For 16 million cycles quantums, we obtained R2 = 0.91 for the SPEC2000 programs.

when running the training set, the correlation is very poor, just R2 = 0.21; in many cases, we have observed that the register we chose to sample was assigned to an architectural register that was not renamed during the quantum, and therefore, we could not obtain any kind of information about the vulnerability of the register .le.


A straightforward way of assigning edge weights is to connect two nodes with an edge of weight 1 if the memory operations involving the two corresponding variables do not have data dependencies [10].

such potential parallelism may not be always realizable due to certain timing constraints on the associated memory operations.


A permanent cross-cutting concern implements a circuit feature, such as fault detection or feature for security, and remains in the .nal circuit.

a transient cross-cutting concern implements a temporal feature, such as dynamic analysis or fault injection, that is needed only in the simulation/analysis phase of development.


For safe and reliable operation, the peak temperature of the processor has to be be always maintained or controlled below a safe threshold.

with the change in workloads and phasic behavior of workloads, the power consumption of each block vastly vary.


But their approaches are either for only direct mapped caches or fully associative caches.

our method works on the program control .ow graph and does not require address traces.


This region is marked as shared in Figure 1.

registers and stack, which are not globally visible to other programs or the outside world, are local to each thread.


However, NFQ is again unable to ensure fairness across equal-priority threads, slowing down omnetpp (6.2X) more than libquantum (2.07X).

sTFM preserves equal memory-slowdowns among equalpriority threads (unfairness: 1.20).


Higher clock frequency enables more timing slacks which allows more two-cycle operations.

the frequency should be carefully selected for preventing increased failure of normal pixels due to a shorter charging time.


The coarsegrain tuning measures the frequency of the microgenerator output and moves the actuator to the optimum position according to a prede.ned lookup table.

the coarsegrain tuning alone cannot generate the best performance and a .ne-grain tuning algorithm is needed.


This is possible since the directory always knows where the single valid copy of the line can be found and only a message from such node for the line will be processed.

when write-write sharing [6] takes place, prediction can make such a precedence order be lost.


For our experiments we approximated chip leakage as an exponential of quadratic form of Vdd and Le.. We demonstrated that this approximation has less than 1% error.

the proposed technique of analyzing and optimizing voltage binning can be adapted to other representations of chip leakage and switching power.


, R out } (7) ji,ki j1,k1 j2,k2 ji-1,ki-1 The goal is to .nd the minimum cost (minimum power consumption) path from B0,1 to BJ+1,1.

this is not a straight forward shortest path problem because the input rate of each block depends on the preceding blocks on the path.


C. Dynamic Logic Circuit High fan-in dynamic (domino) gates [21] are often employed in performance critical units of microprocessors and other high performance circuits, such as register files or SRAM sensing paths [22-24].

the use of wide dynamic gates is severely impacted by reduced noise margin and increased leakage currents.


Furthermore, some of the operations inside a round are pallelizable.

typical multicore machines have extra Figure 3: Daily $ per Gh/s.


Similarly, thermal management techniques(e.g.,[32,38]) canbe used to reduce thefrequency offaults by managing thermal variations.

for future processors, avoidingintermittentfaults withthesetechniques will require them tobe overly conservative, thusprovidinglowperformance.


Using VLSI design as an analogy, we can envision the QCA physical design process as consisting of partitioning, placement, and routing.

some constraints and/or requirements in these subproblems are unique for QCA circuits.


For example, it encodes the expert knowledge that indicates that there is an internal mode of operation for which we do not have any direct physical observation, yet it is determined by the combined values of the test generation attributes.

the (hidden) mode of operation directly in.uences the choice of the resulting command and core, which are attributes of 2Introducing hidden nodes to the network structure has the secondary impact of reducing the computational complexity by dimensionality reduction, and as a means for capturing non-trivial (higher order) correlations between observed events.


Thus, it is desirable to have a technique that can provide very fast invalidation, e.g., by using a single instruction, and that can do so without invalidating the entire instruction cache.

it should be noted that we are not proposing to replace single line or full cache invalidation; we are proposing a new technique that gives more .exibility when choosing the granularity at which to invalidation cache lines.


We also .nd that by leveraging knowledge of an application s sharing characteristics, we can predict both how an application s threads should be mapped when running alone as well as with another application.

we conclude that using our online adaptive learning approach is a preferable approach for arriving at good thread to core mappings in the datacenter as it arrives at near optimal decisions and is agnostic to applications sharing characteristics.


10(a) that, for a same inter-die corner we might get two different proper -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 source bias values.

this effect is expected to be very log(P) standby small as a new fault has a higher probability of being in a (b) different column.


The Flipped Scan Tree architecture [17] obscures the scan design through the introduction of inverters at the scan-in input of some of the Scan D Flip-Flops.

these secure testing methods involve changes in the existing on-chip DFT or work only with specific cryptographic implementations.


Our DRM application sets this con.guration prior to playing protected content.

any application vulnerability, such as a buffer over.ow, can be exploited to re-con.gure the CODEC interface and circumvent the protection mechanism.


If we think of a wire in a QCA circuit as carrying the same number of delay bu.ers as the number of clocking zones it crosses, the partitioning problem is similar to the problem studied in [6].

the additional requirement that the di.erence in clocking zone heights be minimized while keeping the number of bu.ers to a minimum increases the complexity signi.cantly.


Memory operation delay that was originally determined by memory bandwidth, is now constrained by TSV bandwidth between layers.

if logic-to-logic stacking is chosen, hardware implementations with higher memory bandwidth requirements are put closer to on-chip memory in the same layer.


The authors of [7] discuss several partially observable scenarios of an on-chip system and their HMM modeling.

the discussion focuses on the calculation of the observation probability instead of the overall HMM.


If an attacker is trying to resolve that C2 is XOR, one needs to justify its inputs to 00 and justify C1 s output to a known value ( 0 ).

this is not possible as these two conditions are contradicting.


Task T2 can start at: ST2 1 = FT1 1 + r2.

if both copies of T1 end at the same time instant as shown in Figure 9 (b), this time-instant is given by: FT equal = FT1 1 + r2/2 1 As a result, recon.guration R2 for task T2 gets delayed and execu tion E2 for task T2 can only start at FT equal + r2 = FT1 1 + 3 * r2/2 1 Of course, if the area of task T2 is greater than the area of task T1, letting both copies of T1 end at the same time instant would lead to a shorter schedule.


As mentioned above, voice quality is affected by packet loss, delay and variation in delay (jitter).

for this research performance metrics of interest were delay and jitter.


For metal interconnects, these factors depend on the signal propagation velocity is a function of frequency and the line parameters R, L, G and C. As can be observed from fig 2, the line delay (derived from signal propagation velocity) decreases and the attenuation increases with frequency.

the line delay saturates beyond a cutoff frequency (will be referred subsequently as LC cutoff) given by 0.2R/L.


It is a powerful structure for the surveillance and detection of the SoC attacks.

the adoption of these previous works to address the MPSoC security challenges present three main limitations.


A well-designed SSD outperforms a conventional HDD in virtually every respect, improving system performance in general, as well as application launch times.

the cost of .ash memory per bit is much higher than that of HDDs, which makes SSDs unaffordable for high-performance general-purpose computers that require a lot of storage.


For authen-then-write, the performance improvement on average is about 14%.

as discussed before, both authen-then-commit and authen-then-write are less secure than authen-then-issue.


But as stated in the introduction, due to the strongly nonlinear cost function this may result in a huge number of iterations.

trust-region algorithms have proven to be very effective within circuit design (e.g.


To reduce the manufacturing test cost for such circuits, researchers and practitioners are continuously proposing alternative test approaches, including built-in test techniques [1, 2], where low-cost, information-rich, on-chip measurements are replacing the standard speci.cation tests, and speci.cation test compaction techniques [3, 4], where only a low-cost subset of speci.cation tests are carried out and are subsequently used to infer the outcome of the rest of the speci.cation tests.

despite the large number and variety of alternative test approaches proposed to date, speci.cation testing is still the prevalent approach in industry.


978-3-9815370-2-4/DATE14/&#169;2014 EDAA wireless channels will suit the mSWNoC well.

the design constraints of an mSWNoC are different than those in traditional parallel computing platforms.


For LDPC codes the minimum value of P to achieve the 70 Mbit/s throughput required by the IEEE 802.16e Table II TH RO U G H P U T [MB I T S /S] / A R E A [M M2] F O R NOC BA S E D A R C H I T E C T U R E S S U P P O RT I N G A L L WIMAX T U R B O A N D L DPC C O D E S P = 22, D = 3, generalized Kautz, R = 0.5 turbo @ 75 MHz N = 2400, r = 0.5 LDPC @ 300 MHz N = 2304, r = 0.5 SSP-RR (PP) SSP-FL (PP) ASP-FT (AP) 74.25/0.63 74.26/0.60 73.29/0.69 72.45/0.46 72.30/0.39 72.91/0.34 standard, with a 300 MHz clock frequency, is 22.

turbo codes yield a higher than required throughput with a 22-nodes NoC.


If the attributes are dependent, then computing the above conditional probability would be dif.cult.

if we make the naive assumption that the attributes are independent, then, our conditional probability can be expressed as follows: p(C) p(Ai|C) p(C|A1 ,A2 , ..,An)= (4) p(A1 ,A2 , ..,An) Note that p(A1 ,A2 , ..,An) can be ignored as it is constant for all p(Ci|A1 ,A2 , ..,An).


Our network uses 978-3-9810801-8-6/DATE12/ @c2012 EDAA a time-division-multiplexing (TDM), contention-free scheme and a distributed routing model similar to one of the Æthereal [10] .avors.

we propose a new con.guration infrastructure, that is one order of magnitude faster than Æthereal, and has ef.cient encoding of the con.guration data, thus increasing the speed of setting up and tearing down connections.


