DATA DISSEMINATION AS A DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED PROCESS This section discusses our initial e.orts to model data dissemination as a di.usion controlled process using theory from random walks and environment [14] and the kinetics of di.usion-controlled chemical processes [22].

we use the di.usion in a medium with randomly distributed static traps to model the FIS approach of data dissemination.


First, it takes a long time to prepare things for emulation.

the pre-simulation time needed to dump pattern into memory counts as simulation performance overhead.


In each experiment the Pvalue was always < 0.0001, indicating in each case that theregression model predicted the response in a statistically signi.cant manner.

in each experiment the pre-dictions of the model are better than chance alone.


6 shows the largest number of opportunistic communications for di.erent orders of the Hilbert curve.

the .gure shows, for di.erent populations of sensors, the maximum number of hops (number of intermediate carriers) required to deliver the readings.


The larger this value, the more di.cult to keep the percentage error constant.

more budget will be necessary at the end of simulation to keep the percentage error constant, meaning that the budget curve should be more budget above the straight line y = - x + budget than simulationTime it was in simulations presented in this work.


Each node can use mixing technique to thwart timing analysis.

it uses a playout buffer to store and reorder received data packets, and to inject dummy packets into the buffer if necessary.


A feasible allocation K0 is said to be Max-Min Fair (MMF) [18] if for any other feasible allocation K, then for all SPs d such that kd >kd0 , there exists some SP d' such that kd, <kd0 , = kd0 .

allocating more than the MMF allocation to any SP, can only be done at the expense of reducing the allocation to some smaller SP.


WMN has different features from cellular networks.

the hidden node and exposed node problems are very important in WMN.


TAP7 Figure 1: Illustration of Multihop Wireless Backhaul Unfortunately, current protocols are severely inadequate in achieving the design goals of multihop wireless backhaul networks.

existing protocols result in severe unfairness, poor performance, and in some cases, starvation, for users located more than one hop away from the wired entry point.


While intra-cluster netMIMO transmission can be devised by migrating the 802.11ac MU-MIMO modulation algorithm that exploits multiplexing gain [5, 7], we .nd this could severely degrade netMIMO s performance.

netMIMO may encounter unbalanced topologies where clients are concentrated near a few dAPs (which is common in, for example, conference rooms).


Our paper sheds new light on the macroscopic evolution of the Internet economic ecosystem and concretely identi.es the driving factors of such an evolution.

our model provides a tool to analyze and project the evolutionary trends of the ecosystem.


enhanced .exibility and ease of access from a vast set of user terminals, mostly mobile.

today SVoD consumers expect to the able to access video from any device inside and outside the home (TV, HDTV, smart-phones, tablets, media players), and also ask for high levels of QoS.


Once a proper mapping is established, the ef.ciency of a CDN is primarily a matter of how well the individual servers can manage their cached contents: To serve as many of the incoming requests as possible.

each server is expected to maintain a dynamic collection of popular content while both incurring as little cache-.ll traf.c as possible and redirecting minimal requests to other (less preferred) CDN servers for that user IP.


In this paper, we practically analyzed a commercially-deployed today s femtocell and discovered several vulnerabilities.

we demonstrated that it is possible to have complete control over the femtocell including changing access control mechanisms, re-con.gure the femtocell, having root access to the device, and injecting malicious code in it.


Under the unicast model, the data dissemination problem is a generalization of the well-studied uncapacitated facility location problem [21, 12, 25, 22], many variants of which have also been studied [9, 23, 3, 16].

when we have a single source and many sinks, our problem reduces to uncapacitated facility location.


It should be noted that this is a somewhat unusual scenario because of the quiet nature of the testbed.

there was no other traffic through the router and as a result it could dedicate a large buffer to the single flow.


In realistic situations, it can be assumed that the RSUs be deployed in a fixed order along a highway and the movement of all the vehicles be unidirectional.

given the ID of a RSU, that of the next RSU can be predetermined.


As illustrated in Figure 6, increasing the number of ASs lead to signi.cant drops of relative error.

when the number of tags is 50,000, the relative error is 0.37 with 32 ASes and drops close to 0.1 with 512 ASes.


Although the sites have suf.cient computational resources, such as CPU, memory, and so on, the total processing performance might be decreased when the network path between communicating nodes is congested.

the network throughput for a grid application would become a major performance bottleneck because the applications deal with petascale data, and total processing time as well as task processing would also be affected.


The easiest solution would be to start all the flows simultaneously.

we could inject the traffic corresponding to multiple users using Evalvid all at once, sending several movies to the network exactly at the same time.


9 (c)and (d), all the approaches, except ICS, give larger estimation errors under three-level hierarchical topologies.


Fibre Channel uses unique non-volatile names, called Name_Identifiers [2] to identify Fibre Channel entities.

a unique Name_Identifier is associated to each VN_Port, VF_Port and VE_Port.


The event area corresponds to the action area, i.e., the area where the actors should act.

each collector receives data from a subset of the sources (cluster in Section 2).


The estimated case consumes less energy at the cost of lower success ratio.

there are cases where needles are not long enough to reach a query line.


This assumption seems quite stronggiven thatwe allow the maximum waiting times Tm(n)to be functions on the system size.

for systemswithlong responsetimesweexpectthisassumption will be violated and our model to be inapplicable.


For uniform utilities, m2m routing provides bene.t, i.e., G>H, only if not all xi, 1 = i = n are equal.

some nodes have lower m2i contact opportunity than others.


This is symptomatic of OpenFlow-style control still being in its early stages; neither our software or switch SDKs are optimized for dynamic table programming.

tunnel tables are typ  (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 12: Stats for various TE operations for March-Nov 2012.


These samples are linearly interpolated over the location resulting in a function fGT representing the ground truth.

fGT represents the ideal view of the situation at a .xed point in time.


Our proposed scheme can be viewed as an approach to the Why problem articulated in [13] or to the automatic error reporting scenario in [4].

we show how to answer questions like why did the forwarding n path to destination change?


Let node 1 be in stage 0 and let node 2 be in stage j. Node 2 picks a slot and if there is no collision, node 2 goes to stage 0 and chooses a slot from stage 0 until collision occurs.

it is assumed that a node that is at stage j starts from the stage 0 after any number of its subsequent successful attempts.


However, spread spectrum bears a spreading cost.

the wireless users consume more resource than no spreading by a factor that is proportional to the number of channel options that the users have for channel access, because the process of spreading symbols entitles either transmitting redundant information (in case of code-based spreading) or reserving more resource than the user uses at a time (in cases of frequency or time-based spreading), and thus has a negative impact on the throughput rate performance.


Furthermore, PFR is a multipath protocol which is shown (see [10]) to be very e.cient when µ(R) 31.5, thus in this work both protocols are evaluated together for the .rst time in novel simulation settings, in a fair way.

for the case where nodes are deployed randomly and uniformly, using the equation (npR2) of [7], µ(R)= A , the density in our simulation instancesisset to {14.726, 19.634, 24.543, 29.452, 34.361} for n = {300, 400, 500, 600, 700}.


2.1 Transparency During Migration Arbitrary tenant applications must continue to operate correctly despite the migration of virtual machines and switches.

applications should not experience any important differences between a network undergoing migration and a migration-free network.


Conversely, in our scenario there is an initial time where the collision probability is greater than 0 (all nodes that are queried start transmitting), followed by a transitory state where it decreases over time (each successful node stops attempting to access the channel) and .nally followed by a steady state where collision probability is zero (all nodes have either successfully transmitted or failed).

our system reaches the equilibrium when no node is transmitting anymore because all packets have already either gone through or failed.


Their emphasis was on the inter-encountering time between a vehicle and the series of APs it visited.

communication resource contention among multiple concurrent drive-thru vehicles was not considered at all.


The four aforementioned tests have been carried out for each of the following devices: Microwave oven, file transfer via Bluetooth, bluetooth headsets connected to PC, baby monitor and wireless video game controller.

we have introduced a new source of interference to measure the variation of the wireless network performance caused by that specific device.


We suggest that the browsing history is shared while remaining totally con.gurable.

we indicate how the system allows users to share all their histories or just a part; for instance, only the part being viewed during the current session.


A rule of thumb for choosing aiwhich works in practice is the one given in (3) since this choice is suggested by large deviations of optimality results.

the CD-EDD is a scheduling discipline that can be used to provide QoS guarantees, defined in terms of delay bounds, for real-time traffic in wireless networks.


Thus, trust-based reputation is used to evaluate other nodes ability to fulfill an expected action, and a node can take advantage of this reputation information to make decisions when it must choose a set of trustworthy nodes for its packet forwarding.

mANETs do not utilize any fixed infrastructure for data transmission, their packet forwarding fully rely on the cooperation between neighboring nodes.


In combination with the implementation of our framework, the simulation environment will then enable us to further analyze our solution.

it will allow us to draw conclusions about the overhead caused by P2P topology information.


We proposed a DRAM-based counter architecture that can e.ectively maintain wirespeed updates to large counter arrays exploiting advanced architecture features that are readily available in modern commodity DRAM architectures.

we presented a randomized DRAM architecture that can harness the performance of modern commodity DRAM o.erings by interleaving counter updates to multiple memory banks.


Communication between a parent and its children is coordinated by a TDMA protocol.

all transmissions happen at exactly predetermined moments in time.


The duration of this phase depends only on the upload capacity of the source of the content.

the rarest .rst algorithm is not responsible for the low piece diversity during this phase.


Our simulation results addressed the uti- lization of the channel but did not focus on the fairness of channel access.

the threshold access sharing with CBR traffic receiving prioritized admission needs to be evaluated in the context of fairness.


We observe that the price differences are positively correlated with the quality ratio.


do matchingpayload-attack and check the chain of senders and receivers).

if a region is covered by multiple collaborative eavesdroppers, then they can visualize all AODV paths intersected with the region.


