6, 1982) [8] Prof. Neison, High Voltage Cable Insulation Systems, Energize, May 2008, pp.

repetitive discharge events cause irreversible mechanical and chemical deterioration of the insulating material.


Persistent combinational elements, such as MUXCYs and XORCYs, are represented as boxes with combinational delays specified for each input and output pair.

white boxes provide 5% additional LUT count improvement and 7.6% additional flipflop count improvement.


The switch fabric carries traffic be tween line cards.

throughput can be improved by increasing the number of threads and increasing the size of the queuing cache without a large increase in the on-chip bandwidth utilization.


From this structure, it builds the genome of the program, which consists of an array of boolean values.

3URJUDP QDPH *HQHV >ELWV@ 0D[ +: LQF >VOLFHV@ (VW +: LQF >VOLFHV@ (VWLPDWHG VSHHGXS 5XQ WLPH >PV@ &!#4     d $#4  d 2.$   d 2.$   d Figure 11: Evolution results on various programs (mean value of 500 runs).


The major computational cost for solving small circuit problems is mainly due to the nonlinear device evaluations, while for much larger circuits solving the asymmetric Jacobian matrices using direct solution method can be much more expensive due to the exponentially increased runtime and memory cost [1].

for the maximum spanning tree of a 2D mesh network that includes only one or two of the four edges, restoring some of the unpicked edges of the critical nodes can effectively improve the support circuit approximation.


For workloads with large working sets, the tag cache will suffer from capacity problems.

using 4KB cachelines can require that the data be mapped across more than one physical DRAM row.


After each branch misprediction, the EC is searched for a trace starting at the current Program Counter (PC) location.

in addition to modeling the switching capacitance of memories and buses inside the processor, we have also modeled the switched capacitance of the global and local clock grids.


Font choices: some fonts are better than others The world-leading scientist and typographer Don Knuth expresses the opinion that seven segment digit fonts are better with swash serifs [10].

although there are markets and applications where cost may be an overriding consideration, for safety critical and other dependable types of use (including general purpose devices that may sometimes be used for critical tasks) more legible alternatives than standard seven segment displays should be preferred.


Another force-directed approach for poweroptimization is presented in [2].

only a few approaches consider shared memory communication during the mapping determination.


The other specifications were a constraint length (K) of 9 and a code rate (R) of 1/2.

accurate wire delays can only be obtained after the place and route tool has finished the static timing analysis.


Furthermore, we see that PAR is clearly insuf.cient for the noise pro.les used in this experimentation.

the DED approach leads to 3 (6) undetected errors using noise pro.le 1 (noise pro.le 2).


Aging analysis is extremely slow and expensive.

the HD between two measurements indicates the total number of errors generated by a PUF.


A typical predictor uses a mechanism to select the value most likely to match the precise value in memory the selection could be wrong even though the correct value is in the LHB.

the data being used can span several functions and classes.


[8] employ a.ne arithmetic (AA) [16], which considers correlations among signals, to analytically model range and precision analyses.

low-power optimization by smart bit-width allocation in a SystmC-based ASIC design environment.


Throughput and NV cache tra.c: For workloads of small and large footprints running 16 threads, Kiln achieves on average 91% and 88% of the throughput of the Native system (Figure 9).

the corresponding NV memory tra.c is reduced by 28% (CRlog) and 26% (CUlog) on average.


The key to incremental con.ict detection is making sure that all edges remain stable before and after every call to the theory solver (such a requirement can often be met easily [26]).

[25] M. Talupur, N. Sinha, O. Strichman, and A. Pnueli.


(2) Interrupt management HAL APIs: They are conventionally called nano-kernel.

in terms of design reuse, the portability enables to reuse the SW from one SoC design to another.


In this paper, we present an integrated 24GHz 4-element phased-array transmitter in 0.18µm CMOS, capable of bit-rates more than 500Mb/s (limited by measurement setup).

there is almost 50% reduction in matching network size resulting in lower loss.


In this section we will focus on interactive musical compositional tools, especially on those that, compared with traditional instrument model, offer higher-level interaction.

computers have further extended many aspects of our musical experience.


[7] Huang, C., Vahid, F., Givargis, T., 2011.

the complete instructions are then injected into each PE from the generic interface for the instruction ram.


In this work, we .rst introduce the reverse MTJ connection [11][12] to expand MLC cell structure into four types, offering more design tradeoffs.

the data swapping in between may introduce large overheads in latency and energy consumption.


Multiple Sleep Mode Leakage Control for Cache Peripheral Circuits in Embedded Processors Houman Homayoun , Mohammad Makhzan , Alex Veidenbaum Center for Embedded Computer Systems University of California, Irvine, CA   {hhomayou, alexv}@ics.uci.edu  ABSTRACT This paper proposes a combination of circuit and architectural techniques to maximize leakage power reduction in embedded processor on-chip caches.

this requires wakeup of DL1 peripheral circuits before cache access and adds 4 cycles to the DL1 latency which significantly reduces performance.


INTRODUCTION With the intense development in VLSI design, 3D technology has been viewed as an e.cient mechanism to increase the integration density of transistors, alleviate the interconnection delay and reduce the chip area.


In this framework, ReRAM is employed in memory and combination logic to back up the data from the SRAM, register files down to Flip-Flops to the ReRAMs and switch the power off.

island style FPGA the performance characteristiics of FPGAs are directly related to the memory technology ussed to design them due to their fundamental nature as configuraable devices.


[26] L. van Ginneken, Buffer Placement in Distributed RC-tree Networks for Minimal Elmore Delay, Proc.

[21] H. Ren and S. Dutt, A Network-Flow Based Cell Sizing Algorithm, Proc.


For example, exploiting the read-dominant access pattern in MBC, an STTRAM cell can be optimized for read energy, while affecting infrequent write operation.

each computing element of the MBC platform has four major components: a) Function Table which consists of a dense 2-D memory array organized into multiple banks.


The larger LUT sizes are especially interesting because they require larger input switch matrices, hence 4.8e+06 4.8e+06 4.6e+06 4.6e+06 4.4e+06 4.4e+06  active area (Ts) active area (Ts) 4.2e+06 4e+06 3.8e+06 3.6e+06 active area (Ts) active area (Ts) 4.2e+06 4e+06 3.8e+06 3.6e+06  3.4e+06 3.4e+06 3.2e+06 3.2e+06 II spare spare 4.8e+06 4.8e+06  4.6e+06 4.4e+06 4.2e+06 4e+06 3.8e+06 3.6e+06 4.6e+06 4.4e+06 4.2e+06 4e+06 3.8e+06 3.6e+06 3.4e+06 3.4e+06 3.2e+06 3.2e+06 II spare spare Figure 6: Active FPGA area of fully and sparsely populated clusters.

the sparse switch populations produced a net area savings of 14% and 18%, with the larger cluster bene.tting more.


However, for a larger number of coefficients this exhaustive algorithm is less attractive due to the time necessary to process the large number of combinations.


(4) to separate the internal from the external inductance.

the only formula readily available to estimate internal inductance is valid for a wire with circular cross section: µl Lint = (3) 8p .


