Recent information theoretic work [13, 16, 17, 7] characterizes the diversity gains achieved by using multiple antennas on backscatter devices.

in Wireless Sensing, Local Positioning, and RFID, 2009.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

there is considerable nervousness in the community regarding deployment of RED, and numerous variations of RED have been proposed [5], [12], [4].


The variations in handover latency from 53 milliseconds (ms) to 420 (ms) depend on the AP-STA hardware vendors.

cONCLUSIONS In this paper, we introduce hierarchical network architecture, parallel handover procedure, and additional buffering mechanism to assist handover procedure.


One possible solution to this problem is resolved by the following scheme: If a node noticed its leader failed, it reconnects to the network just as a new joining host.

the rest of the paper is structured as follows: In section 2, the NICE protocol is brie.y presented.


4.4.2 Forwarding phase Let us consider the network shown in Fig.

the coe.cients ci are given by ci = Qiqi, where Qi = M , and qi is its modular inverse, i.e.


Although the scheme can obtain the better data retrieval sequence, the latter con.ict is not considered.

according to set cover problem, we can obtain possible optimal data retrieval sequences, such as p7 and p9.


Since macMaxCSMABackoffs, macMaxBE and obtained results are shown in Table 2.

[15] Network Simulator Ns2, http://www.isu.edu/nsnam/ns.


After joining the former AT&T Bell Labs in 1986, his work moved to industry-oriented research in areas of interconnection, electronic packaging, reliability, and assembly in manufacturing, and then moved again to netwo rk management, network architecture and standards for both wireless and wireline networks.

[7] B. Li, L. Li, B. Li, K. M. Sivalingam, and X. R. Cao, Call admission control for voice/data integrated cellular networks: performance analysis and comparative study, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Comm., vol.


Thus, resource block allocation on the downlink can be done by the radio element.

uSE CASES We now present a few example scenarios that illustrate some of the advantages of having a logically centralized control plane.


The deafness problem is the main problem of clock synchronization for WSNs.

these impediments include the heterogeneous nature of the architecture, natural dynamics; computational complexity of the networks particularly for medium and large deployments; difficulty of ensuring centralized management; resource limitations; ensuring expanded network lifetime; and inherent problem of abrupt malfunction.


The botmaster does not contact the botnet nodes directly.

in this section, we estimate the probability that at least one sensor node (and, as a result, the botmaster) learns about the existence of a compromised node within a certain time interval.


the remainder of this paper is organized as follows.


We also consider the current stress of a physical link as the number of virtual links that already pass through this physical link.

we assume that a pay-per-use model allows a better usage of the resources than the common idea of link capacity reservation.


The metric is suitably chosen depending on the design objective, examples including delay [3], probability of meeting [11] and expected remaining time for meeting another relay or destination [16].


Second, the device would anyhow consume some power in its inactive state.

the mechanisms that can be used to reach this target behavior in a distributed P2P system are the key objectives of our research.


That means that we select Nppl solutions, that maximize the objective function.

analysis of the non-transparent in-band relays in the IEEE 802.16 multi-hop system.


Diagnostic Client module or DC: The Diagnostic Client module monitors the RF environment and the traf.c .ow from neighboring clients and APs.

detecting such authentication problems and helping clients to bootstrap with valid certi.cates is important.


The decision on how to move these nodes should be based on the traf.c conditions encapsulated in the matrix Mo.Furthermore, the net change in connectivity should be such that the second largest eigenvalue for the modi.ed stochastic transition matrix Mis lower (thereby reducing the mean end-to-end delay).

the new node moves to the minimum energy position faster.


The amount of data exchanged is proportional to the connection time in an encounter and the data transmission rate.

oxford University Press, New York, 1993.


In all the aforementioned studies, it was established that multicell decoding e.ectively eliminates the interference-limited behavior of the per-cell capacity.

the complexity of such a receiver grows exponentially with the number of UTs which are involved in the SIC process [8] and in addition, successive decoding techniques can introduce error propagation in the decoding process.


PRELIMINARY STUDIES 2.1 TCB Challenges A wide spectrum of optimizations has been done for TCP/IP to improve its processing performance.


To improve the output of Stacking we used three base classi.ers NB, BN and C4.5 followed by RF as the metaclassi.er.

voting degrades its performance when more number of classi.ers are added into the ensemble.


with IEEE802.11 s DCF [3] that utilizes four phases for packets greater than a threshold size.

a low value of a results in a slow interference level decay as a function of distance.


If someone else wins a SC, certain amount of power is allocated to that SC.

then, we make a detour tobrie.ydiscuss auctionsingeneral(not speci.c to ourproposal), with special focus on the Dutch format.


the number of messages received per vehicle is reduced by half in all the scenarios tested using the NJL scheme.


The messages HumanAuth and HumanResponse are authenticated and then encrypted by the TLS record layer.

in order to model participation of C =(U, B) and S in distinct executions of the same BBMA protocol .


To develop our model we use a large set of user mobility traces collected from the Dartmouth College campus WiFi network, which recorded the time and identity of over 500 wireless cells visited by more than 6000 users over a period of over 2 years [3].

we found that with the threshold set to be the average cluster popularity there were a large number of clusters selected.


Using two 100 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces the CPU was only lightly loaded (10-15%), only after replacing the interfaces by Gbit Ethernet and increasing the MTU we were able to fully load the CPU.

this functionality is not yet implemented but considered as a topic of highest priority for future Work.


(The graphs are for the most loaded processor).

internet Draft draft-ietf-ospf-refresh-guide-01.txt, IETF, July 2000.


The same holds for links with a link quality of 85-95%.

hand features a synchronous, time-bound and deterministic discovery phase, allowing for a smooth transmission to the subsequent routing set-up phase.


On the one hand, The CPMS-NB scheduling algorithm is based on aheuristicbacktracking approach(the nearest available robot) to obtain the robot scheduling solution for the expected failures belonging to a given window.

if fli doesn t exist (fi will be the .rst failure a.ected to m Rm), theRm initial position is considered.


Obviousl y Flat routing needs the largest space to maintain the routing table, its space complexity is O(N2) where N is the number of nodes.

section 3 describes the design and implementation details of MTree_Nix routing mechanism.


RELATED WORK Perlman has considered large campus networks composed of switches or bridges.

selector management and packet forwarding are based on the SelNet (SELector NETwork) library [18].


Sensor-enabled cars can locally exchange sensed information about tra.c and adapt their behavior much earlier than regular cars.

neglecting the length of cars, the theoretical capacity Cth mainly depends on the time headway T (i.e., a time gap between two cars): Cth 1/T (see Eq.


Daily routine then tends to create opportunities for periodic meetings among both friends and strangers.

when we analyzed the inter-connectivity times for those mobile users that are more closely associated (i.e.


since we are adopting a model free Reinforcement Learning method to solve the POMDP, it is not necessary to know P and Z.


According to Equation 3, emitting nodes need to know the costs(.n)of all the nodes in their 2-hop neighborhood.

the computed rates are similar between the two models and correspond to the proportionnalfairness.


In particular, many of them deviate from a straight line signi.cantly, such as Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 3(c).

measurement and analysis of a streaming media workload.


Secondly, starts to generate the Hashchain from the bottom block to the top block.

some of them encounter the performance, security, and sensitive problems.


Hybrid ad hoc networks appear as an attractive solution in extending the service area of WLAN infrastructures, and are expected to offer seamless wireless network access for mobile users, avoiding the deployment of a huge number of APs.

pMK storage is associated with a certain timestamp and is limited to a certain storage hierarchy according to the type of subscription.


Finally, based on the key structural properties of the optimal strategies, we propose strategies that perform well for arbitrary number of channels and arbitrary number of channel states (.nite or in.nite).

there exists an optimal strategy which never guesses for all u, i.e.


Radio-telepathy: extracting a secret key from an unauthenticated wireless channel.

it has to be compared with the registration phases of other systems.


The radio remains active in the intermediate power state for a precon.gured timeout duration after each communication episode, consuming what is known as Tail Energy [3, 19] (3 s to 6 s in Figure 7).

this section comprises two parts: the power of devices on the phone, and a power model for the radio.


Condition 2: There might be a situation where sensors can fail.

an EBT is constructed as required by the application.


A best possible heuristic for the k-center problem.

this number may vary, depending on the distribution of the disks in the particular neighborhood in consideration.


In APSCC 08: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Asia-Paci.c Services Computing Conference, pages 1623 1627, Washington, DC, USA, 2008.

the coupling of VIS-SIM and SUMO helps to obtain an overall real time factor greater than 1 even though a huge number of vehicles is simulated.


In this case, it is di.cult to choose overlay network level that satis.es the requested spatial data resolution.

in the Zip.an distribution, the random selection method shows worse result.


In our preliminary work, we do not consider DVFS.

keeping all servers running at maximum capacity all times wastes energy since most of the time is off-peak .


Specifically, extra bandwidth (due to idle flows) will not be allocated to backlogged flows that are waiting to be served in the basic channel; instead, we will give spatial reuse higher priority.

consider an arbitrary flow f. In order to provide a basic fair share for f, our scheduling algorithm described above will generate a flow f dependent MIS Ck.


The listening delay must be long enough to receive all RREQ messages if we try to .nd the optimal path.

a longer route also consumes more energy for relaying a packet from source to destination.


Our work on real-time crowsourcing-based estimation of RF properties is inspired by the work [7] in building the EZ localization system.

all the FAPs were con.gured to operate on full power (100 mW).


1 1 IS AK M P I S A K MP + x - MI P   1x rt t D i s c onn e c t i o n     Figure 10: Mobile coming back home We used ethereal and tcpdump measuring tool to capture the data on the mobile s multiple interfaces.

it does not address how to support seamless handoff while preserving a VPN and also does not address heterogeneous access technologies.


Compared with IP-based link state routing, NLSR offers more ef.cient update dissemination, built-in update authentication, and nativesupport of multipath forwarding.

in the context of a single network domain, there is usually a network administrator (trust anchor) that can certify the authenticity of keys in the network.


of Malaysian University Conference on Engineering and Technology, 2006, 19 20 December 2006, KUiTTHO, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.

since the database design is not main orientation of this paper, thus simple logical database design is illustrated in Figure 3.