A minor design consideration is to ensure that MP1 is not sized too large as a large MP1 increases the contention power consumed by the gate (Figure 7(a)) and increases the disturbance at the dynamic nodes during the period of contention (Figure 6).

even for a K value of 0.1 (when the size of MP1 is the largest) and a pulse width of around 15% of the total clock period, the maximum disturbance on the dynamic nodes DYN1 and DYN2 was only ~0.2 V, much below the switching point of the output inverter.


7.4 Sharing between Heterogeneous Systems Because the device .le boundary is common to all Android systems, Rio s design readily supports sharing between heterogeneous systems, e.g., between a smartphone and a tablet.

the implementation has to properly deal with the HAL library of a shared I/O device because it may be speci.c to the I/O device or to the SoC used in the server.


When more than one request is sent in the same slot of the random access model, signals are corrupted and the BSC cannot resolve the requests.

if the BSC can lock onto the stronger signal, or use antenna-arrays, more than one request can be captured in a collision.


There have been di.erent successful methods to approximate transfer functions of linear circuits like the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and the Krylov Space projection methods [1].

for the case of nonlinear circuits, MOR methods are still in development phase.


Since the shadow memory doe s not keep the valid bits in the pro- cessor TLB, the cache must be flushed at invalidation of a shadow-to-physical mapping to make sure the accesses on the invalidated page be directed to the MTLB.

in our design there is no need to flush the cache at the invalidation because the valid bits kept in the processor TLB can indicate the invalidity of the mapping.


DWMs enable much higher density compared to SRAM, DRAM, and other spin-based memory technologies such as STT-MRAM.

they also pose unique challenges such as serial access to the bits stored in a DWM cell, leading to variable access latencies.


Note that this approach will generate dif.cult problem instances for traditional Boolean-level veri.cation techniques because the heterogeneity of circuits makes structural hashing and signature analysis dif.cult.

with word-level simpli.cation and structure hashing, this approach can be applied successfully.


The databases itself are processor independent and reused among all instruction sets.

pipeline related decisions of the generator are guided by the timing of operations and by the user de.ned target frequency ftarget.Thegeneratortries toorganizethepipeline such, that the critical path does not exceed the timing constraint f -1 unnecessarypipelining target.


The Xilinx delta-sigma DA converter is typically suitable for audio applications, and a sample frequency of 16 MSPS cannot be achieved from this converter.

by performing real hardware tests and Fourier analysis it was concluded that the delta-sigma DA-converter could run with a frequency high enough to generate a 500 kHz sinus signal.


Work has been done on reducing the power consumption of these grids by removing links to reduce the capacitive load of the grid with little impact to the delay [21] or creating non-uniform mesh structures [6].

clock grids still present a larger capacitive load than a tree, thus requiring more and larger buffers to drive the grid with reasonable slew rates.


Furthermore, due to the introducing of a large number of VRs for per-core DVFS, signi.cant amount of power will be dissipated by VRs To overcome the mismatch problem, some approaches to optimize existing components of a single VR have been presented [8], [9], [10], [11].

these approaches still could not achieve high effectiveness under the low load current condition shown as Region I in Figure 2 (b).


When optimizing the placement of 4×4, 5×5, 6×6 regular mesh grids with uniform-width cells, our implementation of the branch-and-price solver is as e.cient as that in [6].

with the branch-and-price model, the placement of cells with di.erent widths cannot be optimized as e.ciently as the S Model, the RQ Model and the SCP Model.


7 is required in order to select a suitable configuration for each chip.

the test equipment required only tests the proposed configuration within specified constraints, and can be achieved much more readily than measurement of process variations over an entire chip, as required for VAD.


This low impact of ABB is probably because of a high level of gate leakage.

the combination of AVS with ABB renders a leakage reduction of 22x.


This results in a metric called timing slack.

in the PAR report the timing slack is reported on a per signal basis and never combined into an overall score for the design.


Increasing frequency and reducing voltage involves significantly different phenomena in the physical world, especially where not all paths have the same Vcc sensitivity or where paths are interconnect dominated.

the effects of reducing voltage may be related to the effects of increasing the operating frequency.


For DRAM-only memory, the bandwidth does not distinguish between read and write requests because the operations can be served at the same speed.

a PCM device serves read requests much faster than write requests.


In an ADB distribution operation, the delay value, vi, on the inserted ADB, ADBi, can be distributed into the buffers and ADBs in the next level by replacing the ADB, ADBi, with a buffer, Bi, introducing a dummy ADB, ADB0, to connect r flip-flops, FF1, and FFr, replacing the t buffers with t ADBs, ADBs+1,.. and ADBs+t, and adding its delay value, vi, into the delay values on the s original ADBs and the (t+1) introduced ADBs as illustrated in Figure 4(a).

if a buffer only connects a set of ADBs in the next level, some connected ADBs can be further eliminated by using an ADB elimination operation under the minimized clock skew.


[4] reported some results of solving the knapsack problem on GPUs.

our scheme has several advantages over both approaches.


While not ideal, since it measures the CPU die temperature instead of the crystal temperature,itis su.cientforourpurposes,allowingTCTS to work reliably and calibrate for changes in environmental temperatures.

we expect that TCTS would work even better if the temperature sensor were located close to the crystal itself.


3.3 Other Test Power Reduction Issues Low-Power Logic BIST Logic BIST is an attractive solution for test cost reduction and mission-critical applications.

since logic BIST usually operates at system speeds and applies pseudo-random test stimuli, its power consumption is usually too high for low-power devices.


Both types of mapping have been tried in [21] with substantial delay improvements.

sOP balancing has several known limitations: for each cut, it considers only one logic structure derived by applying a delay-driven decomposition to the AND-gates and the OR-gates contained in the SOP.


CCLK will then pulse high in phase 2 if ENA_L is active.

due to their large P devices, highly-loaded NOR gates are both power and area inefficient.


For cellular networks, statistical multiplexing over the air interface is particularly appealing, since the radio spectrum is an extremely scarce and expensive resource and therefore should be used very efficiently.

whenever statistical multiplexing is applied, situations of temporary overload may occur, which have to be taken into account.


Previous research on such eventdriven applications [17, 19, 29] has relied on existing sensor network architectures.

this has proven to be a poor .t, leading to high power consumption that results in battery lifespans on the order of hours or days instead of months or years.


It may also re.ect transient errors, if the error source has a continuous duration of at least a few clock cycles, which is the targeted latency bound.

it does not re.ect single event upsets (SEU).


The total amount of time required for obtaining all the simulation results and constructing the timing model is approximately 100 hours.

the estimated time for manual construction of such a model is 3 months.


s algorithm has O(nlogn) worst case running time.

sometimes the Steiner tree produced by their algorithm can have a large wire length, especially when the ratio between the number of obstacles and the number of pins is large.


For certain critical block-to-block links a lower value of n can be chosen, if it can be foreseen that the floorplan allows a physically shorter link.

if we can use the calculated value for n in all links, no floorplan decisions are required until back-end work starts.


In addition, the code can be written in a higher level language, such as C/C++ or Python.

software decoding platforms must have enough computing resources and low-latency interfaces between the processor and radio to meet the stringent timing constraints.


Identifying periods of inactivity in the registers and disabling the clock during those periods can save significant amounts of power [1,3].

clock gating is restricted to saving power on sequential elements only.


Our choice of the state-space model is a natural one because it captures accurately the physical dynamics of the temperature as a function of power consumption.

our state-space model does not model power consumption; instead, it simply learns the relationship between temperature, performance counters, and operating frequencies from the provided training data.


As a result, it is impossible to produce a con.ict-free solution for this layout with DPL.

this problem can be easily resolved if three masks are available; that is, the layout can be decomposed without con.ict with triple patterning lithography (TPL), as shown in Figure 1(d).


The first parameter is design dependent and the last two are design independent.

(Cgp/ CgL) has lower bound which comes from the voltage bounce limitation of power line.


RELATED WORK In [15] the authors already identi.ed various challenges with regard to TPM maintenance in case of hardware or software updates.

the approach does not consider FPGA-based TPMs just as [5] where the authors present a TPM chip with an integrated CRTM.


Obviously the ILP solution cannot be applied at run-time.

it makes it possible to measure the quality of the heuristic methods.


It was noted that the values of the .rst two coe.cients, kmod 1 and k2 mod , are clearly higher than the values of k1 io and k2 io .


The standard technique for proving architecturally independent access to customized hardware is through a library interface.

this is not .exible enough, because the library interface often assumes a speci.c execution model in the underlying hardware that prohibits future hardware innovation.


Yasuaki Kakehi Keio University 5322, Endo, Fujisawa-shi Kanagawa, 252-8520JAPAN +81-466-49-3638 ykakehi@sfc.keio.ac.jp tiple projectors and a screen that composed by view-control .lms and a Fresnel lens.

there were some limitations due to system sizes and shapes since we adopted a rear projection approach.


we cannot get the optimal solution for all the cases.


the target device, the target device will always observe the After the experiment, we detected hand trajectories of the largest Doppler frequency shift.

in practice, user participants using image processing techniques.


This crossing graph updating re.ects placement changing.

if there does not exist any overlapping between edges and blocks in G. C DT , the routing behavior can be well preserved even if the layout changes.


Our approach also shares some similarities to the grid warping approach proposed in [15].

there are essential di.erences between our grid morphing technique and grid warping.


The solution space limited with Pareto points for Crypt application Hence, the designer may choose the solution that satisfies his initial specifications in terms of the area and the performance.

the existing high-level design approach, so far, does not offer the possibility to assess the overall test cost of the resulting TTA before the actual hardware implementation.


[18], i.e., with the same sequence of electrode actuation vectors, electrodes will degrade more quickly under higher clock frequency.

an increase in the clock frequency can reduce the execution time of some .uid-handling operations [8].


The actual path delay increase depends on many issues, including the path composition in terms of PMOS or NMOS transistors, the amount of wire, the ratio of stress to recovery periods, the T, and the Vdd.

the increase follows the general shape described.


ET-FTCG was able to achieve a speed-upranging between 9.4X and 22.2X over ICCG for our benchmark circuits.

iCCG was not able to fully utilize the GPU resources due to the limited parallelism found in the triangularsolution algorithm.


