IN,t(b ' (x)i) t(a ' (x)i+n) The above lemma de.nes necessary and su.cient conditions for two components P and Q so that if they are connected by an nF if o, they can perform the same behavior as when they are put in an arbitrary asynchronous network.

all read actions of component Q from x can be delayed at most for n more write actions of P on the same variable (thus, preventing bu.er over.ow).


In a typical DED simulation, each process is assumed to finish processing the current input event before accepting the next event.


A .rst step to remedy the aforementioned threat is to extract forensic evidence about the mechanism involved in the generation of the speech recording by analyzing only the speech signal [6].

to identify the acquisition device by assuming that the acquisition devices along with their associated signal processing chain leave behind intrinsic traces in the speech signal.


For each component, a relaxation algorithm is applied: looping on the hamiltonian path until it converges, i.e., until no new output is produced by any vertex of the component, then the next component is executed and so on.

the scheduling is static within each component with a backup dynamic scheduling.


Workload prediction is incorporated in this work to provide partial information about service request (SR) state for the RL algorithm.

an online naïve Bayes classifier [14] is selected as the workload predictor because of its relatively high prediction rate, as well as the fact that the partial information it provides contains certain degree of certainty due to the use of posterior probability in such algorithm.


LOW-OVERHEAD STATE RETENTION FFS In this section, we propose two sequential circuit schemes which assure no state loss during the stand-by mode while attaining high performance and low power consumption both in the active and in the sleep mode.

our solutions are still based on the insertion of a retaining-balloon circuit but lower signi.cantly the dynamic/static power dissipation as well as the delay overhead associated to the stateretaining logic.


Finally, depending on the optimization goals and the implementation backend, the appropriate cost function may be quite complex.

in this paper, we consider the power minimization problem that considers both leakage power and dynamic switching power.


by Lemmas 4, 6 and 7, we have the following theorem: Theorem 5. t (T ) = lw(T ) = 2t (T ) - 1 for a tree T .lw(T )= t (T ) if T is binary.


Miter circuits: conventional and reversible.

for conventional miters one needs to check that the output functions implement the constant 0 function, whereas for reversible miters one checks that each output bit is equivalent to a corresponding input bit.


In most cases, is less than 0.5, ricr which means the incremental scheduling is closer to the non_decap scheduling.

scheduling without considering the decaps contributed by gated circuits achieves more accurate results compared to the scheduling method that assumes all the decaps are present.


5.1 Single fbump/ADC/TSV Defect When there is a single fbump/ADC/TSV defect, the bilinear denoise algorithm can recover the missing pixel data as long as its left and right neighbors are not missing.

to recover the pixel data on column x, both columns x 2 and x + 2 must be correct.


The majority of the device-related adverse events reported were associated with the wearable health monitor of the system.

the commercial ECG electrodes and electrode bases caused mild skin rash at the placement site.


As shown in (f) (h), the solution space to this query shares almost the same set of horizontal breaking nodes with the previous query, whose locations have been recorded and thus can be quickly identi.ed by table lookup for the subsequent search.


Deriving a wordlevel mapping function involves expressing the input of a MUT (I)as a function of variables X1 Xm, which may represent the settablefields in the test program template, as well as polynomial termsinvolving the settable fields.

we express a mapping function for I as follows.


To master the complexity of the reconfiguration process, the scheme repairs a single fault per test phase.

the memory is tested until the first fault is found and repaired.


Inter-tile loops execute a fraction of the loop s original iteration range.

if the loop originally iterates N times and the tile size is 32, then a loop with N/32 iterations (the tile loop) is created, and a loop with 32 iterations (the point loop) is created.


Hence, we propose to apply small modi.cations to the software and protocols executing on sensor nodes to expose some information about the internal node state to the sniffer network to enable better identi.cation of possible failure causes.

we propose a mechanism called passive distributed assertions (PDA), which allows a developer to assert certain properties of the distributed system state such as there should be at least one cluster head among the neighbors of each node.


The false positive percentages may be markedly reduced if the recovery mechanism s reaction is guided by the checkers risk levels.

the NoCAlert checkers may be classi.ed into different categories, based on their risk levels.


Since the current tends to .ow via the path with the lowest impedance, it will return from a close-by path when the frequency is high, thus making the forward coupling inductance as well as the effective loop inductance minimized.

for well designed circuits, the on-chip interconnect structure is often of a form that can be analyzed via 2D models.


If node i transmits to node j then the transmission will be successful only if (i) rij = r(n) and (ii) rkj >r(n) for every other node k .i, j that transmits simultaneously with node = i.

node i can successfully transmit a packet to node j only if i is a neighbor of j and no other neighbor of j is transmitting concurrently with i.


