To simultaneously minimizebothareaandrouting-induced parasiticsoncritical current/signal paths, we shall generatetheplacement withmonotonic current paths, asshown inFigure3(c), which has the following advantages: SmallerlayoutareacomparedwiththeplacementinFigure3(a);  Simpler routing topologies and shorter interconnecting wirelengthforcriticalcurrent/signalpathscomparedwiththeplacement in Figure 3(c).

the placement based on monotonic current paths resultsinlessrouting-inducedparasiticsoncriticalcurrent/signalpaths and better circuit performance.


Although many approaches addressing power consumption have been reported [3-5], they result in circuit techniques that have substantial area overhead or deficiencies in noise immunity.

the high speed of a TCAM comes at a cost of increased silicon area and power consumption, two design parameters that designers strive to reduce.


Moreover, the .oorplanning also need be reoperated.

the design convergence speed severely determined by the number of iterations.


We see that it is passed by rings r1 and r3, and the intersection of these two rings is {e1} (i.e., |E1|=1).


However, circuits with frequency-dependent elements (e.g., circuits modeling the skin effect) cannot be solved by current techniques because frequency-dependent effects couple the time and frequency domains.

the matrices describing the system have v a f structure that cannot be transformed into conventional .rstorder or second-order structures.


The number of required gaps increases considerably faster in the context-blind case than in the intra event stream context case.

a greater reduction in the calculated worst-case response time  Figure 3.


This stage is very small compared to the other stages and increasing it s unroll factors does not have an impact on the design s area or time.

the results for these searches are not shown in the .gures.


In contrast, at n=2, the minimum ./.INIT is more than 80% even if VSHIFT/..INIT is 2%, because the mismatch within each loop is not completely compensated at n=2.


For a probe of size 1400 bytes, the transmission duration is approximately 1800us, at 6Mbps.

synchronization to within a few tens of microseconds is suf.cient for probes of this size.


The static probability of a signal is de.ned to be the fraction of time that the signal is in the logic 1 state.

the static probability of a Boolean di.erence function, P ( .y ), .xi represents the probability that a transition on xi will cause a transition on y.


In order to simplify WCET computation when studying pipelined processors, we want to guarantee hits or misses for each memory access.

even if we know the memory addresses of the further memory accesses, the cache behavior cannot be predicted exactly; it may be that the unknown memory access has trashed the cache line we planned to reuse; it may be that it has actually brought the data we are going to access.


Minimal crossbars are less flexible than full crossbars because they remove the freedom to assign a specific input wire to a specific out- put wire.

any m input wires can be connected to all m output wires, but the ordering of the signals on the output wires may not be freely chosen.


The solutions in conventional bu.ering can be treated as instance solutions.

we can also say that a net solution is composed by multiple identical instance solutions.


Essentially, leading-edge , real designs embody high-value intellectual property of their creators, and cannot be easily released; old or arti.cial benchmarks potentially drive CAD research in stale or wrong directions.

when real benchmarks are released to the academic research community, their in.uence can be enormous, as was seen with the ISPD98 partitioning benchmark suite from IBM [2].


Basically, anticores allow the designer to create holes in the circuit, to be later filled with logic described in JBits.

to use a JBits core in a conventional design, its corresponding anticore must be first generated.


Additionally, the -V min designer must prevent that VB2 exceed the range V max due B2 B2 to mismatch error.


This is because the larger the error bit counter is, the more vulnerable the reliable block rb.

the sibling reliable block rbsib of reliable block rb should be moved to a latter position to defer the allocation for writes.


The result would be a speedup of n for RAID 10, m a speedup of 1 for RAID 1 (since n = m), and a speedup of n for RAID 0 (due to m = 1).

the speedup factor, which arises when w is growing due to an increased spare capacity, should equal to that of a single SSD.


External servers can authenticate with the system using an open, webservice API in order to request layers of data either contained or referenced by the system (in KML/KMZ, ArcGIS, image, or other defined formats), and provide new layers and/or services to the system in a publish/subscribe model.

the system described here is really a federated system for data sharing, processing, modeling/simulation, and visualization.


If the next page access is in a different bank, the associated PRECHARGE and ACTIVATE can be overlapped with current ongoing data transfers.

the page miss penalty can hidden by the current transfer.


TEST ARCHITECTURE OPTIMIZATION As discussed in Section 2, the testing time for interconnect SI faults can be comparable to or even higher than the testing time for the core-internal logic.

system integrators need to optimize the SOC test architecture, i.e., design the TAM, for both types of tests in order to reduce the overall testing time.


For example, when the Clock2 rises Clock1 is high while Clock3 is low.

the data can flow from a Goto pair driven by Clock1 to Clock2 but it cannot flow from one driven by Clock3.


Thus, the U-SVL and L-SVL circuits respectively generate a slightly lower supply voltage VD (=VDD-vn<VDD) and a relatively higher ground-level voltage VS (=vp>0V), where vn and vp are the total voltage drops of all nRSm and all pRSm, respectively.

the back-gate biases (VBGs) {i.e., source voltages (Vs)} of both the cut-off pMOSFETs and the nMOSFETs in the stand-by load circuit are increased and are given by vn and -vp, respectively.


Due to the setup constraint, the latest data arrival time of pin v should not be later than the next clock arrival time of register Rj.

we have the following constraint: LAv=TCj+PLB (Formula 9) Since our formulas are necessary and sufficient, we solve this problem exactly and optimally.


Note that, the access frequencies of the blocks have changed; specifically b4 and b7 are accessed 184 times; b5 and b6 are accessed 200 times; and others are accessed between 21 and 25 times.

b4, b5, b6 and b7 are mapped to SPM1, SPM2, SPM3 and SPM4, respectively, as can be observed in Figure 3.


.T is the time difference between rising edge of trigger clock and the observed clock.


ITC´02 benchmarks do not provide information about the functionality of the system or the embedded cores.

for each system, a digital core c was randomly chosen to represent the digital processor reused during the test of the analog blocks.


The total worst-case noise on TSV net can be reduced by 14.3% and 45.1% for 2.5µm and 5µm KOZ, respectively.

we conclude that increase KOZ is effective in reducing TSV-to-wire coupling.


Gantt charts also do not show the interconnection network.

we have added a view to show the connections between the computation nodes and the data storage servers.


For example, in cases where our .ow fails to reduce cost G0 .I R to Gopt opt = w* G0 , design quality in terms of IR-drop reduction .I R .I R .I R is not ensured.

additional PG-TSV sites are required, and the .oorplanner is recon.gured to increase deadspace.


Moreover, due to routing congestions, the number of available TSVs for Power/Ground (P/G) nets is limited.

it becomes a challenging task to deliver enough current to all parts of the 3D stack while guaranteeing high power integrity for the stable operation of 3D-ICs, i.e., low voltage drop in DC components (IR-drop) and low voltage .uctuation in AC components (Ldi/dt).


Edges are added between a code node and a check node only if the constraints are not violated.

in a single pass, at most p edges would be added (with at most 1 edge added to a code node or check node).


The produced results are very precise, since the simulator is designed to perfectly model the RTOS, but they are also fully linked to a specific RTOS and its API.

the design-space exploration is limited to the possibilities of the selected RTOS.


When the last warp of the thread block executes the synchronization instruction the warps of the thread block have been synchronized and they can continue their execution from the next cycle.

anticipating an end to the idle period, we change all warps leakage saving modes from S LG2 to SLG1.


Although the use of large pages can lessen this impact, with further increases in the memory footprint their effectiveness declines.

both AMD and Intel have implemented MMU caches for page table entries from the higher levels of the tree [3, 9].


Before feeding packets into the channel, the output port decides, where it is due and inserts it accordingly in the respective channels.

an additional circuitry is required to decode the addresses (not shown in the .gure).


However, all of these works neglect key features of the problem: the placement of the duplicated gate and interconnect delay.

these models can be used in the logic synthesis stage of design but will be less accurate during the core stages of a physical synthesis .ow.


INTRODUCTION Presently, cellular phones are used not only for voice communications, e-mail, and web browsing, but also for more advanced functions such as video telephony and 3D Java games.

a high performance application processor, for example SH-Mobile[1], is typically embedded in a cellular phone in addition to the baseband processor.


In order to enable quick access to each sub-function, only a restricted segmentation of the original function is allowed.

each sub-function segment must ful.ll B - A seg(k) = seg(k - 1) + , (9) 2hk with A, B as start and end point of the function, seg as subfunction start point, k as segment index (seg(0) = A) and hk .


In the transmissive TFT-LCD application, only the driving current is controllable.

we model the CCFL illumination as a function of the driving current only and ignore the other parameters.


These factors are primarily due to the non-negligible size of the TSVs (1 to 10µm diameter typically).

their impact on area, power, and delay are indeed signi.cant.


Currently, the CUDA programming model does not support ef.cient on-the-.y random-number generation during the kernel execution.

an array of random values is generated by the CPU and preloaded along with the data path information into the GPU memory, which is then subdivided for exclusive use in individual threads.


Similar to address prediction, the time is highly predictable with the help of the historical time information.

distinct from an uncertain speculation on when to prefetch, the proposed stream timing technique is able to provide both future access addresses and times.


We say unexpected because both Fluidanimate and Streamcluster are applications that run several CPU-intensive threads most of the time (in contrast to Blackscholes and Canneal, which spend a signi.cant portion of the time with few threads).

we expect processor frequency to be kept at its highest possible value.


Examining the set of vertices {v, e,f,g, h, u}, it is easy to be convinced that whatever is the color assignment adopted for such vertices, the colors f(u) and f(v) must be assigned to two adjacent vertices among {v, e, f, g, h, u}.

namely, f(u) and f(v) must appear in one of the following pair of vertices: u and h, or v and e, or f and g. one further dummy edge between vertices u and v must__be added to M, as shown in Figure 8__.=.


.. and row are Multiple columns and rows can be simultaneou may cause superfluous electrode activation, yysimulated annealing, which run in minnutes or tens of seconds; in droplet movement [28].

once a route for aa direct-addressing DMFB is computed, each droplet-actuation ccycle is serialized across multiple droplet-actuation cycles, resultting in prolonged routing times and increased algorithmic complexxity.


