A feasible approach is to always assign wireless links to the currently hottest node.

the objective of the scheduling is to minimize the maximum total utility.


Intuitively, we can argue that there is a tradeoff between the two factors.

as the required network lifetime increases, average energy consumption used in sampling, data processing and transmissions should be decreased.


YG and DT have been shown to be t-spanners, where t is larger than 1.

in [15], the DT based algorithm has a lower (a) (b) Figure 3: Properties of LDTC: (a) Quadrangle ABCD have no two edges AC and BD intersect in LDTC since there is at least one angle larger than p/2, (b) the same neighbor relations exist in XTC if they exist in LDTC.


As our performance metric, we measure per-link throughput and compute their normalized ratio to the ideal throughput that each link can obtain if it operates in isolation using all 52 subcarriers.

if y is the performance in the presence of cross-band interference and x is the ideal throughput when there is no cross-band interference (using 52 subcarriers), we de.ne normalized impact as 1 - y/x.


One could reduce latency by making balanced im- provements to the two components with non-zero latency; this improvement may be easier in the agent approach, be- cause it may be easier to upgrade the server than thousands of clients.

89  broadcast of these reasonably large chunks of data is 84% efficient.


The simulation results presented in this paper were based on a single flow in a chain and parallel flows in a grid: we plan to look at more complex traffic patterns and topologies in the future.

the introduction of cross traffic may limit the extent of fast forwarding realized in practice.


The second method is a sheer relationship to resource scarcity.

a higher abundance of that resource would result in a lower valuation at the current round.


We assume that the received power drops with distance with an exponent of 4.

for the same received power, the transmit power is proportional to d4,where d is the transmission distance.


Irrelevant nodes have propriate direction).

puv is the number of times byte u is followed by byte v divided by the number of times byte uappears at offsets 0to n- 2.


The first ANlet can trim the original media object to a thinner version according to the type of the recipient device.

the peers resided on PC can render the full quality media content, while the peers on PDA or the smart phone can only render partial quality content.


But these can not be achieved due to the best-e.ort nature of the Internet, so streaming servers must continuously adapt to changing network conditions.

they must perform congestion control [15].


Nevertheless, the routing protocol is more resilient to variations of the time window used for contact aggregation.

if a cumulative time window is used for contact aggregation, the use of weighted graphs is recommended.


These results provide detailed insight into how the mean delays depend on the activity functions, and explicitly reveal how aggressive/persistent access schemes improve the delay performance.

the mean delay in a heavy-traf.c regime is exponentially larger for logarithmic activity functions than for linear ones.


In this paper, we study the evolution of cooperation in populations where each agent only interacts with a small part of the population.

individuals play prisoner s dilemma on a network.


Furthermore, in this paper we assume that the overall tra.c load, and the network con.gurations are such that in principle, all the tra.c can be carried by only a single network while all the other one can be switched o..

the focus of the paper is on the framework that the providers can use to reach such kind of agreement.


All the diverse conditions discussed can be captured by the channel quality, and we need to analyze the channel.

we are dealing with spatial or temporal undersampling, i.e., when the received resolution might be smaller than the displayed, or when the receive frame rate might be lower than needed.


Also that when is-suing a PDU, the PDU must satisfy all the conditions for issuance for the indicated version.

if only 3 of 5 new requirements associated with Version 7 are imple-mented, the protocol version cannot be set to 7.


Upon receiving the schedule, each sensor knows when it transmits its reading and when it remains in sleep state.

sensors transmit their readings only in their allowed time slots.


3.3 Inter-cell coordination Thesharing contentionpolicyisimplementedinaseparatemodule, here called virtual market.The relevant class(we refertoan Object-OrientedProgramming, or OOP,paradigm)implements an arbitrationrulewhich de.neshowthe operators bargainthe access tothecommonportionofthespectrum.Anycomplexstrategy can beimplemented withinthisclass, possiblyinvolvingfurtherextensions.

this may be the place where to implement, inanentirelymodular manner, someproceduresinspiredbygame theoreticprinciples.Each eNB,aftergeneratingitsownallocation map, sends it to the virtual market thatgathers all the cells allocationinformationand rearrangestheallocationmap accordingtothe sharingpolicy.


This paper demonstrates that using RDMA protocols such as RoCE 2ALS, http://www-als.lbl.gov/ (RDMA over Converged Ethernet) [7] one can achieve significant gains over existing methods of high-performance data movement over the WAN.

our results show that RoCE over virtual circuits is worth further evaluation and consideration.


INTRODUCTION Today's Internet is dominated by web traffic which tends to be short-lived and can typically tolerate much more delay variation in comparison to real-time traffic [1].

some 90 to 95% of Internet packets use TCP and correspond to the transfer of digital documents of one form or another (Web pages, data files, MP3 tracks etc.)


MASERATI In this section, we propose a mobile adaptive streaming scheme based on the environmental and contextual information (MASERATI).

mASERATI relies on the information of the location, time, humidity, and mobile speed to predict the available bandwidth.


The .lters are decayed at every hop they propagate by setting a random subset of bits to 0.

the .lter becomes a probabilistic or fuzzy set, and a query yields a signal (or probability) of membership, rather than a binary yes/no or 0/1 answer.


Indeed, it appears even for 802.11g the same can be said for most speeds allbut the highest three, infact, when transmitting at the highest power in our test bed.

each transmitter can disregard the presence (or absence) of overhearing, and focus on the natural goal of selecting the bitrate that minimizes the remaining expected transmission time (ETT) of the batch fragment to its ultimate destination.


in Figure 4, the coalition S = {1, 2} in the direct reciprocity case adopts the cooperation strategy r1 =2 and r2 = 1 and the coalition S = {1, 2, 3} in the indirect reciprocity case adopts the cooperation strategy r1 =3, r2 =1 and r3 =2.

the preference order >n is de.ned as (rm)m.N >n m n. prefers the relay selection (rm)m.N to another selec m for any m .S, we have rm >m (r)m.N if and only if >n node n rn r reciprocity based relay selection, a key challenge is how to e.ciently divide the nodes into multiple groups such that m former selection (rm)m.N is better than the assigned tion (r)m.N if and only if its assigned relay rn in the the nodes can signi.cantly improve their data rates by the reciprocal cooperation within the groups.


Third, we provide mechanisms that are resilient and adapt quickly to switch and link failures.

prior to initiating or during the process of multicast tree reconstruction for longer-term failures, we support fast failover through local multicast rerouting.


We must also note, however, that endairA is not very resistant against DoS attacks.

it allows the network to be .ooded with fake route request messages.


When n(y) > 1, y is assumed that ties axe broken consistently.

there is conflicted and when n(y) = O, y is open.


The .rst property guarantees that among all available (i.e., generated by modules) proposals, our mechanism will never fail to select an obvious winner.

if every module prefers proposal A over another proposal B, then B will never be selected over A.


We investigate how these characteristics impact the selection of the best wireless interface to use for VoIP.

we study the characteristics of two cellular data networks (GPRS/EDGE and 1xEVDO), as well as the Wi-Fi interface.


It is widely understood that current mobile network architectures, strongly resembling their voice-only forebears, are poorly suited to these applications [9].

current mobile network architectures are highly centralized, which Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


First, destination node delivers saved RREP to the node with the node value from the route value calculated from the destination node in Min_Eff_time.

the minimum value of the route effective time of intermediate nodes in the route becomes the Min_Eff_time.


By critical destination location we mean data needs to get there as fast as possible and therefore more transmissions should occur.

the larger wj implies a wider .lter to choose the relay because choosing more relays means increasing the chance of data delivery to the critical destination.


In this paper, we show that MAC execution ef.ciency can be substantially increased by exploiting parallelism and by providing the necessary hardware-software support.

we enable dual-processor interrupt-driven hardware architecture and support a customized real-time operating system kernel on the widely used WARP SDR platform.


In this paper, we propose a proxy architecture that enhances the timeliness and reliability of data delivery of interactive games over 3G wireless networks.

a performance enhancing proxy is designed to optimize a new time-critical data type variable-deadline data, where the utility of a datum is inversely proportional to the time required to deliver it.


Besides verifying AS relationships, for each AS, if its import policies are already inferred, we only consider those pre.xes that have typical local preference.

pre.xes from peers have lower local preference than those from customers, or pre.xes from providers have lower local preference than those from peers.


We implement the packet store as a FIFO buffer.

we use a circular buffer with a maximum of T .xed-size entries.


For very unpopular programs (ranks beyond 100), we see increase in sur.ng probability.

users visiting unpopular channels are likely to switch channels immediately.


Field Test VBF Delay 20 19 5.3.3 Throughput Measurement  We now calculate the amount of useful data (i.e., payload in data 18 packet) transmitted by a Micro-Modem per unit of time, referred 17 to as application-level throughput.

we implement a stop-and-wait protocol for reliable data transfer.


Link-state protocols (which includes OSPF) have also been studied extensively.

simulations were used in [24] to study the performance of the OSPF Election Protocol and how it affects routing stability.


Indeed, this effect is noticeable at /16 granularity.

sources exhibiting very high loss rates (effective bandwidth < 10% of access bandwidth) are signi.cantly more likely to reside in /16 pre.x es that include other infectees, than are sources with lower loss rates (effective > 50% access).


We also developed 3 novel algorithms that are area-based.

the returned localization answer is a possible area (or volume) that might contain the sensor radio rather than a single point.


Another possible future direction includes the study of .exible data rates.

wireless devices adapt to the current interference conditions, e.g., by slowing down a .le transfer.


EVALUATION In this section, we evaluate the performance of the system when allocating resources with and without redundancy pooling and redundant bandwidth reduction, labeled share and noshare respectively.

we focus on the resource usage of thephysicalinfrastructure and the admission rates of VInf requests.


Since the trie is dynamically constructed, generating additional addresses results in a larger memory footprint.

as the number of addresses generated increases, the number of chances for the trie to expand (i.e., for new nodes to be created) increases.


4.5 Routing and Security Since we are using to implement a security mechanism, it is fair to inquire if the underlying mechanism is secure.

if routing is insecure, are we building on network security on a foundation of sand.


