The benefits should include greater grid reliability, integration of renewable generation and plug-in vehicles, reduced electricity peak demand, and stronger cyber security.

[6] "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Interagency Report (NISTIR) 7628 Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security," NIST, Ed., ed.


We use the parameter 1 6 Tunability of Glove: In .gure 2, we demonstrate the be e.ect of varying the µmin and t parameters of Glove (on cause in our input traces we found that the average ratio of up-stream to down-stream packets was 1 6 its bandwidth and latency ratios).

cs-bu.o: A congestion sensitive website .ngerprinting defense.


Apossible shortcoming is that the optimization potential of having an s of half the size of all other involved scalars is givenawayby multiplyingit witha full size scalar.Apossible ad  4.2 Tweaked Implementation As seen above signi.cant improvements are possible by applying well chosen multiplication algorithms and by rearranging the equations to be solved.

the symmetric operations involving secrets have to be secured as well.


A causes the data mes- sage to be transmitted, or otherwise made available, to one or more message recipient(s) B.

4.1 Collaboration and independent corroboration The ideas of separation of duty (e.g., [31]), split control, secret sharing and threshold schemes are well-known in the literature (e.g., Desmedt [11]; see Menezes et al.


We also need to mention that the commercial services of new mobile communication standards, HSPDA (High-Speed Packet Downlink Access) and CDMA2000 EV-DO Revision A, will start in Japan during 2006.

this is because the VAP acts for users in authentication process and identity data may run through the VAP.


of the 18thACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP), 2001.

7.3 Reliability With Min-V, guest OSes operate in an environment where manyvirtual devices are either missing or not properly emulated.


To achieve exactness outside an ambiguity region in tra.c monitoring, we desire a deterministic monitor algorithm which identi.es every large .ow including bursty .ow (i.e., no FNl)and 3 Instead of using leaky bucket descriptors, prior work in the landmark window model often de.nes the high-bandwidth threshold to be a fraction of the link bandwidth, e.g., .h = 0.01 and ßh = 0.

this can be easily extended to items with positive weights.


To realize the trusted path, they use a trusted mobile phone.

approach Strong Web Site Isolation Trusted Path Secure Less PKI Trusted Migra- Passwords Veri.cation Storage Dependency tion Web Wallet [51] no yes (checking certi.cates etc.)


It is quite possible that DynPal can capture our scheme.


And at some point, the teams would switch personnel.


This makes it increasingly difficult to work toward standardized solutions for things such as data encryption or backup.

if a person tries to retrieve data by booting from a CD or floppy drive, the data will be unreadable.


The success probability of any adversarial strategy will vanish to zero as d ~ 0o.

"Ef-ficient traitor tracing algorithms using list decoding," In Colin Boyd, editor, Advances in Cryptology - ASI-ACRYPT 2001, LNCS 2248, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001, pp.


Since radio transmission is similar to the CPU resource (both are time-shared), its speci.cation can also similarly be speci.ed by an amount and a period.

for the LED contract, the enforcement lasts 34 cycles out of a total of 72 cycles to activate the LED.


Capturing this useful property comes at a price: the re-encryption algorithm is single-hop; that is, a re-encrypted ciphertext cannot be further re-encrypted.

the case of unidirectional schemes, namely where a re-encryption key from pk1 to pk2 should not provide the ability to re-encrypt from pk2 to pk1 can be inferred in a straightforward way.


In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Recent advances in intrusion detection, RAID 07, pages 276 295, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

adversaries are forced to re-scan the network frequently at each location or over di.erent time intervals.


Multiple-hop routes pose a challenge, because each hop has a non-negligible chance of being controlled by the adversary; after O(log n) hops, almost all routes will be tainted.

a random walk of at least w steps will end at an (approximately uniformly) random edge in the network.


k = 0: The STATCOM will consistently receive a reading of b, falsely believing that the voltage level is stable and performing no regulatory actions.

adopting the NE solution as the defending strategy is rational only when the attacker is also choosing the corresponding NE strategy to launch the attack, which may not hold in practice.


Related Work To the best of our knowledge, Markov Decision Processes have not yet been used in the context of access control systems.

we release this assumption in this section by introducing the notion of an Access Control Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (AC-POMDP), which is a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process [37] where the state is an access control state.


Exploiting mobility allows to mitigate the limitations of distributed, node-dependent systems.

camou.aging the testing packets is still an essential requirement against expert attackers who could perform traf.c analysis and detect the presence of an active IDS.


When the web server authenticates the user successfully, the UI or device weblet re-directs the resulting session information to the original requesting cloud weblet.

if DEM decides to launch a weblet in a cloud, it calls the CFI s web method LaunchWeblet(cfi,wid,wsk,wss).


Google Play Licensing is a network-based service that lets an application query a trusted Google Play licensing server to determine whether the application is licensed to the current device user.

because of a lack of the required legal system and technology, it is difficult to protect copyrights.


As shown in Figure 1, we can divide its behavioral pro.le into three steps: (1) claiming needed permissions; (2) sending message to a hard-coded premium-rate number; (3) blocking SMS noti.cations sent from the ISP to users.

besides containing malicious billing logic, these applications are also embed surreptitious logic or tricks to suppress the noti.cations resulting from such behaviors to the victims (A real case study is described in Section 3).


It will once again be downgraded to unspeci.ed only in the event of revocation.

the advantages wegainin exchangefor thisinitial overhead include novel features like easy revocation and incremental policy updates, which improves performance and scalability in dynamic environments.


The resource owner learns the user s satisfying credential sets only for the branch selected by the user; however, the cost is not disclosed to the resource owner.

therefore, it creates three key-pairs (oe1,od1), (oe2,od2), (oe3,od3), one for each branch.


We believe that ourattack canbeusedasane.ective acoustic-based dictionary password cracker and is another reason not to use dictionary words as passwords.

there are several possible methods of calculating a similarity metric between two acoustic signals.


Conventional impersonation attacks, whereby credentials (e.g.

an automated extension of VideoTicket might provide .nancial cost bene.ts over the system described in Section 2 (cf.


(In fact, a somewhat unexpected lesson we learned is that many applications can survive the block of some DLLs.)


The IMS can use the data, or any transformation on any portion of it, according to the requirements of particular measurement scenarios and under the control of system policy.

the quality of the data collected will always be questionable since Linux would be free to misrepresent true kernel state to LKIM.


The reason is that expected hash values as well as installed programs in a machine can be compromised at the same time.

the SPE isolation loader makes securitypractical, extensible, andportablebyexploiting the Cell/B.E.


If k> E(k.' ), then either some nodes inside the motion-MIX transmit more decoy traf.c, or some (k - E(k.' )) previously silent nodes have roamed into the motion-MIX and just start their transmissions.

these efforts provide unlinkability protections between node identities and their credentials during end-to-end anonymous transactions.


More over, in this game, the pair of user and its IC card (., G) never are virtually corrupted.

distinguishing Game 1 and Game 2 contradicts to the fact that the exploited PAKE is secure.


A tuple of ordered sets (S1 , ..., Sn) is a pextension of another tuple of ordered sets (R1 , ..., Rn)i. for all 1 = i = n, Si is a p-extension of Ri.

the authors in [20, 21] show that regarding · k3 3 · k3 communication, we have O(n ), respectively O(n ) where n is the number of parties and k the number of inputs.


However, this LKM backdoor, as a high level kernel backdoor, is impossible to be detected using the existing detecting tool or method.

processes control file sub system through system calls related to the file such as open, close, read, write, stat, chown and chmod.


For example, an attacker may use either pmap dump or Sadmind Ping to .nd a vulnerable Sadmind service.

the edit costs of node related operations should be signi.cantly more expensive than those of the edge related operations.


On a wireless channel, this property is dif.cult to achieve through protocol design since an eavesdropper can measure the signal strength of each packet and may be able to determine the real source of each packet.

if we wish to use an 80-bit secret key, at least 40 packets of A and 40 packets of B must be in this frequency range.


In SAT 07: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satis.ability Testing, volume 4501 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 377 382, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007.

having a potential avenue for cleanup and not making use of it also raises some ethical concerns since if such remediation were effective, it would be a signi.cant service to the malware s future third-party victims (targets of DDoS attacks, spam recipients, etc.).


The analysis is for only one color and for combinations of two colors.

an example of the interface is shown in Figure 1 [2].


A user may provide a subset of these credentials to validate his/her claim of possessing the corresponding attribute.

specification of access control requirements for dynamic collaboration is challenging mainly because of the limited or lack of knowledge about remote users identities and affiliations.


(a) It limits the number of devices that can be in a domain, hence limiting the number of devices that can simultaneously access domain content.

such an attack would reveal the domain-speci.c key, as used to encrypt content encryption keys, which might enable abuse of the content in that domain.


[8] L. Swiler, C. Phillips, D. Ellis, S. Chakerian, Computer-Attack Graph Generation Tool, in Proceedings of the DARPA Information Survivability Conference & Exposition II, June 2001.

the effectiveness of interactive attack graph exploration depends critically on the particular visual (as opposed to mathematical) representations used.


Considerable papers have been published towards bringing a consensus on ABAC models and systems [1] [2] [5] [11].

sUA is a set representing all set-valued user attributes.


Thisdocumentisproduced when physicalgoods aredelivered tothecompany, andis required as a proof of delivery for triggering the payment of the invoice.

pIR fully hides the access pattern, i.e.


To simplify the PBBL realization, we build it on top of a Linux kernel instead of writing/enhancing an existing TPMenabled boot loader.

an operating system that has been evaluated according to EAL4 is represented by the property 0x04.3 After successfully installing and con.guring the Property-CA and the PBBL, a software update is handled as follows: Property Certi.cate Issuing: If the IT department decides to provide a software update, a new property certi.cate is generated.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

an attack attempt which in used programmable USB device, is investigated.