At the other extreme, measurement of overall side channel signals created by transistor-and wire-granularity variation in activity might allow some low-level layout optimizations.

such a metric 1) would be very dif.cult to measure on real systems  it would require one to somehow trigger activity on that speci.c transistor or wire while creating little or no activity on all other transistors and wires in the system under test, and 2) would only be useful to those with layout-level knowledge of the system s design, i.e.


On single chips, busses that support shared memory can become major bottlenecks.

the use NoCs need not result in the abandonment of global state.


Cache lines cannot be dirty because they are immediately updated in the corresponding cache levels, so there is no need for an EB.

the WCB allows sending data to the other cache levels when the bus is available without stalling the pipeline and combining di.erent store instructions whose data map into the same cache line.


For example, it not possible to combine bus-invert coding with FTC as inverting an FTC codeword destroys its crosstalk avoidance property.

we show that FTC reduces the average coupling power dissipation as it avoids the high powerconsuming opposing transitions on adjacent lines.


a 100% hit cache can boost the e.ciencies of strides 2, 4, 8, and 16 cases due to a short latency of the on-chip cache.


Via-last TSVs which interfere with both device and metal layers should be aligned between neighboring device layers, and thus are more restricted.

via-.rst TSVs interfere with device layer only, and thus can be inserted layer-by-layer independently; with the alignment consideration of via-.rst TSVs, however, interconnections between TSVs of neighboring layers can be minimized.


The Triptych [5] CAD tools incorporate a timing-driven placement algorithm that, like ours, is based on Simulated Annealing.

its approach uses only a single, unit- delay model timing-analysis before placement begins to evaluate the criticality of each connection, so their estimate I.


If the masking is applied only over the tone and its neighborhood than this approach does not affect the speech quality in a noticeable fashion.

fricatives can contain frequencies that are greater than 1 KHz.


The adoption of CMPs and other multi-core systems is expected to increase the size of both L2 and L3 caches in the foreseeable future.

diminutive feature sizes exacerbate the impact of interconnect delay, making it a critical bottleneck in meeting the performance and power consumption budgets of a design [13, 1].


These demands are often addressed using electronic cryptographic hardware.

such hardware may not be as secure as it seems.


Furthermore, lowering the VDD reduces the voltage stress of the devices and slows the aging of chips.

a low VDD for embedded memories can cause functional failure and low yield.


They use four-phase dual-rail encoding because it has a simple hardware of the function units.

a spacer must be inserted between two consecutive data values (Fig.1(a)).


From there on, the criticalpath moves from inside the switch into the link, thus reducingthe maximum clock frequency.

performanceof asynchronous switch gracefully degrades when increasinglink length.


In these designs, the more cores that can be packed into a single piece of silicon, the more parallelism that can be exploited.

physics simulation uses extensive .oating-point (FP) calculation, and could require dedicated .oating-point unit (FPU) resources at each simple core.


Unlike the HOST scheme, it does not incur any communication energy cost due to the disk accesses since the disk is a local resource from the viewpoint of the smart disk.

this version can increase leakage consumption dramatically over the HOST version, due to the increase in execution time.


Most often this corresponds to the gates on a single critical path.

this method also shows MIS situations when more than one path affects Ao.


The tight spread is somewhat consistent with data noted in [17]: Critical paths are equally affected by die-to-die variations.

it is not tight enough to obviate need for path-level measurement and analysis.


CONCLUSIONS ITRS projections for multicore chips indicate continuous decreaseinper-corepowerbudgetwhich requirescorestobe optimized to consume very low power.

low power optimized homogeneous multicores cannot satisfy the needs of sequential applications, sequential parts of parallel applications, or applications with limited scalability.


For applications with less spatial locality, usually data within the same block can not be used.

while less blocks are available, more con.ict exists, resulting in more cache misses.


Using certain interface, such as bu.ers at the boundary of cores, can decouple the designs of in-core and out-core portions and therefore makes the problem much easier to solve.

such interface or boundary bu.ers may result in large area/power overhead if they are deployed without scrutiny.


DC-DC converters can be designed with ef.ciency greater than 90% for a speci.c range of loads.

their ef.ciency varies signi.cantly with load variations falling below 40% [11].


AD and DO stages also experience latency variations.

they are less vulnerable to process variation because there is a large number of transistors on a critical path in these stages; positive and negative variations in speed of the transistors cancel each other.


CONCLUSIONS Figure 8(a), conventional OPC can not make the I-V curve expectations the same as the design intent.

our variation-aware In this paper, a new variational lithography modeling is derived OPC does a good job.


All the above model-reduction techniques for only Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems.

there are many other systems that can not be modeled as LTI systems.


For example, scan-based and builtin self-test (BIST) solutions such as [1] relax the requirements on testers and reduce the overall test cost.

the associated hardware overheads, performance degradation, and excessive power consumption are not acceptable for carefully optimized designs like processors.


Design techniques such as dual Vth assignment [4] and dynamic supply gating [5] reduce the power consumption in the active mode, and also reduce the power density.

these techniques are designed only for a fixed environment.


The FPGA implementations are synthesized from RTL code for the custom CMOS processors, with some FPGA-speci.c circuit-level optimizations.

the FPGA-speci.c optimization e.ort is smaller than for custom CMOS designs and could in.ate the area and delay ratios slightly.


Case studies (i) quantify clock energy overhead, (ii) demonstrate correct operation, and (iii) illustrate that stability can be improved despite thermal noise.

increased stability will (not surprisingly) come at the cost of higher clock energy.


No process variations have been applied to the PSN sensor in this example.

we will apply variations to the sensor and the results are shown in Section 5 for various process corners.


The SEMANTICS section allows to de.ne non-terminals for micro-operations, such as LISA GROUPs.

in contrast to the BEHAVIOR section, it is possible to pass parameters to such nonterminal micro-operation calls, as shown in lines 1-5 in .gure 6.


Grouping together all memory operations that access the same addresses onto the same PE can be an attractive option, as it can reduce misses.

it can also come at the expense of computation parallelism across the PEs.


These scan resources add to the area of the chip aswell as to the leakage power in normal mode of operation.

in [8], the authors proposed a method, where theyuse these scan resources as a shadow of the systemflip-flop the designusesfour latches (two for system flip-flop and two for scan flip-flop) to store the redundant copy of the data.


In Hybrid-2, the existence of Elastic(X) jobs conceptually allows some cache capacity to be stolen and reallocated to Opportunistic jobs, reducing some internal cache capacity fragmentation.

the .gure shows that the throughputs of all the workloads in Hybrid-2 are almost the same as those in Hybrid-1.


Additionally,their memory capacity may be as high as a few hundred Gigabytes1 , actually becoming small versions of the expensive mainframes mentioned above.

these x86-based machines are currently used asthebuildingblockforclusters, which areacheap and powerfulchoice forHPC.theseclustersdonotprovide aglobal shared-memory system.


DC-DC ef.ciency for parallel/multi-cores.

tracking S-MEOP on-chip is more dif.cult than C-MEOP as it requires external feedback.


Note that bugs in the inter-instruction control may often cause data errors.

these are often considered a separate class of bugs which may be veri.ed separately from the numerical computation, as per [7, 8].


Incremental Update of Voltage Assignment In the proposed .ow, a voltage island is generated if a bin contains purely VddH cells or VddL cells.

there can be many bins containing both kinds of cells even after placement re.nement due to the inadequacy of soft clustering in some regions.


In (C.1), the receiver matches perfectly both the center frequency and the bandwidth of the unknown signal source.

in (C.2), the receiver is assumed not to have perfect spectral knowledge.


A possible extension of these methods, e.g., construction by correction, might route each net by constructing an obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner minimal tree, followed by snaking routes to satisfy the capacitance ratio.

it is challenging for this method to guarantee high routability with limited silicon area.


5.1 Architecture 1: Iterative Looping By only implementing a single round of the Serpent al-gorithm, a looping architecture with thirty-two iterations would seem to provide the greatest area-optimized solution.

a significant drawback to this architecture is that the Serpent algorithm requires a different set of S-Box group- ings for each round.


In this method Vth is raised during the standby mode by making the substrate voltage either higher than Vdd (for P transistors) or lower than ground (for N transistors).

this technique requires an additional power supply, which may not be attractive in some commercial designs.


The bypassing paths also increase the bandwidth of reading operands and may help in reducing number of required register file ports, which saves area, static, and dynamic power.

like any other power optimization approach, bypassing has a downside: the size of multiplexers at the inputs of the units may increase.


7.2.2 Multi-Core Results When the system has a single core, the memory bandwidth pressure may not be large enough to take full advantage of the bandwidth bene.ts of main memory compression.

in a multicore system where multiple applications are running concurrently, savings in bandwidth (reduced number of memory bus transfers) may signi.cantly increase the overall system performance.


.. .. , .. and two functions that are standard mathematical software packages such as Matlab and Mathematica.

the Fox s H function can be expressed in terms of the more familiar Meijer s G function.


The pioneering interconnection networks with DVS links work of [24] presents good power savings with synthetic self-similar traf.c while sustaining high performance.

due to its ad hoc nature, performance can suffer severely when faced with a traf.c pattern that differs from that which it is tuned for.


Specifically, averaging through different traffic patterns, 2DHERT ONoC reduces data transmission delay by 18%, 4%, and 70% over OXbar, LR, and ETorus, respectively.

it is worth noting that for hotspot traffic pattern, .router reduces packet delay by 10% against the proposed architecture according to its arbitrationfree architecture.


The standardized EPON system [11] operates at data rates of up to 1 Gbit/s, typically shared by 16 ONUs.

the ever-growing traffic demands of new broadband applications will eventually require higher bandwidth per user.


An unusually small number of key bits or a small scan network behind the HTLSIB could indicate that this LSIB is indeed a trap and opening it should be avoided.

we can make this seemingly clever attack strategy less effective if we make some apparent HTLSIBs necessary to open target LSIBs by, for example, placing key bits behind them.