As we have already explained, scenarios can be viewed as abstract protocols and thus we can apply the same techniques to scenarios that we applied to protocols earlier.

we can de.ne sub-scenarios and abstract them using the technique of protocol abstraction.


With minimal requirements on the wireless system, wireless channel measurement based approach is promising in bootstrapping security for wireless devices in ubiquitous environments.

practical systems often require device authentication and secret key generation to be ful.lled simultaneously.


3.1 Spatial aspect In order to react to a potential collision, a driver needs to be informed at a su.cient distance from the expected impact to initiate a maneuver.

the driver needs to reduce speed to the level of the con.icting vehicle and if necessary come to a full stop.


One approach is to study the compile-time instrumentation of codes to infer communication topology requirements at compiletime.

languages like UPC o.er a high-level approach for exposing communication requirements at compiletime.


Still, for most of the settings we had over 91% positive sample rate (see Table 1).

the TCP-DOOR had improved the performance over 91% of the time.


We do not explore further this issue, since it is not in the scope of this paper, however, it is important to remark how the granularity of the mapping has a deep impact on BGP s routing table size.

the more 2 Note that both EIDs and RLOCs still remain full /32 IP addresses.


In support of its mission, the actor node is provided with a steady power supply, and a special radio interface for long distance communications.

the actor has a directional antenna and can modulate the power transmitted so that its transmissions cover areas with different radii and di.erent angles.


All the same, it is important to verify that the implementation is capable of the performance indicated in the simulations.

if eight sub.ows per connection are needed, can the implementation cope?


The abstract switch described in Section 3 provides a basis for an API that evolves incrementally.

the addition of new features does not modify the structure or semantics of existing model elements.


Much work addresses the dif.culties of implementing source routes.

to handle scaling issues, many schemes use a link-state like routing protocol to provide end systems with a map of the network [27, 15, 28, 6, 4, 3].


Assuming the packets traverse all the stages, when the packet arrival rate exceeds 0.8 packets per clock cycle, some packets may be discarded [11].

the worst-case throughput is 0.8 packets per clock cycle.


Becausethe energy consumptionper nodeisproportional to the amount of bits received and subsequently forwarded, by applying the CRT-based technique it is possible to reduce signi.cantly the energy consumed for each node and consequently to increase the network lifetime of the wireless sensor network.

in this paper an analytical model has been derived and the trade-o.


Note that the di.erence between internal source and destination pre.xes is due to scanning activities that activate virtually allinternal addresses(about2 million) in thedestination set.

even nonexistent hosts appear in the destination set, simply because a packet was sent to them.


Evaluation of Web of Things prototypes and systems.

the workshop solicited papers addressing two main areas.


If there is no packet loss between two continuous timestamps, that is, SX+1 - SX = 1,the gap in [TX ,TX+1]=0.

the gap in [TX ,TX+1] is calculated as SX+1 - SX - 1.


First and foremost, we wished to verify that the automated process could be used to reliably detect matches and mismatches in the SAS data.

we wanted to make sure that the automated setup minimized, if not eliminated, all safe errors (i.e.


The curves are nearly linear in 1/a (the errors in the linear .ts are within the thickness of the printed lines).

the asymptotic 1For simplicity of the presentation, we did not use the notation si in the example provided in Figure 2.


Portscan detection methodology 3.1 TRW and TAPS 3.1.1 TRW TRW performs hypotheses testing on the observed connection status of each source to decide whether it is more likely to be a scanner or a benign host.

let H0 represent sent the hypothesis that a source is a benign host, and H1 be the hypothesis that a source is a scanner.


Unfortunately, this straightforward clique decomposition scheme does not work well if we are missing information about the network.

if we are missing edges in our network, then a minimal clique covering can be signi.cantly larger than the true value.


The ccmgr is included in the compound modules for the HCA and the Switch-Port, and manages everything related to congestion control in these modules, with the help of the other simple modules therein.

allCC parameters speci.ed in the In.niBandArchitectureSpeci.cationrelease 1.2.1[7]are supported by the ccmgr module.


In aggregate traffic models (including the ON/OFF model), traffic bursts arise from a large number of connections transmitting bytes or packets simultaneously.

bursts stem from a kind of constructive interference of many connections.


)-bounded adversary for an arbitrary w .

n. considering an arbitrary inter original algorithm can schedule all remaining packets with it in O(f(n) · log n · log m) steps.


The objective of the algorithm is to make the neighbourhood size of p slightly larger than the number of used links, so as to trade o. between two opposing needs: i) to reduce the possibility that some upload bandwidth of p is not used due to lack of neighbours (a larger neighbourhood is desired), ii) to reduce the possibility of overlay maintenance overload (a smaller neighbourhood is desired).

let U(p) be the set of p s used links and U(p)the set of unused links, with card(U(p)) and card(U(p)) being their cardinalities; thus, L(p)= card(U(p)) + card(U(p)).


4.4 Online Adaptivity Experiments The goal of these experiments is to evaluate the online behavior of our approach: upon undergoing a new attack, how long does it take to generate a signature and with which accuracy?

how many labeled SPIT messages are needed before converging to a good protection policy?


As a result, every ANA node is organised as a node compartment which supports the generic communications API described below.

this permits functional blocks to discover each other and interact inside the node compartment in the same manner as withany other network compartment.


Message passing in Gnutella represents a form of spreading activation.

whenever a node receives a message, it sends copies out to all of its other connections.


To appreciate both the benefits and limitations of this approach, it is important to distinguish what this empirical comparison does and does not validate.

any modeling assumption that is made in common by both the MDP model and the DES model will not be tested by this approach.


In this paper, to tackle these problems, we propose a Generic Link Layer (GLL) based common radio resource management (CRRM).

we propose the network architecture and functions of each network element for integrated radio resource management among heterogeneous access networks.


EU privacy laws require such systems to satisfy the data minimisation principle.

systems have to be designed to ensure that actors within such systems collect and store only the minimal amount of personal information needed to ful.l their task.


Collected results: For each test, we record data volume observed by different parties.

we collect (1) Vue, the data volume perceived by mobile devices, (2) Vop, the data volume ac- Name City Area Type Distance (km) Route-1 NY Rural Freeway 28.5 Route-2 NY Rural Freeway 19.8 Route-3 NY Rural Local 11.7 Route-4 NY Urban Local 8.8 Route-5 NY Rural Local 9.8 Route-6 LA Rural Freeway 31.7 Route-7 LA Urban Freeway 19.2 Route-8 LA Urban Local 9.4 Route-9 LA Urban Freeway 7.2 Route-10 LA Urban Local 1.9 Route-11 LA Rural Freeway 15.0 Route-12 LA Rural Local 28.3 Route-13 LA Urban Freeway 41.0 Total 232.3 Table 2: Route information.


Various properties of complex network graphs have been studied.

the community structures in network graphs attract the majority of research interest.


Our general construction, given idealized Oblivious Transfer, is that of GMW.

we de.ne an ideal Oblivious Transfer functionality, Fot, and show that in the Fothybrid model the GMW protocol securely realizes any twoparty functionality in the presence of semi-honest, adaptive adversaries.


This forwarding logic assumes that each on-body node is guaranteed to intermittently come within up to 2-hop contact from the destination node.

node i is intermittently able to see other nodes that intermittently come in direct contact with node d. In our experimental topology this assumption was always found true.


(3) The above result follows easily by taking the derivative of the expression for DR(i) given by De.nition 2.2 and Lemma 2.1.

as nodes replicate a particular content i, the marginal gain in the delivery rate of i is gradually smaller; as n(i) tends to in.nity, U(i) tends to zero.


We refer to ha b(`) fa b(`);f0 that forms f. a b(`)as the augmentation of f0 1We motivate the failure scenarios we address in Section 4.4.

we discuss why we consider both complete and partial reduction of capacity when links fail.


Note that using complex impedances to change the phase does not necessarily degrade the quality of transmissions.

the quality of the transmitted signal is a function of the distance between the two impedance states on the Smith chart.


However, it seems possible to overcome both issues.

using the above analysis one can design an active queue management scheme that works together with TCP Reno as a way to ensure a stable throughput as the number of nodes increases.


Instead, an AS can freely choose any exportable path (i.e., a path consistent with the export condition) for each neighbor without compromising global stability.

an AS can select any route for a customer, and any customer-learned route for a peer or provider.


In this paper, our position is that resource management solutions should take into consideration the history of variations in a user s channel quality and who or what induced them when making fairness decisions.

user induced variations such as those due to mobility and nomadicity, as opposed to network deployment induced variations should be explicitly accounted for during resource allocation.


Here thr represents the threshold percentage of negative detection (i.e., no detection) out of k runs (i.e., k-kk *thr , and k = 10 in the simulation) at one monitoring node.

only when the percentage of negative detection is smaller than thr will the node raise a detection alarm.


Although the measure actor in this application is simple, it could potentially be any arbitrarily complex function.

one can easily distribute complex subprocesses to other nodes and later collect the results in the form of messages.


For instance, while it is common to deliver advertisements either at the beginning or at the end of user requested videos, some content providers today (such as YouTube [1] and Hulu [9]) deliver advertisements several times in the middle of long videos.

users are aware that the operator will occasionally deliver advertisements and interrupt their activity.


These feeds may vary widely in terms of content.

the level of post-production processing in the media source has implications for media adaptation later on.


C(u) if l(w)= l(u) and = c (2) |P(u)| The fraction c is referred to as the competition threshold.

a node w competes with a node u if w shares a signi.cant fraction (at least c) of u s products, meaning that the former offers similar services or functions with the latter.


Hence, in our implementation, we use a novel scheme the Relative Gain Estimation Algorithm (RGEA) to provide a coarse-grained estimate of the gain differences among various mobile devices.

rGEA estimates the difference in gain, .Gij = Gi - Gj , between the ith and the jth mobile devices.


