However, because the proposed algorithm and the IEEE 802.15.6 baseline MAC protocol perform slotted CSMA/CA with the priority-based channel access policy to access channel, they can gain lower average delay than the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol.

[5] TG6 Technical Requirements Document (TRD), IEEE 802.15-08-0644-09-0006, Sep., 2008.


Second, we added on the net devices the EEE functionality, i.e., we de.ned the EEE states.

(26) W 2 .1 + .2 This delay is di.erent for di.erent tra.c directions, as it was the case for DA and DC .


The proprietary protocol of Skype makes it dif.cult for other people to build software that communicates with the Skype clients.


See the main text of Section 3.2 for more details.

we avoided parallel simulation in our empirical evaluation.


The functionality of each node can simply be listening-and-forwarding.

rep. Research Report RR-3898, Feb. 2000.


In addition, the approach utilizes the controller s knowledge of the network topology and adapts to the Software defined networks architecture.

for example, In Figure 1, if packet reaches SwitchB and Interface 3 is found down, the switch can change the entry 3 in the path sequence with {2,3} to reach SwitchD but through SwitchC, based on pre-stored information.


STUDYING TCP FOR SOME COMMON ROUTING PROTOCOLS In this section, we study the performance of two routing protocols for MANET, AODV [11] and ANSI [12, 13] using TCP .ows and provide some insights into the working of these protocols.

by using TCP over MANET and understanding the performance of the routing protocols for MANET, we will gain a di.erent, more higher-level, per-.ow understanding of our protocols.


Communications Magazine, IEEE, 45(8):87 93, August 2007.

instead of single transmission with low capacity modulations such as BPSK and QPSK, relaying with higher capacity modulation techniques such as 256-QAM can be used to serve more IPTV channels.


Hence, no broadcast messages are sent, avoiding the Router Solicitation step of the ICatchYou approach.

as example scenario, we can consider a hospital where each patient carries one or more sensors that are monitoring various life signals.


Among such a large set of nodes, at least one of them is likely to be close to u. Similarly, [IF(u,1)I]=n/4, and so forth.

a lookup is divided into phases, where phase icorrects bit i.


For instance, in our shopping mall example in Section II-A, users standing in front of a given shop will most likely be interested in retrieving information related to items of the same type of those sold in the closeby store.

for the dissemination mechanisms we consider a network coding strategy, which has proven to be very well suited to broadcast information to a large number of nodes [3].


The key derivation function used by BTP is described in section 5.1 of NIST SP 800-108 [8].

if the retention period is too long, connections with latency below the maximum will be vulnerable for longer than necessary to decryption if a device is compromised.


2.2.1 Sample Rate According to Nyquist Sampling theory: For real sampling, the sample rate should be the twice or larger than the bandwidth of the signal; For complex sampling, the sample rate should be equals to or larger than the bandwidth of the signal.

this low signal is even below the threshold of ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) although USRP has on-board PGA(Programmable Gain Ampli.er).


Each MANET node will move to the nearest actor area when it receives multiple requests from unsatisfied actors.

distributed algorithms have been developed, consisting of two phases: set-up phase and negotiation phase.


To evaluate performance of these protocols, the real experiments are often di.cult because of di.culties of the implementation, cost for constructing test-bed, and biased results by limited samples.

we did not develop MAC and PHY layer since they does not critically a.ect DTN performance and MAC and PHY layer may have an unpredictable e.ect on results.


Results show that the excess energy in one network can support packet routing for its neighbouring energy-constrained network, hence extending its lifetime.

compared to intra-network power management strategies, the cross-boundary approach adopted by OET improves both the energy management capability and scope.


[2] Michael A. Bender, Mart´in Farach-Colton, Simai He, Bradley C. Kuszmaul, and Charles E. Leiserson.

sensor network gossiping or how to break the broadcast lower bound.


This implies that ESP processing in incoming packets should occur after the forwarding lookup.

aBSTRACT No single administration controls the entire Internet.Instead, competing providers work together to enforce of a wide variety of network management policies, including policies that limit the .owof management information itself.In many cases these policies are designed to keep information about the state of the network from leaking outside the network.In this position paper, we consider the rami.cations of such information-hiding policies for network management.Wediscuss mechanisms that might be used to enforce such policies, and argue for an open access policy.


For in-band measurements the BS quiets the channel so that incumbent sensing can be carried out, which is not the case for outof-band measurements.

as we can see, for low to medium loads the TSS has nearly no impact on performance.


We consider a discrete-time model with time periods indexed t =1, 2,.... At each period t, user k holds a belief or expectation on the QoS of NSP S2, denoted by g k(.2t ) where .t 2 is the fraction of subscribers at period t, and makes a subscription decision in a myopic way to maximize its expected utility in the current period.6 In particular, we specify that every user expects that the QoS in the current period is equal to that in the previous period.


DLP pipelines the trie at the data structure level by placing each trie level in a different memory, so that different packets simultaneously probe different levels.

iEEE Communications Magazine 36(5) 152-164, 1998 Integrated Device Technology, Inc. http://www.idt.com.


this technique is called AS number Substitution on Egress (ASE).


There are many efforts towards providing surveillance of transmission lines using wireless networks.

the front two kinds of information can be measured by special devices such as temperature sensor laser sensor.


The third requirement, high utilization for large .ows, stems from the need to continuously update internal data structures of these applications, as the freshness of the data also affects the quality of the results.

it is important to note that the key contribution here is not the control law itself.


3.2 Query Routing A key idea of HESOR is that of forming hierarchical clusters based on parameters that will ultimately be used in specifying a user query.

eLSE IF random number is between another predetermined range of values (the node is a non-cluster head ordinary node) a.


In this case the free parameters of the classi.cation algorithm are manually pre-set to what the administrator intuitively deems as reasonable values.

the design of the classi.er, depending on its intended application, has to provide the characterization of a set of classes O= .1,...,.n.


Another important area for timestamping is multipoint measurements: the ability to correlate events at one link in the network relative to observations at a different link.

it is often important that the time resolution of the system be very high.


To estimate the traf.c load of the block, suppose we i=i randomly sample n packets out of the m packets.

bounding error in estimation is important for further analysis of traf.c such as change point detection.


Similarly, we need to access two SMTs if and only if Bi+1 shows a false positive and Bi+2 does not show a false positive, so the probability is f(1 - f).

at another extreme, when both .elds have only one segment, the algorithm regresses to a naive crossproducting algorithm.


Future work will consider a dynamic defense strategy of agent node in environment to suit each particular situation.

designing Secure Sensor Networks , IEEE Wireless Communications, pp.


Somewhat surprisingly, we find that in the multiple tree case, the Marginal Cost mechanism for the layered paradigm can be realized in polynomial time if there is no cost for enabling multicasting.

we start by introducing a straightforward generalization of the Marginal Cost mechanism to sce- narios where there are multiple possible rates, and prove that this generalization has the same properties as the mechanism for single rate scenarios.


[10], although found RSSI and LQI are not always indicators of link quality in indoor environments, also argued that increasing transmission power improves the quality of individual links.

[16] N. Aitsaadi, B. Blaszczyszyn, and P. Muhlethaler.


The TrackerGUI application is a Java interface for the SS7Tracker platform which allows to create jobs by selecting a representative set of subscribers to track and de.ning tracking rule chains for them.

mobile phone power consumption caused by additional communication should be analyzed to reveal possible impact on battery lifetime.


Assuming 1% changing entries per day, 40 million entries would change on a single MDHT node, resulting in 4 million refresh messages or 6GB.

in  NetInf Domain Figure2: Resolving and retrieving objectX addition, related metadata bound to the speci.ed ID can be returned.


While for in.nite retransmissions LP 1 is suf.cient, .nite retransmissions requires an integer program (IP) formulation in order to prevent routing cycles.

in case of equal values, the node with the best reception rate is selected.


When observed from a top tier Internet service provider (ISP), there is relatively little path exploration, and this is especially true when the pre.xes being observed are also originated from some other top tier ISPs.

pcorrect is 17% for Policy, 65% for Length, 73% for Policy+Length, and 95% Usage Time.Thus we believe usage time works very well for our purpose and use it throughout our study.


After placing our system in the test bed, we realized that without an optimal solution, it is hard to judge the efficiency of such a unique system.

now, if ub, db, ap, and cp refer to upload bandwidth, download bandwidth, available CPU power, and required CPU power respectively, then our system can be formulated as an ILP problem as follows: Maximize Fairness, S (1) Subject to .i Pk ij = 1 (2) .j Pk ij.S.dbj = ubi (3) .j Pk ij.cpj = api (4) .j Pk ij = |PEk|-1, where (i,j.PVk), PEk .


The measurement mechanism closely matches that used for TFRC.

the initial loss interval must be adjusted if it is still in the loss history when the .rst RTT measurement is obtained.


The routing paths in wireless ad-hoc network are often multi-hop paths because destination node is usually out of the transmission range of source node.


IJ are the measured distance and incoming angle respectively.

hA-A2L is definitively more accurate than APS using DV-Distance/ AOA.


Name management: ICN needs to ensure name uniqueness for eachpiece ofinformation.

in existingproposals forICN architectures such as[7, 10, 1] where routing is based on longest-pre.x matching, fully utilizing all network resources and replicas is rather dif.cult to achieve.


On one hand, using oversimpli.ed radio propagation/interference models leads to the design of protocols that, although e.cient in terms of computational complexity and message overhead, might display a considerably different behavior from what is expected when utilized in a practical scenario.

rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, US, 2002.


1if Pi is chosen xi = i=1,2,...,N. (b) 0else xi =I(A(Pi) >A(P0)), (c) where I(·) is the indicator function Instead of using the weighted sum of the interval spiral angle and the distance to the ideal spiral as the cost function, another linear programming (LP2) can be formulated by changing the cost function to the ratio of the above two terms.

here the search refers to as the energy consumed in path setup for either dissemination or query.


in recent studies [9], a key difficulty in the data center is handling faults in these hierarchical network fabrics.

reducing convergence time without affecting scalability necessitates the introduction of additional switches and links.


