A user might have multiple posts, comments, and likes on a single Facebook page, and multiple Facebook pages might be about the same interest.

we have to aggregate the sentiment analysis results on multiple attributes from multiple pages in order to .gure out the sentiment orientation of the user on that interest.


(A0,C0), (A+1,C+1),.... BF uture Collaborative Filtering: This .ltering process uses the information from other behavior of users to predict the users being implicit authentication.

the similarity can be applied to the user behavior.


It is not a replacement, however, for empirical evaluation.

our answer to the above question is only partial; however, we believe that it is a fruitful .rst step.


Here, a user assigned to x can not acquire the permissions of z, since he can only acquire the permissions of y (by activating x) but can not activate y.


Single generic data type: A storage data path generally does not discern encrypted data from non-encrypted data.

sensitive data may not be handled properly (e.g., cached in plaintext).


[17, 22, 29]) requires random oracle to instantiate a signature scheme.

we emphasize that our technique is specially designed for non-random oracle security proof.


Thus, the eavesdropper could always replay such a device s interaction with the entropy authority using the messages collected while eavesdropping.

there is no hope for a completely deterministic device to generate keys that a global eavesdropper cannot guess.


Furthermore, due to various di.erences between notions of simulation, there have been con.icting relative expressiveness results that are di.cult to reconcile [24, 25].

none of this prior work supports the comparison of access control systems with regards to their ability to perform well within a particular environment, a lack which was pointed out by a recent NIST technical report [13].


As for the high-quality decision of task protection, obviously it will be necessary it is possible to present a few adaptive agents and mean of protection as much - agents system, in natural way there is a requirement of ability automatically to solve conflict situations.

the basic principles of conception of preventive active protection will be: activity, self-training, noninteraction, confidentiality, integrity, availability for the sanctioned users, complexity, intellectuality, self-testing, co-operation with similar ones, automatic removal of conflicts.


As it will become clearer in the next sections, for each genetic test, speci.c variants must be considered individually.

as opposed to the aforementioned techniques, we use the individual variants of the users to conduct genetic tests.


In our case, the service provider s TCB must include at a minimum any code which has the opportunity to modify sensor data on the mobile device at any point from when it is extracted from hardware until it is signed by trusted local code before being submitted to a remote veri.er.

sensor device drivers as well as any running applications or libraries which are able to modify the data must be included.


4.2.4 Random Deployment Model One of the advantages of our scheme is that we can deploy nodes from any point rather than only horizontal grid points; this is because pre-distributed keys of a node are determined only by its deployment point, and the deployment points of other nodes do not matter.

it is possible to select deployment points randomly within the target deployment area.


Therefore, the service-behavior graph, generated at .xed time intervals, may differ from the actual behavioral patterns of the network when the list of vulnerable machines need to be generated.

a proactive action based on a straightforward application of behavior vectors computed in the last analysis period may not be the most effective.


Finally, the garbled circuit size is polynomial in the size of the input circuit passed to Gb.Garble, which in turn is polynomial in sksizeFHE and ctsizeFHE.

we obtain the overall ciphertext size of FE: ctsizeFE = ctsizeFHE · ctsizeABE(pksizeFHE + n · ctsizeFHE + poly(.))


For example, users might be administered using a decentralised delegation structure based on the organisational hierarchy, roles are administered centrally, and objects and permissions are administered by platform or target system.

it is important that we are able to implement di.erent administrative permission concepts for these entities.


However, over.ow mitigation by itself without any address-space randomization also defeats many of these attacks.

the security provided by over.ow mitigation is largely orthogonal to address-space randomization.


Here the logical tree mirrors the physical topology.

in addition to the multicast L ogi c a l t r e e  Figure 2(b).


As the core of access control systems, the correctness of XEngine is critical.

we not only formally prove that XEngine makes the correct decision for every request based on the XACML 2.0 speci.cation [9], but also empirically validate the correctness ofXEnginein our experiments.


Observe that increasing the block size ß increases the noise magnitude, but reduces the estimation error.

the question boils down to: how do we select an optimal block size that will allow us to balance the estimation error and the noise?


Unfortunately, only a few days after iPhone 5S went on sale, it was reported that a fake .ngerprint could unlock the phone [3] and the detailed steps of how to fake a .ngerprint can be found via Google.

a new mobile identi.cation recognition system is expecting to be developed to solve those security issues in mobile commerce applications.


Unsolicited messages transmitted to nodes can be intercepted.

jamming can be used to augment security while not requiring a redesign of deployed systems.


Since the sensors do not route the data to the sink or rendezvous points in our approach, the attacker does not gain any extra information about the sink s location by reading the packet header or observing the data tra.c.

the probability for him to locate the sink will be equal to that with a random guess, that is 1/225 in both attack types (1) and (2).


As shown in Fig.4, the others would be Holder-of-Assertion Subject Con.rmation methods further enabling the Assertion to be claimed by any entity, who can prove their right by producing the required supporting Assertion.

this Dependent Assertion can be claimed by and e.ectively, is delegated to any entity who can satisfy the Dependency requirements.


However, the VMI library that we utilized requires a patch to KVM [23], and hence it will make the VMM possibly unreliable.


However, only verifying one digest in step (3) takes more than 10 seconds, on a small graph with 16 edges, and there are 2m such veri.cations to be performed, thus it is not practical at this time.

although the complexity of the algorithm is O(m log2 n), the constants involved are really large due to the veri.cation scheme used.


(17) l<k*=m Similarly, having identi.ed µ2,µN , one can compute p2,pN according to (15).

lines 11 and 12 are simpli.ed by this analytical result, with the complexity of searching for the optimal solution reduced to O(1).


Additional to their context types identity, activity (we use task as equivalent), time, and location, we extend the context by legal constraints and   Figure 1: Context Map a second identity.

we describe context information as: Who does What for Whom, When, Where with Which legal constraints (see Fig.


Udom0 can delegate its privileges to service domains (SDs), which are special-purpose user domains that can perform privileged system services on UdomUs.

clients can leverage SDs to implement services such as memory introspectiontoverifyVMintegrity,intrusion detection,and storage encryption.Ina traditional cloud, these serviceswouldbe implementedin dom0,andwouldhavetobedeployedbythe cloudprovider.SSC allows clients to .exibly deploynewservices and control their own VMs using SDs.


Furthermore, it should be taken into account that whenever plaintext tetrads (XR or XR1) are added to round subkey tetrads, carries from lower bits can occur.

for all tetrads except the lowest one, we should consider the option when an extra 1 is added to the lowest bit.


Even though at this stage, the .eld of genomics is generally free of serious attacks, it is likely that the above threats will become more serious as the number of sequenced individuals becomes larger.

the need to adapt privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) [16] to personal genomic data will continue to grow with time, as they are key tools for preventing an adversary from linking particular genomic data to a speci.c person or from inferring privacysensitive genomic data about a person.


However,theveri.erusually cannot ensurethatDMAsfromtheperipherals are disabled.

it is also assumed that no DMA-based attacks are performed [15].


Although loading a script in an iframe provides secure isolation, it severely limits the integration of the loaded code with the main application.

the iframe-based solution is a good fit for isolated services such as contextindependent ads, but it is not adequate for context-sensitive ads, statistics, utility libraries, and other services that require tighter integration.


In pervasive and web based healthcare applications, medical data is transferred via wireless networks and/or across the web, so specific attention should be drawn towards building and meeting the appropriate security requirements.

it is important to protect the confidentiality of sensitive medical data, maintain its integrity and ensure that sensitive medical data is always available to the rightful data holder (patient or doctor).


The resulting principal name is then used to make access decisions pertaining to messages received over channels.

access control in Singularity is discretionary.


When the entropy is high, either one of the two XORed blocks is encrypted, or both blocks are encrypted with different key masks.

the XORed block is not considered further.


In home environments, no trained administrator is present and most of the users are not knowledgeable enough to take care of emergency situations.

the general requirement is that smart devices should strive for auto-configuration wherever possible.


In our proposed scheme, the length of the TSK chain is L, and each TSK contains k elements.

the sender s TSK elements array contains L*k elements, while the receiver s TPK has a size of k elements.


5.3 Periodical Data Transmission After the initialization process, the gateways will start sending their values in the agreed time intervals.

the SMGW encrypts its measurement pvij with its round key kij to obtain evij = enckij (pvij ).


Moreover, we explain the difficulty that ranked e-mails are shown at a glance by painting e-mail headlines without considering relationship between human mind and colors or shapes.

we propose a system that ranks e-mails and makes users feel discomfort appropriately with colors and shapes.


In particular, in any authentication protocol insiders such as veri.ers and the managing back-end server can potentially forward users data to governmental agencies or to other third parties.

our main motivation is to develop authentication schemes ensuring a strong degree of user privacy with respect to these insiders.


Authentication is usually executed by using the combination of a user name and password [12].

passwords are frequently the sole barrier between a potential attacker and a victim s information.


This is not the same communication endpoint that SQL uses to listen for client transactions.

the requests issued by the TPC-C clients follow a di.erent code path and the impact of running the .lter is negligible.


In general, a web server may be engaged in several access requests in parallel.

r stores information about ongoing requests in a pool PoolR.


Quite naturally, using such DAS models naively may cause signi.cant security breach.

we strongly argue that these protocols should only be used in controlled settings where an adversary is guaranteed not to possess any background knowledge on the plaintext data distribution.


Since our system does not need data synchronization, the system interactions are independent of devices and only speci.c to a user account.

we use a smart device to denote any one used by the user.


However, in the course of our experiment, we discovered that there are common functionalities among different families and the classifier of one particular family in fact detects viruses from multiple families.

the number of individual classifiers is greatly reduced.