4Our further analysis reveals that, given the phase difference measurements, the grating lobes intersecting at the blue initial position are indeed the ones closest to the ground truth initial position as well.

the initial positioning error is due to the error in the measurements of the signal phases, which are likely caused by random wireless noise and the multipath effect [22, 35].


r _> 0 and ~-~iej ri < 1 + e for every j E V2) ) and if for any other feasible vector r', the aggregate of the proportional changes is not positive [5]: t E --ri--ri ~_0.

ri iEV1 for the proportionally fair rate allocation vector r, E dr__~i= 0 ri iE Vl which translates to the maximization of the utility function U(r) = log(r).


Reference [10] further generalizes this scheme to ad hoc carrier sense multiple access wireless network , which is de.ned as a wireless network without hidden nodes.

each source station in such a network can always sense the possible interfering transmissions.


Nodes at the right border can have links to nodes at the left border, and, analogously, nodes at the top can have links to nodes at the bottom.

we use a toroidal distance metric  the .at simulation area becomes a torus [14].


In this paper, we adopt data replication to assure data survivability in UWSNs.

we revisit an epidemic model and show that, even if the data replication process can be modelled as thespreading of adiseaseina .nitepopulation,newproblemsthat have not been discovered before arise: optimal parameters choice for the model do not assure the intended data survivability.


At any given time, only one HTTP connection was established with each EC2 instance to avoid contention across throughput measurements.

the clients in each group performed an HTTP get operation every 11.25 seconds; the download was canceled if it took more than 10 seconds.


Therefore, Figure 7 clearly approach does not require a great time to produce a solu-depicts that the distance traveled in the new approach is tion.

the cost of running assignment algorithm does smaller than on the current approach.


Among those identi.ed pre.xes, we .nd that about 21% of customers announce their pre.xes to the direct provider, and about 79% of customers do not export pre.xes to the provider.

in order to control their incoming tra.c, some customers announce their pre.xes or their customers pre.xes to only a subset of direct providers.


Also, for a small transition interval (few tens of milliseconds), all RE devices honor both con.gurations.

the encoders and decoders store packets assigned by either the old con.guration or the new one.


We employ the random waypoint mobility model.

each node randomly selects a destination point.


One oftheprimary challenges withthedesign andimplementation of theTransit Portal is to manage the limited set of resources across multiple downstream virtual networks.

the system must keep track of which resources have been allocated to which downstream virtual network, as well as enforce those resource allocations and managepotential con.icts.


As proved in [14], the optimal transmit covariance matrix S. for the MISO secrecy channel should be of unit rank.

with the proposed bisection search method, the rank of S goes to one as dt goes to zero.


The results are broadcast to all the mobile nodes in the network via the epidemic routing.

the gatewaysends the information to all the nodes it encounters.


if APa can validate that the channel has not changed much between the two collisions, which is likely given that 802.11 is used primarily in indoor environments, it can compute the re-encoded time-domain signal of B3(G3) from B3(G4), using the technique from the preceding paragraph, without the need to fully decode B3(G4).


This limitation creates a feasible region and corresponding ef.cient frontier of possible bandwidth-degree combinations for each router.

a router can have a few high bandwidth connections or many low bandwidth connections (or some combination in between).


Tie strength between a given pair of users increases by increasing neighborhood overlap on average.

users who have more common neighbors tend to exhibit stronger ties, i.e.


The goal of this experiment was to establish the reception outcome given the RSS at a receiver R from transmitters Ta and Tb without controlling precisely for interference timing.

we didn t control when packets from Ta and Tb arrived at receiver R. each of these .gures the z-axis is the number of packets received from both Ta and Tb at R. In many RSS combinations, however, packets were actually only received from one or the other; the regions where one source or the other dominated are labeled on the plots.


This is because signals with RSSI < CCAL are ignored by the transceiver s hardware.

(a) such signals do not render the medium busy, and (b) receivers are trying to latch onto signals with RSSI > CCAL, while other signals are considered to be background noise.


Next, s visits each link along P, and computes the alternate path Pi it would prefer the packet to be routed along if that link were to fail.

for each node vi ontheprimarypath, we(a) remove vi s outgoing edge corresponding to its next hop along theprimarypath;(b) compute a shortestpathfrom vi to d, not using the removed outgoing edge; and(c) restoretheremoved edge.


INTRODUCTION As the number of mobile devices grows, a numerous kind of mobility protocols has been proposed.

the host-based mobility (HBM) protocols such as Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 have been considered as a mainstream for enabling IPv6 mobility.


MODELVALIDATION We adopt the evaluation methodologypresentedin[23]toquantify the accuracy of our model.

to evaluate the overprediction of our model, we install the estimated throughput to the network to see if it can be satis.ed.


10 we report the evolution of the PDF of the speed difference between a node and its neighbors (.v), as the node degree changes.

the plots provide a measure of the distribution of the speed difference between a node and its neighbors, given the degree of the node.


It is a statistical technique that can be used to predict a qualitative attribute of an individual from known quantitative variables [18].

this technique can be used to predict group membership based on a set of quantitative variables.


To take this e.ects into account, we performed a last set of simulations where one information item is updated every d s. The computation of the coverage index C is slightly modi.ed so as to consider only the updated information.

the coverage is now de.ned as the percentage of updated information collected by the node bu.er that falls within the ROI.


5 illustrate that Q-CSMA, which has the lowest complexity O(1) among the scheduling schemes, has much poor throughput and delay performance than the others.

its delay grows quickly at an o.ered load much lower than other algorithms, which suggests that it is not throughput optimal in fading environments.


TPA was implemented (by using the C programming language) with distinct execution flows that interact according to the client/server and producer/consumer paradigms.

we structured the TPA software module by means of three processes: a data-processing process, a sender process, and a receiver process.


It is clear that in such a case, the average value (n) is no longer a typical value, and we lack any characteristic length in the system: this is the so-called scale-free behavior.

we have an appreciable probability of .nding clients that handle a disproportionate number of servers.


Based on the experimental results of running the original code of BT on PlanetLab nodes, we show that free riders .nish downloads as early as those who contribute substantially.

free riders are not punished properly, and those who substantially contribute are not rewarded appropriately.


To reduce latency further, we redirect traf.c not through the cloud PoP with the minimum RTT to and from the enterprise, but redirect traf.c on a per-destination basis through the PoP that minimizes end-to-end latency.

instead of using a single .xed PoP Pe * for each enterprise site e, we choose the optimal PoP for each client and site c, e combination (i.e., arg minP Latency(P, c) +Latency(P, e)).


In this paper, we redesign Jing s hierarchically structured bit-sequences to minimize the false invalidation rate.

we will investigate the division of the n overlapping subintervals in the report such that the false invalidations can be minimized.


We have shown that loss pairs allow the discovery of router properties which have previously been not directly measurable.

we have shown how to use loss pairs to measure the amount of buffering present at bottleneck routers in the network.


Finally, the WiFi AP can be the last-mile middlebox [6] between the user and the network service provider.

aPs can be controlled by the network operator while it is in a user s domain, which means that it can be the point where the interest, policy and business between the user and the network operator can be established.


Smaller values of k emphasize the throughput objective while larger values of k emphasize the need to meet service curves.

k = 0 means that service curve phase is null, and MDF(0) maximizes the throughput without regard to service curves.


However, di.erent from all previous RSA-based contract signing protocol, the proposed protocol is further abuse-free.

if the contract signing protocol is executed unsuccessfully, each of the two parties cannot show the validity of intermediate results generated by the other party to outsiders.


We quantify the e.ect that 31 di.erent cellular network factors have on video abandonment rate and video skip (e.g., fast forward) rate.

we quantify user engagement by labeling video streaming sessions in our data set as completed/abandoned and skipped/non-skipped, and then evaluate the extent to which core network and radio network factors correlate with abandonment rate and skip rate.


It is a pleasure to thank Eitan Bachmat, Noga Alon and Omer Reinglod for helpful discussions.

some of the techniques were explored during and after discussions with Noga.


Although this may lead to suboptimal routes when the initiator and the correspondent are not neighbors but are close to each other, our model has the advantage of signi.cantly reducing the complexity of routing from the nodes point of view, since they only have to maintain a single route (the route to the base station) instead of one route per potential correspondent.

if the correspondent B is not a neighbor, then the initiator A simply sends the packet towards the base station and does not need to run route discovery to .nd a route to B.


von-Newmann decomposition in order to decompose matrix B(k).

for every frame size T, the algorithm needs at most 4T +2N(Lmax -1) iterations to complete.


We categorize the frame losses into three types, based on the number of retries and the loss rate in the last retry.

these results (and similar ones at other locations) reveal a distinct pattern of collision losses: nBad retries = 1 AND < 10% (1) nF rames the last aggregate frame experienced at least one retry, yet in the last retry, it was received with very mild subframe loss.


Below we use a slightly more involved reduction with di.erent gadgets in order to show that the problem is NP-complete for sector angles smaller than 2p/3.


It exposes too many details without clearly justifying how authors address the four challenges mentioned at the beginning of Section 3.

the authors employ standard technique for each building block of Airshark while it remains unclear how these building blocks are magically assembled to a novel system that achieves qualitatively similar accuracy on commodity WiFi devices compared to those on sophisticated spectrum analyzers.


Random Way-point Mobility Model: Using simulation traces we have found that if a node i follows the Random Way-point model in a bounded region Si, such as, a square, then the probability of node s arrival in a region in the next t seconds, beginning at a random instance is exponentially distributed.

hi(a(r, s), w) = 1 - exp(-w//s,r) (3) The mean inter-arrival time, /s,r, depends on the size (r) and the location (s) of the region a.


The expected fraction of connection time for forward and reverse traf.c should be arbitrarily close.

the two curves should coincide when t0 is arbitrarily large.


Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are more reliable than the block and convolutional codes and are serious competitors of turbo codes.

lDPC codes exhibit an asymptotically better performance than turbo codes and admit a wide range of trade-o.s between performance and decoding complexity [7].


0, otherwise where NR is the number of request slots in the request slot subframe and TR is the time duration of one request slot.

~~ the means of D and D are respectively given by 23 ~ E[D2] = TTDMA , (9) ~ and E[D3] = N RTR .


