Like Geldenhuys et al, the approach here also performs a symbolic execution along a chosen set of program.

our work goes further to infer whole program bounds.


This is because the aging process can be controversial and also, we wanted to give favor to the PPM-FTL in our experiments.

it should be noted that Janus-FTL shows almost consistent performance regardless of storage aging.


The original hash values can not be used for this purpose, since the forwarding rule makes them localized in a certain range.

the new hash value must be a unique function of the original one.


We have considered an adversarial model where the adversary is free to choose faulty nodes, so long as the placement satis.es the constraint that no neighborhood has more than t faults.

in the presence of channel errors etc., the reliable local broadcast assumption, that underlies these results, is not trivial to realize.


The advantage of the approach is that it does provide a generic solution to the mapping problem.

the fact that the mapping and the transformation speci.cations are integrated means that the domain expert would have to go beyond just mapping the two schemas and specify the transformation as well.


Many di.erent characteristics could be used to assess how the sampled trees .ll the space of all general trees of size 100.

a particular concern is that because the Godel-¨Test generator constructs the tree in a depth-.rst pre-order traversal that moves from left to right, the NMCS algorithm may introduce a bias that skews the trees to the left or to the right.


Finally, nested conditional statements are already sorted by frequency of occurrence.

it is possible to obtain dramatic performance improvements without resorting to primitives, even in these situations.


If ef.ciently exploited, this parallelism should reduce the pause time.

our previous study [10] shows that the performance of the stopthe-world GCs available in OpenJDK 7 degrades beyond about 8 GC threads, taking over one-third of total application time at maximum parallelism (one GC thread for each of 48 hardware cores).


In particular, when an allocation request is issued for a table node, since the table nodes always refer to the randomly-accessed data, the free .ash space referred by the T head of the doublylinked list is allocated for the table node.

(As astute readers might point out, the both-.t allocator in this case behaves like the .rst-.t allocator from the T head of the doubly-linked list) when an allocation request is issued for a range node, a scan is initiated from the R head of the doubly-linked list to .nd the node that refers to the smallest free .ash space that could accommodate the data of the range node.


However now no less than .ve disk synchronisations are required per event (two for ActiveMQ and PostgreSQL respectively, and one of JBoss) in order to ensure that the system can recover from failure.

postgreSQL-PS can use local transactions (one disk synchronisation) to ensure that the function execution and the removal of an event from the queue is performed atomically.


This would generate a huge amount of tra.c on the Internet.

the random topology of P2P overlay would be a.ected.


it is independent of the total number of active clients.


Haskell variables are also called object variables since they are variables of the object language to be transformed.

hULA variables are called meta variables since these are variables that are used to bind Haskell objects; in particular, meta variables will never appear in a Haskell program.


The stream architecture represents a promising alternative to cache-based architectures in achieving high performance in signal processing, multimedia and graphics [21, 22, 26].

its Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


RELATED WORK The impact of churn has been studied previously in different works.

there are very few works available that have considered the effect of churn on mobile environments.


Because most COTS components are delivered as byte code instead of source code, AOP tool should be able to weave the byte code.

current tools support byte code weaving, such as AspectJ and AspectWerkz, are based only on JavaTM.


Most implementations of data dependence tests simply ignore non-linear constraints.

in some cases non-linear constraints can provide information that helps solve a dependence problem accurately.


It seems natural for the compilationthread to sleep when it has nothing to do.

if compilationactivity arrives in short bursts and the compilation thread forfeits itstime slot quickly, then it will wait an entire time quantum to regainthe CPU again.


Securely saving/restoring the content of the secure storage poses additional overhead during context switches.

context switches are infrequent and the overhead of protecting a small piece of data is minor comparing with the overhead of protecting all the program code/data.


Forthisreason, weclassify the behavior of the Store an Embedded Number and Send a Message to Embedded Email features as homogeneous.

we say that the Password optional feature  (a) Structured data operations (PLUSS) Scenario 01 - Receive a MMS Scenario 02 - Select a MMS for displaying  of theSmartHome case studyhas a heterogeneous crosscutting behavior [6], since it requires one advice for each join point(Figure12(a) and(b)).


The I2 building blocks are provided as object .les.

the object .les provide a superset of the required input segments.


During thistime, client requests(18700 requests until the end of the recovery) cause an Http error.


The faults seeded in the Siemens suite are preferable in this respect to the full set of mutants that we used here.

we believe that it should be possible for researchers to select difficult mutants in the same way as the difficult Siemens faults were selected, i.e., by excluding those mutants killed by a large number of test cases.


The black line indicates the average error µ and the gray area represents the error variance s. compare well with the RBF network models for some of the programs we tested.

linear models are plagued by high errors, which suggests that program performance may not vary linearly over large regions of the design space.


Tilevich and Smaragdakis [14] discuss this issue in some detail along with a proposed solution for the automated distribution of Java objects in the J-Orchestra system [15].

their solution does not address all situations and, as with object serialization detailed above, we believe this issue is best left to the programmer to resolve.


Then, the user copies the data into the device memory by invoking clEnqueueWriteBuffer().Finally, the user invokes clEnqueueNDRangeKernel() to execute the kernel.

snuCL hides the communication and data transfer layer from the user and manages memory consistency all by itself.


Here is how we see the situation: In most array libraries, every array is manifest by default, so that sharing is guaranteed.

loop fusion is dif.cult, and must often be done manually, doing considerable violence to the structure of the program.


Such models store a wealth of information about organizational processes and their implementation, so it is vital that this information be accessible to a great number of people in the respective organization.

most existing query facilities have not been conceived and implemented with a non-IT savvy user in mind: they o.er only full-text search, a set of prede.ned queries, and/or a full-blown programming interface.


One of the cross-cutting and most crucial tasks in product line development is the variant and variability management.

most available software development tools, including but not limited to Eclipse [2], do not offer support for explicit handling of this task.


At its most .exible, MPCS is a loose confederation of tools rather than a cohesive system with a .xed design.

mPCS does have a rather stable infrastructure of core components that are usually connected in a well-de.ned way, so we can generally treat MPCS as a system with a stable platform and .xed variation points.


We did not solicit comments on the relevance of the study tasks.

four of eight participants volunteered that they found them representative.


They allow automatic affect classification, but usually produce low classification results and need a wide number of texts for training.

semantic approaches aim at classifying affect in texts using emotional information about a set of keywords, which implies the need of handcrafted dictionaries [2, 3] and the incorporation of lexical analysis for detecting lexical modifiers of sense and negations in the phraselevel analysis.


Several software process assessment models have been developed, such as CMM/CMMI [2][3], ISO 9001 Quality Management (9000-3) [9], and ISO/IEC 15504 sometimes called SPICE [8].

there is a general perception in governmental organizations that those models and standards are more suited for large industrial organizations [7][15].


Actually, this behavior follows from a commonly adopted rule concerning the navigation between the masks of an interactive system: always going back to the previous mask in order not to disorient the user.

this rule was not appropriate in this case and the notification of the recurrent anomalous sequence has permitted a suitable evolution of the system.


2009], the Digital Emily Project, they have succeeded to synthesize a CG human head which is mistaken to be a real human.

to create life-like human head, animators spend approximately 7 months from facial geometry/performance scanning to .nal compositing and use very expensive instruments.


The information contained in both the evolved and original metamodels could be used for the terminal nodes for the programs created.

languages like Epsilon Flock are rule-based and it is not immediately obvious how many rules would be required to perform the migration, which may prove di.cult in adequately guiding the search algorithm towards a good solution.


This approach deals with incremental scenarios, where one structure is updated upon changes in the other.

by now we focus on a batch scenario, where a target model is built from scratch from a source one.


For in stance, the check for matching start and end tags of XML documents and XML Schema validation is naturally speci.ed in terms of XML syntax.

the use of nondesugared syntax restricts the extensibility of compile-time checks.


Zhi Jin Academy of Mathematics and System Science Institute of Computing Technology, CAS Beijing, 100080, China zhijin@amss.ac.cn diagrams and looking more closely at the interfaces between the world and the system to make the annotation of interface phenomena; and (4) continuing the problem decomposition until each sub-problem can be .tted to a basic problem frame or one of the variants.

to our best knowledge, there is not yet e.cient tools exist for Problem Frames approach [2].


Although it would be possible to .x these problems by de.ning a pattern variant for each false negative, this was not done in order to obtain an impartial set of results for this test.

the purpose of any extensible design patterns library is to increase the size of the library, so it is possible to build up the Spine library with other variants to capture these false negatives.


The VMM scheduler can really only give a domain preferential treatment if it consistently underutilizes its processor resource allocation.

if a latency-sensitive application shares a domain with applications that consume processor resources, then the domain is more likely to have consumed its processor resource allocation.


In the classic PIC method, a particle is followed directly and the charge is distributed to its nearest neighboring grid points.

in the gyrokinetic PIC approach used in GTC, the fast circular motion of the charged particle around the magnetic .eld lines is averaged out and replaced by a charged ring.


Effectively, MLF delays the instantiation and later ids is instantiated in two fundamentally different ways.


These words are necessary in prose and conversation to fluently describe the context and manner in which a system is to be used.

in requirements engineering parlance, many more words describe the "domain" in which the software is to reside than describe the "machine", or the software system itself.


A typical way to deal with such problem would be to extend the agent behavior and possibly the coordination module making the system fault tolerant.

scattering support over agents and coordination modules, is error prone and may lead to complex designs that are di.cult to understand and maintain.