Given a speci.c physical memory organization and resources, these schemes determine the mapping from the linear address space to the physical location identi.ers, such as the module number and row address.

the memory translation scheme determines how to distribute data to di.erent memory banks, in order to better service memory references.


CIRCUIT SIMULATION MODEL In order to provide a simulation model which can be executed on a standard circuit simulator (SPICE, SPECTRE, Verilog AMS), equivalent circuits have to be provided that model the device dynamics by electrical quantities as a substitute for arbitrary dynamic variables.

the gap S is modeled by a voltage VS (cf.


In this mechanism, the clock period must be extended by the delay of multiplexing/de-multiplexing hardware if the paths containing the multiplexed wires do not have enough delay slack.

if the paths of the selected wires have enough delay slack, the multiplexing delay will not a.ect the critical paths.


One interesting feature of RGL is that the refractive angle (the extent to which the light direction is changed) depends on the wavelength of the incident light.

controlling the optical path is as simple as selecting the wavelength.


It is interesting that these larger numbers are of the same order of magnitude as the ratio of an FPGA implementation to an ASIC implementation [7].

the overhead due to con.gurability in our architecture is similar to the overhead inherent in a hand-designed stand-alone FPGA.


HWS cache configurations with the same size and setassociativity (above 2, since 2 ways of different size can never have a total capacity equal to a power of 2) as the conventional cache behave better.

if the conventional cache has ways of size S, a 3-way HWS cache configuration with 2·S|S/2|S/2 way sizes performs better than the conventional cache with S|S|S way sizes.


4.3 Impact of Utilization on Performance A prior study [20] of a particular two-level architecture found that as utilization is increased, performance declines.

an 18% increase in utilization results in a 5% decrease in performance.


Through our work with the benchmarks and applications, we also developed techniques to best utilize Intel TSX.

lockset elision and transactional coarsening provide signi.cant bene.ts.


3.2 Process Variation Sensor The variation sensor used in this work is based on DIBL (Drain Induced Barrier Lowering) effect, where it is observed that for a short channel device, threshold voltage is modulated by drain voltage [6].

high drain voltage can lower the source-channel barrier so that channel is formed at lower gate voltages (lower threshold voltage).


However, not all the arrays with the same number of dimensions should be mapped together.

if two arrays are not used together (e.g., in the same loop nest), there is no point in trying to map them to a common array space to improve locality.


The Average Bit Error Rate The failure mechanism on a communication link is determined by the data transition activity.

timing failure on a victim line may only occur if there is a transition on this line, whereas functional failure only occurs if the victim line is quiet and one or both of its adjacent perform a transition.


Note that if approximations are involved in de.ning the models and the maps, this is not necessarily true, i.e., abstraction maps may be non conservative.

a feasible performance vector at level l +1 may not correspond to a feasible one at level l. The top-down phase then proceeds formulating a top-level design problem as an optimization problem with a cost function C(ytop) and a set of constraints de.ned in the Ytop space, gtop(ytop) = 0 that identi.es a feasible set in Ytop.


For embeddedprocessors,thesensitivity to such area or performance overheads is often more pronounced and e.ciency within the fault tolerant design is paramount.

there are three primary goals one should strive to attain to deliver robust and economic fault tolerance.


This study suggests that many bits used for remembering way numbers are wasted.

compacting the branch links would hardly degrade the overall TCE amount.


So, on an ALU array of 7 columns * 6 rows, all the loops except MPEG kernel will be mapped with a single con.guration, so that the loops can be executed with the maximum possible throughput (1 iteration/cycle).

there was no unnecessary con.guration change due to the routing failure in the combining phase.


Considering the attenuation characteristics of an RC mesh, the solution in Figure 7-a will result in lesser slew rate for a given buffer area.

for a given slew requirement at the clock sinks, the solution in Figure 7-a will result in lesser buffer area.


However, in the attacker s model, an attacker s ability is limited to observing the exchanged messages and forging messages to impersonate a server or a tag.

an attacker does not know when the server accepts or rejects (forced) messages (i.e.


In general, our method predicts walking speed better than Weinberg s method, having comparable prediction error on curves or fast-walk interval, while performing better (with statistical signi.cance) when the participant is holding device on ear, or walking on stairs.

weinberg s method tended to overestimate walking speed on stairs, because walking up/down stairs has higher acceleration range compared to walking on a .at surface, while the actual strides were con.ned to the step length of the stairs.


The geometrical location of this super driver is the weighted center location of those 5 drivers.

the super driver will be placed closer to larger drivers to re.ect their relatively larger in.uence in the original clock mesh.


In the early days of recording and distribution of analogue media [Chiarglione 2003], the owners of intellectual assets had a greater advantage in controlling their revenue streams because of the way in which media was delivered to and the consumed by the end user.

the media was limited to the device or medium that contained it and/or the device required to consume it and it could not be duplicated by the end user.


