Therefore, if L* is the minimum value of L for which the algorithm decides S (L)is non-empty, then we know that S (L* -e)is empty (where e depends on the precision of the algorithm), and S (µL*)is nonempty.

the value of the dual LP, and hence, the value of the primal LP, is between L* and µL* .


The number of processors that uses the shared memory: we assumed that a selected number of processors out of all four use shared data.

the rest of the processors use private data.


At the next epoch, the system transitions to s with probability ps('| sa, ) given that a is chosen in s. Furthermore, the next epoch occurs within t time units with probability pt(| sas ,) ,'given s, a, and s .

the next epoch occurs at or before time t and the state equals s with probability f (| ) =ps ', ,'Let (s,a) ss ' ta (| sa ptsas )(| ,).


13Our experiments indicate that in both OCV and non-OCV modes the divergence in clock-to-Q delay and setup times vary by less than 5ps, and delays for other cells vary by less than 1ps.

in the following wereport results in OCV mode only.


CFC further enforces a finite bound on the number of instructions in a block.

each block is reached and executed within finite time.


Depending on the structure connecting the different components, additional stiffness problems may easily occur.

the desired system would have stationary actuators that do not perform motions as they do in a serial construction, in which the actuators themselves add to the inertia of the moving components.


Most published works create latch huddles [36], multi-bit latches or .ip-.ops [37, 38], and a complex gate combining LCB/pulse-generator with latches as a post-processing step [39, 40] after global placement.

the solution is much inferior to the optimal clockaware placement.


It is becoming harder to separate IP blocks and standard cells and place them into different partitions.

the ability to handle macro blocks together with standard cells is becoming indispensable for physical design tools.


When the circuit is in operation, 0:vbp:vbpmax (11) these values are referenced from the ROM, based on the output of Practically, if D(vbnvbp)exceeds D., then the minimum leakage the temperature sensor and the corresponding bias values are applied solution corresponds to the case where (11) is an equality.


It should be noted, the nature and the effects of extraction errors are radically different to the ones by common design errors presented in [1].

existing design error debugging techniques [8] may not be applicable/ef.cient when applied to extraction errors.


Word length has a significant a.ect on power and area of memory.

curve .tting was applied to the CACTI data of memory structures with varying word lengths and the area and power of the memory unit was extrapolated.


Usuallyan attack is not certain to be successful, it is onlyso most of the time.

anye.ect as well as the control on location and timing might require a probabilityor even a distribution to be completelydescribed.


Inside each FSR, the feedback functions consume much less power (in average < 5%) compared to the FSRs.

for simplicity, during power masking, they are supposed to have always maximum power consumption.


TABLE II Slice Areas of the Interconnection Components  Block Size (slices) BRAM % XC2V6000 Router (8bits) 189 0 0,56 NI 121 1 0,36 A router can forward five packets per clock cycle at 150MHz.


Note that this step by s must be an RMR because s = p, and because by our choice of s, process p has never written memory local to s. It follows that s performs one such RMR for each stable process p .

act(H), otherwise after s completes its call to Signal() there is some p that remains stable and whose local memory is in the same state as at the end of H. if p now calls Poll(), thenits call returnsthe same response as p slast call, namely false, contradicting thespeci.cationof thesignalingproblem (see De.nition 4.1).


Cost/Performance Tradeo.s We recognize that while our algorithms focus on the onenet problem, a real CAD system s objective is to drive an entire design to timing closure.

multiple nets must compete for wiring and bu.ering resources and it is clearly not su.cient to, for example, maximize the performance of a particular net without paying attention to some measure of cost incurred.


he ad er h e ade r h e ade r he ad e r  fr a m e 1 sy n c S i d e in f o 1 f r am e 2 sy n c S i d e in f o 2 f r am e 3 sy n c S i d e in f o 3 f r am e 4 sy n c S i d e in f o 4 m a i n _ d at a_ b e g i n 1 ma i n _ d a t a mai n _d ata_ b e g i n 4  m a i n _d a t a_b eg i n 3 b e gi n 2 mai n _d a t a 1 mai n _d a t a 3 ma i n _ d a t a 4 mai n _d ata 2  Figure 4.

constant bitrate MP3 stream with bit reservoir technique our first step is to eliminate the inter-frame dependency of the MP3 bitstream, thus making the frame length variable.


From the .gure, we see that practically all of the overhead in the engineering applications, and most of the one in the system ones comes from interposition overhead.

improving the performance of interposition will likely improve the results for these applications signi.cantly.


ForSuS-eSim,CRCB andJanapsatya s method, time complexityfor updating linkedlistis O((log2 (X) + 1).

consideringallthe results and complexities, we can say that SuSeSim shows the fastest performance compared to any other methodproposed sofarforL1 cache.


Usually, it takes long CPU time and large memo ry capacity to solve the PDN circuit consisting of the W-element.

the first-order Debye rational function is frequently-used to approximate the distributed series impedance (6) and shunt admittance (7): , (10)  .


In our design, each monolayer chip contain underlying reconfigurable I/O layer having reconfigurable interconnects using nonvolatile multiplexer.

chip-manufacturers can change even the chipdesigns by changing chip combinations.This reconfigurable I/O can also adjust misaligned or misconnected interconnects.


Simple experiments with HSPICE, however, reveal that this nonlinearity is not strong, at least not in 0.13µm CMOS.

we will ignore these complications for now, and simply assume that gate delay is a Gaussian with mean equal to its nominal value.


The information obtained from the transition .ring speci.es the number of times the transition occurs at the output of a gate.

we have a direct relationship between the transition .ring in a Petri net and the switching activity of the circuit.


The processor includes whether debug is enabled or not when it computes SKHash.

the security kernel will have different program hashes depending on whether the debugging is enabled or not.


Thw(p) = Length of the critical path of scheduled p, (2) where V(p) is the node set of p. Equation (1) indicates that all the instructions in a pattern need to be executed sequentially in a basic (single-issue) pipeline processor.


If the write traffic on the local bank cannot be redirected, the lifetime of the local bank will be reduced.

to improve the lifetime of the local bank, we propose to integrate STT-RAM with SRAM to construct a local hybrid bank.


High-level symptom-based detection techniques are largely oblivious to speci.c low-level failure modes or microarchitectural/circuit details.

in contrast to detection methods that are driven by speci.c device-level fault models (e.g., wear-out detectors), high-level detection techniques are more general and extensible to numerous failure mechanisms and microarchitectures.


The input stage is responsible for holding the address and control information when the transfer to a slave is not able to commence immediately.

there are many registers and 2-to-1 multiplexers in an input stage.


The reason is that every segment is compacted to the preceding segment during routing.

between two nets, we can connect these cut lines in every ring area, and then determine the net ordering according to the connected cut lines as shown in Figure 2(a).


In general, it is necessary to resize the power switch to avoid this delay increase.

in this case, the power-switch size needs to be optimized considering the gate discharge patterns and the delay of the entire gates sharing the same virtual ground.


Increasing the IIs beyond a certain point only increases the cost.

the system just picks a higher performance LA to save cost.


While Escera focusedonatime scale inwhich they were concerned with the novelty of whole sound objects, we are concerned with comparing individual sound objects to each other.

we are concerned with the novelty of events within a sound object.


Furthermore, the number of dead-on-.ll blocks tends to become very large in dynamic cache resizing mechanisms because they rely on the LRU replacement policy and are mainly applied to last-level caches.

dynamic cache resizing mechanisms waste their resource to store a lot of dead-on-.ll blocks, even though they do not contribute to performance improvement but consume energy.


We assume that the number of inputs is n, and each input has a uniform and independent probability of 1 of being .ipped in the normal 2 algorithm, and every input has equal opportunity to be chosen to change in the algorithm only allowing SIC.

the probability of generating a MIC vector with k inputs changed in the normal algorithm is 1 n P1 =( )(1) 2 while the probability of generating its SIC sequence alternative in the proposed algorithm is 1 )k (2) P2 =k!


To obtain each Kil from equation (20), PTil's need to be known from equation (22).

the two dimensional type of equation (26) is needed to get related FTi,l's for input data being pmn's.


The sequential don t cares can be computed by assuming that the window has a free environment.

a conservative underestimation of the actual don t care set is obtained.


This property is suitable for high data rate communications such as wireless multimedia communications [2].

mIMO is promising to achieve the high data rate requirements by the spatial multiplexing technology.


Check node update: in each subsequent iteration, for all the CNFUs, read the updated variable-to-check message from the message memories in the same block row,  and then after CNFU computation write the updated check-to-variable message back to the same address r in the order of 0,...,m- 1.

in one clock cycle, j rows are updated simultaneously, namely, row r, m + r, 2m + r, ..., (j -1)m + r. In one iteration totally m clock cycles are necessary to complete the updating process of all the j × mrows.


Act(H), otherwise after s completes its call to Signal() there is some p that remains stable and whose local memory is in the same state as at the end of H. Consequently, if p now calls Poll(), thenits call returnsthe same response as p slast call, namely false, contradicting thespeci.cationof thesignalingproblem (see De.nition 4.1).


The reason is that, without cache remapping, the ratio between S-AP and FAP in many caches are quite di.erent from that of the whole cache.

the bene.ts of using variable-latency access caches are decreased signi.cantly.


Considering the fact that crossbar and buffer are two major power consuming modules in a router [5], the increase in their power consumption can have significant impact on the overall network power.

a more optimal 3D router design is required that can address such problems.


Hence, the effective capacitance relative to oxide capacitance, COX, is decreasing in low-voltage, lowpower designs.

considering CG,eff in accurate power and delay Ga t e c a pa c i t a nc e : C G [fF ]  15 0 10 0 50 W/ L = 10 0[ µ m ] /0 .4 [ µ m] I G  V DS 0 -2 - 1 0 1  estimation becomes more important in the future.


Looking at the number of false positives, no benchmarks, except for FT and SP, have any false positives at sampling interval OV1.

in most cases, we achieve very high coverage fraction values without false positives in the lossy-trace results.


The overhead of the mux select devices are amortized over the M RPTs sharing the LBLB segment.

the total overhead is less compared to LBSF.