Further, when a traceback system is deployed, it must not reduce the privacy of IP communications.

entities not involved in the generation, forwarding, or receipt of the original packet should not be able to gain access to packet contents by either utilizing or as part of participating in the IP traceback system.


ating party to send some data (i.e., a polynomial in the case of FNP s PSI) corresponding to its set element to the other party.

this may result in the repeated sending of data for the same element of the ordered set.


3.3.2 Historical Records of Past Reservations Each station v keeps historical records of successful and failed reservations that have been made with it in the past.

it maintains a FIFO queue of past reservations Hvu = {(ti,di,xi)|i =0, ··· ,n - 1} for each reservation source station u.


R that is monotonically increasing over the domain D as the probability of x being an outlier increases.

if f(x, D) >f (y, D), then x is more likely an outlier than y.


We now show that there may exist F 1 ... F N , where F i .Fi for all i, such that even though the system (N, .1 ... .N , F1 ... FN ) is stable, the .ltered system (N, .1 ... .N , F 1 ... F N ) is unstable.

there exist routing systems with next-hop rankings for which a stable path assignment exists, but introducing .ltering can yield a system where no stable path assignment exists.


)ss I + .swI), (25b) white noise is analogous to the noise enhancement produced in (22).

it is seen that the SNR matrix employed in the estimator-correlator in nonuniform sampling is equal to the SNR matrix in the estimator-correlator in uniform sampling with an equivalent SNR matrix given by (29), i.e., a linear combination of the true second-order conditions S1 and a contribution proportional to the average SNR .


Based on (1), the mean change indicator curve is constructed as MC(k) versus t(k), where MC(k) is the value of W (A 1 -A 2)2 calculated for the window containing ratings {x(k -W ), ···,x(k + W -1)}.

the test in (1) is performed to see whether there is a mean change at the center of the window.


Fundamentally, this is because these techniques are suitable for distributive and algebraic aggregates only [11].

the aggregate must be computable either by partially pre-aggregating each Basic Window and combining the partial results to return the .nal answer (e.g.


it models the performance of the prefetcher and develops a prefetch policy based on a theoretical analysis of the model.


servers with max TTL violation < x 0.8 0.6 However, the above characterization is biased in favor of LDNSes making very few total requests.

we are likely to report some of these LDNSes as adhering to TTLs while, in reality, they may not.


Bounding the number of steps by a polynomial bound is an open problem and is of theoretical and practical interest.

such a bound would give a polynomial time algorithm to .nd an approximate Nash equilibrium.


All of these developments indicate that the level of heterogeneity and the corresponding variation in available bandwidth could be increasing significantly as the Internet and wireless networks converge more and more into the future.

if we consider the Internet and different wireless/mobile access networks as a large multimedia heterogeneous system, we can appreciate the potential challenge in addressing the bandwidth variation over this system.


Since, in the ELBP, the number J of ACK-leaders is less than the number N of recipients, we propose to select ACK-leaders, based on reliability and performance indices.

pLR is a measure of reliability, while throughput and latency are performance indices.


k N(D(k)) * ED(k) (2) where ED(i) isdefnedas theaverageMSEifabitinthedistortion group D(i) is decoded incorrectly, and N(D(i)) is the number of bits indistortion group D(i).

the fraction of space allocated to a distortion group is proportional to its importance, as well as the number of bitsinthedistortiongroup.


2.2.2 Successful SACK recovery phase When L segments are lost in a round of cwnd segments the necessary condition for the SACK-based loss recovery mechanism to be triggered is that three dupacks are received, therefore: cwnd L L+3 (6) -- = However the condition (5) is not sufficient to guarantee that the SACK loss recovery mechanism will be able to continue.

if the variable pipe remains equal or above floor[cwnd/2] when the first partial ACK is received the SACK loss recovery mechanism will stall because no segments can be sent even if one or more segments have been determined as lost.


First, the high-level alerts generated by security systems like IDS s lack context.

alerts typically provide information about the speci.c vulnerability exploited, but no information about the actions that preceded or followed the exploit (e.g., Did the attacker perform any reconnaissance before attacking the system?What did the attacker do to the compromised system after the exploit?).


INTRODUCTION Existing paradigms of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) impose a foe relationship between the primary users (PUs) and the secondary users (SUs).

sUs may ac- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The rule-of-thumb comes from the dynamics of TCP s congestion control algorithm.

a single TCP .owpassing through a bottleneck link requires a bu.er size equal to the bandwidth-delay product in order to prevent the link from going idle and thereby losing throughput.


Our study is complementary, as it provides an experimental evaluation of algorithms with limited knowledge.

we show that the ef.ciency on real torrents is close to the one predicted by the models.


For our test-bed nodes, we have validated that all of them are able to achieve the maximum TXR when CCA is turned o..

the TXR are between 79.25 packets per second (PPS) and 79.95 PPS for all 784 transmitters of trials 2.10-2.13 with only 3 outliners.


For the latter case, we simply let v I = v. According to the blowing-up feature of the transformation f(·) (which will be quanti.ed by Proposition 4), there always exists an fI(·) such that fI(pi) lies on the convex hull of f I(PI) {v I}, as far as there is no point in PI that lies on the line segment between v I and pi.

if pi is on the external boundary of P, it is visible from some viewpoint v I .


Note that the (p,a)-proportional fairness criterion reduces to several well-known criteria, when the weight vector is set to p = 1 = {1,..., 1}.

the (1,a)-proportional fairness criterion corresponds to the maximum throughput criterion [6] when a .


While for any given key, sketch can indicate if it exhibits big change, and if so give an accurate estimation of such change, such process is irreversible.

a sketch cannot ef.ciently report the set of all keys that have large change estimates in the sketch.


Both holds a Mesh Header, which consists of 4 or 16 bytes borrowed from the data field.

the Mesh Header is used to store the two extra addresses to forward the frames generated by user stations.


Second, we analyze the measurements to characterize the Magnets backbone.

for a selected parameter space, we measure and analyze round-trip time, packet loss, jitter and throughput.


DSI outperforms SIH in terms of Beacon Delivery Ration (BDR), regardless of the vehicle density and the interference range of the radio.

in dense network scenario, DSI achieved 21.1% performance improvements of BDR than SIH.


In this frame structure, half-duplex of a node s transceiver is on time slot level.

a node would not change its status (transmitting, receiving, or idling) within a time slot, and can only change its status for a di.erent time slot.


Note that we do not remove any nodes; the above description is only made to allow the reader to visualize what the value N corresponds to.


The BMMM protocol has a sender part and a receiver part.

bMMM protocol defines the steps MAC layer has to take when it is the source of broadcast DATA packets or when it is expected to receive the DATA packet.


There is one and only one coordinator in this mesh, which schedule all the transmissions.


Not all paths found by DFS can be customer paths, however, those paths should obey export rules described in Section 2.2.

from the direction of provider down to customer, each pair of ASs in the path should have provider-to-customer relationship.


Barroso and Hölzle recently showed a mismatch between common server workload pro.les and server energy ef.ciency [3].

they show that a typical Google cluster spends most of its time within the 10-50% CPU utilization range, but that servers are inef.cient at these levels.


Furthermore, asymmetric caching achieves a feedback ef.ciency(ratio of bytes saved from transmission using feedback to bytes sent as feedback) of over 6X.

for every byte of feedback sent upstream, 6 bytes of downstream data are saved.


It should be noted that the 802.11 standard specifically states that a client should indicate any change in its power management mode to the AP via a successful frame exchange sequence only ([7], page 129).

it should not indicate power-save mode change using a single frame exchange sequence (e.g., broadcast data/management packet, MAC level ACK packet).


Instead of expecting a request of referrer URL, the web server employs a special push marker request from the client to determine the pushed resources.

the push marker is a light weight GET request that indicates the start and end segment numbers to request.


between false positives and false negatives.

false positives increase when TU decreases while false negatives decrease.


* PT , although percolation phenomenon still exists topologically, the in.nite connected component has broken into mutually disconnected .nite clusters from the perspective of spectrum opportunities.

although two disjoint clusters are connected topologically, they are not able to exchange messages due to lack of available communication channels.


To limit the overhead of this .ood, each node typically forwards only one ROUTE REQUEST originating from any Route Discovery.

existing on-demand routing protocols, such as AODV [32], DSR [20], LAR [23], Ariadne [16], SAODV [45], ARAN [39], AODV secured with SUCV [6], and SRP [31], only forward the REQUEST that arrives .rst from each Route Discovery.


In the cognitive radio networks, the available channel sets are varying and users choose neighbor discovery strategies according to the number of available channels they observed.

neighbor discovery strategies are adaptively changing in a dynamic environment.


Moreover the solution also allows traceability of coins without a trusted third party.

once a user double spends any of its coins, all its spendings, of any of the2l coins, can be traced.


For count and retrieve predicates, we assume that the network density is known and that a function E(h) for the expected number of nodes within h hops (the so-called h-neighborhood) can be estimated from deployment parameters1 .

now consider a count predicate c of the form: count(scope) { pred } rel lim where the nested predicate pred is in disjunctive normal form and contains only simple sub-predicates ck we can compute ij.


A semi-maximal .lter is a maximal .lter which uses only the source IPaddress of a packet to carry out its .ltering (i.e., a projection of Fe).

fe(s, t)isa semimaximal .lter with respect to R if 0, if e .R(s, v)for some v .V ; Fe(s, t)= 1, otherwise.


However, selecting an appropriate detector is in practice challenging.

the sensitivity of detectors in the context of network anomaly detection is misunderstood and prevents us from applying such techniques.


In lossy WSNs considered in this paper, we assume that there is a weighted link between any two nodes with the weight being its packet reception ratio (PRR).

there is a link between two nodes as long as they are within the carrier sense range of each other, since otherwise the PRR of the link would be always zero regardless of the interference level.


We .rst consider padding with fake tra.c in some epochs.

consider the .nal epoch t in which the buyer does this, and for it to matter assume dt < ct.


3.3.1 Temporarily Disabling Congestion Control (R1) Since we have mentioned that OOO is likely caused by route changes and not by congestion, one way to avoid the undesired congestion control e.ects is for the TCP sender to temporarily disable congestion control action whenever an OOO condition is detected.

for a time period T1 after detecting an OOO, TCP sender will keep its state variables constant, such as the retransmission timer (RTO) and the congestion window size.