When an MU sends out LDQ1 for X1, then the proxy server will base on the pre-fetching information valuable function of the AR to identify Y1.

in [9], the authors utilized a LDQ proxy server in a mobile computing environment.


For simpli.cation in this discussion, we will assume that we can vary each input parameter only between a high and a low setting and that the system generates a single quantity as output that we wish to maximize.

this methodology can be used to enhance and speed other control algorithms up as well.


We assign a µ portion of the subcarrier as one subband, where we adopt Q * 1(f) as the scheduling and power allocation scheme.

our approach is similar to that by Zhang et al.


Note that with 5-minute time intervals, we have 168 × 12 = 2016 data points per week.

over the entire spectrum of port types, we observe that speci.c bases are indeed better suited than others for speci.c ports.


The .nal task that a relay must perform before it is ready to forward packets is to determine the bit-rate to transmit data packets.

opportunistic forwarding is able to support a high bit-rate since there are many links that it may utilize.


In a nutshell the module is, at .rst, in a state in which it waits for a packet.

these results are strongly justi.ed by the fact that the Linux implementation (not being a hardware implementation) is not able to completely o.oad the CPU.


In the simulation experiments, Method-1 gives a 0.3 for Bernoulli losses, and about 0.5 for Gilbert losses.

as shown in Figure 4b, the recall of Sum-Tomo is higher than that of Tomo.


All motes are sources injecting Surge packets at a rate of 1 6 pkts/sec.

an on-demand VS will not power up its long-range radio unless its visibility scope overlaps a congestion region.


Let rj (j)(x) be the rj (j) at the end of round x.

figure 15 shows the percentage of time each node runs out of energy in 24 hours.


This is only close to possible for a very dense network, which is not the case for most ad hoc 0.6 networks.

in this way, we are able to compare the performance of SPR with that of LLR at di.erent route lengths.


Regarding accessibility of a user to information contained in the local server, each user is needed to be authenticated (or verified) before he/she is able to request/access to the server.

in case the calculated confidence level reaches the required level specified by the local server, Anonymizer would send a notification to inform that authentication process is success.


The dif.culty is that in order to estimate vAB , node A must estimate the time in the future when it will be done transmitting on all its links.

each link transmits for 20% of the time in each direction, and is idle for 60% of the time (please be reminded that our example assumes equal-sized transmit slots).


It is desirable for a security enforcement system to provide .exible and user-friendly policy language Figure 1: PermOF Isolation Framework for permission composition.

nox: towards an operating system for networks.


Since the study is about Ethernet networks, the scheduling policy has to be non preemptive.

maindevelopmentsand resultsabout network calculus canbefoundin[5,6,15].


CONTROL ARCHITECTURE Figure 6 is a block diagram of the system, showing the control components of the architecture.

another approach is to use a cluster of general purpose server blades, connected by a high bandwidth switch.


The same singularity was observed in simulations we conducted on the number of retransmissions.

the reactive approach will avoid unnecessary retransmissions unless previously disconnected nodes join the current cluster.


Existing angle-of-arrival(AoA) estimation algorithms also have similar shortcomings.

we will show how CUPID can mitigate the distance error due to multipath by using only the energy of the direct path.


The resulting PER curves are shown in Figure 2.

mAC-RSV does not provided the required symmetric protection around a receiver.


The absolute WMRD for the proposed mechanism also decreases monotonicallywith more iterations.

the algorithm employs two data collection modules operating in parallel a NetFlow-like packet sampler and a streaming data structure made up of an arrayof counters.


of asymmetric links 21 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36Cumulative Asymmetry-lasting time (minute) 40 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8Correlation coefficient 1 0 Flows with possible intermediate nodes (a) Various types of asymmetric links (b) Limitation of bi-directionality (c) Bene.ts of uni-directionality Figure 14: Bene.ts of uni-directionality s on link-asymmetry awareness: Wireless link quality is often asymmetric as shown in (a), and the good-quality direction of an asymmetric link is under-estimated since the bi-directional result is affected mainly by the poor-quality direction as shown in (b).

first, Broad-castbased Active Probing (BAP) has been widely used for link-qualityaware routing [14, 17, 21].


We are also investigating the relation- ship between MAC layer fairness and network-layer service differentiation in shared channel wireless networks.

finally, contention resolution must be achieved without assuming any explicit coordination or hand- shakes among the contenders in order to preserve the robustness of multiple access protocols.


In summary, IMP calculates the net bene.t of prefetching an item over a particular type of network as bene.t minus cost, or: Tfetch × Accuracy - (cenergy × (Epre f etch - Accuracy × Efetch)+ cdata × (Dpre f etch - Accuracy × Dfetch)) If this value is positive for a single network type, IMP prefetches the item over that network.

we gathered this trace by driving a vehicle equipped with WiFi and Sprint 3G network interfaces and continuously measuring the downlink and uplink bandwidth and latency via active probing to a server at the University of Michigan.


However, the framework is not explicitly designed for P2P environments.

in our prototype, we have modi.ed Pastry to return multiple peers for each lookup request.


Within thee same scenario , the number off nodes per clus ster does not present anyy significant variiation, as we firstt intended.

other factors could be taken into account, e.g.


Figure2(b) showsthatthenumberof nodes modeledonly a.ects the distribution for the long contacts signi.cantly.

the number of equal paths and within these the number of contacts and contact durations are smaller.


[11] W. Wang, V. Srinivasan, and K.-C. Chua.

[7] S. Ratnasamy, B. Karp, S. Shenker, D. Estrin, R. Govindan, L. Yin, and F. Yu.


Lower bounds are tight when function s(d) has .nite support.

asymptotic results in [20] have been obtained exploiting ad hoc intuitive arguments on particular cases, moreover no routing scheme is proposed to approach the asymptotic network capacity.


It is wave time t at a location when packets sent by the sender t seconds after the beginning of the wave would arrive at that location.

come quiescent.2 The receiver knows when channels become quiescent by monitoring the TSIs of incoming packets.


Low-power devices may utilize the more powerful devices of the environment by submitting challenging tasks to these static devices.

global state routing: a new routing scheme for ad-hoc wireless networks.


To investigate the presence of RED in the Internet, we contacted several backbone and dialup ISPs whose routers were recorded in our trace data and asked them to comment on the deployment of RED in their backbones.

at the same time, 13% of all lost packets were dropped in bursts at least 50 packets long.


This is particularly useful in achieving higher 2 Note that in standard multi-core processors, each core has its own independent level 2 cache.

this lock (called LLTX lock) guarantees that each TxRing can be read or modified by only one SoftIRQ at a time.


These moments depend not only on the delay variability on the shared path, but also on the unshared paths.

most importantly, this scheme does not require synchronization with the receivers nor special purpose support from any internal network elements.


As before, the Route-Views data provides X s existing route for each pre.x p. Finally, we used CAIDA s AS relationship data [35] to determine X s relation with Z.

each row corresponds to a scenario with one site acting as the pre.x owner (O) and the four other sites emulating the Intercepting ISP some of these sites advertise the invalid route (.)


Hence, the lender cell can easily tackle the future traffic up to the design load.

handover and load balancing rules for 16 m. IEEE C802.16 m-09/0136r1, Jan. 2009, 1024 1037.


It causes inef.ciency in using the shared wireless channel, thus leading long latency and low throughput, especiallyinmulti-hoppacketforwarding.

it only wastes energy when LAS-MAC only needs the data packet header for an ACK (at A schedule).


Then final interpretation of data is disseminated to the farmers and agriculture decision makers.

sW is used in academic purposes, agriculture, traffic monitoring, disasters monitoring, and smart home etc.


Noti.cations for the base layer contain the most signi.cant bits.

the di.erent bit-planes are mapped to di.erent quality layers.


Each honest station performs all actions for its corresponding identity.

the walk in the tree is determined by the bits of S. Consecutive bits decide whether to go left or right on a given tree level.


The Quick-Start Phase works as follows (see Figure 2).

in the evalua- tion stage, each gateway evaluates itself against Go to check if it is more suitable than Go for serving C. Once a gate- way determine that it can serve Go better, it will notify Go.


Our approach is unique in the sense that instead of conserving energy consumption by individual nodes, the network tries to use up most of its energy reserves.

adaptive duty cycling for energy harvesting systems.


we need to know how the channel and radio determine the transitional region.


M s=1 same locations becomes important, and hence discovering 1.0 Simulations Analytical new virgin locations slows down.

we derive an approximation formula for this quantity.


With the assumption that each data item is equally spaced, the average access time of data item d is sJ2.

moreover, i=l where N denotes the number of data items needed to be broadcast.


[6] We consider our optical communication infrastructure to permeate the ubiq uitous(free)spacebetweenall thedevices likeagas.

in A. Majumdar and C. C. Davis, editors, Free Space Laser Communications VII, Proc.


The white link with the minimum service is then scheduled and the resources are updated at the link and its neighbors (lines 24 and 35-37).

if range extension is exploited, then the number of edges between nodes in the node graph will accordingly increase.


The procedure is repeated for each client t .Tk.We now construct a .ow system, fk, for the stream k.We lay the .ow systems fk,t one on top of the other.

pG(d) has O(d2) levels and a diameter of O(d).


In fact, Xcafe arranges World café by using the latest network-topology information for determining the members at each table.

in spite of these managerial efforts, such as restructuring, or introducing information technologies for improving communication, the following problems repeatedly occur: Organizational restructuring does not change communication structure as intended.


This deployment will require us to both broaden the set of applications that disclose power management hints and provide support for non-hinting applications.

to obtain energy measurements, we removed the iPAQ s batteries and powered the handheld through its external power supply.


[15] H. V. Madhyastha, T. Isdal, M. Piatek, C. Dixon, T. E. Anderson, A. Krishnamurthy, and A. Venkataramani.

we then determined the number of links that Doubletree would miss.


for example, according to the report in March 2013, Facebook has 1.11 billion people using the site each month, which represents a 23 percent growth from a year earlier [3].


Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Network communications, Wireless communication, Packet-switching network.

encoding and decoding is performed with the H.264 JM 8.4 codec.


Because the Merkle tree is a complete binary tree with leaves, its height is (the base of the logarithm is assumed to be 2 throughout this paper).


