Our experiment on individual Native API call explains this variation.

the overall performance is not signi.cantly a.ected by our permutation and authentication scheme.


These measures were discussed in relation to their shortcomings;  in particular ignoring the table size and the level of importance of the sensitive attribute s values.

a new measure was proposed- the M-score - specifically designed for weighing misuseability.


Finally, the attacker can take over the victim s session after the latter authenticates himself against the application.

the attacker uses the authenticated communication channel addressed by the well-known SID without ever authenticating himself.


However, these countermeasures do not prevent the attacks completely and decrease performance.

we conclude that utmost care should be taken when using XMEGA in embedded applications dealing with security, i.e.


Also, SecureLock provides many options and, for example, allows users to use a PIN or password only.

we have chosen to evaluate SecureLock when used with a GesturePuzzle with several passwords combined with an NFC tag.


From this perspective, IMC is more similar to network communication where communication can have a session.

in our system, we de.ne three kinds of events to stand for the whole procedure of IMC: Object creation.


However, a relatively high misclassification rate for our subsequent session-based models showed that we need to produce more solid results.

we created a bootstrapping algorithm to allow us to create submodels that were eventually combined together to form a larger meta-model.


In ugo, ob jects can be associated with an owner user and group, and permissions are then granted to the user, the group, or everyone else.

we evaluate standard, widely-deployed access control systems, in both the industrial and consumer spaces.


Binary sequence analysis based classification methods have a common disadvantage that signature used for classification is so huge and diverse.


Second, it protects the details of subscriptions so that the matcher is unable to communicate logs of the users topic choices.

both producers and receivers can use the untrusted matcher with con.dence that it will not leak their sensitive information.


However, if applications are measured sequentially, Android may kill processes based on memory usage, and the varying number of processes introduces noise into per-application measurements taken with PSS.

measurements using PSS are not used in this evaluation.


The clearance represents a limit on the sensitivity of information that could ever be associated with a principal or resource.

the level may change but is limited by the clearance.


A single transaction may be spread over a large number of clusters.

to trace a transaction we need to store this information.


Using the deprecated address does not require sending any secrets or re-authenticating because the connection is not aborted and the other side is still able to communicate to the former address.

we recommend the use of the second approach because there is lower management cost and the risk of interrupting the running applications is also lower.


The rest of the Certificate-based EAP methods only require a server-side certificate.

eAP-TLS has the highest level of credential security with the rest of the Certificate-based EAP all providing almost identical levels of security that comes in second.


During Stage 1, in each ith iteration, Bob randomizes current T (from step 1(a) of Algorithm 3) and sends it to Alice.

the decryption of Y by Alice (from step 2(b) of Algorithm 3) yields a random value y which is uniformly distributed in ZN .


Fault tolerance also has limits because diversity can be hard to achieve [3].

we advocate an approach that combines formal veri.cation and fault tolerance.


No more and no less of the user s OSN data will be shared with unintended entities in this state.

in order to make an OSN service more trustworthy, all of the other datasharing states (that is to say, Under, Over, or Hybrid) should be recovered to the Optimal state as soon as possible.


Besides achieving high performance, we also aim for a lightweight implementation with low RAM and ROM footprint.

we use the conventional doubleand-add method for scalar multiplication, even though one could reach better execution times at the cost of additional memory for storing multiples of the base point.


We prove that these games are indistinguishable in the following four lemmas.

we conclude that the advantage of the adversary in Gamereal (i.e., the real security game) is negligible.


We assume that in a normal state, network connections in the victim nearly satisfy normal distribution, and describe it with normal probability distribution function.

we select network connections as detection feature.


This is damaging since it leads to imprecise security and trust requirements.

this results in poorly defined metrics for evaluating system security.


In our solution, we dynamically determine the size of the Bloom Filter for each user during the training period T* to be an n-bit long array where n = |S(T*)|is the total number of recorded features.

we store n bits of information about a set of n features.


Our classi.cation involves three classes, human, bot and cyborg.


ConstrainedCase: As discussed earlier, in the constrained case, the attacker intends to only change the estimation of the chosen target state variables, but does not modify the others.


In x86, this is the value found in the %eax register.

we evaluate if the pattern of return values, when jumping into and executing different parts of a function, is distinct for a function.


In addition, the conventional setups for EM display stealing were non-portable and assumed to be placed in doors or cars, which imposed a limit on proximity of approach to the target display.

the previous studies [6][8][11] have discussed mainly zone-based countermeasures [16] that decrease the intensity of EM emanations to the background noise floor before those emanations reach eavesdroppers.


User-Centric Identity as a Service-Architecture for eIDswith Selective Attribute Disclosure Daniel SlamanigKlaus Stranacher Bernd Zwattendorfer Graz University of TechnologyE-Government Innovation E-Government Innovation (IAIK)Center (EGIZ)Center (EGIZ)daniel.slamanig@tugraz.at klaus.stranacher@egiz.gv.at bernd.zwattendorfer@egiz.gv.at ABSTRACT Unique identi.cation and secure authentication of users are essential processes in numerous security-critical areas such as e-Government, e-Banking, or e-Business.

many countries (particularly in Europe) have implemented national eID solutions within the past years.


1.1 Motivation As of today, a user account s credential is associated with user ID such as telephone number only.

once a user account is compromised, virtually any device type ranging from softwarebased SIP client running on a general purpose PC (i.e., softphone) to hardphones (such as Cisco, Polycom etc.)


Step 3: If the size of Ci is lower than 6, it means that the user visiting the page could have potentially been compromised3 .


Since users must still rely on the judgment of the TTP, users can never be certain of their anonymity.

several TTP-free schemes have been proposed recently to eliminate this point of trust.


Router skipping: A malicious router redirects the packet and skips other router(s) on the path.

some routers on the intended path does not forward the packet.


(3) Recovery Once we have detected a kernel attack such as a hidden malicious process or a hidden device driver in GVM (using the inspection utility in SVM to introspect GVM for instance), we need to quickly remove them from the guest kernel.

syscalls kill(2) and delete_module(2) are also of our interest.


Fortunately, this con.uenceof thedata-.owand code-.owgraphsof anapp isonly problematic if the arguments originate outside the current method body (recall that data-.ow within a method is wellde.ned).

it is possible to ignore a large number of re.ection calls, as many such calls use constant arguments in practice.


Pr(PtIPt-1)= Pr([Pt]I[Pt-1])(l-p[p.])  {[Pt] =[Pt-1],Pt=[Pt]ent,Pt-1=[Pt-1]exit l-p[p.][Pt]=[Pt-1]and Ptis the next state of Pt-1  p[p.] Pt=Pt-1  0otherwise 4.3 Incorporation of additional observable variables As shown in Figure 4, the state 7tat time instance tis decided based on the state 7t-1at the previous time instance as well as the current period Ytand the scheduled plan zt.

the state transition probability distribution should be given by the conditional probability Pr(7tI7t-1,Yt,zt)for each quadruple (7t,7t-1,Yt,zt).


In most cases,thebinomial theorempredictsthat combining three decisions for the 4-action neural network should be more accurate than combining two decisions for the 6or 8-action neural networks.

we choose to use a neural network with 4 actions as input, which gives true positive and negative rates of 0.971-0.977 and 0.959-0.973, respectively.


Moreover, generating a risk assessment baseline is a compute-intensive task that does not quite .t resource-constrained mobile devices.

we plan to o.oad such a task to trusted third-parties or users public or private clouds in the future.


As discussed before, the MapReduce framework is highly complicated, employing various mechanisms to improve its performance.

itis challengingtobuildprivacyprotectionintothe framework to meet the above requirements without undermining its scalability.


To prevent pairwise key establishment, the attacker has to compromise at least one sensor in each path.

in summary, the attacker has to compromise one sensor involved in the path key establishment to compromise the pairwise key, and at least 2m- 3 sensors to prevent uand vfrom establishing a pairwise key.


the total communication is 2n + 1 messages.


Chang Lei leichg@126.com School of Computer Science Fudan University Shanghai, P. R. China Among all smart phones, Android OS smartphones have the largest global market shares (48%) by the second quarter of 2011 [1].

in this paper, we focus on Android ap plications.


The habitual tendencies of individuals, time and location are fundamental properties for the determination of successive events, which de.ne behavioral pro.les.

these properties should be considered simultaneously, to determine the user behaviors.


Once the malicious Flash object is loaded in the victim s browser, any requests towards the target subdomain will carry the victim s credentials, contained in an HTTP cookie or a session variable, and will originate from the victim s IP address.

the adversary is able to launch a Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attack as CSRF defense mechanisms [7] are rendered ineffective.


Also, Linux updates the xtime variable which maintains the system time using the value of RDTSC register.

modifying it is enough to a.ect the timing related calls in the guest operating systems.


EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS The motivation of our research was to address the open problem: given an anomaly detection system and an attack, can one automatically generate the PBA instances?

in our experiments, we wanted to directly compare our formal framework with the more ad-hoc approaches developed in our previous work [10].


Since AMI uses static con.gurations with limited protocols and applications, communication patterns do not change.


pnk = n k dk(1 - d)n-k Moreover, the probability of his guessing all of the n - k unknown images is g n-k where g is the chance of guessing one ( 14 in our interface), and in that case he learns n - k images.

for each attempted captcha he can expect on average to learn: n X f1 = g n-k(n - k)pnk k=0 Recall that the attacker is attempting captchas at rate aC, and that this must allow him to learn at least as fast as dfh, so: fa = aCf1 = dfh (2) Equation (1) and inequality (2) place a lower bound on the fraction a of the tra.c to the captcha necessary for the attacker to sustain in order to continue knowing a fraction d of the database.


