Along with explaining the paramount importance of 3G/4G networks for M2M realization, this study also identifies the potential network access deterioration with the explosion in number of devices and favors hierarchical network architecture.

(4) Modifications and upgrades can be done rapidly on ASW without the risk of service interruption to conventional commercial subscribers.


[10] Seungjoon Lee, Bobby Bhattacharjee, and Suman Banerjee.

applying cooperative routing in WSNs requires all neighbors work in close cooperation, otherwise packet duplications and collisions will be introduced, which instead deteriorate the routing performance.


Hence, we revert to the traditional synchronous model and locally enforce the concept of time by imposing capacity constraints on links based on the following de.nition: (a)  (b) Figure 1: (a) Packet delay along a linear path.


A switching frequency of once every 30 seconds seems more than su.cient for anycast CDNs.

speci.cally, in the rest of this paper, we address the following questions: How can we ensure the client s TCP stack will always learn of the connection disruption and issue the next range request?


Depending on the content sources, if content is only available at a single server, the DNS returns the IP address of that particular server so that the request can be routed to the server.

these components extend the functionality of HTTP and the DNS resolver.


First, comparing the three of.ine schemes, we observe that optimizing performance alone increases cost by up to a factor of 2.75 compared with optimizing cost alone, whereas optimizing cost alone increases latency by up to 33% compared with the performance optimal.

note that for ef.ciency, a set of proxy caches are deployed in front of the Web server.


4.6 Network holes, fault tolerance and networkdynamics If a network has coverage holes, a target entering the hole might be lost no sensor detects its location.

an edge e¯between vertices in P represents the shared edge e between corre ¯ sponding faces of P .


In this way, when a node sends data to its neighbor, the receiver node sends an acknowledgement to the sender node after receiving the data.

the only receptions in this protocol occur at the base station, so if either the energy required to receive data is large, or the base station is close to the nodes, this may be an acceptable (and possibly optimal) method of communication.


When PC=0, a new node is connected to node i with Wax ae-d/(ßL) man s probability density [30] pi = where 0 < a, ß =1, d is the Euclidean distance between two nodes, and L is the maximum distance between any two nodes.

we have shown that power-law structure of Internet AS topology plays an important role in facilitating e.cient proactive/reactive .ltering.


INTRODUCTION A content distribution network (CDN) reduces propagation delay, relieves server load, balances network traf.c, improves service reliability, and disperses .ash crowds.

summary Cache: a scalable wide-area web cache sharing protocol.


To sim- plify presentation, we consider a single method for transmitting probes that is robust over both the Inverted-Y and Y topologies.

it is likely that the tech- niques are not robust for all possible distributions of traffic.


The number of copies of the authentication packet can balance a tradeoff between loss tolerance and communication overhead.

due to the collision-free property of the hash function, the whole set of layers represented by the leaves is authenticated if the root of the tree is successfully veri.ed.


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.2 [Network Protocols]: Routing protocols.

the overhead of GPSR+HLS is forty times more than FLARE.


When a packet arrives at an ad hoc node, the node consults its routing table.

most link error messages are sent over high capacity links, and since serialization delay using low capacity channels is higher compared to high capacity links, the fraction of time occupied by control traffic is much higher over thin links.


Topology control protocols have the duty of trimming out ine.cient links in the network.

a neighboring node j within the transmission range of node i acquires this measure .j as its eligibility for being a neighbor, from which the link to the base station is assumed to have high e.ciency over other nodes.


An example of a tuple with this combination of tags is a tuple that marks a useful landmark found by a team (for instance, a water source or an obstacle).

it is interesting to use alternatives to eager data propagation that allow for a more e.cient use of network bandwidth.


Note that more relays in the network will also increase the delivery probability of the message.

one node may estimate its chance to meet any other node using the average contact frequency it has observed.


Because these packets are never solicited by the sender, a BlueMonarch transfer misses them.

blueMonarch sets the sizes of the outgoing SDP requests to exactly match the sizes of the L2CAP transfer s actual outgoing data and control packets.


In the Figure, MAC Header is the general header attached by the MAC layer and contains fields to identify the type of the frame, source and destination MAC addresses, etc.


Thus resulting in a sum of 0 when computed over two consecutive chips Similarly, the computation on the Q path will output 0 as well for two consecutive chips.

we then use an analog switch that toggles between the inverted and the non-inverted signal every T seconds, where T is the duration of a chip.


(so Fi =1)and for the corresponding iA,iE: iA <iE BiE , which satis.es .

this holds since Cq =1 means that there exists an i = q such that B i = .


A key requirement of rundown analysis is a battery sensor that is consistent and accurate, though not necessarily precise.

zerocon.guration, robust indoor localization: theory and experimentation.


Note that a sub-channel could correspond to a single carrier or a bunch of contiguous carriers as in practical systems.

leveraging these bene.ts calls for more sophisticated solutions, among which, user scheduling forms a key component.


Experiments haveshown that the tradeoffbetween sensing and data transmission is dif.cult to achieveif 1-limited scheduling policyis used.

we show that even low values of M can lead to substantial performance improvements for data traf.c and thus offset the overhead needed for sensing, without affecting sensing accuracy.


Decoding was later performed offline using the JSVM reference software.

the distribution of the nodes remained fixed.


We focus (motivated by critical, emerging application scenarios) on diverse, dynamic mobility, characterized by heterogeneous sensor motion pro.les that, additionally, highly change over time.

in all cases, we .x the speed of the node to 3 m e.ectively eliminating the speed component of s the mobility level estimation function.


Given a static network, a noisy link would be modeled as a dropped pulse , which would e.ectively represent a change in communication topology.

consensus protocols for networks of dynamic agents.


it may still be the case that several registries contain non-stub instances of a single RPSL ob ject.


NotVia with oFIB can also prevent micro-loops after single topology changes.

by ef.cient, we mean a solution that is amenable for high-speed hardware implementation and retains much of the IP forwarding design: simple table lookups with .xed packet header length.


In the .rst two bars, the user-level daemon at the connected client shares an event with the kernel who immediately informs the daemon when a disconnected client s beacon is detected (See Section 6).

to determine the approximate location of this client, nearby connected clients hear D s beacons and record the signal strength (RSSI) of these packets.


Current state-of-the-art multi-hop clock synchronization protocols such as FTSP [14] are designed to optimize the global skew.

the fundamental problem of clock synchronization has been studied extensively and many theoretical results have been published which give bounds for the clock skew and communication costs [13, 17].


Any t redundant bytes of data can correct all errors in t/2 bytes [10].

we measure the simulated average code rate (de.ned as data bytes successfully received over the total bytes sent), which is a more theoretical metric, and simulated throughput and energy consumption, which are more practical measures.


We not only present a theoretical analysis but also evaluate our scheme and a number of previous schemes using detailed hardware simulation.

netLogic Microsystems, Inc. http://www.netlogicmicro.com.


metric: We compare PixNet and QR code schemes in terms of their throughput, that is the number of correctly received bits after Reed-Solomon decoding.4 The throughput is computed as the average per frame throughput multiplied by 30 frames/s.


Note that additional permutation of truncated pre.xes in R does not improve worst case privacy of hosts.

thatis,theattackertriestomap theIP addresses from the anonymized traces to the list of known original addresses.


We have been focusing on the scenario of single sink in this section.

the source with the new data rate may choose a better route due to updated routing information.


Recently, systems like Onavo [22] enable users to save on data plans by forwarding all data through a proxy server and compressing images and text.

10 is the dollars per gigabyte (GB) charged by the two major US cellular carriers once a baseline data quota is exceeded during a monthly billing cycle.


Subsequent hops only visit the nodes in N({)and IN({)I=8(lgn)whp.

the ease of exploiting locality comes from the ability to choos neighbors from a set of candidates.


Speci.cally, in the intra-cluster phase, the mobile sink .rst registers itself by forwarding the registration message along the path from its local CH to the corresponding Routing Agent, called RA1.

however, because the Routing Agents have to maintain the route information and forward data, heavier tra.c load will consume much of their energy.


The second sub-problem, which can be considered as a tightening process [2], is in the form of an auxiliary GP.

section III considers the power allocation issues among the sources and/or relays.


We explore SNAPP s suitability as a basic building block for use at the network layer, as well as at higher-layers such as overlay networks.

an adversary will be unable to correlate the encrypted neighbor ID with the neighbor to which the packet is forwarded.


The transmitter receiver distance is varied from 1 foot to 64 feet5 in discrete steps.

the overall accuracy is not perfect, particularly in outdoors.


11, November, 1999 [14] Yi Sun, Bandwidth-Efficient Wireless OFDM , IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications,Vol.

an inverse FFT is computed on each set of symbol giving set of complex time domain samples these samples are then quadrature mixed to pass band in the standard way.


Indeed, the analysis demonstrates the inadequacy of traditional models, like simplistic Zipfs workloads, and their failure for prediction and dimensioning.

if one estimates the content popularity as the time average across m contiguous time windows, the estimated miss probability would be exp{-.qkg(x/m)a}.


However, in order to reduce the number of hops, the value of has to be set to be greater than one and the appropriate value of would depend on , which is related to network size and topology.

moreover, the replication method presented in the present paper can handle differences in storage load among such peers.


TAPS depends solely on counting the destination IPs and ports of a source, without relying on connection state information.

for our comparison we are interested in understanding the scanners that were caught by TAPS 256 and missed by others.


Additionally, we can see from Figure 12b that dropping messages by a malicious node has no in.uence on the detection mechanisms.

concerning node mobility in VANETs, we distinguish between urban areas and rural roads or highways.


If the decision results in proceeding to the algorithm, the three criteria will be computed and evaluated.

in Section II, We give a brief discussion about the research works related to the power management and energy saving mechanism.


In The 23rd Conference of the IEEE Communications Society (INFOCOM), volume 23, pages 2458 2468, 2004.

the optimization problem we consider for boundary recognition is therefore max |.i.I Ii| (3.2) (BD) .


More recently, we showed that it is possible to obtain ID values in IPv6 useful for alias resolution by inducing routers to send fragments [4].

cONCLUSION While researchers continue to make progress toward understanding the Internet s IPv4 topology, little is known about the IPv6 router-level topology.