Indeed, using 16 line-interleaved YLA registers, we are only able to mark about as many safe stores as using 4 quad-word-interleaved YLA registers.

we choose to employ two sets of 8 registers each using different interleaving.


The commonly used LRU replacement policy can lead to threads with not so good cache behavior occupying most of the shared cache with very little performance gain, while other threads with possibly good cache behavior starve [4].

ef.cient and smart management of an important shared resource such as L2 cache is vital.


Instead, to our best knowledge, companies apply their own methods so that statistical device models di.er in dimensionality, the underlying statistical distributions, and their correlations.

it is di.cult to establish analytical analysis methods based on the exact implementation of device models.


In particular, those design issues can all be improves through balancing the routing congestion (see Figure 1(b)).

we shall present a congestion-driven routing algorithm for yield improvement.


The critical input signal for an INC3 block is the carry out from the previous stage.

we implement the carryout signal as a dual-rail domino circuit for easier completion detection.


Note, the crosstalk is the most signi.cant at the center line (victim line) when all the outer lines (aggressor lines) are switching from logic 0 to logic 1.

the maximum crosstalk can be readily determined by choosing the larger value between the negative peak and the positive peak,  nn() ffI MAX sik skj · vsj · Tk t- f(n) , k=1 j=1 nn ff () I sik skj · vsj · Tk tf0(n) + d(n) .


The BCE and the loss vary from circuit to circuit.

we can conclude that the circuit and the test patterns must be taken as input parameters for accurate analysis.


Much like prior work [7], [3], we .nd that hit rates do not signi.cantly improve with higher associativity.

given the cost of implementing high set associativity (multiple tag comparisons, and maintaining recency information), we argue that a reasonably modest associativity is good enough to capture any additional cache hits to be  Figure 3: Latency Reduction with Bi-Modal Cache combination of high DRAM cache hit rate, way locator hit rate, and high RBH in the metadata bank combine to achieve a lower LLSC miss latency than all the other schemes.


First, this model is independent of input waveforms and output loads.

this method can remove potential errors introduced by characterizing di.erent wave shapes and interpolation errors that are typically seen in timing analysis.


It should be noted that the window-switching pattern depends not only on the encoder implementation, but also on the applied bitrate.

window-switching alone is not a reliable cue for beat detection.


17We ensure that identical input .les (Liberty, netlist, SDC and SPEF) are provided to both tools, such that slack miscorrelation is due to delay and timingcalculation only.

in Experiment 3 we do not use, e.g., Cadence Ostrich [33] to perform parasitic correlation with golden SPEF from Synopsys StarRC [36], in which case the design implementation tool s (D1) parasitic estimation may be another source of miscorrelation.


This model represents the majority of cases in which an existent RTL bus is reused and transactors are exploited to bridge the abstraction gap between the TLM and RTL modules.

a Master-transactor, translates TLM master calls into sequences of RTL signals for the bus and viceversa, while a Slave-transactor translates RTL signals of the bus into TLM function calls for the slave and viceversa.


Among the representative mappings, there is a minimum contention across the threads of di.erent applications in Map-1, since the threads that belong to the same applications share common L2 slices in this mapping.

as can be observed from Figure 4(a) the speedups achieved when using Map-1 are not as high as those obtained with other mappings.


Thus, Av(f) = A(f), for all f.Moreover, A(1) = 1 = f(1) and A(f-1(k +1)) = k + 1.

since f is concave, it suf.ces to prove that A(k +1) = f(k + 1).


While our approach also performs better with the increased cache size, the improvement rate of the original codes is much higher than that of the optimized codes.

we observe a reduction in savings as we increase the cache capacity.


For digital circuits, aging effects are a function of the environment, as well as the use patterns [15][16].

for analog circuits, which mainly operate in the small signal domain, aging is mainly a function of the bias conditions, which makes it more or less independent of input patterns.the aging process can be approximated with respect to temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions [17][18].


¦ Simpli.cation: By applying mathematical simpli.cations including the conclusion obtained in (2), the test passing condition is reduced to inequality (6).

a single counter for the number of pattern occurrences, a comparator for pattern recognition and an accumulator have been implemented in hardware.


First, most of the test generation effort is expended for the detection of hard-todetect faults, which are not detected by U .

dropping the faults detected by U from F is not likely to reduce the test generation time.


Error checker design is already a well studied area ([13], [11]).

in our current methodology, the error detection aspect of BER is managed by the designer, who can exploit understanding of both microarchitecture and application context.


However, for microchannels with small hydraulic diameter diameter, Dh, the Reynolds number (Re = .vDh/µ with density ., velocity v and viscosity µ) is suf.ciently small to result in co-laminar .ow of the two electrolyte streams which prevents convective mixing [13].

no membrane is needed which implies simpler fabrication of .ow cells.


When there are no positive cycles in Gl, longest paths are well de.ned and the Bellman-Ford algorithm outputs the x values of the vertices.

solving the MCRP by Lawler s method also .nds the x values, along with .


Further analysis reveals that the AIC packing is extremely focused on achieving the maximum density, thus apparently resulting in poor locality and seldom using any local feedback within the same cluster.

the AICs are mainly using global routing, leading to a longer critical path.


Pinst = f(P, c, csp, r, rsp)and P is the defect rate.

the overall failure rate is given by Pf ail ure = 1- Psucc .


The p(1 -p)n-y formula is the probability of having n match -between the beats in WSP and the beats in the metronome template -and (n - y) failures.

the product of these two terms is the probability of having y matches in the n beat considered.


Unlike CoLT-FA however, our set-associative L2 TLB can now also handle coalesced entries (albeit with smaller levels of coalescing permissible by its choice of index bits).

coLT-All brings in as much of this coalesced entry as possible into the L2 TLB, unlike CoLT-FA which brings just the requested translation.


At the same time, it also makes cache resizing slow to the change in the locality.

if we want to make the control more conservative in performance, an n-bit asymmetric state machine as shown in Figure 4(b) could work .ne in which it slowly moves to State -1 (down-sizing), but quickly back to State +1(up-sizing) without a grace period spent in State 0, when the locality suddenly gets DT2 D>T2 D>T2 D>T2 (a) N-Bit Symmetric State Machine DT2 (b) N-Bit Asymmetric State Machine Figure 4.


OMP has matrix multiplication, sort and inversion, which are known to be operator consuming operations.

the signals with large matrix lengths will require more resources and hence larger chip area.


The .exibility is achieved at the expense complex interconnects and a layer of multiplexers before each FU.

....3 has the least operating frequency compared to other architectures.


Table I gives the name of the circuit, the statistics for the circuits (the number of cores, #core; the number of pads, #pad; the number of hyperedges, #hyp; the number of 2-pin nets), the number of rings constructed for detection, |Rt|, and the number of rings constructed for diagnosis, |Rd|.

|Rt| is the testabilitydriven cost in the preprocessing stage, and |Rd|-|Rt| is the additional cost for the postprocessing stage.


For instance, caches contribute nearly 16% and 43%, respectively, of the total processor power in Alpha 21264 [8] and StrongARM110 [20] processors.

caches are the most attractive targets for power minimization.


The tasks executed on this processor are directly affected by being unavailable.

they are affected by a permanent fault and become permanently defective themselves, although a separate analysis may assume they are only temporarily unavailable due to transient effects.


Considering the leakage of SRAM subarray[4], a TB size memory would consume 42kW of leakage power (equivalent to battery life of 5 sec!).

containing the leakage power of a TB size memory is crucial.


Similarly, the lower bound increases for every cut net, and does not change for every uncut net.

in general, lower bounds gradually increase and upper bounds gradually decrease until they meet at the end of top-down placement, at which point their values are both equal to the net s actual length.


In unconstrained chaining, all operations are valid for chaining.

all operations in Figure 2 are chained together in a single state, and the resulting design takes only a single cycle to complete.


As long as the reference-voltage-base method is used, we cannot escape from this problem.

we have to devise a new waveform propagation scheme that is independent of reference voltage de.nitions.


The GOV-2 corpus consists of approximately 25 million documents.

we can assume that the amount of documents in the collection is unlimited for practical purposes.


The yield Y for chips with individually adjustable supply voltage in the interval of voltage variations [.Vmin, .Vmax]is expressed as the probability that there exists supply voltage in this interval such that both the timing and power constraints are satis.ed: Y =Prob(..V |S(.V, .L, .X) > 0,P (.V, .L) <Plim, .Vmin < .V< .Vmax) (16) This formula correctly de.nes yield of the chips with individually adjustable Vdd, but it is not helpful for actual calculation.

we transform it to an integral that is more suitable for computation.


Conventional Design Out-of-order microprocessors typically allow early execution of loads for high performance, even if some older stores have not yet been resolved1 .

when an earlier store does access the same memory location, the data returned by the earlier speculative load becomes incorrect and the processor must take a corrective action to ensure the sequential semantics.


Then the cancellation does not take place.

the constant capacitance approximation using COX becomes less and less accurate and CG,eff should be used instead in the future.


When a buggy state is detected by the state matcher, the processor switches to a degraded mode with formally veri.ed execution semantics.

we can rely on this mode for the processor to complete the next instruction correctly, guaranteeing forward progress.


With the stricter constraint during the compaction stage, the number of test patterns, as well as test time, that are needed for this algorithm may increase slightly.

the threshold of the fault coverage percentage needs to be adjusted to attain an optimal solution.


For orders of MHz, these parasitic elements become the same order of circuit devices (capacitors and bias currents), which can degrade performance.

careful design is demanded, including parasitic analysis.


As a result, we confirmed that our system outperformed ordinary Voice-to-MIDI systems.

this system satisfies both of easy and intuitive composition of MIDI sequence data and high accuracy of translation of sung data into MIDI sequence data.


not o.er any native SR latch logic cells.

an SR latch must be meticulously implemented by instantiating two lookup table (LUT) cells occupying the same logic slice (as NAND gates) and connecting them in combinational loops.


Assume that the data is brought into the cache line at t4 by prefetching, and at the same time the cache line is transitioned to the SP mode.

the cache line will consume full leakage power only during the period [t3,t4], instead of [t3,t6], and consume low leakage power during the period [t4,t7], resulting in leakage energy saving.


