We propose to use supervised machine learning algorithms to classify link qualities.

we use data that has been preclassi.ed of.ine based on link quality indicator (LQI) provided by 802.15.4 radios (such as CC2420 in the MicaZ series of motes) to one of a number of categories.


Our approach is based on two key observations that have a considerable impact on the time/energy trade-off: Positioning (relocation) of mobile sensors.

changing the transmission ranges of sensors  both these factors impact on the following characteristics of a query tree: .


This paper presents a novel approach that exploits the knowledge of event tra.c, user subscriptions and topology of the underlying physical network to perform e.cient routing in a publish/subscribe system.

mechanisms are developed to discover the underlay topology among subscribers and publishers in a distributed manner.


We can assume that the larger densities give a stronger advantage to our algorithm, since statistic disorders of the network are rare and so the algorithm can behave more as desired, minimizing complications in the routing.

we remark that in the Ushape obstacle, our algorithm starts outperforming TRUST when the density d becomes larger than 2, becomes quite close to optimality when d gets 4, while for larger densities it is near-optimal.


(A session is backlogged at a link if it has packets queue- ing at the link.)

each session i has a specified weight iIh.


In subsequent work [12], we designed, implemented and evaluated LiT, a multi-hop TDMA MAC, to enable real-time voice streaming in Lo3 .

we showed thatitispossible to implementaTDMA based multi-channel MAC on low end 802.15.4 platforms.


Thus, each tra.c type would be associated with a di.erent OF and consequently will be routed along a di.erent RPL network graph instance.

[15] proposes a cross layer QoS mechanism that incorporates a priority queue with multiple instances of RPL.


Generating Variants of TLM: To study the sensitivity of VANET performance to mobility details, various features of TLM can be independently enabled or disabled to obtain di.erent TLM variants.

four variants of TLM can be obtained by enabling or disabling the accelerationdeceleration and multi-lane features.


5) and in our recent study [7], by caching a limited number of copies of a chunk in selected caches in the network, we achieve signi.cantly higher gains.

in [7], we show that the centrality of nodes in a given network topology gives valid evidence of which nodes are within the most number of paths.


Now the reader can just identify each set Si independently.

if we can partition the tags into m groups, then the upper bound on the expected running time is improved to 2.887n - m. 6.


2.2.1 Basic Mobility Observations While we are able to detect a user s access to the mobile data network and accurately estimate a given location (above) and characterize accessed applications (below), an important underlyingquestionisif we are able to accurately estimate user mobility patterns.

there is on average a gap of 6 hours and 11 minutes between two consecutive sessions from the same user.


In order to quantify the inter-state and intra-state distances, we use non-linear dimensionality reduction1 to reduce the 100 dimension vectors to just 1-2 dimensions.

we apply the well-known Isomap algorithm of Tenenbaum et al [12] to the complex link signature measurements.


In systems larger than a couple of nodes and with a high enough number of channels, such steepest descent search leads to con.gurations in which the deviations from a complete solution to the problem are essentially point-like objects.

the bulk of the system consists of nodes that do not con.ict with any of their neighbours, occasionally disrupted by an adjacent pair of nodes using the same channel.


Active delegation occurs when a subject actively requests delegation of another role s permission to itself.

grantor and grantee are the same subjects.


The primary goal is to establish an intimate understanding of guessing, which is intuitive, yet provides a rigorous basis for guessing attacks.

the new framework should be faithful (i.e., .ts the common sense of guessing attacks),  expressive (i.e., accounts for multiple guesses), and  complete (i.e., captures all guessing attacks in a symbolic setting).


In this paper, we extend NDN data plane to support deadlineaware packet processing while preserving content-centric multicast.

we add a new attribute, deadline , into NDN data name, and show the potentials of deadline-aware forwarding strategies.


An idealized, in.nite DTD cache stores all payloads that it has received.

it does not delete a payload P from storage simply because it has received a different payload P0 for the same URL U.


Hence, inbothcases d8(b, a) <d8(b, q), as claimed.


We also demonstrate how PROTEUS can be integrated with RTC applications to signi.cantly improve the perceptual quality.

we increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio of a video conferencing application by up to 15dB and reduce the perceptual delay in a gaming application by up to 4s.


It is worth noting that a reconfiguration protocol works per- fectly well in an asynchronous setting.

the synchronous model with reliable channels that has been as- sumed up to now can be relaxed to allow asynchrony and both communication and node failures.


As it may not be possible to sense all of the context variables that influence future network availability, in this paper we introduce a generic, new model incorporating a hidden variable to account for this.

we propose a Dynamic Bayesian Network based context prediction model to predict network availability.


An important advantage of this architecture with proxies of different cache size is that it scales up in a cost-efficient way with the number of client communities.

we investigate a binary-ternary tree that consists of two proxies of type B and six proxies of type A to serve six client communities.


On the other hand, the fraction of unidenti.ed P2P bytes depends on the .uctuation of the volume of speci.c .ows, which manifests itself in the time-varying lines of missed bytes.

the shape of the plot of missed bytes vs. time is a.ected by the sizes of missed P2P .ows.


This fundamental limitation on sensing arises because at low SNR it is di.cult to be robust to even small system uncertainties.

we consider uncertainties in the noise plus interference and try to understand its e.ect on detection.


The Ping Service and Device Data Collectors are continuously collecting large amounts of data that need to be analyzed.

there are about 400 thousand pings and several hundreds to thousands of network events being generated every 15 minutes by the existing framework.


Because these attacks are in near real-time, we assume that an adversary can only bring a limited amount of resources to bear on any individual request.

the amount of computation devoted to analyzing the content is limited (in a content-analysis attack) and the size of the watchlist is limited.


In this paper, we study compact roundtrip routing in the TINN model where node names are topology-independent.

we assume node names of the vertices of V are an arbitrary permutation of {0,... , n- 1}.


Intuitively, the pathlet is a highly .exible building block, capturing policy constraints as well as enabling an exponentially large number of path choices.

we show that pathlet routing can emulate the policies of BGP, source routing, and several recent multipath proposals.


Therefore, multiple MPTCP sub.ows are inherently coupled with each other, resulting in potential side-channels that can be exploited to infer cross-path properties.

an ISP monitoring one or more paths used by an MPTCP connection can infer sensitive and proprietary information (e.g., level of network congestion, endto-end TCP throughput, packet loss, network delay) about its competitors.


Moreover, if r is unbounded, then each bidder i would have to submit an exponential num- Assumption 2 is retained.

we assume that each net-ber of bids z pi (j1,...,jr-1)and z si (j1,...,jr-1).


Ourhypothesisisthatextradependenciesincrease security risk and may create deployment deadlocks.

without the deployment or upgrade of otherinfrastructures,thedesignis not effective.


Additionally and more pragmatically, developing and deploying large-scale measurements of web access is signi.cantly easier than for other services.

it is easy to obtain a large list of target web sites distributed across the Internet, which can then be regularly monitored for IPv6 accessibility (see Section 3 for details).


in addition, 0mustbean annihilator for ...s .


4 and 5 it can be observed that coherent quadrature sampling receiver performs roughly 1 dB better in payload detection at the higher data rate of 436 Kbps compared to the lower data rate of 218 Kbps.

more complex coding scheme performs worst than simpler one the opposite is expected.


In this paper, we analyze sub jective quality judgments for YouTube video-on-demand streaming obtained via crowdsourcing tests.

we consider di.erent stalling patterns leading to the same total stalling time, and answer the following questions: 1.


In this paper we consider mobile (pedestrian and cars) and .xed terminals in a urban area that are interested in collecting the information originated from several sources.

each terminal aims at retrieving the data items in a limited region of interest centered around the node position.


The trace spectra cover different ranges of scaling exponents, but modifying m0 seems sufficient to capture this variation.

raising m0 increases the range of scaling exponents on the spectrum, as one would expect.


Symbolique tech- niques are also exploited in [2, 9], but the algorithms they use are quite different from ours.

some brute force instantia- tion of variablas is still necessary to guarantee the completeness of their methods.


For contradiction we assume that Gk is not a forest.


For about 40% of DR-ASes, the result is that both next-hop ASes are inferred to be providers.

those DR-ASes switch from one provider to another provider, and they assign the same LOCAL-PREF value to both providers.


Let the IDs be estimated not smaller than L and not larger than R,where L and R are the extreme points of the interval of IDs in the reader range, with L, R .

[0..2k - 1],L < R. the reader estimates to have in its range no tag with ID smaller than L or larger than R. This, however, does not rule out the possibility that some subinterval of [L...R] contain only IDs not present in the reader range.


Figure 1 shows the interleaved execution of the pull activity with the other algorithm activities.

figures 1 (e) and (f) show that node 7 starts the pull activity, as it detects a coverage hole and does not have any slaves to snap.


Such efforts include various speedtest services, residential broadband measurement [34], and several host-based tools [17, 32].

many of these tools, such as Netalyzr [19] and Ookla s speedtest [1], take advantage of browser s ubiquity by implementing them in browsers.


At the physical level, the actual wireless technology being used determines how far each device can communicate and thus imposes constraints on the topology of the network.

a node can directly communicate only with a subset of the surrounding devices and must rely on these direct neighbors to communicate with more distant nodes.


We .rst describe the PeopleNet system architecture.

we outline how our system architecture integrates naturally with the cellular infrastructure with minimal software installation.


And .nally, we show that it cannot increase once it exceeds N ` 1.

if .pDpt qq e N ` 1, then .pDpt ` 1qq d .pDpt qq.


the time the two nodes can communicate).

the new ordering is only used to de.ne a priority on the messages to be forwarded to the current contact.


To compute the mobile users in.uence, we present a distributed algorithm which is inspired by information potentials.

we analyze the algorithm properties with the stable state and the unimodality property.


We describe how the root of these problems is incomplete information sharing which we classify into scenarios of asymmetric information and perceived collisions.

we next introduce a graph-theoretic formalism to explore the role of information sharing in ad hoc networks by gen 1the index must be computable using only .ow and node state and not the state of remote .ows.