1 eventReceivedFromSrcInst (event) 2 if shouldBufferEvents then 3 eventQueue.enqueue (event.packet) 4 else 5 sw.forward (event.packet, dstInst) 6 packetReceivedFromSw (packet) 7 if lastPacketFromSw== null then 8 signal (GOT_FIRST_PKT_FROM_SW) // wait @ 24 9 lastPacketFromSw .


When a network is composed by mixed DCF and Idle Sense stations, those that are less aggressive with respect to channel access will su.er from lower performance.

even widely used simulators such as NS2, OPNET, or GloMoSim do not provide suf.ciently realistic models of complex wireless behavior and their results may signi.cantly di.er for the same problem [15].


In addition, the algorithm is alway stable in our preliminary simulations even if the round trip time is di.erent.

s, let b'r := br + .r/cr, which is the power consumption per unit throughput on path r when the throughput xr = cr.


given the low memory capacity and the high costs of communication, we do not consider epidemic protocols applicable for mobile phones.


Its inter-frame erasure code also halves the throughput.

by combining intra-block error correction with inter-block erasure correction, we may change their parameters p and n-k, capture and decode one static barcode frame, and evaluate the average successfully decoded block ratio (Fig.


(10), the tra.c from nodes (k), xk, can be, also, subject to retransmissions.

this estimation is optimistic and the remaining capacity may be lower than that.


there is a preferential choice driving the mobility pattern of the agents.


We will also refer to the x and y parameters as trustworthiness parameters.

node 2 successfully avoids the route that includes the malicious node 9.


analysis is to identify the sanitized network objects that are most vulnerable to privacy risk, or those that become much less usable than other sanitized objects.

it is critical for the research community to share traces, leveraging this e.ort to bene.t multiple research projects.


Furthermore, broadcast can be a method of choice over complicated ad hoc multicast routing.

we can observe that the performance improvement of the dominant pruning method increases as the network becomes larger.


Although there is some variabilityin the values of Smax for a same N , the positive correlation between the two is evident.

snapshot of the vehicular mobility(left), and road traf.c in simulation (top right) and real world(bottom right) at 17:00.


Imperfect MPR Knowledge: In this case, we assume that a neighbor is aware that it is a node s MPR only if it receives a Hello message from the node.

matching the average link lifetime is done as follows.


While there exists a pseudo-polynomial dynamic programming solution for subsetsum, it cannot be directly applied here since it makes assumptions on the bound of the values themselves.

both users and adversaries are aware of the names of the target .les, the names of the cover text cover .les, and the size of the tuples used to create chunks (publishers create tuples up to a certain size).


We are now trying to develop fake DNS service to provide DNS service on the emulated Internet.

we will also be confronted with another di.cult trade-o.


The most intuitive one is the transmission power: the more the energy put into a signal, the farther it should travel.

1 We obtained the similar results with both Mica2 and Mica2dot sensor nodes.


in sphere surface Figure 6: Points A.,B.


Figure 6(c): Depiction of the comparative broadcast packet sent within the network for third scenario.

ondemand routing protocols like AODV [5], DYMO [8] etc.


Finally, conclusions and future work are discussed in Section 5.

notice that the system will always adapt for the handoff calls.


To derive the optimal settings with the Ideal algorithm, in a given scenario, we performed simulation experiments with all possible CSMA/CA parameter values.


If the graph has no perfect matching, then by Hall s theorem, there must exist sets A and B such that 1.


First, it enables legacy protocols that were defined using old notations such as pictures of bits and bytes or by tables to be redefined before extension into a new (and usually more complex) version that requires a more sophisticated protocol definition mechanism.

the current specification is not very precise on what a decoder should do when it receives an attribute id that is "unknown" (an attribute defined by some other equipment manufacturer) - or if this can in fact happen.


In Proceedings of InfoCom, pages 2679 2687.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.5 [Computer Communication Network]: Internet; C.4 [Performance of Systems]: Measurement Techniques; C.2.3 [Network Operations]: Network Monitoring   Keywords Bu.erbloat; Queueing delay; Passive Measurement; TCP; Queues; Tra.c classi.cation 1.

we validate our methodology in a local testbed under di.erent data rate of the links, from 1Mbps (typical of ADSL uplink) to 100Mbps.


By the induction hyphotesis, when the protocol is applied to G., a B/W coloring satisfying the properties of the theorem is obtained.

every node that receives a color message from a neighbor chooses the appropriate color for itself.


Overview of publish-subscribe using DDS.

dropping an enhancement bitstream layer will not severally affect the whole quality of the decoded video.


Each application can use Open-Flow [1] as a lingua franca for expressing its part of the network policy, and rely on an underlying hypervisor to mediate access to the switches.

inspired by past work in the Frenetic project [4, 5, 6, 7], we envision that the hypervisor can combine member policies in parallel (+) or in series (»).


No additional TCP ACK packets are generated only for window adjustment, so that no tra.c is wasted.

if there is still enough available bandwidth, the requirement of better fairness is not strong as potential impact on achieved throughput.


Hence, in this case, the receiver must wait for the protocol choice from sender (as stated before), and the sender must assume that it has arrived .rst.

each node has 512KB L2 cache and 2GB of main memory.


All approaches mentioned above, however, do not consider the variety of VM s states, and VMs provide mobility similar to a normal file in virtual computing environment [19].

mobile agent technology has some disadvantages including weak security of mobile agents, response latency, and code size.


Beyond saturation, the packet latency of these .ows becomes unbounded.

background and Related Work This section describes the different sources of network latency and the previous work to address each source.


The objects stored in this second cache area of a node cannot be duplicated across its incommunity member nodes, but duplication of such objects can be allowed in its stranger nodes.

initially when UTD is small, community based hierarchical splitcaching caching shows no improvement over the single level split caching.


To ensure fairness, i.e., to ensure that all clients obtain the same average rate, distant receivers that experience lower per-frequencySNRs are allocated more frequencies.

when the subband SNR is below 3.5 dB, no combinationof modulation or code rateworks.In this case,itis better not to transmit in that subband, i.e., to suppress that subband.


Some of them can be easily detected by observing abnormal responses from the server, and they merely delay the observation period.

we have altogether selected around 200 websites, part of which are randomly chosen from Yahoo random URL database [32] suggested by [17] and part of which include the popular websites, e.g.


One can argue that high-power links (such as base-stations and back-haul links) are more important than the low-power links.

figure 9 (a) depicts how the link rates change in time, as we switch on and off the interfering HP nodes.


Second, once being sparsely deployed around strategic locations, SN/AN clusters are stationary or have very low mobility.

[29] considered adjusting the transmitter output power to create a desired topology for connectivity and bi-connectivity.


Second, switched Ethernet is self healing.

axon packets have their own header format, as shown in Figure 2.


Section 3 spells out the system design together with the goals satis.ed by each design feature.

the need to change routers puts a severe dent on the practical appeal of the approach.


Just because there was loss in the previous time window does not guarantee that there will be loss in the future time windows.

as we see from Figure 13(a), even the 5th percentile PSNR shows no packet loss using PROTEUS.


As attacks are identified, the protocols are fortified against the identified vulnerabilities.

mobiCom 12, August 22 26, 2012, Istanbul, Turkey.


The criteria of choosing the best query execution plan lies on the satisfaction of query issuer to the best extent, in the sense that results should be available before the specified delay.

[3] Y. Fukushima, H. Harai, S. Arakawa, and M. Murata, Distributed clustering method for large-scaled wavelength routed networks, In Proc.


Figure 10 shows the device output of the sensor nodes after the routing protocol recovered from a node failure (Figure 10, arrow 1 and 2).

2.2 Device Output Managing the device output is of utmost importance for the development and especially for debugging of projects involving a high number of sensor or PDA devices.


Finally, we conclude with recommendations for more secure EAP implementations.

if the adversary is capable of breaking the key exchange on-line, the downgrading attack will remain undetected and the adversary is able to obtain the keying material derived in this session.


The model of BAR (Byzantine, Altruistic,Rational) games[10] addresses theseissues;indeed,the model is general enough to subsume traditional Byzantine approaches  in this context, resource-competitive analysis is concerned only with altruistic and Byzantine nodes.

a Jamming-Resistant MAC Protocol for Single-Hop Wireless Networks.


one does not need to build a large Emulab facility in order for it to be useful for educational use.


A node can make better routing decision if it has more extensive network information.

even though dominant pruning ~uses only lim- ited network information, it achieves the near-optimal performance.


The .rst version of the protocol, TLS 1.0, .xed the known issues [4] in SSL 3.0 and introduced HMAC [17].

even if that was an acceptable time 2Note that the authors of these implementations have been contacted and the described vulnerabilities have been .xed.


This object is generally an HTML file (or .asp files etc.)


We simply need to set both the low and high thresholds to K, and mark based on instantaneous, instead of average queue length.

to establish that long .ows impact the latency of query responses, we measured the RTT between the worker and the aggregator: this is the time between the worker sending its response and receiving a TCP ACK from the aggregator labeled as RTT+Queue in Figure 7.


4.2.5 Resampling of Aggregates In the TAP infrastructure, smart sampled .ow records may be aggregated over time, and the resulting aggregates subject to further smart sampling with a threshold z2.

note that the variance estimator is not simply a sum of v(x) over sampled objects.


The .rst method is stochastically 0.8 0.8 based using the knowledge from Fig.

on-demand protocols attract more interest than table-driven protocols because they only initiate a route discovery process when a packet is ready to be transmitted.


The advantage of applying them to TCP data streams is that duplicate data has been removed and that signatures can match data which is transmitted in multiple TCP segments.


(14) B Segments are averaged to obtain smoother bispectrum estimate of y[n]as K 1 - By[k1 ,k2]= Biy[k1,k2].

[·] in bispectral domain is analogous to the statistics of the multiplication of three i.i.d.


In AODV, the destination node creates a RREP for the .rst RREQ received, and discards other RREQs from the source that arrive later on.

all nodes that receive the router error packet clear the corresponding route entry from their routing tables before further propagating the broadcast.


I.e., the target of Algorithm 2 is to keep the system in state C for about Tc seconds and during this interval, accumulate as many packets as possible.

even in presence of loads of the order of 10%, power can be saved 60 to 80% of the time.


A sensitivity analysis has been used where there is uncertainty in the data.

oBAN potentially represents a lowercost alternative to deliver cellular-type services in urban and suburban areas.