M-PESA: mobile money for the unbanked turning cellphones into 24-hour tellers in kenya.

a similar situation exists for debugging and troubleshooting: with no uni.ed or automated mechanisms for reasoning about the status of the whole network, operators are forced to rely on ad-hoc techniques for identifying and .xing faults.


The format of command mail to describe the behavior of mail  The design of a local information server  Use with a cellular phone   5.1 Format of Command Mail Based on many studies of command mail, such as Active Mail[7], we picked out the functions that needed by W-MAIL.

the means of communication has changed from the wired to the wireless media as we can see the in popularization of the portable telephone today.


It also has demonstrated routing performance on par with geographic routing where the physical coordinates are known.

we could build data-centric applications such as data-centric routing, data-centric storage, and data-centric aggregation using VPCS, and enable general node-to-node communication using VPCR.


Given the positive integer K, divide each cluster into Kequal width rings, the width of each ring is R/K.

there is a trade-off between transmission cost and average relaying load.


In addition, we insure that malicious peers do not fake" tokens through the use of cryptographic-based signatures.

in our simulations, peers connect to 10 neighbors simultaneously.


Packets with different priority tags are classi.ed into different priority queues.

by making the the numerator and denominator equal, we have: .2=1-..1 (4) We can obtain the expression of the third portion and all the portions after it iteratively: .3=1-.(.2+.1)=1-.(1-(1-.


We de.ne a series of predicates .0(T), .

at any point in the scheduling algorithm, the .rst unmatched packet in each bu.er is the active packet for the step, and the basic matching process will be applied to the set of active packets.


Note that we assume that as soon as at least one sink gets a data packet, that data is considered successfully delivered (so there is no need to study intra-sink communication aspects).

this solution satis.es all of the properties de.ned earlier except for the adaptiveness, thus it is suitable when the network conditions are fairly stable and homogeneous.


For example, in the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer, IEEE 802.15.4 [1] protocol can be used to access a wireless link.

dARC provides higher BE to nodes which are remotely located from sink.


Developing a scheme for path identi.cation is one of the key additions we make to support non-tree networks (Section 6).

we use collections of FP-GAs, potentially in the same technology as the target FPGA, to route an FPGA.


In fact, this was what we did in an earlier version of our algorithm.

more recently, several researchers have studied the problem of evaluating a possibly large number of predicates against messagelike data (as opposed to a large document) in the domain of .lter matching for publish/subscribe systems.


All nodes move according to the random waypoint model, with an average velocities of 1 m/s, 5 m/s and 20 m/s to simulate three di.erent scenarios for walking, bike riding, and driving participants.

is the distance from i to its farthest neighboring node j in its 1-hop neighborhood.


This channel model has been shown to be able to effectively capture the bursty packet loss behavior of the Internet and wireless channels.

a packet transmission is successful only if the error model is in state G for all slots needed for the packet to be transmitted, while it fails otherwise.


Since we desire that the decisions on whether or not to upload be quick, we avoid waiting for the complete information towards generating thumbnails and providing subsequent user feedback; this would cause delays and affect user experience.

[10] Y. Zhang, Z. Jia, and T. Chen, Image retrieval with geometry-preserving visual phrases, in CVPR, 2011.


Optimal node placement in sensor networks receives some attention.

further, an algorithm to determine the coverage degree of nodes in a sensor network is modi.ed and used as .tness criteria.


Each box plot in the chart shows the minimum, the 1-percentile, the median, the 99-percentile, and the maximum.

in order to work well in practice, the name space must be hyperbolic, and right now there is no evidence that that is the case.


As a result conventional measurement analyses are bound to underestimate P2P tra.c, and indeed, reliable identi.cation of P2P tra.c requires examination of user payload data.

the shape of the plot of missed bytes vs. time is a.ected by the sizes of missed P2P .ows.


Alternatively, in the previous example, node B could connect to node C, which is in close proximity.

while IP connectivity is a necessity, a major objective of the proposed architecture is to preserve the .exibility of developing and deploying new application layer protocols.


path from University of Crete to Georgia Tech.

if the tra.c is not Gaussian because of low horizontal or vertical aggregation, then the non-parametric algorithm performs better.


Hence at certain SNRs, the omniscient schemeis limitedby the choicesit has.

2) Collisions between different senders, or different chunks from the same senders: In practice, successive collisions could be between packets from different senders.


3.3 Leveraging sleeping of routers Itis wellknownthatthe chassis ofa router consumespower even ifjust one ofitslinksis active.

to compute the normalizeddistance(wl),intermediate routers use thefunction RI(yl)to determine the energy state s index that can handle the loadyl, whilethefunction R(x)retrievesthe operating ratefor the energy stateindex x. Thedestination will reportback to the source the amount of traf.c thathas tobe removed(min(wl))in order to move alink to alower energylevel.


to support name-based data forwarding and caching.

3) Stability The algorithms are insensitive to the variation in user behaviors on object requests.


Finally, Figure 5(c) presents the result for AS3786.

the number of unique pre.xes in routing tables for the 3 day time period .uctuated greatly.


The other part will be attached with the query message and sent to another route, under the condition that these two routes have to be disjointed paths.

each peer has a utility function to help peer to decide to join or not to join the system.


CREATION OF K-D TREES We assume a P2P network with resources described as data points within a multi-dimensional data space.

note here that in this Information Model, we tried to keep the cardinality of attributes as small as possible, taking into account the fact that it the complexity to implement and maintain any P2P system increases as the number of resource attributes increases.


The message size does not include the DFS part, which adds another O(n log n) bits, where n is the network size.

(in the following, we will assume that during the execution of SmartSouth, no more failures will occur.


In this paper, we set out to tackle the granularity problem for service description.

the logic of page flow could be quite arbitrary, lacking of consistent look & feel across all services.


Network practitioners should .nd this information useful as they strive to accommodate the increasing amounts of streaming tra.c.

the post-bu.ering rate increases linearly with the content encoding rate.


A local hole in the Rips complex is a non zero element of p1(Rr(X)) that has trivial projection in p1(D).

furthermore, not like the other protocols, we use topological conditions to determine the coverage properties of our network.


If a collision is detected, the switch will send an Explicit Adaption Request (EAR) message that suggests the sending switch of a .ow to change its path.

a .ow is allowed to take multiple paths at di.erent times in its life cycle.


Further, the RU of each clustered node, represents the common split of carriers between the DAS and FFR con.gurations for all sectors in that cluster.

in the absence of any coordination (for scalability), the sub-carriers constituting the sub-channels in the carrier can be permuted differently across sectors.


(1) Sensor network is reliable without data packet loss.


More speci.cally, for a given N the nodes calculated a * from the coe.cients, determine CW using (7) and round it to next power of 2.

we have also evaluated the performance of the proposed protocol with CW of size power of 2 only.


Instead, we consider how to detect inconsistent routes from data readily available within the local AS an internal BGP (iBGP) feed of the best route for each pre.x from each border router and the import policies con.gured on each of these routers.

although a peer may intentionally send inconsistent advertisements to prevent its neighbor from performing hot-potato routing, we also discuss several con.guration scenarios where a peer may inadvertently advertise inconsistent routes, despite having consistent export policies.


And Figure 9(c) depicts the impact of ß towards ATVal when the bad-mouthing node deliberately accuses an innocent node per 60s.

the privacy preservation increases the di.culty in resolving insider misbehavior, because anonymity hinders neighbors from directly disclosing the real identity of the nearby misbehaving vehicles.


In order to save the bandwidth of wireless channels, the bit-sequence (BS) approach is proposed [ll].

to reduce the false invalidation rates, a reorganization of the bit-sequences that takes into account clients The above BS scheme has been modified in [I I] to reconnection patterns needs to be devised.


Control overhead: For ef.cient use of network resources, the control overhead at the members should be low.

hosts in Bayeux maintain O(blogbN)state and end-to-end overlay paths have O(logbN)application level hops.


Speci.cally, we leverage the observation that the TinyOS event, CaptureSFD.captured is invoked at the beginning and the end of 15.4 packet transmissions respectively.

in the asymmetric region the 802.11 transmitter cannot detect 15.4 packets while it can still corrupt them.


Here, multiplicative (M) policies change step size by a factor of 2, and additive (A) policies change step size by 4 TCAM counters every epoch.

because it is impossible to predict traf.c variability, DR E AM may infrequently drop tasks when headroom is insuf.cient.5 In our current design, operators can specify a drop priority for tasks.


If we identify particles with data packets, and the network with the medium in which particles move, then the routing problem becomes a problem of how to push a particle from one location in the medium to another.

iNTRODUCTION n Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR 0227676, and by a gift from the Lockheed Martin Corp.


2.2 A MIMO Primer In a MIMO system, if antennas are separated properly, each transmitting and receiving antenna pair can have a channel different from the others.

we believe it may be more likely the mobile station is the limiting factor than AP.


We conclude the paper in Section 4 by outlining future work.

quite a few phone numbers send (and receive) thousands of messages within the 22 days, which cannot be explained by normal human activity.


This behavior is captured by the impulse response of the wireless channel, considering L signal paths L X jfl d(t - tl), h(t )= alel=1 with di.erent values of each path for the amplitude al, phase shift fl and delay tl, acting as random variables on each impulse d. Because of phase shifts, interference e.ects can lead to signal cancellation or ampli.cation, depending on the relative phase shifts.

our implementation on MICAz sensor motes presented in the next section shows that with a tolerance t = 1, key agreement was reached in 83% of the cases on the .rst try.


The vast majority of Internet actors are private companies, and the connections that they establish with each other are driven by business interests.

cONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK We brie.y presented Portolan, a crowdsourcing system for measuring large-scale networks which uses smartphones as measuring agents.


More importantly, we show that there exists a simple and elegant duality relationship between the LMM rate allocation problem and the LMM node lifetime problem.

each of these .ow routing solutions will yield different available energy levels on the remaining nodes for future iterations and so forth, leading to a different rate allocation vector, which usually does not coincide with the optimal LMM rate allocation vector.