To meet the delay requirements, however, the beacon frequency has to be increased (reducing ßopt).

higher number of changes in the link-status is accumulated in every broadcast.


In this section, we review existing works on the dynamic adjustment of CCH and SCH intervals.

we focus on strategies for determining the safety interval within the CCH interval.


But around i1 i 2 i 3 t = 0.5s , it shows that the error vector ee,, e entered the i1 i 2 i 3 synchronization stability region respectively, since then, the state variables of each node in the network is the same at any time.

lorenz chaos dynamic system generated by BA scale-free model is stabilized to equilibrium point under apply adaptive feedback control at t = 0.5 s , achieve its control aim.


Then how the brain networks function when it comes to the regain or decompensation?

how to .nd a statistical shortest path for information transferring in a network with links time varying ?


.i reaches a maximum value of ai when it receives the best quality qi = 0 and decreases to zero if the quality deteriorates in.nitely, i.e., qi tends to +8.

we consider the following canonical form of the throughput function: -ßi qI .i(qI) = aie , (2) where AP i s throughput is characterized by a parameter ßi that captures its sensitivity to the received quality qI.


The node now computes its minimum possible collision-free transmit time, updates this information in the token and sends it to the next node to be visited.

the single message broadcast algorithm can be implemented using two DFS traversals, independent of the number of messages m. We now discuss the distributed implementations of our multiple message broadcasting algorithms.


In those mixed communication modes, all sensor nodes are assumed to apply one-hop communication in some cycles and multi-hop communicate in the rest ones.

sensor nodes in different rings transmit directly to the cluster-head with the same times.


Note that this is also a reasonable assumption in the Internet, since a node has access to the destination of a given packet, and nodes are likely to have some knowledge of whether that destination is close by or not.

we assume that each node Ni j has a predicate C such that if Ni j has distance of at most 2 log k + 1 hops from the victim j of the attack, then C(Ni )=TRUE, and if i is the node adjacent to the adversary, then C(Ni j )=FALSE (and hence m = 2log k + 2).


To understand why this is, we see that all nodes attached to an af.liation in the two-mode network form a clique among themselves in its one-mode projection.

the problem of .nding a two-mode representation for a network is essentially the problem of .nding a set of cliques that cover of all the edges in the graph.


Time-triggered Activity The MAC protocol is designed to work in a time-triggered manner.

rate control is achieved explicitly using an interval timer as opposed to implicitly by receipt of send done noti.cations.


Note how the ratio increases initially and then drops down to a constant value as the number of messages increase.

the ratio reaches the peak when the number of messages is around 10.


Therefore, the power signal can be represented in matrix format as the following: P = .


The switch brings up a di.cult dilemma that is general to all the components.

should we equip a switch with output wires or not?


However, this 8 16 32 64 128 256 can differ for the uplink direction.

we observe delays of up to three seconds for larger over-sized buffers when the up (a) Only downstream workload stream is used for the uplink direction.


Since interior elements may be assigned responsibilities across multiple ingresses, how does each encoder maintain a consistent view of the caches at interior elements?

if an ingress encodes a packet, will the decoders have the required matched packets or would they have evicted them?


Replication has been widely studied in the past.

network codingin DTR[30] hasbecomeapromising approach to attain maximum network .ow and fault tolerance using information theory.


To capture and recognize gestures, we exploit shadows captured by light sensors on the .oor.

we propose to separate the shadow component of each light source by embedding identi.ers in its light signal.


This network comes without cost on the infrastructure and follows the idea of resource pooling by the people [2].

the devices form opportunistic Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The multipletransmitters can function individually to provide directional communication links.

each target receiver canbe associated with one bestdirectionin terms of the lowestpathloss.


To reduce the cost of event routing, the selection of links from the TDO is based on end-to-end delays between the peers as well as event tra.c consumed or produced by them.

a core-based approach is employed, whereby a small set of peers that experience higher routing load and have low delay paths (in the TDO) act as cores.


In our previous scheme, Handover Management (HM) is implemented on the transport layer in both MNs and Correspondent Nodes (CNs).

an end-to-end handover operation can be achieved in our previous scheme.


Similarly, the reserved path bandwidth for tra.c class c RBc is de.ned as the minimum reserved link bandwidth for that tra.c class for all the links along the path.

uB = min UBk k RBc = min RBck k  3.3 MQDSR Route Request: Admission Control Bandwidth reservation and admission control is implemented during the route discovery process.


Even though the attack remains the same at each time interval, the normal traf.c demand matrix is time-varying, hence the observed variability in the drop rate time series.

we found slightly greater packet drop rates at the network traf.c peak time, such as 12PM (GMT) in the Europe backbone and 6PM (GMT) in the US backbone.


Parsers generated by yacc/lex process input in a pull fashion.

when input is incomplete, the parser blocks, waiting for further input.


To make it more suitable for multi media traffic , our algorithm will be enhanced by multi path selection.

we propose to combine swarm intelligence and multi path approaches in order to improve the QoS required by multimedia traffic carried over mobile ad hoc networks.


The basic approach for providing the QoS guarantees in the WiMAX network is that the BS does the scheduling for both the uplink and the downlink directions.

an algorithm at the BS has to translate the QoS requirements of SSs into the appropriate number of slots.


We observe that for .as small as 0.0001 the rate x2 converges to a value close to 0.

as long as there is a very small but constant difference between the measured busy times of the two .ows, the rates will converge to incorrect values.


Under such an adversary model, the primary privacy ob jective we want to achieve is hiding an active node that connects to the Gateway router among a group of Mesh nodes.

the active Mesh node has to be anonymous.


This paper is organized as follows: in Section B, we compare the Inktomi Climate Lab to the Web Polygvaph benchmarking too13; in Section C, we describe the designs of the log analysis, load generation, and hardware components of the Climate Lab; in Section D, we present several case studies that detail the application of our Climate Lab to various customer proxy deployments; finally, we present our conclusions in Section E. B. COMPARISONWITHPREVIOLJSWOFK  In this section, we compare our Climate Lab with Web Polygraph3, which is the most widely used benchmarking tool for proxy caches and is freely available as open source software.

we explain why we chose not to use Web Polygraph for load generation purposes.


This is likely to occur whenever there are D = ABT , where the matrices A and B are the same size as D. We can also use SVD, however, to obtain an approximate factorization of the distance matrix into two smaller matrices.

suppose that only a few of the diagonal elements of the matrix S are appreciable in magnitude.


When we use filtering, however, the contribution drops to 59.68% (at the expense of some increase in computation energy).

filtering is very effective in practice, giving 31.44% saving in overall energy consumption.


In either case, ingress queues get .lled and incoming packets get dropped.

incoming control packets get dropped which causes timeouts, which in turn generates more control packets and higher routing loads.


We examine how much geometry information is nevertheless hidden in the communication graph of the network: Assuming that the connectivity is determined by the well-known unit-disk graph model, we prove that using an extremely simple linear-time algorithm one can identify nodes on the boundaries of holes of the network.

there is enough geometry information hidden in the connectivity structure to identify topological features in our example the holes in the network.


For example, per-.ow scheduling decision is urgent while per-.ow rate-shaping decision can be relaxed.

some per-.ow controls require to be decided urgently since the stability of the controls could be in danger and/or the performance of the controls could be decreased dramatically.


By storing these anomalies over time, it is possible to identify the presence of scanning activity by sorting the data with respect to source address, destination address and destination port.

lowpro.le (slow and/or distributed) scans can be identi.ed.


The main contribution of this work is showing that incorporating application awareness into tree management achieves to break the performance-to-cost gap that is inherent to methods known to date.

the gap between the JIT approach (optimal in terms of state, though with potentially unacceptable interruption time) and the static approach, which does not suffer from service interruption, however maximizes state cost.


In this paper, we develop Xcast6Treemap islands(X6Ti) -ahierarchical architecture Overlay Multicast with the core is X6T.

x6Ti allows interchange (without any con.gurations) betweenOverlay Multicast mode(end-hostsduplicateandfor- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made ordistributedforpro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bearthisnoticeand thefull citation onthe .rstpage.Tocopy otherwise,to republish, topost on servers or to redistribute tolists, requiresprior speci.c permissionand/or afee.


We primarily measure throughput under a tra.c load of maximum rate UDP .ows.

we use Constant Bit Rate (CBR) .ows of 512 byte packets sent every 50 µs.


A purely greedy algorithm that picks a single choice after every merge would be too restrictive and result in poor performance because the algorithm does not satisfy the greedy property.

(the best orientation/rotation for merging the .rst two blocks is not guaranteed to be the best orientation/rotation for the full problem.)


Next, some cells in N0 , again chosen randomly, are moved from their TAs to new ones, until the consumed budget reaches B0.Moving acell i .N0 to a new TA is performed in a greedy manner.

the cell is moved to the TA giving the largest improvement, if such TA exists, otherwise the cell is moved to the TA such that the increase in overhead is minimal.


The functions of SPs in such a case need to be decoupled from those of InPs in a manner similar to wired virtualization to facilitate spectrum/physical resource sharing.

inPs are only spectrum/physical infrastructure owners while SPs are in charge of providing services to mobile users (MUs) in a fashion similar to existing MVNOs.


To satisfy the requirement of non-repudiation, we satisfy both the message authentication requirement by using a digital signature and the sender authentication requirement.

it is guaranteed that the signer is the creator.


If the incoming packet does not contain an emergency message, the packet is handled in the ordinary way.

the controller waits until the whole packet is received and decoded, then it provides the packet to the upper layer, if the packet is error free and the same packet has not been successfully received before.


It is therefore critical to develop statistical models for such links, since existing link models developed for lower carrier frequencies do not apply.

the multipath is sparse, but individual re.ected paths can be strong, and the overall channel gain can .uctuate signi.cantly with small changes in the propagation geometry.


