The exclusion of atomic submessages (i.e., variables and constants) is necessary because a random nonce does not indicate whether it belongs to P1 or P2.

in any uni.cation step of the lazy intruder, t1 and t2 can only be uni.able if they belong ; to the same protocol.


An obligation is an action which some sub ject must carry out during some timeframe.

we model an obligation as a tuple obl(s, a, O, [ts,te]), where s is a sub ject, a is an action, [ts,te] is a time window during which s is obliged to take action a,and O is a .nite sequence of zero or more objects on which the action must be performed.


Any eavesdropper can read the (possibly con.dential) message body.

the advisor includes queries to check for the presence of these assertions.


n (3) · Risk Figure 4: A simple transition system Indeed during the conversation, the various invocations of Web service operations are somehow independent.

the probability that a client has all the credential(s) needed to access all the operations is simply .n i=1Pai = Pa1 · .


The total of O(log2 N) bits will still be too long to send on the channel (note that the hash value is an overhead on top of an O(log N) long chunk).

we will encode it on the .y using our e.cient error correcting code, and evaluate the second hash function on it.


These members may have the same security clearance confidential in this case but they come from different departments, such as army, air force, or navy, etc.

in the context of our multicast communication, they belong to two different roles.


5.3 Evaluation on Perfect DA Quanti.cation The conditions in Theorems 7 and 8 are quanti.ed in sense of n being a large number.


As mentioned above, one of the main di.erences between the OS model and the classic ORAM model is that the storage unit in the OS model is an item consisting of a key-value pair.

we measure the size of messages and of the storage space at the client and server in terms of the number of items.


Speci.cally, in terms of simself , to each device, comparison between the 60 features results to C2 60 simself .


Unlike in the simpler TEA and RC4 algorithms, the .rst and the last of these rounds are done outside the main loop of AES, as they are functionally di.erent than the other inner rounds.

when a comparison with an AES reference implementation is made with Aligot, only the I/O relationship for the inner rounds, i.e.


We did not choose dynamic root of trust in our design because the trusted code does not only need to insert passwords (which would be a relatively small functionality), but we also need to authenticate the server, verify the authenticity of the SSL channel, and provide a trusted GUI so that the user can always be sure about the application interacting with.

signi.cant parts of the system need to execute very often or in parallel, which would introduce a noticeable performance overhead when using dynamic root of trust.


Used algorithm: The algorithm used in the proposed passive-tag-based system can be implemented with only one hash algorithm.

it can be considered more efficient than the existing method.


However, within a previous study users were proven to have a low rate of recollection when it came to recalling their own answers to current authentication questions [7].

the answers to our activity based questions are required to be memorable as well secure because of these results.


2: Multiple faked identities in friend networks However, we do not count the pairs of similar identities between the victim s EFL and FL, since identities in EFL are the ones that the victim never adds as friends.

the common or similar identities in them do not contribute to the overall similarity.


After started, malware programs copy themselves and make themselves resident in a host.

we give a cluster label to the downloaded executable and its descendants, calling them a branch cluster as well, e.g., the Branch-cluster A in Figure 2 (b).


Hash-based techniques employ multimedia hashes designed to produce hashes that are similar for perceptually similar input, as opposed to cryptographic hashes which are designed to produce independent outputs if the inputs di.er by even a single bit.

multimedia hashes can be used to identify similar multimedia content.


Injecting forged packets into the communication channel confuses the receiver, causing it to decode an incorrect Hj.

the receiver is unable to successfully verify the signature Sign(h(Hj)) and must drop the received packets.


The maximum number of pages that ksmd can use is limited (the default is 25% of the available memory).


The usual pattern in WS-SecurityPolicy enabled communication today consists of a server providing a security policy for all messages that occur during requests on its operations.

a service s client has no control on the security measures taken for the message exchange.


In LP, as the secret key is chosen according to a Gaussian distribution with parameter s, the number of bits to store is ni plog(13s)l. Here we choose a maximum threshold of 13s for the Gaussian sampling such that larger entries of the secret key have a negligibly small probability (less than 2-100 according to Lyubashevsky [Lyu12]).

we compute the key sizes as shown in Table 6.


And we are unconcerned with policies which they have satis.ed.

we know that the opponent cannot gain any useful information about the policies which they have not satis.ed, and hence cannot beat the a priori odds for those policies.


Clearly, these multiple paths will overlap; if a node appears in multiple paths, it only needs to send back one report.

the cost of attestation is sublinear with respect to the number of attested paths.


we do not include this type of tweets in either dataset.


Combining operators in XACML v3 are de.ned over either a decision set or the other.

decision values have to be projected from one decision set to the other depending on the used operator.


Each site that uses BeamAuth requires a setup procedure and some bookmarksbar real-estate.

this technique is best left to high-value sites, like .nancial institutions or single sign-on systems.


Notice that now, H(v)= U0 i.V Ui outputs the key K. = g bF(v)+J(v), where V is the set ofindexes i for which Analysis of A s response If A has won the game, K = the ith bit of the string at hand equals to 1. .


While this is indeed our long-term research goal, we think its adoption will likely take a long time, given the long history of the traditional online patching model and the fact that it is an entrenched part of today s IT practices, ranging from software development and distribution to system administration.

we believe that an interim solution that is backward compatible with existing patch format, and yet works in an of.ine manner and provides much improved scalability, would be desirable.


We propose a solution which allows users to de.ne privacy-preserving data dependencies between their di.erent Identity information.

a query for a particular user information, would honor and traverse its associated data dependencies, possibly triggering user-de.ned policies, to come up with a resultant set of identity information.


In some cases, not all wires carry sensitive information and hence we can remove the pairs of G(t) s from both ends of those wires carrying non-sensitive results.

the overhead factor is in terms of the number of sensitive wires (instead of the total number of wires).


As before, we create the untrusted frame pointing to webservice1.mashup.com, but rather than putting it inside inside the mediator frame, we put it inside the top frame.

the mediator frame and the untrusted frame are siblings.


As a result, they provide an abstract and weak view of a certain situation.

the decisions made within these systems are poor, because they are based on an incomplete scenario.


3.1.2 Layer characteristics Each layer provides a different set of functions, not all functions present in all layers.

security requirement for these functions may be different and a mapping from one to another may be a difficult task.


Given that a valid provenance chain is presented by a user to an auditing authority, the auditor may look at the information from the proofs for which the user has not intended.

a breach of privacy for the user s information occurs as the auditor veri.es the provenance of location proofs.


By the linearity of the code c '' = c- c ' is then a codeword with Hamming weight at most n- k.By the previous result, the only such codeword is c '' =0 which means that c= c ' .

there can exists at most one codeword that matches aspeci.c k-symbol pattern.


However, such a certi.cation process is expensive and cumbersome.

technical solutions are required to ensure the isolation of display areas.


When the data already forms natural groups clustering the data is more straightforward.

the GroupSample data set produced a more even distribution of data among the clusters compared to the TypeSample data set which had most of its points assigned to Cluster 1 with few points distributed among the remaining four clusters.


to secret key oracles (that would be the CCA .avor of our privacy property) and recoverability can not be achieved simultaneously in the general case: the two properties are mutually exclusive.


Further analysis is provided in the next section.

it is dif.cult to compromise the partially protected environment formed by the hand-shielding gesture from external eavesdropping attacks in practice, though the use of this gesture is simple.


In this paper our focus is especially on CPPM s key management, which mainly concerns Steps 1 & 2.


Some practical examples that confirm this claim can be found at [6,8].

adopting a mechanism to handle this amount of alerts is essential particularly on mid-range servers and workstations.


By default, today s operating systems enable DMA for any device attached.

one way to mitigate DMA attacks would be to authenticate any DMA device to the kernel before allowing to perform DMA transfer, i.e., enabling DMA at the FireWire controller.


Malicious actions are most commonly associated with identities.

there is an implicit element of trust embedded in the identities.


av(1 -ßv)t ßv(1 -av)t =1 - + av -ßv av -ßv v=1 nt-1 v)t-j-1 =1 -(1 -av)t -av (1 -ßv)j(1 -a. v=1 j=0  3.2 Full-.edged Case In this model, we further consider edge-infections, meaning that vertices could become infected also because of their infected neighbors.

each edge (u,v) .E is associated with an infection probability, .vu.


The parameter In of a widget is an upper bound on information that maybegainedby knowing anevent occurred on the widget.

if a ButtonListener[f,f'] is added as a listener to a Button[f,f'] object, f' is an upper bound on information that the listener may learn by having the onClick method invoked.


Player P1 then can determine possible values of y (using a gcd computation, etc.).

this protocol should not be used when x can take the value of 0, or, alternatively, the coe.cients (1 and (2 could be constructed in a way to minimize the probability of a successful attack when x = 0 (see [4] for more information).


There have been various approaches proposed for top-down approaches (e.g., [20, 17, 15]), but given the timeconsuming and costly nature of this approach, it has limited adoption in real settings [17].

over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in bottom-up approaches, which enables role engineering to be automated with signi.cantly lower cost.


2.4.5 Use on the Internet and Gateway Behavior The authentication option header is intended for use within a private network and therefore should be removed from packets before they are routed to a public subnet.

gateway devices (which in most cases will be the firewall itself) must detect the header and remove it before routing the packet to an external Internet-facing interface.


The results of the question regarding experienced stress were highly consistent with those results.

hypothesis (H1) can only be accepted under reserve.


It turned out that the resulting encrypted bitstreams are completely di.erent, with di.erences in some header bytes and the complete body.

the encryption process appears to be randomized in some way.


Revocation and limited validity periods do not solve this problem, because the server s key can always decrypt the content key regardless of whether the license is valid.

denying access to a single document without affecting other documents is not possible in RMS.


Moreover, according to statistical data [6], around 60 % of German iOS users updated their devices to iOS 6 by the beginning of October.