Each virtual machine is connected to one port of the 4-port NIC.

higher-level routing functionality is often implemented on the application layer in overlay networks on top of the IP network.


Each node periodically broadcasts its LayerTable to its immediate neighbors.

aODV s PDR degrades rapidly with more .ows, dropping to roughly half of TARP s PDR with 50 .ows.


However, the approximation ratios may be too high for practical use.

(1) 2F Proof: We provide a proof along the lines of the proof given in [6] for unprotected traf.c grooming.


For example, a node in layer 3 can have layer 2 nodes as its parents, but if this node moves to layer 4, it can have its layer 2 and also its layer 3 neighbors as potential parents.

in addition, note that the base station and the nodes in the last level (leaf nodes) wake up only once, unlike other nodes which wake up twice in every period T. they save energy and consume less power for wakeup in comparison with other nodes.


However, when we evaluate this mechanism in a 802.11a wireless network, there are still many collisions.

starting from 4 second, AP begins to allocate medium resources to n2 by sending CTS frames to n2.


The basic idea for the medium access control scheme is the following: a node that serves several connections will typically have a larger backlog than nodes that serve only a few connections.

having established the existence of a unique operating point, we next characterize the throughput at the operating point x * and how the throughput is shared among di.erent connections.


The rest of the paper is organised as follows.

~to = A~, + ~t~b + ~t~, (4) In a hi-directional terns, the average numbers of hops that a message makes along a given dimension and across the network, and d, are given by "k - f;"~ k is even -(5) 1 (k - f) k is odd = n~ C6) Since a router in the terns has 2n output channels and a node generates, on average, ~.~.


INTRODUCTION It is common to have students in a networking class who assume that they will be taught to be a certified network professional.

students must be instructed not to use the management LAN addresses when they configure an experimental network.


250 .T = 20 .T = 40 200 Wiener prediction for the .T = 20 ms and.T = 40 ms the time di.erence between the arrivals of packets n and n -1.Theinterpretation of(14)isthattheAR(2)model  s[n] s[n] 200 200 150 150 100 100 100 150 200 250 300 350 100 150 200 250 300 350 s[n-1] s[n-1] Figure 2: Phase diagrams for .T = 20 ms (on the left) and .T = 40 ms(on the right).

such measures are naturally too costly for delay-sensitive applications.


p(k) can only contain packets from session A ' or the packets transmitted before PkA .


Essentially, we construct a new graph where all the sinks are now considered to be a single logical sink and edges connecting a particular sensor to any sink in G are replacedby an edge from the sensor to the logical sink in G,with its new weight being the minimum distance of the sensor from any of the sinks.


A majority of the participants, 91% at INFO-COMand71% atSIGCOMM, meetat least onceduringthe experiment.

we validate these conjectures in the next section.


2.3 Observations We summarize the indoor and outdoor white space measurement results in Table 1.

rELATED WORK Existing works on TV White Space mostly focus on outdoor scenarios.


Joint Channel Assignment and Routing for Throughput Optimization in Multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks.

4(c) is the average disconnectivity ratio, which means how many .ows are disconnected due to the sudden onset of PUs and should be recovered.


EMWIN: Emulating a Mobile Wireless Network using a Wired Network.

various .avors of 802.11) signi.cantly impacts the performance of wireless networks.


Based on our analysis, we show that 1) both the linear and cumulative approaches can achieve correctness; 2) the cumulative approach has better timeliness since it can reach the threshold faster; and 3) the linear approach has better resilience to spurious messages.

to simplify the analysis, we assume that the reputations of all vehicles are the same (i.e., l6(vi) = 1).


Consider that there are c wireless devices in the network, which are serviced by an AP according to a .xed polling schedule.

we have conducted a lot of experiments to validate the accuracy of the algorithm and to evaluate the gains in the energy e.ciency for the two schedules.


Subsection 4.1 provides required background, explaining how browsers handle HTTP responses that they receive.

section 5 discusses exploits, Section 6 presents defenses, and Section 7 concludes.


We believe that in data center environments orchestrated by a single organization, enforcing such de facto implementation can be possible.

the library had to be modi.ed to support clustering data with weight (i.e., count of entries clustered to a candidate center at the online stage).


Compared to the results obtained in Without-SAND topology (where all nodes are sensing for all the simulation time), SAND extends the number of sensed stimuli over the network lifetime, even when a lower sensor node resolution of 2 is used per target area.

this might happen in the meantime at di.erent places in the same neighborhood.


JMF uses RTP as its media transport protocol, and the codec used is G.711 (µ-law) with packet size of 120 bytes.

our work also directly relates to the ad hoc mode of 802.11b.


This situation can notably occur if an attack is targeted at the router that connects the server to its Internet uplink.

3.2.1 Protected Entities Server Protection One common type of DoS attack simply consists of .ooding a server with more requests than it can handle.


So during the daytime in the US and Western Europe, there are more Skype users online than during night in these geographical areas.

the Skype API has a search users command that takes a search string as a parameter and returns a list of users whose ID, birth name, or e-mail address matches the string.


Packet losses occurs frequently in situations like topology change (path breaks) and/or congestion in intermediate nodes of the path, so it usually takes a while to get back to the previously normal state.

table 1 shows this comparison in terms of PSNR and MOS metrics.


The use of cryptographymakes intensive use ofCPU resources.

[4] V. S. Pail, M. Aront, G. Bangat, M. Svendsent, P. Druschelt, W. Zwaenepoelt, and E. Nahumq, "Locality-Aware Request Distribution in Cluster-based Network Servers., 8th InternationalConferenceon Architectural Supportfor ProgrammingLanguages and OperatingSystems, Oct. 1998.


This process allows multiple managers with multiple interests, to define multiple metric messages based on the policies they design.

the Trigger Broker processes all incoming events as well as storing these events in a local database, which subsequently allows for the polling and retrieval of state information from the overall collection of brokers.


3 shows how the proposed mechanism exercises these timers for a PSC II connection of an MSS.

if the sleep window size for the PSC II connection is greater than one frame duration, the sleep window size of the connection is decreased by one frame duration.


Given a channel pro.le (e.g., Pedestrian-A) and Ior/Ioc of a user, a concave function, which takes into account the behavior of adaptive modulation and coding, is often used to model the (instantaneous) data throughput (bps) per channelization code [4].

this is true also for our HSDPA resource allocation problem, although our problem has two knapsack constraints instead of one.


ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 7(3):19 20, 2003.

an estimate 6 of p is given by contacts - ij Mij preal = .


267 272, New York, NY, USA, 2002, ACM Press.

since the bottleneck is now shared, this mode will contain a smaller fraction of the total mass of the histogram.


lemma 4.4 implies that the sum of each row and each column of B(k) is at most 2T + N(Lmax -1).


The topologytransparency of a scheduling protocol implies that the procedure and its performance do not depend in the relative position of the nodes in the network (i.e., its topology).

if code-selection is not done in an intelligent manner the performance can seriously degrade as shown by the bad code-selection result.


In MicroCast, encoding and decoding must be performed ef.ciently, at a rate matching that of the local network dissemination; otherwise, CPU risks to become the bottleneck of the video distribution.

10 shows that MicroCast still improves the average download rate up to the total capacity of 3G links (of four phones) in a congested network.


de.nes its own permissible threshold interval to re.ect each member s interval.


The topological characteristics of the Markovian networks are fully characterized solely by the two-point degree correlation.

it is natural to seek a principle to .nd the most unbiased (random) network among ones satisfying a prescribed two-point degree correlation.


RON markedly improved throughput in near-outage con- ditions.

to prevent costly route oscilla- tions, BGP-4 explicitly damps changes in routes.


This implies a payload size of 160 bytes when the encoder used is the G.711 and 20 bytes when the encoder used is the G.729.

these parameters are provided to the assessment tool in order to compute the opinion score.


Measurements and Dynamics of End-to-End Internet Dynamics.

even when the strongest mode is the ADR, CapProbe is able to estimate the correct capacity.


Toaddprotection,FlexCastdesignsaratelessvideo codecbased on raptor codes [24] that allows the sender to protect bits in dif ferent distortion groups according to their relative importance.

hence,tomakesureFlexCastisnotbenefting from very accurate rate adaptation, we constrain the wireless AP to use only a very crude static rate adaptation protocol when wearerunningexperimentswithFlexCast.


Figure 8 illustrates the probability of misdetection versus the number of independent sensors, when the false alarm rate is set at 10%.

in both cases the use of multiple independent sensors was considered.


Recent work, SPaC [6] and MRD [13], have demon strated the success in the application of packet combining [16, 3] and hybrid ARQ [12, 5] in asynchronous wireless net works.

the rest of the paper is organized as follows.


6.1 RTS CTS Mechanism The RTS CTS mechanism helps reduce frame collisions due to hidden terminals.

a large number of studies have analyzed the performance of wireless networks.


The monitored features are related to the most common protocols (TCP, UDP and ICMP) and are .oworiented (for TCP) or session-oriented (for ICMP and UDP), i.e.

tVi instead combines in a stand alone application an automatic anomaly detection system tightly coupled with a network visualizer.


So if Optt s e·Opt , then the number of remaining links is e· === .. .. at most e-en.

the Perron-Frobenius Theorem and Some of its Applications.


(min(T( fk, i), T( fj, i)))), (1) j.D where fk = fj and T( fk, i) is total traf.c transmitted by node i for .ow fk.

figure 2: Steps involved in processing a received packet at an intermediate node.


Our approach is based on [15] where the concept of Trusted Channels is used in a DRM scenario.

3.1.2 Virtualization Layer The Virtualization Layer is part of the TCB and consists of a hypervisor.


we can analyze the social interaction of network hosts as a whole, which leadsto agraph where each nodeis anIP address, and each directed edge represents an interaction between two nodes.


For example, if certain protocol are enabled only on one type of network interface, say GigabitEthernet, then the GigabitEthernet part of the message may be falsely included in the syslog template of the protocol messages.

this is because SyslogDigest learns both the types and the co-occurrence time patterns of related syslog messages, and consequently associate such syslogs together when theydo co-occur.