Suf.ciently pervasive network scanning such as done by Con.cker reveals surprisingly detailed insights into global Internet behavior.

geolocation of all IP source addresses of such scanning packets makes it easy to detect country-wide outages[10], since an entire country disappears from this category of traf.c.We identi.ed Con.cker scanning traf.c by selecting TCP SYN packets with destination port 445 and packet size 48 bytes.


3. a number of legacy correspondent hosts placed over the Internet.

along the demonstration time, MH will connect to a WEB server CH1 at www.torvergata.tv, a backup file server CH2 at ubfsrl.ath.cx; a streaming server CH3 at vipnrj.yacast.net; a FTP server CH4 at ftp.archlinux.org and a laptop CH5 placed in another LAN running a skype client.


Given the tendency for traf.c matrices to show low effective rank, a number of authors have applied matrix completionto different types of TMs.

the authors in [27]develop algorithms for accurately recovering missing values(due to measurement failures) in intra domain TMs in whichthe sources and destinations are in the observer s network.


The lemma follows directly from the fact that f is both .-timely and obeys strong fairness.


In previous work, our group has proposed that a combination of common data sources could be substituted instead.

by opportunistically stitching together data from router con.guration logs and syslog messages, we demonstrated that a granular picture of network failures could be resolved and veri.ed with human trouble tickets.


Furthermore, the well known range expansion problem exacerbates the problem of limited capacity TCAMs.

converting packet classi.cation rules to ternary format typically results in a much larger number of TCAM entries.


Commitments result from communicative actions.

agents create commitments and manipulate them through the protocol they follow.


However, each message has a di.erent slack time.

some one has to be transmitted promptly while others can a.ord to tolerate some delay to meet their time constraints.


We start with analysis that is based on information directly available from the individual web accesses observed at each client.

we classify web access failures as being due to DNS (inability to resolve the website name), TCP (inability to do a TCP transfer from the server to client), or HTTP (inability of the server to return the requested content).


Environmental randomness As to environmental conditions, for each network operation (e.g., packet forwarding and routing), the GVG emulates the physical condition (e.g., air humidity and obstacles that affect wireless radio transmission) in a perfect manner, and precisely moves each packet from one forwarding node to another.

the packet content is deleted from the sending node s moving tape, and the received packet content is added to the proper place of the receiving node s moving tape.


We measured the time elapsed at the receiver between when the ACK was sent and the next broadcast packet was received.

this time includes both the hardware switching time and the overhead of our coordination handshake, which is currently implemented in user space.


This ap- proach will significantly reduce the signaling cost caused by intersystem paging.

it is very suitable for the high traffic environment because it omits the searching in two adjacent networks.


On the other hand, from our analysis of the event T, we get that the event t(ez+1)= d(ez+1) depends only of edges e with t(e) <d(ez+1), hence only of edges ei with 1 = i = z.

the event t(ez+1)= d(ez+1) is fully determined by H ' .


To isolate this e.ect, we design an experiment in which AP weighting is turned o..

we employ the Averaged with Hysteresis policy corresponding to d = 0.


Although our previous study [2] focused on replication methods in unstructured P2P networks for .le sharing, our objective was not only to achieve good search performance, as in previous studies on unstructured P2P networks, but also to achieve storage load balancing, as in the previous studies on structured P2P networks.

we proposed three different replication methods in our previous paper: Path Random Replication, Path Adaptive Replication, and Path Adaptive Replication with Priority Level.


FEASIBILITY We now turn our attention to the overall feasibility of our approach, focusing on the inter-networking aspects.

we consider how our forwarding fabric can be extended to cover inter-domain forwarding.


The network operator plans to place macro-cell, micro-cell, and pico-cell BSs to serve these user devices, where the propagation of wireless communication is modeled by the log-distance path loss model (suggested by the LTE speci.cation [17]).

the path-loss e.ect of a macro-cell is determined by Fma = 128.1+ 37.6 · log 10D(BSi,uj ), where D(BSi,uj ) indicates the distance from BSi toauser device uj (measured in km).


6, we know DTC-DD algorithm has more e.cient performance than DTC-SD.

dTC-DD algorithm is with the lower disable ratio and lower energy cost.


The x-axis corresponds to the rank of the router in a list sorted by the y-value for OSPF.

for a particular x value, we plot the load at the ith most congested router in an OSPF network, and the load under ROFL for that same router.


links between the hand s wrist and the elbow) as constraints into the positioning problem (See e.g., Figure 4.1).

we use an approximated version of the true constant distances (e.g.


NC o.ers the promise of improved performance over conventional network routing techniques.

nC principles can signi.cantly impact the next generation wireless ad hoc, sensor, and cellular networks, in terms of both energy e.ciency and throughput [2], [3].


Let us .rst consider the case without the WMA.

we can express the aggregate energy cost for this subgraph as simply the sum of all the weights on all links belonging to P ..


TCP Enhancements: Enhancements to transport protocols such as TCP over error prone and bandwidthlimited links has been an area of study for almost a decade.

when wireless links are involved, the variance in delay is found to be an important factor in.uencing TCP performance [6].


The FM algorithm is adopted with slight modifications.

we set the initial separation to let all the colored nodes be in the smaller partition and the rest be in the larger partition.


In fact, if the rate of convergence of the actual distribution to the limit distribution is very low, the uniformity test could be inaccurate.

it could be the case that, for moderate values of n, the test (which is based on the limit distribution) is not passed even by a sample of uniformly distributed nodes.


Usually, a RREP packet is obtained at the cost of .ooding the entire network or a limited scope.

the knowledge of a RREP message is achieved through tens, maybe hundreds transmissions of the RREQ message.


In other wurds, we proceed with a large set of numeric data that is afterwards captured in the ~-m of the neural ne~w~uk (its connection).

we start frmn raw data and combine them in the process of constructing a single numeric neural ne~wurk.


The method, least squares with snap-inducing shaped residuals, or snap-inducing shaped residuals (SISR) for short, emphasizes those computed node locations which match well with ranging measurements, while de-emphasizing others.

localization based on SISR willfavor those computed locations which represent good matches for a majority of measurement data, evenif these locationsmay meanalargedeviationfroma minority.


Note that the transmission range of each node is 50m in the simulations.

the beam width is roughly four-hop communication range.


It turns out that the .nal results will be totally different by choosing different one as the initial source node.

if we select va as the source node, both vb and vc have chance to receive the information.


Unfortunately, our experiments con.rm that such a loop indeed exists under certain conditions in OP-I.

for an unestablished call, the RRC enters into the 3G loop with some ongoing data services.


It will be formally de.ned in Section 4, but informally, L-local barrier coverage guarantees the detection of all crossing paths whose trajectory is con.ned to a slice (of length L)of the belt region of deployment.

if the bounding box that contains the entire trajectory of a crossing path, has a length at most L, then this crossing path is guaranteed to be detected by at least one (or k) sensor(s).


To our knowledge, none of the prior work has consid- ered the above research issues in the design and evalua- tion of QoS capable cluster interconnects.

co- evaluation of the interconnect and the NI to handle QoS sen- sitive traffic has not been undertaken.


Private-edge network uses the same network layer protocol as used in the public global transit network, but its locator space is private.

the local locators are not routable outside the edge network.


This small set of abnormal pre.xes and time intervals may be further examined to determine the source of anomalous behavior.

we observe that many of the unusual pre.xes are unstable pre.xes that experience frequent routing changes.


Since it is stationary, however, the issues of autonomy do not arise.

for a VSA it is trivial to ensure a consistent set of participants: they are exactly the set of participants that are near the VSA s .xed location.


This is because the compiled data plane rules can identify precisely those packets that complete the queried trajectories5 using the packet state, without having to collect the packets at every hop.

even if 100% of data plane packets (distinguished by location or payload) eventually satisfy the query, only 33% of them will be sent to the collector, when they egress at S3 after traversing 3 network hops.


We attempted to reverse-engineer their actual workload from only two distributions in their paper.

we did not model dependence between sets of servers.


A value closer to one means DMMT-EQ approaching to the optimum.

we can show that DMMT-EQ is a constant-factor approximation algorithm with an approximation ratios bounded by h -1 .= 1 - (2) L + (l +1) · (h -1) in which variable l is an integer within 0 = l = L and the constant number h = emax/emin characterizes the dissimilitude of energy distribution over the network.


i The other error model (what we call average error ) calculates at each time step the average distance from the particles in the cloud to the true position.

the average error is equal to n1 k E ' where k Ek ' =wi||r(k) - pi(k)|| i Second error model gives a bigger error showing a significant variance within the particle cloud.


Starting from wavelength 1, we schedule as many as possible packets on wavelength 1 at the input to wavelength 1 at the output.

we schedule max{x1,y1}packets from input wavelength 1 to output wavelength 1.


One more reason of not to consider RREP and RERR packets while evaluating overheads is that these packets need not be broadcasted as opposed to RREQ packets.

rREP packets are unicasted by nodes lying on the path as the path has already been decided and is available in the THL of the RREP.


results of the simulation are shown in Figure 7.

the number of sent messages is reported in Figure 7(a), while the collecting timeis reported inFigure7(b).


Therefore, in our results, the users of one tool are not exclusive with the users of other tools.

if a user used two tools for a task, this user was counted for both tools.


The solid curve is calculated from the average values of delay and energy produced by each method of the a-epidemic family.

this curve represents the delay = f(energy) relationship for the a-epidemic family.


The histogramsshow that often, a customer provides a highly dense column ofthe visibility matrix, while a peer typically provides very fewentries in the visibility matrix.

a single-parent 20 10 stub customer provides a complete column.


It mea.ns that we can find MCDS in poly- nomial time if we can find optimal broadcast tree in polynomial time.

we cannot find the optimal broadcast tree in polynomial time if we cannot find MCDS in polynomial time.