[10] T.Hosokawa, T.Hiraoka, M.Ohta, M.Muraoka, and S.Kuninobu, "A partial scan design method based on n-fold line-up structures," IEEE Proc.

the number of ATPG patterns of an ideal LSI model is max(Ti).


the number of control pins for a fabricated electrowetting-based biochip is minimized by using a multi-phase bus for the fluidic pathways.


The flowchart of the simulation process is illustrated in Figure 9.

the pseudo-code to generate the permutation for each way is given in Figure 8.


FLOORPLAN AND P/G NETWORK CO-SYNTHESIS In this section, we present our .oorplan and P/G network co-synthesis algorithm.

researchers started to consider the P/G network analysis at an earlier design stage [6] [18] [19].


As a result, SINR is often used as a measure of quality of service (QoS) at the physical layer.

packets with expired deadlines are discarded.


Programs with critical sections that are not heavily contended bene.t from the optimistic nature of TM systems.

each entry, as shown in .gure 4b, consists of the address, a set of recent values that were written to the memory location along with the processors IDs, and a set of speculated values (if any) for this line along with the ID of the cpu that received the predicted value.


Figure 4 shows the result FSM from our concurrent scheduling algorithm for the first example.

actual test results obtained from the selected benchmarks indicates an improvement of 6% up to 32% in the total execution time under the given test conditions.


Since W (x, y) is not smooth and nonconvex, it is hard to minimize it directly.

iPR: An integrated placement and routing algorithm.


Maximizing Data Reuse for Minimizing Memory Space Requirements and Execution Cycles * M. Kandemir, G. Chen, and F. Li Computer Science and Engineering Department Pennsylvania State University e-mail: {kandemir,gchen,feli}@cse.psu.edu Abstract Embedded systems in the form of vehicles and mobile devices such as wireless phones, automatic banking machines and new multi-modal devices operate under tight memory and power constraints.

we attack this (scheduling) problem by adopting a greedy strategy, which works as follows.


Note that in this case, it is unrealistic to predict the precise time of the completion of the execution of O (due to the physical distribution of component services and/or network communication delays).

when cars move in and out of car parks, SS services inform CRS, which subsequently invokes operations in IS services to update the availability status of the moved car.


DAC 2011, June 5-10, 2011, San Diego, California, USA.


1.1 Prior Work Various signal integrity problems have been studied previously for radio frequency (RF) circuits and recently for high-speed deep-submicron VLSI chips.

method 3 provides much information about type and location of the integrity faults.


The cores running at a lower P-state than required are only able to use frequency scaling in the absence of a resistive grid, since there is no other mechanism to lower the local VDD.

with this setup, 64 enabled ROs correspond to the highest activity factor of 1.0, 32 enabled ROs correspond to an activity factor of 0.5 and so on.


km k.0 When the OR rule (i.e., N.1 ) is applied, the corresponding false alarm and detection probability at subchannel m are respectively represented as [6] C m , km PC..1 ..1.P .

, ..w, .1. km user kdetects the existence of the primary user s signal on subchannel mwith false alarm and detection probability given by, respectively, [6] ...L.2 .


It is expected that several bioassays will then be concurrently executed in a single microfluidic array [4].

instead, they attempt to tolerate the defect by using fault-free unused cells.


Traditionally, the local memory relied on a large cache to store all the variables in the application.

[18] D. Lee, P. Crowley, J-L. Baer, T. Anderson, and B. Bershad.


Robust tests are the highest quality tests for path delay faults.

as additional test generation attempts are made, new faults are identified as difficult to detect and the order changes.


the step response of an all-pass Pad´e delay function displays a very narrow undershoot of height about equal to its .nal value.


It is important to note that the Mirex Onset Detection Task speci.cations [17], and most of the papers in this area, consider onsets detected as TP if they are in a window of 50ms around the annotated onset.

[15] R. Liu, N. Gri.th, J. Walker, and P. Murphy.


Nevertheless, wirelength minimization is still taken into account but in a biased manner; that is, whenever a feasible candidate .oorplan is generated, wirelength minimization becomes meaningful and thus its wirelength will be computed and used for deciding whether the candidate .oorplan should replace the best .oorplan or not.

[14] Y.-C. Lin, W.-K. Mak, C. Chu, and T.-C. Wang.


This decreasing nominal operating voltage leads to 20% power savings.

with both OVB and ARS techniques, an operating voltage of 0.85 V, i.e., a voltage offset of 0.11 V, is sufficient.


Weiss, H. Bock, and J. Haid, Automatic saboteur placement for emmulation-based multi-bit fault injection, in Reconfigurable Communnication-centric Systems-on-Chip (ReCoSoC), 2011 6th International Woorkshop on, 2011, pp.

furthermore, a large percentage of these faults will not correspond to possible fault attacks.


The MIPS bypass mechanism takes care that no data hazards occur.

the TLM adaptor class itself is a .xed building block of every PSP compiler.


However, increase in fT is strongly affected by parasitic capacitances and screening effect.

cgg is the overlap capacitance between Al and Si gate.


improving photo search: A step across the semantic gap.


The medical imaging benchmarks are a set of benchmarks which are used to process the image produced by a CT scanner [16].

simply replicating hash tables for all stacks is not feasible.


The output interfaces periodically send their network pressure to the central controller.

a basic switch element of ESPN consists of an electrical router and an optical switch.


Figure 2 displays the fully-associative data cache miss ratios of SPECjvm98 applications under different heap configurations, where the miss ratios during 267 compress (32MB heap, 32B line size) jess (32MB heap, 32B line size) db (32MB heap, 32B line dzo) L J 4K IK 16K 32K MK iNK ~K 512K tM iK ~ 4K ~ L~K 32l~ ~l¢ I=~K ~K 512~ ~H 4K ~ ~K 32K ~K L~K ~ ~,~ Cache =ize Cache ~ze Cache ~zo javac (32MB heap, 32B line size) mt~ (32MB heap, 32B line size) jack (32MB heap, 32B line size) 4K ~ ,~x ~2K ~K t~K ~K 5LZK IM IK 2K 4K ~ ,~ ~2K ~K INK ~K ~=2K IM IK 2X *~ RK ,6~ J~ ~X I~ ~a~ ~L2K Cache =ze Cache dze Cache aiza Figure 3: Effects of the cache associativity (with 32MB of heap memory).

3.3 Evaluation methodology Several clifferent backends are used to study, various aspects of Java programs.


In our multi-objective placement problem, a solution is a 2-tuple (area, FTI) resulting from a feasible placement of microfluidic modules.

the FTI of this design is only 0.1270, which implies that only 8 cells in this 7×9 array are C-covered.


PROBLEM FORMULATION There are three constraints in contamination-aware droplet routing: (1) the .uidic constraint, (2) the timing constraint, and (3) the contamination constraint.

four commonly used bioassays are tested to verify our approach.


From Figure 13(a), Solution 1 has a considerably higher number of nets in the [78.09%, 84.41%] congestion range compared to Solution 2, leading to the difference in the ACN(20) values.

calculating Steiner trees for all the pins of each net in every g-cell can become a productivity bottleneck when congestion analysis is invoked hundreds of times (for example, during physical synthesis).