All bits in a bit vector being 0 means no path from this point is normal thus there is an anomaly.

our hardware implementation of n-jump path checking detects the anomaly as soon as possible rather than waits for another n-1 jump instructions following the current jump and builds the n-jump path then checks whether the n-jump path is seen during training.


Based on CCP-ABE, we further proposed an Attribute Based Broadcast Encryption (ABBE) scheme that attains information theoretical minimal storage overhead.

a storage restricted user can easily pre-install all required key materials to perform encryption and decryption.


A single multiplication in Zq takes time proportional to log(q).

matrix multiplication takes time proportional to 3.7n 2(n+i) for U-LP, and 2n 2(n + i) for LP.


Figure 2 depicts the steps of realizing this strategy, involving copying a new private page table for SPAD, creating a pseudo memory space and modifying the mapping of kernel page table.

vMM can use the private page table for its memory space access.


Disadvantage: However, for the same location, enryptk(address)remains the same every time the value is written into memory.

a series of data value 0, 1, 2,... generated at address addrwill have a series of ciphertexts enryptk(addr), 1Eenryptk(addr), 2E enryptk(addr)which amounts to CC1ECC2EC where Cis a constant.


A Dependent Federation is related and distinct from a Federation in the following ways It is dependent on a Federation, in the sense it cannot be created or sustained without a prior existing federation  They are related for the same User, but created between di.erent RP and the same AP  The User Identity Information federated within a Dependent Federation with the secondary RP, would be sub-set of the information federated with the primary RP  A Dependent Federation is bound by the same constraints (time-based validity etc) as the primary federation and ceases to exist if the primary federation is disabled.

it is now possible for the primary RP to enable the creation of a Dependent Federation between the secondary RP and the AP.


Although ICC is technically based on IPC at the kernel level, it can be seen as a logical connection in the middleware.

enforcement of isolation in the middleware has to be implemented based on access control on ICC.


The COSEM server and the AMI server act as the EAP Peer and the Authentication Server, respectively, as in Case 1.

the Concentrator or the Central DCS can block non-authorized traffic introduced to the AMI and the AMI access attempts by the non-authorized nodes, thereby contributing to secure AMI construction and operation.


[1] indicate that honeypots may play an important role in defending against the advanced botnet they presented.

we will also consider how to deploy honeypots efficiently in HBEE.


ProGuard [6] and DexGuard [2]) work on Java source code level and their obfuscators are limited to method renaming, string encryption and class name encryption, etc.

we choose to use an obfuscation resilience evaluation tool developed by Huang et al.


This helps ensure that our data set has a suitable granularity, as the attacker s training and the client s accesses are separated by more than 4 12 hours.

the attacker may not have up-todate versions of the pages visited by the client, which is realistic for the setting of our attack.


Note that we have grouped source and warning together since naturally a message arrives to this node with information about its source and the number of warnings for the source, while the level of current gossip for a particular destination is added to it by the node from the table kept locally.

it does not make much sense to further split the probability in four.


He or she then has to translate the high-level privileges to these low-level privileges before he or she can conduct a decision process such as the one described above for determining how to implement his or her intention.

the user has to construct a mapping between the high-level privileges and the actual low-level privileges which can be applied in the system.


The SK needs to be decrypted and re-encrypted at each cluster leader.

the total number of re-encryption operations is O(n/j), where j is the average number of members in a cluster.


Typically, the OPF process is executed after the state estimation process to determine necessary changes in the generation dispatch.

in this model, we consider that a change in the power consumption measurement (as it is estimated by the state estimation process) speci.es the change in the load, that is: .1=j=b .P G = 0 (13) j  3.4 Formalization of False Data Injection toMeasurements In order to launch an attack, the attacker must alter a set of measurements, which depend on the changes that are required to be made on di.erent power .ows or consumptions.


However, the degree n of all valid message polynomials as well as the index values i in the message encoding are .xed by the originator.

the veri.cation can never be satis.ed, unless A has the power to compute second preimages.


In group signature schemes, group members can be veri- fied to have valid membership and have the ability to sign messages anonymously, in addition, group signature schemes have many special properties such as anonymity, unlinkability, traceabi-lity, coalition-resistance, non-framing etc.

many articles regard group signature schemes as a kind of effective tools in the design of auction schemes.


We found that exedit distance provided a useful balance between these two approaches: it is general enough that it ignores instancespeci.c variations due to constants and other non-executable bytes, but detailed enough that it can capture the subtle functional variations.

we used exedit distance as our primary means of comparing exploits during clustering throughout this study.


They introduce a speci.c type of obligation, override-obligation, and, in addition to the e.ects-combining algorithms in standard XACML, an obligations-combining algorithm to be able to distinguish between normal and override obligations.

if a permit rule is available, no possible-with-override rule is used.


Although the user is anonymous to the SPs or other users, the user s pseudonyms are known to the trusted authority.

subverted authorities can easily pro.le the user and reveal his/her information to the attacker.


Similarly, modi.cations to the MTM SLBs result in a termination, because the PCR17 value of a modi.ed MTM SLB is di.erent from the value used during the setup.

the DigestAtRelease (DaR) of the sealed common key prevents the TPM from unsealing the common key.


The safety of those language platforms depends on large amounts of trusted (possibly .awed) native code implementing extensive libraries, as well as advanced mechanisms like runtime code generation and garbage collection [3, 33].

each such language adds new potential means of attack, as evidenced by the frequent exploits of Webbased languages [13, 55].


First, speak-up in.ates upload bandwidth, and, despite the popularity of peer-to-peer .le-sharing, most bytes still .ow in the download direction [15].

in.ating upload traf.c even to the level of download traf.c would cause an in.ation factor of at most two.


demonstrate that relatively small relocations are di cult to perceive: they demonstrate an attack where an adversary may move less than 1,000 km without detection that is successful 74% of the time.

as expected, data geolocation has practical limits when the target must be placed within some small, bounded area or when the target exists near the boundary of a geographic obligation.


Upon reconnecting the device to the network, we found only 30 messages starting with message number one.

sprint s SMSC has a message capacity of 30 messages and a LIFO eviction policy.


While an attacker .ooding the mix will be able to distinguish her black messages from other messages exiting the mix, the attacker is prevented from .ltering out genuine tra.c from heartbeat messages.

the number of heartbeat messages received can be used by the mix to estimate the number of honest messages present in the mix s input.


Among these conditions, time pressure and mental workload are shown to have signi.cant impacts on user performance.

it is recommended to include these conditions in the evaluation of user authentication schemes in the future.


This can lead to incorrect decisions on where to direct security investment or inadequate controls thus exposing the enterprise to threats.

using a structured approach to determining critical controls is critical for consistency, good security decision-making and improving the security posture of the enterprise.


Each scalar product takes 2 rounds of communication [11].

there are a total of 2n rounds of communication.


Twitter imposes a limit on the ratio of followers over friends to sup press bots.

some more advanced bots unfollow their friends if they do not follow back within a certain amount of time.


This would be a topic for further study.

based on the suggested analysis of normative con.icts, organisations have di.erent means to respond.


While the app would still require the corresponding permissions such as android.permission.INTERNET for being allowed to open network sockets, a purely Java-based call tracer would not be able to detect any communication conducted using native calls.

the dynamic analyzer should have the ability to trace code included in native shared objects, those included with the app through the NDK as well as those shipped with Android.


If the LOG file exists in that directory then it ll skip that entry of the LOG file such that although the LOG file exists in the system then also user cannot see the LOG file.

we make the LOG file invisible to the user.


However, various security standards do exist which are developed and mandated by the industry [19] and/or governments [17] for a particular use case.

a platform is considered secure or trustworthy if it complies with the mandated security requirements for that particular use case.


In G1, yi is an element of Fp and pi is a polynomial of degree = d in x over Fp.


Similarly, one cannot delete the edge 1As Crampton and Loizou [4] point out, the original de.nition for an encapsulated range in [23] implies that no range can be encapsulated.

we have adopted the correction to the original de.nition suggested by Crampton and Loizou [23].


In our current design, we have implemented the runtime instruction decryption for RISC architectures that use .xed-length instructions.

porting the decryption functionality in other RISC systems will be straight-forward.


We further assume that every tree node is uniquely labelled within the AST.

we identify a subpolicy by the label of the root of the corresponding subtree.


In contrast to our solution, the term location representsthatlawsarede.nedgloballybutenforcedlocally.

it is restricted to a group, a membership in a group, and contracts between participants, such that laws exist that are only valid for certain groups and not globally for all participants.


And our proposed method use only one-way hash function.

we can ensure more efficient and high safety than in the existing method.


CM, SM, TM and VPNM) is modi.ed, its con.guration would not conform with the values stored in the TPM, which would make unbinding the TVD policy impossible.

the ERM-TVD establishment on the system would fail.


Before they are reused by another .le, NAND pages are wiped completely.

all information on a page belongs to a single .le there is no slack space in a NAND page.


In ring signature, the group consists of only users without a group manager.

there is no way to revoke the anonymity of the signer, even if there is a dispute.


Furthermore, updating the rule-base with new de- tection rules across a wireless ad-hoc network in a secure and reliable manner is never easy.

we believe that the IDS for a wireless ad-hoc network should mainly use statisti- cal anomaly detection techniques.


Even worse, users share their personal images with their friends in OSNs, most of them tend to publish the images where the users faces can be clearly viewed for easier recognition.

the percentage of vulnerable users would be high as observed in our study.


Next, we conducted a second experiment in order to evaluate the performance of our approach with real network traf.c.

we con.gured the self-generated original rule sets on a resource-limited machine (Linux 3.14, 700 MHz ARM CPU, 512 MB RAM) which used the .xed destination address from the rule sets.


