In CR-MAC protocol, critical tra.c collision occurs only when there are more than one critical packet transmission at the same time slot while the non critical tra.c collision happens whenever there is more than one packet transmission; critical or non critical, in a time slot.

hence, as can be inferred from Figure 4, critical tra.c throughput is more than non critical tra.c through  Figure 5: Packet Rejection Rate, .c = .nc =0.35 put.


OFR denotes face routing using face changes at the closest node to the destination.

in wireless networks where geographic routing is likely to be deployed, the unitdisk graph assumption can be violated.


keywords Collision Decoding, Interference Cancellation, OFDM, Time-FrequencyDecoding, Loss of Orthogonality.


Owing to the challenging nature of the wireless environment, all three stacks perform several times worse than their theoretical optimal duty cycles.

the LinkEstimator also measures the RSS of incoming packets, using the minimum average RSS value of all incoming links as the bound Tmax.


Other the other hand, these are the conditions, depending on the flow timeout, under which sparse flows could be split up into several measured flows.

use of peer to peer applications has risen since the trace used here was collected (April 2001).


For merged trie maintenance purposes, the FIB completion algorithm must keep track of which NH entry exists in the corresponding individual FIB (i.e., original NH), and which NH is an entry resulting from masking (i.e., completed NH).

this e.ort usually results in high power consumption and high cost, which makes it unsustainable in the long term.


Early applications of packet .lters included user-level implementation of network protocols, trading the performance penalty of passing network traf.c over the user-kernel boundary for the convenience of kernel independence [15]; racks follows this tradition.

in addition, it lacks automatic failure detection and automatic reconnection and it does not support extended periods of disconnection.


The size of FIB speci.c next-hop tables The number of entries in an individual FIB s next-hop table varies between 3 and 40 among a variety of routing tables we studied.

in the current BGP decision process, each BGP router only selects a single best route for each pre.x, and announces it to the neighboring ASes (including customer ASes).


The biggest issue that WSB currently faces is the asynchronous-ness between the IEEE 802.11 MAC and Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

as Highspeed is always configured to maximum speed, overflow may still occur.


This is due to the fact that, like the sensing application, management was implemented as eventdriven.

in terms of failure detection, event-driven networks present challenges not found in continuous networks.


For example, in Figure 3, from source node S to node c there are five route paths: S.c, S.b.c, S.a.c, S.b.d.c, S.a.e.c.

node-disjoint paths are the least likely to break and the most stable.


For instance, a tenant whose VMs do not generate any inter-VM tra.c would get the VMs for free!

thomas Karagiannis Ant Rowstron thomkar@microsoft.com antr@microsoft.com Imperial College London, UK ti.c applications [2,6 9] on the other.


Thus qx and qy can communicate cc-1 1 through z with probability pz > f 2 = O().There are 2log n c2 log2 n prnd possibilities for z within that cell, and all the possible z nodes have i.i.d channel assignments.

we prove that the Invariants hold, by induction, as follows: If Invariant 1 holds at the end of step k -1, then Invariant 2 continues to hold after the channel-allocation phase of step k. If Invariant 2 holds after the channel-allocation phase of step k, then Invariant 1 will continue to hold after the node-allocation phase of step k, and thus both Invariants 1 and 2 will hold at the end of step k. Base Case: Before the procedure begins, at step 0, each node is assigned to its own backbone, for which it is effectively the origin (and this can be viewed as a single backbone link incoming to this node from an imaginary super-source).


This happens, for instance, if three anchors fall close to a line.

then, we focus on the bin that contains p. By assumption that no bins are empty, we know that we can always .nd at least one node in the bin.


As the players payoffs are asymmetrical, we can conclude that our game is a nonzero-sum one.


2.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) [13] is one of network-based mobility management protocols which can avoid tunneling overhead over the air as well as hosts involvement in mobility management.

the LMA has the functional capabilities of a home agent as de.ned in MIPv6 base speci.cation [16] and with the additional required capabilities for supporting PMIPv6 as de.ned in the speci.cation [13].


The optimal solution is acquired by an exhaustive search, where complexity is of at least the order of O((LcMc)Nc ).

for example, voice packets require a constant rate requirement, video tra.c has a variable rate with minimum rate, mean rate, and maximum rate requirements, while data tra.c is usually treated as a background tra.c whose source rate is dynamic.


For example, in Figure 8, the entry at R1 for LSP P1 is replaced with instructions to (after removing the incoming label): push first the initial label of LSP Pb, then the initial label of LSP P4, and to forward over the interface of LSP P4.

as discussed above, in addition to an ILM table, each router has an FEC table.


c : E[K-PUBC,(E[K-PRIVTCB,Ci(I) n T],R,t2)] Community reviews the list of virtual identities and makes a decision about the penalty.


t SEEDEX: A MAC protocol for ad hoc networks Some text in this electronic article is rendered in Type 3 or bitmapped fonts, and may display poorly on screen in Adobe Acrobat v. 4.0 and later.

we recommend that you print the file for best legibility.


The uniform weight in the mixture then directly re.ects the probability of having either a false alarm or a missed detection.

p(t) + n(t) (1) j=1 Lp where h(t) =j=1 aj d(t - tj ) is the multipath Channel Impulse Response (CIR) if d(.)


This de.ciency renders containment implementation and veri.cation a dif.cult, time-consuming problem one that frequently gets in the way of conducting the intended experiment.

for practical reasons, including immediate access to all VMMs and the Raw Iron Controller (see 6.4), we decided to keep it on the gateway.


We vary the grid size from 3 × 3 (9 nodes) to 11 × 11 (121 nodes).

as a source node always starts transmitting a data packet at the beginning of a Sleep period (e.g., node A in Figure 2), two hidden sources that have succeeded in scheduling through PIONs in a Data period always cause collisions at the beginning of the next Sleep period.


For example, ns-2 would model the communication of sensor data obtained from the Modelica s simulation and, conversely, Modelica s actuators would use control signals that are being exchanged over the ns-2 network.

acknowledgments Research supported in part by NSF CCR-0329910, Department of Commerce TOP 39-60-04003, and Department of Energy DE-FC26-06NT42853.


This golden image is thus immutable and can be shared by all clients.

during this OS loading process, the Vdisk driver will be loaded in replace of a normal hard disk driver.


SEcc(bi,bj ) needs to be updated if the current value of SEcc(bi,bj ) is less than SEcc(bj ,bk)+ 1.

a set of previous messages cumulatively contains all the information that the current message is carrying.


When Ic is larger than 3, the asymptotic complexity of the exhaustive comparing algorithm is worse than Dijkstra s algorithm, except that it can cope with larger graphs.

shashi Shekhar, Andrew Fetterer, and Bra jesh Goyal, Materialization Dade-Offs in Hierar chical SfLortest Path Algo~riLhms,Proceeding of the International Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, Springer Verlag (Lecture Nodes in Computer Science), 1997.


The game creator then invites other players to join the game.

the user name (e.g., wechen@niu.edu.tw and wechen@nctu.edu.tw) consists of the user id (i.e., wechen) and the host name (i.e., niu.edu.tw and nctu.edu.tw), which identifies the user s home registrar.


Aproof sketch isprovided inAppendixA of the fullversion of this paper [24].

see Section 5 for a discussion of the bias against .ows with longer RTTs.


Therefore, some neighbors might be considered as redundant in the new VRR(vri ).

each node gets to know the new location of its old neighbors in the red graph and uses this information to calculate its Vertex Region.


For c from pfrom cto pto example, in Figure 2(c), edge (c3, c4) is the pseudo link between flip-flops c3 and c4.

ijij i. j where a is a user-specified parameter, a normal link exists (a) a sample netlist p1 c2 c4 c6p3 normal link (b) the graph model without path information (c) the full graph model  Figure 2: Graph representation of a netlist 3.


Hence, a Skype client can trust the validity of another Skype client (this is not impossible, as Kazaa-Lite showed).

we have implemented a P2P-SIP adaptor, SIPPEER [17], that allows existing or new SIP user agents to connect to the P2P-SIP network without modifying the user agent.


the possible output of the perceptron is either 1or .1 interpreted as a positive and negative decision, respectively.

2.1 Choice of Attributes According to [4], link analysis attributes such as indegree, out-degree, PageRank score and RBS score are observably (even if not strongly) correlated with the number of visits made by users to Web pages and number of distinct users of Web pages.


If a packet is successful but arrives beyond a certain latency threshold the packet might be useless, or of reduced use.

a more important question is: why not experience an overall reduction in packet successes as interference increases?


Wireless devices can either sense the spectrum or consult with a geo-location database to learn about available TV channels it can use for wireless communication.

one obvious question to ask is whether the technology enabler for white space networking, i.e.


These simulations use fewer nodes than the production simulations on Cielo, which might somewhat change the relative importance of di.erent sources of variability.

there doesn t seem to be a consistent correlation between hop counts and messaging performance.


The error rates experienced by these wireless networks can vary widely, and therefore, any reliable transport protocol must be capable of delivering reliable data to potentially large groups of sensors under such conditions.

however, data that flows from sinks to sources for the purpose of control or management (e.g., retasking sensors) is sensitive to message loss.


The corresponding change to the cost function is as follows.

any stable equilibrium will result in a very compact network with a diameter of at most three.


Here, our goal is to use a microsecond precision timestamp.

on Fast and Accurate Detection of Unauthorized Wireless Access Points Using Clock Skews * Suman Jana Sneha K. Kasera School of ComputingSchool of ComputingUniversity of UtahUniversity of Utahsuman.jana@utah.edu kasera@cs.utah.edu ABSTRACT We explore the use of clock skew of a wireless local area network access point (AP) as its .ngerprint to detect unauthorized APs quickly and accurately.


Then an identical original request from the legitimate host may be dropped because there is already a response for that request in the sending queue.

sAC 10 March 22-26, 2010, Sierre, Switzerland.


If the image or event is not of interest to the operator, the event can be discarded.

we demonstrate an energy-ef.cient redesign of a traditional camera sensor network to a more storage-centric network.


The standard does not specify how many SSIDs can be put into a beacon, nor does it specify whether a given AP can broadcast di.erent SSIDs in di.erent beacons.

this has changed recently, and there are vendors making AP products that broadcast multiple SSIDs.


