Examining the proofs of the various results for Capacity and inductive independence [36], we .nd that the triangular inequality is applied to compare lengths that are within constant factor of each other, in which case the overhead is comparable to the case of ..

the results hold also in terms of f. Observation 2.


IR has a small range (typically up-to 10m), the e.ective power of the IR beam has to be restricted to not damage human tissues, and IR transmitters are relatively costly to build.

more recently, research has also explored using the visible light spectrum for communication [20, 30, 3, 27, 19].


While in principle receiver-based designs such as RBAR [3] and OAR [4] may yield good performance, they cannot be implemented on current 802.11 devices without modifying the standard.

we are unable to implement and evaluate such algorithms.


Moreover, we only focus on truly greedy routing algorithms with constant-bounded storage and computation complexity in 3D sensor networks in this research.

random-Walk [6] is the sole comparable scheme, as discussed in Sec.


Bluetooth has lower power consumption, smaller radio range, and supports less data rate as compared to Wi-Fi.

it can be used as a low power alternative for small transmissions such as tweets.


Although we identify a large number of RIP packets, they are not related to the DirecPC traffic in the ChinaSat network.

we choose not to analyze these packets further.


Assuming symmetric RF channels, this also acts as a probe to provide the client s SNR to the AP.

it is simple for the AP to choose the client with the best SNR and send  Table 1: Rate coupling functions (k vehicles) rateC ouple (r1,r2,...,rk) User Rate System Rate 802.11 1 k X j=1 1 rj k ×U ser Rate Time Fairness MV-MAX 8 >  : ru 0 ru k if ru = max(r1,...,rk) otherwise 1 k k X j=1 rj max(r1,...,rk) it an ACK, denying access to all other clients.


Similarly, the Adaptive scheme uses a single MCS for all video frames limited by the client who has the poorest channel conditions.

all clients also experience similar video quality.


Since in the Internet, primary paths (links) are being used in the majority of time and Skitter only probes once every day, the chance of observing backup paths (links) is small.

skitter is slow in discovering backup links(i.e., small .


This is sim- ilar to the idea of having multiple lines in a memory cache.

to allow multiple sets of constants and hence multiple simultane- ous connections efficiently, a small number of isolated contexts are introduced.


e ` X ´ We calculate E e next as follows: X' E e X = E e nsl !


We show in Section 6 that, very accurate estimation can be achieved by setting the number of counters in the array to around the same order as the number of .ows during an epoch.

for OC-192 or OC-768 link, one to a few million of counters need to be employed for a measurement interval of one to a few seconds.


Socket addresses, which are usually presented as a tuple of an IP address and a port, are used as the identi.ers of data communication in these protocols.

these communications are constrained to local and remote socket addresses, which obviously leads to the current host-based communication model.


If our modulation consists of a coarse layer and a .ne layer, then the latter is interference when decoding the former.

the noise term for the coarse layer can count in the contribution from the .ne layer.


epoch InitFill algo- rithm, machine i possesses a copy of the object with the i'th highest probability of access.

the first k/n iterations place objects accessed at machine 1 at all the machines.


We .rst extract out the commands which have the same username and terminal pair and then demarcate them according to special entries that .ag the creation and termination of login sessions.

we separate the commands executed across di.erent login sessions on the same router.


This eliminates the need for RtSolPr/PrRtAdv messages which in turn reduces the long anticipation time imposed by FMIPv6 by reducing signalling overheads.

when our proposed mechanism is applied to FMIPv6, it can increase the probability predictive mode of operation and also reduces overall (both L2 and L3) handover latency.


Note that if we randomly select one of the landmarks as target s location estimate, the mean error obtained is 7.62 miles for Comcast network and 8.76 miles for Verizon network.

existing techniques perform worse than random selection , while PBG geolocates the target to within 2 - 4 miles of its actual location.


If j<r, then l =|W0|= 12 by Lemma 4.1 and consequently t1j +4(l- 1) = t1,r-1 +44 = t1,r <t0,r.

in either case the transmission by v ends before the time-slot t0,r.


of Computer Science 7 University of Erlangen, Germany {gerhard.fuchs,sebastien.truchat,dressler}@informatik.uni-erlangen.de ABSTRACT The heterogeneity and dynamics in terms of hardware and software configurations is steadily increasing in sensor networks.

software management is becoming one of the most prominent challenges in this domain.


Unlike the Internetwhere routersareoftentrusted,the mobilenodesin MANETs normally should not be trusted.

a tracebackprotocolforMANETsitself su.ersfrom malicious attacks.


Since the server part of the speci.cation is relatively simple it mostly de.nes reply codes and implementationspeci.c responsestrings ,weopted to useandcomplement only the FTP speci.cation related to the messages transmitted by the clients.

all automata and network traces concern the client-side of the protocol speci.cation.


Even though it is ef.cient to detect whethera looped walk contains a cross-link using a CLDP probe, itcan be more costly to determine whether this looped walkwas caused by a cross-link or a destination not in the graph,as the example in Figure 13 illustrates.

lCR is not ef.cient for data centric storage, butdoes provide highly scalable, low overhead any-to-any routing.


Also, we need to assign non-overlapping Flowspace to support virtual tenant (i.e., user) networking.

in this paper, we introduce our experience in automating the inter-connections among multiple OpenFlow islands.


DSDV has mechanisms that dynamically collect network topology changes and send routing updates in an event triggered style.

their performance is tightly related with the network size.


where the last inequality uses the fact: x = 2arctan(x) for 0 = x = 1.


If the sub.ows perform congestion control independently of each other, the fairness will be violated.

we think that a major objective of multipath congestion control is to couple all the sub.ows belonging to a .ow to achieve both the e.ciency and the fairness goal.


During times of no activity, samples are not transmitted to the base station and remain within the network.

their residence times are large, and the timestamps assigned to them can be affected by drift.


For example, if we consider the connectivity degree coupled with a hop-count as the indicator of a node s location, then sojourn time is defined as the span of time in which this aggregated metric of location is maintained.

to ground sojourn time to an anchor, we define it as  Definition 3: Sojourn time of a transient node nT is the duration in which it resides in the vicinity of the current governing arbitrator.


slots is uniformly chosen in the range [0, C Wmin 2i - 1] after the station has failed transmission for i times.

accumulatively, the station will wait j i CWmin 2-1 for total oftime slots on average from the j=0 2 time a packet is ready for transmission to the time of the successful transmission of its .rst bit, at the (i + 1)th attempt.


This makes it impossible to easily create multi-hop network topologies or situations involving node mobility.

routing protocol features that handle these cases will be difficult to test.


Typically, there are two main energy metrics and their corresponding problem formulation for energy-efficient multicasting: (1) minimizing the total power consumption of all nodes in the multicast group, and (2) maximizing the multicast lifetime.

there are two types of problem formulation based on these metrics.


This work demonstrated that RSSI and RTD are less correlated than RSSI and CINR are.

rSSI and RTD are expected to generate more unique .ngerprints.


The MAR algorithm is compatible with all methods supporting the Hamiltonian path in 2D or 3D NoCs.

the TBP, VBP and RP methods can utilize MAR algorithm for both unicast and multicast messages.


It appears that the nature of the system is such, that, independently of our initial guess, the iteration converges in a few steps (depending on the parameters of the system after 2 to 5 iteration steps), a fact that makes the method computationally e.cient.

knowing the transition probabilities pcc,psc, we evaluate, from (14), the value of p ., and substituting it to (13), we .nally obtain the conditional collision probability p.  4.


For node i, it can receive Link Info of node a1, a2, a3, h, j.


Most users, however, will not manually optimize their usage to do so.

tDP requires an autopilot mode that can automatically schedule usage for users.


Whenever an update occurs,one of these four cases takes place: 1. q¯is(j) = T1: The queue at the next-hop is under-utilized and should be increased (positive expected drift).

if the nodehaspacketsinitsown queue, .ji is linearly increased.


In a digitalized world, every object can be assigned an electronic identi.er, e.g., we can represent a person by his phone number or a product by its RFID number.

we are interested in the following localization problem: given an electronic identi.er, how can we localize the object bearing this electronic identi.er accurately?


Early efforts focused on using hand-crafted string classi.ers to overcome the limitations of port-based classi.cation for various classes of applications [6, 10, 20].

the Jazz P2P protocol could be recognized by scanning for X-Kazaa-* in transportlayer .ows.


In this case, none of the two virtual links in the neutral equivalent satis.es the condition in Theorem 1: l1 +(1)is indistinguishable from l1, and l1 +(2)is indistinguishable from l3.

according to the theorem, this neutrality violation is not observable.


The kth area of the concentric circular band is 2 )2 × (k × d ) - × ((k -1) × d .

the expected total min min kth number of candidate proxy forwarders in the CBB with regard to the wedge with angle ia is ( )( 2 min )/ 2( dki ××××× a.


So the use of a slot for transmission by one of the nodes implies that the slot cannot be re-used by the other nodes on the path.

if node A1 transmits to node A2 on slot #1, slot #1 cannot be used by any of the other nodes to transmit to their downstream nodes.


However, the problem with flooding is that many routing messages are propagated unnecessarily.

the worst-case of the computational  the .... .


This is because the MS is moving towards the east, but AP3 and AP4 are located on the opposite direction.

the list of candidate APs is re.ned by only considering APs that are located along the moving direction of the MS.


Traditional solutions to these problems, however, are not applicable to future mobile communication networks because mostly these algorithms are centralized and therefore global knowledge is required for their operation.

more feasible solutions are distributed solutions.


However, for DNS tra.c, we do not expect to obtain training tra.c data that was actually sent from worm-infected hosts because the ob jective of the method is to detect infected hosts.

we use available characteristic queries, then select hosts sending those queries, and we consider the queries sent from those hosts to be training data.


For those applications like online movie, they usually have one or only a few senders and lots of receivers.

we often use a source based multicast tree in which receivers only receive messages but do not send them.


However, in SCADA interconnected by computers/communication elements with or without Internet access, it is possible that intruders can induce attacks that would not have been considered by the system designer.

the major challenge for SCADA security lies in arriving at methods of control of the plant that shall overcome such plausible attacks and maintain the stability and the trustworthiness of the system  thus, making the system robust.