The relative capacity utilized is largely independent of the length of the DCH periods, and clusters heavily around 25%.

for most DCH periods, three additional bytes could have been back.lled for each byte transmitted over UMTS, at marginal additional energy cost for the device.


RELATED WORK In network tomography, link-level properties like link loss and packet latency are inferred using statistical approaches from end-to-end measurements [5].

bAD-ABING [12] and Tulip [10] measure per-path characteristics to identify problems that impact network performance.


The contribution of this demo is to illustrate these .ndings on a real EH-WSN test bed.

for di.erent classes of WSN applications (i.e., applications having di.erent performance requirements) as well as under several energy harvesting scenarios, we show how ODMAC supports sustainable operation of nodes powered by ambient energy.


From the connectivity graph, then a weighted conflict graph for each channel of the useable set is constructed.

each vertex in the conflict graph for channel s corresponds to an edge (link) in the connectivity graph realized using the channel s. whenever a new link is established using the channel s, a new vertex, representing the link, is added to the conflict graph for the channel s. Now, if there are two channel s links are there within the radio interference range (i.e.


We present a more efficient proto- col with round complexity of (n/t) °(t), where n is the number of processors in the network and t is an upper bound on the number of Byzantine processors in the network.

our protocol is polynomial when the number of Byzantine processors is O(1), and for every t its round complexity is bounded by 2 °(~).


It reduces the application delay, which is critical for interactive applications.

the RTT-based scheduler .rst sends data on the sub.ow with the lowest RTT estimation, until it has .lled its congestion window (as it has been .rst described in [16]).


D. Regulation of Best-Effort traffic in QAMNET Each QAMNet node in the MANET regulates independently best effort and rejected real-time traffic.

if the BB field is lower than the RB one, RTF_FLAG was not set and all those packets have to enter the shaper in forwarding nodes.


But to reduce performance penalties of full virtualization, paravirtualization requires guest OS to be modi.ed to avoid usage of hard-to-virtualize processor instructions as much as possible.

guest OS knows that it is running inside host OS.


However, autonomous devices tend to be uncooperative for several reasons.

mobile devices might be uncooperative to preserve their scarce resources.


In this paper, we have focused on the distributed maximum lifetime multicast algorithms for MANETs.

we are interested in a type of distributed algorithm called localized algorithm [4], in which nodes make decisions based solely on the knowledge of its 1-hop or 2-hops neighbors, and distances to them.


However, the RFA has some limitations when applied to practical WSN environments.

the model assumes a fully connected, delay-free WSN, which is not symbolic of a typical WSN.


This is specially appropriate in wireless environments where bandwidth is scarce and many users are sharing the same wireless channels.

for WMNs, multicast can represent a huge enhancement of the network capacity by taking advantage of links which can be shared by multiple users to receive the same data, which is transmitted only once.


The whole area is wrapped around so the structure can be reused.

if the MN moves out of the simulated area, its location will be circled to the other side of the simulated area, i.e., its location will be changed from (x, y) to Figure 4: A Service Area under Mesh Network Coverage Model.


Furthermore, any node on one side of the orthogonal line passing through u can not cover 2d-zone(u) s farther orthogonal boundary.

proof: First, consider a circular belt of width W , its inner circle being of radius R. the curvature at any point of the belt s inner boundary is of magnitude 1/R.Consider an L2-zone, with a line of length r,anarc of length L1, .A, .B as shown in Figure 16.


Thus, if we have e = P/4, any variation of the expected utility is smaller e, which characterizes an e-equilibrium.

we have shown, by providing a speci.c c.d.f.


The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) interface is used for communicating with the slave TelosB.

rSSI values and the status for different operations are read over UART.


This lack of information affects the two AIS .ows in very different ways because of the asymmetry of the topology.

.ow A lacks the necessary information to compete fairly with .ow B, while .ow B does not suffer from the incomplete channel state information.


Discrete Entropy is frequently used in coding because the entropy H(X)gives a measure of the number of bits required to code the values of X.

if we had a large number n of randomlygenerated instances X1,X2,...,Xn and needed to represent this stream as compactly as possible, we could represent this stream using only nH(X)bits, using entropy coding as practiced for example in various standard commercial compression schemes.


Arecent work automatic rate adaptation(ARA)[6] shares the same goal with our work to achieve feedback-free rate adaptation.

aRA adds a minimum distance transformer (MDT) after existing coding and modulation to perform linear combinations for modulated symbols.


In this paper, we shift the focus away from user bandwidth management and towards multimedia services.

we demonstrate that our overlay network can be used to concurrently provide powerful multimedia services for various types of networked applications.


We assume that the Web cluster has three back-end servers offering two different types of requests, both server A and server B can serve type-1 requests and server C can serve only type-2 requests, and the threshold of LARD/RC scheduling is set to 3.

if the number of connection exceeds the threshold, then the subsequent requests will be dispatched to another back-end server in which the number ofactive connections does not exceed the threshold.


Last but not least, the adoption of IPv6 by three major players, i.e., the end users, the network carriers and the Internet applications, is not developing in a balanced manner.

currently there exists a deadlock on the adoption of IPv6 between end users and Internet applications.


This is a key factor because different routing schemes should be compared under the same environment.

rFnestTM was used to replay real RF channel measurement data to emulate real UAV communication channel effect.


propose a routing metric that exploits multi-channel diversity.

paths with more channel diversity and fewer hops are preferred.


Such models, however, share certain limitations.

they cannot represent networks with complex routing policies, such as sub-optimal routing1 or asymmetric routing, since Euclidean distances satisfy the triangle inequality and are inherently symmetric.


by using the modern framework of the Stochastic Network Calculus.

we show that the model captures the behavior of the tail decay rate as a function of the average SINR and of the Doppler spread.


We emphasize that this work is not another damping algorithm itself, but a complementary addition to anyexistingrout .apdampingscheme.

in all the previous works, one common issue is that the pre.x .apdetectionisbundledwithroute suppression.apre.xissuppressed immediatelyonceitis detected unstable.


As discussed in Section 2.3, while piggybacking can reduce the total number of lost packets, it can increase the chances that a lost packet contains application data.

bu.ered source tra.c is piggybacked onto high-rate, risky probe packets, increasing the chances for loss.


In contrast, the opportunistic connections of the graph of Figure 1(c) allow for higher transfer rates, but simultaneously demand a more careful level of orchestration between end-systems to achieve those rates.

any pair of end-systems in a peer-to-peer relationship must be able to determine which packets lie in the set difference of their working sets, and subsequently make an informed transfer of those packets, i.e.


For d =3, this distance D3 is a sum of squares of di.erences between the current and target numbers of wedges and triangles, and we can generalize it to Dd for any d. A potential problem with dK-targeting d ' K-preserving rewiring is that it can be nonergodic, meaning that there might be no chain of d ' K-preserving Dd-decreasing rewirings leading from the initial d ' K-graph to the target dK-graph.

we cannot be sure beforehand that any two d ' K-graphs are connected by a sequence of d ' K-preserving and Dd-decreasing rewirings.


Intuitively then, one of the possible estimation of the centrality of an edge is given by the number of shortest (geodesic) paths between all pairs of vertices that run along it.

the average distance between the vertices of the network has the maximum increase when the nodes with the highest betweenness are removed.


Interestingly, we found that by carefully choosing multi-path routes for data delivery it is possible to reduce energy consumption more effectively than the optimal single-path route can.

we formally analyze the problem of .nding the minimum energy multi-path routing scheme and prove that it is actually NP-hard.


Because the APs are now in charge of measuring network characteristics of the C-to-C data path for the application as a whole, individual .ows can employ that information and make rate adjustments con.dent that peer .ows of the same application are getting the same information and are also appropriately responding.

endpoints see the same bandwidth availability estimates, round trip time measurements, loss rate statistics, and other network-based statistics.


(However, the weakness in this claim is that we did not test TCP Vegas in a dynamically changing environment of short-lived connections.

we did not model the arrival and departure patterns of TCP connections.)


Since it would be impossible to classify each email in isolation, we adopted a multi-layered approach to group them into similar campaigns (a solution proven to be e.ective by several previous studies [31, 24, 21]).

we start by clustering them based on the email headers.


3.2 CommunicationsPerformance: outageprobability and throughput Here, we present a derivation of the communications performance for the AM system.

we focus on outage probability and average throughput as functions of feedback delay.


(across time and users) arrival processes with pL < 1,the iLQF with PullUp algorithm results in a strictly positive value for (3).


The critical thing to note about the weighted exchange described here is that it only takes into account information known to (or predicted by) the node itself.

it does not factor in information from the other nodes (and their bu.ers).


As in the case of the random waypoint simulations, we varied each parameter separately and we performed the .ve statistical tests.

we varied pmove from 0.7 to 1 in steps of 0.1, pstat from 0 to 0.5 in steps of 0.25, and m from 0.01 to 0.1 in steps of 0.03.


[n]willhavetheprobability of1/N to occur over N samples.


As discussed previously, the average value of the distance between nodes is not always representative of the entire statistics of every order, which might be hence interesting to be characterized through the cdf.

the plot traces reported in the figure might be then useful for example to evaluate the amplitude of the oscillations in the group size or even higher order statistics of the average inter-node distance obtained by using our model.


Ifthe above schemeis used, thenfor eachNash equilibrium a * , LCP(S,D,c)= LCP(S,D,a * ).

the lowest-cost path is always selected in all Nash Equilibria.


We now present our method for calculating the .rst term in Equation (5).

first, for each counter in the counter subvector of f, whose value is contributed by the time stamps of the packets in .ow f and those of the packets in other .ows, we use Theorem 3 to extract an estimate of the value that is contributed by only the time stamps of the packets in f. we eliminate the noise introduced by the packets of .ows other than f from the counter subvector of f. Second, we statistically simulate the process of multiplying the time stamp of a packet in f with the random variable Gz and then adding the multiplication result to the corresponding counter in the counter subvector of f. By repeating this process a statistically su.cient number of times, we ob- L tain an accurate estimate of .z(uf,R[z]-uf,S [z])2 based on Theorem 4.