If we constrain pto be identical at each router, then the probability of receiving a marked packet from a router dhops away is p(1;p)d;1.

our focus is on a heterogeneous environment based purely on IP datagrams.


Figure 4 compares BIGRAPH s accuracy with site-/RNC-/LAClevel accuracy over the PDP Context age.

if the Serving Gateways are distributed physically, the cost of deploying IP measurement infrastructure at all ingress points of the core network may still be prohibitive.


4.2 High Level Continuous Time Analytic Model In this section we discuss the Kermack-Mckendrick Model [9] as applied to our rejuvenation system.


For example, a network operator may conduct traf.c engineering to improve network performance, and many traf.cengineering techniques (e.g., [18, 19, 39, 42]) require the modi.cation of con.gurable parameters (e.g., OSPF weights or egress point selections).

this is certainly a feasible approach and our system can support it.


Extending the work of [3], the group-orthogonal (GO-)MC-CDMA presented in [4] assigns more than one user to each subcarrier subset and multiuser detectors are still required at receiver for each user groups.

based on the concept of chipinterleaving [6][7], CIBS-CDMA uses the same block of data symbols to spread each chip of a user code and achieves MUI-free communication over multipath channels by inserting a guard interval between neighboring chips.


The authors in [7] have shown improved performance of CoAP against HTTP.

the following steps are performed to embed authentication within CoAP.


Assume that u is the closer intersection of C and L(q, h) to q.Denote by k ' the distance between q and u along L(q, h) and k the shortest distance from q to C on the sphere.

an analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application.


The MAC layer and especially the MAC address can be used to identify the host [18].

this is mostly suited for testing as manually con.gured networks are not very typical and this method may require good understanding of the local network topology.


Requirement 3: The vehicle density of a cell decreases with the area of the cell, which results in the reduction of local contention.

ri is the range within which nodes in a receiving mode will be interfered with transmissions from other nodes.


The limit of 13 is needed because it is di.cult to recognize slow-start behavior with fewer than 13 packets.

the rest of this paper is organized as follows.


The ISP inherently has the detailed knowledge of network information, such as topology and link utilization, which is helpful for content delivery.

so we also adjust the size ratio in .at-CDN to analyse the e.ect of cache size allocation on performance.


Since we cannot solve steiner tree exactly in polynomial time, we cannot obtain any reasonable approximation to the di.erence problem [10].

the most general result is a truthtelling mechanism for general online combinatorial auctions, assuming an online optimization function exists.


Respective .gure is omitted for the sake of brevity.

more sophisticated process of detection can be performed if the information within ARBs are used.


The path is denoted as Pi and consists of a set of links, Pi .L.

finally, Section 5 concludes this paper.


The new neighbours are chosen within the set C(p).

table 1: Percentage breakdown of links from peers of one class to peers of another.


It is fair to assume that routing is stable because route pinning is a separable problem.

most of the work has focused on network engineering techniques to regulate congestion.


First of all, we believe that it is reasonable to model authorities as largely honest participants that occasionally may be corrupted by an adversary with full read access to their stored data.

q2SWinet 05, October 13, 2005, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.


We deployed the nodes with these settings and allowed them to self-organize and form the network routing tree.

these traces demonstrate examples of both a constant voltage through most of node s life; as well as either a rapid drop in battery voltage or a silent stop at the end of operation.


This means that high security applications are not a business of the OAN.

3.2.3 Service provider The service providers are all the economical subjects that o.er value added services or simply long distance telecom services.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

the anycast mechanism is easy to achieve in wired networks.


For example, several research studies show that actual packet paths between Internet hosts are substantially longer than the corresponding shortest paths [13, 26, 29].

this simplicity comes with a price: no scalar metric can capture all of the information contained in, for instance, a 2K-distribution (that must be encoded as a matrix).


between the beamforming gain and the mainlobe width.

i=1 i The single lobe beams are adopted from our previous work[15].


Under ideal conditions where probing overhead is unrestricted and without TIV, the Meridian approach is expected to .nd the correct nearest neighbor.

in Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS, June 2000.


With higher loads, we can safely assume that a plain EEE approach would bring negligible power saving.

from Table 1, we can also observe that the model approximates very well both the time spent in LP I , .LP I , and the average delay in the two link directions.


The user device can be any device with a 802.11 interface.

in Figure 1(a) the APC is connected to the various APs in the network via the backbone wired network.


Thus they cannot update the slot assignment of each node due to arrival or exit of node.

the channel utilization improves in comparison with ASAP.


We nowdescribe what we term the scalar additive networkperformance model.

thelatency of the re packet on thepathis Yi = .e.rXi .


The variety of new possibilities for service creation is accompanied by an immense challenge to secure theses services and the appendant systems.

subsequently, a SRTP connection is created on the VoIP Layer.


Figure 1: PhotoShare disseminates pictures based on the metadata of data and interests added by the user (right).

the dissemination can be enhanced by a dedicated forwarding algorithm that use also nodes without interest in the content.


Technical report: Low stretch between nearby peers.

far apart, and the stretch between those pairs is constant.)


The default con.gurations for large-scale scenarios are presented in table 1.

nevertheless this technique is rather complicated.


An overload is said to occur when both classes use up their entire allocations (resulting in saturation) or the queue of pending requests exceeds a threshold.

case 3: The real-time class utilizes its entire allocation.


GWMAC is much better suited for networks with unreliable communication and varying topology and with applications that are not latency sensitive but at the same time require high delivery guarantees.

the assignment is based on how network hop level of the nodes.


Unlike linear network, the th size of the bins unequal and is proportional to the area of the iannular region.

mathematical Formulation Consider that the density of the nodes in the ith bin is equal .i : n Fig.


As expected, the results perfectly match the delay distribution ones where while the EDF 80-20, 100 UEs 20 ing at the RNC instead of at intermediate routers, allows to make 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 use of the different QoS application needs without interfering with the UTRAN transport requirements resulting in a relevant improvement with respect to the Iub interface delay and the packet error rate.

in the 50-50 user mix case the WFQ con.guration chosen favours in excess the conversational class resulting in a poor performance with regard to the additional delay for the rest of the classes as compared to the FIFO case.


We adopt their model for the MPEG VBR traf.c, and transform the statistical result into the packet arrival probability in each interval under our setting, which is summarized in Table 3.

assume that E[.npk |S]= t - E[L{1,2,...,n}] holds for k=1 pk all n = m. Consider the case n = m +1.


In fact, a greedy node for example emits more data packets, since it occupies the support for much more time than other vehicles.

mSWiM 14, September 21 26, 2014, Montreal, QC, Canada.


This implies that VINI must allow network experiments to specify different forwarding mechanisms (e.g., forwarding based on source and destination, forwarding on tags or .at identi.ers, etc.).

stepping back, we observe that even 200Mb/s is a signi.cant amount Chicago New York Washington DC   20.2 ms  4.5 ms Figure 5: PlanetLab topology for microbenchmarks Mb/s stddev CPU% Network 90.8 0.53 N/A IIAS on PlanetLab 22.5 4.01 13 IIAS on PL-VINI 86.2 0.64 40 Table 4: TCP throughput test on PlanetLab min avg max mdev loss Network 24.4 24.5 28.2 0.2 0% IIAS on PlanetLab 24.7 27.7 80.9 4.8 0% IIAS on PL-VINI 24.7 25.1 28.6 0.38 0% Table 5: ping results on PlanetLab; units are ms mean stddev Network 0.27 0.16 IIAS on PlanetLab 2.4 3.7 IIAS on PL-VINI 1.3 0.9 Table 6: Summary of jitter results on PlanetLab; units are ms of throughput for a networking experiment, as it far outstrips the available bandwidth between edge hosts in the Internet today.


So next time the packet travels to the same switch, the switch will choose a di.erent next hop for the packet.

supporting multicast in the layer-2 network is more complex.


However, if a client stops playback after the entire object is downloaded, we do not know how much of the download tra.c is actually used.

given the large degree of control a client has during a streaming session, we believe that the amount of data transferred in streaming is a reasonable approximation of what is actually needed for a client playback.


Step1: In the initial period, packets are distributed equally to each link in M-route with a round robin manner.

g(pi) which is the cost for upload tra.c of M-route in terminal i is shown as follows (see Fig.


We only examined A-requests because those are the only records that properly behaving LDNS servers access from Akamai s low-level servers (higher level DNS servers in Akamai serve NS records).

we note that including all failures drives up the mean time to failure among those that did fail by several hours in both cases (hence, servers that we observed short failures at tended to fail later than those that we observed longer failures at), and well more than the majority never fail at all during the two-week period in both cases.


Host P signs only about 86000 Data during this time.

the number of PIT entry in the NDN routers will be increased since the entries for invalid Interests have to wait for timeout.


The MACprotocol arbitrates access among multiple potential senders and selects one as the winner, which then consumes the whole channel resource to transmit.

a FICA node can adjust the portion of the spectrum it accesses based on its traf.c demands, while other nodes can use the remaining spectrum simultaneously.


For example, there are only 8 possible source addresses (leaves) in the trace that Figure 1 was built from.

note that if a cluster contains exact values in all .elds it is exactly equivalent to a single .ow.


Let .= c-., Xt = A(t) -ct,and mx the reciprocal of the maximum of x,t =Var{Xt}/(x + .t)2 for a given x, i.e., mx = s2 1/maxt=1 s2 The MVA approximation of the over.ow x,t.

one is the inter-bu.er priority (or priority queueing), where the tra.c in a bu.er of higher priority is served before that of lower priority.


To take this e.ects into account, we performed a last set of simulations where one information item is updated every d s. The computation of the coverage index C is slightly modi.ed so as to consider only the updated information.

the memory constraint B depends on the size of the corresponding ROI: .xed nodes have the largest amount of resources while pedestrians are equipped with a small sized memory.


5.1 The Public Hotspot Mobility Model We contend that the conventional random way point mobility model implemented in ns-2 does not adequately capture the anticipated mobility patterns in WLAN hotspots.


by a di.erential ampli.er, and then digitalized by the onchip low power 12-bit ADC in the MCU.

nemo adopts a series of shunt resistors called shunt resistor switch whose resistance can be dynamically adjusted according to the required dynamic range.