In our simulations, we try out different (constant) shifts in the routing utility and plot the results only for the change in routing utility that maximizes forwarding rate (cheating) or pro.t under CRISP (sel.sh).

cRISP is quite robust to inaccurate values of .


Now, since the di.erence remains roughly constant for both tra.c byte ratios, its main contributing factor is the packet size.

critical tra.c s higher PDR can be attributed to how its packets interact with the channel.


Although these schemes can improve the multicast efficiency, feedback implosion may occur if the number of receivers in a group increases and the packet loss rate is high.

we combine the FEC technology with our RP scheme.


parameters and also AIFS based priority schemes.

in our work, we have provided a simpli.ed and integrated model to capture all the essential service di.erentiation mechanisms of IEEE 802.11e.


These decisions are dependent on the number of prefixes and routing data distribution which varies in different routers.

having a flexible architecture which permits tuning of the above parameters is useful.


aggregation parameters, as well as di.erent tra.c loads.

comparing them is di.cult, although several conclusions can be already derived.


These selection rules except rule (1) must be implemented in all border routers as the standard and should not be changed in designing the routing control architecture.

the VR architecture that modi.es local pref and next hop attributes can control the forwarding addresses of the next hop in the path to the destination, and therefore can control conventional routers externally without any protocol extensions.


It has recognized that this infrastructure could utilize to enable application function in the network and on the user side to enable shared keys.

third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has provided the bootstrapping of application security to authenticate the subscriber by defining a Generic Bootstrapping Architecture (GBA) [3] based on Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) protocol.


Recall that we have derived the spanning angle of G, denoted by a,in Equation4.

based on Equation 3, we know that the node stores one key for each cell in G with a probability of d .the R number of veri.able cell keys stored by the node is proportional to the number of cells within G. That is, [28] S. Zhu, S. Setia, S. Jajodia, and P. Ning.


Each chordless cycle has two anchor nodes and exactly one center.

the number of chordless cycles after µ-.ltering can be estimated with ncyc = 3 O(h2nmaxC(nmax,2)) = O(h2nmax) where C(n,k) is thebinomial coef.cient.


Also, our general methodology is radio-independent.

it will be interesting to carry out similar experiments on other commodity radio platforms.


T do if u = s then transmit message j at time 3(j - 1)k +1 else after receiving message j,delay transmission of j by delay(u) time units return all transmit times Figure 4: Single Source Multiple Message (SSMM) with each other.

it su.ces to separate two di.erent messages by three levels in order to allow simultaneous collision-free transmissions of these messages.


During congestion, this problem is more pronounced because the probability of the delivery of frames decreases due to collisions.

our observations suggest that the use of the RTS CTS mechanism is deemed to be unfair in congested networks in which only a small set of users depend on the mechanism.


We define C~d, the bandwidth "cost" of Assume that the consumption rate of each video is F frames grouping together in a segment the frames from i to (j -1).per second.

the frame sequence of each video is fully known j-1 Cij ~ Based on C~j we can define a graph a priori.


In our implementation, the MCU runs at a frequency of 4,194,304 Hz.

the granularity of NOPs is about 0.23 µs, indicating that the theoretical MPO would be no larger than 0.23 µs after phase offset compensation.


We have that t -t¯= T(kB) and |lv - hv|= .r.


If background tra.c existed, then residual bandwidth, R, is less then bottleneck link capacity, B.

bottleneck router will start to queue incoming packets if JTCP s sending rate is larger than residual bandwidth, R, and residual bandwidth is less than bottleneck link capacity.


ej - tjT nodes), by solving .max X[j,..]fj(tj), j.C(i) tj =r R j.C(i) we can obtain the maximum information at node i.

x[i,r](Equation(1))maximizes the information that reaches node i if i allows r units of energy for reception.


Clusterformationisbased on the rationale that nodes traveling together in the same direction and at similar speeds experiencelinksthat arelong-lived enough to support multi-hoppath-basedintra-cluster routing.

only nodes connected through such stable links are considered members of the same cluster.


t-1Pi(r) = 1,i=1,...,K (18)  ri-1ri -1 <1,i=1,...,K  rK = D. An examination of (18) reveals that its objective function is a monomial , the inequality constraints are signomials, and the equality constraint is a monomial of the variables (r,t) (refer to the appendix for the concepts of monomial, posynomial, and signomial).

(18) is a signomial optimization problem of the standard form [22].


We have extended it taking into account the compatibility with the new possible extension of ODRL.

in the NegotiationRequest message or in the NegotiationStep sent by Alice, the ContractDoc field will be the new ODRL Request expression.


Meanwhile, any failed depot node needs 5t hours to be recovered.

when redirecting is not possible for solving the failure problem, the customer node has to wait t hour, 5t hours or even more time before the service can be restored.


It is achieved for a 1D symmetric network as described in Figure 3 with a large number N of nodes, when the throughput Many of the NC strategies proposed in the literature (e.g., COPE) require that packets are decoded at each node.

each node has to maintain the packets received and transmitted successfully in the past in order to decode the packets that will arrive in the future.


Although replicate servers may be deployed anywhere in the ubiquitous environment, this work assumes that only the nearest server can provide the latest information due to synchronization jitter among servers.

the ability of a mobile user to maintain continuous contact with the nearest regional service provider is a critical issue.


z+1ifu>z G.: TheoptimalofineostPToninputIlis l PT(Il)min(u1) :GOPT -nOPT+P(z)(nz+znOPT -Ez)dz o fromEquation(1)  :GOPT -nOPT+ G(AzIl)1ifu:z z+l ll PTifu>z (Il)l P(z)(nz+znOPT -nwdW+(1-z)nOPT)dz o z WemayassumewithoutlossofgeneralitythatanyonlinefromLemma4 ll w algorithm(deterministiorrandomized)willbuybytime1, GOPT+P(z)nzdz-nwP(z)dzdWsinethereafter,theoptimalofinedoesnotinrease,but oo theonlineostdoes.Thus,inourdisussion,weassume o byhangingtheorderofintegrationthatbothuandzarebetween0and1.


However such a link would necessarily cause again route .uttering, because Pi1 and Pi2 would meet at this link and at link eb2 , buttheywould needto separatebetween themselvesbecause they do not share eb1 nor eb3 (see Figure 4).

pi2 traverses eb3 , as well as eb4 ,because of(ii).


In this paper we will propose a class of batch con.ict resolution algorithms in which the value n is continuously estimated such that it becomes progressively accurate as more terminals are resolved.

our class of con.ict resolution algorithms has two generic applications: 1.


+58-212-6051295 karima.velasquez@ciens.ucv.ve  ABSTRACT Testing network applications and protocols in a real WAN environment can be difficult and complex due to costs and distances.

many researchers and developers use network simulation or controlled testbeds where the WAN is emulated over cheap and widely spread LAN technologies such as Ethernet.


As vehicle density increases, drivers must drive less aggressively to avoid accidents.

fewer vehicles ful.ll all of the requirements to trigger a warning, and as vehicle density increases, wrongful revocation decreases.


We also .nd that some network components(like networkinterfaces cards) mighthave features that reduce pacing along the path.

one shouldbe very careful and aware of suchdetailsif tinybu.er sizing result is to be applied in practice.


We assume that all base stations are connected and thereby are able to share their load measurements.

each node receives, at each sampling instant, a packet containing the vector M =[M1M2 ...MC ].


by NLOS with strong multipath [18], and hence does not allow us to understand the behavior of the localization schemes in LOS.

to study these aspects of the systems, we use a separate setup in a typical of.ce lounge.


Therefore, a new quasi-router b is created as an identical copy of the existing quasi-router a with the same neighbors as quasi-router a (see Figure 5(c)).

quasi-router b will have a RIB-In match for a route with AS-path 1-5-4,but does not select it as best route (the AS-path 1-4 is shorter).


The MN could move freely without the obligation to be aware of its real location and to report the changes to the proxy (then to the PC/MME).

during the proxying period the system believes that the MN has not changed the location.


Also, there would be no vision-based sensing for shoppers who only have a smartphone and no Glass.

inferring the layout of the products becomes an important goal for ThirdEye.


Another key factor is the range of bitrates used for both the input and output streams.

we first need to decide on a reasonable set of bitrates that should be used in our simulations.


The best performance is achieved at the strongest coupling, E = 1.

a previously di.cult to determine parameter has been reduced to a constant.


For example, MPI/QMP[13] provides a M-VIA based communication, however its low level communication performance is limited to 550 MB/s using six Gigabit Ethernet links on a 3-D mesh connection.

we have developed a scalable communication layer for the 3D-HXB network called PM/Ethernet-HXB.


Each sensor, which is nearer to base station in comparison with its cluster head finds the maximum normalizedtrustvalue among its neighbors, compares it with its own value if its normalizedtrustvalue is bigger than the maximum value, then candidates itself as next hop to receive the fusion results (CA rules).

the most trusted receiver node is available for each sensor.


House Accuracy Error (sec) Experiment: FA% MD% Min Max Mean WiFi NORM 0.043 5.70 0.29 2.78 1.06 WiFi SEP 0.005 4.35 0.03 1.82 0.56 ZigBee 0.004 0.49 0.10 3.55 1.63 average missed detection rate of other groups (results presented in Table 2 are averaged over the other three groups).

we conclude that, although an MRW attack can penetrate concrete and brick walls, metallic structures in the line of sight path of the radio signals degrades the detection accuracy signi.cantly.


First, directly estimating these metrics from network tra.c requires cost-prohibitive collection of sensitive data (requiring deep-packet-inspection) beyond TCP/IP headers.

cost and privacy concerns would be alleviated with a model that accurately predicts these engagement metrics using only standard radio network statistics and/or TCP/IP header information that is already collected.


For ease of exposition, we hereon refer to the fraction of other ASes whose tra.c is hijacked by the hijacking AS (averaged across all pre.xes) as the probability of hijacking.The probability of interception is de.ned analogously.

we were able to determine the probability of hijacking for each of the seven ASes.


6.3 Enhancements for Paths In the summation algorithm presented in Section 5.1, if a connected component of G1 is a path, the two nodes at both ends of the path will indicate it in the messages they send.

there are two types of messages: (i) messages originating from the end of the path and (ii) messages originating within the path.