Setting up an 802.11 link requires several steps: scanning available channels for AP beacons, associating to an AP, which often requires authentication, and .nally running a DHCP request to con.gure the network parameters.

the authentication in networks that implement enterprise security requires multipleexchanges with a remote server, resulting in long delays, which can account for more than 33%of the total connection time.


In OSGi, the scope of such an unrestricted access is limited to the enclosing bundle.

the classes that belong to a bundle are not visible to the other classes that belong to other bundles.


Since a single malicious administrator can cause an undesired path to be used and because it is dif.cult to detect network routing policy violations, this approach allows for the possibility of data ex.ltration.

a malicious administrator may cause potentially sensitive traf.c from one host in the network to be redirected to a machine that he controls, allowing data to be extracted in spite of a multi-con.guration approach.


Typical stress test changes by having the inputs structure their bids to avoid the situation swamping some outputs with more bids than they can accept, while leaving others with no bids.

the inputs use a technique introduced in [11] called backlog-proportional allocation to limit the number of bids that are made to any output.


In principle, the rule of letting part of sensors to judge that most others be dead or alive, is not fair.

it could not balance the energy consumption during the lifetime of total network.


MeshDV combines proactive route computation for routers and ondemand path setup for clients.

the proactive route computation on the mesh backbone can be done using the traditional hop-count metric as well as the physical transmission rate (cross-layer) metric.


We develop a new MAC layer protocol called UMIMO-MAC that leverages MIMO capabilities.

uMIMO-MAC is fully distributed and relies on lightweight message exchange.


It won t be a surprise for those non-linearity come into play.

if the queue management at the bottle-neck link is drop-tail, because of its famous synchronization effect, we can t avoid non-linear analysis.


As shown 0.8 0.7 in Figure 12, all of the schemes have close to constant running time per interval.

their total running time increases 0.6 linearly with the number of intervals.


Finally, it selects ad ditional monitors as needed to ensure that the total number of monitors is at least three (lines 14 16).

optimality: It is easy to see from rules (i) (iv) that MMP only deploys monitors when needed, and thus no al gorithm can achieve identi.ability with fewer monitors; on the other hand, we show that the monitor placement by MMP is also su.cient, i.e., all link metrics can be iden 10neither of the vertices are cut-vertices.


show in [4] that there is a huge potential to reduce the energy consumption of LTE networks by using the publicly accessible residential femto base stations (which they name as pico base stations) to supplement the capacity of the macro network.

they show that up to 70% energy saving can be achieved by a joint deployment of macro and femto base stations in the network compared to the case when only macro base stations are deployed.


[9] contains a detailed the- oretical treatment.


This paper discusses calibration-free techniques for wireless LAN-based indoor location estimation.

we propose Triangular Interpolation and eXtrapolation (TIX) algorithm, which is a central part of our calibration-free techniques.


However, in the context of WLAN, although multiple novel wireless access technologies have been proposed and developed to o.er high bandwidth and guarantee quality of transmission, some de.ciencies still remain due to the original design of WLAN-MAC layer.

the performance anomaly of 802.11 is a serious issue which induces a potentially dramatic reduction of the global bandwidth when one or several mobile nodes downgrade their transmission rates following the signal degradation.


This makes A-MAC fundamentally less channel ef.cient under no-data conditions than sender-initiated protocols that listen quietly when no traf.c is present.

a-MAC channel usage scales with neighbor density and not necessarily with traf.c.


Thus, if the monitee is redeployed into a different location, a monitor can detect the redeployment by noticing the inconsistency in the distance measurements.

the distributions of the distance measurements before and after redeployment are different.


It is a gossipbased reputation system for the aggregation of global peer scores in a P2P networks.

in the present work we analyse the effects of groups of malicious peers on GossipTrust, showing how it reacts at group empowering.


The channel efficiency achieves the maximum in a slot period when TPROP is exactly the sum of the transmission delay of a DATA packet and the guard time.

tPROP =TDATA+TGUARD (3) Moreover, the throughput achieves maximum when (3) holds.


The results in this PDR section show that a channel-hopping MAC protocol achieves performances which are better than a single-channel solution operating over any of the 16 channels.

we show that channel hopping requires 26% less nodes to be deployed in order to cover a given region (Section 4.1), and achieve up to 63% lower average ETX (Section 4.2) and 47% lower churn (Section 4.3).


Where possible, our analysis is inclusive of the entire 50 month period, and when not, we explicitly indicate sub-periods.

our longitudinal results focus on two periods with the largest number of tests: a three-month window surrounding the 2005 coverage of the project in Slashdot [11] (approximately 1700 tests) and a comparable time window corresponding to our addition of the 30 CAIDA ark [21] destination nodes in February 2009 (approximately 800 tests).


The cost of moving from one set of replica nodes to another should be relatively low since this is a highly-parallel distributed process.

suppose the current intensity of replicas is .cr andwewishtomovetoanew setof randomly-located replicas with intensity .nr .


An AS is unlikely to have a peer-to-peer relationship with one of its (direct or indirect) providers.

more generally, we say that AS u is a peer-provider of v if there exists an AS w E peer(v) such that u is a (direct or indirect) provider of w. u is a (direct or indirect) provider of one of v's peers.


In the literature, there is currently no uni.ed model that describes both outdoor and indoor radio propagation.

there exist no analytical model to describe signal propagation from outdoor to indoor environment and vice versa.


Recent research has shown that using the sampled data to estimate the FSD is not veryaccurate, and these inaccuracies will continue to plague anyextension of the approach to SubFSD.

it has been shown that there are signi.cant limitations fundamental to this approach due to the information loss in packet-level sampling [2].


The online heuristics are simple in structure and demonstrate excellent performance in comparison to traditional resource alloca-tion schemes such as processor sharing.

our experimental results indicate that (i) using a combination of request sizes and air interface data rates is desirable, (ii) time multiplexing users in continuous bandwidth conditions is superior to code multiplexing, and (iii) when user rates are discretized, a combination of time and code multiplex- ing with a dominant time muliplexing component, results in broadly satisfactory performance with various measures.


We compute the likelihood of each scenario occurring in a random topology, develop models that accurately predict each .ow s short-and long-term performance in each scenario where senders are not in range, and predict the impact of key system parameters such as the maximum retransmission limit.


As before we can solve this minimization problem in P.An interesting point to note in the above formulation is that the vector of means need not be for the same metric as the matrix of covariances.

we could also solve the problem of minimizing the variance of throughput sub ject to a speci.ed average latency.


to Sd and change at least one next-hop between the initial and the .nal con.guration (lines 7-15).

among the routers that change one or more next-hops during the ¯ migration (set Vd at line 5), each router is forced to migrate after all its successors in the actual path towards d (line 11).


To capitalize on this observation, Disclosure extracts a set of temporal features that characterize the variability of client flow volume as a function of time, such that the system can discriminate between uniform client flow distributions indicative of C&C servers and benign traffic that follows well-known diurnal patterns.

disclosure segments a time series of client and flow volume by hour-long intervals per server si,and calculates statistical features over these.


S| q is a m-dimensional probability vector with one component unity}.

the set K * denotes the corners of simplex K. Clearly, K * isonetoonecorrespondence withpure strate- Qn gies, i.e.


A New Hybrid Solution Emerges This is the desirable outcome, but also the most nebulous.

it must have the property of allowing some user choice while .nding a means to appropriately compensate the ISPs for the decisions made.


However, it is ine.ective because it only increases the window size until packet loss occurs.

tCP Reno induces packet loss in order to obtain information about the available bandwidth(-delay product) of the network.


This approach is a robust solution to the memory exhaustion attack; however, it uses more computation on the supplicant side.

the PTK is calculated twice for each received nonce: the first time when Message 1 is received, and the second time when Message 3 is received.


This is orthogonal to perframe improvement.

we consider temporal domain coding, compared to spatial domain coding in most previous works.


CaptureFoundry is still under development, and is expected to support a greater variety of additional functionality in the future.

future work will focus on re.ning and extending the classi.cation engine to support additional functionality and simplify the construction of .lters, and on improving capture navigation and exploration through visualisation and GPU accelerated metric calculation.


So the peaks come from the overhead of our protocol.

most probes get propagated all the way to the boundary (because there is not much opportunity for early aggregation), and our algorithm gets penalized for trying four directions and traversing the same trails twice.


Since we only focus on Layer 3, each policy unit we derive is a union of otherwisedisjointIP address ranges.

our approach treats each IP address in the enterprise as representing a single end-host, and tries togroup together IP addresses that are similarin terms of reachability constraintsinto a singlepolicy unit.


Let us de.ne the supersystem to be the system induced by the Poincar´e return map on the original system.

we observe the rates of the sources only when the bu.er is full (when the map returns to the section).


Therefore, if the channel changes faster than this adaptation time, the performance of the rate algorithms can be unpredictable.

our metrics will not be as accurate at estimating algorithm behavior for rapidly changing channels as compared to the case when the channel changes on the same time scale as that at which the rate algorithm can adapt.


We call it the name invariance of the model because it means the names (the indices) of the nodes are irrelevant in the sense that the joint probabilistic behavior of any .xed number of nodes is invariant to renaming (reindexing) the nodes.

it also implies that each single node variable Xi has the same probability distribution.


This means that it may take a considerable delay to switch to an alternate stable route, when a route failure occurs.

the current interdomain routing is not su.ciently resilient to a link or an autonomous system (AS) failure.


2.6 Stability Issues Earlier, we have proved that the PBTA algorithm is stable (implicitly) assuming that the queue length information is instantaneously available at all nodes whenever a change occurs.

the stability properties that we have proved may not hold if network nodes have stale (queue length) information.


As the number of gateways increases, the average path length between a node and its nearest gateway decreases signi.cantly, thereby reducing path overhead and increasing aggregate throughput.

for the  CDF 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Throughput (Mbps) Figure 11: UDP throughput for paths with = 2hops for the single gateway, single .ow experiments.


3Formally, a periodic solution is said to be a limit cycle if there are no other periodic solutions su.ciently close to it.

a limit cycle corresponds to an isolated periodic orbit in the state space [14].