The coprocessors implemented in this research must share access to the host memory with the host processors over the memory bus.

an ongoing host memory access by the coprocessor can cause a host processor that also needs to access memory to wait until the coprocessor access has completed.


If we have seen this signal path in any previous iteration, a class for this path already exists.

we can extract the relevant signals and their assignment (line 9).


Changes in the interprocedural analysis can propagate further than the intra-procedural case because, for example, a new copy that is generated in the main function can be available in each function called from main.

the speedup curves drop o. faster than in intraprocedural analysis.


However, the metric of total over.ow usually fails to provide a clear picture of the design routability [5].

the work [5] introduces average congestion of G-Cell edges (ACE) to give a more accurate congestion measure.


From the Lemma, we have: EO(t+i)=EO(t+p+i)for i =0to p-1when E(t)=E(t+p).

p is a multiple of the oscillation period.


Given that the contamination delay is a fraction of the critical path it is also a fraction of the inverter chain length.

when a rising (falling) clock edge propagating through the inverter chain arrives at this point in the inverter chain it signals that its associated data set might affect the inputs of the register at the end of the stage.


Figure 1(b) illustrates the resulting voltage-drop map after applying the voltage-drop optimization shown in Figure 1(a); the block densities in bins g3,4 and g4,3 might exceed the density constraint, due to the moved blocks (through the voltage drop force).

the density spreading forces of analytical placement would push the blocks in bins g3,4 and g4,3 back to non-congested regions, for example, g3,3 in Figure 1(b).


Moreover, an unspeci.ed transition fault may have a signi.cantly smaller number of detections than the related stuck-at fault.

the model provides a target for the generation of at-speed test sequences, which is more effective than n -detection test generation for stuck-at faults.


5.3.3 Detection function of .ngers motion As discussed at the beginning of this subsection, we could use the fast speed of .ngers motion to indicate onset timing.

we derive the .rst derivative Rfj of Rfj,1 = j = Detection Function of Right Hand (Bowing) Motion - Radius Detection Function of Audio-Only  Detection Function of Right Hand (Bowing) Motion - Angle 0.4 0.2 0 Detection Function of Left Hand Index Finger (F1) Motion - Radius 1 0.5 0 Detection Function of Left Hand Middle Finger (F2) Motion - Radius 1 0.5 0 Detection Function of Left Hand Ring Finger (F3) Motion - Radius 1 0.5 0 Detection Function of Left Hand Little Finger (F4) Motion - Radius 1 0.5 0 Fused Detection Function of Video 1 0.5 0 16 17 18 19 20 21 Time (Second) Figure 6: The intra-model data fusion of video.


38.2 SOC Test Architecture Optimization for Signal Integrity Faults on Core-External Interconnects Qiang Xu , Yubin Zhang and Krishnendu Chakrabarty Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA {qxu,ybzhang}@cse.cuhk.edu.hk; krish@ee.duke.edu ABSTRACT The test time for core-external interconnect shorts/opens is typically much less than that for core-internal logic.

prior work on test infrastructure design for core-based system-on-a-chip (SOC) has mainly focused on minimizing the test time for core-internal logic.


Note, that in this case initial pattern (b1,b2, ..., bn) was greater than (a1,a2, ..., an), so the most signi.cant binary digit of (b1,b2, ..., bn) equal one was greater than the most signi.cant one digit of (a1,a2, ..., an).

it will be taken as the control (when a control is needed) for all corresponding Fredkin and To.oli gates except the last To.oli gate, for which the control will consist of all unit digits of (a1,a2, ..., an).


On the other hand, hold time violation is caused by a short logic path and can t enjoy the averaging effect.

hold time checking gets more important at low voltage designs.


Typically this location is determined by the functional proximity between the analog core and other cores in the system.

an approximate idea about the proximity of analog wrappers can be obtained prior to layout.


In [7], Li s maze routing also takes the similar concept.

there are some similar behaviors between Li s maze routing and our Steiner point selection, while the motivations and foundations are quite different.


As illustrated in the Figure 4, the sum is an L-bit register with dot in the position (2r+2|e1|), where the most signi.cant bit is in the position L. The product of mant(Ai) * mant(Bi) is located between position from (2exp+M - 1) and 2exp .

as illustrated in line 4 of the algorithm in Figure 3, the .rst part of sum in the right of 2exp can be copied directly to new sum.


6.2 SAT Solver Choice The experience of the SAT community is that it is unusual for a given solver to be ideal across a range of problem types.

we conducted an evaluation of several SAT solvers [13, 17, 18].


(L , L ) , as the contrast between two pixels in the original a a image increases the contrast between same two pixels in the backlight scaled image would increase but, grow more slowly for smaller pixel luminance values.

the result would be a single tone mapping function which takes into account the sensitivity saturation of HVS (cf.


Specifically, the PPS are the solutions to the power-performance optimization problems under uncertainty that have the general form such as: min Q a() P st.. Pr{ D < Do} = ß This problem minimizes the value of the power at a high quantile (a) of the power distribution subject to a probabilistically defined timing constraint which is to be met with the probability (confidence level) of ß.

here, a quantile function is defined as an inverse of the cumulative distribution function: a() = min{ p | Pr( P = p) = a} QP PPS encodes design solutions that lead to minimum power and delay at a given yield.


2004] uses a dual graphics pipeline infrastructure to render the unmodi.ed desktop on the .rst pipeline and then passes the pixels to the texture memory of the second pipeline where the image is warped.

for running a twoprojector display, a quad graphics card is required.


The connection on M1 requires vias from pins A and B to M1 and routing over the A and/or B positions on M2 or higher layers will be possible.

in case of the U-V connection, vias must be made from the pin positions to M4; no wire on M1, M2, or M3 can cross over the positions of pins U and V. direct short connections at lower layers are more desirable.


However, given that datacenters consume several billion kilowatt hours of energy every year [50], it has been shown that the 3-year operating energy costs of today s datacenters equal thecapital acquisitioncosts[33].

it may now be acceptable to incur a slightly higher cost-per-bit whenpurchasingDRAM aslong asitleads to signi.cantly lower energy footprints during operation.


We do not show the .rst and fourth states because the drift coef.cient of the .rst state is negligibly small, and the fourth state is the state with the highest resistance, whose stored data are not affected by the upward drift.

cells in these two states do not need refreshing and can be omitted in this analysis.


We also assume that all currents sources are positive, with reference directions away from the grid, into the circuitry below it.

in general, we will assume that certain local and global constraints are speci.ed, which may be represented succinctly as: 0 =Ui(t) =Ic, .t (1) Given such constraints, one can formulate the veri.cation problem as: under all current waveforms that satisfy the constraints, check if the grid voltages satisfy the user speci.cation, i.e., check if the grid is safe.


Additionally, this evaluation process might be time-consuming or fruitless.

in this work, we follow the optimization order of selecting a target node and a substitute node used by the nodemerging algorithm in [5] for fair comparison.


On the other hand, when the unit performs logic shift, some outputs may be padded with constant zeros, and this shall always happen in the RO/PA cells.

shunt transistors are necessary in RO/PA cells.


As function A does not .t completely into the cache anymore, e Sc  2.3 Categorization of Cache Behavior it gets removed fromwhen loading function D. form: instead of using a next pointer to determine the position where replacement is done, we arrange the cache blocks according to their age of loading.

when a replacement is done, the new blo cks are added at the place of youngest age.


The design of a low-power wideband wireless transceiver is the key to guarantee the desired performance of the mSWNoC.

at both the architecture and circuit levels of the transceiver, low-power design considerations need to be taken into account.


The preferred model is the one with the lowest AIC value.

the AIC methodology attempts to find the model that best explains the data with a minimum of free parameters.


Similarly, the ith (i =K) recovery will be executed with probability .f i.

the expected time required for executing K recoveries is: - eriesreKT cov = f N .


Our system does not include an o.-chip L3 cache.

the last level of cache in our system is the 4MB L2 cache private to each core.


Now the lengths of the k wires have to add up to m, while the lengths of the (n - k)wires have to addup to (1/.

- 1)m. Without loss of generality, let us take the k wires out of n that are at logic 1 and index them from 1 to k.Also the (n - k) wires that are at logic 0, are indexed from (k +1) to n. the numerator in Eqn.


(ii) The Table 2: Insertion and Promotion (Reuse) Strategy (a) Demand Request (b) Prefetch Request  State of Memory Access Map Init / Waiting Prefetch Access Insert Reuse Mostly 7 Mostly 7 0 No Update 6 0 State of Memory Access Map Init / Waiting Prefetch Access Insert Reuse Mostly 7 Not Appear No Update Not Appear Not Appear Not Appear implementation cost is reasonable because it shares a data structure with DA-AMPM.

pA-MAIP does not con.ict with the DA-AMPM because it only refers the memory access map.


0) causes unnecessary transitions in the previously disabled MSP.

we remove the second type glitch by delaying SELA until CLK s rising edge when the value of SELA is 1.


Unlike the traditional parallel computation system, our FP-MPS is application-specific in that it should provide just enough computing power to satisfy the performance and power requirements of the given application and thus saves the energy and implementation cost as much as possible.

designers need to carefully partition tasks, allocate resources, map tasks to the processing elements, and build application-specific communication networks.


This is because, the hits in smaller caches will de.nitely be hits in larger caches.

the total number of hits of CL (n) can be computed by accumulating the hit count m ' of itself and those from the smaller caches CL , (n) (m' = m m and n' = n) at the end of the simulation.


The load/store queue is a CAM structure that supports simultaneous associative searches to honor memory dependencies and memory consistency models.

it is extremely dif.cult to scale the capacity and bandwidth of the load/store queue.


The data dependencies are mapped on FIFO memories, so memory usage is linearly dependent on the life-time.

the architecture, from the .rst acquisition to the last result, has a latency of l =(.


This is because errors in DRAM cells are primarily caused by manufacturing variations among their retaining capacities.

under a given temperature and refresh rate, a fraction of DRAM cells loses their charge, and this fraction is independent of how long the refresh rate is applied.


Allocations are proven to provide SI, EF, and PE.

we compare two allocations with and without gametheoretic fairness.


Numerical methods are not wellsuitedfor d-functioninputs, which involve an in.nite value at a single time-point.

further analytical machinery is needed to re-phrase(14)in aform suitablefor numerical integration.