For C, we assume the machine restricts PUF execution to trusted applications.

if an attacker tampers with the software executing the protocol on C (e.g., to prevent the encryption), permission to execute the PUF is denied.


For instance, if the .rst block of P is di.erent from the .rst block of P ' , as will typically be the case, then the cryptanalyst learns nothing apart from this fact.

cBC leaks only a small amount of information in the presence of repeated IVs, a signi.cant improvement over a stream cipher.


Our method leverages existing work on attack graphs [7, 6, 9] and privilege graphs [2, 3, 5], but extends the attack graph concept by creating executable models driven by the attack preferences of individual adversaries.

an analysis using our method can be customized to re.ect the attack behavior of di.erent types of adversaries with di.erent attack objectives, attack preferences, resource levels, attack skill levels, system access, and system knowledge.


At the very least, .nding the city one is currently in can be easily done in the presence of Wi-Fi connection.

in our research, we assume that we know the user s start location or a place on her route and the rough area (e.g., city) she goes.


Instead of continuously analyzing the users gazes, the modified algorithm only considers the eye-movements done while a specific button is pressed.

in order to perform a gesture, the users have to press the button and then perform the gesture.


The measurements from di.erent PMUs are correlated according to the interconnection of the entire network.

the trustworthiness of each PMU can be evaluated based on the system model and the system states.


Blinding does not fully achieve the anonymity in the classical setting where the PKG is able to compute the private key corresponding to any given pseudonym.

the PKG can decrypt any message being exchanged in the classical setting.


Given a message body such as t = B·A·Na ·Nb, the recipient knows that the next component must be f(t).

if tags in V occur only in the context t·f(t), then there is never any ambiguity about the body to which the tag applies, and every occurrence of a tag contributes to representing an authenticated message [ t]]f with no choice about what t is being tagged.


av, .v (see text) ßv Figure 2: State transition of vertex v in the full.edged case Let .v(t) be the probability that at time t+1 a node v becomes infected because of its neighbors that are in infected state at time t.We have .v(t)=1 - [1 -.vu iu(t)].


However, the core code (including rule validation) is mostly borrowed from the mature iptables, and the entrypoint context module (modi.ed from a proposed kernel patch [32]) carefully handles interactions with potentially malicious userspace as described in Section 4.4.

we believe the increase in TCB is acceptable.


And it is impossible to measure the risk of either.

the focus of this paper is twofold: .rst, it is about methods for using data input factors across multiple dimensions that provide meaningful and measurable con.dence about whether or not someone is who they say they are, and that they are not, for example, performing a masquerade attack [31] by presenting stolen, forged, duplicated, guessed, or mimicked credentials.


Clearly, near-optimal evasion is su.cient to achieve this goal, but in real-world evasion, once a lowcost negative instance is located, the search can terminate.

instead of quantifying the query complexity required for a family of classi.ers, it is more relevant to quantify the query performance of an evasion algorithm for a .xed number of queries based on a target cost.


The faster the network, the larger the overheads in Figure 4 will be, as the time to download the web page can essentially hide the overhead of running JavaScript.

by using a fast network, Figure 4 essentially shows some of the worst case slowdowns of our approach.


Similarly, a BGP speaker cannot validate the AS path of a received BGP announcement.

the announced route may be invalid and redirect traf.c to wrong/malicious destinations.


For example, a user will often have similar privacy preferences for two types of data which belongs to the same data category.

it is possible to derive users privacy preferences through a series of simple, dynamically generated questions.


Indeed, these variations make the attack scenarios unnecessarily complex, and may hinder manual or automatic analysis of the attack strategy.

we decide to disallow such situations in our representation of attack strategies.


Some users may not keep Bluetooth enabled and discoverable on their devices or always carry their devices with them.

we will not always be able to reliably detect the presence of all persons in the context using Bluetooth alone.


and Q 256 is chosen to be exponentially smaller than each modulus pi, that is, 2. .


The similarity measurement SimSub(G4(c),G4(a))=0.90and Sim(G4(c),G4(a))=0.73indicate that these two strategies are very similar and it is very likely that Figure 4(c) is a sub-strategy of Figure 4(a).

it is possible that some probe attacks are missed by the IDS when the IDS detected the attacks corresponding to Figure 4(c).


Without guaranteeing the correct enforcement of usage control policies, it is impossible to impose constraints on object usage.

uCON is a classical model for remote attestation.


People have full vision acuity within ~ 1. of their gaze s centre [8].

a 1. radial target on a 17 monitor with a 800 ×600 resolution that is 25 inches away from the user forms a circular target with a diameter of 51 pixels.


These differences determine a 3-dimensional micro features space.

every user s enter represents a point in the space.


3.2 Distributed SystemPolicy Since users each have their own computing devices, enabling sharing among users becomes a distributed systems policy issue.

in addition to some user administration to enable sharing, some system administration will also be required.


Alarmingly, the privacy setting for 51% of those photos was set to public, allowing anyone to access them.

overall, about 1 out of every 3 photos will be publicly viewable by accident.


Since the node that changed its IP address is the only one that could know the common secret it could prove its identity by this.

there is a need to create a mechanism where a new connection could be established with an already existing common secret which has to be saved and which could be associated with a previous interaction.


op1 is removed, then the authenticator Ti@R is invalid and this makes Tj@R invalid consequently.

if a misbehaving site removes any operation in the middle of the log, the log will not be authenticated by valid authenticators.


We already haveitsprobability density function pY (y) in (3).

the expected waiting time at every hop is Z b EY (Y)= y· pY (y)dy 0 Z a 2yj =(a +b-2y)j-1 dy 0 (a + b)j Z b -2yj +(y-b)2j-1 dy a2)j a (b2 -a)j+1 a + b (b- =+ 2(j+1) 2(b+ a)j(2j+1)(j+1) (1+x)j+1 (2j+1)+(1-x)j+1 Let a = xb, EY (Y)= × b.


Accordingto[31], t can be determined through a hypothesis test with a signi.cance level a.

in other words, the probability that L(x) = t 2 is equal to a.L(x) = t 2 indicates the presence of bad measurements, with the probability of a false alarm being a.


It is also a default codec choice for private branch exchange (PBX), as well as for the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

in our analysis the caller s audio stream is encoded by G.711 audio codec.


Any modi.cation to the primitive value by the program is compiled to a conversion to an object of the string class, which invokes the string class constructors.

we can safely track all sources of taint by instrumenting these constructors.


Similarly, we have a KEM scheme IND-CCA secure in the ROM under the subset-sum assumption [39].

the proposed construction generates an AKE protocol CK+ secure under the subset-sum assumption with help of the FO conversion.


Let (SoToEstoE tt)be a data exchange setting in which Estis a set of tgds and E tis the union of a set of tgds with a set of egds.

if Iis a source instance and Jis a solution for I, then core(Jn)is a solution for I. if Jis a universal solution for I, then also core(Jn)is a universal solution for I.


Although these tools allow end-user configuration, after this configuration step they essentially become fully automated.

we consider them to be in the customizable automation class of systems, albeit with enduser control over the customization.


If there is only a little difference in the number of samples, it is possible to complete the sequences with zeroes.

this methodology cannot be directly Similarly, as done in the image watermarking scheme of [7], a  f .


VMI is a simple and convenient way for cloud users to acquire trustworthy information from their running VM instances, but the in.exibility to integrate with existing security monitoring systems and the possibility of exposing con.dential information from VMs makes it di.cult to apply this technique in the public cloud.

we propose CryptVMI, an encrypted Virtual Machine Introspection system, to provide users complete status of their virtual instances, while keeping con.dentiality from possible attackers, including administrators of cloud services.


Matching regular expression signatures are e.cient but the language itself has fundamental limitations that may tamper the precision.

in our system, the Detector uses the symbolic constraint signatures for detection.


When we analyse the comprehensive coverage provided by kernel tracing systems, we discover that over-pro.ling occurs occasionally.

we summarize the occurrences of over-pro.ling, under-pro.ling, and normal-pro.ling system calls discovered in di.erent kernel tracing systems in table 3.


Today, bidders privacy is discretionary (the auctioneer can leak bids; the bidder can in turn plausibly deny that it issued a given bid).

for us, an audit should not require that the ad exchange disclose bidders bids or their identities.


Moreover, manyof these policies are potentially orthogonal: a piece of data may require encryption, network con.nement, reference counting (who currently has this data), limited data lifetime, and so on.

we require the ability to track multiple information .ows and combine policies for data derived from multiple sources.


Another important feature of our system, is that it builds upon a dataset of photos and tag information that is readily available to the OSN.

it doesn t face the challenge of creating a correct and extensive dataset as other image-based CAPTCHA schemes do [15, 26].


We designed this experiment so that the same incentive was provided regardless of outcome, and therefore we believe that if there was a bias, it was in favor of underreporting.

we believe that the numbers we report on risks are likely lower bounds.


This key cannot be migrated to another tpm nor extracted from the tpm unencrypted.

when some data is encrypted by the public portion of the binding key, it can only be decrypted by the entity that have the private portion of the binding key i.e., only the tpm that generated the binding keys can decrypt the data.


CacheCloak continues to work because predictionsareextendedarbitrarily until theyintersect with other paths.

there are still a number of anonymizing intersections available in the system at low density.


The User Attribute Template helps capture a user s impact on security much the same way as SAT helps capture the system characteristics.

the UAT contains only those parameters that are relevant for securing the home system.


Even if Bertin [3] and Wilkinson [20] for instance have provided fundamental pieces of work on this topic, one cannot expect security experts to spend extensive time on selecting a representation for the data they want to inspect.

eLVIS will automatically select a relevant visualization given the .elds the user wants represented.


As compared to our work both PPEL and PREP do not capture the behavior of the entities interacting in the federation.

they do not support speci.cation of privacy preferences with constraints using such behavior information.