These higher-level code transformation related optimizations can be performed platform and cycle budget independent, prior to the tradeoff which is the focus here.

during the currently discussed step in the system design trajectory, the amount of data transfered to the datapath remains equal over the complete cycle budget range.


If the unused register is used at least in one of the parents and also the register belongs to the call-preserved category, its content should be preserved.

the register is added to the stack list of the function.


But even with a low-cost netbook, the refresh .

in the first step of our image transformation algorithm, a HMD was then subtracted to the directly observed value.


For these results, the number of entries in the tagged tables varies as a function of N according to Table I.

unlike previous sections, the MPKI curves are not a straight function of N. For the virtualized design, the L2 table is kept constant at 32 K entries in all cases.


Note that the center of mass changes significantly when the driving begins, and it remains most of the time below the reference.

the dynamic range is drastically reduced and large forces have to be exerted on the handle to achieve that the trajectory of the center of mass crosses the reference and the corresponding action (turn, accelerate, etc.)


Its clear read and write paths separation does not allow common wordlines and bitlines to be employed for both operations.

the memory can act either as a dual-port memory, and requires dedicated address decoders for read and write, or as a single port memory, with a single address decoder and an operation mode signal that selects which wordlines are driven by the decoder s output.


In the HCBI vision, the sounds in a forest, or other natural environments, are integral to helping us feel one with nature.

with HCBI, we listen to and feel the telepresence of the global ecological system, integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the biosphere.


Later, the consumer will use this handle to unblock the producer process.


cores running faster), the more bene.ts our methodology achieves with respect to the reference case study.

the proposed approach for early wire characterization achieves more power-ef.cient NoC designs with respect to more standard techniques for wiring modeling.


On the other hand, if transistor P 4is ON, the voltage of node X is equal to VDD.As a result, the voltages of all internal nodes in SST 1are equalto VDD.

in contrast to previous case, P 2and P 3are in stress mode.


Retention-Sensitive-Placement-LRU (RSP-LRU): This technique is similar to the previous one, but in this case the mostrecently-accessed block is kept in the longest retention time line.

every read or write (hit or miss) may shuf.e lines among the ways in order to keep them in the appropriate order (highly active blocks reside in the higher retention time lines).


This reduction of telephony cost over Internet protocol (IP) networks added to the dramatic increase of mobile phone usage and has created a huge demand for voice applications over IP networks [12].

the load on IP networks has increased dramatically with the result that bandwidth has become a real problem.


For the remaining cycles, the AND operation can be done while the previous value is being transmitted on the bus.

the critical path for our encoding hardware is the sum of latencies of one XOR and one AND gate which is a constant time operation and is much less than that for BI.


For example, in (OP0), there is one route selection constraint for every net in the instance.

if the cloud can identify all the route selection constraints, it can easily determine the total number of nets in the given instance.


7) [f|xi =p(x) = 1, f|xi d(x) = -] =pFor each point x in the on-set of f|xi =p and in the don t care set of f|xidwe have two choices: either it =p is covered in the projection set xi = p, thus becoming a don t care point in both the intersection and the other projection set xi = p, or it can be covered in the intersection and be a don t care in both projection sets.


In a normal power grid, each node is in a similar environment, with similar-value-range devices around it and similar distances to perfect-voltage nodes.

different nodes have similar Var, and M is roughly a constant.


14 the probability of a at the root isSimi= .


Ignoring the LRD can lead to a dramatic underestimation of the network resources.

it results in performance degradation by drastically increasing queuing delays and packet loss.


The basic idea is to exploit the fact that writes have spatial localities in the entire address space.

some regions of address space receive frequent writes while the other regions have few write requests.


The creation of a new module changes the system state of a free module from deleted to the initial state of the DEVS model for this module.

a deletion of an instantiated module is performed by resetting the state values to deleted .


Only if X is not less than half times of R, the two-bit watermark pq is believed to be extracted successfully.

the overall type I error can be decided by: R R .


Therefore we have divided the benchmarks into four categories: Saturating Utility: These type of applications are characterizedbyhaving asmall working setthat .tsinthecache.

granting morecachespacetothemhasnoimpact on their performance.


In addition, dynamic RAM (DRAM) usually has an accesstime rangingfrom5nsto70ns.

wesetthe main memory access time to 100 processor cycles.


5.2 Gate Relocation As shown in Figure 2, gates with many different-length paths to outputs have the largest latching windows due to uneven path delay.

timing masking can be improved if some fanout paths are eliminated, or if the paths were made to have equal delay.


On k consecutive faults, FIFO never misses twice on the same page.

the fault sequence is pk,p0,... ,pk-1, which repeats in cyclic order.


When working under a .xed power budget, this can translate into more number of cores being turned on.

the massive parallel com putational capacity brought in by 32 TFET cores can easily outperform the CMOS con.guration when running a scal able application such as swim.


On a RISC machine, the register could be used directly with no need to develop another, temporary pointer to the object.

the reference-counting approximation seems a more appropriate environment in which to evaluate our idea.


Considering the adopted sizing of MPF, one has CPF = 53pF and pEA 186Hz.

the loop has two intrinsic low-frequency poles, which could potentially lead to instability.


Compared to the pitfalls discussed so far, there is not much research on the e.ect of workload history on the performance of single SSDs and SSD RAIDs.

we decided to investigate this e.ect in more detail in the following section.


Table 1: Summary of VR design parameters.

as the off-chip regulator VO for LDO VRs decreases, the efficiency degrades, and thus the overall efficiency of LDO VRs becomes lower than that of switching VRs, as plotted in Figure 4.


Performance Regarding Different BER Levels Figure 2 shows that, at high BER (15%), TCP SACK has a good performance in terms of energy consumption per received bit compared to other variants.

we can conclude that using selective ACKs might be effective within high BER wireless ad hoc networks.


Thus, most systems will need to transfer the entire buffer from the host to the FPGA before the FFT computation can begin and will then need to build the entire buffer before it can be transferred to the host2.

a blocking implementation adds the time to transfer the data to the time to do the operation: 2N TTot = H ost BW + TF + 2 × H ost Lat (5) Again, the bandwidth to the host, H ost BW , is given in complex, double-precision items per second, and the latency to the host is H ost Lat .


Therefore, thedrivingtransistor of the2Tpixel showninFigure1isbiasedin a way thatit remainsin strong saturation for the entire range of the gray-scale OLED operation.

the OLED I-V shift e.ect, due to electrical aging, on the current of the driving TFT will also be minimized.


IPAA CASE STUDY -INTERCONNECT FOR PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHIC ACCELERATORS Public Key cryptographic algorithms such as RSA/DSA and their Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) equivalent ECDSA have a shared reliance on modular multiplication.

hardware acceleration is bene.cial to both.


[3] generalized the notion of slicing tree [4] and extended the shape curve operations.

one shape curve captures signi.cantly more shaping and .oorplan solutions.


The enable input is connected with the bit d{u}.

2r-u-1-to-1 there are used a multiplexer with the hardware amount q/2, two 2r-u-2-to-1 multiplexers with the hardware amount q/4 e. c. The total hardware amount for computation of all the functions Fj calculates as Q02=1.q/2+2.q/4+...+2r-1.q/2r=rq/2.


In this case, the .exible via-staggering technique can also successfully route net B and obtain shorter wire length by changing the end-point of net A shown in Figure 5(e).

the .exible viastaggering can obtain higher routability and shorter wire length.


Since each word in RAM is 32 bits long, we will need 4 memory locations to store this packet.

the consecutive four words are stored in memory locations (000, 001, 002, 003 in hexadecimal).


The resulting system has a settling time of 400ms which violates C1 as shown in Table I.

we explore a more aggressive controller keeping the same sampling period Tk =5ms as illustrated in the following.


In an FPGA, this is only true for neighbouring tracks within a channel.

the summation only needs to be carried out for those wires.


In technology nodes below 130nm, the number of new design rules increased considerably due to lithography issues.

the com- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


For each of these groups, SCUD creates a Central Look-up Table (CLT) which contains the superset of all memory blocks which are present in the cache con.gurations of the the group The memory block addresses are sorted inside the CLT.

binary search can be used to .nd a given address within the table.


(ai, P i,DMi) Probability of Occurrence We de.ne ai as the probability of occurrence of a fault of 1 type fi per wire and cycle.

ai = 128 leads to one fault of type fi occurring on a 128 bit wide bus every cycle or every 8 cycles on a 16 bit bus.


Therefore, in addition to low cost con.gurations, we also choose con.gurations that violate the temperature constraint as our con.guration alternatives.

each con.guration evaluation invokes a packing process thereby requiring more computation time per perturbation than the random approach.


In this example, bus u ={A B C}can be below bus v ={D E }.

on the other hand, u is 68 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD 03) 1092-3152/03 $ 17.00 &#169; 2003 ACM also possible above v. the two buses have no bus ordering constraint.


Providing an instruction cache was considered, but dismissed due to the relatively low temporal and spatial locality provided by the microcode and the hardware complexity which limits the size of such an Icache to only a few entries.

we followed a different direction and developed a set of branch avoidance techniques which we will present in the following.


We found that the two 8MHz crystals and their timer units consume more than 90% of the XCXT s power budget.

we discussed two di.erent ways on improving the algorithm such that we can minimize the crystals power consumption.


A node s temperature will naturally decrease if no power or little power is applied to it, but it should not fall below the low temperature limit.

a heating sequence should be applied at some point, before the temperature falls out of range.


In a next step the system will be employed in performing stationary measurements.

multiple exposimeters will be connected to the smartphone via Bluetooth to build an environmental exposure network within electromagnetic sensitive areas such as kindergartens.


Intra Prediction -- There exists high similarity among neighboring blocks in a video frame.

a block can be predicted from its neighboring pixels of already coded and reconstructed blocks.


A particular problem is the use of a single dirty bit for all the baseline pages of a superpage; if set, the entire superpage must be written back to disk even if only one base page has been modi.ed, greatly increasing disk traf.c.

the OS weighs these overheads against the bene.ts of superpaging.


When a static compiler schedules instructions,it often has several options for scheduling an instruction that result in equal run-time performance of the application.

the compiler may inadvertently create regions of high and low processor activity simply due to its prede.ned settings for scheduling instructions in the event of a performance tie.