We then proposed the use of CHOKe to enhance the level of multi.ow diversity as it provides fair bandwidth allocation among the multiple .ows.

in the .gure, adjacent nodes are within the transmission range of each other, and the interference range is approximately twice the transmission range.


Equally interesting is the fact that the Zipf-ian access curve also exhibits an initial steep reduction in stretch.

our router-level topology contained upwards of 320,000 nodes that were mapped to 603 distinct cities.


6.3 Distinct Event Delivery Ratio Assuming a congestion-free network, the proposed protocol achieves around 90%-98% delivery ratio for the data events sent from the source nodes to the sink as the network size increases.

on communication security in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks.


For each experiment, we ran the simulator 20 times and the required metrics were calculated as the average among the results obtained in different runs.

apl: Autonomous passive localization for wireless sensors deployed in road networks.


A parallel deployment strategy such as this has some limitation, e.g., the IRSCP can not prevent routes from being distributed via the route re.ectors, but can dictate the relative preference of routes distributed by the IRSCP itself.

the second, add delpolicyspeci.es the relative preference of a route received from a particular egress router and states the relative preference to associate with that route when it is passed to a previously de.ned group of routers.


We illustrate the standard policy framework in Figure 5.

it also provides a description on the architectural components and features.


* * Jong-Hyouk Lee , Tai-Myoung Chung Sangheon Pack Sri Gundavelli Sungkyunkwan University, Korea Korea University, Korea Cisco, USA {jhlee, tmchung}@imtl.skku.ac.kr shpack@korea.ac.kr sgundave@cisco.com ABSTRACT Proxy Mobile IPv6 has been proposed to overcome limitations of host-based mobility protocols in IPv6 networks.

in addition, when the MH hands o. to another paging area, the lifetime is reset.


For fully scheduled access, the scheduled access takes 30 slots and non-zero CAP takes 2 slots.

4.1 Classi.er-based Con.gurable Framework In Figure 4, a classi.er-based con.gurable MAC access framework is presented.


The more bits we use to compute the hash, the stronger the monitoring pattern is.

in Table 1, we report the average throughput numbers for di.erent con.gurations.


for instance if we consider the .rst two steps of the BGP decision process4, we are in this case.


A relay picks the next token holder among neighbors, which are closer to source (comparing to the relay), and selects the furthest one.

there are two types of acknowledgement: 1) cumulateACK, all SN up to this number have already been acknowledged, and 2) discreteACK, a list of SN which are acknowledged but not in the range of cumulateACK.


For each service, the relative improvement in FT corresponds to an increase in the number of available servers during a single worst-case failure; for example, a service with 20% improvement in FT will have 20% more servers available during such failure.

the service and service pairs are in decreasing order of Ti,or Ri,j, respectively.


R-BGP[4] adds a small number of backup paths that ensure continuous connectivity under a single failure, with relatively minimal changes to BGP.

the current Interdomain Routing Protocol (BGP) limits each router to use a single route for each destination.


But it is still a challenging task to build a practical and e.cient reputation system in VANETs due to the high mobility and diverse misbehavior types which are hardly speci.ed.

we demonstrate that SLEP and PRP can supplement with each other very well to e.ciently remove the misbehaving insiders from the anonymous VANETs, at a low cost to a few individuals.


MINIMUM BROADCAST COVER (MBC) is NP-complete.

5.2 Distributed implementation of EWMA One of the major research challenges, with respect to the broadcasting problem, is the development of a distributed algorithm [25, 24].


A saw-icy is tested for users who choose to devote, 1, 2 or 4 units tooth bandwidth variation pattern (Figure 7 (a)) is used of bandwidth per layer.

the range of client bandwidths that can be supported by the protocol is independent of the server bandwidth, whereas in BroadCatch and HeRO, the client bandwidth range is directly related to the server bandwidth.


Previous study [10] mentioned that a small static TCP receive bu.er may throttle TCP throughput and thus prevent TCP incast congestion collapse.

we use a weighted averaged RTT of all TCP connections as T , .


http://www.w3.org/TR/P3P11/ Of course, we could express our chatting preferences without any [4] Matsuyama, K. et al.

preferences configuration information represents domains over which the service keeps control to make changes to fulfil user preferences and drive the system towards the desired state.


Though multiplexing techniques multi-fold the achievable transmit rates depending on number of antennas used for transmission, prior work showed that using multiplexing techniques improves performance of the network only in high SIR regions [1].

interference in a PMP network is caused due to two reasons: a) Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) and b) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Interference.


3.2 Information Stored and Exchanged The routing information used by nodes running FLR is maintained in the routing table.

achieving reliable transmissions of control packets intended for multiple destinations is not practical in MANETs that rely on contentionbased MAC protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 DCF).


Therefore, 1There is some disagreement about whether a power law correctly models the degree distribution of the Internet graph.

in this case, it might not be necessary for some links in the graph to grow in capacity at a faster rate than the others.


CORNER uses a speci.c reverse geocoding technique aimed to identify the path followed by the radio signal.

vANET 10, September 24, 2010, Chicago, Illinois, USA.


Optimizing this process so that con.rmation occurs in parallel with physical layer re-homing would reduce the cfg int down time, saving up to 4 seconds.

careful con.guration modeling is required to ensure that customer con.guration is complete on the backup router as each customer is re-homed and reverted.


Multiple instances are required when different versions of the protocol are used on the same device.

the Translator acts as middleware between the OpenFlow switch model and the underlying physical device.


measured patterns or statistics, but ignoring the feedback that en-In this paper we present a preliminary investigation of the posergy saving schemes may have on the traf.c itself.

this translates into a variable input traf.c at routers, which activate their power management schemes, trying to scale the transmission capacity accordingly.


The results of the extensive testing of our algorithm in clustering of real street lighting networks with tens of thousands of nodes are presented in Section 3.

a cluster controller can be placed in a small cabinet and attached to any light pole, which typically results in a large number of feasible positions, thus a.ecting the execution time of those algorithms.


It is obvious that the electronic healthcare systems enhance the communications between patients and doctors.

existing developments in healthcare have focused on the monitoring the vital signs of patients, and they do not support mobility.


The work in [4] uses a clustering strategy to group peers with identical or similar content, improving the search performance in P2P networks.

in a classi.cation hierarchy, each class is associated with at least one node of the hierarchy.


As such, oppnets are quite resilient to node and link failures and other sorts of disruptions that would render more traditional networks inoperable.

the increase in R with the defense mechanism is due to a combination of nodes staying longer and to the increase in C due to BMs.


The time interval between time probe events is uniformly distributed between 18 and 22 seconds.

then, these new reference nodes will ignore beacons from other nodes having a lower identi.er for the next IGNORE ROOT MSG rounds.


Analytical and simulation results show that for an ALOHA-based scheme interference cancellation allows us to identify nearly 23% of tags without directly interrogating them.

in order to evaluate the e.ectiveness of the E-ICQT protocol, here we have considered scenarios with an ideal channel.


Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-05.txt, March 2001.

the DARPA Packet Radio Network Protocols.


Moreover, none of them combine the tasks of energy replenishment with data gathering and balance their performance.

e } i,a a .a SenCar located at anchor point a T Length of each time interval q Number of migration tours in each time interval L Maximum migration tour length for SenCar t(k) Sojourn time of SenCar at each anchor point in a migration tour during time interval k (k) r Data rate of sensor i when SenCar sojourns at anchor i,a point a during time interval k (k) fij,a Flow rate over link (i,j)when SenCar is located at anchor point a in time interval k (k) (k) .a Feasible region of link capacity variable f ij,a s Portion parameter for the energy budget eij Energy consumed for transmitting a unit .ow over link (i,j) vs Moving velocity of the SenCar .


PlanetLab has a hierarchical model of trust which is realized by Planet Lab Central (PLC).

the Internet is also a victim of its own success as its size and scope render the introduction and deployment of new network technologies and services very dif.cult.


With the publication of a comprehensive industry standard, namely IEEE 802.16, and the introduction of microchips based on that standard by leading semiconductor companies, broadband wireless has gained the maturity and is ready to unleash its full potential.

large Scale Linear and Integer Programming.


Our simulation, in contrast, models the actual signal that is modi.ed through the various propagation effects.

diffraction introduces a similar effect.


Some work towards a network supporting such functionality is presented in [1].

in a real-world implementation, the data s trustworthiness should, however, also be taken into account.


These failures/losses could be transient in nature, for example due to temporary wireless interference.

when node X needs to broadcast a data packet, X looks up its neighbor list for the distance between itself and its neighbor numbered bfac.


For example, to ensure compliance with future regulation like Sarbanes Oxley, new accounting middleboxes may be needed for email tra.c.

if none of the above 3 conditions hold (for example, in a partial pswitch deployment where middleboxes are plugged into regular Ethernet switches), then we install a simple stateless in-line device, SrcMacRewriter, in between the middlebox and the regular Ethernet switch to which it is connected.


Last, Section 3.9 shows how DRAGON accommodates pre.x de-aggregation for the purposes of traf.c engineering.

we make this extra assumption because it seems to be valid in practice and it simpli.es the exposition.


In such a case, one of them will give up its role and some of the nodes in one cluster may not be members of the other CH s cluster.

the Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA) [11] is based on the use of a combined weight metric that takes into account several parameters like the nodedegree, distances with all its neighbors, node speed and the time spent as a clusterhead.


Considering user experiences and commercial revenues, many online services hosted in DCNs require the .ows to accomplish data delivery within the deadline of tens of milliseconds [30].

stability of end-to-end algorithms for joint routing and rate control.


Actually, due to the many trials preceding the presented numbers, we found multiple bugs in all layers of the system.

if the signal strength oscillates around the CCA threshold, the sending node must wait at least until the next episode to be able to successfully send its packets.


Figure 5 shows a 3D plot of throughput achieved at different locations and at different times of the day, corresponding to a range of measured values of RSCP and ECIO.

6.1.4 Location Sensitivity In addition to just measuring load in a cell with background traf.c that already exists, we also looked at settings when we used our own clients to generate traf.c in a controlled setting.


It is less well suited to situations requiring more precise failure-forfailure accounting.

(in our previous work we removed such events from the data set [17].)


A simple computation for this can be formulated as follows.

this will help the node disregard re-sends of the SYNC from its parent.