Given this PMF, there is no level of diversity offered by the channel (or degrees of freedom), which means that in most cases the RB will be entirely received or lost.

in order to create a level of priority in the RB, a sharp UEP is required in the vertical coding.


A user can then receive the datagrams, e.g., with netcat and see the payload appearing in their terminal.

the .owgraph can be easily extended with custom applications.


If more than one direction can lead to the destination, the least probable one is selected for increased robustness.

integrating the above mentioned parameters into a single equation the following multivariable polynomial is derived as the Standby Function shown in (1).


Fortunately, as solidstate devices, these hardware-relevant properties are highly stable over the whole lifespan [1].

one time calibration is enough for each device.


Then E[Yn+1 | Fn]= E[Xn+1 | Fn] T -1 +EE Bk Fn+1 Fn k=n+1 T -1 = Xn + E[Bn | Fn]+ E Bk Fn k=n+1 = Yn.

thus, Yn is an Fn-adapted supermartingale; furthermore, by de.nition, Yn is non-negative for all n. by Theorem 7.2, []LT -1 E Bk * E[Y0] k=0 P(YT = a) = = .


When the responder returns the L5-SYN+ACK segment to the initiator, the responder also negotiates with the splicer-2 and the splicer-1.

the L5-SYN+ACK segment reaches the initiator (Fig.7-8).


A direct measure of this quantity seems difficult to achieve because with motes it is not possible to have information about the channel carrier sensing.

we defined an indirect way to perform these measurements.


Notably, after replacing T4 and T7 with T3 ' , the three tokens of two SCCs become identical, requiring removing one redundant SCC.


In order to optimize the original SF parameters used by the video streaming server-side application, CLO collects the SF management messages provided by the MAC layer, and exchanged between BS and SS.

the video data rate is dynamically adapted according to resource availability at the MAC layer.


Furthermore, because the interference margin is chosen so that the maximum transmission range under the POWMAC and 802.11 protocols is the same, it is safe to assume that both protocols achieve the same forward progress per hop.

we can focus on the one hop throughput, i.e., the packet destination is restricted to one hop from the source.


Alternatively, for the mechanisms to keep old frames, we remove the +nof notation.

the .rst four mechanisms (all without the +nof notation) would keep old frames during frame forwarding.


Anotherinteresting observationisthat withpaced tra.c, the link utilization appears to be independent of the bu.er size while this is not the case for non-paced tra.c.

with paced tra.c, there is no need to increase the bu.ering to achieve a certain link utilization.


The station that is observing the channel does not transmit.


5.3.5 Analysis The digital signature Digital signatureX (routing message) can be created only by X.

it serves as proof of validity of the information contained in the routing message.


Even if every UPDATE message reaches every single node of the routing AG, the total number of messages circulated during this phase would be no more than L×(M -1), where L represents the number of leaves in the routing AG.

l × (M - 1) is an upper bound on the message load for the second phase.


The model presumes optimal radio conditions so it assumes that not packet retransmission occurs.

the model, which has been empirically validated in an actual piconet, could be employed to assess the limits of Bluetooth applicability in piconets trying to support ACL best effort traffic applications.


This is particularly true for large networks.

it is desirable to keep the route discovery frequency low, for on-demand routing to be effective.


A puzzle-solution packet usually does not exceed 100 bytes.

performing 100 MD5 operations per second takes only about 0.16% of the router s CPU time.


If the rendezvous are spread out over a greater number of distinct channels, then the probability of link breakage caused by the inability to exchange control packets (which in turn is due to the appearance of incumbent signals) decreases.

we have the following channel hopping system design problem.


(6) 32 Substituting (3) into (6), with .b = -23 ln P2 b ,the CR node transmit power Pt corresponds to: R/W a Pt = .b 2-1 ·I ·d.

(7) we can write the problem of minimizing the average transmit power of CR nodes as: L 1 .


We see that in an interference-free environment (in channel 26), d has 99th percentile being at most 0.03 mW.

the requirement  (a) Power prediction error (b) Counting accuracy of bounded prediction error is satis.ed in an interferencefree environment.


As proven in Theorem A.2, face routing with small perturbations always works in the presence of collinear links.

practical Collinear Link Robustness Even though small perturbations eliminate collinearity, they are dif.cult to implement in practice, for reasons including the poor numerical stability of representing small ei, &c. we instead present an alternative modi.cation to the right-hand rule that clearly answers the two questions raised in Section 4.2.


(4) - W* - W* negative for all 8i .Sw and rj .Rw.

the VCG-based double auction satis.es the individual rationality property.


Based on the reverse-multicast-tree paradigm, each node aggregates its data with that of its descendants.

if the sink does not receive data from a node, it also does not gather data from all the descendents of that node.


The Rtree does not preserve trajectories, but uses purely spatial characteristics such as proximity.

nodes in the TB-tree are larger and more wasteful with respect to space.


2.4.1 Computing Resource Simulation For Grid applications, many of which are compute intensive, accurate modeling of CPU speed is critical.

our .rst simulation module focuses on simulating the execution speed of various processors.


Also, evolving tunnel use likely impacts  RTT and hop count.

we cannot conclude that IPv6 has better RTT performance than IPv4, overall.


4.2 Network Partition Error The network partition is guided by the NSV edges.

nSV edge errors obviously have a negative impact on partitioning.


The latency of ALOHA and aUT-Lohi are in.uenced by selection bias as few packets arrive successfully at the sink and those that do arrive are those that have traversed one hop.

these protocols would .nd limited usefulness to users at signi.cant data rates.


To distribute the load change, A will request that the load change is divided in two equal parts (each of a size of 10 points), one given to the most left child D of the node NSPLIT2, while the other will be re-examined by A.

the same procedure will be executed recursively by node D, with input Dload of 10 points.


First, false negatives occur when detecting duplicates.

forwarding loop detection may get slightly delayed if a duplicate arrives at the EtherFuse but is not detected.


The central planner may send both the receiving and the transmitting UAV to new positions for improving transmission.

uAV movement is determined by the mission and communication optimization.


However, J2 -M +1 realizations of user 2 do not receive data.

if wetimesharingincyclicway every M -1 realizations among all J2 ones, user 2 achieves the multiplexing gain of M-1 .


3 will overlap with the border of the sector.

the di.erence between 23 p sector and the white area in Fig.


At the same time, it also has a similar memory overhead, in terms of the maximum and average number of compensation packets in CpBu.er.

we conclude that in our setting level-1 recovery is su.cient for most applications.


In general, a channel may model both point-to-point communication, as well as multi-access channels, such as multicast switches, or bus systems.

iPSIM supports a large variety of generic, as well as system-specific, channels.


A challenge in demonstrating advanced control schemes is often in the scalability of testing.

the following subsection addresses a simulation model for a 25-bus system.


A challenge, in this case, is to delimit such neighborhood so as not to go farther than the area of in.uence.

the node position must be considered, making the spatial notion an additional issue.


3.1.1 Routing Protocols As the main subject of our evaluation is Chord, we wanted to factor out any artifacts of using a speci.c routing protocol.

we simulated Chord with three di.erent routing protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing [16], Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [14], and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) [13].


Different from WiFi-NC, the subchannels in FICA are dependent and transmissions across different sub-channels should be synchronized within a few microseconds.

as pointed out in [5], FICA is essentially a wide single-channel system with multiple inter-dependent narrow sub-channels.


5.3.1 Parking and Leaving Cars For the .rst set of results, we added and removed parked cars uniformly over the simulation time.

the overall amount of cars remained more or less stable.


Generally, the requirements of the advanced sensor network application go far beyond the ability of classic WSNs technology (represented by the Berkeley Mica Mote ).

researchers will need increasingly novel technology to satisfy these requirements.


If an IS packet is successfully received by a node, the node replies with an IR packet after a back-off time during which the node monitors the code of the inquiring node that sends the IS packet.

it cannot hear any other incoming IS packets until the back-off interval expires.


Further, the signaling overhead is sensitive to the stability of the forwarding overlay.

it is crucial for a successful deployment of Pr2-P2PSIP that stablepeers, i.e., those witha longlifetime,arepreferentially chosen for building tunnels.


We explain these independence assumption in more detail when we de.ne the model equations.

for agivenset ofinputs,whichincludethetopology graph G =(V,E), the set of pathsP, the exogenous tra.c arrival rate for connections, fraction of tra.c that is transmitted over eachpath and thePHYlayer errorprobabilities, we .nd the average system performance.


In fact the other stations freeze the Backoff timer until the end of this burst, which minimizes the collision probability.

this increases the overall network throughput naturally.


dW Ws2 + LnhT Then, (a) if CW = 1 then vP (W) is decreasing for positive W, (b) if CW < 1 then vP (W) is increasing on the interval  (v v ) 0,(1 - CW )ThnL/( CW s2)and it is decreasing on the (v v ) interval (1 - CW )ThnL/( CW s2),8.

the optimal bandwidth W = W(CW ) which maximizes the provider s revenue is given as follows: .


Going back to our example,a length 24 pre.x would have a marker in the length 16 set.

at each set the search selects the longer set on the binary search path if there is a matching marker directing it lower.


Furthermore, to capture the average performance of the network, we need to average .TR(k) and .T (k) over di.erent frames.

we de.ne ORT and OT as the average transmission rate over L (tends to in.nity) frames for relay and no-relay networks, respectively.


In fact, M is pre-determined by the data mining algorithm and usually is a fixed value.

na of data mining based DPM scheme can be calculated as follows 1 .


V, ti · d(hi, (u, v)) · p(u, v) = (13) i=1 v.V k p(u, v) · d(hi, (u, v)) · ti, (14) v.V i=1 hence by (12), k p(u, v) · d(hi, (u, uv)) · ti = p(u, v) · tuv, (15) v.V i=1 v.V and by constraint (10), p(u, v) · tuv = b(u), (16) v.V  hence condition (7) holds.


Observe that Gc is a Euclidean graph, thus the maximal node degree of any Ti is at most 5.

the maximal degree of the resulting multicast tree T is at most 24.


Moreover, when the variance of the prior becomes very small as compared to the variance of the noise, or in other words, when the prior becomes very strong, the error of the posterior becomes smaller and the uncertainty is further reduced.

our resultant uncertainty model becomes far more accurate than the no-prior case.