Each Androiid application hhas your optimmal frequency.

a frequenncy where it norrmally operates, while dissipate s the lowest possiblle power.


We note that for any w where X(w) = 1 and any i,j such that 0 < j < i < K, it follows from Lemma 1 that Yj(w) < Y/(w).

there is some w for which X(w) = 1 where for some i, Y/(w) = 0 while YK(W) = 1.


If one manages to prove the protocol in such a setting, then it is guaranteed that the protocol is computationally secure, roughly because all models are considered that do not violate the axioms, which includes the computational model.

to every successful computational attack, there is a corresponding successful symbolic attack: all computational attacks are symbolically accounted for, and that is why we call our symbolic attacker computationally complete symbolic attacker.


In this paper, we describe algorithms for tracking CSI values of Wi-Fi transmissions and show how to compute the tamper-evidence value.

we account for 802.11n s varying number of used spatial streams.


In our current implementation, all other packets are handled by the GPE.

packets matching multiple triggers or requiring more complex trigger processing are forwarded to the GPE for processing.


This can be explained since, with higher values of t, the scheduling horizon of the frame work is longer, and therefore the number of MSs that must be kept awake in the awake set A is higher.

after a threshold value around 80 frames, the actual value of parameter t is no more affecting the sleep ratio.


In contrast, the proposed Two Level VBRVS algorithm has the lowest bandwidth waste ratio than other algorithms under any kind of bit rate variation ratio.

when the bit rate variation ratio is high, the proposed algorithm still has low bandwidth waste ratio.


v0,u0) as input and proceeds to progressively re.ne the transmit and receive AWVs in an alternating manner (as part of Phase 2).

holding the receive AWV .xed, the transmit AWV is updated in the transmitbeamforming training stage.


The ef.ciency at tens of centimeters may look low, however to the best of our knowledge, our ef.ciency numbers are the highest for magnetic resonance at such distances with a small receiver coil that .ts in the back of a phone.

the Witricity baseline is reported to have a maximum ef.ciency of 86% for distances less than 2cm [36], which is lower than MagMIMO.


In contrast, on channel 6 only few nodes achieve the maximum TXR even at night.

in 25 % of all cases the TXR is below 70 PPS.


In addition, this paper provides some insight into the problem of traf.c matrix estimation itself.

by testing the method on Rocketfuel topologies we provide some measure of what aspects of a network make the problem easier or harder: estimates on more highly meshed networks were more accurate.


We employ the same GMRF statistical model for sensor measurements as [17, 2].

the n sensor nodes are deployed on the plane with spatial locations vi .


We follow Dolev and Yao [12] and consider the standard asynchronous intruder model where the intruder controls the network but cannot break cryptography.

the intruder can intercept messages and analyze them if he possesses the corresponding keys for decryption, and he can generate messages from his knowledge and send them under any agent name.


Bernoulli(p), independent across queues and time.

ai(t)= 1 0 with probability p, with probability 1 - p, (1) and Xij (t)= 1 0 with probability q, with probability 1 - q.


We denote the area of each sector in .i by Ai.

in order for each sector to hold at most one independent node, the distance between any two points inside it must be at most r.length of the diagonal line connecting the farthest points on its perimeter must be at most r. One such diagonal is drawn for .i in Figure 6.


Finally, while we o.er hints as to the sources of loss in our network, more work needs to be done to .nd de.nitive answers.

we are investigating whether losses occur because of hidden terminal collisions (in which case RTS/CTS might be a solution) or due to additive interference from distant sources of noise.


A disadvantage of the above scheme is that it does not work as intended when unbounded delays due to partitions can occur.

when partitions merge, the resulting network may contain nodes with duplicate addresses.


However, such a combination does not yield ideal performance in many situations.

the senderinitiated rendezvous protocol introduces unnecessary synchronizations between the sender and the receiver, requires more rounds of messaging than needed in common situations, and has a limited capability for supporting communication and computation overlaps [2, 15, 16, 18].


We believe that it is more important for topology generators to accurately model the large-scale structure of the Internet (such as its hierarchical structure) than to faithfully reproduce its local properties (such as the degree distribution).

we believe that the scaling performance of protocols will be more effected by these large-scale structures than by purely local properties.


Thus, in this paper, we assume that there is a sequence of requests that arrive online: the ith request ei =(bi,ai,ti) arrives at time ai, requesting the monopolization of channel F for a time ti (starting ai), with a bid bi.


In practice though, we expect only a few event-series to have significant causal relationship with the symptom.

we expect the vector of regression coef.cients to have only a small number of large values.


We assume that the infrastructure used to store data (we do not mean caches in the network, but the servers where original data is stored) is not controlled by the users, publishers, or the government.

we expect that a wide range of administrative and political domains will provide storage infrastructure with no central control.


Our method is to check the BGP AS paths to trace the routes from VPs to missing links.

for a missing link AS1-AS2 and anyAS path containing AS1 or AS2, we record the route pattern from the VP to the associated AS.


Let queue i hold a marked packet p at time t. When p was marked, queue i contained no 0-packets, hence all the packets closer to the head than p are 1-packets.

the packet at the head of queue i at time t is a 1-packet.


The goal of the paper is to evaluate the amount of information each node is able to gather resorting to simple distributed data collection and sharing through opportunistic communications among neighboring nodes.

we analyze the impact of node density, di.erent mix of cars and pedestrian, and amount of node memory.


If, K is large enough, depending on |T|, m could be set to 1 as long as (4) holds, while D (Mb) = D .


On the contrary, contents with a very low popularity are mostly retrieved from the original server so achieving a large RT T (c).

while p(c) re.ects, to some extent, the load on the physical paths of the CCN overlay, RT T (c)is related to the content popularity.


see Section 5.3) or text messages with URLs only occasionally.

we propose that the throttling mechanism be applied only to .le transfer requests and URL messages, instead of on all new connection requests.


In addition, it can be shown that C-1 8 C-1 i2(k+j) XX XX yi(k+j)= f(k+j-C(i+1))=N/C-1.

j=0 i=0 j=0 i=i1(k+j)  in any C consecutive time slots, the aggregate number of uploading to super peers equals the number of super peers minus one.


First, a large fraction of the links have an intermediate delivery ratio in at least one direction.

they are likely to deliver some routing protocol Delivery Ratio Delivery Ratio 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 (a) Pairwise delivery ratios at 1 mW Link number (b) Pairwise delivery ratios at 30 mW Link number Figure 4: One-hop packet delivery ratios between each pair of hosts at 1 mW (above) and 30 mW (below).


Learning from large amounts of feature selection experiments for TCM-KNN using all the three methods discussed above, we found that in most cases, the accuracy and effectiveness of filter based method are almost the same as those of wrapper based and hybrid method, while the consumed time of them are greatly different.

we can adopt the most time-saving filter based method for anomaly detection without obvious loss of performance.


In this paper, we present a first attempt to pursue the above idea.

we extend the semantics of selected primitives of the socket API so that these map to P/S functions in an intuitive way.


The idea behind Landscape3D is to look at the sensor localization problem as a dual of the target tracking problem.

each location-unaware sensor uses RSSI to estimate its own position aided by a group of location aware devices called Location Assistants (LA).


To provide alloptical paths, each structure must have flow-conservation property.

each node (except the two end nodes of a trail) has an even number of on-structure edges incident on it.


Further, the contention loss probability that is experienced by any flow i is pl = 1 -H{jI(i,j)EE,, } (1 --ej ).

the probability of a flow successfully access- ing a channel slot is the product of its success probabilities over all the distinct contention regions to which it belongs.


The better the channel quality that an SS has in the current frame, the higher the priority that an SS can transmit in the following frame.

transmission to the SSs with bad channel condition can be postponed until their channel recover from bad condition.


APPLICATIONS We study here the application of our preceding results to several types of graphs.

we consider complete graphs, constant-degree expander graphs, and grid graphs.


The channel ef.ciency drops abruptly with increasing distance, and with varying packet size.

i) the average number of packet retransmissions increases as the packet size increases, ii) the ef.ciency decreases as the number of retransmissions increases, and iii) the ef.ciency increases as the packet payload size increases.


It can be seen that the simulation concerning the network with500 sensorsis much closer to the expected valuepredictedby the SIS model.

as stated in Theorem 3.1 statistical .uctuations areless andlesslikely when n grows.


(5) 1 2 E 1 = prrij Lij + aij Lij with aij =1 - prrij , L1 =min{ei,Ej l }, L2 =min{ei,ej }, and ei being the residual energy of a node i. ij ij ER+1 With Ei l being equal to l , the lifetime measure of a node i for the single-link case is then prrij L1 Ei = + a Lij .

(6) l ij R+1 2 R+1 ij (1 - aij )/(1 - aij ) Ei l refers to the expectation of the minimum residual energy of nodes that are affected if the node i forwards a packet to a neighbor j, which in turn forwards the packet towards the sink.


4.3 Robot to Localization The proposed architecture is depicted in Figure 3, where mobile robots, BNNs and other wireless nodes are shown.

four cases are presented which are related with the primitives of IEEE 802.15.4 standard: .


As for the second question, the primary mechanism by which IPv6 hosts determine whether a destination host is within a site or not is through the use of two-faced DNS.

dNS must know whether a given query is from a host within the site or external to the site, and compose its answer accordingly.


In this paper we use wire virtualization method to construct new optimal protocols for a wide range of parameters using previously known optimal protocols.

we design, for the .rst time, an optimal 1-round (0,d)-SMT protocol for n = (2+ c)t, c = 1 t , where n is the number of paths between the sender and the receiver, up to t of which are controlled by the adversary.


Therefore, we de.ne a variant of the M3model that does not rely on physical distance between nodes.

we will say that a pair of links LAB and LC D interfere if there is a 2 hop (or shorter) path from C to B, or from A to D.the modi.ed model says that a pair of links will interfere if the sender of one link is within two hops of the other link s receiver.