Theproeduredesribedaboveanbeoptimizedinmany ways.Wementiononlythemostimportantonethatwe haveimplementedthesharingofsubtermsdisjointfrom s.Weshowthisoptimizationinanexample.Supposethat thetopleveltermbeingevaluatedis: add (coin, t) Thenondeterminismofcoingivesrisetotheomputation ofthefollowingtwoterms: add (zero, t) add (succ (zero), t) Thesetermsareevaluatedonurrentlyandindependently.


Such a blocking pattern can also be expressed in Datalog and solved by a logic database.

it is not practical to enforce developers to specify the blocking condition for every API of their libraries.


Just as these JVMs had tight coupling for several classes, preventing PH O S P H O R from adding .elds to them to track taint tags, it is certainly possible that other JVMs have even more constraints on more classes (such coupling between class libraries and interpreter are not discussed in the JVM speci.cation).

we are con.dent that if such cases arose, PH O S P H O R would still be applicable, falling back to storing taint tags for instances of such classes with a HashMap, an approach that would still work, though perhaps with somewhat higher overhead (such changes would need to be manually implemented).


The results of the tests are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11.

based on the results, we can see that X10 s performance can be comparable to Hadoop s. there are a few key points that should be pointed out in terms of the performance.


This openness and complexity means that the environment tends to be unpredictable, essentially asynchronous, making it impractical, or even incorrect, to assume any time-related bounds.

there are increased concerns about the dependability of these systems and applications, in the sense of their ability to meet some speci.ed quality of service (QoS) levels.


The main idea of the heuristic is to iteratively select an unassigned procedure f and assign f to a page p such that the number of switching actions between f and the procedures already assigned to p is maximized.

the algorithm discards connection information between f and other unassigned procedures.


One of the JBoss managers explicitly warned us against putting too much faith in the effort data, as he generally considered post facto estimates to be too imprecise.

one should note that the effort data is entered voluntarily, and one of the JBoss developers con.rmed that For the cases were [sic] the time spent is reported, this should be relatively accurate.


The main difference is that the task model is usually specified explicitly, independently of the logic of an application [1] while our approach defines the task model implicitly in the program source code in a form of the program structure and additional GUI controlling directives (annotation).

it does not mean that the GUI definition is not separated from the program logic, because the UI module is generated automatically (thus separately) from the abstract user interaction elements in a program.


The raw memory classes de.ned in the RTSJ can be used unchanged.

for security reasons, only primitive data types (byte, ints, longs, floats and doubles) can be read and written.


{patient, phys1 }}) Considering the assignment statement, it does not hold that s(history) s(history + obs1), because only patient is authorized by its static label to write to history, while history + obs1 is in.uenced by phys1 .

it does hold that {patient, phys1 } = writers(s(history)) .


To terminate a gossip interaction, the expiration time included in the context should su.ce.

an alternative mechanism may be used by any Disseminator.


The disadvantage is that you have promoted the use of those methods over potentially sufficient similar methods, thereby limiting the potential of the object for polymorphic behavior without refactoring of the method calls.

there are a variety of options when choosing a variable type to which to code.


The only major process innovation offered by components is the notion of development by assembly [1] where systems are developed by assembling existing parts rather than by traditional implementation techniques.


In SGAS case, the accounting is simplified because all resources are equal.

as we showed in our results, for a more heterogeneous grid, using only time benefits providers of slow resources.


This is the theoretical limit of CDN utility.

in practice this will never happen since the content of the Web sites changes through time leading to cache misses.


Intuitively, it makes sense that they would be strongly correlated; the longer a program runs, the more energy it consumes.


On the one hand, they result from domain analysis, elicitation, speci.cation analysis, and negotiation.

they guide further domain analysis, elicitation, speci.cation analysis, and negotiation.


K , where K is the constant hofunctor de.ned by K F = List Bool and K f = idList Bool.

: the naturality property corresponding to any OP : µ .


Anoverview As said in the introduction, one would like to have a language with theexpressivenessof SystemFcombinedwiththe convenienceof Hindley-Milner type inference.

since type inference for .rst-class polymorphism is undecidable in general (Wells 1999) some type annotation are always needed.


Previous languages supporting these forms of extensibility either restrict their usage to a limited set of programming idioms that can be modularly typechecked (and modularly compiled) or simply forego modular typechecking altogether.

rMJ supports the new language features in a virtually unrestricted form while still providing mostly-modular static typechecking and fully-modular compilation.


When hiding a shown code artifact that have relationships to other artifacts, the simplest approach is to hide all relationships originating or terminating at the element being hidden.

relo implements the more sensible choice of allowing relationships to be transitively visualized.


By adopting regular expressions as types, they could include rich operations over types in their type structure, and that made it possible to capture precisely the behavior of pattern matching over strings in their type system.

a full type inference algorithm was not given in the paper.


Registered references are available to any object on the platform.

scopes and access rights may optionally restrain service visibility and accessibility for structural and security purposes.


A Pattern Language for Programming Contests with Game AI Competition Kazunori Sakamoto Waseda University kazuu@ruri.waseda.jp Akira Ohashi Waseda University akiraradiant@akane.waseda.jp Masaya ShimizuWaseda University 03m.shimizu@ruri.waseda.jp Shuhei Takahashi Shinichi Murakami Hironori Washizaki Waseda University shihakata@ruri.waseda.jp Waseda University s.murakami620@fuji.waseda.jp Waseda University washizaki@waseda.jp Yoshiaki Fukazawa Waseda University fukazawa@waseda.jp ABSTRACT Recently, programming contests, especially contests where contestants compete with each other by developing programs that plays on game software, are becoming popular as an educational methodology.

such game software is di.erent from existing game software and applications that users directly plays or manipulates.


On the one hand, a system needs to remain within sustainable resource boundaries under changing environmental and internal conditions.

adaptation actions that maintain the short-term functional and non-functional properties of a system have to consider the long term impact on resource utilization.


In the past, the loop fusion problem has been formulated as a graph partitioning problem [14, 22], where the goal was to partition all loops into disjoint clusters, each cluster representing a set of loops to be fused.

in the context of the polyhedral compiler framework that takes a statementcentric view, this formulation needs an adjustment in that each vertex of the graph corresponds to a statement instead of a loop.


We conclude that speculation is generally successful.

we cannot expect a speculative technique to be universally successful; we need to analyze the consequences of failure.


In fact, in a recent empirical study, test suites that had been reduced using call trees as a coverage metric were 97-100% likely to detect each known fault in the evaluated program [14].

as part of future work, we intend to replicate the experiments with di.erent test adequacy criteria.


Again, no-replication SybilControl performed worse than no-replication regular Chord, typically by approximately 0.3 hops.

once one replication was introduced, SybilControl lookups roughly matched regular Chord lookups in hop count, varying by less than 0.1 hops.


The effectiveness of the transformation system has been demonstrated on a number of non-trivial application kernels for multi-core processors.

building such a framework for GPUs requires attention to several additional issues.


As a consequence, it is not possible to carry out major validation and analysis of the architecture.

our proposal is that AOZCL combines an ADL, formal specification and AO modeling.


SAGA BigJob[12] has been shown to work well on the TeraGrid previously where the hardware and software con.gurations of the available resources are well known to the original developers.

resources on DEISA are more varied and BigJob operation on DEISA resources required BigJob to be ported to one new scheduler and three new MPI implementations which were di.erent from those in use at previous sites on the TeraGrid and doing so required considerable understanding of the inner workings of those evironments.


Since columns of A are in and uniformly distributed, one can easily check th for all integers 1 = R = M. Indeed, let A be Pr[ A is CLW ] = 2-M R(1-E) , where E can be made arbitrarily small by choo enough b.

a and A have the tribution conditioned on the event rank ( A ) = R Pr[ A is CLW ] =Pr[ A is CLW | rank ( A ) = Pr[ A is CLW ] = .


This includes an extensive number of native methods, which indeed involve a lot of engineering work.

we believe that this solution opens possibilities to a much tighter integration which would not be possible otherwise.


An action may have an actuating e.ect on the local node (for example, re.ne a measurement or move the mobile node to a new location), and may also cause the signalling of the de 1 http://www.bio.waikato.ac.nz/research/research1.shtml.zoology tected event to the local or to remote nodes or raise a new 2 Note that GPS satellite collars allow continuous monitoring.

those collars are only suitable for animals event.


Note that in Figure 1 the basic units in the events take several steps to execute.

in the resultingsemantics event execution may be seen as immediate relative to the base system because of the locality of the .elds, that no event a.ects the internal propositions of other events, and that there are no dependencies cycles.


Then, a community-based architecture is completely transparent from the user s point of view.

the master Web service does not implement the communityfunctionalityitself.


This principle applies equally to the domain (well-accepted in OO/agile circles) as well as to the design / architecture (accepted in architecture circles).

design concepts like Layers and Components are not automatically visible, but you can follow a set of intention revealing patterns and idioms to do so.


Recall that we do allow if statements in the Hoare triples.

if one branch contains a cut-point, we require syntactically that the other branch also contains a cut-point or that the if statement is immediately followed by one.


This matter is partly caused by the extensive work already done on sensing/monitoring tools for system administration.

e.ecting is still more performed by administrators in an ad hoc way.


Ideally, all the patient data need to be quickly available to healthcare practitioners involved at the point of care.

this in most cases is not possible due to constraints on network bandwidth and processing and storage capacity of intermediary nodes, and most importantly data origin servers could be remotely placed.