These are shown as 4 groups of 3 outputs of each 4:4 crossbar.

each sub-switch receives 12 point-to-point links from other sub-switches as well (6 each in X and Y, shown as 4 groups of 3 inputs to the 16:4 crossbar).


Energy Consumption: In a mission critical application like BSN, it is vital that the nodes do not run out of energy.

the architecture must not require the nodes to expend excessive energy.


Yet, despite signi.cant progress in fairness in multihop wireline and wireless networks, no existing reference model captures the design objectives of multihop wireless backhaul networks.

we formally de.ne such a system s fairness and throughput objectives as follows.


Frequency Domain Characteristics of 1b-SM In the first experiment, the SM has been embedded on the CAD by using the classical LSB encoding technique.

stego audio data (SAD) has been obtained.


In fact, the lower is G, the lower will be the fraction of resources allocated to the users.

to keep OR =OT , the user to relay connection has to T work in a higher SNR, which implies deploying more relays in the network.


~CN (0, ILE ) and C is a positive semide.nite matrix function of the system parameters M, N and of the channel PDP.

.E is distributed as the sum of independent exponential random variables with means equal to the eigenvalues of C, .1(C), .


Note that the forwards semantics is monotonic in the sense that for s, s ' concrete states such that s * s ' , then s ' stores s as a substate.

this means that if a never pattern is avoided by s ' it is also avoided by s. given an attack pattern S and never patterns S1, .


Subsequent work have been oriented to test a prototype of the new smart sensor pointed in [15], with the aim of surpassing industrial barriers.

this paper and [17] will present an advance of this line of pre-industrial research.


An exchange that is on the timescale of more than days will likely not facilitate stability.

all of our proposals have granularity on the order of at most hours.


As TCP is used by many applications in the current Internet, it is natural to consider it as a transport protocol for the future multihop wireless networks for deployment and interoperability reasons.

it is important to design a MAC protocol that works well with TCP.


In practice, for those share-based trees, receivers/senders in the same multicast group usually belong to the same organization or company, so their behavior can be expected to be cooperative instead of uncooperative.

we assume every receiver will relay the packet for peer receivers for free.


Based on Equation (2), the probability of a random injected packet (e.g., Ri) connects to an authentic packet in R (e.g., Rj ) is equal to the probability of two random vectors in V (i.e., ui, wi) belong to the hyperplanes represented by the sanitization tags of the authentic packet (i.e., Hj and Gj ).

it can be observed that an injected packet may connect to an authentic packet in R with the probability of at most ( 1 q )2 , where q is the .eld size.


With this scaling, the length of the region becomes s10,the width becomes 1/s0.1,and the radius that was 1/101hthat of the width becomes r (1/10)*(1/s)0.01.Let us suppose that the network is desired to last 10 times longer than the active lifetime of an individual sensor, which implies a duty cycle of 10%.

p0.1.We answer the following questions for this deployment scenario from analysis as well as from simulation: 1.


If a symbol is carried by subcarrier i in the .rst transmission of Pa, the symbol will be carried by subcarrier Fi in the second transmission of Pa.

re-encoding A1, in the frequency domain, involves simple permutations and channel scaling of subcarrier symbols.


The router r0 piggybacks the linkfailure information on the packet being forwarded on the alternate path towards d, which, upon receiving this information, may inform s of the link failure.

failure informationis sent to the sourcein an end-to-endmanner.


First, bounding the additional distance is a stricter condition than bounding only the total distance is.

our results in the following sections provide lower bounds of memory saving and upper bounds of indirection penalties.


This probability depends on an operating target SINR, ßi, or, correspondingly, a channel coding rate (determining the strength of channel coding), Ri, which are set with the QoS goal of limiting the relative contribution of Dc to Di below an acceptable limit [10].

we consider cross-layer CR SUs that can jointly adapt both the source encoding rate and channel coding rate through CR parameter setting.


This ensures that the measurements are not delayed or interrupted by any other event that may occur.

the measurement process becomes deterministic and the results can be interpreted as the relative timing between the measurements is known.


We give a formal de.nition of the .ip occurring on node positions during trilateration and identify the .ips as the main source of the intractability result.

we propose ways to select the anchors during trilateration to reduce the .ip ambiguity due to range measurement errors.


For example, hotpotato like effects may result in non-intersecting routing paths for the forward and reverse .ows within a bidirectional session [36].

stateful NIDS analysis that needs to observe both sides of a Figure 6: Network-wide framework for assigning NIDS processing and replicating responsibilities.


Therefore, balancing the queuing delay of the AP and wireless nodes results in the balanced uplink and downlink delay.

we show that APC balances the queuing delay of the AP and wireless nodes.


The arrival of TCP packets to the BS buffer is clocked by the ACK .ow.

a long burst of low channel state in some periods results in a low rate of TCP ACKs, which adversely impacts the TCP throughput in the end.


Furthermore, the candidate node resources are checked to be suf.cient to execute a certain operator.

collected operator statistics as well as live node statistics are considered, including measurements for, e.g., CPU,  Figure 4: M-TOP approach Ranking and Mapping.


Answering these types of questions involves working with a representation of both the topology being tested and the policy being implemented, and using those as input to a tool that implements IP routing protocols to perform the route computation.

we have a work.ow involving a topology, protocols, and policies, and look for tools to provide its components.


Non-pipelined (i.e., non-scheduled) IP packets, i.e., packets that are not part of a SVP (e.g., IP best-effort packets), can be transmitted during any unused portion of a TF, whether it is not reserved or it is reserved (partially or completely) but currently unused.

links can be fully utilized even if flows with reserved resources generate fewer packets than expected.


Let ri,j denote the distance between a node jand node i.Node jwith distance ri,j <T(a) will transmit the packet once.

the total packet retransmissions is the same as the number of the nodes within a circle of radius T(a) from node i.


Note, that even with discrete rates, the contiguous property of the partitions can be shown to hold in the optimal solution.

mEP adapted to the discrete case (MEP d) will continue to provide the optimal solution, while GREP d continues to provide a solution close to optimal at reduced time complexity.


location of the user device either using geometric properties (for the idealized case) or using a message map created beforehand which contains information about the set of messages that can be received at each location.

we see that the main idea here is to leverage the capability of transmitting at different power levels so that every location in the system can be described by a unique set of messages transmitted by various APs.


In our experiments, we .nd that the separation metric de.ned on link pairs while considering association is the most accurate.

we only consider this variant in this paper.


Since the AHMAC operates in PCF-enabled mode under high-tra.c conditions, the MPP and MAPs can have more opportunities to exchange frames with each other.

figure 8: Total network throughput of an IEEE 802.11s mesh network with a single-interface environment Figure 9: Average throughput per user in an IEEE 802.11s mesh network with a single-interface environment the total network throughput of the AHMAC increases until N = 110, and an AHAMC can accommodate 57% more users compared to a legacy DCF.


As can be seen, domains with a popular web site are highly ranked among the suspicious content listed in table 2.

we cannot detect suspicious queries by simply monitoring the queries sent by hosts that send the signature query.


It has the potential to yield a better throughput and reliability for the networks of both unicast and multicast applications.

if NC is applied to networks, the energy consumption can be reduced thanks to the reduced number of packets forwarded.


5.1.2 Tree Computation and Maintenance For each group, each client computes periodically the corresponding overlay tree, according to its membership table.

the client needs to maintain a table with its overlay neighbors.


Of course, this also applies to arbitrary compact regions over S. It will be useful to draw parallels between topological operations involving regions in S (and their boundaries) and the behaviour of the cycle following protocol.

we propose a join operation, to be performed on regions in S that share a link along their boundaries.


s  {r}, q1t 2 n xr.8 xr.8 xt2 1 ßC k k 1 n = C (qrtr 2 - q1t1 2)(1 - ß) + qrtr 2ßC which also holds for F s(xs).

r.s Let lim hr(xs) = lim (f r(xs) - f r(xs)) = 0 xr.8 xr.8 q1t1 2ßC n n .


Proof: In the proposed SecLocVSDP, the neighbor discovery process relies on the asymmetric cryptography and certi.cates from certi.cation server for a secure direct neighbors discovery.

malicious vehicles cannot participate in the neighbor discovery process, which guarantees that all the direct neighbors for a vehicles are not malicious.


First, kTCO indicates that k disjoint data paths exist from end to end for each topic.

we can harvest network intelligence in the routing protocols on top of kTCO by steering the tra.c among multiple alternate paths in a more optimized and secure manner.


In each path, superior node s decision actually leads to the .nal equilibrium.

we have to determine the maximal utility of the nodes hop-by-hop from the root to the leaf.


Thus, pand cj0 >c1 , which is a contradiction with the Nash equilibrium i0 i0 property.


It can be inferred from Section 2 that M-MoSBoD belongs to the class of communication-based methods.

we will also present a comparison of M-MoSBoD with the state-of-the-art communication based methods presented in [3], because the network setup considered in [3] is very similar to our setting, which ensures comparability.


After checking the average vehicle speed (Figure 10), and the average percentage of nodes moving at a given time (Figure 8), the two models appear to have the same clustering e.ects at intersections with cars moving at a similar average speed.

we believe that the di.erence is largely within margins of statistical errors.


It then uses Self-Interference Cancellation (SIC) to decode the transmission despite jamming.

there are two key goals in the design of jamming and SIC in Dhwani: Security: The jamming should be random and powerful enough that an eavesdropper is unable to cancel out the jamming and retrieve the message.


Meanwhile, in NoRelay, nodes have to use some single-hop systems even though higher power consumption is required.

nodes located centrally use a 2.4 [GHz] system to preserve residual battery power even though transmission time becomes slightly longer due to the lower data rate of the 2.4 [GHz] system.


However, current spectrum-agile designs are frame-based.

when a new narrow channel becomes available, it cannot be utilized until the next frame.


Broadcast frames have to be authenticated with keys that are shared among neighboring nodes.

a node compromise not only reveals a single broadcast key, but also those of neighboring nodes.


The user then reacts to the mark as if a packet has been lost.

the link avoids dropping the packet (thereby enhancing goodput) and still manages to convey congestion information to the user.


In the proposed DDAR protocol, a SCH node is selected at a distance near to the BS so that the data is transmitted from the CH nodes over small distance.

a considerable amount of energy is conserved in each round of communication.