The proposed circuit shows very high UNG compared to other proposed circuits and higher speed than some existing designs.

the proposed circuit has higher performance and very high UNG over conventional domino circuits.


The relocation at line 8 also takes O(|R|).


Lemma 1 A feasible clock period T must satisfy def T = T1 = max(fd(u)+ bd(u)), u.V def d(c) T = T2 = max , c.cycle w(c) d(p) T = max , p.PI.PO w(p)+1 If a virtual vertex M is introduced as well as directed forbidden edges from each PO to it with d=0, w=0 and from it to each PI with d=0, w=1, then the meaning of cycle is extended to include every PI r PO path.

we extend T2 to both cycles and PI r PO paths.


But, if in the considered node the idle state for one child is considerably longer than for the other, moving up only the control logic of the child active for the longest time is more e.ective.

also situations like those shown in Figure 3(c) and 3(d) must be considered.


All three components (TIK, constraint rule .le and support rules) are based on the same formal representationwithin the CES.

the CES can access every knowledge  Static Dynamic Figure 2: CES architecture.


Error/Fault Detection: Faults persistently modifying the circuit function (like stuck-at faults) are easy to test because they do not require special test conditions for maximizing their duration.

we detect them by means of off-line self-tests.


The competitiveness results we are computing hold for arbitrary access sequences.


3), the recovery, which is purely a diffusion process, does not.

with increasing temperature, the NBTI degradation is escalated, but not the recovery.


While VPR can also route designs, the routing architecture for the nanoPLA array is su.ciently di.erent to merit separate treatment.

we developed our own nanoPLA router (npr) for routing.


The internal wires induce additional time delays d t to the two signals r1(t) and r2(t).

all correlation detectors observe different phase shifts ..i, even though the system is fed with only one global unique phase shift .. .


The complexity of deep sub-micron circuit-level simulators and the extensive analog design space currently limits the e.ectiveness of traditional design techniques.

successfully realizing LNAs in fully integrated wireless systems will require the development and utilization of systematic automated analog synthesis methodologies based on numerical optimization techniques [1, 2].


Throughout this paper, we consider the sixth order accurate approximation to the Laplacian, which approximates the second order differential in each dimension with the following stencil: d2 pi 1 (2pi-3 - 27pi-2 + 270pi-1 - 490pi dx2 180h2 +270pi+1 - 27pi+2 + 2pi+3)+ O(h6), (2) where pi is the ith grid cell in the corresponding dimension.

the Laplacian operator at each cell can be represented as a Discrete Laplacian Matrix, K and equation (1) becomes, .


The only possible way to account for congestion accurately is to apply thesame technique in both congestion estimation and routing.

inorder to get accurate interconnect information, it is desirable to integraterouting into placement process.


Because DCT is small, and only has two pipeline stages, there are limited choices to make when searching the space.

all heuristics performed about the same.


Similarly, the right-hand side of edge capacity constraints are the edge capacities.

if the cloud can identify all the edge capacity constraints, it can derive any edge capacity statistic of interest.


Then, the average number of consecutive idle slots before a transmission trial is given by =1-(1-t)(10) 1 .

(11) E[] -1 .= Pb we can find the average number of CW counter stops for a successful transmission of a frame as described in [6].


This necessitates a statistical timing analysis run for each gate in the circuit at every sizing step of the algorithm with a runtime complexity of O(N*E) for every sizing iteration, where N is the number of nodes and E is the number of edges of graph G. This results in unacceptable runtimes.

we propose an approach where the gate with maximum sensitivity can be identified without explicit propagation of perturbed arrival time CDFs for each gate.


Note that many other paths in the KSA architecture have lengths close to the longest path.

the KSA may exhibit a critical operating point [7] (con.rmed in Section 5) akin to traditional high performance processor designs.


1) to filter out all of the out-band noise components, and to meet the anti-aliasing requirements of the input signal.

only the error term that lies in the modulator passband is considered.


For a B*-tree, the right child nj of the node ni represents the closest upper block bj which has the same x-coordinate as the block bi (i.e xj = xi).

the blocks in the right-skewed sub-tree are aligned with the x-coordinate.


The timeout value is set equal to the display sleep timeout in the Windows control panel for battery-powered operation.

the presence detection policy adds an additional display shut-o.


It denotes that commands for controlling a GUI by speech must contain all those bits of information which are required for inferring the widget, the function and possibly any function parameters (e.g., the selection value of a drop down box).

qualified activation does not require focusing.


This is not a problem in our case because, while intra-die delay data is not real, the complexity (size) of the model should be close to that of real instances.

we will split each original inter  die parameter, ..i, into an inter-die component, ..i,a global intra-die component .


cond The drawback of these synthesis approaches is that the formalisms c) REPEAT Composition d) SELECT Composition used to capture the protocol speci.cation are not part of a system modeling language.

no veri.cation support for the protocol is offered by the standard simulation tools, and the methods are complicated to integrate into existing design .ows.


(11) N (k),µ(k) next two sections provide establish the foundation to adaptively hx,S k=1 Without the loss of generality, assume a zero-drift and identity covariance JPDF for the original mismatch parameters.

the following equation can be derived for the weight function: 66 (k)(k) 6 2 xCij (xj-µj )(xi-µi ) i i=1 j=1 i=1 2|S| 2 (.


However, it s easy to .nd most of the variables are redundant as there is no communication between them.

the redundant variables can be reduced and only the ones for the cores which have communication requirement are used: based NI assignment, post-.oorplan LP based optimization .mm.


However, to simplify bookkeeping each cache block has a .xed size.

basic blocks may need to be padded with NOP instructions or split into multiple blocks in order to .t the cache block size (see Fig.


Indeed, this obstacle is one of the primary reasons why EDA algorithms and tools are not yet aware of mission pro.les.

a mission pro.le standard, along with standardized tool APIs, are primary requirements to establish a mission pro.le aware design .ow.


The structure either maintains a mapping to a register or encodes a small-value for each tracked memory location.

each word in a UC entry either uses bit-width (BW) bits to encode a small value or L*log2R bits to store L register IDs that are linked to the location.


Research and development in programming languages and environments has not kept pace with the changes in processors.

computer science and computer engineering research and education is not addressing important problems, or preparing students well for today's computer industry.


First, our experimental platform, described in greater detail in Section 5 supports simultaneous monitoring of 2 PMCs.

our classi.cations of application behavior can be based on only two con.gured counters.


They have also proved to be very useful for a variety of applications, including circuit switching and packet routing [10].

there has been much research in this area.


It should be noted that, the transmission between the two cores inside selected multi-cores DSP using SRIO is nearly free of noise and interference.

we consider an ideal channel whose entire channel coefficients are set to one.


Each 9-LUT has two 4-bit inputs, one 1-bit carry in, and a 5-bit output for a 4-bit addition.

total memory requirement is 2 x 29 x 5 = 5120 bits.


C. Fault Sensitivity Analysis Although FFS algorithm introduces a signi.cant speedup, for the already mentioned DOT setups the performance is not always suf.cient.

for most frequently used and time-consuming transient simulations we exploit two additional characteristics of the fault simulation: 1) the main objective of the DOT method is to establish the detection status of a defect and not to determine the actual output values of the faulty circuit, 2) the output value is often measured at a few time points and therefore it is suf.cient to compute the output value only for these time points while many time points have to be computed in a standard transient analysis.


The key difference between the original problem and the subproblem is that, in the subproblem, some AFFs have already been equipped with error effect prediction logic that may be shared with some other SFFs later.

it is dif.cult to accurately estimate the protection costs of SFFs.


According to Table I, we assume that the size of fexpand at least increase by 2.5 times with the increase of 1 iteration and 2 inputs.

we suppose that the simulation time for fexpand also grows in such way.


The tolerance of the self-compensated devices is set at 4nm since the 3s for the gate CD space(um) control is 4nm in 130nm technology [8].

if linewidths are 4nm 0.18 larger than nominal at 0.4um defocus, we assume those patterns are 150 0.2 0.22 dense ; similarly, if linewidths are 4nm smaller than nominal, we 0.24 0.26 140 classify the patterns as iso .


Furthermore, cache temperature in the 3D architecture is about 24. higher than the 2D architecture.

sRAM cache in the 3D architecture suffers from NBTI degradation significantly more than the 2D architectures.


The pointer in the DATA section is only 1 byte long and can address 256 bytes of data.

it can only reference memory in the DATA section.


A DYNAMIC VIEW OF IMPALA: OPERATIONS AND EVENTS The dynamic view of Impala is comprised of regular computing and maintenance operations required by the longterm sensing and communication tasks, and irregular events incurred by the the inherent event-driven attribute of sensor network applications.

impala s system activity model has two aspects to its personality.


On average, each element in these two arrays is live for 47.5% and 57.1% of total program duration respectively.

these two variables are quite critical in this application and we cannot get acceptable transient fault coverage unless we protect both of them.


With reduced metal dimensions, more routing tracks are available.

the router has a better chance for improving timing by carefully routing metal wires to reduce coupling capacitance.


In the absence of an analytical solution to determine and optimal choice for m and s, we resorted to exhaustive search based on simulations.

for each combination of < m,b,p,t > we exhaustively searched for the value of  that maximizes the probability that all sensors are successfully received by the end of the deadline.


(3) i=0 For the example in Table 1, the output probability is po = r1 + r2 =(1 -px)py + px(1 -py).

constructing a circuit with output probability qis the same problem as determining the zi s such that Equation (3) evaluates to q.


The potential calculated with Multilayer Green s Function consider the potential caused not only by uniform dielectric but also by the dielectric di.erence.

we don t need to consider the polarization charge on dielectric interface in MGM since multilayer Green s function already considers it.


However, independent of market consolidation or fragmentation, any trend will have an in.uence on daily communication in terms of the number of parties participating in a communication.

it will also in.uence the evolution of the ways of interacting between providers to offer a consistent (end-to-end) QoS.


We have observed in section 4.1 that Mapp does not change much as we use the different heap sizes.

the direct costs of garbage collection, Mac and lac , are the dominant factors that deter- mine the changes in Omem with different heap sizes.


Additionally, we can not expect to survey the entire boundary of the plume continuously as it evolves.

our algorithm delineates the boundary of the plume every four hours by connecting the predicted locations of the drifters given in the ROMS output.