We coin the term heterogeneous multi-channel neighbor discovery problem to denote the following problem in the context described above: How can neighbor nodes with heterogeneous duty cycles, operating on di.erent channels, without clock synchronization, discover each other over every common channel within a bounded delay?

in multi-channel case, the second metric on discovery diversity and the third metric on MTTFDD are applicable.


FORMULATING ADMISSION CONTROL AS AN MDP Our goal is to construct an ~!,dmi~sion-control policy that decides, for each new call and handoff call, whether it should be admitted or rejected and, if it is admitted, at what QoS level.

(for example, we could have a "mid- day" MDP, a middle-of-the-night MDP, and "morning rush hour" MDP, and so on.)


Then, we present the Iris SDR framework and the IMEC sensing engine.

on the E100 we have still observed a relatively large spread of measurements.


The details of SAMPLE_RANDOM_POINT(Pg[n])are presentedin Algorithm2.

ez-.ow: Removing turbulence in ieee 802.11 wireless mesh networks without message passing.


(1-r)d) sectors, in which the online al gorithm must not accept any request.

the criterion of successful for an accepted directed request i is the following SINR constraint: 0 1 pi da ii = ß @j.Ski X ,j =i pj da ji + Nki A .


Example applications that can bene.t from such knowledge include content delivery networks, peer-to-peer networks, multiuser games, overlay routing networks, and applications employing dynamic server selection.

lighthouses for scalable distributed location.


Thisdi.erenceinperformancebetweenNC andECis expected in a segmented scenario such as this.

fragment xi: a bundle is split into M (non-encoded) frag ments of k bits, such that xi .


Some of the limitations of the current approach are that we assumed a sequential arrival of agents and a fully preferential choice of their movements.

this result would help us to calculate the size of the largest component.


we determine to model the wireless sensors with three basic operational modes: sleep, receive, and transmit, where the receive mode refers to the case where the transceiver is on but not transmitting, regardless of whether it is actually receiving or not.


the probability that node t can be found in Ai is P(t EAi|Hth EAi) = 8(1) as shown in Appendix A.


First, within the time period of one chip with a chip rate C,there are N complete alternating zero-one chips corresponding to the chip sequence with a chip rate 2NC, independent of synchronization.

similar to [24], our system creates interference at the TV receiver only when it is closer than eight inches from the TV antenna.


Assume that in steady-state all of the bandwidth to a cache is used for keeping objects stored in the cache fresh.

finally, the ~f iterative algorithm is shown to be within ~ factor of the Marking algorithm.


P but rather pS,D(s, Pi) for all peers i.

simulate the network routing using the available topology and routing information.


Measurements of In-Motion 802.11 Networking.

the wireless interfaces on the urban network clients are likely to operate in low bit-rates most of the time.


All QVPNs share a common bu.er with tra.c loss assumed to be split among QVPNs in proportion to their input rates.

assume that N - 1 QVPNs are currently being served by the scheduler and FN arrives for admission.


We would like to examine if there is a trade-off between profit maximizing strategies 7 http://www.bgpexpert.com/addressespercountry.php and BGP stability.

in this paper, we study providers incentives to perform prefix aggregation or deaggregation of non-customers routes.


IEEE 802.11p Transmission Using GNURadio.

we d like to mention the custom radio prototypes [9], which are usually based on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), i.e., rather complex and in.exible.


A number of moving target defense mechanisms have been developed to increase the uncertainty for the attackers to attack the system [10, 3].


It is similar to the output from Figure 2c under Barabasi model.

[19] A. Medina, A. Lakhina, I. Matta, and J. Byers.


Although WCA has proved better performance than all the previous algorithms, it lacks a drawback in knowing the weights of all the nodes before starting the clustering process and in draining the CHs rapidly.

those CHs with smaller IDs suffer from the battery drainage, resulting short lifetime of the system.


This paper presents several techniques for establishing pairwise keys in static sensor networks.

to predistribute pairwise keys, the setup server randomly generates a bivariate t-degree polynomial f(x, y)over a .nite .eld Fq, where q is a prime number that is large enough to accommodate a cryptographic key, such that it has the property of f(x, y) = f(y, x).


IP Layer (Slow Path) -Software based implementation, does support TCP as this is done in software.

the wide RF tuning range and real-time aspects of the platform will prove to be fundamental to experimental research in Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques.


This is because DCTCP and L2DCT use reactive rate control at the end hosts, which is not as effective as PIAS for in-network .ow scheduling.

[23] H. Wu, Z. Feng, C. Guo, and Y. Zhang, ICTCP: Incast Congestion Control for TCP in data center networks, in CoNEXT 2010.


On the one hand, burst traffic such as generated by the ECG-snapshot request does not required to be highly data-consistent since only dedicated for data displaying.

the various events differ in clinical relevance, e.g.


Thekeying device also needs to know when all the nodes have received their keys so that it can generate and send the activation keys and validation strings to the keying beacon.

both are signi.cantly more than the minimum SNR of1 dB required [7] for a packet error rate of 1%, so that the key reception at the sensor is lossless.


In a service pipeline, the operations are not performed on a .le, but on the network tra.c transmitted between end-systems.

sink: The sink of the service pipeline is the receiving end-system.


Hops : 3 Hops denotes hop counts between the judge router and the destination router.

the 1st flow starts at 10th second, the others start every 4 second later consecutively.


In Proceedings of Teletra.c Engineering in the internet Era, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp.

aP s from di.erent classes under the same cluster must be well aware about the sequence in which they will remain activated during the allotted class-time.


Over the course of 14 months, we completed upwards of 400 billion SYN probes and 2.55 billion TLS handshakes, collecting and parsing 42.4 million unique X.509 certi.cates from 109 million hosts.

between June 2012 and August 2013, we completed 110 exhaustive scans of the public IPv4 address space in which we performed TLS handshakes with all hosts publicly serving HTTPS on port 443.


For each virtual host, Mininet creates a container attached to a network namespace.

we found that the best timer resolution offered by Linux s High Resolution Timer (hrtimer) subsystem was about 1.8 µs, whose limits depend on the frequency of the hardware clock, and its interrupt and programming overheads.


We know that (1) (2) ri = ri , .vi = S1 (13) because vk is the node with the smallest rate in L1 that di.ers in its rate assignment in L2 .

suppose there are two di.erent optimal rate assignments, L1 and L2 , for a network G. L1 and L2 are identical as sorted vectors but their rate assignments for some nodes di.er.


Such templates are filled with variables and algorithms depending on the current context, i.e.

a template and a configuration defined by a profile will be substituted to a configurable software module that is adapted to a particular hardware configuration.


[37] STUDER,A., BAI,F., BELLUR,B., AND PERRIG,A.Flexible, extensible, and ef.cient VANET authentication.Journal of Communications and Networks 11,6 (Dec.2009), 574 588.

tESLA-basedschemesrequire a timestamping server to achieve the non-repudiation property.


This intersection is connected if and only if there exists a tree connecting at least one node from each of these four sets.

considering µ = 15, then the granularity can scale up to 129.


Figure 1 shows that with the increase of packet loss ratio, the discovery probability of all discovery designs decreases.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.2 [Computer Communication Networks]: Network protocols General Terms Performance, Design Keywords Selective Reference, Neighbor Discovery, Low-dutycycle WSNs, Group 1 Introduction Energy-saving is very important in sustainable deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks systems.


We have recently implemented SOFT with Di.erential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK), which is the modulation scheme used in 802.11 to send at 1 Mb/s.

our quantization algorithm works as follows.


Note that miliar algorithms such as the Floyd-Warshall, Bellman 23 Ford, or Dijkstra s (the last two can be used to compute A* 1,1 0 ··· 0 6 A* 7 A* one row or column at a time).

path-or distance-vector routing protocols such as RIP and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) use the distributed Bellman-Ford (DBF) algorithm [1].


Hence, intermediate ADs can announce greater reservable bandwidth (i.e., overbook) to their downstream ADs than the actual link capacity, and defer the actual bandwidth reservation later during the activation step (.).

an interesting observation is that since compromised endhosts send tra.c all the time whereas uncompromised endhosts do not, the available bandwidth is much higher than the fair share if the domain contains fewer bots.


Upon receiving a packet, the node holds it for a time interval that is proportional to the reciprocal of the distance to the transmitting node.

the area of the ZoF at time t is di.cult to predict and is determined based on a highly dynamic topology.


With this motivation in mind, our work takes a step in this direction.

in IPSN 03: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks, pages 333 348, 2003.


In the previous section we noted that the language components of ODRL and XrML reside across three di.erent layers in this layered framework.

reuse becomes more natural if it is based on smaller units of DRM functionality such as authentication or encryption, rather than the end-to-end functionality described in a large use case.


crucially, because these policies are implemented outside the customer VM within our virtualization layer, there is no way in which they can be bypassed or subverted even if the VM is compromised in some way.


Therefore, in amplify-and-forward, the relay ampli.es the combined data with interference terms.

a source, access point (AP) or base station (BS), has M antennas and two destinations, User 1 and User 2, have one antenna.


We then consider that the network may be divided into compact groups and so start the discovery process.

in order to maintain the ability to communicate, a prede.ned group may require the help of other prede.ned groups when its members are scattered on the .eld.


Note the close, but not exact, correspondence between the TCP and IB connection state machines.

5.1.1 Connection Management For connection management, the VNET Core CA must manage three di.erent sets of states: the guest TCP state, the In.niband connection state as per the IB Connection Management standard, and the underlying In.niband queue pair state.


As shown inFigure.,the networkis ahierarchyreachingfrom alayerof servers inracksatthebottomtoalayerofcoreroutersat thetop.

theagentatthesourcecomputesahash of thefivetuple values and writes that value into the source IP address field, which all switches douse inmakingECMPforwardingdecisions.


It is important to note that in experiment groups with noise existence (10% to 75% deviations in client demand probabilities), proposed algorithms reported similar results.

for .=0 reduces to a uniform distribution of demand for all data-items.


A slice can consist of several macroblocks (MBs) in one frame, such as a row of MBs.

each user is assigned 1/3 time slots and the transmission mode 3 (as shown in the Table II) is employed.


We analyze the BGP message traces to identify the reasons for pre.x-match changes, including failures, route .apping, sub-pre.x hijacking, and load-balancing policies.

our paper has focused primarily on how the longest-matching pre.x, used in packet forwarding, changes over time.