However, for the same total LBL capacitance (LBLA + LBLB), the best delay is obtained if a significant fraction of the total LBL capacitance is discharged by the early arrival of UWL before SFWL is turned ON.

delay favors M > N. There is therefore an optimal M x N configuration.


4), and correspondingly decreases the AND, OR, and NOT gates that would have otherwise be used to represent the eliminated equations as disjunctions of conjunctions of formulas.

the increase in the number of ITE-trees by 2.5 51×, with the average depth of ITE-trees more than doubling for most of the benchmarks, and the maximum depth usually increasing by 2 13×.


Therefore, A is the most yield-preferred, followed by B, and then C. For the same reason, we have the priority order of D, E, F. Every redundant-cut via has a fat version with a higher priority.

we have 6 fat redundant-cut vias with the highest priority, and 6 normal redundant-cut vias, plus 1 fat single-cut via with the lowest priority, 13 yield-preferred vias in total in the candidate list.


As mentioned previously, if xn+1 <W then there is no HCP.

the second operation is applied only if xn+1 = W .


Considering the trend of integrating millions of transistors on a chip, this is not feasible to rely on full-custom designed blocks.

it is extremely difficult for a novice designer to do high-performance AMS design.


Moreover, these circuits are very commonly a part of the critical data paths.

the performance of these units becomes extremely crucial to the overall system performance.


First of all, not every design cell created by designers maps naturally to a logic stage, in other words, the output of a cell is not always connected to the gate input of another cell.

the cell cannot be pre-characterized using the gate abstraction.


To guarantee system reliability, the raw BER must be less than the acceptable raw BER (i.e., 10-3) of the baseline ECC.

the maximum P/E cycle lifetime of the baseline flash memory without NAC is only 18k P/E cycles, as shown in Fig.


We have decided to analyze the trade-offs of the proposed solution, in terms of the number of tester channels, testing time, area overhead and power dissipation.

in this section, we present experimental results for a hypothetical multifrequency core hCADT00.


After several read operations, the accumulative net .ux disturbs the internal state significantly and result in soft errors.

given a boundary of the mismatch between negative and positive pulse widths, a refreshing operation is needed to refresh the internal state after every speci.c number of read operations.


In this case, we have kept the same percentage of faults than in the 4x4 mesh.

we inject more faults to reach the same percentages thus the comparison is fair.


Furthermore, compared with the ARM10 executing at 325 MHz, the MicroBlaze warp processor is on average 1.3X faster while requiring 26% less energy.

while the MicroBlaze warp processor is not the fastest nor the lowest energy alternative, the MicroBlaze warp processor is comparable and competitive with existing hard-core processors, while having all the flexibility advantages associated with soft-core processors.


[1,ri]; xij refers to the jth position above Si,and yik represents the kth position below Si.If xij = 1, it means that the jth position and its above positions are selected.


CCS attempts to improve theperformanceofthebottleneckthreads, which mayinturn leadto performance degradation for the faster ones.

the average fair speedups may be less than the achieved average speedups in such cases.


In a BWT every node has degree three except the root of each tree (which has degree two).

a BWT has 2(2n+1 - 1) nodes for a binary tree of height n. strings of m > plog2 2(2n+1 -1)l bits are required to represent each node uniquely (minimum m is n + 2).


For each speed bin a loss value exists for selling the chips in that bin for a reduced price.

depending on the spread in the circuit delay, there exists a binning yield-loss.


branches (e.g., if it will only be executed in the Then branch of an IfThenElse statement).

the mapping decision prioritizes the more important soft constraints within the same loop nest level but a deeper loop nest still has the most power to gear the decision.


Although this feature alone makes search for a particular moment in the episode possible, it remains cumbersome, especially because most sitcoms don t follow a single thread of narration.

we present the user with the basic narrative elements of a sitcom such as the scenes, punchlines, and individual dialog segments on top of a standard video player interface.


Furthermore, since the variations in W1 and W2 and the mean values are same, we must have s1 = s2.

it then follows that for all vectors u =[u1,u2], which characterize the uncertainty ellipsoid, we have (P1/2 u)1 = (P1/2 u)2 and the variational term in (20): K1(P1/2 u)1 K1W10 (P1/2 u)2 - =0 W2 W20 20 the ellipsoid uncertainty model easily captures the effects of correlations between random variables and incorporates the same in the optimization procedure.


Therefore, the may be misrecognized as a pointing gesture.

the classi.cation targets are 3 classes such that (a), (b), and experiments are required to investigate about the others, i.e.


Transmission pipelining is based on the idea that another node could potentially use these idle processing times to transmit data.

as shown in Figure 2, the slot width can actually be reduced to 416µsec.


Over 99.9% of all episodes are less than 45,000 memory references long.

assuming that the REFS structure is limited to byte boundaries, a 16-bit counter will suf.ce to capture nearly all episodes without adding unnecessary bits to the log.


A typical microarchitecture re-configuration latency, the duration between the time a decision is made to change the micro-architectural configuration and the time of actual configuration, takes up to tens of clock cycles [16].

a state transition time in the CTMDP model of the processor takes t(s, s ) time (= max (tDVFS, tARCH)), where tDVFS is the transition time of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), and tARCH is the micro-architecture transition period, when system transits from state s to s .


acell)g(acell, a) 9. acell · w(., acell, a, M, A)] .

(25) from (23), (24) and (25), the node capacity grows with the number of receiving antennas M. Furthermore, because the terms in these equations do not depend on n, the node capacity does not decrease with n. Note that our channel matrix Hj (i) incorporates the decay with distance, i.e., (1+rj 1 (i))a , which is the large scale representation of the channel.


We also % of (non cache/tlb array) core area covered showed proofs-of-concept for hybrid redundancy techniques that i: spec int 2K f: spec fp 2K 6: spec 2006 cover an additional 12% of core area.

the total coverage of s: server m: multimedia our examples is 21% of core area.


The variations of Vdd and T for the whole chip are within ±10%.

for the purpose of circuits timing analysis, we select .ve representative operating conditions with di.erent combinations of Vdd and T , i.e., high Vdd and high T (HH), low Vdd and low T (LL), high Vdd and low T (HL), low Vdd and high T (LH), normal Vdd and normal T (NN).


The haptic feature also enables the user to receive feedback regarding the accuracy of transmitted gestures in a manner that is similar to seeing characters appear on the computer screen during the composition of a message.

the error correction can be implemented immediately upon discovery.


Any input, any VC: This scheme considers eligible packets in any input and any VC.

this scheme increases the probability of .nding a packet to chain by the number of other inputs and VCs.


The .oating body effect takes the place of the conventional capacitor.

the FBDRAM cell (FBC) is also called as 1T DRAM cell.


Besides, having the principal tracking entry h at T12 becomes also redundant when H is a resident of T12.

in particular, upon accessing T12, if we look upits L2bank andTR tableconcurrently wewouldhit at the L2 bank directly without any need for the principal entry h. a .rst optimization (O1) for CE wouldbenottocacheany tracking entry(principal or replicated) for a cache block that is mapped to its SHT and to always lookup concurrently the L2 bank and the TR table at the SHT.


Once the k clusters are known, we use a randomly chosen training sample of 20 devices from each cluster in order to train the spatial correlation models.

a total number of 20×k devices are used for training in each wafer.


The quicker reader .nishes its work when the writer is still running.

the .nal section of the access sequence is again composed of writes only.


Recent studies have shown that the faultiness of each bit is independent of its location and the faultiness of its neighbor bits [2, 14].

the exact number of permanent faulty bits and their location is highly unpredictable before post-silicon testing given that the fault probability of each bit is roughly the same.


Hence we consider the nanoscale circuits are analogous to the classic microchip and many of these nanocircuits are integrated by CMOS backbone, similar to a PCB for nanodevices.

the second approach reduces the overall RC delay by inserting a tapered buffer chain illustrated in Fig.8.


Also, the switching speed is not directly a.ected by the sleep transistor since it is located outside the signal path.

in our library, we implemented .ne grain power gating, which suits better the needs of MCML cells.


This point is underscored by Figure 1, which demonstrates that Vth change under dynamic conditions is dramatically di.erent from that in the static mode.

an accurate prediction of performance degradation should include not only Vdd and T , but more importantly, the switching activity of the node.


The consumed write power also drops as the write operation proceeds.

fPB-IPM also reclaims tokens after SET iterations.


However, as the width of a bus is relatively small compared with those of the modules, the ordering has little effect on the bus feasibility.

we will just choose one ordering arbitrarily in our .oorplanner.


We hope that this benchmark suite can bring up the interest of the academic community for this topic.

the state-of-the-art for automatic functional ECO can be advanced.


However, if this version of the Itsy used a backlight similar to the one used in Version 2 of the Itsy Pocket Computer, we estimate the maximum power consumption of the LCD to be between 300mW and 600mW.

the backlight would increase the "high power" test power by up to ~380%.


OVERVIEW The method DBP (Dominator-based partitioning) presented in this paper aims at capturing fragments of critical paths that have small fanout to the rest of the circuit.

the clusters tend to be deep (many levels) with internal nodes having little fanout to external nodes.


Those pages will still fail sooner even though each row has balanced writes.

we develop a coarse granularity wear leveling mechanism that periodically swaps memory segments of high and low write accesses.


In case of packet loss, if the attacker still count to N, a wrong packet will be dropped.

for example, in a N = 12 video 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 stream, if a B-frame is missing, the cycle will become N = 11. frame sequence number by counting to N, the dropped packet will not be an Iframe packet and this chain effect will continue and affect the the Figure 7: local peaks with different neighborsize above algorithm, we collect 666 video traces ([2]) with different following packets.


The number and the depth of the cones in the actual architecture has to be tailored to the algorithm to be implemented, since the dependencies can signi.cantly vary from algorithm to algorithm.

multiple instances of the template may exist, and each one is uniquely characterized by: (1) the size of the output window of each cone; (2) the number of levels in which the computation is divided or, equivalently, the number of iterations that are performed at once by each cone.


Each subsequent sequential region receives the address a half cycle later and takes a half cycle longer to return the data.

a 64-byte block is returned in a burst of four cycles on the same data bus.


The slack and GCP metrics thus constructed are described for a timed execution [13].

there may be multiple instances of a given b in the GCP.