For instance it is not possible to perform a direct bu.er over.ow all the way from the BSS segment to the stack due to the unmapped heap pages and the guard page separating the stack and heap.

the number of working attack forms is 850.


When attempting to measure the volume from 2 ft distance, we found that the clicks were too low to be registered by the sound level meter and no difference in the SPL measurements were visible on our sound meter (Radio Shack Sound Level Meter model 33-2055).

we see that the audio sound of the button click is very feeble from a distance of a few feet away and adds to the challenge of eavesdropping on the cell phone button clicks.


According to De.nition 1, we have dp(A)=1.

withoutloss of generality, P will alter its execution in A, which leads to the contradiction that T(P,E).T(P,A).


Many service providers, for instance, introduce RBAC only to those customers who request it and are willing to pay for it.

it is important to use an access control model which provides roles, but does not force organisations to use them.


The remaining .ve applications assert a dangerous con.guration of permissions, but were used within reasonable functional needs based on application descriptions.

kirin s conservative certi.cation technique only requires user involvement for approximately 1.6% of applications (according to our sample set).


(S) and that r is chosen uniformly at random from {0, 1}£n+£Ø, thevalue A ' is distributed statistically closeto uniformover Z* .

the user could n compute a fresh A ' each time, reveal it, and then run the protocol ' µL-1 'e PK{(e,.


The reason is that the behavior exhibited by a sample can signi.cantly depend on the date/time of analysis and the availability of remote resources.

for a fair evaluation of HASTEN, we re-ran each of the samples twice: First, we performed a redundancy run with identical settings compared to the base run; in parallel, we conducted a test run using HASTEN.


Observe that the case with one SSoD policy and an arbitrary number of resiliency policies is coNP-hard, and the case with one resiliency policy and an arbitrary number of SSoD policies is NP-hard.

it is unlikely that the general case is in NP or in coNP; however, we show that the problem is in NPNP .


In such systems, data owners can create and maintain new security labels and grant capabilities to other principals discretionarily.

a data owner is capable of declassifying data.


We know the locations of these gadgets from our local Apache copy.

for the coarse-grained ASLR, only the fast timing attack is necessary.


As mentioned previously, this corresponds to the case where all the neighbors of these observers have received TRV .rst and as such they will not forward TRA back to the observers.

v needs to employ a considerable number of observers ( 3) (that connect to a large number of Bitcoin peers) to ensure that at least one observer detects any double-spending attempt; this, however, comes at the expense of additional costs for V to maintain the observers in the network.


image encryption scheme in block Xj achieves the same effect as the element-wise encryption scheme does.

our image encryption scheme is e.ective to protect the contents of every block Xj , and the whole image I further.


Compared with previous work, our work focuses more on the analysis of cyber criminal ecosystem investigating inner social relationships in the criminal account community and outer relationships between criminal accounts and criminal supporters to deeply understand how criminal accounts survive and mix into the whole Twitter space.

our study is a valuable supplement to the previous work.


The average increase in the number of edges as indicated by the edge penalty factor was 275%.

there are nearly three times as many edges in the obfuscated program s control .ow graph as there were in the original, implying that the complexity of the control .ow graph has increased by a similar amount.


After ecx := ecx & $DMask , register ecx is constrained within the data region.

ecx+4 must be within the data region plus the guard zones (assuming GSize = 4).


Clearly encrypting all communication with the device would simply necessitate moving the driver into the TVMM.

another step to supporting secure I/O would be splitting device interfaces.


But it su.ers from escalating sybil attacks to the social network.

we further propose UNIK that is highly robust to an increased level of spam attacks.


The valve model prediction is correct, even though the reasoning is wrong; hotter houses lose heat faster to the outside than colder houses.

valve model users are more likely to turn down the thermostat overnight, and thus generally use less energy than feedback model users even though their mental model is less correct.


These segments originate from di.erent .les like the executable .le itself and shared libraries the program depends on.

we intercept the loading of the ELF executable .le after all its dependent libraries have been loaded in the address space but before execution begins.


However, this does not guarantee that additional unspeci.ed functionality will not be run on the same PLC.

we wish to evaluate SABOT under such a scenario.


It is already known that CCA secure public key encryption (PKE) can be generically constructed from CPA secure PKE and ((simulation-sound) non-interactive zero-knowledge proof ) via the Naor-Yung or Dolev-Dwork-Naor transforms.

one can also immediately construct CCA secure PKE from CPA secure KEM by converting CPA secure KEM into CPA secure PKE and transforming it to be CCA secure PKE.


All private keys (user and group private keys) are stored on smart-cards, which also performs all the cryptographic operations associated with those keys.

private keys never leave the smart-card; thus, keeping them secure.


As shown in Figure 2, before the two paths reach the arbiter, we intentionally place extra delays within one of the paths.

assuming we are measuring an m-bit PUF, and assuming the expected delay of each stage is D (since delays are distributed normally in the presence of process variation), the expectation of the total delay for each path is m × D. we intentionally add 0.1× m × D delay to one of the paths using our additional architecture.


Although each of the presented approaches provides advantages for keeping abreast of malware development, all approaches employ standard clustering algorithms which have not been originally designed to explicitly cope with malicious noise.

the attacks proposed in this paper can be potentially adapted to several of these approaches with minor modi.cations.


For example, we may specify that the maximum number of activations for role r is 3.

if r has already been activated for 3 times and r.RRQ, the user can not activate r, hence, the activation checking should fail.


void copy( char* src , char* dst ) { int i = 0; char curr = src [0]; while ( curr ) { dst[i] = curr; i ++; curr = src[i]; }} At run-time, no information about the array size is available.

most C-compilers will generate code that will allow a program to copy data beyond the end of an array.


Unfortunately, humans have limited capabilities for remembering abstract alphanumeric sequences.

many people either forget them or use very simple ones, which implies several security risks.


activehead(ePaPB);a contradiction would be reached.


While many characteristics in respect to observable application behaviour is depended on the utilized combination of application framework and server, we expect one data source to be available universally: The ongoing HTTP communication between user and application.

our solution aims to derive the information regarding authentication processes from this data.


It becomes evident, as the cumulative ratios for the Landscape, Objects, Text and Art photos account for 44% and 55.5% of Relevant and Remember respectively.

almost half of the photos for which users relied on inference or memory, are not of faces.


Any other processor architecture can be easily supported when a disassembler for the architecture is available.

xIFER accurately addresses property P10 (see Section 3).


Although in such applications the overhead is rather prohibitive, and cancels out the bene.ts of using a static mechanism, in other cases, such as for the cher and nginx servers, the overhead is within an acceptable 20%.

it could be the case that IntFlow might be used as a runtime defense for certain types of applications, i.e., I/O-bound.


Such queries are likely to return a large number of results compared to typical queries.

a sign of ongoing exfiltration is that queries have low selectivity.


In V2G PKI, V2G root certificates are topmost level and they are globally recognized trust anchors.

they are used to validate the authenticity of end entity certificates in the V2G infrastructure.


This approach facilitates risk assessments and enables trending.

the library is a catalog of diverse agents that identify strengths and weaknesses of major threat sources.


The LBS application (PLE, rad R) is (c, rad I )accurate if rad R = rad I + CE -1(c).

it is suf.cient to set rad R = rad I + CE -1(c).


He may only have the results of system transition between its states.

he will have to determine the states and the rules using these results.


The set {D1, D5, D9} is a blocking set of our example incidence structure, because each block (line) contains at least one of the points D1, D5 or D9.

revocation of D1, D5 and D9 means that the remaining device classes are revoked as well and cannot access the media as well.


Unlike previous hardware-based approaches [17, 36, 39] that require non-trivial hardware extensions, LIFT requires no hardware extension.

it can be used immediately in existing systems.


Fortunately, we have a new observation: while multi-threads for the same process share the same CR3 (threads share the same virtual address), each process at kernel level has a unique kernel stack (this is dynamically allocated) which can be used to isolate the thread execution context at kernel level.

we propose to use CR3, process name, and kernel esp register (with a lower 12bits cleared by mask) together, to uniquely differentiate and isolate the .negrained thread execution context.


We would ideally set T equal to the incoming packet interarrival time.

congestion-Sensitive BUFLO would neither be the bottleneck link nor would it need to send a large number of junk cells.


When users moved to another residence, they not only had to change the local broadcaster but also replace the existing STB with new one.

a hardware-based CAS module was developed for updating of the CAS module instead of replacing the STB, and it could be removable [1].


This is the principle behind virus throttling [22, 23].

throttling a virus buys time in which a patch may be disseminated in the network.


ANu×NF and TNu×NF are matrices in which each row corresponds to a separate user and each column corresponds to a speci.c frequency identi.ed by FNu×NF , a matrix of complex sinusoids at frequencies of interest.

sk(a,b) contains the SMSE information at the bth frequency for the a th user.


In general, a huge number of alerts are continuously produced and it is a time-consuming task to read and understand such logs.

it is rather di.cult to monitor attacks in real-time.


For example, in the case of a sensor network with 20,000 nodes, even if the attacker compromises 50% of the nodes (i.e., 10,000 nodes), only about 0.00131% of the links for non-compromised sensors are compromised.

the majority of the non-compromised nodes are not affected.


Those providers do the hard work to maintain a tool that allows a user to create an account with all the social login providers as well as store and manage users information on behalf of the service or Web site that uses this tool.

user management has started to be used for such services to clearly underline they go beyond previous identity management solutions that focused on the authentication and identity certification issues.


Packet Vaccine [36] detects anomalous payloads, e.g., a byte sequence resembling a jump address, and randomises it.

exploits trigger an exception in a vulnerable program.


It is equivalent to the span of g and g .

b returns simulation-type signatures for j-th answer where j < i.


Some of the ranks are authorized to access all exchanged information, while others may not be authorized to do so.

there will be two processes to consider in this situation.