Hence, we alternatively perform the age-mixed, i.e., temporally closely consistent, migration, where we collect the best individuals from the other k - 1 subpopulations of the most recent generation for which the .tness values are available.

as experiments herein suggest, it can lead to a signi.cant gain in running time.


Locality in Search Engine Queries and Its Implications for Caching.

trading local storage for connectivity is an attractive alternative to always relying on the cloud.


But, in that case, the sample would occupy an entry and not raise the counters.

consider an attacker willing to maximize the number of entries that remain after a .ush event, Ni.Unless he occupies toc entries, no .ush will occur.


[6] Gao, W., Li, Q., Zhao, B., and Cao, G. Multicasting in delay tolerant networks: a social network perspective.

3.2 Epidemic Routing with Random Linear Network Coding When two nodes encounter, they transmit coded packets to each other.


Centralized service placement mechanisms offer optimal solutions but they are not scalable to dynamic networks [20, 21] and there is a single point of failure as well.

they have shown in their simulation results that the UFL-based approach is able to maintain a working structure of clusters for a longer period of time and it also enhances the overall network lifetime.


Using AspectC to improve the modularity of path-speci.c customization in operating system code.

the actual calls to the join point objects are inlined, so multiple calls to access the same context will not increase overhead.


Note that, when constant c is large enough, the preceding construction produces winding open paths that cross the entire network area.

a sector contains at most 1 sender, i.e., ng(v * ) = tg =21p(2g + 2)l. Since n0(v * )=0, the total signal interference at node v * by all ' * ) = L8* other transmitting nodes is I(v,v g=1 ng(v )P ·e(gR') = -a L8 21p(2g+2)lP (gR')-a = PR'-a L8 21p(2g+2)lg .


Our data feature the unique property of allowing for accurate classi.cation; our monitors capture the full payload of each packet instead of just the header as is commonly the case.

similarly, we show the graphlet of typical port scan of a certain destination IP in Fig.


For our comparison, we use the IXP1200 simulator included with Intel IXP Developer Workbench.

the 5394 cycles needed to process a 1500-byte packet is much more than 718 cycles more than the 690 required for a 64-byte packet.


This understanding of performance, in turn, results in robust protocol design.

the increase is nonlinear due to the increased interference from neighboring nodes.


The algorithm of Figure 5 is implemented to calculate the set of nodes in the path from one node to another using the information declared by TC messages from OLSR, see [10].

rTP+ should adapt to circumstances and available resources in each streaming hop.


Constraint (8) ensures that the pilot coverage ratio is at least the required threshold K1.

it is possible to restrict the search at each iteration to a subset of the neighbourhood by evaluating only a subset of all possible moves for each iteration.


Only the RP algorithm improves the worst-case result among the 200 experiments to achieve an aggregation bene.t equal to the best available path.

then, data is sent on the sub.ow with the next higher RTT.


We also observe some capacity estimatesgreater (a) Link 1 (Cf/r = 5/0.25).


[2] I. F. Akyildiz, X. Wang, and W. Wang.

the Figures 4-7 show the average values across .ve runs with 95% con.denceinterval.


The source node waits for a route reply (RREP) message testifying the discovered path, up to a given timeout limit.

the source and destination nodes act as convergence point of multiple concurrent paths, by nullifying the effects of spatial separation: as reported in [21], when the source-destination are close to each other only one link can be active, thus the presence of multiple paths does not lead to an increase in goodput.


To the point we aimed to provide students with information on the following topics:  Low level hardware access.

given the limited experience in C programmingand the fact that the students had already followed severalcourses on Java programming, we opted to let the studentswork with Sun SPOT Development kits (5).


myrange) then ADDPKTTOSTORE(decodedpkt , pathid ,h) // forward as usual 7FORWARD(decodedpkt ) Figure 6: Pseudocode for an interior node.

to address this, we use a lightweight, yet robust, consistency mechanism.


In the Inject and Observe technique, described in Section 4, Mallory sends to the client data which is spoofed as coming from the server in response to queries that the puppet sends; this phase relies on a very common browser behavior that allows the puppet to retrieve the injected data when bu.ered in the .ow-control window (maintained by the browser).

1.2 Related Works 1.2.1 Off-Path TCP Injection Attacks TCP injections are easy for implementations that use predictable initial sequence numbers (ISNs).


M number of distinct ob jects within the WMN indexed by m. K total number of the generated graph parti tions indexed by k. DN k delegate node of partition k. Om identi.er of object m. |Om| size of object m in bytes.

overall, the long convergence time for all heuristics is because it includes both the placement decision and the time to fetch the objects replicas.


The Format for New PDUs PDU Header Fixed Fields and records .

he pioneered the development of constructive simulation innovations that are still found in present day simulations.


The alternate approach like Content Distribution Network (CDN) is also widely studied and deployed in the current Internet services (e.g., Akamai, Limelight) [13, 16].

nevertheless, there are some limitations that hinder CDN to support the dynamic content distribution.


[24] A. Rombaut, N. Staelens, N. Vercammen, B. Vermeulen y P. Demeester, «xStreamer: modular multimedia streaming,» de Proceedings of the seventeen ACM international conference on Multimedia, Beijing, China, Octobre 2009.

in order to make the quantification of QoE more complete and to allow the inclusion of a real environment, the transformations performed should be extended to the different flows in the existing IP broadband services.


From these plots, we calculate the value of the scaling factor corresponding to the cutoff threshold of 60, 80 and 95 respectively.

this is repeated throughout the duration of the data set; the following sections show the average statistics.


Within the remaining three patterns, T-shaped array appears to have slightly better performance than the others, for the reason that have been studied in Section 3.3.

15, our iLocScan starts to measure AoAs right after entering the space.


Nstac report to the president on communications resiliency, 2011.

suppose that (1) route validity is as shown in Figure 5 (right), (2) Continental Broadband (AS 17054) hosts its own repository at 63.174.23.0, and (3) a relying party drops invalid routes in BGP.


4.2.2 Statistics Cycles are less common than loops: they appear on only 0.84% of the measured routes.

in the case of perpacket load balancing, a given packet might take any one of a number of possible routes.


enhancing mobility management protocols to minimise AAA impact on hando.


One mote in each pair was con.gured to transmit 1 packet every minute, and the BoX-MAC-2 MAC layer con.gured with a wakeup interval of 2 seconds.

duty Cycle (%) Wakeup Threshold (dBm) Time (min) (a) In a clean environment.


The paperisorganizedas follows: Section2gives more details about the operation of a frequencyhopping cognitive personal area network, while Section3presents the performance of the original protocol with respect to both data transmission and sensing.

oSA technology can be used in wide-as well as in local area networks, but it may also be applied in different personal area network scenarios, esp.


CONFab executes multiple levels of reasoning because it is dif.cult to model the in.uence of a component on a protocol stack separately without considering its interdependencies with other elements.

voke upper-level behavioral reasoning that abstracts a component as a functionality that provides and requires certain services, i.e., we employ a form of the service-oriented design.


Albeit, periodically, neighbour nodes collaboratively purge duplicate items from their cache space.


Notice that the encoded sample of node m sent to node (m -1) should be propagated in the left direction such that each node gets the samples of all other nodes.

iNTRODUCTION Future wireless networks are presumed to accommodate large numbers of embedded devices that operate cooperatively to achieve a pre-speci.ed sensing task.


5 Numerical results As mentioned previously, we implemented a prototype version of the proposed sensor network architecture for energy management.

the basic function of the user pro.le is the characterization of users behavior so that some settings of the energy management system can be made automatically.


A survey on interference networks: Interference alignment and neutralization.

with experiments, we Figure 12: FDoS handles heterogeneity gracefully have veri.ed that the impact of the former is more signi.cant than  10 30 25 Rate (bits/sec/Hz) 20 4 2 5 5 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N: # antenna at AP N: # antenna at AP (a) FDoS w rate optimization (b) FDoS w/o rate optimization Figure 13: Scalability and Rate Optimization in FDoS In addition to the homogeneous 2 and 4 antenna cases, we now consider a heterogeneous case.


ForeahREYIcIUYout,defnethefollowingFOformulas: R( x ) := { (x ) : (if (x )thenR(x )) EI} 7R( x ) := { (x ) : (if (x )then-R( x )) EI} XR( x ) := ( R(x )1 -7R(x )) V ( R(x )17R(x )1R(x )) V (- R(x ) 1 -7R(x )1R(x )), where0:=false.Finally,foreverystate5overY,let thefnitestrutureT(T,I)(5)overYIcIUYoutbedefned asfollows: theuniverseofT(T,I)(5)isthatof5,  foreveryRERT(y,r)(S):=XSand YIcI,R,  foreveryRERT(y,r)(S):= S  Yout,R, whereXSand Sdenotetheanswerrelationsofthequeries RRXRand Ron5,respetively.Thisonludesthedefnition ofT(T,I).


di.erences, in terms of which ASes are added and removed from those paths.

we focus on the evolution of update churn, correlation between the update churn seen from different vantage points, path exploration, and convergence times in IPv4 and IPv6.


In our experiments, we use the following heuristics: Greedy algorithm tests all available locations and selects the one with maximal decrease in the objective function[22].Theprocedure repeats until the required number of locations is reached.

based on the result in Section IV-B2, the difference in end-to-end latency is only modest (23.7% for HSPA), and the throughput difference is even smaller.


Demand Demand I want to go to Map this area.

it makes the size of the Dmap very large.


The oxide catalyst needs refill once every 10,000 km.

the post processors should require an appropriate monitor to track their performance in real time for an overall effect evaluation.


The drawbacks are that the selected paths are generally not the shortest paths and that links near the root get congested and become bottlenecks leading to low throughput.

for example, Figure 1 represents a simple irregular network.


was not considered and therefore the e.ects of using directional antennas were not fully analyzed.

the optimal solution for deploying directional antennas was not determined in this work.


The optical millimeter-wave signal was generated with four times the frequency of the microwave drive signal.

for upstream data, the power penalty is 1dB at a BER of 10-9.


These are the most direct measures re.ecting the IPTV performance impairments.

acknowledgement We thank Aldo Adriazola, Seungjoon Lee, and Sigcomm anonymous reviewers for their feedback.