This extension will physically be made via infrastructure-based networks, vehicle area networks, a home network or mobile ad hoc networks (MANET).

the key to a successful PN realization is a general network architecture that is capable of bridging different current and future technologies and offers a homogeneous and clear view to the end-user.


This addition aims at the determination of the appropriate switching point between multiple DCHs and FACH.

the goal is to define a scheme that will efficiently cover all the possible scenarios.


The running time of the fast algorithm in this experiment takes only 5 seconds to complete.


Unfortunately, even a very low fprQ1 could result in the misclassi.cation of a sample because during an eight hour day, there would be up to 8N opportunities to do so.

this problem arises not only when searching for access points, but also when clients want to locate devices in ad hoc mode, such as when using a Microsoft Zune to share music or a Nintendo DS to play games with friends.


As a status table, any query to the ping table is translated to a ping command on the corresponding router.

combining these two capabilities with policy constraint enforcement, DECOR tries to detect and prevent policy violations at the operation stage, as opposed to of.ine auditing to .nd already-happened damages.


When a geographic structure exists in the data, geographic coordinates and geo-routing [18][11] can be used effectively to reduce interest and data propagation overhead.

this means that 99% of the values for Te will be found between 104 and 131, and so the algorithm is stable for at least this particular configuration.


7, July 2004 [11].Wei-chih Hong, Zsehong Tsai, Adaptive Bandwidth Allocation Via Dynamic Programming In A Shared Wireless Network, The 18th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 07) [12].Heng-Qing Ye, Stability of Data Networks Under an Optimization-Based Bandwidth Allocation, IEEE Transactions On Automatic Control, Vol.

send raw packets to the network 2.2.2.3 What these libraries can t do Jpcap captures and sends packets independently from the host protocols (e.g., TCP/IP).


gMac scheduling provides for an absence of collisions and 2-hop interference.

pGM allows highly abstracted discrete-event simulation and is thus applicable to any system described with probabilistic models.


livery delay should be an increasing function of the number of group members because it takes more time to make sure all the group members get all the original packets.

[9] Hui, P., Crowcroft, J., and Yoneki, E. Bubble rap: social-based forwarding in delay tolerant networks.


Auto-route When a TE-LSP is created, we automatically reroute any flow whose path goes through the head-end and the tailend router of the created LSP onto the LSP.

the user specifies the head-end and tail-end routers and the characteristics of the desired TE-LSP, which is then created in the network and shown in the GUI.


Thus, ideally we would use main memory to hold our shared memory area.

it is necessary to have resource lock functions by using hardware, in case spinlock is needed in shared-memory in the future.


Maltz,P.Patel,andS.Sengupta.Vl2: ascalableand.exibledatacenter network.In SIGCOMM,2009.

these proposals have not been evaluated under a range of realistic traf.c patterns and it is unclear whether simplisticECMPis suf.cientfor such situations.


All the APs are stationary and interconnected with high bandwidth (e.g.

our scenarios have many pedestrians moving in the area, and the APs are located at the road side.


Fundamentally, this is because these techniques are suitable for distributive and algebraic aggregates only [11].

iMC 03, October 27 29, 2003, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.


4.2 Incorporating with HWMP Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol is the default path selection protocol de.ned in the draft 2.02 of 802.11s.


This will form a resilient sensing and communication infrastructure because WSNs are typically ad hoc, wireless, and self powered.

a level key infrastructure for secure and e.cient group communication in wireless sensor network.


As our performance metric, we measure per-link throughput and compute their normalized ratio to the ideal throughput that each link can obtain if it operates in isolation using all 52 subcarriers.

in the following, we seek to analytically model the relationship between the strength of cross-band interference and the size of guardbands used.


of the First Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 04), 2004.

hence, early in the adoption process when not many ASes are adopters, there remain many points of vulnerability.


For two paths Pa and Pb, a lower value of SPU for Pa relative to Pb indicates that the aggregate load is higher in Pb than in Pa.

quality-of-service routing for supporting multimedia applications.


2.3.1 Energy Detection Energy detection is the most popular for signal detection due to its simple design and small sensing time.

noise uncertainty seems to have a more signi.cant in.uence on energy-detection s performance.


what channel to use for each interface) although such a scheme is vital in MCMI WMN.

the MMFlow/Con.ict-free case performs much better than the Common Channel assignment especially under high data tra.c, because it computes a schedule for radio links so that collisions and interference are avoided.


As expected, the closer the node is to the root in the tree, the more messages it has to send.

for this, all nodes of the target set have a weight assigned through a function W : S .


(a) Using carrier sensing (b) Using a reference broadcast  Figure 6: The worst-case symbol timing misalignment of two concurrent transmissions received at the AP in a CSMA WLAN: (a) symbol timing misalignment when coordination uses carrier sensing;(b)areferencebroadcastsynchronizesthe senders better and timing misalignment is much tighter.

these APs should use M-RTS and frequency-domain backoffto contend for each sub-channel for transmission.


Redirection algorithms for load sharing in distributed web server systems.

the response time of our scheme accurately decrease because of the utilization of the proxy affinity!


When link load increases, the higher arrival rate and thus shorter interarrival time of the cross-tra.c packets prevent the packet pair from going through the link without being queued.

the cross-tra.c can be path-persistent (Figure 4(a)), nonpersistent (Figure 4(b)), or a more realistic mix of both.


Special attention needs to be paid to exchanges on cell boundaries when a vehicle switches from one group to another.

leveraging on periodic broadcasts of certi.ed public keys, the group leader (L in this example) distributes the group key K to members A, B,and C encrypted with their respective public keys as follows: L .


In general, a higher data rate results in shorter frame durations, thus producing less interference.

of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM), 2007 [5] Network Simulator ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ [6] Q. Xu, T. Mak, J. Ko, and R. Sengupta, Vehicle-to-Vehicle Safety Messaging in DSRC, in Proc.


Because the negotiator needs to be available on the default channel at all times, a design decision we made was that a negotiator does not route tra.c (routing tra.c would entail switching channels).

figure 1 demonstrates a network using NAMAC.


Modern processors can normally perform all necessary cryptographic functions on the incoming data more quickly than the data can be acknowledged over the network.

until very recently4, the SSH receive window has not kept pace and remained at 64KiB which was the pre-RFC 1323 maximum.


Simulation results for TAP algorithm are obtained using the turnover as de.ned in Eq.

when d > dmin: -.d2-k2 1 u Pbi arccos( R2 )if a>amin (d, Ru, Rv) =p 2d.d (7) Ru=Rv 0 otherwise From Eq.


RELATED WORK The .rst approaches to tra.c classi.cation employ both port-based analysis and Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) techniques [9].

bayesian Classi.cation also allows analyzing systematical errors and inaccuracies that may arise in the classi.cation methodologies.


1.2.2 Address-Based Authentication and SOP TCP injection attacks were key to some of the most well known exploits, speci.cally, attacks against address-based client authentication, e.g., see [7].

sHPS chooses a pseudo-random initial port for each destination (server) IP-address; a new connection between the client and that destination uses the current port which is then incremented, i.e., a per destination port-counter.


Among the three mobility scenarios, the UDEL is perhaps the closest to many common cases of urban pedestrian mobility.

the mobility-assisted podcasting is a multicast/broadcast service, which relies on epidemic forwarding.


Actually, the underlying objective is not to run standard routing algorithms in a central controller but to enable new protocols, services and algorithms.

other packet features might be necessary like TCP .ags.


observe also that E[Zt |Yis,s<t] depends only on |St-1|, the number of saturated vertices (i.e., those that have already transmitted three times successfully) for t -1, and when |St-1|=n/2wehave L Y tE[Zt |Yis,s<t]= i i.St-1 = (n -|St-1|) ·p/2 = (k -2)/4; of course, when |St-1|>n/2wehave E[Zt |Yis ,s<t]= k. In any case, E[Zt |Yis,s < t] =(k -2)/4.


WiSE 03, September 19, 2003, San Diego, California, USA.

when wireless links are involved, the variance in delay is found to be an important factor in.uencing TCP performance [6].


On the other hand, the probability that a frame is lost over the secondary link is ((1 - p)+ pfs)Ns .

to derive the latency, assume that a frame is successfully transmitted at the ith and jth transmission attempts over the primary and secondary links, respectively.


We can show formally that this reduction is an 1/2-E) L-reduction [27].

our position is that most existing schemes only have an incidental e.ect on desired performance metrics, including commonly evaluated metrics such as average delay or deliv ery probability.


Asummary ofthe issues in thissectionaregiven inTable3.

operationally successful mobility is a multi-layer issue, requiring a multi-layer approach.


3.4 Reservation release and mobility of nodes At the end of a RT session, the sender executes the collision resolution algorithm described in section 3.2 and sends a ResvRelease packet in the first control mini-slot to specify the set of slots to be released.

a reservation should also be released when collision occur during reserved slots.


Let -be the set of check points that the CP rbfyx algorithm uses, being de.ned as follows: -c. Tyx CP rbfyx = cpyj , (10) Gyj .hp(Gyx )  where cyj =Tyj , 2Tyj , ..., myj Tyj,myj =Tyx /Tyj cp.

pyx identi.es the parent server, i.e, the server to which the stream is connected to and RTyx is its computed response time.


Figure 2: Reputation Evolution Misrouting Attack In the following we will present the performances of the GA, this time on wormhole attack which starts at the tick 650.

if the reputation is lower than the established threshold, the proper behavior has to be maintained for some time until it reaches the threshold.


We can see both BHR and FPR improving along the line AC in Figure 1a.

the optimization model can be used to .nd Pareto frontier of the performance (green arc BC in Figure 1).


We quanti.ed this performance in a controlled experiment with an increasing number of sensors, using .ve trials per con.guration (Figure 7) and showed that PDR drops to near 20% with as few as 4 nodes in the same radio cell.

con.guring, installing batteries, assembling parts, and mounting a sensor may only take 10 minutes, but for 200 sensors this adds up to over 4 days of installation time, eight hours per day.