One way to resolve this problem is to quantize the scores or introduce score classes.

all paths with scores belonging to the same class are treated in the same way by the path loading algorithm.


However,now that Mt is quite large,many of the randomly forwarded edges are likely to fall in Mt: i.e.,progress slows down.

suppose we have almost reached our goal of covering U(1-) ·(1-d) nodes; at this point,we have U(1-)-Mt U(1-)d.Since the Ut closely track their means,we only get something like Ut+1/U =(1 -)d ·(1 -exp(-rß ·(Ut/U)).


Even though the optimization model can calculate the optimal cache pro.le for given Ncopy and r (e.g., point A in Figure 1a), it does not indicate what are the best values for these two parameters.

we can still achieve better performance by tuning Ncopy and r, because system may be underutilized.


Note that this design does not require additional modulation/demodulation or coding/decoding modules in the PHY layer.

since we use standard 802.11 modulation and coding options, we only need tobuffer the samples and process them through the same pipeline.


It then has to perform experiments for demonstrating, assessing and evaluating the performances of the network architectures, protocols and mechanisms it proposes.

the main research domain in networking under consideration is related to multi-domain QoS.


We discover major differences between carriers in the implementation of RRC state changes and cell tower communication.

the use of the optional FACH state for 3G networks as a performance optimization in many implementations actually leads to signi.cant performance problems.


It shows that BPS1(V ) and BPS2(V ) have much less number of edges (average node degrees) than LDel(V ), YG(V ) and YG * (V ).

these graphs are sparser, which is also veri.ed by Figure 10.


In addition, we also use an auto-con.guration protocol which provides nodes with topologically correct IP addresses and reduces network overhead by the use of pre.x continuity.

all wireless routers using the same Internet gateway are con.gured with addresses on the same pre.x.


Though different from each other in fast retransmission algorithm, congestion control of these TCP versions is commonly based on additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) [7].

tCP increases the congestion window by roughly one segment per Round-Trip Time (RTT) when there is no packet loss detected and TCP reduces its window size by half for every window containing a packet loss.


A penalty as high as 100% may be acceptable when traf.c demands are completely unpredictable, but it is a high cost to pay under predictable demands.

oblivious routing takes a pessimistic point of view and may not be appropriate in relatively stable periods or stable networks.


If the .rst block is delivered within the deadline, i.e., T slots, the size of a new block (with new packets) needs to be re-adjusted for the remaining slots.

we need real-time scheduling of network-coded transmissions depending on how close the deadline is.


For all the other entries, it simply produces random values from Uk+1 (for which it does not know the decommitmenet!)

the edges that are not on the q-cycle are not committed to.


For example, if the queue utilization at H1 is 75%, at H2 is 25% and at H3 is 50%, then the probability that all three guest-users move to H2 is 0.375, according to the third approach.

chances are that G1 will move to H2 , while G3 will remain attached to H3 .


Unlike the CURU case, the source and destination addresses of the CUHU-N packets will be set to the MN s address and the CN s address respectively.

the source and destination addresses of the active session are not changed.


Let qu(n, t) be the popularity of the n th object observed by a cache node u around a particular time t. As a gener-Here, {f1} denotes the set of f1 caches; Nu(n, t + .t) denotes the number of references to object n coming at node u during interval (t, t + .t); and Cu represents the set of caches which have u as their upstream node.

the aggregate miss streams of nodes in Cu form the input stream of u.


One can address these problems by increasing the number of rounds, although such a scenario will increase the delay.

let us compute the performance of a scheme that sends the redundancy over two rounds instead of one, as in Figure 15(b).


If it is the case that an information-centric network should directly support publish/subscribe event noti.cation, then the third question is how should this implementation interact with the implementation of the ondemand content delivery service?

can the two services be synergistic within an information-centric network?


7For our polling users, the CDFA(·) is the residual-time distribu tion of the user inter-query time CDF (observed from a user query instant).


In both schemes, decreasing y improves the goodput performance as in the case of link-up.


They argue that a coordinate-wise constant-factor approximation cannot be found for this problem,and presented a pre.x-sum 2-approximation algorithm to the allocation of fairest fractional solution.

for every integer k> 0,the sum of the .rst k coordinates of the calculated allocation vector sorted in increasing order is at most twice the sum of the .rst k coordinates of the allocation vector of the fairest fractional assignment.


These include, among others, that tier-1 ISPs do not peer at IXPs (they do), IXPs are not used for transit (they are), the number of peer-peer links in the Internet is small (it is at least an order of magnitude larger than what has been assumed), the number of customer-provider links in the Internet is much larger than the number of peer-peer links (there are easily twice as many peer-peer links than customer-provider links), and IXP peerings are mostly used for back-up (they are not).

we examine in detail the peering fabric and traf.c matrix of our IXP and show the existence of a very diverse ecosystem in terms of the member ASes business types, peering strategies, traf.c exchanges, and geographic coverage that mimics the Internet s AS ecosystem as a whole.


[8] focuses on the frequencies at which di.erent numbers of packets per .ow occur.

the paper: (i) shows how to smooth the estimated .ow size distribution in order to deal with short .ows that disappear; (ii) uses maximum likelihood estimation to derive the full distribution of packet and byte .ow lengths; (iii) exploits protocol level details to render the estimators more accurate.


The ideal, espoused by CIDR, is that each allocation to an ISP has exactly one entry in the routing table, and no assignments appear in the routing table.

each customer advertises its assignment as a route in BGP (or perhaps using static routing or sharing an IGP with the ISP, although these practices are probably less prevalent now), but the ISP aggregates these routes, and advertises to its peers or its upstream provider the address pre.x representing its allocated space.


Formally, we denote the network status at time t as G(t)=(V, E(t)), where V is a complete set of N nodes within the network, and E(t) is a set of directed edges at time t. An edge e(i, j) belongs to E(t) if and only if (1) node ni is a neighboring node of nj, and (2) nj is active and hence able to receive data at time t. Essentially, G(t) represents the potential traf.c .ow within the network at time t. Obviously the connectivity of G(t) varies with time.


4.2 SMS Solution Tradeoffs SMS is a low-cost, low-bandwidth method of transmitting data that is supported by most mobile phones.

we found a SMS-based solution most appropriate because many users already own mobile phones, and the cost of an individual SMS is very low (somewhere between US$.03 and US$.05 in Tanzania at the time of this work).


Next we add a user dependent QoS dimension.

we represent different user classes by the index j. Rij will now represent the request type i from user type j.


The idea is to allow the simulator to partially parse terms (lazy simulator).

we allow the simulator to output terms that contain variables, and to only after the hybrid execution we ask the simulator to decide what terms these variables stand for.


The amount of bytes allocated over each route is: (4) byteroute=indexroute*(Byte_MAX-Byte_min)+byte_min where Byte_MAX and Byte_min are parameters that define the maximum and minimum number of data bytes that could be allocated on each concurrent path.

byte_min can be used to control the insorgence of concurrent route-path overheads when few data are to be sent, while Byte_Max can be used as upper bound factor for the buffering on the receiver side.


4.3 Early Terminated Connections Given the large percentage of multimedia tra.c via downloading and pseudo streaming, we take a closer look at their characteristics in this subsection.

we focus on connections that are terminated before downloading is completed.


The user should be able to rotate its request pattern and even add noise to the sequence of requests that result in retrieving a .le.

instead of requesting all the necessary chunks for an speci.c .le in a sequence of t1,t2,...,ti periods, the user should be free to distribute and rotate its requests over a much larger time span such as t1,t2,...,ti,...,ti+p.


We will show that this new approach leads to substantial performance improvements in relay networks with fading links.

buffer-aided relays enable significant gains in throughput as well as outage and error probability at the expense of an increased delay.


This would relieve them of their duty to schedule the network connections fairly.

this excludes machines that are polynomially bounded in the traditional sense, i.e., those that halt after a polynomial number of overall steps.


Rather than initializing Alice s locations uniformly across the entire .oor (as in Walk I in Figure 1), Zee uses these RSS measurements and the database to obtain a con.ned probability distribution, as depicted by the gray region corresponding to Walk II in Figure 1.

the WiFi database obtained from Bob s walk helps Zee to narrow down the possibilities for Alice s initial location.


The algorithm has a basic assumption that there is a longer prefix if there is a match in the current level of the access and there is not a longer length prefix if there is no match in the current level of the access.

starting from accessing the medium level (level 4 in Figure 3) by hashing, the search continues to the level of a longer length (level 5) for a match, and otherwise, the search continues to the level of a shorter length (level 3) for no match, and so on.


network, we resortto a weakergoaltoguarantee alegitimate sender its fair share of network resources.

for any link of capacity C sharedby N (legitimate andmalicious) senders, each sender with suf.cient demand should be guaranteed at least O(C )band- N width share from that link.


While SyncScan potentially reduces the latency of a handoff to a few milliseconds, it requires regular suspension of communication for roughly twice the amount of time it takes a wireless interface to change channel, which, depending on hardware, could exceed 10 ms. An important advantage of MultiScan is that it requires changes only at the wireless client.

we have implemented all the necessary functionality in a (Linux) client as a kernel module that controls the handoff process and (re)association decisions.


As opposed to traditional networked control schemes where the nodes simply route information to and from a dedicated controller (perhaps performing some encoding along the way), our approach, Wireless Control Network (WCN), treats the network itself as the controller.

the computation of the control law is done in a fully distributed way inside the network.


However, in some ways the ad-hoc routing problem is more dif.cult.

node mobility, asymmetric channel characteristics, and power constraints are added dif.culties which must be addressed in order to implement a truly effective and commercially acceptable network architecture.


The shaping function increases with a smaller slope when the residual is large.

the function dampens the impactof residualslargerthana threshold t.We call this the wing-shaped section.


But obviously there is a tradeoff here be- tween simplicity and accuracy.

long-lasting, high-volume NetFlows carry a large fraction of the traffic and are: the ones that are likely to be associated with the wrong time slot and therefore have the potential to intro- duce large errors.


We next analyze the fairness performance of the discrete schedule by comparing the dominant services a .ow receives under both schedules.

let Di F(0, t) be the dominant services .ow i receives in (0, t) under the .uid schedule, and Di D(0, t) the dominant services .ow i receives in (0, t) under the corresponding discrete schedule.