Would one trust a description of some unknown places to see or visit in a foreign city by a local speaker (and hence more knowledgeable) more than a speaker has the same accent as you do (hence more similar to yourself)?

which one will have more influence, expertise or similarity?


A more .ne-grained context recognition using additional multimodal sensors could support a speci.c optimization of the HI in this situation.

additional cues like the user s activity may support the estimation of the user s current hearing wish for the following two cases: (1) if the hearing wish and activity change, but the acoustic context stays the same, and (2) if the hearing wish and user activity stay the same, but the acoustic context changes.


Several design techniques have been proposed to ensure that Inequalities (1) and (2) are satis.ed.

clock scheduling selects s(r) and s(r), the clock arrival times or clock skews of the registers [6].


The Xilinx Virtex-like FPGAs o.er the ability of partially dynamic recon.guration.

a portion of a device can be recon.gured while the rest of device continues to operate without disturbance.


As a result, a potential error (1/X)is induced at g6.


The primary advantage of using ground rule slack is that the tolerances generated are indicators of possible manufacturing defects.

regions with small inner tolerance are possible pinching regions, while bridging is likely to occur in regions with small outer tolerance.


This is because optimal placement of bu.ers for a net may be drastically di.erent at di.erent bu.er costs.

bu.er Algorithm 1 Look-ahead to insert one bu.er.


A strategy s for player i is positional if s(h) = s(h') for all histories h, h' ending with the same vertex (s only depends on the last vertex of the history).

a positional strategy is a function s : Vi .


We cast the side-channel attack problem as a combination of retiming and clock-gating problems and solve the problems using only existing EDA tool chains.

we achieve light weight time-shifting obfuscation against DPA (Di.erential Power Analysis) and CPA (Correlation Power Analysis) attacks by changing when to latch randomly.


Experimental Results Since there is no previous work on regularity-constrained floorplanning for multi-processors, we compared our approach with a manual prefix method.

the blocks in each array group are manually placed in an array and then the other (nonarray) blocks are placed using conventional floorplanning [10] while the array blocks are fixed.


This upper bound may not be the best possible.

the .rst inequality is valid even for an arbitrary K. There must be space for improvement to better exploit the fact that K is a 0-symmetric convex body.


Unfortunately, the scaling of other key design parameters has not followed suit.

to avoid power increase, voltage and frequency have scaled slower than area scaling [1], [2], [3].


After proper RS insertion, the resultant LIS will be still functionally equivalent to its original synchronous system [9], [10].

if ignoring stalled (void) events in the output sequence, the rest informative (valid) events on each channel of an LIS are exactly the same with the informative events on every corresponding channel of its original counterpart.


vertices on the boundary of the SPR, will also be 0.

only vertices on the boundary of a constructed SPR will be real sources.


We observe that our RVS outperforms all other algorithms.

rVS obtains results that are very close to the ILP but at a fraction of runtime.


Nonetheless, the fault-secure property of the PPA is maintained [23, 24].

any single fault occurrence can be guaranteed detected.


The pseudorandom sequence based tuning algorithm For a Linear Time Invariant (LTI) circuit, the tuning parameters are directly related to its impulse response h(t) and the tuning process can be accomplished through the evaluation of a suitable approximation of h(t).

it has been shown [8] that the main circuit specifications can be related to a limited number of samples of h(t).


We employ a novel framework for this problem, similar to that of technology mapping in the logic synthesis domain, and develop a set of efficient algorithms, including labeling, clustering and packing, for efficient generation of the multiprocessor architecture with applicationspecific optimized latency and resources.

the result of our algorithm is latency-optimal for directed acyclic task graphs.


Thanks to the built-in rollback support in microprocessors, it is quite cost-ef.cient to implement a BER solution for timing errors occurred on their datapath.

we can simply .ush the pipeline and replay the offending instructions (usually at a lower frequency) for timing error correction.


The signature format processor transforms all signatures into the standard format.

membership certi.cates (GMCs) generated by our system are compatible with X.509v3 [9], and signatures on all protocol messages are PKCS7-formatted [23].


HTGs have been de.ned as intermediate parallel program representations that encapsulate minimal data and control dependences, and can be used to extract and exploit functional and task-level parallelism.

the hierarchical task graph, as de.ned in [8], is a directed graph HTG whose vertices can be: simple, representing a task with no subtasks, compound, representing a task that consists of other tasks in an HTG (e.g., higher level structures such as subroutines or loops), loop, representing a task that is a loop whose iteration body is an HTG.


The approach is based on a model of computation (FTDF) that represents an interesting paradigm for programming safety-critical control applications.

fTDF exposes task-level parallelism and formalizes tasks interaction, simplifying the analysis and distribution of the control programs.