It is expected that updates of hot data can result in many erasures, while blocks occupied by cold data can avoid being frequently erased.

the correct identi.cation of hot or cold data, and how to site them in a block of a suitable age are two challenging issues.


Bottom-up searching searches the fewest nodes when a tag is missing in the entire search space.

janapsatya s approach and CRCB perform their highest number of searches when a tag is missed as each cache set needs to be searched from the start to the end.


For write operation, one bit line can be eliminated, thus reducing the area and wires in single-ended multi-port SRAM designs.

single-ended structures .nd it di.cult to break the feedback loop between the two inverters, which increases the write latency.


The options approach [5] is the application of a concept from economy to the problem when to introduce AOP-based constructs in hardware design.

the AOP concepts this decision relies on is based on the concepts presented in the paragraph above[4], so it should be re-evaluated when a more complete understanding of AOP for hardware design has evolved.


For the case without thermal integrity, the EM constraint gives the target rms current density 5.5mA/µm2 .

the SH e.ect makes the .nal current density for the case of without thermal integrity in the region 4.06 .


The CLB slice consists of two LUTs along with the output circuit.

this architecture also has the same problem of [11], while the delay was reduced, but the structure of the memory units are in one dimension and there is a simultaneit y problem of memory units.


From the proof of Theorem 1 one could immediately derive a normalization algorithm for ABLs.

calculating the Reed-Muller normal form is not e.cient.


He claims that it is possible to eliminate these interactions either by correctly specifying the response or design factors.

we do not agree with this generalization and we believe that two-way interactions should be examined and they should be unaliased from main effects.


These schemes perform suitably for well-behaved and predictable traffic in smaller NoCs.

they cannot meet adaptability and scalability needs for unpredictable traffic and larger multi-core NoC designs.


wire-density driven global router can lead to 7.5% less topography variation, 2.2% less dummy .lls, and better routability with 28.6% less routing over.ows.

the wire density is highly related to placement since the wire density optimization in routing is limited by pin locations [8].


The application of GPUs for general purpose computations hasbeen actively explored [15, 16, 17].

to the best of ourknowledge, the use of GPUs for fault simulation is non-existent.


4.2 DynLat: Remove Unnecessary Latencies Figure 4 shows that ideally ComboAS only causes 1-cycle delay.


To implement the predict unit, A and C receive even samples while B receives odd samples.

for the update unit, A and C are odd samples and B receives even samples.


Many cache capacity allocation policies have been proposed, including Utilitarian policies [2] that maximize throughput [3], Communist policies [2] that improve fairness [1, 8], and Elitist policies [5] that guarantee QoS requirements for high-priority threads [6, 7].

the ef.cacy of those allocation policies is largely determined by the underlying cache partitioning enforcement schemes.


The allocation is computed concurrently with application execution by the OS and applied immediately once computed.

the length of .t impacts the responsiveness of bandwidth partitioning.


Hence, any system is guaranteed to produce the same outputs for the same inputs.

forcing con.icting actions to .re simultaneously leads to semantical problems.


To overcome this degradation, various assist circuitries for read and write operations have been proposed [1-3].

a lot of new transistor structures such as Fin FET, Multi-gate FET, fully-depleted (FD) SOI and so on have been proposed, and according to ITRS, they are considered to be the promising candidates for future device that replace the conventional bulk CMOS technology.


UCLID [13] cannot handle general arithmetic.

we ran it on a limited set of benchmarks with counter arithmetic.


To measure the improvement one must now consider the slacks of all cells that may be moved, and the objective becomes to improve the worst slack of the entire subcircuit.

when one cannot improve the most critical path, the other paths may have avg -1112 -51 1061 -904 4 908 Table 2: The RUMBLE model accurately predicts the solution quality improvements in the reference timing model.


Since memory references are time consuming, loading and storing a set (cache block) of data items in a lower level of the hierarchy amortizes the cost of a memory access.

if a reference stream does not exhibit address adjacency, valuable resources are wasted as data is unnecessarily fetched and cached.


According to the given yield value, the optimal point can be found in the corresponding Pareto front curve.

it is known that building the Pareto front of a design requires a lot of simulation resources.


For a long bu.ered interconnect shown in Table V, SPICE s running time is about 20 minutes.

the running time of our method is only about 0.02 second, which is close to that under Elmore delay model.


Many of these students perform assessment, tests and homework writing using the Braille medium.

most teachers of these students are not Braille literate.


This is because a rapid response is essential in order to limit any damage done by the malicious code.

the coprocessor must also exhibit a minimal negative impact on the performance of the host processor.


BLINC s metadata adds to the router s area footprint, so it can be affected by faults.

since the metadata consists mostly of storage, it can be easily protected by error-correcting codes.


For example, for the net shown in Figure 4, if it is congested in horizontal direction, we want to pick topology (a) which has less routing demand in horizontal direction.

if it is congested in vertical direction, (h) would be the best choice.


Introduction Recent advances in VLSI have continued to shrink device geometries at a steady rate in accordance with Moore s Law.

this advancement has also been accompanied by increasing variations in the performance of fabricated circuits.


1) for the affected coefficients obtains a zero input.

to correctly detect the delay failures under process variation at nominal or scaled Vdd, we need to identify the process corner of the system.


To avoid this redundancy, when m<M, itis assumed thatthe M - m lowest degree bits are always zero and that X = (xm-1,xm-2,...,x2,x1,x0,0,...,0) represents M-1 M-m+2 M-m+1 M-m x = xm-1a+ ...+ x2a+ x1a+ x0a.

the m-bit vector (xm-1,...,x1,x0)does not necessarily represent x .


There are also many other factors such as complex variable dependencies that one can consider.

ultimately, the size of the largest variable cut will determine the minimum number of required registers for a given schedule.


A carry-in input to the least signi.cant bit of the adder is not assumed here.

the property holds in that case too with a small modi.cation to the least signi.cant bit in the test set.


Compared to the unprotected case, our scheme provides a video quality improvement of 18dB (averaged over various fault injection cases and video sequences) at the cost of a 35% area overhead and 45% performance overhead due to the error-detection logic.

partitioned sub-tables increase the potential for power-gating, thus bring a leakage energy saving of 58%.


On one hand, increased cache contention leads to lower processor power consumption because c3 is negative in Equation 9.

increased resource utilization implies higher processor power consumption.


Physically Unclonable Functions: Manufacturing Variability as an Unclonable Device Identi.er Ingrid Verbauwhede Roel Maes COSIC/ESAT and IBBT, K.U.Leuven COSIC/ESAT and IBBT, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 3001 Heverlee, Belgium 3001 Heverlee, Belgium ingrid.verbauwhede@esat.kuleuven.be roel.maes@esat.kuleuven.be ABSTRACT CMOS process variations are considered a burden to IC developers since they introduce undesirable random variability between equally designed ICs.

it was demonstrated that measuring this variability can also be pro.table as a physically unclonable method of silicon device identi.cation.


It is clear that the LS estimate is biased due to the presence of s2.

if an estimate of s2 is available, the effect of the v v bias induced by the output noise v(t)can be removed and an asymptotically unbiased estimate can be obtained.


As expected, the area overhead increases linearly as more bits are added to the parity tree, which in turn increases the number of XOR gates required.

adding a second parity tree adds very small area overhead, as only a .ip-.op is added per word.


Ideal computing sys- tems would recover from attacks and errors without human intervention.

the state of the art is far from ma- ture, and most existing response mechanisms are external to the system they protect.


5 may suggest that we are trading performance for higher error coverage.


Samplers count the input events statistically: an event t selected by a sampler operating at a rate r can be interpreted by software as r occurrences of tuple t compressed into one.

clearly, such stream compression is lossy, because events skipped by the sampler may have been different than t. when the stream is biased towards tuple t (i.e., the stream is dominated by t), the sampler's accuracy may be sufficient for profiling purposes.


We brie.y explored creating our own fast, lightweight synchronization primitives using spinlocks instead of system calls.

there were three reasons we decided against using them.


no powerground droops, the impact of on-chip inductance, in most cases, is negligible with 2% difference in delay compared to RC models.

a non-ideal power-ground supply could yield a signi.cantly more inductive impact on interconnect delays on signal nets with up to 15% difference in delay compared to RC models.


This transformation enables ef.cient SSTA, representing delays and arrival times as functions of a new set of orthogonal, statistically independent Gaussian random variables.

the normality assumption is not always valid [11], and it is well known that some process parameters deviate signi.cantly from a Gaussian distribution.


Figure 2b shows that the techniques described in this paper achieve an even distribution of entropy after only 300 simulation vectors.

analysis of single wires does not account for correlations between multiple bits.


The gates on the critical path can operate at the higher supply voltage to maintain performance while the off-critical path gates can operate at the lower supply voltage to save power.

to get the benefit of dual voltages in CMOS, level shifters are needed to reduce the leakage current in the PMOS transistors in the high voltage gates driven by low voltage gates.


From the simulation results using MMP, the proposed bidirectional link shows at least 34% improvement in delay and at least 6× improvements in PDP at data rates of 500Mbps.

if we compare mesured results of the proposed scheme with the simulations of the voltagemode scheme using MMP, the proposed scheme o.ers 18% imprvement in delay and 3.73× improvements in PDP.


If the recognizer is given an exhaustive set of these words , it would pick out the ones that best match the audio samples, and provide acoustic and/or confidence scores that we can then use to select target pronunciations.

with a typical phoneme set of, say, 37 phonemes, trying to match a sequence of even only 5 phonemes creates a search space of 375 distinct sequences, making the task computationally impractical.


This test con.rms that a higher setting of the POT variable does result in lowering the output power of the transmitter.

it is not easy to mathematically model the relationship between the POT setting and the actual power transmitted.


In [6], a simulation based analysis of the e.ect of the presence of metal interconnects on the antenna characteristics is performed.

only a few metal interconnects are used in the model in [6], which is a very low percentage utilization of the metal layers.


formulation we ... 1,2, charging currents, ).

in the sMSMD charge use .1, 2, neglecting self-discharge of destination EES arrays as optimization ,., variables, instead of the bank ,,, .