This list file must be protected from unauthorized modification.

trusted GRUB checks the list file and records the hash value in a PCR.


It is important for us to point out that developers should not use these default AOSP key pairs to build their released Android applications because everyone can obtain these key pairs from the AOSP.

it is in danger that an application with SharedUserId attribute is signed by the AOSP keys.


Hence, it is suf.cient to assign logical identi.ers to pages, rather than to blocks.

for each chunk in the memory, its seed is the concatenation of a LogicalPage IDenti.er (LPID), the page offset of the chunk s block, the block s counter value, and the chunk id.


critical to enable sharing and integration of surveillance information from multiple sources.

among the existing surveillance environment, multimedia surveillance has become commonplace in recent years [1, 2, 10].


Musipass consistently supported a large proportion of users toward their goal of successful authentication throughout all subcategories that were analyzed (including number of days taken to return for the second authentication, age and musical experience).

regardless of these factors, users were more able to authenticate successfully with musical passwords than when using a text-based scheme.


PhorceField Our goal is to create a password ceremony such that attackers cannot present a usable password prompt to their victims.

legitimate prompts must have access to some secret that is not known to attackers.


), we use the hash function hf(x), and x = P roof (Li) + hf(P roof (Li-1)).

the order in which user U had received Proof(Li-1), Proof(Li), and Proof(Li+1), is maintained in order within the location provenance chain C. .


They created this template for the purpose of studying security analysis in role based access control, rather than role engineering.

the main consideration was to make the RBAC system as realistic as possible.


Fortunately, a Di.e-Hellman computation is fairly cheap it involves only two modular exponentiations.

most computers will be able to re-key with each message; even devices with limited computational power, such as PDAs, should be able to re-key at least once a minute.


A recent approach proposed in [19] can remove all effects of a malware program, but requires a training stage to generate a remediation program for cleaning the impacts a specific malware.

secom meets the requirement of secure commitment better than these candidate technologies.


For the stages that the mix pair does not complete in t90 minutes, the probability that they do complete within t99 minutes is at least 0.992 > 0.98.

the probability that any given mix pair completes 90 99 90 99 the seven stages in less than 5t+2t= Dr(t,t)minutes is at least 0.982 > 0.96.


Observe, though, that these messages consist exclusively of the plaintext m and the encrypted e(m).


The attacker does not have any technique to find out the value of x and hence can not calculate ni from ni ..x and IDi from IDi ..H (x).

the proposed protocol is secure against leak of verifier attack.


Con.guration frequently requires dealing with many parameters, some of which are unknown to the security practitioner.

tools should provide facilities that help SPs change con.guration of the system easily.


This, however, leads to a hypergeometric distribution of the underlying plaintexts for each ciphertext, yielding a very dominant peak, i.e., a very probable m.l.p., along the diagonal of domain and range [3, 4].

instead of choosing functions uniformly from OPFD,R, we use construction schemes that have di.erent probabilities of drawing the di.erent OPFs.


Resolution incompleteness occurs when it is notpossibletoreach a clear understanding of whetherthe requestispermitted ordenied.

aresolutionquery can distinguish between these situations and potentially make a more cautious decision based on available or unavailable knowledge.


In this approach a credential can only be used once, but each time a credential is used, a new credential is issued.

when a credential is given away, only the person using the credential .rst is given the next credential.


every access right will be speci.ed to apply to a pair ((role), (unit)), and subjects are assigned a role in a unit.


The computations for the rest of the steps are constant.

the total number of multiplications and encryptions for this sub-protocol is bounded by O(m).


If a penetration tester is caught or a termination condition is reached, the penetration tester immediately informs the contact person.

if the custodian stored sensitive data in the asset, the data is not exposed.


These factors should be equal in length when performing RSA encryption.

we use an additional algorithm that we describe below.


We note that soundness for misbehavior detection de grades as rapidly as the adversary becomes compliant with the geolocation agreement.

auditing may be seen as enforcing correct behavior, rather than detecting slight misbehavior.


These overheads can grow exponentially as client VMs are placed at deeper levels of nesting becauseoftheneedto emulatetraps withineach nestedhypervisor (e.g.,see [25, Section 3]).

astraightforward combination of CloudVisor and XenBlanket will likely be unpalatable to clients.


This is analogous to source routing techniques for limited bandwidth wireless sensor networks [14, 13] in which the route from source to destination is attached to the packet to enable routing of the packet.

including path information is an acceptable assumption; in the following sections we present techniques to limit the size of the access path.


Caching techniques are employed to reduce the number of requests in order to speed up the resolving process and to reduce network tra.c.

each RR that is returned from a DNS server has a certain time-to-live (TTL) which is the time the RR can be cached.


A correct signature is one that is honestly generated by interacting with the signer.

in a correct signature the user blinds z, z1 by the same .


From this result, (logq)/ |q| is larger than q)-1 e 0.694.

(logis (0.694 |q|)-1 and assuming e Figure 2: (logq)/ |q| e that the two factors of N have the same length, this value is (0.347 |N|)-1 .


Answer set semantics conceptually grounds the input program over all the values that the variables can take, effectively constructing a proof tree, in which the paths from root to leaf constitute the answer sets for the model under consideration.

it is possible to explore all possible sequences of events entailed by some starting state, re.ecting the intuition expressed in section 4.2.


The consequences of users faulty security related decisions and actions can be disastrous.

in many cases, users are referred to as the weakest link in the chain of information security ([11]).


3We will analyze the effect of the con.dence threshold on the performance of our method through experiments in Section VI.

in the second step of our method, based on the merged feedback vector, we .nd for the user e a set of similar users by measuring the similarity of the merged feedback vector with the feedback vectors of the other users.


In our PC-POR scheme, any client or auditing third-party can perform the veri.cation process without contacting the data owner.

the data owner can stay o.-line after having outsourced his data.


If even a single phase of the protocol is tainted, this invalidates session sid.

suppose to the contrary, that the matching session sid * taints no timecritical phase in sid.


Furthermore, a user who wishes to alter the bits which will be revealed by his card can simply run the protocol at home (acting as both warden and veri.er) some random number of times between 1 and t. This randomizes the round in which the card fails when actually interacting with a real veri.er.

the veri.er (or even a misbehaving adversary controlling multiple veri.ers) cannot distinguish one user whose card has stopped cooperating from another whose card has stopped cooperating, when only seeing transcripts of the failing multi-round protocol executions.


Although the setting can be changed to private, thus making it impossible for our tool to operate on the profile, when testing our tool we did not encounter any private profile.

we can safely assume to be able to download the list of names of a user s friends and perform our ethno-cultural profiling.


In the following, we will present generic work that is independent of a speci.c PUF implementation.

we abstract from a speci.c type or implementation and interpret the PUF output as a random variable and the PUF response as its outcome.


From the length of a parcel we can infer whether an application is reading a single entry or dumping the entire contacts database.

we propose the following two features for parcels:  Length of received parcel: length of the parcel received by an application in bytes; and  Length of sent parcel: length of the parcel sent by an application in bytes.


While they still suffer from the exponential procedure of computing the fusion polyhedron at each time, each of the two methods requires storing at most n polyhedra to represent historical measurements -intuitively they are the intersection of all past measurements.

implementing any of these methods will not add substantial computational or memory cost for the system.


Each manufacturer introduces its own customised OS image for coping with the different hardware con.gurations.

these approaches would require maintaining a customised version of Android for each hardware con.guration.


Additionally, Lowe identi.ed a multiplicity attack on the Wide Mouthed Frog protocol [15], where the attacker either masquerades as A or S replaying messages from a previous run of the protocol within an appropriate time frame.

principal B is lead into thinking that A is trying to establish multiple sessions, whereas A has established only one session.


In other words, by verifying the integrity of the key, we can authenticate the entity.

hiveSign helps us accomplish our research objectives.


Pending Interrupts: If an interrupt is received during SMI handling, it will be queued.

execution will jump to its handler right after the SMI handler.


As a result, excess processing time is transferred between partitions, enabling the scheduler to bundle active intervals.

frequent switching between idle mode and active mode is avoided and the system can enter a deep-sleep mode as soon as possible.


By induction, this accounts for at least a p2 -(i-1).2 fraction of all possible rC s. The probability that a uniformly selected rC conditioned on E2 .Fi-1 will fail to decrypt the ith ciphertext query is Pr[¬GOODi|E2 .Fi-1] = .2 .

p2-(i-1).2 we calculate that Pr[E2 .Fi] is at least p2 - i.2.


Different employees from a .nancial institution need to inspect the information of a target domain.

explicit delegation relationship is usually needed to allow the access.


{C1 .... .Cr¯-1} (1) The probability of this event can be expressed as: 8Q k(¯r-1) t kr¯-i < · if kr¯= n ni=1 n-i PADV(n,k, ¯= r,t) : 1 otherwise The .rst term on the left accounts for the probability that si is compromised before round r¯while the other terms repr resent the probability that sensors in Si ¯are compromised up-to round r¯.

theprobability thatthetarget data remains unforged is: PCoMAC (n,k, ¯=1-PADV(n,k, ¯(2) r,t)r,t) Figure 2 plots this probability in a UWSN 100 sensors, where ADV can compromise k = 10 sensors per round.


To prevent ufrom establishing a common key with v, the attacker must compromise at least one node in each pair; otherwise, it is still possible to establish a pairwise key between node uand v through multiple rounds of path discovery process.

in this case, the attacker 1If t+1shares of one bivariate polynomial are compromised, there is no need to remember more compromised sensor IDs, because the polynomial is already compromised.


Prior to returning the data, it is passed through a compression module which outputs a compressed data stream speci.c to the client request.

a request will be handled according to the di.erent visualization properties of each device.