For instance, a teacher can offer a podcast containing learning material for the current lecture from his notebook.

the aggregator of the subscribing students will detect and pull the new lecture episodes during the class making them available instantly, even in case no Internet connection is available.


Subse-quently, the probability that packet rr appears in v at time t is at most 2p/z and the probability that it doesn't appear in v at all is at least 1 2p z According to Lemma 5.7, the number of possible packets like ~r is at most 3/2 mz.

none of them will be in node v and time t with probability at least as needed.


Here, we gave an example in which E [Z] decreases with increasing s 2 ., but the channel variability has no e.ect on E [Z].

we may not be able to claim that the variability of the erasure Depending on whether this weighted sum of covariances is negative or positive, i.e., whether s 2 V is less than or greater than Ns 2 .


With similar throughput capacity, packets that are not dropped by the portal can be forwarded to destination by the following nodes.

without enough bandwidth, the portal is unable to forward enough packets to exceed the throughput capacity of map(4).


The TH precoding is a successive precoding method, in which the interference from previously precoded users to the current precoded user has to be canceled during the feedback precoding process.

the data stream to be precoded later has to take into account more constraints.


In threshold and priority sampling, w(X) is an unbiased estimator of the de- P sired value i.I wi, so the unknown mean is exactly this desired value.

more precisely, we will construct functions lower, upper : X×[0, 1] .R such that for any X .X, Pr[lower(X, e) > E [w(X)]] = e (5) Pr[upper(X, e) < E [w(X)]] = e (6) on a1 - 2e signi.cance level, we can use [lower(X, e), upper(X, e)] as a con.dence interval for E [w(X)].


actions, which leads to E[u1(X1,X2)|X1 = T ]= q2 * · a - c1(1 - q2 * · a) =0.


When k increases, more links are added in the multi-.ow graph, which means more redundant sensors in source regions are exploited to cover holes.

more .ows can be formed, which improves the coverage and network lifetime at the cost of higher number of movements.


Considering that a tree is created for each combination and that all trees must be traversed, this implies that This algorithm is applied to every node until it contains a number of rules less or equal to a threshold value that was set to 16 in our ×17= .... experimentations.

according to Equation 3, a large number of memory accesses must be performed for each  decided to make this parameter variable unlike the similar destination fields, then EffiCuts seldom splits a third dimension parameter in EffiCuts.


For these cases we select the one, whose ob jective function s value is the smallest, to be the optimal solution.

the optimal transmission power allocations (P * )can be obtained from (6).


These samples arrive in a burst to an empty buffer.

the samples are immediately transmitted to the USRP once there are enough samples to fill a USB packet.


They can also save their reputation scores across sessions.

a cooperative peer can maintain bene.ts of its participation in the system in spite of being o.-line for a while.


destination AId can only be determined during the handshake.

there is a bootstrapping problem whose solution requires two additional FARA components: a rendezvous mechanism and a FARA Directory System (fDS).


Since the .rst intra-3G handoff usually takes a longer time (about 8-10 seconds), the second packet (at 10th second) is delivered via 3G since it is still in DCH/FACH.

in this case, the packet interval is very close to Tidle (also 10s); the 3G duration is sensitive to whether the packet arrives before Tidle times out.


When choosing who to transmit to, they privilege reserved nodes and do not send anything to reservers.

they properly exploit the information contained in the previously detected ACKs, which they surely heard.


Note that the transit and locally-generated traf.c aggregated at a given port can not exceed the port s capacity.

high-volume connections must use a minimal number of hops.


When switching to the other mode (say, from SS to DS), the lowest rate in the new mode which loss-free goodput is closest to the best-goodput rate in the old mode receives highest priority.

in the example of Figure 4, when probing upward from the SS mode to the DS mode, 108DS, which loss-free goodput is the closest to the best goodput estimate in SS (i.e., 108SS that has goodput estimate of 96.5Mbps), has the highest probe priority among all candidate rates within DS.


In CDRPA algorithm, all control frames (RTS, CTS, and ACK) are transmitted at minimal rate with maximal power for reliability.

the received Eb/N0 of control frame can represent the channel condition at a given noise power spectra density N0.


As in our implementation, the router R4 retransmits an end-to-end StopIt request up to three times before it sends a request to its StopIt server, and the victim needs to send one StopIt request and resubmit three .lter replacements to stop one attacking source.

it can stop at most 28/4=7K attackers per second.


INTRODUCTION Achieving good energy e.ciency is an important challenge in the design of the wireless sensor network (WSN) because the sensor network should function as long as possible and it may be inconvenient or impossible to replace or recharge the battery.

this constraint requires innovative design techniques in order to use the available energy ef.ciently.


We note that the genie-aided solution has re-moved all the imperfections of BeamAdapt in reality, such as converging to a sub-optimal solution, process of iteration, and drop of beamforming gain due to mobility.

it is the strict upper bound of the power saving performance of BeamA-dapt.


Furthermore, there are no control interfaces for .exibly controlling BGP on existing border routers.

.exible BGP-control functions should be provided.


Provisioning tasks involving maintenance, recovery from link failures, topology changes, and re-homing customers are better accomplished if we can prioritize these tasks especially for the hubs of communication in the VPN.

a good understanding of the structure of VPN endpoint interactions is required.


They may oversee and supervise the organization and distribution of tool functionality, where more abstract and higher level reasoning is critical, but systematic and large volumeinformation-based decisions and reasoning are probably best handled through automation.

the KP requires an organizing framework that can evaluate performance and distribution constraints, functional decomposition, and policy constraints in order to organize the composition of functional subcomponents, and then monitor and possibly revise such a structure under behavioral expectations.


(In case of a tie a quasi-router prefers the AS-paths announced by the quasi-router with the lower IP address.)

this choice can directly in.uence the quality of the prediction process.


After many tests, at = 20. was considered to be an optimal value.

any angle lower than 20 degrees between roads A and B (see Fig.6) means that nodes found on these roads can send and receive packets without any problem.


However, this solution is not feasible for broadcast tra.c, nor in networks with large propagation delays.

the protocols we propose here will use a time hopping scheme with forward error correction (FEC) coding whenever q> 1, i.e., for spread spectrum networks.


Applying genetic operations like crossover on two identical chromosomes will yield the same chromosome.


The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the features of routing schemes in terms of mobility entropy.

we carried out the simulation withoutbeingawareof transmission properties (e.g., node-to-node link bandwidth and average message size).


If we identify particles with data packets, and the network with the medium in which particles move, then the routing problem becomes a problem of how to push a particle from one location in the medium to another.

inspired by this analogy, we have chosen to formalize the routing problem as a problem of constructing suitably constrained random walks on our graphs.


6.3 HTTP Responses In Sandnet, all HTTP responses observed originated from HTTP servers on the Internet that were contacted by a sample.

the following analysis is not an analysis of the samples themselves, but may give indications to which type of servers malware communicates.


In this period, the MAC process receives data and prepares the frame for the acknowledgement (Ack).

taking the M1 and Rx/Tx time, which are less than 2µ s each, the required time for the PHY to process received data is around 12µ s. this becomes a timing constraint of the PHY path at the receiver.


The parameter n speci.es the number of levels of internal nodes in the topology.

the height of FT (m, n) is n + 1, that is, FT (m, n) is an n + 1 level tree.


Cluster maintenance overhead has been seen as a serious disadvantage for most clustering protocols.

in the SERC protocol, since the PCH tries to identify and assign one node to be the future leader of the cluster and it is known by the cluster members, the communication overhead to reform the cluster will be reduced.


Clearly, e-1 by the algorithm s operation (step 3), for every 1 =i =m, the number of packets in queue qi is at least the number of unmarked elements in Qi.

there is always an available packet in qi when the algorithm chooses it for transmission (step 3 in RS).


For current and projected tra.c characteristics, packet loss in the merge network needs to be kept below some threshold.

the maximum degree of merging that still meets the loss constraint would be a good choice.


Since every row in G represents an end-to-end path, we have GuN = GwN .

any identi.able link sequence in the network can be represented by a vector x such that x = z for some z;for such GT a link sequence, TNTNTN TN xu = z Gu= z Gw= xw if the link sequence includes an incoming link for node N, it must also include an outgoing link.


However, the problem still lies in choosing the best strategies to identify, gather and process context parameters in this domain.

we firstly define context as being all the information about users, application and networks needed to give the best and useful performance information to multimedia applications users.


6.2 Denial of Service in S2 Unlike the two concrete trees for energy fraud, the root nodes of the two for DoS are combined by disjunction in the archetypal tree.

ful.lling the requirements of either 2While there are a large number of attempted attacks, we .nd the ones described here to be the most instructive.


The wireless channel linearly combines the signal samples corresponding to the two streams.

the receiver receives thefollowinglinear combinations onits two antennas: y1(t)= h11s1(t)+ h21s2(t) (5) y2(t)= h12s1(t)+ h22s2(t), (6) where hij is a complex number whose magnitude and angle refer to the attenuation anddelay along thepathfrom the ith antenna on the sender to the jth antenna on the receiver, as shown in Fig.


Decoupled Design As described above, utility maximization congestion control is based on feedback characterized by the price function pn(t).The price is a function of tn(t), which can be described as the fraction of time contention neighborhood n is busy due to transmissions.

congestion control solutions can be classi.ed according to the way the congestion price is realized.


Suppose that u1 originates aggregation pre.x 10 while u2 does not.

u2 elects a provider 10-route, learned from u1 , but customer routes for all the PI pre.xes.


Meteorologists use tracking algorithms such as Extended Kalman Filters to track tornado trajectories, thereby predicting its likely location.

in our query model, we assume that the priority of tornado detection queries is three on radars where the tornado is predicted to be observed by the tracker, and is one otherwise.


= 21 d2 in the case of the second bound.

for any .> 0, there exist constants such that deviations from the mean by more than these constants occur with probability approaching zero as n .8.


However, just relying on inertial sensors leads to a large number of false positives.

we use a preliminary detection based on a low standard deviation in the inertial sensor measurements on the smart glass as a trigger to turn on the video and analyze the scene to con.rm that the person is indeed gazing.


Generation of data depends on sensing capabilities of node.

an EBT is constructed as required by the application.


