We predicted that leakage would get much higher for optimized 0.18 and 0.13 um technologies and therefore designed the library to combat this increase.

for the design of wide domino nodes and array and register file structures, we went with segmented bit-line architecture and disallowed circuits with large numbers of parallel pull downs (except PLA waivers).


is larger than the offset voltage between the inputs of the two internal inverters, the cell can recover its original state [10].

when the access transistors are deactivated, the Vgs of M4 is VH-VL which pulls node A towards VL.


For example, the num- Figure 9: Pipeline description of DiSR operations.

while the elements mentioned above are part of the DiSR circuitry, the other devices depicted in Figure 7 like the multiplexer and demultiplexer are implemented outside DiSR.such components will be inside the Switch Matrix (see Figure 6).


They are implicitly replaced with a confident value prediction that is the value produced by the last writer of K s logical destination register.

the consumer of the predicted silent write, L(p), remains in the partial thread and it is predictively renamed to the previous writer of K s register (not shown) instead of K(p) itself.


Each trace represents a particular "hot spot?'

it is the dynamic trace of a code segment that ultimately accounts for a large amount of execution time.


In particular, linear regression with least- Our objective is to predict the termination point during the test of an IC that will produce the golden result.

for each failing pattern, we want to predict whether or not enough test data has been obtained to achieve an acceptable diagnosis result.


Indeed, both simulations and first-order scaling theory show that if the fraction of the buffers within a block is to remain invariant, the block must shrink by approximately two-thirds in every generation.

the gate count of the block must decrease with every process generation.


In GF (2n), carries generated in additions are not propagated so that the critical path of GF (2n) circuit is shorter than that of GF (P ) circuit.


These eigenvalues, the Hankel singular values, contain useful information about the input-output behavior of the system.

small eigenvalues of WcWo correspond to internal sub-systems that have a weak effect on the input-output behavior of the system and are therefore close to non-observable or non-controllable or both.


However, the physical location of transition gates is not considered.

many faults propagating through the same region may still lead to IR-drop no matter how evenly X-bit is distributed in the test vector.


Based on this important result, the sets of con.gurations can be represented by Boolean functions and, thus, by BDDs.

a set S can be represented by the Boolean function S(X), where X is a set of variables encoding the elements of the set.


Another, complementary, approach for constructing regression suites is to build suites that yield high coverage.

suites that produces similar coverage to the one attained by the entire veri.cation effort, conducted so far.


However, in the existing literature, p/g network optimization and signal routing are considered separately.

during the p/g network optimization process, signal routing resource demand and router s utilization of the reserved chip area are unknown to the router.


Tbase(t)= Execution time without any energy management until the same point in the program.

delay(t)= Absolute increase in execution time due to en ergy management = t - Tbase(t) Delay(t) Delay(t)  Actual percentage slowdown = *100 = *  t-Delay(t) Tbase 100 The constraint that must be ensured by the performance-guarantee algorithm is Actual slowdown = Slowdownlimit.Delay(t) * 100 = Slowdownlimit t - Delay(t) So conceptually, the only unknown to be determined is the delay.


Instead, the focus is on statistical variation and spatial correlation model testing.

the ELM data is used to study the correlation characteristics of actual CD variation as well as the effectiveness of different correlation models and their SSTA analyses.


For the folk song scenario discussed in this paper, we now sketch how various performance aspects can be derived in a fully automated fashion by using the techniques discussed in the previous sections.

we discuss how one can capture performance aspects and variations regarding tuning, tempo, as well as melody across the various stanzas of a .eld recording.


DYNA M IC RE C O N FI G U R AT I O N O F T H E VR-TO-CO RE NE TW OR K Modern VRs exhibit high peak power ef.ciency with a speci.c load current value, but their ef.ciency drops dramatically under adverse load current conditions, as addressed in the previous section.

a state-of-the-art VR powering a set of cores may have low conversion ef.ciency when there is a mismatch between the VR characteristics and the load condition of the cores.


plane after path x is chosen by the maze router iterations for present and historical congestion are shown in Equations 2 through 5, where I and P are user-de.ned parameters.

the present congestion cost is increased by a .xed multiplier and the historical congestion cost is increased if the vertex is overused (contains shorted nets).


However, the construction strategies used to maximize performance for this machine work well for other machines.

finite-sized instruction caches and hardware return address stacks are common features of most desktop and server machines.


However, this simplified matrix cannot sufficiently represent the significance or amount of violation since only two values are possible (i.e., 0 or 1).

a rule that has a greater number of rule-violation instances should be distinguishable from a rule that has a much lower number of instances.


Malware packages, no matter how obfuscated or hidden, must ultimately execute on a target machine using the ordinary instructions of the target language in order to achieve the desired effect.

malicious code exhibits functional behavior in manipulating the state of a machine, just as does legitimate code.


Such a .oorplan de.nitely won t have the minimal chip area, while it can achieve minimal network energy consumption.

network energy is optimized at the cost of chip area.


We assume that if a tracks are incident from either side, theywill combinedly attempt to connect to max(2a, W ) number of tracks on the outgoing side.

two sets of incident tracks will connect to separate sets of outgoing tracks.


Thus, as we recall (33), this comparison will not hold if we can show that Ca(N)Na · min p *a(i)<1.

(47) i=1,...,N In each case, we show under the appropriate conditions on M and N that (47) indeed holds for large enough values of a.To do so, we shall have repeated use for the next elementary lemmas where asymptotic equivalence is de.ned as follows: For mappings f(a) f,g :IR+ .IR, we write f(a)~g(a)if lima.8 g(a) =1.Ca(N)~1.


This paper introduces computer architects to DNA strand displacement circuits , discusses associated architectural challenges, and proposes a new organization that provides practical composability.

prior approaches rely mostly on stochastic interaction of freely diffusing components.


8 dictate that architectural intensity must equal the voltage intensity (energy-delay trade-off due to a modified vi ).

the marginal costs (energy, delay) of tuning variables (voltage and architecture) must be balanced to achieve energy-delay efficiency.


In practice, the appropriate value of M should be determined by exploring the trade-offs between the accuracy of thermal monitoring and the overhead of circuit design.

if a lot of temperature sensors are used (i.e., M is large), we can achieve high accuracy of thermal map estimation; however, the design overhead (e.g., the silicon area and the power consumption associated with the temperature sensors and their peripheral circuits) is also large.


In our future work, we will evaluate WoM-SET using large write-intensive applications.

we will study if Figure 7: Write power comparison.


Since the experiments were performed on a number of different platforms, the kernel configurations had to be slightly different, but all common features were configured similarly across all platforms.

virtio drivers were used in the guest VMs on both ARM and x86.


Moreover, it is possible that the interference between two threads is positive especially if the threads share code or data.

a request might result in a row-hit in the shared system whereas it would have been a row-con.ict had the thread run alone.


We provide an overview of essential components of an analog constraint-driven design flow in this chapter.

the fundamental concepts related to a constraint-driven design methodology, including constraint representation and management, generation of new constraints (constraint derivation) and constraint verification are discussed.


As NoC becomes one of the most critical components on a CMP, its design and behavior a.ect every aspect of the CMP, from design complexity and chip area to run-time performance, power consumption, and thermal distribution.

noC is becoming a major source of power consumption and heat generation on chip [4, 8].


We present a comprehensive infrastructure to ef.ciently solve the Boolean satis.ability problem using BDDs.

two ef.cient search algorithms are presented.


available resources, achieving the required reliability level while using the most appropriate resources.

thepossibility ofheterogeneousPUsallowsone tobetter employ the available area/cost resources, to exploit the given bounds.


A wire w2 is physically dependent on another wire w1 if the signal in w2 receives signal from the wire w1 .

there is a path of combinational logic connecting w1 to w2 .


Along with that, we list all the possible overhead by adopting our system including L1 cache miss overhead, total performance overhead, and etc.

we extended GEM5 [8] simulators for cycle based full system evaluation.


For the QSDPCM algorithm, theirs takes between 2 to 5 minutes for a single SPM size, compared to 3.0 seconds for ours.

our approach further reduces the execution time during estimation for incremental loop transformations.


However, defects and variations present in the IC manufacturing process may cause the circuit to behave differently from the nominal design in a substantial way.

in deep submicron technologies, manufacturing process variations and defects may turn a successful design into a failure.


The intrinsic nature of this programmable mode of creation has a major impact on the physical value of the produced artifact.

digitally designed artifacts are intrinsically reproducible: one can always make another identical copy of a 3D-printed object.


The speed of the abstraction computation can be improved if we do not aim at the most precise abstract transition relation.

we allow our abstraction to be an over-approximation of the abstract transition relation generated by the eager approach.


This .ow uses a combination of techniques from standard-cell placement and .xed-outline .oorplanning.

a number of existing placers can be used without source code modi.cations.


For both sub.gures, the low order 12 bits of data address are plotted on the x-axis while the high order 20 bits on the y-axis.

the y-axis shows a virtual frame number (VFN) given a 4KB (212 ) page is used.


POST-SILICON TUNING eL , (28) +  In this section, we further extend BMF to the application of m=1 post-silicon tuning.

we focus on the problem of where eL denotes the modeling error: tuning policy generation with consideration of large-scale process eL 2 ...... 1 Gauss(0,s) () eL 2 pdf · - (29) shift over time.


The user neither initiates nor responds to the system s comments and suggestions.

the system provides verbal information that pertains to the road condition and traffic situations instead of trying to engage the driver in a dialogue.


This paper quantifies general-purpose overheads, exploring a series of customizations that reduce overheads to achieve ASIC-like efficiency.

we consider three broad strategies: (1) techniques to exploit instruction- and data-level parallelism, such as VLIW and SIMD, (2) techniques to customize instructions by fusing complex, frequently occurring instruction sub-graphs, and (3) techniques to create application-specific data storage with fused functional units.


The number of clusters is added by one, if the next point causes a sharp transition in the error curve.

we propose to use the following quantity to measure the transition rate: 26 ()=log y -log()-[]()-log y , (26) ( ) y log y ( ) s c [] c +1 c cc -1 where yc-1, yc and yc+1 are the values of the evaluation metric at x = c-1, x = c and x = c+1, respectively.