As previously observed, the reason lies in the fact that, during the tra.c peak hours, drivers tend to choose alternate routes, exploiting minor roads and spreading the tra.c over the whole street layout.

by better leveraging the road capacity, drivers avoid increasing their travel times.


Geocasting [4] is a specialized multicasting technique for mobile systems, where messages are multicast to mobile nodes within a given region.

geocast- ing is the mechanism to multicast messages to network nodes whose physical locations lie within a given geo- graphic area.


Denote s(l)and d(l)thesource anddestination nodes of session l .L and r(l)the minimum rate requirement(in b/s) of session l. Suppose that our objective is to maximize a scaling factor K for all sessions requirements.

for each each session l .L, Kr(l) amount of data rate is to be transmitted from s(l) to d(l).


The above games utilize SIP as signaling protocol to exchange the game information between the game players.

sIP INVITE and BYE transactions are used to create and terminate the games, respectively.


However, we are not aware of any API or known workaround for directly accessing the RRC state information on any smartphone system.

it is dif.cult to directly observe the lowlevel communication between ahandset and theRNC.


This requires IEEE 802.11 to incorporate functionality that is untraditional for MAC sublayers, in order to meet reliability assumptions and to handle QoS traf.c in a manner comparable to wired LANs.

iEEE 802.11 MAC functions is a super set of 802.3 MAC functions, and many management functions will get lost when emulating IEEE 802.11 device as 802.3 device.


Results presented in section 7 briefly demonstrated how our model can be used to analyze QoS in ATM networks.

they showed that LFVC scheduler is capable of isolating traffic effects among ATM connections.


Due to the gradual nature of market penetration, only a fraction of the vehicles on the road will be instrumented.

the term penetration ratio is defined as the fraction of vehicles on the road that are instrumented.


Note that, here n-node means n nodes in each layer of the three-layer network architecture.

the 19-node EON has a total of 57 nodes from all Proceedings of the 2011 23rd International Teletraf.c Congress (ITC 2011) TABLE III TOPOLOGY INFORMATION AND DEMANDS Network No.


We use the .nal list of scanners manually generated by Sridharan et 4.1 TRWSYN under Sampling First, we discuss how TRWSYN performs when its input data is sampled using four di.erent methods.

we are interested in identifying the potential sources of inaccuracy in estimating tra.c features that can a.ect its performance.


there are three nodes with label 2, but only one node with label 1 or 3.


INTRODUCTION In an open or hostile environment, data confidentiality generally is considered to be the foundation of securing communication connections for a group of trustworthy communicating parities.

these communicating parities do not expect an unauthorized thirty party to access their exchanged information and even to tamper it.


For our theoretical results, we to show that in both cases, one of the points of C1 would be within distance r of one of the points of C2, contradicting the assumption that C1 and C2 are distinct components of the graph Gh,r,.. De.ne a break to be the gap between two consecutive good components.

a break is a partition of the set of good components into two classes, those on the left of the break, and those on the right, which is compatible with the left-right ordering of the good components.


In addition, our results match observations previously made over entire networks for FastTrack [17], older variants of Gnutella, which did not use a two-tiered hierarchical topology, and Napster [6].

despite their limited view of the network, users have a quite accurate perception of the relative availability of different .les.


M-FARA is not at this point a complete architecture; it de.nes some, but not all, of the mechanisms that FARA leaves unspeci.ed.

m-FARA was designed to explore and illustrate the implications of FARA for mobility and addressing domains, so it provides a speci.c set of mechanisms for addressing, forwarding, FD management, and security.


Several complex and inter-dependent processes combine to determine the behavior of chains.

the performance of chains is a.ected by self-interference among the di.erent hops of chain as they compete to transmit on shared wireless medium.


5.3 The Dynamics of XCP While the simulations presented above focus on long term average behavior, this section shows the short term dynamics of XCP.

we show that XCP s utilization, queue size, and throughput exhibit very limited oscillations.


In fact, Figure 12(c) shows that in some cases, even the top .ve ToR pairs can cumulatively add up to a small fraction of load on the hotlink.

we .nd that hot links are associated with a high fan-in (or fan-out).


Recalling that stealth nodes are always the origin of any messages they send through the DHT, then it is obvious that reducing the routing information in stealth nodes to the .rst row of the routing table will have very little impact on routing performance while greatly reducing state overhead.

the service nodes that handle the join message for a stealth node should only provide such node with routing information contained in the .rst row of their routing table (as opposed to information from the full routing table).


3.1 FSO Link Engineering As a .rst step, we demonstrate that it is possible to engineer an FSO optical link using commodity DC-grade optical networking equipment that can achieve high data rates, at ranges suf.cient for DC-scale deployment, and with suf.cient (mis)alignment tolerance.

we can avoid the additional overheads in commercial FSO devices as concerns about outdoor environmental factors largely disappear in the indoor controlled DC setting.


However, numerous practical challenges exist in generating explicit price feedback, while allowing the end-points to dynamically change their .ows budget allocation.

existing explicit congestion control algorithms exhibit undesirable behaviors during transient periods.


Ambient Networksalso considerstheimplicationsof heterogeneous wireless systems on the overall network, especially the impact on end-to-end QoS and multimedia delivery.

thenovelconcept ofnetwork composition will include the negotiation between different networks regardingtheir capabilities, e.g.


In addition, we control the highest and lower predicted values using parameter 6 and rede.ne the criterion as: z t - 6 · z t > y t + 6 · y t (4) Note that in absence of better APs on the current (or the overlapping channels), all three of the above schemes do not force any action.

if there are no better APs operating on the current channel, then the above schemes do no trigger a hando.


3 indicates that this policy signi.cantly reduces the outage times as compared to the Maintain Until Broken policy, even with highgain client antennas.

the Always Strongest Signal Policy yields a mean and maximum outage of 2.75 and 4 seconds respectively.


Figure 4: Data gathering in a typical routing tree In order to combine sensor readings while relaying them, every node needs to know its local routing structure.

whether or not a given node is a leaf node in the routing tree or how many children the node has if it is an inner node.


If b = a ' , then, by Corollary 7, q received u s message by the end of phase b + 2(RM - LM +4b)/(m - 2) + 11 = a ' + 2(RM - LM +4a ' )/(m - 2) + 11  a ' .

u has not transmitted by the end of phase pa!


The visualisation of the spatial arrangement simpli.es the task of selecting a target computer.

the user does not need to know the IP address or name of the computer to which he or she wants to connect.


The rightmost plot in Figure 5 combines bias and variance, and we see the tradeoffs at work: the relative overall performance of different schemes changes with x.

as bias becomes stronger for its competitors at load ratios above 0.12, Poisson begins to outperform Periodic, but continues to be outdone by the Uniform renewal with wide support.


We assume that the initial conditions of the system, as N gets large, converge to a deterministic limit.

the occupancy of classes by nodes converges to a deterministic vector (dc)c.C according to Eq.


We have implemented a group acknowledgment scheme by simply disabling overhearing in ExOR.

a node will only accept packets transmitted by the previous hop according to the underlying Srcr route.


Using simulation, we present the performance of the proposed algorithm and show that it is simple yet e.ective in achieving its design goal.

we show that the performance of our algorithm is comparable to that of a greedy selection algorithm, which requires global information and excessive computation.


The differenceis that, the probability that the attack on the weakest protected player(s) is successful is now dependent on the security level min ei chosen.

j 1 - ei if ei = min(ei,e-i), H(ei,e-i)= (7) 1 otherwise, so that j M - piLi(1 - si)(1 - ei) - biei - cisi if ei = min(ei,e-i),Ui = M - biei - cisi otherwise.


To start, we de.ne a rank-1 binary matrix: given binary vectors a and b, a rank-1 binary matrix X is given by Xij = ai ×bj .

a rank-1 binary matrix is the outer product of two binary vectors and can be thought of as a block of 1s (after reordering of rows and columns).


Upon further examination, we noted that the spike contains updates from 6 of the 14 events.

there were 5 other events that occurred (very) near the time of the reported event.


The general behavior of the LISPcachefor thedi.erent values of the timeoutispresented in Figure 4.

the .gure shows the emulation, over one day, of the main parameters characterizing the cache, i.e., size, number of hits, number of misses, and number of expired timeouts.


LoDASH uses only the location part of the MASERATI map database to estimate the available bandwidth based on the user s current location.

loDASH uses the average bandwidth of the given location from the MASERATI database to calculate the expected link bandwidth.


Our prediction of AP encounters is based on the observation that AP meetings occur in bursts.

if the mobile node meets APs frequently (e.g., because it is in a dense urban area with many APs), then the node is likely to meet the next AP within a short time interval.


Here, we consider a client to have an alternative AP if it is currently associated to an AP that has been (or will be) involved in oscillatory behavior at some point that day.

if there exists some client, C, that oscillates between APs X and Y at any point in the day, we consider any clients (not just 0 5 10 15 20 C) associated with either X or Y to have alternatives.


According to the theory of evolution, it is a well known concept that the more an organism adapts to its environment, the better are its chances of survival.

by adapting, an organism optimizes its chances of surviving in its environment.


In order to distinguish this case, a parallel array called heads that marks the beginning of each key has to be created.

heads[i]is greater than 0 if chI ds[i]is the .rst chdI d of a key and 0 otherwise.


For this example, all the coef.cients are nonzero.

if we write 99 1 2 ) X(t)= X(k) cos (pk(t+ 1 ) 100 100 k=0  -5 0 -10 0 10 20 Time (hour of week) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 -5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequency (a) An example signal X which has a short representation over the redundant dictionary D. (b) The discrete transform (DCT) example signal X. cosine of the Traffic volume 5 10 0 5 Figure 1: The example signal X and its discrete cosine transform (DCT).