More importantly, it also can be seen that the traffic load offered by Class1 has significant effects on the performance of packet loss probability of all the classes.

in order to achieve the desired packet loss probability for different traffic classes, both the overall traffic load in the network and the traffic load offered by the higher-priority classes need to be properly controlled.


There is also a strong dependence on the distribution of accesses; however, as explained in Section 4.1.2, it incurs too much overhead to predict this distribution and so we do not exploit it.

we seek to determine Thk as a function of available slack and access count (for each k, 1 = k = M -1).


The important point is that none of pseudorules is stored in our scheme.


The local clock wires and buffers contribute 5% and 7%, respectively, of total dynamic andglitchpowerin clocktrees, whereas the sequentials contributeto23% ofthetotaldynamicpowerindatapath.

in case ofpower optimization for datapaths, itisimportant topay attentionto combinationallogic as well andtherefore,those are often designed with more manualinterventions than synthesizedblocks.


in Note that the model parameters in 2-D device simulations are physically calibrated against Monte Carlopredicted data using full band structure of Si with consistently calculated scattering rate and Fermi-Dirac statistics [11,12].

mEDICI-predicted results would be representative for device/circuit performance and power projections.


3) Neighbor Coding: In the case of the chain-like neighbor coding, 15 bits are generated per row by pairing up with row neighbors, which yields 480 bits per chip.

the length of the test sequence is 125 × 480 = 60000 bits.


2.1 Via-First TSV In the via-.rst method, TSVs are fabricated before the transistors are patterned in silicon, i.e., prior to front-end-of-line (FEOL) [9, 10].

tSVs fabricated with the via-.rst technique do not pass through the metalization layers, as depicted in Fig.


The presence of a currency-zone blocker tag would be easily detectable, as explained in the next section.

in sensitive locations like airports, law-enforcement o.cials could take the approach of temporarily sequestering wallets in Faraday cages during security checks.


Assuming Kwire >> KILD, if the wires in a wire layer are in the direction of y, then the heat transfer along the wires causes a significant heat flow in y direction.

the thermal conductivity in y direction of combined ILD layer and wire layer can be expressed as: (t +t ) (16) K K..tf eff , y wire wire wire ILD wire where fwire is the volume fraction of wires in the wire layer.


Simulation results show that the CNTFET-based crossbar memory achieves improvements in both sense voltages on/off ratio and noise margin compared to the molecular memory implementation.

this paper demonstrates that these schemes make the CNTFET-based design a viable candidate for crossbar memory in the nanoscale era.


For instance, as b1 and a1 are all under the control of predicate b0 <a0 in Figure 1(a), c0 de.ned as b0 <a0 is the iSel of two ITEs a1 and b1 shown in F .

enforcing constant constraints on iSels of F can be regarded as restricting the execution on a subset of control-.ow paths in the program.


The random-testable faults are usually detected by many test patterns, and hence the number of observation bits for such faults can grow very large.

the storage requirements for the failure sets for large circuits may easily take several Gigabytes.


However, over abstraction may produce a really small abstracted circuit, albeit one with several spurious counter-examples and hence useless from the point of view of formally verifying the original circuit.

the number of latches in the problem is indeed used in our proposed algorithm but in concert with data from abstraction.


The exact approach is also based on set sampling, and uses a number A of ATD structures representing the A di.erent associativities from 1 to A.

in the exact approach, we use a group of A ATD structures, {ATD(1), ATD(2),  Figure 4: The COOP architecture: the grey boxes are the major extra hardware logic required by COOP on top of the SLLC with 1-bit RRPVs.


Unfortunately, the cost and convenience of implementing a transmitter or receiver is somewhat subjective and likely depends upon the details of the specific use-case.

while we can report factors such as the resource requirements of our proof-of-concept implementations, the first two considerations that we mentioned above are largely qualitative.


2.2 When the ack comes from a different node to the one provided by the sharing code associated with the memory line, it means that something preceding this ack took place.

a message is sent to the source of the ack, informing that the ack could not be observed at that time and a re-send for the message must be performed.


It is important to observe that the E state is an optimization of the S state to reduce the bus invalidation overhead upon modi.cation.

even if false positives occur, correctness will still be maintained.


Since we focus on the fault-tolerance structure with only one spare TSV, it is important to avoid grouping very close TSVs in the same structure [7][18].

we impose a minimum distance constraint, Dmin, to any two TSVs that can be in the same fault-tolerance structure, as suggested by [6][18].


Besides, the signal ranges in most well-designed algorithms are modest and do not vary much.

most embedded DSP systems use integer arithmetic instead and rely on the designers to manually scale the variables to prevent overflow.


The first sequence corresponding to input = 0 , as discussed previously, consists of 673 0 s, 579 1 s and 8747 2 s. The second input sequence consists of 945 0 s, 8160 1 s and 895 2 s. The third input sequence consists of 9523 0 s, 429 1 s and 47 2 s.  Seq for input = 0 Seq for input = 0 Seq for input = 1 Out Seq for input = 1 Out Seq for input = 2 Seq for input = 2 Seq for input = 3 Input Input (a) (b) Fig.

10 Stochastic computational model for (a) a ternary inverter (b) a quaternary inverter each sequence can be described by the following expression: (11) ).


devices are deployed in a potentially hostile environment where an adversary has full access to the underlying hardware.

certain hardware attacks may undermine the security of the TCG approach.


( In our another research, this is convinced by simulation, but such results are not presented here due to the page limit. )

in this paper we do not deal with faults that a.ect more than two FFs.


Replacing the Qm matrix with a scalar variable q,wehave 21-q  D(m) = .


Moreover, users are often the center of attention in such systems.

such delivery processes must take in consideration users interaction capabilities, preferences and background, increasing challenge s complexity.


For the number puz- zles, each time it asserts a new set of facts represent- ing the same puzzle but With different literals.

the inference engine must search through progressively larger rule sets as execution proceeds.


As the circuit s meta-stable region of operation extends through STAGE 2, there exist many potential paths between the VVDD and VGND line.

if a large amount of current is supplied to VVDD, sharp instantaneous currents passing through to the VGND node can exacerbate the ground bounce behavior of the circuit.


Since DIP makes a single insertion policy decision for all references of a workload, DIP only targets workloads whose working set is larger than the available cache.

in the presence of scans, the LRU component policy of DIP is unable to preserve the active working set in the cache.


fF s. reducing VDDmin of FF s is required to achieve MEEO.


Since the frequency decreases as a power of 2 along the division chain, the current bias of each cell can be reduced in proportion.

the total current consumption of the divider is roughly equal to twice the consumption of the first cell, about 70µA.


All ranges shall be translated and normalized to the interval [0,1].

a translation vector v(t) has to be calculated to move the lower bound of the nd extended state space variable ranges ri to 0 and to scale them to the interval [0,1] by factors .i: )-1 .i = (ri -ri(19) []T v(t) = -r1 · .1 .


When the TSV failure rate is not very high, the possibility to have more than two TSV failures in the bundle (and can be repaired with 2:1 repair scheme) is lower than the possibility to have irreparable double TSV failures.

8:2 repair scheme results in higher yield when compared to 2:1 scheme.


We use the ring-shape population network illustrated in Fig.3.

each Pi should operate M igration with the others.


Additionally, since we have the gate locations in advance, we can incorporate movement in the back-prioritization of the instruction sequence.

the priority assigned to each qubit now incorporates both gate latencies and movement through an uncongested layout, which gives us a better approximation of each qubit s critical path.


The results show, that the computational requirements are still demanding.

a recon.gurable architecture as shown in Figure 3 has been proposed.


The disjunction of these two facts is b = null.

we update S[[f]](b = null) to b = null (as shown at the top of the .gure along Iteration 1), and start Iteration 2 from the bottom.


This is relatively large overhead and it causes significant throughput degradation because the register access is blocking operation.

reducing the number of the Table 3: Specs of machines for the performance evaluation Router CPU Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 M620 (2.67GHz, dual core) Memory 8GiB, DDR3 (1333MT/s) NIC Adapter Intel(R) 82577LM (1 port) register access will improves the forwarding throughput.


We do not wish to force the subjects through a rigid set of protocols and sacrifice the quality of individualized observations for the sake of obtaining statistically pure data.

during our study, when a participant had specific issues or difficulties, we worked with them to identify the source of the issue and to find the way to address it that was most suited for that participant.


Electronic system-level designers consider cycle simulation error to be acceptable when it does not exceed 10% [2].

based on QEMU, we aim at keeping cycle simulation error lower than this limit.


First, a glue generally includes multiple bu.ers and control logic, which may itself be distributed.

if we look at the glue as the controller to be synthesized, this controller, being a collection of components, is decentralized.


for each region, we had two distinct random variables of Le.


[8] to calculate the interconnect capacitance per unit length c. Capacitance c is sensitive to interconnect structures, especially w and s. The delay depends on many parameters such as drive strength, interconnect length and interconnect structures.

the worst-case condition changes by the selection of gates and interconnect structures.


results in register .le inconsistencies.

the register .le is an enticing target for fault injections and similar to previous works [6], [9], we evaluated our work by injecting faults into the register .le.


For the remaining input vectors of the circuit, g = h. Therefore, line g can be eliminated and replaced with line h. When line g is eliminated, all the logic that drives only line g can be eliminated as well.

the presence of an undetectable fault (g,h) implies that the circuit can be further optimized.


In this way, it would be desirable to perform a veri.cation of the data s correctness before it leaves the sphere.

in this paper we propose that the nodes (basic blocks) of the control .ow graph should be subdivided into subnodes after each instruction classi.ed as out-SoR (Fig.


The minimum adder-step realization of a target constant ti includes ilog2S(ti)l operations in series, where S(ti) denotes the number of non-zero digits of ti in its CSD representation.

hence, for a target set, T = {t1,...,tn}, the minimum adder-step of the MCM operation [11] is computed as: min_delayMCM = max{ilog2S(ti)l} (2) ti the optimization of the number of operations problem under a delay constraint can be de.ned as follows: DEFINITION 2.


Black-box modeling approaches such as arti.cial intelligence are more favored because they can model complicated processes that are dif.cult to be described by analytical and mechanistic methods.

black-box model approaches for building virtual sensors have been widely attempted.