These transitions are labeled with their enabling conditions (that can include events generated by other transitions), any necessary reset of the continuous state that must take place when the transition occurs, and events generated by the transition.

from t0 + RT Tf to t0 +2RT Tf the number of acknowledg - 0 )/2-ndrop (which was the number  should be replaced by ments received is 1+wf (t of packets sent in the previous interval) and each will both min{wf ,w adv } f increase the congestion window size and decrease the num rf = .


The gap response curve Z, de.ned as the functional relation between the statistical mean of the output dispersion and the input dispersion, is much more dif.cult to penetrate than the .uid curve F. Second, unlike in the .uid case, where both packet-train length nand probing packet size shave no impact on the rate response curve F (rI ), the response curves in bursty cross-traf.c are strongly related to these two packet-train parameters.

in our future work, we will identify how various factors, such as path con.guration and cross-traf.c routing, affect the amount of deviation between Z and F. We are also interested in investigating new approaches that help detect and eliminate the measurement bias caused by bursty cross-traf.c in multi-hop paths.


Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, September 2002.

by naturally using protocol selection and adaptation our model can achieve similar or better performance.


The manual traces include both, the action that the user performed on the OSN site and the resulting rr-pairs.

each site connects more than 20, 000 DSL users to the Internet via at least a 1 Gbps uplink.


For a sensor network to support a continuous monitoring service, sensors should not consume more energy then they can collect.

the total energy collected on the sunny day is 655.15mWh, which is about twice of 313.7mWh, the energy collected on the partly cloudy day.


For our analysis, successful transmission is de.ned as follows.

first, we follow exactly the approach used in theanalysisand countthe numberof consecutivebeaconintervalsduring which nobeaconsare successfully sent.When this number exceeds T=23, we record an event of asynchronism.


FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSIONS We are continuing to investigate techniques for veri.able aggregation of segment embeddings in order to reduce packet overhead.

the system should require no coordination between routers.


Logic 0 is coded by a positive transition; logic 1 is coded by a negative transition.

the Reader transmits e. at the queue and detects all identified bits and collision bits after receiving ID from all tags.


As discussed previously, HiCuts and HyperCuts require two accesses per node, whereas Ef.Cuts requires one access for nodes using equidense cuts, and two for nodes using equi-sized cuts.

the number of replicated rules far exceeds this number in large classi.ers.


[45]have demonstratedan implementation of cooperative diversity with nodes connected to a single shared clock.

we consider the new algorithm as the ground truth and compute SourceSync s synchronization errors with respect to the new algorithm.


it is found that an over-used routing path across the network was responsible for most of the packet retransmitted and dropped in ASWP.


INTRODUCTION With the advent of service orientation and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) as important new approaches for large-scale IT system design, it has become an important (and sometimes contentious) issue what to de.ne as a service .

it appears as if REST is now gaining more momentum in the Web-oriented spectrum of service design and implementation.


This is the result of lower channel quality and consequently more collision, packet losses and retransmissions.


the Sigcomm data does not contain very precise time measurements in comparison to the data we collect with microsecond resolution.


For the rule set consisting of morethan9000 rules(R7),Stormachievesasustained throughput of more than 15Gbps with both static 4-2-1 and dynamic thread assignment.

this strategy avoids almost all contention, and improves the throughput by 55%-316%.


Once reservations are made, violations may occur due to bandwidth .uctuations as well as route changes, as such reservations are pinned to a route [21].

in airports, there can be sparse individuals checking in as well as large groups of people arriving in a plane.


If S s bound is lower than the best complete solution found so far, S is trimmed and it is not branched.

theorem 3 shows that we can do this in such a way that we use the same amount of link capacity as the lower bound for feasibly routing the hose TMs.


This minimizes the steps that the user has to take to retrieve the content.

the level of post-production processing in the media source has implications for media adaptation later on.


To copyotherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

we use the term layer-3 degree to refer to the number of edges discovered by an L3 tool such as traceroute.


The details of the binning procedure are described in the Appendix.

the difference between the two loss rates is .l = le - lp.


However, IPv6 is already developed with incomplete automatic renumbering.

the system can execute multiple nodes inside one process in a simulator mode.


For more information on the sampling approach used, the reader is referred to [11].

when we run a routing protocol R, we want its MERIT ratioR = Stability ratioR = 1.


In general, any complexity attack that satis.es these four properties can be mitigated, given a proper heavy packet identi.cation method.

[30] N. Tuck, T. Sherwood, B. Calder, and G. Varghese.


In Section 5 we introduce the signaling flows and how service adaptation is achieved.

ubiIMv6 provides seamless messaging service to users even when the underling wireless access network has been changed back and forth between wireless IPv6 network and the GSM network.


The capability to .ll in missing information chunks from statistical data stored in long term storage to complete some critical task in the face of partial corruption or an incomplete service request can prove a very powerful tool in improving the end user perceived quality of service.

network researchers recently have started looking at natural phenomena in hopes of better managing the increasing complexity of modern networks.


x Bregman s divergence can be de.ned using F(·) as follows: I {F(ui) - F(vi) - F the natural generalization of the above de.nition would be given as follows: (vi)(ui - vi)}BF(u, v)=  X N n=1 i=1,...,I v¯ (p,FN )i=1 min BFn (u, vn), = arg 0<ui<8 = X I {F(ui) - F(vi) - f(vi)(ui - vi)}.


In Figure 4(a), Fhand increases with the increase of x and y.

tra.c distribution on the earth is very inhomogeneous because users of the network tend to converge to big cities against sea or mountain areas.


due to the fact that a data center network is built and managed by a single organization, centralized designs become possible (e.g., software-de.ned networking [17]).


We record the PRR and the average RSSI/LQI for every group of 100 packets from a grass .eld (Figures 4 (a) and (d)), a parking lot (Figures 4 (b) and (e)) and a corridor (Figures 4 (c) and (f)).

the trend of ATPC s energy consumption varies a little bit.


[2] S.-H. Cho et al., QoS oriented bandwidth management scheme for stable multimedia services on the IMT-2000 networks, Proc.

the call-interruption probability of Class 3 can be largely reduced if we increase the percentage of reserved channels.


Reliable multicast protocols ensure reliable end-to-end delivery of unreliable multicast data packets for all group members.

using our RP and FEC schemes can achieve higher multicasting service reliability.


APPENDIX  A. CONVERGENCEOFIBGPWITHMEDS InSection6 wedescribed the route-re.ectoriBGPtopology and demonstrated when multiple routes arepropagated, convergence is guaranteed.

nessin this wayis thatitimplies a unique routing solution.


Let X and E be independent normal random vectors with covariances S and .-1 respectively.

the purpose of this section is to study how the gains from using an optimal design accumulate over time.


(11) as follows: p = Fmac, N = Nv, Tslot = Tv.

[4] M. Chatterjee, G. D. Mandyam, and S. K. Das.


Such lowduty-cycle operation leads to communication delays in comparison with the always-active networks.

with more nodes, more paths are available.


It only provides the absolutely necessary functions and has about 100 lines of code.

the Peer ID is generated only during startup and then remains constant for the remainder of the session.


The former is usually conducted in HO process after the negotiation between current BS and neighbor BS.


BitTorrent [5] is a P2P system originally designed for e.ectively sharing large amounts of data over the Internet.

with a .torrent meta-information .le that contains a list of all pieces.


Two mapping strategies are studied for each concurrency.

we suspect that the high cost of process migration would isolate the bene.ts of this approach to static applications.


These curves indicate that IP calking achieves a significant lower BDP than those of the no calking scenarios.

under the current and foreseeable limitations of optical technology, especially the absence of optical buffer and optical logic devices, performance of these networks is mainly hampered at the node by resource contention.


The schemeproposedin[4] detects wormhole attacks usingdirectionalantennas, that are not commonforWSN.RF.ngerprinting, i.e., recognizing a wireless transceiver based on unique features of the signals it generates, is considered in[13].

in our protocol, each node estimates its distance to the other nodes it can communicate with through a single hop.


We can assume that the larger densities give a stronger advantage to our algorithm, since statistic disorders of the network are rare and so the algorithm can behave more as desired, minimizing complications in the routing.

gRIC combines inertia and the right-hand rule (along with careful use of orientation .ags) to bypass complex (even deep, concave) obstacles by following their contour.


To reduce the likelihood of the latter case, they explore a variety of approaches, such as adapting the rebroadcast probability to the density or the distance to the .ooding source.

if it chooses a TTL that is smaller than the true TTL, then the .ooding may die out too early.


(33), we can see that the factor of kin the exponent in Eq.

(RG) = cpPer(RG)log3/4 L for all regions RG which have boundary lying on G. we need the following lemma: Lemma 1.


We also aim at discarding packets as soon as it becomes obvious that they are going to miss their deadline, and thus make space for more useful data as soon as possible.

we argue that in information-centric networks, where data can be sent by any of the potentially large number of sources or network caches, measuring RTTs is not useful because of its potentially large variance.


[11] R. Stephan, P. Ray, and N. Paramesh.

k-AIR manages various heuristics and expertise of expert administrators which can utilized as the generic knowledge of network management task.


Consider the state (Pk,w), and de.ne Ttr(Pk,w) as the weighted throughput if the joint probing and transmission strategy decides to transmit in the state (Pk,w).

before obtaining some key structural properties, let us de.ne some important terms.


Once deployed, these networks require continuous interventions in order to adapt the network con.guration to environment changes.

they present several constraints such as infrastructure-less and dynamic environment, frequently changing and unpredictable topology, scarcity of resources, nodes playing several roles at the same time (server, client, router), etc.


the 12 dBi antenna provided the best connectivity.


We recently extend our BMS to make it open.

when a person stays in a room, the app contact BMS (using open protocols) and records the ID of the room.


before any round/iteration starts, fixed numbers (k) of cluster heads are selected randomly.

the ACH is selected according to the descending order of residual energy of the member of a head-list.


The router reads the .rst segment in the header, which corresponds to itself, and inspects the primary next-hop label p. If the corresponding link available, the router deletes this .rst segment corresponding to itself.

1 0 1 10 10 10 Average stretch - 1 0 0 10 Average stretch - 1 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 Average stretch - 1 10 -1 10 Fast-SlickPackets Flooded-SlickPackets -2 10 e2e-SlickPackets Fast-VSR -3 Ideal-SafeGuard Ideal-NCR 10 -4 -1 -2 10 10 10 -3 -4 10 10 0 10 -5 100 200 300 400 500 0 10 -5 5 10 15 20 0 10 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Packet generation time (ms) Packet generation time (ms) Packet generation time (ms) (a)Sprint Topology (b)AS-level Topology (c)Router-level Topology Figure 8: Average packet stretch -1 vs. packet generation time when t0 =0.