All times are est expressed in milliseconds.

requests at the server such that the response times predicted by the model (R) match accurately those measured of the real system (Rmeas) for all possible numbers of users N. due to the large role of caching which a.ects the behavior of the ERP system very di.erent at light and heavy loads, we specify the service demands as a function of the number of users N in the model, i.e., E[D] = E[D](N).


3.1.4 Invocation Semantics Another issue to worry about with partitions is how to ensure exactly-once semantics.

it is possible that a device started an operation on some service, but the proxy got partitioned away before the device was informed of the status and result of this operation.


This allows implementations to perform dynamic rate switching with the objective of improving performance ([7], page 95).

an 802.11 device can dynamically decrease the rate of packet transmission to take care of poor channel conditions.


In Figure 2 (a.1), sharing results in an improvement of 15-22%, 2-13% for high in a setting of 25 hosts, NP, P and FW outperform FIS by and medium transmission power, respectively and has no ef55%.

in P-P, 99.9% of hosts will acquire the fect for low transmission power.


We therefore conclude that spectrum availability for CRN operation requires simultaneous knowledge of both radio resource and location.

instead of spectrum sensing, we actually need the information to construct a spectrum map (i.e.


Therefore, data confidentiality and integrity becomes a prominent concern in the realm of information and network security.

for a dynamic and agile environment such as wireless and/or mobile networks, which is vulnerable to adversaries, data protection is significant in such a context.


An edge (vi,vj )is bidirectional if both (vi,vj )and (vj ,vi)are in E, i.e., d(vi,vj )= min{ri,rj}.

the edge (vi,vj ) is bidirectional if vi is in the disk Dj centered at vj with radius rj and vj is in the disk Di centered at vi with radius ri.Fig.1 gives an example of a DG representing a network.


Before implementing this full chain scenario, we had to make sure our results would not be biased by an inappropriate con.guration.

in order to be able to compare shadowing and shadowing-pattern models, they must exhibit the same mean loss rate at a given distance.


3.2 Implementation Our AP selection method needs to modify only an MN.


Both these characteristics are placing new expectations of the existing adaptation mechanisms of the WiFi radio link.

continuous mobility implies a faster changing wireless channel and the dominance of the new latencysensitive applications imply the need for more aggressive adaptation of the channel.


The netback and netfront interact using high-level network device abstraction instead of low-level network hardware speci.c mechanisms.

a DomU only cares that it is using a network device, but doesn t worry about the speci.c type of network card.


In our exposition of IMCA we shall first consider bit-asynchronous chipsynchronous networks over frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading channels corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise.

for the chip-synchronous case the received signal after sampling with one sample per chip results in the following (Nx1) vector r whose kth element is given by Ks Ks +Kp (1) r [] =L [][] js (m ) +L bjc js ( j bjc [][] m ) +n k ik iiki ikiiki k i =1 i =K +1 s bj[ -1] k m and ii bj[] = ik bj[] k >m ii where ci = | ci | exp(j8i) is the complex Gaussian fading coefficient for user i , bi is the bit of user i (bi = ±1 for BPSK modulation), bik is the bit of user i that affects the kth chip, si is the spreading code of user i, j is the bit index and nk is the thermal AWGN signal with zero mean and variance i2.


For example, at a missing probability of 20%, the average contact probing interval used by AIMD can be nearly 3 times larger than non-adaptive scheme and 2 times larger than TOD.

the AIMD can use one third contact probes to achieve the same missing probability.


This paper explores the potential benefits of cloud- and crowd-assisted GPS for tackling urban canyons.

we present early results on utilizing high resolution environment scans such as Digital Surface Models (DSMs) to aid GPS calculations.


We consider that the changing population trends of species depicted in Figure 1 is ideal for controlling the transmission speed of TCP.

by using Equation (7) for the congestion control algorithm of TCP, rapid and stable link utilization can be realized, whereas each TCP connection can behave independently as an autonomous distributed system.


Invariants of a particular design are specific characteristics that limit its changeability.

they are the fixed points that limit the backwards-compatible evolution of a design.


It is evident that the proposed method reduces the end to end delay across all AC.

the delay for the voice traffic is reduced by 50%.


Since CoDaaS is positioned as a novel content service for future content networking, it is expected that it will work with different flavors of future Internet architecture.

coDaaS could run over a hybrid cloud of different Internet aarchitectures.


Second, downloading requests are unevenly distributed amongst the peers.

peerswith morepieces(including seeds) receive higher demand.


Fully implemented at the physical layer, RONS also does not rely on randomization of the physical channel access.

rONS counters threats even when the attacker knows the victim transmission s physical channel location in time and frequency; in fact, we assume that the attacker does not waste its power accessing other channel to model the worst-case impact.


Fairness The packet scheduler must provide some measure of isolation between multiple .ows competing for the same shared output link.

each .ow should get its fair share of the available bandwidth, and this share should notbea.ected by thepresenceand (mis)behavior of other .ows.


The connectivity graph is then used to unfold a number of connection links between users for each time instant.

we use the connectivity graph as a basis for a time-varying graph of instant connectivity for each instant t. In these time-varying graphs (one for each time instant), each link is either active if the two hosts are colocated, or is not present if the two are not.


T should be selected so that the announcement packet is able to traverse to network from one end to any other.

t should depend on the network diameter.


When a modified RREP packet is received by a node on the reverse path to the source, the receiver compares, for each channel which is not busy, the CU field announced in the RREP message with the locally stored CU value and chooses the lowest utilized channel to be allocated to its outgoing link towards the source.

the channel i .C to be allocated to the link is calculated as in the following: (CUJRREP_snd + CUJRREP_Jev c= min )(2) J .C,J avaJlable 2 where CUJRREP_snd is the channel utilization value for channel i,RREP_Jev is as contained in the received RREP message, and CUJthe locally stored channel utilization for channel i.


The maximum identi.ability of a network characterizes its capability to localize failures in the worst case.

no matter where the failures occur, as long as the number of failed nodes is bounded by O, we can uniquely localize the failures from observed path states.


The standard way to express the abstract model by Horn clauses in previous approaches does not work with this abstraction.

when the set membership of a constant changes from the abstract value a to the abstract value a ' , then for every derivable fact f[a] that contains a also f[a ' ] is derivable.


t o.=[to.1 ,..,ti ,..,tG ] where to.i is time that the ith spectrum opportunity starts and to.i = to.j for each i = j.


While these individual functionalities are typically provided by di.erent devices, there is currently great interest in merging some of them to reduce overall costs and use the acoustic propagation medium more e.ectively [7].

synergies between communication and navigation for mobile underwater systems have been noted by several researchers; autonomous underwater systems invariably require the ability to communicate with other assets and to derive location information using acoustic positioning systems.


Therefore for each node, the number of primary channels should be smaller than that of the secondary.

we require that for any two channel codewords ccu and ccv ,there existatleasttwo channels k1 and k2 such that k1 is primary to ubut secondary to v,and k2 is secondary to ubut primary to v.we can always .nd out a channel that is primary to one node and secondary to another node when the two corresponding channel codewords are different.


3.3 Generalization of the Model The ILP formulation introduced above could be easily extended.

one may argue that both rates and resolutions are not the only parameters that characterize a representation.


In addition, pm represents the probability that the expected bandwidth (Rj) of a receiver is between cm and cm+1.

pm = P{cm= rj< cm+1} and pM = P{cM= rj}.


If this is true we wish to investigate the correct model parameter setting.

we intend to investigate the main elements that characterize the sensor network performance, e.g., impact of weather conditions on the transmission range, energy consumption in different conditions, etc.


We assume that users and publishers do not share any secret information that can be used to bootstrap privacy-enhanced communication.

adversaries will know everything users know.


RTForensicLucidEncoder is the module that is the very .rst to be invoked to parse and encode the initial RT ticket into a claim.

it extracts the date, hostname, IP, switch, and port context point data that are used for subsequent lookups in the related logs, live data, and database entries that follow to gather all relevant contextual evidence surrounding the initial RT report.


At the same time, choosing four one week-long periods from the nine months long sFlow measurements results in four snapshots that  as seen from Table 1 capture some of the churn that our IXP faces on the medium to large time scales.

we note a steady increase in the number of members of our IXP and in the traf.c volume they generated during the nine months long measurement period.


Opportunistic delegation provides only a probabilistic notion of sensing coverage, due to its strong dependence on both the temporal and spatial aspects of mobility.

in the context of the example from Section 4.2.1, a suitable sensor z (.


We further observe that for less aggressive activation functions (12) performs better as expected.

the ratio of (12) and the lower bound in Theorem 1 tends to 1 as .


Hence, we are forced to take a somewhat heavy-handed approach in dealing with them (yet as we will .nd, one that appears to be necessary, and one that our results indicate is practical).

our design uses a simple replication-based approach: instead of running one instance of routing software, our design uses a router hypervisor1 to run multiple virtual instances of routing software in parallel.


Cooperative Game Theory Framework for Energy Ef.cient Policies in Wireless Networks* Matteo Sereno Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Torino, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149, Torino, Italia matteo@di.unito.it  ABSTRACT In this paper we focus the attention on the energy-aware cooperative management of cellular access networks that offer service over the same area.

we propose an approach based on the cooperative game theory to address issues, such as stability of the cooperation, and sharing of the bene.ts derived from cooperative behaviors.


The LPP mechanism in Koala differs from RI-MAC in both objective and design.

lPP is used in Koala only for waking up all sensor nodes for a download and is not involved in the actual data transfer during a download.


More path diversities are presented that a packet may be routed through more intermediate routers.

the packet has to spend more processing 19: else 20: TRnum = Zero; 21: end if 22: end while 23: 24: /*check TR state, if TR appears DA, it move to other coordinates.


Route informationandRTT suggest thatthesameU.S.data-centers observed in our passive measurements are the only ones used worldwide.

dropbox is, as for now, a service centralized in the U.S.


The di.culty relates to the de.nitions of m.b.c stochastic arrival curve and stochastic service curve.

the .rst two terms on the right hand side of (15), 19), (21), (24) and (27) are generally dependent no matter whether the .ow(s) and the server(s) are independent.