If there are two interactions on two di.erent directions, as shown in Figure 2(d), the user knows that the distance between the two locations is no longer than the longest distance between any two points in the two squares.

this distance can be used to bound the distance between the two locations.


A CD .ag in the same query indicates that the originating caching resolver is responsible for performing authentication of the response; other servers should not interfere with this function.

the control of DNSSEC validation fully depends on originating caching resolvers.


This immediate reboot does not invoke any code that is normally executed during a clean shutdown of the machine.

the pristinesoftwareenvironment ispreserved inmemory.TheSysRqdebug keys are enabled by default in many Linux distributions, and canbe triggered witheaseby anattackerwithphysical access.


Withthe widelydeployednetwork monitoring and scanning tools already available to network administrators, this should not be a signi.cant issue.

an e.ective solution should tell us the portprint type of agiven malwareprogram(static, random, or algorithmically deterministic).


(2) We construct the s-packets to be linearly independent from the z-packets, since Eve may overhear the z-packets during the reconciliation.

we construct the s-packets to satisfy H(S|Z)= H(S).


s*key will be the session key between the user U and AS.


The number of edges in the system graph is O(|V |2 · |R|).

the total complexity of the algorithm is O(|V | · l(f) + |V |2 · |R|).


In order detect new attacks classes, an IDS should not rely on the description of known attacks (e.g., DNS poisoning or OSPF attacks), their speci.c features (e.g., increased number of failed TCP connections) or even on monitoring known attacks surfaces (e.g., DNS cache or routing table), since a new attack class might exploit the vulnerabilities of previously unexplored attack surfaces, which might have signi.cantly di.erent features from those of previous attacks.

the knowledgebased IDS approach is not suitable for the task at hand.


For the user study, our main concern was that users choose patterns that are weaker than the ones they would choose on their own mobile phone; note that this is a common concern in user studies.

we gave each user a virtual sweet (i. e., the promise that he will receive a real sweet such as for example a chocolate bar after the experiment).


The gate is intentionally aged or implemented so to have very high threshold voltage that corresponds to ultra exponentially low leakage energy, which cannot be detected even by the most advanced state-of-the art energy measurement instruments.

it cannot be detected by any techniques that measures switching and/or energy.


In this case, the policy that keys cannot be used by others is inscribed in the key itself.

the policy can be changed as well: it will no longer be prohibited to give keys away (they will be useless without the owner anyway), or even the applicability of the social norm changes (as the key will now be useless, it doesn t make sense to give it to someone; one would not want to give somebody a useless object).


However, RBAC has been criticized for its static nature and inflexibility, problems which can be addressed by attribute-based access control (ABAC).

combining RBAC and ABAC is a very natural choice.


The key observation is that in experiment G2, the ciphertext C is encrypted using truly random coins rj .

we can construct a ppt adversary B attacking S as follows: given public key pk, adversary B simulates the entire experiment for A.


During the evaluation of a positive rule, it is possible that the value of a subject attribute used in the rule condition cannot be retrieved.

the decision of this rule is indeterminate, in that it could be either permit or not applicable; we denote this case by the set {p, n } and refer to it as a a non-deterministic decision.


Because the Ubuntu operating system uses approximately 350MB of RAM while sitting idle, it can be assumed that a single client connected to the VPN server while Wireshark is running in the background uses approximately 150MB of RAM.

there is enough RAM in this test environment to support approximately 52 individual client connections.


Thisparticular gene codes the enzyme responsible for metabolization of a number ofdrugs.

sensitivity and toxicity response to thesedrugs varies according to tmpt mutations.


we give a cluster label to an executable file located in a removable drive and all its descendent objects, calling the formed cluster a drive cluster, e.g., the Drivecluster A in Figure 2(d).


It is a lot less common for a user to delete one of her bookmarks, except if she explicitly means to remove it.

we believe it is less likely that a user would lose her BeamAuth bookmark than her site-image cookie.


Now, we can view the Grnd part of e as a random element over Grnd.

by the DCR assumption, the encrypted message is hidden for the adversary.


Existing analysis frameworks however ignore the in.uence of failure handling in decision making.

it is currently all but impossible to derive security guarantees for systems that may fail.


we can expressthe remaininguncertainty about theinput of Pinterms ofadi.erencebetween the remaining uncertainties about the(uniformlydistributed)inputs of P. D and D.  Lemma 1.


As with many biological systems, the goal of an organic resilience approach is to, as much as possible, avoid static and centralized single-point-of-failure solutions for organizing.

although groups of agents within the system are collectively responsible for jointly executing various tasks, the specific responsibilities assigned to agents are not completely sorted out in advance.


Moreover, since MyPageKeeper monitors posts from 2.4 million walls on Facebook, any malicious app that affected a large fraction of Facebook users is likely to be present in our dataset.

we speculate that malicious apps missing from our dataset are likely to be those that affected only a small fraction of users.


With both WiFi and Bluetooth protocol stacks, it is possible to arrange reliable, in-order message delivery to the application layer.

an application should not silently drop messages that fail to authenticate and should not ignore gaps in the message sequence numbers, as this indicates adversarial message tampering, rather than natural transmission errors.


(15) 0 Let Probir,1 = i = k, denote the probability that Pi has not arrived from the network but can be recovered by the FEC decoder before its due epoch tid .

the e.ective loss probability of packet Pi, denoted as PLi,can be expressed as PLi =1 -Probai -Probri , 1 =i =k.


If a value x is known, then it is virtually impossible to generate a second value z such that h(z)= h(x).

given a hash value y, it is possible to determine x such that y = h(x)only if x is alreadyknown(or onegets extremely lucky).


If o.ine use permissions are not available or expired, there are three possible ways to access protected content in a forensic investigation:  The private key of the server decrypts the content key.

an investigator can retrieve the server s private key in order to be able to decrypt the document.


When an anonymity revocation is requested by a service provider, RA onlyknowsthatitis checkingthekey for a legitimate transaction, without knowing which transaction or which user.

rA cannot block requests selectively or collude against anyspeci.c user.


Vulnerable nodes, which were previously unable to swap their color to one which would induce less defective edges because of a lack of potential swapping partners would .nd nodes with a previously unseen color in their neighborhood.

not only would the number of vulnerable nodes decrease, the number of defective edges present across the network would decrease as well.


The highlight is that in our framework, queries (or query plans) are not rewritten based on frequently updated privacy policies.

once a query is registered into the Query Processor, it will not be updated until it is revoked.


In our implementation we use a modi.ed scheme [5] to increase randomness without any additional computational costs: F (c2,...,ck+1)=(p(F (c1,...,ck)+ ck+1 - c1p k)) mod M. (3) The advantage of picking block boundaries using Rabin functions is that when we get an excerpt of a payload and divide it into blocks using the same Rabin function that we used for splitting during the processing of the payload, we will get exactly the same blocks.

we don t have to try all possible alignments of the .rst block as in previous methods.


In this case, adding a second method will not increase the overall security of the authentication as much as in the case of the multi-factor authentication.

we have to take the similarity between two methods into account when assessing the effect of their combination.


We note that we also considered the p-system, a g-SIS system de.ned over the g-SIS0 model with support for all action varieties [11], but were unable to construct a reduction from p-system to (or implementation of (pgS I S, T ) in) any dissemination-centric system that was AC-preserving.

although there was some success among dissemination-centric systems in implementing speci.c parameterizations of groupcentric workloads, these systems do not admit as readily implementations of the fully expressive form of g-SIS without the sacri.ce of basic security guarantees.


Clearly, the most comprehensive security level will be achieved by running a set of those security sensors in parallel; however, this would result in computationally intensive security analyses and hence overconsumption of the system s limited resources.

the sys- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


TSS is the software stack that implements standard functionality on to of TPM and provides functional interfaces to the reporting and and key management agents.

it is considered as a trusted component and part of the target architecture.


Since the DHCP client has been known to contain vulnerabilities (e.g., in TurboLinux [16]), we cannot include its subject type in our trusted computing base.

its ability to write resolvobject types presents a Biba constraint con.ict.


Then he)Wae, since each aeis a constant, for n)n((a hsAonaWao .

icore(J1 T(h)), where n)n((bhn((b)W(hn(y)od dodoh).


Jx the (i, b) component of the challenge ciphertext is instead generated as (removing dependence on the challenge function): Ci,b = E.EncPKi,b (0m).

after the output of f0,f1 by A3, the challenge ciphertext is publicly computable from: ([fzl ]: i .


In both cases it is required to keep the file on an embedded disk and make it accessible for future updates.

file and directory structure, create and remove file functions, and read and write functions are implemented with limited buffer size while storing or retrieving raw data on disk due to limited SRAM memory capacity.


Such a database can be constructed once, and then with infrequent updates can be used for any new vulnerability that is discovered later.

this seems to be well within the capabilities of attackers.


By the completeness property of the real protocol and the no-cloning theorem, the residual state left over after the ideal interpolation circuit (i.e., the state of the cheaters) has almost no correlation to the data shared using the circuit, so swapping in S and running the circuit backwards gives us a state  with high .delity to the state that would have re sulted from sharing S directly with the same A1.

the simulation is faithful in this case as well.


Both primitives can be easily constructed with unconditional security in the random oracle model (when timecomplexity is measured by the number of oracle queries rather than computational e.ort) for every index distribution with super-logarithmic min-entropy.

in this model we get unconditionally secure time-lock puzzles and time stamping schemes for any puzzle and/or document distribution with super-logarithmic min-entropy.


If so, a pass-picture will have a larger counter value than a decoy picture.

pass-pictures will likely be ranked higher than decoy pictures in Step 3.


s In this scheme, each sensor has to store s ' t-degree polynomials over Fq .

the storage overhead is s ' (t+1) log q,which is equivalent to storing s ' (t+1) keys.