Weighted Transition Metric (WTM) is proposed to estimate shift power caused by these logic value differences.

the shift power in the ith test vector is estimated as follows [22]: N -1 WTM i = ¦ (Si j , .


For this, we consider equivalent for logic synthesis (although this might not be perfectly true in every case) any factorization that di.ers only in the way a subexpression is factorized.

two descrip  getPareto (function f=(E1, E2)) { tions are not equivalent for us if at least one of the CSEs Set S= f; shared by two or more functions in one of the descriptions Set F= f; is di.erent from all CSEs in the other description.


As the stealthiness of an HT is mainly determined by the number of trigger inputs in each combinational logic, this is achieved by .nding the value of NT in a greedy manner.

as shown in Algorithm 1, we start with NT = 2 and gradually increase it until the cost of applying the defeating method is lower than the given constraint.


We will illustrate how TCG can be used to handle the complex constraints pertaining to analog layouts.

we shall show how to efficiently explore the symmetry solution space using the TCG representation.


In this paper we present a novel SBST algorithm specifically oriented to test the register files of VLIW processors.

our algorithm addresses the cross-bar switch architecture of the VLIW register file by completely covering the intrinsic faults generated between the multiple computational domains.


As a versatile framework that allows different teams or even different companies to work on it together to exchange information, a system-level power estimation system has to be both super-fastand highly accurate on one hand, and be able to create somemiddle models that allow different parties to share powerinformation without revealing too much detail.

itwill need the integration of bottom-up power modeling capability(for IP providers) and top-down power estimation capability (forESL designer and IP integrators).


During the subsequent precharge phase, the discharged output will be pre-charged to 1.

every signal transition, including the events in which the input signals remain constant, is represented with an actual switching event, in which the logic gate charges a capacitance.


Bit vectors require additional machinery to insure that their abstraction is consistent.

given a Verilog bit vector X, we must not only create a UCLID TERM to represent X but also create additional TERMs to represent each of its individually-accessed bit fields.


While unit verification focuses on unit attributes, CML focuses on global properties.

cML checkers focus on data flow and ordering rules which are at the center of multiprocessing correctness.


To access the tool .ows of other veri.cation researchers, our tool will have to be able to translate speci.cations into the lower-level speci.cations used by other tools.

we do not anticipate dif.culties translating from our speci.cations into the speci.cations used in the interface-monitor research that inspired this work [8, 13, 7].


For compress, the end-to-end perturbation of HPMs is less than the standard deviation and, therefore, within measurement noise.

end-to-end perturbations are 0.68% for Cyc, 0.5% for InstCmpl/Cyc, and 0.4% for LsuFlush, which is less than the corresponding standard deviations of 1.47% for Cyc, 0.22% for InstCmpl, and 6.74% for LsuFlush.


Thus, our policy is more effective in reducing temperature deviation than other techniques because it acts on both hot and cold cores.

stop&Go does not change the temperature of the cold cores.


The tag consists of process id and sequence number.

the tag associated with a successful SC operation is [p, k] if it is the kth successful SC opera- tion by process p. The variable X always contains the tag corresponding to the latest successful SC.


INTRODUCTION FPGA performance is currently lacking for arithmetic circuits.

fPGAs cannot exploit one of the fundamental results of computer arithmetic: the use of carry-save (based) addition to efficiently add k > 2 integers.


At an abstract level, the purpose of an IDS is to classify the input correctly as normal or intrusive.

the IDS output should faithfully re.ect the truth about the input (i.e., whether an intrusion occurs or not).


The other possibility is that when a person matches another s cultural background, recommendations may be trusted more because there is an assumption of similarity of background.

for a Swedish visitor to New York, even though a person from the US knows more about the city, suggestions from a fellow Swede will be perceived more valuable and more informative.


This, however, is only part of the typical island-style structure shown in Figure 6.

there is extra routing required along the left and bottom edges of the tile array to provide connectivity to those I/O cells and ease routing congestion.


In order to reduce the amplitude of the high-frequency spectral content, we need to increase the rise/fall times.

we need to control the fastest slew rates of the clock signal without introducing additional skew.


(0) + 1 N is updated in a similar way when the blockinformation of b is evicted from the ghost directory.

n(i)records the number of memory-blocks where Ltc/gJ-Ltl/gJ= i.N(i) records the approximate number of memory-blocks whose BDs are from gi to g (i +1).


Figure 1b), Alice and Bob now have PPUFs that realize the same complex function.

both PPUFs (and no other PPUFs) will produce exactly the same unique response to any challenge in a single cycle.


of them is more appropriate for different cache sets and/or With 8-bit partial tags we obtain about a 12.7% improve-phases of program execution.

the adaptive cache ment in average CPI, compared to the 12.9% of full tags.


By circuit simulation it was possible to show that the conductance variation during the filament growth can be controlled by a regulating device, which establishes a negative feedback on the electrochemical reaction rate.

for three different load types (current source, linear resistor, and source coupled NMOS transistor) the regulating properties in regard to variability reduction (and partly observed in experiments) were shown by Monte Carlo simulation.


A key element in this understanding is that the information we seek is not on a speci.c run but on all possible runs.

the information should be a subset of instances instead of just one instance.


As the industry has progressed to printing smaller feature sizes with essentially the same imaging system, the sensitivity to manufacturing variations has increased.

one observes greater susceptibility to dose errors, defocus and mask/overlay errors [1], which define the lithographic process window.


The proposed algorithm guarantees to obtain a non-zero clock skew circuit, which works with the lower bound of the clock period, in polynomial time complexity.

since our algorithm also tries to minimize the required inserted delays, it makes the permissible range of delay insertion quite large.


Basic Behavior of FXA The IXU functions as a .lter for the OXU.

instructions executed in the IXU are removed from the instruction pipeline and are not executed in the OXU.


3 Design Thermes is a true energy-harvesting water event detector based on the Monjolo principle of designing energyharvesting sensors [4].

if the desired phenomenon to be metered provides, directly or indirectly, a harvestable source of energy, then the simple act of harvesting provides insight into the desired phenomenon.


This rules out standard sequential equivalence checking (SEC) techniques for their comparison.

some key optimizations (e.g., cutpoints) become inapplicable.


defines the representation of.... .. as (2).


Therefore, we investigated to perform the synthesis directlywith BDDs.

instead ofbuildinga quanti.ed CNF and solving this instance with a QBF solver, the synthesis is carried out on a BDD representation.


Furthermore, this tree structure remains optimal during the interval ¯ [f, f = f+min(i,j).Q µij ].

the dual simplex pivoting process for Problem 4 actually computes the characteristic interval ¯ [f, f] for Problem 2.


Note this de.nition is not associated with any particular clock cycle.

the reachability list Lv f allows identifying those state elements whose values can immediately be restored if state element f takes a known value without relying on any other (restored) state elements.


The OLED display achieves the same luminance by adjusting the color value (gray level here), corresponding to the PWM duty, even with different VDD levels.

we can restore the color value with even a reduced VDD, which proves the key premise of DVS for OLEDs.


the use of the radix4 multiplier of [11] power per samples savings can be achievable for almost all the sequential and semi-parallel filters.


1.2 VV VV (, ) I (, ) =I (, ) +I V V (4) For both transistors, the driving currents are completely 0.9 inv in out nmos in out pmos in out characterized by their gate-to-source voltage ( Vgs) and drain-to source voltage (Vds ).


OCN (a) Multiple memory accesses: an example D is blocked at master 1 Memory 1 Memory 2 D A B C C D A B B is blocked at master 2 Master 1 Master 2 Time  (b) Deadlock problem Figure 1 Multiple memory accesses and deadlock problem First, assume that each master uses its own single transaction id.

the order of memory accesses needs to be maintained at the I/O port of each of the two masters.


Namely, if the variance of the estimator logPg,q MC is large, logPg,q MC becomes non-critical when determining the optimal values of a, ß and ..

the MLE framework has already optimally weighted the importance of {logPg,q MC; q = 1, 2, , Q} based on the confidence level of these estimators.


2.3 Conclusions The objective of this presentation is to discuss the development trends of consumer .ash-memory devices, as well as their challenging issues and solutions.

the key factors of the performance issue, such as address translation andgarbage collection, arediscussed along with their solutions.


First, the memristor shows diode characteristics, which causes state updates to be non-linearly related to the applied input signal.

this allows a non-linear transformation of the applied inputs.


R+ (12) allows the minimization of aeC Lp e(x) + ßeC Lq e(x).

for the interesting case of RC-delay minimization [22] with p = 2 and q = 1, (12) yields the sequence F (k)(x) =  1   this method converges [17].


When multiple con.guration contexts could be recon.gured simultaneously, there is no need to move the loading time of each task forward.

the loading time of each task ti is set as the starting time minus the recon.guration latency of the corresponding PE F(ti ), i.e., RT(ti )= s(ti )-L(F(ti )).


STAM supports these kinds of multi-resolution tracing strategies.

the trace granularities can be changed during a bus tracing process.


In order to generate some skew, we have arti.cially introduced di.erent amounts of activity in di.erent branches of the clock tree.

we have activated the rightmost and leftmost branches of the tree 10% and 90% of the time, respectively.


First, the line clustering algorithm (Figure 3) invokes the line placement condition checking routine as often as triple the number of PE-operations at maximum.

the complexity of the line clustering algorithm is m times the complexity of the line placement condition checking routine, where m is the number of PE-operations in the input tree.


This means that the action b2 may come after the action b1, but not vice versa.

the trace b1.b2.b3 lies in the set of traces represented by the iDFG, but the trace b2.b1.b3 does not.


87 92, 2009. correctness of the corresponding speed-paths.


The weight of the kth Crit(i, j)is .Nt-k .

the criticality values at di.erent temperatures are not treated equally.