This is because the higher stress from the aggressor TSV creates higher strain energy for the crack to grow further.

to verify this, we perform the third group of Sentaurus simulations for the NMOS transistor with cracks underneath the silicon substrate surface as shown in Table III.


Assume the the maximum variation on switching delays of the crosspoints is 200%.

if the delay of down transition on X2 to output F is shorter than the delay of down transition on X1 to F , output F will have a static-1 hazard.


A traditional cache coherence mechanisms such as invalidation or updating are considered to support data sharing among all processors.

in SCIMA-SMP, however, such an unexpected data swap-out never occurs and we can make good use of the reusability of vector p. Moreover, we can expect a reduction of the overhead of o.chip memory access by the large granularity of the bus transaction by p-load.


During  Figure 3: Scannable latches: a -ep-SFF; b -SSASPL; c -ep-DSFF; d -DPSCRFF.

the power overhead of the data retention feature in the active mode can be estimated as Pr =1 dd , where f is the clocking rate and a fCbV 2 2 a is the activity factor.


Then, communication architecture selection is performed after a decision is made on which processing components are used and which function blocks are mapped on which processing components.

a memory trace consists of three fields: (processing component, memory access types, time stamp).


SHE or BTI stress is effective only for two inverter latch in the SRAM cell and is not effective for logic circuits, because it is difficult to form the two inverter latch in random logic circuits.

vDDmin is reduced by 21% from 94mV to 74mV.


eu,v.E v.V In this equation, the .rst term is a constant.

the results shows LAC-retiming can decrease the total number of area violation by 84% at the expense of a possible slight increase in the total number of .ip-.ops.


Thus, if metastability e.ects are ignored, to achieve 100ps of resolution, a 10GHz clock is required.

the sensor based on single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) [11] displays a uniform distribution of pulses separated by at least 30 nanoseconds.


The mean of worst-case PSNR for 24 images with respect to different interleaving and sharing ratios.

the evaluation results are defect-location-dependent and image-dependent.


of Design, Automation and Test in Europe, pages 617 623, March 2000.

a core-based system design methodology attracts much interest of all silicon vendors.


Often when an aged person falls, he or she is unable to stand up or signalize for help for a long period of time and most of the fallrelated injuries and their complications are due to the lateness in Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

the way the simulated fall tests are conducted influences the resulting acceleration diagram of the fall.


Note how the forbidden turns indicated in Figure 2.a follow the approach described: for instance in segment E, the highest order node is 11, according to Figure 2.c.

although this rerouting process usually takes longer than our fast recon.guration [6], it is still much shorter than the plausible time to the next failure.


The more random the workload is, the more frequently such extraordinarily high-cost requests appear.

5.2 Do reads on SSD have a uniform latency?


The use of MC and Quasi MC simulations is quite standard for the analysis of analog circuits.

it is clear that a careful choice of parameters is essential to generate good models with as few simulations as possible.


With this generalization, expansion is a functional operation that is not limited to the addition of a single wire/gate.

initial values for implication are g4=0, g3=1 and the observability assignments of these values.


The delay measured here is well matched with Table 2 in [8] except M=32.


At the same time, meeting the tight performance constraints of the present embedded system applications often requires to optimize also across layers.

the behavioral model µA does not have to explicitly model the loading of B, since its e.ects are accounted for by the relation existing on .A.


In other words, we ensure that the design has alternating Vdd and Vss tracks separated by no more than the designated power pitch (say, P).

prior to the application of our approach, it had not been possible to fit all the shields required for the converged design block within its planned area using state-of-the-art routing techniques.


Dual-addressing Memory Architecture for Two-dimensional Memory Access Patterns Yen-Hao Chen Yi-Yu Liu  Dept.

compiler support is imperative to handle array indices of new Morton data layout without interfering programmers [10].


the ,.2, 2. levels has four configurations ... with six required virtual .2, 3., .3, 2., and .3, 3., if we generate the same number of ..... and.... levels from ... virtual satisfying a configuration of switches.

the 3rd and 4th PMOS switches, which are , may be potentially replaced by NMOS power .... connected to Consider the 3rd and 4th PMOS switches that are connected to the PMOS ).


One other caveat with regard to these numbers is that they are overly conservative because they count store operations that may not be necessary because the promoted variable is not actually defined in the promotion region.

whole-Program Global Variable Promotion.


THE HYPERTRANSPORT CORE The HT core, as depicted in Figure  3, has two different interfaces: one are the HT send and receive links, as specified in the HT protocol, which can be seen on the left.

performance suffers from this, which of course is not desirable.


Neglecting (by making open-circuit) Cd,we can .nd the time constant associated to CBL.

the rest of the paper is organized as follows.


The jitter performance is a function of the PLL design parameters .n and .

it represents the value of ICP1 and ICP2.


For any new data point x , we look up the K nearest neighbors of x in the training data, using ordinary Euclidean point-to-point distance.

after each iteration, we up-weight those points that were poorly fit, and downweight points that were well fit.


REFERENCES [1] S. Krishnamohan and N. Mahapatra, An analysis of the robustness of cmos delay elements, in Proc.

the delay element must not only provide accurate delays, but low power consumption as well.


2.4.2 TPGs with very low probability of skipping test vectors These TPGs are found also using the same BISTer con.guration of a tester and a testee stick, like in the fault detection phase.

our method outperforms the two previous best on-line BIST methods [1, 2], both in terms of fault coverage and fault latency.


The need to track process tolerances as a technology matures will be stressed.

in the deep sub-micron regime, within-die wire and device variations are comparable to die-to-die variations.


120 A Non-Deterministic access behavior has almost no discernible behavior pattern.

only cache misses require translations which potentially enables larger, slower TLBs.


But, this overflow doesn't always occur.

as a function of the buffer size, the phenomenon appears and disappears in a periodic man- ner.


The .rst speaker sits in between two microphones, and thus the TDOA should always equal 0.

due to spatial separation, the signals from the desired sound source arrive at the microphones with di.erent delays.


Now the whole region R is divided into 5 subregions R1 to R5,where R1, R2, R3 and R4 correspond to four corner case subproblems, and R5 is dead space in the center.

sl and a rectangle k .Sr that overlap with the extension line of ib.In this case, R1 is the region above jt and to the left of il , R2 is the region above kt and to the right of ir,and R3 is the region below the contour c[jb,kb].


randomRng (r + rSampMin p, r + rSampMax p) stable :: Params .

bool stable p rx tx = not (changing tx) || tclk tx -rclk rx < tPeriod p -tSettle p --| The receiver s decoder.


The CAM is designed such that it alternates between an active high and an active low match line output for every access.

the important technical point of low power and high performance CAM system is an efficient design/structure of the CAM core cell with sensing scheme.


Resizing the RAT bit cell, the pass transistors and the bitline drivers avoids a significant increase in latency.

this work was also Number of checkpoints supported by the European Union - European Social Fund & National Resources - EPEAEK II.


Change in Number of Failing Vectors w.r.t.

the slowto-fall transition fault at b is retained, if the test pattern shown in Figure 2(b) is applied.


Only master behavior is able to deliver synchronizing events.

when CNT reaches the synchronization point, CNT advancing is stopped and the synchronized data is exchanged.