Tx/Rx in the same node: We .rst consider the interference between links when a receive and transmit interface exists in the same mesh node.

two 3 Mbps UDP stream are transmitted over the links Lygerakis .


In fact, we place no restrictions on the operation of Aapart from being polynomialtime in the security parameter k and in the size of the network n. This allows us to consider arbitrary attacks during the analysis.

a may delay or delete messages that it would send if it followed the protocol faithfully.


The existing literature has studied di.erent problems 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Number of transmitters/receivers for radar sensor networks, including waveform design and diversity [14], radar scheduling [15], data management [16], for a variety of ob jectives, such as target detection [17] and localization [18].


In this situation, is it possible for Alice and Bob to tailor their transmissions to the amount of interference actually observed on the channel, ideally sending only about as many bits as if they had known in advance how many bits would be .ipped?

can we come up with a resourcecompetitive algorithm?


We compare the results of our algorithm to the SMS algorithm proposed in [8] which uses burst scheduling of VBR streams to pro vide optimal bandwidth utilization and near optimal energy saving when the available wireless network bandwidth is not a limiting factor.

sMS assumes that the aggregate bitrate of the video streams does not exceed the available bandwidth.


We capture a fairly general correlation structure by letting the current channel state be impacted by the channel states in previous l time slots, where l can be any number.

as the number of receivers n approaches in.nity, we show that the throughput is nonzero only if the coding block size K increases at least as fast as log n. if c " limn.8 K , the asymp  log n totic1 throughput is positive whenever c> 0.


Surprisingly, capacity is almost independent of the number of slots.

static channel assignment is su.cient to attain near optimal capacity.


In the third step, we randomize control .ow of code, such that the control .ow of one node is di.erent from the control .ow of the other nodes.

after the third step, we have created a di.erent version of the same code for di.erent node.


Another solution is to switch on visibility before the connection will be established, but for this solution the middleware needs to know when the user is taking a blood pressure measurement.

for blood pressure readings the system s state needs to be known and has to be changed (visibility switched on).


4.2 Authentication Synopsis Our AS data structure is an extension of FM-Sketch [31].

as shown in Figure 2, the .rst position marked as X that denotes collisions happened in this time slot.


The channel popularity follows a zip.an distribution with parameter 1.

giving a channel j, the probability of a node to be subscribed to that channel is given LM by Pop(j)= N · jß / i=1 iß,with ß = 1.


Also note that these delays are only incurred at the inception of network operation; once the tree has been formed, new nodes typically join the network within one IPI.

these should be viewed as one-time delays that are experienced when the tree has to be built from scratch, but they are not applicable in the case of recovery from route breakage, as we have seen in Section 4.3.2.


In the figure, 802.11 packets from Rooms A, B, and C are considered because they all fall within the Maximum Detection Time range.

they may have been the packets associated with the ultrasound signal that was detected.


for the .rst 80 .ows, and control path for rest of the .ows.

oVS packets that are able to match TCAM entries will be for-uses this simple 1-to-N mapping (i.e., one user space entry could warded in the fast path.


To overcome the above di.culties, we .rst conduct a theoretical study by modelling and analyzing the electricity charging behaviors in a large-scale network of EVs and charging stations.

a performance upper bound (i.e., the lower bound of charging waiting time) has been found by assuming the presence of a central server which knows all information about the road system, the electricity charging stations, and the EVs.


The groups that are oriented towards uniting participants of real political actions are becoming the authoritative information source, even for those who did not initially consider the prospect of directly participating in them.

it can be seen through the example of the community The Coordination of Protest Actions of St. Petersburg , whose activities are closely monitored by the maximum number of members of the protest community localized in Saint Petersburg about 24,000 people.


Thus, we keep all multiple consecutive outliers.

we consider that the extreme values that last for more than 17 minutes are valid.


However, in our case no real work is needed, since this problem is actually solved by nature, and so has already been studied extensively.

let the cost function c(r) be the refractive index of an optical medium [26].


The wide discrepancies between supported data rates mean that a low rate .ow is unable to achieve a throughput comparable to a high rate .ow in the long term.

the strong path-loss component means that a device that has a data rate of 6 Mbps is unlikely to attain long-term fairness if it competes with a device transmitting at 54 Mbps.


Thus we assume attacker devices are deployed o.-body.

we do not consider attacks wherein malicious devices are placed on the patient s body.


by exploring the structural constraints present in SLA measurements, Packet Doppler makes signi.cant improvement in decoding accuracy.


the expected time for each packet from injection until delivery (latency) is bounded.


Anomaly-based IDSs are more desirable because they can deal with new attacks that have not been seen before.

the misuse-based IDS fails to detect attacks with unknown signatures.


The reason for that lies in the randomness of the subscription patterns.

increasing the number of nodes increases the chances for a given node to .nd a neighbor with a bigger interest overlap thus reducing overall number of neighbors needed to maintain topic-connectivity.


We plan on continuing this research effort.

we are continuing the collection of our network traces and will explore whether the major characteristics identified in this paper will change as the user population grows.


We consider three different traffic scenarios, where each case corresponds to a specific adjustment of the flow directions.

first we consider the case where both FTP flows start at the nodes A1 and A2 as TCP sources and end at the wired host B as TCP destination.


2.2 Distributed Flow Control Algorithm The above approach to the optimization problem is tractable in mathematics but it requires a central controller with global knowledge.

a controller is needed to collect all history flow information, compute the desired utility, and allocate the desired flow rates to all users through some feedback communication channel.


To solve this issue, in this section we introduce an approach for .nding a valid TEMP IP based on the SIP presence model.

we call Requesting STA (R-STA) the STA which needs to .nd a TEMP IP and Assisting STA (A-STA) the STA which will help the R-STA to .nd such a TEMP IP.


We envision the overlay nodes to be a mix of routers and highspeed end systems.

since IP tunneling is a lightweight operation, it is conceivable that SOS functionality can be offered by service providers without adversely affecting the performance of their networks.


In this case, the optimal reward R * - ß)N].

note that the 8 ßk/[(1 7each column of P also sums up to one.


Taken together, these design tenets begin to define a shared, evolvable soft state support subsystem within the Internet architecture.

the goal of controlled transparency may be best achieved with some careful use of state in the network, so that the first packet in a transfer carries some extra trust-defining information, which is cached and reused on subsequent packets, and which can be reconstituted if it is lost.


For example, sophisticated tools have been developed to help operators understand the possible impact of their actions [5]; however, operators typically consult these tools independently and then use the information they provide to manually close the loop to perform operational tasks.

such tools are not fully integrated into the process of network operations.


However, our goal is to show that we can consolidate large numbers of servers into fewer locations, and how we select servers for consolidation is immaterial as long as we .nd the performance of the consolidated platform comparable.

imperfect clustering makes our .nding conservative: Better clustering could lead to a better-constructed consolidated platform with even fewer data centers.


It is true that some links in the Internet will always be congested, but asserting that "we" need to "provide for the possibility of dealing with congested links" in such cases undermines the justification for a complex, end-to-end QoS architecture, as described in the body of the RFC.

defining Quality of Service as a technique for coping with the possibility of isolated congestion reduces the scope of the concept substantially.


This can easily be done by indexing the hash function used for the computation of the level-4 leaves using the identity of the access point that the recommendation corresponds to.

instead of letting this leaf s value be computed as hash(n), where n is the value of its child, one would let it be computed as hash(n, id), where id is the identity of the access point.


MANUAL ANALYSIS We note that there is a general lesson to be learned from the vulnerabilities outlined above: a defense mechanism must always be fully aligned with the functionality that it protects.

a defense mechanism must cover the entire relevant attack surface of the functionality it aims to defend.


MWKVMP FOR SPECIFIC GRAPHS In this section, we consider MWKVMP restricted to certain speci.c graphs.

we consider the following graphs: Geometric graphs : The vertices are placed on a plane and two vertices are connected if and only if the distance between them is =r,for some r> 0.


On the other side, some characteristics of ITSs may be useful for the IDS.

vehicles can be equipped with GPS devices and this can be very beneficial in terms of locating the source of attacks or the region where malicious actions are in progress.


In the protocol description, we do not care about details of the hash and simply use the hash result pw (in the exponent space) as the e.ective password instead: anyone knowing pw is actually able to impersonate the client or the server, and the security proof shows that attacking the protocol reduces to .nding pw.

at the protocol level, pw is the password needed for authentication and password is just a way to remember it.


The restoration scheme accepts the new route from the routing algorithm and selects a set of still-operational paths from the basic set that covers the new route.

the restoration scheme is responsible for the restoration and not for the routing.


original trace than those of the previous two traces.

1.2 1.2 1 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 CDF 0.6 0.5 CDF 0.4 CDF 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0 Original data 0 Original data Synthetically generated trace 0.1 Original traces Synthetically generated trace -0.2 Synthetically generated traces -0.2 00.51 1.522.533.54 0 0.51 1.5 2 2.5 3 Fully observed inter-contact times (in seconds) x 1000 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Fully observed inter-contact times (in seconds) x 10 4 4 4 Censored observations of inter-contact times (sec)x 10 (a) Fully observed inter-contact times for (c) Fully observed inter-contact time (b) Censored observations for (SN_SA, SN_SA) (SN_SA,SN_SA) (SHUTTLE,SHUTTLE) Figure 10: Model .tting results for mean-weight-restricted mixture normal model 0.8 1 1 Agg.


The only thing which is requested by the study presented here is to represent in some way the choices of each user according to both utility and price in a reasonable manner (i.e., users always prefer higher utility and lower price).

the MEDUSA model introduces a satisfaction probability for each user, and allows the evaluation of every performance metric for the satis.ed users only.


The extension to handling multiple concurrent connections on the client is straightforward.

we track each active connection in the client and change its state individually.


In these cases, the applications need to have access to several data sources, and it would make sense for the spreadsheet application to mediate access to the content-based network through a uniform interface.

it would make sense to (1) derive content-based communication predicates from formulas in the spreadsheet, and (2) to feed data extracted from messages directly into the appropriate positions in the spreadsheet.