5.1 RTL-to-TLM abstraction The abstraction step presented in Section 3 has been implemented in A2T (Automatic Abstraction Tool), a tool built on the top of HIFSuite [13].

a2T has been extendedto automatically abstractsRTLIPs(implemented in VHDL, Verilog or SystemC) towards SystemC TLM models with timing annotation.


The level of a node in a circuit is equal to the maximal length of a path leading to the node from an input of the circuit.

(variable numbering follows the topological ordering of nodes.)


But as demonstrated shortly, linearizations are at best a simpli.cation valid in a narrow region around lock, so optimization of the linearized PLL is of limited value in any case.

as has been demonstrated [7], PLL capture phenomena are inherently strongly nonlinear.


1 and 2, a total power equation in terms of supply voltage variable only: For a system with dynamic voltage scaling, the maximum operating frequency is proportional to the operating voltage.

f = aV where a is a system-dependent constant, and thus P = CaV 3 .


Note that each access to a memory row initiated bythe processor, in fact, performs an operation equivalent to a regularrefresh from the standpoint of data preservation.

if a row has been recently read or written to, there is no need torefresh the row immediately as shown in this .gure.


While in embedded systems power research is generally driven by desire of increasing battery lifetime, in high-end computing both economic and environmental factors play an important role.

recent research [5, 13] indicates that a large portion of the system maintenance budget in highend systems is invested in cooling due to excessive power consumption of such systems.


In order to fabricate a viable memcomputing device, several criteria must be met.

the scheme requires: 1) Scalable massively-parallel architecture with combined information processing and storage.


From SPICE simulations, we observe that the energy savings from the many VT design methodology varies from 27% in the MSP distribution to 11% in the ED distribution (Figure 9).

the energy savings become large when the total number of gates on critical and nearcritical paths is a smaller portion of the total number of gates.


Consequently, changing our maximum net weight multiplier parameter merely changes the extent of wire length tradeoff between nets that are close to a threshold and the nets that are far from it, without impacting the spreading significantly.


Minimum Implant Area-Aware Gate Sizing and Placement Andrew B. Kahng and Hyein Lee ECE and CSE Departments, University of California at San Diego abk@ucsd.edu, hyeinlee@ucsd.edu ABSTRACT With reduction of minimum feature size, the minimum implant area (MinIA) constraint is emerging as a new challenge for the physical implementation .ow in sub-22nm technology.

the MinIA constraint induces a new problem formulation wherein gate sizing and Vt -swapping must now be linked closely with detailed placement changes.


xi ' )) i where .i = 1 means wire connection between x i and xi, .i = 0 means no wire connection (no relation) between them.

.i = 0 is equivalent to the existential quanti.cation of xi ' in Ta (as xi is an unconstrained free variable).


We apply this flow to a simple, out-of-order superscalar microprocessor to evaluate the performance and thermal behavior in 2D and 3D designs, and demonstrate the value of MEVA-3D in providing quantitative evaluation results to guide 3D architecture designs.

we show that it is feasible to manage thermal challenges with a combination of thermal vias and double-sided heat sinks, and report modest system performance gains in 3D designs for these simple test examples.


The DSM modules in these two stubs guarantee that the process, the driver, and the device have consistent views of these pages.

updates to both the actual and shadow pages are consistently available to the other mobile system.


Whenever something is written to cache, we take the worst-case approach and assume that it will evict some value from cache.

we assume that there is no locality in cache writes; every getfield and putfield instruction writes one value to cache and evicts another.


In this paper, we identify and address the problem of designing effective power management schemes in the presence of such variations.

we demonstrate that conventional power management schemes, which are designed without considering the impact of variations, can result in substantial power wastage.


Experiments reported in Section 4 show that on this kind of problems the reduction process is highly effective, and the size of the reduced matrix allow to deal it with an exact algorithm.

among the algorithms available into the literature, we decided to adopt the linear programming software package LINGO, an effective commercial tool that addresses the exact solution of combinational optimization problems [16].


But TDM requires that all routers have a global notion of time, to keep their TDM slots aligned.

2.2 Notion of Time TDM (and FDM) (virtual)-circuit switching treat the entire NOC as a single shared resource with a single arbiter.packets wait only at the ingress network interfaces (NI) until their TDM slot, after which they progress without contention to the egress NIs, with minimal latency.


We can apply this concept to front and back of the Moebius strip to NMOS-and PMOSplanes.

evaluation (Fall) in the NMOS-plane and precharge (Rise) in the PMOS-plane occur in parallel.


The BL abstraction is close to the tuple space, in the sense that components do not directly interact (e.g., by invoking each other s methods), but via a form of object pool .

the BL abstraction comes close to recent tuple space variants such as JavaSpaces, by delivering objects of interest through a call-back, and through the possibility of limiting the time during which objects are available to others.


The second method uses the primitive FV to calculate an EMR within the search window to form a new FV.

we calculate the ratio of each element (energy in each granule) to the mean value (average energy in the search window).


Based on the experimental results, they concluded that using meta-classi.ers was in general e.ective.

combining classi.ers using Plurality Voting turned out to be the best classi.er.


Next, the algorithm computes procedure summary information.

the expected path length and variance from entry to exit, and the reaching probabilities from the entry to each block are computed.


We notably de.ne the notion of cell capacity , critical for dimensioning purposes, and show that: sharing the transmission power in a fair way is e.cient with respect to user performance;  the waste of radio resources due to the granularity of feasible rates induced by coding constraints is typically not signi.cant;  the so-called cell breathing e.ect arises at very high loads only.

a simple admission control independent of user locations is su.cient in practice;  the number of active users is typically rather small in steady state.


Another contribution of this paper is to develop an efficient numerical algorithm to reduce the computational complexity for the proposed entropy calculation and minimization.

the proposed numerical algorithm is facilitated by two core techniques: (a) Schur complement, and (b) incremental Cholesky decomposition.


Each set in the cache is organized in this fashion.

figure 3(a) shows the organization for a single core.


The advantage of SHA-1 and MD5 over CRC is their high security.

it is relatively difficult to deliberately produce two distinct data that share the same SHA-1 or MD5 checksum.


To prevent redundant threads from diverging, both threads must spin for an identical number of iterations.

the update of the flag must appear to occur in the same loop iteration in each thread, even if these corresponding iterations are widely separated in time.


For example, video codecs, which are increasingly being included in wireless devices like cell phones, utilize large data bu.ers and signi.cantly su.er from cache thrashing [2].

in embedded systems, wherepower and area e.ciency are paramount, smaller, lessassociative caches are chosen.


For simplicity, we assume all further combinational paths from this point will use bit-parallel wires.

the serializer only takes data at the start of a user clock.


There is no mechanismto communicate between the different multiprocessors.

no native synchronization primitives exist to enable communication between multiprocessors.


This can be formalized as bipartization (making 2-colorable, or equivalently, ensuring no odd cycles ) of a shifter graph with nodes corresponding to shifters and edges corresponding to (i) pairs of shifters which define critical features and (ii) pairs of overlapping shifters.

determining whether a given layout can be phase-shifted requires a global analysis of a phase conflict graph defined over the layout to determine whether this graph is bipartite [8, 9].


2.2 Regression Modeling Techniques in statistical inference reveal performance and power trends from sparsely simulated samples, enabling adaptivity studies for much larger, comprehensive design spaces.

we apply the approach proposed by Lee and Brooks for spline-based regression models [21].


The command dchoice uses various methods for rewriting the AIG to minimize the number of AIG nodes while not increasing the number of its levels.

dchoice strives for smaller delay by balancing , which decreases the number of AIG levels by decomposing wide-input AND gates in a balanced way.


The forward algorithm reduces a circuit through constant propagation .rst, which is a common technique for simplifying the circuit using constant inputs [7].

the Kung input values 0 and 1 are propagated to simplify the circuit.


Akey element in this understanding is that the information we seek is not on a speci.c run but on all possible runs.

the information should be a subset of instances instead of just one instance.


Off grid power solutions require technical expertise to construct and operate, and have the potential for unseen problems that impact the pro.tability of the charging kiosk.

a battery that is over-discharged may be damaged, reducing its capacity and requiring costly replacement sooner than expected.


After the insertion of firewall registers at the RTL, the flip-flop usage increases to 852 and the slice usage increases to 988, but the power decreases to 155.

with an 8% increase of flip-flops and a 0.1% increase of slices, the power can be decreased by 11%.


However, the proposed technique explores diverse hardware implementations to consider the performance/area tradeoff: for example a hybrid execution of Figure 1(e) is also explored, which is not possible in the previous approaches.


In [7][8], an appropriate analysis apparatus is proposed for this aim: the theory of information relationships and measures.

the relationship and measure expressing information similarity of two set systems p1 and p2 are defined in [7][8] as follows: common information CI (i.e.


Third, LcmLB is a technique to scale the lower bound constraints, to eliminate division whenever possible.


To exploit inherent FPGA recon.gurability while avoiding full CAD mapping, we propose lightweight techniques compatible with the current single bitstream model that can avoid defective devices, reducing yield loss at high defect rates.

by embedding testing operations and alternative path con.gurations into the bitstream, each FPGA can avoid defects by making only simple, greedy decisions at bitstream load time.


(after 2.5× 106 samples) the receiving signal is more .tting with the transmitted signal.

(a) (b) (c) Figure 5: Temporal reconstruction of sent pulses: a) 2 pulses b) 3 pulses and c) 12 pulses.


4, where X means the letter in the corresponding column is needed to pattern the layout in the corresponding row.


The consideration of scenario C is one of the pillars of PAMPA s robustness, because frequency is reduced and cores are folded only if all the turned-on cores have low utilization.

pAMPA prevents frequency reduction and core folding even if just one physical thread in the processor presents high utilization to avoid severe performance degradation.


not a pre-execution thread) is allowed to spawn and terminate a pre- execution thread.

nested pre-executi0n is not sup-ported in the current design.


2) Busy provider with different access pattern: When both consumer and provider can be accessed in parallel the constraints imposed to the inter-die memory repair interface are tighter, making the infrastructure more complex.

when an inter-die replacement occurs, both consumer and provider need to use the provider s bitlines, giving rise to a con.ict.