Therefore the poor performance of gEDF at the guest OS level results from the combination of pessimistic resource interfaces based on the CSA and the non-workconserving nature of periodic server.

we study deferrable server, a work-conserving mechanism for implementing VC-PUs, in Section 4.6 when we .x the guest OS scheduler to be either pEDF or gEDF, the set of VCPUs that is scheduled by the VMM is also .xed.


While performing con.ict detection in software would avoid the need for special-purpose hardware, con.ict detection in software can lead to unacceptable runtime overhead due to the need for extra computation on each memory access.

performing con.ict detection in hardware is ef.cient and lightweight.


Many of the other rules should now be relatively self-explanatory.

the reader should take note of rules (p-inl) and (p-inr), as these rules are primary points where partial grammars are generated.


Conclusion GPUs provide an attractive platform for accelerating parallel workloads.

their programming complexity poses a signi.cant challenge to application developers.


For M × N exceeding 256, HiDP s thread version outperforms the other two versions.

cUBLAS does not deliver the best performance until M × N reaches 32768.


7.3 Eventual Consistency We showed how merged versions maintain the decision as to which patches need to be undone.

for any two con.icting versions v1 and v2, two possible merged versions can be produced: one preferring v1, and the other preferring v2.


As a result, DEMETER s parallel granularity is now limited to the number of components.

we can accelerate the exploration by parallelizing the exploring algorithm itself.


Moreover, the contexts of use where those devices are being used transcend the desktop to reach the streets or many other physical environments.

currently the profile of the users of software applications is shifting more and more towards a less advanced user profile.


This suggests that our system is scalable in the number of CPUs.

most of the applications su.er from heavier overheads for a higher number of threads.


Forexample,theeliminationrulefordrop1stAstated attheendoftheprevioussubsetionisdenotedas {-#RULES "projMapIdrop1stA" forallvprojMap(drop1stAv)=projMapv #-} Thisrulewillmaketheoptimiserspotourrenesofthe patternprojMap(drop1stAv),wherevanbeanarbitrary expression,andreplaeitbytherighthandsideoftherule.


Most part of the existing acquired data sets from research vessels have being acquired through proprietary software or by commercial packages.

the metadata, descriptions of data and instruments, are not well acquired and generated.


For example, if a 2D-pro.ling compiler identi.es a branch is input-independent, it can aggressively generate predicated code for it.

if a branch is inputdependent, the compiler can convert it into a wish branch [10] instead of predicating it.


Since video frames encoded as an array contain usually many items/elements (several 100.000 entries that represent the encoded pixels of each frame), this is a time-consuming task.

the overhead using request/response aspects (2.1 seconds on the request side and 8.4 seconds on the response side, respectively) is negligible due to the massive runtime improvements introduced by the request/response aspects (245.34 seconds compared to 4421.94 seconds).


Since domain 0 is already executing many other processes (including the networking stack and the indexer), performance is improved by only 10% by adding an additional antivirus scanner.

af.nity made it simple to run multiple copies of the antivirus scanner in different satellite kernels without any knowledge of the topology of the machine.


For the sake of concretenesswebuild our presentation around Haskell and System FC, since this setting allows us to demonstrate our points with real code, instead of using a hypothetical .-calculus.

we stress that our work is applicable whenever .exible type generativity and non-parametric type-level features are combined.Forexample, thevery same issues could arise inextensionsof theML module system.We discuss relatedwork in Section 7.


Example 7 We will use some further syntactic abbreviations as well: let val x =e in f is short for let dia y =(let val x =e in dia f )in [y] and let name X:A in f is short for let dia y =(let name X:A in dia f )in [y] Operationally, the let box rule could also be seen as a similar abbreviation, but it is usually consider primitive because of prooftheoretic reasons: it is required during proof search in order to preserve the subformula property of the calculus.

let val does not have any signi.cance for proof search, and the same holds for let name.


2 Loops that are dominated by recurrence problems rather than resource issues typically are not unrolled.

it is not uncommon for resource bound (unrolled) loops to contain minor recurrences.


This pattern occurs at several other locations in the program.

in one speci.c instance of the call to ri BuildQueryKeyFull at line 250, the rule is not satis.ed, as there is no call to ri DetermineMatchType preceding it.


The red events indicate true paths -paths along which a null-dereference is possible.

these events also include intermediate events of true paths computed in intermediate methods.


In this work, due to the lack of real available workloads and to be able to have reproducible experiments, workload pro.ling has been made o.ine and then resource executions emulated into simulated resources.

through a plug-in architecture, the monitoring framework is easily integrated with monitoring frameworks for VMs and physical nodes, e.g., the Libvirt library [16] or Nagios [19], that allow us to measure the virtual and physical machines status.


We assume implicit deadlines (equal to the periods).

since Linux is a general purpose operating system, running also non real-time tasks, it is of paramount importance to correctly deal with overload conditions, as well as to face the problems of task blocking and critical sections accesses.


For pre-copy, failure of the destination node does not matter because the source node still holds an entire up-to-date copy of the VM s memory and processor state and the VM can be revived if necessary from this copy.

when post-copy is used, the destination node has more up-to-date copy of the virtual machine and the copy at the source happens to be stale, except for pages not yet modi.ed at the destination.


For instance, the speci.cation of Map s behavior is written in terms of ghost variables Keys and Values, which are explicitly updated inside of the implementation to track the abstract value of the map.

there is no syntactic distinction between class members that are used for these speci.cation purposes, and those that are pieces of the concrete representation.2 One can imagine a second implementation of Map using different data structures, and see that either some subset of the existing Map s speci.cation would have to be copy/pasted into this new component, or else the same behavior 2 The distinction between real and ghost variables is not suf.cient for these purposes, because for example a ghost set is used to keep track of the allocated objects owned by the Map, though this is not a part of the map s abstract value.


In addition, di.erent outcomes are obtained for the computer systems selected.


The problem of statically determining the set of (HTML) outputs of a web application is undecidable.

as we observe in our evaluation, the problem is typically tractable for real-world web applications.


Their technique works backward from the property to be checked and systematically applies approximation to achieve termination.

real-world programs are usually large and complex.


This information is combined in the original paper, and transformed into a binary variable.

this transformation is not described in detail.


3.2 Simple Lock Algorithms Traditionally, the simple synchronization algorithms tend to be fast when there is little or no contention for the lock, while more sophisticated algorithms usually have a higher cost for low-contention cases.


Although the cognitive model has intuitiveness for some, engineers with experience in industrial development of controllers, autopilots, and autonomous systems may regard the use, in these applications, of a cognitive model as an unnecessary, even counter-productive burden.

integrating domain expert knowledge (ie.


If functions could only be called using dot syntax, the this argument would always be the expected object, so there would be no need to wrap it.

if this is not wrapped, the untrusted code can call the function using Function.apply and pass in an arbitrary this object.


Such tasks should execute regularly and can delay foreground user tasks due to their heavy use of resource capacity.

it typically matters little exactly when or at which speed such tasks execute.


This implies the partial mode shape identi.ed from each pair of nodes has to be recombined to recreate the complete mode shape necessary for damage detection.

this strategy would potentially amplify the recombination error, if any one of the sensor nodes is unreliable.


(4) Interference frequency: Because of the Doppler Effect and the characteristics of radio interferometry, a higher interference frequency increases the Doppler shift, which also improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the frequency waveform.

a high interference frequency also has certain disadvantages.


With IVars this simply amounts to resetting the contents of full IVars to empty.

it is possible that before the cancelation occurred, other threads concurrently running were able to read the contents of this IVar.


The JavaScript runtime is grey box, since the JavaScript language provides powerful facilities for re.ection and dynamic object modi.cation.

many important data structures are de.ned by native objects, and the JavaScript proxies for these objects are only partially compatible with JavaScript s ostensible object semantics.


Two threats were identi.ed which can limit such generalization: Materials used: the size of the interview transcripts might not be representative of industrial problems, but it was appropriate for the available time for the pre and post exercises.

we think that the intellectual processes applied during conceptual modelling and potentially improved by mindfulness are basically the same regardless of the size of the problem at hand.


In addition, polymorphic functions may affect even the ef.ciency of monomorphic functions (if implemented by boxing .oatingpoint numbers, for example).

it would not be too hard to implement polymorphic functions by code duplication (as in MLton [4]) without sacri.cing ef.ciency.


In this case, there is nothing much that can be done to take advantage of these data sharing from the scheduler s perspective.

if k and p are scheduled one after another (e.g., due to lack of sufficient resources to execute them in parallel), one would prefer that they execute on the same processor core if they share data, or in different cores otherwise.


The best software technologies use large amounts of memory, layers of abstraction, elaborate algorithms, and other approaches that are not directly applicable in embedded systems.

the hardware capabilities have improved, and market demands more elaborate products, increasing software complexity.


Naturally, without inspecting the implementation of the software architecture the sizes of the modules and submodules cannot be taken into account.

when the architecture is implemented the metric may evolve into a measure for component balance as proposed in [10].


The GigE client, however, bene.ts from the GigE host client serving more data and shows a similar rate curve as the host client (Figure 5(a)).

it experiences severe throughput drop as more data gets stored on the 100Mb/s host client (Figure 5(b)).


*, then the coercions .0 and .1 in the rule would both be type coercions.

type coercions cannot be composed with .


Types can be constructed from both any and concrete contexts.

any cannot be used as a context argument when constructing objects.


The usual de.nition of con.ict requires at least one of the con.icting instruction to be a write (to the global variable or object).

this simpler de.nition suf.ces for us, since we use exclusive locks for reading as well.


in exp ', the handler ' try e1 catch (c2@fv2#v2) e2 is also unreachable.