In additionthatthelengths ofinstructions are not.xed,there is no prior knowledge of subsequent instruction generations when the mimimorphic engine produces a branch/call instruction.

abyte offsetcouldpointtothe middle ofafollowinginstruction,invalidatingthecontrol.ow.Weresolvethisproblembyperforming control .owcorrectionontheintermediatedataaftertheencoding phase.


smartphones and PDAs) as interfaces to access services and applications: the dynamic authentication of users and the environmental restrictions of mobile devices.

the proposed approach uses resources commonly found in mobile devices, such as, location-based hardware, agenda, user calls, and applications to solve this problem.


Akamai, the biggest content provider handling around 20% of the total Internet tra.c using 61,000 Servers deployed world wide, reports only less than 300 attacks in 24 hours in average [1] and so most of the tra.c is legitimate.

in fact, if we can avoid the legitimate tra.c to be processed by the RegEx detection system, a RegEx detection system with a throughput much less than the line rate can keep up with the tra.c.


This prevents a sel.sh/malicious node from obtaining its virtual cash at different virtual cashiers by reusing the same receipts over and over.

to maximize the pro.t, each vehicle u may submit its collected receipts to the virtual cashier as near the due date as possible.


The malware detection problem demands in addition to the classi.cation accuracy a number of additional requirements: (1) processing overheads to ensure the feasibility of realtime deployment, and (2) comprehensibility of the developed solution that helps malware forensic experts.

malware detection problem is relatively more challenging because we need to simultaneously optimize accuracy and e.ciency of classi.cation.


4.5 Rotating Server Attacks The novel rotating server approach presented in this section preserves all relevant state for normal operation of the Grid, but all other state stored on the Service Hosts is lost.

any attack code is lost, and any interactive attacks are terminated.


For instance, one VM may consider the presence of a maintenance person in the vicinity as a threat, whereas another VM may not consider it as a threat according to which security level was selected for the VM.

two VMs operating on the same server, under the same threat context, may perceive the same threat with di.erent urgency and hence have di.erent response times.


The primary source of the altimeter setting is a prerecorded terminal information (ATIS) message or an automated weather (ASOS/AWOS) report and airport tower air traf.c controllers will often repeat the altimeter setting when clearing an aircraft to land.

we believe the likelihood of this scenario to be extremely remote.


Even in the idle state, the CPU part of the device is considerably hotter.

the top three dots are hard to detect in most circumstances.


Most current security models and mechanisms that address these problems and allow a system to detect and recover from errors/attacks are hard to change, reuse, and analyse and thus making infrastructures inflexible, lost investment, damages realized through mechanisms not matching the threats, etc.

there is a need for the development of risk-based adaptive security methods and mechanisms for IoTs that increase security to an appropriate level.


RockJIT enforces control-.ow integrity and it is not possible to execute instructions that are not in the original JITted code.


In order to check now if revocation always succeeds, we can check if step s6 can be reached.

we can consider the following LTL formula: F step=s6.


When actually running this protocol, we suggest to run n OTs for both fnum , where the .rst £ OTs only and f den concern fnum while the last £ OTs concatenate contributions to both fnum and fden .

complexity (before compar + £ × OT2[log2(£)l ison) is £ × OT[log2(£)l in the 1-vs-1 case or £ × OTN[log2(£)l + £ × OT2N[log2(£)l in the 1-vs-N case.


Over-pro.ling by kernel tracing systems When we calculate the percentage of successfully traced system calls as the comprehensive coverage provided by kernel tracing systems, we exclude other system calls except the system call we intend to trace, and also select the system calls exercised by the actual fuzzer process.

in theory, the successfully traced count by each system call should not exceed 100.


3.2 Tracking Tags in Memory Systems One remaining issue is that, in speculative execution, deferred exception tokens will never be propagated to the memory system(including caches and main memory).

it is required to track the taint tagsdescribing tainted datainmemory.


The value 1 means the vectors are collinear or the set of interactions is similar.

values close to 1 indicate vMh is similar to vMk.


This key material is not user-speci.c, but is used to provide a guarantee that the newly derived ID is stored in an actual SE which matches the required security standards.

such SEs could be distributed/sold to the users without any personalization or pre-provisioning.


The antecedents of all these inference rules are disjoint, that is, at most one them can hold for any policy and request.


An application running on such OSes can access two web sites from di.erent origins and have them coexist in the same isolation container, not meeting the web sites expectation of being isolated from one another per same-origin policy.

we aim to design a webcompatible principal model.


We .rst recall that, by de.nition, X satis.es f1 n f2 if and only if X satis.es both f1 and f2,and X satis.es f1 U f2 if and only if X satis.es either f1 or f2.

to determine whether X satis.es a 5CF term, one can .rst determine whether X satis.es each of the 4CF sub-terms, and then combine these results using logical conjunction and disjunction.


With XKMS, all of these functions are performed by the XKMS server component.

there is no need for LDAP, OCSP and other registration functionality in the client application itself.


But there, roles andpermissions are represented as sets of users.

using the notation above, a role k is a column k in z.


NAMS is used to grant access to the NASA applications to which access should be granted.

because eAuthentication was only recen con sistent with the new concept of identitthe discussion in this section focuses on timpact to t  he AD infrastructure at NASA.


During the transmission of wireless signals, noise are always present in the received signals.

the physical-layer logic has to be designed to tolerate noise up to certain de-  Figure 3: QPSK Modulation ing).


INTRODUCTION We have seen an explosive growth of the Internet and the extensive use of digital media.

digital data owners can quickly and massively exchange multimedia documents across the Internet and Peer-to-Peer networks.


Based on this model this section uses the data managed by App B. Android forbids App A brie.y outlines which policies Constroid is able to de.ne on to directly access this data.


The return address is always located at o.set [ebp + 4] on the call stack.

the return address is easily identi.ed once ebp is located.


In contrast, an IT department normally is interested in a unique identi.cation of platforms joining the company network.

in our context the role of the Privacy-CA1 is realized by the Identity-CA.


Upon examination of the most likely path through the model states given by Viterbi decoding, it was found that for most signatures the training data was split regularly according to the number of states.

the 2-states model splits the data into two clusters, corresponding approximately to the .rst half of the signature and the second half of the signature.


In RFLP analysis, a DNA sample is broken into pieces (digested)byrestriction enzymes and the resulting restrictionfragments are separated according to theirlengthsbygel electrophoresis.

rFLP provides information about the length (but not the composition) of DNA subsequences occurring between known subsequences recognized by particular enzymes.


At this point, we observe that both components c1 = f(x)and c2 = g(vk * ,x) of the challenge ciphertext lose information about x.

h(x) is statistically close to uniform (given the rest of the view of the adversary), so even an unbounded adversary has only negligible advantage in guessing the encrypted message.


In other words, under a single transaction, if one changes some buffer-heads multiple times, only the last change will be committed to disk.

our patch has to create a separate transaction for every overwrite.


First, the call tm.getDeviceId() retrieves the phone s IMEI number.

in this and similar cases, Re.neDroid determines a permission is needed because a particular method is invoked.


A SEM will only participate in a decryption or signature process if the security capabilities of the corresponding User have not been revoked.

if a SEM is instructed to stop assisting cryptographic processes, Instant (or immediate) Revocation is provided in the sense that a User wishing to decrypt a message with a compromised private key share will not be issued with the decrypted token generated by the SEM.Also, a User trying to impersonate another entity will not be able to generate a full signature on a message since the SEM will refuse to cooperate with its corresponding private key share.


Since joining a TVD by a compartment would require changes in the underlying system con.guration, this operation cannot be performed at runtime.

we merge the protocols TVD Deploy and TVD Join into a single protocol.


Because of the attested instance launch mechanism (Section 4.1), the Observer can associate de.nitively a set of memory pages with a given installed image.

the Observer can attribute ownership of the CPU to a given image when the CPU enters the pages associated to that image.


In addition, sensitive data may persist in the TTY subsystem buffers even after they are deallocated.

to prevent such data from being checkpointed, we modify functions that deallocate such buffers to clear the buffers prior to deallocation.


The similar incident was also transpired recently in 2011 [23] where an attacker whose IP address originated from Iran forcefully requested several fraudulent certificates to be issued by Comodo certification services for the well-known websites, such as Google, Yahoo, Skype, Mozilla, and several others.

in order to address the previously mentioned concerns, we propose an idea to integrate the community trust services, such as Web of Trust (WoT) into DRPM workflow, particularly in the client registration process.


The total memory installed was2GB.Xen3.4withHVM support and our modi.cations servedasthehypervisor,andtheguest virtual machinewas either Windows XP (SP2) or Debian Linux (kernel 2.6.26).

the virtual machine was allocated 512 MB of memory and had twodisks mounted,a20GBsystemdisk and80GBdata disk.The80GBdatadiskhosted theuser shomedirectories, and was mountedasa monitored virtualdisk.all blocks in this virtual disk were automatically added to the watchlist of the storage module.


Moreover, even in this case, information only leaks if both plaintexts agree in their .rst block.

information only leaks when one node sends two di.erent packets with the same .rst 8 bytes and IV, to the same destination, with the same AM type, and of the same length.


An attacker can synthesize the FCSR given a small amount of keystream [2].

we need to modify the internal state of a FCSR to generate the keystream in order to make the cryptanalysis di.cult.


The difference is in the interpretation: a constraint con.ict implies a compile-time issue that either the constraint or the con.icting policy statements may not accurately represent the intended semantics.

a revision is necessary to resolve the con.ict (i.e., prevent incorrect violations).


Therefore, once we detect the beginning of the phone vibration, we use a constant bit length to extract the signal of each consecutive bit and decode it.

we found that, similar to the IMD set-up, accurate detection of the .rst bit is essential to correctly detect the PIN.