This term encloses cases where an insider is unaware of the sensitivity of the data which he deals with, or is unaware that some classified material got mixed with the unclassified message or media which he prepares.

and despite common security measures, sensitive data may escape the organization's boundaries through an insider's unintentional or at least without deliberate malicious intention.


However, in autonomous distributed public wireless service model, con.dential relationship between the authentication server and the access point cannot be assumed.

we have to avoid the possibility that the AP spoofs the MN with replay or other methods.


The adversary can improve his position by getting more identi.ers with corresponding private keys.

the adversary will attempt to abuse the revocation scheme to obtain more identi.ers.


Since the parameter enables to identify the user, each SQL sentence that arrives to the database is attributed to a specific user.

the database provides access only to the data relevant to a particular user, while being assisted by the mechanism of parameterized views.


Once a datum has been published, it cannot easily be retracted.

preventing unwanted access is usually preferable to granting it.


However, we noted that as the attacker s .ow rate increases, the other connections are forced to back off, which in turn decreases the processing time of the server.

we introduce the concept of adaptive delay.


Second, native app updates must occur via the platform s application market, which can include timely review processes (e.g., iOS) or at minimum user annoyance when apps are updated frequently.


Correctness of a security protocol involves specifying various properties of the protocol and analyzing a set of known threats under some assumptions.

before designing a protocol or developing a formal system to check the proper working of the design, it is extremely important to give clear semantics to the notion of security properties, model of the threat, and the underlying assumptions taken in order to achieve a secure system.


Also, we can assume the presence of the jump destinations for all other jumps, but not for selectors, which were supplied by programmer CFWs.

we may have to insert a selector into the global variables.


According to Lemma 4.8, if p(n) |a1 then the distribution is exponentially close to TM*,t(M).On the other hand, if p(n) fa1, Lemma 4.6 says that the distribution is exponentially close to the uniform distribution UM* .

we can decide with non-negligible probability if p(n) |a1 by calling an algorithm that distinguishes between TM*,t(M) and UM* .


If no response or invalid response received, the polling node will .le an abnormal activity event for the polled node.

incidents in which the communications are being blocked can be quickly identi.ed and reported to the investigator.


Nev- ertheless, we show that under the assumption that one-way functions exist, there exist (natural) functionalities for which the following holds: Every secure protocol for computing these functionalities that remains secure when self-composed m times and is proven using black-box simulation, must have more than m rounds of communication [3].

protocols that remain (black-box) secure for any concurrent number of executions do not exist for these functionalities.


This chain is also called chain of trust.

the PCR values PCR0,...,PCRn contain reliable information about the system s state after the boot process.


The pattern representing this mutation might be very short a few nucleotides butneeds tobe searchedinthefullgenome, as restrictingthe search tothespeci.cgene would trivially exposethenature of thetest.

naïveapplicationofpatternmatching would return alllocations(presumably millions) where the pattern appears.


It is built based on various social transactions and the evaluations of those transactions.

these transactions collectively builds up a memory about a target individual and this is estimated in target s reputation function.


However, it can be dif.cult tofairly compare symbolic execution tools on an end-to-end basis, because of differences in input assumptions and search heuristics.

we con.ne our evaluation to the last stage of vulnerability search by starting both our tool and an SPSE tool with a program input that reaches the line of code where a vulnerability occurs, but does not exploit it.


On stock Android builds, permissions cannot be individually rejected.

developers assume that once their app has been installed they can make use of all the features protected by the permissions requested.


Default Android key used to sign applications: Android requires all applications to be signed to ensure that an application can be upgraded only by the developer who created it.

there is no need for a certi.cate authority or PKI self-signed certi.cates suf.ce, as long as the security of the private key is maintained by the developer.


In the concrete implementation G(x) p of the decrypt function we only need to round to the nearest integer.

only z0 is relevant here as the subsecret key.


The equation for .s is designed so that for each time t in the synchronization interval, approximately a total of Uid(t -ts0)/(ts1 - ts0)tupleshavebeen scheduledby clientstobe uploadedduringthe upload interval.

when t becomes ts1, Uid tuples should have been scheduled for upload.


Clearly, di.erent worms could take di.erent time durations to complete such a procedure.

there may not exist a .xed upper bound good for all.


This is described by an access policy that is included in a public-key certi.cate provided to each veri.er.

when a veri.er and a card start communicating, the veri.er sends its 1 IRMA stands for I Reveal My Attributes .


Linear encoding and bitmapped encoding both introduce some extra processing, but the reduced memory size also reduces the cache miss rate.

the processing speed decreases only slightly with compression: the throughput of linear and bitmapped encoding is about 70% to 90% that of the non-compressed layout.


To fight against such malware programs, at the committing stage, we will discard any changes on ASEP if the corresponding cluster is not derived from a trusted source.

such malware programs will be disabled after the commitment without setting an ASEP in advance.


), where the attacker does not have access to the target system or the randomized binaries.

attackers cannot launch attacks against the key that require access to the ciphertext.


Because the partial delegation credentials issued by the delegators cannot be directly used for accessing resources, they may be stored at credential servers so that members of a role can query the server to retrieve the partial credential.

our implementation scales up to a large number of credential receivers.


Therefore, S is successful and does not abort.

s is successful with non-negligible probability.


the design of Constroid must limit the freedom of the developer.


Also, each entry in WQ(M) is processed at most once, that is when the label bad is added to summary(M).

we see that the complexity of the algorithm is linear in the sum of the sizes of all the control .ow graphs.


Unique puzzle solutions: The practicality of our solution depends on the ability of a defending server to precompute puzzle solutions prior to their associated timeslot, and subsequently to check their correctness via table lookup.

it is important that puzzles have unique solutions (or a very small number of correct ones).


End-to-end security places minimal trust on the storage servers and the data is accessible only to the users with appropriate keys.

securing these keys is of paramount importance for the systems that provide end-to-end data security.


To preserve proper packet order, a commonly used technique is to synchronize the threads at the end of their operation.

each thread begins its operation as a new request arrives at the input, and is allowed to proceed in any order relative to each other.


Considering the two node (worst) case, Let Pc =1 - P j/h be the probability nc that one node fails to detect energy in one minislot when the other node is ON , where P j=1 - b/h.And we nc have Pa = P m .

suppose P j=0.5and h =4, then c nc Pc =0.875, m = 2 (two FH minislots) should su.ce.


M1 includes timestamp, ts, as part of the intended message.

two of the major components of msignI are ts and the key, KS , which are extracted as follows.


, U.log tmax., where TM Ui is the TM that on input a TM M and a value x, runs M on x for 2i steps and outputs whether M finished.

in an offline preprocessing phase, the client provides 1 + .log tmax.


The latter operation is performed even if the corresponding states are inactive.

with the exception of instruction 10, the cost of the loop at line 6 is independent of the size of the current state vector.


Interestingly, the e.ectiveness of this worm monitoring system [14] strongly depends on obtaining the information of the underlying vulnerablehost group distribution in /8 subnets and /16 subnets.

the weapon race between the attackers and the defenders relies on how each side can collect and process the information of vulnerable-host distribution.


5, the algorithm requires O( log n) rounds [15], and each round requires n multiplications.

the deceptive mapping of each host can be determined in O((nf)2).


This scenario is similar to the register assignment problem faced by a typical compiler: multiple variables can share the same register as long as they cannot be simultaneously live.

the goal of this optimization is to automatically identify pairs of variables that are compatible at each state in an XFA.


Based on the values of these predicates, the policy speci.es different access decisions.

the .rst question is how we obtain the required attribute values in the request context.


Mote-class attackers are assumed to be limited to small physical devices with capabilities similar to sensor nodes.

at any given time, a mote-class attacker can only monitor communications between a limited number of nodes.


In this case, the embedded information is 110110100100111 but the high-order bits of the public key N are di.erent, i.e.

10100100011010011 Lenstra Algorithm may succeed with another trials, but it is not performed e.ciently.


DIC2SAT constructs boolean combinations of formulas returned by recursive calls.

for DIC2PBS, we need a way to formulate instrumented constraint sets that express the conjunction, disjunction and negation of boolean conditions encoded as instrumented constraint sets.


The READ operation in Figure 4 is converted into the partition operation and then into the NAND operation, and other MTD operations from a guest domain are also converted into partition operations and NAND operations.

we measured CPU time from the start of do_mtd_io() until the return of the function using KRET in Linux Kprobes instrumentation.


Remember that we di.erentiate between malware and benign processes considering their n-grams or more precisely the goodness values of their n-grams.

the goodness values of n-grams eventually dictate the classi.cation criteria of our scheme.


The rule for the predicate DenyAce is recursive, and states that if DenyAce holds at some index i, then it holds at larger indices as well (up to num, which is the total number of ACEs for the resource).

we faithfully model the order-dependent processing of ACEs in the algorithm.


Although the key of White-Box AES is fixed, the ciphertexts of a plaintext can be different every time.

plaintexts are hard to be known by adversary.


Exploit code was publiclyavailable in both cases weeks before the worm outbreaks; creating the worms was only a matter of somebody modifying the exploit code.

given an existingworm (i.e., its attack messages), it is usually easy to manually craft a newworm to hijack it.


By the collision-resistance property of a cryptographic hash function, it should not be possible to .nd two inputs that give the same output (under reasonable computational limits, of course).

each internal node uniquely .xes the values of its two children nodes.


Registers e and a are also related since most of the terms in their computation are common.

we note that ei can be computed solely from the register a values as shown below.


Furthermore, since there does not exist Xi such that Xi is a subset of Y1 or Y2, neither u1 nor u2 has all permissions in Pi, which implies that UP satis.es Si.


These APIs are provided by the Android system and are hard to be replaced or modi.ed.

view graph, as the birthmark, is more robust to obfuscation techniques such as API splitting, API renaming and API re-implementation.