The rationale behind this heuristic is that fewer DD-instances should need to be added when a con.guration is constructed by extending the cached pre.x that takes longest to build.

the downside of this heuristic is that a pre.x could be regarded as the best pre.x to cover a DD-instance only because it takes the longest time to build, even though many components in the pre.x are not really needed.


The fusion algorithm employed within PLuTo is also used by various other polyhedral frameworks including PoCC, PolyOpt, LLVM s Polly and IBM s XL compiler.

as discussed in our motivation to this work, it lacks a cost model to determine good pre-fusion schedules leading to suboptimal fusion partitions, especially for large programs with many statements.


In this case the AOI of a peer P may be empty but P sends its heartbeats to its Voronoi neighbours anyway so that the topology of the Delaunay overlay is dynamically maintained.

overlay disconnections may still arise because of the spatial drifts or of unexpected peers crashes.


For instance, the relative order of request accesses to disk resources impacts disk utilization and fairness.

such relative order has no impact on either processor or network resource utilization or fairness.


the Whole Library Some common APIs, such as the Object Class, may appear frequently in the Web search results.

these common APIs are not interesting for a API query.


Hitz and Montazari [7] showed the LOCM metric to be invalid (using representation condition style arguments).

researchers persist in empirically validating the metric, although this is clearly inappropriate.


Thus, no task runs out of memory, unless there is no space left globally.

since the granularity of allocation is unequal, these schemes su.er from the increased run-time overhead of allocation (malloc) and deallocation (free) for each procedure call and return.


Also, for the apache and squid bugs chosen, the larger D causes high memory pressure; more complex implementations of the edit distance algorithm have much better space ef.ciencies [23].

given their expense, the path comparison stage of delta analysis as well as backward slicing are top candidates to be run in the background (or on a different machine) to avoid interfering with foreground tasks.


For example, PHP provides the mysql real escape string() function that can be used to escape SQL special characters inserted in a given string.

in order to avoid introducing security vulnerabilities in their applications, programmers must be aware of these security problems and properly sanitize each user-supplied input before any possible use as the argument of an output function.


Previous work mostly focused on language abstractions, with less attention to optimization or performance assessment.

the high overhead of current reactive languages is also among the factors that limit the spreading of this technology.


Similarly to the pattern SearchInFunc, SearchInBuggy searches for interleavings within a set F of functions.

instead of starting the search from the beginning of the functions, this pattern includes a .xed schedule before starting the search (at line 2 of GenericPattern).


As the cost of dispatches falls, any bene.t from using a register VM instead of a stack VM falls.

switch and simple threaded dispatch are the most commonly used interpreter techniques, and switch is the only e.cient alternative if ANSI C must be used.


So far only two systems have been analyzed.

they are both of different application types, are written in different programming languages, are of suf.cient size, and have a long history.


Adjusting CPU supply voltage has great impact on energy consumption, since the consumption is proportional to the square of supply voltageinCMOS microprocessors[3, 18].

lowering the supply voltage linearly a.ects the maximum operating frequency, which may impact system performance.


So, if it is a traditional printer, staff D s document must be put at the end of the task sequence.

maybe his document is far more important than the other s or his document s size is smaller than the other s. As for Internetware, it need the ability of self-adaptation, so once new commands are sent to online printer, the task should be reordered based on some criterions.


Ruby on Rails has two main strengths: on the one hand it provides default application logic for the generic parts of web applications and several helper methods for data manipulation and JavaScript e.ects, alleviating developers from these 4http://www.sqlite.org tasks.

since Ruby on Rails is targeted towards web applications that operate on relational databases, it integrates the business logic with the domain data using the ActiveRecord object-relational mapping: database tables serve as domain models and database tuples become Ruby instances.


From the de.nition of MG(i,j), it follows that t has tobethedistinguishableneighbourof v, and v has to be the distinguishable neighbour of u; moreover, lG{v,t} = lG{v,u} = {i,j}.

then {v,t} cannot be a uniquely labelled edge of v, and t cannot be the distinguishable neighbour of v. Note that the sets MG(i,j) can be constructed by a distributed algorithm in constant time.


The remainder outlines our approach by the example of an instrumentation plug-in for the emulation of the COND mutator for ARM binaries.

as it can be easily seen, it can be similarly applied to any of the proposed ARM mutator classes from Table 1.


2.4 Termination Region termination, .nal states and termination transitions may seem like straightforward concepts.

their precise semantics and the choices we made in SCCharts deserve some further discussion, as different interpretations have emerged in the past.


For brevity, it is assumed that mpi communication is not overlapped with computation in our performance model, while our actual implementation overlaps mpi communica f tion time (Tmpi) with the local fft computation time (T.t) as described in Section 6.1.

it is straightforward to extend the model to consider the overlapping.


Our observations about the TPM and DRPM made above for the single processor case hold here for the 4 processor case as well.

we see a reduction in the effectiveness of the DRPM version as interleaving disk accesses coming from multiple processors makes predicting idleness more dif.cult.


Since the server transmis-sion delay problem arises from the one block per stream in a round property of block placement schemes, the problem does not occur when that property is abandoned.

this Multiple Block Read scheme cannot avoid disk wast-ing bandwidth because of idle rounds arising from Case 3 in Section 3.


Thereby, the context variability needs to be bound, i.e., each configuration of the context has to be verified against the system specification separately.

a verification of the structure and functions of the context against the structure and the functions of the system is not presented and declared as future work.


The experimental results in [35] show that even the relatively e.cient mapping mechanisms in Umbra [35] and Valgrind [21] incur three and nine times slowdown, respectively, to the program execution.

with our object-based technique, the mapping has almost no time overhead.


Using this feature end-users will be able to immediately inform peers and analysts about upcoming needs.

this research also includes privacy issues raised by the distribution of needs via mobile network infrastructures.


as children of Engine in accordance to Fig ure 1.

this does not adequately re.ect the intent of variability in time or the successor/predecessor relation of versions.


This effort is also made to ensure process institution to minimize any post defects by improving test activities at early stage.

in order to meet the required quality within restricted costs and schedule and reduce time to market, risk management must be performed within iterative life cycle.


These bugs can pass down several layers of components before landing on a lower level component owner.

too many reassignments means that no one person or team is taking responsibility for handling the bug, so it might never get .xed [26].


This approach works well when the number of players in any given area is strictly limited.

no such limit occurs naturally, because population density in real games follows a power law [35].


The processor s L1 cache is usually the prefetching destination.

none of existing approaches investigate the pre-execution approach for the parallel I/O latency problem yet.


This level of tracing would be very dif.cult to obtain through purely software means because of the .ne-level of instrumentation that will be required, and correspondingly the high level of perturbation that will be caused to the normal execution of the application.

aVEKSHA does not have to make tightly coupled changes to the hardware (the radio in this case), which are dif.cult to make and in some cases impossible when the hardware or the .rmware is closed source.


The choice among these possible new locations is based on some arbitrary tie breaking rule.

a con.guration is said to be in weak Nash equilibrium if there is no node u wishing to deviate to any cluster C = Cu, given that following u s deviation, C s centroid will move to the location farthest away from u among its possible locations.


They assess the pair-wise correlations between the performance signatures of a performance test and a baseline test to identify performance anomalies and deviations.

it s hard to find baselines in rapidly evolving large-scale systems.


Hence each device can be shut down for long periods of time resulting in greater energy savings.

these methods implicitly assume there is no task execution penalty associated with the shutdown of devices.


block stays green as long as releasing the block would not change the cycle breaking.

if the user drags the block to the far left, across the red circle segment, i.e., closer to the origin than the Master block, the box will turn yellow, indicating that releasing it at that point may change the way cycles are broken.


One may argue that slicing actually increases the overall number of elements (ensembles/constraints)  since some of them are mentioned in multiple slices.

as they represent the same abstractions in all slices, the overall number of elements that need to be understood remains the same as in the model A.


When the evolution is not in-place, this model implies that each new version should convey at least the same information as its predecessor (except for intentional revisions), thus rendering all previous versions redundant.

reproducing the contents requires a signi.cant menial effort, which designers are likely to try and minimize.


To enhance the performance over the LRU algorithm for particular workloads, various algorithms such as 2Q [13], LRU-K [14], EELRU [15], LRFU [16], and ARC [17] have been proposed.

all these algorithms pay attention only to the minimization of cache miss counts.


Memcheck s shadow values track the de.nedness of values; its instrumentation has been described previously [25] and the details are beyond the scope of this paper.


We encourage the reuse of such profiles with our design decision approach.

these profiles are usually analysisfocused and attribute-specific.


As it is a complete architecture solution to separate and speedup stack accesses, the cost is generally too high to be applicable to embedded systems.

our solution resorts to the compiler to orchestrate priorities through stack offsets, so more variables can be stored in the small extended register file, reducing the power consumption and latency that can be caused by a larger register file.


The subtree S(L) has no new private data, so it is not a sub-algorithm.

subtree S(F ) has new private data besides ds3 that was already private in subtree S(X), namely ds2 and ds4.


At one extreme, SA4J provides an excellent set of useful visualizations for assessing modifiability and reusability.


i1 = CMMem "input1" 10 i2 = CMMem "input2" 10 compileSaxpy = runCM 0 $ toVector (let as = use i1 bs = use i2 in saxpy 2 as bs) This results in the following program.

allocate "v0" 10 :>>: For "v1" 10 ( Write "v0" v1 ((2.0 * input1[v1]) + input2[v1]) ) in the case of saxpy that uses the index function, it is more interesting to see the compiler output when at least one of the arrays is not simply created by a use.