A SELF-PROFILER MEMORY ARCHITECTURE The key to building an efficient self-profiler memory is to recognize that we do not need single cycle lookup, or even singlecycle write, but rather just single-cycle update throughput.

the memory must be able to accept a new pattern every cycle.


However, we observed that a great portion of these writes are redundant.

in most cases, a write into a cell did not change its value.


The .rst step is to derive a CGE netlist in which there are no internal signals.

it derives a netlist that has one gate per primary output signal.


Zero copy gathers data from non-contiguous memory regions and incurs an average of 7% performance degradation when compared with chunking+ remapping; however, all of our applications still get an average speedup of 16.2% on the overall performance due to improved GPU kernel execution time.

our proposed remapping approach has an advantage despite the extra copy step because the GPU, working from GPU memory, can achieve higher throughput on data layout transformation than attempting to perform transformation as part of the PCI-E transfer.


The results show that, with the new netlist model, excellent results obtained on academic circuits can also be obtained on large industrial designs.

we observed significant improvements in both design area and design performance with reasonable runtimes.


First-order approximations are proposed to help us quantitatively determine:  (a) the most energy-ef.cient capacity and bandwidth of the levels in the cache hierarchy, (b) the optimal number of cache levels, (c) potential performance bene.ts of multiple levels of memory assuming a .xed power budget.

given a power budget, our model and theories suggest the best memory hierarchy (in terms of capacity and bandwidth provided).


Nevertheless, some practical constraints are assumed.

it will be necessary for the end-user to be able to perform at-speed testing of the design in the FPGA, most likely using BIST techniques to avoid the expense of automatic test equipment.


In essence, NoCAlert implements an allencompassing collection of extremely lightweight real-time hardware assertions that can detect illegal outputs within the NoC s control logic.

the main contributions of this work are: 1.


The algorithm of combining con.ict between two decompositions is in fact the same as the algorithm we introduced in III-B.

we only need to examine the features near the cutline.


As can be clearly seen from the .gure, ForTER is able to achieve much higher TPP than both Original and BER.

forTER achieves more than 20% improvement over BER for s38417.It is worth noting that, in most cases, ForTER with 10% constraint outperforms the case with 5% constraint in terms of TPP.


For example, imagine that enough keys are inserted that all bits in v have been set; in this case, every search will be successful whether or not the key was actually inserted.

the false positive rate is a clear consequence of the design parameters chosen, namely, n, m, and k. the probability of a false positive, or the false positive rate, is Thus 5 bits per counter is amply sufficient.


For a particular set s, Xs denotes the set of virtual cache lines which get mapped to this set and suppose M is the cardinality of this set (|Xs|).

m virtual cache lines share this particular cache set.


If the search of the small partition terminates quickly, the overall search can be bene.ted and the search time can be drastically reduced.


Corresponding to each combinational logic function, there are 3 threshold voltage (Vt) levels and 10 sizes for each Vt level.

for each combinational cell in the given netlist, there are 30 different choices in the library, each with a different power-performance tradeoff.


However, this dif.culty does not pose any problems in practice since these cases can be easily identi.ed and solved by inspection.

if the noise margin for any pin on a net is approximately equal to its minimum feasible CPU time (sec) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Number of spacing variables Figure 6: CPU time to compute optimal spacing based on MERT estimate for randomly selected noise margins (lower cloud ), and for worst case performance (upper curve).


Since windowing is guaranteed to produce a DC lower bound and simulation produces a DC upper bound, the difference (scaled to total number of configuration bits in the circuit) can be used to evaluate the quality of the solution.

the quality of the solution can be evaluated using the following equation: I-DCsim--I-DCwin- Gap = (1) Iz-inputs- For a LUT node with -inputs-inputs, -DCwin- (-DCsim-) is the size of the DC set computed by the windowing formulation (Monte Carlo simulation), L is a summation over all the nodes in the circuit, and z-inputs- is the number of configuration bits of the node and also the maximum possible size of the DC.


For this phase, the host downloads a configuration, which performs the testing from within the fabric.

the already tested area of the fabric acts as a host for testing the remainder of the fabric.


Some additional considerations need to be taken into account: for instance, if the local router range is modi.ed too often, the cycle to cycle changes in global network parameter estimates may be dif.cult to measure.

the change in estimated performance may be due to statistical noise/uncertainty as opposed to changes in local router range.


In practice, the problem is more complex, and some aspects are not illustrated above.

many latches have buffer trees in the immediate fan-in and fan-out.


During the OPT simulation, an access is changed to MRU if the next access to the same data element is a cache miss.

an access is selected as MRU if it does not lead to a data reuse in the OPT cache with the given cache size.


Conditional criticality of an edge e is expressed as follows: p(e ~ crit& T fails) p(e ~ crit | T fails)= (12) p(T fails) where p(e ~ crit| T fails) is the conditional probability that the edge e is critical conditional upon the timing constraints being violated; p(e ~ crit & T fails) is the probability that the edge e is critical and the timing constraints are violated; p(T fails) is the probability that the timing constraints are violated.

conditional criticality is the probability of being critical computed for the sample space consisting of only those chips violating timing constraints.


In this paper, we present several different means for the user-directed rapid capture of portions of a scanned image.

we review past, present and future preview-based UI tools that allow efficient and accurate means of capture to the user.


As can be seen, our method has autonomously discovered that fuel inst (instantaneous fuel consumption) can be approximated using cac in p (charge air cooler input pressure) and in manif t (input manifold temperature).

there exists a relation fuel inst = p1 *cac in p+p2 *in manif t The actual values of p1 and p2 parameters, of course, depend on the exact values of the signals in question, but as can be seen in .gures 3 and 4, they show an interesting regularities.


Strided Some accelerators fetch data that have fixed strides.

the address of next block of data is usually a fixed distance from the current address.


As mentioned, static leakage power within these caches is also becoming increasingly prohibitive.

the larger secondary (L2) and tertiary (L3) caches contribute the majority of the leakage power compared to the primary (L1) cache.


Namely, one can optimize the routes using all sensors and avoid some long range transmissions.

sending the messages via the path of closely placed stations is signi.cantly less energy consuming than transmitting messages on the long range1 .


One potential alternative to the alert production questions that arise in Friends is to employ the rate limiter services themselves as the primary source of Friends alert production.

a domain s rate limiter and Friends service may interoperate.


The table demonstrate that the newly proposed technique for designing totally self-checking SSCs based on the reduced m-outof-n coding results in a hardware overhead of about 30%, while the Berger coding implementations require an overhead of about 50% and the Smith coding about 40%.

the authors approach leads to a reduction of about 10-20% of the overhead as compared with the traditional methods.


We provide design details of such an accelerator and provide a thorough study of the performance of the accelerator.

we present a novel accelerator design and discuss the effect of the applications on our design decisions, discuss specialized algorithms used to implement different tasks on the accelerator, present analytical models to estimate the execution times of these algorithms, compare the performance of the accelerator against software solutions.


The approach described herein has been tested and verified in actual hardware on several small applications, implemented on the BioWall [19], a machine specifically designed for the prototyping of cellular systems.

the self-repair and self-replication properties were both implemented in hardware and verified (Fig.


Since the number of ways is large, we allow 8 different configurations for the way-shutdown scheme.

each four ways are grouped into an entity that can be either enabled or disabled.


Since Griggs and Yeh intractability proof for L(2, 1)- coloring can be easily extended also to the L(2, 1,1)-coloring problem, optimal solutions for special networks are consid- ered.

solutions to the L(2, 1)-coloring and L(2, I, 1)-coloring problems are provided for hexagonal, bidi- mensional and cellular grids.


Admission control: Admission control is a software process that should guarantee that no channel in the network is oversubscribed.

suppose Sc ={i1,i2, ··· ,in}is a set of .ows that pass through Channel c.Then .Channel c in the network, i.Sc Ri =F should hold.


We .x a line size for each benchmark, but vary the number of cache sets from 4 to 64 and associativity from 1 to 8.

a total of 20 cache con.gurations are estimated and simulated.


We describe heuristics and parameters in our BDD Learning engine which are targeted at increasing the usefulness of the learned clauses, while reducing the overheads.

our heuristics for dynamic seed selection can be potentially combined with other kinds of external learning, in order to achieve a balance in this tradeoff.


And, si represents the total weighted sensitivity of the device variation, .Li considering all delay arcs within the cell.

si is the contribution of ith device to the total sensitivity index of the cell.


However, it is clear that the conclusion may not be valid since these congested regions can suffer from relatively high yield loss regardless of whether the DFM rule is applied.

critical area can be a confounding factor that causes random variables R and L to appear to have a causal relationship.


Although BTW design looks quite promising, its performance heavily depends on how often error correction intervenes, whose penalty includes .ushing wrong results and re-running the same input cases.

the less frequency of triggering correction mechanism, the higher performance BTW design can gain.


I will discuss why this view is the best we can do with current popular languages, and why it is inadequate moving forward, requiring rethinking popular parallel languages and hardware.

i will argue that (1) parallel languages should not only promote high-level disciplined models, but they should also enforce the discipline, and (2) for scalable and efficient performance, hardware should be co-designed to take advantage of and support such disciplined models.


For the computational Grid, we chose an implementation of mpi named mpich-g2 which is a Grid-enabled implementation of the mpi v1.1 standard.

using services from the Globus Toolkit (e.g., job startup and security), mpich-g2 allows one to couple multiple machines, potentially of di.erent architectures, to run mpi applications.


In our model, the shift of molecular orbitals is obtained by the self-consistent loop [6], [7].

uSC F = U0(N - N0), where U0 is the charging energy (its value is taken as 1eV).


However, we can further increase the ef.ciency of our updates by making a judicious assumption.

experience shows that our GP requires only a very small number of recent observations in order to produce good estimates.


The positive and negative branches are de.ned as the branches contain the output Y and Y , respectively.

when the resistance in the positive branch is higher than that in the negative branch, the output Y is 1 ; when the resistance in the negative branch is higher, the output Y is 1 .