4(b) contains four tokens, T1, T2, T3, and T4, and one SCC scc = (T1, T2, T3).


However, our model di.ers from the models in [4, 1] in two ways: Adversary model : The adversary in [4] and [1] is assumed to have the same resources and communication capabilities as an ordinary node in the network.

that adversary model deviates from the socalled Dolev-Yao model in [6].


The average response cost for a request for to object j is at most ~(p- n + n. p. 1) = p + 1.

it follows that the transient access cost of this placement strategy is AcoessCost2 = ~ ~j~ix,n](p + i) = 0(i) from the above it is clear that the transient access cost of Pr(t) to could be arbitrarily far from the optimal.


In either case, the node initiates a Route Reply with the best route based on the metric Mi rather that the hop-count.

by considering a route with a lesser value of the metric Mi, we are diverting traffic from a heavily loaded route to a comparatively lesser loaded one.


(./nT)||H||2 LL L and xL stands for xs or xr when source or relay transmits, respectively.

() P (L) 22R o = FL - 1(8) where FL (·)is the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of z for the link L,which is given by [22] k0 -znT/.L nT-11 znT FL (z)=1 - e k0!.L k=0k0,...,knT kn =k ..k-k0 (I) -nT z.


13To our knowledge, MMP is the .rst monitor placement al gorithm for identifying additive link metrics by measuring controllable, cycle-free paths.

we use random place ment to represent the average performance of an arbitrary monitor placement for comparison.


Of course, this design precludes opportunistic device-to-device contacts but one can argue that this does not matter much, as a smartphone-based network is inherently a DTN network.

the added delay due to potentially unused device-to-device contacts should not be a problem for applications running on such a network.


As a result, the source clock di.erence di,S is still correct.

if every node has no more than tcompromised neighbor nodes, Phase II can successfully synchronize all the normal nodes as long as they have enough number of neighbor nodes.


With enough major players, all the minor players will establish direct links.

any stable equilibrium will result in a very compact network with a diameter of at most three.


Yet, the absolute performance is quite different, as without attack, small scale network performance is signi.cantly better than large scale network performance.

our goal is not to advance the aforementioned arms race by developing attacks, victim counter strategies, counter attacks, etc., but rather to explore the impact of a class of attacks that are dif.cult and time consuming to detect due to their compliance to all protocol rules.


In this scenario, the logic time is also accurate according to Figure 17.

we believe that FLIGHT is robust to external interferences from other light sources during clock calibration.


Similar observations have been described in 2 THE IEEE 802.11 Standard [8] does not specify how auto-rate should be implemented.

manufacturers have their own proprietary algorithm for this scheme.


For PSFQ, the timer parameters were set conservatively to follow PSFQ paradigm: Tmax is 100ms, Tmin is 50ms and Tr is 20ms.

the fetch operation can be 5 times faster than pump operation.


How are performances evaluated (detection, time location estimation, Pkt identi.cation, anomaly classi.cation) ?

this list of issues should be read as a plea for joint common benchmarking efforts, based on scienti.c methodologies, that must be favored, encouraged and rewardedbythe research community, in the spirit of what has been undertaken in the Japanese WIDE project, www.wide.ad.jp/, or in the European Tra.c Monitoring and Analysis COST-Action, http://www.tma-portal.eu/cost-tma-action/.


By representing the LAN as a virtual node in the topology graph, the LAN interfaces are modeled as point-to-point links between Figure 3: A network with routers on a LAN Figure 4: A representation of the LAN the routers and the virtual LAN node, and the topology becomes a graph with asymmetric links.

fIFR described in the previous section can be applied without any hitches.


The average smoothed RTT remains the same with or without delayed ACKs, suggesting that the underlying network conditionsdid not change.

theincreased numberof smoothedRTT spikesrepresent morefrequent, unnecessary congestion timeout events, anotherpiece of evidence that indicates that the congestion window is being over-driven when delay ACKs are turned o.. 5.3 WorkloadandTestbed It remains to be explained why the choice of workload a.ectsthe results so much, or whetherthe sub-optimalperformance of disabling delayed ACKs is caused by a di.erent  Figure 9: Smoothed RTT with delayed ACKs  experimental environment.


With smaller, more ubiquitous wireless elements come reduced battery capacities and unprecedented node density.

there is an urgent need for hardware and software design techniques that encourage energy-ef.cient communication fabrics in ultra-high-density networks.


With n=1000, a plausible number of links in a large network, and k=3, this number over 109 .

enumerating all possible faults and considering their impact is intractable.


Each peer with type in HC downloading a novel piece can cause f(HC ) to increase at most one.

an upper bound for the drift of f(HC ) is Q(f(HC )) = DHC =U + HC µ = T(1) + HC T(1).


The main motivation for this is that the energy required to transmit a message is, at least, quadratically proportional to the distance [7, 8].

long-range communication links are abandoned in favor of the short-range communication links.


The analysis we perform in this paper are evaluated over the NS2 simulator4 in its 2.27 version.

let s describe how NS2 simulates collisions and interferences at a node.


Similarly, when p and q are both small, h is again low: this is because while links may be frequently breaking and reappearing, links are predictably breaking.

the frequency of network change is important, but so is the predictability of that change.


as its best route, based on the lowest router ID.


The IVS establishes a connection to the MNO, using a PMEI if necessary.

the IVS utilizes this connection to establish a secure connection to the OEM as described for the PMSI Request in Section 7.1.1.


At that point, the sink selects the new grid node as its new sink agent and this new sink agent in turn noti.es the primary agent about its own location.

a sink agent chain is built to keep the anchor system intact while tracking the sink node locally.


m 1 Note that, by symmetry, E[Xj ]= and hence by [] 2 .3lg n 1 independence, E Xj = 3 .

the median depth j=1 n1 of vi is at most k if and only if .k j=1Xj = i .it follows from Markov s inequality that vi has median 1 depth at most 3 lg n with probability at least 1 - 2 .


But, consider the network in which ISP i at city v buys transit from ISP j at city r. In this case, ISP i pays $15050+T2 and ISP j receives T2, where T2 is the transit payment in this case.

any positive payment T2 between T1 and T1 - 7470 will make both ISPs agree to change to the latter network and hence the former one is never a Nash equilibrium.


In the 1 VS case, the VS is placed nearer to the physical sink, while in the 2 VS case the second VS is placed farther from the physical sink.

while the single VS provides the normal advantage in the face of congestion (relatively rare at the lowest rates we tested), the position of the second VS relative to the physical sink allows it to provide the additional bene.t of servicing motes disadvantaged by unstable paths to the physical sink at low rates.


This is because the Indirect Table provide information about nodes that are two hops away, and Hello packets from such HNs will not reach node B much often, which makes their information stale.

hLs in such cases will need to be identi.ed during the Route Discovery Phase by intermediate nodes like node C or node D as discussed in Sec.


These WHOIS services reportedly have access to the BGP feeds of ASes that are not the BGP feeders of RouteViews and RIPE-RIS [10].

they can provide some more insights related to the operation of these hidden ASes.


We would like the following three criteria to be satis.ed: i) the weight for the pixel should be greater if the query has higher priority than other queries, ii) the weight for the pixel should be greater if the query s deadline is shorter than other queries since higher weight will result in the data being transmitted .rst, and iii) the weight for the pixel should be zero if the pixel is not in the region of interest of query i.

the weight wi(u,v)is de.ned as: 1 wi(u,v)=piIi(u,v)(1)di  4.2 Progressive Compression Engine Data compression is an integral component of rich sensor networks where the data rates can be considerably higher than available bandwidth.


This is the case especially with HTTP, since opening a web page may load a script which then loads dynamic content.

we chose to use a more heuristic approach by estimating the amount of tra.c being generated by a user action or starting of a non-HTTP protocol session based on information from previous sessions.


4 ln n o ' 2(b/2)i 4lnn Then Pr(Xu = 1) = 1 - e - = where the o' 2(b/2)i inequality follows from the standard 1-x = e -x.

the 4n lnn expected number of newly informed nodes is less than o' 2(b/2)i .


The capacity .uctuations will be more intense in plant monitoring applications, where the moisture ratio of vegetation vary rapidly based on hydration/dehydration patterns.

appropriate selection of transmission frequencies is crucial in order to maximise the e.ective available bandwidth.


DHEP framework [23] is a tool to build distributed correlation networks that are realized using heterogeneous correlation engines.

the basic concepts to realize the mobility-aware delivery semantics as well as their bene.ts can be achieved to a certain degree with many existing event processing systems.


When the average PRR of the link is above the threshold (like the 0.92 link), then all estimators work .ne.

it is clear that WMEWMA is not suitable for estimating temporal high quality periods for intermediate links.


Accurate throughput prediction is also necessary to allow bandwidth intensive applications to maximize throughput without incurring additional queuing delay.

short-term, .negrained network performance prediction on mobile networks is of great importance.


Moreover, if there are two such non-monitors v and u, then the sets F.{v}and F.{u}, where F = N{v, u}, are not distinguishable as all monitor-to-monitor simple paths traversing v must go through F or u and vice versa.


If we assume there is a single bottleneck and if we assume the queue is not empty between the two probe packets, then ... is the time taken by the bottleneck to transmit the second probe packet and the cross tra.c that arrived during ....


If others IPsec SAs are needed, the peers use the CRE-ATE CHILD SA exchange which relies on previous authenticated IKE SA.

we have two kind of contexts for a mobile node: the IPsec context and the IKE context.


Smartphones have become highly prevalentin the developed world not only as a communications device butalso a measurement study platform [12], especially Android-basedsmartphones [13].

we choose to capitalize on the Androidbased platform and popularity of free, widely-available applications, offering users a functional WiFiscanner in exchange for theirchoice to contribute data toour database (covered by an IRBtoprotect our participant s data).


1.1 Centralized and Distributed Protocols Wireless transmissions by hosts within proximity of each other can interfere.

several medium access con- trol (MAC) protocols for wireless networks have been pro- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


When the destination receives K linearly independent packets, this means that it can decode all of the packets of the batch.

it sends a feedback to the source, using the traditional shortest path, that says: stop sending from this batch and move to the next one.


Because we are using reverse computation, complete LP state histories do no exist.

this technique will not immediately aide in ROSS' approach to fossil collection.