Every time the minimization is performed, a sequence of optimal control actions is provided for the next L steps.

only the .rst step is computed and all the other moves are discarded.


In order to satisfy timing requirements, the slacks of timing-critical nets must be improved (e.g., by reducing the delay).

as globally-oriented placement methods can signi.cantly change the placement landscape, timing information is often inaccurate or obsolete, especially at early design stages.


IMPACT OF PROCESS VARIATION IN CACHES 2.1 Cache Leakage Power Microprocessor performance has been improved by increasing the capacity of on-chip caches.

the performance gain comes at the price of increased power consumption.


We can easily show that this model arises when considering the traffic pattern generated by the successfully transmitted packets (not collided) in a slotted Aloha multichannel system, under the simplifying assumption of global Poisson arrival traffic (the traffic corresponding to new and retransmitted packets).

rather than focusing on the analysis of this scenario, we are interested here in describing the sensitiveness of the response time distribution to the truncation value of the geometric on and off periods.


Techniques for using recon.gurable structures for assertion checkers, transaction identi.ers, triggers and event counters in silicon have also been explored [2].

synthesizing all checkers to logic is often not viable for multiple reasons.


When only edge count constraint is applied, the tasks are mapped as in Figure 5b), where the .lter task is still prone to the faults on an unreliable PE.

a core-reliability-aware mapping schedules tasks as in Figure 5c), where further single bit-.ip fault injection on the .lter application does not hang the system due to the ECC protected program counter.


If the direction of the cut is vertical (dir cut =v cut ), P is partitioned into left sub-plane and right sub-planes.

if the direction of the cut is horizontal, P is partitioned into top and bottom sub-planes.


Since function Dk is in general a non-linear function, finding the distribution of dk can be difficult.

we take advantage of the fact that the gate length variations .Linter and .Lintra,k are typically small, with typical 3-sigma values of less than 15% of Lnom.


The application that accesses more unique lines in a given interval gets more cache than an application that accesses fewer unique lines in that interval.

the bene.t (reduction in misses) that applications get for a given amount of cache resources may not correlate with the demand.


As argued earlier, the probability that an output bit depends on more than kprevious bit positions is less than 1/2k.

the relation between the window size and the overall error rate of the adder remains unclear.


At one end of the spectrum, zero latency powerup reduces energy with no delay penalty (Tu = 0ns).

waiting to go to powerdown only costs more energy, as the energies are higher for low values of f .today s approach to disabling DLLs and clocks is expensive, producing a horizontal trend line (Tu = 1000ns).


Recently, programmable accelerators have attracted more attention as an enabling solution for post-silicon engineering change.

programmable accelerators su.er from low energy e.ciency mainly due to their extensive use of memories in their controllers and the centralized register .les.


Large amount of the ACS computation can be reduced, while the degradation in performance is small.

it is a challenge to implement a parallel high-throughput T-algorithm as we need to do serial sorting/comparison operation in order to search for the best path metric at each stage.


When added to the proportional term, integral term accelerates the movement of the system towards the set point and eliminates the steady-state residual error that occurs in the proportional term.

an overshoot above the set point value might occur as the controller responds to accumulated errors.


This is usually not a problem, especially for a mature process technology.

when a new process technology is being developed, the .rst few wafers may have low yield, and as a result, there is only very small number of parts available for validation.


This speci.c problem may be alleviated by increasing the depth of the debtQ.

for applications that have very un-even distribution of memory access, this solution will quickly become impractical.


Due to the relatively low operation clock frequency of an FPGA as compared to CPU or GPU chips that have been manufactured in the same process technology, wide data paths must be used to sustain high sorting throughput.

wide data paths require deep pipelining to avoid a break-down in the clock speed.


This is worse than the traditional CMOS design as the MIGSiNWFETs are bigger (three gate regions) than FinFET and introduces significant parasitic capacitances.

it is possible to unlock the potential of controllable-polarity devices by using the design techniques presented so far.


Reversible circuit synthesis [17] [21] takes either a highlevel description or a gate-level net-list of a circuit as the input, and calculates an (optimized) gate-level net-list with an equivalent functionality.

the presented algorithms generate the arrangement of defects of a topological cluster.


Instead, SWSL instantiates dedicated logic for each pipeline stage, resulting in greater power consumption for complex applications.

it is still a surprising and counter-intuitive result that an application-speci.c implementation consumes more power than a general-purpose engine.


In [18] and [21], authors compare the performance of shared and separate L2 caches.

the estimation of power consumption and size cost of the proposal is missing.


In our experiments, we show that information generated by existing PUF schemes fail to pass NIST randomness test.

our proposed method can provide statistically random PUF information and thus bolster the security characteristics of existing PUF schemes.


The states of the EMC are the same as those of CTMC.

the transition rates have been replaced by transition probability.


However, since just estimating the hardware design for all possible constraints for each functional block of the system takes infeasible amount of time, our partitioner uses a heuristic algorithm to decide which subset of constraints will be tried for a given function.

it still takes a huge amount of time with a naive approach such as simulation, and thus requires a fast hardware estimation method.


If one logic gate is active and the other is quiet, the coupling capacitance may cause the effective load capacitance of the active logic gate to be less than C1 + C~ or C2 + Cc when the active logic gate transitions from high-to-low and the quiet state is at logic low (ground).

if the quiet state is high (Vdd), the effective load capacitance of the active logic gate can exceed C1 + Cc or Cz + C~.


Using P-T-VPack, we can consistently simultaneously reduce power and increase MTTF.

the increase in MTTF obtained by P-T-VPack is significantly less than that obtained by F-T-VPack.


This is due mostly to the limited retirement bandwidth for the narrow Checker.

the wider 4-issue con.guration displays an average speedup of roughly 14% over Baseline.


NFQ and STFM reduce unfairness compared to FR-FCFS because they successfully mitigate the problems caused by FR-FCFS rigid row-hit-.rst policy.

neither NFQ nor STFM can recover omnetpp s loss in bankparallelism and both slow down this thread the most.


Here, the Robbins-Monro algorithm [23] is used to direct the drift vector of a multivariate normal IS to minimize the estimation variance.

no systematic way of selecting the coef.cients of the Robbins-Monro algorithm is proposed, a de.nite obstacle for achieving a robust method.


Thekeyis generated from complexphysical characteristicsof eachphysicalinstanceofanIC,andis thus extremely dif.cult to predict or extract.

this approach is not completely suitable for trojan detection because it does not prevent the insertion of trojan circuitry in the IC and causes unacceptable hardware overhead to obtain good levels of security.


In such processors, way 0 of the cache can t be locked; we respect this constraint in deriving our results.

we emphasize that our method does not require any such constraint and can be applied for locking lines in all the ways of any set.


Our initial implementation had a special entry point for jumpand-link instructions that retrieved both the jump destination and the link address from the destinations table.

we found that this made it dif.cult to apply certain optimizations to these jumps so a new approach was devised.


Such works, however, target the minimization of WCET as a single ob jective and do not report the impact on energy e.ciency.

those who prescribe the accurate prediction [8, 21] of cache behavior (during WCET analysis) argue that cache locking may unncecessarily give up performance [2].


In the generated hardware, the resources corresponding to the operations have to be connected to each other in combinational blocks.

in designs that are a mix of control and data operations, such as microprocessor functional blocks, these resources are often connected via steering logic such as multiplexors.


When C= 00....00 =0, the path only includes the MUXes, making it the shortest path.

when C= 00....01 =1, the path goes through the .rst bu.er and the remaining MUXes.


Though they used the Elmore delay model in their work, their formulation of the sizing problem is very significant, as it enabled optimization to be carried out on the entire design rather than optimization of only the critical paths of the design.

in [12] it is shown that the convergence of the algorithm used is highly sensitive to initial conditions and constant factors.


The reason is that in [8], when merging two branches, without additional properties on Q, C, W , the merging time is quadratic (in terms of the number of solutions) even if the number of the nondominated solutions after merging is much less.

a critical observation in layer assignment is that it is possible to limit the number of nondominated solutions during solution propagation to be linear, by exploring some speci.c properties in layer assignment problem.


in Figure 1(c), a different order is considered and two buffers are saved.


This is also true for all sets Si that only contain store instructions, since stores do not use explicitly the L0 buffers (stores are not write-allocate) and L1 is always up to date.

sets Si that contain loads and stores must be handled carefully.


There is no available tool readily to extract the interconnection length of a net after the placement and routing of a design.

xilinx ISE [15] provides a tool, namely ncd2xdl, that can convert the ncd .le, which is the .le stored the information of placement and routing, into a human-readable xdl format.


It is a less formal method when compared to the usability testing method [4].

this method is not appropriate for the objectives of this study since the BGR system is at the first development iteration and has not reached launching stage whereby it can be tested in real usage environment through the use of an inquiry test method.


Given a probabilistic GBT, we can easily estimate the hit rate of a memory access for all possible cache con.gurations.

maintaining these probabilistic GBTs and operating on them can become space and time inef.cient as the number of contexts increases.


largely irrelevant, and therefore bus contention for counter fetches and write-backs causes a slight degradation in GCM performance compared to SHA-1.

as discussed in Section 3, this Lazy authentication presents a security risk, so a more strict form of authentication is desired.


This ensures read SNM to be almost same as the hold SNM, improving read stability signi.cantly.

the single-ended 8T,10T and 9T sub-threshold SRAMs su.er from small bitline swings due to the bitline leakage (junction leakage) which can cause functional failures during the read access[14].


To a great amount ESD DRC issues can be covered by standard DRC verification tools.

net oriented ESD rules cannot be verified by present EDA tools, usually in-house tools have been developed for this task.


The prototyping platform that we used in this case study enables fast and accurate debugging since it supports cycle-accurate execution.

for more complex systems, application-specific prototype platforms may be required.


5 (a) because it is only adjacent to one single feature A.

givena coloring assignment as showninFig.5(b),A willbe splitto resolvethe con.ictbetweenA andBlikeFig.5(c).