V and t1(v) = T - bd(v) is always satis.ed.

f is reduced to only updating t(v)by(6), which is exactly what Bellman-Ford s algorithm [2] does to solve a set of inequalities.


(Proof) The number of different vectors speci.ed with q- 1 variables is at most 2q-1 <k.

at least q variables are necessary to represent an index generation function with weight k. D Conjecture 3.1 shows that most functions with weight k can be represented with n=2plog2(k+1)l-3 variables as shown in Fig.


This requirement can be satis.ed by a quite low refresh rate.

the refresh rate is mainly determined by the updating frequencies of frame images.


In the early time, ETC system has been deployed in some of Vietnam national roads and expressways.

we need to research and develop ALPR system for the all types of Vietnam LP, which satisfied for regulations, management and environment in Vietnam, and could be applied in one-stop & non-stop ETC system in Vietnam.


In this way, the RTD with smallest area of the driver (RTDZ) always commutes before the smallest RTD of the load (RTDB).

the first relation between parameters comes from: L (3) f I + FF I · .V ,(V ) .


DDL DECOMPOSITION For an arbitrary 2-D layout pattern m(x,y), the Fourier transform M(u,v) of the spatial layout represents the coherent field distribution in the (u,v) Fraunhofer diffraction plane.

the electrical field of the diffraction pattern for mask pattern m(x,y) in the (u,v) plane can be written as: .j2.


In general, speculative execution and prefetch algorithms can be exploited to generate memory requests with spatial locality in dense access sequences.

the latency bene.t of page-mode is diminished.


However, the image computation is a major and time consuming factor and it is generally proportional to the BDD node count.

as an optimization we utilize the SubsetShortPaths [15] to under approximate the actual state set and then apply the guiding technique.


The data is normalized to a run slopes should be given the highest priority.

in with no active technique and then averaged out across all ap then SubBank, then VoltFreq, and so on.


Thus, instructions executed in the IXU are distant from instructions executed in the OXU in a program order, and the probability that they have dependencies is low.

if execution results cannot be passed directly from the OXU to the IXU, the number of affected instructions is small, and thus, performance degradation is not signi.cant.


A study of binning schemes remains as a topic for future research.

our work is a .rst step in investigating an entire area of probabilistic design for arithmetic logic and its value to energy e.cient embedded computing.


What is (nx--1)( nx 2) ( n -- i 1)( n m i j 4) y =j -- + --- important is to use the same routing model in the placement and (xi 1)( x --i 2) ( ni 1)( n + --- m i j 4) y =m in the final routing stage.


Assume that the DPCCH and DPDCH have the same channel characteristics during transmission, and we perform the channel estimation via the use of the pilot symbols at the DPCCH [2].

dPDCH output signals for x1 and x2 of the P fingers STBC-RAKE receiver x d ,1 , x d,2 are given by x d .Pc p d p +=yyyy*,2,,2,,1,*,1,,1.Pc p d p (10) p=1 p=1 P P * * x d ,2 = .


Each core can keep its own copy in its closest d-group.

there may be multiple copies of the same block in different d-groups.


In our system, there is some memory accessible by the Opteron that presents much higher latency than expected by the Opteron designers.

as this is not the scenario initially intended by AMD, the number of required MSHRs may be di.erent.


In particular, the design complexity grows significantly with the number of allowed islands.

we need to group together the cores powered by the same voltage source in order to reduce the design complexity.


The SE protected cache implements SECDED, and therefore can automatically correct single-bit errors.

we insert only double-bit errors in the SE protected cache.


When the configuration memory bits are considered the metric of a circuit s module j is computed as the number of critical CBs identified by the STAR discovery tool (CBCRITICAL) divided by the total number of configuration memory bit controlling the considered circuit s module (CBMODULES).

we defined the Static Sensitivity as SensitivityStatic(j) = CBCRITICAL(j) / CBMODULES(j).


that the processor power dissipation will remain constant within a performance counter phase at a particular frequency.

the continuous time invariant state-space equation can be approximated over a small time interval with a simpli.ed discrete time-invariant state-space equation.


Estimated classi.cation of Test Benchmark Suite used to build our algorithm, the high accuracy of the veri.ability metric computation on this suite may carry an unfair bias in our favor.

we performed an unbiased evaluation of our algorithm on another independent set of non-failing benchmarks.


At 150 ms RTT the error in avatar representation is within the range where it has an impact on the usability of the system.

it is preferable to control, and where possible reduce, this error.


Since we choose edges based on minimum currents, we want less current to .ow through paths with larger wirelength.

the longer the edge, the smaller the EDGE resistor should be.


At t1, HC stores 3000 which is less than the lower threshold (TL = 5000).

another bank is added to FBA by turning-on Bank1 (TR= 1100 ) and remapping segments s1 and s3 to Bank1.


Then, Hearbo moves its head towards the appropriate speaker and gives the equivalent .sh name.

if the question is in Japanese, Hearbo answers the English name and vice versa.


Furthermore, PMOS transistors are less sensitive to width increasing than in NMOS transistors.

the NOR4 gate represents the most difficult cell to be sized appropriately.


We put the increment as the .rst instruction in the BBs so that the signature won t get updated in case of small erroneous jumps.

very small changes to Figure 6: Every interval is associated with a signature.


For low data rates, on the other hand, if many shallow VCs are arranged, the packets are distributed over a large number of routers.

contentions and the increase in the latency arise as a consequence of extra interrupts in continual packet transfers.


Consequently, the voltage level of node A never exceeds that of node B and the faulty cell fails to flip.


3.2 Block-Level Integration Design blocks subsume most of the netlist connectivity and are linked by a smaller number of global wires.

block-level integration reduces TSV overhead.


By substituting 00 for bits b1 b0, we obtain the value 96.

the disjoint values {3, 11, dXEX 131, 139 }in map to the continuous values {96, 97, dXE X 98, 99 }in m. As shown in Figure 7, exhaustive enumeration of values v1, v2, v3,and v4 reduces to the integral between limits l1 and l2.


In integrated circuits, however, where the interconnects are tightly coupled, the current return path is typically not known prior to the circuit analysis.

an accurate analysis based on the loop inductance has proven dif.cult to achieve.


An OR gate combines the signal Xi with the output of the latch FBIi to generate the input of the latch FBIi.

if at any cycle of the test session a 1 is generated on Xi (detection of an error on the bit position di), this value is memorized in the FBIi latch for the rest of the time, indicating a fault in the bit position di.


The value of P is increased by one at the end of a pass.

we .nd a solution where all the faults in FOD continue to be detected, then a solution where all but one of the faults in FOD continue to be detected, and so on.


We exploit the fact that not all the instruction cache soft errors can lead to erroneous system output.

the measurement based solely on raw SRAM soft error rate can over-estimate the instruction susceptibility and possibly result in more expensive protection mechanisms and higher reliability cost.


However, increase in fT is strongly affected by parasitic capacitances and screening effect.

maximizing high-frequency/RF performance of T-CNFETs will require careful device design and optimization.


When a packet is sent along a path Pi(i =1...., k), we must perform an energy decrease operation on each sensor node along the path except for the destination sensor node.

after a data packet is sent by a sensor, the energy level of that sensor is decremented by the amount of energy required to send the data packet.


In Figure 3 (b), the deviation from the bus pin BP5 to the bus pin BP6 is -D, while in Figure 3 (a) is 0, but it needs two extra vias at the turning nodes.

it is hard to optimize the total deviation while no extra via is allowed at the turning nodes.


Each packet during the traversal from a source to a destination may pass from several VFIs having different frequencies.

to perform a correct latency assessment, we measure the latency of a packet for each region separately, and subsequently merge the measured latency values.


In addition, our environment presents some concepts related to verification.

it provides the possibility to insert preconditional and post-conditional statements for the different processes of the model (this will be exemplified in the next section).


Thus, .oorplanning should be tails partial and probabilistic information, as well as many types of ECOs.

an ideal framework should deliver incremental and anytime [6] solutions.


It has been shown that these approximations can result in signi.cant error [4, 2].

these gate delay models cannot account for complex interconnects loads and non-linear input waveforms.


In addition, computing on stochastic bit streams offers tunable precision: as the length of the stochastic bit stream increases, the precision of the value represented by it also increases.

without hardware redesign, we have the .exibility to trade-off precision and computation time.


such DM managers must be implemented inside their constrained Operating System (OS) and thus have to really consider the limited resources available to minimize memory footprint among other factors.


Since TSV parasitics depend on the voltage of the TSV net, it is dif.cult to estimate the arriving time of each net.

we use different strategies for worst-case and average case analysis.


Both of the architectures provide support for a speci.c set of real-time data intensive applications.

these systems are unable either to accommodate new applications or to adapt the hardware to different scenarios.


As our proposed architecture is simple and .exible, increasing or decreasing k requires little effort.

our design is adaptive to various situations with different available memory bandwidth, different numbers of I/O pins as well as different clock speed requirements.


If one of Vss or Vdd increases, keeping the other constant, tpHL(inv) increases and tpLH (inv) decreases.

the delay of an inverter varies monotonically with variations in Vss or Vdd.


In addition, if the original test data are reduced for the size of the ATE memory by eliminating useful test patterns, the accuracy of testing is diminished.

test data compression is essential in overcoming these limitations and researchers have been presenting various built-in-self-test (BIST) schemes to alleviate these problems.


This is because the miss rates of the caches are not uncorrelated, and more importantly, misses at di.erent layers incur di.erent costs.

cache misses or miss rates cannot be used as our performance measure.


)2 .. )2 (r sin f - µ -(fr cos µIA1 1 2s2 AI Q r A .- 1 - p(r, f) = exp duction, there exists a demand for an e.cient method of 2psAI s 2s2 Q Q AA 1 (11)main focus of the work.

the pdf of f can be computed by integrating (11) over r  3.


This is because we need to select more wires with more capacitances and maybe more buffers as well.

we should not try to balance every LUT inputs, but focus on some selected inputs.


Using the obtained placement pattern and spacing, the switch allocation then evenly distributes the MTCMOS switches over the entire IC except its hard macros, where no MTCMOS switches can be inserted.

iC s .oorplan should be .nalized before distributing MTCMOS switches, but the placement of the gated low-Vt cells is not done yet.