The WCA is indeed de.ned as the collusion attack minimizing the mutual information between the symbols of the pirated copy and the user codeword.

the WCA minimizes in general the upper bound on the accusation performances, but it might not be the worst attack for a given accusation process.


To avoid bloating our TCB, the CRY P TO N -KE R N E L delegates all network communication to the untrusted browser.

it is important to establish a secure channel against man-in-the-middle attacks, in case the browser gets compromised.


program update; the changes of user behavior).

in anomaly IDS, it s important to adjust normal profile promptly.


RBAC is a convenient way for a system administrator to create roles, grant permissions to the roles, and assign users to the roles on the basis of their job responsibilities and the system policy.

in the SALSA implementation, we use RBAC for human tasks.


4.5.4 Reliability Not only were our participants concerned with hardware reliability, they also expressed their dislike of software that increased the risk of them overlooking critical information, which is a kind of error.

we generalize Nielsen s Software Reliability (called Errors by Nielsen System should have low error rates with few user errors, few catastrophic errors, and easy recovery from common errors, as cited in [8]) and Elliot and Kling s Hardware Reliability, with just Reliability.


(representing the string of length 0), a left-child at node s labelled s0 and right-child labelled s1.

the nodes are labelled by binary strings of length (at most) d and the leaves are labelled from left-to-right by dbit strings, beginning 0 ...0 and ending 1 ...1.


In a privilege assertion, user information is described such as the subject who the user is or the provider that has privilege information.

they must not disclose the information to unexpected providers.


If multiple resources access each other, forming a chain of calls, then the user accessing the .rst resource in the chain needs roles authorizing each link in the chain; the role requirement manifests as a logical AND.

in order to con.gure an RBAC policy correctly, a system administrator must infer which role requirements could arise in any possible execution, and evaluate potentially complex logical expressions of these role requirements.


The .rst parameter we vary is the detection tolerance k. As expected, reducing k from two to one improves the detection time (on average 136 seconds for k = 1, random sending), while a higher k value leads to detection times that are about 20 seconds higher.

we keep k .xed to one in all future experiments.


Introductions and eliminations will always be given precedence over transfers, since they do not interact with any entity in the system except the one identi.ed in the reason.

they are less likely to introduce new violations.


3.3 Scheduling Neither the Java language [8] nor the JVM specification [10] spec- ify the scheduling of Java threads.

it is not guaranteed that, on every Java platform, high-priority surveillance threads pre- empt other threads.


This attack assumes that there will come a time when the malicious sequence will be accepted; if not, the attacker gains nothing.

the power of this attack is limited by the precision of the database of normal behavior.


For different parameters m, the size of the .xed length part and the overall length l show large variations.

the selection of m will be addressed later in this work.


one could guess the challenge index from this hash query and by embedding an instance of the IND-CPA security game of E, break the scheme s IND-CPA security.


Since the number of users is typically quite high, to reduce the cost of the basic algorithm described above, we propose a modi.ed heuristic presented in Algorithm 1, where instead of checking all possible swaps, a small number of random swaps are chosen, and a swap carried out immediately if the new cost is lower than the current cost.

an additional parameter to the algorithm is s, the number of tentative swaps executed.


Such identity theft and misuse not only victimize consumers but they also negatively impact companies and .nancial institutions [2].

the increase in the number of identity theft cases requires that online service providers pay more attention to detect and prevent accesses by malicious sources to minimize .nancial loss and also to protect legitimate customers.


Previous signature-based detection techniques are insu.cient to detect these new kinds of malware.

we need to develop a new malware detection algorithm which is robust to disguising.


Analogously, a bundle that is available if S1 is available and S2, S3 are not available (node ), it would also be available if S1 and S2 are available and S3 is not available (node ).

the event relevance graph contains an edge from node  to node .


With prefetching and cache locking, this return target is almost guaranteed to generate a hit to a locked the I-cache block.

even if longjmp() causes a RAS misprediction, no security alarm will be triggered for the jointed event, according to Equation (1).


In contrast, black hole routing [14, 8] can reduce the load at the ingress point of backbone networks, but legitimate services on the victim server become unavailable when this method is used, and it is also easily detectable.

if at all possible, attackers should be kept oblivious to an attack mitigation e.ort, because they will change attack methods or sources if the attacker nodes determine that their attack is being thwarted.


Additionally, it is possible to move a portion of the message into the padding alongside the encryption key to save otherwise wasted space.

the overhead for long messages is the same as that for short messages plus the length of the symmetric key, which will typically be 128-bits.


The quadratic complexity comes from the fact that the letter B overlaps with the class of character [^n] and, hence, there is inherent ambiguity in the pattern: A second B letter can be matched either as part of B+, or as part of [^n]{3}.

if an input contains multiple Bs, the DFA needs to remember the number of Bs it has seen and their locations in order to make a correct decision with the next input character.


Moreover, the proposal provides .exibility as it allows di.erent manners of authentication according to the di.erent security levels required by the applications.

it s notable that the proposed approach is able to successfully circumvent the absence of alternatives to address issues of context-awareness, .exibility, autonomicity, and dynamicity simultaneously in pervasive and mobile environments.


The statistical tests show the difference in login time is signi.cant (p=.017 for NumPad-Add and p<.001 for LetterPad-Shift) but the difference in login accuracy is not.


It is only aware that for the first if-else statement, both if and else branches might be taken in normal cases; and the same is true for the second if-else statement.

it will not trigger alarm for the case shown in Figure 1.e.


Whenever a user chooses a resource in the application, the corresponding access right is added to the policy which is enforced for the running instance of the application.

the application can only access user resources chosen by the user.


As we can see from the .gure, the proposed IFO estimation metric I does not give large values at the outside of SDC and TDC regions, and also has large difference between SDC and TDC compared with (7).

the proposed IFO estimation metric I gives a better IFO detection probability than that of the REA method, which is proved by simulations in Section 4.


On Twitter, on the other hand, the number of users a pro.le started to follow is public.

we can compute the ratio R = following / followers (where following, in the Twitter jargon, is the number of friend requests sent, and followers is the number of users who accepted the request).


However, guaranteeing complete anonymity to prevent all attacks (without destroying utility) is obviously not realistic.

we need to make restrictive assumptions while at the same time ensuring that thes assumptions are as close to reality as possible.


In this case, {u1,··· ,uk} ((0 )) satis.es ri .k-1 Allfor every ifrom 1 to n.Since k< m, {u1,··· ,uk}is a strict subset of U.

u can be divided into two nonempty subset {u1,··· ,uk} and U -{u1,··· ,uk} ((0 )) such that {u1,··· ,uk}satis.es (.n i=1 ri .All) and 0 k-1 U -{u1,··· ,uk}satis.es ( All).In other words, U satis m-k .es f. C.2 Proof that UTS is in NP Lemma 15.


We only make use of the fact that, using a good random number generator, the public key in the certi.cate is unique worldwide, and can thus serve as an identi.er of the browser.

the identity token is the client certi.cate, and the corresponding proof token is the private key.


This failure would bring a negative impact to the resource provider.

it is apparent that enforcing strong and efficient authentication and authorisation mechanisms in a DE environment needs in-depth solutions at those core issues.


The IMIE and SIM details are the mobile device s details used to make sure that data were also transmitted to a recognized device, while the longitude and the latitude obtained by the GPS are the digital credentials used for verifying the environment of access.

this process ensures that data were only disclosed to the appropriate person, at the appropriate location and using the appropriate device.


MIPS has a large number of nops because arithmetic instructions, unlike x86 and ARM, do not set processor status .ags.

on MIPS, any arithmetic operation that does not change the value, e.g., a value plus zero, can be used as a nop in our setting.


Due to stealthy scanning the run-time distribution exceeded the threshold only 10 times.

just by slowing down or the e.ect of averaging out in the normal tra.c, scanning was able to go undetected.


The percentage of such overhead increases as the distance becomes larger.

the Straightup approach creates a non-optimal solution for certificate path discovery problem.


In their approach, target addresses are used indirectly, but through their index in a static target address table.

they can simply check, if the index points into that array.


Table 2: Evaluation of the State-Space Reduction Technique M1 has timed-automata for users (6 timed-automata) and roles (10 timed-automata), in total is 17 automata including the observer automata.

the number of automata in M1 is reduced to 41% from the number of automata in M. M2 includes on 18 timed-automata: 10 automata for roles, 7 automata for permissions, and the observer automata.


Of course, such roles must be activated at the appropriate times (e.g., simultaneously, or in a speci.c sequence) to support a collaborative application.

role activation must be managed according to the state of the distributed system.


all frame content and scripts for a single domain appear in a common object space, just as they do in legacy SOP-only browsers.


If the computer is infected with a new type of virus, and there is no corresponding information in the virus library, it is difficult for the antivirus software to identify the virus.

the update of the virus library must be paid great attention to in the actual use of antivirus software.


aligned within the stack and is located higher than the previous SEH frame [21].

the third condition requires that (S3): starting from FS:[0], all SEH frames should reside on the stack, and the Handler.eld of the last frame should be set to 0xFFFFFFFF.


However, within page Ck,the NACK-based design allows out-of-order arrival.

all pages of the code image must be received in a sequential order, while packets within a page may be received in any order.


In the multi-core mode, SICE cannot rely on hardware DMA exclusion because its control registers exist in the memory control hub, which is accessible by all processor cores.

sICE relies on the SMRAM protection to prevent DMA access to the isolated environment s memory.


Finally, end entity can use public verification key of the root CA to authenticate any other entity in the V2G network.

prior to charging process, an EVCS validates authenticity of a contract certificate of the PEV using V2G root CA public key.


Recall that policy .elds can be inheritable (§5.2) and that a proof for a domain s policy contains all policies of parent domains from which .elds can be inherited (§5.3).

we can extract from this proof a list Plist of the parent domains SCPs.