Of course, this Something dependsonthedensity of the available accesspoints as well as on the bandwidth utilization of the respective home-users.

connectivity may be poor and intermittent, which makes DTNs, or connectivity through 3G links an essential complementary part for UPNs.


The exact reduction in the tail and the corresponding capacity savings depend on the percentile of the load distribution chosen for provisioning networks and servers-- the higher the percentile, the smaller the savings.

compared to over a 50% reduction in the average load, the sav- ings in network and server capacity is only 20-35% for the 99 th percentile of the load distribution.


6.2.2 Dependence on ß To comprehensively understand BARON s performance, we extend to cases with other ß values.

we examine two cases with ß =0.5 and ß = 1 respectively.


We classify devices based upon their manufacturer, which we determine based upon their MAC addresses.

we use the .rst three octets, commonly known as the Organizationally Unique Identi.er (OUI).


Our future work includes the implementation and evaluation of the entire system.

the medium access control strategy requires closer inspection and analysis.


The gateway is implemented using Open vSwitch (OVS).

we implement the network address translation logic as an application on the .oodlight.


From each experiment, we obtained a set of ARVs on which we ran the classi.cation algorithm to differentiate on-body nodes and o.-body nodes (attackers).

we used the kmeans function in Matlab with the cluster number set as 2.


Servicedi.erentiationis applied on aper-packetbasis and dependsmainly onthequeueutilization atthetimeapacket arrives at the micro-provider s AP.

we implemented a packet scheduling mechanism based on the nonpreemptivepriorityqueuing scheme.


bounds the non-uniformity of the environment.

transmission from node v to w is considered successfulin our model(in absence of interference) if and only if c(v,w)= rt, where rt is the intended transmission range.


In this paper, we present Disclosure, a large-scale, wide-area botnet detection system that incorporates a combination of novel techniques to overcome the challenges imposed by the use of NetFlow data.

we identify several groups of features that allow Disclosure to reliably distinguish C&C channels from benign traffic using NetFlow records (i.e., flow sizes, client access patterns, and temporal behavior).


Mean Task Completion Time (sec) 180 145  220 145 140 160 115 140 200 Worst TCT (sec) 135 Worst TCT (sec) 135180130 Mean TCT (sec) 130125 125120 140 120115  110 120 100 110 105  105 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Guest Users 1 2 3 4 5 0 Number of Guest-users 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5Number of Guest-users DropTail UPN Protocols BTFON  Number of Guest Users DropTail UPN Protocols BTFON (a)Guest-User Mean TCT(b)Home-User Worst TCT Figure 5: Topology 1 -Increasing Guests Wego one step furthertoinvestigatethe scalabilityproperties of the algorithms with regard to the guest-user s .le size.

we simulate one walking guest-user and we vary the amount of data to be transferred.


Real-world observation tells us that each individual only has a limited visibility or sphere of interaction .


These tree-routing ideas are then shown to give better routing protocols for planar graphs as well.

we show how to route along near-shortest paths (of length at most (1+1)times the shortest-path) with O(log2ni1) *This work was done while the author at Lucent Bell Labs and was partly supported by a DIMACS grant.


Because GPS does not work underwater, new localization techniques need to be developed for these oceanic sensing platforms.

in a networked setting, collaborative techniques allow devices to selflocalize [10], i.e.


GPA succeeds in making a prediction (Figure 5).

set VM is not empty and the highest transition probability Pe toacell, say Cl, is signi.cant.


A new class of non-cryptographic authentication schemes shows the promise in WBAN [7].

group device pairing (GDP) scheme establishes initial ad-hoc trust with zero prior security context.


One aspect that must be considered is that motes, like other wireless devices, will determine if the area is free of signals before sending.

the motes must query the wireless channel before communicating.


The above mentioned challenges have given motives towards an information / content centric paradigm of networking.

it is a transition from a host-centric and end-to-end communication paradigm to a content-centric networking paradigm.


the .rst term within the parentheses in (5) is at least P HS if sij =1.


Di.erently to the literature we leverage the concept of VMs cluster and we propose a algorithm that .nd a strong connected cluster of VMs inside the DDC and migrate them to another DC to reduce the WAN link utilization and to solve the congestion event.

the key observation behind our approach is that the migration of single VMs, completely ignores possible information about amount of tra.c between the VM and the others within the DCs.


The authors have suggested extending the traditional fixed counter threshold scheme to incorporate the number of neighbors at a node.

the decision to forward the broadcast packet is determined by the function where n is the number of neighbors of the forwarding node.


Budget Imbalance Coverage: Note that no matter for perfect system or NE-perfect system, we are not able to achieve budget balance.

the central authority may lose money from time to time due to any service request.


dik is 0 if si belongs to Sk, and 1 otherwise.

when subset Sk is off1, sensor si is on if dik =1.


SIMULATION RESULTS 6.1 Simulation of the path prediction algorithm We have programmed the logic of the automaton-based path prediction algorithm in Prolog, a 5th generation (declarative) programming language widely used in AI applications [11].

we have made use of the Arity/Prolog interpreter [6].


This architecture directly affects to the definition of the communications pattern.

we have to ensure the communication between both elements for a proper and reliable detection of physical risk events.


Given this data, the most primitive method for detection is to set 1Because TCP requires setting up a connection, the IP address cannot be easily spoofed.

a view count threshold K. A user is suspect to generate fake view if his daily view count is more than K. aij > K implies user i is creating fake views for video j.


In this paper we focus on the following abstraction: we consider mobile and .xed terminals that are interested in collecting data items originating from several sources in a speci.c urban area.

each terminal aims at retrieving the data items in a limited region of interest (ROI) centered around the current node position.


Due to the Zip.an nature of internet tra.c, there are a large number of small .ows which cause similar observations at various indices.

the number of unique con.gurations of (vi,qi) pairs observed in real tra.c is quite small (approximatelya few thousand).


Figure 4(b) reveals an enormous diversity with respect to the number of peers some member ASes peer only with a few other members, while others peer with almost all of them.

we see that the tier-1 ISPs have a small number of P-P links, typically peering with less than 25 % of all member ASes.


In this case, the expected number of hops will be 0.4 × 1+ 0.6×6 = 4.

the latency improvement attributed to universal caching is only 25%.


Our goal was to collect web usage logs from a diverse set of users, while having some level of repetition among those users.

we would like to attribute each browsing session to a unique user, and do so consistently across sessions.


The disk centered at a node v of radius r is denoted by B(v,r).

for a .nite planar point set V and a number r> 0, the r-disk graph on V is a simplegeometricgraph on V in which there is an edge between two nodes if and only if their distance is at most r. a 1-disk graph is referred to as unit-disk graph.


Comparison between tra.c shaping methods: We compare di.erent modes of implementing tra.c shaping and describe how each of them performs in terms of network overhead.

we explore two methods, namely na¨ive tra.c shaping and our enhanced version of Tra.c Morphing, and compare them.


Unfortunately, the SC-PDA problem is NP-Hard even when the temporal load a(t) is a constant.

we prove the following result: Theorem 1.


Note that we include multiple ASes in our announcements as the discovery process proceeds.

to call the discovery process recursively on an AS y .


Second, we show that our new key splitting approach allows for e.cient certi.cate handling.

mD does not need to validate any certi.cates upon roaming as HN s certi.cate is pre-installed on MD.


In order to evaluate this ability, we setup a simulation scenario where multiple MBMS services are transmitted in parallel to several user groups residing in a cell.

we suppose that four user groups receive four distinct MBMS services with characteristics presented in Table 4.


By the properties of stereographic mapping, a great circle is mapped to a circle in the plane.

the image of any great circle of the sphere encloses the tangent point of the sphere and the projected plane.


The system helps operators identify important events, but is limited to one network and cannot identify the cause of events.

if an event is caused by a distant AS, their system can only indicate the border routers involved.


In addition, we are working in improved means to estimate the revenue r that removes the assumption that traffic is uniformly distributed across the IP address space announced in the BGP routing table.

we are considering a model that proposes an inverse relationship between the amount of traffic that a given route sinks and the AS path length attribute.


Although an optimal assignment of OLCs to cluster controllers might be computed using a global algorithm, the actual assignment of OLCs to cluster controllers should preferably be done based on local information.

instead of using explicit con.guration assignments, each OLC selects a cluster controller based on information about the direct neighborhood.


In Algorithm 1, increments and decrements of Tc can follow di.erent strategies.

we consider that both increments and decrements can be either additive or multiplicative.


Unfortunately, existing technologies for tracking breathing typically require body contact.

they require the user to wear a chest band [6] or nasal probe [3], or to lie on a special mattress [1], and hence are inconvenient for continuous monitor ing.


A metric, such as delay, is a state parameter whose effect is cumulative along a path.

the values of the metrics of all links and nodes along a given path are combined to determine whether the path meets user QoS requirements.


When combined with the verify function, it e.ectively enables authenticated delegation.

it allows a user or a trusted third-party to specify good behavior .


Note that the blue dots in the right .gures which we did not consider in our .tting (also shown with black squares in left .gures) correspond to users with extreme behavior.

for example in Figure 4(c) they are the customers who spend up to 10 minutes with their more than 150 (a.k.a.


In order to attain achievable bene.ts from multiple relay nodes, several copies of the cooperative information from di.erent cooperative relay nodes via multiple independent channels are preferred.

both spatial diversity and temporal diversity could be achieved when m relays in stead of one are employed.


That is, all snapshot data s utility drops out exponentially after generated.4 Based on above, we can associate each snapshot i symbol decoded at time t a marginal utility gain a t-ti ui(ri(t)) where ti is the time the snapshot i symbol is .rst generated.

a new decoded symbol s contribution on utility is simply a function of the number of decoded symbols of that snapshot multiplying a discount factor.


To tackle this challenge, we structure the inter-cloud messaging protocol into three components including message vehicle, message format and message content.

we highlight a few options for message vehicle and formats and offer our initial choice with rationale; we also categorize message contents into six sub-domains.