In our studies, the worst-case con.guration is out of 30720 di.erent con.gurations.

they assume that all gates in a combinational path have the same supply voltage value; this assumption is incorrect due to the presence of dynamic supply voltage noise.


Minimizing the variance is thus equivalent to maximizing ..

moreover, the approach requires substantial memory components even for process bins of a very coarse resolution, and is not scalable to .ne grids.


we de.ne a common stride si for dimension iacross k array references as follows: 1 k si = GCD(si ,···,s ) (3) i The algorithm for partitioning the array references in a loop nest is shown in Figure 4.


Cache parameters are standard in microprocessors sold as cores [3][4][10][12].

for other applications, a DM cache has a poor hit rate, resulting in many accesses to the slower and power-costly next level memory (L2 cache or main memory), and hence poor performance and high energy consumption.


at VDD = 0.5 V were computed at various settings in our model and in ViDES.

we choose the Si-CMOS technology node to be the 16-nm HP library from PTM with a nominal VDD = 0.7V because it provides the minimal energydelay product for voltages ranging between 0.3-1.0 V. According to the exploration in IV-B1 and IV-B2, GNRFETs with N = 12, fdop = 0.001, and VDD = 0.5 V is predicted to have the minimal energydelay product, and hence we choose to adopt this setting to have a fair comparison with Si-CMOS.


, km-1) bits, containing nonlinear terms, hence it may be an effective target to perform DFA, and in such a case to provide a lower bound on the computational capabilites needed to exploit it.

the quick increase in the number of bits depending nonlinearly is to be ascribed to the combined effect of the bitwise diffusion of DES into its S-boxes, while the large amount of instructions which are not vulnerable at the end of the cipher are to be ascribed to the .nal unkeyed permutation present in the DES design.


DESIGN OF ACOUSTIC SENSOR ARRAYS FOR DOA ESTIMATION OF BIRD VO-CALIZATIONS Most studies of animal behavior focus on one species or just a few species.

dOA 7 estimates are indicated by arrows and are shown in Fig.


Hence, we have no starting clause for con.ict analysis.

iEEE Transactions on CAD, CAD20(8), 2001.


For those works that have used ADBs in clock tree synthesis, their objective is to minimize statistical variation of clock skew under a single power mode domain, and as yet the problem of using ADBs for clock skew optimization in multiple power modes has not been intensively investigated.

aDB2 should be retained and the delay value on ADB2 is set to a2 = LATv -LAT2 = 14 -7 = 7 by following Eq.


VCON DC RS-1 = 3.6V , VC ON DCRS-0 = - 4.2V .

the value of RG should between RC RSON P and RCRSON Q .


In fact, because we are keeping the PLL, DLLs, and clock distribution lines on while slowing down the application, this technique ends up increasing the energy consumed.

applying Combined Schemes To see the potential of our framework, we combine the three most effective techniques, namely IFilter, SubBank, and VoltFreq, into a single scheme.


Third, the I2Cbus supports clock stretching which allows a slower receiver to pace the transmission rate of the sender.

a CPU only needs to dedicate only two of its scarce I/O pins for inter-CPU communication.


Since G2 has a large fanout of 4, the duration of the discharge current is long (260 psec), while the duration of the discharge current in G1 is short due to the small fanout of 2 (120 psec).

[2] S.Sirichotiyakul et al., Stand-by Power Minimization through Simulataneous Threshold Voltage Selection and Circuit Sizing, Proc.


The only way in which DVATSC can impact performance is by increasing interconnection network congestion due to token exchanges, sending the physical address of a PTE along with the translation, and the periodic aggregation of signatures at a central verifier.

a core that is requested to flush its TLB is unlikely to know which translations, if any, are actually being modified by the MRF that triggered the flush.


This flip-flop is a dual-edge version of Conditional Precharge Flip-Flop (CPFF, [7]).

the key property of complex digital circuits in low-power applications is power efficient computation.


Equation (23) implies that the projection charges are linearly proportional to the point charge, hence it easily follows that the projection charges for the charge distribution bj(Er) is t () .

(22) In light of (19) and (20) we have (.¯g)t = .pf¯t (Ers)F-1 , (23) the projection charges for a point charge.


This combined approach obtains a better reliability than [3], as can be seen from these tables.

reliability-aware design that targets at mitigating the potential consequences of soft errors is highly desirable.


To give the synthesis tool this added flexibility, we perform strength promotion to convert series of shift/add operations back into the original multiplication form.

a partitioning tool would likely be far more practical if placed after the compiler in the tool flow, operating during the software linking stage, or by parsing the final software binary.


Algorithm 1 Abortable inc&read implementation Shared variables and initial values: Rj = -1 for j =1..n Code for process pi: procedure INC&RE AD() 1: for j .1 to n do 2: countj .RE AD(Rj ) 3: if countj = .then return .

processes that use objects of type TQA can apply the original operations of T without padding them with unique ids (recall that this padding is required to use objects of type Tqa).


To minimize the total sleep transistor area, smaller sleep transistors are used for the gates on non-critical paths, exploiting their timing slacks or in other words the maximum tolerable voltage drops.

the following instance will reveal that the simple idea has little e.ect in reducing sleep transistor area for the DSTN connecting all clusters due to the interdependence of voltage drops.


SEE injection can be fully controlled by the fault simulator.

for higher levels of applied charge the SEE hardened implementation presents as much as 100% larger time between failures as the RSA core generated automatically by the synthesis tool.


The distance between the control information (the marker) and the operations is predefined with the operations to be affected only by the control marker of the actually processed data.

here, the control marker can be interpreted as a synchronization marker.


Namely, we consider that zi becomes 1 only when xi .yOi .

if very few properly-quantum gates remain, a more lightweight veri.cation procedure may be used.


Some vendors have produced commercial interactive real-time games or gaming middleware [9, 4].

real-time games require high frame-rates to appear fluently.


A simple and com- monly used strategy is called fixed channel assignment, in which base stations can only use channels from fixed sets that are pre-computed to avoid interference with neighbors.

for any heavy node v, it is easy to see that Hr(v) < w(v) + 6D.


Adding both L2PI and MPI into the state description can identify the reason behind the high/low CPI, and hence more fully describes application behavior.

unfortunately, adding more resources typically comes on the expense of higher energy costs.


Direct Cache Access for High Bandwidth Network I/O Ram Huggahalli Ravi Iyer Scott Tetrick Intel Corporation Intel Corporation Intel Corporation ram.huggahalli@intel.com ravishankar.iyer@intel.com scott.tetrick@intel.com  Abstract Recent I/O technologies such as PCI-Express and 10Gb Ethernet enable unprecedented levels of I/O bandwidths in mainstream platforms.

the small percent of I/O write traffic can be sufficient to demonstrate visible performance gains for SPECWeb99 and TPC-W since it affects performance critical data read misses.


NWs can be controlled in FET-like manner and can be designed with selectively gateable regions.

stochastic Assembly of Sublithographic Nanoscale Interfaces.


A message can belong either to the static (ST) or the dynamic (DYN) domain.

the optimal schedulability will be obtained for slot and phase lengths which are not tending towards the maximum.