Finally, anycast CDNs in general keep control over request routing with the CDN.

in DNS-based CDNs, a client can simply override the DNS redirections altogether and .ood a particular server with requests.


A question each rearrangement scheme should address is correctness.

for any packet P and any .lter database C which, after rearrangement is transformed into a database C', the result of the packet classi.cation problem having as entries both (C, P )and (C',P ) should be the same.


Another significant factor of a virtual community s popularity is the number and nature of relationships with other similar groups.

its place in the network - the nodes of which are the groups that are focused on political issues.


These events are modelled as complex events, since we might combine data from several protocols.

a single complex event can comprise several events from speci.c protocols.


From a practical perspective, this theorem allows a programmer to get great mileage out of per-packet consistent updates.

since per-packet consistent updates preserve all trace properties, the programmers do not have to tell the system which speci.c properties must be invariant in their applications.


In order to make Dij (t)and Eij (t)continuous as in [8], in the following analysis, we assume that a bit is immediately released from the buffer after it has been transmitted.

suppose that sn (s0 =0)and rn (r0 =0)are the time that the n th packet is removed from Qij and Bij respectively.


Our work on real-time crowsourcing-based estimation of RF properties is inspired by the work [7] in building the EZ localization system.

the EZ algorithm assumes a log-distance path loss model (LDPM) between indoor APs and mobile devices, and uses multiple simultaneous RSSI measurements from the various mobile devices to estimate both the parameters of the log-distance model and the locations of the APs.


In this phase, we make two assumptions: We assume that we can obtain a solution from the .rst phase, i.e., the values of k ' and M ' .

we have complete knowledge of the initial network state that we start with and the .nal state that we intend to reach.


7.3 Managing bandwidth with exceptionhandlers We now evaluate a concrete example of network exception handlers using our enterprise network traf.c dataset described in Section7.1.

we describeahypothetical scenario where anexception handleris employedfor bandwidth savings through  Figure 9: Bandwidth savings by applying the network exception handler in Fig.


However, the lower bound of Section 3 does not hold if message sources choose very close destinations.

if the ma jority of tra.c is local, ballistic mobility is still su.cient to guarantee non-vanishing throughput and bounded delay, but may not be necessary.


Furthermore, it is known that, using an optimum set of encoding schemes, the energy needed to transmit a .xed amount of information is convex with respect to the rate of the code [1].

the energy required to send a packet can be reduced by transmitting the packet with a lower bit rate encoding.


This iterative nulling algorithm converges exponentially fast.

in the appendix, we prove the following lemma: h 2-h2 LEMMA 4.1.


For simplicity, a single management domain is considered.

every node receives the KR from the single KDC.


are constant parameters used to tune the intensity of the attraction field.

a is very important for what concerns the setup of the distance between nodes.


The enabling factor in our approach is that, in the rich multipath environment typical of wireless scenarios, the response of the medium along any transmit-receive path is frequency-selective (or in the time domain, dispersive) in a way that is location-speci.c.


This is due to the fact, that (in the depicted case) on encountering the next edge crossing with st at a point p, the next adjacent face which intersects with the open line segment pt can always be traversed by using the left hand rule and selecting from the crossing edge the next one in counterclockwise direction.

the criteria applied in GFG and GPSR are equivalent for this example.


On the other hand, as the number of low rate nodes changes, the fairness index of EDCF varies between 0.88 and 0.97.

eDCF fails to provide fair sharing between competing nodes under multi-rate environments.


Messages whose destination is the current contact are sent .rst.

if nodes i and j established a contact, node i .rst send messages whose destination is node j, and vice-versa.


Next, we evaluate VERITAS s e.ciency by comparing its allocation algorithms to two best-known greedy algorithms that maximize the spectrum utilization and the social welfare (sum of winning bids).

we compare: Greedy -1/(X + 1) [14]: The best-known greedy allocation algorithm that maximizes the spectrum utilization.


At each intermediate hop, the node encodes its hop number along the path in aMsr.

the node multiplies the updated pLen value with a random coef.cient and adds the product with current aMsr value.


for the SHED1 dataset, the average delay is 1.8 hours less under CBF than BUBBLE with 5000 messages.


On the other hand, realistic scenarios in which jamming is used to bene.t network operations introduce an orthogonal requirement: minimal invasiveness.

in order to coexist with other legitimate networks, only speci.c transmissions should be targeted, whereas the impact on other transmissions should be minimal.


The number of slots per frame is determined by the number of nodes present within the network.

each node is assigned a slot for transmission.


We modi.ed the IP-to-AS mapping based on these results to treat sibling ASes as a single network.

we replaced every occurrence of Bor Din the IP-to-AS mapping with the set {B,D}.We Internet Exchange Points Sibling ASes Unannounced Addresses AS 6431 AS 25 AS 3130 AS 6431 AS 25 AS 3130 AS 6431 AS 25 AS 3130 Match 78.2% 84.4% 85.4% 86.0% 85.9% 87.0% 90.0% 90.6% 91.0% Mismatch 6.4% 8.7% 7.1% 6.4% 7.8% 6.2% 2.7% 3.5% 2.6% Incomplete 15.4% 6.9% 7.5% 7.6% 6.3% 6.8% 7.4% 6.0% 6.6% Match/Mismatch ratio 12.20 9.70 12.06 13.42 11.00 14.08 33.51 25.95 35.41 Table 10: The results of using the three techniques to tune the IP-to-AS mapping Figure 5: Mismatches caused by unannounced IP addresses considered the traceroute and BGP AS hops a match if the BGP AS hop was the same as either of the two siblings in the traceroute AS path.


These results are as expected given the UDP results.

consider 1500 1000 TCP models that model TCP throughput as a function of the RTT and packet loss[9].


6.1 Adding Parallel Network Links In this section, we examine ways in which additional links can be placed in the network, so as to contain the effect of bad scaling of the maximum congestion.

we consider the model in which each link can be replaced by multiple links (between the same pair of nodes) that can share the traffic load 9.


We have presented a mechanism named Sechord that helps mitigate such security concerns in structured p2p systems that use distributed hash tables (DHTs).

sechord intends to defend against attacks that aim at disrupting their routing and forwarding.


The data processing includes all the operations including data compression and data decompression, data storage and retrieval, packet merging, data content analysis and so forth.

it includes the energy consumption for performing the algorithm proposed in this paper.


Unlike the methods proposed in [4, 6], which assume a single transmission channel in the physical layer, we use multiple channels.

we propose a novel bidirectional multi-channel MAC (Bi-MCMAC) protocol, which is designed with a special emphasis on bidirectional TCP tra.c issues.


Crucially, legacy distributed protocols such as OSPF do not suffer from this issue: when partitions happen, OSPF routers re-converge to new intra-partition routes.

current SDN designs fail to provide important faulttolerance properties, which renders SDNs less available than traditional networks in some situations!


The majority of stub networks multihome with more than one provider, and some stub networks also peer with each other.


But it is vulnerable to the transmission collision problem.

two (or more) players may transmit in the same message slot and thus no message will be delivered successfully, even if all players are honest.


We propose to let several Chord entities share a same ChordID and say that such entities form a redundancy group.

all routing information, such aspredecessor,successorand .ngertableinformation, must now be ready to accommodate and manage several chord entities per ChordID.


proposed range-free localization schemes as a design guideline for In this experiment, a mobile evader randomly walks around the further research.

an APIT scheme, proposed in this specified terrain while a pursuer attempts to catch it.


exmt timated subnets further by probing each and every possible IP address in the original subnet reveals the fact that those subnets mostly do not respond to the probes.


At this point, however, the planar graph may not contain such a triangulation.

it is possible that an edge may belong to the boundary cycle of two different holes -see Figure 5(B).


The fairness mechanism of the network tries to maximize the sum of the utility functions of SSs.

a fair rate allocation vector is the solution of a concave maximization problem as follows.


Even in the extreme case without any location-preference property, such as random mobility models, RENA could naturally transfer to SNW: when there are no candidate destination regions to choose, RENA simply chooses its current region as destination and immediately starts binary spray.

the delivery performance of SNW is the lower bound of RENA.


In an online peer-to-peer network, the contact process captures random sampling.

peers sample thesystempopulationuniformly at randomto .ndtheitems they want.


Assuming there are backlogged packets and each packet is of size 1024 bytes, the scheduler allocates equal time share to both groups.

both groups obtain 1365 µs of air-time ; ignoring MAC overheads.


This deluge of data imposes very demanding scalability requirements on network monitoring systems.

a major challenge is building network tra.c monitoring and archival systems that support e.cient search operations over large traf.c datasets.


In larger networks, the second inequality (Equation (6)) determines e. In Section 6, we conduct experiments that validate our analysis.

we show that choosing e using the above inequalities results in stable operation, while choosing e that minimally violates them results in instability.


between them is the weight-s.S jective function Q(y * )is ing method [14].


Erroneous dispersion of encoded packets into falsely detected boundary-zone nodes is compensated by the redundancy contained within the correctly dispersed packets.

collecting any N. encoded packets out of Figure 3: Average no.


For the majority of messages successfully delivered, CBF has a lower delay.

for the sample run of 500 messages with SHED1, 310 out of the fastest 390 messages had a lower latency for CBF (by between 10 and 15 hours).


Forwarding decisions are subpar and are coupled with the physical placement of middleboxes.

the physical topology of these classi.ers dictates how the .ows should be steered by SDN.


This means that only non-corrupted machines have output it.

eini received msg from a non-corrupted machine, who received it from another non-corrupted machine, etc.


On the other hand, CR proved itself ef.cient in allowing seamless L2 and L3 handoffs for realtime traf.c, in performing load balancing and in many other tasks.

the total L2+L3 handoff time is about 15.6 ms in open networks and about 21.4 ms in networks using IEEE 802.11i.


(a,b) = 1, the necessary condition for this to occur is when (k -1) and (l -1) are even, which implies 1 -(-1)(k-1)+(l-1) = 0.