Often these were the only remaining locations within the current procedure that provided su.cient slack.

lowering selection threshold alone is not su.cient, further improvements may come from a better (i.e., non-greedy) selection algorithm.


The use of cycle penalty ratio is important because an nth-precision instance of an operation may not be simply n-times of the single precision instance.

it is possible to predict the total number of execution cycles for any operation.


While there is poor temporal locality within a core, writes to queue locations are soon followed by reads to the same location by other cores.

caching lines for queue storage in private caches increases coherence traf.c between cores producing and consuming values.


More important, all the connections are made with the global interconnect network.

a rich, thus expensive, global interconnect network is required to support the carry-save technique.


The hardware resources of an FPGA are uniformly distributed across the die, as such that a computing tile is replicated many times to generate an array of tiles.

due to the device uniformity, the Xilinx carry-lookahead signals are emulated serially, along dedicated chains, as shown in Figure 1. y(2) x(2) y(1) x(1) y(0) x(0) Figure 1: Carry-lookahead network on Xilinx The Stratix family from Altera provides architectural support for carry-select addition [2].


However, when comparing the clock latency resulting from Flows (3) and (4), we found that even though the number of clock sinks resulting from Flow (3) is fewer than that resulting from Flow (4), the clock latency resulting from Flow (4) is still better than that resulting from Flow (3).

it is essential to consider clock tree topology for clock latency reduction when applying MBFFs.


By its nature, stochastic encoding is a uniform encoding with each bit contributing the same weight to the encoded value.

to represent 1 a value with precision , the length of the stochastic bit stream 2n should be at least 2n .


A retention .ip-.op usually preserves its state in an extra latch, which is fully biased during standby mode since it is not power-gated, and this extra latch induces continuous gate leakage, which is the main contributor to total leakage current, and this situation rapidly deteriorates as the Primary outputs CMOS technology scales [12].

reducing the size of retention storage is an important issue in designing power-gated circuits.


While BER can result in signi.cant power and performance overheads, DFR can result in signi.cant loss in QoS.

in this paper, we propose and explore hybrid approaches of using DFR and BER to achieve low overheads in power and performance without much loss in QoS.


In addition, we must remember that temperatures rise and fall along the path of the channels, and we must somehow accumulate the effect of all the gradients (positive or negative) along the length of the IC.

we de.ne our cost function as the square of the euclidean norm of T'.


Hence while all signals switch in the same direction, they will all induce an increase of the magnetic fields to all the charging wires.

it incurs the significant ringing of the waveform on all the wires thus causing the largest noise.


As the greenhouse leaks excess heat through its roof, any snow falling on its roof melts.

we gain the weight di.erence, but must still design for a lightweight structure due to the added weight of the plants and turf.


The secret programming is never exposed to potential adversaries at the various manufacturing sites.

the design in the FPGA Generic FPGA Base Array need not be protected against theft or tampering until it is released into a possibly-hostile Non-Secure Environment in its deployed system.


From both performance and leakage energy viewpoints, it is important to ensure that the prefetched cache lines are used before being replaced.

we can divide prefetches in two groups, namely, useful and non-useful.


Then, for tasks that can be dropped, we distinguish between two cases:  If task w starts later than maxF inishv (minStartw > maxF inishv ), this task is certainly dropped and never executed as the transition to the critical state has already been completed.

it does not appear in the schedule, and it is modeled with [0, 0] bound (lines 2021 ).


Power and delay comparison of SBM-L, MLP-fast, SBM-H and SBM-I previously, if provided with a library with more cell sizes, we expect MLP-fast to perform no worse, if not better than MLP-fast with power-of-two cell sizes.

when provided with a library having allinteger cell sizes, MLP-fast is also capable of obtaining designs with around 30% less power than SBM.


As with rename, the generator template for issue consists of back-to-back dependent instructions that can be expanded into a dependence chain.

we observe that the same generator template can generate test routines that provide good coverage for both stages.


However, the gap in performance between memory and processors has become remarkably exposed year by year in high performance computing.

it is getting harder to keep the 4B/FLOP memory bandwidth in design of future vector supercomputers.


This causes unreliable data transmission.

data rate must be lower than 1.13Mbps according to the measurement result.


Introduction In shared memory multiprocessors utilizing invalidationbased coherence protocols, cache misses caused by interprocessor communication are a dominant source of processor stall cycles for many applications.

modern processors spend a signi.cant fraction of their time sitting idle, waiting for a memory reference that could not be serviced by its local cache hierarchy and instead must be transmitted by a more distant source.


4.2 Comparison with Robust Delay Test First we used the robust test to screen out delay defects, but it was not practical because of large generation time and large number of test vectors.

we compare our test with the robust test to show the effectiveness of our method.


The technique proposed in this paper utilizes the available test access mechanisms in order to selectively apply high-power stimuli to the IC.

there is no need for expensive equipment to heat up the chip from outside and it makes it possible to generate large temperature gradients, which are otherwise impossible to produce.


On the contrary, adding an unbalanced signal will assign a di.erent code to markings M1 and M2 of (4).

the unbalanced signals in z will be the candidates to be added to S ' .


The minimizer of problem TOP-LBM is suboptimal of problem TOP with an accuracy of at least n..

to solve problem TOP to an accuracy of ., we need to have .


Hence, the presence of a high density of metallic structures can in.uence the signal coupling between the transmitting and the receiving antennas.

it is necessary to characterize the performance of the on-chip antennas under typical metal utilization factors.


For delay evaluation, the longest sequence of traversed adders from data input to output is considered, as these modules have a major impact on the delay.

each LNS con.guration has a delay equal to a CORDIC-based data path with four iteration steps.


As discussed in subsection 2.1, the variance of read and write latency is decided by di.erent design parameters in STT-RAM.

read latency and write latency have di.erent distributions, although there is a correlation between them.


As mobile embedded applications are becoming more and more data-intensive (e.g., HDlevel video, high quality 3D graphics and games on mobile phones), the off-chip DDR memory comes to have more and more significant power consumption.

it is imperative to reduce the power consumption in the DDR memory.


1 Introduction A key component of the emerging System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures is the on-chip interconnect, which is expected to play a crucial role in dictating the performance, energy, and fault-tolerance of the overall system with technology scaling [2, 6, 12].

design and analysis of scalable on-chip interconnects, also known as Network-on-Chip *This research was supported in part by NSF grants, EIA-0202007, CCF-0429631, CNS-0509251, CAREER 0093085, and a grant from DARPA/MARCO GSRC.


For each region Rx,y,w,h, lines 7-10 build its outgoing net set by a DP technique, in which Rx,y+h-1,w-1,1, Rx+w-1,y+h-1,1,1, and Rx,y,w,h-1 are the sub-regions of Rx,y,w,h and their outgoing sets are already obtained in the previous iterations of the nested loops in lines 5-14.

based on Property 1, line 8 can merge S(Rx,y+h-1,w-1,1) and S(Rx+w-1,y+h-1,1,1) to build S(Rx,y+h-1,w,1), and then S(Rx,y+h-1,w,1) and S(Rx,y,w,h-1) also can be merged to build S(Rx,y,w,h) at line 10.


IQ DVM Pseudo Code We built workload dynamics predictive models which incorporate DVM as a new design parameter.

our models can predict workload execution scenarios with and without DVM feature across different microarchitecture configurations.


It does not implement hardware evolution, nor test the V-FPGA on an FPGA.

the objective of this paper is to demonstrate hardware evolution (by running a GA on a PC and testing the evolved digital circuits on the V-FPGA); and show that EHW systems are able to evolve optimized versions of conventional circuits.


Conversely, during later stages, convergence toward the global optima should be enhanced to discover the optimum solution efficiently.

resolves the tradeoff between the global and local exploration ability of the swarm.


[28] report that the presence of the BB circuitry does not hurt the frequency of their router chip.


The interesting point is that the low frequencies composing the leakage are necessarily closed to the carrier harmonics.

an adversary may search for leaking information in narrow bandwidths located close to all harmonics of the clock signal falling into the bandwidth of its SCA platform.


On the other hand, procedure placement is a technique that aims to reduce con.ict misses due to procedure switching.

our procedure placement technique uses the interaction of a procedure with other procedures rather than execution time as the hot attribute.


Node v is connected to the sets E1 and E1 of external hyperedges eligible for boosting, where |E2|>|E1|, and to the sets of internal hyperedges sets I1 and I2.Node uis connected to only the internal hyperedges sets N1 and N2,where |N1| = |I1| and |N2| = |I2|.

the gain of moving node vfrom partition 1 to partition 2 is dv = |I2|-|I1|+ |E2|-|E1|, while the gain of moving node uis du = |N2|- |N1|.


Because our goal is to remove the correlation responsibility from a human analyst, we evaluate our correlators with respect to how they perform compared to a human expert.

to perform this evaluation, one of the authors manually labeled each metric with yes, maybe, or no, depending on whether or not the pattern in the metric visually correlates with the pattern in the target metric.


The sets G1, G2, and G3 concentrate the probability in the smaller, higher and middle values of the signal.

they cover a complete spectrum of possibilities.


The controlling operates locally only based on arriving data.

there exist no long control wires, which would limit the operating speed due to possible wire delays.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used extensively for large-scale monitoring, providing sensor measurements at high spatial resolution.

the integration of MEMS-based airflow sensors with WSN can provide accurate spatial and temporal measurements.


In our experiments, the critical path consists of only a small number of logic blocks due to large interconnect delay in FPGAs.

our second perturbation can improve the circuit performance with only little power increase.


Linear STA corresponds to performing linear regression assuming a linear model for arrival time and gate delay.

we generate and store both linearly and polynomially modeled timing values at each gate.


The delay can be reduced by 50-90% when using 1-WS optimization, compared to the minimum width.

it is very important to consider accurate scattering effect during the interconnect delay optimization and interconnect planning.


D-FGBB dynamically adjusts the BB voltages without stopping the running application.


Each column burst contains one less element than the previous burst, with the last column only having a single element.

in the above figure the first burst contains seven elements.