Figure 3 shows how a sensor can geometrically localize itself based on its angles to at least two anchors.

a sensor estimates its position as the intersection point of the lines extended from the localizing anchors at the angles determined in the Angle Estimation phase.


= 2 l E DA The overall energy consumption can be viewed as a function of (x, y).


The energy consumed by a sensor node was calculated by using the model presented in [4], which is based on the Chipcon CC2420 radio transceiver [5].

the model assumes the following radio states: transmit, receive, idle (the transceiver is on, but it is not transmitting nor receiving, i.e., it is monitoring the channel) and sleep (the transceiver is off and can be switched back on quickly).


Since this leakage can be characterized for a given hardware, the adjacent subcarrier detection can be tackled with proper thresholding.

the adjacent subcarrier would be considered active only if the SNR on this subcarrier is greater than 10 + t , where t is an estimate derived from sensing the channel in the preceding DIFS duration.


Engineering such systems is most naturally approached as an extension of object-oriented systems engineering.

the Unified Modeling Language (UML) can be naturally extended to Agent UML (AUML) [5] to support the distinctive requirements of multi-agent systems.


We have shown that the .ltering e.ect achieved by route-based DPF is sensitive to the underlying Internet AS connectivity structure.

we have shown that power-law structure of Internet AS topology plays an important role in facilitating e.cient proactive/reactive .ltering.


Second, the RDNS resolver topologies are complex, unlike the ODNS population, which is by de.nition just a set of simple servers.

an ODNS may forward DNS queries to a pool of resolvers, which may optionally utilize another layer of resolvers before the queries egress the infrastructure and are visible at our ADNS.


Note, however, that even though we increased the rate of wire growth, the total number of switches per node remain asymptotically constant (See Table 1): 1111 Tsw =2+1+1+ + + + ... < 6 (24) 2244 Which makes: Bsw(p =0.75) < (2 · Fc · I + 13) · C (25) This property holds for any p< 1.0.

given su.ciently large N, we can approximate any p by programming the stage-to-stage growth rate, and the number of switches per compute block remains asymptotically constant.


2, we can observe that, Xis larger than Yn, where Yn is de.ned as n the duration between the start of the RTS frame and the end of the DATA frame.

the difference between X n and Yn, denoted as T o, can be calculated by 1 T o = Xn-Yn = TSI F S +TDI F S +Tsync + (LPH +LAC K ) R (21) 4Here we ignore the propagation delay.


We will relax the condition by ignoring the condition of n going in.nity.

we consider that -n·y e -a = n(n · y)k e. k!


While this approach is likely to be adequate for DTNs employing only loop-free routes, it is not su.ciently .exible for supporting short-term loops in routing paths that do not disturb an otherwise-loop-free routing protocol.

although an operational loop-free DTN routing solution could be locally adjusted in the vicinity of a congested custodian to e.ect message migration, this approach would require extreme attention to detail in how routing would be locally adjusted in order to prevent global routing algorithm instability.


In certain cases, when a node succeeds or fails to receive a packet, other nodes can have high PDR.

in the roof scenario, increases of 20% in PDR for other nodes are seen when certain nodes fail to hear packets from the same source.


The only restriction on the two pieces of the fabric F1 and F2 is that they cannot contain any device to change the wavelength of any signal.

the fabric of a split cross-connect is split into two wavelength selective sections F1 and/;'2 connected to each other via wavelength interchangers.


Our approach has the advantage of not introducing changes to the existing network architecture and protocols, while still achieving seamless mobility.

the proposed technique works well also for non-IPbased networks such as GSM cellular networks.


The main drawback of their result is that it makes the unrealistic assumption that the adversary cannot fabricate keys, except for honestly running the key generation algorithm.

dishonestly generated keys are disallowed, an assumption that we do not make.


Figure 1 gives the timing structure of a .uid chunk.

figure 1 (a) and (b) show, respectively, how IEEE 802.11 DCF operates with and without the RTS/CTS mechanism.


Other studies such as [9] or [10] analyze with more detail the impact of vehicles as obstacles on the signal attenuation and PDR.

the work in [9] measured the PDR experienced in a highway using one and two receiving antennas, and considering other vehicles and trucks as obstacles.


Simulation results show that such a system could increase the network performance in terms of throughput, delivery time, as well as power efficiency when used in a CSMA style MAC layer.

the proposed system produces most benefit in heavy traffic loading which shows that it is most suitable for data intensive WSN which are required by advanced sensing applications.


The encryption allows each note to verify that packets received came from the other node.

this is how the Home Agent validates Binding Update messages from the Mobile Node when it has moved to a new Care-of address.


Note that due to the stable WMEWMA estimator, the several seconds of high losses are not enough to make the stable 4B change its path.

stable 4B selected a path with a cost per hop almost equal to 1 and never changed even with packet losses.


The next recommendation deals with DRM services, and the fact that we should avoid entangling them within other services or the REL.

the fourth recommendation deals with the fact that RELs and DRM services should not refer to particular implementations of the services they need to use.


It attempts to take advantage of concurrency available in modern networks such as Infiniband or Quadrics and relies on multiple nonblocking RDMA operations.

the technique has been deployed in the MPI_AllGather operation, one of the most communicationintensive collective operations known.


If there is a possibility that the RDM node is not trustworthy, a sampling technique is used to validate the computation of the RDM node.

for a randomly chosen session, a node may initiate a validation session 10 5 to test the RDM node.


They have implications for the scope of PCL, a number of claimed formal proofs, and several extensions to the base model.

we show that in contrast with the claims in e.g.


Such systematic and non-systematic deviations and their outcomes have been motivation to formulate more generalized models of strategic behavior that include the notion of the Nash equilibrium as a special case.

to relax the assumption of perfect rationality required by the concept of Nash equilibrium, some have introduced the concept of bounded rationality.


when k = d, the contention source initiates pairwise contentions with all of its neighboring BSs.


In this work we extend AQM to wireless networks.

a new priority queue algorithm is introduced which helps to manage both control and routing packets in the wireless network.


from accessing the new security material during its distribution.

since the leaving node is aware of the current group key material, the latter can not be used to securely distribute a new premaster secret to the remaining nodes.


We can build these signatures using similar techniques to those described in [6].

given the original observed so and input io, we determine which parts of the input must remain the same to satisfy the formula.


We employed RS(n, k) non-binary linear codes for information dispersion over multiple paths which leads to robustness against at most n - k packet drops or t = L n-k J modi 2 .cations.

k symbols are coded to n symbols and at least k unmodi.ed symbols are required for successful reconstruction of the original data.


We found that 14 agents, running on separate hosts within the server cluster, reached about 1.4 Mbps.

b~ 1,484, 144 bps fla = B -2,097, 152 bps -0.708 (29) We use these constants in our equations to obtain the results below.


This is because the linksing suboptimal for multi-.ows.

in our implementation, a forwarder transmits in a round-robin fashion from all .ows that have positive credits.


According to this mechanism, the decision on the threshold between PTP (multiple DCHs) and PTM (FACH) bearers is operator dependent, although it is proposed that it should be based on the number of served MBMS users.

a switch from PTP to PTM resources should occur, when the number of users in a cell exceeds a predefined threshold.


That simple heuristic achieved asymptotically near-optimal e.ciency for unit disk graphs in large dense homogeneous networks.

the simple heuristic enables for every transmission to bring innovative information to almost every receiver.


5.1.2 Short Flows We will use the commonly used metric for short .ows: the .owcompletion time, de.ned as the time from when the .rst packet is sent until the last packet reaches the destination.

we will measure the average .ow  Number of long-lived flows Figure 12: Bu.er requirements for tra.c mix with di.erent .ow lengths, measured from a ns2 simulation.


A few persistent components also represent groups of related Web sites such as dictionary.com, thesaurus.com and lexico.com,or govideocodes.com (video site) and photobucket.com, which appear to represent user interests.

inside hosts that access one site are also likely to access the other sites in the (outside host) group.


The term spatial dispersion is used to refer to the amount of media that two consecutive requests have in common, and thus that can be shared between them.

it expresses the amount of overlapping media between consecutive requests.


Second, CRMA without virtual .ows signi.cantly out-performs CSMA/CA, Wi-Fi, and Random Access.

for a small number of .ows(2-4 .ows), CRMA out-performs CSMA/CA by 33%-50%,Wi-Fiby86%-93%, andRandomAccessby64%-68%.


Our method is to compute for each transit AS-T the number of pre.xes (or origin ASes) that can t be tracerouted because the traceroutes stopped at some router r in T .

router r is the last identi.ed router for the traceroute to some origin AS.


for network operators today is to e.ciently provide heterogeneous and .exible connectivity services to o.er guaranteed quality levels to their customers at competitive prices.

hybrid packet and circuit transport networks, based on optical transmission and switching technologies, represent a promising and e.ective solution to this issue, since they merge the advantages of packet-based service (e.g., high .exibility, better resource utilization) with those of circuit switching solutions (e.g., tra.c isolation, guaranteed bandwidth, limited latency).


Our future work will be aimed at addressing these limitations.

we plan to investigate the problem of detecting guessability under more general equational theory and develop automatic tools to detecting guessing attack.


Periodicity of contact patterns has also been shown to in.uence the performance of DTN routing algorithms [23].

small world networks with highly connected clusters, containing short paths connecting every pair of nodes provide a promising means of improving routing [15].


The trajectories for the DPS are then obtained with (20).


Since the scheme has been extensively studied under an AWGN channel model in the simulations, we exploit our USRPs to emulate a real transmission in an indoor multipath environment.

we eliminate the LOS component by placing an obstacle between Alice and Bob/Eve.


Each peer caches the received stream in a local circular bu.er for a certain amount of time.

a bu.er window is kept along the playback of the stream, say 5 minutes.