Our ultimate goal with this framework is to meet the user-centric service expectations for intra-cell resource fairness and minRate guarantee, and to maximize the service provider s revenue by accommodating more satis.ed users into the system.

we propose an opportunistic downlink scheduling algorithm, named the Weighted Alpha-Rule, to provide high aggregate throughput and tuneable resource fairness among users within each cell.


and D, any other function G(x) will yield a T less than the one generated by this step function.

gstep(x) is in some sense a worst case: if we choose .


Finally, while we present our algorithms as using the entire graph information (i.e., as a centralized algorithm), four of our algorithms work in a way that only uses local information at each step, and can be implemented as a distributed algorithm along the lines of [14, 27].

the same techniques can be applied per (smashed) snapshot to make a distributed version of the proposed algorithms.


( N , N ) E 12 ® ki kj ° 0 otherwise ¯ Definition 2 The Maximal Link Interference Region (MLIR) of WMN s satisfies the following conditions: 1. s .

l 2. l , l s, I (l , l )1 12 12 3. l s, l s and I (l , l )0 ij ij in one MLIR, only one link can transmit data at any time.


First, the client continuously assesses the antenna in use, either omni directional or directional.

the client always uses the same antenna to finish a Data-ACK exchange.


It is also worthwhile to note that the stub capacitance associated with each level of the tree is constant.

there are a constant number of switches (drivers or receivers) attached to each wire segment, regarless of its length.


chains (that is, the parameter L), no overhead is incurred by the receivers.

pEAC is completely customizable introducing almost no additional overhead on the receivers and just a slight overhead on the sender side (that is, the overhead required to manage longer hash chains).


Since our receiver only supports pure OFDM, we used that mode for our tests in the 2.4 GHz band.

by setting up an ad hoc network between a MacBook Pro and a laptop with an Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300 WiFi card, we were able to verify that all frames were decoded correctly by the SDR.


On average, DLT achieves substantial performance improvement over CTP, ORW, and ORW-Seda.

dLT increases the data yield of CTP, ORW and ORW-Seda by 26%, 15% and 10%, respectively.


Since in a Poisson distribution the degrees will be fairly tightly grouped around the mean, then using a clique generalization that limits how small the minimal degree can be, such as the k-plex, approximately captures the set of nodes in this distribution.

if we chose a large enough k, then we should be able to match the maximal k-plexes against a majority of the af.liations.


The DMMT-OA algorithm is a constant-factor approximation algorithm.

for a multicast tree Ts obtained from DMMT-OA, its approximation ratio satisfies 2p µ= ·K (,2 ) , where (39) .= .p 33 vu 3 .min .3 =.cv wxy (( x ( s .


Each fiber in the network can support some fixed number, say n, of wave- length channels.

at any time there can be up to n signals along a fiber each using a distinct wavelength.


In other words, all paths in use by an equilibrium .ow have minimum-possible cost.

all paths of a given commodity used by an equilibrium .ow have equal latency.


In addition to infection delay and user vigilance, many other parameters of potential interest exist.

in a real network, viral birth and death rates are not likely to be universal or constant (infection delay and user vigilance are also not likely to be universal).


In this paper, we propose a new mechanism through which the handover procedure of FMIPv6 is optimized by using the IEEE802.21 MIH services.

we exploit the IEEE802.21 Information Services to tackle the issues related to radio access discovery and candidate AR discovery in FMIPv6.


The pseudo random procedure is similar to the one used to derive the pseudo random frequency hopping sequence.

the PCSS scheme assigns the positions of checkpoints on a given link following a pseudo random sequence that is generated based on the Bluetooth clock of the master and the MAC address of the slave.


As it will be explained in the following section, the delivery probability of the nodes also keeps into account the energy level of the nodes, so to avoid that some best carriers become strong attractors and run into low battery problems more quickly than others.

we will show that as the battery level decreases, the probability of being selected decreases.


In our experiments, we discovered that the effects of hardware variation and some time-varying phenomena appear to be linear as well.

the calibration function can be Chipset Relation ACX100 c(i)=i Prism c(i)=0.85 · i - 43.5 Atheros c(i)=2.77 · i - 409.5  256 224 192 Table 2: Linear relationships between several different 802.11 Signal intensity (new card) cards and the ACX100 card we used in training.


Note that for each TCP flow i, the Internet gateway has to provide at maximum a total of awndi free packet buffer space in the pacing queue, where awndi denotes the size of the receiver advertised window of flow i.

the wired TCP source of flow i can never transmit more than awndi packets back to back before waiting for a corresponding TCP ACK to arrive.


The main di.erence is that in the two-phase algorithm we wish to receive, from each router, l words subdivided into m subwords.

we wish to receive lm packets from each router.


This .ts nicely with our earlier observation that there are many more POST requests in today s Internet than were observed in the past.

an examination of traces from L-IXP over the past three years shows that the fraction of requests of type POST has increased by 80% over that time.


PROBLEM STATEMENT Reinforcement learning (RL) is the concept of learning from past and present to decide what to do best in the future.

the learner, also referred to as agent, learns from experience by interacting with the environment, and uses its acquired knowledge to select the action that maximizes a cumulative reward.


(1 - )|C| n The intuition behind the de.nition of expander graph is that for any chosen subset of the expander, the expansion and edge boundary of the cluster represents a better connectivity.

for any chosen cluster from the expander, number of adjacent nodes are always larger than the size of the cluster times some constant .. Good expansion property implies low degree and high connectivity (i.e.


5, the pattern of channel symmetry seems to hold approximately in our data i.e., the forward links and reverse links are close to being equal.

averaged over all the experiments and all the links, the di.erence between P DRij and P DRji is 4.93%.


Beimel and Franklin [1] showed that the connectivity requirement can be relaxed if some pairs of parties share authentication keys.

instead of costly com- munication channels, we can give some pairs of processors (other than the pairs connected by channels) authentication keys, i.e., the means to identify messages from the other.


Our results show that multiQ, though passive, is as accurate as the active tool Pathrate.

85% of the measurements are within 10% of their true value.


This might not be a general case, but it does indicate that more links may experience asymmetry with longer distance.

if unidirectional links tend to be long, they could be exploited to result in more e.cient routes.


Each path involves sending 5 MB from A to B or C, respectively, and then receiving a short acknowledgment message back.

lastly, we add the time taken to send an acknowledgment from A to n. the latency to write a value is a simple function over inter-node data transfer latencies, using sum and max operators.


Slow but provably secure pseudorandom bit sequences can be constructed using hardcore predicates of a one-way function.

as the hardcore predicate for any one-way function have been discovered, cryptographically strong pseudorandom generators are constructible from any one-way function [7][8].


It is important to note that, depending on the application (e.g., unicast versus multicast), the gateway server may utilize both the new generated (down-transcaled) stream and the original scalable stream for its different clients.

since the quality of the original scalable stream Sin is higher than the quality of the downtranscaled stream Sout over the range [Rmin_in , Rmax_in], then it should be clear that clients with access bandwidth that falls within this range can benefit from the higher quality (original) scalable stream Sin.


For i = 0to k, it chooses a set Si of su.ciently many (as de.ned later) requests from Ci taking into account interference caused by the previously selected sets S0,...,Si-1.

si satis.es the SINR constraints with gain ß/2 on top of S0,...,Si-1, i.e., the interference constraints for every pair in Si are satis.ed with gain ß/2 taking into account the interference caused by the previously inserted pairs in S0,...,Si-1 and the other pairs in Si.


The latter are referred to as competitors of that node.

each node resolves a virtual contention by exploiting the information collected in control messages sent by its neighbors during previous control slots.


PI .P, and a transformation fI(·), such that fI(pi) lies on the convex hull of fI(PI) {v I}.

pi is an external boundary point of P, i. fI(pi) lies on the convex hull of fI(P) {v I}.


Intuitively, this metric is suited to detect several denial-of-service attacks aimed at consuming resources.

.ooding attacks cause drastic changes in the battery status of various nodes.


There is considerable topological di.erences between 802.11a and 802.11b/g channels.

links under 802.11b/g channels have much longer range than those on 802.11a channels due to the fact that 802.11b/g is at a lower frequency band and that 802.11b standard permits lower and more robust transmission rates (e.g.


In particular, in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 we compare diversity to the single-channel case by averaging the ER obtained from using only channel 1 or only channel 2.

if the throughputs over channels 1 and 2 are ERch1 and ERch2 , respectively, then we de.ne ERone channel as ERch1 + ERch2 ERone channel = .


Other technologies seem to be better positioned to succeed in 10GE environments.

sFP+ based twinax copper cables have a much lower cost than other solutions and enable pragmatic deployments of 10GE for very short distances in the data center (e.g., for intra-rack connections).


4, the operating range depends on the type of DLL.

in a view of tracking accuracy, double delta typed DLL is better than single delta typed DLL.


If the DSMA reservation feature is activated by increasing Preserve , we observe a progressively higher throughput and success ratio, explainable by the deeper level of coordination that is distributely achieved among nodes.

transmitting nodes are more frequently asked to act as receivers.


Our evaluation shows that Nexat is able to learn the attacking behavior of the attackers and use it to predict their future actions ef.ciently.

by learning the attack histories of 32 teams Nexat was able to predict the actions of another hacker team with an average accuracy of 94%.


Then, it was observed how M-DAD will use the VCA to adapt its behaviour to that emerging change in the obstacle length.

the bill which contains the best (closest to the actual obstacle length) detected obstacle length value, the agreed bills, and the federal laws were examined.


In consequence it o.ers bene.ts compared to a laboratory oriented equipment which needs to emulate some of these aspects.

we can use SymPA to test services in real mobility conditions.


Choosing the right traf.c aggregation is tricky: too much aggregation will lead to total detections total detections 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 # principal components (c) Abilene false-positive rate abilene (threshold = 90%) smooth and predictable .ow curves whereas too little aggre gation yields a very heavy-tailed .ow-size distribution (see .gure 2) and hence some highly variable small .ows whose spikes are not of interest to network operators.

for both Abilene in .gure 4(d) and Geant in .gure 4(b), it is clear that the ingress router aggregation consistently detects fewer anomalies than OD .ows and input links.


of the boundaries that should exist between DRM system components.

no clear boundaries are provided between important DRM functionalities such as rights expression, rights interpretation, negotiations, etc.