Because kernel implementations a.ect all programs, it is important that kernel mechanisms have low overhead.

we present here a few microbenchmarks to measure the kernelSec performance overheads.


For example, browsing to a website generates data in (not only) the following network time-series: ip traffic, tcp port 80 and http.

it is very likely that time-series, generated from the di.erent layer data, are composed of parts of the same operations.


0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 c=2 c=5 c=8  This system of equations cannot be handled analytically because we are unable to determinate the joint distributions of (X1 ,...,Xn).

we resort to the mean-.eld approximation by replacing random variables Jv and Tv with their respective expectations n E[Jv] and E[Tv].Since E[Jv]=u=1 auvpu,c,we have [ 8 (1) N.(t) (1) n auv pu,c E[Tv,c ]= E(F.n (c1 )) u=1 · auv pu,c u=1 0 t t [ E (F (2) (2) N (t) ¯ (c2 )) .v dt, (12) ¯ .v Figure 4: q v,c (t) (dashed curves) vs qv,c (t) (solid curves): c = where .¯v c1 = c2 , a =2, .


However, the purpose of adding the extra messages is that the result is that messages 1, 2, and 3 are all small enough that they would not require fragmentation.

this defense (together with additional implementation measures) allows the handshake to proceed successfully until Bob can verify the cookie.


Implementation of the full set of metric described below may not be practical for even large institutions.

an incremental approach is proposed, where institutions may begin with a base set of metric which is subset of full metric.


The privacy requirement means that the environment and nature of the data require that each record be sliced into four pieces and stored separately in order to prevent reconstruction of the data from any single part of the data.

since each record must be replicated four times and sliced into four parts, and given that each replica and slice must be maintained independently, 16 machines are required to maintain the availability, integrity, and con.dentiality of the system.


The acquisition setup is made in such a way that locations of plank and cameras are .xed.

the homography matrix required for transforming the images from color image to IR image is .xed.


in (2) may be larger than qmax, indicating that more than the allowed number of sensors has been compromised, which violates requirements for correct operation of the state estimator.

in this paper we focus on the following problems How can we design attack-resilient state estimators in presence of noise and modeling errors?


Location Pro.le Building Module is designed to collect users historical trajectory and then build users location pro.les.

we model the trajectory of a speci.c user U as a function mapping a time point in T to the user s location in R at that time, i.e., au : T -R. if the user traverses k POIs for k di.erent time slots, the real mobility traces of the user u can be denoted as M =, .


of Computer Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea  jcryou@home.cnu.ac.kr the damage is that micropayment systems on a mobile environment in general utilize SMS delivering one-time password for user authentication.

attackers can make overcharging by intercepting the SMS without user s knowledge.


However, reuse of IP and software is effectively coupled in this approximation (which would not be the case in reality) so that 20% reuse in the ASIC implementation could allow 20% reuse in the MIXED implementation; this cost improvement is assumed to be present across implementations.


the permitted queries are the same as the anonymity game.


However, we have found these approaches to be non-robust: small .uctuations in the inverse distributions across adjoining time epochs produce widely different numbers of components.

we have been pursuing a two-step procedure where we .rst estimate W using domainspeci.c mechanisms, and then compute the parameters of the W components using standard statistical techniques.


CGIF expression of conceptual graph 01 : [Country : England] 05 : (Dest ?x1 England) 02 : [AirPlane: *x2] 06 : (Inst ?x1 ?x2) 03 : [Person: Tommy] 07 : (Agnt ?x1 Tommy) 04 : [Going: *x1] 08 : In this paper, the method of malicious code pattern matching is represented as a conceptual graph by converting CGIF.

the method of detecting malicious codes proposed in this paper is based on evaluating conceptual graph expression for script source codes and concept pattern matching.


However, in this setting it is important that Bob should not be able to view comments written about his own department.

the policy we would actually like to ascribe to Bob s key is year=2007 AND dept-review AND (NOT Biology ).


As long as the total number of errors (our injected errors plus the errors naturally incurred) in each codeword are still less than t, the error correction code module at the receiver side will be able to recover all the symbols correctly in the codeword.

non-CR receivers can receive the signals as usual, i.e., the tags are transparent to this type of receivers.


In addition, each value v is encrypted as EK (v), with a secret key, K, known only to Alice.

each item (k, v) in S ' is stored by Bob as the key-value pair (hr(k),EK (v)).


Each tint element is 32-bits wide, allowing 32 distinct tints to be represented orthogonally a number that signi.cantly exceeds our present need for distinct policies.

in the worst case (if every byte were tinted) tint overhead could be four times that of allocated memory.


For example, the distribution of a microphone or other audio sensor s output will be in.uenced by the sound produced by users in close proxim ity, among other environmental factors.

if an adversary can supply a constant audio input or loud noise to the microphone, the system can be forced into a zero entropy state.


Intra-chunk control .ow can also be completely determined statically as it can only be the result of direct branches.

a standard recursive-traversal disassembly algorithm [15] can be performed on each chunk to extract the intra-chunk CFG.


From the above model we can reconfigure the Stream5 policy by interpreting firewall rules set.

the workload of IDS can be reduced since closed ports can be ignored.


Due to the commodity hardware limitation on SMRAM size, SICE s unique hardware-level isolation is not used to protect the legacy host from the isolated environments.

sICE uses the security manager to prevent the isolated workload from accessing the memory of the legacy host.


Similarly, when strengthening, the use of a larger dictionary should produce passwords which are more resistant to guessing as the scenario just described would not have occurred if the strengthening dictionary contained pearlharbor .

while the partial versus full processing of passwords has the bene.t of not providing an attacker any advantage in the event of a leak, there is also a cost: the strengthened passwords must, due to the smaller dictionary being used, be more susceptible to a PCFG-based attack.


AMSecure is a link-layer security suite, and the IEEE 802.15.4 and TinyOS headers are included in MAC computations.

neighbors share keys for authentication and/or encryption for messages shared among them.


Conversely, many of the speci.c API calls in Location-Manager are very common.

it is worthwhile to expend more effort in creating more speci.c rules to describe these, and so we iterate again over step B and  C. For example, we notice requestLocationUpdates" is very common.


Bob performs the corresponding operations using his set xy.

3.3.1 Correctness d1 d2 ff If xi = yj , then z =(xy )e = x = y ij ij .


For the other approach, the device can be memory-mapped into both worlds.

when the secure world starts executing, it must reset the device to a known good state, and then it must not relinquish control to the normal world until the sensor reading is complete.


Then, the receiver, Ni+1, can have HMACs from both Ni and Ni-1, and node Ni+1 can validate M from Ni-1's HMAC.

dRETA can trace the forwarded routing evidence using the HMAC of the Previous Forwarder (PF) and ensure the integrity of the forwarded messages.


To identify the inter-message constraints in DNS and RPC, one must track the server program but we tracked the client program in our tests.

tFTP is our only test case with an intermessage constraint.


The RSA modular exponentiation requires approximately four times the computation time as our client-sidePUF-basedkeygeneration.

our approach offers a clear performance advantage, which maybe verybene.cialforlow-power embeddeddevices.


it is meaningful to let attack-resilience capture, in some fashion, the side-e.ect of the compromise of T nodes, namely S - T .


However, only one of their classi.ers makes sense to apply to line drawings: the support vector machine (SVM) based on edge detection histograms, for which they used the technique of Wang and Zhang [21].

we implemented the same SVM, which creates feature vectors based on spatial edge detection histograms.


If |s|  1/2lk same length equals s with probability .Thus, > 1/2kl Prob[ C[l]((t,s;))] , which contradicts Lemma 3.

the following theorem follows as a corollary from the Lemma: Theorem 1.


The stored personal and sensitive information in these lost or stolen mobile phones can be exploited for malicious use by others [18].

in order to enhance mobile security and protect users data, it is very crucial to develop a powerful user authentication scheme for mobile phones.


According to [20], 80% of the photos presented in SA challenges by Facebook had a face in the tagged area that was detectable by software.

we select photos with high con.dence (=80%) which have been classi.ed as recognizable (recognizable=T).


Nowbothpartiesknow that: « a3 b3 Qa Rab = Qb a-bx-y )a3 b3 =(gg 12 a-b (x-y)a3 b3 = gg 32 « (x-y) Pa a3 b3 = Pb g2 So to check whether x = y, they need only check whether Rab = Pa a3 b3 Pb .

notethat nopartyknowsthe value of g2 , andthatthat valueis a randomgenerator of G. if x .y, Rab Pa = · Pb will be a random element of G, and if x = y, it will be 1.


This behavior may be due to limits in the static analysis of PjS can, since malware exploiting advanced obfuscation tech niques and speci.c vulnerabilities (e.g., CVE-2010-0188 14) were completely unobservable by the system.

con sidering all submitted samples, the average detection rate of PjScan would be actually 78.84%, with 0.31% of false positives.


Personal data collected during the purchase and subsequent use of the protected data must have some stated purpose.

data should not be collected simply for the collection of data or for possible future (and currently unspecified) use.


In the interest of understandable and maintainable protection, a TCB should be as simple as possible consistent with the functions it has to perform.

the TCB includes hardware, firmware, and software critical to protection and must be designed and implemented such that system elements excluded from it need not be trusted to maintain protection.


Apps need to use the DataGateway service to retrieve or output the sensitive information.

at the DataGateway, we can monitor and track the sensitive data ( sources ) accessed by a SODA as well as where this data .ows to ( sinks ).


{kraken} vector, there willbe141,043 elements(IPy )meeting IPx .IPy .{kraken}.

theprobability ofpicking an IPy at randomis 1.513%.