In addition, it has the smallest number of nodes.

the other approaches performed slightly worse as the arrangement of the points was new to the participants.


Each client can access to the service only after successful legitimacy verification on this special server.

client should be successfully authorized on the special server to get a secure key which should be used for processing of a special scenario.


In contrast, Hazay and Lindell [9] need to introduce additional modi.cations in order to deal with such repeats in the text.

our resulting protocol for pattern matching makes only a single call to the underlying sub-protocol for OPRF, whereas the Hazay-Lindell protocol for pattern matching requires n-m+1 calls to an underlying OPRF protocol.4 More generally, we can use keyword search for secure computation of any text-processing task of the following form: P1 holds a text T , and P2 holds a pattern p; the goal is for P2 to learn {f(T,i) | Ti = p} for an arbitrary function f .


As mentioned in section I, there are several de.nitions of personal information which have been taken into consideration in the technological de.nition in this work.

not only attributes of an individual such as height, weight, social security number, .ngerprint, health record, credit card history, criminal record and so on are considered personal information, but also the sole occurrence of actions of an agent could be considered as personal information.


However, replayed PI N Gs and PO N Gs that did not arrive at their intended recipient do get accepted since i was not incremented by the intended recipient, yet.

an attacker can still replay every PING and PO N G and hope that the original one did not arrive.


Genomic testing usually takes place in a medical lab or a physician s o.ce and we therefore expect some degree of trust between the patient and the testing lab.

we envision no incentive for participants to arbitrarily deviate from the protocol.


Moreover, the mail must be encrypted to prevent eavesdropping.

we described following policy (Figure 10) and deployed the policy to the sender s context handler.


In those applications where the aim is the data collection, the sensors might be necessary to collect information every short periods at prede.ned time intervals of the day.

for the rest of the time, the sensor node remains idle, so it saves power.


All analyses were done locally inside a machine, and the pilot collected only statistical information from the individual machines such as the number of con.dential documents or number of .les containing credit card numbers.

no .le was needed to be transferred or stored in a central storage preserving the privacy.


0.08, and because of the increased key AES256,A size (which is the dominant factor).

contrary to the previous section, the key size of the algorithm (not implementation) has a signi.cant impact to the global success rate.


Winpcap offers the possibility for an application to receive/send network traffic before processing it by the OS.

by using Winpcap, the network traffic can bypasses the OS and give an application the direct access to link layer.


A spatial relational concept or the policy it induces can be seen as a family of binary relations, indexed by spatial structures.

in this paper we will sometimes talk about spatial relational concepts or policies as if they are binary relations.


INTRODUCTION Many sensor systems are deployed in unattended and often adversarial environments.Hence, security mechanisms that provide con.dentiality and authentication are critical for the operation of many sensor applications.Providing security is particularly challenging in sensor networks due to the resource limitations of sensor nodes.As a speci.c example, it is not practical to use asymmetric cryptosystems in a sensor network where each node consists of a slow (4 MHz) under-powered processor with only 8 KB of memory [22].

key management protocols for sensor networks are based upon symmetric key algorithms.


pr[Ai]= t {k} k i!/tk .i Pr[Ai] gives us the expectation we need.


Non-ROP shellcode does not usually mix code and data together in such a special way (it may do so with immediates as operands of instructions, which will be discussed in Section 4.5).

deRop relocates such data to another location in memory, e.g., see the last 20 bytes of the initial results presented in Table 1.


Recall that the log .les actually contain the responses of the service provider S for a POR protocol that has been executed by the auditor on behalf of the user but without knowing tU .

as long as the auditor followed the POR protocol, security is directly inherited from PSW.


However, the cumulative distribution function shows that one third of the PUF outputs has bit error probabilities < 2.9%.

selecting the most reliable third of the PUF outputs without any additional error correction would reduce the output bit error probability with the same number of key bits per PUF output.


In addition, we considered the rooted environment.

we also suggested an idea to verify the app with its public key of the certificate on the framework layer and get users notified of the compromised app.


Furthermore, any input variable in the model may change state while the timer is expiring.

for each timer, a must hold for two state transitions.


Section 5.1 shows that FA, CA, and BA are non-increasing in this specialization process.

all further specializations can be pruned once any of the above requirements is violated.


Although script data structure and scoping can perform some level of access control, it places high requirements on programmers being careful and thorough.

a provider should put only non-sensitive information in its open content.


Although formatted output is rarely performance-critical, this feature of white-lists may be more important for other applications.

our tool allows programmers to turn o. automatic registration and instead insert their own calls.


The save instruction prologue of the subroutine slides the register window, mapping %o0-7 to the %i0-7 input registers.

for our gadget, we have two options: (1) set up %o0-5 and jump into the full function (with the save), or (2) set up %i0-5 and jump to the function after the save.


In the HTpresent case, the HT indicator is signi.cantly larger than that of the HT-free case.

the HT indicator is a good metric for di.erentiating the two cases, which provides us with zero false positives and zero false negatives in the detection of energy HTs.


Also, when attackers collude, they can choose to mix and match their available variations to build pirate copies.

it oftentimes takes a sequence of recovered pirate movies in order to identify the traitors in the coalition.


Meanwhile, existing work has provided mappings between permissions and APIs [4, 17].

we can assign the relevancy level on feature vectors because each vector represents an API call or callback.


In addition, recent statistic from Facebook supports the possibility of our proposed arguments since the average user in Facebook has more than 130 friends [2].

attacks by creating multiple identities forging the victim as well as his friends cannot be neglected and should be actively detected.


Moreover, the styles of integration of the tumor payload are limited and usually the integrating procedure is reversible.

it is able to purify an app through properly analyzing the way of integration and precisely locating and resecting the tumor payload.


Though the victim replica malfunctions due to the exploitation, the other replica still performswelland sticktothe criterion of correct execution.

it is safe for the system administrator to transfer the following service workload to the survival replica, without losing any accumulated state, continuity or correctness.


Alice, finally, computes k-1(sA,QBL)+ sAQPN = sQPN.

alice declares QPN (or more specifically PN) as her public key and uses DPN = sQPN as her private key.


(t)| < x x c (this is because A1 c ,T A2).

from any pipe 2Sg 2 containing .x, the distance to any pipe containing any .x ' is less than c .


The shared frailty, which is unobservable or unobserved, creates common risks that affect the failures of individuals in a population that is collectively exposed to the risks.

with the introduction of survival analysis, we possess a set of effective approaches and models that are able to assess the consequence of UUUR events.


We should also stress that the whole attack code must reside in a contiguous memory region so it can be executed.

the attacker must perform a multistage bu.er-over.ow attack , where she can manipulate an arbitrary address pointer and modify the data it points to.


Extensions and Optimisations Even though not all but only the subset of modi.ed program code frames has to be requested, updating a node is still a time consuming and expensive task.

the amount of update load that a speci.c node can cause should be restricted, for instance by limiting the number of update messages that are sent to it.


From this figure we can see that the content will be changed if the watermark is attacked.

the robustness of this technique is relatively high.


As we will describe in the next section, a static module in Linux is .rst compiled to an object .le named built-in.o in its top source directory before being built into the .nal kernel image.

ext4 is corresponding to the built-in.o .le in linux-src-dir/fs/ext4.


Hence, the browser is assumed to be untrusted and any security-enhancing tools based on browser plugins may be modi.ed or deactivated.

our solution is based on a trusted component (wallet) that is executed in a separated compartment.


Right: Average SignatureVeri.cation Time (2048 bit) increases when D increases depending on the bit length of the modulus.

the cost for malicious nodes to generate signature that pass the initial divisibility test can be set by choosing suitable values for D. The three graphs for veri.cation show the average processing time for a single signature.


The adopted telephone number is based on the reserved ports such that the initial emulator instance adopts precisely 1-555-521-5554.

if the TelephonyManager.getLine1Number() API indicates that the device phone number is in the form 155552155xx, then the device is certainly an emulator.


However, bigger size of S(k) causes an increase of both storage space to keep pre-computed primes and processing time for the sieve procedure.

one of the goals when optimizing a prime finding algorithm is to find the optimal point of using a siev¢ algorithm that uses the largest S(k) possible keeping a small overhead One or the most used sieve methods is the trial division method [3].


The Web has become more and more complicated, and its client-side contents are no longer uniformly trusted, so requests initiated by these contents are not uniformly trusted either.

giving all the requests within the same session the same privileges cannot satisfy the protection needs of today s Web anymore.


THE TPMS BACKGROUND Our goal is to design a TPMS secure communication protocol that requires few changes to the existing one.

we .rst introduce the architecture and communication protocols of existing direct TPMSs in this section.


These values were derived by analyzing the bitstrings across all 9 TV corners and tuning the values until no bit .ips occurred (Section S2 discusses how this can be done in practice).

the intra-chip HD is 0.0% as shown in Fig 7 for both analyses.


Crude upper bounds for these parameters are k and 2k, both functions of k only.

determining whether a conditional work.ow is strongly satis.able is FPT.


Next, we should detect forgery certificate or MITM attack before transmitting packet which contains user information encrypted with the forgery public key.

we should detect this fact before web browser do.


a user trigger, followed by redirection to the other IdP for user validation and exchange of references (pseudonyms vis-a-vis Dependency identi.ers) for future usage.

the DSDT message .ow maybe based along the lines of various existing Identity Federation pro.les for e.g.


Due to the 64K (0x10000) Windows memory allocation granularity, a 512K-byte heap object covering the address 0x0c0c0c0c can only start from 0x0c050000, 0x0c060000, ..., 0x0c0c0000.

the offset of the address 0x0c0c0c0c0 inside the object have eight possible values: 0x70c0c, 0x60c0c, ..., 0x00c0c.