Some modulo (2p - 1) adders and multipliers have been proposed[5, 6, 7].

since these adders and multipliers are constructed based on the ordinary binary arithmetic systems, the carry propagation will arise and the residue addition time is prop ortional to log(p) even for the improved adder architectures[8].


The extent of the pattern gradually 600 disappears and eventually the program s behavior is LRUfriendly.

the rate of transition to LFU also varies 400 spatially per set.


It is desirable to pre-charge the charge pump capacitor to a value just below the memristor s threshold to eliminate deadtime.

since the pre-charge voltage is different for increasing or decreasing the memristor state, the charge pump is split into UP and DOWN halves.


The objective of the cache-content selection problem in such scenarios is to improve the worst case system behavior according to some of real-time schedulability metrics as described in [16, 15, 12, 21, 4, 10].

our objective of cache-content selection is to improve average case run-time of embedded applications which is completely di.erent objective, requiring a very di.erent strategy.


In [10], a placement methodology is introduced to improve skew tolerance to variations.

none of these latch placement works considered clock bu.ers.


It reduces both active and standby leakage.

this technique does not reduce the leakage on critical paths.


Due to ease of design and their robust nature, repeaters have been the most popular solution to the interconnect challenge.

the regular placement requirement constrains the global placement and routing problem[3].


In addition, the authors do not provide a solution for the case of non-symmetric distribution of different sources of variations.

resorting to AWE-based approaches to evaluate sensitivity of the interconnect delay and output slew to the sources of variations is seemingly impractical.


Intuitively, optimizing the data cache access in the example on the left should eliminate the cycle loss due to the cache miss.

as the previously hidden long ALU event now becomes the new bottleneck, the performance improvement is less than expected (as shown in the example on the right.)


4.2 A GALS Simulation Framework Building a cycle-accurate simulator for a single-clock pipelined system is simple; in C, we only need to call vari- ous pipe-stage functions in the reverse order of their occur- rence in the pipeline.

to simulate a multiple-clock I'cache 0pre0 I ,./"1 i!


els the routability using only one such sequence of channels, such as the channels on the dark-solid path, and will ignore the other potential channels, such as the light-dotted paths.

modern FPGACAD suites usually employ a singlestep combined global/detailed router [2].


Also, when modifying existing code there is no need to add instructions; only existing instructions need be modi.ed.

all loads and stores that reference the address in the localization region must be found.


Based on the graphical analysis it is evident that as TSOP54 Testers is increased to its high level, both the mean and the variance of WIP and cycle time decrease.

as both the percentage of Hot Lots and the Product Mix are set to their high level, it can be observed that both the mean and the variance of WIP (and cycle time) increase.


Figure 8 illustrates that the three-slot output EBs of the baseline router have 175% more gates than the two-slot output EBs, showing how expensive the FIFO logic of the threeslot output EBs is compared to the control logic for two-slot EBs.

the output EB cell count is practically not a.ected because the dominant portion is the datapath.


Related Work To enable the usage of STT-MRAM in low-power application areas, it is necessary to reduce the write current and the write energy.

only few approaches target this challenge.


Adders have a wide variety of PMOS transistors observing different inputs.

some of them usually observe a 0 at their gate most of the time; for instance, those PMOS transistors whose gate is connected to the carry in of the adder have a high bias because such carry in is typically 0 .


Because the re-execution rate is low, load re-execution can share a data cache port with store commit without performance loss due to contention.

more aggressive forms of load speculation e.g., speculative indexed forwarding [19] perform speculation of one kind or another on all loads and would seemingly require re-executing all loads.


In the consumer DELTEST mode, the loading of the initialization vector into the internal scan chains and the application of the .rst initialization vector are done via INTEST controls using consumer TAM lines.

since DELTEST requires two capture cycles, an internal control mechanism for applying the second excitation vector must be provided.


Other works have started to address this issue by improving correlation among sinks [10] or tuning the clock tree after manufacturing [13].

reference [10] complicates circuit simulation with cyclic RC graphs and has the potential for DC power consumption.


Therefore, we assume that a bit-slice must allow mapping of a 2:1 multiplexer.

the multiplexer function (Fa 'c¯+b 'c, c Figure 6: Basic logic element of the novel logic block, which implements a bit slice of datapath functions.


The use of large pages somewhat reduces the bene.ts of WPF, since the WP-bit represents a larger memory range.

we show that WPF provides decent advantages even with large pages in Section 4.2.


1(b) are exactly the same as (2), so that (b) is equivalent to (a).


We can see that the increase remains constant up to 8 cores.

the tendency for more cores depends on the application.


According to our greedy algorithm, u ' is added into Fmax since at the moment of handling u ' , Fmax has the smallest group capacitance.

c(Fmin )<c(Fmax )-cmax means that Fmin has smaller group capacitance than Fmax at that moment since c(u ' ) =cmax .


If for example, there are 2 BLEs with a weighted Hamming distance between them of 1.

this net at which they differ is a very active one that keeps on toggling all of the time.


Similar to those proposed techniques, this theme turns off the cache lines that are idle over a pre-set number of cycles.

this scheme does not activate an additional cache block right away once a cache miss happens, as done by these techniques.


Equivalent small-signal circuit of Fig.2.

in a practical implementation the integrator has a .nite DC-gain which limits the output resistance of the circuit.


If all the VPN partitions of the application can be accommodated within the CTT, they are loaded during system setup.

when this is not possible due to large number of VPN partitions across all the hotspots, the PIT and CTT have to be initialized with the appropriate data just prior to entering the hot-spot, thus sharing CTT space with other hot-spots and processes.


By convolving each sub-PSF with a density map of the same grid size and by summing the generated sub-.are maps, the .nal estimated .are map is generated.

the accuracy of an estimated .are map strongly depends on the chosen sub-PSFs and the resolution of each sub-PSF.


There is some improvement to be had by using 32 OPBs rather than 16.

considerations of access time, energy, and area overhead, mean we will limit ourselves to a 16-entry OPB with a 32-entry OPRQ for the rest of the experiments.


Therefore, the package and fabrication costs are reduced.

2.2 Electrode Constraint this improvement comes at the cost of reduced .exibility for droplet movement, as compared to direct-addressed biochips.


This is equivalent to a ten-fold power in the clock circuit.

realistically there is a 50% overhead in the added capacitance of the clock grid, and a 50% overhead in the clock swing.


As such, some systems employ a memory scrubber (a background processes that periodically scans through all of memory) to proactively detect errors before they are encountered by an application.

except for some of the Google systems, all the systems we study rely solely on application-level memory accesses without the use of a scrubber.


In general, the sequence of actions taken by a node affects local energy consumption, radio bandwidth availability, and overall quality of the results.

tuning the resource usage of individual sensor nodes by hand is dif.cult and error-prone.


Such testers employ independent processors to make detection decisions based on data from each compactor output independent of the data on other outputs.

the errors and erasure based decisions in I-compact require consideration of the data on all the compactor outputs together.


Due to exponential temperature dependency of current density, we used to find very high number of violations in the chip.

this is not realistic as entire die need not operate at same temperature.


This corroborates the position that simply applying error correcting codes (ECC) to the words stored within the register .le is a potentially valuable tool in protecting against the effects of transient faults occurring in state elements.

figure 5(b), demonstrates that when transient faults occur in combinational logic, and they manifest as errors in architectural state, multi-bit errors of four bits or more account for more than 45% of the occurrences.


The delay overheads of DICE and STEM are not reported by the authors.

they do not have error-tolerant circuitry added in the signal path; therefore the delay overhead should be small.


Typically, this consists of 3 filters (red, green, and blue).

additional color filters can be used to add magenta, cyan, yellow, and white as desired (Figure 2).


So in our experiments, although the iCG method requires only a few iterations (13 to 15 iterations), it merely produces worse decap solution quality when compared with the CG method.

our SCE method provides the similar solution quality as CG, while using much less optimization time.


The write energy of the proposed 2-input non-volatile XOR is only 570fJ.

the conventional design in [17] consumes 1.71pJ write energy, since 6 MTJs are required in their scheme.


If component ci is running with high privileges and is exploited, an attacker will gain those high privileges which can be used to gain access to other components on that system.

if that component is running with low privileges, the attacker will be forced to perform another privilege escalation attack to gain high level privileges.


As shown in Table 4, our (w/o cloud) solution is worse than FR in terms of WL and OF.

after solving the ILP, the (w/ cloud) solution is signi.cantly better in terms of WL.


All paths are able to propagate their signal at f1, as this is the rated frequency of the IC design.

at f2, the path P3 will usually fail to propagate its signal.


We use a rich suite of test images [10] to derive a statistical distribution which mimics the distribution of real world images.

the code error histogram is dependent on the ADC s architecture and process variations.


The easiest way to include a con.ict clause is to exclude the input combination of the proposed solution.

such a con.ict clause is, in general, too long and therefore not powerful.


However, they are for micro-scale observation and they are not for this macroscale cloud computing workloads submitted to a data center.

there is a research sturdy by [45] that reports observed self-similarity and fractality in power consumption traces of Microsoft data center.


Transistor threshold voltage depends on body potential and through it on body charge.

body charge depends on rather small currents due to impact ionization and junction leakage that occur during transistor switching and in its off state too.


Moreover, given the right spacing and isolation between the surface and integrated circuits will signi.cantly reduce the interference.

for reasonable assumption we should consider that the channel 0 -24 10 -24 -26 -28 10-5 -30 -30   Voltage gain S21 (dB) -32 -32 10-10 -34 -34 -36 -36 10-15 -38 -38 Distance(cm) Distance between transmitter and receiver (cm) SNR(dB) (a) (b) (c) Figure 5: (a) Experiment results showing power decay with distance (b)Measurement vs. calculated voltage gain comparison for di.erent frequencies (c)Bit-Error-Rate vs. SNR for FDMA/CDMA with 20GHz channel bandwidth divided to 128 subchannel is not noise free.


These observations provide a straightforward method for determining an acceptable discretization: Begin with a coarse grid, and continue with a sequence of .ner grids until IY8I-IYiIis small.

the quantity IY8Iis seldom available, and even its approximate computation requires manipulation of very large matrices of doubtful conditioning.