Notation 2 Network Parameters Theorem 5 (Complexity of OCCP) N Number of mobile nodes M Average Adjacent of each node Di Hop Number of transmitting reply packet d Distance between Source CA certificate and Destination CA certificate  Inf worstf case,f eachf OCCPf activityf willf generatef O((M+d)*fN)ffprotocolfpacketfoverhead.f Proof:f With Lemma 4, all reachable mobile nodes will receive at least one request and one identical request packet can be propagated only once by each receiving mobile node to its neighboring nodes as described in protocol design intent in section 4.1.

the worst overhead caused with request packet is O(N*M) (4.4-1) Assume the certificate distance of the requested two certificates associated with the two codewords is d. If one mobile node is in the middle of the reserved reverse route, it can forward up to d replies to the source because any IN will discard the reply packet with the certificate information having been sent back to the source by this IN.


In one of the recordings, only three of the .ve digits were decoded correctly.


Ordering data blocks by client IP address and service improves the overall compression performance because data blocks of connections to the same service or from the same client often have byte strings in common (e.g., URIs of images located in the same directory).

similar byte strings are moved close to each other such that they fall within the compression window of gzip.


This translation triggers looking up the page table for the physical address of that EIP.

the page table pages (PD and PTm) are loaded from the log on demand, because they are not present in the physical page container.


All agreed that there were no formal standards for this forensics area.

follow-up conferences were held in U.S. in 1995, followed by similar conferences in Australia in 1996 and the Netherlands in 1997.


While the WS-Security speci.cation describes security measures for SOAP messages, a WS-SecurityPolicy document describes which security measures are to be applied to which parts of the messages.

along with its Web Service description (WSDL), a Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The third assumption is the exchangeable nature of the collusion: the colluders select the value of the symbol Y depending on the values of their symbols, but not on their order.

the input of the collusion process is indeed thetypeof their symbols (i.e.


This performance feature interferes with the desire to overwrite data multiple times.

one needs to disable write-caching for hard disks that may require multiple data overwrites.


However, even if sudo capabilities are removed from these services, systems often have several latent vulnerabilities that may allow attacks through local exploits.

our aim is analogous to that of the MAC targeted policy, where services should be con.ned from having permissions that enable host compromise.


More general, the goal of the attacker is to successfully forge at least one aggregate unnoticed by any possible veri.cation procedures.

eSAWN s goal is to ensure that every single honest node will recognize a received but forged aggregate and that such malicious behavior is revealed to the sink.


Some examples include: Users are inserted and deleted via an automatic connection to the human resources system.

human administrators may only be allowed to view and change users and assign roles, but not to insert or delete them.


Since the 1024 bit hash is more robust against changes in the hash bits, it is able to determine that these two images are not independent of each other, and could have originated from the same source.

the length of the hash plays a crucial factor in determining the performance of the hashing scheme, as predicted by our theoretical analysis in Section 3.


Every machine Mi needs to store only the key sk, and its id i.

the memory consumption is O(s + log m), KeyGen(1s) $ 1. k .


This transfer of data between the reader and the server takes place in clear text [9].

the URL for the central database is revealed.


Command sequences that have the property of establishing necessary conditions for a right leakage are more promising in comparison to arbitrary sequences without this property.

the DE P SEAR CH heuristic chooses command sequences that are paths in the CDG, beginning at a node without incoming edges (meaning that all conditions of this command are already met) and ending at a node that has an edge to ct arget .


In DL ontologies, given a relation R(A,B), the set of individuals belonging to A that are associated with a speci.c instance of B, say b, is represented by the class .R : b where : is the role .ller construct.

in order to model the (Subject,(Ri,Rj ),s) constraints, the following axioms are added to the ontology:  subRoleOf Subject hasPermission hasResource hasActionPermission Resource Action Figure 3: OWL schema for RBAC.


The .xed number of classi.cations and categories must be centrally allocated and assigned by a security administrator, preventing applications from crafting their own policies with labels alone.

mAC systems typically combine labels with a separate discretionary access control mechanism; ordinary Unix users and groups might enforce access control within the secret, nuclear level.


Because our/8 network contained no susceptible hosts, the net probe rate we observe from CodeRedII is the same as that of Code- RedI v2.

we cannot distinguish hosts infected with CodeRedH from those infected with Code-RedI v2 without collecting packet payloads.


Miguel Soriano Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) & Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC) Barcelona, Spain soriano@entel.upc.edu spectrum by allowing Cognitive Radios (CRs) to act as secondary users of the spectrum left unused by licensed services.

spectrum sensing is a crucial task in order to detect vacant bands or white spaces and avoid interfering primary transmissions.


However, there is an indirect way to achieve the aforementioned goal: The rename() method of the FileConnection API accepts .le names with that special character.

we can .rst create a .le containing the link and thereafter rename the .le in such a way that it is interpreted by the OS as a link .le.


This cannot be ful.lled by the solution presented here because the technical guideline de.nes the administrator as a trusted third party.

a malicious administrator is not considered as a possible attacker.


To the neighbor, it would appear that the proposed swap is globally bene.cial, regardless of its own increase in the number of defective edges.

a single compromised node can spread a chosen color across an entire network, one node at a time.


Adversaries are assumed to perform key recovery attacks on secure encoders whose pruning function is not time varying.

their goal is to determine the secret quantities b .


Con.icts within policies can expose the underlying system to numerous vulnerabilities and security risks.

more comprehensive veri.cation tools for RBAC need to be developed to enable e.ective access control.


However, since messaging protocols are typically asynchronous, it is possible that there is still a message in transit from Bob that was encrypted using the previous g xn-1 key; if Alice had thrown away the key, she would no longer be able to read the message.

alice must remember the old g xn-1 key until she receives a message from Bob that uses the new g xn key.


We project that a current top end PC can try 50 million passwords a second.

a 6-character password (that permits using the 95 printable ASCII characters) can be broken in about 2 hours on the average.


A classi.er with a low false-positive rate may still be useless if true positives are so rare that they are overwhelmed by false positives.

we also report true-discovery rates for the open-world attack and defense evaluations in this paper.


the user may obtain the required rights through a chain of authorization certificates.

employing the challenge-response protocol [10], the PEPPr sends back to the user (principal) a message containing a WS-Policy document informing which rights are required to get access to the resource.


In Android, there is a nascent Zygote process which performs initialization that is common to all applications, and application processes are created by forking from Zygote.

memory pages of Zygote are shared by many application processes.


One basic requirement for achieving mission success and mitigating the adverse impact of advanced threats is to measure the defense and resilience effectiveness of individual and collective cyber assets.

a comprehensive framework of metrics should be developed objectively and systematically for measuring the individual and collaborative resilience and mission criticality of cyber assets by taking mission assurance into consideration in wired and wireless networks.


In this case, similarity of friend networks does not make significant contribution to the results of profile similarity.

we set the similarity of friend networks as .


the effect of C1 can be computed as follows: Effect(C1) = (1*21) + (-1*37) + + (-1*26) + (1*3) = -86 Note that the sign of the effect is not important; only the magnitude is.

c3, C1 and C2 are the most important controls, in decreasing order, based on the cost of their failure to the enterprise.


Many R&D activities have been conducted recently [22].

the necessity of the RFID system and its security will be described in Section 2 of this paper.


Intuitively, a relational policy is one in which the authorization decision is based solely on how owner and requester are connected to one another(e.g., friend, friend-of-friend, etc).

arelationalpolicy doesnotbaseitsauthorization decision ontherequester sidentity(e.g.,John can access), attributes (e.g., managers can access), or social positions (e.g., all those who have at least 100 friends can access).


The hypervisor is con.gured so that most device accesses become pass-through.

the guest OS can directly access the hardware without any overhead.


Compare with P3, C2 is the only performance overhead for P1.


Moreover, the number of decryption operations needed to perform key derivation is O(diam(H(j)) T,£ +diam(G)).

in order to evaluate the resulting scheme, we need to compute the number of edges and the diameter of both graphs H(1) and H(2) .


It is not hard to see that inverting an oracle t .Tt,n requires inverting the underlying t .Tt.


Thissetofprivileges usually does not change until the task is .nished.

by examining the privileges and their time constraints, we can form a more precise analysis of what the user could do.


Tough nuts represent potentially correct passwords whose plausibility the adversary cannot evaluate.

in the presence of tough nuts, the adversary cannot fully evaluate the likelihood of being detected during login, even if the adversary has cracked all other sweetwords.


We observed that as bin granularity increases, entropy estimates become more precise, whereas corrected conditional entropy estimates become less precise.

based on this observation, we utilized the .ne-binned entropy estimation and the coarse-binned corrected conditional entropy estimation for covert timing channel detection.


The similarities between Netsky.AA and Palevo.241 and between Scar.04 and Slenfbot.47 are large, even though their family names are di.erent.


We have Pr(ei|ax)= Pr(ei = ax + ri mod w)= Pr(ri = ei - ax mod w)= Pr(ri = C mod w)=1/w = Pr(ei|ay) for any i, x, and y, where C is a constant integer randomly drawn from a uniform distribution.

a sequence of pressed keys observed by an adversary is equivalent to a random sequence, which is similar to a ciphertext generated by a one-time pad.


However,whileitisunlikelythataparticular rare word would appear in a new message, it is still quite likely that several rare words will appear in the message theZipfdistributionislong-tailed meaningthatthetailofit hassigni.cant mass.

bypoisoning many(orall)rare words, theattack againstSpamBayeswasspectacularlysuccessful.


In our case, the most important difference is that devices do not extend NMIs with the source-id information.

nMIs are not subject to interrupt remapping.


In our scheme, each node needs to additionally store its direct neighbors certi.cates and their respective neighbor lists as in Table 1.

for a network of the expected degree d and the byte size l of node ID, the additional storage requirement for each node is d · (8 + ld)bytes.


A camera can not collect external data when stored in a wallet or purse.

if reliant on external data, a camera cannot be used for RNG when stored.