Thus, the behavior exhibited by a compromised node must not obviously di.er from any legitimate DHT client.

this is a problem for botnet designs that make use of custom protocols that stand out in normal network tra.c.


In this section we state the key theorems and sketch some of the proofs; all details can be found in [8].


For this reason, in addition the LMAs must have configured routes and tunnels between themselves.

e.g., LMA B must advertise a route for its own /36 to the other LMAs via an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).


The implications of IP address ephemerality on mobile phones are extensive.

many websites use IPbased blacklisting to restrict user access to content [6].


In this work, we exploit, for the .rst time, these two characteristics to signi.cantly reduce game latency, at the same time, simplifying multiplayer games development.

we eliminate the need for game state prediction.


C. Contour Plots The following diagrams plot the scaling behavior of the subgraphs induced by P routing for the topologies observed via the CAIDA trace data, assuming that each of the CAIDA sources and destinations reflects a randomly chosen vertex in the graph.

we study the behavior of the function VG(k,m) as Ic and m vary.


We represent this with the formula AF (port = DROP | port = WORLD).

on all paths through the network, a packet either reaches the outside world or is dropped.


Speci.cally, the contention window is set to the sum of the backoff intervals that were skipped when the GN is in possession of the medium.

the contention window is set to CW =min(|.|×CWmin ,CWmax ), (10) where CW, CWmin ,and CWmax are the current, maximum, and the minimum contention window sizes, respectively.


Note that, this accuracy number does not fully capture the power of RF-IDraw s trajectory tracing.

even with a median 3.7 cm error on points along the trajectory, the shape of the overall trajectory is still preserved, because this error only re.ects the coherent stretching or squeezing of the trajectory.


Only a subset of these results is presented in the paper, however.

we select results that best illustrate the QoS impact on voice and TCP traffic.


The group or slice scheduler is con.gured to allocate resources (in terms of time slots) to each group in proportion to the percentage of users in the group.

we de.ne the group scheduling approach as follows: Let N0 be the number of users in the normal group, and Nj be the number of users in each of the k deviant groups j, 1 : j : k. Let S be the total number of resource slots at a base station for a unit interval, and Sjexp be an exponentially weighted moving average of slots allocated to each group (including all .ows).


Recall that In this section, we discuss the details of the design of ROCS.

in Section 7.1, we discuss how to predict the logic time ti (i = 0, 1, 2, ...) is the wall clock time of the ith calibration.


In contrast, our PAAI-1 protocol offers a .exible trade-off between the performance metrics.

although PAAI-1 incurs more overhead (but still low enough for a practical scenario) than the statistical FL protocol, it achieves a detection rate that is almost three orders of magnitude faster.


We now turn our attention to bandwidth limited ETDNs.

we consider the fact that the bandwidth available to transmit bundles over time is limited, which means that it takes non-zero time to transmit a bundle.


Diffusion In this phase, those agents who remain inactive aXter testing are associated with alternative candidate so-lutions.

each inactive agent /9 picks (at random) another agent, say -f. If -f is active then the candidate solution associated with 3' is inherited by/9.


Using a recent result presented in [21], it can be shown that this power scaling is a necessary condition to achieve a high rate in worst-case networks.

it was shown that if nodes transmitted at constant power, or if nodes transmitted at a power proportional to da when transmitting over adistance d, then atmosta constant number of nodes can transmit in parallel in worst-case networks.


These wireless nodes de.ne a unit disk graph U DG(V ) in which there is an edge between two nodes i. the Euclidean distance between them is at most one unit.

we assume that two nodes can always receive the signal from each other directly if the Euclidean distance between them is no more than one unit.


CHARM obtains path loss information by leveraging the Reciprocity Theorem [14], which states: If the role of the transmitter and receiver are instantaneously interchanged, the signal transfer function between them remains unchanged.

the instantaneous path loss between two nodes is the same in both directions and a transmitter can obtain the path loss to a receiver by measuring the path loss from the receiver to the transmitter.


Chains represent a fundamental communication structure in MHWNs, and understanding their behavior is critical to designing e.ective protocols.

routing protocols must discover e.cient chains that can thenbe usedfor communication.


This principle raises new aspects of the privacy problem.

an attacker can build a user pro.le and trace the nodes based on this pro.le even if the message exchange protocol provides anonymity.


[1,D], then again the attacker can determine j with the following algorithm: j =2 if and only if Esj (x)= Es1 (aq) for some q.

by process of elimination, the attacker determines that j =2 because Esj (x)= Es1 (aq), 8The length, .,of yr,j should be chosen such that 2.


(2) jEJ: In wireless systems, the situation is different from what it is in their wired counterparts, notably with respect to the amount of bandwidth seen by the different flows at any given time.

define Ci(t), i E jr, as the maximum goodput of flow i at epoch t. C,(t) can be intuitively viewed as the error free capacity seen by flow i should this latter be using the full capacity of the network C. should flow i transmit at rate C at time t including both useful data and redundancy (such as FEC) the good capacity perceived during such transmission would be Ci(t).


In our simulations MSs measure signal quality in every frame, that is, every 5 ms, which means that the Time-to-trigger timer may be started or stopped in 5 ms cycles.

in spite of a short measurement cycle, it can be observed that occasionally the fast fading does not change the RSSI levels enough for the smallest Ttrig value, 0.05 s. despite the impact from fast fading, the RSSI level might    2 m/s, 0.05s TTT 2 m/s, 0.1s TTT 2 m/s, 0.25s TTT 2 m/s, 0.5s TTT 5 m/s, 0.05s TTT 5 m/s, 0.1s TTT 5 m/s, 0.25s TTT 5 m/s, 0.5s TTT 10 m/s, 0.05s TTT 10 m/s, 0.1s TTT 10 m/s, 0.25s TTT 10 m/s, 0.5s TTT 20 m/s, 0.05s TTT 20 m/s, 0.1s TTT 20 m/s, 0.25s TTT 20 m/s, 0.5s TTT   remain quite stable for a longer period of time than 0.05 s. If the Time-to-trigger timeisstarted, during the50 mstime the di.erence between compared channels might not change enough to prevent a possibly unnecessary handover triggering.


Upon reception of the MOB MSHO-REQ the serving BS transmits a HO Req message to target ASN over the backbone network.

mS s service .ow information is stored in this message, which is required for the re-establishment of transport connections after the handover.


In this section we use the positive information in M directly, and ask How many sources and destinations have (positive) visibility that is similar to the target (i, j)?

to ask this the set Si consists of i as well as all the sources that have have been observed to send tra.c to destination j.


CFG used in the simulation in Section 3 exploits this type of strategy in a random network.

all nodes send data to all nodes at the next hop in an interleaving mesh.


In the rest of this paper we will present design details of MultiScan and a detailed evaluation of the multi-radio handoff approach, as conducted in our wireless testbed.

we will look at how it helps to eliminate handoff latencies and thus improve performance for VoIP applications like Skype.


Before looking for a solution to this problem, we must first deter-mine whether the problem requires solving.

whether the costs are significant enough to need mitigation.


3.2.4 Messages exchanges for SPIs negotiation In MOBIKE, the initiator decides which addresses are used in the IPsec SAs.

the responder does not normally update any IPsec SA without receiving an explicit UPDATE SA ADDRESSES request from the initiator.


During this process, appropriate choice of quantization parameters is critical to the .nal secret key rate.

the quantization thresholds and intervals play important roles.


Such a trend was observed across various different data rates and across many different experiments, and occurred due to the way these bits were mapped to the different OFDM sub-carriers.

the sub-carriers at the outer edges of a particular channel experienced some interference from neighboring channels, leading to high bit error rates.


In that sense a WSN can be modeled as a processing cloud where each element has only a little computational capability but the whole network can perform a distributed computation.

one of their most valuable contributions is toward a preprocessing of the data measured within the WSN before sending to the structures considered for processing purposes.


This suggests that either sender-detection or receiver-detection of OOO conditions was su.cient.

whenever TCP data packets were OOO, it is likely that TCP ACK packets were OOO as well, and vice versa.


In such a scenario, the basin of attraction of the (C, C) NE (i.e., the surface of the rectangle between the mixed NE and the (C, C) NE) is larger than that of the (D, D) NE.

(C, C) would be the most likely NE in settings where players .nd their best response with an adaptive behavior.


It requires no software on the host for localized mobility management.

in order to support mobility for an MN, the MN is not required to participate in any mobility-related signaling.


Speci.cally, we exploit the relationship between and certain polynomial product of all s, , and design each as a geometric progression such that all these geometric progressions for s share a common factor.

we construct the .nite-element set for into the following geometric progression form: (i.e.,  ), where and .


Since the only .elds that are not hashed are the path index and the veri.ers Vj, we expect throughput to be lower when the Vj s represent a smaller fraction of the total packet bits.

for a constant path length, we expect throughput to decrease as packet size increases.


As a .Pi result, if ß n , can obtain .<dweß .<.Pi =nd.

the physical meaning of the condition ß n is that the .<d absolute maximum power adjustment is able to resist the total variations in the link gain, the receiver thermal noise, and the interference power.


We can then de.ne distributed resolution as forwarding a resolution request and getting back the appropriate response.

distributed resolution can be considered as forwarding a resolution request message using the requested name as destination address.


Even in the cases where mesh routers are connected to a continuous power source, energy e.cient operations are desirable, given the constantly rising cost of energy and the increasing attention to preserve the environment.

in this paper we focus on the opportunity to turn o. as many network radios as possible.


A similar behavior is found for delay and power consumption.

the MAC parameters of each node converge to the optimal MAC parameter values.


Does deploying proxy caches in the network help smooth out the burstiness in web traffic?

does a proxy cache (which acts as a buffer in the network) make the resulting traffic less bursty?


It features a variety of properties such as reliable data transport or .ow and congestion control.

the TCP congestion control mechanism is seen as a cornerstone of the functionality of todays Internet, as it restricts hosts to transmit their data with the maximum rate that can be handled by the Internet backbone.