Thus, labels appear in the left-hand side of assignments an in any part of a program in which (arithmetic or boolean) expressions may occur.

expressions that are not allowed in this version of Enfasis are those obtained from the increment and ´ decrement operators due to their di.cult side-e.ect semantics.


to the best of our knowledge, previous work has focused on map matching frequently-sampled GPSdata with lownoise,andonqualitativestudiesof accuracy.Ourkeycon tributionisa quantitativeevaluationofthe end-to-end quality of time estimates from noisy and sparsely sampled locations, both importantinthe energy-constrainedsmartphone setting.


We note that the need to have well working verification of the Base Software also create a need for specific interfaces that enable the verification team to test the system sufficiently.

as the customer of the product will not distinguish the Base Software from the application, an error in the application may create a market problem that is as sever as a problem in the Base Software.


Consequently, there is no need for try as in Parsec.

in order to express an optional part of a grammar, we have introduced maybe, which is in fact a simpli.ed version of many.


In the .rst 16 hours we see the same regular sampling from the Baseline mode.

when the failure occurs and the Space mode is activated we see that: (1) because the Space mode only requires one of the nearest motes to react only Mote 2 increases its sampling frequency.


It can be argued that one reason behind the success of this API has been the implementation style, which is particularly convenient for application developers, as it is similar to DOM (Document Object Model) and other interfaces that can be found from web browsers.

google Maps is not the only example of programmatic interface approach, as there are numerous other examples including user authentication, social networking, HTML5 music and video players, and data visualization, among others.


For each of the scienti.c applications, we performed the same set of steps described in Section IV-A.

most of the applications were originally written in Fortran by programmers specializing in speci.c application domains (Fluid Dynamics, Solid mechanics, etc).


[26] have proposed an extension of Haskell that adds new syntax and type system machinery for dealing with open type-level functions.

as observed by Diatchki and Jones [11] and subsequently elaborated and implemented by Diatchki [10, Chapter 5], it is possible to obtain essentially the same functionality without signi.cant additions to a type system that supports functional dependencies or, more generally, improvement, as in Appendix B using only a lightweight syntactic abbreviation.


Each projection solely visualizes elements relevant for that particular stakeholder [1, 13].

for complex staged con.guration processes with numerous het-  Figure 3: The view model de.nes stakeholders and their views on the extended feature model.


Second, the language has only increasing operators.Arule can either ignorea parameter, passit along unchanged, or pass it on as part of a larger term.

it cannot decompose or otherwise decrease a parameter.


To do this, STR partitions the space by dividing each dimension into an equal number of slices, i.e.,3 slices containing the same number of data points, to render 9 MBRs (Figure 2(a)).

we divide the dataset into 8 MBRs (2-by-4 as illustrated in Figure 2(b)), to signi.cantly enhance the node utilization of STR, i.e., 83.3% 30 30 ( 9×4) into 93.75% ( 8×4).


Traditionally, programmers de.ne functions by induction on the structure of values (pattern matching).

polytypic programmers de.ne polykinded types by induction on the structure of kinds and polytypic functions by induction on the structure of concrete types or more precisely, by cases on the building blocks of structure representation types (base types, units, and binary sums and products).


Functional Pearl: The Great Escape Or, How to jump the border without getting caught David Herman Northeastern University dherman@ccs.neu.edu Abstract Filinski showed that callcc and a single mutable reference cell are suf.cient to express the delimited control operators shift and reset.

this implementation interacts poorly with dynamic bindings like exception handlers.


She has detailed knowledge about the internal behavior of the RTOS, allowing her to perform appropriate analyses that cover all corner cases.

it is virtually impossible to provide numbers for all combinations of targets, compilers, libraries, etc.


Importantly, if a program contains for example operations corresponding to choice and exceptions, the handlers for both choice and exceptions need to be invoked in order to return a .nal (pure) result.

the user is free to call the necessary handlers in any order they wish, allowing them to decide the intended semantics of a program, rather than leaving this to the Haskell type system.


These terms are variations of the same concept; it is thus natural to expect that both terms will be suggested as related candidate terms.

all the major term extraction tools we investigated (see Section 2) would detect the former because it is a single noun phrase, but not the latter, because it is a combination of two noun phrases.


Static analysis is insensitive to di.erent program inputs.

because many program analysis problems for concurrent semantics are either NP-Complete [27] or undecidable [25], static analysis must make numerous assumptions during program analysis.


It should not be surprising that throughout development, consistent A/B students regularly demonstrate better solutions and testing than consistent C/D/F students do.

it is more telling that varied-performance students also demonstrate a positive relationship between maintaining good coverage throughout development and producing higher-quality results.


With .rst option, the algorithm s expected time reduces by P (Bj )(TA(L) - TA(L {Bj })) due to the fact that one job is removed from the workload.

it also increases by an expected time of .


the works of[4,6,14]proposeto moveparts of a program s code and data into the scratchpad memory or into a software-controlledcache while taking care that their optimizations always operate on theWCEP.


In step 3, because RFold2D needs at least 4 turns to have the start and end points of the B dimension, the larger one of the guest grid, to meet, condition A < B/4 is necessary to embed at least the four 90-degree-turns.

for the case of MFold2D, since at least one 180-degree-turn is needed, condition A < B/2 is speci.ed.


We normalize methods vectorstohavethe same lengthof1before summingthemuptobuildthevectorofthe containing classto avoid the problem of unbalanced sizes between those methods.

in other cases for comparing methods, their corresponding vectors will not be normalized.


Lastly, the constant evolution of the UML standard, forces us to update the mapping of the architectural primitives in the language in its subsequent versions, which can prove to be cumbersome.

we do believe that the advantages that UML conveys outweigh these disadvantages.


On the one hand, such a component can be declared within an interaction model as explained above for the example of the multimodal map navigator that combines speech with pointing gestures.

the complementary component can be automatically added to the mediation chain by the manager.


Because we cannot update the network in one atomic step, the individual switches must be recon.gured one-by-one.

if we are not careful, incremental updates of individual switches can lead to transient con.gurations that do not implement the intended access control policy.


Virtualization has been successfully used with many different application classes.

some applications like IP telephony media servers and audio and video servers demonstrate inadequate performance when run on virtualized platforms [2][3].


By using this language feature, postconditions can express that certain objects must have already existed before the operation call.

it is usually not possible to observe that this test has been applied to a set of object references that is suf.cient to completely rule out the creation of new instances for a certain class.


4.5 Reuse As we will show in Section 5, many tope implementations can be reused without modification in multiple applications, both within a development platform (such as web applications) and across platforms (such as reusing a tope implementation in a web application even though it was originally created for a spreadsheet).

different software applications may require slightly different validation for a particular data category, thus limiting reusability.


In this respect, a C2C operator is used to map a LHS class to a RHS class and expresses that each instance of the LHS class is copied to an according instance of the RHS class.

a Cn 2 C operator maps several LHS classes to a single RHS class, thus merging a certain combination of instances of the LHS classes to a single instance of the RHS class.


The editors divided images into pieces, and created the decision tree through some rules, and each leaf node outputted the shape type.

the rules were so simple as not to distinguish complex shapes.


If a register is not available for the entire lifetime of an interval, this or another interval is split and spilled to a stack slot, leading to new intervals added to the unhandled set during the run of the algorithm.

the algorithm never backtracks, i.e., all added intervals always start after the current position.


Architecture-centric integration demands a di.erent set of skillsthandoes cleanslate development, andtosome,may seem overly complex and di.cult.

it is one of the few practices capable of pacing accelerating technological change.


For example, the metalanguage OCL o.ers constraints, that can be used by itself, by other meta-languages, languages, and language instances (see Figure 10).

it should be noted that de.nition of a language is not the same as usage of a language; for example, if we follow the common notion that MOF is used at M3, and languages are de.ned at M2, we have to also consider MOF to be de.ned at M2.


The obvious similarity is that page tables divide address space up into smallish chunks, as Memcheck s table does.


For example, the Age newtype de.nition generates the axiom (where mkAge is a coercion constant c): mkAge : Age ~ Int/T Note that ECOERCE requires s1 and s2 to be equal when considered in role T, which is consistent with the idea that type equality determines when it is safe to coerce.

on the other hand, source programs can also introduce code equalities.Forexample the type function F (Section 2.2) generates the two axioms: axF1 : F Int ~ Bool/C axF2 : F Age ~ Char/C all code axioms can be used to prove type equalities, as code equality is a re.nement of type equality.


SuperC, our open-source tool1 implementing these techniques, can fully parse programs with high variability, notably the entire x86 Linux kernel.

typeChef can only parse a constrained version and MAPR fails for most source .les.


This work shares with ours the use of a veri.cation approach based on re.nement for the veri.cation of an already implemented system.

in their work re.nement is used just for reasoning about the consistency of the speci.cation.


The remapping step runs in parallel with a preceding independent GPU kernel and takes more than 10 times of the kernel execution time.

with the e.ciency control, the remapping is shut down automatically; the execution time of the kernel shows no noticeable changes compared to that of the original as shown in Figure 6, indicating the e.ectiveness of the scheme in preserving the basic e.ciency of a program.


Existing DVFS techniques are primarily based on hardware, OS timeinterrupts, or static-compiler techniques.

substantially greater gains can be realized when control opportunities are also explored in a dynamic compilation environment.