On the other hand, if a register is associated with many binary variables, the flexibility in assigning its clock arrival time is very high.

in order to evenly spread the currents over the clocking domains, a reasonable heuristic is to first re-schedule the registers that are associated fewer binary variables.


1 shows that the joint distribution speci.ed by a Bayesian network has a factored representation as the product of individual local interaction models.

while Bayesian networks can represent arbitrary probability distributions, they provide a computational advantage for those distributions that can be represented with a simple structure.


Also, the register extension can be used to hold a 0 or a 1 only if the corresponding physical register is not being used at the time the instruction is renamed.

this scheme is able to eliminate most, but not all, of the duplication of 0 s and 1 s in the physical registers.


Smoothing algorithms rrequire the temporral continuity in the test datta.

we used a leave oone day s dataa out strategy for evaluationn.


Due to the increasing reliance on DFT and structural test schemes, the increasing % of transistors and their associated die area needed for test, debug, etc., will increase the vulnerability to comparator faults.

a solution has to be devised, in order to avoid the otherwise inevitable, drastic decrease of test effectiveness and product quality.


It can be seen that the leakage current increases exponentially when the effective voltage over the cell exceeds one Vth of the transistors (i.e., 0.4V when it is affected by body effect) as predicted in [7].

the nominal voltage drop over the cell is chosen to be close to Vth, keeping the drive and load transistors in weak inversion region.


The hot air rises naturally upwards towards a clear pathway between the tops of the racks and the ceiling.

the exhaust aisle is called the hot aisle.


The memory module without redundancies contributes to yield only if all its comprising cells satisfy the target delay.

the timing-yield of the original memory module is: (R×C) Y0 =Pcell (3) In presence of N redundant columns, the memory module still contributes to yield as long as at most N columns out of the C+N available columns violate target delay.


Nevertheless, the function calls are provided with timing annotations.

put, peek and get functions are still called with the polling mechanism, in which a delay or a latency is explicitly expressed for each call (i.e., nb put(const REQ&, sc time&), nb peek(RSP&, sc time&), nb get(RSP&, sc time&)).


Note that, with such an assignment, the contents of an on-chip block are updated only for the initial load.

the total cost of such an assignment is t. Consider for example, the DBG depicted in Figure 5(a).


Embedded systems have a large potential bene.t to gain since power is also important to consider; power modeling requires a greater level of modeling detail further lengthening simulation time.

we see that phase guided sampling and the sample synthesis technique presented here can have wide applicability in performance modeling for embedded applications.


If a signal line f is assigned to a known value v through conservative backward implication, f must have value v in order for its defect-free downstream logic to have correct values.

f /v is removed from the candidate set of pattern t if it exists.


In other words, we may need extra constraints and variables to determine the exact number in EC-Rule II, which signi.cantly increases the complexities of the ILP formulations.

we apply the three rules on the micro.uidic array which is enlarged one bounding box of the original micro.uidic array to solve this problem.


The number of the pulse rotations and the .nal output value of the bu.er after the pulse vanishes depend on the di.erence between the rise and fall delay of a bu.er, whereas the oscillation period of a simple ring oscillator depends on the sum of the rise and fall delay[5].

we can calculate the rise and fall delays of a bu.er and can monitor the process variabilities of PMOS and NMOS devices independently.


managed networks are always available even if important calls need to be made.

e.ective voice conversations should work reliably even in unmanaged networks.


The lower (upper) bound for the mean of the histogram representation are computed using (6).


The increase in VBGs will increase the Vts of the cut-off MOSFETs.

the leakage currents of the cut-off MOSFETs decrease.


Inversely, when the length is large, the bandwidth during the control phase is used partially.

the choice of the control phase duration has a signi.cant impact on the performance and should be made according to the tra.c load.


In other words, it searches for the BOL (Vdd, Vcs) biasing whose fails cover most of the fails of typical functional corners at EOL.

unlike conventional methods, the methodology exploits redundancy to target repairing critical probable EOL fails.


Equation 2 de.nes the overall energy cost as the product of the expected run time (inverse of T R) and the power consumption at V dd.

derived from these two equations, overscaling V dd can save energy only if the throughput can be maintained at a certain level.


The complete derivation of v(i) over all the seven regions is repetitive and tedious.

in this paper we will present the key steps encountered while deriving the expression for moments of sub-region y1.


Secondly, with the particular con.guration studied (2Kentry checking table), imperfect hashing is not the dominant cause of false replays, accounting for around 11% and 26% of all replays for INT and FP applications respectively.

increasing the size of the checking table will have limited effectiveness due to diminishing returns.


The primary limitation in addressing these questions is a lack of appropriately dense spatial and temporal observations.

environmental researchers have dif.culty to test and validate their models, which simulate future scenarios and make real-time predictions.


COVERAGE VIEWS The size of a schema s cross-product is determined by the number of its attributes and the number of values for each attribute.

the number of events that make up a schema can be quite large, making it dif.cult to cover and analyze.


3.2 Morphing P-T-VPack for Fault Tolerance In the optimization for fault-tolerance, the fault rate at a global interconnect is proportional to the average sensitivity of SRAMs along its routing.

to minimize the overall fault rate (shown in (2)), a fault-tolerant clustering should encapsulate interconnects with high sensitivities inside CLBs, which results in a very similar objective to power-aware clustering.


This degradation is compounded when laying out multiple waveguides for multi-bit parallel transfers on communication links.

we propose a much simpler ring like structure that is better suited to the physical characteristics of photonic waveguides.


Each single-function accelerator is designed using a cost-aware scheduler to minimize cost [5].

the difference between this bar and the other bars in each group represents the savings obtained by hardware sharing in multifunction designs.


while the value of REF2 (reference voltage level for the second comparator) is kept at a value between VDD/2 and VDD (~ |Vth,p|+Vth,n).

when VVDD reaches the value of REF1, MSSTART goes high and when VVDD reaches the value of REF2, MSEND goes high.


Note a relevant property of resonant clocking: the higher the frequency, the faster the latch.

the spread of propagation delays is indeed very limited (less than 0.02% of the period).


As the circuit size grows larger, the randomness of the netlist makes it even harder for such cases to occur.

our focus is how the partitioning matters for the practical, large circuits.


The generated control signals and instructions are fed to the IXU, and the fed signals control the FUs and the bypass network.

the critical path is not prolonged by the generation of the control signals.


However, this procedure is done in parallel with normal network operation and packets do not wait for the new Rnet configuration to be completed; they continue traveling on the current Fnet and Rnet configuration.

this setup latency does not degrade the network performance.


For example, a divide error (#DE) occurs when the divisor operand of instruction DIV is zero.

we conduct instruction wrapping for such instructions to ensure their validity.


Then, the .rst two lines of the truth table can be embedded with respect to reversibility as shown in the rightmost column of Table 1(a), but no unique embedding for the third truth table line is possible any longer.

an additional output (and therewith an additional circuit line with constant input) must be added as depicted in Table 1(b).


Kogge-Stone (KS) [6] on the other hand, is among the fastest adders but consumes large area and power.

a family of sparse tree adders have been proposed (e.g., Brent-Kung, Han-Carlson, Sklansky etc) to reduce area at the cost of slight increase in delay.


Since the maximum value of kw corresponds to the maximum number of inputs of a logic gate, we may assume hmax = kw so that the time needed in addition of a vertex w to Front is O(kw hmax).

the total time complexity is O(m hmax), since no vertex is added to Front more than once and .w.V kw = m, where m = |E| is the number of edges of a given circuit graph G=(V,E).


With the redundant condition checking, 2. is scheduled before 4. schedulings, which implicitly checks the enabledness (since a symbolic behavioral state includes the information of symbolic suspended statuses).

for SystemC designs, we can now 16 schedulings are detected as redundant and our formal engine will define a simplified and straightforward independence relation as then have to execute the symbolic simulation for the remaining 8. follow, where .... is the set of all possible suspended locations of Assume processes (wait statements and entries of processes) and .(...)


As shownin .gure 6, G1G2G4, G2G4G6 and G1G4G6 do happen in S3, S30 and S33.

g4 has a large potential to switch simultaneously with G1, G2 and G6.


However, the parameters cannot often be computed accurately even though the condition in Equation 2 is satis.ed, due to the effects of measurement noise.

we will analyze the effect of measurement noise on the errors in the computed values of parameters.


Furthermore, the vertical inter-chip links are expected to offer a higher bandwidth compared to onchip links.

irregular topologies with heterogeneous links should be investigated more closely.


Only a small portion of the wire is charged during pulse propagation, dramatically reducing the amount of capacitance need to be charged.

significant amount of power can be saved over level-based signaling, as reported in package-level signaling [4-5] and in on-chip bus designs [6].


SIGMETRICS 2000 6K)0 Santa Clara, California, USA &#169; 2000 ACM 1-58113-194-110010006...$5.00 such as automatic memory management, a support for mul- tithreading, the existence of architecture-neutral intermedi- ate codes (bytecodes), etc.

it is very interesting to see whether Java applications share similar characteristics with the traditional applications or not.


The various manufacturing steps for such circuits may induce spot defects or large process variations that, in turn, may result in complete malfunction or in violation of a subset of speci.cations.

testing is necessary to verify that the speci.cations of every manufactured circuit are met and to guarantee that the functionality of the overall system is not jeopardized.


However, by delaying the clock signal in the consumer to observe the synchronization latency, pausable clocks do not allow the use of different speeds across domains.

in order to be able to implement dynamic control of local speeds/voltages, we have to use FIFOs based on either arbiters or synchronizers.


It should be noted that in the same way as reported in [9], the goal of these experiments is to show how long runs of constrainedrandom stimuli can be generated on-chip ef.ciently in real-time.

the stimuli used for the experiments only contain the header part of the PCIe packets and the header part of the RTP packet for H.264.


To model the fact that nets with higher degree have more probability to be combined, we define a 2m-element weight vector W(n) to associate this probability with the degree of newly generated nets.

for the combination of external i-terminal net from m blocks with j-terminal net from another m blocks, there are P ·m ·De ( j) m m W (i +j -2) ·P ·m ·De (i) · m+1m m .