Good data is required for these to be informed choices.

iETF Network Working Group RFC 2581, 1999.


In [6], an algorithm named iterative partitioned water-filling (IPW) was proposed to obtain the optimal power, consider that there is a power constraint on every subchannel.

where pn is transmit power of CU on subchannel n.  2.2 Problem Formulation Our objective is to optimally allocate CU s power on every subchannel to maximize sum rates of the CR system, the CU is subject to not only individual transmit power constraint but also the PU s interference power constraint.


MobiHoc 09, May 18 21, 2009, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

secondary users cooperating with primary transmissions have the right to decide their payment made for primary user in order to achieve a proportional access time to the wireless media.


In this case, the message will not be sent.

such an application requirestoaggregatedatainthevehicularnetworkto optimize communications.


In this research we explore the possibilities of performing an intelligent preamble based correlation for non-contiguous spectrum usage.

often the orthogonality is damaged due to multipath effects of the channel and also by other receiver impairments like incorrect sampling frequency and I/Q offset during downconversion.


We derive the model inputs from the measured foreground Vegas .ow.

fairness and stability of congestion control mechanisms.


these representative nodes chosenin the setof member nodes are the nodes that have higher energy residual among the nodes belonging to the same cell, which ensures the energy consumption distribution amongthe nodes.


If a hub contains an encoded message, which has not been decoded yet, then the coe.cients of this message are not included in the auxiliary information.

which are linearly independent, then D can {X2} decode original pkts.


For each network parameter we tried several values, listed in Table 2.

3.4.1 Platform Supported Dummynet is standard on FreeBSD and Mac OS X, so in any one of these OSs it is just required to load the appropriate kernel modules (ipfw.ko and dummynet.ko).


In order to optimize these communications, one approach is to structure networks into clusters.

according Lemma 6.1, all nodes are coherent.


The algorithm is computationally simple and is implemented on the host microcontroller.

sensing a 2 MHz wide channel cannot guarantee the presence of a Wi-Fi transmitter and its center frequency unless the adjacent channels are also sensed.


Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Perform site survey and determine S,G.

in real life it is not always true that multipath signals arrive from all angles equally and therefore larger distances are necessary to remove the correlation.


We presented FPMIPv6-S , a new fast proxy-based mobility, which is an improved version of PFMIPv6.

interconnecting a low-power WPAN to the Internet presents several di.cult tasks.


Additionally, the cautious opening of the in-car network to exchangeable parts and more dynamically through the integration of Consumer Electronics (CE) devices, demands for service discovery.

keywords IP-Based In-Car Networks, Industrial Adaption of Middleware, Embedded Middleware 1.


If more than one node has the same energy in a sector, the node with the smallest ID becomes the cluster head.

instead of battery replacement, we develop a solar energy recharging hardware to charge the battery of sensors to prolong the lifetime of each sensor recharging in the network.


Our solution, called RABE for Retransmission-based Available Bandwidth Estimation, takes into account, in its estimation, the bandwidth wasted by extra waiting times and medium occupancy due to retransmissions.

3.6 Estimation of the available bandwidth of a wireless link Finally, given the available bandwidth ABs at the RABE sender s and the available bandwidth ABr RABE at the receiver r, we consider that the available bandwidth on the wireless link(s,r)is: ABRABE = K * min{ABsr (14) RABE,ABRABE} Denoting Ks = K * ts and Kr = K, the available bandwidth of a wireless link can be rewritten as ABRABE = min{Ks * Cs,Kr * Cr} (15)  4.


The burstiness of the loss process was also varied for each loss rate.

since we are mainly interested in the average distortion over the entire video sequence instead of the distortion in individual frames, we will use the average values of both and in our modeling.


The overhead of routing in GKE is much smaller than that in PIKE.

in IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2003.


RTCP packets are sent independently of silence suppression and a call put on hold.

in this case, client B reaches the voice mail server .rst because its connectivity remained.


Correctness: The trace tree constructed by the preceding algorithm returns the same result as the original algorithmic policy, when there is a match.

speci.cally, we use parameter .les provided with Classbench to generate .lter sets implementing Access Control Lists (ACL), Firewalls (FW), and IP Chains (IPC).


ETX quanti.esthe total numberofexpected transmissions from a source to a destination [13].

their accuracy is still much worse than our range-based schemes since theydo not fully exploit topology and mobility information.


There, carriers tried to minimize congestion by using small cellular or WiFi cells in areas that were expected to see high traf.c loads [3, 11].

one instructive case study is that of the wireless network provisioning for the 2012 London Olympic and Paralympic Games.


From the received RREQs, the destination selects two multiple node disjoint paths and sends a Route REPly (RREP) packet.

the trust is quantized and updated based on node behavior.


Controlled Potential-Based Routing for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Daichi Kominami Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Osaka University 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan d-kominami@ist.osakau.ac.jp  Masashi Sugano School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Osaka Prefecture University 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino Osaka 583-8555, Japan sugano@rehab.osakafuu.ac.jp Takaaki Hatauchi Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. 1 Fuji, Hino Tokyo 191-8502, Japan hatauchitakaaki@fujielectric.co.jp Masayuki Murata Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Osaka University 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan murata@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp ABSTRACT Improving the scalability of wireless sensor networks is an important task, and toward this end, much research on self-organization has been conducted.


IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 10(4), 2002.

we load the limiters with 10 unbottlenecked TCP .ows; 3 .ows arrive at one limiter while 7 arrive at the other.


Depending on the performance requirements of the CR and its state, optimal (or suboptimal but has yet comparable performance) operation is performed under these objectives.


to new wavelengths, but without changing their route.

figure 3 shows the effectiveness of each processing step.


Let us consider a simple case when packets are of constant size2 , P. If all the packet sizes are of constant size, as in the case of ATM cells, then, each Xi is independent of each other.

as can be noted from the above, the standard DRR scheme needs per .ow de.cit counters that keep track of the credits left over in the previous round of scheduling.


Although the actual values for the fractions of solved scenarios from Experiments 1 and 2 are not directly comparable due to the different number of background .ows, we conclude that from a qualitative point of view the results match quite closely.

n :(f, n, (a, b),s) .A (6) For each .ow and path index, allocations form a path starting at the source node of the .ow: .f .F.n .


Readers in the same area should be treated as a logic reader, such as shelf M. Space Smoothing is used to process data streams produced by shelf M, and the output streams of M will be .

complex event: A complex event is usually semantic based, defined by applying event constructor to its constituent events, which are either simple events or other complex events.


Copyright is held by the owner/author(s).

decreasing the alpha value of a pixel essentially dims the pixel.


This means that ranking is not consistent either among experts, nor among administrators with moderate expertise level, and consequently, varies from the ranking determined by our approach.

the selection of applicable responses primarily depends on the identi.ed system resources.


Client processing time: the gap between components for processing internal signals etc.

with the help of other STAs we are able to .nd a TEMP IP with no time constraints without adding to the total handoff time and therefore reducing to zero the risk of having a duplicate IP address.


Breaks fate sharing between hardware and software.

sDN gives us a dedicated, software-based control plane running on commodity servers, and the opportunity to reason about global state, yielding vastly simplified coordination and orchestration for both planned and unplanned network changes.


Many Bluetooth chips are produced and already installed in many personal devices such as Laptop, PDA, and Cellular phone.

we eliminate Probe Stage and Return Stage.


Especially, IPTV application requires not only throughput but also stability on a wide coverage area and with low packet loss.


CoNEXT 09, December 1 4, 2009, Rome, Italy.

rate control cannot help TCP .ows when links in the path have high channel error losses.


Multi-community systems have to deal with extremes of heterogeneity, uncertainty, distribution, poor deployment, unreliable operation, and high load variability.

for 3-D space, the event initiation point is speci.ed by the spacetime coordinates (x0,y0,z0,t0).


3Round-robin selection can be used if random selection is costly recovery and fast retransmit.

network simulators typically assume that nodes are in.nitely fast at processing packets, this is inadequate for evaluating DeTail.


As in the original design, on a node that has multiple potential paths to a content object (for example, because on one path the location name is used), that node s strategy layer is responsible for selecting the most suitable path.

the interests are routed directly to the MS without taking a detour via the HR, as shown in Fig.


The current literature mostly focusses on infrastructured CR network where a central fusion center fuses advertised local reports from individual nodes of the network.

moreover, when local sensed reports are advertised to the neighbors, they may be altered due to noise between the relevant CR nodes.


Accommodating the uncertainty in resolving IP-level paths into AS-level paths as discussed in Section 4.1 makes calculating the exact number of distinct cuts |.| dif.cult, since we do not know if two cuts both containing the same starting node going into # are actually the same cut.

the pollution caused by the hijack spreads through links (10, 6) and (6, 5) to pollute ASes 5, 8, 6, and 9.


---::..-=:.. ....:...:: oi~ 0~ 013 0,I 0.5 Fraction (~ ml~ node8 (a) 0 second pause time ~ND-ON ,PR-ON ,~;RR-ON WD,.ON ,PR~ON .SRR~OFF ---x--- WD~ON ,PR-OFF,SRR..OFF -*-~--" WD-OFF,P R-OFF.SR R,.OFF 0.8 0.6 | ~) 0.4 0.2 o i ' i ' 0 01 0.2 0 3 0.4 0,5 Fraction of misbehavl~ nodes (b) 60 second pause time Figure 6: This figure shows routing overhead as a ratio of routing packet transmissions to data packet transmissions.

if keys are not distributed ahead of time, then enforcing a priori trust-based forwarding requires a secure channel for key exchanges within the ad hoc network for authentication.


Overall inaccuracy level using Guessing tends to drift linearly with time, increasing the gap between the guessed and actual energy level values.

they study the effect of tuning the OLSR protocol parameters on accuracy in terms of network status (existing nodes and links) and not in terms of state information available at nodes and links.


In this light, 79n TM (m) can be interpreted as expec- tation plus m times standard deviation.

we build on work reported in [19] which addresses the case where the arrival process follows a Markov chain model.


5.3 Evaluation We evaluated PARADIS by .rst establishing optimal model parameters and then examining the overall performance.

similarly, Figure 6(b) shows that among the 17 NICs that were victims of impersonation, albeit unintentional, one had a 17% worst-case similarity, and 14 NICs were under 1%.