The typical method is to use the linear regression method to get an estimate of the key and then recover the entire original data.

[16] O. Goldreich and R. Ostrovsky, Software protection and simulation on oblivious ram, Journal of the ACM, vol.


This tends to con.ict with the LP64 or LLP64 data models assumed by the x86-64 implementations of V8 and Mono.

to understand the impact of branch and cache behavior, we used pfmon to measure related hardware events during the RayTrace benchmark.


If also the (enhanced) BIOS and the boot loader measure the code they load before passing control to it, and extend a PCR with the result, a chain of integrity measurements is formed that is recorded in a tamper-protected manner by the TPM.

the PCR values PCR0,...,PCRn contain reliable information about the system s state after the boot process.


In Fifth AnnualWorkshop on Duplicating, Deconstructing, and Debunking, June 2006.

systems that measure information .ow and do track address and/or control dependencies are either unstable [22, 23, 50, 49] or have limited, application-speci.c support for these dependencies.


the de.nition is signed both by the service provider and the reputation provider and checked by the user.


being able to detect this malicious activity becomes a formidable way to stop many of the threats to Ad Hoc networks.


The actual implementation of scattering function proceeds as follows.

imagine the generated loads/stores to the input buffer are merely normal loads/stores, but the generated loads/stores to the return address are actually secret sharing loads/stores (assembling/scattering).


Furthermore, e.ciency is not the only concern when considering the deployment of trust management systems in commercial environments: these systems must also be deployable on top of existing IT infrastructures.

further, by treating each trust query and trust policy update as a transaction, a DBMS guarantees their atomic execution, which ensures the correctness of trust queries, as well as the overall consistency of the system view used to evaluate the query [16], even when multiple queries and updates are processed concurrently.


By determiningthe variance bounds for it, an IDS can raise an attack indication whenever these limits are reached.

consideringthat the failure expectancy takes time to stabilize, a large number of false positives will appear at the beginning of the network life cycle.


for example, the most three frequently paths used in phishing targeting at Taobao.com are login.khdel.html , member/login.html and / .


The subjects ranked the designs 2 and 3 consistently higher than the other two designs.

many improvements can be made in this area.


Propagation options are a means to concisely express a set of security requirements.

the formula which returns the temporal information associa od ted with a generic time granule [TTbl eTT , denoted as Wi, is the following: n yC- -I2 gygne W= _ i where TbTt::3TT .


Based on these rules, we know that functional dependency does not hold among City, State, and Zip Code.

instead, we can consider usingthe check constraint method.


In case of the system without GA, the di.erence value proportionally increased with the degree of code insertion.

figure 2 shows the test results on the seven variants.


consider the case ¬ptrans (th) in Section 4.1.


As a result, even if we don t select one true model for access control, it makes sense to try and explore and develop constraints for viable models that applications writers will be able to rely on.

copyright is held by the author/owner(s).


Let us assume that the attacker knows which game he is being challenged with as well as the location of the target area (e.g., the blue region containing the target circle and pentagon in the Shapes game) and the moving object area (e.g., the white region in the Shapes game within which the objects move).

this means that the accuracy of the edge-based method could be signi.cantly undermined by the presence of strong edges in the background that are not part of the target area (e.g., presence of texts) and the absence of objects in the target area (e.g., the absence of objects in the target area of the Ships Game).


4 As James Dempsey of the Center for Democracy and Technology has said, for some security vulnerabilities, we need more exposure, not less.

in the security field, vulnerability information has legitimate uses.


Our future work will concentrate on the detection of library theft.

the top bar gives the similarity for the API Birthmark.


We .rst run them normally without attacking themto seeif thereareany falsepositives.In ourtests, all applications run normally and no securityalertis raised.

they come with a heavy performance slowdown ranging from 4.6X to 37X [22, 18].


Similarly, we can get , and .C11 .C10 .Tij .C01 are also non-negative for any pair of SNPs i and j.

even when the reference group does not completely mimic the genetic background of the case group, the attack still works, although with a lower power.


Moreover, e-collectives are important from the client perspective.

in Section 6, we describe an implementation of our approach.


The identity tokens are needed since the authentication and veri.cation of identity are separated in A2.

in S. Axler, F. W. Gehring, and K. A. Ribet, editors, Introduction to Cryptography, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, pages 235 248.


Applications whose plugins could not be automatically downloaded were not selected.

while previous studies examined the security of the core code of web applications [12, 13], this study focuses on the impact of plugins on the security of web applications.


This would allow auditing to focus attention on suspicious operations, rather than having to (also) distinguish potentially false delegation or patient treatment relation claims from legitimate ones, which is di.cult or impossible.

a single token can theoretically be used to request all records of a given patient (BSN) and information class in a single operation.


There are cases where this knowledge may not be suf.cient to make the correct choice.


Privacy Preserving Video Surveillance Using Pedestrian Tracking Mechanism Peng Zhang, Tony Thomas, Sabu Emmanuel School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore {zh0036ng,ttony,asemmanuel}@ntu.edu.sg ABSTRACT Video surveillance has become a ubiquitous feature of the modern day life.

the detected pedestrian face/head is obscured by encrypting with a unique key derived from a master key for the privacy preservation purpose.


Physically, the laboratory is located within two card-key access areas.

writing viruses, even if they are not new types of viruses, earned us instant, sti.


Notably though, the notion that these two attacks (malware and a form of shoulder sur.ng) represent the full spectrum of threats that the system could face is for several reasons debatable.

[17] make the following arguments to rule out the need for stringent penetration testing of their system: .... we can hardly imagine someone learning the touch behavior of 30 features, such as pressure, distribution of acceleration, etc., just by looking over the shoulder [17].


that satis.es Theorem 3.5 for t is |u|, therefore it cannot be that v .

that withstands a fraction of errors of up to 1/240, whose overhead is linear (i.e., the communication of ., is linear in the communication of p).


Under normal circumstances, this access would be justi.ed by the need for students to access the books, journals, or presentation laptops often stored in the professor s of.ce.


Given the low-level at which FireDroid operates, it is possible to extend the monitoring facilities to support intrusion and anomaly detection techniques.

we can argue that I/O intensive behaviour is not typical for mobile applications.


SLAM, BLAST, and ESP might satisfy our need for typestate (Section 6), but SLAM and ESP are publicly unavailable and BLAST is not mature enough.

some static tools are designed to identify particular properties that were envisioned by the tool developer [11, 3].


As biometric characteristic, deeply ingrained skill or behavior either consciously or unconsciously is used, such as voice, gait, signature, typing, etc.

during an identi.cation process the system tries to .nd a matching identity based on provided biometric characteristics (one-to-many recognition).


[4] proposed a Linear Temporal Logic(LTL) based framework (CI) for expressing and reasoning about norms of transmission of personal information.

hierarchical P-RBAC extends Core P-RBAC with the three hierarchies introduced by the de.nition.


By granting access to other applications the user builds some kind of trust chain which may not .t all data items this chain can process.

the user de.nes in which way data must or must not be used.


For console applications, ServiceTable points to the system calls exposed by OS image ntoskrnl.exe, via the system call table SSDT.

sEMU di.ers from Ether in two key aspects.


Additionally, Figure 4 provides information where we consider the response time of victims ( unavailable+slow , dashed line).

the .gure shows that 40% of the victims were unavailable for more than half of the attack duration.


when plugged into NISC, our one-sided simulatable OT construction does not add a signi.cant overhead.


During this process, the user s biometric information (e.g., his .ngerprint or retina scan) is obtained and stored in the card s memory.

kc (b) There exist three poly-time simulator algorithms T (·) (·) (·) , Sa and Sb such that, for all P ' and V ', (V ') P' V ' [View1-rd , View1-rd]|wd=0 [T (P'),Sa ], and (V ') [View1-rd , View1-rd]|wd=1 [T (P'),S].


Each participant is paid with 10 dollars as compensation.

these approaches can be bypassed with one or two images [31].


They are written as a set of conditions based on the PDU s protocol .elds.

vulnerabilities are solely determined by the bugs in programs.


Today s browser scripts routinely load images and data from multiple independently-administered servers.

keeping the address con.dential is an unrealistic security requirement because the map server cannot function ef.ciently without the address.


Being aware of the coverage of those policies a user is able to decide if adaptations to those preferences are required.

access is granted upon obtaining a consent of the citizen (patient consent).


Some text in this electronic article is rendered in Type 3 or bitmapped fonts, and may display poorly on screen in Adobe Acrobat v. 4.0 and later.


The SDR can be programmed to support standard and custom protocols.

for example, the Adafruit PN532 breakboard has a large antenna and can transmit a large amount of power (about 450 mW), while Google Nexus 7 has a much smaller antenna and much lower transmission power (about 200 mW).


The initiator UA outputs XA on activation, then may receive an incoming message of the forms (I, I, UA, UB, XA, XB) from the responder UB, then computes the session key SK if UA received the message.


One approach to handle this challenge is to generate evidence that proves the integrity of the measurement output.

moreover, SMM s code is stored in a designated, lockable memory called SMRAM.


When the scale of such a system is small, the system consists of devices developed by only one company because the system can function well with just these devices.

this HSS is composed of Devices A, B, C, and D, which are developed by Bob s Company.


This means that for the given cluster size, merging and splitting of clusters are performed without limiting the number of clusters.


If a suf.ciently subtle attacker with suf.ciently many compromised hosts at his disposal can mimic legitimate traf.c well enough that the victim cannot tell good from bad, there is little that can be done beyond load-shedding, adding server resources, and minimizing collateral damage.

each client connects to the remote broker on its pool address and provides both its own HIP ID and that of the remote client.


The local user has to trust both, the TPM and the PBBL to correctly measure and map binary values.

property-based attestation for computing platforms: caring about properties, not mechanisms.