Figure (a)isaCDF ofpolicy unitsas afractionof thenetworkdevices spanned.

inparticular,wefocus onthedifferences among the policy units and identify key properties of the reachabilitypolicies that the networks are trying toimplement.


We observe that the credit balances of some nodes increase monotonically while those of some other nodes decrease monotonically.

a node alone cannot determine these power levels because it needs feedbacks from its neighbors [27].


If we increase the transmission power of a node, it will typically achieve a higher transmission range and therefore reach more other nodes via a direct link.

for example, a node located at (x,y) = (100 m,100 m) on a 1000×1000 m2 area chooses with much higher probability a new destination point in the direction .


In this case we should restart algorithm to enumerate distribution, and, therefore, hosts might get new IP addresses.

they are designed to monitor activity of discovered network devices using SNMP protocol: topology, utilization, throughput, latency, and so on.


On the other hand the actual SpiNNaker is aware of these failures and would route the packets through trusted paths.

for example using the largest configuration (over 65 thousand nodes) and 1024 failed links, the SpiNNaker topology without emergency routing dropped roughly 25% of packets, the 3D torus dropped 8% of packets and SpiNNaker with emergency routing dropped only 0.2% of packets.


As stated in Section 3.2.1, a master should poll its jumping slaves at their RV points.

a number of papers have been published regarding medium access control (MAC) in general [5] and polling in particular, e.g.


Figure 6 (a) also implies that the number of routing groups is not a signi.cant factor of the routing overhead.

if the number of routing groups is and anycast addresses are evenly distributed into routing groups, it is trivial to show that the anycast routing table of each router is bounded v by O( N), where N denoted the number of anycast groups.


BACKGROUND Currently, due to non-standardized event logging systems, most data collected across multiple network layers is not correlated.

we should be able to discover which event messages cause other event messages.


The success of this approach depends on how quickly signatures can be generated and deployed, and how long a spam campaign lasts.

the likelihood of these emails sharing all shingles is very low.


Routing path pattern for a packet pfrom processor Pi,j,k targeted to the processor Pi ' ,j ' ,k ' at the .rst phase routing can be evaluated by Algorithm Evaluate path pattern A. Algorithm Evaluate path pattern A Let block size be b; s =li -i'l÷b; t =lj -'l÷b; u =lk - jk'l÷b; Return(«s, t, u »); In the Algorithm lxlmeans the absolute value of xand ÷is the integer division operator.

the two-phase routing protocol enables to ef.ciently react on uneven distributions of packets.


The EDNS-client-subnet extension we use was designed to permit serving infrastructures to more accurately direct clients to serving sites in these cases.

some resolvers serve clients with diverse locations; for these cases no server will be well-positioned for all clients of that resolver.


Indeed if one edges correspond to those that surround a BGP peering location, considers a set of four ASes good enough for pinpointing the ine.g., AS1 and AS2 are peers and the instability set contains (AS1stability, we succeed for more than 90% of the cases with only two AS1, AS1-AS2, AS2-AS2).

we refer to the location of a routing instability, either internal to an AS or between two ASes with BGP peering session(s), as an instability origin, and refer to the resulting sequence of BGP update messages as an instability burst.


Our proxy design allows a proxy module to be run on a separate machine from the one that runs the Jabber components.

when this message is sent from client1@server1, it will be sent over the established TCP session to Server1.


On the contrary, in our scheme, the network loss is incurred by compulsory packet drops for saving the network resource.

unless the channel is busy during DIFS, we could estimate a packet transmission time based on the backoff slots and the packet size.


many of these changes can be handled by simple adjustments.


Further, since the WiSee receiver requires repetitive positive and negative Doppler shifts to occur at a particular range of speeds (0.25 m/s to 4 m/s), it is unlikely that even typical environmental and mechanical variations would produce them.

as described in §1, MIMO decoding requires a known preamble to compute the MIMO channel of the target user.


they prove that the problem after weight scaling is polynomially solvable by an extended version of Dijkstra s (or Bellman-Ford) algorithm, and any solution to the latter is also a solution to the original MCP problem.


1, solutions to combat small-scale fading, which causes outages lasting micro-or milli-seconds, are available for use in current systems, but would impose large delays when applied to longer outages.

opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.


The conclusion can be made that nowadays fakes servers don t work well for protecting the copyright of .les.

it s obvious that the IUP increases at low speed and becomes saturated around 0.30.


In case of the NetLogic PHY, the overhead of EDC is likely acceptable if recon.gurations are only required once every 10 seconds or so.


A1: Address Allocation Before wide-scale IPv6 communication is possible, IPv6 addresses must be broadly available.

we see in the 2012 and 2013 samples that HTTP dominates within both IPv6 and IPv4.


RELATED WORK There have been many studies that have focused on understanding and characterizing the usage of smartphone traf.c [7 9, 12, 14 16].

another key difference is our focus on studying in-depth the user applications and traf.c demands in relation to the events of the game (e.g., during the power outage) and where they take place within the stadium.


The privacy implication is strong and the large-scale measurement is convincing.

this observation alone does not allow us to match a Skype user to a BitTorrent user when the user is behind a NAT, as described below.


We again note, that the path delays in the Internet are not constant.

we used the default parameters except for the .le size distribution.


In such cases where a data packet is destined for a specific node, energy wastage due to over-hearing is an issue, i.e., a node receives a packet which was not intended for it.

figure 6 show that when sending broadcast packets, SpeckMAC-B consumed more energy than SpeckMAC- D. when unicast packets were transmitted, SpeckMAC-B turned on its receiver for a shorter duration as a node was able to distinguish whether it was the intended destination using the wakeup frame and the receiver was turned on or off accordingly.


Similarly, in DL, the expected bandwidths for RM, DM, and CM are respectively obtained as BDL DL tot bRM = NDL , (14) +1 RM BDL DL tot b= , (15) DM NDL + NDL + NDL +1 cell DM CM and BDL 1 DL tot b= · .

by considering resources to be allocated to DUEs i and j, the pair measures received signal strengths Ri,km and Rj,km [dBm]from UE km (UE km .


Although the improvement is as expected, it also indicates that even further increase superframe up to 800ms or more, the total network throughput would not increase any more.

other applications, such as video, which usually starve for bandwidth, could occupy the remaining CFP, which is a large proportion of CFP.


According to a recent Cisco forecast [2], global mobile data tra.c volume will increase 13-fold between 2012 and 2017, reaching up to 11.2 exabytes per month by 2017.

the application distribution and volume timeseries models can be re.ned for di.erent device types for better accuracy.


it's that evolution we'll try to explain in this document 1.


Figure 4 shows the energy consumption of common-nodes and cluster-heads for scenarios 1, 2, and 3.

0 Time 20 Number 5 0 50 75 100Time Figure 10: Detection e.ectiveness for less failures (scenario 4).


The mPlatform modules themselves are powered by theTwinStarpowerboard.

the mPlatfom[3]isdesignedas a modular sensornetplat-formbyMicrosoftResearch,andit coulddynamicallyrecon.gure the systemhardware structure to meet speci.c system requirements, by using a CPLD bus to interconnect multiple boards into a functional sensor stack.


On the one hand, they represent a very coste.ective solution while, on the other hand, the inherent .exibility of this architecture allows a large number of possible deployment scenarios.

for the sake of simplicity, we use integer values for simulations in this section.


one of the important points in this context is the development of mechanisms that are able to support transparent service continuity across di.erent integrated networks Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Each experiment is repeated five times and the values we report are the average values.

we distinguish the final destination of a packet, for example the client is the final destination of video packets, and packets are sent only to the next hop in the overlay route that goes to the final destination.


Since our cache size is set to 20,wecanseeinthe .gurethatforasmallportion(around 5%) of incoming packets, all the 20 rules are searched.

we believe that our design of packet classi.cation functions can be a useful classi.cation building block for RouteBricks-style designs, where a core router might be constructed as a mesh of regular desktop machines.


The focus of this work is to minimize the number of RSs used in the mesh network while maintaining the pre-speci.ed uplink and downlink demands of the end users.

at this point, broadband wireless is still a divergent, even disruptive, technology, and wireline solutions such as DSL constitute the mainstream.


RELATED WORK Self-con.guration based upon policies to eliminate laborintensive processes performed by experts has been in existence for decades.

the hierarchical structure goes down until we do not have further properties to be captured.


To maintain the deployment advantage of compact nodes, we focus on dual-radio mesh networks.

rOMA contributes a novel measurement-driven path metric that takes into account link delivery ratios, .uctuations in link quality as well as external load.


In [Table 1], doctor group has six permissions explicitly.

grantor and grantee are the same subjects.


TCP Scanning Detection: At a network vantage point, during TCP scanning activity such as portscan, a detection device can observe a large number of SYN packets to a particular port but with no corresponding FIN packets that correspond to legal tearing down of the connection.

reliance on TCP: Network Telescopes can observe source address spoofed attacks using a wide variety of protocols including TCP, UDP, ICMP as opposed to PCFs that are designed only for TCP.


If most jobs are small enough to .t within a rack, few jobs need to straddle the rack boundaries.

figure 16 shows that after the ramp-up phase, under 80% load, on average around 795 out of the 920 total concurrent jobs are allocated within level-1 subtrees, Time (sec) Time (sec) (a)With 80% load.


Once the destination node finds a suitable route, it will unicast the Route Reply (RREP) message along the selected route.

the massive deployment of the Internet of Things is bringing broad growth in device-to-device applications.


Essentially the same information is available through a simple log of IP addresses of packets sent.

we do claim that MinimaLT will be far easier to verify than TLS, and that there are far fewer opportunities for mistakes in MinimaLT than in TLS.


We let u.B[i]denote the set of bit ibackward neighbors of u.

maintaining suf.cient degrees for a node is necessary for fault tolerance, since a node with low degree is vulnerable to being isolated from the rest of the network.


Throughout the following analysis, we assume there is an increment in each and every cycle (i.e., being continuously busy).

traditional tail bound techniques such as Chernoff bound will not allow us to take advantage of the variance bound obtained through the above worst case analysis.