However, even UML was too advanced for most of the stakeholders.

the usage of plain text to represent requirements could have been risky; we used plain text, but according to a problem frame based comprehension of requirements.


Consequently, cause-effect chains have a far higher precision than static or dynamic slices.

cause-effect chains require several test runs (which is possibly slower than analysis), apply to a single program run only, and give no hints on the involved statements.


It should be noted that the code size of all three instruction sequences is the same (i.e., 32 bits).

only the AXThumb sequence satis.es the desired criteria as it results in the execution of a single equivalent ARM instruction and is made up of 16-bit instructions.


Motivation: Reduce Software Development Costs The detection and correction of design defects early in the process substantially reduce the cost of subsequent steps in the development and support phases [7]: Designs free of design defects are easier to implement, change, and maintain.

their detection and correction in large designs are highly time-and resource-consuming and error-prone activities [10] because design defects crosscut classes and methods and their descriptions are subject to misinterpretation.


Hence for jobs submitted to OSG the Gateway itself keeps record of individual user activity.

since this tracking is done at a Gateway level, the information will be less accurate than the wall clock time if it were directly reported by the batch system, and may only be for estimation purposes.


For example, for t = 9 (not shown in Figure 6), even for 15% corrupt devices, almost no honest device delivers a fake message.

only 15% of devices deliver any message at all!


This approach has bene.ts in monitoring and analysing various aspects of personal web activities.

its traces are not suitable for use by an assistance system.


It seems that a Tomcat developer tried to .x this bug by putting a lock around the conditional statement, as shown in Figure 9.

jPredictor showed that the error still exists in the patched code, which was a part of the latest version of Tomcat 5 when we carried out our experiments.


This assumptionis justi.edinFabricbyusingSSL for all network communication.

an adversary might still learn information about what is happening inFabric from the size, existence, or timing of network messages.


An obligation is an action that a stakeholder is conditionally required to perform.

anti-rights and anti-obligations state that a right or obligation does not exist.


Much has been published about the field of systems of systems by researchers and practitioners, often with the assertion that the system-of-systems design context necessitates the use of architecture approaches that are somewhat different from system-level architecture.

no systematic review has been conducted to provide an extensive overview of system of systems architecture research.


On the one hand, typechecker bugs or limitations in type inference prevent the compiler from recognizing type-preserving transformations.

and more fundamentally, writing such transformations is impossible, unless we signi.cantly restrict extensibility or use unsafe casts, as we explain in this paper.


They introduce a tool called JDI FF that implements a specialized CFG (similar to the JIG) with Hammocks and a differencing algorithm that is able to categorize code entities as added, deleted, modi.ed, or unchanged.

their algorithm works at the statement level and does not localize changes in the source code as we do.


So, effectively the Create locution is being used here for proposing commitments, not for their creation, because the framework has no locution for proposing a commitment.7 That this is possible in the .sh-market domain is because the rules of the auction institution are suf.ciently constraining, and because the commitments concerned can be expressed as conditional commitments, each to be undertaken upon achievement of some de.ned world state.

if the commitments were to involve simultaneous achievement of different world states, or simultaneous execution of actions, by different parties, then they could not be expressed as conditional commitments.


Our practitioners also suggested that a PM with an IT background was more likely to be associated with a successful project.

the results did not support this either, as M9, PM s background, was not significantly associated with either project success or good requirements.


Also, the APFD metric does not measure whether a test can e.ectively support other important software maintenance activities such as debugging and automatic fault localization.

it is important to note that recent empirical studies of test prioritization techniques also use the APFD metric [7, 13, 24].


When a task is completed it is checked off (and a small celebration ensues.)

if the developer checks of the task when she thinks she is done, there is room for disagreement.


In the .gure we can seen that the node SortAlgorithm.init has the same root trace in both call graphs.

the nodes SortAlgorithm.setParent, BidirectionalBubbleSortAlgorithm.sort, SortAlgorithm.pause and SortItem.pause have di.erent root traces in the call graphs.


A KlarDeutsch program translated to English could look as follows: pumpOff: pump=off if heatingValve > 0,4 and faultPump = on then goto pumpOn if currentDay > 6 then goto block pumpOn: pump=on if heatingValve < 0,2 or faultPump = off then goto pumpOff block: pump=off if currentSecond > 10 or faultPump = off then goto pumpOff KlarDeutsch is extremely simple and somehow old fashioned still using goto-statements.

it shows that there seems to be a need especially in engineering to use natural language supplemented programming languages in the native languages of the engineers.


An aliasReg-path may itself contain match edges, and could therefore connect two nodes that are not connected by an alias-path.

we can once again regain precision using re.nement, this time re.ning the match edges on the aliasReg-path.


Moreover, the rich set of events that can be monitored on IPF enable detailed performance analysis.

iPF also poses challenges to post-link optimizations.


3.1 Filtering ,, The system described in this paper uses system call level logs.

the log size may become huge if all accesses, including cache hits, are captured.


HDFS can guarantee strong consistency because if a writer of block A returns, all the replicas of block A are guaranteed to be identical, and any reader of block A can read any replica.

the disadvantage of this approach is that the performance of writers might su.er because they have to be blocked.


some nodes may host special cluster daemons thus experience greater noise.

this is expected to have marginal e.ect on our probabilistic argument as it requires only trivial changes that do not fundamentally alter the main result.


Binary refactoring can be loosely qualified as an aspectoriented technique (i.e., treating the runtime performance of a program as a separate aspect).

our refactorings are not supported by traditional AOP tools [11].


One approach to obtain such alternate schedules could be to generate random thread schedules, replaying the program using DEJAVU with these schedules until an alternate outcome is found.

we prefer an alternate schedule that is as close as possible to the original schedule, as this reduces the number of tests required to narrow down the failure-inducing difference.


The difference with existing synthesis approaches is that these models have been generalised to port interactions.

if we have more than one instance of the same component type in a scenario description, we build a generalised component model from each one and end up with multiple models for the same component type.


In this paper, we allow such higher-order type parameter only for methods, not for classes, to avoid a type constructor parameterized by another type constructor.

this is not an essential restriction see Section 5.


Some of them [9, 14, 17] show refactorings to transform Java programs into AspectJ programs, yielding results related to ours.

they focus on describing large and global refactorings.


These languages enhance ordinary functional programs, de.ned by general recursion, with more expressive types.

languages like Coq [40], Agda [28] and Epigram [23] treat depen dently typed programming as a use-case of constructive theorem proving.


If two mesh data models have similar implementations, it may be possible to pass the implementation by reference.

best practices in code design discourage the direct sharing of data structures between codes.


A .rst approach is to extend ML with .rst-class second-order polymorphism [15, 25, 20, 7].

the existing solutions are still limited in expressiveness and the amount of necessary type declarations keeps .rst-class polymorphism uneasy to use.


The dependency HIDDEN denotes that the method relies on the hidden imple- mentation of the module.

if new private members were added by a subclass, the dependency HIDDEN would de- note a different hidden implementation, thus methods rely- ing on that should be overridden.


We assume that time does not need to be synchronized among vehicles.

each vehicle must be able to accurately compute the time delay from measuring distance or velocities to sending the measured values in a data packet.


This has opened the door for the use of virtual machines in clusters of physical systems.

in order to better utilize the resources in these systems, it is necessary to have the abilitytodynamically allocate resources to the running VMs.


EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS Because Cloud computing is a generic system, which needed to be evaluated on a biggest virtualized data center system.

evaluate and compare the proposed job deployment algorithms on a real environment to conduct repeatable large-scale experiments is very difficult.


In CPRS(D)-programming we are going to follow an approach close to that developed in [2, 3] for logic programming and .rst-order functional logic programming [31, 32].

in the new higher-order setting with constraints we must consider modules as open programs in the sense that function de.nitions in a de.ned module can be completed with de.nitions for the same functions in other modules or in the higher-order constraint domain D, interpreted as a prede.ned module.


Under this assumption, the size if merely 2N where N is the number of the optimization .ags.For the PGI compiler, our current con.guration has N = 32 separate optimization arguments.

many of them accept parameters, some of which are even numeric, creating a combinatorial explosion of possibilities.


If the distribution of events visiting each context is known a priori, then contexts can also be mapped to nodes to achieve load balance.

speci.c heuristics for mapping are beyond the scope of this paper.


In a programming environment where everything can be modi.ed the danger exists that users break functionality.

this is not a serious problem because changes apply only to a local world and can be reverted.


Several practitioners confirmed the importance to understand what different levels of quality cost, which is important for the decision-making process of release planning and scoping.

practitioners pointed out that models in general may not be useful if it is too time consuming to collect and specify the needed input, or if the model is too complicated and complex.


QuickCheck depends heavily on lazy evaluation, which is available for free in Haskell, but must be explicitly simulated in Erlang.

we found that in most cases this can be hidden conveniently by macros although not always.


our framework combines the strengths of static and dynamic analyses.


Intuitively, the execution of b3 may lead to a failure, and yet it is not the fault.

b2 contains the fault, but its 1 In this paper, we use the term SBI to denote Yu et al.


Further,muchlikethegrepcommand, Arcum canbeused for pattern matching.

arcum s pattern matching is based on desugared AST nodes (instead of characters in a text .le) and can take into account type information.


This allows the authoring of event processing applications at a higher level of abstraction.

they are less suitable for dealing with low-level tasks, such as String manipulation, and other programming-in-the-small problems.