The 15GB-RAM experiment machine was running out of memory when compiling the certifying algorithm code on graphs with more than 10, 000 vertices.

whereas the veri.cation time offered by the ALITHEIA graph VC only grows sub-linearly and can be considerably faster than the compiled Schnorr proofs we use in this approach, this comes at a high storage cost for the server.


given a starting set of obligations B, wecande.ne thesetof allsetsofpossibleobligationswhich can arise from B as.8({B}).


CYBER SECURITY AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENT Currently, there seems to be a lack of systematic realworld security evaluation of new information technologies.

whereas functional capabilities of technologies are tested via controlled deployments (e.g., pilot projects of smart grids), security evaluations are often not part of the analysis scope in the running pilots.2 we think the paradigm of new technologies as social experiments has added value for cyber security.


Z3 N, then sets in Case II then the attribute set S(¯ with probability at least 1/|U|.

b s advantage in the 3-Party Di.e-Hellman game will be at least o/|U|. ''


The line graph on the right is a cross section clearly showing the discontinuity that occurs at X=Y.

the random shuffle algorithm used in the RC4 S-array initialization was far from random!


For example, if I already know that my neighbour is supposed to manipulate his smart meter, I may react di.erently, thereby interfering with meaningful observations.

debrie.ng may be needed in a security context, as knowledge about the existence of adversarial roles in the experiment could change behaviour [12].


However, with PRIMA, since no target application has a dependency on this program (i.e., it does not write any .les), it need not be run by a trusted subject.

it would not appear in the PRIMA measurement list.


Vein matching of such cases may provide meaningless or erroneous information.

if the number of genuine vein pixels in VG is less that a prede.ned threshold then, VG is not used for vein matching.


That is, the relative offset between two global variables are not randomized.

as long as we can align one of the kernel global variables, we shall be able to align all others.


We hosted the phishing web sites on the local computer by modifying the host DNS file.

our participants were not actually at risk and we were able to show them phishing sites even after they had been taken down.


It would be a major advantage if we could leverage these efforts by incorporating such libraries.

one motivation for this work is to combine Bro s .exibility with the capabilities of other NIDSs by implementing a signature engine.


We believe that these current software solutions including solutions that use run-time binary modifications are of limited use in practice, as they rely on a significant amount of trusted infrastructures in the system, as discussed in Section 3.4.

in our solution, we make a conscious attempt to minimize the size (and variety) in the trusted code base (TCB) needed to support our technique.


Further, provenance is well represented in a graphical format.

a graph rewriting system is well suited for specifying policy transformations over provenance.


Similarly, NDN routers do not keep track of content packets once they disappear from both PIT and cache.

after Ma expires, Rt carries no information about the message.


bind x ' = x in ' '' .y : A says s. bind y = y in (.A (xy )) These theorems correspond to the main axioms and rules adopted in previous calculi (despite the switch to intuitionistic reasoning).

we have enough to perform much of the typical, basic reasoning about access control.


However, in some cases, we can make SQN wrap around (the details are shown in full version).

the victim believes it is talking with the real base station.


Although the DMV example above motivates the need for considering the tree structured owner s policy, it may not motivate the need for a privacy preserving solution as the DMV is a governmental entity and the user s documents in most cases are required to be shared.

in the following, we take a concrete example to motivate the need for a privacy preserving credential veri.cation scheme by considering credit scoring policy of a bank for deciding loan / mortgage applications.


FINE-GRAINED PERMISSIONS The Android platform has a wide range of permissions, which provide access to many di.erent kinds of data and functionality.

there is no one-size-.ts-all approach to developing .ner-grained permissions.


However, how to automatically determine the appropriate semi-id features from high-dimensional correlated data is seldom studied.

in this paper we .rst theoretically study the problem and propose the IPFS algorithm to .nd all possible features forming the candidate semi-id feature set which can infer users privacy.


When all optimizations are enabled, the performance is improved by 10.5% on average.

our optimizations improve performance significantly.


Since the DBPsolver is unable to infer the number of roles by itself, one must provide this number in advance.

result should decompose the featuresby roles asbestpossible leading to low role entropies.


The same nonce is present in the SET header, which also contains the BCId.

the CM can always select the right SET and SS for execution based on the return parameter.


However, the situations and the preferences of users are di.erent, even if the users are in the same environment.

we want to have a proper RS for sharing the available resources.


(13) M2 8 As for the packing scheme, the number of samples which is packed together varies according to the requirement of applications.

the number of the packed messages which will be encrypted is variable in di.erent cases.


In particular, information and communication technology is constantly being upgraded for the provision of new services that meet the above-mentioned demand.

since recently, several studies have been conducted on ubiquitous computing, a new type of network environment that meets the above-mentioned demand of modern living.


In particular, we encode the signature on the value in a vector dimension as the distance from that value to the maximum value for that dimension, and then embed that distance as a root in the RSA group.

by exponentiating the signature by an exponent corresponding to this dimension, the distance in that dimension can be decreased (and so the value in that dimension is increased).


ParseKey+ approach provides authentication mechanism for both server and client sides: the server is assured of client s genuineness, and, at the same time, the protocol guaranties that a legitimate server is communicating with the client.

parseKey+ guaranties trusted communication between a server and a client each being certain of the other s authenticity.


Such factors can vary depending on the type of data and/or the system requirements, and precisely specifying such factors for each data item is crucial for integrity control.

we introduce the notion of metadata template, which is the basis of the speci.cation and enforcement of our integrity control policy.


However, the last two use cases are compatible with the corresponding binary versions.

we only describe in Section 4.5.3 and Section 4.5.4 the additional steps required to interpret the semantics of the used PCRs.


Sometimes, it is because these providers are corrupted by an adversary.

an identity authentication method independent of any third party and directly verifying a friend s real identity is essential to the issue of identity authentication.


Since MMOGs are small economies, a large in.ux of game currency causes hyper-in.ation, hurting all players.

the use of game bots is a serious problem for not only giving some players unfair advantages but also for creating large imbalances in game economies as a whole.


Without loss of generality, we further assume m = n.Thus, rank(H)= n.Since P = H(HTH)-1HT , P is a projection matrix of H.Thus, rank(P)=rank(H)= n, and n eigenvalues of P are 1 s and the remaining m - n eigenvalues of P are 0 s [20].

obviously, for B = P- I, m - n eigenvalues of B are 1 s and n eigenvalues of B are 0 s. rank(B)= m - n.The matrix B' is a m × k matrix.


As a result of manufacturing randomness, it has been observed that each bistable element will heavily prefer one stable state over the other [9].

the settling state is a good candidate for a PUF response.


The set of + 4,h+ 8,h secure variables of the program is S = variable h: if l1 > 0 and h = 0 the program will output {h = invalid .ows is F D {h} and the set of + 12}.

output(l1) because of the absence = only one value but if l1 > 0 and h 1= 0, the execution will t(3 output(l1),F ) result in two outputted values.


Moreover, to compute the zero-knowledgeproofs as speci.edinSection3.4, we need tojuggle multiplegroup elementsinRAM atthe sametime.

transient memory is a highly limiting factor.


In this case, some dummy or obsolete blocks need to be discarded during the shu.e.

a toplevel shu.e needs to be treated slightly di.erently, where the client tells S1 (i.e., source of the shu.e) a subset of blocks to keep for each level without leaking any information.


Conversely, when the network is in a silent situation, adopting small time intervals is not a good decision, since the number of accesses to the database increases computational and I/O access time.

taking longer time intervals in silent situations appears to be more reasonable.


She can therefore detect whether the message is a copy of one sent long ago, per- haps recorded and replayed by a malicious third-party agent.

secret key ciphers can both keep a message private and guarantee its origin.


With more requests received, weight for u(t) will decrease signi.cantly, so that usability will have very small impact in operational decision making.

recharging interval will increase to a level that will not hurt physical security of the battery.


This policy (1) detects a 10x10 pixel square of the target color, (2) calculates its average depth, and (3) removes RGB pixels near that depth.

this policy applies to anything displaying the target color, and it avoids the latency of the Kinect s player detection.


The corresponding connections contain several requests, but an idle time larger than the de.ned inactivity timeout of 30 seconds.

bro .ushes the state before it can encounter the match which would happen later in the session.


In the worst case, the computation of the marginal probabilities has a com  s 3nm plexity of O .

we propose to factorize the joint probability distribution function into products of simpler local functions, each of which depends on a subset of variables.


Since we are assuming that the computer system is vulnerable to having the .le F of password hashes stolen, one must also assume that salts and other hashing parameters can also be stolen.

there is likely no place on the computer system where one can safely store additional secret information with which to defeat the adversary.


In a trust network, if there is only one trust path from a to c, then any untrust in the path will make the trust path broken which is equivalent to the case that there is no trust path from a to c. As a result, a will untrust c. This property reveals that trust evaluation will not change by adding or cutting o. a trust relationship with td = dtd = 0.

cutting o. all trust relationships with td and dtd near 0 will e.ectively reduce the complexity of a trust network and the associated computation complexity.


In this case, the embedded information and the high-order bits of the public key N are almost the same (the last bit is di.erent, but in binary number, it is the same number), i.e.

9718C6CE785FB08C9DFCD9A8C71A3DB2BA4AC5F3 21CE2615384A5B286644256448E7D960216AB6F32C3 5E1B7312FB54FA81E0524B563019C82F80D9F6A0B1 5EB3462B1C2EEFC9EDCAAABE3F9A1C280E5BD8BB AFB0B686C9DC445AA41AC8D53D688011DE999D0820 165163BFBA936473FD41CB673D0B87E09B3697B2916 081(4) the Lenstra algorithm is successfully and e.ciently executed in the real world.