Beside a constant value k (for the control logic), it needs 1log2Nl .ip-.ops for a scan shift position counter and 1log2N/W l .ip-.ops for the word position register for a module with N .ip-.ops connected to a W -bit wide bus.

the .ip-.op overhead is: HSC N F F k + Z + 1log2Nl + 1log2 l + W (3) W The additional amount of look-up tables HLU T is in the worst case given by the logic for the scan chain interface plus an additional LUT for the scan multiplexer in front of each .ip-.op of the module.


We evaluate modern GPU workloads and .nd that they have widely varying capacity needs across these different functions.

we propose a uni.ed local memory which can dynamically change the partitioning among registers, cache, and scratchpad on a perapplication basis.


In the example shown in Figure 2 obstacles O2/O3 and O4/O5 would have to be moved in order to generate the final layout.

cDR s Steiner tree algorithm has to build the Steiner tree in a greedy, sophisticated fashion to compute the unknown wire widths on the fly during Steiner tree construction.


In that paper, the authors presented a recon.gurable converter that can be either a pipeline or a S. converter depending on the speci.cation requirements.

the recon.gurability was contemplated as part of the design, and did not aim at testability.


In summarize, our proposal requires little extra hardware and software overhead.

it is low-complexity and applicable to modern processor.


These accesses are much more frequent than interrupts or signals.

ef.cient deterministic execution of replicas in such systems is much more dif.cult to achieve.


Hence, larger thread blocks (i.e., less thread blocks overall) imply that more threads share the on-chip Shared Memory and the number of times that data is fetched from the Global Memory is less, thereby improving the performance.

it appears as if choosing the largest thread block size allowed by CUDA hardware would be the optimum choice from the perspective of performance.


Due to the access patterns of the B matrix, the data must be transfered down in its entirety before the computation can begin5.

the time is: 4N2 TTot = H ost BW + TMM + 2 × H ost Lat (10) The H ost BW term in Equation 10 is given in doubleprecision .oating-point items per cycle in this case.


Even if a particular sensor reports its readings 99% of the time, if all of the losses occur in a consequtive period, the sensor is unusable.

we also analyzed the distribution of losses, and found that less than 2% of losses are consequtive ones (table 1).


If the distribution of cache references in a certain interval is narrowly concentrated on MRU and near-MRU entries as shown in Figure 3(a), we think the locality is very high.

a cache with relatively low associativity can accommodate data of the working set on the cache at a high hit rate.


It is not likely that BBCAD will be available in a short period of time.

as a more currently realizable option we propose the development of behavioral CAD techniques.


However, such errors can affect a wide range of the DFG.

the relationship between the vulnerability and the distance is so complex that the relationship is worth while evaluating including its importance.


The approach is directed towards an AR ecosystem for mobile use.

open interfaces on the device are provided as well as to the service backend.


A stronger ECC can prolong SSD lifetime at the cost of higher ECC encoding and decoding complexity.

dynamically increasing ECC strength according to the wearout of flash is an appealing scheme that can prolong SSD lifetime without paying high ECC cost upfront.


For instance, if the DRAM size is S and we are using Ggroups, the QIGqueues assigned to a certain group can only use a SIGth of the DRAM.

if the other queues are empty, only a SIGth of the DRAM would be used.


The reason is that when each cell is turned on, its fanout cell continues to stay in the sleep mode.

the possible transition of the output node of the logic cell does not result in any short circuit current in its fanout cell.


Moreover, the voltage-level range can be calculated since we can estimate the range of UP pulse.

c, the capacitor value, is also determined by the equation (1) during the design.


If variation happens and the tester .nds an error, it asserts the related signal and the controllable pipeline switches to use Flip.op in the path by appropriate signaling with both memory controller and the network.

an extra cycle of latency is added to the read/write transaction.


somehow hard-coded) public key pair e and N to verify the authenticity of the code prior to executing the given code C .

the problem is how to change (with high probability) the machine-tied public key into our own self-created public key.


Resolution enhancement techniques (RETs) and other patterning solutions such as immersion and double-patterning lithography (DPL), off-axis illumination (OAI), sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs), and phase-shift mask (PSM) require additional layout-restrictive DRs [5 11].

early assessment of design restrictions imposed by technological choices is absolutely essential.


Given u different memory objects and S cache sets, we de.ne cache layout as the resultant mapping of assigning the u memory objects into the S cache lines.

every time the program is executed, a new RII is generated leading to a new random mapping function corresponding to a cache layout.


Among them, the conceptually simplest and often the most e.ective is to generate heat k times faster and to simultaneously use materials with a k times higher heat transfer.

the emulations will be k times faster than the actual system and can be used for creating e.ective predictions and cooling decisions.


IR drops and simultaneous switching noises lead to supply voltage variations which have adverse impact on chip, package and board performance such as longer signal propagation delay, false logic switching, and logic failure [3].

it is becoming important to analyze and optimize the power network efficiently [2].


This is because these embedded registers will generally have very little or no flexibility in their connectivity.

assigning registers during placement could be tantamount to performing detailed routing during placement.


(b) An example of a xor b. a conducting nanowire or have a wrapped gate.

this structure is not very regular and cannot be restructured to implement a di.erent function due to the physical etching process involved in its realization.


Even though the thickness of the entire structure is thicker in 3D IC, the thin die (30 µm thick) and the under.ll material above the thin die is much more .exible than the un-thinned substrate in 2D IC.

this thin die is highly affected by the package-bump underneath it.


Figure 8: Pseudo-code for the partially unrolled nested loop memory blocks, regardless of the location value of speci.c layout corners.

we choose to use an interleaving partition scheme.


(The proof is omitted here due to lack of space.)

a greedy heuristic algorithm is used to replace CMOS gates with SDPL to reduce the total power of a circuit.


Consider the input transition in a particular clock cycle.Under this condition, if the input does not make a transition inthe next clock cycle (cycle E and F in Fig.

5), then the fallingedge of the pulse from the cycle E will reach the far-end of theline before the end of cycle F. This means that the far-end ofthe line would be at logic high at the end of cycle E and atlogic zero at the end of the cycle F. the output of thelatch will be toggled at cycle F but not at cycle G, correctlycapturing the input transitions.


Therefore, the characterization update can be done in short time, and each characterization triple (the line 13 of Algorithm 1) needs only 4 bytes and O(1) access time by table lookup.

with statistical WGT characterization, we can see advantages over pattern characterization in terms of runtime and space.


PC-bundling could sense the difference between (a) and (b) but becomes blind when facing (a) and (c).


Even the minimum mismatch between logic-level grouping and physical proximity may cause large wirelength and delay penalties.

we base our VI generation strategies only on physical proximity.


Because, we have 6 TAPs and therefore 6 packets, the HS needs to forward a packet between WMN and internet in every slot.

the entire internet connectivity available at the HS is used and uniformly shared amongthe TAPs.


The Buf3D has one fifo per one data flow.

dynamic assignment of fifos to data flows is performed in the Buf3D.


Firstly, these estimates represented minimal wire lengths, since the topology generation was oblivious to congestion.

they failed to model the effect of routing detours on the parasitics and delays of the nets.


Importantly, the prefetcher is not PC-based and only targets global streaming patterns.

when applied to loops, it .rst identi.es patterns inside an iteration and, only if such patterns are not found, may identify patterns across iterations.


The same effect can be achieved by eliminating the large on-resistance and reducing the capacitor value.

a large on-resistance fault can be modeled by a fault-free circuit with an attenuated capacitor as shown in Figure 3. ff ff 12 12 Ron k .


Allowing temporary violation of x-net constraints may later result in an increase in i-nets within acceptable limits.

the cabs which violate only x-nets are kept in a separate list, called as x-net reduce(c) 1: while (x net(c) > x net limit) 2: for (each neighbor n of c) 3: if (c is available for n) 4: pkey[n] = # nets in n not link to c; 5: skey[n] = # nets in n link to c; 6: if (no n is available) 7: return FALSE; 8: add n with max skey[n] with min skey[n]; 9: return TRUE; Figure 6: Pseudo code for x-net reduction algorithm.


2(a) [6], the end-byend overlapping must be larger than a certain length in order to ful.ll the minimum trim width requirement.

for two wires on adjacent tracks with anti-parallel line-ends, they should either have enough end-by-end overlapping (i.e.


Similarly, the received information from the north, west, and south neighboring agents are delivered to southward, eastward, and northward nodes.

at most two 3-bit wires should be connected from each agent to the surrounding nodes.


In this way, the original data dependency in each iteration (or intra-iteration data dependency) has been transformed into successive iterations (or replaced by an inter-iteration data dependency).

with the disappearance of intraiteration data dependency, all the computations in one iteration can be performed in parallel and, as shown later, the corresponding KES block can achieve the critical path of only Tmult + Tadd.


ld mem: This benchmark continuously executes load instructions always missing in all levels of the cache hierarchy.

it always needs to go to main memory to get the data.


Assuming the target architecture consists of P cores, the task-mapping problem (to maximize MTTF) is solved for n = 1 to P cores for each application.

n * P optimization are solved at compile-time to generate N * P mappings.


We do not consider the location of footer cells when we schedule them in Wakeup_Synthesis.

to implement wakeup network, we .rst need to determine the location of each scheduled  Figure 8: A normal inverter followed by a pMOS-stacked inverter.


From Figure 5, when the TSV path is exploited a significantly larger current can be supplied to the transistors without exceeding the allowed voltage ripple.

for the circuit shown in Figure 4b the limit of the voltage drop is reached where ILmax = 3.3 mA, while for the circuit that includes the TSV path the maximum current that can be sustained is ILmax = 9.4 mA; a considerable 2.8× increase.


Then, the sum of the leakage terms Ii in grid k is given by: sub t 0 X Yi +ß0·dLk ß1·dT oxi e · ai ·e (13) i=1 The second part of the expression above is a sum of independent lognormal variables, which is a special case of sum of correlated lognormal variables, and this can be computed in linear time using Wilkinson s method.

for gates of the same type with the same input state in the same grid, only a linear time complexity is needed and the sum of leakage of these gates is .nally approximated by a lognormal variable that can be superposed in the original expression.


Unlike all the above works, our work differs in its very proposal of exploring the last-level cache and the selection of a suitable con.guration for maximal improvement in combined energy ef.ciency of the cache and DRAM.

our proposal is orthogonal to aforementioned works, and can be applied in conjunction with them.