HotSDN 14, August 22, 2014, Chicago, IL, USA.

pROTOTYPE Our end-goal is for this to be able to be integrated into an SDN controller, and allow SDN applications to run, unmodi.ed, controlling legacy switches instead of OpenFlow switches.


A parallel methodology could be based on FIN .ags, since all TCP sessions should end with a FIN packet.

observe f(1) more closely fe(2) is captures the peak of the actual frequencies at length 5. clearly more accurate at longer .ow lengths, re.ecting its smaller variance due to its use of data from all .ows, not just the SYN fe(1) .ows used by .


Inwhatfollows,weshowtherelationshipbetweenthesignalingostandthenumberofellsinapagingarea.Most parametersusedinthisevaluationaresettotypialvalues foundintheliteratureforanalyzingellularsystems[14]: Rw 8 Rore 0.5 Rzoaz 0.5 dHA,FA 16(hops) dFA,FA i(hops) v 65(mph)i.e.28.9(m/s) p 200(useTs/km2)i.e.0.0002(useTs/m2) a 5%[6] Aa 3(1/hr)i.e.0.0008(1/se) Ad 3(1/hr)i.e.0.0008(1/se) Theaveragenumberofhopsbetweenforeignagents,dFA,FA, isdependentonthenetworktopologyofthepagingarea.


In total, an average of 3.9 emails get whitelisted per legitimate campaign compared to 1.1 emails per spam campaign.

we split the email domain address into two parts: the email pre.x and the email su.x.


Thus far we have considered cross-traf.c packets arriving as a Poisson process.

the Wi(t) are combined over hops to calculate Zp(t), the delay that a packet of size p injected at an arbitrary time t would have experienced.


We use the mobility models to generate node-contact traces which, in turn, de.ne an evolving graph.

when deciding if a DTN needs assistance or not, we choose to consider the worst delay of journeys in the evolving graph.


Hence, we present only the algorithms of the family ...... ...... linking stage in Cases 1, 2, 4, and 6.

clusters Ci, Cj , and D are all direct lower clusters of X, whereas X is the direct higher cluster of them.


In the next two sections, we answer this question with two antenna selection methods.

four antennas, three directional and one omni directional, are used in the experiments.


Note that the standard AMVA model provides system throughput estimates that have large error compared to the RSIM estimates.

2.3 The Decomposition Technique The decomposition technique of Zahorjan et al.


Controllably mobile infrastructure for low energy embedded networks.

similarly, it is possible to provide the pseudo-code for the Evenly Spaced Virtual Movement scheme.


Table 4: Simulation results Wireless Technology Channel Type Uplink (Mbps) Downlink (Mbps) Coverage Area Medium Access Wi-Fi Shared 24.09 24.09 small CSMA/CA WiMAX Shared 16.03 16.03 medium OFDMA UMTS Dedicated 1.8 2.7 large CDMA   0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Node of User Equipments Number of User Equipments Figure 5: WiMAX maximum experimental through- Figure 7: UMTS maximum experimental uplink put throughput 25 .guration of each wireless network, the available capacity can vary signi.cantly.

a comparison of Wi-Fi, WiMAX and UMTS is presented by Kavas [10].


The methods developed in this paper, work with asymmetry by treating (p, q) and (q, p) as two separate overlay links.

the tomography-based techniques only discover the logical topology between the peers, induce high computation and communication overhead, and have limited accuracy due to certain assumptions about the statistical properties of the underlying network [35, 18].


Visitors carrying portable devices move from one room to another to visit the museum and roam around between regions of coverage of the APs.

in forward state, if the destination is not found, the node stores the message and goes back to idle.


WiSee presents a receiver design that can identify Doppler shifts at the resolution of a few Hertz from WiFi signals.

(b) How does WiSee map Doppler shifts to gestures?


Feedback: The .nal task the control plane must enable is the ability for nodes to report feedback about scheduling and routing decisions.

finding reduced complexity approaches, heuristics, and low-overhead methods to solving this problem is a key research challenge.


In this paper, instead, we argue that the controller can obtain better results if it learns by experience what is the most appropriate sequence of re-injection decisions to maximise the coverage while minimising the cellular network load.

it of.oads the cellular network 10% more than DR, as shown in Figure 1b.


Calculateurs Parall`eles, R´eseaux et Syst`ems R´epartis, 10(2):141 171, 1998.

the only di.erence in algorithm dynamics is that migration takes place between sub-populations that di.er in age by one generation (see Section 5.2).


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Wireless Communication.

that improvement is not significant with high-rate videos.


the crossbar latency grows logarithmically with the number by splitting the SRAM into two independent SRAMs.

the PCIQ architecture is the one that achieves the lowest cost.


4.7 The Prime Power Constraint In section 2, we stated that the existence of (k2 + k + 1, k + 1, 1)designs are only guaranteed when k is an integer power of a prime number.

rANDOM is assumed to have zero initialization time once deployed and assumes no requirement of schedule exchanges.


To this end, data revealing the actual status-condition of the available networks are periodically retrieved form the network detection module.

for a given communication session, let us de.ne the following cost function: .n C = TN i · cN i (h) (1) i=1 where TN i is the sum of the permanence intervals spent by the user in the i-th access network and cN i (h) is the fee per unit of time (second) that the operator of the i-th access network charges to the user.


More details about LP can refer to the literatures of time series (such as [39]).

the size of the previous method [3] is O(kxn).


These obstacles might even change their position in time, might appear or disappear at a given moment.

there are several factors that can make this mechanism power-friendly .


While transient resources offer a dynamic ReP, there are no guarantees in terms of sustained functional matching for the duration of the network.

3.2.3.1 Sojourn time Is a duration, in milliseconds, in which a resource maintains its attachment to the WSN at hand.


Sel.shness and Payments Energy-e.ciency is a must for routing protocols in ad hoc networks.

if node vj additionally knows the emission power Pemit i (which vi could have included in the message), it can estimate the minimal emission power Pmin required for a i,j message from node vi to node vj as follows5 using the signal loss equation Eq.


Later, the MLA will collect all the responses from the workers and send the aggregated response to the HLA.

by disabling PFC we observe that additional network feedback i.e.


In case of success this procedure costs a reasonably small amount of energy.

network Power Scheduling for TinyOS Applications.


In each environment, we comparetheperformance of MAD with that of an unprivileged user-level process.

the system shouldpermitprobe traf.cquotas tobe speci.ed.


Such a bound can be surpassed through global scheduling.

this level of scheduling is conceptually independent of the deployment of the nodes.


For very short transmission duration, throughput is very low as sensing overhead is quite high.

every simulation was repeated 50 times and a data point denotes the average of those simulation runs.


N receive .lter matrix T T U0 =[U1 0 U0 1 ]T .

hence, the IA construction for one scenario can be obtained in a manner reciprocal to that of the other.


The relatively low number of weak secondary links indicates that our network is dense.

without interference, the receiver s SignalTo-Noise (SNR) to PSR curve is steep, i.e.


In the   Figure 10: Forwarding speed experiment results when the packet size is 1500 bytes.

for example, suppose there are three FEs(FE1 ~ FE3 )and they are allocated to three virtual networks(vnet1 ~ vnet3 ).


This issue is addressed by introducing a novel cross-layer cooperative scheme that without performance loss reduces by as much as thirty times the number of iterations needed to achieve convergence by the cognitive algorithm.

this will cause both the interference to other SUs and to the PU to increase and .nally exceed the limits.


Because of the high error rates, PixNet is only practical for scenarios that require very limited bandwidth, such as wireless payments, authentication and key exchange before activating WiFi/Bluetooth radios.

when the level of mobility is increased (from average 1.25g to 1.42g acceleration), COBRA receiver su.ers a higher BER.


[2] K. Akkarajitsakul, E. Hossain, and D. Niyato.

because this platform is not optimized for performance, it suffers a performance penalty.


PERFORMANCE EVALUATION To evaluate the performance of CR-DMAC we have developed a custom-made event-driven simulator in Java.

only [9] proposed a CR MAC for nodes with directional antennas (in a 803.15.3 WPAN setting).


123 134 [2] "Draft IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Independent Handover Services", IEEE LAN/MAN Draft IEEE P802.21/D14.00, 2008 [3] "WiMAX forum network architecture, Stage 3: Detailed protocols and procedures", Release 1, Version 1.2, 2008.

the challenge is to design multi-radio devices that use energy efficiently; the objective is to provide the benefits of using multiple radios with low energy consumption.


Section services and database replication are in need for network multicast 3 presents the available approaches to support multicast on systems support.

the root FA subscription approach relies on the root FA in supporting the service.


4.3 Synchronization with Drift Compensation Drift compensation signi.cantly improves the accuracy of clock synchronization.

a minor modi.cation of the radio stack (XE1205RadioM.nc) was necessary to insert the current timestamp just before the packet is transmitted over the radio.


For instance, in order to reduce power consumption or to communicate in a covert manner, it is desirable to form a schedule for communications.

upper level nodes with smaller coverage will lose the competition and may eventually decide to stop broadcasting upon realizing that they have no subscribers.


The attackers also know the 1P addresses of the nodes that par- ticipate in the overlay and of the target that is to be protected, as well as the details of the operation of protocols used to perform the forwarding.

iEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-13:222-232, 1987.


In this scenario, one solution is to double the capacity of the F .

a w× (port-line-speed) capacity circuit is set up from A to B, at runtime.


We assume the energy model presented in [5], where the radio dissipates Eelec (nJ/bit) in the transmit circuitry and .amp(pJ/bit/m2) for the transmit amplifier.

the first only considers transmission energy dissipation.


By getting a .rst hand experience with NetThreads, attendees can hopefully earn con.dence to write gigabit applications on their own by downloading our infrastructure [1].

hence, it is intrinsically di.cult to perform time-sensitive network experiments with con.dence on the accuracy of packet injection times.


Since compatibility with the popular libpcap[5] libraryispreserved, webelieve thatit can smooth the transition toward e.cient parallel packet processing.

aCKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank J. Gasparakis and P. Waskiewicz Jr from IntelTMfor the insightful discussions about 10 Gbit on multi-core systems, as well M. Vlachos, andX.Dimitropoulosfor their suggestions while writingthis paper.