..... .min......... ....... , (1) where Tt is the threshold time (minimmum time period required for the noise to stay above thresholdd voltage).

at each time instance, we are taking the minimum of the noise system.


In TR, internode communication is restricted to parent-child links only.

while the network physical topology is quite complex, the logical tree topology is used for data forwarding.


It assumes that once the transmit rate of any packet pair, Px and Px+1, within the packet train is the same as the available bandwidth, the remaining packet pairs after packet Px, which have a higher transmission rate, will be further separated by cross traffic.

the dispersion of the rest of the packet pairs at the receiver will be larger than the spacing at the sender side.


Due to space concerns, we limit ourselves in this section to disk energy optimization related studies.

we focus mainly on two previously-proposed disk power management techniques.


These properties all involve checking that a variable v depends only on some speci.ed set W = {w1,...,wn} of variables, and nothing else.

we must verify that v can be expressed as a deterministic function of the other variables: v = f(w1,...,wn), for some function f , or in shorthand, v = f(W ).


2.3 Defect Model We model defects at the architectural level as stuck-open switches.

we abstract the host of potential defect causes (such as disconnected metal, or slow or leaky transistors caused by excessive voltage threshold variation) as  Figure 1: Channel with four tracks, one of which is reserved.


Impact of Independent Failure Mechanisms The key fact ignored by existing MTTF models is that different failure mechanisms impact on different components of a system; for example, TDDB and NBTI affect transistors, while EM affects interconnects and TC impacts on the packaging.

the effects of failure mechanisms impacting on different components are independent from the spatial perspective and thus should not be additive, even though the magnitude itself of every single MTTF is positively correlated with each other due to the joint dependence on temperature and other technology-dependent parameters.


We sort the input ports to be {CL, (CW, CE), (CN, CS)} by descending the dimensions, and the packets usually transfer from local input port CL to other ports with lower dimensions.

the flow controls only come from the inputs with same or lower dimension at neighbors.


From now on, precision of Z is termed vertical precision and precision of X-Y is termed horizontal precision.

vertical precision and horizontal precision are in inverse proportion to each other.


Theorem 1 (proved in Appendix A) is signi.cant in practice because many connections are routed with very few monotonic segments.

most connections have very few bends [14], and the number of monotonic segments is upper-bounded by the number of bends.


This paper presents the foundations of this discipline and outlines a variety of domains where the PBD principles can be applied.

in Section 2 we de.ne the main principles of PBD.


IN T RO D U C T I O N Reliable and predictable communication is highly desirable for many embedded systems.

for safety-related real-time applications, meeting real-time constraints, such as the end-to-end latency can be as important as guaranteeing functional correctness.


For instance, let us consider a sub-system of a WLAN receiver with typical OFDM parameters [8,10].


As we can observe, each design can run faster depending on the number of steps required to perform a barrier synchronization.

the greater number of steps, the higher the frequency that can be achieved.


Using Caisson, we are able to express information .ow control mechanisms in a natural manner and quickly verify a variety of novel secure hardware designs.

we show how the insights gained from developing Caisson allow us to design the .rst ever implementation of a pipelined processor that veri.ably enforces noninterference.


INTRODUCTION With proliferation of smart analog circuits/systems with digital adaptation or programmability [1], the number of chip failures that can be attributed to a so-called global convergence failure has been increasing sharply.

the system does not converge to the desired mode of operation when it starts from certain initial states.


Given the ability to support error-awareness through less expensive error detection codes based schemes, our strategy is to use the information on SER (soft error rate) to 1. bypass potential failures by triggering error recovery mechanisms which reinitialize the erroneous data cache, and 2. reinforce application data using error-resilient encoding mechanisms by translating the SER into the input metric of the encoding algorithm (being considered as the network packet loss rate).

awareness of micro-level errors (i.e., bit errors) is translated into policies that have macro-level impacts in terms of execution failure, performance, energy consumption, and QoS.


The corners of the model assume worstcase condition for each parameter.

worst-case gate length is assumed to be the maximum possible gate length variation.


2.3.3 Transportation BusLengthDetermination Another key issue is to determine enough length of transportation bus to supply droplets for realizing the scheduling result.

following pre-assigned execution stages, the bus length must be minimally bounded while accommodating the maximum number of droplets that are delivered between stages.


As a result, we use the same liveness analysis for arrays described in [17] to compute the liveness information for all arrays in a program inter-procedurally.

an array is considered to be live on entry to a call site if it is live on entry to a callee function that may be invoked from the call site.


The multicast sender includes dynamic session information in the header of a regular DATA packet to help repair heads decide when to prune.

the header can contain a pruning flag that indicates the sender suggests pruning.