Based on the theory of contextual integrity, privacy norms and expectations should vary based on information attributes in a specific context [6].

sharing the birthday date with a Birthday App should be perceived as more appropriate than sharing photos with a Birthday App.


An optimal solution for privacy con.ict resolution should cause a little more privacy risk when allowing the accessors in some con.icting segments to access the data item, and gets lesser loss in data sharing when denying the accessors to access the shared data item.

for each con.ict resolution solution s, a resolving score RS(s)can be calculated using the following equation: 1 RS(s)= (4) aPR(i1)+ßSL(i2) i1.CSps i2.CSds where, CSps and CSds denote permitted con.icting segments and denied con.icting segments respectively in the con.ict resolution solution s. And a and ß are preference weights for the privacy risk and the sharing loss, 0= a, ß = 1and a +ß =1.


The probability of the occurrence of a long common pseudorandom number subsequence will be very low when using two different seeds for a non-.awed pseudorandom number generator.

the probability of the occurrence of a reusable common sub-task, which requires a long common pseudorandom number subsequence to offset the extra communication cost, is also very low.


Instead of just using the byte sequence of the .le, using a disassembler to generate structured output of the binary can be used to eliminate some of these changes.

comparison of the binaries can be done with much more detailed information about their structure.


As Figure 5(c) illustrates, if A1 and A2 have followed the same criminal account C, the relationship-closeness factor of each account to C is 0.5.

according to this policy, the score of a node Vi can be computed as Mi = Wij ·Mj ,if (i, j) .


While .awed as a metric for absolute password strength, zero-order entropy is a reasonable metric for examining the e.ectiveness of password meters because it is the metric on which many meters currently base their feedback [20].

we study password meters as they currently are, rather than as one might want them to be.


In order to provide the infection analyzer the .ne-grained taint seed, PEDA extends the Backtracking to dip further into the memory cells or disk storage segments granularity.

pEDA can e.ectively integrate the backward system object intrusion root identi.cation and the the forward .ne-grained taint analysis.


They only match if the correct identity key was used in the creation of the proof.

if the two comparative values match, the signature has been veri.ed successfully.


Since only 5 of 75 sites in Table 7 have po sitional restrictions we believe that ignoring this e.ect has minor in.uence on our analysis.

while the measure we use of policy strength is imperfect, it is adequate for our needs.


80 Scenario II: As we have discussed in section VI, cell size plays a critical role in the performance of our approach.

we designed the second experiment based on various cell sizes.


Finally, the activity proofs obtained are, by design, lower-bounds of the user performance.

regardless of the way users obtains and combine their location proofs, the reported summary will always be lower than their actual performance.


The create-destroy time is short compared to typical HTTP response times.

our framework supports a high degree of rapid elasticity through frequent isolation creation and destruction.


The resultisgiven in Figure 4, and shows that the target address depends on the resultof the Flag operation.

theindirectjump isacting asa conditional control .ow statement.


Public- and private-key operations vary in efficiency: for RSA, public-key operations are significantly more efficient than private-key ones, whereas for Elliptic curve cryptography, private-key operations are slightly more efficient than public-key (Entrust, 2008).

the performance of one algorithm relative to another depends on the operations used by the application.


We also do not consider how queries are processed in detail; e.g., how the data requested by a query is located and fetched.

in this paper we consider only queries of the simplest form.


The results show that of 70% distinct source /24s are within 20% pre.xes and that 80% of distinct source /24s are located in 18% ASes.

a small fraction of pre.xes and ASes contribute to most of the packets we observe in the darknet.


Furthermore, a sophisticated load balancing scheme can support not only homogeneous backend detection engines, but heterogeneous engines.

the configurations of backend detection engines are much more flexible.


Writing to power management registers is a privileged operation that can only be done by the hypervisor.

this experiment is limited to interrupting the hypervisor rather than guest VMs.


As a result, the genomic privacy of the patient changes over time (as he has more genetic tests).

our goals are to (i) compute the decrease in the genomic privacy of patient P as a result of the genetic tests he undergoes, and (ii) show how simple policies and obfuscation methods help to keep the genomic privacy of the patient at high levels.


And not just any password: it must be a password that the victim has previously used at another site.

we focus our attention on the one thing that a phisher requires: he must get the victim to type the desired password at the phishing site.


This is due to the fact that we create fresh zones on each reboot for the purpose of integrity measurement.

we combine the Network File System (NFS), enabling us to access the home directories over the network, with loopback devices mounted from a container .le.


The European Union plans to replace traditional electricity meters with smart meters to a large extent until 2020, which draws major attention to various security and privacy aspects of this technology [8, 15].

the U.S. NIST and European ENISA have released numerous guidelines on how to secure smart grid architectures [12, 6].


As a result, the receiver can reconstruct correct verification information from the packets in the group.

distillation codes can defeat pollution attacks.


Because the prime number theorem is a probabilistic theorem, we cannot calculate the accurate value in this section.

we perform an implementation analysis in the next section, wherein, we estimate the probabilistic error and compute an accurate value via some trials.


This knowledge-baseis searchable whereknowledge aboutXMPP operational requirements(forexampletheXMPPport),the enterprise-level security requirements(for example, deny access to untrustedIP addresses) andthe threats(for example, SPIM) are used to search for suitable .rewall countermeasures.

theapproachprovidesabasisfortheautomatic generation ofaccess control con.gurations applicable to speci.c security mechanisms.


But location seems not because she does not understand the underlying correlation between disclosing her location and making a phone call.

microphone is more relevant and less risky than location in her perception.


As we assumed this user was not malicious, we .nd that the challenges and the risks involved provide a strong disincentive to such a user.

we do not believe this to be a realistic threat.


n1 For high n, we ignore the last term in curly brackets: nk t B1 = 1 - s1 (1 - q) - s1 qks¯k, k=1 where ¯sk = 1 nk sj , and nk j=1 nk t qk := q(nk)nk, q := qk, k=1 and s := nk sk, and we will call s network security for k=1 qk ¯heterogeneous network.

bk = 1 - sk (1 - q) - sk (26) s. we have shown that breach probability for the network with heterogeneous users could be expressed very similar to breach probability in the network of identical (homogeneous) users.


In addition, we have modi.ed QEMU to propagate tint across instructions that maintain both source and target data registers.

tints may be combined as a side effect of arithmetic operations or address arithmetic (such as indexed addressing).


Among our ad models, the onion voucher ad model turns out to be the worse case outcome, on mainly account of three-way handshake among vehicles.

we can consider the onion voucher model s ad content size as the ultimate upper bound of all our ad models .


As shown in example 5, the three-valued bottom-up model construction, materialization and unfolding all give the same facts.

if we know the rank of the predicate instance we would like to evaluate say n, all we need to do is to unfold the policy n times.


in the de.nition of pointcuts) involves a certain risk as well, since it is hard to predict in which places the aspect will interfere.3 Given the invasive power of privileged aspects, this risk is further magni.ed in this context.

one should at all times try to avoid the use of wildcards in privileged aspects for the sake of security.


It also con.rms that the VID speci.ed in the ticket matches that in the credentials of the requesting process1 and is present in the list of authorised VIDs for this key in GPRIV.

the primary ticket holder of an object can use their possession of this to revoke access for a speci.ed set of VIDs which results in the kernel removing these from this list.


It then records the information of these events and passes them to the hardware devices or the guest OS without modi.cation.

these observation does not a.ect the operations of the guest OS.


Toprevent unpacking, many currentpackers also attempt to thwart dynamic analysis by using anti-debugging and anti-VM techniques.

an Ether-based unpacker serves as an excellenttestbedfortheframework, sincepackers will attemptto expose anylack of transparency exhibited by Ether s approach or implementation.


Each host may have several successive threads, which may share private state using the host s local memory.

we de.ne (source) systems as sequences of threads S ::= (P )i | S; S where each thread (P )i is annotated with a unique thread identi.er i.


Attackers trying to gain access to account resources typically only need to crack a small fraction of all passwords to be successful.

we believe that strengthening users passwords remains a worthwhile pursuit.


2.3 Integration with the Operating System The ease of deployment is addressed by operating at the .le system level2 , using the Plan B operating system [5] approach.

old applications will not need to be modi.ed or to be aware of the security.


When we extend the dual system setting to DT-PKE, multiple key shares are used to decrypt a single ciphertext.

the SF de.nition for keys cannot be applied trivially to DT-PKE.


For Task 5, the accuracy rate is signi.cantly higher under the original notion: stricter notion = 0/19, original notion = 16/19, p< 0.001.

we strongly reject the null hypothesis for Tasks 1, 4 and 5.


One has to consider that input data of programs is not limited to the data entered by the user or obtained from .les, but also covers all the elements of runtime environment.

the term of algorithms input word should be spread to the term execution context.


E} is the set of users in the graph having directed edges pointing to u (friends who received contact requests from u).

we compute a PageRank score for every user on the Skype communication graph.


Similarity: As mentioned in the introduction,authorship and rights/licenses refer not only to a single work in general,but also to a set of closely related similar works.

any marginal modi.cation of an author s original work W (e.g.,change of the resolution or compressing the work) is still considered to be under the copyright of the author.


While it is intended that the result changes with every change to the software, the process is agnostic to whether the change is a manipulation or an intended system update.

this behavior of the integrity measurement can render sealed data unavailable, and forces a veri.er of the attestation procedure to deal with a large number of possible con.gurations.


Double quotes cannot occur inside a double-quoted string, and single quotes cannot occur inside a single-quoted string, unless they are escaped with backslashes.

if the secret to be stolen contains single quotes, the attacker must use double quotes in their injected strings, and vice versa.


Therefore, offline updating is still a limitation when it is necessary to complicated and changing network environments.

we would focus on constructing an online training dataset collection and selection mechanism.