Applications and services must rely on S-MAC s internal policies to adjust its operation as node and network conditions change; such changes are opaque to the application.

in addition to predicting the power consumption of the network, our empirical model also predicts the network latency that is introduced by the B-MAC protocol illustrated in Figure 11.


In both cases, all CA/AA network elements are assumed to be part of one Network Domain Security (NDS) and message exchanging between CA/AA and SGSN/GGSN is performed over IP.

in the years to come it is very likely that mobile operators will incorporate PKI technology or become associated to Trusted Third-PKI Parties (TTPs).


In IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, volume 4, pages 2594 2598, 2001.

it makes no sense to reduce VHO capacity-dropping to much less than 0.1% in the latter case.


This arises due to the fact that the index into the pre-computed channel table is chosen based on the simulator s time instant, which is identical for all .ows.

mOBICOM 02, September 23 28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.


For our node storage simulation results, we con.gure four links to be intermittent, which are the .rst four links listed in table 2 and let node storage range from 32 KB to 2048 KB.

a custom simulation environment was developed based on the generic YAC-SIM [14] discrete event simulation engine and augmented with custom simulation software supporting intermittent links, custody transfer, and the other DTN mechanisms.


The components of the Web services stack include SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and XML Schema.

it requires a new development techniques comprising agile software process, reuse along with a product-line, evolutionarydevelopment, development management and high assurance.


If that condition is false then the node discards the received message.

the AID protocol does not address the temporal network fragmentation and network partition problems.


This noise is dynamic in nature and is expected to grow with time as additional services are launched via the same binder group.

in general, for offering the best solution for implementing a broadband access network compatible with NGN, the points mentioned below must be considered: x Implementation cost reduction by efficient use of current infrastructure and previous investments x Imposition the least and the shortest interrupts to the services currently in use x Considering the priorities and balance in improving and upgrading the network and equipments in order to efficient use of resources x Selecting the architectures, technologies and equipments with sufficient knowledge and notice to the world communication market trends and national communication needs in the future Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The STP is NP-hard, and in this paper, we .nd a solution to the problem by modifying the approximation algorithm by Kou et al.

partition CS into ng disjoint subsets D1,D2,...,Dng for gateways subject to c(gk), 1 = k = ng, using the method Sng in [1].


It is vital that the value of the RTO is chosen large enough so that the packets experiencing long queueing delays do not trigger spurious timeouts.

when a packet was identi.ed as lost, a retransmission request was sent to the server.


The other AP has no associated clients nor interference but is farther.

aTD is affected by the number of clients, as well as their transmission delays.


In such cases, a collision message is returned to the joining node instead of the .nished message.

pastry nodes consistently generate between 30 and 50 messages for each join; the majority of these are the announcement messages, and messages sent to nodes leafsets.


We are currently investigating this problem and will report our resultsin afuturepaper.

for n=00, the fastest station is, on average, out of synchronization with 15% of stations at any moment.


Hence, the analysis gives a lower bound that is expo- nential in v/-d. COROLLARY 5.2.


The last (veri.cation) is an essential step which we cannot do without human interaction.

for example, the SMTP rewrite above would be speci.ed as: modify_element( smtp_request_arg,  "From: ") and the composer would alter the location in output trace occupied by the variable smtp_request_argto contain the new text rather than the original.


In this paper, we analyze parallel applications running on homogeneous many-core architectures and determine empirical and theoretical lower bounds on the energy consumption for a 2D-mesh NoC.

the parallel applications used in the simulations are POSIX Threads implementations of the modi.ed SPLASH-2 benchmark [10].


Jamming a region is detrimental to the jammer s performance not onlyin termsof jamming costbut alsoitwould lead to easy detection.


However, some internal speedup is required to allow all the input ports to transmit packets to the same output port at the same time.

the Cray T3E network: Adaptive routing in a high performance 3D torus.


Outliers can bias the .nal outcome of an estimator,lead to incorrect conclusions, and are usually hard to .lter out especially when different outliers of different magnitudes are present.

we use the same scenario as in Section 5.2 wherek nodes are deployed on a .eld.


Designing a scalable end-to-end reliability mechanism is a challenge, and we have left that to future work.

we show that choosing e using the above inequalities results in stable operation, while choosing e that minimally violates them results in instability.


NO-ATOM represents the baseline that maps user .ows to WiFi APs if the user is within the coverage of a WiFi AP.

in this case, the average downlink throughput of a WiFi user can be expressed as: L tji = wiL .i .


Traditional authentication frameworks based on public key cryptography are not suitable for sensor networks since the sensor network will ultimately consist of small, low-powered devices that are mobile.

certi.cates based on RSA can be used for the forwarding node s certi.cate.


Structured information can include aspects of the issue such as the device that failed or the type of root cause.

change event rate is correlated with, and potentially impacts, operational health for homogeneous networks.


Second, the gains in terms of QoE are usually large in the low rates, so the encoding of a large number of representations at low rates is valuable because a small increase of the link capacity at the client side can result in a signi.cant QoE gain.

for example, users cannot reach simultaneously fairness and e.ciency in a scenario where many clients share the same bottleneck link.


The peak usage (measured over 1minute time scales) was about 6 simultaneous viewers across all the cell sites provisioned at the stadium.

in our context, it is of particular importance on how much capacity is available for the uplink versus the downlink and the overheads involved.


tion point, and the fraction of unsatis.ed QoS-driven users increases.

as mentioned in the Introduction, QoS-RWP implements two channel access methods: data polling and time polling.


DA-B ,DB-A) for i =0 to n - 1 do if B[i] is pure then Add i to pureList while pureList .Ø do = i=pureList.dequeue() if B[i] is not pure then continue s=B[i].idSum c=B[i].count if c> 0 then add s to DA-B else add s to DB-A for j in DistinctIndices(s, k, n)do B[j].idSum = B[j].idSum .s B[j].hashSum = B[j].hashSum .Hc(s) B[j].count = B[j].count-c for i =0 to n - 1 do if B[i].idSum .0 OR B[i].hashSum =0 B[i].count .0 then return FAIL return SUCCESS .elds have value equal to zero), then the decoding process has successfully recovered all elements in the set difference.

one has to use 5d cells, where d is the set difference.


w h a s W h clien h a s e pro h a s A k y o f W a im ed a t red u cing In t h a h a s W has studyofasmalldepartmentalserverwouldscaletothelarge commercialsitesintherealworld.


In this paper, we show that when IP addresses are augmented with unreliable application IDs, manyactivities can be attributed to the responsible hosts despite the existence of dynamic IP addresses, proxies, andNATs.

for many other applications, this criterion is too coarse because there can be legitimate user activities on compromised machines.


A survey on congestion control for mobile ad hoc networks: Research Articles.

l1.2 includes all outgoing links from nodes 1 to 6 and L7.8 includes all outgoing link from node 4 to 9.


Sect.5provides an overviewof related work concerning mobility data acquisition.Sect.6 concludes the paper.

the results we obtain do not meet our expectations as shown by the plots in Fig.


[10] ELLISON, N., STEINFELD, C., AND LAMPE, C. Spatially bounded online social networks and social capital: The role of Facebook.

some Web pages, e. g., updatestatus.php are used as both: active and indirect.


At this point, the client can discard the bundle itself, although it may want to retain meta-information about the bundle object for future retrievals (see Section 2.3).

copyright is held by the author/owner(s).


The other two parameters are reputation (Ri,j in Table 1) and trust (Ti,j in Table 1), whose values range from 0 to 1.

sel.sh behaviors of a node would lead to the node s isolation by other peers due to the node s low reputation while the intentional attacker would be excluded due to the node s low trust.


Am bie n t Se r v i c e ASI In t e r f ac e  Med i a Ov e r lay Co ntext D e liv e r y Su p p o r t Lay e r Pr ov is i o n i n g Mg m t .

am b i e n t Am bi e n t M o bi lity Na m i n g Conn e c ti v i ty Se cu r i ty Ro ut i n g Gro u p In f o r m a t i o n Ne t w o r k In t e r f a c e Do ma in Mul t i Rad i o Co nnec t i v i t y A g reem ent Am bi e n t Ne t w or k AN I Ma na g e m e nt R e so u r ce M g mt .


By Assumption-2 and Lemma 1, the Super-master will catch all the Masters well before the SUPERM_TO period.

the device in INQUIRY.SCAN state periodically listens for a fixed interval of time, called the inquiry scan window.


The reason is that maximum length of MSS pattern and minimum length of MSS pattern are the same in this situation, and PSS-CAGE can schedule each sleep cycle no more than that of PS.

reference [3] proposes Periodic on-off scheme (PS) and AS and considers to combine not only the packets from different connections but also the pattern from different MSSs under the maximum bandwidth of minimum delay bound.


In such scenarios, there is an underlying protocol that suggests an initial con.guration to all players, which can either accept it, or try to defect from it.

moreover, not all players are available at the same time; in an online setting, players might arrive one by one to join the multicast or anycast services.


30 8 25 7 6 20 5 15(hop)µ 4(hop)s 10 3 2 5 1 0 0 0 5 101520253035404550 Traceroute Gateway ID Figure 4: µ parameters for traceroute gateways.


The invalid entries are analogous to victim buffers in the cache structure of general-purpose processors.

otherwise, the new RREQ packet is dropped.


Figure 4 shows the CDF curve of localization errors for GuideLoc and HAWK.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) under contract number NBCHC040146, and by corporate gifts from Intel Corporation and Cisco Corporation.


We also .nd that MPTCP offers no appreciable bene.t over TCP for shorter .ows, but it does improve performance for longer .ows.


This is because each node runs its own distributed algorithm for the threshold calculation and determines whether to transmit the frame or not at a certain rate.

each node gets roughly the same amount of transmissions to access the medium.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

the link is 1 Gb/s with 110ms RTT and was reserved for our experiment only in order to eliminate cross traffic noises.


Their network has 90 switches (of four types) with chassis power varying between 55 150 W. The total number of ports across all switches is 6710 of which 716 were disabled.

an example of operation of a 4×2 merge network is provided in Figure 4.


The administrator could then quickly decide what to do from this smaller set of data.

r3: We discuss in detail the root-causes of the main types of false positives in Section 4.3.


analyzed thekeyword .ltering mechanism of the Great Firewall of China (GFC) and found that it was possible to circumvent it by simply ignoring the forged TCP packets with the reset .ag set sent by the .rewall.

more than 3165 IPv4 pre.xes are delegated to Egypt and managed by 51 ASes.