The single-port L2 cache experiences a longer execution time since there is only a single port to be used.

the access to the cache will be round-robin based access.


As a small misprediction in (a(d),t(d)) might change the dominance relationship among design points, we also predict points that are likely to be Pareto-optimal even though they are not given their predicted values (a(d),t(d)).

q2 is composed of points that are not in Q1 (since those are already predicted to be Pareto-optimal), and that are not dominated when points in Q1 take values at the bottom-right corners (worst outcomes) in the con.  Figure 4.


Both ReRAM and PRAM are also plagued by severe endurance issues (lifetime < 1012 cycles).

we will only focus on STT-MRAM as the NVM of choice in this paper.


Since an MCLRP has the minimal total cut line length among all the possible partitions, its cut length is minimal among all the anchored partitions as well.

it is suf.cient to study only the set of anchored partitions for the optimal anchored MCLRP.


we choose one netlist 0.86 0.100 0.89 0.49 7 0.36 0.86 0.200 0.89 0.71 5 0.39 which has inverters driving two 1mm-long capacitively cou 0.63 0.100 0.89 0.48 6 0.32 0.63 0.200 0.89 0.68 5 0.36 rlc pled lines, and the other which has inverters driving two 0.48 0.100 0.89 0.49 5 0.29 5mm-long lines with both capacitive and inductive coupling.


Considering k outputs of a primitive, the threshold magnitude error rate (tme) is de.ned simply as the ratio of the number of deviations by more than d from the correct value to the total number of outputs.

the Table 2: Energy-probability relationship of a pcmos inverter designed in tsmc 0.25µm technology with a noise magnitude (rms)value of 0.4V .


However, location is very sensitive information.

privacy is a major obstacle for the widespread usage of CTM systems.


Furthermore, wide-swing current source is used in the output stage for CMRR improvement.

we could achieve good CMRR performance with only changing the type of a current source.


(simulated) 1.00 1.76 2.24  ratio may not be achieved because of the ..: .. exact desirable device-width quantization.

we propose an alternative method to derive the template inverter with equal rise and fall times using adaptive independent gate control under different regimes.


It turns out that the number of arbitration checks is in strong correlation with the performance of the model, since these checks typically result in costly context switches in the simulator.

implementing all required arbitration checks is the slowest, but delivers accurate time prediction.


Therefore, the improvement (or deterioration) of the design space depends mostly on the change in DSM between points B and C as a function of a particular design variable.

we de.ne the design-space sensitivity to the     3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 RP [k: ] RP [k: ] (a) VDD =1.0V and .


Our goal is to show the usefulness of the proposed max operation in an SSTA framework.

to emulate the actual use of these results in true statistical max algorithm, we generated a test suite consisting of skewed arrival time distributions by running 50,000 Monte Carlo(MC) simulations on a toy circuit that that mimics the behavior of a real circuit.


Operation 6 is extendable, but operation 3 is not compatible with it after extension.

there is only edge (3b, 6a) in En (category 3) and no edge from operation 3 to operation 6.


With cleft, one is unable to stop airflow through the nose using normal mechanisms.

cleft speech contains a number of words with air leaking out the nose/lips when it shouldn t, resulting in intelligible speech.


Extensive efforts in gate area minimization yield high fanin gates, whose detrimental effect on routability stems from the increased interconnection length when the fanins of such gates are placed far apart.

in order to reduce interconnection length, fanin gates must be placed near their fanout.


The trends for thermal problems are severe enough along the Moore s law curve, but become even worse with the advent of 3D ICs, where the power density per unit footprint increases.

in future systems, it is a virtual certainty that thermal bottlenecks will gain centerstage, and the problem of thermal management must be tackled aggressively at all levels of design.


Figure 4(a) is longer than that in Figure 4(b), the former solution does not satisfy the blocked box constraint and is thus not feasible.

we must consider the blocked box constraint while .nding a sub.eld scheduling solution; we de.ne the problem as the constrained MSTSP.


The signs may be changed with the opposite switching condition.

the maximum of the absolute values of the .rst two peak points has to be chosen for the maximum crosstalk.


Although the state transition can be integrated with a cache coherency protocol, doing this can increase the complexity of maintaining coherence.

we maintain the state transition separately.


Thus the order of notes on the spiral is: C, G, D, A, E, B, F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, F. It is noted that if the music interval between two notes is more possible to be harmonic interval, the distance between these two notes is smaller on the helix.

the distance between notes with interval m can be utilized as the weighting of r(m).


In this way, the system reliability can be improved.

by minimizing the number of RAUs for lower power consumption, advantages such as longer battery lifetime and higher system reliability can be achieved.


Once we have ful.lled the obligations and obtained some results, either consent or rejection, from a speci.c parent, we usually should not ask the parent the same question again.

before ful.lling the obligation, we may want to check whether we have already asked the question.


The .rst key idea is to understand that intervals, like .oating point representations, inevitably accrue more errors as they push through deep chains of calculation.

we replace the intervalvalued modi.ed-nodal analysis (MNA) formulation and LU decomposition of [12] with interval-valued versions of the standard path-tracing algorithms [15] which signi.cantly reduces both the number of operations for (orthonormalized) moment generation, and the overall estimation error.


Independent of the order in which they are applied, the .nal state before each clock transition, and the .rst state after each clock transition, are always the same.

all start and end transitions are shown as one annotated step.


The number of LUTs is almost proportional to D and r, and the number of block RAMs is almost proportional to X and D. XC4VLX160 has 288 block RAMs.

up to X=1024 can be processed, though D can not be enlarged according to X.


For instance the value kernel_task_1_p is set to 1 if kernel_task_1 is de.ned, and to 0 otherwise.

the .rst kernel is executed by the .rst kernel task, and is skipped by all the other tasks.


ACM 978-1-4503-1170-0 such as heating or cooling [2].

true energy consumption of the built-in elements has been dif.cult to monitorandgauge.Asthe impactofa particular energysaving action, e.g.


In this paper, we divide the 33 stages of the RO into nine sections (the last section has .ve stages whereas all other sections have four stages), with all passgates in each section sharing a control pin.

only nine control pins are required instead of 33.


According to probabilities theory, the mean and variance of the log-normal random variable can be expressed as a exponential function.

consequently, the objective function is a complex nonlinear function of the optimization vector s. Taylor expansion is used to obtain its linear approximation.


in order for a network framework to be integrated in a SoC, it should offer tight synchronization limits while it should also be able to make routing decisions and transfer data items, with a very low latency.


During the CTA, a device can transmit data without any interference from other devices in the same piconet.

the CTA is useful for carrying data frames with specific QoS provisions.


When accessing the cache memory, both the cacheandtheWCB areaccessed eitherinparallelorsequentially as it is the case for the EB.

we can implement the reliability enhancements required for tight WCET computation in the WCB in the same way as in the EB and the RVC.


However, the maximum error is reduced if the false bit is followed by a string of false bits.

surprisingly, forcing a set of bits to be false reduces the maximum error, and, if this is done for every pattern, the maximum possible error is reduced.


A key idea in [4] is to avoid the insertion of activity-blocking transparent latches; switching activity is blocked by gating enable signals of registers.

modules driven by multiplefanout registers cannot be optimally isolated (Fig.


A window termination condition is a condition that prevents the processor from executing any subsequent instructions in the DIS until all earlier off-chip accesses are resolved.

window termination conditions, together with data dependences, determine epoch sets and which off-chip misses can execute in an epoch.


When a single via fails, its redundant via may still work; besides, the redundant via also provides an alternative signal path.

after adding a redundant via, the single-via failure can be tolerated and the whole via resistance can be also reduced.


The execution of the algorithm results in lower_acc=-3 and higher_acc=1.

bsize is equal to 4 and Bthreshold is equal to 3.


+ .rx)+ DCQrx (4) The complete capture window (2T ) for this test signal can be .t within one frame duration for any given standard.

there is no need to keep the TX or RX active for the extended period of time and the test capture time is in mere microseconds.


The most signi.cant byte in this case carries the ID of the agent, second byte store ID and the last two bytes carry lower bits of the address.

if this location is accessed later and the two lower bytes do not have value of 0x3456, it will indicate a problem with data transmission/manipulation.


Second, as a rule of thumb, FPGA active logic uses 1%, con.guration memory uses 9%, and interconnection network uses 90% of the die area [7 9].

we propose to increase the FPGA granularity such that a LUT drives two MUXes, as shown in Figure 2.


In this case, it is not straightforward for a designer to .gure out how to design a workable memory array with the minimum energy consumption and area overheads.

the following sections V B1 V B2 V B3 V Bn RV Vwm V wm V wm-1Vwm-1 Vw1 V w1 RVVB1 VB2 VB3 VBn  Figure 1: The circuit model of the cross-point array.


For a constraint of the form a + b+ c + d = 1 where a, b, c and d are variables in the range [0, 1], we know that only one of them is to be rounded up to one, while the remaining variables should be zero.

we consider variables in groups, and de.ne an ordering for rounding those variables as explained in the following sections.


Substituting .V=0 into (1) and (2),  and optimal Vs are equal to 2I V 4V 2pfC I pssp p = (3) Vs,optimal = (4) p p 4pfC p Expression (4) indicates that the optimal voltage for maximum power harvesting depends on the vibration magnitude Ip and frequency f, which vary with the deployment environment and time.

the maximum power point is also changing with the vibration status.


We show that with the traditional LRU policy, more than 60% of the lines installed in the L2 cache remain unused between insertion and eviction.

most of the inserted lines occupy cache space without ever contributing to cache hits.


At runtime, when a task locks a LR it inherits its associated priority ceiling.

the obvious procedure for handling LRs in multi-mode systems is to allocate LRs multiple priority ceilings, one for each mode.


Step 1.b has a CNOT gate that is used to generate the carry out and it contributes the optical cost of 1and delay of 1..

the Step 1 has the total optical cost of 3n+1 and delay of 2n +1.


4.1 Abstraction Domain We want to avoid code duplication, and we want to avoid trivial multiplications and additions.

we need two abstraction domains, which we stack one on top of the other.


The software VMM, on the other hand, translates the in into a short sequence of instructions that interacts with the virtual chipset model.

the software VMM executes this instruction .fteen times faster than native.