In this paper, we propose an extension to the default 802.11 multicast mechanism, an intelligent rate adaptation jointly working with network coded retransmission.

the rate selection algorithm works as described in Algorithm 1.


[11] S. Navaratnarajah, A. Saeed, M. Dianati, and M. Imran.

both deployments have been studied for HetNet in downlink [4].


mechanism wouldn t be a.ected by congestion on the LL, unless the available bandwidth falls below 20Mb/s.

both servers are accessible from the swap client before hando.


ComputerNetworks, 50:46 62, January 2006.

measurement results from [10] also con.rm that cellular networks typically experience close-to-zeropacket loss rate.


The details of the proposed technique is presented in section 4.

each location-unaware sensor uses RSSI to estimate its own position aided by a group of location aware devices called Location Assistants (LA).


using resolutions schemes for mutual exclusion for channel allocation, also called co-channel interference, have several interesting characteristics.


In any such attempt, the calls belonging to the deterministic sub-classes retain their priority.

c calls in any of the sub-classes {1,..., B } are of a higher prior c ity than this call and are within the deterministic guarantee limit) at a time t. We denote the probability that a call of sub-class i exists in the network at time tby pi(t).


For example, compared with Saucy+,O2, which has the SPLD heuristic, improves the time from 2.97 to 1.31 seconds (or 2.27 times) for BCube(8,4), from 18.5 to 4.16 seconds (or 4.34 times) forFatTree(100), from 6.33 to 1.07 seconds (or 5.92 times) for VL2(100,100), whereas it reduces the time from44603 to  Nauty Saucy+ O2 v v v Candidate pruning via orbit v v Selective splitting v Candidate selection via SPLD Table 4: Heuristics applied in different algorithms.

address autocon.guration for data centerexpansionis required.


The components of the radio design are depicted in Figure 3.

understandably, the separation between data transfer protocol and underlying MAC may require additional signaling, e.g.


Also, the security features of the browser that ensures the privacy of the data by encryption prevent us from analysing the content of the packets.

in summary, the reviewed published studies have, for the most part, used Web/Proxy server access logs in their analysis of content server performance with the aim of proposing more efficient caching strategies to improve response time.


Second, this method a.ords a CDN only limited control over load balancing decisions: caching of DNS responses by the clients makes server selection decisions persist for a long time, regardless of the current load conditions.

we certainly do not expect this problem to occur in practice, where variable network delays introduce signi.cant randomness into the behavior of di.erent TCP sessions.


Virtual links consist of one ore more nodes on a path from one cluster head to another in order to connect them.

in order to rebuild the topology, the node must wake up at last at it s cluster timeout, which the node received during the cluster formation process.


The device keeps track of the clusterheads that have received the current podcast list.

the system is not very well suited for small marginal interest groups or those of local importance only.


1 1  Bandwidth Guarantee Prob 0.9 0.8 Bandwidth Guarantee Prob 0.998 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.7  0.99 0 1 2 3 4 1.52 3.04 6.08 12.16 Number of Retries Pareto Shape Parameter Figure 3: SUAC is not robust in case of user retries.

stable peers: Existence, importance, and application in peer-to-peer live video streaming.


(ii) Assuming the factors in.uencing this behavioral change can be sensed through the mobile phone sensors, the sensor sampling may have to be performed on a continuous basis in order not to miss the ground truth events.

[8] K. K. Rachuri, M. Musolesi, C. Mascolo, P. J. Rentfrow, C. Longworth, and A. Aucinas.


However, the distance between the furthest nodes in the network able to cause this problem is not enough to justify the SlotTime values that maximizes tra.c in this network.

a node that receives signal under such sensitivity does not use the received information as a received packet, but rather that reception activates the CCA (clear channel assessment) and e.ectively freezes the contention window.


The principle we could handle very high loss rates by allowing up-switch in the physical bandwidth from C = full-report acknowledgments.

the input rate is increased or decreased depending on whether the actual congestion is below or above the target level.


Corollary 1 For any .ow aggregation p that enters the path at link Li, i.e., p 8 ei = p, the process {Vi(p,t)} has ergodic stationary increments.

in the .rst experiment, we measure the rate response curve of the path from the RON node lulea in Sweden to the RON node at CMU.


That isbecause more missing tags make it easier to detect one of them.

tRP cannot detect the missing-tag event with certainty (i.e., a = 100%) and more importantly, it cannot tell which tags are missing.


2 It is assumed that the delay time to activate the neighbors is smaller than the value of the sensing radius divided by the speed of the intruding object.

physical layer represents the interfaces with other nodes.


In this topology, AS A originates a data .ow to an address in AS F. The shaded AS D is located in countries that the sender wishes to avoid.

other information, such as router type, manufacturer or .rmware version may not be easily veri.able.


D link, the AF mode performs better when SNRSR = SNRSD + 10dB and SNRSR = SNRSD +15dB.

to improve spatial diversity of a relay system, signals received over the source destination and relay destination links are combined at the receiver side.


To maximize the amount of information available for association, our approach combines on-demand and periodic data collection.

the period is controlled by a predefined user setting.


For example, two static routes may be con.gured on R6 to reach S2, one using R4 as the nexthop, and the other using R5.

toimplement the reachability between I1 and I2, one or more border routers must be deployed to physically connect the two routing instances, and in addition, a connecting primitive must be con.gured on the border routers to enable route exchange.


We also observed that the PLT sender side should send extra .elds in its packets.


A Ubiquitous Wireless Video Surveillance System Based on Pub/Sub Jiannong Cao, Xuefeng Liu, Steven Lai, Yang Zou, Jun Zhang, Yang Liu, Chisheng Zhang {csjcao, csxfliu, csylai, csyzou, csjuzhang,csyangliu, cscszhang}@comp.polyu.edu.hk ABSTRACT In most of the existing video surveillance systems, captured video streams by CCTV or video cameras are aggregated through cables to a central station and monitored by associated human operators.

using the video surveillance system, the designated car is tracked continuously.


Gandhi, Parthasarathy, and Mishra [6] claim NP-hardness of collision-aware broadcast scheduling on directed Disk Graphs, although they leave out the proof due to lack of space.

ld(u,s)/rJ.If two nodes have the same value, the node that covers a node with smaller Euclidean hops from the source is given priority.


Fix M1,...,Mn satisfying M1 + ... + Mn = M such that Mj channels are divided into mj secondary parts of type j,for j =1,...,n.For these .xed values, let T (j0,j1,...jn,i) denote the maximum possible revenue from all participating networks when j0 primary parts and jt secondary parts of type t, t =1,...,n,are to be allocated and networks 1, ..., i are participating in the auction.

of ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, 2000.


our aim is to investigate whether we can use past data on available memory to predict the amount of available memory in the future.


This can be done once the two of them have established a key by way of the EAP execution.

this condition for the inner methods contradicts the original design goal of EAP-TTLS, i.e.


In normal situations, 802.11 devices are not expected to generate high rates of authentication or association messages.

showed that clients sometimes are overly aggressive when selecting the best access point, which causes them to reassociate more often than necessary [16].


None of this IDS traf.c is captured by the LSP, as it uses SMB and NetBUI which are implemented in the kernel.

while the evaluation work done so far is highly relevant, we believe trace-based evaluation is the next step in accurately modeling and evaluating mesh networks.


Case 2: L1 <L2.Given any L2-zone, it can be divided into three parts: the center Lc-zone, and the two Ls-zones on the opposite sides of the center zone, where d - R+W/2 R+W/2 Lc = r and Ls = r. Then, it can be R+WR+W proved in a similar manner as in the proof of Theorem 4.1 (case 2) using Lemma A.3 in place of Lemma 4.2 that L2zone is k-barrier covered.

we also assume that nodes are able to estimate their remaining lifetimes by observing their battery drainage.


We did not insert the SYN and SYN ACK packets of this TCP worm, only working on its polymorphic images at this time.

for detection one really only needs to identify the anomalous flows.


In the ODFC scheme, multiple BSs (i.e., contention source BSs) are enabled to compete for candidate channels of neighboring BSs (i.e., contention destination BSs).

in case of CASS, the winning rate of low frame demands are dramatically higher than the winning rate of high frame demands.


ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 19(3):332 383, August 2001.

a single multicast stream provides clients with no selectivity.


For example, a browser cookie appearing in requests from different IP addresses at different times may suggest that the corresponding host has connected to the Internet at different times with different DHCP IP addresses.

we plan to use these 12.6 additional malicious IDs as seed to captureeven more malicious IDs.


In the reactive mode, an unknown packet is forwarded to a central controller and the controller will decide the action for the unknown packet, for example, to setup the .ow table to forward the packet to a speci.c port.

for example, 16k segments * 1k VTEPs becomes 16M messages/10 seconds or 1.6M messages/second.


Distributed misbehavior detection in VANETs.

for EEBL, RHCN, or SVA messages from vi and 0 otherwise), and -aj is a weight based on the input message type j (e.g., aRHCN =1.2, aEEBL =0.5, etc.).


In our work, we consider a single gateway in the wireless mesh network.

one noticeable drawback of oblivious routing schemes is the computational complexity [25].


A key example is the location tracking device for vehicles.

b. WIBRO WiBro (Wireless Broadband) is the newest variety of mobile wireless broadband access.


4.2 Results In Figure 4 we plotted the measured values for each parameter in time bins of 1 hour.

iEEE Communications Magazine (November 2003).


Figure I shows some of the current and the proposed router queue mechanisms.

likewise, by reserving 0.6-packet space in the queue, the untagged class could get an average of 1,500Kbps, that is little bit more than 2 times (2 untagged flows) the fair flow share during 10 to 20 seconds.


In Mitzenmacher s model both the number of agents (jobs) and the number of resources (machines) go to in.nity, but the ratio between these numbers is .nite.

our analysis, however, upper-bounds the total number of unbalanced periods.


The LOS channel model  Transmision delay (millisecond) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Traffic load (Mbps) Figure 4: Performance comparison between standard and low latency frame aggregation, nrt =3, ns=8,subframelength1024bytes and7dBSNR.

the improved capacity comes at the price of the prolonged transmission delay.


increasing parameter t helps reduce the false alarm rates, and this is obvious especially when t is small.