Under certain somewhat speci.c assumptions, a complete heavy tra.c analysis of the switched network model has been carried out in [19, 4].

this motivates the work in this paper, which focuses on certain qualitative properties of MW-a policies.


Postmark creates60.leswithsizesrangingfrom1B to10KBandperforms300 transactions.

the xOMB cache signi.cantly improves the performance of .le lookups and read operations with a wide-area delay, completing the workload almost twice as quickly.


We also used Weibull distribution to simulate the duration of elastic .ows.

more accurate rate control mechanisms are needed.


Both base stations store these trust values for their member nodes and send them to the CA.

a security sub-layer is implemented in IEEE 802.22 [16] to provide its subscribers with certain security assurances and employs an authenticated client/server key management protocol.


With the additional assumption of time-scale separation [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] between time-slot and .ow levels, we conclude that at the .ow level each class is served according to the processor sharing (PS) service discipline.

to mitigate this problem, we attempt to exploit the high aggregate downlink transmission rate as much as possible (by using the dd mode) and modify the HU policy to get the H3 policy.


In this work, we use circular re.ections instead of explicitly using Schottky group.

after -loge number of levels, each hole has a maximum area of e. This shows that only a small number of levels is needed in practice.


These are: Nodes in a conference scenario encounter greater number of nodes outside their community compared to campus scenario.

a deeper insight to the socializing behavior of human social network is required which can aid in designing knowledge based or socially aware routing algorithms for such networks.


Generally, the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) with an order of 160 bit prime o.ers approximately the same level of security as the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) with 1024 bit modulus [17, 18, 19, 20].

[16] E. J. Yoon and K. Y. Yoo A new biometric-based user authentication scheme without using password for wireless sensor networks, 2011 20th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, pp.


The landscape plots of Figure 2 illustrate this non-locality comparing the concurrency plots against the no competition plot shows that interference decreases throughput for all receiver locations, by an amount that decreases smoothly with distance.

a fixed-bitrate protocol would generally exhibit a sudden large decrease in throughput for locations close enough to the interferer that the SNR is not able to support the bitrate.


Looking at the speci.cation of AODV and AODV-based protocols, loop freedom is claimed in the preamble; the justi.cation is then given by a short informal statement.

this part of the RFC prescribes the replacement of an existing destination sequence number in a routing table entry with one that may AODV control message.


But we observed that, since bursts of packets may actually lead to disparity in queue lengths across di.erent paths, they cause much more packet reordering and reduction in throughput.

fLARE [6] exploits the inherent burstiness of TCP .ows to break up a .ow into bursts called .owlets.


In that case, the PAN moves directly to the Explore Channels state and identifies a new channel of operation.

interference Detection and Mitigation in IEEE 802.15.4 Networks Rahul C. Shah Intel Corporation rahul.c.shah@intel.com  Abstract Proper frequency planning is essential to enable multiple IEEE 802.15.4 networks to coexist in the same space, otherwise the network performance can be adversely affected due to interference.


Even if that .uctuation happens, one would expect that all satellite users within the same timezone of the satellite coverage area would exhibit the same usage pattern (similar to .gures 2(a) and 2(b)) and have peak usage periods at the same time.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.2 [Computer-Communications Networks]: Network Protocols-Applications;C.4 [Performance of Systems]: Performance attributes General Terms Measurement, Performance  Keywords Ruralnetwork,Socialnetwork,Tra.c analysis, Developing regions, Localization 1.


We make the following contributions:  Compared to previous passive TCP parameter estimation techniques [2, 10, 11, 13, 14], our approach does not require packet traces and requires no online processing of .ow records except for a simple, constant time .lter.

we call the set of all (application, content-provider) types that satisfy these criteria the Throughput Index (TI).


With the help of bu.ering operation, the feasible region for RSU deployment is marked and de.ned based on the geometry and topology of road networks.

[18] S. Zeadally, R. Hunt, Y.-S. Chen, A. Irwin, and A. Hassan.


VPC providers interested in providing failover capabilites, implement HA in order to ensure connectivity even in the case of failures.

these SG clusters need management techniques to maintain their Quality of Service.


Although engineering solutions have been proposed for all of these, they add to the complexity of Mobile IP as it exists today.

even the more recent Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTP) includes knowledge of network-layer state (e.g.


So from malicious nodes perspective, they will have to employ a probability of attack to cause signi.cant harm to the entire network.

the trust WTBF result is 1 if(dk =1) >(dk =0) Ej Ej trusttrust Elu FairTrust ji .


With only one radio, the results for these paths using ETX and WCETT is roughly equivalent.

the poor performance of ETX is not surprising either, since the metric only considers link loss rate when selecting a path.


3.3 Packet Rerouting Step The packet rerouting step consists on selecting forwarding candidate nodes by a sender node s inside the announce area AA showed in Figure5.

responsible nodeho will periodically check the validity of the void.


In [10], the 6LBR acts as the mobility access gateway in addition to routing IPv6 packets.

it has been evaluated through three compression methods, for atotal of 150 layer 3handovers.


Fifth, battery based power and the level of battery power in each device is limited.

the adaptive counter based scheme used to minimize number of redundant broadcast message, contention and collision by allowing only specific nodes to participate on broadcast propagation.


Incoming Space (S P i ): It represents original header spaces 3.1 Violation Detection of packets that can pass through the .ow path, denoted as Flow packet violations can be handled by using the traditional [P s i , P d i ].technique for .rewall packet .ltering.

as depicted in Figures 3(b), FLOWGUARD spent less than 25 ms to resolve each violation in the network with a large number of .ow rules.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK White spaces in the spectrum can be hard to predict and tight cooperation among di.erent networks sharing the crowded spectrum is often infeasible.

if ch[i].wt < T 1 and ch contraction enabled .


First, it is worth noting the faster decrease for shorter distances.

transceivers with packet capturing capability might be able to deal with some of the uncoordinated packets.


The cameras are equipped with wireless radio transceivers for easy deployment.

deploying cameras only in the vertices of polygon may induce ine.ciency both in number of necessary cameras and overall communication cost.


One obvious way to minimize the number of times rekeying is needed is to enhance the network resilience (NC *), by using a lower value of m and a quite larger value of k. Since rekeying is performed early enough before reaching Nc, we can afford to use a smaller value of t to save the storage space Figure 5.b.

as a result of the above messages being broadcasted, member N0 will be evicted and the new keys K1 , K2 , K3 and K4 will be made available to only those nodes that possessed keys K1, K2 K3, and K4.


[34] designed and implemented a virtualized 802.11 testbed system with the goal to allow multiple experiments to co-exist on a wireless experimental facility.

mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets typically have limited processing power, which may lead to CPU being a bottleneck.


Although these solutions arehighly diverse,they all assume a wireless network in which nodes are ready to receive packets andfocus mainlyon the transmission side, a topic ofinterest thathas resultedinhundreds ofpublications.

second, even without collisions, the number of redundant transmissionsis stilllarge especially when the networkdensityishigh.


The intuition behind the proposed network selection strategy is twofold.

the formulation and solution of each individual cell resource allocation optimization problem is studied in detail in Section IV.


Then, we solve the problem via optimizations designed for data center structures.

[6]C.Guo,H.Wu,K.Tan,L.Shi,Y.Zhang,andS.Lu, DCell:A Scalable andFaultTolerant Network Structure for Data Centers, in SIGCOMM, 2008.


burglar alarm systems, energy monitors, medical monitoring devices), using techniques like segmenting by IP address or using a different WiFi SSID.

network Neutrality: Challenges and Responses in the EU and in the US, European Parliament, IP/A/IMCO/ST/2011-02, PE457.369, 2010.


[9] S. Wen-Miao; L. Yan-Ming; S. Zhang , Research on SMAC Protocol for WSN , WICOM, 2008.

it s the period during which at least one node is failed in the WSN.


The sloped dashed line is the response of the approximation (3) for the small ß regime, while the .at line is the response of the gravity model for the large ß regime.

instead of designing a network to carry the predicted tra.c, the network is designed to carry this tra.c, multiplied by some safety factor.


These results are compared against the case where data is not compressed at the relay node but simply forwarded towards the sink at the routing layer.

if we denote with .xg = Pxg(.g)/.g the proportionality constant, it appears that .xg is the enery toll associated to the processing of each individual frame, irrespective of its size or radio transmission parameters.


The HCMM:SO results begin high due to the large amount of early contacts.

in Figure 7, we plot the nDCG against the delivery ratio.


Once the wake-up is successful, it can be reverted back to 802.11a.

4.3 Analysis of Power Savings We have so far shown the practical feasibility of Wake-on-WLAN.


Levels of .ow aggregation An important property of the DRQoS scheme is that a .ooding attack is effectively quenched by the .rst DRQoScompliant node downstream from the attacking node [8].

l2: Flows are aggregated on the basis of a common source node and a common in-hop/out-hop port pair.


log v- Emh + 24h v c 2 nn Use the condition k = .3 n , we have, for a suf.cient large n, log2 n vv v n knk p = 192 (.


The framework shown in Figure 1 consists of several components (a subset of them can be deployed for different implementations of media alert systems): Content Acquisition: The media sources can range from text, image, audio, to videos.

the client machine simulates alert requests with multiple threads at the recipient mailboxes.


for a WLAN to detect that it is unfairly causing starvation to a neighboring network andhaveincorporate this capabilityinto the learning schemes.Thishas resultedin socially conscious channel selection schemes, which we have shown through simulations to performbetterthan existingschemesinprovidingahigher system fairness, aggregatethroughputandminimum .owthroughput.

in fact, both T1 and T3 can even be transmitting simultaneously.This resultsin a muchlimitedtransmission opportunityforT2,comparedtoT1andT3.Subsequently,traf.conLink 2becomesstarvedwhilethoseonLinks1and3remainhigh.In[7], thisisknown astheFlow-In-the-Middle(FIM)effect.


Wireless broadcasts can be heard by anyone, including unwanted snoopers.

in the mobile phone experiments, all signals were precomputed.


Now, we have shown alternative wires that can be easily identified using generalized implication supergate.

our new technique identifies redundant wires in one pass without any trial-and-error search.