This is equivalent to say that what is believed to be the worst case (max temperature) is not necessarily worst , and the actual worst case can occur at other temperature values.

doing synthesis at the worst-case temperature is not a viable solution to guarantee correctness at all temperatures.


Here, a and ß are the parameters of the Weibull distribution.

a common representation of a Weibull distribution is on the so-called Weibull scale, under the transform W = ln(- ln(1 - Pr)) = ß ln(.it/a) + ln(ai) (7) 1.2 if we plot W as a function of ln(t), the result is a 0 (m) 15 30 (m) 45 straight line with slope ß and intercept ln(ai).


Analysis Framework: We leverage recent advances in analysis and optimization to construct a coherent framework for adaptive microarchitectures based on random spatial sampling, spline-based regression for prediction, and genetic algorithms for optimization (Section2).We apply this frameworkto assess the bips3/w ef.ciencyfrom high temporal and comprehensive spatial adaptivity.

we optimize 1,125 adaptive intervals each with 80,000 instructions over an adaptive space of 240B con.gurations de.nedbycombinationsof15 parameters.


Furthermore, the total number of si-variables allowed to be assigned to 1 is limited to k. The problem of .nding a set of gates that can be corrected is translated to an instance of the Boolean satis.ability(SAT) problem: If there is a valid assignment to all signals for a given k, then each gate whose corresponding  P to a missing control error, since adding control lines would not lead to a di.erent output on line 4. i=1 t .T These examples motivate further investigation of the de bugging problem for missing control errors.

the last observation can be exploited for a new debugging vt ' v t S(t) approach.


Column 1 shows different array sizes N, Columns 2-5 show performance figures for EMM.

column 2 shows the number of latches in the reduced model size using EMM with PBA.


Then, to satisfy the traf.c rates, the different links in the NoC can be sized with different number of physical channels.

each link is segmented into different physical channels that can be utilized by different traf.c .ows in parallel.


The test structure that we create, which we refer to as the representative critical path (RCP), is typically different from the critical path at nominal values of the process parameters.

a measurement on the RCP provides the worst-case delay of the whole circuit, while the nominal critical path is only valid under no parameter variations, or very small variations.


the PoF generated by our approach dominates the rest in terms of convergence rate.

it has converged faster to the region with better trade-offs between the area and power consumption.


There are many other types of data hazards, depending on the target architecture.

the super-scalar processors that perform speculative execution have complex control logic or architecture to make sure that the program works the same as when it is run on a scalar machine.


The inter-arrival time of messages at the sink is, on average, 404.35 ms with a tiny variation of 0.88 ms. Next we assume that the application will be used outdoors, and we expose the processing node to temperature variations.

we use the same summer trace pro.le used in Sect.


Study of algorithms for building and managing the signature table.

it will be necessary to develop fast algorithms for searching the table to find recurring phases.


In order to recover after losing track of the tasklist, the coprocessor restarts the search from the init process whenever it encounters an invalid physical memory pointer.

the coprocessor knows it is lost when any physical memory address it needs to process next is outside of the range of physical memory addresses available in the system or when certain members of the task structures contain values that are not normally possible (e.g., negative PID).


Therefore, we compared the MP-tree based macro placement (the third type) with Capo s (the second type).

our MP-tree and Capo are used to place macros only, and the remaining cells are placed by Synopsys Astro.


DTM-CDVFS may lower the frequency and voltage levels of all cores according to the DRAM/AMB thermal emergency level.

it directly links the DRAM/AMB thermal level to the processor frequency and voltage level.


3.2.3 Bounding the size of Probabilistic GBT We observe that, in a probabilistic GBT, some of the constituent GBTs have very low probabilities.

these GBTs correspond to rare program paths.


Another approach would be to eliminate the problem instead of solving it, by using a less expressive language.

the SPIRIT [16] XML Schema can be used to describe the architecture of the program.


To see this, .rst note that pY is the sum of the probability of occurrence of all combinations of input values for which the Boolean function evaluates to 1.


4.1.1 Self-term Volume Integration  For the separate case where r.V.V, a simple approximation scheme is used.

.- jk|r-r ' | .edv ' = .e- jk|r-ric| 1 dr ' , (20) V |r - r ' | Vi |r - r ' | i where the source .lament is divided into sub-.laments, and ric is the center of the ith sub-.lament.


Express wires in the FPGA fabric create extra edges in the mesh (that is usually used to model standard cell designs) and route structures that hop across the fabric remove edges from the mesh.

in recent FPGAs the re-configurable logic blocks that are physically distant, can be connected to each other with almost insignificant delay penalty.


All the features out of the movable regions can be ignored.

we have no need to read those features from GDS .le into memory.


Furthermore, gOPT(x) is proportional to the original PDF f(x) of process variations.

the entire failure region should not be sampled uniformly.


We find that the average improvement of our approach over Method-B on the clock tree area and the clock tree power consumption are -4.5% and -2.2%, respectively.

compared with Method-B, our approach has a small penalty on the clock tree area and the clock tree power consumption.


However, such methods do poorly in the presence of numerous obstacles, e.g., macro-blocks, or when register locations found by the global placer are not uniformly distributed.

guidance rings cannot accurately predict ideal locations for register clusters.


Incaseofhavingfaultylines,accessesthatwouldhave experienced a hit in a fault-free cache or a fault-free VC may observe a signi.cant increase in their latency.

those accesses should have had the WCET indicated in equation 1 or equation 2 but, instead, they have the WCET indicated in equation 3 as we cannot determine whether their data will be available in L1 or theVCduetothefaulty cache lines.


: then d1 + dB = d2 + dC  Using the technique proposed in [12], ful.lling each of the above constraints will falsify the other constraint.

adding extra gates on one of the branches to guarantee correctness of circuit operation for one of the transitions on X makes it impossible to ful.ll another timing constraint on the opposite transition.


In this paper, we develop such a scheme.

we propose a customized solution, which specifically aims to address the power and thermal behavior of DRAMs.


The second aspect adds code fragment __asp_x |= x; after x is assigned.

this records the value of x to __asp_x whenever x changes.


The area and delay results in this paper used conservative estimates and ignored secondary effects which would improve results further.

the tile size and the subsequent routing switch size reduction from sparse cluster use should lead to additional area and delay reduction.


The texture cache is optimized for spatial locality.

if instructions that are executed in parallel read texture addressesthat are close together, then the texture cache can be optimally utilized.


This corresponds to set the frequency of the clock generator to two-fifths (40%) of the reference clock.

for each den reference clock cycles, num cycles are propagated to the output clock.


This behavior providesfair arbitration between incoming requests: in fact, requestsfrom the other side will now have an advantage in acquiringthe middle mutex.

the policy implemented isa round robin between left and right side, and round robinbetween requests within the same side.


Moreover, it is aware of the VCs that are storing packets which must be routed to outport x.

the is new traf.c outport x() function is an input to Algorithm 1 and returns 1 if at least a new packet wants to go to the outport x and has no VC allocated yet.


Traditional design .ows of logic synthesis followed by placement and routing is no longer good enough for modern designs.

we observed the necessity to make use of more powerful logic transforms during core placement steps in order to further improve the placement quality.


Beside the general design issues of OD3P, note that: 1) since the number of lines in a page is limited and it is practical to check FreeECPs at low complexity, no TPS mechanism is required at line-level OD3P, and 2) line-level and page-level OD3P mechanisms should not be applied to one page at the same time.

if lines of a page are paired, the pairing algorithm should not select it as a target at page-level.


Inspired by this promising result that motivates a grid-based analog circuit optimizer, this paper explores the use of discrete optimization techniques for variability-aware analog circuit synthesis.

the paper addresses three main challenges: an efficient grid scheme to discretize a continuous design space, a search algorithm to find the optimal design point on the discretized grid, and a way to reduce the computational burden of comparing the statistical measures among the multiple candidate points.


In this case of a metal-metal structure, the sidewalls of two metals facing each other are the main contributions of the intended parasitic capacitance.

the distance between the sidewalls of the conductors is a crucial parameter.


Similar observations have also been made in [25] where the long latency of the last-level cache implemented using commodity DRAM and LSTP peripheral did not have much weight on the performance of the chip.

programs are relatively insensitive to memory hierarchies that are far from the CPU.


The slope of EHypnos and ECLP M with respect to T1 is a testa ment to the dominating e.ect that idle time power consumption places on the overall energy cost.

this also signi.es that the energy cost due to the higher latency overhead for Hypnos gets amortized in heavily duty cycled systems.


This situation can be avoided by inserting links between sub-subtrees within subtree Td or Tp.


For the emerging threedimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs), the introduction of through-silicon vias (TSVs) as the vertical signal carrier complicates the electromigration analysis.

an accurate EM analysis on TSV arrays that are used in the power supply network is critical since the large current going through those TSVs can accelerate their degradation.


Crucially, this covariance function is formed as an inner product, permitting us to leverage the kernel trick [15] and express Equation 7 as a kernel function k(x, x').

the covariance between any outputs can be written as a function of the inputs using the kernel function without needing to explicitly computing f(x).


As a next step, we plan to evaluate the interface during everyday life.

we are interested in how often the gesture recognition is triggered unintentionally if a user wears it during a day.


In order to simplify the pattern generation process, traditionally ATPGs consider zero delay gate model and target as many faults per pattern as possible in order to reduce the test pattern volume.

operating and manufacturing conditions are ignored during ATPG.


During recent and ongoing work, the IMPACT compiler is enhanced with a strong synergistic portfolio of different analysis techniques that can help expose the coarse-grain parallelism [21] inherent in many of the popular applications used in embedded systems 9D-2 today.

a combination of different analysis techniques focusing on 1) pointers, 2) arrays and structures and 3) variable constraints and relationships, are effectively applied to discover different forms of coarse-grain parallelism.


2011] and [Mardanbegi and Hansen 2011] has focused on the detection of screens within the environment and techniques to allow interaction.

turner s work described a multimodal approach that combines touch and gaze to move objects between public and personal displays.