At each time inter- val we calculate the distance between the bandwidth achieved by a flow and the corresponding threshold value, derived using the proposed approaches "aest", and the "constant load".

the threshold is set in such a way that all the flows exceeding it account for the chosen fraction of total traffic.


The comparison is in fact to check if two numerical attributes are within a small interval [a, b].


Thepermutationisdifferentin every cell and also for every subframe within a frame.

in802.16m the timeisdividedinto5msframes that consist of8 subframes.


Our results suggest that as the air time duration of the interfering frame decreases, the negative impact of enabling MIM unnecessarily increases.

the 802.11n standard now includes a new feature called aggregate MAC Protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU) to reduce transmission overhead [19, 17, 11], by aggregating several frames into one physical data frame.


The Process pre phy component prepares the data for the ranging and PHY block and it can be implemented to handle the ranging and PHY components in parallel or in sequence.

interrupt handling and thread-level scheduling at the OS-level causes jitter, especially when the CPU utilization is high.


We use Failure Ratio to denote the percentage of failed ones among 0.6 all departure peers.

the Single-Sender Full-Quality Streaming problem is NP-complete and so is Layered Peer-to-peer Streaming.


Since our algorithm requires global topology, a natual approach is to implement it at the base-station.

this solution procedure performs ef.ciently for a network on the order of 100nodes on an ordinary desktop PC platform.


While the size of the .ow-control window is static, the size of the congestion window evolves over time, according to the status of the network.

in Sections 4 and 5, we will .nd that the measured c.o.v.


This indicates that performance levels normally associated with fixed ASIC devices can be achieved using this completely programmable technology.

definitions vary, but one research direction has been to separate the control plane from the data plane, introducing abstractions that can provide a global network view, a description of required behavior, and a model of packet forwarding.


This too is in contrast with the conclusion presented in [6].

we observed the same pattern in other expts too, on link A-B.


2.2 Temporal Capacity Graphs After we have the necessary background of TVG, we formally de.ne the de.nition of the temporal capacity graphs for the single path and multipath respectively.

given TVG, we can calculate the maximum data transmission between each two nodes at any time t within any delay 5.


Each of these switches has 16 in-band data ports and 1 management port.

our work utilizes the OpenTSDB monitoring framework to provide a scalable back-end for accessing and storing real-time statistics delivered by on-switch collection agents.


2.2 Security Issues in AODV In this section, we analyze the security threats and describe the requirements for AODV routing protocol to mitigate these threats.

the implementation of ARAN [8] is described in [31].


It is well known that modeling the human attackers behavior is very di.cult.

political campaigns promote positive video clips and hide negative video clips by inserting unfair ratings at YouTube.com.


For integrated networks carrying only speech, when equally-loaded compnets of 40 resources each are engineered to 5% blocking but overflow speech calls to each other, a more efficient shared blocking rate near 2% is achieved [19].

for overflow 2-n (4) where D is the number of dual mode calls currently in progress, and N is the sample size of existing calls of type X on the network.


The loss rate for Binary Waypoint Routing attains pe ~ 9%.

face routing requires the construction of a planar graph, i.e.


Inferring Hidden Features in the Internet.


In the experiment on communication range adjustment shown in Figure 15, when the communication range decreases, the average of inter-meeting time also decreases; no discrepancy is happening during this time because there are less short partitions of inter-contact times.

there are only a few studies on analyzing and modeling DTN in the DTN research area.


Filtering such noise input can enhance the accuracy of ATPC s modeling.

also, [16] makes an experimental comparison of several existing transmission power control algorithms, and in [14], the authors give a short survey of transmission power control.


The routing protocol can determine the paths by assigning a cost/weight to each potential path from the source to the destination, where the weights are computed using one or more routing metrics, and then select the lowest cost path.

[4] Richard Draves, Jitendra Padhye, and Brian Zill.


In the LEACH, it is assumed that the node can tune its transmission power, so that it can transmit the data with power just enough to achieve the acceptable SNR at the receiver.

on the minimum node degree and connectivity of a wireless multihop network.


It is well known that acoustic power decays, at a minimum, as the square of the distance from the transmitter.

this is due to its inherent property of association by physical proximity if two devices can communicate using NFC, then it implies that they must be co-located.


Video consumption, according to key members of the industry, is by far the most appealing service since it involves several players in the value chain where mobile operators play a renewed role.

compared to this prior work, our main contribution is the design of a DMM based solution integrated into CDN architectures, where we infer which functionalities are required to address the issues of content distribution among CDN caches and redirection of mobile users in the access part to e.ciently provide mobility-enabled video services.


Randomized forwarding seems to be effective in some situations, but this scheme may generate some overhead traffic to send packets at random constantly.

searching the residual degrees does not always finish in the children and grandchildren.


Once one .ow acquires the medium, other .ows usually have to wait until next cycle, as their receivers might have gone to sleep when the medium becomes idle.

a beacon in our implementation is processed entirely in software, as the beacon frame is not supported directly by the CC2420 hardware.


We are now ready to state the drift inequality.

in particular, there exist positive constants A and D such that as long as maxi Qi(t) = D,wehave D(Q(t)) =-A Q(t )+ K. (25) on the bounded set where maxi Qi(t ) = D, the drift D(Q(t )) is also bounded by a constant.


Call XHR3sr the extended hidden nodes relay set of a transmission Tsr in three-party proxy set coverage of node r. XHR3sr includes al l nodes in P3r that could relay tra.c from node r to nodes belonging to XH3sr.

misclassi.ed nodes can appear with the AMAC protocol if the nodes are highly mobile and the current con.guration does not re.ect the one detected when the 3-party proxy set was established.


We used the traf.c simulation tool AIMSUN to model a reference scenario according to an empirical traf.c study which re.ects real traf.c conditions.

drivers merging too early cause the capacity of the freeway section to be suboptimally utilized, which especially has disadvantages in dense traf.c situations.


For purposes of this analysis, we will assume that AIDs and SRIDs are 128 bits IPv6 addresses.

the home information tables and mapping tables for IDMSA and IDMSB are shown.


The access network in these houses is a wireless network, and the external gateway of the network connects to an OSPF network in an emulated ISP.

when using network emulators, users should create models that  Figure 2: Network Reproduction Using Link Emulator Figure 3: Network Reproduction Using Virtual Network Figure 4: Network Reproduction Using Real Network describe the processes of the trouble.


150 100 Let V (i) be the traf.c from CP i.

the impact of video traf.c: A recent trend is that a large fraction of the traf.c from content providers is streaming video.


4.1 Previous Work Viceroy [19] was the first randomized protocol for DHT routing.

the value of the integral is 139 (in ~/~)/lnh.


The .ow xu,v stands for the total time during which (u, v) is used by the unicast scheme.

as more trees are allowed, the lifetime of the solution returned by Algorithm HGBOR is signi.cantly larger.


For example, active slots of devices in M6 cover all slots in Phase I, while the ones in M5 only covers one slot.

4 Implementation and Conclusion As in Figure 3, we deploy 11 TelosB sensor devices with TinyOS platform.


Let us now take a look at the case where the cell is already saturated.

to use SA for our purpose we had to change several semi-randomly selected variables at the same time.


PROBLEM SETTING First, we ask a question of how should network performance of a particular application be measured?

further, in Section 4 we describe main aspects of the architecture for demand aware .ow allocation and evaluate it using commodity hardware.


in [15], though from a di.erent angle than presented here.

in this simulation environment, the data bu.er was capped at 100 packets, but increasing this size could potentially increase the delivery rates (a node can store more data until it gets within transmission range of the destination).


some of them can be removed without a.ecting the overall synchronization delay.


Throughput (b/s/Hz) Figure 4: AutoMAC: CDF of throughput gains on uplink 5.1 AutoMAC: Exploiting Interference on the Uplink Method: In this experiment, we statically place one USRP node which acts as the AP.

3.1 MAC Protocol AutoMAC uses a simple AP driven MAC protocol.


Also note that the increase in the throughput is achieved at the cost of increased delays for the users, due to lower chances of service for their queues in both the BS and RU, when the number of vehi cles increases.

cHANNEL AND QUEUE AWARE POWER EFFICIENT RESOURCE ALLOCATION Transmission Rate [Bits/Slot] In this section, we propose power ef.cient resource allocation algorithm for providing data services for the users of vehicles.


of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University Gwanak-599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Korea dobby@mmlab.snu.ac.kr, tkkwon@snu.ac.kr, yhchoi@snu.ac.kr ABSTRACT Cognitive Radio (CR) techniques to dynamically utilize the frequency spectrum is under hot discussion recently.

hence, every SU is assumed to have 1 + n radios: 1 radio for signaling traf.c and n radios for data traf.c.


If f = 1 and if the set of destination points is small, the convergence time will be very small.


The 100 ms difference is due to a few scattered high latency measurements and consistent clock skew increasing latency for the last day of the measurements.

this approach mirrors previous work [14] which used similar heuristics along with TCP window tweaks to classify and prioritize downstream .ows.


/ß-anti-feasible set with monotone power assignment P and let ev be a link with ev -L. Then, P av (L) = O(1).

cityscape and indoor environments are notoriously hard to model.


these proposals claim to operate just like the Standard TCP in low and medium speed environments, to be compatible or fair to legacy TCP .ows.


This kind of space sharing isolation was provided, for example, in the Connection Machine CM-5 [5] if the partitions of the machine employed disjoint subtrees of the fat-tree network.

as a result, the .ow-control overhead can be kept small compared to the message tra.c.


We are investigating the feasibility of this approach in the rest of the paper.

this implies that a single WBest estimate will be able to correctly approximate either UDP or TCP throughput but not both in most cases.


[5] Basu, P., and Redi, J. E.ect of overhearing transmissions on energy e.ciency in dense sensor networks.

residual overhearing denotes the number of nodes that overhear messages due to the transmissions of v. the more the number of multicast receivers v can cover, the less the number of nodes that overhear messages there will be.


The stack virtualization approach we have proposed shares the concept in a sense, however, we provide a virtual instantiation of the protocol stack for applications in a single operating system.

it is important to map DNS queries correctly together with the connections that they are related to.