The somewhat low number of vehicles traversing the full stretch of road can be explained by the in.uence of highway entrances and exits.

phones frequently also transmit directed probe-requests for a particular SSID that it has been associated to in the past.


This environment presents physical distances and device speeds similar to what is expected in real deployments.

every query message contains a target location that is the location of interest and the type of data desired.


In order to enable route optimization for the incoming packets the LMA of the CN sends a Correspondent Binding Update (CBU) towards the LMA of the foreign network, where it is forwarded to the MAG the MR is currently attached to.

an additional field is added that contains the address of the MRs primary LMA, as learned through the additional information that the MR included in its BU.


Our expectation is that tuning the power of legitimate transceivers will provide bene.ts while the jammer is active.

for our experiments, we consider 2 APs, with 2 and 3 clients each, and two jammers.


The overall energy consumption computed when a MR is found at the identified optimum location can be used to establish an energy-efficiency performance bound.

the radius r around Opt_Xi that guarantees with probability d the presence of at least one MR (8) can then be expressed as shown in (9): .


{MRRREQ}) traversed by the RREQ message.

in our scheme, the available channels are logically divided into a common control channel (CCC) and M-1 data channels (DCs).


As the contribution is not rewarded, nor the lack thereof is punished, the old downloaders have no incentive to upload.

this would also allow the use of benchmarks for comparison of wireless protocols.


5.5 Sensitivity analysis We investigate the robustness of the cost-sharing policies from two additional angles.

the tra.cof the other customers pushes the link to have larger capacity and thus larger cost.


In this work, resource consumption and waste are speci.ed as the amount of bandwidth used for successful data transmissions (denoted xi), and the amount of bandwidth wasted on packet collisions (denoted colli).

these approaches are only effective in a limited number of scenarios and cannot be applied generally [11].


In this way, only one bit of information needs to be tested for each crosspoint buffer during input scheduling, and the testing of all the crosspoint buffers of the same input port can be conducted in parallel to minimize the time cost.

since the input scheduling of LAPS is work-conserving and Qij (t)> 0, either Qij is sending packets to Bij , or another virtual queue Qik of the ith input port is sending packets to Bik.


Let us also focus on a single path, say path p. So far, we have modeled this path as having the gain hp and delay tp.

during such intervals, it is reasonable to assume that any motion occurs at a constant velocity, i.e.


Table 1: simulation parameters # % # $ (  #  !


Since they are relatively few in number, and are usually dedicated infrastructure nodes [5], special mechanisms, such as tamper-proof hardware, can be deployed to protect them.

key infection: Smart trust for smart dust.


(11) ri = tf,i - ta,i = d + d+ d veri.ed to this level of precision.

on the other hand W should be large enough so that packets of reasonable quality will lie within it.


Earlier work explicitly or implicitly tried to achieve fairness: nodes should not have to forward (many) more packets for others than they send.

[3] A. Akella, R. Karp, C. Papadimitrou, S. Seshan, and S. Shenker.


The problem of decomposing networks into trees for the purpose of routing is well studied in the theoretical literature [9].

the scheme is founded on multiple tree covers that can be arranged and composed hierarchically following the structure of network domains.


On one hand, node c s wait for EIFS caused by ACK from b makes it less likely to obtain the channel after .ow (a,b) transmits a packet.

node b also sends data to three client hosts, h4, h5 and h6.


In fact, when talking to one of our bus operators (Van Galder Bus) who have had experiences with a few other such systems at di.erent times, we were told that many existing systems have very unpredictable performance.

in the short-term we are happy to provide a service to the community while we further our research interests.


The All lines re.ect the longest record lifetime we observe from a given FDNS.

[14] R. Liston, S. Srinivasan, and E. Zegura.


The BRA can construct more defense barriers with the DB-k than SA and BTA by inviting weak grids when all neighboring grids of DMcurrent are weak grids.

the most left-up grid is initially assigned with (1, 1).


PEAR is also effectivebecause a nodebecomes to replicate messages as entropybecomes larger.


The number of IBF s to maintain in parallel will depend on the computing and bandwidth overheads encountered for each application.

at this point, if all cells in the table have been cleared (i.e.


The center of an + is the mean location and the length of the edges of the + represent the standard deviation (i.e., square root of variance) for the con.guration in the x-axis and y-axis.

an active bacterium may encounter and be received by an receiver at an incorrect location.


Our modeling methods are based on bus schedule data and database generated by BIS.

as TCRP (Transit Cooperative Research Program) synthesis [15] emphasized, manipulating generated database of AVL system is worth noting in this study.


Andthe state that utilizes minimum energy is deemed to be the optimum routing strategy for that individual message.

the crux of our algorithm lies in choosing the optimum combination of(mr1,mr2)message copies that caters to the deliverydelayanddeliveryprobability requirement of theindividualmessage.


For example, careful IPv6 address assignment enables providers to .lter packets from outside their address range without fear of blocking an address from a legitimate downstream customer.

observing routing asymmetry in internet tra.c, 2009. http://www.caida.org/research/ traffic-analysis/asymmetry/.


Finally, the fourth scenario allows the evaluation of the performance of both protocols in the presence of message losses.

the probability of a node to be selected as a storing node would be given by its weight and consequently, by its remaining energy.


SMS has signi.cantly lower data rates, high latency, a small .xed message size of 140 bytes, and messages can be lost during transport.

atstartup,thesender application prompts the user for the number of messages to send.


Since the percentage of messages successfully transmitted by sensor nodes to the sink is low (below 40% with 15 nodes), we expected that an increase in this parameter would improve the delivery ratio.

50) the delivery ratio is anyway very low, i.e., around 10% and 20% with Periodic and Poisson processes, respectively.


Software running on a processor is a common choice.

tCAM operating power has been reduced by about 5× by newer TCAM circuit design techniques [1].


4.8 Limitations The previous sections make a strong case for SWARM s ability to identify the few, elusive optimal con.gurations for channel diversity in CWNs.

(c)=.min } (6) .i(x) = random(C)  Table 2: Phase 3: Channel Diversity.


2.1 Bracelet implementation The bracelet is based on a Bluetooth BlueCore2-External BC02 single-chip baseband+radio integrated circuit [7].

this decreases communication costs while the user stays at home.


In infrastructure networks, it is easy for a mobile device to send a packet to the server, given that the area is completely covered with basestation cells.

the simulation time is 500 s. Every simulation is performed four times with different seeds for the random number generator for controling the mobility.


Each node has two different neighbor-tables maintained separately at each hierarchy level, and one of each of the other three types of tables maintained at level-0 only.

as a result, they fail to guarantee a stable cluster formation.


It is implemented only as a user-mode process.

table2 shows median,90th, 95th, and 99thpercentiledelays for a larger subsetof measurements.


Traditionally, hidden terminals in a reservation based MAC protocol need to back off until data transmission is completed.

it is intuitive that if the receiver responds with the just correctly received data packet, which can be treated as an implicit ACK by the trans s =3 mitter, the transmitter will transmit a new data packet (if any) while t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 the receiver s intended receiver (i.e., one of the transmitter s hidden terminals) can piggyback receive the data packet originating from .


A frame entering a pswitch input interface from a middlebox or server is processed and emitted out of the appropriate pswitch output interfaces in 6997 CPU ticks.

it still involves signi.cant re-engineering and con.guration, especially if all middlebox expansion slots in the switch are .lled up.


The traf.c related to each community is pro.led here using an association rule mining algorithm that .nds sets of features, which are called rules, describing the prominent trends in a given list of properties.

the output of the PCA-based is separated from others and its detection ratio is low in terms of the heuristics of Table 1.


The motion model updates each particle s state by estimating user s motion leveraged on the inertial sensors.

when holding the phone in hand, the results of MaLoc s 50% errors, 80% errors and the average accuracy are 0.7m, 1.8m, and 1m, respectively.


The idea in the scheduling, in principle, is to allocate the transmission resources of the time slot to a single user at a time, thus e.ectively eliminating intracell interference between the users.

the con.dence intervals at the highest load still overlap, so a de.nite conclusion can not be drawn.


This application associates MAC addresses to ports and installs respective .ow entries on the switch.

kandoo s root controller handles signi.cantly less events compared to a normal OpenFlow network.


When nodesknow what other nodes are in the same cluster, they can cooperate to route intra-cluster traf.c, andat the same time concentrate their effort on detecting inter-cluster contacts and maximize the amount of data thatis exchanged between two clusters.

this is not the only factor that in.uences the performance of QuickSilver.


the authors design the protocol to have very low synchronization error in local neighborhoods.


However, roads span over hundreds & thousands of meters.

gPCR employs a restricted greedy approach; the packet is greedily forwarded to the junction node (coordinator), not beyond the junction even though some nodes exist.


existing state-of-the-art SAT/SMT solvers, such as Z3 from Microsoft Research[6] used in this paper, support the encoding of formula objects de.nitions.


We omit b the time t in the expression for simplicity.

we can run the same congestion control algorithms as described in section 3 and 4 since the sunk cost becomes a constant once the paths are selected.


Our .ow collectors break up long-lived .ows into smaller fragments.

given the importance of e-mail for personal and business use alike, and its exposure to imminent threats, there exists the need for a comprehensive view of the Internet mail system, including webmail traf.c.


Equation (3) is related to the busy time of the nodes.

further, we can observe that a number of states have very short durations: these typically include simultaneous transmissions of nodes in carrier sensing range, which occur less frequently than the others.


INTRODUCTION The IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b media access protocols provide a physical-layer multi-rate capability [13].

rBAR uses physical-layer analysis of the received RTS message to determine the maximum possible transmission rate for a particular bit error rate.


Table 1 denotes the RLSN and RLIS of different sensors using two query protocols.

in the table, we can .nd that the sensor network using the IQprotocol has larger RLSN than that of using Traditional as shown in last row by providing a global optimization to balance the load to the whole sensor network as shown in the .rst three rows, where the sensors at different location have different RLIS in Traditional and have same RLIS in IQ.


ISP i chooses all traf.c .ows within its network and the traf.c .ows to send to other ISPs.

note that this lower bound for the cost of anarchy is tight.