On the other hand, because the reference point has an IP address outside of the target pre.x, any pre.x hijacking attacks targeting the pre.x will not affect the reference point.

we will detect disagreement between the path from a monitor to a target pre.x and the path from the same monitor to the corresponding reference point of the target pre.x.


Figure 4 compares the percentage of successful handshakes in both approaches as a function of di.erent timeouts and packet loss ratios.

we observe that the HIP-based approach performs signi.cantly better than the DTLS-based approach in the presence of packet loss.


C " ,s " A generation or analysis rule r has the form r, with C,s C and C " constraint sets and s and s " substitutions, and it expresses that (C " ,s " )can be derived from (C,s), which we denote by (C,s) fr (C " ,s " ).

the constraint reduction rules are applied backwards.


Thus, CB performs at least as well as the Count-Min algorithm.2 (c) Our reconstruction algorithm detects errors.

it can distinguish the .owswhosesizesareincorrectly estimated,andproduce an upper and lower bound of the true value; whereas the Count-Min sketch onlyguarantees an over-estimate.


E) if and only if w belongs to the disk centered in v and of radius r. The transmission range of a node depends, in turn, on the energy power supplied to the node.

the power Pv required by a node v to correctly transmit data to another station w must satisfy the inequality Pv = dist(v, w)2,where dist(v, w)is the Euclidean distance between v and w. In several works [1, 12, 15, 21], it is assumed that nodes can arbitrarily vary their transmission range over the large set {dist(s, t)|s, t .


Compared to the distribution before removing spam due to blacklisted IPs, there is a signi.cant reduction in distributedness, but only a relatively small reduction in duration.

the URLs that have duration of .ve days or shorter and distributed over more than 20 ASes remain at 0.46% (and the connections at 0.93%).


We conducted preliminary measurements of stalling patterns for YouTube using the network of a public German 3G mobile network operator.

we watched several YouTube videos and used tethering to share the 3G Internet connection of the smartphone with a laptop.


KNUM-PQ is then identical to KNUM-P except for the quadratic term that equals zero at optimality.

if ** *** (x ,y )be an optimum of KNUM-P, then(x ,x¯,y )with x¯* = x * is an optimum of KNUM-PQ.


Depending on the mechanism used to implement packet leashes, this requirement bene.t other parts of the protocol: TIK [14], for example, authenticates each packet in a lightweight manner, thus protecting the more expensive signature veri.cation from a denial-of-service attack.

if a node A receives an authenticated packet containing a bogus signature from node B,then A can lower the priority with which it checks signatures sent by B.


The main idea of PA is to investigate how an in.nitesimal perturbation on some components of the LMM-Rate problem can affect the objective function.

considering a small increase on the right-handside (RHS) of (10), i.e., changing bito bi+Ei, where Ei>0, node :Æ1 ibelongs to the minimum node set S1if and only if (0)<0.


We plan to support such communications using triggered exchanges.

when two rural audio computers are placed next to each other and triggered (e.g.


The above issue relates to both code and time, and therefore should be addressed in the code-time space.

either multiple non-overlapping PN codes should be used (i.e., code space separation), or multiple receptions with a single PN code should begin at different points in time (i.e., time space separation).


We observe that the results from different sites are similar.

results from both channel 25 and 26 show that short impulse (less than 10 µs) plays the main role of interference types.


On the other hand, it is observed that a lower load threshold improves the performance of macrocell users while degrading that of femtocell users.

the load threshold controls the tradeoff between macrocell and femtocell capacities.


Yet, with a reordering buffer of 3 or more packets, the throughput decreases to approximately 1% of the peak value indicating a successful attack and near starvation of the .ow.

if the scheduler selects the next packet to service randomly among the .rst 3 or more queued, the resulting reordering cannot be overcome by TCP.


This will inevitably result in a drifting error at the decoder.

a drifting error occurs if the enhancement layer transmission rate (r) is less than the encoding rate (a), which is referred to as a(t) in Fig.


Our initial scanner tracking results show that the scanners timing behavior follows a 90-10 curve.

90% of scanners are active for a short time, with low scanning rates, while 10% are long term and fast scanners, with a few super-scanners lasting the entire duration of monitoring.


(c) Asys is determined by the pushback postures of each router in the system.

the pushback behavior of a router is determined by the following con.gurable parameters: [psys1 ] congestion checking time (default value: 2s) is the interval time that the router checks congestion.


This function is nicknamed Back-to-Back due to the way it selects the ACTIVE and PASSIVE cells for each time slot.

during horizontal (vertical) advancement, nodes of the same row (column) .ip their functionality between ACTIVE and PASSIVE on each time slot, as illustrated in the example in Figure 7.


The sender uses the hash function Gh() on the t SEALs and observes any k-way collisions from distinct SEALs.


To examine the difference, we group applications based on their types based on the domain knowledge.

we study three groups: video streaming (YouTube, GoogleVideo, RTVE, Vimeo, Youku), social web (Tuenti, Facebook, Twitter, Linked-In, MySpace, LiveJournal) and news (CNN, BBC, washingtonpost, wikipedia).


In addition, P{Yk < y} = y since the random variable Yk is uniformally distributed over the range [0, 1).

thus the cu-mulative distribution function (CDF) of the derived random variable Xk is: Fa(x) = P{Xk < x} = P{ b~k < X} = P{Yk < z bwk } xbwk which gives the probability density function (PDF) of ran- dom variable Xk as: fl~(x) = F~(x) = bwk " ~, bujk-1 when the priority of entity i is x, the probability that entity i wins the contention is derived from Eq.


Lastly, it can be observed that the communication architectures underlying many use cases cannot guarantee end-to-end applicative connectivity, since the dynamic flight paths of the UAVs may cause frequent fragmentations in the aerial network.

continuous changes in the relative motions of each UAV creates challenging conditions to maintain connected communication links, either between UAVs or with other network nodes.


This is because with higher ., more packets are transmitted.

aOMDV consumed higher energy compared with ADRA, since it used a peak data rate for each link.


Second, Kandoo automatically distributes control applications without any manual intervention.

kandoo control Figure 2: Toy example for Kandoo s design: In this example, two hosts are connected using a simple line topology.


However, apart from increasing the complexity, this would also result in excess packets being discarded: a rather expensive after-the-fact strategy, as these packets have already used valuable memory accesses.

not forwarding some of these low priority packets would not greatly increase the resources available for other forwarding engines to use.


The bit error rate on the channel is assumed to be linearly increasing with decreasing signalto-noise ratio (SNR), for the sake of simplicity.

the BER is assumed to range in the interval [10-2 ,10-6], as indicated in [23].


CONCLUSIONS This work has discussed the potential for using autonomous agents in wireless sensor networks.

it has outlined the vision for such a network, and the work involved to date in using agent mechanisms in order to improve current WSN performance, .exibility, scalability, and adaptiveness.


Via analysis, simulation and .eld experiments, we have demonstrated that our SISR localization method can automatically tolerate errors in ranging measurements by de-emphasizing bad data while accentuating more accurate readings.

sISR can accurately localize dif.cult non-convex topologies, even in the presence of non-Gaussian errors in ranging.


If real-time tracking is desired, an alternative solution is to produce the trajectory in a streaming fashion.

produce output as soon as part of a trajectory can be estimated with high con.dence.


Such a mode of operation, in which calls are simply blocked if resources are unavailable and have to retry at a later time, is economically viable for ordinary users if the number of simultaneous circuits supported on a link is large.

the per-circuit rate is small relative to link capacity.


select the set of nodes that are allowed to communicate with it.

and contrarily to the Internet communication model, node reachability is o. by default [23].


similarly, define .. to be the median point of vehicles to the left of the sender.

if .. is the position of the sender vehicle, then, .. is the point on the road segment that minimizes the following objective function: .. .


In this paper we propose to use conformal mapping to compute a new embedding of the sensor nodes in the plane such that greedy forwarding with the virtual coordinates guarantees delivery.

we extract a planar triangulation of the sensor network with non-triangular faces as holes, by either using the nodes location or using a landmark-based scheme without node location.


The model is based on the three radio propagation models (Free Space, Two Ray, and Shadowing).

we focused on minimizing the energy consumption during radio propagation over different distances among wireless sensors.


As depicted in Figure 4, our goal is to explicitly build the dependency DAGs along each step of the the compilation.

during the compilation each ONF fragment should be associated with a dependency DAG, whose vertices represent ONF atoms and edges represent the dependency between atoms.


Therefore, we use short BL to match access granularity.

sDRAM is set to a short BL mode and a packet is split to short packets based on the BL, which is also related to Section 2.1.


For each mapping, we only consider the slots whose selectors have not been determined yet and only consider the tags that have not been assigned to any slots yet.

the used slots and the assigned tags will not be considered.


For instance, in(?x).P and in({| ?y |} kAB ).Q can both read message { G} kAB but the .rst process just reads it, denoted in({ G} kAB ), while the second one reads and decrypts it, denoted in({| G |} kAB ).

x is bound to { G} kAB while y is bound to G. This makes it possible to express protocols where part of a message is unknown to the recipient, as also done, e.g., in symbolic model checking and constraint solving [5, 11, 28].


The results of the performance evaluation of ML-SOR showed that more stable social information provided by several social network layers is able to augment available partial contact information improving message forwarding.

we compared our protocol to Epidemic routing, PRoPHET, Bubble Rap and a hybrid version of Bubble Rap, called H-Bubble Rap, which uses the same metric of ML-SOR and is community-based.


)rmax and duj vj <rmax (13) By geometry, SIV <SV < 2SIV holds.

since uj is dis- M tributed randomly on MN in a uniform manner, we get: MCNC M1 + M2 SIV <E(SIR(uj )) <(1+ )SIV (14) M MN when rmax =1, .=0.78, we obtain: 0.44 <k 1(ei) <0.58 (15) Now, take the value of k 2(ei) into account.