Then, for the picked unit capacitors (i.e., there exists k+l unit capacitors), we can pair them according to the following cases:  Case 1. k and l are both odd: we pick one unit capacitor from k unit capacitors and from l unit capacitors, respectively, and consider the two selected unit capacitors as a pair.

the remaining unit capacitors can form (k-1)/2 and (l-1)/2 pairs.


This scheme can be generalized by assuming that the original sleep transistor in n equally-sized parallel sub-sleep transistors (as it is usually done), and add m redundant sleep transistors.

since at each period only n over n + m parallel sub-sleep transistor must be activated, to guarantee the proper current capability), the new 0 probability P ' (Vg=0) becomes: ' m P(Vg=0) = P(Vg=0) ·1 - (4) n + m This approach is equivalent to over-sizing the sleep transistor, in particular, to a size of: m W ' ·1 + (5) sleep = Wsleep n in terms of overhead it has the same disadvantages of the .rst solution.


Our users made calls, not just to live contacts, but to other contacts and manually-entered numbers as well.

they reported liking the ability to make all these calls from a single interface, while a buddy-list subset of close telephone contacts is useful, it needs to integrated into a larger, more universal communication system.


sPICE simulation should be used sparingly, and only for verifying truly critical paths.


This is because the insertion of a SRAM L2 that is much larger than the L1 removes many accesses that would have otherwise hit in the MRAM L3.

the MRAM power consumption, particularly write power, is reduced signi.cantly.


For the logic gates discussed above, we only need the values of d(v,b) and tb(e), and not d(w,b ) and tb(e) simultaneously, where b denotes the complement of b.

we need correlations between d(vi,b) (1=i=k), but not correlation between d(v,b) and d(v, b ) .


The main challengeinbuildinga car navigation system based solely on low cost inertial sensors is that due to the integrative nature of these systems, position error grows unbounded as a function of operation time or traveled distance.

obtaining the correct path in real-time has not been feasible with low cost inertial sensors.


elements of S,inwhich the variable i appears in.

we have twice as many subsets as there are variables in the instance, one subset to represent the complemented and one to represent the uncomplemented version ofthe variable.


Unlikely the highest level, where all packets are from a di.erent active connection.

higher tra.c aggregation levels involve larger number of active states and, consequently, larger memory requirements.


Hence, it is inevitable that a single power (ground) TSV covers the region that ground (power) nets are supposed to be routed in.

ground (power) nets should detour power (ground) TSV in order to avoid shorts between power and ground, which is an additional source of routing congestion.


The differences are that the LSQ is accessed by both the IXU and the OXU and the processes of the LSQ are partially omitted as follows: 1) Omitting Order Violation Detection: When a store 01 n-1  iFU n-1 muxResult Wires iFU 1 mux iFU 0 mux    mux oFU 0 mux oFU m-1   instruction is executed in the IXU, there is no successor load instruction that has already been executed.

in this case, an order violation never occurs, and the search in the LSQ can be omitted.


Figure 3: A Revised Mux Based Scan C-Element  4.2 Test for Timing Constraints Delay faults in the data path of handshake circuits may increase the computation time, which not only may reduce the performance of the data path, but, more importantly, may also violate the bundled data constraint and cause the circuit to malfunction.

these delay faults are more critical to test for.


Indeed, we conjecture that dynamic presentations of a data path such as provided by LC3uArch are more e.ective teaching tools than static presentations of a data path.

while not a rigorous assessment, we did solicit feedback from students.


If the initial voltage is equal to or higher than 513mV, the feedback forces the node to VDD(1.08V).

the voltage level of the meta-stable point is 512.5mV allowing 0.5 mV tolerance.


After this reduction, P2 dominates P3, because P2-on .P3-on.

p3 is not needed for achieving the right functionality for the circuit, and P3 is removed by making the active-0 arc of variable b an open circuit.


The be eliminated from the critical path for the i-TLB, if the inter-cycle compaction scheme can be advantageous over design can perform the comparison against the MRU latch the intra-cycle compaction when the reuse address transla-as soon as the PC is updated before the subsequent fetch tion hit rate is higher.


We show in Section 3 that under the robust bridging fault model, an undetectable bridging fault (g ,h ) implies that line g can be replaced with line h without changing the function of the circuit.

line g and the logic driving only g are redundant (they can be removed from the circuit after h is used to replace g ).


However, if the weighted degree of node .. approaches four, it indicates that node .. has four evenly critical edges, and node .. is therefore a critical node.

for the maximum spanning tree of a 2D mesh network that includes only one or two of the four edges, restoring some of the unpicked edges of the critical nodes can effectively improve the support circuit approximation.


Then they will collect all segments before the server leaves.

peer C selects the next five segments from peer A.


These, if multiplied out would be the complete sums A and B, respectively.

xk[Wwk; T-wk]+[Wwk; T] is an exact factored form of CS(F).


The results are apparent when comparing the base case (B) and the optimizations alone (B+O).

when combining traditional optimizations with scheduling (B+O+S) and loop unrolling (B+O+S+U), results show 60-80% improvement in execution times over that of the DSP processor.


Their analysis considered the utilization of each structure, and they studied faults due only to gate oxide breakdown.

actual fault rates are expected to be greater [22], due to electromigration, NBTI, thermal stress, etc.


This is due to the limited addressing arithmetic available: on the FUZIONTM150 chip, one can only use a .xed base address with a maximum relative offset of 5bits (128 entries).

one needs to .rst determine the corresponding table (upper three bit of voxel value) before accessing this table (lower .ve bit of voxel value).


Another major problem of LLCs in 3D microprocessors is that LLCs are typically constructed by using several different dies, which means LLCs are most vulnerable to W2W variation; LLCs are composed of several layers in 3D microprocessors due to their large capacity(over 1MB).

employing preventive techniques is necessaryfor LLCs to prevent severe yield losses.


State restoration results for s35932 buffer depth.

it can take hours for selecting 32 trace signals.


Utilizing existing networks for the development of CTM is cheaper and needs no extra deployments.

it is more preferable than having a dedicated infrastructure network.


Here we focus on the standard SOP synthesis.

we represent = d= f, f, and fI as sums of products.


In addition, it is not required to modify the memory structure, since the repair circuitry is placed around the memory.

the memory can be generated by existing memory generators.


Nevertheless, wirelength minimization is still taken into account but in a biased manner; that is, whenever a feasible candidate .oorplan is generated, wirelength minimization becomes meaningful and thus its wirelength will be computed and used for deciding whether the candidate .oorplan should replace the best .oorplan or not.

unnecessary wirelength calcula- 2QO RQH VZDS +RW%ORFN &ROG%ORFN &ROG%ORFN +RW%ORFN D   2QO RQH VZDS +RW%ORFN &ROG%ORFN &ROG%ORFN +RW%ORFN E 7ZR URWDWHV DQG RQH VZDS  +RW%ORFN &ROG%ORFN &ROG%ORFN +RW%ORFN F  Figure 5: (a) and (b) Only swap the two blocks.


Under normal operations, the 3D IC experiences heavy thermal cycles and thus induces large thermo-mechanical stress.

the stress may initiate micro cracks from the interface between a TSV and its dielectric liner, and further propagates them on the silicon substrate surface.


On the other hand, the main cost driver in call center operation is the cost of agents.

we quantify cost effectiveness of a telephone IVR in terms of saved agent time.


After placing all benchmark circuits, we used VPR s routability-driven router to route each circuit to determine the minimum routing channel width required to support all benchmark circuits.

in order to support all 18 MCNC benchmarks, we considered a configurable logic fabric consisting of a 67x67 array of CLBs with a routing channel width of 30.


In this paper, interconnect wires are modeled as a distributed RC network and we adopt the Elmore delay model.

an interconnect w is annotated by the corresponding resistance R(w)and capacitance C(w).A buffer bi in the buffer library is de.ned by its load capacitance C(bi), intrinsic delay T (bi)and output resistance R(bi), while W (bi) represents the buffer cost which can be either buffer area or power.


In order to estimate the blocking length (Bdest ) and the waiting time (Wdest ) per .it at the input of the destination node, we can consider only the contention probability without considering the buffer full probability at the next node.

equations 16, 15, 18 and 19 can be changed to Pcon Pc .dest = )(1-Pc) Phold dest (r)= (1 -.dest ).r+1 dest (1-Pcon PD 1 .dest Bdest = rPhold dest (r) Wdest = r=1 (1-Pcon )(1-Pc) 1-.dest Now, we have all the parameters to estimate the average latency using Equation 3.


If the processor operates at 20MHz, one must consider 500 digital cycles to each analog cycle.

for the A/D converter for example, the number of test cycles considered is 6,000,000 and 60,000,000, respectively.


For example, a simple low cost TLB-based snoop .lter can detect ~75% of them [17].

the use of orthogonal techniques can substantially reduce the associated bandwidth overheads without compromising the latency improvements.


When m = n, the overhead space is the same as that for storing real data.

in practice the maximum number of groups has to be limited and the number of recoverable faults  (m) has to be reduced.


The searched crossing points are stitched back to the net, forming a new path.

after deleting the redundant crossing points, a new routing result with reduced congestion for net n is obtained in Figure 3(d).


The control wires implement a NOR function to select the spintransistor in operation; if either of a spin-transistor's control wires carries current, that spin-transistor is cut-off.

exactly one spin-transistor is in operation at all times, and the selected input is propagated to the output along with its complement.


Once the temperature of the processor reaches the initial trigger temperature, the thermal manager is awakened to consider the conditions and issue a thermal management decision (i.e., a system state-changing command), ensuring that the critical temperature threshold is not exceeded.

the CTMDP model of the chip temperature includes a set of temperature states H = {h1, h2, , hc, hc+1} and a generator matrix Gtemp, where c+1 is the number of states that are possible with a thermal sensor.


pTcoh.ß x (x) (15)+ p6fd,k,span-i = Doppler step of 250 Hz in the acquisition s search-space leads a2 · exp1+erf 2a3   to the maximum residual carrier frequency o.set of |125|Hz.


The approaches above mentioned, as well as the one here proposed, do not use extra data memory positions or registers to implement fault tolerance.

none of them introduce an overhead in data memory.