The common approach to concretization requires that a trace be found in the concrete model that is in one-to-one correspondence with the abstract one.

every transition of the concrete conterexample must match one transition of the abstract counterexample.


There are different test sets to achieve the same fault coverage but with different test time by using different resources.

a core vendor may have provided a set of alternative tests, and one test from each group needs to be performed to achieve the required fault coverage.


The other bits of address (A[5:2]) are decoded to select the accessed row.

the row decoder converts the selected address (A[5:2]) on the address bus to corresponding row address word-lines (WL and WWLb).


5.1.1 Delay The delay of a transmission gate is e.ectively determined by the time to charge or discharge a load capacitance CL at its output through the equivalent resistance Req of the two transistors connected in parallel.

vout (t) = (1 - e -t/ReqCL )VDD , so that propagation delay (Vout (tp) = VDD /2) is given by [7]: tp = ln(2)ReqCL = ln(2) 2VDD (1) kn(VDD -VT n )2+kp(VDD -|VT p |)2 CL.


We also observe that both researchers and implementors must pay close attention to how their simulation of a network device de.nes a queue being full .

.xed bytelength queues that allow themselves to over.ll by one more packet can induce substantially higher packet loss rates than queues bounded (regardless of packet lengths) by strict byte lengths or integer numbers of packets.


This paper concerns the optimization of pinassignments from the viewpoint of wiring substrates in anisolated stage, following the placement of the components.

the position of all components is fixed during the pin assignment process.


In contrast, PBS use of regular automata is safe in the opposite sense: each submachine is assumed to be as general as any possible invocation sequence can make it.

any PBS production is designed under the assumption that a new invocation may occur each cycle.


In this paper we propose a new BIST-based on-line testing method, High-DiagnosabilityBIST (HD-BIST), for testing the PLBs of the FPGA that has much higher diagnosability, for random as well as clustered faults, than previous on-line [1, 2, 3, 7, 8] as well as o.-line [4, 5, 6] testing methods1 .

our method outperforms the two previous best on-line BIST methods [1, 2], both in terms of fault coverage and fault latency.


A question that naturally arises centers on the fidelity of the values reported.

one typically wants to know the confidence intervals for the derived model parameters.


For example, 16-bit narrow-width value has its meaningful bit portion in 16 bits of LSB side and the remaining 48 bits (MSB side) of data are all 0 s. The main benefit by exploiting the narrow-width value is that it makes storage utilization more efficient.

with same storage capacity, we can store more data by exploiting the narrow-width value feature.


The reason is that although Post-CTS only places bu.ers and does not consider clustering con.gurations, it may be hard to .nd proper locations for bu.ers.

with a poor clustering con.guration, it might take longer wirelength and longer time to minimize received-temperature differences of bu.ers.


conditional execution of multiple branch sides in parallel.

predication in SWSL will eliminate conditional MBBs in CFG [22].


In this paper, we are concerned with how to estimate the entire congestion map of an FPGA.

we want the hills and valleys to closely match the actual congestion profile of a circuit.


In this paper, we perform thermal analysis of cache memories under the influence of hotspots.

8-T SRAM bitcell is chosen because of its robust functionality at nano-scaled technologies.


First, it is incorrect to fix the performance corners for any interconnect topology.

it is illustrated that the performance corners may be given by different process corners for different interconnect structures.


Inthemodelofstrategic game,werigorouslyprove that under our scheme, it is a dominant strategy for secondary users to faithfully follow the protocol.

cheating is never bene.cial under our scheme.


In fact, we will summarize the performance metrics of the two new designed cells presented in this work and extend the comparison to conventional reconfigurable structures based on multiplexers usually utilized in FPGA.

the comparison is carried between: CNT_DRC_7T cell with the best correlation (Cor2) based on a dynamic logic dynamic logic.


As we have discussed, instead of placing strict constraint on the maximum temperature Tm, we investigate the possibility of increasing the temperature and allow the temperature to violate this constraint for a while, as long as this period is within some bound.

starting from the steady state Tm,for some period tf ,say severalminutes, we allow the temperature to increase above Tm,as long as at the end of tf , the temperature goes back to the steady state Tm.


Comparing to the results of Table 3, the ratio of saving is smaller, since not only is the operational temperature range determined by the on-line algorithm but also the energy of the greedy approach is calculated for the same time that online algorithm .nishes the task (not a complete cool down).

when the processor is assigned a slightly longer time period (than Tw) to execute a task, it can use thermal management technique to reduce the leakage energy.


Note, the partial programming from low resistant and high resistant side of the memristor consume di.erent amount of energy.

at the same speed and Rratio, programming from the high resistance side consumes more energy than from the low resistance.


All the operations visited by a flow will be bound to a single functional unit with or without a firewall register.

if a flow goes through edge (uFRout, wFRin), operations u and w will be bound together with a firewall register.


As described in [2] the RAVE System (RT-Architecture-VLIW-Emulator) overcomes many of the problems common to FPGA based emulation and prototyping systems.

these are area problems in conjunction with large data paths, long turnaround times and low emulation clock frequencies.


These experiments show that EigenMaps achieve a signi.cant improvement when compared to the state-of-the-art.

we can estimate an entire thermal map with high precision (<1") with only four sensors.


Although these representations are simple and practical, some information contained in the original model functions will be lost.

distance-dependent correlation function that is used in several SSTA tools assumes homogeneous and isotropic random .eld that is different from polynomial form.


IN T RO D U C T I O N Higher semiconductor technology integration due to geometry scaling opens the door to new market segments.

technology evolution enables adding some degree of intelligence to any control or measuring engine such as biomedical sensor applications to monitor the body, environment sensor applications to monitor wind, temperature, tsunamis, etc., by means of battery-powered ultra-low-cost (e.g., below 1 C) computing devices.


The communication network is implemented using synchronous or asynchronous circuit techniques.

if the SoC has multiple clocks, then the communication network is implemented as an asynchronous subsystem to glue together the different clock domains.


Second, it is important to only execute a transaction in the STM if doing so is required.

contention should not be a reason to fail over to software, because the STM s overhead will increase the transaction s duration, thereby holding contended variables longer, increasing contention.


The archi  Figure 1: A generic NPU architecture tecture also allows an external host processor which can be located on the line card and assists the core CPU in control-plane processing and system (protocols) management.

it assists the core CPU in control of new protocols, exception processing and complex internetworking applications.


Since we do not want b to be part of the enable function because of timing violation, we can use a as the enable logic for input bus in2.

by removing the input of b from the original enable function, the new enable function is reduced from a&b to a.


The proxy processes these messages, calls the appropriate methods in the controller and returns the responses.

the stub and proxy implement a simple RPC-like mechanism.


Generally, we consider a K-input network, network B, is being inserted between the selected K nodes.

the notation of link insertion is generalized to network merging.


In hardware, audio codec refers to a single device that encodes analog audio as digital signals and decodes digital signals back into their analog version.

it contains both an Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) running on the same clock.


The sum of a set of Gaussians is, itself, a Gaussian.

tpath(d)= tu0 + tu1 + ... + tud-1 (9) v = d × µtu ; spath(d)= d × stu (10) µtpath(d) spath(d)1 stu = v (11) µtpath(d) dµtu as a percentage of the nominal delay, the variation decreases by a factor of the square root of the path length, d. This means, slow circuits will see small variation, while circuits that are highly pipelined with few LUTs and interconnect segments between .ops will see a larger variation as a percentage of nominal path delay.


To that end, we have applied a similar approach as that proposed in [16].

we convert a rotary ring design into a SPICE netlist using the partial element equivalent circuit scheme and use SPICE simulations to derive the clock signals at different locations along the rotary ring.


There is an increasing need for a design environment that meets the needs of newer platform-based designs.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.3.3 [Memory Structures]: performance analysis and design aids; Keywords nanoelectronics, resistive switches, hybrid circuit, electrochemical metallization, monte carlo simulation, variability, irreproducibility, scaling 1.INTRODUCTION In recent years resistive switches (RS) have gained considerable attention as these devices provide non-volatile and multilevel storage capabilities.

these devices are commonly seen as an area-efficient successor to well-established storage devices since their comparatively simple setup may help to overcome the technological as well as economical limits anticipated for scaling CMOS beyond the 10nm node [1].


The main two problems of a fully parallel architecture are silicon area and .exibility.

to support high order modulation schemes (e.g., 64-QAM), the number of necessary PDUs to compute all branches in parallel is extremely high and most of them turn idle as soon as constellation points modulated with a lower order scheme are processed.


Once a k kk has been changed (i.e., r has been accepted), a and/or r might be changed afterward.

an acknowledgement signal from stage (k + 1) arrives and/or a new request signal from stage (k -1) arrives.


For larger transistor sizes, the in.uence of issue-width becomes more noticeable.

higher issue-widths have lower power consumption than lower issue-widths, for a given transistor Figure 4: Latency vs. transistor sizing for a fourissue processor.


We evaluate the use of RASAX in conjunction with KNearest Neighbor (KNN) for classification purpose.

we group and cluster incoming data streams, and adopt this method instead of individual incoming streams over KNN.


5.3 Checking based on Static Co-Sensitization Since a sensitizable path is always statically co-sensitizable, it does not su.er from dependency between multi-cycle paths.

multi-cycle FF pairs veri.ed by static co-sensitization are always multi-cycle FF pairs.


Making the DV network modular provides a solution to both issues.

clos network has been widely and successfully used in existing switch networks for such purpose [4].


b) If the cost of re-compiling the specific plan S does not compensate the extra cost incurred by using the potentially less efficient generic plan (line 19).

we pick GA if the ElapsedTime(S) is greater or equal to ActualTime(G).