As a result, the first valid data produced by core B is stored in the internal queue within core C and then waits.

z+ specifies an extra burden factor regarding  Figure 4.


Note that our binning procedure keeps the total number of gcells the same in all the cases.

in contrast to CGRIP, the shortest path problem in our extension also has weights on vertices.


Since these cells have a voltage of around 1.2V, one option to generate a higher voltage is adopting several battery cells in series.

block diagrams of the proposed architecture voltage of around 1.2V and 4.2V respectively.


[11] proposed to adjust refresh rates or even disable refreshes by applications or OS using the registers provided by LCDs.

the baseline con.guration of simulated platform is shown in Table 1.


Rather than taking a theoretical approach, in this paper, our approach is to consider a commonly used o.-theshelf radio -CC2420, (considering the acceptance it has received in the community) and attempt to design MAC protocols that can provide 1ppm or less error probabilities within deadlines ranging in 5-50ms.

fTDMA and FTDMA-B thus form the ends of a continuum in FTDMA-H with µack = 1 and µack = 0 respectively.


Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used for dimensionality reduction and a classi.er using a linear decision function was able to discriminate the three classes with accuracies of 100% (low workload), 94.7% (medium workload), and 97.4% (high workload).

this is an approach not suited for many real-world applications, as data is used for normalization which is not in general available to an online recognizer (at a given time data not yet recorded would have to be used for calculation of mean and standard deviation).


Paradigms like approximate computing have enabled a vast scope of implementation strategies for error resilient circuits.

a slew of manual design techniques for approximate computing have been proposed in recent years, but very little e.ort has been devoted to design automation.


Section 3 describes how we have used these tools to create a formal verification methodology flow that enables us to effectively leverage formal for different levels of user experience as well as different kinds of designs.

even though the problem size may be reduced, it may still be too big to solve by the formal engines, particularly for complex end-to-end properties.


Our survey alsoindicatesthat minimizing authentication time is extremely important to many users,implying thatthe use ofPINs orbiometrics(whether on the card or on the reader) would also be on the obtrusive end of the usability spectrum and would hence violate our goal of maintaining a consistent usage model.

in many cases it is su.cient to maintain an approximately consistent usage model.


Additionally, LOCKE exhibits lower susceptibility to workload characteristics, having six times less performance variance than Token Coherence.

many of the cache coherence protocols used or proposed take advantage of premises from System-Multiprocessors.


We apply the method to an SRAM cell and a ring oscillator and provide extensive comparisons against full Monte-Carlo, demonstrating speedups of 100-1000×.

only 3 levels of re.nements using YENSS, though the curve is not smooth in Fig.


It can be veri.ed that the experimental probability of success of an endpoint receiving an RTP packet is within 15% of the analytical value obtained by modeling the system with a twostate Markov process.

quality degradation is larger for a .xed awhen pvaries than when avaries for a .xed p. As expected the performance obtained by repetition FEC is better than that of XOR FEC specially for values of alarger than 5%.


Another role of the wake-up radio is that based on network intelligence to select a specific harvester unit to be used at a given time in order to maximize efficiency.

pOWER CONSUMPTION  Devices Consumption (3.3V) Active Sleep Wake up radio 300nW 300nW MCU SPU (1Mhz) 1.29mW 5uW  POWER CONSUMPTION.


Assume that every FU can execute all types of instructions and that each cluster has 4 of these FUs.

since there are new copies of instructions, some nodes may have children in clusters where they did not have them before.


The position shifting reduction is the result of moving lasing wavelength towards faster/slower wavelength to compensate for the delay/advance of the pulse when detuning.

moreover, not only the pulse position but also the lasing spectrum is shifted when the modulation frequency is detuned in dispersion cavity active modelocked fiber lasers.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

two values are assigned to vector applied to the circuit [1].


It is therefore not practical to quantitatively monitor any subject s gait pattern over extended periods of time using a gait laboratory.

the implication of such restricted environment condition is traditional gait laboratories cannot monitor the pattern of gait in daily living or over different walking surfaces.


In case of analog or mixed integrated circuits, two types of TPGs and ORAs can be defined: Modules dedicated to multi-frequency signal and modules dedicated to transient signal.

the test qualities of these TPG and ORA obtained from the existing blocks must now be evaluated with regards to fault detection.


The first parent (P1) chromosome of the nodal string (this string is defined later in section II.B) is encoded based on the load factor a(oi) of each operation from the ASAP schedule.

the GA based DSE initiates with a novel seeding process for parents as proposed in this paper which guarantees that the final solution will be optimal/near optimal.


[9] R. Kastner, E. Bozorgzadeh, and M. Sarrafzadeh.

after extensive experimentation, this value was found to yield the best tradeo.


In the example shown in Figure 1(a), if l5 is scheduled to time 6 and l4 is schedule to time 7, leakage waste is completely eliminated, but the resulting placement is not feasible due to the single recon.guration limitation.

[19] P.-H. Yuh, C.-L. Yang, and Y.-W. Chang.


Static CMOS logic circuits are ro- bust, reliable and have excellent noise tolerances.

in many cases, inverters need to be inserted between logic stages to combat this problem.


[5] C. Visweswariah, K. Ravindran, K. Kalafala, S. G. Walker, and S. Narayan, First-Order Incremental Block Based StatisticalTiming Analysis , Proc.

(8) Equation (7) and (8) show that equation (6) is closed with respect to statistical operations, ADD and MAX.


On the other word, is it possible to employ the EDC/ECC code to a data block larger than the data access granularity in L1-cache without requiring extra data accesses to check/update the EDC/ECC?

to detect or correct SEMUs, it is necessary to use interleaved EDC/ECC or employ more powerful ECC codes, e.g., Double Error Correction-Triple Error Detection (DEC-TED), Single Nibble Correction-Double Nibble Detection (SNC-DND) and Reed-Solomon (RS) codes [4].


Therefore, the ( mechanical ) time to seek for the right track and the right sector is a major time fraction of random IO as opposed to sequential IO which is considerably faster because positioning happens only once.

the SSD s random read superiority is clearly con.rmed, whereas the random write penalty, at least for the available consumer devices, are eye-catching again.


This means that in scenarios where someone desires to talk while drawing, VoicePen cannot be used.

further investigation is needed to determine what an ideal mapping function should be between non-verbal vocalizations and control parameters [21].


When R is not high, equation (1) could approximately simplify as Dual-beam interference equation [9]: (3)   The Fourier transform of equation (3) is: (4)   Obviously, the pulse position is proportion to the cavity length as: (5)   Since different pulses correspond to different sensors, to measure each pulse shift can calibrate the strain of each HCPBF sensor immediately.

to be confused with the interference of noise and cross talk, the original signal needs to be filtered and smoothed.


The design flow for such specific architectures will be addressed by means of a dedicated high-level synthesis tool, which is based on genetic algorithms for the solution of the underlying allocation and scheduling problem.

the proposed architecture utilizes parallelization at this level to a certain degree only and compensates the resulting loss in efficiency by heavily exploiting parallelization at higher abstraction levels.