We also found a signi.cant number of applications across markets signed with the same private key as malicious applications.

finally, intent .lters have an optional priority .eld that in.uences the order in which Android delivers intents to applications.


Indexes based on R-trees or KD-trees depend on the order of object insertion, forcing the authentication operations to follow the same order.

[22] WARE, J. Geospatial data fusion: Training gis for disaster relief operations.


Using secret splitting, Alice can create messages which require any number of credentials for decryption.

a recipient B who does not satisfy the chosen access structure f is unable to recover the message m. Proof.


A similar assumption is used for example in [19].

to reduce the memory requirement on node, it is possible to assume that the presence in the network of each node is tracked by a small subset of the nodes of the network.


The resulting view consists of all the information of employees of all departments, apart from the R&D department, plus the salary information of employees belonging to the R&D department.

the overall Figure 9 An example of AC-XML document complexity of this access evaluation is equal to O(#nodes*#depth *NP* #obj-cond*#cred-cont).


Here, an originator can de.ne and sign a message template, describing .xed parts of a message as well as sev eral choices for exchangeable parts of a message (one may think of a form with blank .elds, where for such .elds the originator speci.es all the allowed strings to choose from), for which he can delegate signing permissions to a proxy.

this is due to our requirements that the signature of the originator is not publicly veri.able as it is the case in sanitizable signatures and only instantiations can be publicly veri.ed as it isthecasefor proxysignatures.


The structure of Android applications and the Android security mechanisms have 1beanstalkd can be found at http://kr.github.com/ beanstalkd/ and is described as a simple, fast work queue originally designed to reduce latency on high-volume websites.

more structured input is explored by Zheng et al.


196, Springer, Heidelberg (1985) [3] Boyen, X., Waters, B.: Anonymous hierarchical identity-based encryption (without random oracles).

we propose an extension to predicate encryption named delegate predicate encryption.


Secondly, that the participants in the 36-45 group were closer to the age 45 than the participants in the 46-55 group were to 55, biasing the result.

if the user is familiar with the song clips presented, by perhaps listening to them regularly, memorability might be enhanced, therefore this is an area we must leave open to further research and debate.


Because nodes in each group will behave similarly, we de.ne our functions based on the node s group identity, not its individual identity.

simply increasing f is a broad approach to what could be a more delicate situation, though.


From the f gure we can see that the join operator is much more costly than selection.

attribute-level LD is similar to Stream-level LD, except that in attribute-level LD particular attributes will be verif ed, rather than a stream.


Based on these sockets applications are able to communicate with remote hosts, but also with other applications on the same platform.

all data that leaves the phone is beyond the policy enforcement capabilities of Trust-Droid.


also suggest the similar two requirements for monitoring program execution: completeness and pertinence [19].

eVALUATION STRATEGY In this section, we illustrate the evaluation strategy we choose for implementing cost-bene.t analysis of kernel tracing systems for forensic readiness, including measurement methodology, benchmarking tool, and kernel tracing systems for evaluation.


Since MMOGs are small economies, a large in.ux of game currency causes hyper-in.ation, hurting all players.


Their follow-up work FixMeUp [23] leverages a user-speci.ed policy to generate candidate repairs.

we represent a web page using the set of distinct link and form structures.


In general, the lineage or ancestry of a data item may involve many sources and processes that in.uence a resource.

we require a directed acyclic RDF graph to retain the causal dependencies among the nodes as needed in provenance.


An incomplete list of typical relative position patterns is illustrated with real examples in Table 2.

to the best of our knowledge, this for the first time shows that a CAPTCHA that was carefully designed by serious professionals to be segmentation-resistant is nevertheless vulnerable to novel but simple attacks.


In USENIX Conference on O.ensive Technologies (WOOT), pages 1 7, 2010.

probably even more important is the fact that users need to be aware of such threats and be wary when installing applications that require permissions to access sensors.


Our relation discovery work also di.ers from existing service dependency analysis (e.g., [1, 7]), because of i) our .ner granularity (request vs. .ow) and ii) di.erent relation semantics.

we de.ne a bitmap to store the comparison between the source and destination IPs.


The CPU utilization is computed as (user time + system time)/real time.

even with eventually less inspected packets, selective packet discarding allows Snorttoachieveamuchbetter detection accuracy,as discussed below.


This approach of having the logical key tree agnostic of the physical topology has several disadvantages.

when m1 departs from the group, we will have two multicast messages sent to groups G1 and G01 containing the new session key in an encrypted form and one unicast message sent to m0 which is the same as in case of the TI scheme.


have described a system to improve batch veri.cation of DSA signatures [18], and subsequent solutions for other signature schemes followed (see [8, 20]).

[6] C. Tartary, H. Wang, J. Pieprzyk, A coding approach to the multicast stream authentication problem , Int.


In this taxonomy, speak-up is a currency approach with bandwidth as the currency.

without speak-up, the bad clients capture a larger fraction of the server than the good clients because they make more requests and the server, when overloaded, randomly drops requests.


Therefore as long as there are at least t good peers online that detect A s misbehavior, A will be detected and expelled from the network.

during the setup phase, the OGM generates a networkwide public/secret key pair, and publishes the public key.


The derived TS scores are then assigned as conditional probabilities based on Equation 2.

in the static domain, the .nal score is calculated based on the base score and the causal relationship between this exploit and others, whereas in the dynamic domain, the .nal score of each exploit will depend on four factors: The base score, the temporal score, the causal relationship between exploits and others, and the previous time slice (this will become clearer later when we discuss the two concrete cases).


Even when enforcing these restrictions, attacks against customer instances are still possible.

in SELinux over 30 subjects were deemed trusted regarding MLS for secrecy [51].


We implement the TLR library for Mono and modify the Linux kernel in two ways: (i) implement the TLR system call, and (ii) change the kernel to eliminate all dependencies on resources only available in the secure world.

the service thread dequeues the request and processes it in the trustbox layer.


In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC 06), December 2006.

since our goal is to enable whole-system .ne-grained taint analysis, our design and implementation is the most complete.


The most popular model is a probabilistic one: a sensor provides the controller with a numeric measurement that is corrupted by noise with a known distribution (e.g., uniform, Gaussian) [5, 13].

resilience to sensor attacks, therefore, is an emerging additional requirement for modern sensor fusion algorithms.


By traversing the graph, there may be multiple paths from a user e to a target user p who is not directly connected with (or directly trusted by) e. Along the i-th path, user e s trust in p can be calculated according to the well-known computational trust model in [2]: m-1 CTi =Be(p2) Bpj (pj+1) (5) j=2 2We assume a trusted central server in charge of the computation of indirect trust and the expansion of trusted neighborhood in the next section.

finally, the relying entity e accepts the public key certi.cate t0 only if re(t0)=1.


The author admits that the model becomes vulnerable to attacks if the data is not held according to certain data security policies.

and this is exactly what we mean when we say that a civilized space does not require permanent monitoring.


HIJACKING REMEDIATION In this section we discuss how our remediation process works.

we also examine the likelihood that a victim s contacts will become compromised compared to a random sample of users, using a sample of 3,000 contacts and 3,000 random accounts [Dataset 8 in Table 1].


Suppose the Xen hypervisor on EC2 has the same credit scheduler with identical parameters as the standard Xen scheduler, when protocol P 3 is applied, the bit rate can be reduced by an order of magnitude.

and Table 1 shows some basic statistics about these two metrics.


we do not take these schemes into consideration in our further discussion.


H2(a): Wilcoxon tests showed no signi.cant di.erence in the number of password resets between Assigned Text and either Image PassTiles or Blank PassTiles.

the lack of di.erence between Blank PassTiles and Image PassTiles appears consistent across the three studies, and is likely due to the very similar nature of the task.


The results are often disappointing: a small number of security events get easily buried by the huge amount of normal traffic.

the port-scan traffic in these two approaches may be obscured by high-volume normal traffic, and therefore the corresponding patterns cannot be effectively shown on the screen and then detected by the human eye.


Opera encrypts each username and password pair together with the login webpage URL address, and then saves both the ciphertext and Triple-DES keys into a binary .le named wand.dat.

these hard problems have been further aggravated by the fact that Web users have more online accounts than before and are forced to create and remember more and more usernames and passwords probably using insecure practices such as sharing passwords across websites [13, 30].


On every system call that performs name resolution, we propose to query both conventional access control (for con.nement and some protection) and perform a second query designed to prevent resource access attacks, called a resource retrieval query (RRQ).

it would be a tedious task to identify the individual resources that may be accessible to adversaries.


2.2 Secure Policy Deployment As access control policies provide control over all aspects of component interaction on the network, it is particularly critical that these policies are disseminated in a secure fashion.

d.4.6 [Security and Protection]: Access controls, Au-Consider, for example, a custom-made WSN operated by thentication a transport company to monitor temperature inside each of their trailers.


This would allows us to construct a timebound hierarchical key assignment scheme S ' , on input a graph Gand the interval-set P, using as a building block any time-bound hierarchical key assignment scheme S, on input G and Pe.

de Santis,A.L.Ferrara,and B. Masucci, New Constructions for Provably-Secure Time-Bound Hierarchical Key Assignment Schemes, available as Report 2006/483 at the IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive.


There are no preestablished secrets between user machines and target sites.


Since the responses (rxi and ryi ) have entropy .

next, it will become apparent from the above algorithm description, that the exact edit operations used to convert E to E. can also be used to convert a(E) into ß(E) directly.


For IA-32, Intel adds a part to the CR4 control register that specifies whether we want to enable VMX.

for VM exits due to the new instructions introduced with VT-x, including VMCALL, VMCLEAR, VMLAUNCH, VMPTRLD, VMPTRST, VMREAD, VMRESUME, VMWRITE, VMXOFF and VMXON, MiniVMM just ignores them except VMXOFF.