So, if we allow the adversary to issue this query after activating the test session, the same attack described in the previous paragraph can also be mounted.

leakage resilience on the ephemeral secret key is not suitable for key exchange security model and we only focus on the static secret key leakage.


However, our performance evaluation (discussed in Section 4.3) showed that the gain in performance by the userlevel alignment is not signi.cant (less than 5% in our experiment).

memory managers at all levels should use .ner memory allocation granularity for better security, a trade-off by sacri.cing a limited amount of performance.


When combining a dual receiver public-key encryption scheme Enc with a public-key signature scheme Sig we must verify that sharing keys between the two does not degrade the security of either scheme.

an adversary for Enc with access to a signature-generation oracle should not have a greater probability of success in attacking Enc than it would if it did not have access to the oracle.


In a budget-focused design, many functional units and on-chip storage are removed.

we can combine the functionality of the original two chip solution and build a single chip as shown in Figure 14.


[4] continued that line of research and built data-.ow dependency graph based on their inference algorithm.

the construction mechanism and application of the dependency graphs in our work di.er from those in the aforementioned approaches.


So it takes 86×10×p = 860×pHELLO_REQ messages to hijack pfraction of backpointers in a routing table.

8 in the preparation 6To simplify the discussion, p fraction of contacts in each of Q s k-buckets are hijacked.


As is shown in Figure 8, the SP may need to handle interactions with a variety of identity management protocols, including not only Identity Federation but also the other types of protocols like SXIP and OpenID.

the SP should maintain the list of IDPs it trusts.


Users were also receptive to the idea of using TwoKind for email, but desired more .exibility in the permissions assigned to each authenticator than was suggested in the survey.

we conclude that a more advanced form of TwoKind, with .exible permissions, would be appealing to the general population.


This lack of SEND support leaves IPv6 local networks vulnerable to attacks and consequently limits IPv6 deployment.

we decided to implement SEND from scratch and offer it as a service for Windows families.


On the contrary, if the risk level is quite low, the expected action should allow packets to pass through the .rewall so that the availability and usage of network services cannot be affected.

con.ict resolution strategies (RS) can be generated automatically for partial con.ict segments by comparing the risk levels with two thresholds, upper threshold (UT ) and lower threshold (LT ), which can be set by system administrators in advance.


The advantage of being an active truth-teller is re.ected in the fact that they can elicit more honest recommendations, which help them make right trust decisions regarding whether to interact with an entity or not.

we show (1) the number of honest recommendations obtained by the four types of recommenders respectively.


However, as we have seen in Section 3, currently cloud services implement method calls through a combination of unprivileged and privileged processes launched by the services, which has caused the line between the OS and services to be blurred in current systems.

the SCOS strawman proposes that a clear privilege separation [46] be made between the privileged service processing that operates on OS and virtualization resources and unprivileged processing that operates on cloud resources.


For example, botnets massively distributed nature means that infected hosts are not con.ned to organizational/geographic boundaries, or contiguous regions of address space[37,43]; assumptions on which many spatial methodologies depend.

to a large extent, the spam detection task has become equivalent to the botnet identi.cation one.


Detecting such precursors to attacks may involve analyzing streaming audit data belonging to various, possibly competing and/or complementing, organizations.

it is important to protect such data from unauthorized disclosure and modi.cation.


This option, however, must be performed as instructed by the spammer (Spamhaus, 2003).

as with arguments against the GLBA, the consumer is once again responsible for stopping the spam (Mara, 2004).


SVF measures the correlation between the ground-truth facts that the adversary tries to learn and the side-channel information that the adversary can observe.

the larger SVF is, the larger leakage there is.


Given the focus on the user action for this situation, we can de.ne the system to include hardware (computational and/or physical), procedures (including error handling to compensate when errors are made following the procedures), and a set of people who are trusted to adhere to those procedures.

formal veri.cation of these procedures using process or work.ow modeling is an integral part of validation.


2.2 Semi-Trusted Identity Provider Privacy and data protection are particular issues in the (public) cloud, where cloud providers are able to inspect stored data if it is not encrypted.

cloud providers can be seen as semi-trusted.


Thus, it establishes a cross-domain relationship between these data items, which would be identi.ed and traversed whilst responding to a query for any of the involved user data items.

using a data dependency it is possible to reach one user identity data item from the linked one, if allowed by the associated privacy requirements.


However, how to extend this work to e.ciently support multi-dimensional range queries is still unknown.

how to design an e.cient and single-dimensionally private MDRSE remains open.


The fallback technique is completely transparent to the hypervisor because only the injected instruction is executed.


In designing EnCore, we chose not to use protocol means to disambiguate multiple EnCore events that correspond to the same social event.

users are free to create multiple EnCore events for the same social event, or (somewhat more commonly for large events), a few users may end up creating their own EnCore event corresponding to the same social event.


pROOF.SupposezE(x,y).Thenx<z<yandhene txtzty.tztyt(x,y)ty =(x,y)by(5) ty Thatis,zEA(y).


Time (Secs) 4.3 Correctness and Anonymity The only di.erence between this protocol and the protocol in the semi-honest model is that her, messages are signed and signatures are veri.ed.

when all parties follow the protocol, the miner .nally obtains a permutation 1 0.5 0 100 of (d1, .


Media Clipping: Again, since keying occurs in the media plane, user agent applications are in full control over how to sendthedata(encrypted or not),depending on whether DTLS has completed and keys were derived.

the problem of early media clipping, as described in Section 3 is easily avoidable by client applications.


(23) * * pg(i) pg(i)pg(i) pg(i) From the derivation in Section 3.1, we see that the optimal strategy for the defenders is to deploy a new application uniformly in the Internet for any grouping criteria, such as /8 subnets, /16 subnets, and DNS Top-Level Domains [6].

the self-learning process cannot help the worm in speeding up the propagation.


4.2 Approximating Graph-Edit Distance Using Graph Matching The main drawback of graph-edit distance is its computational complexity, which is exponential in the number of nodes of the graphs.

application of graph-edit distance is feasible only for relatively small graphs, say those with fewer than 50 nodes.


These negotiations and delegations are carried out only under the security policy.

the security administrator can control the propagation of duties by specifying which obligation is negotiable or/and delegatable and in which contexts (e.g.


Since the source of their variations are random, the signatures cannot be cloned or predicted even by the manufacturer.

pUFs can be effectively utilized in device authentication and private encryption/decryption key generation for safe storage and communication [9, 15].


G(t) ' [i]) and then decrypted (vt =vt [i]).


Once we check the correctness of the schedule, we intentionally introduce new operations so that all execution units are used in all control steps by our functionality.

the attacker does not have room to add any new operations by himself.


This translates into the following result: each user will need to store a constant number of secret keys, key derivation can be performed in constant time, and the server must maintain O(m log log mlog * m) public space.

note that none of the above characteristics depend on n, even though the grid is m × n. The case of vertical (rather than horizontal) spanning is treated similarly to the above, except that the roles of rows and columns are interchanged, as are the roles of m and n. the space complexity for vertical spanning is O(n log log n log * n).


Unfortunately, this solution must still leak the length of a .le s .lename since, under this approach, we cannot encrypt any information necessary for parsing the .le, and the length of a .le s .lename is necessary information.

the solution that we prefer is to not encrypt portions of a .le s main .le record and central directory records in-place, but to encrypt (and also authenticate) the main .le record and the central directory record completely.


However, tboot does not have support for kexec, so it would not be able to return directly back to the user OS and instead would have to reboot the machine to return to the user OS.

we reimplement the tboot cleanup code in the uApp kernel and then use kexec to load the user OS kernel and transfer control to it.


The encoding scheme encodes a 1-bit by transmitting a packet during an interval, and encodes a 0-bit with no packet transmission.

the number of 0-bits between two 1-bits determines the interpacket delays.


To be as system independent as possible, in the following we consider as aggregate functions only the standard SQL-style functions.

the aggregate privileges are: min, max, count, avg,and sum.


These challenges include open network architecture, shared wireless medium, stringent resource constraints, and highly dynamic topology.

the existing security solutions for wired networks do not directly apply to the Adhoc environment.


We point out that we make no assumptions on the type of private-key encryption we consider, nor on the source of the randomness.

our results remain valid whether considering encryption of a single block (perhaps padded with random bits) using a pseudorandom function family, or whether considering the encryption of multiple blocks using a specific chaining mode (i.e., randomized CBC mode) with some underlying block cipher.


We next de.ne a second anonymity metric, indistinguishability set size, or indinymity for short, as the size of the smallest buddy-set for a given Nym N. Since we do not know how a real attacker will actually assign probabilities to users, indinymity represents the minimum level of anonymity a member of any buddy set can expect to retain, even if the adversary correctly intersects the owner s anonymity set down to the members of that buddy set.

the attacker cannot (correctly) assign a probability greater than 1/|BN | to any user including, but not limited to, the owner of N. One might argue that we mainly care about the buddy set containing the true owner of N, not about other buddy sets not containing the owner.


This means the intended company will always be the only legitimate owner of that RealName in that jurisdiction.

it is much more difficult to (successfully) masquerade as a legitimate company.


For clarity in presentation, we .rst consider the case where the message can be embedded into one barcode block whose size is small enough to be entirely captured by Mobile s camera with su.cient precision.

we take the visual cue v as a single dot, indicating to the user that there is only a single barcode to be read.


This, however, would eliminate the compatibility with many current apps and the openness of the Android platform.

we do not consider this a realistic option.


Given thefactthat mostof thepeopleindevelopedcountriespossess a mobile phone and use those phones either for private or forbusinesspurposes, security-andprivacy-relevantdata are stored on mobile phones such as lists with addresses of customers, tasks lists and lists of phone numbers.

one might assume that security and privacyseemtobeat leastimportant asinthePC world.