The ground truth is established here again by combining the results obtained by three unbiased persons who analyzed the content of the test sound tracks in the search for the most characteristic sounds and sound combinations.

these initial clusters are formed such that their centroids are maximally far apart from each other [8].


As observed in Figure 2, a PS-Dir with a 1× coverage ratio reduces execution time on average by 11.1%.

[3] R. Kalla, B. Sinharoy, W. J. Starke, and M. Floyd.


Then the DC verification of any grid supplying the circuit is performed by the following steps: Apply the mc shifted maximal points as static current vectors in (4) to perform an equal number of DC analyses for the given power grid.

it is certainly much more accurate and easier for him to simulate the design for a set of input patterns, and construct the current space exclusively out of the simulation results.


While PMOS and NMOS devices show similar levels of mobility shifts, the threshold voltage reductions for PMOS are much lower than for NMOS.

thus the leakage power of a gate under unequal changes in threshold voltages of n transistors of a gate can also be computed using a .rst order Taylor series expansion as: n Lstr t .Lgate str L0 =+ .V (12) i=1 .Vthi0 gate gate thi where Lstr is the leakage power of a gate under STI-induced stress gate and L0 is the nominal leakage power of the gate under no stress.


If loop poles = required system poles: order is obtained, .nished; PP 6.

from the fact that the corresponding terms are equal, it follows from the (n-1)-order terms: nn XX psi = pli (3) i.1 i.1 the sum of the loop poles equals the sum of the system poles.


For example, the TSVs are a crucial element of a 3-D circuit since these interconnects provide the interplane communication and power.

including the capacitance of the TSV in the analysis further demonstrates the usefulness of the TSV path.


In this paper arbitrary parti-tion factors are supported using a novel address translation technique that considers the regularity of affine memory ac-cesses between adjacent loop iterations, so that a larger design space can be explored for better results.

the cost of optimal memory scheduling with partition factor N is illustrated by (10) for FPGAs where    are platform-dependent parameters.


We focus on performance and reliability problems because recent studies have shown effective techniques to reduce the area overhead.

single-event upsets (SEU) or soft errors) [5].


The hold relationship is verified as follows: Data from source clock edge that follows the setup launch edge must not be latched by setup latch edge and data from the setup launch edge must not be latched by the destination clock edge that precedes the setup latch edge.

in this description the launch edge is that clock pulse which releases new data from the source register, and the capture edge is it s counterpart one cycle later at the destination register.


2: De.nition of a logic element with look-up tables have the ATTRIBUTEs to be either stored in a REGISTER to be used later, or BYPASSed for direct use by other LEs.

3) contains several de.nitions of CLUSTERs.


Faults in the address generation unit will be considered only when it is exercised; i.e., in load and store instructions.

the bit min and bit max .elds indicate the amount of pruning performed by the known-outcome pruning techniques faults in the bits between bit min and bit max are pruned and their predicted outcome is recorded in the expected outcome .eld.


It demonstrates that scratchpad together with an allocation algorithm can replace loop caches.

algorithm Once we have created the con.ict graph G annotated with vertex and edge weights, energy consumption of the memory objects can be computed.


A similar proposal, namely the Wrong-Path Cache, is presented by Sendag et al.


The logic partitions are: (a) wakeup and (b) select+payloadRAM.

adding the dependence predictor increased the IPC of bzip from 0.89 to 1.39 and the IPC of vortex from 0.76 to 1.14 (for 10M SimPoints).


REFERENCES [1] ISPD 2006 Placement Contest.

a smaller (larger) Qg implies a larger (smaller) power force.


the occurrence of a valid stage for a detector in an erroneous state may result in some output being generated by nfp-process .


Many IT manufacturers start to increase the speed of internal cooling fans once inlet air temperatures reach a certain threshold to o.set the increased ambient air temperature.

instead of directly predicting the impact of data center ambient temperature on a system, we present our results as a function of the temperature of server internal components.


To limit the growth of the new BAST, any con.icted PBS in the previous table has to distribute a maximum load to the PBS in the current table, while not violating the con.ict constraints.

a high communication CG, or a CG with high number of cores will potentially increase the number and size of the newly produced BAST.


Lastly, the loss function may reflect quality criteria specific to a net type, net, conductor, or even single brick.

various other soft quality criteria can be incorporated.


Nevertheless, compared to the critical features in a circuit, the printing requirement on the cut mask is still relatively low.

circuit patterns should be well designed in order to guarantee the cut mask s printability.


As the load increases, the NoC-Bus Hybrid Architecture exhibits the worst latency and throughput for all traf.c patterns (even worse than the 2D topology) as the bus saturates .rst with higher workload.

journal of Distributed Computing, 1(3):187 196, 1986.


(independent and identically distributed) and error bits can be further modeled by normal distribution.

i designing statistically stable audio features and adopting heavy overlap between adjacent time-domain processing units become the only two ways to counter desynchronization and fulfill the task of fragment retrieval in audio fingerprinting.


A performance counter architecture for computing accurate CPI components.

eXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In this section, we .rst describe our experimental setup and then present results demonstrating the performance improvements achieved by the proposed variation-aware cache partitioning framework.


The skewed-associative cache[14]is a2-waycachethatuses one hashingfunctionper way.

this approach increases the number of misses for several applications (e.g., gamess, hmmer, perlbench, and sjeng).


A LUT corresponding to a cut cv is represented as LUTcv .

the above ' '' check can be executed with C , C and N(VCI ,ECI ), and it is not necessary to generate N (VCII ,ECII ).


Increasing geometrical complexity would imply using smaller primitives and eventually would fall outside the validity domain of GA.

right: Average MUSHRA scoresand95% con.denceintervalsasa functionofbudget.Notehowperceivedqualitydoesnotvarylinearlywiththe processingbudget and also varies depending on the type (i.e., sparseness) of the sounds.


1 Introduction On-chip cache memories are one of the most power hungry components of microprocessors.

(1)N N P where .a, .a, .tag, .tag, and .are the energy N N P consumption per cache-way access, the number of ways accessed per second, the energy consumption per tag memory access, the number of tags accessed per second, and the power consumption of the MAB, respectively.


The early approaches (such as [6]) to providing buffers for the nets that require them was through the use of pre-planned buffer blocks fitted into channels and other dead space between design blocks.

the utility of buffer blocks decreases as the detours required by nets in order to access these blocks become an increasingly large fraction of the desired inter-buffer separation itself, leading to significant performance degradation.


How devices are used depends not only the device itself and the features supported but the user and his or her lifestyle, income and even cultural background.

for the foreseeable future, the complexity of the underlying chipset hardware and associated software is such that the companies who can deliver these complete fully-tested and verified wireless solutions and platforms will continue to do well.


of the Int'l Workshop on Logic Synthesis 2004 [7] D. Lewis et al, C. Wysocki and R. Cliff, "The Stratix Routing and Logic Architecture , in Proc.

balancing is based on Restructuring, which is defined in this section.


This assumption is pessimistic since the total output capacitance will be minimized after applying SNDR.

for all practical purposes, modern use of NDRs means that IC designs intentionally spend extra wire capacitance nearly everywhere in the clock distribution network.