3.2.1 Utility function To have a suitable representation of the users social behaviour, we take inspiration from the caveman model proposedbyWatts[17],whichisareferencepointinthe .eld of social behaviour modelling.

the weight of all other communities is set as in MFV, i.e., is proportional to the average time spentby the nodein that community.


[11] Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS PUB) 180-2, Secure Hash Standard, 1 August 2002.

these protocols allow agents to negotiate, query and request information among themselves.


Also speci.c routines should be devised at the Strategy layer to tackle the problems uniquely arising over the wireless segment that characterizes all the identi.ed usage scenarios.

results clearly show that the retransmissions of the msINT with the Exclude .eld carrying the number of already received Data packets lead to the following bene.ts.


(Please bear in mind that for a successful transmission there must be no collision in the receiver as well as in the transmitter of the Data packet because of the exchange of the handshake).


TOWARDS RFID SENSOR NETWORKS WebelievethatRSNs canbringthe advantages ofRFIDtechnology to wireless sensor networks.

thegoal was to track the state of the carton as a small-scale example of a scenario where perishablegoods are monitored for spoilage.


iPlane: An Information Plane for Distributed Services.

the algorithm starts with a .xed lever R and adds nodes to form a tree one by one.


3.1 Energy saving opportunities In many practical scenarios, the average input rate of a stream, Ai, is lower than its guaranteed rate, gi, resulting in a low link utilization.

a low value of f means that the system is sensitive to changes in the input rate, and performs lesser workload averaging.


also our traceroute technique of diagnosing ECN problems can be used for other purposes, one of which is a survey of diffserv code points being set by each AS (a study we are currently conducting.)


In addition, the throughput could be the main requirement to be satis.ed, for example, when mobile grid applications have to be supported.

special attention has been devoted to issues such as heterogeneous networks interconnection, full and fault tolerant coverage of the disaster area, localization to allow an e.cient coordination of the rescue operations and .nally, security which represents one of the major requirements for any emergency communications system, in particular when a disaster is due to a terrorist attack.


(The quantum of service assigned to mc(4) is also probably slower than required.)

variants 1 and 3 are work-conserving and use all the available bandwidth, but not so with variant 2.


When the intermediate node A receives the RREP message, it processes the message.

computer Communications, 31(5):885 895, 2008.


IP (w/o lookup) 43 cycles TCP Quick-Start (non-critical) 55 cycles Rate Control Protocol (RCP) 26 cycles  As statedin[4], software-levelmodules canonlyprocessa packet for N · F clock cycles, with N parallel processors with an F times higher clock frequency than the system pipeline.

one can choose a module with the most suitable level of abstraction when implementing a new functional unit.


(ii) Expose a service to all nodes to answers questions about its current cached data.

it is similar to a hash table; (key, value) pairs are stored in a DHT and any participating node can retrieve the value associated with a given key.


The malicious relay could conclude deterministically that its predecessor is a if it knew both the tunnel s length l and that (l-1) relays succeed it on the tunnel.

if an adversary compromises M gateway routers or LAN machines that belong to previously-uncorrupted domains, it can then run many malicious nodes (m) within each of these M corrupted domains.


Therefore, by carefully choosing the second route, it can be guaranteed that using two descriptions gives a performance improvement over using one path and one description.

each packet contains a stream identifier and a flow identifier.


In addition, market competition requires faster service deployment and elasticity in changing the service criteria to cope with the market dynamics.

however, this development means also that the volume of data to be transported within a mobile network is increasing as well.


The .gure depicts that SPath performs better than all other strategies mainly because it uses the global knowledge.

the landmark approach extends 80 80 the work of Kwon et al.


* ata * is the conditional attempt probability of AC VO.

hence .. a is the probability that the AP has packet to send and is de.ned by .


8 shows our experimental topology, which is 7-hop indoor network with one source (one end node) and one sink (the other endnode);allnodesareequallyspaced(4mapart).

in N (NAV) schedule, the node sleeps because it cannot send any packet, and in A (ACK) schedule, the node receives the next node s data packet or ACK packet and regards it as anacknowledgementofitsdatapackettransmission;thenodedoes not have to overhear the entire data packet because the header of tate Transition Transition Time ; ->L:st : 2 2:ms Rx->Tx 0 270:ms Tx->Rx 0 125:ms Figure2: Implementation issues of the basicoperations.


We also introduce a methodology for securely choosing a route other than the minimum-latency route in an on-line fashion.

users of ad hoc networks may wish to use demanding applications such as videoconferencing, Voice over IP, and streaming media when they are connected through an ad hoc network.


Because this aspect is essential, it should be formulated in further words: The procedure to develop the hierarchical model is based on a method of describing the process "the nervous system of the human being".

the technical explanation is presented in the following.


What is the impact of Bluetooth on these proposals?

both procedures rely on tuning one or both radios onto a .xed channel so that nodes can broadcast information to their neighbors.


Like XCP, VCP decouples e.ciency and fairness control.

[69] L. Ying, G. Dullerud, and R. Srikant.


Tree locking: One useful consequence of the previous point is that no locking is required in the ever-growing passive tree.

the procedure is based on the directional nature of Bluetooth: in every connection, one node is master and the other slave.


This policy is an on-line policy in the sense that it schedules clients and updates .

these works have focused on the scenario where spectrum auctions are carried out infrequently.


The data links are IEEE802.11g wireless LAN (WLAN) and a cellular internet service.

the files are sent out as fragmented sectors.


While in a limited network bandwidth environment, this will be costing to store and transmit the huge numbers of hash values.

[15] R. Gennaro, P. Rohatgi, How to Sign Digital Streams, em Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology, pp.180 -197, 1997.


(t) for slot t. A control message in distributed algorithms is assumed to include any information about queue lengths and link states available at a node until Section 5.

this analysis aims at answering the following question: for a .xed complexity, could we have incentives in terms of delay to choose a .-throughput optimal algorithm with .< 1 rather than throughput optimal algorithms?.


In addition, certain new mobile phones support WLAN technology and protocols.

in EE and Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Toronto.


Such an attacker creates non-innovative coded packets by refusing to code optimally as the optimal is creating a coded packets that is a random linear combinations of all received coded packets.

the timers for accusation should be set such that upstream nodes timers expire .rst, and only the most upstream node that makes an accusation will count.


In the above experiment, the client laptop is placed stationary at each testing location, which is di.erent from the real drive-thru scenario.

data Pouring and Bu.ering on The Road: A New Data Dissemination Paradigm for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.


The network switches will implement these functions, taking one packet in a port, and producing 0 (dropped), 1 (unicast forwarding), or more (multicast forwarding) packets out other ports.

congested link in_group(ingress(), [ switch ]) ^ (true)* Determine .ows (switch sources .


It is the most generous model for the distant detections while it reprieves the decline of the weighting.

it compensates relatively close detected targets similar to the generic M/N method.


After evaluating fitness values for the current population of chromosomes, a subset of chromosomes is selected to use as parents for the succeeding generations.

the work presented in [17, 20, 24] shows that location accuracy is improved better as the number of APs deployed is increased.


For example, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems use known pilot subcarriers to compute channel estimates that they later use to equalize for the channel impairments.

this is done so it is not detected by the FPGA correlation algorithm.


For example, rock state is observed with di.erent periodicity: at dayand night-time less frequent measurements may be taken since physical processes are stable.

measurements, as well as special events (clock skew, sensor replacement, etc) are numbered, recorded in .ash memory and queued for transmission towards the GPRS node where they are cached.


The payment of credit can be given once in every day or week (out of band payment) but not prefer immediately after forwarding the message, as explain in section 5.1.

of the tenth international conference on Information and knowledge management, 2002.


In this paper, we therefore propose a new dynamic safety interval (DSI) protocol.

we generated a 2km long highway scenario.


The same levels of total transmit power were used in the precoded synchronous transmissions.

tothe best of ourknowledge,thisisthe .rsttimethatthetheoreticalhighdata rates of aMIMO systemhavebeen showcased in a real world distributed MIMO testbed.


However, averaging techniques, such as exponential average or weighted average, are often applied to the measurement results to mitigate shortterm .uctuations caused by the lower layers.

we assume all the clients can smoothly render the highest quality video clips.


The hardware selected for the gateway was the Asus desktop EEEBox EB1007 (Figure 9), which provides a versatile, moderate-cost, and self-hosting platform that is very useful for the pilot phase of this project.

aCKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was partially supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through projects PEst-OE/EEI/ LA0009/2011 and PTDC/EEA-CRO/104243/2008.


INTRODUCTION Linear Dispersion Code (LDC) [1] is a well-known space-time (ST) coding technique that can provide full-ergodic capacity and good error probability performance in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication systems.

rEFERENCES [1] Heath, R., and A. Paulraj, Linear Dispersion Codes for MIMO Systems Based on Frame Theory , IEEE Trans.


This implementation can be easily ported to smart phone environment.

dMS recognizes it as the play request from DAS1 and sends the content to DAS1 s local network IP address, (e.g., 10.10.10.2).


We observe for the selected OD pairs, the blocking probabilities are lower as compared to their corresponding values for the previous FR routing case.

aNALYTICAL MODEL 2.1 Large-Scale Optical Network Topology The large-scale optical network topology comprises the di.erent optical WDM networks that are interconnected with each other.


INTRODUCTION Traditionally, communication networks (wired or wireless) have always been assumed to be connected almost all the time, i.e., at least one end-to-end path between any pair of nodes in the network exists most of the time.

each constant time, node v will update all its messages (delay + = priority).


For each channel used, the receiver has to sample it, and switch to the next channel.

alert minimizes contention among nodes by using a combination of time and frequency multiplexing.


The steps are repeated aslong as theinterferencedoes not convergefrom one Table1: Simulationparameters Cellular layout 25hexagonal, trisectorized cells Site-to-site distance 0.5km BS/UEantenna height 30m, 1.5m Carrier freq.

improved strategies how to allocate the resources on the side partitions are proposed.