Spare cores Due to our methodology, comparing runs using separate commercial workload checkpoints with different numbers of OS-visible VCPUs is impractical.

for the throughput experiments, we model spare cores using the overcommitted technique with oracle spin detection and without charging overhead for storing, migrating, or switching VCPU state.We do properly simulate a sevenprocessor system with our microbenchmarkforlatency and fairness experiments, since our microbenchmark(discussedbelow) is very regular andisdominatedby user code.


Moreover, it is possible to design the TPG and the CMP block together so as to minimize the size of the CMP block.

it is expected that in practice, the CMP block will have to deal with relatively small numbers of unknown output values that will .t well into rectangles.


In L1 caches, more than 90% of cache accesses hit the Most Recently Used (MRU) way [14].

to achieve good performance, in the HER cache the MRU block of each cache set is always stored in an SRAM bank.


Combining odd-even and XY to form a DyAD router may lead to deadlock.

we develop a new routing scheme, called oe-.xed, as the deterministic routing mode in DyAD-OE.


However, the computing cells in our architectures require half as many gates as those in [8] and achieve the same critical path delay (CPD).

the number of gates needed for our architectures is approximately 75% of that in [8].


The predicted leakage power is expected to reach 50% of the total chip power within the next few technology generations [1].

accurately modeling and analyzing leakage power has been identified as one of the top priorities for today s IC design problems.


(1) Note that for a clear-.eld mask, .ares are distributed from vacant regions without the coverage of patterns.

in our work, density maps are referred to as vacancy density maps.


1) are becoming increasingly important [1-3].

lowering the minimum operating voltage (Vmin) of LSIs to the deep-sub-1-V region is vital.


Recall that we have normalized the variation range of every parameter to [-1,1], and have considered 14 parameters.

if a slack fails somewhere in the parameter space, then its robustness r must fall between rmin =0 and rmax (based on L2-norm), where: 14 rmax =(±1)2 3.74 (24) i=1 Fig.


The decompression network in SCC can be built based on an LFSR sequence and implemented in parallel using an XOR network.

when large ratios of unspeci.ed bits exist within test vectors, the decompression network can drive a high number of internal scan chains with very short seed vectors.


Currently, 0% we exploit this recon.gurability in order to guarantee parametric Application level real time constraint system yield.

we can still use faulty chips or components Figure 7: The energy overhead associated to pro that would have to be discarded, because they do not meet the cess variability between the corner-point implemen parametric speci.cations.


If the number of such columns exceeds the available redundant columns, then the chip is considered a fauty chip.

the failure probability of the cell is directly related to the yield of the chip [6].


However after a certain threshold, routed wirelength increases and then the designs become consistently unroutable.

.ller cells are useful in reducing the half-perimeter wirelength, but distributing a portion of whitespace helps Capo produce routable placements.


The random measurement matrix (One of the input to the OMP) changes each time while running the experiment and hence the result may vary from 0.09% to 0.158%.

average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) is calculated by repeating the experiment 100 times.


Instead, it only needs to deduct 1 from its debit counter, which means it uses repaid credit to send one request to the DRAM.


Though each stage in the framework s rendering process runs in parallel, our latency measurements must include the full time a request takes from start to .nish.

image streaming latency is the sum of server rendering and processing time, network transmission Table 2: Basis results for the Jet dataset.


section IV) must be placed next to one another.

an order relation, p , is defined among the transformations that satisfy these constraints.


The huge number of buffers may affect various aspects of circuit design and performance including timing [7], power dissipation [18], signal integrity [3], placement and routing congestion [5, 22].

buffer insertion needs to be conducted in a more elaborated manner to push the envelope of performance.


Clock divider Gate-level model Transistor-level model Mismatch Clock-to-output time Output goes low-to-high 15.4 14.5 +6.2 % Clock-to-output time Output goes high-to-low 21.3 20.0 +6.5 %  ¯ Q switches only after U1, U3 and U5.

the fact that the low-to-high propagation delay is almost for the high-to-low transistion, the critical twice high-to-low propagation delay can be theoretically ex-path goes through 4 components (U1, U3, U5 and U4) instead plained.


Since .= 0, 1 = j = n, for all raised hyper j planes, then .j = 0for 1 = j = n.Given that 0 = Yj = 2, for 1 =j =n it is easy to see that for any corner Cin the modi.ed t system of coordinates, 1 =t =2n , D(C) =P and equivalently F t DF (Ct) = P for any corner Ct in the original system of coordinates.

the output delay hyperplane satis.es the second criterion of section 3.1.1.


The first function stringToArray takes a string from the file (file_in.txt for our example) that contains the size N (8 for the example above) following by N data items and converts the string (composed by 9 lines for our example) to an array of N unsigned integers with the data items.

for our example, there are 8 elements in the array with data items (12345678, 87654321, 38627, 0, 398213329, 77, 11, 89) shown above.


Note that in the high frequency range the execution time is determined solely by T min : the minimum time the DRAM system memory needs to satisfy all of the memory requests.

execution time does not depend on chip frequency in this case.


We note that the results for design I12 in Table I differs from the results for the rest of the designs since this design required significant rework (size reduction) toward the end of the project; however the clock pin locations were maintained, and additional wire was required to connect these pins from their original locations to the new locations of the clocking circuitry.

this result is not expected to reappear in future designs.


Increasing the number of transistors leads to higher power dissipation and virtually eliminates any bene.t obtained by operating the circuit in the sub-threshold regime.

new approaches to improve noise-immunity of nanoscale circuits are required to make sub-threshold operation worthwhile.


The MUX of position i connects the data input/output di to the regular unit Ui, if this unit is fault-free, and to one of the k units Ui+1, Ui+k if Ui is faulty.

each of the signals R0, R1, Rn-1 is used to enable the counter of one of the MUXes and it is also used as entry to the equations (1), (3).


We have also demonstrated the idea of many-core design with increase in memory bandwidth and further reduction in power consumption due to the removal of processor to memory I/O pads.

3D stacked subthreshold circuits with proper memory design approach present a major improvement for both ultra-low power and miniaturization in processors.


In this case, on checkout, her grocery items could be marked with the zone-two pre.x, while privacy stickers for these items carry zonetwo blocker tags.

when the stickers are removed, Alice can handle them without her wristwatch interfering with the reading process.


[5] proposed an optimal allocation for Problem 2 with an in.nite number and range of supply voltages (i.e., continuously variable voltages).

it is natural to examine the algorithmic procedures used in (a) and (b) to see if they are partially applicable to Problem 2.


Similarly, in the mesh, the time constant between two points is nearly proportional to their distance.

the more likely a node is a Steiner point, the smaller the weighted distance is from this node to the terminals, in turn the smaller the RC time constant is for the node, and .nally the smaller its peak time is.


The target architectures do not have data or instruction cache, but have multiple external memories feeding a single FPGA in parallel; internal to the FPGA, signi.cant instruction-level parallelism is exploited on the computation.

although this is a novel computing platform, it nevertheless shares commonalities with more conventional ones in which either multiple memories feed a single or multiple functional units in parallel.


However, as Figure 3 shows, as TO decreases, performance overhead (i.e., an increase in memory access latency and total execution cycle) increases due to increased DRAM cache miss rates.

there is a trade-off between energy and performance.


It is because that the pre-designed dual-Vdd layout pattern introduces non-negligible performance penalty.

programmability of supply voltage is needed to achieve signi.cant power saving for dual-Vdd FPGAs.


On the other hand, another possible way, compatible with the computational intelligence techniques is to contribute to the efficiency of variation-aware analog sizing by developing more efficient MC-based yield estimation techniques.

this paper focuses on a fast, accurate and general MC-based yield estimation technique for analog circuits with a reasonable accuracy requirement (high-sigma yield estimation is out of the scope of this work, as in variation-aware analog sizing we often require a reasonably good accuracy).


The simulation results verify that, without our scheme, sel.sh users can cheat to harm other users in cooperative relay, but with our scheme, they have incentives to followtheprotocol, i.e.,nottocheat.

our scheme improves the system throughput signi.cantly in face of sel.sh users.


However, the problem is that there may not be suf.cient PMs of smaller types to cover all the parts of all the virtual memories.

an estimation of the number of smaller PMs (which are required for the rest of solution) is needed; if this estimation is larger than the smaller PMs available, the algorithm should use more of the current type with the penalty of creating leftover, which is discussed in the third step.


Such microarchitectural effect, however, can be captured by the AVF [1] and thus is not the focus of this paper.

one can combine the AVF [1] with CVF [11] to estimate the cache vulnerability to transient errors even more accurately.


This approach replaces multiple signal paths with a single path.

to reduce the system size, in this paper, we consider a wideband LNA.


We address the effects of transient faults in QDI circuits and describe the causes that lead the faults to be memorized into one or more soft errors.

a refined fault sensitivity criterion is defined for this class of circuits.


QCA placement and routing algorithms require geometric layout information and traditional tools for VLSI circuits cannot be used here for comparison.

new ef.cient algorithms must be developed for QCA circuit layout generation.


Thicker metallineshave moretoleranceduetolithographyprocess for sub-30nm patterning.

we de.ne a forbidden space for layout retargeting between the two colored layouts, in particular, the main mandrel and the secondary metal.


4.3 Software Support Theminimumsupportrequiredfromthesystemsoftwareisthe useofthe proposed memcopy andmeminit instructions toindicatebulkdataoperationstotheprocessor.Althoughonecanhave aworking system with just this support, maximum latency and energybenefitscanbeobtainedifthehardwareisabletoacceleratemostcopyoperationsusingFPMratherthanPSM.Increasing thelikelihoodoftheuseoftheFPMmoderequiresfurthersupport fromtheoperatingsystem(OS)ontwoaspects:1)pagemapping, and2)granularityofcopy/initialization.

4.3.1 Subarray-Aware Page Mapping TheuseofFPMrequiresthesourcerowandthedestinationrow ofacopyoperationtobewithinthesamesubarray.to maximizetheuseofFPM,theOSpagemappingalgorithmshould beawareofsubarrayssothatitcanallocateadestinationpageof acopyoperationinthesamesubarrayasthesourcepage.