Whenever a voice call is accepted, the schedule state at the root node changes and we receive such state changes at logcollector through live broadcasts by the root node.

during our deployment, our log-collector constantly received such updates and displayed the change in schedule state with the help of log-listener program.


* of (4) increases and the probability in (5) decreases.

from (3) we see that the tail probability decreases.


Meanwhile, rule 2 now becomes redundant and hence can be removed from the rule set.

we further reduce the total number of TCAM entries needed from 5 to 4.


First, the service is selected for a speci.c segment of a path, rather than for the entire path.

di.erent combinations of services are possible and an AS which is not involved in providing a particular type of service does not need to support that service or even be aware of what services a packet is using in other ASes.


We have mentioned earlier in Section 4 that the DA fairness index is calculated within some time interval T (note, similar intervals are used for calculating Jain s index).

typically tstart would be the time of the .rst occurrence of packet departure event and accordingly tend is the time of the last occurrence of packet departure event irrespectively of the host k within the normalized window, w, drawn from ordered sequence S. In case if the o values are derived using the approach presented in the previous paragraph, tstart and tend would be the times of the .rst and the last packet captured at the access point correspondingly.


However, under normal operating conditions, network links are typically underutilized.

our forecasting based on recent historical measurements will re.ect this underutilization.


Although the MDGC .nds the ultimate none interfering tuples, there are several weaknesses that are already discussed at the end of Section II.

we propose an algorithm that can avoid these weaknesses and still can .nd the non-interfering tuples.


Prototyping proved to be also useful to improve the framework design.

gNUWiNetwork blocks combined with GNU Radio and USRP devices provide a powerful tool for teachers and developers.


However, Even though, the source and destination are unknown in advance, they can share a symmetric key if they have enough shared key material.

the INTST can be encrypted to avoid the node inference attack.


This is because the windows kernel delegates DNS lookups to a third party (lsass.exe).

in almost all the cases, the static dependencies of an application do not include DNS.


NM : ni = B (11) ni .S The interesting aspects of this problem are: 1) FFC constraints can be transformed to it; and 2) while the original formulation has a large number of constraints, all of them are satis.ed as long as one constraint involving the largest M variables is satis.ed.

if nj is an expression for the j-th largest variable in N, all constraints above hold if: M nj = B (12) j=1 if we can .nd ef.cient (linear) expressions for the largest M variables in N, we can replace all original constraints with one constraint.


Throughout the rest of the paper we denote by NNRT (NRT) the number of non-real-time users (real-time users) and by SNRT (SRT) the corresponding set.

due to the variety of the supported services QoS prerequisites, each mobile user is associated with a proper utility function Ui which represents his degree of satisfaction in relation to the expected tradeoff between his utility-based actual uplink QoS-driven throughput performance and the corresponding energy consumption per time slot t. it can be expressed as: ( *, PP ) T R F f ( ), PP ) TR ,( Y , * iii -i ii iii -i UR(, PP,) ;; (3) ii -i Pi Pi where R* "RF () f Y denotes user s i actual uplink transmission i iii rate (i.e.


It then picks the best set of partitions among all iterations that has the lowest cost, k; = arg mink{costkd}, (step 7).

the solution to k-PART lies at the central of GRASP 2.


Also, note that, for very high rates, the startup time balances or dominates the transmit/receive time, so energy overhead due to startup time plays a very critical role in total communication time.

the number of messages (rather than total size of messages) determines the communication energy.


Let Nreal be the estimated Nreal by p´A, then Nreal = p´A × VA = VA/Vvor.

psel can be ´ estimated as follows in the uniform node distribution: Psel = Nreq/N´ real =(p × VA)/(VA/Vvor)= Vvor × p That is, when the density of upper level is speci.ed to be p, the probability of node selections is approximately calculated by the area size of each node s Voronoi cell Vvor and the requested density p. For example, Fig.


An important take-away is that even in LTE cell networks that have 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 Time Time (c) Concourse(d) Middle/Upper Level Sections Figure 3: eNodeB Volumes higher aggregate capacity for an individual cell site than the previous generation 3G networks, a small number of high bandwidth .ows can consume a substantial portion of that capacity over short time scales.

the impact of such .ows on the other users needs to be carefully considered.


The compromised node(s) can pretend to have detected a nearby event or forwarded a report originated from a remote location.

the forged events could appear not only where nodes are compromised, but also at arbitrary locations.


Similarly, one can de.ne trees with any desired degree distribution (in particular, the one matching the Internet s degree distribution), and yet not alter the tree-like large-scale structure.

we believe, in contrast to much of the research community, that it is still an open question as to which network topology generators best model the Internet.


We also observe that the improvement of compression diminishes when ß increases.


If there exists a new joiner during this period, the on-duty device forwards a fraction of the data packets to the new joiner based on the exact join time.

the new joiner no longer needs to wait until the next burstperiod from the WMAN base station.


Then .ow conservation requires that fxy,c = 0 for all commodities c = j.


Every jabber exchange is two streaming xml documents, one in each direction.

if we take every message from the beginning to the end of a Jabber session that goes in a particular direction, it forms a valid xml document.


By applying the well-known EM (Expectation/Maximization) algorithm [21], it can be shown that this iterative procedure is increasing in like- lihood.

the overall computational complexity of the re-estimation algorithm is essentially proportional to T. the parameters for the HSMM model caa be estimated ef- ficiently within the framework of dynamic mobility model tracking illustrated in Figure 1.


The basic idea for the medium access control scheme is the following: a node that serves several connections will typically have a larger backlog than nodes that serve only a few connections.

in order to provide per-.ow fairness T  we should give nodes with a large backlog a higher chance 7 of accessing the channel and transmitting a packet.


Generally, many of the links are lossy and the loss rate may change dynamically with environmental factors or due to contention arising from the highly correlated behavior of the application.

routing algorithms for sensor nets should take into account these underlying factors and be evaluated in concert with the lower level estimation mechanisms under realistic loads.


While we don t have access to con.dential network development source code, we can safely assume that some protocol operations will require adding a header to a packet.

the kind of attack we describe can be realized in any network protocol that contains hidden vulnerabilities.


4.3 Calculation of Intersystem Roaming Probabilities The intersystem roaming probabilities depend on an MT's movement pattern in its original network but not its destina- tion network.

the probability density function (pdf) of the residence time of an MT in a location area must be determined first.


To DS and From DS bits: The compressed frames are only in the cases of data frames exchanged in a typical BSS, without data relay.

the only possible options are: 1,0 and 0,1.


This comes from a standard concentration result of the Poisson point process widely used in related work, and not repeated here.


We have used the Student s t-distribution to calculate con.dence intervals with a con.dence level of 99%.

all our results are trustworthy and support well our analyses and conclusions.


The purpose of the simulations is mainly to compare the size of the reports and the effectiveness of the bit-sequences in reducing the false invalidation rate, denoted FIR, which is defined as number of items - j&ely - invalidated FIR = number - of - items - invalidated To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study on the distributions of potential reconnection patterns.

we have chosen to use the two patterns, a uniform distribution and a non-uniform distribution with a peak in the middle of the window as described in the Examples 1 and 2 of Section 4.1 for our simulations.


KAP goals include also visualization of the energy consumption and derivation of energy saving activities.

the KAP project address both   Figure 2: GINSENG Data Processing Framework manufacturing experts (methods to green-up production processes) and consumers (visualization of the energy costs required to produce certain goods).


As a by-product of this thresholding, we also notice that essentially none of the large number of IPv6 peerings that have been established at our IXPs carry any signi.cant traf.c.

while connectivity for IPv6 is there, traf.c still ranges in the order of less than 1% at each of our IXPs.


Multi-source File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) allows user to simultaneously download many parts of a desired file from different sources.

it is more efficient for large content distribution since large file can be broken down into smaller pieces and distributed in parallel to the users.


InordertoevaluatetheperformanceofRALevin-Campello algorithm[10]inTIGRframework, thepower-ratefunctions (BERperformance)for supportedmodulation schemes,given in Table 1, are determined in order to calibrate the required SNR for di.erent scenarios.

the BER perfor  f  2 MHz mance of TIGR link for the case of ideal receiver, nonideal receiver and RF transmission is derived and shown in Fig.


2When all .ows are elephant, Appdetect .res an event for each .ow.

it re.ects the maximum number of events Kandoo will .re for elephant .ow detection.


For routing, each Mithos node establishes a link to the closest neighbor in each quadrant, and forwards messages to its chosen neighbor in the same quadrant as the .nal destination.

the size of the routing table at each node increases exponentially with the dimension of the key space.


N Proof: The node is equally likely to be at any of the N grid points.

p1 = P(there is one node within adistance2Kof the transmitting node) = (number of grid points within distance 2K)/(total number of grid points) = 2K 1+ 1+4K(2K+1) r=1 4r N = N .


(1)  Unlike in wired networks, in multi-hop wireless networks such as ad-hoc networks, a node can be both a tra.c source and relay node simultaneously.

some MAC bu.er spaces (g) need to be reserved for transient tra.c (refer to Section 3.2.3).


This algorithm is fully localized, and does not depend on the spanning tree.

the maintenance of the CDS after changes of topology guarantees the maintenance of the same approximation ratio.


Obviously, it's really, really uneconomical.

since NetLMM may avoid performing DAD in this stage, the L3 handoff latency can be observably reduced.


These values of .v respectively identify the cases of neighbors traveling at full speed on the same lane or on the opposite direction with respect to the vehicle whose degree is under study.


In HDV-Hop the number of anchors is relatively small and they are located at the perimeter of the network.

when the packet reaches an anchor, it will be routed by the anchor to the base station.


Stations receiving CBP beacons can use this information and schedule their own transmissions during periods of time that do not intersect with their neighbors allocations.

dSS can be done not only in frequency but also in time domain.


However, it is not clear whether such a (best) Nash equilibrium can be computed in polynomial time.

we suggest a mechanism in which a central authority starts the process by .rst computing the best approximately optimal solution computable in polynomial time, and then allows the users to follow the natural game course.


The docking maneuver and the exchange of collected data like video sequences require a high speed data connection within a limited range.

we design and develop solutions for short range communications (1 to 10 m) with several megabit per second between AUVs and AUV and infrastructure.