Moreover, all twelve were based on bu.er overruns, and hence amenable to shielding.

while many vulnerabilities may not appear to be suitable for the Shield treatment, in fact the most threatening those prone to exploitation by worms  appear to be disproportionately Shield-compatible.


However, Standard AES is not robust in white box attack.

our scheme is more secure than Standard AES and has almost same performance compared with it.


On loading a block into an already full set, some other entry must be evicted.

if sender and receiver have access to (disjoint) blocks of memory that map to the same cache set, the sender can 2http://ssrg.nicta.com.au/software/TS/channel_tools/  evict the receiver s blocks from the cache by touching its own (loading them into the cache).


This is at the root of the kernel rootkits: once some malicious codes are loaded into the kernel, they can read, write and execute whatever they want in the kernel with the highest privilege.

in this research, we design a native hypervisor, Barrier, based on the hardware-supported memory virtualization to isolate the address spaces of di.erent kernel modules so as to enhance the kernel integrity.


4.3 Memory Consumption Measuring the memory consumption of a Java program is fuzzy, since released ob jects remain on the heap until the garbage collector deletes them and the garbage collector itself is managed by the Java virtual machine.

the heap contains not only the currently used objects but also already released ones and therefore the size of the heap will be greater or equal to the size of the currently used objects.


The attacker can not compute the agreed session key H (IDi | H (x) | H (ni) | EIDi | T) between the user Ui and the server because the attacker does not know the values of IDi, H (x) and H (ni).

the proposed protocol is secure against parallel session attack.


Each interaction type j corresponds to the position of interaction vector vMk where J is the total number of interaction types.

the total number of dimensions within an interaction vector vMk is equivalent to the Algorithm 1 ComputeSetOfRecommendations( ) 1: begin 2: % Formulate an interaction vector vk.


For example, in EigenTrust, value 0 may represent both no previous interaction and many unsatisfactory previous interactions [16].

one cannot verify exact properties of past behaviour given only the reputation information.


However, Dynamic Receivers (Broadcast Receivers declared at runtime) are an exception, since some can only receive implicit Intents.

they are always public, and Intents they receive must match one of their Intent Filters.


As this would not be suited for practice, we rely on the tamper resistance ofthehardwarefor such attribute-relatedproofs.

similarly to the model the Trusted Computing Grouphas takenfor theirTPMchips with theDirectAnony-mousAttestation(DAA) protocol[7], wehave atwo-stage approach.


However, most of the implementations only support all-or-nothing disclosure of citizen attributes and thus do not allow privacy-friendly selective disclosure of attributes.

the complete identity of the citizen (all attributes) are always revealed to identity providers and/or service providers, respectively.


At that point, the system privacy is completely lost.

another objective of the protocol is that it has to restore the system privacy when it faces an adversary whose power is to corrupt readers.


In contrast with the previous byte based pattern matching architecture, the proposed packetized architecture has a drawback that it keeps the slow path automaton active until the packet is completely parsed in the slow path.

the slow path may end up processing many more bytes, unlike in the byte level architecture.


Most web servers are typically structured as event-processing systems, and support interposition of event filters.

the platform specific code can register generated code snippets with the web server as event filters, and thus integrate them with the site implementation without having to parse the site-specific code and merge it with the implementation.


Our results stress that the performance of a NIDS can be very sensitive to semantics, con.guration, input, and even underlying hardware.

after discussing our test data, we delve into these in some detail.


However, the server in cloud storage systems cannot be trusted and thus [3] cannot be applied in our problem.

the attribute revocation is still an open problem in attribute-based data access control.


3.2.1 METHODOLOGY Due to the nature and relative novelty of data sculptures, no dedicated sources exist.

we were forced to based the model on the analysis of real-world data sculpture projects found from various, mainly online sources of creative and commercial origins.


This may result in di.erent obligations assigned .

when describing state transitions, besides specifying what actions sub jects take, it is also necessary to indicate the policy rules applied for these actions.


In other words, we can not determine that all objects in a graph are malicious even if most of the objects in the graph are recognized as malicious.

we have to partition the graph into a number of sub graphs, say clusters, so that each cluster contains either only benign or only malicious objects.


Commercial security products, such as TippingPoint X505 [20] and security appliances from Cisco Systems [21] also use regular expressions.

several specialized hardware-based regular expressions matching architectures have been proposed [15,16,17] and specialized commercial engines like RegEx from Tarari [22] report packet scan rates up to 4 Gbps.


This principle requires that data elements be grouped together in such a way that enables the availability of minimum amount of composite eHealth information for a given intended purpose.

it supports the popular principle of least privilege in mainstream computer security.


If more than one parent node has the same priority in the sequence above, the child inherits their labels in the reverse time order.

the joint children A to C are classed into Branchcluster A and B respectively, as shown in Figure 2(b).


i=1 Recall that the mappings [fi] shape the passkey distributions [Wi].

it is important to select these mappings so as to maximize Favg.


We leave the discussion about N for the next section.

the feature description of our print signature is represented as: RR F(P)= {RR1,R2,...,RM } (3.1.2) where M is the number of dots used in the secure pattern.


To estimate the speci.c symbol di(n) of the desired user, i =1, 2, ..., .

, take the same procedure as in MC-CDMA systems di(n)= Ci(n)HZi(n)/GMD ei(n)= di(n) -Ci(n)HZi(n)/GMD the code update equation can be formulated as a * Ci(n +1) = Ci(n)+ Zi(n) ei (n) GMD where a is the step-size and GMD is the spreading code length.


The downlink CSI from the transmitter s j-th antenna to the i-th receiver is characterized by a single frequency-domain complex coef.cient hij.

the full CSI can be represented by an TT T M × N matrix H = [h1 , h2 , .


Second, we need to establish how the signature scheme can be implemented, in particular, how the foundational primitive of a proof of representation works.

the next sections focus on the implementation of the graph signature interfaces, where §5.2 establishes the underlying encoding for undirected.


It can be observed that the memory requirement of our scheme is better than that of CD2FA, by a factor varying from 2 to 10.

cD2FA pays the better worst case time bound (one state traversal per character vs. the two of our scheme) in terms of greater memory requirement.


Let Ni and .i (i =1,2,··· ,m) denote the number of vulnerable hosts and the size of address space in group i, respectively.


The developed prototype demonstrated that it is hard (if not impossible) to discover any individual password even though Anti-P detectors are being compromised.

the system can filter out all illegitimate users (hackers, crackers, etc.)


Even if this leaked key is later recovered, by no means can one associate it with any particular user.

no user could be accountable for the compromise of the system.


Furthermore, our attacks apply in a limited sense even to PAKE protocols protocols because our Markovian .lters also make online dictionary attacks much faster.

our attacks call into our question whether it is ever meaningful for humans to generate their own character-sequence passwords.


attType(atomicua) = set} In this language, allsetua and allatomicua means all setvalued user attribute and atomic-valued user attributes.

the expression can be more .ne-grained and smaller sets of eligible users can be speci.ed for each permission.


These 10Clearly, the legitimate signer can issue such a revocation note.

the repudiation by faking an exposure still remainsaproblemjustasfor theother typesofsignatures, and is not addressed by tamper-evidence.


When round subkey is calculated, the following principle is used: from round 1 to round 24 the order is straight, (K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K1, K2, etc); from round 25 to round 32 reversed order is used (K8, K7, K6, K5, K4, K3, K2, K1).

it appears that the same subkey K1 is used at both the first and the last rounds.


During the channel establishment, A sets g gsern scocm f mpg m s ) ) ocdcdcdco gsernp ocm f mpg m ) ) N : s s ; g ) and sends N to the server.

a -SS::Np;rSC-A : sei g s N ; adversary A could obtain the signature value corresponding to a WS-security token A forged.


If we assume that attackers can gain physical access to computer systems for which we want to provide secure computing environment, we must assume that all o.-chip hardware components and all software components are vulnerable to both passive (eavesdropping) attacks as well as active attacks.

the goal of a secure computing environment on untrusted computing node is to provide privacy (a guarantee that plaintext of code or data will not be leaked to the adversary) and integrity (a guarantee that program behavior or data cannot be modi.ed by the adversary).


We decided that our accounts should act in a passive way.

we did not send any friend requests, but accepted all those that were received.


the network and removable drives, our detection approach actually considers not only malware behaviors but also the sources of the process launching the behaviors when determining a malicious cluster.

the FPR is further reduced as demonstrated in our performance studies.


Note that obligations do not interact with each other in HIPAA and also HIPAA is trivially satis.able.

the only way PH can violate the .-property is through a weakly compliant action incurring unsatis.able obligations.


After (3) both nodes calculate the clock o.set du,v and the end-to-end delay du,v as speci.ed in [3] and adapt their clock measures accordingly.

both nodes are securely and accurately synchronized.


if ISPi and ISPj interact frequently, ISPi s security is decreased.


C and generate 30 different entities by appending 50 more random terms.

the total number of entities is |E|= 3000; each entity e has 100 terms in its context (|C(e)|=100), of which a subset of 50 terms overlap with 29 other entities and the remaining set of 50 terms may have random partial overlaps.


Assuming there are no shortcuts, an adversary s best attack is to apply the function to each guess herself.

if the scheme is parameterized to use k iterations an adversary will need to compute k hash functions for each guess.


We state that a subject label s depends upon a helper subject, if: (1) the two subject labels are part of the same application (e.g., package) and (2) the helper subject s executable writers are in the application or trusted by s. Identifying that two subject labels are part of the same application is often easy because MAC policies are now written per application.

we compute an integrity wall for each subject that partitions the set of MAC policy labels P based on whether the subject depends on the label or not, based on the above criteria.