Another means was to create and then join networks with interesting Service Set Identi.ers (SSID).

we created networks called TopSecret, BestBuy-Corp, and AirForce-UseOnly.


The model simpli.es the supply-to-transistor interaction to a frequency dependent component, hence cannot capture this interaction introduced by the time-varying supply noise.

to quantify this frequency-dependent noise injected from the PDN, we built a framework to simulate the crypto system (AES) and PDN together at di.erent operating frequencies.


If so, complexity of SPH-PSM is clearly dominated by Alice s O(m)computation overhead.

the preferred instantiation is AH-ElGamal due to its computational e.ciency.


The second drawback, and more importantly from a security standpoint, was that once a student was off our network they no longer received updates from our server.

the centralization had to be abandoned on the student machines in favor of configuring their machines via a registry patch.


On the other hand, the policies for sensitive credentials are still implicitly enforced during trust negotiation.

users access control safeguards are not compromised.


To have this information integrated into current identity management models is the essence of this paper.

we de.ned a data structure to express identity meta data as so called Attribute Context Classes and extended the SAML 2.0 assertion speci.cation to send identity meta data as part of security token.


If, in a real deployment each time window is shifted one hour these results show that the illegitimate user that exhibits a completely random network communication behavior can be identi.ed with 98% accuracy in the .rst hour.

an informed attacker can be identi.ed with 95% accuracy in the .rst 2 hours, and a compromised device with 90% accuracy within the .rst 6 hours.


This is significant, as organizational roles do not specify what rights and privileges a role should have at the target system level, therefore, are insufficient to describe the valid permission set at that level.

organizational role permissions have not been included in Figure 7.


of hardware implementation is that it usually costs more and is less .exible than software implementation.

it is essential to .nd a good balance between hardware and software implementation, in order to achieve high security using the minimum hardware resources.


By contrast, the reduction is rather smaller for applications manipulating relatively little tainted data : only2%and5%for mcfwhenitis trackedatbyte-leveland word-level.

5LIFT uses the notion of incurred overhead , which equals ( slowdown -1).the incurred overhead of3.6X shouldbe4.6X slowdown.


f((u ' , whereis(u ' ,t),t,q))= (r, t, q)}| = k. Different from k-anonymity, the set of users that are k-approximate beyond suspicious is computed based on the spatial distribution of users with similar probabilities rather than the original distribution involving all users.

the users in an anonymity set have similar probabilities and the size of the anonymity set is larger than k. k-approximate beyond suspicion can be seen as a generalised version of k-anonymity.


The deployment pattern can be modeled by normal distribution.

in order to make sure that a sensor deployed at the edge of an area has enough preinstalled keys to set up pairwise keys with all its neighbors, the group-based deployment model requires more sensors deployed around the group deployment point.


In order to limit the set of candidate schemes to examine, we have constrained the generation mechanism by Dolev-Yao .lters that eliminate obviously insecure schemes.

the synthesis algorithm generates a list of candidates that is exhaustive up to a given number of operations.


While there is precedent for such a thing in credit card transaction processing, we would like to do better.

we seek solutions that will work even when readers are mostly or wholly o.ine.


[1], this form of reduction suf.ces for monotonic schemes those schemes in which once a state is reached in which a query is true, in all reachable states from that state, the query remains true.

this form of reduction cannot be used to compare schemes when queries can become false after being true, or for universal analysis instances.


In case there are multiple meta policies, they must di.er in their Target sections as they are represented in XACML.

all the meta rules are indiscriminately put in a single clausal database and can be di.erentiated on the basis of their Target sections.


Furthermore, we feel that delegation is a somewhat ad hoc kind of event.

delegation and revocation in this paper are not considered as part of an administrative practice, as in the ARBAC99 model [13], where the grant operation is used by an administrator to assign a user to a role.


One mechanism to achieve this is to set up a hardware interrupt which cannot be suppressed or redirected by the application and by locating the dedicated interrupt routine in a write protected memory area.

on each interrupt request, control is handed over to the immutable interrupt routine an thus to the recovery system.


When it comes to matching data on an insecure channel, care should be taken since if a fuzzy scheme will allow to correct at most n bits out k then an adversary can correct this number of bits as well.

if the adversary is able to recover k on bits from external observation (such as from a high speed camera) then the protocol is broken.


Conditional attribute disclosure to third parties is also included into theproof speci.cation as adistinctprimitive.

it canbe almost employed asdirectly as message signatures.


IMA measures the executables and libraries at load-time.

if malware compromises a running process, this modi.cation is not re.ected in the measurement value.


Speci.cally, we observe that that in presence of cyber insurers, equilibrium network security is lower than if no cyber coverage is available.

our results support that in isolation, availability if cyber-insurance does not allow to improve network security.


This conclusion is based on the assumptions that the modi.cations (a) and (b) must be applied.

the modi.cations (a) and (b) are useful to prevent the adversaries from identifying the corresponding communication pairs.


Because the role mining algorithm is probabilistic, the algorithm may produce di.erent results each run due to inherent random sampling from distributions.

we extract 10 di.erent models for each period, resulting in a total of 40 models.


2.3 A Limits the authentication requests in order to prohibit the applications to .ood the kernel intentionally or due to an unintended software bug.


In addition, we assume that the attacker has no physical access to the entire system therefore we can rule out the possibility of hardware modi.cation.

we are limiting the manipulation by the attacker in the realm of software; no modi.cation should affect the operation of the Vigilare system SoC hardware or any other hardware components.


Consequently, we suggest a new interaction design to address this challenge whereby a user first selects a task for a target system and is thereby automatically associated with the correct organizational and system roles.

we feel the integration of task-based access control (TBAC [1]) with Composite RBAC is a crucial area of future study.


Besides, .rewall policies deployed on a network are often maintained by more than one administrator, and an enterprise .rewall may contain legacy rules that are designed by different administrators.

without a priori knowledge on the administrators intentions, changing rules will affect the rules semantics and may not resolve con.icts correctly.


To keep the PC value correct, the malicious code cannot inject additional instructions in the checksum computation block.

the malicious code has to jump out of the main checksum computation block (one jump instruction) to change the DP value to compute the expected checksum.


Secrets and policy information never leave the TRM s application domain, which is isolated from other application domains and communications between them are protected as we show shortly.

the protection capability of a client s TRM can be considered as an extended function of the server s platform.


If, however, it takes a site like Wikipedia a day to identify misbehaviors, K = 10 would limit users to only 10 anonymous connections per day.

pEREA may not support frequent edits for longer periods of detection, while other schemes such as BLAC and EPID would support frequent, small edits within a day.


Any attempting to modify these values will lead functions of objects to fail or the operating system to crash.

adversaries will not want to modify these .elds to avoid losing the control of hidden objects or the victim system.


The group key agreement protocol in [12] is proven secure under the AM.

our GAKA protocols are secure under the UM.


Moreover, when the virus multiplication rate is large, the virus pop- ulation increases more rapidly than it does for the case of a large initial virus population.

those viruses with strong multiplica- tion ability will be still more terrible.


One-hot encoding for a match vector is necessary because a final state may represent more than one matched string pattern [5].

the width of the match vector is equal to the number of string patterns.


{(Emma,r3)}.The administrative activity of assigning Emma to r3 costs 3 and example, we re.ne OWA by decomposing user-task assignments into RBAC policies and assume the cost function to the overall risk and maintenance cost rises by 12 + 5.

costR(UR, UR ) - costR(UR, UR) = 3 + 12 + 5 = 20.


The basic and simple resources are explicitly doubled to give the sense of two logical processors on a single physical processor core.

this design technique enables the simultaneous execution of more than one process on the same physical processor core by taking advantage of thread-level parallelism, as if there were more than one processor [35, 37].


And this is equally true of the attempts by the Supreme Court to fix the boundaries of the First Amendment in respect of publications affecting the plaintiff s privacy.

in Time, Inc v Hill15 the Court held that the plaintiff s action for invasion of privacy failed where he (and his family) had been the subject of a substantially false report.


The disadvantage, however, is that it does not actually prevent malicious activity from happening in of.ine transactions but only detects and punishes it later.

it is not effective if it is possible for the adversary to hide and escape from being punished, or if there is a need to actually prevent the malicious activity from happening at the time of the of.ine transaction itself.


The messages between each entity are of a plain-text type in an http channel.


Many other situations make these negative authorizations very useful especially in the case of decentralized policy management where each administrator does not have a vision of the whole policy.

we suggest using XACML negative authorizations to extend the RBAC model.


Misuse detection can detect only known attacks based on available signatures.

dynamic signature updation is important and new attack de.nitions are frequently released by Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


3.THE VULNERABILITY LIFE-CYCLE In this section,we introduce the basic concept andterminology usedthroughout this paper.

we .rst describe the vulnerability lifecycle illustratedin Figure2.Speci.cally, we revisit the de.nitions ofdiscovery, exploit, andpatch time,andpropose adefinition forthe disclosure time.We alsoexplain the differentphases ofthe vulnerability lifecycle andtheir players .


In such a case, the user s privacy information may be disclosed in a wide range of environment as unexpected delegations happens.

the user needs to be informed of the delegations and given an opportunity to authorize transfer of the user s privileges from a viewpoint of privacy protection unless the user agrees on the information practices explicitly [13, 14].


As the response time of an access request largely depends on the number of rules to be parsed within a policy, redundancies in a policy may adversely affect the performance of policy evaluation.

policy redundancy is treated as policy anomaly as well.


According to these rules, if a type tis protected at level A, then tand A says tare logically equivalent.

up to logical equivalence, the types protected at level A are those of the form A says t for some t. We write fs, and say that s is a theorem, when fs is derivable by the rules of Table 2.