Our addressing and routing algorithm o.ers two major advantages as follows.

we search the minimum Vdmax by setting Vs as 0, and terminate when Vs > (Vmax - Vth) or a feasible solution is found.


The system used derives from one available on an open source site [9].

the approach requires a RAM memory of sufficient size to be available on the SoC and easily accessible from the external.


4 3.3 Constraints on the use of Quad-root circuit in ITA Quad-quad-root based parallel ITA requires lesser clock cycles compared to square-square-root based parallel ITA or quad based ITA.

quad-root operation requires an addition chain for m2 -1 .


[3] Z. Stanojevic and D. M. H. Walker, "FedEx -A Fast Bridging Fault Extractor", in Proc.

we can rank the faults according to their dif.culty of detection using d(g1,g 2,AND ) and d(g1,g2,OR ).


This approach may underutilize the L0 cache in program phases where identi.ed hot basic blocks are not active.

only the dynamic energy consumption is considered in this study.


When p approaches 1 or the route length is long, Tu is large.

v3: A vehicle-to-vehicle live video streaming architecture.


This is demonstrated through the wavelengths assignment reported in the truth-table of Figure 1.

[15] H. Falaki, R. Mahajan, S. Kandula, D. Lymberopoulos, R. Govindan, D. Estrin.


When increasing the cache size from 64 bytes to 128 bytes, both algorithms move a bubblesort routine being on the initial WC-path onto the I-cache.

the node weight wv represents the context-speci.c WCET of function v for a single execution of v.The edge weight we = w(x,y) denotes an upper bound of how many times execution .ow passes from x to y in a context.


[Cl-min : Cl-max ], the larger the number of entries in the LUT, the more accurate the delay estimation [4].

we demonstrate that the regression coe.cients obtained using bilinear and linear interpolation (for back-toout and front-to-out arcs respectively) are constant over the entire characterization space, thereby enabling LUT-free static timing analysis.


The different core to bank distances and the induced discrepancy of the interconnect lengths make signi.cant variations of cache access latency.

and Jc0, offering performance improvement over the entire MTJ working range [10].


The reduction of ripple is due to low charging current which is shown in Fig.

complex auxiliary logic associated with delay-line may occupy large chip area and increase power consumption.


on Design Automation for Embedded Systems (TODAES), Vol.6, No.2, pp.142-206, April 2001.

these data-layout oriented transformations also require modi.cations in the original addressing code by introducing complex modulo and integer division operations.


The technique proposed in [17] can be viewed as global di.usion, because modules will spread as long as there exists any density gradient among the bins in the current density map.


This problem is called the memory wall [33].

the MN-MATE platform is a suitable candidate because it has the hierarchical and hybrid main memory architecture which has the large memory capacity and low power consumption characteristics.


One is to enable SA only when the temperature is low, like Frontier, a system developed by Tessier to achieve highly routable and high-performance layouts [15].

they are valuable since they do not consume any routing resources.


Two mechanisms can be identi.ed to change the power dissipation: .rst, the excess losses require a division into a larger number of segments, which increases the total driven capacitance; and second, the edge rate degradation at the output of each segment will change receiving-buffer short-circuit and leakage currents for the worse.

1 is assumed to be large compared to the spacing s. the capacitance to ground will be negligible compared to the coupling capacitance.


From the discussions in section 5 and 6, it can be observed that, reducing body-doping while maintaining a leakage target is an efficient approach for reducing the RDF effect.

the nominal value of RM improves at lower body doping.


A new synthesis procedure is built on top of the decomposition theory.

[3] P. Avouris, J. Appenzeller, R. Martel, and S. J.


One approach to solve increases from 90dB to 150dB.

it consists of an off-line design phase optimization combined with real-time EVM based channel adaptation.


Along with the normalized IPC, the .gure also plots the percentages of L2 and memory accesses as the representative of IL1/DL1 combined miss rates and L2 global miss rate, respectively.

the cost of building a cache entirely using 8T cells is 28%.


Two types of IU s with the conventional FF s and the proposed CLFF s are developed for comparison in a 65-nm CMOS process.

iU with CLFF accomplished the highest energy efficiency increase of 12.7 times.


Expression generation Once the hierarchical block structure has been rebuilt and checked, a circuit where blocks are modeled in terms of the (trans)admittances is built-up.

since nodes and branches in the Coates graph do not correspond directly with circuit nodes and branches, partitioning information is not clearly mapped to the circuit level.


An advantage of a via-.rst based power distribution network is the high damping factor due to high TSV resistance and low TSV inductance.

this scheme, as considered in this work, also reduces the overall number of TSVs, compensating the additional TSVs between the .rst memory plane and package.


Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored.

mobile computing continues to drive innovation in technologies that will enable new use cases and applications in an energy efficient manner.


The possible migration points are limited to the OS-application boundary.

without loss of generality, the clock of the chip is assumed to be centrally controlled by a central clock manager (CCM), and each processor has its own clock control unit (CCU).


The accelerator can be parameterized according to the number of loudspeakers (output channels) and is connected to the host processor utilizing also the APU interface.

commercial products use stereophonic systems that inherent all the problems of stereophony [1], thus providing an average audio quality.


Single-rail self-timed gates base also on simple Domino gates but at least two gate outputs drive a completion logic.

here, the evaluation time of the structure can be reduced to only the sum of the single gate evaluation times without additional delays through latches.


[29] F. Sun, S. Ravi, A. Raghunathan, and N. Jha.

matched Time [hour] No of Inst matched Time [hour] No of Inst.


Statistical Monte-Carlo (MC)simulations or analytical methods are then used to create delay distribution of representative circuit elements.

impacts of WID variations on both Fmax and power distributions need to be considered carefully.


Speed-up of large window LSQ schemes over conventional64-entryROB minimize store-loadforwardingoccurringin thehigh-locality stream.

[13] B. H. Bloom, Space/Time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors, Communications of the ACM, vol.


Since the relationship between the switching time and the PMC size is not precisely known and for simplicity of analysis the switching time is made to be linearly dependent with the CF volume.

[5] X. Guo, C. Schindler, S. Menzel, and R. Waser, Understanding the switching-off mechanism in Ag+ migration based resistively switching model systems, Appl.


In SET process, the resistance drops steeply within a short duration.

[9] M. K. Qureshi, M. M. Franceschini, A. Jagmohan, and et al., PreSET: Improving performance of phase change memories by exploiting asymmetry in write times, in ISCA, 2012, pp.


The proposed method had an average error of 0.09% over all circuits and simulated circuit states, with a maximum error of 0.67% across any circuit/input state combination.

finally, we apply pin reordering for the purpose of runtime leakage reduction.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

it does mean that the applicability of our M/G/1 queueing model for determining the bu.ering-induced delay at suchintermediateproxiesbecomesquestionable.


We designed and implemented a high-performance hardware-accelerated version of CAST for which we built an FPGA prototype, and benchmarked its performance against serial and multithreaded versions of the CAST algorithm in software.

an LCR biased in one residue type may lead to high scores for biases of a similar but not identical type (e.g.


[6] simultaneously considers redundant via insertion and via minimization during routing.

illustration of redundant via insertion.


a drawback of functional iteration divisions is the huge multiplicative computation load leading to large area/power overhead.