(2) In the second stage, a classical max-.ow method is used to get maximum throughput in the relay candidate set.

if we consider the number of uninterested nodes in the relay sets that the two algorithms, we .nd that the ContactOnly uses more uninterested nodes than that does InterestSpread when ( is increasing, which is not what we expected.


The clock skew estimate remains stable even if there are signi.cant number of outliers.

section 2 describes the threat model that we address in this paper.


(i) Suppose that we have solved problem PRand obtained the LMM-optimal rate allocation 9ifor each node i(i1,2,,N).

if the optimal objective function is positive, then some nodes iEU1must have positive Eivalues and these nodes therefore do not belong to the minimum node set S1.


This is an easy way to spread instructions to all nodes, and it solves storage limitation problems on nodes.

for each simulated second, it calculates the visibility range for each node.


In Figure 4 we illustrate the relative loss in the secrecy rates with respect to the Gaussian input secrecy capacity.

this scheme will provide higher secrecy rates then those provided by the method in Section 4.1 at the expense of a higher decoding complexity.


Step-4) Mapping the MAC performance to the HTTP per formance: Since each HTTP request generates lh(9 + 2D)+ Lapp bytes of tra.c at the MAC, of ev ery lh(9 + 2D)+ Lapp bytes of MAC throughput, Lapp bytes constitute application throughput.

technical Report MIST-TR-03-003, MIST, Dept.


In traditional networks, nodes are assigned fixed addresses.

aCM SIGCOMM, Stanford, CA, Aug. 1996, pp.


Ideally, two aspects of optimization can be used to improve the migration performance.


In addition to these gaps, the only service at the high-end, leased-line service, is highly restrictive in that the two endpoints of a leasedline circuit have to be identi.ed at the time of purchase.

applying Erlang based teletra.c theory, it can be shown that operating a link at high utilization in an accept-or-reject mode comes with a concomitant cost of high call blocking probability if the number of circuits is small.


This process is repeated until all parts of the interlacing are removed.

our goal is to choose as many paths as possible and at the same time include paths that are as reliable as possible.


Recon.guration at individual nodes may lead to possibly incoherent MAC schemes in a neighbourhood.

the transmit power of the nodes will be changed accordingly to model the topology and node mobility.


2, evaluates the impact of varying number of CR on the average path loss between CH and CMs in a cluster.

3 shows the CR impact on the PRR in WSN.


Since Sd is the sum of d i.i.d geometric(p) r.v., X,we have that Var(Sd)= dsx 2 .

this can be compensated preserving entries accross measurement intervals.


If node 1 does not forward its data, nodes 3, 4, and 5 increase the suspicion counter by one.

if the number of compromised sensors increases, neighboring compromised sensors can reveal the renewal process by colluding with each other.


Furthermore, the network topology picture can provide valuable information to network management in detecting preferred routes and bottlenecks, discovering network partitioning, and in detecting faults.

designing and implementing a monitoring solution that is capable of providing up-to-date information regarding the network s overall health remains a challenge.


[0, 1] with E[Ii.S Xi] = Ii.S pi for every set S .{1,...,n}.

then P[Yt =1] = P[pt = 1/f2] · P[one msg sent | pt = 1/f2] = 1/f2 + p and it holds for any set S of time steps prior to some time step t that 2 P[Yt =1 | I Ys = 1] = 1/f+ p s.S the Chernoff bounds imply that k1 < g/8, w.h.p.


The obvious solution is to allow to the information to decide for itself, since it knows which the best next hop is in a routing path for a certain time instant and context.

two Virtualbox only-host adapters will be used by each virtual machine.


STRUCTURE OF THE EIGENLOADS The statistical analysis of the tra.c load series presented in the previous section underscores the central role of the eigenloads in understanding the intrinsic properties of a traf.c load series obtained in a large-scale WLAN, such as the network considered in our study.

wLANs have more vulnerabilities and bandwidth/latency constrains than their wired counterparts.


)}.R2 , (18) where the dependence of the region R1(u) on R1 and R2 has been dropped for the sake of notational clarity.

again, in a signi.cant fraction of slots transmitter 2 selects to keep idle due to the actual fading conditions.


The proposed solutions have different features related to the targeted goals (e.g.

self-adaptability and self-organization are properties that help managing services and associated QoS for communication, vertically and horizontally.


An online algorithm for maximizing submodular functions.

we call the result Distributed EXP3, give its pseudocode for round t in Fig.


Thus, each of them wins the remaining quantity of bandwidth which equals 0.06 units in each link at the reserve price.

as discussed in Section 1, it is assumed that each bidder bene.ts only from the minimum allocated quantity of bandwidth among all links of his path.


IXP28xx NP such as IXP2855 has 16 Microengines (MEs) and each ME is 8-way multithreaded.

3.3 Bit-Byte-Level Aho-Corasick State Machine We have studied two categories of state machines, bit-level and byte-level AC for DPI, with subset strategy.


11.2 Impact of Network Diameter The time taken for a Glossy .ood to cover the entire network depends on the network diameter [17].

with Muster over CSMA, data yield starts at 99.01 % and drops to 97.98 % as the fraction of source nodes increases.


Router operating systems, much like Unix operating systems, log important events as they are observed.

the coverage ratio of a group Gi is de.ned as |GI nO|/|O|.


emergency network when one or more of the networks in the affected site is destroyed due to a disaster.

most organizations develop and establish suitable techniques to prepare themselves to face these kinds of disasters.


Rao, R., "Implementational Reflection in Silica," Proceedings ECOOP'91, America, P.

we discuss re- lated work out of both these areas.


At low attenuation, both SIFT and the packet sniffer perform very well.

similarly, the MCham metric predicts that roughly at this level of background traf.c, 10 MHz and 20 MHz become equally good, and the narrower 10 MHz channel surpasses the wider channel thereafter.


The full-name hash is passed in with the packet buffer so that the App should not recompute it.

a security risk is involved in using a non-crypto hash because a lack of collision resistance makes a router vulnerable to hash .ooding attacks.


Note that the fading in wireless channels a.ects the packet transmissions of SUs.

in section 6 we provide numerical results to validate our analysis and to investigate the queueing performance.


In this setup, for the three cells with S1, S3 and S4 as APs, a per-cell solution would operate all links at the worst client s transmit power, which is about 12 dBm.

the algorithm executes once for every two intervals of the rate adaptation algorithm to adapt to user mobility.


when using a pair of antennas to calculate AoA, we adopt the method based on phase differences as in [32, 20].


the existence of a path from A to B doesn t mean there exists a path from B to A).

sIR, with the additional routing constraintbasedonnodesspatio-temporaldistance from the destination, improvessigni.cantlytheroutingperformances.


By running NetPiculet onthemajorU.S.cellularproviders as well as deploying itas a smartphone applicationin the wild covering more than100 cellularISPs,weidenti.edthekeyNAT and.rewallpolicies whichhavedirectimplications onperformance, energy, and security.

we studied the policies of two large nation-wide U.S. carriers in more depth and corroborated our .ndings carefully with controlled experiments.


it has been found from Table 1 that, the capacity of the TDMA-TDD system outperforms that of TDMA-FDD systems.It is known that, TDD systems experience potential interference from neighboring BS(s) which is not the case in FDD systems.the appearance of additional interference in TDD can be exploited constructively by the TS opposing algorithm.Using this algorithm the capacity of TDMA-TDD system is found to be 2.9562 bps/Hz/cell which is approximately 1 bps/Hz/cell higher than the capacity of TDMA-FDD system.


The response message form the AP includes the MAC address of the AP, signal strength, and other information related to the authentication.

since the mobile device has limited power, the energy-efficiency in mobile handover is very important issue [Loow 2007].


If not, a secret key (symmetric key) will be generated by the central node and encrypted using the public key of the newly joining node.

the unique secret key not only becomes a proof of an identity for each member in the corresponding group, but also achieves the authorization function to granted members, because only the sender and receiver can decrypt the encrypted messages with the unique secret key.


Vertex c is colored red .rst, followed by vertex d in the next cycle.

if capacity increase is desired, then the average SNR (p) can be increased by a factor Ga, thereby resulting in a relative logarithmic increase in capacity (Cj), C. logGa Cj 2 1 +(9) Clogp 2 Resource allocation and utilization: The channel can be visualized to be composed of min(M,N) independent and parallel channels (called as channel modes ) in the presence of rich multipath.


In addition, the centralized algorithm has to collect queue backlog information from all the nodes at each time slot (for an extended comparison see [19]).

it follows that a K4,n bipartite graph can be partitioned into two subgraphs, each of whose interference graphs satis  5.


To address these challenges, we have designed and built a testbed for large-scale mobile experimentation, called the Diverse Outdoor Mobile Environment.

in order to overcome challenges in improving large-scale mobile systems, long-running remotely programmable yet diverse testbeds are needed which can address a number of open and ongoing questions in mobility research: Challenges related to temporal trends: A large body of recent work is based on the availability of open WiFi access points that provide free, ubiquitous connectivity to mobile users.


In all simulations there were enough slots available to accommodate all of the delay-sensitive traffic in a single frame if required.

5) under stationary conditions indicate a clear advantage for PF's and MLWDF's approach of giving preference to flows under good RF conditions, allowing them to finish first quickly and free up bandwidth to other flows.


Upon hearing this signal, other nodes, which we refer to as co-senders, join the transmission.

at a high level, the lead sender initiates transmission by sending a synchronization header.


By joining the two data sources, we unavoidably ignored a certain number of sub-allocations.

the bulk Whois data are updated daily, and previous .les are deleted.


The following lemma shows the relationship between the reality check result for the protocol model and the optimal result obtained under the physical model.

theinterference from node 13 at node 11 is g13,11 · p132 ,9 =0.2403· .W, which is not zero.


For each size of w, we draw the graphs of connectivity corresponding to one and 10 runs of the hello protocol.


In addition to the above, implementations also have a parameter that limits the duration a route is suppressed.

this suggests that the general form of P(t)is a geometric series: t. P(t) e .>(j.1) (2) j=1 and a closed form for this is P(t) 11 e .>t e.> (3) For what value of tdoes P(t)exceed the suppression threshold?


A game theoretic framework for incentives in P2P systems , In Proc.

the consistency of peer reputation should be measured and utilized to account for peers that sometimes misbehave.