Privacy management for portable recording devices.

nevertheless, all these methods do not explicitly address the problem of uncertainties involved in operators activities (e.g.


So behaving like this would be extremely risky for the traitor.

(R ' ,S ' ,m) is a signature of the Schnorr signature on behalf of the signer, and (A,S b' -Sb,b), (b .


The transformed extrema values of the covert media frame replace the samples of the cover media frame at the same corresponding indices based on the codebook rule negotiated between peers.

it should be noted that without the knowledge of original cover media, it is hard to differentiate and detect the presence of covert channel.


Figure 2 depicts the steps of realizing this strategy, involving copying a new private page table for SPAD, creating a pseudo memory space and modifying the mapping of kernel page table.

leveraging hardware virtualization,weproposesastrategyof softwareprotection through anti-debugging which imperceptibly monitors the debug event on a higher privilege level than the conventional kernel space.


JavaMOP as a Generic RV System Monitoring oriented programming (MOP) is a generic monitoring framework that integrates speci.cation and implementation by checking the former against the latter at runtime.

it does not support arbitrary code or parameterization of policies.


They are nevertheless compact: our 43 user trials required less than 13 gigabytes of storage.

several subjects had primarily experienced email through webbased systems and, as a result, were somewhat confused by idiosyncratic handling of windows present in the Outlook Express 6 user interface.


The width of the edge is determined by the amount of messages on this link.

for example, a remote control is much more likely to communicate with a window opener than with a temperature sensor.


We will demonstrate that such spatio-temporal protection can be achieved mostly without explicit validation, relying on the hardware s cryptographic engine to provide much of the protection.

hence, the OS can carry  New Instructions (c) Figure 3: SecureME Architecture: hardware components (a), new instructions (b), and the interaction of applications, the OS, hypervisor, and secure processor (c).


Digital Rights Management (DRM) [23, 24, 25] protects an enterprise s intellectual property by encrypting a protected document and associating .ne-grained access rights with the document.

oS-level Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Illustration of how 1-point calibration calculates the offset before password creation.

there is a physiological limit to how much more precisely users can gaze without further technological aid.


However, in real policyauthoring scenarios, goals often arise intermittently and relate to the author s own environment, with which they are familiar.

reprint of the original from  Proceedingsof theFifth Princeton Symposium on Information Sciences and Systems (Princeton University, March, 1971), 437-443.


If project B contains malicious code, the build process of pro ject A can be compromised independent from the fact whether the build server had executed a build job of pro ject B previously: If the build server was uncompromised before building project A, it can be compromised through the build artifacts of project B that are used as input.


Finally, we prepend the sled with a relative jump instruction to skip over the sled bytes.

kornau [34] identi.ed such a property in the fact that every gadget, in order to be reusable, has to end with a free-branch instruction, i.e., an instruction that can change the program control .ow to a destination that is (or that can be under certain circumstances) controlled by the attacker.


Researchers [21] found that higher detection rates imply lower down time for the server.

(2006) Resource Sharing in EDF-Scheduled Systems: A Closer Look In Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (pp.


As a result of these two con.icting in.uences, Figure 4 shows that the fan-out factor does not have a signi.cant impact on PIE.

sMIT converts each malware program into its function-call graph representation, and performs nearest neighbor search based on this graph representation.To ef.ciently capture the similarity among malware variants, SMIT supports an approximate graph-edit distance metric rather than isomorphic graph match.


Based on the time stamps attached to the measurements sampled by the PMUs, the control center aligns the measurements from di.erent PMUs to infer the location of the fault.

numerical results have demonstrated that the cross layer detection scheme can e.ectively improve performance, with faster detection speed or lower false alarm rate.


P3P appears to have the appeal of putting users in the position of making informed decisions about the use of personal data.

championed by some as necessary tools for provision of customized services, these systems pose significant privacy concerns, as illustrated vividly by the recent controversy over the RealNetworks RealJukebox player [10], which monitored playlists and sent them back to the software publisher.


This is mainly because an image is humanreadable and easier to demonstrate in a court of law even a damaged one can be recognized by a human jury more easily than binary data.

.. .. (7) where ... ... ................... ........ sec an icon appears roughly every second (roughly equal to one heartand t is the total signal time in beat duration), which doesn t affect the complexity significantly.


Another important contribution of this paper is a detailed performance comparison with DBI platforms.

such an approach will violate our security requirement because client library functions would be callable by original code.


Note, however, that an equivalently dangerous behavior pattern exists in the case of a network adversary: a client whose communication originates and terminates within the same autonomous system can be deanonymized by that autonomous system.

our weakest adversary controls the top adversarial entity of that type and the strongest controls the top three adversarial entities.


We reveal the value of F1 to the .rst player (the second player already knows this value), and the value of F2 to the second player (the .rst player already knows this value).

we separate to cases according to the number of bits transmitted by each player.


For each business goal, it may have multiple children business goals.

wang, J. and Guo, M. [13] proposes a novel methodology of using Bayesian networks to automating the categorization of software security vulnerabilities based on standardized vulnerability data.


The .rst component is an information univocally associated with a class of nodes, whereas the second component binds each secret key to a precise time granule (that is, the time at which the encryption takes place).

y.e p is omitted when it is equal to ve.eC.


An attacker can easily disrupt the routing service in MANET in two ways: (1) Drop forwarded packets, or  (2) Send routing messages containing forged content.

pROBEMS AND DESIGN CHALLENGES MANET relies deeply on the distributed routing service, which assumes that nodes are cooperative and honest.


There are at least two new technologies that would ameliorate this situation.

in a few cases, the discussions pointed out prior work that we were not aware of.


Using a 1/64 scaledown factor enabled us to achieve realtime emulation.

the plot shows that most access links have only a few susceptible machines; that is, the typical access link did not service a large cluster of infectees.


It is imperative, therefore, to address security concerns from the onset of these technologies.

we present to them with two phones one to simulate the car s control unit (Pcar) and the other to be used as the driver s smartphone (Pdriver ).


3.5 Trampoline & Compatibility FPWriter encodes each valid jump target into a pointer to a chunk in the trampoline.

the core modules xul.dll in FF3 and mshtml.dll in IE6 are hardened by FPGate, and other modules are left intact.


This attack is based neither on the dynamic content of documents (like macro-instructions of Microsoft Word) nor on their dependency on external components (like fonts).

in case the software reports that the .le is polymorphic, the user should not sign the .le if the shown hidden content is intelligible.


Section 6 presents the implementation and experimental evaluation of our HyperSentry prototype.

the di.erence between the anticipated and the actual overhead can be directly attributed to HyperSentry s indirect overhead on the guest system.


This makes it vital to secure the data stored in these devices.

it was not enforced as users usually find it difficult to verify their input in the password field where dots are displayed for each attempt.


Then Alice sends the data .le together with authentication information to the potentially dishonest cloud storage server Bob, and removes them from her local storage.

a POR scheme consists of setup phase and a sequence of veri.cation phases.


The Process Firewall authors show that introspection can be used to protect the process because even if a malicious process tampers with such information to spoof the Process Firewall, conventional access control is still able to con.ne the process using the original permissions.

both program and system methods have been found to be fundamentally .awed [10, 12].


= we - aiyife(xi)=0 .we he 2 i=1 N -1 -1 .

4.4 Detection Time After demonstrating the overall performance of Early-Bird, we explore its time-based detection in more detail.


CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is one of the Turing tests and it is quite popular on the web.


We decided to come up with the following constraint, after considering various use-cases.

we can also see for most functionalities that at a certain point increasing n no longer buys us any extra throughput, and indeed it can decrease the throughput in some cases.


Our approach is based on the intuition that, there are contiguous blocks of IP addresses (subnets) of IPv4 address space which are used and administered in a similar way, hence share similar security properties and vulnerabilities.

the plot shows three synthetic datasets.


Ideally, physically and logically secure systems would be used for the in-vehicle clients as well as services and solutions providers servers -- i.e., systems that would resist most physical and logical attacks (e.g., physical penetration, voltage or temperature attacks, power analysis, monitoring of electromagnetic emissions), and sensing and responding to all others before a system compromise (e.g., by rendering sensitive data inaccessible).

such accuracy challenges privacy-enhancing techniques like anonymization and pseudonym switching [24].


others instead of being mixed among the full set of n inputs.

(A permutation network is a switching network that can realize any permutation of its inputs).


This means that the XML signature is only validated after performing the RSA decryption.

hTTP POST Binding (SAML response returned in XHTML (Submits form in HTTP POST to SP) form targeted at SP) 6.


A cryptographic key generation scheme for multilevel data security.

he claimed that his scheme not only provides a solution for the hierarchical access control problem, but also has an additional feature that each class has di.erent data encryption keys for di.erent time periods.


These operations do not depend on the number of neighbors the router has nor on the path length.

[5] A. Bender, N. Spring, D. Levin, and B. Bhattacharjee.


ASLR randomizes the base points of the stack, heap, shared libraries, and base executables.

the space overhead of such implementation would be substantial, due to the larger (uncompressed) size of relocation sections and the need to include ELF libraries and a linker in the updater binary.


The base association is randomized by  Table 1: Proof of knowledge predicates for graph signatures (cf.

we believe graph signatures to be scalable.


to avoid the exponential explosion in the number of such explicit attack sequences, a more compact representation of attack graphs was proposed based on the monotonicity assumption saying an attacker never needs to relinquish any obtained capability [1].


At the moment, our tool replaces addition operations, multiplexers and integer comparisons with hand-optimized versions.

handbook of Satis.ability, volume 185 of Frontiers in Arti.cial Intelligence and Applications.


Smart-Droid [45] proposes a hybrid static and dynamic analysis method to reveal UI-based event trigger conditions based on sensitive Android APIs.

our experiments show that these constraints restrict the search space very e.ectively since the number of execution paths to be explored during the guided symbolic execution is usually small.