In RFLP analysis, the DNA sample is broken into pieces (digested)byrestrictionenzymes and theresulting restrictionfragments are separated according to their lengths bygel electrophoresis.

in short, RFLP provides information about the length (andnot the composition) of theDNA sub-sequences occurringbetween known sub-sequences that are recognized by particular enzymes.


To build an identity federation, we will need to work with what the communities already use.

it is essential to support multi-technology, different levels of assurance (LoA), and different policies.


Second, the availability of such logs implicitly violates user privacy.

this method of computing must enable auditing but log data in such a way that it is bound to the relevant objects.


Figure 1: Comparison between the number of mobile phones and computers [2].

and due to the development of mobile phones like adding new features (4G, WiFi ), the number of Internet users through mobile phones will exceed the number of classical Internet users by the end of the year 2013 (Figure 2).


However, when the server asks the SM for sid, the helper increases sid as well.

the SM will reach the Uid quota early in the sync.


5, we see that at different times, Bellare-Miner Tree, It-tions.

even when R1 and R * 2 are small, the share of uperated Sum, and Product each are the most ef.cient when using date and signing for each veri.cation never grows large enough to RSA as the base scheme.


This user is also authorized for all roles in R1.


Rules and regulations may changeover time,allowingformorepossibilitiestogatherinformationaboutpeopleafter the fact.Such functioncreep occurs frequently: once the system, in principle, allows certain ways to collect data, sooner or later government o.cials or law enforcement will ask for an extension ofpowers.

the solution must be found in limiting possibilities at the outset, through technical means, in the architecture and design of the system.


5.3 Attack Localization In our two-stage map extension scheme, attack tra.c affects the attacker and decoy networks, and the tra.c is localized in these networks.

if we can set up a decoy network near an attacker s network, the attack traf.c will not a.ect the Internet backbone.


However, a user can also attempt to modify the policy to increase her own or someone else s permissions.

a user can ask: if I do not have a permission now, do I have permission on modi.cation actions to the policy that will give me my desired permission?


It may be incompati- ble with or interfere with the watermark(s) involved at the distri- bution stage.

it may be desirable to combine the inser- tion of the new watermark with the removal of the previous one.


This type of object can only be initiated by requests with function codes 3, 4, 5, and 6.

we included the following Bro scripts in the policy to validate this rule.


Since the study s primary goal is to observe computer users typical behavior, we must take care to avoid experimental e.ects that may in.uence this behavior.

users should not notice a decrease in computer or network performance during the study.


That is, the malware processes show signs of low progress but it is not due to malicious stalling.

we cannot expect that HASTEN can extract added behavior.


Whenever a message containing the byte sequences x and/or y is received, the message .lter drops it and also resets the corresponding connection.

this approach allows the application to graciously handle attacks as dropped connections without having its internal state corrupted.


After a cookie is created, web browsers attach the cookies in all subsequent HTTP requests back to the web application.

cookies are objects that are implicitly accessed in all HTTP requests.


In Figure 1, Line 5 displays a greeting message for a given user name ($name) without filtering the contents beforehand.


Hence, our .le server must verify PS(uG) = 0 before accepting a write to u s .le from P. Asbestos supports such integrity checks with a fourth (and .nal) optional label argument to send, the veri.cation label V. The veri.cation label temporarily lowers restricts the receiver s effective receive label.

the sender proves with V that its labels are below a constraint independent of the receive label.


The waiting time in RDC is much longer than that in RP as the sink may travel to any of the nodes in the network, while, in RP, it walks along a much shorter route visiting only the rendezvous points.

the attacker in RP can locate and wait for the sink at a rendezvous point in a much shorter and expected time.


Finally, if the monitored syscall accesses disk data, EX T E R I O R will fail because we do not transfer disk image from GVM to SVM.

currently we do not support running any disk related utilities (e.g., ls,fsck).


Consequently, we can tolerate a larger FNR and, to ease adoption and due to the base rate fallacy, we prefer lowering the FPR over lowering the FNR [11].

we consider a FNR less than 1% to be acceptable.


The probability that correctly guesses ai =0is d1 ×(p + q)/4inthis case.

the probability that e knows ai =0 is d1 ×(1-p+q ).


When u(t) attains its maximum n (meaning that all the tags have been updated), then t reaches its lowest value of 12 + E(s): the privacy restoration has been fully done.

when 0 <u(t) <n, t value measures the current level of privacy restoration of S at time t.   3.3 Analysis of the Protocol Now we give the security analysis of our protocol following the classes of adversary de.ned in Section 3.1 and the security properties experiments given in Section 3.2.


Finally, given that the population of attackers is so large, individually attacker preferences become less relevant: while one worm may opt not to use a particular vulnerability, another dozen will.

the probability that a machine will be compromised during some period is not a function of that host s attacker.


For each of these roles, the user has a set of permissions.

the user is restricted to perform a set operations on a particular set of resources as speci.ed by the set of permissions obtained as a member of those roles.


When binary attack code, arriving over the network, exploits a bug and manages to interpose itself into the emulator execution path, the injected code will not have been scrambled by the loader.

when the attack code is fetched and unscrambled by the emulated instruction unit, it will appear as an essentially random string of bits.


As in the previous case, C&C server did not appear to be alive so we implemented our own C&C server that supported Sinpon.aâA.´ Zs protocol.

we found out that Sinpon.a does not run on Android 3.0 and above because since Android 3.0 Google has prohibited establishing network connection within the appâ A.´Zs main thread.


We extend Unity to prevent this by having each client sign the noti.cations they send to the server about new block-versions or replication of a block-version.

the server cannot forge a new block-version or create an entry that says a client has replicated a block-version when it hasn t. Second, a malicious server could omit or replay new blockversions or omit or replay noti.cations that a block-version has been replicated.


In order to highlight the properties of the algorithm, consider analysis resultsofdatafrom anapplicationpresenting aheterogeneous distribution of permissions among users.

the resulting authorization situation was virtually unanalyzable using standard role mining tools.


While we follow this assumption for plaintexts, we argue that the probability for a ciphertext or plaintext-ciphertext pair to be disclosed not only depends on the distribution of plaintexts, but also on the probability of a speci.c ciphertext or plaintext-ciphertext pair of being produced by the chosen OPFs.

in our attacker model, the probability that a ciphertext or plaintext-ciphertext pair is observed by an attacker depends on the probability that the OPFs chosen by the used construction scheme contain a respective plaintext-ciphertext mapping.


RCt-1)-1)R R Rt-1 t-1,9 t-1 Note also that R= R. RCt-1 .

we RR R know every value in this equation, except for RRt-1.We can therefore go over all 240 possible values of Rt-1, and disre- R gard any value for which this equality does not hold.


It is also possible that an inpainting method produces a smoothed region that lacks of structures as compared to the remaining image.

detecting structureless regions may help locate the inpainted region.


100 100 % of blacklist % of listings 8080 6060 4040 20 20 0 0 0 0.1 1 10 100500 0.1 1 10100500 1 2 5 10 25 listing duration (days) logscale days until relisting logscale quantity of BL listings logscale Figure 3: Listing duration Figure 4: Relisting intervals Figure 5: Listing quantity % of unique IPs   XBL SBL    XBL SBL Botnet operators are aware of these spatial patterns and the ease with which they can be identi.ed.

at the campaign-level, botnets often leverage their distributed nature tospanaddressspace.


-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 2 2.5 3 3.5 Sample Number x 10 4 Figure 12: Sample Values Modi.ed by Transcoding Process speaker s utterances over the microphone to the receiver s perception as what is played out of the speaker, the PESQ score is 1.1 to 1.3.

it still remains an audible quality even in the presence of false data points as noise.


Our analysis reported in Section 2 reveals that the byte sequences, appearing in the payload of RTP packets, follow some sort of random distribution.

we model the payload as a random process with each byte representing a state and the sequence of bytes representing state transitions.


Hence, we can only invoke a system call by calling the appropriate function in libc.

our system call gadget is, in actuality, a general purpose function call gadget.


Because nodes in each group will behave similarly, we de.ne our functions based on the node s group identity, not its individual identity.

for general group distributions, the trust function between groups A, B .


The enforcement phase uses the normal behavior model from the PREC service to perform on-device anomaly detection and malware containment.

pREC dynamically identi.es system calls from the third-party native code and performs anomaly detection only on system calls that originate in third-party native code.


We assume that the pump software itself is designed to meet certain safety goals.

the pump can only violate patient safety goals if it receives invalid input from a caregiver or coordinator.


In other words, Java code must invoke the native code, such as the Bionic libraries, to communicate with the kernel.

the path marked with 1 in Figure 3 is not a feasible attacking path.


It is easy to see that this generalization may cause loss of information.

generalization of hyper-alert types must be carefully handled so that information essential to attack strategy is not lost.


It decodes as follows: ver=4.2&bid=noname&aid=50018&sid=0&rd=1307260520&eng=www.bing.com&q=celebrity.

for each search, the malware reported back to its C&C server the version number of the bot, af.liate ID, the search engine where the query was submitted, and the query keywords.


4.3 Emulating SP3 domain operations In the hypervisor-based realization, the domain operations are basically requests made to the hypervisor.

the interface for the domain operations could be simply realized by creating a new hypercall entry for each domain operation.


We demonstrate case studies showing that SDs can be used to implement a variety of system services that are traditionally implemented in dom0.

sDs provide clients more .exible control over their VMs.


For a left-to-right topology , the initial probabilities 1 are .xed, so only the transition matrix has to be estimated and stored in addition to each state s output distribution.

for a left-to-right S-states HMM with no skips using M diagonal covariance matrix Gaussian components (see Equation 8) to model the distributions in each state, the number of free parameters N(S, M ) is N(S, M ) = 2(S - 1) + S(M - 1 + 2M D) (15) Comparisons between the GMM system and the HMM systems are performed trying to keep the number of free parameters in the same range.