As we have already mentioned, Siek and Taha have studied gradual typing for Abadi-Cardelli s object calculus [3].

the language is object-based and parametric polymorphism is not studied.


For example,almostallthe metricsinthedominatorstree example, yield about four values, but these four values are not distributed equally, as the H H column tells.

an equaldistribution wouldhavegiven2bits ofinformation permeasuredtype.inthisgroup,valuesareless than one.


The Sampler, Task Queue, Resource Allocator, and Simulation Container modules, as well as the SISOL servers, are all part of the SimX package.

these modules have a set of APIs that allows the user to customize their behaviors.


This entails de.ning sometimes complex sequences of request/response patterns between elements of the system including suitable parameter values.

in a realistic environment, neither of these are necessarily available at the required level of detail (if at all), a scenario not uncommon when third-party, legacy and/or mainframe systems are involved.


it is visually intuitive and has been enthusiastically adopted by artists.


In other words, detemplating is attained for free.

holmes performs a simple form of reachability analysis, and this feature is not offered by Moss.


ensuring intention preservation is not su.cient.


The captured version plays the role of a checkpoint to which the user can refer and becomes the new base version of the project structure window.


EasyCPU students knew how to exploit the potential of the environment to fulfill the tasks and how to interpret the feedback information.

tA students tend to relate to the program as a black box.


The CMS collector intends to reduce the GC pause time for full GCs by running a collector thread concurrently.


This could lead to the author simply ignoring your feedback.

the major issues are the essential part of the feedback and are most important to be communicated to the author.


In .µ calculus, µ has the same variable capturing constraints as ., which means that it implements statically scoped exception handling.

exceptions are handled dynamically in practical programming languages.


Transaction mix modelshave been used for performance prediction, capacity planning, and detecting anomaliesinperformance[18,30,35,34].

unlike our work, none of thesepapers considerinteractions caused by the concurrent execution of transactions.


Later on, developer based on his/her domain knowledge has to categorize them manually into classes, attributes and methods.

uMGAR overcomes this problem using efficient NLP tools.


Secher and Sørensen note that type checking is generalizable to type inference [20].

they base their analysis on the use of a deterministic, functional language to express type systems, which makes partial evaluation significantly harder.


For example, the when Security system s server or module is updated, emergent update is quite needed.

printer driver update in office is not urgent.


Were we to more thoroughly apply implicit context to this example, the maps would likely become simpler.

one of the advantages of the implicit context approach is that we are able to apply it either to a new system or incrementally to an existing system.


When an error message occurs, the template evaluation is aborted and no final document is generated by the template processor.

a warning message does not stop the template processing.


There have been a number of studies on compiler optimizations for power, for example [4].

as far as we know, there are no systematic studies that address the following question: what phenomena in the interactions of the compiler, the application and the micro-architecture of a processor gives rise to energy savings?


Even though this preliminary investigation has some limitations and does not provide statistically significant results which can simply be generalized, the experiment results support the hypothesis that different techniques identify different types of defects and have different efficiency and effectiveness.

we also observed that the techniques could not identify variant-specific defects.


[24] presented strong atomicity extensions to our base STM and demonstrated garbage-collection style traversal over objects to implement dynamic escape analysis.

we explore synergies between STM and GC in the opposite direction.


Universities may offer software development materials in different departments, and these programs may distinguish a software focus from other areas of the respective fields.

there is rarely a sense of specialization within software.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In empirical software engineering, it is crucial to understand how people make decisions and solve problems throughout the software development process.

we mostly encounter the missing data problem during empirical studies, which involve people.


The end-to-end fault tolerance property proven for .zap depends not only on the type system but also the nature of the translation from the ordinary simply-typed lambda calculus.

the type system of TALFT is much stronger, capable of ensuring a strong fault tolerance property independently of the process that compiles the code.


This includes such standards as: Frames should have a NOFRAMES section;  all elements should be operable without a mouse;  grouped links should have a link at the start, allowing the user to bypass the group; and  alternative text should be provided for all image map hot-spots.

these checkers do not check for site-speci.c standards such as breadcrumbs must come before an H1 tag , which are the focus of this paper.


The .rst design, based on a minimalist feed-back control systems approach, illustrates that such designs can achieve comparable results, and reinforces the Brooksian philosophy of robotics.

such an approach may lack the design intuitiveness, scalability and maintainability of more sophisticated systems, such as the OODA-based system.


For example, loading only required functionality on a mobile device from a network according to the underlying hardware or user preferences can reduce network load and avoids the necessity to provide any variant of a program.

unfortunately, dynamic compositionhas typicallyanegativeeffectonperformance becauseitintroducesanoverhead.static compositionavoidssuchan overhead needed to support dynamic composition and enables optimizations on the source code level (e.g., function inlining) [21, 12].


This was convenient for several reasons, including testing and interactive querying about types.

a virtual machine implemented in a high level language seldom gives good performance, except for metacircular virtual machines like the Jikes Research VM [8, 1].


The use of gestures was mostly unproblematic.

some participants had trouble drawing certain gestures.


In principle, there are no restrictions on the number of parallel downloads that can be supported.

the current implementation uses a static number of pending simultaneous requests, limiting the number of simultaneous requests to twenty requests.


In Let, the sub-term t inhabits the outer world e: thus, it is not in the scope of the bound name x.

the subterm u inhabits the inner world f: it is in the scope of x.


Applying global data .ow analysis techniques to the extracted information we can annotate parts of the CFG with high level constraints based on the input parameters of the binary objects.

detecting access to high level data structures is not trivial as there can be an unlimited amount of access possibilities generated by the compiler.


Thus, we have the intuition that scalability issues in presence of a very high number of different artifacts may be addressed using the recursive property of megamodeling.

some other topics, which were not the subject of this paper but are related to the present work, still remain to be explored.


2.1 Relational Composition Simple structural relations such as Rhd have .xed cardinality , i.e., they have a .xed number of tuples regardless of the concrete size of the data structure on which they are de.ned.

practical veri.cation problems require relations over algebraic datatypes to have cardinality comparable to the size of the data structure, which may be recursive.


In the bottom-up approach, the lack of local overview might cause inferior solutions to be established (II), whereas the lack of global overview in the bottom-up approach can prohibit the selection of solutions that improve the overall DCS performance (III).

the SMDS concept investigates many Solutions before any budget is spent or resource is activated.


The authors of [6] also propose BloomFilter, a stateful solution which uses Bloom .lters to estimate the overlap between superchunks and storage nodes.

the large memory cost of maintaining Bloom .lters makes this strategy impractical for real backup systems.


It has to sequentially scan the entire heap to compact all live objects at one end of the heap while preserving their order of addresses.

since the heap is generally large, this scanning takes a long time.


In stable environment there is no need for quick delivery because the business environment is stable.

in dynamic environments the need for quick delivery is required to accompany business change.


In HSF-SPIN and SPIN model checkers the search can be done using the Nested Depth First Search algorithm (NDFS) [14].

if the LTL formula represents a safety property (the liveness component is true) the problem of .nding a property violation is reduced to .nd a partial execution a .


The CaesarJ Singleton resembles that in AspectJ, since the CaesarJ example is based on pointcut and advice, just like the AspectJ example.

even in this simple example CaesarJ provides an opportunity to separate a reusable advice into an implementation module.


The Grid architecture incorporates considerations of desktop systems as well as high-end computational clusters.

currently Sector is being designed to be used only with high end systems and clusters configured with large storage and high performance network connections.


By making Option implement the protocol of Collection, the above noted discontinuity will mostly disappear.

doing so not only adds indirection (and hence a performance penalty) to to-one relationships, it also generalizes the problems of collections that stem from putting the container over the content.


Our complexity is similar to Optics, that is, we also achieve a worst case complexity of O(n · log n)for initializing the clusters.

at runtime, typically less than n points need to be updated.


Most slicing techniques that have been proposed for debugging message-passing programs are based on dynamic slicing [21, 25, 27].

dynamically slicing of a messagepassing program usually does not scale well.


Barrier protocols have not received a lot of attention in the realtime literature.

recently developed real-time Java VMs, e.g.


However, since messages 1 and 2 are synchronized by operation D1, we do not need to consider E while determining the operations potentially interfering with messages 1 and 2.

the first common successor of messages 1 and 3 is operation F1.


Regarding the read barrier, the circuitry for read barrier checking is exactly the same.

while the boundaries of the corresponding space change once per collectioncycle with Baker salgorithm, they changetwicepercyclewithournewalgorithm.theread barrierfault handling circuitry needsa minorextension.


Relative to CPU energy reduction, previous studies such as [11, 12] report an average CPU energy reduction of 20% using the compiler approach on a laptop computer.

the average CPU energy savings for our uniprocessor HPC server platform using our automatically-adapting software is about 11%.


Previous techniques [8, 9] would have overlooked this mistake, due to its latent nature.

in the interest of completeness, we decided to perform another run after making sure that the ARP cache of the load generator was cold.


In fact, Longrun incurs a 2.31% slowdown and consumes an extra 69.27 Joules when compared to FULL (the increase in energy consumption is due to the longer completion time for the build job).

tS-DVFS is able to extract 38.62% energy savings at the expense of 4.03% longer execution time when compared to LongRun.


Moreover, the underlying communication is leveraging expensive AJAX polling techniques.

the knockout framework delivers a declarative binding language that seamlessly integrates in HTML.


[1] also provide a good survey of this kind of systems.

unlike DADS, VINO and other existing proposals have never been implemented.


In addition, items that occur simultaneously are represented by ().

items in () are not in any specific order.