An important requirement that needs to be imposed here is that at no step of the merging process should the dimension of a partition be increased.

when merging two partitions, the resulting partition must have the dimension of (1) P2 merges P1 VPNs 00101001 xxxx0000 00101010 P2 xxxx0001 3-bit partition 00101011 ...... P1 00101100 xxxx1100 P1 xxxx1101 00101101 10010000 10010001 (2) P1, P2, and P3 merged 10010010 10010011 4-bit partition P2 1-bit partition P3  Figure 5: VPN partition merging the larger partition from the initial pair of partitions.


Keeping wirelength almost unchanged, INTEGRA can outperform modi.ed [11] and [2] with 358.6X and 16.9X speedup.

prior works su.er from long runtimes for C6, which is a large-scale design with numerous bins/grids.


Most TPC-H tasks do not utilize the entire system the entire time.


The Eckart processor gives small weight to the cross spectrum in the regions where the SNR ratio is low, while it gives large weight in those regions where the SNR is high.

it amplifies the signal with respect to the noise in such a way that the peak of the cross-correlation function is affected by noise as little as possible.


Similar to precedence correlation, the results indicate a strong source correlation.

91% of the executed load instructions exhibit an 80% or more source correlation.


The correctness criterion, i.e., the property that must hold to insure that the implementation is functionally equivalent to the specification, depends on the nature of the optimizations performed to obtain the implementation.

pipelined implementations require alignment of the programmer-visible implementation and specification states which can be accomplished, for example, by flushing [8].


Therefore, the merge adjoint network method proposed in [2] is adopted here.

in the case of calculating .S/.ga,b, which is simply the addition of .Vi/.ga,b of all the violation nodes, the method can be used in this way.


8 bits '0 Sub-array 1in~,,,o in l~uts Sub ..... y2 '1' 6 bits :', 7 2 ilii| ~ ....... Sub-array 1 Sub-array 2 oi "2 Sub-army 1 I Address 1 I Address2 dual port 512x8 ; Data 1 Data 2 Data 1 Data 2 Sub-array 2 i I° Sub-array 1 Sub-array 2 Outputs Outputs a) Horizontal Partitioning Figure 2: Partitioning  3 Algorithm Description: Area Minimization Algorithm In this section, we consider strict area minimization.

the goal is to pack as much logic into the available arrays as possible (since the more logic that is implemented in the arrays, the less that must be implemented using the logic re- sources of the FPGA), without regard for the speed of the final circuit.


Central to the design-simulate-analyze methodology is the ability to quickly simulate the cache.

cache simulation takes as input a trace of memory references generated by the application.


A pure delay can delay the propagation of a waveform, but does not otherwise alter it.

unlike the inertial delay model, this model conservatively assumes that glitches are not .ltered out by delays on gates and wires.


As we can see, G is always larger than zero.

grouping always helps reduce the total test time.


First, there was no substantial changein criticalpathdelay, although the average depth improved by 0.8%.

simply increasing the number of priority cuts kept during cut enumeration did notlead toasigni.cantimprovementinthe .nalquality of result.


Maximal Parallelism A layout has maximal parallelism if the addresses of data in any interval {t, t +1,...,t + n - 1} of n consecutive addresses are mapped to n di.erent disks.

for every starting point t with 0 = t = bm - n and every i and i ' with 0 = i<i ' .


Novel Front-End Circuit Architectures for Integrated Bio-Electronic Interfaces Carlotta Guiducci1, Alexandre Schmid2, Frank K. Gürkaynak2, and Yusuf Leblebici2 1DEIS University of Bologna, Italy 2Microelectronic Systems Laboratory (LSM), EPFL Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland Abstract The prospective use of upcoming nanometer CMOS technology nodes (65nm, 45nm, and beyond) in bioelectronic interfaces is raising a number of important issues concerning circuit architectures and design.

the advantages of scaling and higher density integration must be balanced against the requirements of low noise design, uniform power density and surface temperature distribution, better component matching, and immunity to parameter variations.


The resulting drawback is that some optimization opportunities go unexploited.

when there exist multiple loop nests and multiple arrays are accessed by these loop nests, employing loop or data transformations alone may not generate the best savings.


Among the existing design issues of 3D-ICs, including thermal challenges [3], [4], [5] and routing congestion [6], the reliable power supply design is one of the major challenges in 3D-ICs [7].

smaller footprints combined with multiple stacked dies imply more severe power delivery problems [8].


we show infer application worst-case operation conditions across that workload dynamics prediction models can effectively design alternatives and accurately estimate the efficiency of forecast the worst-case operation conditions to soft error DVM schemes at early design stages.


Naturally, this means that two packets residing in nodes of different colour, at a point in time, will never meet!

these two packets will never affect each others switching decisions.


present a probing technology that could be used for probing TSVs with .ner pitch [11], the possibility of implementing RF-based wireless techniques to test chips at both die and wafer levels has also been explored [6, 8].

laser direct testing techniques, currently used to detect defects in PCBs, could be used for contact-less testing of 3D ICs [6].


Since circuits have widely-varying mem- ory requirements, this "average-case" partitioning may re- sult in poor device utilizations for logic-intensive or memory- intensive circuits.

if a circuit does not use all the available memory arrays to implement storage, the chip area devoted to the unused arrays is wasted.


We use perceptual rendering intents [7] to handle the outrange gamut.

compress the full CIExyY color space into the EPD gamut [7].


At-speed scan testing may suffer from test-induced yield loss [26] due to two factors: (1) excessive IR-drop (supply voltage drop at cells [2] due to current flowing through a RLC network) caused by the high switching activity of test data, test operation, and test clocking, and (2) the at-speed nature of using a short cycle for capturing a test response.

iR-drop increases path delay, which then results in timing violations by the short capture cycle.


In this paper, we propose architectural extension to reduce the STM overheads of accessing the metadata.

the extensions allow (i) accessing both the data and its metadata with a single memory operation instead of two and (ii) fetching both the data and the metadata together thus eliminating the cache misses due to poor spatial locality.


The proposed scheme (Figure 2) requires a very small hardware overhead (4 AND) and can be generalized to more fine-grained schemes at the expense of additional hardware.


Also, assuming that the channel responses of a CP and an adjacent scattered pilot (SP) nearest to it in an OFDM sym bol are the same and the channel responses of CPs located on the same indices in the two consecutive OFDM symbols are the same, the conventional scheme in [2] uses combina tions only of a CP and an SP nearest to it and of two CPs.

only some parts of all combinations among CPs and SPs are used for the carrier frequency o.set estima tion.


The resultant decrease in write stability can be addressed by a column based lowering of the cell supply during recon.guration.

the paper makes the following contributions: 1) It studies the effect of process variation induced failures on the performance and power for DSP applications in a timemultiplexed recon.gurable computing framework.


Recently, the recognition of gestures from continuous-signalbased systems was considered in [19, 4].

the authors leverage patterns of micro-Doppler .uctuations to identify complex movement patterns.


As a result, the middle supply path will sink much less current than the 2Vdd or Gnd supply path.

the middle supply path will be much quieter than the other two.


The approach of Chen and Bryant [9] to verify .oating-point addition comes closest to our work.

our case-splitting strategy is similar to theirs, as discussed in Section 4.


A major reason is that these two modalities share the same component of an ingredient s physical properties.

the use of auditory analysis has more possibility to extract various phenomena occurring during a chopping action, such as acoustic resonance in the case of hollow ingredients and beats resulting from an ingredient having layers thicker than the layers in leeks.


This approximation slightly overestimates the .|Vt |, but the overestimation is very small.

we can characterize a derated library using Vf inal for signoff (i.e., VBT I = Vf inal ).


Moreover, it can be observed that the number of the closer-to-mean chips increases and the standard deviation of WCD distribution shrinks with InTimeFix.


The 6-way depopulation is also not attractive due to logical properties of the Stratix LE.

when used in arithmetic mode, only the A and B pins of the LE are required, making the CD lines useless.


Figure 4 shows that ignoring process variations underestimates Vmin.

deterministic analysis does not predict a Vmin (or Vmin=0) for n<15 and a=1.


However, we can actually leverage the inherent fuzziness of veri.cation in our favor.

any practical veri.cation step will have to tolerate some noise in measurement.


b) The software .ow is designed to be applied to a standard compilation .ow without altering it.

an already compiled code can be used as is and be prepared for code compression.


Unlike our proposed approach, which focuses on application-speci.c architectures, the Sun approach was applicable only to CPU architecture.

their counter.ow processor uses two distinct pipelines to carry two different information streams in opposite directions, and introduces interlocks to allow the two streams to interact.


[8] used tile X-Match algorithm to compress two adja- cent blocks where the least significant bit of the first block is a 0 and the least significant bit of tim second block is a 1.

if the address of the block was even, it could only be compressed with the next block.


We show that it is easy to detect and weaken cryptographic algorithms realized on an FPGA.

we show how to detect Sboxes in bitstreams, which are crucial components in all modern block ciphers such as AES and 3DES.


An efficient method for implementing these tables is in the form of trees.

radix-tree lookup is commonly used in several UNIX systems and routing architectures [14].


Table 1 illustrates the type of information contained in the rule-candidate matrix for a single failed chip.

it shows that diagnosis of this failed chip i produced three, topscoring candidates (ci,1, ci,2 and ci,3), each of which has at least one rule-violation instance.


One of the advantages of our methodology is verifying the PLL locking property based only on the phase di.erence (fref - fv) state variable.

if the upper and the lower bounds of the phase di.erence are in the tolerated region [-0.2 .


2) Some edges are almost always among the most critical edges.

no matter how the CLBs and IO pads are placed, the criticality value of some edges are always high.


Bombieri [10] proposes a mutation model for perturbing transaction level modeling (TLM) SystemC descriptions.

the main constructs provided by the SystemC TLM 2.0 library have been analyzed, and a set of mutants is proposed to perturb the primitives related to the TLM communication interfaces.


However, the proposed Virtual SRAM Fab significantly advances the state-of-the-art of the pre-silicon yield estimation for SRAM from the previous work.

the proposed framework enables: (1) Simultaneous considerations of lithography variations and intrinsic fluctuations in devices due to local variations effects such as random dopant fluctuations.