The cost function is de.ned based upon optimization criteria and is normally related to area and latency constraints in high-level synthesis.

the following equation is adopted to optimize both area and latency of a scheduled, resource allocated CDFG solution: A L ost=a* (-a)* (1) AnormLnorm where Ais the area needed to ful.ll the scheduled CDFG application, Anormis the average area, Lis the required latency after scheduling, Lnormis the average latency, and acontrols the weights of area and latency, respectively.


In addition, the active idle power, frequency has a linear relationship to voltage.

a third-order polynomial function can accurately capture both leakage and idle active power in a simpli.ed model.


However, in short terms, PLI is a procedural interface, which provides the ability to call precompiled C routines within the Verilog code.

most of the C language features can be used in Verilog.


The falling transition arrives at the output (as rising transition) f at 1.9 fs, even before the rising transition arrives at the input of the nor gate.

both transitions propagate to f. When there is enough time for the non-controlling transition to settle down, we may have a significant distance between the two transitions that propagate with non-robust test vectors.


Such interfaces may lead to user frustration, which is a common problem in intelligent user interfaces in general.

we designed our correction interface so it avoids forcing users to blindly search the hypothesis space.


Early Design Stage Thermal Evaluation and Mitigation: the Locomotiv Architectural Case Tanguy Sassolas*, Chiara Sandionigi*, Alexandre Guerre*, Alexandre Aminot* , Pascal Vivet , Hela Boussetta , Luca Ferro , Nicolas Peltier * CEA, LIST, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, FRANCE -Email: surname.name@cea.fr CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, FRANCE -Email: surname.name@cea.fr DOCEA Power, 166 rue du Rocher de Lorzier 38430 Moirans, FRANCE -Email surname.name@doceapower.com Abstract To offer more computing power to modern SoCs, transistors keep scaling in new technology nodes.

the power density is increasing, leading to higher thermal risks.


(2) The fault effect is propagated to the output z at time unit 2.

the fault is detected for the .rst time.


The large performance improvement of ammp and twolf as other processes.

only one or two these cases shows the effectiveness of our design and the overall cache colors (128 or 256KB) are allocated to equake and lucas framework.


Duplication generally hurts power minimization [8].


applies to the extended-Kruskal s algorithm.

the time complexity of MTST generation is O(nlogn).


Reconfigurable systems introduce multiple levels of programming and design.

also the configuration data itself occupies multiple levels.


Metal interconnects behave as transmission lines when their length is comparable to wavelength of the propagating signal or equivalently to the rise time for digital signals [16].

voltage and currents vary along the length of the interconnect.


and sensing circuitry, and the parameter complexity ., defined as 2 2 ss .

a measure of how spatially uncorrelated the process variable is.


With the assumption of uniform neutron flux and the same technology generation being used for circuit implementation, the total charge efficiency (Qs) can be assumed to be the same for two circuits.

the SERs for two circuits with the same technology generation can be related to each other as - Qcritical1 Qcritical2 SER = SER * exp{ } .


The remainder s is determined by a window function that is used in short-time Fourier transform (STFT) analysis.

it is not necessary in the instrument model.


This key observation leads to the following simpli.cations: The output comes from the leftmost m bits of the w register.

it is only necessary to compute the leftmost m bits of the w and y registers during the (2m - 1)-th iteration.


The idea is each technique, a fast algorithm, is placed its most suitable target area.

how to find a specific combination that achieves the optimal solution for a specific application becomes the most important issue.


arrangements of contacts and does not allow stitching.

tPL There are investigations on TPL layout decomposition [6] [11] or began to receive more attention from industry, especially for metal 1 TPL aware design [12] [14].


BER is determined by the signal integrity, which is quanti.ed by Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Total Jitter (TJ) [3, 4].

both signal amplitude noise and jitter magnitude must comply with speci.cations in the communication standards for a certain BER level.


Moreover, PV panels exhibit highly non-linear powervoltage (P-V) characteristics that vary with solar irradiance.

maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are demanded to guarantee maximum output power of PV panels [1], [2].


Based on awareness of slack available during program execution, these algorithms tune themselves to be more or less aggressive, resulting in higher energy savings.

they do not require extensive manual tuning.


METHODOLOGY System Infrastructure: In our experiments we use an IBM JS22 BladeCenter, with two dual-core, 2-way SMT POWER6 chips running at 4.0GHz.

the system presents 8 logical CPUs to the hypervisor and the OS layer.


5) to the time a full-match is reported at the output (mlso) is 339ps, while for a near-match is 692ps.

while in the usual, error-free case, the NOR-type CAM is 43% faster than the proposed, its cycle time has to follow the worst case, which is 1.42 times slower than the proposed CAM.


As indicated in Section 2, each row has an even number of FFs (and inverters).

the positive pulse experiment requires the inverters on the right edge of the array to drive a rising edge onto each of these long wires (80 total).


To save the spare bu.ers in use, we try to use one bu.er to drive as many terminal pins as possible.

we need an e.ective grouping method to select the nearby terminal pins which can be driven by a common bu.er under the loading or slew-transferred constraint.


hii can be expressed as: .2T ' .2 n -Fkhii = = .F2 .F2 Fk i i Ck + (.k · tk)· k=1 Fuc (r (r-3 .i · ti Fi · (.i · ti) = 2Ci · ·Ci + Fuc Fuc > 0 (24) the inequality hii > 0 holds since Ci, .i, ti,Fuc,Fi are all positive numbers.

we have hii > 0 for all i, which means all the eigenvalues of HT' are positive and thus HT ' is positive de.nite (denoted as HT ' .


If there are remaining target paths P T that have not been tried to merge into the current test pattern, the current pattern may be extendable.

we extend the list of required paths by the newly sensitized candidate paths P R = P R .P C and select new candidate paths P C from P T .


After the check, the results of that data graph branch can be treated as error free, and the vulnerable probability is set to be 0%.

every check instruction can protect the same number of gates of the data .ow graph.


SiLVR has a fixed small neural net model structure.

we use CV for a different purpose: to help select the network parameters which give the best predictions.


Then each positive value is replaced by its logarithm to the base two, leaving the zero values unchanged.

a value , 2p+1 in (2p ] will get replaced by p +1.


However, .nding theoptimalgatesizing solutionisNP-hard [1], and the suboptimality of sizing solutions has not been suf.cientlyquanti.ed for each heuristic.

the need for further researchhasbeen unclear.


Typically, the constraints that we focus on involve both performance and energy.

we need to be able to get a quick estimation of both execution cycles and energy consumption at runtime (during execution).


From Lemma 5 we know that x0 = tpvj-1 and xn'1-1 = tpvj-1 .

n' = |Xj | is an even number, as Xj starts from a negative sampling point and ends at a positive point.


However, in case of adapting an advanced fan heat sink as it is commonly done in today s technology, the heat sink resistance becomes small enough that the thermal paste resistance takes up the majority of the total junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (more than 60%) [15].

increasing an area in the chip can significantly lower the junction temperature.


NSWi = Ei ×loadi × pn (4) n=j.fi(gj ) where Ei is switching activity of net i, gj is the gate driving net j, fi(g) is the fan-in inputs of the gate g and pn represents the probability that net n is at the enabling value.

the switching activity of a input-output path q with switching in all intermediate nodes and consisting of nets sequence i .j .k .


In order to provide low ADC di.erential input capacitance, the comparator area has been minimized.

the converter accuracy would be irreparably impaired if o.set compensation and .ne threshold tuning were not performed.


The same asymptotic trend is observed in the calculations for the higher moments.

to obtain the statistics of the soft-error rates it is not necessary to solve the full 2Dqueue which reduces the computational complexity from N2 to WN.


For a system that meets all its timing constraints, all synchronous transitions happen outside this window.

we need to consider when metastable transitions from the .rst latch occur.


Inrandom2Dlayoutapplication,inserting assist mandrelpolygonsis an essentialpartbecause those allow various wire widths and various pattern shapes in SADP layout decomposition.

one can make random 2D shape patterns by building assist mandrel layouts.


The agent attempts to .nd the best action on the .y for interacting with the various states of the environment, in order to receive the highest reward.

a MDP-based learning model, such as V learning or Q learning [2], consists of: (1) an agent; (2) a .nite state space S .


Although this circuit seems like a fully digital circuit, the truth is that its function cannot be expressed in Boolean logic but rather in linear algebra with the delay or phase as the input/output variables.

the digital inputs, wgt[3:0] and its inverse /wgt[3:0], are indeed the quantized analog ports that control the delay.


How to choose the power pitch has been addressed in [11, 14].

a power network can be designed with a maximum power pitch constraint (PGP ) such that as long as its power pitch is less than PGP , the resulting power network is guaranteed to satisfy the required voltage drop, electromigration, and inductive coupling constraints.


For regular load/store instructions that are unannotated with bitvectors, all the partitions are considered for replacement.

the .exibility of the underlying hardware allows the compiler to treat individual loads as needing any number of ways of the cache, based on its access characteristics.


RF/wireless Interconnect However, ITRS and all similar studies reveal that even with all these emerging solutions, metal interconnect (at least at the global level) will reach its fundamental physical limit within a decade [10].

new approaches to interconnect are required to make the future ULSI technology possible.


These paired instructions are used to develop synchronization primitives (e.g., test-and-set, compare-and-swap, fetch-andincrement, fetch-and-add) which emulate a lock needed before entering the CS and thereby providing a higher level synchronization facility for the tasks.

using these primitives, the application program, with its multiple tasks that share memory, can be designed ensuring mutual exclusivity and consistency.


For a given polygon with original edge number n, there exists a lower bound of edge number l, and no simpli.ed polygon version can have edge number lower than that bound.

for a polygon set, we have the summation of all the polygons lower edge number bounds P1 P3 P2 P1: P2: kmin =i li to be the minimum edge number and the summation of all the polygons original edge numbers k P3: to be = ni max i the maximum edge number.


However, the gates held a collection of sensitive to 0 states before to come back at the reset state.

these states have to be validated as fault-sensitive states.


Color balancing is also neglected in their formulation.

their algorithm can not be directly used in the constrained pattern assignment problem.


Furthermore, BlackjackBench combines established classi.cation and statistical analysis techniques with heuristics tailored to speci.c benchmarks, to reduce experimental noise and aid automatic interpretation of the results.

blackjackBench does not merely output large sets of data that require human intervention and comprehension; it shows information about the hardware characteristics of the tested platform.