Thevast majority ofthesealertshavelowpriority and usually correspond to policy violations that are not directly related to security incidents.

r4: We provide a reference for the 99% false-positives figure in the introduction.


Moreover, we also plan to refine our simulations by varying the number of clients and servers, evaluating the impact of servers' position with respect of the MANET topology.

multimedia Tools and Applications 23, 1, Jan 2004, 31 - 46.


GLDD cares about only one of the two factors of the latency and the data center energy consumption, and each data chunk has only one copy, which potentially increases the latency or the power consumed by transport.

fORTE outperforms GLDD in case 1 and case 2.


In this case, each of the paths is totally independent and they do not affect each other.

in the remainder of this section, we will first briefly review the original NSR then discuss the proposed revisions.


Command analyze module: it analyzes the received commands and produces the corresponding control operations for other sub-modules.

the sampling frequency fs should be larger than two times the symbol rate Rsymb.


In this case the producers must .rst poll the DCS to know who are the subscribers for their data, and then use unicast communications to send the data to the subscribers.

it can be used to create a list of the sensors that can produce data with a certain meta-data, or to let other sensors direct their subscribes to the sensors that can actually produce the data.


That is, a path with a .ow value of x stands for using this path for a period of x time units.

it was indicated that the problem could be de.ned as a linear program; however, the focus in [5] was on heuristic distributed routing protocols and their evaluation by way of simulations.


We instead pursue a different path, based on functional reactiveprogramming(FRP).Usingthis approach, usersdescribe timevarying values by describing how their current value depends on event histories and current and prior values of other quantities.

accumSet Accumulates a set of events from a windowed history.


Brief Announcement: Scheduling Sensors by Tiling Lattices Andreas Klappenecker, Hyunyoung Lee, and Jennifer L. Welch Dept.

then there exists a deterministic periodic schedule that avoids collision problems using m = |N | time slots.


This is due to the same reasons explained in the wireless LAN scenario.

the network we consider is an ad hoc network that does not rely on infrastructure, so there is no central authority to perform channel management.


We note that 8% to 10% of the overall node population is a very stringent requirement for most practical purposes and can represent a huge number of nodes.

this is exempli.ed in .gure 11, where the false positive rate increases faster, as the population of malicious nodes increases, for lower values of the signi.cance level of the test.


The games G3 and G2 are indistinguishable unless the adversary A queries the hash function on (C, S, pw, X ..Y .

the computations for SOKE can use smaller exponents than those required for [23] or [24].


In fact, in this idealized scenario, each node will sense the channel busy if there is any other node in the network concurrently transmitting.

(5) PE (c, j) is the result of an c-fold convolution of uniformly distributed random variables.


Bubble rap: Social based forwarding in delay tolerant networks.

in the in.nite buffer scenario, we study how fast one data can be diffused among friend and stranger nodes.


Assuming that a cell s UL load is a monotonically increasing function of the total received power,3 controlling the TX power of femtocell users keeps the average macrocell s UL load below a given threshold.

.nding an appropriate universal target SINR is not easy in practice.


We have argued that it would be worthwhile to periodically change the set of nodes where data is replicated.

22 .r One can again .nd the optimal replication .


Since TCP-Reno and Tahoe can t handle multiple packet losses from one window of data, their performance degraded.

in case of TCP-Newreno, up on the reception of partial acknowledgment, the sender shouldn t come out of fast recovery algorithm; rather it retransmits the lost packet and stays in fast recovery phase till all the unacknowledged packets from one window of data to be acknowledged.


5.3 Integrating RRAA-BASIC and A-RTS While RRAA-BASIC and A-RTS address channel .uctuations and hidden terminals respectively, one might think that a simple combination of both algorithms would su.ce.

when it is halved from the value 1, it becomes 0 which disables RTS again.


The resulting tra.c is not only a waste of global Internet resources, but also raises security, privacy and intellectual property questions of its own.

using a discrete autocorrelation algorithm we found that updates series have periods of 60 or 75 minutes, which we identi.ed as default settings of outof-the-box Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP DNS software.


If the number of transceivers in a node is identical to the number of operating wireless channels, then each transceiver can simply be locked to each operating channel frequency.

the range is determined by the receiver.


An amelioration of this method that possesses a spraying algorithm gives a chance to early delivery with small number of copies [1].

it is a resolution to the problem about how to select a path to transmit the packets; in another view, it is the way of picking out the optimized next hop for the most imperative message.


Similarly, the reliability of revoca i a-1 ß tion can be modeled with .revoke (a, ß) =i=0i(1- µ)ß-i µ i .

we extended the existing forwarding manager to work with a new module for proactive replication of the content.


Furthermore, to limit the overheads on a connected client C (and possibly reduce the reac- Figure 13: Overlapping channels heard relative to distance tive scheme s load on the DAP and DS), we can use a policy such that C helps only one client at any given point.


He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

the design choices that have been made for wireless networks are derivatives of protocols designed for wireline networks and are such that: (a) channel access is either very ine.cient and unable to support multimedia tra.c across multiple hops, or requires complex clock synchronization to support scheduling schemes based on time division of the channel and dynamic channel reuse; (b) the routes established in wireless networks have no correlation to the transmission schedules used over the wireless links forming those routes, which reduces the e.ciency with which .ows can be forwarded; and (c) the mechanisms used for information dissemination in wireless ad hoc networks do not scale with the size or dynamics of the network.


* Peer X Provider X X Table 1: Guidelines for interception.

rather than providing contrived counterexamples, we give evidence that the attack strategies we discuss could succeed in wild by ensuring that every example we present comes from real data.All the examples we present here were found in CAIDA s November 20, 2009 dataset [11], and then anonymized by replacing AS numbers with symbols (e.g., in Figure 1, m for manipulator, v for victim, T 1for aTier 1AS, etc.).


The results from our measurements mostly support conventional wisdom by quantifying the key characteristics of non-access bottlenecks.

if the trace process observes that the queues on the .rst 1-3 hops from the source are building, it quits immediately, to avoid .ooding the local network (The .rst 3 hops almost always encompass all links along the path that belong to the source stub network).


Session For ease of replay, we create a .le for each session and create a schedule .le that dictates when each socket session begins.

we multiply the number of hops for each transaction by the number of bytes transferred in it, and divide the sum by the total number of bytes transferred in each load scenario.


In 1st International Workshop on Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBS 02), Vienna, Austria, 2002.

in our mechanism the replicas require some time to be routed into the correct areas before we reach a high delivery ratio.


IEISS simulates telecommunications by iteratively (at random) choosing unrouted sessions until every session is either routed or dropped.For each session, IEISS choosesa route between the session s source and destination using the routing preference algorithms developed for MIITS-P.

the challenge is how to select a suf.cient numbers of sessions that characterizes the traf.c in the MIITS-P model.


Given the channel condition, different block sizes Lb may result in different BLRRs.

compared with the benchmark protocols, DLT has a much slower increasing speed, since it achieves short data frame transmissions and bene.ts more from the distant forwarders enabled by distanceless transmissions.


Typically, a scan happens every 15 seconds, and each time it consumes about 20uAh energy, with an average power 57% more than the non-scan state, as shown in Figure 1.

rEFERENCES [1] K.-H. Kim, A. Min, D. Gupta, P. Mohapatra, and J. Singh.


InChord, this would mean that stealth nodes would acquire successorandpredecessorpointers,aswell as .ngertables, but they would never appear as predecessor, successor orin .ngertablesof any othernodes(serviceand stealth nodes alike).

section 5 describes how the fundamental separation of role between mapping servers and mapping resolvers (i.e.


In such cases, it is necessary to secure the server/SDR device connection during the R-CFG download.

note in Figure 10 that there are no in.nite loops or indefinite waiting due to physical resources.


Unfortunately, most users do not have security skills and are often unable to determine whether the access point on which it is connecting does really belong to the visited institution.

a temporary key kt is then generated by H using PRF with the pre-shared secret between M and H and SID as input.


Such as for the physical layer setting, the frequency of the wireless channel is set to 5.9Ghz..

it can relay messages by acting as a forwarding node.


CPU Load: The CPU load is logged while running iperf on the Droid with and without OVS.

in this paper we assume the rest of the network infrastructure is unchanged.


We propose a methodology for the estimation of potential upstream and downstream bandwidth between a client and an AP based on measurements of delay incurred by 802.11 Beacon frames from the AP.

in order to estimate the potential downstream bandwidth from a given AP, an end-host needs to estimate the loss rate on the wireless link from the AP to itself.


An independent set I of a graph H can be characterized using an independence vector,which is avector ofsize |VH |.


Interestingly, using just job size information but no rate information, MAX and SRJF show very good overall job level performance.

multiplexing jobs in time space is better than multiplexing jobs in code space in CD- MA downlinks.


[19] S. Ramakrishnan and B. Jain, A negative acknowledgement with periodic polling protocol for multicast over lans, in INFOCOM, 1987.

that might also result in higher load in the network.


Trading Structure for Randomness in Wireless Opportunistic Routing.

the average distance covered by each trans- Using the average progress of each transmission, we furmission is thus computed as, ther derive other performance metrics provided that the dis-R = N tance between the source and the destination is large.


If we can introduce su.cient noise in the error X that is produced by any particular transmitter, we can drive H(X|T)closer to H(X), reducingthe mutual information and reducing the certainty of identi.cation, and thusprivacy reductionresultingfrom wireless .ngerprinting.

without the ability to provide unlinkability at the PHY layer, upperlayerprivacy techniqueswill notbe abletoprovide vehicle privacy.


with TCP providing reliable byte streams, and UDP providing unreliable message streams, there is no standard overlay for reliable message streams.


The packet switching at every BTnode is based on ATM virtual circuits and automatically forwards tra.c to the appropriate connection.

* The work presented here was supported by the National Competence Center in Research on Mobile Information and Communication Systems (NCCR-MICS), a center supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number 5005-67322.