Fast Address Look-Up for Internet Routers.

tCAMs that can support 128K entries of 144-bit width are expected to cost over $200 for the next few years [5,9,12].


SYSTEM MODEL & DESIGN ISSUES The crucial insight that allows the wireless channel to be amenable for generating a secret key is that the received signal at the receiver is modi.ed by the channel in a manner that is unique to the transmitter-receiver pair.

we provide further discussion related to the security of our scheme in Section 7.


They are used in encryption and message authentication to protect privacy and integrity against external adversary.


Whenever the source node receives a report, it replaces the previously stored RREP message of the same path and re-compares WCETT metrics to select a better path.

aODV-MR focuses on the hop count and radio diversity on a path without considering the link quality.


Initial simulation results show that the HTAP algorithm can cope with congestion and maintain the reliability of data packets transmission to the sink.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


so we have: At the same time, we get the following equations according to the N -1 Ntup (1 -tup ) (1 -tdw )relationship between the collision probability Pup, Pdw and the Pup s , = P (12) transmission probability t , t .


2) The weight of .ows within each group is preserved; group 1 s individual .ows (dotted lines), which have equal budget, achieve equal throughput.


The RSU senses vehicles in its range that are approaching the traffic light and analyzes their speeds.

incidents of red light running can compromise the safety of the system.


However, such unnatural protocols are not the subject of interest here.

the above approach does not take advantage of the fact that some packets may traverse their ith link earlier than Ti.


From one side, content based networking promises to solve the current problems of the Internet.

iNTRODUCTION CCN is a promising architecture for the Future Internet [2], devised to face the upcoming Zettabyte Era [1].


This tag points to a speci.ed URL to download the requested object.


The sender may jitter the data transmission with a small, random delay to avoid collisions when multiple senders are contending.

the results show that sig ni.cant differences can exist between the expected and actual duty cycles [4, 16].


as demonstrated in [27, 53, 31], violations of the triangle equality are very frequent for real networks, resulting in the inaccuracy and fragility of virtual coordinate systems even when deployed in non-adversarial networks.


The simulations also indicate that our algorithm does not incur too much control overheads and is fairly stable even when traf.c conditions are dynamic.

finally, varying traf.c conditions can make this queueing delay variable, thereby adding to jitter.


In the second case, the reception on the link pair has perfect positive correlation with the two links having same PRR.

the additional time taken by Rateless Deluge is purely the coding overhead.


Node E received the tree_construct packet from nodes B and D at the same time.

the control overhead introduced by sink mobility is limited to the grid where d is the grid size and ..is the largest integer less than k. k From Eq.


A MAR-based QoS Routing in Long-distance Wireless Networks Zenghua Zhao, Zhibin Dou, Tengfei Li, Lianfang Zhang, Jie Zhang School of Computer Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin, China zenghua@tju.edu.cn  ABSTRACT Long-distance wireless networks are expected to provide multimedia tra.c service in addition to basic Internet access, as more and more such networks have been emerged in real life.

pERFORMANCE EVALUATION We evaluated the performance of MQDSR in simulation via NS2.


Dynamicity: It is di.cult for SDN controllers to perform real-time decisions on the path of a .ow to balance the load in the network and on the function instances.

we believe it still requires a lot more e.ort to precalculate the paths for di.erent permutations as compared to our solution.


2 derivative of pr2 S2bdS is always above zeros when f = (0, p/2) also veri.es the monotonous increase of the function.

complicated shapes of the obstacles may cause the computation intractable.


This is an considered here), Pn(sr,s )isadistributionoverthenodesof importantsimpli.cation.


This is an open problem since the congestion does not appear at the transport level but at the network level and thus, is out of the scope of the present study.

solutions based on a validation delay need an RTT higher or in the same order of magnitude than the reordering delay.


Thus we speculate that using the channel quality as the channel selection metric across the entire network will yield a balanced distribution of links across channels.

to track the SCI of a mobile link, we may need to switch channels frequently, which may incur some overhead.


SIGCOMM 06 Workshops September 11-15, 2006, Pisa, Italy.

the average rate of routing failure over several days may remain rela tively constant.


Assume that host 6 is attached at switch s1/port 1, and host 4 at switch s3/port 4.

open.ow [13] has made signi.cant progress by establishing (1) .ow tables as a standard data-plane abstraction for distributed switches, (2) a protocol for the centralized controller to install .ow rules and query states at switches, and (3) a protocol for a switch to forward to the controller packets not matching any rules in its switch-local .ow table.


We propose using these knee points as the lower bound of the delay bound.

the performance of d-median approach, compared to set covering approach, was studied.


Fig.2 shows that the energy cost to transmit each 32-bit frame for different bases is a reversely proportional function of .

by varying the value of the base, the delay in transmitting can be controlled.


It is simple because its algorithm structure is quite similar to the standard inorder tree traversal algorithm.

we refer to this model as SDN programming of algorithmic policies and emphasize that algorithmic policies and declarative policies do not exclude each other.


The procedure AverageByFrequency requests O(log n/e + m) elements and satis.es: (1) If a¯is equal to the average of the values a1,... ,an, and the aggregator follows the protocol, then B always ACCEPTs.

depending on the aggregation function, assuming that at most a certain number of sensors are compromised, we can calculate the bound on how much deviation from the correct result these corrupted sensors can cause.


We use the transition matrices given in [24] for thresholds -14 dB, -10 dB and -6 dB to represent low, medium and highburst errors respectively.

the .ltered PPG is passed to a peak detection algorithm which detects peaks and troughs in the signal, corresponding to pulse peaks and pulse endpoints respectively.


EVALUATION & SIMULATION We use ndnSIM[3] to evaluate the performance with PoP (Point of Presence) topology of Sprint, which includes 52 nodes and 84 links with real weights.

solving ine.ciencies caused by time and space uncertainty, we maintain the pipeline with a much lower spending for a relatively longer period.


Rexford,S.Shenker,andJ.Turner.OpenFlow: Enablinginnovation in campus networks.

such applications requireprogrammabilityonthedatapath(e.g.,allmulticastpackets, .. of allpackets,allblock accessrequestson SANs) andif implementedwithOpenFlowwouldresultinsendinglargevolumesoftraffictotheOpenFlow controllerforprocessing.


If not, process A pushes the re- quest to queue C in order to retrieve the content from the server.

rEFERENCES [ 1] Fielding, R., Gettys, J'., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., and Bern- ers-Lee, T. RFC2068: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -HTI'P/I.1.


4.1.3 Routing Protocols Improvement The improvement of routing protocol consists in avoiding nodes with low reputation as routing hops.

agents that execute one of the detection algorithms (GA or SOM) and assign reputation to sensors.


High Performance Interconnects (HOTI), 2011 IEEE 19th Annual Symposium on.

uR Nnode· Wh - Wb· topology_degree 12. if Nr·Uoff > UB  */UB /*nodes share the available .


It was also shown that in the random m c network case, there are three distinct capacity regions: when = m vWc O(log n), the per-.ow capacity is ,when = O(log n)and n log nm ( C)2) loglogn m also On, the per .ow capacity is T(W),and logn nc (C)2)loglogn when c = O n, the per-.ow capacity is T(Wmloglogn ).

associated with each node x, there is a set of nodes B(x)called the backbone for x.


In order to internetwork the heterogeneous network layer protocols, the new generation network employs the ID/locator split concept in the protocol stack [6, 7].

since the mobility requires updates in the ID tables of gateways of both the MH and CH, gateway-initiated updates can be faster if the MH s new gateway sends locator update signaling message to the CH s gateway (i.e.


We let K = (K1,...,KL) represent the relative link bandwidths in each of the dimensions, where the unit of bandwidth (conceptually o.ered by one hardware link and one switch port) is the bandwidth of the terminal-to-switch connections.

if this is the case an alternate uplink is selected.


This study proposes a modi.ed alpha-Shannon capacity formula to better predict the value of the LTE peak data rate.


This simplistic model gives useful results in situations for which the probability of concurrent events is low i.e., the e.ect of one quake at a point dies down before the e.ect of the next quake is felt at that point.

let M be the set of parameters that describe the event.


It can lead to highperformance protocols that would be very di.cult to design using only human intuition.

it is not clear, at .rst glance, into what protocol space these structurally di.erent protocols can be embedded.


While considering MIMO operation, we notice that the activation of additional RF chains remarkably increases power consumption, as several hardware components need to be activated, in order to provide for the complex baseband processing that MIMO communications require.

while considering tra.c loads above 100 Mbps, we notice that the remarkably increased throughput performance that A-MPDU aggregation results in does not come at much higher energy costs.


As another example, consider how we identify when a new participant joins an ongoing two-party call converting it to a 3party conference call: classifier can be programmed to look for Join header (on a INVITE message from the new party) whose values matches any of the in-progress Dialog-IDs (here, the ability to maintain state at the classifier comes in handy).

there are several challenges in doing this.


Our results indicate that CoSAP can achieve significant interference reductions, and subsequent capacity enhancements, for both local UDP traffic and global TCP traffic.

with the proliferation of new low-cost radio technologies and commodity oriented services, certain unlicensed bands are on the verge of getting saturated.


EAD [3], a network level energy aware routing protocol, uses novel concepts of neighboring broadcast scheduling and distributed competition among neighbors based on residual energy in order to set up a backbone for reliable delivery of notification.

this information will be used to forward data back to the sink.


Usually, the stop criterion can either be a suitable .nal temperature or when the equilibrium is reached.

this scheme was used in our implementation.


For example, it is possible to cache service description in order to reduce the lookup and discovery process of Web services.

currently Web services are fairly large entities.


3.1.2 Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) The partial autocorrelation function, fkk for a stationary process is de.ned as a function of the autocorrelations rk of theprocess[3] andhas thedistinctivefeature that fkk =0 for k>p in an autoregressiveprocess oforder p. fkj denotes the jth coe.cient in an autoregressive process of order k, so that fkk is the last coe.cient in fk1rj-1 + fk2rj-2 +... + fkk rj-k = rj .

the ARIMA modelforthetopologicallinksisof order(0,1,1).


SPF computation should also take these virtual-RBs into account, at least for UC traffic.

some bandwidth of healthy t-LAG links will be wasted in this case.