T //initialize a graph only with terminals 5: U .

given a .xed p, we assume that the percentage of coverage from candidate relays in the network follows a normal distribution.


Embedded processor cores typically constitute the cornerstones of such systems, enabling better time-to-market, lower design cost, and easily reprogrammable implementations.

more specifically, an index into the TT is required so that the decoding transformations for the subsequent block of instructions can be identi.ed.


From the reduced aggressor space, we can create a superset of tests to bound the timing for test.

.Vagg is the percentage of voltage change on the aggressor when the victim transitions from 0 to Vth (or from Vdd to Vth).


Grasp: A search algorithm for propositional satis.ability.

if our objective is to justify x to 1, the backtrace should prefer to backtrace through A s fan-in structure.


To reduce the number of benchmarks that we need to evaluate, we classify the benchmarks according to their cache space sensitivity.

in Hybrid-2, Opportunistic jobs bene.tfromextra cache capacity stolen from Elastic(X) jobs.


4.2 Real designs Five module-based designs, taken from applications with abundant buses, were tested.

we assume that the delay deviation can be approximately minimized by concentrating on minimizing (1).


Tables will be implemented in writable memories which have much lower storage density and may consume leakage power.

we collect the number of function calls by pro.ling, and then scale up the energy for the function pareto curve.


Experimental results show that, comparing to simple random sampling, the proposed approaches improve the estimation speed by 2.7X, on average.

leakage power estimation is therefore important to total power estimation.


These properties are required in each request to ensure that the model can resemble in the routing algorithm the paths the request would have taken in an actual hardware instance.

obviously, resulting in completely unreliable values.


He is currently a member of SME and SAE.

also, the mean and variance of the response can be plotted against each level of each controllable factor.


3.1.1 Transaction-Based Mode This mode is a natural extension of the cycle-based mode discussed in Section 2.3.

this approach does not scale to complete SoCs, especially when used with low-cost emulation platforms, due to the signi.cant hardware overheads.


in Figure 7, we give the percentage increase in original execution cycles (i.e., the cycles when no power control is present) when the proposed data transformation is used.


SurfaceFit(data[t]) end for (tmin, AMATmin) .

in this scheme, L3 Cache 1×(6MB; 64 ways; 256B line; 20 cycles) Off-Chip Latency 200 cycles we partition only the L3 caches, and each L2 cache is shared by all cores that access it.


ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 32(1):1 16, 2006.


If the die size is restricted to about 15mm (small die) then the power will stay around 100 watts, and the supply current will grow to about 300 amps.

the power depends on the size of the chip, circuit style, microarchitecture, frequency of operation, and so on.


In another example, since all paths passing through node a are false paths, the slack of node a is infinite.

each node (except the OR gate) in the F1 F1 F2 Figure 2: A duplex system.


We also found that latency of few tens of milliseconds cannot be used as an indication of hitting the correct port.

the best defense against the poisoning attacks is to properly deploy and validate DNSSEC; DNSSEC provides security not only against o.-path attacker but even against MitM attacker.


14: end for 15: for i + 1 to |C luster| - 1 do 16: if ci overlap with ci+1 then 17: Merge ci+1 into ci by abutting the two clusters.

[13] P. Spindler, U. Schlichtmann, and F. Johannes.


The exponential nature of the problem makes it impossible to obtain an exact solution for substantial circuits.

complete Vt -Tversions of NAND2 gate ox Table 1.


6Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the grant SFB 382 of the German Research Foundation.

any sampling distance along the view direction can be enabled6.


A key difference between MCPs and DBCPs is that MCPs correlate and predict the miss address stream across block frames whereas DBCPs correlate and predict the miss address stream in a given block frame.

[2] Martin C. Carlisle, Anne Rogers, John H. Reppy, and Laurie J. Hendren.


As part of the project, we have created a voice-based agriculture information service for the rural areas of Karnataka state in south India.

this way we can find for the words in query more quickly instead of going through every word in every document.


benDATA-WS consists of six independent ZBT SRAM banks, and each memory bank contains a 64-bit data bus.


The iterative process of the algorithm is controlled with a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm [13] as follows: Move generation function: generates a new architecture instance from the previous by changing the IP core of a tile.

the increased computational power and internal communication bandwidth of NoC can provide better timing performances to the embedded applications than the shared medium in current SoC architectures.


For example, [5] and [6] demonstrated the need for and the accuracy of atomistic simulations in the prediction of transistor variations under RDF and LER.

for a short-channel device, Ion has a linear dependence on Vth, due to strong velocity saturation [11].


We investigate a large set of GPGPU benchmarks, and find that on average, all SPs in a GPU core are idle during 35% of the total execution time, and the case that the SPs are partially idle appears in 11% of the execution time.

the execution of a branch instruction in the warp may cause warp divergence, threads in a diverged warp have to execute in serial fashion which greatly degrades the performance.


The difference (2.05ns) is quite signi.cant because the longest wire (9.0mm) in 3D is much shorter than that (14.6mm) in 2D.

power consumption of 3D ICs is expected to be greater than 2D ICs in general unless few TSVs are used in 3D ICs or TSV capacitance is small (e.g.


It can be seen that although both cut sizes are 5, the two partitions lead to quite dif ferent wire length.

3(a)), i.e., dif ferent partitions lead to similar wire length, we can f igure out that partitioning has insignif icant impact on the total wire length.


However, this limitation can be estimated quantitatively only when fabrication process parameters have been established.

a NOR (shown in Figure 2b) gate can be built from a NAND one (Figure 2a) by simply rotating its layout by 180°.


Mapping this idea to our system, as shown in Fig.

the limited bandwidth provided by the wireless link poses a serious constraint on sharing of information in a camera network.


For each clause, the 2 arrays store the variable index andpolarity of eachliteralin that clause.

itis an incomplete technique and is not effective for for most hard structuralSATproblems.


Since the number of retention registers exactly matches the total number of data values that should be alive at control step Cpg,the objective of operation scheduling is to .nd a schedule that minimizes the number of data values that are alive at control step Cpg.

these group variables allow us to continue to use the ILP formulation in the previous section with only slight modi.cation.


This assumption is consistent with [12].

the Trojan-infected on-chip sensor delay is computed from the corresponding MC sample, similar to the previous experiment.


This value of Topt can be found using binary search.

c. Scheduling We consider a system where a switch from active to idle state cannot preempt a running task.


Traditionally, hardware reliability was only a concern for high-end systems (e.g., HP Tandem Nonstop and IBM eServer zSeries) for which applying high-cost redundancy solutions such as triple modular redundancy (TMR) was acceptable.

the I-cache port is busy for more than 50% of cycles for 3 benchmarks and is free only if the instruction fetch queue (IFQ) is full.


Since there are many pilots in the two consecutive OFDM symbols, many groups are also formed.

recently, several IFO estimation schemes have been proposed for OFDM-based DVB-T systems [5], [6].


In case of OxRAM devices, scaling of oxide thickness will potentially lead to reducing the forming voltage [1].


Different activities and sleep modes of the functional blocks in high performance chips cause significant temperature gradients on the substrate [3].

c2MOS D-flip-flop which is low-area, slow and high power).