In our scheme, when the closest BS powers off, a mobile client will migrate to an active but distant BS, thus incurring additional energy for uplink transmissions.

no matter what scheme we use, the selected BSes only work with their inherent deployment and coverage proximity.


Minimum-energy asynchronous dissemination to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks.

[13] S. Gandham and M. Dawande and R. Prakash and S. Venkatesan.


We .nd that the delivery probability cannot accurately characterize the delay property of a contact.

in each simulation run, 100 messages are inserted into the network, and messages follow Poisson arrival process with an average interval of 10 time units.


As pointed out by [11] (and by the example depicted in Figure 3(c)) Shapley value is non-consistent.

pROBLEM FORMULATION 2.1 System Description We consider an area served by n providers, whose access networks fully cover the area.


= B procedure Seek MILS 1 Let Q be an orthonormal basis of R(GT ) which is pre- Figure 6: MILSes in undirected graph.

6.3.4 Results for Different Link Loss Rate Distribution and Running Time We have also run all the simulations above with model LLRD2.


Given a new Wi-Fi scan, the sensor model determines a particle s likelihood as follows: for each AP in the scan, we look up the response rate or the probability of seeing the measured signal strength based on the distance between the particle and the estimated AP location in the radio map.

in return, it also sheds its sensitivity to potential systematic differences in the way different Wi-Fi devices measure signal strength.


Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Advances in Video Coding and Delivery, 93(1):18 31, January 2005.

there is, for example, no dependency across distant gops and only limited dependency between objects in adjacent gops (the last b-frames of an open gop in MPEG-2 video depend on the .rst i-frame of the following gop).


INTRODUCTION There has been growing interest in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), along with the rapid development of the underwater industry.

the cost of this ine.ciency is currently being evaluated.


The forwarding strategy associated with the name space of an Interest determines whether and how to forward the Interest.

these timers are increased exponentially each time, potentially increasing convergence time signi.cantly when the network is unstable.


[3] CHIU, D.-M., AND JAIN, R. Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks.

a SlowCC algorithm may or may not be TCP-compatible, and conversely.


[7] Hsu, W., Dutta, D. and Helmy, A. CSI: A Paradigm for behavior-oriented profile-cast services in mobile networks, Ad Hoc Networks 10(8): 1586-1602 (2012).

as can be observed form the figure, this approach does not improve the minimum similarity, however only less than 2 percent of receivers have a similarity score less than 60 percent.


22 minutes), sending 230 packets, and spanning 6 different postures (SIT, SIT-RECLINING, LYING-DOWN, STAND, WALK and RUN), each lasting for 20 sec.

due to its inherent flooding nature, the transmission energy cost for OBSFR will be expected to be significantly larger compared to PRPLC and PROPHET [12].


[7] Roberto Riggio, Nicola Scalabrino Daniele Miorandi and Imrich Chlamtac, Janus: A Framework for Distributed Management of Wireless Mesh Networks.

it introduces no extra overhead to offer complex functionalities.


The above assumptions are consistent with the NFC model, wherein association, and the consequent transaction, happen implicitly through physical proximity.

the jammer should guarantee that the SNR of the eavesdropper is below S N Rmin, while the same for the receiver is greater than the SN Rmin.


Let q be the probability that a speci.c fragment of the IP address of routerA is (accidentally) equal to a fragment with the same index of (at least) one router at distance n on some of attack paths.

most of PPM schemes let bd = 5and apply the zero/increment scheme; if a router decides to mark the packet, it sets the distance .eld at 0.


For example, in some channel estimation methods which are based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) (e.g.,[9, 4]), it is assumed that the channel frequency covariance matrix is known, otherwise, it has to be estimated via statistics.

each OFDM symbol is appended by a cyclic pre.x (CP) that is longer than the delay spread of the multipath fading channel L. Then, the parallel data are convert back to serial data stream, and transmitted over the frequency-selective channel with additional white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and unknown narrowband interference.


This result reveals two key observations: i) Hierarchical cooperation yields a logarithmic growth rate for the schedule length with N, that is well below the linear growth rate achieved by network-wide cooperation or two-phase cooperation and ii) The cooperation set size i constitutes a degree of freedom for trading transport traf.c for scheduling delay for a given network size.

it would lack the sample measurements of nodes in other sets.


American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(10):1024 1031, Nov. 2005.

[17] achieves thebest known result so far with a provable approximation ratio of (1- 1/e),itis computationallyexpensive[3].


There are also protocols that have a working implementation showing significant improvements in total network throughput.

this motivates formulating the network throughout optimization problem in a manner similar to a clustering problem in a graph, whereby nodes that communicate frequently are clustered into the same channel, whereas those that do not communicate much (but are within each other s interference range) are separated into different channels.


Also, as it should be noticed that with the sudden environmental changes, some of the software might encounter with the fatal errors.

table 1 below lists some common changes, which the mobile users normally experience.


In this context, we make three contributions in this paper:  We introduce the new paradigm of Communication through Silence for wireless sensor networks, de.ne the concept of CtS, and identify its basic trade-offs.

[6] Z. Ghassemlooy E.D Kaluarachi and B. Wilson, Digital pulse interval modulation for optical free space communication links, in IEE Colloq.


The second goal is to minimize the cost of the multicast tree, CT ,which is the sum of the cost on the edges in the multicast tree.

so, QMOST provides less unicast transmissions and forwarding than QOLSR which causing less contention and interference.


There was no concept of enabling a User to access di.erent services over a common Access layer, as is possible with the Internet.

similar to today s requirements of an Identity Convergence layer for the Internet, SIP (and VoIP, in general) would also need a solution for providing mobility across multiple User Identities.


To improve throughput, the IEEE 802.11n [8] high throughput standard adopts two approaches to frame aggregation: the aggregated MAC service data unit (A-MSDU), and the aggregated MAC protocol data unit (A-MPDU) [1].

this method does not reduce the MAC and PHY header overheads or the cost of link-level ACKs.


For example, after a node detects a broken link and returns a ROUTE ERROR to the original sender of a packet, the node may attempt to salvage the packet if it has in its own Route Cache a different route to the packet s destination; to do so, the node replaces the original route with the route from its cache and transmits the packet to the new next hop node.

with implicit source routing, source routes do not appear in the majority of packets, lessening the opportunity for these routes to be overheard and cached by other nodes.


As a result, compared to SP-DNA, G-G is more generous towards popular objects and more frugal towards unpopular objects.

if it is a leaf node, then it means that node n has to self-host the object for P replicas and returns the node ID concatenated with a .ag (s) to indicate self-hosting.


The third term takes into account the non-pre-emptiveness of the system.

when the bit rate of a single voice source is known the maximum number of simultaneous calls can be determined.


NV has been proposed as a diversifying attribute of the Future Internet (FI) [5] and focused on developing new services to increase the virtual networks more e.ective [6, 7, 8].

at each step, the GA selects individuals at random from the current population to be parents and uses them to produce the o.spring (children) for the next generation towards an optimal /* Header on all OpenFlow packets.


In KDD 03: Proceedings of the ninth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, pages 137 146, New York, NY, USA, 2003.

we analyze the time for nodes to obtain information on m over f + 1 independent paths.


of 4th PAM Workshop, La Jolla, CA, April 2003.

bART has been commercialized [24], so in this paper, BART was implemented based on the publicized paper [10].


The study in [6] introduces a location-based broadcast communication protocol for supporting safety applications in the 5.9 GHz band.

two long training symbols are across all the subcarriers and 4 pilot subcarriers are only embedded in subcarriers -21,-7,7,21.


choosing nodes at random in the system does not yield a uniform distribution of Surveyors (i.e.


the model assumes that each message sent by a node will definitely reach all nodes that are connected to it by non-faulty links.


S-AOA uses the user defined Adversary Range and Discernment values set on the user interface.

mCAs camouflage the mobile user s movements by routing them together yet attempting to minimize the overhead of additional travel.


Although cluster-based routing has a structural similarity to inter-domain routing, they are essentially addressing two fundamentally di.erent problems.

a single VANET may not be connected all the time and may only reach others via other VANETs.


Our technique addresses these issues by constructing a Throughput Index, a list of .ow types that accurately estimate achievable speed.

most of these values will not re.ect max-throughput because bytes transferred depends not only on available capacity, but also on total .ow size, application protocol, and content-provider.


Although 2-hop or more hop relay can be designated using a list structure in this function, ENCORE and AISLE currently use only the one-hop relay strategy.

the BGP-controller utilizes the local pref attribute for controlling the best path selection.


As an evidence, the results of the static case (0 m/s) achieve almost maximum throughput.

figure 8 illustrates the MCS distribution measured for a mobility scenario with varying aggregation time bound.


Compared with .xed length packet scheduling or cell scheduling, variable length packet scheduling, or packet scheduling for short, has some unique advantages: higher throughput, shorter packet latency and lower hardware cost.

only after all the bits of a new incoming packet have been saved in the virtual queue, the packet can begin to be sent to the crosspoint buffer.


For contradiction we assume that Gk is not a forest.

{w}but primary to at least one node in N(u).


The local broadcast nature of wireless transmission is exploited to reduce the message overhead further.

6.1 Simulation Methodology We use the distributed simulation test bed for intelligent transportation system analysis developed by our group.


A framework has been proposed for distributed event detection using collaboration in order to accomplish event detection in such conditions.

using this, a node could check whether it is present in the desired region and hence decide whether to participate or not.


The most desirable work has been presented in [4], in which the distributed algorithm DMMT (Distributed Min-Max Tree) performs globally optimal.

pODC 08, August 18-21, 2008, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


Moreover, one such policy, Maintain Until Broken, represents existing systems.

frequency by signal strength averaging at appropriately chosen time-scales coupled with a hysteresis mechanism used to control hando.


While research in this direction has been full-grown to its potential in various networks, e.g., Bluetooth [7][15][10], it is still immature in protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).

di.erent from other networks, e.g., Internet, Bluetooth etc, with the presence of limited resource, hardware variability/unreliability, and sensitivity to the environment on the nodes, in WSNs, when a protocol fails on hardware testbed one can hardly identify the causes, which could be due to the logical errors of the protocol, or the problems of hardware device.