Hacker may make use of these powerful capabilities to disguise APIs usage.


(a) From step 3 of Scheme 2, for any Ui that is a member in sessions j1 and j2 (1= j1 <j<j2 = m), Ui can recover {p1(i), ..., pj1 (i), qj1 (i), ..., qj (i), ..., qm(i)} and {p1(i), ..., pj(i), ... , pj2 (i), qj2 (i), ..., qm(i)}, and recover Kj by computing Kj =pj(i)+qj (i).

dhas t-revocation capability if given any R .


In Proceedings of 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2008), 1536-1540, IEEE, 2008.

the line marked with + in Figure 16 shows the results.


The authors [28] also show that mode restriction is still practical as the HIPAA privacy rules satisfy it.

the same goes for action H. after H no more actions are allowed to take place.


The anonymity notion for second level ciphertexts can be referred to [7].

in Phase 2, if Q = e(g, g)xyz , then the ciphertext (C * 1 , C2 * , C * 3 , C4 * , C * 5 ) is a valid ciphertext of m., so the probability of A outputting . '


The local policy server receives this response, identi.es it to be request speci.c, and inserts into the local client cache.

we mitigate its in.uence by using caching and further, core applications and stakeholder recognized applications(speci.ed subspace) will have their access decisions in the local policy itself.


By observing the way browser renders links, a site can query the browser s history database, and by instructing the browser to visit pages, it can insert new information into this database.

for semi-cooperative tracking, there is no reason to resort to statistical techniques.


However, their analysis is at a very high-level, using a number of mathematical approximations to put rough bounds on detection probabilities and false positive rates.

for only a single monitored IP address, the expected rate at which new victims were observed was so small (a few victims per hour) that the detection threshold no longer is meaningful: the arrival of any new victim would cause an alarm to be raised.


In addition, mobile systems have static resources like physical devices or de.ned physical/virtual memory pools that are platform-dependent.

in both scenarios TVD Proxy and TVD Master communicate via the trusted channel.


publish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission Both of these properties also apply to malicious Android and/or a fee.

finally, based on the properties of ad clicks, we create rules to identify clicks from the HTTP request trees.


{1,...,n},the secret key ski for user i,the subset S and the ciphertext c.If i .


Our results validate the effectiveness of our attack even when the attacker uses only publicly available information.

[7] E. Bursztein, M. Martin, and J. C. Mitchell.


As a result, even if we don t select one true model for access control, it makes sense to try and explore and develop constraints for viable models that applications writers will be able to rely on.

we appear to be at an interesting turning point, as the prospects for improved accessibility of trusted systems seems to be on the rise as a result of the open source movement.


If a user has access to a truly random bit-string, he can use a deterministic (or cryptographic) PRNG to expand this short seed into a longer sequence which distribution is indistinguishable from the uniform distribution to a computationally-bounded adversary (which does not know the seed).

* , e)-robust PRNG with input ' 2 where t t, e = qR(2eprg + qDeext + 2-n+1) as long as .


Second, we seek high processing parallelism by balancing the load of .ow processing and pattern matching across multiple CPU and GPU cores.

each thread can bind on no more than one RX queue with DNA.


Categories and Subject Descriptors F.4.2 [Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages]: Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems; D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection Access Control General Terms Security  Keywords Redaction, Provenance, RDF, Graph Grammar 1.


For example, the introduction of authentica- tion and encryption into GSM mobile phones was advertised as giving subscribers greater security compared with ana-logue phones, which were easy to clone and to eavesdrop.

edu/rhsmith3/index, html [24] C Shapiro, H Varian, 'Information Rules', Harvard Business School Press (1998), ISBN 0-87584-863-X [25] A Gawer, MA Cusumano, "Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation", Harvard Business School Press (2002), ISBN 1-57851-514-9 [26] J Brockmeier, "The Ultimate Lock-In", Yahoo News.


However, it has also various shortcomings that cause problems for practical deployment such as scalability, manageability and privacy: On the one hand, data bound to binary values remain inaccessible after a software update and the veri.er of an attestation result has to manage a huge number of binary versions.

the third required library is the OpenSSL library.


Thefollowingargumentsshowthatatleastwithprobability 1/(k2 ` ),equation(1)holdswithoutreductionmodulo¢(N).


Assuming usage similar to app stores common to modern mobile platforms, a user could get an individualized variant whenever they download or update an application.

instructions that are statically compiled into the binary may be easily encoded, but it is not immediately clear how to best handle self-modifying or just-in-time compiled code.


This allows the attacker to estimate SNR, but falls short to estimate the e.ect of t V ar(P )/V ar(P ) and p in Eq.

since there is a known linear relationship between the input key and the round key, the input key can be easily computed after obtaining the round key (e.g.


Note that each 4-input LUT implements a 4-input Boolean function from f. A hierarchy structure is constructed by feeding the outputs of the previous level of LUTs to the inputs of the next level of LUTs which is equivalent to the function substitution.

as for our third contribution, no one else has implemented remote secure trusted communication using PUFs that enables that the source of the transmissions can be trusted.


For this purpose, a long time study is planned to compare the memorability of PINs to shape passwords.

[7] Tan, D. S., Keyani, P., and Czerwinski, M. 2005.


Note that, even if no silence periods are used (in the single operator scenario), the operator can only track a user during her activity without being able to link different activities over time.

assuming the speed at which users move is upper-bounded by a constant vmax, the fact that a user is at a distance at most d to an AP at time t, means that at time t', the user is at a distance of at most d+vmax ·|t-t'|to this AP.


A TA is in charge of creating, maintaining and controlling consumer domains.

tCG compliant platforms are not expensive, and are currently available from a range of PC manufacturers, including Dell, Fujitsu, HP, Intel and Toshiba [10].


But administrator is not able to permanently reconfigure all of the system security options.

evaluation criteria for IT security, 2005.


The Depth metric is the length of the maximum shortest path in the domain-level attack graph, relative to the best (most secure) and worst (least secure) cases possible, on the scale of (0,10).

the Size family is an indication of the relative size of the attack graph.


The resulting virus variation still exhibits the same malicious behavior.

feature Set Selection in Data Mining Techniques for Unknown Virus Detection A Comparison Study Jianyong Dai Ratan Guha Joohan Lee School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Central Florida    Problem Statement Simple Heuristics N-Gram Static Instruction Sequences Approach Dynamic Instruction Sequences Approach Experiments and Results Conclusion      Type Continuous?


This personal information that many Google users would like to hide, is intrinsically embedded into a majority of Google pro.les URLs.

many of these URLs are redirected to login name-based URLs.


They, however, did not directly point out the importance of roles semantics.

poster: Collaborative policy administration.


An unprivileged VM will only see packets that are addressed to it, and it cannot send packets with false headers that appear to be from another VM, because Dom0 will reject them.

computing Systems, 9(2):131 152, Spring 1996.


Let n be a power of two, let f(x)= x n +1, 2n .

encrypted under a set of keys K., their sum can be decrypted using the product of the keys in K .


The goal of the panel is to cast a look beyond the current state of XML-based security standards from W3C and OASIS, informally debating trends and hot topics such as trust infrastructures, Web services and business process security, the relation between end-to-end XML security and firewall-based application-level filters, and the future of access control models for XML data-at-rest.

it is widely recognized that existing standards need to evolve and that new ones will be emerging to deal with new challenges, such as negotiating trust and privacy preferences, and ensuring seamless integration with business process modeling.


It is also important to improve the intrusion detection technique used at the Physical layer.

misuse detection approaches are ineffective in detecting novel attacks.


This implies that (1) the system provides persistent labels so that it is fail-safe; (2) the system also provides a mechanism to help rebooted processes to regain their security labels.

after analyzing each vulnerability, we concluded duPro-Apache can contain the damages of 10 out of 36 vulnerabilities.


In The 23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP), Oct. 2011.

failure of a lease-holder means that the remaining clients must elect a new lease-holder.


They mainly addressed knowledge representation and some of the reasoning issues for trust and security in the Semantic Web.

as with the information in the Incident Database discussed in section 4.3, warnings need to pay attention to data incidents that are independent from IT asset incidents.


This allows a group member that has both pj(i)and qj(i)to recover Kj by Kj =pj(i)+qj (i).

our goal is to ensure that once detected, such group members will be revoked from the group, and the adversary has to compromise more than t devices to defeat our approach, where t is a system parameter.


The number of them is variable and depends on the distribution of the values of the quality parameter.

rms < k * min(rrrq) This method sets a relative degradation threshold for the considered blocks.


In addition, we present heuristics to .nd approximate solutions very ef.ciently.

the heuristic was not able to .nd a good solution in the given number of iterations.


Email had been an important method of communication within the Kenyon community dating back to the late 80s; by 1991 it was almost ubiquitous.


The key generation, loading and checking mechanism within this integrated security hardware require extra test time (i.e.

the following operational changes are incorporated for variable key based protection: The dummy .ip-.ops now forms an N bits shift register.


Note that an encapsulated range does not include the end points that de.ne it.

it is based on the concept of administrative domains and criteria that control state changes in order to preserve certain features of those domains.


in the rest of this paper, we focus our attention on (n-k)!


Whereas identity or authorization certificates bind the key to some entity and must describe who this entity is, or what he is allowed to do, key management certificates assume that the root key is already bound to an entity.

3.3.10 Rationales We end this section by trying to justify some design decisions.


To summarize the boxplots, we simply plot the average per host utility across the entire population.

this result indicates that some users will be more useful than others in detecting a given attack.


Development of High Assurance Guards for NATO.

the disclosure of certain other pieces of information may negatively a.ect the outcome of the mission and should clearly be avoided.