First, after an adversary creates a faked identity by forging attributes similar to that of the victim, some victim s friends may add the faked one as their friend without noticing any suspicion, while some of them may notice such attacks and add the genuine one.

some of the victim s friends are in the FL of the faked identity, whereas some of his friends are in FL of the authentic identity of the victim.


When query dependency is considered as part of the adversary s knowledge, the adversary s uncertainty of the issuer of (r, t, q) can be measured by the following entropy: L Hn n ' (U |(r, t, q))= - p (u |(r, t, q), Ot)· u .u£(r,t) log p n(u ' |(r, t, q), Ot).

we can de.ne query-dependent ß-EBA as follows: DE FINIT ION 2.


Although Identity-base Public Key Cryptography (ID-PKC)[4] was introduced to eliminate the dependency from explicit certi.cates, it has a key escrow problem because the Key Generation Center (KGC) stores the private keys of all users.

we apply the concept of Certi.cateless Public Key Cryptography (CL-PKC)[2] to resolve those drawbacks for the AMI.


In ERP 2, the DSMS server is maintained by the government, i.e., data user.

the existing framework is not adoptable.


computed as follows: P suc(A)=1 - .i(1 - p(yi)).

1 - P suc we can de.ne P. suc(B) through P suc(A): (B)= (1 - P suc (A)) * ' (1 - p(yj )).


OPT routers perform very few symmetric cryptographic operations per packet during forwarding, which run at line speed (Section 7).

oPT is more resilient to computation resource exhaustion attacks than existing schemes such as ICING that provide similar security guarantees.


A powerful technique for preventing data disclosures without having to ensure the server is trustworthy is to encrypt the data provided to the server and then compute on the encrypted data.

if the server does not have access to the plaintext or to the decryption key, it will be unable to disclose confidential data.


Though it wrongly uses the assertion in which appropriate information is described, the WSP might judge the access it acceptable.

idP must send WSC and WSP right privilege for access to user s attributes when WSC accesses WSP as a delegator of the attribute owner.


The major overhead comes from our dynamic dependence tracking in which we have to instrument all the data movement, data arithmetic instructions when running at kernel mode for a particular syscall of interest.

if a utility is syscall intensive, it tends to have larger overhead.


The complexity of grid algorithm is vv O( kN log kN) [20].


The TMAC (Team-based Access Control) model [9] was developed to provide an access control model for collaborative activities accomplished by teams of users.

the TMAC introduces the notion of teams as a collection of users in specific roles.


First, since this process does not consider job functions or any semantics, the discovered set of roles may not accurately represent the organization s requirements.

such a role discovery process can only serve as a guideline to security administrators to launch RBAC.


CONCLUSION Wireless device pairing is often vulnerable to MitM attacks.

secure pairing between a vehicle and a phone is important for a successful industry deployment.


However, such a high number of new samples collected every day is largely due to the common use of polymorphism and packing techniques by malware writers.

once a FSM is available for one of the samples in the family, any further variation that preserves the behavior of the program does not require any additional training.


si si r s2 s2 rr |gni|2  Then, the achievable SNR in (7) can be rewritten as NNN ainpi ainbin SNRi(pi)= = ain - , (8)bin + pi bin + pi n=1 n=1 n=1 which can be easily veri.ed to be a concave, nondecreasing function in the positive region of pi.

log2(1+SNRi)is also a concave function in pi [8].


[2] is an early study which investigates the continuous data publishing scenario, but the anonymization method relies on delaying records release and the delay can be unbounded.

records could not be released in a timely fashion.


4.3 Provisioning the Thinner For speak-up to work, the thinner must be uncongested: a congested thinner could not get the word out to encourage clients.

the thinner needs enough bandwidth to absorb a full DDoS attack and more (which is condition C1 in §2.2).


Transition rules ensure that the new state is also a safe state.

we say a sequence of transitions from safe state to safe state is called safe state sequence.


Our Fingerprints Database implements these fingerprints emulation not by reversing engineering but based on the open source VMware tools.

we can offer a more complete emulation solution.


The distribution D could capture the uncertainty of the adversary about the document D conditioned on the auxiliary information of the adversary about the document.

if we want to guarantee the security of our scheme under any auxiliary information (e.g., knowing only half of the document), as long as there is d(log n) bits of uncertainty about the .nal version of the document, we can construct secure timestamping schemes under the assumption that the used hash functions are also secure under any index distribution with super-logarithmic min-entropy.


However, if the kernel module was able to write arbitrary values to the function pointer .eld, it could trick the core kernel into executing arbitrary code.

in LXFI, even though the module can write a legitimate pointer on line 36, it should not be able to corrupt it later.


Since all terms z1 ' ,...,zn ' ,y1,... ,yn are only seen modulo p1 in the public parameters, they appear random modulo p2 by the Chinese Remainder Theorem.

in this case, B has formed a properly distributed SF key.


One possible modi.cation of this is to simply use an optional incrementing sequence number, say sO, to indicate the message number.

a generic component to be signed will then be as summarized by Equation 13.


He has no interest in getting information about the latest publications about sailing and windsurfing only because he once bought a book.

he shall have the option to object to the disclosure of his/her personal data for means of marketing.


In particular, by recon.guring a device, an attacker can create a con.ict with another device.

without enforcing the proper PCI/PCIe con.guration space access restrictions, an attacker could ex-.ltrate data from one virtual machine to another that is under her control.


Secondly, we face an interactive and interconnected system where context information like time, location, access history, for instance, frequently determines the access control decision [11].

in order to enforce the contextaware and .ne-grained access control policies, permissions and permission assignment should support context information like the attribute from user, from ob ject to be accessed, or from the relationship between user and ob ject.


All known TDP families, such as RSA, Rabin, and Paillier, are easily seen to be induced by some claw-free permutation families with Eclaw = ETDP.

a tight reduction to claw-freeness of such families implies a tight reduction to inverting them.


Then p lies in at least n - f polyhedra in N (t + 1), and there exists a q such that m(q) = p that lies in at least n -f polyhedra in N (t).

p lies in at least 2n-2f polyhedra in m(N (t)).


The fact that si remained after the states were combined indicates that j did not become aware of any event that happened-after last event of w, because otherwise the sub-state would have been removed from the combined state (Algorithm 1 lines 25-26).

w remained an LPHB sequence even after the receiving of the message and thus for the sub-states originated from Sj the claim holds.


DESCRIPTION OF ZUC STREAM CIPHER The internal state of ZUC [9] consists of a 16-stage LFSR (s0,s1,...,s15) and two internal memory states R1 and R2, with each register stage containing 31 bits and each memory state containing 32 bits.

the total internal state size is 560 bits.


These multiple CSPs sequentially add layers of commutative encryption to the key.

each CSP will need to collude with all other CSPs in addition to the PMS to be able to decrypt the key and consequently the data.


If the hash bits are not equally likely to be 0 or 1, they could be compressed into a shorter vector with equiprobable bits.

in our analysis, we assume that the bits comprising the hash are independent of each other and are 0 or 1 with probability 0.5.


It contains onion voucher OV and certi.cates of the nodes (except communicating parties) included in OV .The resulting size of the second message from an advertising node in level d (d<n), for example, is (d × 84 + 28) bytes.


If the initiating process want to read a .le on the receiving processes machine, it will be assumed that the initiating process will write the request to the socket, the receiving process will read the .le, and write the contents back to the socket, which the initiating process can read.

if the request was to create a new socket, a new socket would be created, and communication can occur through multiple machines.


This method is associated with a new element Assertion-ConfirmationType, which constrains a SubjectConfirmationData element to contain one or more AssertionPatternType elements.

when an Assertion is marked with the Holder-of-Assertion Subject Con.rmation method, it indicates that the Attesting Party needs to prove that it is the Subject of the Assertion by presenting a set of Assertions, which satisfy the pattern which is captured in the AssertionPatternType element, within the SubjectConfirmationData.


, C(e,Wg), where Wi is used as integer representation of the corresponding bit string.

snd can publish an n-bit message using In/ml interests.


For example, if a doctor uploads a large amount of data under the category Cancer , that might reveal that a patient is being tested or treated for cancer, even if the data itself is encrypted.

we want to be able to extend the above schemes so that the labels themselves are encrypted.


Such .les could be de.ned in an app s manifest .le.

developers would still be able to provide binaries at installation time.


The construction of the formula Bf moreover ensures that satisfying assignments found by the SAT solver are program traces that violate assertions in the program.

cBMC is essentially a compiler that translates C source code into Boolean formulas.


The access rights in a particular object or user s AL or CL are unique, and are not replicated across the system.


Copy and paste is undesirable because it provides a channel through which bits of sensitive files can be leaked.

dOFS server disables the WTS clipboard mapping and imple-ments its own one-way clipboard data transfer from client to server.


In some cases, we could not always tell if the bugs were in the test suite, the TSS implementation, or the TPMs themselves.

4See, e.g., http://netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/ netfilter-hacking-HOWTO.html.


Device ringtones can be set in two ways on Android: via a RingtoneManager object and Figure 7: Dr. Android architecture by calling the method Settings.System.putString; the former is actually implemented on top of the latter.

hidelib provides replacement RingtoneManager and Settings.System classes, each of which contacts a Mr.


The path of the currently running app s APK file is managed in the same folder as the package name.

using the Java SDK API, the package name can be easily obtained, as can the path of the APK file.


are Gs(z)= s.(.o)and Gw(z)= w.(.o), respectively.


The components interact over well defined interfaces; they are exported to applications that can combine and use the components to provide features to consumers.

common components can be effectively shared by applications.


This is likely to be executed in action 2-bulk transfer of dimension B Retrieve data from DBMS (please see Table 1).

identification and observation of queries correlated over time (although issued in separate sessions to avoid detection) is very important.