Network-level security relies considerably on every aspect of network operations -the physical capacity of the infrastructure and entities, topology and its dynamics, protocol and its various operations, and di.erent types of application data.

therearetwobasicprinciplesof thehost-obliviousnetwork security (HONS).


REFERENCES [1] P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan.

the warp fpga is programmed to support 4x4 mimo reception at 2.4GHz.


In Local Computer Networks (LCN), 2010 IEEE 35th Conference on, pages 598 605, October 2010.

con.icts and identi.er exhaustion are resolved for outgoing bundles leaving the decompressor.


for high density DPP and TAPR behave almost in the same way.


2.2 Classi.cationofWireless UndergroundCommunication Networks Although a WUSN is mainly formed by underground sensor nodes, the network still requires aboveground nodes for additional functionalities such as data retrieval, management, and relaying.

the above PA challenges illustrate the importance of realtime soil measurement for an e.cient PA solution.


One is that a GSS flow controller is just employed and the other is that both GSS flow controller and SAGM NoC design are employed, called GSS and GSS+SAGM, respectively.

a short packet causes SDRAM utilization to be deteriorated since most SDRAMs always generates longer fixed-length data than the short packet.


The total number of routing table entries of a CoRC router in year 2030 is bounded to the same level of the current number of IP pre.xes (i.e., the FIB size of a DFZ router).

hashing can cause collisions, which may have a marginal e.ect on the routing and caching performance in CoRC.


RMSE [cm] Figure 3: E.ect of spos and resampling threshold ßthr on the particle .lter-based location tracking for the quick convergence and optimal localization performance.

the particle .lter algorithm repeats the following four steps in an iterative manner.


The two straw man proposals suggest the approach that we take in design of HARMONIA.

after a node has received the two phases from its parent, a node is considered synchronized with respect to its parent.


In such a case of transmissions can not occur simultaneously due to interference effect.


SOFTWARE VS. HARDWARE DESIGN The main advantage of an FPGA-based design against a software-based implementation are resource sharing and parallel processing optimization.

additionally, the storage of shorter key means that storage capacity is used more e.ciently on the node.


A major drawback of this approach is that billing a node does not discourage it from .ooding packets.

the intermediate nodes acquire nuggets from this packet and then forward the packet.


There are manytechniques for hierarchical classi.cation, including use of the degrees of individual ASes, the number of pre.xes originatedby the ASes and the numberof distinctAS paths seen froma particular AS.

our study .nds that P2P traceroutes reveal an additional 40.99% peering links, which con.rms these prior results.


This demonstrates the power and generality of the model in capturing the dynamics of the system and its adaptability to current system conditions.

latency) predictions amongst any pair of nodes in the population.


An overlay clearly limits our ability to change the operation of the IP data plane, although small-scale experimentation with new data plane functionality is still possible, much as in the Mbone.

in doing so, however, they must avoid adding needless cost and complexity and also avoid creating barriers to innovation.


7.3 AS Prepending AS prepending is a common practice where ISPs repeat its own AS number in its route advertisements sent to its neighbors, in the hope that these paths will be less preferred due to the increase in path length.

the uncooperative nature of the Internet makes it dif.cult to get direct access to any remote end-point.


It is quite A 0.55 1.60 0.03 evident that the bandwidth distributions vary signi.cantly B 0.62 1.59 0.04 from one location to another.

the metric used to evaluate the accuracy of the predictions is the ratio of the prediction mean square error to the variance of the actual values, i.e.


[33] F. Smith, F. Campos, K. Jeffay, and D. Ott.

because the initial window periods can have a dominant impact on end-to-end performance.size is two packets [6], and because TCP s slow-start mechanism doubles the window size each round-trip-time, the .ow arrives into the system in n bursts of size Xs = {2, ..


Meanwhile, the energy cost of each node for connectivity is also the same, which is denoted by ec.

international Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 4(3/4):137 147, 2009.


At the beginning of the MSL* algorithm, the closeness values for the seeds are zero and the closeness values for the nodes are 8.

most parameter settings for our simulations are those used in [14].


Let us brie.y introduce it here, using the CCN terminology, since a conceptual unifying framework is currently missing.

we have work focusing on data plane forwarding strategies [4,8,11] for the retrieval of more volatile temporary copies according to a prede.ned metric (e.g.


AS X decides to allocate a block of its address spaceing the same level of reachability.

our address counting algorithm works with a set of IP pre.xes, and In order to compute the address count, we .rst need a better representation of a set of IP pre.xes which is useful to recursive calculation of an address count.


Long-term synchronization has typically been handled by periodic re-synchronization schemes with beacon intervals of a few minutes based on the assumption that long-term drift is too hard to model and predict.

a periodic resynchronization scheme cannot handle this variability.


Fortunately for AS path disagreement tests, the attacker cannot fake the AS path from the monitor to the reference point of the target pre.x because that traf.c is not hijacked.

a monitor has to know all of its reference points for the target pre.x, with each reference point corresponds to an access router of the target pre.x.


All the parameters are thus derived in the same way it is derived for a periodic collection.

once this task is disseminated, duty-cycling operation can start.


We measured the whole L3 handoff time in the three scenarios speci.ed in Section 3.2, took the average of each component, and reconstructed the total L3 handoff time of each scenario.

the longest component of the DHCP assignment procedure is the time between the DHCP DISCOVER Figure 1: DHCP Procedure sent by the MN and the DHCP OFFER sent by the DHCP server.


Similarly to ancestry case, our extended dynamic routing scheme also incurs O(log2 n)amortized message complexity.


the signature oracle refuses to sign bit strings belonging to the exception set speci.ed in the protocol description.


If the instant queue length is greater than or equal to the threshold, the packet is marked with a CE bit at the IP header.

as shown in a measurement study of DCTCP by [2], the number of concurrent long TCP connections to a server is generally 2 or 3.


In WiFi networks, for example, each participating node picks a random number from a speci.ed range and begins counting down.

the adjacent subcarrier would be considered active only if the SNR on this subcarrier is greater than 10 + t , where t is an estimate derived from sensing the channel in the preceding DIFS duration.


Innovations in Information Technology, 150, issue 2:1 5, 2006.

resource use is equivalent to its unavailability.


1Hereafeter, we describe active device to represent active mobile broadcasting device in short.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: NetworkArchitecture and Design Wireless Communication ; C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Protocols Application  General Terms Design, Implementation  Keywords Mobile video broadcasting, Availability, SIP, Advanced noti.cation method 1.


As a part of our future work, we will strengthen the observations made here with more scenarios.

the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is slowly increased from a very small value.


Because all the ordinary nodes compute their own coordinates based on landmarks stable coordinates, they can also achieve coordinates stability easily.

note that the long 600 seconds and 1500 seconds stabilizing times are mostly caused by the random delay (up to 5 seconds) between coordinates update steps.


To this aim, energy e.ciency analysis is performed by the research community, mainly focusing on the development of power consumption models.

in particular, we present a wireless experiment that is remotely executed in NITOS testbed [6] and more speci.cally show how the proposed framework facilitates energy e.ciency evaluation in parallel with the experiment execution.


In the simplest case where an estimate is given by a PP measurement, the first PP that leaves the queue after conges- tion occurs is a signal of this congestion.

we will see that the layer subscription oscillations disappear when there is a mix of TCP and PLM flows.


In TinyDB [11] the network established by the sensor nodes is understood as a distributed database which can be queried using a subset of SQL.

wWW, available at: http://www.postgresql.org/ [17] Protégé.


HAGGLE OVERVIEW Haggle essentially provides a push-based data dissemination service with a publish-subscribe API.

a content publisher will not disseminate new data unless it actually encounters a node that pulls it.


CHneeds to store a hash chain, veri.cation values for all nodes in the cluster, pairwise keys for all nodes in the cluster, and temporarily the received endorsements and respective node identi.ers of the endorsingnodes.IftheroleofCHdoesnotchange,aCN needs only to storea hashchain and one pairwisekey shared with CH.

an endorsing node has to prove at a later point in time, that the sent endorsement was correct.


A microcontroller with nano-watt power technology facilitates sensor sampling, data recording and time stamping, and interfacing with external hardware systems [9].

the original application is written in nesC, which is a dialect of C [12].


Moreover, such approaches may cause an overload of context types when context-aware environments are integrated in global scale.

for example, a communication restriction may be associated with a speci.c location inside the environment and, in this case, an application may also need to deal with a particular location semantic (e.g.


This is possible in polynomial time; see, e.g., the linear-time algorithm by Tamassia and Tollis [8].

if each edge is ( 13 e/2 - E)-covered by some relay, the corresponding common endpoints form a vertex cover of size at most N = k. if there is no vertex cover of size k, there is an edge v sensor i such that there is no relay or sink within 13 e/2-E units [2].


and NM L L 01 gm,n -p + p 'M m,n m,n 1 s2 + j=1 p gj,n .

we studied the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium which represents a natural outcome of the game.


simulation results are consistent with theoretical analysis in that the performance of DHR increases as the sourcedestination distance increases, and the routing performance degrades slightly as more contact information in the hierarchical network is compressed.


In this research, we based our design on [7], in a way that intermediate nodes consider different factors while making caching decision for caching path or data in the network.

the Cache Array Routing Protocol (CARP) [3] is the most notable hash-based cooperative caching protocol that provides load distribution by hash routing among Web proxy cache arrays.


Moreover, constructing PS windows in lines 4 and 9 takes time O( s=1 I)in total, which can be written as O(PS)as the receiver buffer size Qand number of frames in each window are small constants.

for a service provider who saturates the bandwidth and broadcasts 20 video streams, the preroll delay is no more than 2sec.


These .aws in the speci.cation not only can confuse implementors; they also limit extensibility, since a proxy might not properly handle an extension header that it cannot correctly characterize.

the model should be further tested on additional HTTP extensions (e.g., pending work on coherent caching[22], or the metadata mechanisms used in some CDNs to track the validity or mutability of information), to ensure that it is robust enough to support extensions that I have not considered.