The proposed technique gives a close match to the Monte-Carlo result.

the PDF computed by the original technique [1] deviates substantially from the Monte-Carlo result.


If flip-bit is set, the sound cache physicalpart (subframe) hosts subblocks that normally would be located at the defective subframe.

if flip-bit is clear, the subblock resides in the correct physical location4 .


When the temperatures exceed a threshold, energy-saving techniques, such as fetch toggling [3] and global clock gating [8], are invoked to cool the chip.

to tackle the thermal challenge in deep sub-micron technologies, as pointed out in [10], operating temperature should be considered in the entire design .ow.


In seismics,6,7 as well as in room acoustics,8 the Kirchhoff diffraction approximation has commonly been employed in time-domain methods for edge diffraction.

as has been shown using the Biot Tolstoy expressions,9 and other accurate methods,10 the Kirchhoff diffraction approximation leads to large errors, not only for low frequencies but also for a)Present address: Department of Telecommunications, Norwegian Univer sity of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.


On the horizontal screen beside the vertical looking glass, a user can see only the images pro jected from the pro jector A.

the pro jector B is angled to face the looking glass.


Meanwhile the channel doping has to keep increasing in order to meet the scaling criteria of threshold voltage.

increased doping level degrades carrier mobility and reduces the driving current.


A low number of reseedings allows minimizing the area needed to store the triplets (e.g., in a ROM), but usually a larger test length is necessary and the 100% of testable fault coverage is not always guaranteed.

large number of reseedings guarantees the target fault coverage, with a shorter test length, but it implies more area overhead.


Of primaryinteresttothis workis a multitudeofrecentmicroarchitecturalDMRproposals, whichjointogethertwo coresto reliably execute oneVCPU[12,14,19,29,33,38].Two of these in particular suggest that DMR can easily be turned on and off[19,32],however,they do notinvestigatetheissuesinvolvedindoing so.Thereis nothinginherentin any of theseDMRproposals thatisincompatible with the modi.cationsfor mixed-mode executionproposedin thispaper.

as thispaperdemonstrates, runningsome applicationsinDMR mode and someinhigh-performance modeis not asstraightforward asit might .rst appear.


Figure 4 also demonstrates throughput (TH) and energy consumption performance with updated optimal  set selection according to the noise power level.

in the case of extremely high noise level where the target FER cannot be achieved, the throughput requirement (i.e.


The instruction memory, stack, and heap for the PowerPC based basic emulation engine were all stored in SRAM.

the instruction memory, stack, and heap for the Microblaze-based system were all located in on-chip BRAM.


The reason why the RACSdecay has a larger energy consumption is because dead time intervals of cache blocks get shorter as explained Section 3.1.

lACS reduces the energy consumption by 13.4% and 23.6% on average over the Privatedecay and RACSdecay, respectively, while keeping the performance almost same as RACSno decay.It is achieved by writing evicted blocks to peer L2 caches in the way that the dead time intervals of cache blocks are kept similar to the RACSdecay scheme, thus reducing the leakage energy consumption.


The two-dimensional occupation of transient defects that occur under typical stress conditions can t be reconstructed based on a single parameter.

the virtual capture time of the permanent component is a perfect estimate of the height of the defect occupation at tE M ax , since the maximal emission time is too high to be reached under normal operation conditions.


In spite of these challenges, many previous papers have claimed that QCA-based systems could still best CMOS in terms of both power and performance.

much of this work (a) did not consider the overhead of clocking which is required to drive any computation, (b) looked at electrostatic implementations which inherently limit application spaces (due to low operating temperatures [1]), or (c) looked at a molecular implementation [24] for which there is no proven device that can be deterministically placed and where functional correctness will be subject to small placement variations, stray charges, etc.


Pixel level inverse lithography technologies can directly use these pixilated targets during mask optimization [13, 14].

conventional OPC algorithms may impose additional geometric constraints on the decomposed patterns for algorithmic compatibility.


On-chip physical thermal sensors play a vital role for accurately estimating the full-chip thermal pro.le.

since thermal sensors occupy many chip resources (areas, wiring and reading circuity), it is impractical to place a large number of thermal sensors across a chip.


CD-quality music is encoded at a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz, which according to Nyquist criteria, encapsulates signal frequencies up to 22.05 kHz.

the human auditory system can only hear frequencies up to a maximum of 18-20 kHz, and this threshold typically degrades over the years for an individual.


Therefore, if there is a hit in the L0-cache, the power consumption will be reduced.

if there is a miss, one extra cycle is required to access the L1 cache.


Commercial simulation accelerator can increase the speed of simulation by up to 100Kcps[4].

this .gure means the maximum speed, in our experiment, we can get 48Kcps for conventional methods.


A Novel Technique to Improve Noise Immunity of CMOS Dynamic Logic Circuits Li Ding University of Michigan, Ann Arbor  lding@eecs.umich.edu ABSTRACT Dynamic CMOS logic circuits are widely employed in high performance VLSI chips in pursuing very high system performance.

dynamic circuits are inherently less resistant to noises than static CMOS gates.


Therefore, faster gates have better glitch generation characteristics in terms of the generated glitch width.

the behaviour is opposite for glitch propagation.


Under the additional assumption that all blockages are disjoint rectangles, they re.ne their construction further, obtaining approximation guarantees of 5 a and 2s a for s = 4 with graph size O(l) and 4 2s-1 O(ls-2), respectively, where a is the performance guarantee of a Steiner tree algorithm in graphs.

their results are predominantly of theoretical interest, since even their 2-approximation algorithm would be very slow in practice due to the quadratic size of the Hanan grid.


[5,6] advocate and describe wire length distribution independent optimization schemes.

all these above approaches consider interconnect width as the only design variable.


OVERVIEW OF ENCODING In general, low threshold voltage (LVT) buffers are used in on-chip memory buses to achieve high performance requirements.

lVT devices are unsuitable from a power perspective due to their very high leakage power.


RELATED WORK HW-SW partitioning is an extensively studied problem with a plethora of approaches, including many KLFM-based approaches (Kernighan-Lin/Fiduccia-Matheyes, [15], [14]) such as [8], [11].

existing work often does not consider the special challenges posed by dynamic recon.guration partial RTR imposes more physical constraints that need to be incorporated explicitly.


To solve the large-size MIS problem, a divide-and-conquer heuristic was proposed to partition the whole problem into several smaller MIS problems that were solved one at a time.


Intuitively, if (b-a) is large, the data at di.erent population is less correlated.

for this dataset, our metho d still out-performs sample mean/standard deviation estimators.


In-order retirement simpli.es program debugging and enables seamless support of page faults and other exceptions in software.

without any hardware support, it also hinders performance by preventing the out-of-order completion and/or issue of independent instructions.


As the processor's issue width increases, the peak num- ber of read ports increases.

iPC does not scale linearly with issue width, so in general a greater percent- age of read ports will be idle.


A more sophisticated heuristic method to decide the order is proposed in [3], using a priority function considering power saving and slack overhead.

decisions on operation gating are still made one by one in a greedy manner, which probably leads to suboptimal results.


However, they did not discuss power or performance results for their architecture.

we describe a power and performance model for a router that supports multiple levels of traf.c, and present results for trade-off analysis.


A simple $8 PCIe riser cable converts from the 16x GPU connector to the 1x motherboard slot.

this meant the card could not actually be plugged into the case which led to hackers to get rid of the case and just create rail sets that suspend the GPUs over the motherboard.


One of the popular techniques for low-power design is the reduction in supply voltage [10].

there are certain limitations with this approach.


In contrast, the pitch of a diagonal pair of contacts can be larger than the maximum pitch of DSA holes, so we cannot put them in the same rectangular template.

it is also impossible to print two separate but very close templates using conventional lithography; therefore, we end up with a special peanut-shaped template for these two contacts, as illustrated in Fig.


4(a), additional columns of source nodes are needed between both pairs of adjacent cells for dummy gate power tying.

by horizontally .ipping cell C and switching cell B and cell C, no D2D abutment exists any more, and consequently, no additional source nodes are needed for the optimized placement shown in Fig.


The .rst option offers higher compression, since there is a lot of coherence between the views.

it requires that multiple video streams are compressed by a centralized processor.


But this approach needs more test vectors to achieve the same fault coverage comparing with traditional ATPG approach.


In Figure 10 (a), the region outlined by blue lines can insert two ground .lls.

if the ground .lls are placed as Figure 10 (b), no .oating .lls can be inserted in F1.if the two ground .lls are placed as Figure 10 (c), d f 1 can be inserted.


From the above discussions, we know that, in the design of nonzero clock skew circuits, an increase of the path delay may improve circuit speed and reduce leakage power.

to the best of our knowledge, the impact of increasing the path delay on the trade-off between circuit speed and leakage power has not been studied.


All of the abovementioned works addressed the problem by minimizing the overall overlay, which is de.ned as the total lengths of blockde.ned features sides.

this objective may not be (a) Target layout.


The best results are obtained when all 9-feasible cuts are used, giving on average 15% better depth than when just 3feasible cuts are used.

the run-time is long, taking minutes for the larger benchmarks.


CACTI[34,40]isatoolthat hasbecomewidely used in the computer architecture community by architects either directly for modeling of SRAM based caches and plain memories, or indirectly through other tools such as Wattch[7].CACTI5.0[35]was amajorrevisionofCACTI overcomingseveral limitationsofearlierversions.First,the technology models of earlier versions were largely based on linear scaling of a0.8µmprocess.

as scaling has progressed to nanometer dimensions, scaling has becomemuch lesslinear.Tobettermodelthis,thebasetechnology modelinginCACTI 5.0was changedfromsimple linear scaling of the original CACTI 0.8µm technology to models based on the ITRS roadmap.


This is illustrated by the rising curve.

the fault-dropping technique starts with the entire fault list, and remove the detected faults periodically to reduce the target fault list.


3.5 A Comparison between SA Methods and LFF SA methods are usually based on topological representations of a floorplan.

we notice that buffer insertion is quite sensitive to different geometric structures.