In order to save energy using the merge network, we need to run some number of switch interfaces at full rate while dropping the rate of the rest to the lowest possible.

we need to dynamically determine the values of K1 and K2.


LARGE DEVIATIONS OF A QUEUE In this section, in order to set the stage for the problem at hand and to establish some of our notation, we review work on the large deviations behavior of a G/G/1 queue.

we state an asymptotic expression for the prob- ability that the queue length exceeds a certain threshold U.


In the upstream direction, diversity is effective because losses are roughly independent across BSes and a packet sent by the vehicle is received by at least one BS with a high probability.

the fact that a packet from the vehicle is lost at, for instance, the closest BS, has little bearing on whether it is lost at another BS.


5 De.ning Congestion On the Internet, a network link is said to be congested when the offered load on the link reaches a value close to the capacity of the link.

we can de.ne congestion as the state in which a network link is close to being completely utilized by the transmission of bytes.


Note that PF, while improving the response time, does not improve raw throughput performance.

only the e.ective throughput, as experienced by the end-user, increases when using PF.


In addition to have proved that the deadline is always respected, we have also proved the beliefs consistency between the manager and the participants and that the protocol works and ends correctly either in a safe or a failure case.

the failure tolerance is done successfully.


4.1 Initial View The initial view de.nes the initial state of the routing process, before it has determined the incident link costs or communicated with its neighbors.

it serves as the base case for the algorithm.


The standard probabilistic model of homogeneous Poisson process is characterized by the property that the number of nodes in a region is a random variable depending only on the area (or volume in higher dimensions) of the region.

the probability that there are exactly k nodes appear (.A)k -.A ing in any region .


More generally, we can also de.ne an unweighted (hyper)graph Hd where an edge epq .E if and only if H pq >d, i.e., if the density of the corre- H sponding subgraph Spq is at least d. Hence, the induced hypergraph H represents the interaction patterns and their intensities between the various inside/outside host groups, and Hd captures the dominant interactions among the core host groups (or communities) of the inside/outside hosts.

it is in this sense that we refer to the hypergraph H (Hd)as the (core) latent hypergraph underlying (or generating) the original TAG G. using Hd and the corresponding dense graph components Spq s, we obtain an approximate core G of the original G that captures the dominant interaction patterns among signi.cant inside/outside host groups.


Therefore, scalability must be a key aspect in their design.

services must support accesses from a high number of users in order to be successful.


(ii) We use a graphical structure across the nodes of the network and run our decoding iterations over the graph.

the iterative decoder runs across the graphical structure of Fig.


Bio-mechanical ef.ciency is one of the most important contributory factors for injury prevention and enhancing performance, and also is the most overlooked issue when computing running ef.ciency.

the angle of the foot when it hits the ground can signi.cantly affect ef.ciency.


Messages describing the end goal of Portolan have been sent to some mailing lists of technical users in the area of networking.

we stressed the sci Figure 5: Number of active installs2 enti.c and non-pro.t purposes of Portolan, relying on the 5.


In this subsection, we conduct further analysis to derive the probabilities for interference-free channel assignment when |N(u)| >s based on Algorithm 1.

we will study the probability that a node u can .nd out a channel to achieve interference-free communication in its local neighborhood when s ' >s,where s ' = |N(u)|.


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION We introduced a novel framework for P2P media streaming, BEAM, that uses alliance basedpeering scheme to solve some of the existing problems in chunk based P2P media streaming.

our main contributions and .ndings are: 1) Peerlag(while mediaplayback) canbe signi.cantly reduced from the order of minutes to approximately 10-20 seconds in the swarm.


To achieve more accurate global time synchronization, we argue for a logical decoupling of time synchronization from na¨ive .ooding.

we propose to decouple the clock distribution network from the routing tree in multihop wireless networks.


executed protocol a version of a Neighbor Discovery protocol.

to compute its RC value, node i broadcasts a Coverage Request packet, CReq, to all its 1-hop neighbors.


Our results hold, ' mutatis mutandis, if one replaces Ui,w(t)with the quantity Ui,w(t +1)-Ui,w(t).

our mechanism remains essentially the same, the only di.erence being that user m reportsthefollowingquantity instead ofthe onein(11).


In this paper, the finitedifference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to investigate basic propagation mechanisms in simplified urban environments.

we study propagation effects for WiMAX signals in the presence of simple obstacles.


This underlies the point that although TCP and SlowCC mechanisms might perform some what similarly in a steady-state environment, this is not necessar ily the case in more extreme conditions with rapid changes.

an environment with varying load may result in lower throughput (and hence, lower link utilization) with SlowCCs than with TCPs.


is allocated the entire output bandwidth.

the weight wi of .ow fi is de.ned as its reserved bandwidth normalized with respect to the total bandwidth of the output link, i.e., ri wi = (2) R the weight wi of a .ow represents the fraction of the output bandwidth that is reserved for .ow fi.


Scheduling Policy: In terms of the scheduling policy itself, one can employ any desired scheduling policy ranging from simple round-robin to more sophisticated weighted fair queuing schemes with delay guarantees in MIDAS.

de.cit round robin (DRR) is a type of weighted fair queuing that also incurs low complexity and is hence conducive for implementation.


In particular, they cannot be used for the modular analysis of real-world security protocols since such protocols typically do not make use of SIDs in this explicit and speci.c way.

the composition theorems could only be used to analyze idealized/modi.ed versions of such protocols.


STABILITY DELAY TRADEOFF Based on the above discussions, we can say that an ideal situation for any type of application is to use routes that can simultaneously achieve both optimal end-to-end delay and optimal number of route transitions.

when we run a routing protocol R, we want its MERIT ratioR = Stability ratioR = 1.


Some of the peculiar features of VANET which make it more challenging class of MANET are: 1-Frequently disconnected network: VANETs will not have constant connectivity due to the high swift movement between vehicles.

in case of low density vehicles there is high prospect of the link getting disconnected will be high.


1.3 Contribution of This Work The problem of the Voronoi diagram-based (or VD-based) algorithm stems from the fact that the boundaries of Voronoi cellsare nonuniform.

some cell boundaries can be arbitrarily short.


Step 3 : The optimal scheme will be selected as the one minimizing the deviation with respect to both the maximal Pinf and the minimal Mrecv .

depending on the vehicle density, it may become more important to minimize the number of messages for high densities, and in that case our algorithm varies the degree of importance of the two metrics by using the K value, calculated as follows:  100 K = (1) density of vehicles we used the value of reference 100 to compute K, since our experiments showed that the di.erences in terms of informed vehicles decrease noticeably for densities above 100 vehicles/km2 (see Figure 2), and, hence, a higher weight is assigned to the number of messages received when this density is exceeded.


and so are .kA,.kB .[C(t)]x is one-dimensional random walk (sum of i.i.d.


ask, is the deployment of S*BGP path validation worth the extra e.ort?


The categorization of the set of eigenloads is performed in a heuristic way.

we expect that the eigenloads will present a similar behavior as the principal components, since they are obtained as projections of the trajectory matrix H on them.


ILNP FQDN Transport Identi.er, I Network Locator, L IP address Link MAC address MAC address Table 2: Use of names in ILNP and IP 2.4 DNS and a new API We .rst apply the traditional computer science concept of data hiding and de.ne a new Networking API that omits the use of addresses or Locators, and instead is focused upon Domain Names4.

only the Fully Quali.ed Domain Name (FQDN) is used by normal applications; raw IP address values are no longer visible (though it is clear they could still be used by those applications that absolutely needed to use them).


Moreover, the attacks prevent not only call content from being recorded (in the case of call-content wiretaps), they additionally prevent accurate call records from being delivered to law enforcement, often without the possibility of detection.

unlike encryption that may be used to obfuscate the content of calls, the techniques described in this section may be used to additionally hide call records (who called whom and when) from wiretap transcripts.


min_th = buffer_size / 6, max_th = buffer_size / 2.


The rest of the .gure breaks down the bene.t of the RTT cache for each number of concurrent connections.

the largest bene.t of the RTT cache is at 3 and 4 concurrent connections, providing an improvement of 13% and 32%, respectively.


This representation differs from the previous two approaches in that it captures much more structural information about the .ows from which it is built.

cSGs: are not based on a .xed token length but rather use longest common subsequences between .ows,  capture all of the sequences in which common substrings occur, including their offsets in the .ows,  ignore all byte sequences that share no commonalities with other .ows,  track the frequency with which individual substrings, as well as sequences thereof, occur.


In addition, this enables to optimally control the coverage ratio ., de.ned as the ratio between the covered area and the target area.

as it will be mathematically proven v in the following, when d = 3r the coverage ratio .


{0} is a nonnegative weight function defined as qu = P* u.

ts *(N', A', q) is a multicast tree of G with minimum energy consumption.


A message exchange at the netjlow level is represented in the high-level DNS graph by an edge whose head points to the IP address associated with port 53.

the edge always points from the IP address generating the DNS request to the IP address servicing the request.


1(c) that the length of the forwarding path to the BS and the total number of nodes also have impact on the energy saving of report forwarding.

when the path length is longer, more energy will be wasted in the transmission incurred by false data.


For simplicity, we also assume that the identity provider has a billing relationship with the user.

the identity provider is both responsible for the security of the identity veri.cation mechanism and carries the liability for journeys made by users whose identities have been veri.ed.


The successful reception of a transmitted signal depends, along with the propagation function on the transmit power p, and the receiver sensitivity ..The receiver sensitivity is the threshold signal strength needed for reception andisassumedtobe anapriori knownconstant, same for all nodes.


This slightly reduces the computational requirements to verify time-consecutive or geographically nearby attribute certi.cates.

it is bene.cial when a veri.er wishes to check the validity of several attribute certi.cates corresponding to di.erent access points in the same approximate geographic location.


In this way we can be sure to avoid duplicate address and at the same time the TEMP IP discover would not contribute to the total handoff time any longer.

since we know the TEMP IP before the actual handoff, we can think of a scenario where we can update the SIP session before performing the L2 handoff thus further reducing the total L3 handoff time.