For tests that compare the data arrival against the clock arrival in the same clock cycle (e.g., data must be stable after the clock signal arrives at the capturing .ip-.op in this case), the total pessimism incurred is the di.erence between the early and late arrival times at the last meeting point between the data path and clock path.

the signal propagation to this common point is identical for both clock and data, and thus does not warrant any early-late split.


We assume that the Markov chain is ergodic and therefore stationary probabilities of each mode can be calculated as a function of the pairwise transitional probabilities.

we let pm denote the stationary probability of mode m. This is the percentage of circuit cycles that mode m occurs in an adequately long run of the circuit.


The source re-coder is a controlled, interactive approach to implement analysis and recoding tasks.

it is an intelligent union of editor, compiler, and powerful transformation and analysis tools.


To do so, each instruction and data word has to be mapped to a memory address.

load and branch instructions have to be taken care of, as they could target arbitrary memory addresses.


As described in the background section, with EDF scheduling and a non-preemptible resource, which is the case for shared cache resources, a request will finish its service by the  +  , where a request s deadline is its virtual finish-time.

a cache request may be delayed by another thread s maximum service time (in the worst case).


Therefore in our approach we use a voltage/energy pareto technique, where we optimize for energy considering satisfying voltage requirements.

we consider a voltage level and require the voltage generated to meet this level by a percentage at all times.


Stopping at this obvious design point, however, leaves signi.cant performance opportunities uncovered.

we study the use of 3D-stacked DRAM to implement a large last-level cache (LLC), and we show how to exploit the physical organization of DRAMs to further enhance the performance of multi-core systems.


In order to improve the cache behavior of accesses through this reference, we need to select a data transformation ma ~ trix Mxsuch that the last column of MxRxI+Mxr~xshould contain the index of the innermost loop with a small coef.cient and this loop index should not appear in any other column.

the following constraint should be satis.ed: u0 u u ::: u 0 1 B u u u ::: u 0 C MxRx = B B u u u ::: u 0 C C; (1) @ :::u :::u :::u :::::: :::u ::: c A main() p main() p (a) (b) p p p p  p* p**p (c) (d) Figure 2: (a) Bottom-up phase.


3.5 Discussion The prediction techniques discussed in this section are accurate for cache miss predictions.

if the prediction is a miss, then the block certainly does not exist in the victim cache.


it targets testing and testability analysis of Fuzzy Extractors (FEs), which are the main blocks of such systems; FEs are challenging to test as they comprise not only a crypto core, but also error correction blocks, which are typically hard to test functionally.


If an entire node has been lost, a large amount of memory can be inaccessible.

with N + 1 parity and M megabytes 1 In reality, this particular error will be detected when the missing node fails to arrive to the barrier when establishing the checkpoint.


PROPOSED SCHEMES As shown in the previous section, the conventional schemes use combinations only of two CPs and of a CP and an SP nearest to it.

only some parts of all combinations among CPs and SPs are used in the conventional schemes.


Threads with equal weights should still be slowed down equally.

to support this notion of thread weights and to prioritize threads with larger weights, STFM scales the slowdown value computed for the thread by the thread s non-negative weight such that the weighted slowdown is S =1+(S - 1) * Weight.threads with higher weights are interpreted to be slowed down more and thus they are prioritized by STFM.


Low Power and High Performance Design Challenges in Future Technologies (Invited Paper) Vivek De and Shekhar Borkar Intel Corporation Microprocessor Research Labs H isboro, OR 97124 ABSTRACT We discuss key barriers to continued scaling of supply voltage and technology for microprocessors to achieve low-power and high-performance.

we focus on short-channel effects, device parameter variations, excessive subthreshold and gate oxide leakage, as the main obstacles dictated by fundamental device physics.


In the rest of this section, a new variational lithography model is proposed.

an analytical formula for the aerial image at any defocus condition is derived.


This is really the starting point for signi.cant additional future work, where various algorithms, heuristics, and architectural features can be optimized and improved.

we believe signi.cant gains in Fmax, runtime, and density can all be obtained.


To achieve online diagnostic capability, one has to rely on the inherent regular structure of the components, so as to achieve full diagnostic resolution.

each faulty component needs to have a unique syndrome to be distinguished from another.


The above approaches offer very limited throughput bene.t, since they are mainly targeted to improving a loop s latency.

the optimizations introduced by these approaches focus on shaving off some delays from each loop iteration, and offer modest concurrency increases: the tail-end of an iteration for a given data item is allowed to overlap somewhat with the start of that same item s next iteration, or the tail-end of an item s last iteration overlaps somewhat the start of the next item s .rst iteration.


In contrast to those approaches,the range of the required predictions in our case is very narrow.Since in this work, we opt to divide each cache frame of faultycaches in two equal divisions (each division is marked by aseparate faulty flag), coarse grain spatial footprint predictionscan be issued.

the proposed coarse grain spatialfootprint predictor (CG-SFP) is designed to predict if thewhole cache block or only the left/right portion of a block willbe requested by the core (three decisions in total).