Therefore, such transmissions expose the attacker to an increased risk of detection[4].

itispossiblethat an attacker with thecapability to send messages to the entire network may choose to limit sending messages to nodes within a typical radio range to avoid detection.


It is well-known that popular publishers tend to make popular objects, and they can also explosively increase the popularity of unpopular objects (from not-so-popular publishers) merely by publishing them under their names [6], [7].

we are motivated to propose more ef.cient caching policy that can consider the above practice of popular objects and popular publishers.


2, if the battery dies at time t0, then energy .1 4 , .2 3, and .3 2 do not have a chance to be recovered.


This scheme, however, has two drawbacks: (a) high overhead due to periodic .ooding of keys, and (b) a period of vulnerability (during which packets may be delivered to multiple nodes) that grows with the time interval between consecutive .oods of (IPaddress, key) pairs.

an attempt to reduce the .ooding overhead increases the period of vulnerability.


The average frequency is 2.25 times per day, which indicates that state transitions are quite infrequent in nature.

a large portion of the energy costs can be saved if a node only updates its state to the sink node when a state transition happens.


For the links outside node i s maximum interference range, their PHY rate doesn t change.

their total power consumption is also unchanged (according to (3)).


In order to avoid router overload and limit the amount of SNMP tra.c through the network, network operators usually select a small number of metrics to be polled by the Network Management Station and base their network provisioning decisions on those speci.c metrics.

it is not uncommon for a network operator to collect link utilization measurements and infer delay performance based on the collected information.


Unlike livecast, where the source could modify layer rate on the .y according to network dynamics[12], the playback streaming requires the layer rate to be determined o.ine, or adjusted with limited .exibility.

an optimal layer rate allocation scheme is impossible without extensive measurement study on crucial factors, including the population average outbound/inbound bandwidth ratio (c) Average Number of Supplying Peers Figure 13: Performance Comparison of Di.erent Layer Rate Allocation Schemes (Average Request Rate=120req/hr, Bu.er Length=5min)  5.


These two e.ects enable the separation of dynamics to better understand and analyze the harvesting source.

we assume that the input power at a given time and position can be written as: Pharv (r,t)= PS (r,t) · p(r,t)(1) where Pharv is the input harvesting power at a position r and time t, PS refers to the slow dynamics in power units and p stands for the fast dynamics, which is described as a dimensionless stochastic process.


If so, its reported size, after normalization with q,is q -1 max{z, qx i} = max{zq -1 ,x i}; see Section 2.5.4.

estimated usage arising from smart sampling of the measured .ow (if any) produced by sampling the packets of original .ow i is yxi =wi max{zq -1 ,x i}, (3) where the wi are mutually independent indicator random variables taking the value 1 if .ow record i would be selected during smart sampling, i.e., with probability pz/q(x i).


Note that we call the same atomic piece of information a Certi.cate when it is created and supplied to inform about the neighborhood; and we call it a Proof when it is reused and supplied to prove a link state.

the Certiproof table of node B contains Certi.cates signed by various neighbors of B; in each of these Certi.cates, the address .eld contains the address of B.


Sensors emit heat over time which might deteriorate the patient s condition.

designing special inbody sensors are required.


i=1 6.2 Expected Overhead of HHBA We know that the maximum number of retransmissions at the ith hop for a given reliability, even when using HHBA instead of HHB, is the same as Ni as computed above.

after sending Ni copies of the packet, a sender at ith hop can stop further retransmissions even if it does not get an acknowledgment.


We cannot directly predict either the compression ratio (which varies among responses and among modems) nor can we reliably determine which clients in our traces used modems.

for feasibility of analysis our model assumes a constant compressibility factor for text responses, and we tested several plausible values for this factor.


If we increase the HELLO interval from 1 second to 60 seconds, the number of LS updates is decreased by 52% to 80%, and the number of SPF computations is decreased by 77% to 82%.

we can e.ectively reduce the overhead caused by HELLO messages, LS updates and SPF computation by increasing the HELLO interval.


NOTIFICATION-BASED ASSERTION MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The Identity Federation functional architecture for SIP, allows a SIP UA a very granular level of control in enabling/using and disabling Identity Federation for their associated User Information from one SIP context to another.

the federating UA has freedom to request, receive and use multiple SAML Assertions from one/or more APs to one/or more RPs, to avail of Identity-Federation based bene.ts.


For the (a) (b) case above, it can be shown that straight interpolation achieves this goal.

given a total duration T , during which a spatial path consisting of |S| equal-sized segments s .


Andfor each starting nodeinthe .rst layer of CS, it requires at least n steps to reach the sink node.

if the size of OPTS is > ln(n)., then at least ln(n).


Furthermore, since Dt~ is fully covered by OPT', the interior of s has no points in common with D~.

the interior of s is in (U{D 6 OPT'})  (U{D ~ OPT}).


Asketchpath pi that does not contain a bend in s simply traverses s in a straight line.


In dynamic TDD, each station selects in each time slot whether it is serving uplink (u) or downlink (d) tra.c.

the system has four possible operation modes (uu, ud, du, dd).


We get: v |S| 1 n E(Y ) = E(Y | X  · = .

9 2 18 the greedy diameter of this labeled path is at v least E(Y1 + Y2 + Y3)/3 which is O( n), which completes the proof.


The remaining BGP speakers do not apply the path-selection process and, hence, do not change their best route.

the next state s' = (st, s2,' ..., s~) has si' = BestRoute(i, s) for i e A, and si I = si for i ~ A.


Then = su > olds = sv according to Lemma 3.3.

if v was still uncovered, then v changes to covered and increases mv by 1, which satis.es the lemma.


As is the case with almost all MAC protocols (excluding promiscuous ones), only data packets speci.cally addressed to a node will be accepted and passed up its network stack.

data packets from children nodes will be accepted, whereas data packets from the parent will be .ltered by the data-link layer.


COMPONENT DETAILS (HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS) Table 1 Table depicting the various hardware and software requirements of Aegis Taciturn.

s.NO    COMPONENTS 1 Microcontroller AT89C51 2 Vehicle Speed Sensor 3 GPS Module-ZX 41215P 4 GSM Modem 5 RS-232 6 Call Sensing Circuit 7.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Aegis Taciturn would act as a benchmark rendering effective and quick response from the cops for reporting use of mobile while driving by the drivers.


Deployment on high-speed links implies the need to process the important quantity of data in near real-time, in order to prevent the spread of novel threats.

the individual agents do not acquire the data from the network directly, but receive the data already preprocessed, with the level of detail that is appropriate for anomaly-based intrusion detection.


It usually has very strict requirements on energy consumption, latency, and jitter.

the sensor nodes sometimes require some quality-of-service guarantees on data transmission.


Secondly, packet buffers are often stored in DRAM as opposed to SRAM; queue heads can be stored along with these buffers.

reducing the storage needs and processing overhead of the basic scheduling algorithm (as we do in this paper, by an order of magnitude) is still of signi.cant practical interest.


In addition, when we color node i in position X, compared with Case (1) where we color node i - 1 in position X, now the network has one more colored node while all the other settings are exactly the same, so we have Zi=-1 v Zi = .

for all a, we have Pr(Zi-1 >a) = Pr(Zi=-1 >a) v Pr(Zi = >a) = Pr(Zi >a).


The symbols are linearly weighted by the time spent in exposure.

we model the received block rj as a linear combination: rj =ajk sk, (1) where ajk is the proportion of time the kth transmitted symbol is exposed in the jth camera frame.


We reliably multicast much smaller messages that can be easily sent in one small packet (40 bytes).

breaking the small message into even smaller messages will negate any performance improvements since each message has overhead of sending link-layer headers as well as physical layer overhead.


DISTRIBUTED ALGORITHMS In a wireless network, centralized algorithm may not be possible and even if possible, due to the dynamic features of wireless networks, it is inef.cient to update the coloring using a centralized algorithm.

in this section, we design ef.cient distributed algorithms to get a valid coloring with good performance guarantee.


This incurs the problem that CCM* encrypts the whole payload.

receivers could not decide which key to use for decrypting the payload since they cannot read either the contained command frame identi.er or short address.


Figure1(see[5]) shows an example of such a network scenario, where the users employ CSMA/CA in order to access each of the C channels.

the rate R c (kc) is shared equally between the radios allocated to that channel, i.e., for strategy S, each radio using channel c receives abit rate of(suppressing (S)in the notation) c c R (kc) d (kc):= kc thetotal transmissionthroughputfor a user i is L c (kc)kc LR c (kc)kc ri = d i = i .


On the other hand, for every linguistic value of xi , when x&iincreases, the output wi decreases slowly to balance the increase amount of xi .

we can see that the fuzzy rules set of the fuzzy controller mainly results from the above three basic principles.


The big advantage of this mode is that it makes it possible to write flexible test benches.

if the simulated test bench is required to change, the design loaded on the emulator does not need to be recompiled, except if the interface changes.


But if we increase the separation to D = 8., the same signal phase noise of fn = p 5 would only lead to 0.0125 additive error in cos ., which is minimal.

the larger the antenna pair separation is, the less effect wireless noise has on the spatial angle of arrival, i.e., the more resilient the system is.


Let pi,j and qi,j be the probability of transition from state Si to state Sj for users 1 and 2, respectively.


V , we can ensure the complete coverage of the plane.

when there are boundary nodes, it is impossible to compute all Vor (si) s locally based on only one-hop information.


R sTT = d , s .S  (3) s The bandwidth allocated to each source is considered as an elastic QoS requirement.

each source s obtains a utility wf ( x s ) , ss w > 0 when it transmits at total rate of x s packets per second.


IMS updates its table in case of a new pool assignment and RMS mapping information is updated in case of a provider change which also does not happen frequently.

the overhead is bearable if we consider that TR will have a scheduled time to request updates from IMS.


Although the FEC-based schemes can enhance multicast transmission reliability, it has the low efficiency problem because the senders send many redundant messages into the network.

hybrid ARQ-FEC based schemes [9, 11] have been proposed to solve this problem.


We have called urban this possible evolution toward a novel communication paradigm centered more around people needs than around economic bene.ts.

the scienti.c road ahead is a complex path of understanding at the same time technology, societal changes, the in.uence of legal decisions on the evolution of complex systems.