This infrastructure stands on a static transformation phase of the original bytecode program that inserts instructions to be used later on to track implicit information .ows.

output(l1) because of the absence = only one value but if l1 > 0 and h 1= 0, the execution will t(3 output(l1),F ) result in two outputted values.


It enables us to verify assertions about a changed version of an access control matrix without actually incorporating the changes.

our approach goes in a di.erent direction by formally characterizing the source code-change and determining if the changes to the current source code version are logically consistent with its properties and the future desired properties.


1st Synopsis 2nd Synopsis 3rd Synopsis m-th Synopsis   1 1 1 1    1 1 1 0    1 0 1 1    1 1 0 1  the aggregation the termination-test process stops passes in this 1st position of after this window window the window Figure 3: Each synopsis is divided into several windows of width w = 2 bits.

if string s = 0s l11 , l = 0 appears in S, string 011 must also appear as a ' ' l substring of s .


[9] presents a uni.ed framework for modeling the basic RMP and its variants using binary integer programming.

in practice, due to the sorting and quick termination strategy, the algorithm takes an order of magnitude less time.


INTRODUCTION We first perform a structural and mathematical analysis of the AES algorithm [1], where the analysis is biased towards extracting parallelism for an optimized hardware implementation of the algorithm.

these implementations consume far more FPGA resources than we have available in our FPGA.


We are currently applying some of these approaches to establish their effects, whilst the others are promising avenues for future research.

we also wanted to know whether they believed they could prevent someone from breaking into their system, and came across a repertoire that clearly diminishes that belief- hackem can always find a way in (Ahm, I think if somebody is determined dnough to break into a system, they will exlzand the effort, either guessing the passwords or rampaging through bins to find those torn-up envelopes or, or whatever.


Furthermore, IDU is tied to thegiven User, as the key is only shared between that User and RoM.

absoluteprecision of thelocationisnot required.


[7] Scott Cantor, John Kemp, Rob Philpott, and Eve Maler.

analysis of SaaS-CP authentication mechanisms and identi .cation of security related components on a logical level.


our pointer analysis is sound under the assumption that displacements between objects are unde.ned, a necessary assumption common to C pointer analyses [3].


Thanks to the restriction on branches, monitor code before unsafe operations cannot be bypassed as long as they stay in the same chunk.

the CPU accepts only a 32-bit signed integer displacement with a range of [-2GB, 2GB).


The IS theory development will go towards the private empirical laws and a general rational law corresponding to the creation of an axiomatic IS theory.

the information society development leads to an increase of threats to national and international security related to violation of the established modes of ICT systems usage, infringement of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, malware spread as well as the use of modern IT in hostile, terrorist and other criminal acts.


Additionally, an operational separation of duties constraint was speci.ed that an examinee had to leave the BulletinBoard-User role during his/her ExamSession activity.

members of the Instructor and the Assistant roles are admitted to the Grader role of an instance of the Examination activity.


Of course a more likely anonymous attack is to pirate the content (variation) encrypting keys, not the content itself.

notice that there will be about 15 completely innocent players also scoring 5 or greater due to chance alone.


This permission allows one to access all objects of class c in the access mode a.

these decisions are guided by the six design requirements we have identi.ed.


Very fast containment of scanning worms.

whether an active or a passive approach is taken, the worm must be detected in the .rst place.


D-FOAF: Distributed identity management with access rights delegation.

sECURITY POLICY SPECIFICATION A policy language de.nes security policies according to three main components: a subject speci.cation aiming to specify the entity to which a security policy applies (e.g., users, processes), an object speci.cation to identify the resources to which the policy refers to (e.g., .les, HW resources, relational tables), and an action speci.cation,specifying the action (e.g., read, write execute, admin) that subjects can exercise on objects.


Categories and Subject Descriptors K.6.5 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: Security and Protection; D.2.3 [Software Engineering]: Coding Tools and Techniques General Terms Security, Languages  Keywords aspect, browser, ECMAScript, JavaScript, membrane, reference monitor, remote object, same origin policy, web security, wrapper * This material is based upon work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.

this code is vulnerable to several categories of attacks: 1.


Our Ubic implementation is deployed as an Android-App using Google s GDK.

this issue can easily be .xed by making the display non-transparent, since it only occludes a small part of the user s .eld of view.


In Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 2010, volume 6223 of LNCS, pages 333 350, 2010.

these systems reason about constructions described in mathematical vernacular, and are thus not readily amenable to automation.


Filtering rules can be distributed randomly within a given set of options.

if a rule is "allow", it must be added to each filter.


all items xj in ei end if for t>T do .nd ei which is the nearest exemplar to item xt if d(ei,xt)<o then Update model else Detection Rate (%) 80 StrAP kNN Str-DBSCAN 60 40 Reservoir .

many existing anomaly detection methods involve o.-line learning.


We use graph-based and logicbased approaches to formalise and reason about such policies, and show how the framework can be used to verify correctness of the associated re.nements.

it is possible to explore all possible sequences of events entailed by some starting state, re.ecting the intuition expressed in section 4.2.


[22] The Groth-Sahai NIZK (NIWI) proof system is a non-interactive zero-knowledge (witness-indistinguishable) proof system with perfect correctness, perfect soundness and composable zero-knowledge (witness-indistinguishability) for satis.ability of a set of equations over a bilinear group where the SXDH problem is hard.

in the simulation, the simulator will have to encrypt dummy records if the database is honest and thus will get caught by the real world adversary if it corrupts the database.


{k local structures that are randomly chosen from SLS(gi)}; 22: end if 23: Remove Gr from both S and all SLS; 24: Increase r by 1; 25: end while 26: Form the remaining local structures in S as a group; but greater or equal to k -|SLS(gi)|, then we choose k -|SLS(gi)| local structures from SLS(gj ); otherwise, we randomly pick k -|SLS(gi)|local structures which are not grouped yet.

first, we use a Frequent Subgraph Miner (FSM) algorithm([18]) to .nd the frequent subgraphs, with the set of local structures {LS1, LS2, ..., LSck} as the input graphs and a given support threshold as the parameter.


We perform further analysis about this approximate value.

e If we let C1 be (logq)/ |q|, (logq)-1 can be computed e e from (C1 |q|)-1 and the length of q.


The private key is known only to the concerned party whereas the public key is known to everyone.

then, we encrypt the plaintext vector, p simply to produce the cipher text vector, c using the following linear algebra equation: c = (k*p) mod b To decrypt cipher text vector, c we need first to find the inverse of key matrix, k-1 where the key matrix must be invertible.


For a shift of c = 5, for example 1 the array b is: althyEatlessandstayhe 4.1 Recovering Insertion Recovery from insertions is performed first.

to embed watermark data, one has to flip pixels from black to white or vice versa.


The replicas must be coordinated to ensure that, as a group, they will not be corrupted when the attacker succeeds in corrupting some of them.

a uniform defense for all applications is practically impossible.


The decision about collusion is taken after combining results from both tests.

the approach presupposes a trustworthy receiver, since the latter assigns to the sender theback-o.


The public parameters are a bilinear map e : G1 × G2 .

pRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION We employed the RELIC2 toolkit [2] for the evaluation of group-signature schemes on the AVR microcontroller.


This could have been achieved by submitting the user entered data back to the server from where the page hosting the captcha originated, and then checking whether the server returned a success or failure message using the extraction technique based on DOM signature, similar to the one described in section 3.2 above.

the main application of CAPTCHAs is to protect online resources from being abused by automated programs like web bots [2].


Otherwise, label(K) = L, and (i1 | i2):(k1 | k2)= newkey(K).


The veri.er can then check NV f 0+f 12£f against this blacklist by comparing it with .

the user wants her privacy protected and therefore requires that the veri.er only learns that she uses a TPM but not which particular one otherwise all her transactions would become linkable to each other.


INTRODUCTION The move to infrastructure as a service cloud computing platforms, such as Amazon s EC2 and Microsoft Windows Azure, brings with it the promise of a computing utility: .exible computing that reaps economies of scale.

cCSW 11, October 21, 2011, Chicago, Illinois, USA.


When a buyer purchases an app, the buyer s IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) information is transmitted.

aCKNOWLEDGMENTS This research project was supported by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(MCST) and from Korea Copyright Commission in 2012.


We can represent all behaviors of the resulting system as strings constructed from the symbols e (for an event that .lls a slot) and - (for a missed slot).

for the slow doubling scheme of Section 2.4, every odd prediction is positive it expects the events to be delivered at regular intervals, and every even prediction is negative no events are expected from the source.


Codepackingisoneofthe popularobfuscation techniques[17].Todetectpackedcode,  Figure 4: Comparison of strace results of the thttpd server when running inside the VM (on the bottom) and out-grafted to another VM (on the top) e.cient behavioral monitoring techniques such as OmniUnpack[26]havebeendeveloped toperformreal-time monitoring of a process behavior by tracking the pages it writes to and then executes from.

though these traditional in-host tools are valuable in monitoring system behavior or detecting malicious activities (with their native access inside the systems), they are fundamentally limited in their isolation capability to prevent themselves from being infected in the .rst place.


Of course, threshold in the filtering is freely set by users.

[12] Katov, M., Nomura, N., and Sakurai, K. 2000.


Many topics relating to authentication were presented, including a proposed authentication protocol using mobile phones and authentication using picture recognition instead of passwords [20, 6].

the first screen capture is that of the Motorola MPx200.


Since we are only checking the (trusted) libraries, this means that the code context since the call to the doPrivileged operation has all the permissions to perform sensitive operations inside S. Also any security checks performed inside S cannot guarantee that sensitive operations, performed after S outside the scope of the doPrivileged method, have the required permissions.

analysis Time Performance For all the classes tested, the average time taken by CMV to analyze each class was 74 seconds.


[15] O. Sheyner, J. Haines, S. Jha, R. Lippmann, and J.

section 6 concludes this paper and points out future research directions.


CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that it is possible for a small number of attackers, using approximately 100 Mbps of bandwidth, to deny service to a large portion of the Kad network.

it does not completely eliminate hi jacking: since Kad nodes have high churn rates, it is likely that many entries on A s routing table will be of.ine, and M can ef fectively hijack these entries.


Examining indistinguishability-based proofs for key establishment protocols.

in order to account for possible loss of y to the adversary via a sidechannel attack or the use of a weak pseudorandom number generator, we will henceforth assume that the adversary can learn y by issuing a SessionStateReveal query at the end of step 2 even though step 2 stipulates that y be deleted.


The reason was that policy is very much dependant on the software stack.

proceedings of the 21st National Information Systems Security Conference, 10:303 314, 1998.


The used the masking model from MPEG-II ACC.

it is important that the identification process itself does not require too much computation.


DEIDtect also allows for .ne grained tapping of speci.c sets of .ows.

removes all .ows installed for createTraf.cRoute API calls which is associated with VM_instance.


Our study (see Section 7.5.1) suggests that the salience calculated with the state-of-the-art visual attention model does not predict clickpoints of PCCP passwords well.

one combines automatic algorithms with human efforts, and is called humanassisted memorability (Section 4).


INTRODUCTION In the area of disaster response, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are often found in applications requiring simple, periodic sensing and reporting.

other challenges include limited, congested bandwidth, the loss of network connectivity due to environmental factors, unreliable hardware, and Copyright is held by author/owner IPSN 09, April 13 16, 2009, San Francisco, California, USA.


Combining the secure element and the NFC interface into one chip allows them to operate passively, i.e., without the power supply of the smartphone platform.

= MAC(KC Auth, IDO,KO Auth,KO Del) IDO ?


The SFS client assumes that the pathname provided by the user is trusted and leaves the process of acquiring certi.ed pathnames to the user.

it is usercentric and trusts the insiders to grant access only to appropriate users.


only one of their classi.ers makes sense to apply to line drawings: the support vector machine (SVM) based on edge detection histograms, for which they used the technique of Wang and Zhang [21].


In the following section we classify the kinds of errors we encountered.

di.erences in the logic that propagates error conditions to higher layers of the API and the resulting di.erence in error reporting can be very confusing to programmers and reduce their overall productivity, making development more expensive and less secure.


[7] Pfleeger, C. P., and Pfleeger, S. L., "Security in Computing", 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2003, ISBN 0-13-035548-8.

the dashed line represents the network allocation of the budget while and the dotted line represents the email allocation.


known protocols for division in the encrypted domain are expensive [22, 14] and the lower complexity obtained by decreasing the number of coe.cients is more than compensated by the overhead introduced to perform a division immediately after the computation of every .ltered sample.


Finally, issues were identified that required ITSG to change technical support procedures on PGP encrypted Macintoshes.

there were also performance-related requirements: a test drive of the product on a representative laptop used in the department must demonstrate the stability of the product with minimal performance degradation.


found out that user-selected passwords are often optimized for memorability.

in addition, since we restricted the password length to eight characters and tested three distinct classes, the results are not off-hand generalizable to all possible passwords.


As the response time of an access request largely depends on the number of rules to be parsed within a policy, redundancies in a policy may adversely affect the performance of policy evaluation.

our experiments were performed on Intel Core 2 Duo CPU 3.00 GHz with 3.25 GB RAM running on Windows XP SP2.


Inparticular,in a realnetworkdeployment, channel quality is also in.uenced by the behavior of nodes in the vicinity ofthe receiving nodes.

we model the received signal yi, j for a transmission of signal xi, j from an arbitrary node i to node j by yi, j = hi, jxi, j + n0.


Figure 3(b) illustrates how a stack pointer is changed by a malpacket.

existing worm attacks in regular computer networksshowthat(a) many vulnerabilitiesexistinroutines of receivingpackets,(b) many applicationsdonothaveany integrity check, and(c) vulnerabilityisquiteoftenexploited before any integrity check.


Speci.cally, the authors are aware of none.

the .nal solution posed in the paper is decreasing the transmit power of the wireless device dynamically so that it only transmits the distance to the AP it is currently connected to, preventing APs that are further away from detecting it.


Software side channel attack on memory deduplication.

in the .rst experiment, the sender wants to send a 272-bit data beginning Figure 2: Information Transferring in Covert Channel with 00111 as the .rst 5 bits followed by all 0s.


Due to the good contact to some of the development teams, we learned that countermeasures were taken.

the SAML tokens analyzed for this study usually bear timestamp elements NotOnOrAfter and NotBefore [25, Sec tion 2.5.1] within the Conditions element as a freshness value N .


However, on one hand, many customer networks use multihoming not for load-balance, but for reliability and faulttolerance.

to balance the goals of promptness and accuracy, we introduce a noise-reduction technique in DBSpam, after which the laundering path can be identi.ed more accurately.


Kerberos and the certificate authority, SimpleCA, that comes with the Globus toolkit for grid computing are used as examples.

we offer four computer systems courses: Computer Architecture, Operating Systems, Database Management Systems, and Internet Protocols.


Operationalization of Variables Technical background (H2) was operationalized in two ways: (1) study of a technical subject or work in a technical .eld, and (2) interest in technology.

the devices loose protection given by their operating systems and become an easy target for malware.


Next, we describe how our secure ALM (S-ALM) addresses the three security issues.

iEEE Network, September/October 2003. pp.


Working draft, W3C, 2013. http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/webcrypto-usecases/raw.le/tip/Overview.html.

exposing arbitrary elliptic curves is possible but they may not be implemented, even if there are well-motivated use-cases.


In some cases anything less than all polynomial-size circuits may be insu.cient while in others having Crestricted to the identity function only (i.e., one is allowed to query the primitive on the key itself but not on other functions of the key) may su.ce.

note that if we allowed such queries then one could query the decryption oracle with the function g(s)= Encs(s)and obtain s (this is possible even if one restricts the functions in Cto be deterministic, as we could de.ne the function g(s)to be the encryption of s with the random coins set to a .xed string, say all zeros).


API Category Explanation Registry registry manipulation Network Management manage network related operations Memory Management manage memory related functionalities File Input/Output (I/O) operations like reading from disk Socket socket related operations Processes & Threads manage processes and thread Dynamic-Link Libraries manipulations of DLLs Figure 1: Block diagram of our proposed malware detection tool training model to classify a running process as benign or malware.

in the transition matrix we have kn distinct transition probabilities.


Another algorithm that could be used is the digital signature algorithm (DSA) proposed by the National Institute of standards and Technology in august 1991.

the user uses a device that accepts restriction, expiration date and value.


In its simplest form, the MO can be the utility provider of the user that will collect charging fees together with the monthly energy bill.

in addition, the mobility operator may verify with his customer why no SDR was submitted for the charging session (Step (5.5)).


Investigating the implications of virtual machine introspection for digital forensics.

we focused only on non-paged kernel data structures in this work.


While being compliant to the steps of the NIST process, we focus on insider threats assessment, aiming to define a methodology that is supported by libraries, techniques and tools.

we identified a lack in the definition of a methodology and related supports for the systematic investigation and quantitative assessment of insider threats.


This data allows an adversary to carry out targeted attacks.

the complexity of these sites made them not very attractive to mobile Internet users, who use less powerful devices and slower connections.


Figure 4 shows our simulation results regarding the switching activities of all gates on ISCAS benchmark C499.

there are three HT detection techniques that are most relevant to our HT benchmark creation.


Section 4 discusses the proposed algorithm used in the IDS.

the delayed message will only be listened to at the beginning of the next bu.er.


This approach is characterized by two phases: in the training phase, the behavior of the system is observed in the absence of attacks, and machine learning techniques used to create a pro.le of such normal behavior.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

within a previous study users were proven to have a low rate of recollection when it came to recalling their own answers to current authentication questions [7].


Thebugoccurred whenachangewas made to the .le-system cache-code to prevent a single, sequential non-page-aligned read of alarge .lefrominvalidating alarge portion of the .le-system cache.

2.2 Prefetching Disabled Kernel versions a.ected: 2.6.12 to 2.6.22.19 Duration: 17-Jun-2005 to 26-Feb-2008 There was a bug where the page-cache read-ahead is disabledfor sequentialdisk-readswhenusing send.le with nonblocking sockets,asaresult of thekernel misinterpreting the access pattern when reading large .les.


The notions of dependency among obligations presented here are based only on the authorization requirements of the obligations.

b is unavailable if b is pending and one of the following is not available during b s entire time interval: authorization, user, or resources.


A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications.

as we designate the OCM as secure, the TrustZone-aware DMA Controller can prevent malicious devices from accessing the OCM.


In many cases both application and user identity are needed for making access decisions.

instead, we at tempt to back-load this process by examining as much se curity-relevant data as practical at authorization time.


For both simple and complex images, honeywords generated with the baseline method are distinguishable from passwords, whereas those generated with the human-assisted memorability are not distinguishable from passwords.

2.1.2 Dictionary Attacks Security of click-based graphical passwords has been extensively studied.


This is because although current commodity wireless devices are usually equipped with multiple antennas, the main antennas usually have better quality of signal reception.

for these cases we .nd the MCS values are greater than 263, di.erent from most of the other testing cases in both the lab and apartment environments.


Finally, with namespace-based covert communication detectability mostly depends on m and on the size of the covert.

moreover, this channel requires much tighter synchronization between Snd and Rcv (i.e., sub-millisecond in LAN, and within 2 ms on testbed).


The MoRE PFH then checks the CR2 value and stores the faulting address to determine if the fault was caused by the paging structure manipulation or if it was a genuine page fault.

when instructions were within the same (4KB) page as the data being accessed, the VM EXIT handler would replace the TLB entry for data with the instruction address and vice versa, causing an infinite loop (thrashing back and forth).