Fig.2(b) presents a case with an extreme routing demand.

the routing demand of KG is too much and the routing resources of KF and KH are all utilized by KG.


{ Dfuzzy }i for i = 1 to #H Otherwise, the unknown pattern is a non-hotspot.

if the distance between the unknown pattern and any hotspot is less than or equal to the fuzzy distance of the corresponding hotspot, this unknown pattern is a hotspot; otherwise, the pattern is a non-hotspot.


Furthermore, current consumption is expected to increase further, due to the increasing complexity of the designs and reduction in supply voltage, making it more difficult to meet stringent supply integrity constraints.

the LdI/dt drop is expected Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


These approaches incur significant area overhead and higher leakage during both the high-voltage and low-voltage modes.

the work in [27] shows that a 10T cell would achieve a comparable operating voltage to our VS-ECC but with a much larger area overhead (100% overhead for the 10T cell vs. less than 4% overhead for VS-ECC).


Hence, ..decreases faster than ., and a smaller ratio is observed in higher temperature.

the impact of the thermal noise is reduced in magnetization switching process when temperature increases in the long MTJ working region.


In the most complex variant of this step, we construct an analogue job mix that models the behaviour of a target job mix.

having obtained the aggregate characterisation of a job mix of target codes, we can construct an analogue job mix with a very similar aggregate characterisation.


We can modify this policy by increasing the granularity of the components for which power models are constructed and instantiated.

we can construct a new entity comprising several RTL components, characterize this entity and use the resulting power model.


Here Fk corresponds to the set of counterexamples for the step case of the induction.

every ending state s(k+1) of (1) every counterexample trace s,...,s(k+1) is included in Fk .


This creates assertions that are violated when the conditional coverage point is reached.

a counterexample to C0 represents a path to the condition of (do_it==1 b0) at L1.


Design and Implementation of a Multi-stream CableCARD with a High-Speed DVB-Common Descrambler Joonyoung Jung Broadcasting System Dept., ETRI 161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, KOREA +82-42-860-1626 jungjy@etri.re.kr  Ohyung Kwon Broadcasting System Dept., ETRI 161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, KOREA +82-42-860-5810  ohkwon@etri.re.kr ABSTRACT As the digital cable TV broadcasting technique is developed, various applications on a digital cable receiver have been required.

openCableTM specifications for digital cable TV broadcasting have presented a cable receiver with multi-tuner for serving a Digital Video Recorder (DVR) application, a Picture-In-Picture (PIP) application, a Picture-Out-Picture (POP) application and etc.


This allows any RFC1951 arbitrary encoding method to be used -not simply one which actually compresses a file.

substituting a scheme which gives an encrypted encoding of a cell instead of a compressed encoding will not conflict with the requirements of the P39 standard.


4.1 Grouping Transformation We shall group together the tiles of JSthat will be concurrently executed by the CPU s of the same SMP node.

we further apply an additional supernode transformation to the Tile space JS.


In this paper, we systematically study the optimization of the thinfilm TEC based active cooling system considering the abovementioned design constraints.

given the number of available extra pins for the TEC devices, we investigate the optimal configuration of the active cooling system.


C. Physical Implementation During standard-cell placement, .ip-.ops driven by the same clock gating logic are placed within a bounded region.

since they are tightly coupled to each other and have the same clock behavior, commercial P&R tools place them closely together.


(normally de.ned by .BLmin c 0.1Vdd) So if the access time is longer than the prescribed maximum allowed value Tmax, then an access time failure is said to have happened.

if at time t = Tmax, the voltage difference between node BL and BLB is still smaller than .BLmin, the access failure is happened.


4) Arbitrating Latency, AL: This indicates the total number of time units required by the arbiter to arbitrate a master request.

the AL of a master could be defined as the total time units between the time the master s request is first granted to the time the request is fulfilled and finished.


INTRODUCTION Modern process technology scaling has introduced many challenges related to the design and implementation of FPGA systems.

the di.erent scaling characteristics of devices, local interconnect, and global interconnect [10] are making it more di.cult to achieve timing closure in a predictable and timely manner.


Finally, the yield rate improvement by Double3D is 34% and by F3D is 35%.

for the industrial case, the TSV number of the 3D clock tree without any fault-tolerant technique is 871.


Based on these results, [7] and [8] explored four heterogeneous logic block architectures with a combination of LUTs, MUXes, and logic gates, and showed that such architectures offer signi.cant performance and density bene.ts over conventional homogeneous LUT-based PLBs.

[8] explored heterogeneous logic blocks for the VPGA fabric and showed that a heterogeneous PLB with a combination of 3-LUTs and three input Nand gates with programmable inversion (ND3WI gates), offers the best performance and density for both logic and datapath applications.