This di.ers from most epidemiological models, which are interested only in the time elapsed since the last infection of this node.

the quantity of interest to us is not the spread of a single packet, but the age distribution across all nodes.


While the focus of these studies was different from ours-in particular, [YMKT99] explicitly discarded non steady samples-some of our results bear directly upon this previous work.

in this section we verify the finding of correlations in the loss process, but also find that much of the correlation comes only from back to-back loss episodes, and not from nearby losses.


(n) bits per second on average to its chosen destination nodes.

there is a T< 8 such that in every time interval [(i-1)T,iT] every node can send T.(n) bits to its corresponding destination node.


This bundle drop procedure has the e.ect, during a bu.er crunch, of building a gradient of replication density centered at the destination of the replicated bundles.

more copies are maintained near the destination, letting copies further away be deleted.


As a data-centric routing scheme [1], data aggregation requires some forms of synchronization among the nodes during data transmission towards the sink.

sending data as soon as it is available is not necessarily the best strategy [5].


To project the exhaustion date under the policies, we subtract the residual addresses from total addresses, and apply projection models on the generated data.


On the other hand, with MIM enabled and RSS di.erence above 10 dB, the receiver can clearly pick up the interfering frame and abandon the reception of A-MPDU, resulting in a sharp decline of the FDR.

the receiver behaves similarly to when the sender and interfering node are on the same channel.


4.5 Sparse aggregation with HST We also remark that the 2-HST computed in Section 4 can be used to get an aggregation tree when spontaneously emerging resources spread out in the network are detected by their local sensors and no resource is aware of how many and where the other resources are.

it solves the same problem as in the sparse aggregation framework [11].


The policy implicitly makes a tradeoff between user attention consumption and energy consumption.

when the energy supply is not optimis tic with a small EOS, the policy will use the user s discretion instead of automatically fetching higher-quality messages.


A TDMA scheme makes a considerable effort at maximizing the spatial reuse of the available bandwidth while at the same time eliminating the possibility of collision.

depending on the signaling mechanism, transmissions may collide in two ways in wireless networks: primary and secondary interference [10].


Correspondingly, we have developed optimization algorithms that efficiently manage energy consumption between the cloud and edge layers.

our research shows that the updating of sensor readings can be realized via communication between cloud, edge, and beneath layers using information push and pull mechanisms.


Our idea is to allow each node to determine the data transmission probability it shall transmit based on the preceding transmissions from other nodes, subjecting to the overall information reliability requirement.

a sensor node, before transmitting its own data, will record the overheard sensory data from its neighbors while contending the channel.


First, it completely eliminates the issue of controller compatibility with the simulation environment.

the controllers are entirely unmodi.ed and can be used o.-theshelf.


The SP adheres to the agreed privacy policies regarding non-disclosure of user data (denoted as IdP-T.1 in [13]).

the SP will not abuse the released user attributes and will use them only for the stated purpose(s).


Our study shows that the packet checksum method may not be necessary if we increase the route pseudonym bit-length l. Any checksum, including the one used in TCP or UDP, is only computationally sound rather than perfect.

there is negligible but greater than zero probability that a checksum-protected packet is indeed corrupted but undetectable.


However, it turns out that, at least for shortest hop routing, one can just as easily generate a keep/relay/drop table for a source-destination pair, given the topology.

a destination-rooted sink tree may be used to determine whether or 6 For a given network size, density and mobility, the fraction of capacity used for (overhead) control messages decreases as data rates increase.


Dolev-Yao Model of Cryptography  We employ a standard Dolev-Yao black-box model to capture the functionality of cryptographic primitives and operations used in communication protocols.

we use the deductive system from [7], consisting of construction, elimination, and testing rules, to reason about messages in the three-layer model.


6.5 Acceptance Delay The Acceptance Delay for a data frame is the time taken for a data frame to be acknowledged, independent of the number of attempts to transmit.

it is the time computed between the transmission of a data frame and the time when the acknowledgment was recorded.


that n is su.ciently large): An (e, d)-triangulation of certain simple 2k-doubling npoint metrics must have order of the form d-O(k) log 1 e .

for (0, d)-triangulation we obtain a lower bound of d-O(k) log n, which matches the upper bound d-O(k) log n shown by Slivkins [18].


Along the multi-hop unstable channels between one sensor and the CU, a secret key is generated with the help of relay nodes.

pairwise keys between relay nodes are utilized to maximize the key generation rate and entropy of the .nal secret key between that sensor and the CU, in terms of number of bits.


As with Theorem 3.1, this result does not require the network to be completely stable.

since the analysis restricts to a single path for each vertex, the theorem only requires a single path of appropriate length from the source vertex to each other vertex to remain intact.


D The condition (11) in Theorem 1 is su.cient but not necessary for the convergence of the user subscription dynamics.

we observe through numerical simulations that in some cases the user subscription dynamics converges for a wide range of prices although the condition (11) is violated (see [8] for more details).


In this paper we consider a generic multicast primitive in which each message may induce a unique multicast request (m,s,T).

this primitive allows a source node s to send a message m to a set of target nodes T. we consider this primitive within a wireless network.


such that their 2K-random counterparts would be extremely dissimilar to the original graphs.

it is an empirical observation that Internet topologies are speci.c in the sense that they are almost 1K-or 2K-random.


The simulations used here were generated in a similar manner to those in [20].

a spatial tra.c matrix is generated using a gravity model and then extended into the temporal domain using a matrix product with a simple periodic signal.


The solution to this is the same as the short term disruption.

calculating the length of a particular task and either breaking it up if the execution time can be determined or executing in user space if it cannot.


These services should be interpreted as representative examples, not a complete set.

we elect to focus on services that can be provided at relatively low cost, where the interesting question to ask is how much information they provide at little cost.


In order to determine the optimum goodput achievable in an h-hop chain, we conduct a further experiment, in which the examined TCP variants are provided with global knowledge.

we utilize synchronized clocks for both TCP sender and receiver for TCP-AP to determine more accurate estimates of the 4-hop delays.


However, if certain flows become idle, then the above algo- rithm will deviate from the WFQ algorithm.

extra bandwidth (due to idle flows) will not be allocated to backlogged flows that are waiting to be served in the basic channel; instead, we will give spatial reuse higher priority.


The NewTop service offers a more comprehensive set of group management facilities than OGS.

oGS does not support overlapping groups.


A comprehensive simulation study using ns2 [8] shows that TCP-AP achieves up to 84% more goodput than TCP NewReno, provides excellent fairness in almost all scenarios, and is highly responsive to changing network traffic conditions.

tCP-AP provides fair sharing of the available bandwidth, even when competing flows are not within each other s transmission range, but within each other s interference range, since the proposed algorithm relies on the end-to-end measurement of the interference experienced by a TCP connection.


Hereafter, we report our experiences and results obtained by measurements on a real ad hoc network implementing a full ad hoc network architecture.

we set up a MANET prototype on which we performed several sets of experiments; speci.cally we focused the study on di.erent solutions for routing protocols and middleware platforms.


Theorem 3 presents the computed CTR for our model, namely rc, and the critical value Ec, such that .E = Ec we have a scenario where rc is the correct solution to the CTR problem.

rc from Theorem 3 is the CTR when E is large enough, and the lower bound for E is determined by Ec.


Without attractive incentives, large numbers of consumers simply disable their transponders.

in order to be assured of consumer approval and use of any design, we must both be cautious not to make such a solution undesirable to rational users willing to disconnect equipment or limit its functionality.


Furthermore, there are only 65,536 (216) possibilities for the lower 16 bits of Xi , and only one of them is such that when used with Xi,[0···15] (available from the packet) the next two numbers generated by Eqn 1 have the same top 16 bits as Xi+1,[0···15] and Xi+2,[0···15], which are also observed in the received packet.

there is only one 16-bit number Y that satis.es the following two equations simultaneously: Xi+1,[0···15] =(Xi,[0···15] ||Y * a mod m)[0···15] Xi+2,[0···15] =((Xi,[0···15]||Y *a mod m)*a mod m)[0···15] For each of the 216 possible values of Y , verifying the .rst equality takes one addition and one multiplication.


One may also note in Figure 3(a) how the probability behaves di.erently under the assumption of exponentially distributed transmission powers.

the probability makes a sharper transition with increasing distance d in our case.


In addition, to shed further light into the composition of one-way tra.c and to facilitate correlating data from multiple IBR tra.c monitors, we release non-sensitive details about the evolution of oneway and two-way tra.c between 2004 and 2011 based on the studied datasets.

for each 10-minute time interval, we make available statistics about the synthesis of one-way tra.c, the popularity of di.erent signs, the targeted services, and the geographical distribution of sources.


However, this class of applications have several commonalities that motivates us to explore a uni.ed set of mechanisms that will enable us to construct more and novel applications rapidly.

.rstly, any such application requires a revenue model and incentive mechanisms to bene.t each of the three participating entities: users, network providers and application service providers.


Efficient Encoding of Multibit-Trie Nodes The last relevant aspect studied in the literature is the use of compression to reduce memory requirements.

the Lulea scheme [4] is suited for tries using leaf pushing, whereas the Tree Bitmap algorithm [5] focuses on non-leaf-pushed multibit tries.


Our .ndings, based on non-sampled data, have several important implications for the design of both future television and the open Internet TV distribution systems.

users channel selection process can have a major impact on the network, as signi.cant channel changes generate unnecessary network load.


A link between node u and v can be blacklisted from the network only when at least a common neighbor (say w) of both u and v exists.

eliminating a link requires the existence of an alternative path through at least a common neighbor.


For link-by-link ARQ, the relay stores the XOR packets it successfully decodes, and if the downlink phase fails, the relay is responsible for retransmitting the XOR packet, not the end nodes.

the uplink and downlink ARQs are decoupled so that the end nodes are responsible for retransmission of uplink packets, and the relay is responsible for retransmissions of downlink packets.


One of the main questions in the adversarial queuing model is the question of stability.

under what conditions there is a bound on the size of the link buffers, as opposed to them growing to in.nity as time proceeds.