A major shift in adapting prototyping techniques to the current mobile paradigm has already started, for instance as a result of the availability of prototyping tools for mobile apps (e.g., Antetype1 , Axure2, Fluid UI3, POP4, and iMocBuilder [2]), and was also demonstrated by the work presented at the first edition of this workshop [4] held at the MobileHCI 2013 conference.

work still needs to be done in many different directions such as how to build and utilize prototypes; novel approaches and techniques to support the interaction design process of mobile application development properly.


In this case, by applying Lemma 4.3 to the set J = {i, j, k}, we get a = ./3.

we have ac+1 ac = max ak · kj k.P k.Pj.P = max ak · 1 (Using property (3) of the family) k.P .c1 = (By de.nition of P ).


The .rstoftheseeffectsissimilartowhatisprovidedby arrow choice, which allows an arrow to choose between statically de.ned branches based on a dynamic argument.

although the streaming argument will only be processed by one branch of an arrow choice conditional, every effect from the arrows from every branch will be executed.


One of the most important properties of PnP is the alteration of a system s functionality at runtime without interrupting its operation.

regarding the complexity of potential adapter genera-tion and validation tasks based on test cases, the system s perfor-mance could be significantly affected.


We also knew that the .le-based lookup solution could handle the batches with 30 million transactions and 50 million distinct entities required at the time.

as the number of entities has been increasing beyond the expected range in the past years, the disk design has now reached its limits in terms of scalability and is being currently re-implemented with the support of our scalability framework.


Cheap sparking is essential in order to reduce the parallelism creation overhead, as well as to reduce the communication cost of sending sparks between PEs.

the cost of managing the thread pool is not as low as that for spark pool management.


4.3 Use of Pub/Sub Messaging The use of publish/subscribe messaging infrastructure improves the efficiency of Twister runtime.

to make the runtime scalable the communication infrastructure should also be scalable.


(Since the printed version of the diagrams may lack these colors, we reference diagram details by location and not by color.

the diagrams are even more clear in color.)


In order to .nd these dependency graphs G,we propose the following algorithm: The computation of the graph in S is performed e.ciently in main memory due to the reduced number of elements.

computing the resulting graph in P cannot be performed in main memory.


In our reengineering process, we made the database classes into component classes, and initially left the user interface classes as they were, adding ports for communication channels that led to the database.

the thorniest architectural problems in Aphyds were in the user interface interactions, and since we didn't make the user interface classes into components, our architecture didn't help with these problems at all.


What that context is, and how exactly it should be updated, depends on the data type being traversed and the transformations that the user wants to be able to de.ne.

updating the context explicitly in the de.nition of each traversal combinator and primitive transformation is repetitive and error prone.


In the student programs case study, Rr/Gr is the classi.er of choice.

in the Daikon case study, Rr/Gr failed to provide any focus on the failure-inducing changes, and the Rs/Gr classi.er was highly effective.


These laws were the base for some evolution models madeby Turski[24, 25].

both the laws and the assumptions made to obtain the mentioned models, have not been veri.ed in some case studies.


If pis a writer, when pleaves the CS, we expect w, and not r, to enter the CS.

if p is a reader, it might not be possible to stop r from proceeding to the CS because, for instance, r might be already enabled to enter the CS by the FIFE property.


Currently there are several cloud computing products that can provide various services.

currently the cloud platforms only support simple keyword-based queries and can t answer complex queries ef.ciently due to lack of ef.cient index techniques.


Consequently, software developers are confronted with the necessity to e.cientlydevelop,maintainandthusunderstandthis category of systems.

developers generally cannot cope with the inherent complexity of such systems, leading to a severe increase in development and maintenance costs aswellasproject risks.


The semi-space copying collector requires more space and cannot satisfy allocation requests as the size of the heap approaches twice the amount of live data.

when there is su.cient space and a signi.cant amount of garbage, as in the GCBench application, the copying collector yields better performance.


Ontologies for the Internet of Things * Sara Hachem, Thiago Teixeira, and Valérie Issarny INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt .rstname.lastname@inria.fr ABSTRACT Challenges the Internet of Things (IoT) is facing are directly inherited from today s Internet.

they are ampli.ed by the anticipated large scale deployments of devices and services, information .ow and direct user involvment in the IoT.


In substitution for module system, module pattern is recommended.

since it is not a system on language level, it is hard to guarantee properties on module system.


For example, consider some of the configuration parameters required in the C++ version of Prism-MW: size of event queue; number of pre-allocated system resources (semaphore, mutex, file, DLL); number of pre-allocated architectural constructs (Component, Connector, Port); size of memory buffer used by the network sockets; and size of pre-allocated memory pool used by application-level variables.

the Java version of Prism-MW has only two configuration knobs : sizes of event queue and thread pool.


Not surprisingly, the participants from manufacturing thought that PD should be the driver.

there were different opinions between the interviewees from PD who commented on this matter, which was unexpected.


This model was introduced in 2003 [5], and a very good summary of the subsequent research is found in [6].

the service composition problem under this model is EXPTIME-complete [9], and the small evaluation instances in [6] underline the limitations imposed thereby.


We could require the developer to provide an identi.er along with the views.

we would like two views, de.ned at two different parts of the application using the same combinators with same arguments, to be equal.


First, if pointer p1 was introduced while the collector had already commenced its tracing phase, then the object would have been created reachable (black or gray) already.

if p1 was introduced before the collection started, then the corresponding object would have been marked as reachable in the root scanning phase.


An event can be launched from a PHosB which may reside between 0 and logN hops away from the RN.

if the address of the RN is cached at the PHosB, most of the time the hop count will be 1.


All data structures that are used in, or derived from, systems calls or known templates are correctly identi.ed.

rEWARDS is (fundamentally) not capable of detecting data structures that are internal to the program.


the above de.nition only covers one aspect of the original de.nition of :.:.


Knowing a trapdoor tN associated to the master key, we may extract the contents of commitments formed under X-keys.

if we use an E-key K to commit, with some associated trapdoor information tK we may equivocate the commitment to anything.


Our interviewees said that neither of our cost models was fully correct, because it was rarely so that it was enough to look only at modified code.

they said that in case of codewalkthroughs the RISK metric is much more relevant and closer to reality than DENSITY metric.


Increasing the sample size to 30% of the test suite increases this probability up to 30%.

even with a 30% chance of invalid individual generation, given the fixed short time for one run of the GA, it is still more effective than its baseline of comparison (Greedy search) in detecting faults.


The class diagram presented in Figure 2 depicts the underlying elements (aspects, pointcuts and abstract methods) required in the design of a CF.

other elements specific to the crosscutting concern encapsulated by the CF may be added to this hierarchy.


This is because the BNSA explores the decision boundary with various step lengths during the gradient descent.

kalker s attack is based on the normal vector and therefore tests and uses a single boundary position.


A single node per service setup is adequate for a small to medium size clusters.

as the cluster size grows, a single node setup will become a bottleneck.


5.2 Compatibility along aspect The design perspectives in the BCDF are different in terms of level of abstract and content.

for the same business collaboration they are related to one another.


The quality of these early road-map decisions and their updates according to changed business priorities or available capacities is of pivotal importance for business success because failures at this early stage are hard to correct.

strategic prioritization is inherently difficult primarily because of the computational and cognitive complexity of the uncertainties involved.


Violations of such constraints can cause fatal errors or incorrect results in the client applications.

these constraints are often not formally specified and thus not available for automatic verification of client applications.


This could be attributed to the work of brilliant motivated programmers who aren t however e.ciently managed to pay attention to the details of style.

the high marks of wrk in code style and low marks in code structure could be attributed to the opposite e.ect: programmers who are e.ciently micro-managed to care about the details of style, but are not given su.cient creative freedom to structure their code in an appropriate manner.


The pointer to B is overwritten with a pointer to a third object, C.If A is now evicted, B may stay on the stack, since there is no longer a pointer from A to B that would violate the Baker constraint.

if we had been clever and immediately heap allocated A, knowing that it was likely to be evicted later then B would have been evicted when the pointer to it was written into A.


inordertopresenttheimpactofprofledcompilationonthe executablesize,wehavedecidednottostrip(thatisnotto removethesymbolstable)thebinaryflesinoptimization mode.oneshouldbeawarethatonourworking architecturestrippinganexecutableshrinksitbyabouta  Queens Eval Bootstrap Comp.modes Comp.


When transferring control to the VM, the context of the application is saved and the fragment tar- get address is extracted and passed as a parameter to the VM.

when the VM returns control to the application, it must restore the application context and execute an instruction to transfer control to the next fragment.


MarkUs [9] is an open-source Web-based tool for grading stu dent submissions.

it is designed to only show complete submitted files and not changes to an existing large code base.


For instance, as far as [COMPOSE] law is concerned, semantic-matcher takes the two service descriptions as input parameters, returning a couple of matching open ports, if any, and a vagueness value 0 means that the two services cannot be composed.

semantic-matcher is also adopted when [MATCH] is executed: in this case, it takes a service tuple and the service description within a req tuple, returning just a vagueness value, which speci.es whether the request can be processed or not.


The fairness of scheduling among virtual machines (VMs) is also important because services executing in these VMs generally have to meet some latency requirements, such as the response time of a webpage request.

for mobile virtualization, users will focus on a foreground VM, i.e., the VM shown on the screen, at one time.


Cloud computing has greatly developed with the development of computers and the popularity of the Internet.

it s still restricted by network bandwidth and software technology.