This can only be performed by changing the capacitances on the accelerometer circuitry [2], which requires physical access to the device.

it would not be possible for an adversary to manipulate the amount of noise present in order to cull the minentropy.


In particular, for each class of the design model, we generate a policy set (XACML element PolicySet) containing the permissions (Rule) assigned to emergency policies (Policy) for this class ordered with respect to the topological sorting of the emergency policies.

all permissions belonging to the regular policy will be mapped on the top policy of the policy set, followed by the rules belonging to the .rst emergency level.


Only the Lukasiewicz t-conorm can generate the correct answer 0.5+0.5=1.

the disjunction of a rule if a object security label is classi.ed or the object security label is secret, then the access risk is medium should be the Lukasiewicz t-conorm.


As the key size increases (assuming the PUF size is increased accordingly so that only one polling is needed), the PUF execution time becomes 0.13% overhead for 2048-bit RSA decryption.

the performance impact of polling the PUF during key generation is minimal.6 6Obviously, there is additional work required to convert the PUF output into a usable key.


The eventual binding update messages are protected using a keyed hash with the session key kBU obtained by hashing the concatenation of the two cookies CH and CC.

security of the binding update messages hinges on the secret sharing of kBU between MN and CN, which in turn hinges on the secrecy of at least one of the two cookies.


However, for Chicago, the query outcome only covers 2 minutes of tweets.

we need to continuously dump tweets from the Twitter server to a local database to make the attack work.


Flicker protections in place and that the returned result was truly generated by the BOINC PAL.

the application writer can trust the result.


In addition, we also note that u = u ' and v = v ' .

the probability of the path key establishment involving two intermediate nodes can be esti mated as pdk 2 , which means that u shares a direct key with u ' , and v shares a direct key with v '.


4.1 A special case of the EV problem In this section, we show that every set of SMER constraints can be equivalently represented using a set of canonical (t-t) SMER constraints.

we need to consider only such constraints.


The dashboard VM simply encodes the protocols discussed in this paper to interact with the client as well as with components of the cloud s control plane.

the cloud provider can even make the code of the dashboard VM available for public audit.


Higher-level information such as the underlying relations or semantics of events is useful for human experts cognition, reasoning, and decision making in cyber security [17].

analyzing relations among network events may provide important insights for identifying network anomalies.


We have run experiments for many individuals in the dataset and con.rmed these results.

without loss of generality, we only show results for one user.


We emphasize that our optimizations do not modify the underlying cryptographic protocols, but only the way they are implemented.

and because we work in the semi-honest setting, the proofs of security of the original protocols still hold for our optimizations.


For such a practical scenario, according to Expression (1), we have that the .ngerprint code has length l = 50.

in the experiments, we set l = 50,100,· · · ,500.


Clearly(beauseof(15))wehavethat +---+ = A0:T ThereforeitsuÆestoshowthat () (1-0)m PB1+...+Bm:em:2m7(17) From(16)wehavethatforeveryiandforallbi+1,...,bm () PBi=0Bi+1=bi+1,...,Bm =bm:7.


However, if we assume that the attacker cannot produce a valid TLS certi.cate for any domain he wants to extract data from, this attacker can only steal login data from sites that do not use HTTPS to serve their login form.

this attack scenario can be thwarted if all pages use strict HTTPS for both the login form and the URL the data is then sent to.


Instead, IMap optimizes the drawing space by placing such countries as far as possible, subject to the constraint that all countries form a single contiguous continent.

although not completely faithful, country proximity provides insights about the connectivity of the most prominent countries.


ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOCOL  As already mentioned, the designing of this protocol assumes that some users are ignorant about the use of secure channels.

this section assumes that Eve is potentially listening to all the transactions that are performed between the seller and the cardholder.


Note that here, access control is levied via the underlying pub/sub type system.

except when subscribing or advertising, there is no additional computation cost to achieving this access control.


Demonstrated knowledge of the session key is su.cient to prove the token s presence.

a poll message need only be an exchange of nonces [5]: the device sends a number, n, encrypted with the key and the token returns n +1 encrypted by the same key.


The likelihood function L(6 | n, x) is a function of parameter 6, therefore a speci.c value of parameter 6 fed to the likelihood function in question results in a speci.c likelihood or unnormalized probability of that speci.c value of 6 itself.

di.erent values of parameter 6 have di.erent likelihoods.


In the example of Figure 1, none of these protocols work due to the lack of a shared AS (Note that different ASs have different security contexts).

an full authentication cannot be avoided and the resulting delay becomes the bottleneck of the handoff process.


TEMU has a centralized module to instrument memory references.

we simply mark the destination (in virtual address) as dirty if the current memory reference is a write and comes from the observed process.


It contains the SSL endpoint public key, but Solution A adds this public key or the related certificate to the PCR measurement list, signed by the AIK.

we propose to make the SSL endpoint certificate a self signed certificate.


Such di.culty is, of course, universal, and can thus be the basis of regularities, such as the inability to forge digital signatures.

cryptography provides critical foundation for many security measures, and is the foundation for the enforcement of regularities, as we shall see in the following section.


Packet.dll provides common interfaces to packet capture device driver among different versions of win32 .

the user code can run independently of win32 API version.


typically stolen separately of the associated mobile devices.

there will be a very likely discrepancy between the location of the credit card (as observed by the point of sale or IP address) and the location of the handset.


After comparing their differences, we find that friend network similarity influences the overall profile similarity significantly when the detection results are from 90% to 10%.

we may only consider friend network similarity for profile similarity in MFIPS when comparing its detection results to that of BPS.


4.4 Surveillance Ontology As shownintheprevious sections,theframework wepropose can cope with both sides of a videosurveillance system: the world behind the cameras, and the world in front of them.

the ontologies typically associated to DRM systems are not enough to describe all the agents and relationships that are present in our framework, such as the interaction rights.


In this state, the main thread is hung to wait for incoming events.

the event triggering behavior commonly depends on the order, not the exact triggering time.


When blocks belonging to the uninitialized extents are read from the disk, the VFS interprets them as zeros when there may actually be valid file data underneath the sparse files.

the file system lies to the user in order to be more efficient.


These keys are generated dynamically and are never explicitly stored outside the processor itself.

pUF ROKs o.er robust defenses against these physical attacks.


TEF denotes the expected frequency of occurrence of a particular threat (seen as a threat agent acting against an asset; a storm at the location of a power line), and V speci.es the likelihood of the threat in.icting damage upon the asset.

the value for LEF can then be calculated as TEF · V. if a threat event is expected to occur 4 times in 10 years (TEF = 0.4 y-1), and one in two threat events is expected to cause loss (V = 0.5), then 2 loss events are expected to occur in 10 years (LEF = TEF · V = 0.4 y-1 · 0.5 = 0.2 y-1).


Administrator accounts and administrative permissions are normal ERBAC objects.

they can be administered like all other objects by A-ERBAC.


The fundamental functionality of our approach is analyzing malicious applications.

more obfuscating or hiding operations to disguise the privacy leak behavior lead to higher crypticity.


The term within has no meaning in the context of repositories in a VCS such as Git; there is no such thing as a sub-repository.

each smaller project is associated with a repository, but the authorization scheme must somehow capture the intuition that a set of repositories are administered together.


In this research, we have performed leave-one-out testing.

we have test data of 1 genuine user and 51 impostor users.


However, at the end, as threads finish their operation, they are synchronized, and are allowed to service the next round of requests only after the synchronization is complete.

those threads that get out of order by finishing earlier must wait till others finish.


Due to the fact that only two bytes of the IV are incremented each time, for the second AES encryption, the .rst output state (128 bits) is similar to that of the .rst AES encryption.

the prediction of the .rst state of the .rst AES encryption automatically .ts to the second encryption as well.


3.2.2 Internal Channels In addition to interacting with the outside world, mobile apps often interact with other apps on the same device.

if a malicious app is installed on the victim s device but its privilege is limited, this app can inject malicious JavaScript code into vulnerable HTML5-based apps that have more privileges, hence achieving privilege escalation.


Because the variants may create new child processes, the monitor is not the parent of these children.

they cannot be connected to the monitor through anonymous pipes.


n +1 12 if sj =0 I(X; Y )= n +14 - 3H(2/3, 1/3) if sj =1 and hence, approximating I(X; Y ) by a factor at .


This was done because legitimate pro.les with a fairly high number of followers (e.g., 300), but following thousands of other pro.les, have a high value of R.This is a typical situation for legitimate accounts following news pro.les, and would have led to false positives in our system.

we de.ned a new feature R' ,which is the R value divided by the number of followers a pro.le has.


However, the number of constraints can be large, making the approach computationally demanding as the number of locations increases.

we propose an approximate solution that replaces dX with the metric induced by a spanning graph.


User process time is the amount of CPU time spent in user-mode code within the process, whereas sys process time is the amount of CPU time spent in the kernel within the process.

the total amount of user and sys process time will be more precise than the real time.


The x86 segment registers cs and ds point to thebeginning of the code and the data region, respectively.

an address is interpreted di.erently depending on whether it is used as a code or a data address.


For example, the domain attribute refers to all executable subjects and the file_type attribute refers to all types of .les in persistent .lesystems (e.g., regular and device).

a single assignment can permit a subject type to access all object types with the file_typeattribute.


Even if the user s card stops cooperating on her last visit, this visit cannot be connected to any prior visit.

a user s privacy is protected over multiple visits, and the small number of bits that may be leaked on one visit (when the card stops cooperating) can be randomized by the user ahead of time, and become known to the user as soon as they are released by the card.3  5.