In this work we are using the polyhedral model to consider data access patterns for communication between sets of loop nests, and to optimize this communication ordering in order to perform .ne-grained communication and enable parallelization within a loop nest and pipelining between loop nests through loop transformation.

in this work we consider programs that consist of a sequence of datadependent blocks, where each block is a loop nest containing mul- Cd1 Cd2 ... Cdm Cd0 where S .


(Similarly, the list of occupied space is modi.ed by adding a rectangle to represent the placed cell.)

this technique tracks maximallyempty rectangles corresponding to the gaps of whitespace available in the placement, as illustrated in Fig.


Figure 3 shows how the F measure changes as the window size changes.

window size is one of the features that represents overall delay, and it seems here that the window size can range from about 150 to 330 samples with similar accuracy results.


Instead, virtual probes are conceptually added at these locations to predict the variation information through the use of a numerical algorithm, as shown in Fig 1.

unlike the traditional approach that uses a large number of test structures, we propose to physically monitor the variability at very few locations and then apply a smart algorithm to accurately predict the complete spatial variation.


We are utilizing many of the concepts and ideas developed in the Rome Labs C3IPBS program and applying them to the configurable computing domain.

we are developing a benchmarking methodology and unbiased benchmark descriptions, which specify inputs, outputs, acceptance tests, metrics, and information to be reported.


The corresponding area savings for 7, 8 and 9 LSBs are 28.5%, 32.67% and 36.85% respectively.

approximation 3 can provide power and area savings with almost no loss in output quality when 7 or less than 7 LSBs are approximated.


(7) t |B0 t |B0 22 If N is properly selected, N will be large enough so that the current bit and the Nth previous bit have no intersymbol interference, then the rise and fall edge responses must have stabilized over N bit periods.

the rise and fall edge responses must have the property that vR(t)= vhigh and vF (t)= vlow for all t> (D + NT ).


Each section contains ¼ of one of the 7 ways.

each way spans four sections, one in each corner.


Thanks to pinning, throughout the process we are always reasoning on the initial SSA code.

as illustrated by Figure 10, we can take advantage of the parallel copies placement.


Our contribution fits in the methodology described above.

we present techniques to automate the synthesis of C code with pointers and dynamic memory allocation into hardware.


It is interesting to observe that while some of the bugs are due to problems in the synthesis tool, a few are due to ambiguities in the SLM.

the shift by a negative number is undefined in C, but was interpreted and synthesized by the HLS tool.


The significance of our proposed technique is that no additional cache misses are introduced, and neither the core nor the higher-level cache memories are affected.

we reduced the cache energy consumption (dynamic + static) without slowing down the processor.


Since we perform tree covering, the patterns must be acyclic.

every component must be represented using a single pattern tree.


These variations in pulse widths are caused HE.

the width of the emerging positive and negative pulses grows larger for consecutive pulses in both experiments.


Problems of this kind might on principle arise for any comparator generally employed within the microprocessor BIST structures, BIST controllers [16, 17] and sticky bit comparators [8].

this sticky structure captures any Fail condition, so that the Fail signature can be observed at the end of the test.


Unfortunately, though theoretically possible, electrical simulation of complex systems may become impractical.

for S.Ms, the extraction of their performance involves the analysis of a very large number of samples at the modulator output, which means a very long transient analysis: days or weeks of CPU time can be required to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio from the extracted layout of a typical S.M [3],[4].


Moreover, ignoring coupling only underestimates the total leakage power, because when one resource temperature reduces due to resource redundancy, other resources can also reduce their temperature through thermal coupling.

we can at least get as much leakage reduction as our result shows.


A basic version of the left detector unit for Stage K monitors four adjacent CD outputs, ackk-2, ackk-1, ackk and ackk+1, which are initially all 0.

an all-0 left vector is a signature of no traf.c.


the leading and trailing edges were controlled by the same clock edge.


This algorithm was modified so that the cells in congested bins move to the less congested bins with higher probability.

if both bin i with congestion level ci and bin j with congestion level cj (ci<cj) can accept cells with the same congestion cost reduction, our algorithm moves the cells to bin i such that the congestion can distribute more uniformly.


h c Acm =c (m)?0 =pLP (m)=0 = hcc =zLP (m)=me =em =wD (m) Thus, any good dual solution is a good lagrangian multiplier vector.

any optimal dual solution is an optimal lagrangian multiplier, since zu )=wD (mu), LP (mu and it is a well-known consequence of the duality theorem [19] that wu=zPu.


Power modelling In this section we will extend the results from the previous section by showing analytically that the buffer planning under repeater area-constrain can be extended to solve also the power-constrained problem.

the values of the segmentation and the buffer sizes which maximize performance under power-constraints can be found using the same procedure as in the previous section.