A number of e.cient algorithms are presented in [5] for such behaviors.

these techniques are limited to performance and area optimization, without consideration to power and energy.


Following the same argument, ideally, the size of a sleep transistor is also proportional to MIC(ST) for DSTN.

due to the balancing effect of discharging currents in DSTN, it is difficult to estimate the MICs for all sleep transistors.


The front end needs total bandwidth through whatever means possible and is less concerned with latency.

the high sensitivity to latency in the execution core motivated running this piece of the processor at twice the base frequency.


This Q factor multiplying gm0 is the main reason this circuit can have high gain with low gm0, producing a good circuit performance.

as the voltage across Cgs is Q times the input voltage at the source, the linearity is compromised.


Static schemes with high laser stay-on time K (keeping the laser on at least K cycles), increase the likelihood of finding the laser on, so they have lower latency overhead and provide higher throughput.

they don t save much energy at low injection rates, as they may needlessly leave the lasers on.


Without loss of generality, it is assumed that R0 is satisfactory.

whenDVFS is usedto save energy, the reliability of the tasks executed at the reduced frequency will be adversely affected, due to the both extended execution time and increased fault rates at lower frequencies/supply voltages.


The approaches would be very interesting to try on the data we used.

the work mainly concentrates on scene transition markers and thus works mostly for professionally produced content.


Hence, ef.cient GPU usage and exploitation have already been identi.ed as the next breakthrough in EDA tools [7] [12].

it is dif.cult to structure algorithms to take advantage of GPUs.


This is achieved by allowing the shorter wires to have slightly longer detours as compared to conventional mapping.

since the predictability of the short wires is usually not a problem, the increased detours of the short wires do not impact the design convergence adversely.


single cache entry) for small latencies (= 12ns).

the average data dropped increases to be 48 weights (i.e.


This coupled with improvements in automatic recognition of datapaths [45] will help improve EDA tool capabilities.

memory macros have high layout regularity and are usually generated from in-house or vendor automated memory generators.


INTRODUCTION Sensitivity is one of the main speci.cations of any radio receiver.

the maximum signal that it can handle is also a major issue.


In fact, any many-core chip design that stresses off-chip bandwidth (e.g., Tilera TILE100) would yield similar results.

processor designs with a handful of large cores (e.g., Intel Westmere) would see less benefit from die-stacked caches as they cannot utilize the available memory bandwidth due to their low degree of on-chip parallelism [6].


However, if Simple estimator is used in XDRA, then its time will be equal to LCI time only, making it faster than our estimator.

as shown before, Simple estimator had average errors as high as 99.4% and does not perform consistently across various applications, limiting its practical use.


Assume that the double vias D1 and D2 will introduce some design rule violations if they both exist in the design, and so do the double vias D3 and D2.

because D1 and D3 belong to the same net, they can both exist in the design, as shown in Fig.


On the contrary, in the scan approach, the controllability and the observability of the circuit are improved by modifying the common flip flop: the socalled scan cells allow writing and reading the content of the memory element during the test apply, and are connected to compose a scan chain.

as a serial process is required to load and upload the scan chain, that approach requires onerous application time and heavy ATE requirements in terms of storage needed for test data and test application program.


Therefore, in our test vehicle, we use a highperformance computer as the control computer.

we are projecting the future where all of the above tasks and much more real-time tasks should concurrently run on small ECU boards, which is necessary for commercializing the autonomous vehicle.


The Weibel model can be scaled in size to have more or less tree generations -having more generations implies a higher level of accuracy because the number of branches is closer to actual lung physiology.

doubling the number of cells in a cell tissue model does not necessarily imply that the equations of each individual cell are more accurate.


The limitation of using the trace enable signal is that, for system-level veri.cation involving multiple processor cores asynchronously, the realistic behavior of the normal function may not match with the behavior under the trace, because the Debug/Trace Interface may introduce additional cycle overhead.

such issue should be solved using a higher level debug/trace technique which deals with the asynchronous interaction among different cores.


The channel selection is performed using a lowpass filter and no image-reject filter is required.

direct-conversion is plagued by spurious LO leakage in which the strong LO frequency signal in the receive path can leak through the antenna due to coupling and bounce back from nearby objects finally entering the receiver as an interferer [21, 22].


MOEAs have several advantages over other optimization strategies, e.g., they do not make any assumption on the objective functions.

mOEAs also have some severe limitations: Firstly, MOEAs often fail in search spaces containing only a few feasible solutions.


The MSB from extra column (i.e., 8th bit) output is ignored during cycle-1.

a 10 or 01 input can be forced to ensure non-controlling p/g values during cycle-1 of fault-free as well as faulty adders.


2.2 The Aegis Error Recovery Scheme Aegis s partition scheme can separate any two faults in the same group into two di.erent groups using a re-partition, or switching to a di.erent partition con.guration.

it does not ensure that two faults that were originally in different groups are not placed into the same group after the re-partition.


However, this is incorrect since Steinke s algorithm tries to reduce energy consumption by increasing the number of accesses to the energy ef.cient scratchpad.


If successfully integrated into new mobile phones, Little Rock would achieve longer sample intervals with much greater ef.ciencies.

audioDAQ has the advantage of working with the phones of today, requiring no hardware modi.cations.


Since the OMR looks for e.ectively added wires, it is considered to need additional time proportional to the number of LUT s in a circuit.

the ER is applied only to dominators, which are considered to be far fewer than the LUT s in the circuit.


When a TSV pair is created, a redundant path between the TSV pair can be determined in Figure 3(c).

the double TSV technique will be applied to TSVi,j when no pairing TSV can be found.


activation) mechanism should be non-trivial, and a HTH should not be activated accidentally when not desired by the adversary, much current research e.ort is also being spent on the study of triggering mechanisms by means of HTH in an IC.

all of these works deal with the classical attack model of HTHs, which relies on the untrustworthiness of the current semiconductor business practices.


Thus, data manipulation is preferable for capture IR-drop reduction.

using only data manipulation for reducing both shift and capture IR-drop may not achieve satisfactory results [15, 17].


The design of a particular S. modulator is a cumbersome task and so might be the recon.guration of the pipeline, especially if all the possibilities are contemplated.

we decided to restrict our research at least in a .rst approach to a simple structure.


In the presence of intra-die variations, P varies from locations to locations.

intra-die variations often exist spatial correlations, which causes the P of di.erent locations correlated.


If the random order of the ties is the same in MLS_INC and PS, MLS_INC will examine the assays in the same order.

the behaviors of PS and MLS_INC cause the schedules to differ at this point.


Typically, HLS is used to the later design stages, in order to produce RTL [11].

hLS is also a very good approach for annotating virtual platforms in earlier design stages with realistic data, as it maximizes the annotation accuracy towards latency, area and power.


]FIFO by the sequence (a1,...,ak,ak,...,a1).

qED FIFO(k) is 21 -hit-competitive relative to LRU(k) for all of the investigated k. Consider the following theorem and its proof.


Since the probability that each packet is lost is q, on average there are roughly td = 1/(q Ri) seconds between packet loss events.

the increase signal when the subscription level is i occurs on average each t~ = T/pi seconds.


All that needs to be done is to place cells next to each other in a row from left to right.

with the presence of macro cells that spans through multiple rows, the problem is no longer straightforward.


This is because our generator uses the full 24×17 multiplier size, and because we choose our operand decomposition specifically to minimize the DSP block count.

1200 1000 800 Asym Sym CoreGen Naïve OperandBitwidthWfor 64 x W Multiplier  Asym Sym CoreGen Naïve 50 40 DSP48Es Combinational Delay (ns) LUTs DSP48Es Combinational Delay (ns) LUTs 600 30 400 20 200 10 0 0 17 24 32 48 64 96128 17 24 32 48 64 96128  Operand BitwidthWfor Wx W Multplier 30 Figure 15: 64 × W multiplier LUT usage Asym Sym CoreGen Naïve Figure 11: W × W multiplier DSP48E usage Asym Sym CoreGen Naïve 25 20 15 10 5 1500 1000 0 0 17 24 32 48 64 96128 17 24 32 48 64 96128 OperandBitwidthW for 64 x W Multiplier OperandBitwidthWforWx WMultiplier Figure 16: 64 × W multiplier combinational delay CoreGen breaks down the multiplier using 28 16 12 8 4 0 Figure 12: W × W multiplier LUT usage Asym Sym CoreGen Naïve 17 24 32 48 64 96128 OperandBitwidthWfor Wx W Multiplier symmetric 17×17 multiplications for most of the partial products.


To save more energy (and potentially reduce the latency), we can predict the eTLB entry with the techniques from way-prediction.


The acoustic feature has a numerical value that can be computed directly (for example: loudness).

subjective feature uses descriptive language that is unique for each audio and more difficult to understand (for example : timbre).


This circuit, opportunely con.gured, can test a portion of the FPGA, therefore, by re-con.guring it multiple times, the entire FPGA is cyclically analyzed.

o.-line testing can not be applied in all those scenarios which are highly fault-sensitive and characterized by hard real-time constrains, such as in space and avionic applications.


In addition, the global arbiter designed using Verilog and then synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler and mapped onto the PDK 45nm technology library to calculate its area (0.0114mm2), added to it the TxRx estimated area (0.0438mm2).

the value of RF-I s transmission line with a pitch of 12µm considered to be routed through the chip (NoC size 6×4) as (U) shape passing through all nodes to calculate its area [8].


For example, a mission critical system with a single FPGA must meet guaranteed speci.cations, so increasing the average throughput over many varying devices is not much use the slowest must still meet the speci.cations.

a data centre with many FPGAs that share a workload could make power savings and performance gains since it is the average e.ciency and throughput of the devices that will determine the performance of the whole cluster.


For example, for a power ef.ciency required task, it s better to choose low power Op Amps to form the Memristor ACUs and each Memristor PE may work under low frequency.

high speed Op Amps and ADCs and hierarchical task allocation architecture will be a better solution to the problems requiring high-performance platforms.