As a result, when R1 is stored in the cache location corresponding to v1 , it will contain an erroneous value.

the error in value v2 is spread to v1 in the cache via registers R2 and R1 .


Optical proximity effect is a well known phenomenon in the field of photolithography [3].

these proximity effects occur when very closely spaced layout patterns are lithographically transferred to a photosensitive material (photoresist) on the wafer.


In our current implementation, we set the frequency threshold for short-cuts to 200.

we add new predicates between x and y only when both appear in the negative cycles more than 200 times, and only when both nodes have more than one incoming/outgoing edges.


PROBLEM DESCRIPTION As the MACT architecture is a bit-serial and fully pipelined architecture, we have to take special care of data packets traveling on di.erent paths.

the local control wires require to be tapped always correctly.


Next, assume that the graph G, as well as its subgraphs, are well separable.


This is because v5 is in the transitive fanout cone of v3 , replacing v3 with v5 will result in a cyclic combinational circuit.

furthermore, Condition 1 can be modi.ed by reversing the value of ns to .nd another kind of substitute node that replaces a target node with an additional inv.if ns =0 and ns = 1 are MAs for the stuck-at 0 and stuck-at 1 fault tests on nt , respectively, nt can be replaced by ns with an additional inv.


Researchers are working from various abstraction levels to explore the advantages of multiple supply voltages.

there are works on system level [10][12][18], behavioral level [7][11][14][16], logic level [8][9], and physical level [13][22].


As a result, the ressource requirements of the core, as depicted in Table  2, are relatively moderate.

more than 80% of the logic slices can be used to implement applications.


It means that we can block any changes of values in all registers and all combinational logics except some small modules related to the counter; we can block modifying the content of the instruction register as well as decoding the instruction.

if the circuit for supporting this feature is implemented through clock gating, then we can reduce dynamic power dramatically.


Although we cannot know which entry belongs to the malicious function a priori, what we do know is that these malicious entries must have not been activated during veri.cation tests (otherwise the HT would have been detected already).

any activated entry is HT-free, which is the premise of our VeriTrust solution.


As the rate of permanent faults depends on the reliability of the memory chips, then it can be established using for example the models of [6], [1].

the following three cases are considered: 1) comparison of simplex and duplex RS(18,16) with no scrubbing and variable SEU rate; 2) analysis of duplex RS(18,16) for different Tsc periods and under the worst case scenario of the SEU rate; 3) comparison of simplex and duplex RS(18,16), and simplex RS(18,16) under different rates for permanent faults.


Our highlevel problem description uses a decidable quantifier-free fragment of first-order logic, including Presburger arithmetic, uninterpreted functions/predicates, arrays.


We impose some restrictions on ownership in order to keep the cost low: the regions of the heap governed by different owner objects may not overlap.

the path from an owner to its ownee should notpass though any other owner(orits ownees).We discuss this restrictionfurtherbelow.


prototype piezoceramicsbased smart aggregates (SA) have been designed for concrete structure monitoring [2].


If the access latency of the issue queue is two cycles (in the case of MC scheme), some of the produced results may not be compared with the operand tags.

if the issue queue is accessed in every odd cycles (because of two cycle latency), all the results produced in even cycles cannot be compared with the operand tags of instructions present in the issue queue.


For example, one application is to evaluate the upper bound on the potential loss of coverage during path selection, which is the PCM of the (T - 1)th bucket.

no matter how many more paths are to be added, the improvement on coverage from our path selection will not be more than the PCM of the (T - 1)th bucket.


preconditioned conjugate gradient method [3] [4] [25], multigrid techniques [13] [18] [27], divide-and-conquer methodology [24] [19], random walks [16], locality [6], relaxation iterative method [26], and Poisson solver optimized for GPU platforms [17] have emerged.

[20] and [7] have been proposed for TAU 2011 Power Grid Simulation Contest [14].


Our proposed MVT-ULV method aims at improving the cell robustness with the same layout area.

the proposed method can achieve the total energy reduction and area minimization under a target yield constraint.


2.5 Network initialization To guarantee correct formation of the routing table after deployment, the distances between the sampling nodes and the control node should be obtained; it should be used to initialize the network.

the network initialization consists of the following procedure: (1) The control node (which is the one initializing the network) sends a ranging request frame to the other nodes one by one (which are the target terminal of ranging) to ask for a distance measurement.


5.1 Static Approximate Adder Comparison We examine the static behavior of the proposed GDA adder in this subsection.

we implement the di.erent con.guration modes of GDA adder and ACA adder3 as dedicated 32-bit static approximate adders and two approximate adders (Lu s adder [1] and V LC SA-1 [13]) for comparison.


Then we calculated the average power consumption for each sleep according to its length, based on the power consumption vs. sleep duration graph shown in Fig.7.

a sleep longer than Tbreakeven contributes to reduce the average power consumption, while a sleep shorter than Tbreakeven adversely eats additional power.


This means that the interconnect capacitance has a strong e.ect on the delay.

for a stage with a realistic interconnect length, when the interconnect capacitance becomes the worst, the delay moves toward the worst.


(Linked faults may in.uence the behavior of other memory faults.)

in the case of two-cell coupling faults, the approach detects and localizes both the coupled and the coupling cell.


In fact, it can be safely assumed that if a particular technique is not covered in this paper, that it only had limited impact.

simulation-based techniques were far more effective than formal-based techniques (formal techniques found only 0.2% of the bugs).


Hence, the formal verification of a processor with a 5-entry instruction queue takes 215 seconds the sum of the formal verification times for the Execution Engine and the Fetch Engine with a 5-entry instruction queue.

the presented method results in 2 orders of magnitude speedup for the processor with a 5-entry instruction queue, compared to its monolithic formal verification (see Table 1).


The main cause for these differences is the high level of contention in benchmarks 3 and 6.

detailed simulations of benchmark 6 show that changes from default to biased mode are often soon followed by mode changes back to default.We expect that a change in the policy mode to detect such thrashing scenarios could mitigate these overheads.


Gate resizing for radiation hardening When the gate width-length ratio (W/L) is changed, the impact that radiation has on that gate is affected.

if this ratio is larger, more charge needs to be generated by a radiation event, so as to result in a glitch of a magnitude larger than the switching threshold of that gate.


WLa, and non-trivial, provided that X and Y behave like atomic registers.

with this implementation, a C OMPETE operation op by one process can return .


Fully depleted SOI and multi-gate MOSFETs, both with superior electrostatic integrity and tolerance to low channel doping, are the competing successors [11].

intel s adoption of FinFET technology at the 22nm CMOS technology node [12] has invigorated the interest in their optimization and scaling.


For this problem, we consider the gate capacitance and the diffusion capacitance as functions of the inverter size.

cg0=ßW0, Cd0 = aW0, Cgx=ßWx, and Cdx = aWx in Figure 4 here a and ß are gate and diffusion capacitance of unit size.


For that reason a cost metric is introduced for identifying the proper search-space size for each circuit.

a series of experiments are performed for every benchmark circuit, keeping the value of parameter p (max number of selected cells) constant, while modifying the value of parameter w (window size).


For normally viewed images, we observed no particularly large changes of hue with viewing direction, but the crosstalk hue was found to vary significantly with viewing direction.

blue crosstalk was observed in the region of 90° and 270°.


For small sub.oorplans, DeFer even does not specify the slicing tree structures.

we are deferring the decisions on these four factors correspondingly: (1) Sub.oorplan Orientation; (2) Sub.oorplan Order; (3) Slice Line Direction; (4) Slicing Tree Structure.


On theGPU we statically allocate memoryfor3 sets of 8Klearnedclauses, oflength <10literals,=10literals and<25literals, and =25literals and <50literals.

in all ourbenchmarks, the .nal decision of reporting the instance to be satis.able or unsatis.able was madeby theMiniSAT(CPU)portion ofMESP.forthese structuralbenchmarks, theSurveySAT routine was never able exit early by determining a satisfying assignment using walksat.


By well-known graph theoretical results, a clique of size n in the augmented graph GN.~ implies that at least n different colors are needed to color GN:,.

the size of the largest clique in GN.~ is a lower bound for the number of channels required to solve the channel assignment problem without channel separation constraint.


As a consequence, the yield of ICs has su.ered [1].

via-open defect has been identi.ed as one of the main factors to cause chip failures [2].


While Verilog-A provides a convenient way to write the behavioral description of the variable domain translators [4], it is easy to write a Verilog-A translator that has the correct operation only for the transient analysis but not for the PAC analysis.

the translator has the correct relations only in EQ(2) but not in EQ(7).


Figure 4 illustrates this situation; it is inspired from the FPGA Editor software from the Xilinx ISE package.

the fill threshold does not necessarily refer to the total chip occupation ratio, but rather to the dedicated carry chain usage.


INTRODUCTION Increasing transistor densities have signi.cantly affected the architecture of silicon chips.

processor designs have transitioned to multi-core architectures, as a solution to improve performance while keeping power dissipation in check.


Recall this means that each pipeline stage is represented by a transition and each channel is associated with one forward and one backward place.

constraint (i) and (ii) together implement constraints for forward and backward places modi.ed to capture the impact of sc buffers added to each channel c. constraint (i) is based on constraint (i) in Figure 6. f(m) = 0 guarantees that for each channel c = (vi, vj) with no initial token, the arrival time of node vj is at least as large as the arrival time of node vi plus the forward latency of the channel (lc) plus the forward latency of the sc slack matching buffer that will be added to the channel.


As a result, if we transmit permuted data of two consecutive data items which have the same upper half, we get no transitions on the alternate wires in the bus and hence these alternate wires can act as shield wires to prevent opposite transitions.

if d1 : n 2 ' 1 and the state of the system is 0, data is not transmitted actual data items with the same upper half, we transmit the ' and d2 : two an ···a with d1[16 : 9].


The resultant CSD form ¯ behaves much like a regular binary representation and can be used in modular calculations as well.

equations (4), (6), and (8) also hold for the (C)SD representation [16].


We prove that the set of perturbation operator is complete.

with the perturbation operators in this set, all global routing con.gurations are reachable.