By theorem 4.2, any reasonable adversary who can recover a secret share for which he does not possess the required credential can also compromise BasicIdent, contradicting the BDH assumption [6].

a cannot recover a satisfying set of secret shares and learns nothing, in an information theoretic sense, about s. Without s, recovering M from W requires compromising E. 4.3 Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Security This section shows how Encrypt can be changed so that a complete ciphertext remains secure even in the presence of a decryption oracle.


Our post-experimental brief survey regarding handset usage con.rmed that a ma jority of the participants (47 out of 72) primarily use mobile handsets with touchscreen keypads.

our sample population for Experiment 1 was predominantly familiar with touchscreen keypads, resulting in the same potential bias for physical vs. touchscreen group.


Alternatively, the reference monitor may simply check a proof presented by B.

when the proof is a DCC term, the reference monitor may simply do type-checking.


In addition, a remote party only receives measurements reflecting a single point in time.

it must continuously poll each guest if it wants to detect new entries in the measurement log.


Speci.cally, an attacker sends optimistic acknowledgments to many victims in parallel, thereby amplifying its effective bandwidth by a factor of 30 million (worst case).

even a relatively modest attacker can totally saturate the paths from many victims back to the attacker.


Their system used dynamic taint analysis techniques to monitor sensitive information on smartphones.

they can track a suspicious third-party application that uses sensitivedata asGPS locationinformationoraddressbookinformation.


Note that the technique used in the long-lived construction (Construction 5) in [27] is also applicable to our schemes.


However, the openness of the Android market also makes it a hot target for malware attacks, which is a serious threat for network users security and privacy.

there is an urgent need to pick up the malware from normal apps.


However, a detailed key distribution architecture that is fitted on the DLMS/COSEM protocol is still required to resolve the interoperability.

efficient and detailed authentication and key management techniques are required to AMI systems employing DLMS/COSEM.


However the values of standard deviations are not directly comparable since the number of times of inputting characters is different among characters.

in our method, the values of C.V. (coefficient of variation) are compared instead of the values of standard deviations.


In fact, in a shared hosting con.guration, the user has few privileges on the machine and she is not allowed to to run or install any monitoring or IDS application, nor to customize the machine s web server, its .rewall, or security settings.

in order to protect his or her website, a user has to fully rely on the security measures employed by the hosting provider.


If either of these conditions is violated, then this object or this .eld represents more than one concrete .eld, and removing it could be unsound.

abstract deletion, by default, simply leaves the object and its .eld unmodi.ed.


Because retl instructions leave %i7 unchanged after a sequence completes, any sequence in our programming model with leaf returns will in.nitely loop.

we only permit non-leaf subroutine calls, which still leaves many useful functions including printf(), malloc(), and system().


One may deliberately give up this property in favor of, e.g., anonymity or blinding of data as .rstly suggested by [50].

this is a design decision that needs to be taken after careful deliberation.


However, we note that since our adversary is a software agent, it cannot access data on the physical layer, as a human adversary might.

it su.ces to simply overwrite the old contents of the cells that were used to store the old secret key, along with intermediate values that were generated as the new secret key was computed.


To simplify the notation of our adjacency functions, they get the bit b from the challenger as an additional input.

the adjacency functions can model the anonymity challenges on their own and simply output a message r * that is sent to the challenger.


In describing the generalization to the design, we make two assumptions:  As in the homogeneous case, the server processes only one request at a time.

the hardness of a computation is measured by how long it takes to complete.


As a consequence, the goal is to transmit the encrypted consumption values evij from metering gateway gwik belonging to SMGW admin ak for the given time intervals j to the supplier ES without letting him know the plaintext values pvij .

evij is encrypted with a key kij which is unknown to ES.


Letting the Puss in Boots Sweat: Detecting Fake Access Points using Dependency of Clock Skews on Temperature  Fabian Lanze University of Luxembourg fabian.lanze@uni.lu Benjamin BraatzUniversity of Luxembourg benjamin.braatz@uni.lu Andriy PanchenkoUniversity of Luxembourg andriy.panchenko@uni.lu  Thomas EngelUniversity of Luxembourg thomas.engel@uni.lu ABSTRACT The only available IEEE 802.11 network identi.ers (i. e., the network name and the MAC address) can be easily spoofed.

an attacker is able to fake a real hotspot and attract its tra.c.


The Platform Model currently is designed for .nding format string vulnerabilities only.

the Platform Model only annotates parameters of character type.


Collection of all possible credentials for evaluation of a request can be time consuming.

the PDP in USDA can be queried for the credentials needed to  Figure 5: Interactions to obtain a Use License Figure 6: Usage control (a) evaluation for new session and (b) revaluation in an ongoing session.


It can also be observed that this rise in CPU utilization goes slowly up, consuming all the system resources.

we can give a early warning of DoS attack, if the rise in CPU utilization continue for a period of time.


The departure to this comesinhandling conditionals, wherethecandidatecomputation needstobeforced along thepathdictatedby thereal inputs.

our translator does not modify the condition expression on the if-then-else statement.


Our goals are to help app developers identify their own permission errors and improve their apps robustness against security exploits, and to enable users to gain stronger assurances about how apps use permissions.

rather than focus on particular Android security exploits, our work addresses the coarse-grained models that potentially allow vulnerabilities to hide in plain sight.


This paper will define the essential technology called "ad hoc network" and the RFID technology required by a ubiquitous environment.

this paper propose a secure authentication scheme based on EPC Class Gen-2 The Proposed scheme is a secure authentication protocol for complementing the weak security points of the existing schemes.


By analyzing the taint propagation graph, we can easily know at which very point the bad data infected the bad process.

the checkpoint taken before that point is the most recently healthy checkpoint of that process.


Our .ndings (Figure 11) show that the time interval between the announcement of most pairs of successive transactions is below 15 seconds.

we  assume in the sequel that the PoW for block generation is reset approximately every dt 15seconds.


Thus, they were assumed to be well-protected and easily veri.able.

hypervisors played an important role in many security services proposed recently (e.g., Terra [14], Lares [23], HIMA [3], vTPM [5] and SIM [30]).


In some cases, such as the FreeCS example discussedabove,the .ngerprintmay consistofa sequence of resource accesses (rather than a set).

the TMI reference monitor must be extended to support an introspection log, and .ngerprints must be matched against this log to determine when a corresponding security-relevant operation is performed.


The game equals the ACCE security experiment described in Section 3.2.

advacce-so-auth(A) SSH = (0) Pr(break0 ).


Policy migration is designed to prevent inferences through simple observation of one s behavior during trust negotiation, such as one might expect from an automated attack program.

the human-intelligible meaning of policies is not considered.


We found empirically that there is a high bias in the pattern selection process, e. g., the upper left corner and three-point long straight lines are very typical selection strategies.

the entropy of patterns is rather low, and our results indicate that the security o.ered by the scheme is less than the security of only three digit randomly-assigned PINs for guessing 20% of all passwords (i. e., we estimate a partial guessing entropy G0.2 of 9.10 bit).


Likewise, a Mann-Whitney U test of the surprise assessments between those who found any hits and those who did not was also statistically signi.cant (U = 98, 735.5, p < 0.001).

over a third of our participants found sensitive data in their email accounts, which was surprising to them, and those locking their smartphones were more likely to .nd sensitive data.


People are used to interacting with computer systems using PINs every day.

they are highly trained to develop and use strategies to remember them.


This veri.cation process requires checking of all preceding authenticators.

the time complexity depends on the total number of all authenticators.


(r, t)for some r, then there are not enough shares of the polynomial in the network to recover r variables.

it is impossible for an adversary to obtain the polynomial in (5) for the given value of r. We note that the r r+1 inequality m < .


Second, the token cannot send decrypted .le keys over the wireless link in cleartext form.

the token and laptop use an authenticated, encrypted link.


These constraints are static and enforced at runtime.

it is again the task of the developer to decide on the end user s privacy.


While all participants had owned a smartphone for over six months, the length of ownership for their current devices ranged from 2 months to 3.5 years (µ = 16 months, s = 9.1).

the vast majority of our participants had owned a previous smartphone (68% of 28).


Similarly, if we include all of them there maybe some roles with very low similarity values that lead to a low overall similarity value.


W } for a classical code W , then we can write the CSS code as C = V (q) nFW (q) .

c is the set of states of n qubits which yield a codeword of V when measured in the computational basis and a codeword of W when measured in the Fourier basis.


can obtain more information from the constraints: Notice that the existence of a constraint .x = .y implies that information about the value of x may .ow to the value of y.

the above constraints tell us that information about the value stored in hmay .ow to variable l through variables x0,x1,...,xn-1,xn in this order.


If the removable storage devices such as U disk are connected to local area network with the virus, local area network would suffer from the malicious attacks.

a strict use system should be formulated for the security of local area network of computers.


During the HTTP benchmark only the data site will receive traf.c, during the HTTPS benchmark only the secure site will receive traf.c, and during the GlassTube benchmark both will receive traf.c.

the same machine is hosting both the secure site and the data site in order for the same computational resources to be available during all of the benchmarks.


However, since data redundancies can also appear between attributes that are interrelated in forms other than functional dependency, decomposition method fails to remove some very basic data anomalies.

we can still observe data anomalies in high level normal forms such as BCNF, 4NF and 5NF.


As the .le creation requests in our experiment are issued one after another with no delay, the .le system is fully loaded, leaving no idle period for DRSteg to schedule its dummy operations.

the dummy operations add directly to the write times, and the observed timings represent the worst-case performance of DRSteg.


Pf,I : |I ' | = i}| denotes the car 0 if 0 = su <c dinalities of equivalence classes as induced by the link 1 if c = su < 2c ing relation.

cf,I is the multi set of equivalence ··· , class sizes with respect to the linking relation Pf,I .


In general, node compromise may require signi.cant e.orts.

we also assume that there will be no node being newly compromised during a traceback session.