As it may not be possible to sense all of the context variables that influence future network availability, in this paper we introduce a generic, new model incorporating a hidden variable to account for this.

o4(tj); the observable variable that we want to predict, in addition depends on all the other observable variables in the same time slice (O1(tj), O2(tj) and O3(tj) here) as shown in Figure 5.


[7] D. K. Panda, S. Singal, K. Kesavan, Multidestination message-passing in wormhole k-ary n-cube networks with base routing conformed paths, IEEE TPDS, col. 10, no.


Table 4 further supports the poor localization precision of the conventional method as the number of distinct devices or links associated with network alerts is often much larger (up to an order of magnitude larger) than the total size of our ranked list L. We conclude that our approach is able to localize the true issue very precisely from a large set of possible root causes for a given failure.

there were 11 cases of transient failures where the operator did not .nd a physical network issue even though there was signi.cant loss of tra.c observed for a short period of time (typically 5-10 minutes).


We used the torsocks program at the client to tunnel wget requests over Tor, and downloaded a large .le from the web server.

tor clients can mitigate such routing manipulations by preferring guard relays with shorter AS-PATHs.


Between these two points, we see that as density increases from zero, flow also increases due to the increasing number of vehicles on the road while speed starts to decrease due to the interactions among the vehicles (referred to as the free-flow phase).

coverage range is negligible and hence there is no loss of vehicles.


Bro: A System for Detecting Network Intruders in Real-Time.

these two Gbps ports then connected to two NICs on a workstation running tcpdump which recorded the aggregated traf.c (including payloads) to disk.


Beyond that, a subsequence can only grow by adding the bottom-most index repeatedly, which can occur at most s1 times.

using a heap, this can be done in O(log n).


Our quality adaptation proposal is presented in Section 4.

when s = 8 the expected number of layers a client should be able to receive without work-ahead is 2.


In order to enable reuse and simplify the integration of advanced streaming protocols into applications, we propose the Noja programming model for multimedia middleware layers.

using the Noja abtractions, a developer can exchange synchronised multimedia streams between standardcompliant applications and monitor their delivery.


In each case, the methods for 2We describe splicing as running k routing protocol instances for conceptual simplicity.


This is because during working days, the simulation did not cover the motion of occupant outside the home.

it also reqquires low poower consumption and can be powwered directly froom the Main node s microcontrolller connectionss.


The received signal from user kis given as  (2) where is the propagation delay.

the IGA still requires considerable amount of computation.


This situation can be alleviated by rearranging some existing reservations within their bandwidth and latency requirement.

wiMedia[7]hastwotypes ofMAC schemes:DistributedReservationProtocol(DRP) andPrioritizedContentionAccess(PCA).TimedurationinWiMedia MAC is equally divided into superframes of 65 ms each, and each superframehas 256MediumAccessSlots(MAS).


The neighbor rule performs as well as most other rules (like, e.g., non-increasing-distance); it performs significantly better than a random choice.

4.1.2 Centrality Centrality is a more re.ned measure of the importance of a node for a network; it deals with the occurrence of this node inside the shortest paths connecting pairs of other nodes.


Technical report, IRB-TR-04-020, Dec. 2004.

the computers are connected using 1 GBit Ethernet.


Once a line is found, packet-header information is retrieved from all plotted points along the identi.ed line.

[12] A. Lakhina, M. Crovella, and C. Diot.


Therefore we would require those nodes that are far away (in the hopmetric) from the defects to be in state 0 at one moment (in our case, larger than the number of states is already enough).

it is not necessarily the case that all initial conditions converge to a continuous state (even in a connected .nite network).


A UA B refreshes its contact data in the DHT as well as its inbound tunnels periodically with a refreshing period e.g., t = 20mn, in order to make sure it remains reachable in thePr2-P2PSIP networkwithhighprobability.

each UA can observe only the messages it sends and it receives.


If the elements in s are known, the product of fi and s replays the updating process of the aMsr .eld along the path of packet i.

for a particular path, the forwarded packets encode independent observations and CSPR performs compressive sensing to recover the path when a certain amount of pack  (a) (a) 1.0 140 120 Average # of routing paths Topo.


Or if the network designers need to use a switch other than the OQ switch.

under current VLSI technology, only a small number of Figure 5.


And second,a larger number of disjoint paths increases the overall reliability.

we term the measure of path stability or resistance to failure as the path s reliability.


Questions such as what properties do most graphs in various families have?

links connecting an inner node with a border node are only counted for the inner node.


A logical node consists of a gateway mote connected to an 802.11 wireless-enabled laptop.

the increased number of messages could lead to elevated energy consumption on the mobile device.


The general trend of new abstractions in each version is obvious.

this process can quickly turn even the simplest of applications into a mess with extremely complex branching to test for all acceptable scenarios.


CONCLUSIONS In this demo paper, we demonstrate a framework that enables evaluation of cognitive devices, in terms of sensing delay and resulting energy consumption.

moreover, we will also consider a second scenario where the targeted band is 100 MHz wide, so that all devices will have to perform channel switching to provide for proper monitoring of the whole band.


In general, a WRAP receiver can drop packets received through untrusted paths at wire-speed, by .ltering packets based on their reverse path.

75% of paths would require 4 + 2 = 6 addresses to be speci.ed and, thus, they would need a WRAP header of at most 4+4 * 6 = 28 bytes.


Although there is a strong dependence of the power gain on the traf.c regime, our proposed algorithm gives a better energy ef.ciency than the default MAC.

[16] J. G. Ko, Y. H. Cho, and H. Kim, Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC with different backoff ranges in wireless sensor networks, in IEEE ICCS, 2006.


Similarly, all capsules are transmitted in the network in a pipeline fashion.

the base station located at (0,0) (for simplicity) initiates reprogramming by sending a start-download message.


For example, in Figure 7(a) parallel scheduling in 24-Mbps 802.11 achieves higher throughput than XPRESS for 17% of the con.gurations; the higher PHY rates discovered by 802.11 auto-rate increased this fraction to 35%.

this occurs because the collisions often cause auto-rate to fall back to low PHY rates.


The panelists will give examples of how fairly "obvious" web examples are clear disasters.

the point in exposing this myth isn't to prove that the web will never come to the phone but that there needs to be a deeper discussion of what the "web" is.


Therefore the average transmission energy decreases.

experimental results have shown that the proposed ESACW algorithm saves from 30% to 60% transmission energy, comparing to the original IEEE 802.11 protocol.


Indeed this .exibility can also be exploited to minimize the overall false positive probability.

this corresponds to a false positive probability of 0.0178.


This paper has three research contributions.

it has a datarate of 250kbps and a range of approximately 100 meters.


Since all the links are bidirectional and are considered twice in the adjacency and distance matrices we need the factor 2 in the denominator of the .rst term in the above equation.

however after the completion of the upgrade process all the nodes will have a degree of at least 2 since our solution in Phase-1 guarantees this.


Each server in each data center is checked to obtain the cost to accommodate data dk on the server if the server has enough capacity.

iNTRODUCTION We use a network model similar to the one in [1].


For isolated underwater networks, it is necessary to connect them to create large and sophisticated underwater systems.

for underwater inter-networking, one challenge is that the MI must interface with various types of underwater wireless networks, which are di.erent from each other in terms of wireless communication media, transmission rates and energy capacities.


Pu * , do the following rounding: H := {Hop count from BS to u * }  Cu * Cu * Tm(u * ) .· (N - H),Tr(lv) .· (N - H) ¯ Cu * Cv .. .

2.2 ProportionalFair (PF) Scheduling In this section, we provide a brief primer on proportional fair scheduling, since our scheduling algorithms aim to provide proportionalfairness.


[20] S. Paul, E. Ayanoglu, T. LaPorta, K. Chen, K. Sabnani, and R. Gitlin.

note that the IP address used to rewrite embedded object URLs does not have to match the caching proxy s IP address.


there are d0 paths between a server and a bouncing switch.


Comparing the I column of Table 2 (row 3 and 4) with Table 6 outlines that the HMM shows clear improvement in the inter-arrival-rate performance, for instance, 40.33% as opposed to 58.72% for the hMM.

entropy is largely dependent on the random variable used to represent the random experiment.


The rest of this paper is organized as follows.

in case that an attacker in the network administrator s network conspires with another attacker in other network, there is a risk of session hijacking.That is, once Base Exchange has been completed by a proper user and correspondent, the attackers can forge packets using their IP addresses by eavesdropping the header of data packets.


The work is backed by a number ofhardwarevendors,and switches implementingthespeci.cation are already commercially available.

we propose a framework for router virtualization which employs a combination of open software components as well as hardware supporting the emerging OpenFlowprotocol, which enablespacket forwarding at line speeds.


Systematic testing of multicast routing protocols: Analysis of forward and backward search techniques.

when the frst argument is false, the second argument is not executed.


Note that this is a simpli.cation as, in reality, o.-line content cached by users could become outdated.

note that an immediate implication of Lemma 2 is that .F is Lipschitz continuous, as F is twice continuously differentiable over the bounded domain D.  5.2 A Threshold Function and Mass Preservation In this section, we give a more formal description of the cache policy selection process in terms of the vectors 1vm.


More de- tailed description will be given in Section 4.

intuitively, the more lagging flows there axe, the more service should be yielded to other flows.


Without exploiting sleep opportunities, the call would consume 472J.

3PSM is the default energy management on almost all commodity NICs.


SRD prevents the broadcast storm problem in dense networks and deals with disconnected networks by relying on the store-carryforward communication model.

[9] propose the Distributed Vehicular Broadcast (DV-CAST) protocol, which aims to solve both problems (broadcast storm and intermittently connected network) under highway environments.


The minor increase in energy cost of AT happens because, with increasing rate of fluctuations, more number of nodes have values greater than the hard threshold and hence send reports back to the sink.

the number of sensor nodes in each grid cell depends on the density and distribution of nodes in the sensor network.