By querying KRS before issuing an Interest for a piece of content, consumers can acquire the necessary security context required to activate the trust enforcement mechanisms at the network layer.

kRS allows consumers in CCN to learn and specify the public key of a publisher or the content digest they would trust in an Interest.


Section 5 analyses effect of the control actions on the system performance under assumption that the network performance is determined by the bottleneck resource.

subsection 5.1 finds optimal balance between spreading and retransmissions.


In addition to these diverse communication patterns, the realization of such system is further complicated by a number of operational requirements imposed by the nature of the construction/road maintenance industry.

maintenance of the wireless nodes should be minimal.


We show how our effort relates to current and past research.

pD (Participatory Design) has inspired us in developing two participatory techniques.


A second focus of this paper is to study the impact of packet-train parameters s and n on the response curves.

for any given input rate rI and other parameters .xed, we examine the convergence properties of the output dispersion random variable GN(s/rI,s,n)as sor ntends to in.nity.


ORACLE SIZE FOR THE BROADCAST In this section we establish almost tight bounds on the minimum oracle size permitting the broadcast with a linear number of messages.

the following upper bound, together with Theorem 2, shows that an e.cient wakeup requires strictly more information about the network than an e.cient broadcast.


We assume that the modulation is discrete-time, but analog.

at each symbol interval, a constant amplitude is used for that interval, but the choice of amplitude is from the set of real numbers (i.e.


A question that commonly arises here is: how helpful would FlowBender be when the path diversity between any pair of pods increases?

what role does FlowBender play if the port density of each switch is, say, doubled, together with the number of servers per ToR, while keeping the over-subscriptions ratios the same (i.e.


This is in contrast to the usual stabilizing pressure that comes from packet losses, which implies that the queue occupancy is high.

this enhancement to the equation-based approach may make WEBRC sessions less of a hindrance 5Note that the problem of large IGMP leave latencies that motivates the quiescent periods on the wave channels also prevents multicast leave operations from being a robust way to reduce reception rate.


Speci.cally, the Used .elds play the role of the true source address (the one that can be used to return packets), and the source IPNL address plays the role of an identi.er only.

the source IPNL address tells the host who the packet came from, and the Used .elds provide a new overloaded address that should be used subsequently.


We propose a new error-tolerant localization method, calledsnapinducing shaped residuals (SISR), to identify automatically bad nodes and bad links arising from these errors, so that they receive less weight in the localization process.

sISR snaps good nodes to their accurate locations and gives less emphasis to other nodes.


These administrative tasks, however, present several new challenges compared to traditional wireline networks.

the design of a network monitoring system is non-trivial because of the multi-hop architecture of these mesh networks and theinherent wireless-relatedproperties of 802.11-based devices.


Here, we represent the theoretical CTR of Theorem 3 by a horizontal line.

we use a = 1, which warrants a fast convergence for relatively small grids.


Both papers [6, 5] present approximation algorithms for the minimum congestion con.uent .ow problem and the maximum throughput con.uent .ow problem.

[5] shows a tight T(logn)-approximation for the minimum nodecongestion con.uent .ow problem and a constant factor approximation for the maximum throughput con.uent .ow problem in general graphs, for the special case in which the capacity of all nodes is the same.


medical-grade QoS for healthcare facilities.

our contributions are as follows:  We investigate how to conform IEEE 802.11 WLAN to healthcare environments.


Constant bit rate cross tra.c (CBR1): CBR1 cross tra.c consists of .xed-sized and uniformly distributed packets.

cBR1 tra.c is a stationary tra.c with constant average data rate over long time scale (milliseconds), and interpacket gaps are uniform (i.e., variance is zero).


(2) CallService_OK: Call services should also be always available.

eachcall request should not be rejected or delayed without any explicituser operation (e.g., hanging up at the originating device).


returning to Equation (7), we can now write: 8 f p(x|0) = pXi (x) i=1 =1 - ln(1 - x)+ 1 ln2(1 - x) 2 - 1 ln3(1 - x)+ ... 6 To evaluate this sum, consider it a function of x.f (x)= p(x|0).


A F3 ~- - F5 B F Figure 1: Fundamental conflicts between fairness and maximal utilization A FI B Fi ~ F2 E D WF5 vF4 Original Topology Flow Graph Figure 2: Generating a flow graph The above example illustrates the fundamental conflict between achieving flow fairness and maximizing overall sys- tem throughput.

some flows may need to be starved to maximize channel utilization and conversely, en- forcing any notion of "fairness" across flows may result in sub-optimal channel utilization.


It is organized into protocol layers that nearly mirror the OSI reference model.

the INET Framework contains models for several wired and wireless networking protocols in the Link, Network and Transport layers of the protocol stack.


Processor sharing algo- rithms which attempt to "fair share" the BS transmit power only end up choking the jobs uniformly and al- most all the performance metrics observed suffer great- ly.

multiplexing jobs in time space is better than multiplexing jobs in code space in CD- MA downlinks.


6.1.1 Uplink CSI Estimation Due to the absence of uplink/downlink channel reciprocity in cellular networks [19], we can only adopt closed-loop CSI esti-mation (see Section 2.2) in BeamAdapt.

the client conca-tenates a short field made up of several training symbols to the data field in each uplink frame.


The (1 - e)-diameter of a temporal network is de.ned in [2]; it is the number of hops that is needed to achieve a fraction at least (1 - e) of the success ratio obtained with .ooding, for a given maximum delay.

this is the maximum number of hops k, necessary to construct all paths needed to be almost competitive with .ooding, with a .xed maximum delay.


Ifendpoint A used the congestion window update strategy of standard SCTP, it would see an increase of the CumAck to #13.

the SACK has acknowledged one TSN on path #1 and the sender may grow the congestion window of path #1.


Our player- and round-optimal protocol for strong con-sensus will be using as a building block the protocol of [23], which is player- and round-optimal for the standard version of the problem, as well as polynomial-time.

we will be using the broadcast (i.e., the "single-sender") version of the protocol.


Because of this, research on stochastic service guarantees has become critical.

the development of an information theory for stochastic service guarantee analysis has been identi.ed as a grand challenge for future network ing research [37].


We use the sending time tto index the virtual probe.

we use virtual probe t to refer to a virtual probe that is sent at time tfrom the source.


penalized by the introduction of the backward utilities.

when decreasing the allocated resource has a strong negative effect on users satisfaction, it seems that a Guaranteed Performance could be the only solution.


Based on the DAG, a tree structure can be constructed by assigning each node an incoming link with the best link quality among all incoming links, as shown in Fig.3(b).

as we show later, it can be easily proved that this tree structure is the energy-optimal one for .ooding among all treestructuresgeneratedfromtheDAG.if a .ooding packet is forwarded based on this tree, (i.e., a node only receives a .ooding packet from its parent), the expected total number of transmissionsis minimized.


When a 1-hop neighbor of node v receives this packet and sees its ID in this packet, it knows that it is a forwarding node and continue the same broadcasting procedure as node v. Another feature of DCB is that a node tries to transmit a packet to all its selected forwarding nodes reliably.

a node v waits for a certain period to overhear the rebroadcasting from all its selected forwarding nodes.


We performed four different benchmarking sessions 1000 100 10 1 according to an increasing number of cores and gigabit interfaces involved in the forwarding process: for every two cores, we added a Rx and Tx gigabit interface.

for each Rx gigabit network interface, we bound two cores, each one to a different Fig.


RTScnt, which is set to RTSwnd whenever RTSwnd value is updated, keeps track of the remaining number of frames to be sent after an RTS/CTS exchange.

an RTS/CTS exchange is enabled before a data transmission as long as RTScnt > 0.


It can lead to highperformance protocols that would be very di.cult to design using only human intuition.

novel protocols that may have been missed by human intuition can be discovered by automated protocol design tools.


After a period of time, when the network is in steady state, the tra.c load distributed to the two landline nodes is almost equal.

mQDSR can also achieve load balancing among the gateway nodes.


The neuroevolution approach can thus be used as a training mechanism for the Dreamer robot as well.

it is well suited for learning skills such as picking up an object.


In particular, our contributions are as follows:  We investigate how to conform IEEE 802.11 WLAN to healthcare environments.

we study how to prioritize medical applications in healthcare facilities into access categories.


We now conduct some experiments to measure MAC and MMEs overheads when the number of stations N varies.

we consider N stations, with 1 = N = 7, that send saturated UDP tra.c using iperf to the same nontransmitting station.


Previous work [12] has characterized that a frequencyestimation error of 10%leads to = 2dB reduction in SNR, which is almost negligible for the SNR regime we consider.

7.2 Prototype system evaluation Our second set of experiments evaluates the Enfold implementation on the Sora platform at 6 Mbps data rates.5 we 59Mbps shares the same BPSK modulation scheme per-subcarrier as 6 Mbps while the coding rate changes to 3/4.


We formulate a stochastic model for the structure and interaction of the primary and secondary user networks using techniques from spatial statistics [18] in an e.ort to strike a balance between mathematical tractability and realism of the model.

we argue based on extensive spectrum use measurements and several empirical data sets on wireless network structure that a combination of Gaussian random .elds [19] and Gibbs point processes [20] with careful selection of parameters yield good models.


Let B(t) denote the number of packets played by the client by time t. The playback of the video commences at time t .


Mobility and network usage of users in WLANs have been characterized by several studies for campus or corporate WLANs [16, 3, 9, 20].

most of the work on real-trace-based mobility models focuses on extracting features that characterize mobility parameters and creating parameterized mobility models for simulating wireless networks.


If the aggregate under-utilizes the allotted rate (local limit) at a limiter, then all constituent .ows must be bottlenecked.


MCDs are defined as clusters whose spatial node distributions would allow concurrent transmissions of two nodes to not necessarily result in a collision on the intended receivers.

concurrent transmissions are made possible in the system, for receivers belonging to non-overlapping collision domains.