3.1 Threat Models We consider an outsider TPMS adversary, who has no physical access to the inside of automobiles and can only launch an attack from distance.

we consider the ECU and the tire pressure sensor hardware to be secure against physical attacks.


Here, the spatial region is interpreted as a fusion of linear classi.ers, each one representedby one of the hyperplanes that form the polytope boundary.

the developed protocol implements a secure classi.er.


Mediation may occur through a variety of means, including the blocking of .ows, runtime mediation of .ows (e.g., sanitization), etc.

the choice of how to enact the cut is left open.


PIPMiner complements these detection methods by focusing on PIP addresses that a user leverages to perform sign-up or login.

the proposed system can .ag new users right on the day of the sign-ups, or the time they log in.


Cloud Provider is responsible for analyzing audit streams from multiple organizations associated with service invocation chains, but the organizations may not have con.ict of interest.

at this tier, the audit streams from the companies belonging to one or more CI classes are analyzed.


The connection doesn t match the rule of firewall cannot pass the firewall.

protecting the confidentiality of network information and preventing hacker s damage.


On the other hand, we found the CFG metric based on basic blocks to be too general because summarizing basic blocks by simply the presence of certain opcodes ignores subtle differences between shellcodes.

this metric clustered functionally distinct exploits as identical, as shown with families LSASS-2, 3 and 4 grouped together in Figure 4c.


For example, if a clicking event is triggered, we need to know what element on the user interface is clicked by user.

appIntent highlights GUI element by setting its background color to red, as depicted in Figure 7(a) and Figure 7(b).


The slowest thread becomes increasingly slower as total number of threads increase, degrading the throughput of all threads.

the overall system throughput no longer scales linearly with increasing threads, which we report in the plot on the right hand side.


Thirdly, there is lack of a common implementation of role mining algorithms, which makes it hard for researches to do a comparison experiments when designing a new algorithm.

we need to develop an independent tool set for role mining since the role mining algorithms cannot be migrated to WEKA platform directly.


F Sharp is the .rst commercial implementation of functional languages and is integrated with MS Visual Studio 2010 and .NET version 4 (Windows) and Mono project (Linux).

security sensitive applications developed in .NET can be easily integrated with the implementation of xfACL.


[13] propose a selective ISR to reduce the dynamic encryption performs equally well with static encryption.

our proposed approach to dynamically encrypt program code at the page fault handler, instead of statically encrypt the code before program s execution, does not seem to add any extra overhead.


When in this mode, the LS of the SPE, which contains the application s code and data, is locked for use only by the SPE and cannot be read or written to by any other software, even including code in the ring0 mode of the ring protection.

even if the operating system kernel or the hypervisor is hacked and controlled by an adversary, he will still not be able to steal or manipulate the data or code in the isolated SPE LS.


An underlying assumption is that the program executes as written: an attacker may be able to change inputs to the system but cannot change the code itself.

the threat to security arises primarily from programming errors that are not detected by static analysis of information .ow, but might lead to secrecy or privacy violations when the system is used.


Moreover, in several recent cases the only reported cases of which we are aware addressing this issue courts have expressly extended the protection of section 230 to individuals who are not themselves ISP s, when they were sued for messages that other persons created.

in Marczeski v. Law, supra, the defendant was the organizer of a chat room for the discussion of a dispute about the plaintiff, and an anonymous poster accused the plaintiff of threatening her children; once the Court was satisfied that the defendant had not posted those comments, it dismissed the claim against her.


As described in section 4.1, since Carol adopts the TrustBuilder-Relevant Strategy, after receiving R s policy, she will reply with A1 .B1, even though theoretically trust cannot be established.

bob cannot tell by observing her behavior whether Alice possesses C*.


3.3.8 Vulnerable Services There were 10 services in the iCTF, each service could be exploited only once per Petri net execution round; exploiting a service when it was not active resulted in an equal amount of negative points.

to win the competition it was essential to understand and follow the missions.


However, most of these theoretical approaches cannot be directly applied to large scale datasets, which is where they are most necessary.

in this paper, we look at how to make role mining practical and usable for actual deployment.


However, all the nodes in this y-hop are not necessary to provide k-anonymity: We need only l =(k + f -|g.neighbors(x, 1)|) additional nodes.

we select only the l most well-connected nodes from outside the one-hop neighborhood in this optimization.


The chances in either cases are quite remote, since the history token set gets updated and the positions of grammars keep on changing.

although probabilistic possible, the number of non valid transactions token necessary to generate one valid token is so large that would make the card issuer suspicious.


In addition, the LEC sends and receives Liberty messages in the body of HTTP requests/responses using post , rather than relying upon HTTP redirects and encoding protocol parameters into URLs.

lECs do not impose any restrictions on the size of the protocol messages.


It implies that the participants did pay attention to these tasks, as they were told that the performance of these tasks also contributes to their scores in the ranking system.

these CRT tasks work as intended in disturbing participants mind during password entry.


A malicious operator with access to the provider s management software, or malware targeting hypervisor vulnerabilities [26, 7], can take control of the hypervisor to inspect or manipulate hosted guest computations.

current cloud architectures require users to place high and perhaps unwarranted levels of trust in the operators and hypervisor software responsible for hosting their services.


The client and cloud provider can both verify that the MTSD was started correctly (using TPM attestations), and the SSC hypervisor ensures that neither the cloud provider nor the client can tamper with the MTSD once it has started execution.

both the cloud provider and the client can trust the network bandwidth utilization reported by the MTSD.


In Section 4, we will discuss how to prevent forged routes if some routers are compromised.

tBGP effectively eliminates aggregate signatures of a full AS path in route attestations as in existing cryptography-based secureBGP solutions.


2.4 Friend Networks as Target The main goal of ICA is to add victim s friends and build the trust relationship with them [1].

after an adversary creates a faked identity based on attributes similar to that of the victim, his next step is typically to forge friend networks of the victim.


Furthermore, when the document streaming rate is high, the User may wish to monitor only the top-k documents within a sliding window (of the most recent documents, or of documents that arrived within the last several seconds).

the correlation score vk of the k-th highest ranking document provides another threshold to limit the search for v. the User only needs to search for the score v of the new document within a bounded range: kd+kq v .


JCA, upon which our JavaScript library is based, uses several Java features, such as re.ection, that are not supported by GWT.

we .rst modi.ed JCA to a set of core components that were suf.cient to implement cryptographic operations needed forWeb2ID.We then used this stripped-downversionof JCA with GWT to produce our JavaScript library.


Note that the 1770 keys contain not only the keys for its own zone, but also keys in the neighboring zones (for details refer to [1]).

by utilizing the (1) and attack techniques described in Section 3.1, we draw the Figure 6 to compare our scheme with P-RKP location scheme.


Among these conditions, time pressure and mental workload were shown to have signi.cant impacts on user performance.

we suggest including these conditions in the evaluation of user authentication schemes in the future research.


Though our approach uses iteration to correct multiple anti-emulation attacks in a single execution, each iteration is relatively expensive.

a malware author could frustrate the use of our tool by introducing a very large number of divergence points.


For the security measureauthenticity for exchanged messages, because any malicious group member with the key could have created that message.

a shared secret is insuf.cient for secure exchange of authentic information.


Referring to our de.nition, Dependent Assertions can be supported with other Dependent Assertions.

within a Dependent Assertion, the AssertionDependency element serves to constrain those Assertions, for which this Dependent Assertion is being used as a supporting Assertion.


Since attribute Ai is normalized to interval [0, 1], the minimum value of the median is 0 and the maximum is 1.

it is su.cient to show that there is a pair of sibling databases (D1,D2) such that the response to Mediani shifts by 1.


Although some previous work [5] attempts to prove expressiveness by describing only the mapping from states to states, other work shows that commands [7] and queries [25] can also a.ect the ability of a scheme to successfully simulate another.

an implementation must include the following: The state mapping, which translates an abstract workload state to an equivalent state in the implementing scheme  The command mapping, which translates a workload command to a list of commands that perform the same action in the implementing scheme  The query mapping, which maps a workload query to an equivalent query in the implementing scheme  Example 4.


lock puzzle protocol, solving a puzzle should take approximately N time (even for a massively parallel solver), while generating the puzzle and verifying the solution should take considerably less.

one can think of a time-lock puzzle as an interactive proof of sequential work and view a solution to the puzzle as a proof that at least roughly N time units have elapsed since the prover received the puzzle.


There is no overlap for the values of Q = 5 to 8.

to retain the ability of the test to recognize longer patterns and measure regularity, we use Q = 5 for coarse-grain binning.


This is because the jammer was closer to the receiver than the transmitter most of the time.

the blind area for the Approaching topology was as large as the parking lot (ca.


The proposed alterations to the Android operating system protect against all current local root exploits, while limiting the user experience as little as possible.

the approaches we present help to avert automatic privilege escalation and to reduce exploitability and malware infection of Android devices.


Hence, observing additional sessionsprovides no newinformation regarding the values of Ri.

a can only model the PUF by computing the modular square roots.Returning tothePPT model, such anattack cansucceed with only negligibleprobability, as computing modular square rootsis atleast asdif.cult asfactoring alargeproduct ofprimesfor composite values of N [25].


The namespace contains files and directories, but also allows channel exporters to register entries through which they can accept new channel bindings from client processes.

clients typically identify exporters by name.


A PCR can not be simply overwritten with a new value, but only be extended with a new measurement.

eachPCR canholdanunlimited number of measurements and the order of the extensions will a.ect the aggregate value.


Such veri.cation may be tedious and expensive.

users are likely to outsource (again) the veri.cation workload to a third party.


However, it requires deployment and maintenance and cannot assume to be always available.

in order to achieve all the time everywhere access to services in ubiquitous computing environments, it necessitates a more .exible alternative for networking.