Finally, observe that in the periods 1500 5 t 5 2000 and 3000 2 t < 3500, neither class utilizes its allocated share, causing the allocations to remain unchanged (case 1).

in fact, it has been argued that we propose consists of two key components: a workload monitor the problems of maintainability, availability and growth of comput ing module that eficiently monitors the load in each application ing systems have overshadowed that of performance and that the class and a bandwidth manager that uses these workload statistics traditional focus on performance is less important in today s envi to dynamically determine the allocation of each class.


We .nd that only 0.72% of swarms had an excess of hundred leechers.

(9) Introducing a dual variable pe =0,e .E for each constraint of (9), we de.ne the Lagrange dual function tk a,.k:tk.Tk D({pe})= min a +.


Device drivers for VLAN con.guration were implemented both as an SNMP module for Brocade switches and as automated SSH sessions for the 3Com and the virtual switches.

nRS embraces several technologies, both legacy and new, setting a goal to integrate them and support technology transitions.


The results using the AP distribution are quite poor, due to the low representativeness of this distribution (see Figure 5b).

we also study the relation between the average contact rates (.


To capture this behavior, Locus de.nes a utility function based on the distance d from a speci.c location to a data replica d s home location d...

to account for varying degrees of error in prediction, Equation 4 is scaled by a factor o .


To disseminate a new subscription along the tree, hence, the issuing node has to send it to its parent as well as to all of its children.

application speci.c subscriptions must be e.ective throughout the network in order to route all matching noti.cations from event producers to their consumers.


In our architecture, doing so also segregates the unicast from the multicast VOQs.

we consume extra bandwidth to send the frames to the spines as many times as we send them to the target egress switches.


of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp.

(2) When ki = O( Rri 2 2 ), the union of the circle areas with radium r, centering at each destination, is in the order of v v a = O( a 2 T( k0 ·r · W ) when k0 r ) T(Ri ).


The public component is sent to the accounting / certi.cate authority in the transaction D .. CA, whereby it is certi.ed for use in the ticketing context.

the size of the certi.cate is increased by additional 16 bytes: (16 + 16 + 1modB)bytes.


MTU issues: Piggy-backed TPPs are attached to packets at the edge of a network (end-host or a border router).

remark: Note that the functionality is refactored between the network and end-hosts; not all functionality resides completely at the end-hosts.


Labelling this process pushing to oppose the pulling process described above would be quite misleading: it is correct that nodes are pushing some information.

most existing work ignores the practical di.culty of implementing gossip partner selection distributions that require full knowledge of group membership.


Computationally e.cient scheduling with the physical interference model for throughput improvement in wireless mesh networks.

1 i (v ,t) = Ø. G 1 M ,R) 1 i (v(v,1) = Ø, .1 = j = M. (19) G 1 j ,1) (v there exists a path from (vi 1 , 1) to (vi 1,t)on Using essentially the same arguments, we get a symmetric the precedence graph for all 1 = i = M (M = |L1|), result in L(2R - 1): For all 1 = i = M,or equivalently, d(v 1 i ,R) 11 1 (2R - 1) .


As discussed in Section 1, our aim in this paper is to make optimal use of the diversity of services that may be available at particular location.

experimental results validate the adaptive nature of the system.


the (small number of) clients located relatively close to the non-U.S.-based server were also a.ected at the same time that the U.S.-based clients were (e.g., clients in Korea experienced problems accessing sina.com.cn andclients inthe U.K. experienced problems accessing ucl.ac.uk).

the period should be long enough for us to have a su.cient number of samples to be able to compute a meaningful failure rate (given the number of clients and servers, and the frequency of accesses in our experiment).


Many WSNs works make this assumption in order to scale to large network sizes while operating with limited battery energy and relatively high overhead of communication.

it contains only 4 KB RAM and 4 KB EEPROM.


They found that hierarchical or cooperative caching wasn t helpful once the population behind the edge cache grew past a small threshold: ...we show that cooperative caching is unlikely to have signi.cant bene.ts for larger organizations or populations.

the .eld has focused on the former (though somewhat uncritically, as suggested by our discussion of caching), but we think addressing the latter is equally important.


S and a set of virtual sensors Vp = {vi|sij .

(13) mi mi A A i=1 if every point in the network is monitored by at least one sensor with a missing probability lower than Pmax at M that point, the network can be fully covered2 .


ORGANIZATION SUM Universities 2 880,41 Technical made of the best way to use it.

the service and content providers will focus on their role by providing their competitive services in a cost efficient way.


In all simulations for Type III users, the performance is to be evaluated based on different levels of user activity that is characterized by the user activity factor.

the system is optimized without taking any delay constraint into consideration.


By contrast, all other variants exhibit signi.cant routing failures on sparse random graphs (low connection probabilities).

a common assumption made by this body of literature is that connectivity between nodes can be described by unit graphs.


REFERENCES [1] Mohamed Ali Feki, Fahim Kawsar, Mathieu Boussard, and Lieven Trappeniers, The Internet of Things: The Next Technological Revolution .

tthe beneffits of outsourccing are furtherr corroborated bby the eextreme rapidiity with whicch a botnet must be desiigned, ddisseminated and made ooperational (ppartial or deelayed iimplementationns of the supplly chain in fig.. 2 may involvve the iineffectiveness of the botnet).


In CBQ this will lead to packet loss in real-time tra.c subclass.

e.cient mode takes a packet from the .rst scanned queue and passes that on the link.


over-estimates) the measured response time of the ERP system.

mL overall has the smallest errors when considering two request classes and delivers errors of less than 8% in medium load (.


This makes it possible to correct the protocol, by adding an extra con.rmation from Q to P , which would then also allow attack detection by P .

if one considers that values like ax have a uniform distribution then the adversary can initiate conversations with B by simply sending some random value, or use trivial values (1, 2, etc.)


Hence, the nodes along the currently active route continually maintain the route metric, and hence the Jis are reasonably accurate.

in 3rd  # of new route searches 0.998 Intl.


Even then, as long as the channels are scaled at a rate not more than log n, there is no loss in capacity even if a single interface is available at each node.

(n), network capacity is O c bitmeters/sec.


A slightly different approach is to control the rate of upgoing ACKs at RLC.

the step and the linear functions are particular cases of (1).


We derive the mathematical model for optimal subchannel selection.

these include surface scattering due to waves, which is the most important contributor to the overall time variability of the shallow water channel.


The distance between any two v neighboring centroids is 3K,where K is the hexagon edge length or the cell radius.

for example, merely four to .ve iterations are needed in most cases according to the simulation results to be presented in Sec.


Every node knows the pattern of grid squares and its approximate location in the grid.

node s may decide on a default value (even though that value may not be any node s initial value).


The third metric (assets captured vs. number of exploits used) is the result of many random experiments and cannot be loaded instantaneously.

the unresolved comments from that evaluation formed the initial set of issues that we sought to resolve in NAVIGATOR.


In addition, some contexts information may be only qualitative description available.

rs Cv denotes the vehicular velocity context, then Cv can be defined as a set as follow: Cv = {C ,C ,C } , where vh vm vl C denotes the high velocity, C denotes the middle velocity, vhvm C denotes low velocity.


It is important to throttle the source s transmissions as soon as the destination has received enough packets to decode the batch.

when one ExOR .ow becomes unnecessarily idle, another .ow can proceed.


In addition, we add the following to the intruder theory: I(x1),I(x2),I(x3) .I(f(x1,x2,x3)) , (14 a) I(x) .I(ai(x)) , for i<n.

for example, in the RA protocol t = s = x and s(x)is typically a sequence of requests.


This short example illustrates some of the challenges that arise when implementing a network update with strong semantic guarantees.

the rules are installed using the current version number.


GB = diag ( G1 , G2 , ... GT ) .s(r+q)T ×(r+q)T Gt s(r+q)×(r+q) Wt Dt .t Lt Where .

indoor applications with tracking requirements are still an open research topic, since GPS cannot work indoors and radio communication technologies, mainly based on distance estimations, are prone to high errors because of the complexity of the indoor radio channel.


The routers are organized in a hierarchy as depicted in Fig.

however this level of accuracy is typically not needed for most tra.c engineering applications.


In addition, if we choose a value of .t that results in a NVR close to a, the system will not have a big margin to discriminate normal from attack situations.

we have taken the lowest possible observation interval which is limited by the refreshment time of the neighbor nodes given by the routing protocol.


we assume an ideal implementation of webRTC at each mobile device since the uploaded video bit-rate matches the actually available uplink throughput.


However, there is an allowable offset that will vary on the amount of the allowable degradation in the constellation, e.g., for BPSK, theoretically, we can allow a rotation of p/2, although the consequence of such enormous offsets on other processing units are to be considered.

now, when using a shared spectrum, the secondary fails to use the pre-de.ned preamble, which typically occupies a wider and most importantly contiguous bandwidth than what is currently available.


prioritizingweb pages accordingtotherelevanceprobability,the numberofrelevant web pagessentbyTheduis4timeslarger than thestateless proxy.

when m2m contacts are as frequent as m2i contacts,the bene.tofm2m routingis40%.thebene.treducesquicklytolessthan5% whenm2m contactfrequencyis5timessmallerthanm2i contact frequency.


Solutions using the standards based approach include the Resolver Discovery Service [24] and the PURL [22], both of which separate the resource s identifier from its location, but do not provide a migration mechanism.

although several such mechanisms have been designed, they have not been widely adopted, due largely to a lack of compliance with current web standards.


Step 2: (Fitness calculating) We use the chromosomes fitness value to evaluate whether they will be transmitted to the next generation.

for example, if the gene 13 of individual 4 in Table 2 changes into 15, the individual may turn into 5- - -15 .


STUN -Simple Traversal of UDP Through Network Address Translators.

we assume that when a host is disconnected, it takes one second for it to .nd a new parent and connect back to the tree.


In the death-regulated birth process, we maintain an estimate of the death probability d (l) at layer l since the start of the evolutionary path.

recall that EvoArchproduces high hourglass resemblance scores throughout that range.


The project ties directly to the achievements of the assignments and extends the hori- Table 3: Syllabus of the project phase.

we limited the complexity of this .rst shared test by eliminating multiple hops (consequently the routing layer) and simplifying the work of the MAC and the time synchronization.