If no constraint is violated, the connection request is accepted and the found candidate path is used for routing.

inter-.ow contentions are the contentions caused by the interference between a wireless link on P and a wireless link which is not on P and used by existing connection requests.


First, given no apriori knowledge of signal conditions, we need to .gure out what is a good signal.

sustained use of the cellular interface for longstanding data transfers can reduce the battery life of the device signi.cantly, for example a typical smartphone with a fully charged battery only lasts around 3 hours while viewing a YouTube video stream [5].


Current research into schemes for representation, such as the DAML Project3, may give us some insight into how to represent information about which we can reason.

and of course, the KP may communicate with many entities about a problem.


Furthermore, we have introduced new models for the adversary.

in the following simulations, the benchmark we took into consideration was the detection probability provided by the two protocols when just two nodes where compromised, using the previously exposed parameters.


[4] A. Demers, D. Greene, C. Hauser, W. Irish, J. Larson, S. Shenker, H. Sturgis, D. Swinehart, D. Terry; Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance; Proceedings ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), pp.

in the same sense, it can also be concluded that for this level of noise, all single-path methods perform worse than DIRECTED TRANSMISSION.


A concrete protocol named PULSAR which implements the suggested control strategy can be found in [17].

vSC is advancing rapidly toward standardization and deployment, making it necessary to set tle down for one control strategy at some point.


Similarly, given that the mesh backbone will consist of cooperating mesh routers our algorithms can ensure that a data rate is chosen intelligently such that multicast packets are properly disseminated throughout the mesh network.


Once an alert is detected, the protocol is run.

unlike in generic WSNs, we assume that nodes are not subject to physical compromise.


Our trace showed that over 60% of a user s channel changes are related to channel sur.ng.

[24] A.-L. Barabasi and R. Albert, Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks, Science, vol.


This lists the Contact addresses of all the conference members the request s sender knows about.

this is why none of the simulated groups involve more than four members.


In principle, link-layer acknowledgments can simply acknowledge the address of the received Shroud packet, since the sender knows the last address used.

with synchronized clocks, clients need only turn on their radios at designated times to receive packets when operating in low power modes.


there cannot be more than 2c ' log n nodes left uncommitted in Ri at the end of the stage, where 1 = c ' < c is the constant we de.ned in the proof of Lemma 4.8.

[9] M. Khabbazian, D. Kowalski, F. Kuhn, and N. Lynch.


We present our experience deploying Google s WAN, B4, using Software Defined Networking (SDN) principles and OpenFlow [31] to manage individual switches.

for reference, our public facing network has also suffered failures during this period.


Since improvements in spectral efficiency per link is approaching theoretical limits with 3G and LTE, the next generation of technology is about improving spectral efficiency per unit area.

furthermore, the proposed method enables efficient resource utilization that leads to improvement in overall cell throughput, because this can use the whole available radio resource.


Section 2 presentspersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are related works in this area.

if preciseTDT insertion was achieved, we could reach 100 ms synchronization, which would be sufficient for most applications.


Thus it is very likely that protocol A for time t = TA can yield a much more accurate sample of the phenomenon (since PA >PB ).

both model tra.c in sensor networks as a .ow model and show that the problem of maximizing network lifetime can be solved through a linear programming model.


Without buffering, the .ow s SYN will be lost and the .ow cannot establish its demand.

gossip-based computation of aggregate information.


Fortunately, TPPs are relatively amenable to static analysis, particularly since a TPP contains at most .ve instructions.

instructions that only access registers complete in less than 1 cycle.


Infranet [41] takes things a step further, embedding the real communication inside a cover web session, using covert channels to communicate the request and image steganography to return the data.

censorSpoofer decouples the upstream and downstream channels, using a low-bandwidth indirect channel for delivering URLs and a high-bandwidth direct channel for downloading web content.


Purposes of this protocol are low data latency and high throughput.

it can guarantee communication efficiency.


[11] to establish on-demand routes over geographic grid sectors.

we therefore do not consider PNfc as a valid forwarding option, having the protocol handle the consequences accordingly.


How flow (4,2) } TA (4) ever, the formulation in [15] lacks fairness constraints and seeks to flow (4,1) maximize the number of packets leaving the source and arriving  at the destination.

(15) 1a tf1 TA (1) TA (2) TA (3) TAP1 C,1, TAP2 C,2, TAP3 C,3, TAP4 Figure 19: Example scenario for throughput computation under the spatial-bias-removal constraint Consider the scenario depicted in Figure 19 with link capacities a, a, and a3set as in the example of Figure 18.


On and the number of hidden nodes will decrease.

let denote the rate of change in the frame loss as the number of nodes PHY_IDLE within the carrier sensing range changes, it can be calculated by PHY_SENSING (8).


This allows our scheme to sign every message with a di.erent public and private key pair providing the security of the one-time signature for each message.


Figure 1: Illustration of the basic crossproduct algorithm .x of 101*.

clearly, due to a very large overhead of pseudo-rules, this algorithm is impractical.


There are, generally, resources reserved for such request but in case of high request rate similar strategy as discussed for call admission is consider appropriate, in this proposed scheme.

the first one handles call-admission scenario in which a new session Sij request a call setup with R resources, in network j.


INTRODUCTION Sel.sh Routing and the Price of Anarchy We study the degradation in network performance caused by the sel.sh behavior of noncooperative network users.

roughgarden and Tardos [20] studied a related model in which network users may carry more than a negligible fraction of the overall tra.c and showed that the cost of routing sel.shly is provably larger in general networks than in networks with parallel links; Roughgarden [17] showed that the equilibria in a Stackelberg game related to the tra.c model of this paper are 1For example, it su.ces for the class to satisfy a mild and standard convexity assumption, to be closed under multiplication by positive scalars, and to possess some latency function that is positive when evaluated with zero congestion.


IANA, which coordinates world-wide IPv4 address allocation to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), exhausted its free IPv4 address pool in February 3rd, 2011 [6].

we omitted to produce the dense-lte3g scenario.


In Proceedings of ACM/IEEE MobiCom 1998, pages 85 97, 1998.

a group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks.


The energy budget and other important speci.cations of Sensorcam are listed in Table 1.

2) Image sensing nodes developed for wireless sensor net works like Cyclops [5], CITRIC [1]: limited computing capability or insu.cient communication range for out door monitoring.


In some cases, virtual and native hardware are indistinguishable even under close scrutiny by a sophisticated adversary.

we propose to enhance the system security by expanding the external attack surface.


A major difference with traditional cellular systems is that in order to achieve directional communication enabled co-existence of SUs (and not just of PUs and SUs) each point in the plane should be in the directional transmission range of more than one SUBS.

the type of the transceiver will be added to the correspondent range as a superscript, e.g., TV mic SU RC , RC , RI , etc.


Second, it is desirable to proactively isolate the attackers, so that they can not continue the attack and waste the network resource in the future.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.0 [Security and Protection]: Wireless Security  General Terms Security, Design  Keywords Self-Organized Security, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 1.


Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 8(2):181 187, June 2007.

eucalyptus Systems Eucalyptus Open-Source Cloud Computing Infrastructure -An Overview Eucalyptus Systems An Overview.


We have tried to keep many parameters similar to IEEE 802.11 for comparative reasons.

the sel.sh node keeps the counter within bounds and avoids being detected.


Cross-Layer Optimization for Sensor Networks.

iEEE Transactions onWireles Communications, Vol.3 No.4, 2004.


GloMoSim provides a two-ray path loss model, with antenna height hardwired at 1.5 m and with a Friss free-space model with parameters (exponent, sigma) = (2.0, 0.0) for near line-of-sight and plane earth path loss (4.0, 0.0) for far line-of-sight.

2 records the ratio of bad frames in single path transfer of the Foreman video stream.


When forwarding network packets, routers in the ISPs send bulk traf.c packets only if there are no packets from normal traf.c waiting in the router queues.

this means that NetEx sends its bulk traf.c along the native minimumweight routes used by the ISP.


The available radio network throughput is computed from the patterns provided by 3GPP [15] for an LTE HSPA channel.

the reported results are mainly for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication.


edge  5.2 Uniform Disc Graphs We consider uniform disc graphs with n nodes distributed in an s1 × s2 rectangle area A, with constant pseudoconvexity .

a variety of other such lower bounds also exist [5, 9, 20].


Mist Hierarchy considers that all Mist servers are ordered in a treebased hierarchical structure.


FP , on E form the set of E ( Fp ) containing a point O called the point at infinity.

their method is not actually secure against the Sybil and wormhole attacks.


Another reason for FAN is the current increment of new real-time applications(IPTV,DBV,VoIP,P2P,etc.)

if this is the case, the new .ow is accepted; otherwise, it is rejected.


Onlyifnoneof.ows in Oi(t)have Rif (t)= Rmax , the if base station will serve a .ow which becomes a resident .ow in [nT, (n +1)T - 1] over channel i.

the reason we need this T is that our proof uses the standard drift argument in Foster s criterion (see [2]), but the drift of M(n)may not be negative over successive time instants.


the EM algorithm requires the initial parameters to be guessed and the accuracy of the results depend on the values of those initial parameters.


As the necessary entity to establish a session, Service Broker has natural advantage of accessing all sessions information.

[9] 3GPP,"Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC) services", TS 23.979.


This is a common behavior for accounts looking for followers (e.g., spammers) [28], but is not indicative on its own of being a Twitter Account Market customer.

the two markets in our analysis earned at least 1,577 customers times $65 (i.e., $102,505).


[14] HOHN,N.,VEITCH,D., PAPAGIANNAKI,K., AND DIOT,C.

second, next-generation 65-nm router chips have a large number of (currently unallocated) transistors.


The .rst is a stand-alone simulator that runs LocalFlow on pcap packet traces.

being a local algo rithm, LocalFlow s demands on these resources are limited to its local view of network traf.c, which is orders of magnitude smaller than that of a centralized scheduler [6, 28].


the Infoscreens will be precon.gured to show the content of some channels and some Facebook feeds.


For every node X in the shaded area, which is a neighbor Figure 1: I sends a packet to J, but J drops it.

iEEE ICDCS Workshops, Tokyo, Japan, 2004.