Theorem 1, by putting d= 0, the error correcting capability of R is now bounded by (3t- u+1) - (t) - 1 = 2c implying [3] K. Srinathan and C. Pandu Rangan.

showed that PSMT is possible in such a network i. n =max{3t - 2u +1, 2t +1} and presented an exponential phase protocol (and hence exponential communication and computational complexity), where a phase is a send from S to R or vice-versa.


Performance overhead of security policies in JavaMOP is discussed in Section 5.

the .rst thing we need to do is to modify the handlers of FileNetworkWall and RestrictSystem-Calls to call four special methods de.ned for a Manager class5.


if the current value Imax2 obtained by applying the FLATTEN0 transformations is unsatisfactory, further current adjustments are made by using the calculated discharging time value.


In addition, we assume a malicious Android application that does not bypass the application sandbox or carry any native code.

a full-zero string returned by the Android API getDeviceId indicates Android SDK emulators [21].


Alternatively, enforcing P2 would allow the service provider to rely on the trusted third parties to correctly verify the user s security policy and essential security properties that must be met.

this also requires users to agree in advance on their software con.gurations and so the problems that our approach attempts to solve are quite di.erent.


Next, each of the 50 traces for each site were then ranked by their representativeness, and clustering was done.

these tasks are fairly computationally intensive, making them infeasible for standard server side proxy nodes to perform on a regular basis.


We now describe each POSH in more detail, along with its results.

attempt to combat weak passwords by proposing Draw-a-Secret [9], a graphical scheme in which the user s drawing is converted into a bitstring that serves as the user s password.


Privacy enforcement with an extended role-based access control model.

cI cannot capture the notion of purposes directly.


And as security requirements become more demanding, and processors become more powerful.

it is proved that, there is a computational advantage too in using ECC with a shorter key length, comparatively with RSA.


A WPAN is a small, heterogeneous, wireless ad-hoc network used for communication among several personal mobile devices.

an attacker can still track a speci.c device, from whom (s)he knows the hardware address.


The problem with this approach, however, is that although it is theoretically suf.cient from an abstract point-of-view, its use in practical applications is limited by the complex security mechanisms needed to implement a trusted OS.

it is also possible to do adaptive time-multiplexing as described in [25].


Unfortunately, the current generation of browsers do not support automatic compression of HTTP requests, only HTTP responses, requiring it to make compression part ofVolta tier splitting, which is part of future work.

a typical multi-tier AJAX application consists of a server tier implemented in Java J2EE or Microsoft .NET and a client tierexecutinginJavaScriptin the browser.The resulting application is more responsive,because computation is moved closer to the client, thus avoiding unnecessary network round trips.


no item in isolation is of any value to entity E0.E0 is interested in collecting all or none of these items.


As discussed in XOM [5], if for each memory block a MACis computed using the value and address as its input, spoo.ng and splicing attacks would be detectable.

these results show that the impact of reduced cache pollution from MerkleTree nodes resultsina sizable    7.3.


We use these additional attributes to assign weights to both the vertices and edges of G. These weights are meant to represent the relative importance of each AS in the Internet hierarchy.

country Area Table 2 lists the correlation coe.cients between country statistics and country area in the map.


In this scheme, each share is accompanied by an auxiliary piece of information.

additional functionality in DAAL would be needed.


Access control Isolation and address space integrity provide the building blocks for secure HAP execution under an untrusted operating system.

inkTag directly addresses Iago attacks [8], a new class of attacks against systems providing trusted applications in untrusted operating systems that manipulates the return values    -.,-(5574(1)+ 64756+* 7164756+* -:3+4)(005 Figure 1.


The solution is based on Bayesian decision theory using heuristic rules derived from common functionalities among different virus samples.

all the core functions in a particular family compose a feature set for this family.


Thus, the integrity of the Pedersen commitments is assured.

3.2 Veri.cationPolicyLanguage Service providers usually evaluate users based on previous transaction interactions with service providers.


However, we note that if the uApp has lower memory requirements than the user OS, the suspend-to-disk code in the user OS could be modi.ed to only write the amount of memory needed by the uApp to disk.

finally, if an AIK of a computer other than the user s is transmitted to the remote server, or the sub-key of the encryption key for local data is leaked, this would allow the adversary to access the user data from a computer other than the user s. Unicorn requiresanout-of-bandsecurechannelduringthe setup phase.


Our current system can tolerate this kind of attack up toacertainpoint,sinceit checksthepointer-value constraintsina .exible manner.

we use examples from the Windows operating system but our techniques are applicable to other operating systems(e.g.,Linux) since they rely on common implementation paradigms used in modern operating systems.


Resilience This can be achieved by di.er-side the virtual machine, as described in application ent means; e.g.

4.4 Application Layer Services In this section we brie.y outline the application components which, in addition to middleware functions, support home healthcare application properties.


The wolf can be depend on the signature verifcation algorithm.

e evaluated a DTbased online signature verifcation algorithm by using the SVC2004 database task 1 and task 2.


Therefore we analyze the most important security aspects regarding our proposed scheme.

the following considerations are checked before starting the evaluation of a session: a) Either MRs from all overlapping nodes are received or the number of needed witness reports must be increased with respect to an upper bound.


Weimplement ourmechanismonthe Linux operating system, running on top of the Xen virtual machine monitor, due to the availability of and our familiarity with the source code for these products.

this does not necessarily undermine security, as long as the disaggregated library does not leak sensitive data to the untrusted code, and performs sanity checks on all data that it obtains from the untrusted code.


A successful deception should present plausible alternative(s) to the truth and these should be designed to exploit speci.c adversaries biases.

[52] J. Yuill, M. Zappe, D. Denning, and F. Feer.


There are several possibilities here, including (a) silent suppression of Ai, (b) suppressing Ai and returning an error to the process performing this operation, and (c) replacing Ai with another allowable action.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


Since siblings are a part of a common, overarching category, it is likely that they share many common terms.

f1 values are also given below the figures.


In addition, previous research [12] suggests that a 5×5 grid would provide a happy medium between usability and security.

an ideal enrolment process in graphical password systems should focus towards the user being led through a process that prompts a more reflective [9] encoding in memory.


As a result, there has been interest in developing technologies [9, 13, 24] and protocols to address these concerns.

consider the function f(x1,x2,x3,x4) described in example 1.


A repetition of Steps 7-9 of Figure 2 can then be used for more complicated negotiations.

moreover, in the general consumer scenario, where the wallet s main role is as a trusted user agent, determining (as in the privacy principle) should be possible with a reasonable set of choices, so that users can determine that different destination sites get different subsets of the data, and some get no data at all.


This is because there are 22 nodes with the degree 5 in the original graph.

in addition to the previous polbook data, we also conducted evaluation on two relatively large data sets, Political blogosphere data (Polblogs) [1] and Enron Email data (Enron).


this approach should always be combined with other access control models.


In Section 3, we present the generic metamodel CatBAC for hybrid access control policies based on the categorization of basic entities of access control.

these models cannot meet new security requirements required by .exible and dynamic environments which necessitate a combination of elements of these models, in order to properly express varied data protection needs.


Onegoal of these experiments wasto validate that the KeyMaster bindingprotocolis an adequate foothold for contextualization.


(This was also a functional requirement.)

it should not learn the exact URLs of the pages a user visits.


An example of this is when user1 sends information to user2, but user2 s mail folder saved user2 s alias in a format di.erent from that saved in user1 s mail folder.

if Tom has .le X at time t1, and Kathy has .le Y , which is an exact copy of X, at time t2 where t1 < t2, then Kathy has read X.


To accommodate such legitimate operations, we use the aforementioned mechanism to make chat messages visible only in the context of the subject app (e.g., Go SMS).

in order to intercept the operations and collect the relevant system state information, we need to modify the Android framework slightly.


oprofile shows that most of the memory writes in MD5 target a small buffer, residing in the module s stack frame.

when the kernel wants to assign a packet scheduler to a network interface, it simply changes a pointer in the network interface s struct net device to point to the Qdisc object, and expect the module to access it.


In our experiments, our purely automated attack successfully guessed 69.2% of the passwords when Centered Discretization was used to implement PCCP, and 39.4% of the passwords when Robust Discretization was used.

when these attacks are combined with ours, they will lead to a dramatically improved success rate on guessing PassPoints passwords.


When public key encryption features are added, many users are unable to use them properly (Whirten and Tygar, 1999).

commentators have suggested that such hardware and software does not exist in practice, and that economic realities make their deve~.opment infeasible (e.g.


This may imply that the countermeasure based on request randomization integrated in the TBB [24] may not be e.ective.

page and the background page was of 0.5 seconds (Figure 5 and Table 5).


Some carriers in US have already promised that they would support a free and secure anti-theft application for Android devices if and when a manufacturer provides an appropriate solution [2].

none of these solutions can communicate with a smartphone with neither the SIM card nor the WiFi connection.


the main contribution from SNAD is a PKI-based key management system.


Suppose at least ß number of L-shape blocks have to be modi.ed in order to deceive the user, then the chances of not being detected will be ( 14 )ß , where ß depends on the size of a barcode block, and the visual cue design.

(5) Mobile renders the message mU and the nonce c on its display.


coeffi-cients of variation are given in parentheses.


2Interestingly, there are 75 methods of nova-compute in total, but only 64 of them are actually being used by other cloud services.

in both cases, we collected such information using a dynamic analysis, we ran a variety of common cloud operations (boot, delete, suspend, migrate, get-console and createnetwork) on an OpenStack cloud and collected the traces of system calls executed.


Conventional wisdom says when a block cipher is needed, choose either AES or Triple-DES.

we used a variety of microbenchmarks and macrobenchmarks to evaluate TinySec.