Even after a blockage when pipeline temperature falls, the 180 °C temperature (Figure 5) provides suf.cient power.

if we consider the low data rate of the system  one tens-of-byte data packet per 10 s for current deployment and occasional blockage alarm packets for full system, we conclude our wireless communication channel is adequate and robust enough.


[8] Yuguang Fang Chlamtac, I. Yi-Bing Lin, 2003.

in real-life networks, geographical characteristics, such Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


The volume of traf.c however prevents this approach from scaling to larger administrative entities or for even selectively sharing across the Internet between multiple administrative entities.

aNEMOS: An autonomous network monitoring system.


We stress once more that, though all packets have 64B-size, the packet length features are extracted from the IPv4 header: hence, our benchmark methodology does not a.ect the relevance of the classi.cation results.

while the former has been experimentally demonstrated [14, 16] on real traces, the latter is far from being assessed.


(2), TC4 s SN is therefore illegal, i.e., SEG.SEQ > RCV.NXT +RCV.WND.

in this case, the server, which is implemented under the .rst group of systems in Table 2, is expected to drop TC4 and to send back a pure ACK TS4.


Also, this will allow for blacklisting the address of a compromised node.

an exception is L3Sec[27], which integrates a variant of LEAP.


"Returning Home" is another important, yet peculiar problem for a multihomed MS.

when the MS is in the home network, GPRS mobility management and session management (GMM/SM) can be used to provide IP mobility control instead of the MIP [4].


Introduction Today s high class vehicles contain 70 -100 electronic control units (ECUs) with an increasing demand for higher bandwidth in every generation.

a comparison to current state-of-the-art technologies is drawn and it is shown that the main disadvantages of these mechanisms such as long wakeup latency and high standby power consumption can be avoided by using LFW.


reactive protocols outperform proactive protocols not only with respect to overhead (energy-e.ciency), but also with regard to PDR (reliability).


4.3 LocalizationEvaluation In this section, we will show the solution presented in literature todecrease thelocalization error when the number of network nodes increase and the communication range of the H-sensors is .xes as15m(the same asL-sensors) andtheRSSIinaccuracyis 10%.

the network parameters are presented in Table 1 and all network parameters are based on a MicaZ sensor node.


Particularly, on a uniform random network, the distance for backbone-peripheral link is T(log n).

moreover, Theorem 1 covers hidden-node free operation of the basic mode under the aggregate interference model, which was not treated in [10].


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

aftertheyshowed that randomnetwork codingisnot very e.cient,the authorsfurtherpresented agreedy deterministic coding policy to achieve high transmission e.ciency.


Performance analysis of enhanced inter-cell interference coordination in lte-advanced heterogeneous networks.

spectrum is not like a simple resource such as time slots on a wire.


We have demonstrated that automating the process of developing sensor drivers/wrappers will improve e.ciency and productivity.

all the sensor speci.c API calls need to be done inside this method.


If Cg is the set of contiguous sub-channels allocated to session g, then in CP, we require that the total set of sub-channels allocated to multicast sessions must not exceed those from the set N = {1, 2,...,N}, whilebeingdisjoint across sessions.

in this case,DPSg-LP will return the optimal solution.


If the server does not know how to contact the authoritative server for a zone, it will query a root server1 .

amongst other tasks, the code measures DNSresponse times and returnedTTLs for all queried hosts, relying on di.erent DNS resolvers.


Note that the recovery time does not include the time to detect the failure.

the communica-topologies (experiments conducted on 2 - 5 Jan. tion overhead of each additional query for Pair-Share-Mix2 is reduced compared to Pair-Share-Mix.


In OFDMA cellular networks, intra-cell interference within a single cell is mostly eliminated due to the orthogonality of subcarriers.

based on the instantaneous channel gains of users, BSs allocate subbands and powers to them for each TTI.


In this set of experiments, we put the competing demands at the same nodes, and we set both the foreground and background traf.c to be 50%.

routing (e.g., Nimrod [8]) or overlay routing (e.g., Detour [32] or RON [5]).


MultiNet: Connecting to Multiple IEEE 802.11 Networks Using a Single Wireless Card.

uMass UM-CS-2011-016 Technical Report, 2011.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

the broadcast tree used in [3] is constructed for very low duty-cycle, hence per-hop transmissions are still done through unicasting.


INTRODUCTION To ensure application services are not interrupted during flight in the network, SDN must impose a mechanism to continue to forward traffic whenever there is a link or node failure.

in [4], the author introduce an OpenFlow-based fast recovery in optical transport networks.


If the next slot is a CCH slot, then handle_CCH_slot() is invoked, and DSRCTimer is started for a duration equal to the CCH_INTERVAL (which is set to 46ms).

for the scope of this work, we focus on the average Access Delay which accounts for delays on the upper and lower MAC layer.


In this case, the path estimation may be wrong and the load-balancing suboptimal, as in Section 2.3.

when the number of .ows exceeds the number of disjoint paths, resources are typically already fully utilized.


The reason for the low observed entropy is that during a torrent startup, available pieces are replicated with an exponential capacity of service [26], but rare pieces are served by the initial seed at a constant rate.

this way, a ratio of 1 in the bottom graph represents the total amount of bytes downloaded from leechers.


We are in the process of implementing T-Lohi on our hardware.

we show how our our bit-synchronization algorithm handles clock drift and Doppler shifts during packet transmission by re-synchronize after repeated partial errors.


In §6, we will show how PDQ can be extended to support multipath forwarding.

when .ows have no deadlines, we show PDQ can reduce mean .ow completion times by ~30% or more compared with TCP, RCP, and D3 .


The Leaf Set certi.cates cover 166,124 (16.6%) of the Alexa Top-1M domains.

there is one aspect of this problem to which we may be able to lend insight; it was recently reported that many browsers do not even bother to check certi.cates CRLs, with the exception of extended validation (EV) certi.cates [7].


1(a), the contending domain S1 with lower transmitpower level P1 is a subset of the contending domain S2 with higher transmit powerlevelP2.Thus,itisnon-trivialto modelpowercontrol and spatial contention constraints in a single optimization framework.

di.erent utility functionshavebeende.nedfordi.erentfairness models, such asproportionalfairnessand max-minfairness[16].


Let P1, P2, F1, F2 be protocol systems such that P1 and P2 as well as F1 and F2 only connect via their I/O interfaces, P1 |P2 and F1 |F2 are well-formed, and Pi = Fi, for i .

as further discussed in Section 4, due to some technical problems in the UC model, the IITM model is more suitable for our purposes.


In one con.guration the sender s RSS at the receiver was 6 dBm stronger thanjammer sRSS, andin another con.gurationbothRSS were approximately equal.

by turningjamming againstthe adversary and using signalproperties todetectimpersonation, legitimateWSN nodes are able todestroy fake frames while still being in-the-air and as such avoid useless investment of resources by .rst receiving and acknowledging, then verifying, and .nally rejecting the fake data.


Forsuchrandomwalks(formally called continuized random walks [1]) it is possible to show that if G is connected, the steady state probabilities that the walk is at a vertex i always exist and are equal to di pi = Pn .

response times are considerably smaller (by2 to 5 orders of magnitude) than the respective ones underthe randomwalk(Figures3and6).


The distribution of the random variable .p can be characterized as follows.

to maximize the chance of contact, the best policy for k ferries is to wait for the node at the k most probable cells (i) (1)(2) s(i =1,...,k) such that b*(s) = b*(s) = .... We will call this the waiting policy.


An MR manages the public address space on behalf of its hosts; it also contains one to one mapping of the public and private IP addresses of its hosts.

the total database lookup cost is LU P LU P 2 ..s .SN = s.M H = .NmhNcnvl = .N mhNcn S (13) From Eqs.


Extended security services are required that are described below.

orphan management can be used to securely implement portability.


With optical transport networks (OTN) serving as an intermediary consisting of electro-optical cross-connects (OXCs), DWDM allows migration from point-to-point to all-optical networks in which switching functions are performed in the optical domain.

we observe the close performance for Case-1.


The cdf of the link lifetime for the above question is .

using a long lifetime route, packets can be delivered within certain delay constraints and without any packet 80 loss as long as there is no congestion along the path.


W W Oa : x =a A} and Cb(B)= {x .Ob : x =b B} are clo a b sure operators.

the supremum of two elements x and y is the minimal point above x and y, connected to both of them, and, dually, the in.mum of x and y is the closest connected point below them.


One viable solution is to use energetically cheap clocks (e.g., clocks available from ultra-low-power ring oscillators).

this would provide 10·4·10-6 ·60 = 2.4mW.


The CLI then provides users with an interface to read and write to element handlers via the Xen store and ClickOSControl.

3.2 Networking Performance The path that packets follow from a ClickOS vm through the Xen networking system and eventually to the NIC is complex and involves a number of components (recall .gure 2).


The program uses the WebView class in the WebKit package [1].

first, all the applications consist of two phases: a content fetching phase and a content consuming phase.


In the worst case, the flow control latency can be equal to the packet transmission latency.

a 1:N optical DEMUX with N parallel receivers instead of a 1:k optical DEMUX with k receivers (used in OCA RX) will be used so that delayed packets travelling on different wavelengths from different inputs can come out from different outputs of the optical DEMUX and can be correctly received by separate receivers.


As a quid-pro-quo arrangement, we decided to provide wireless access to the bus passengers; this is accomplished using a MAR (Mobile Access Router) system a system that serves as a WiFi Access Point to bus passengers, and hauls their wireless tra.c to the Internet through the EV-DO interface [11].

there might be a need for measurements under stationary conditions too; for the sake of comparison; or to isolate temporal behavior at a single location.


Our work constitutes a first attempt to promote free Internet to all, relied on the potential to exploit the transportation schedules of large cities and was further enhanced with dynamic decisions to avoid schedule deviations.

[8] Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., and Raghavendra, C. S. 2005.


While only minor (1 5% for the delivery ratio), we emphasize that we do not use node-speci.c parameterization, but only common values for all nodes based upon the mean calculated across all nodes.

different devices will see different types of usage; some devices might stay at people s homes most of the time, while some other devices see many encounters during the day.