For 193nm or 157nm model, the result is smear; and reducing the wavelength to 100nm will diminish the dip.

the 120nm model is the best fit, high-enough model for this particular process.


This work addresses an important problem of minimizing the power consumption of circuit while controlling the NBTI induced delay increase to meet the circuit timing constraint by simultaneously utilizing the effects of voltage scaling and body biasing on both NBTI and power consumption.

we solve the problem of .nding a set of supply and body biasing voltage values to apply circuit clusters on standard cell based design to minimize the total power consumption while satisfying the constraint of circuit life time, considering the NBTI induced delay factor in circuit timing computation.


Let Kibe the smallest vector index that hits a bank bat a distance modulo Mof d=i*2sfrom bo.

let K1be the smallest vector index that hits a bank bat a distance d=2sfrom bo.


Therefore, we adopt a merging criterion similar as that of Rectilinear Steiner Aborescence (RSA) [10].

we choose a pair of subnetworks whose merging root is farthest from the source among all pairs.


In general, we pick the ).. and...feasible point (each feasible point gives a combination of that has the closest but smaller softness value compared with the frequency scaling.

the SEFF-based pipeline improves the operating frequency via time borrowing when there are slacks in  period, the leakage energy consumption is also reduced as the clock period decreases.


In this work, we have analyzed the impact of loading effect on the leakage of a logic gate and logic circuit.

in this paper: x We have described the interaction of different leakage components in a device and in a circuit.


It can actually identify the optimal energy-quality budget of each block that leads to the least energy under the given quality constraint.

the design point that lies on the energy efficient curve (Fig.


While the bene.t of their approach is the ease of satisfying data dependencies, a signi.cant limitation is its implementation complexity.

their approach uses two distinct pipelines conveying data and instructions in opposite directions, which require arbitration at every stage to ensure synchronization between the data and the instruction streams.


3.3 Input Replication in an SRT Processor Inputs to the sphere of replication must be handled carefully to guarantee that both execution copies follow precisely the same path.

corresponding operations that input data from outside the sphere must return the same data values in both redundant threads.


The ratio that CountingNum is divided by the T otalCountingNum summed up by each grid is regarded as a weight, and it is multiplied by the total sample size.

if the value is not an integer, we will round o.. CountingNum F = × T otalSampleSize TotalCountingNum F : Sampling frequency of each grid T otalCountingNum : sum up all CountingNum T otalSampleSize : the number of wanted sampling   Grid number Polygons in this grid Figure 4: The example for density table for critical area extraction.


We consider this .rst step as the .rst iteration of the algorithm.

straightforwardly, total delay(1) = 0 is an upper (and even exact) bound on the cumulative preemption delay that ti may suffer before reaching a progression of Qi time units in its execution.


A gross syndrome of a session is the overall pass/fail (indicated as X / in Tables 1-3 ) observation over all modes of operation for that session.

the gross syndrome of a session is a X (fail) if the ORA output is 1 for any input test vector and is a  (pass), otherwise.


For example, the PowerPC POWER4 processor is capable of executing .ve instructions per cycle; however, in our experience with a number of standard Java applications, the average number of instructions completed per cycle is under 1.1 for all the benchmarks.

performance tuning techniques have the potential for dramatically impacting performance.


However, optimization for yield is interested in improving only those chips that violate timing constraints without wasting resources speeding up chips that are already su.ciently fast.

if an edge or path is only critical in asubset of theprocess spaceand thereare no failing chips in that region, then there is no point improving that edge or path.


The former can be implemented with either decision diagrams or Boolean Satis.ability solvers by reducing Circuit-SAT to CNF-SAT.

for conventional miters one needs to check that the output functions implement the constant 0 function.


By experimenting with benchmarks, we found that dependent instructions may have spatial locality.

they are most likely to be close to each other.


As such, in addition to C, W, S, each solution is augmented with new tuples L, U , which specify the lower bound and upper bound of the input slew to these immediate downstream bu.ers, respectively.

the input slew is required to fall in [L, U ).


Since half of sample is discarded through a waste droplet after a dilution operation, the key idea of the proposed mixing tree building method is to ensure that source droplets with higher concentration are mixed as late as possible to reduce the sample waste.

leaf nodes with higher concentration are kept closer to the root for better sample minimization.


We assume the profiling circuit operates at the same (or lower) clock frequency than the bus being monitored.

we do not assume that the profiling circuit has the luxury of running at a higher clock frequency.


Variable de.nition and slot index condition: Among all the edges attached to g, either no edge variable is equal to 1 or there are exactly two edge variables equal to 1.

either g is not used in routing, or it is used by routing one net from one neighboring edge to another neighboring edge.


Obviously, we can control the number of options in each tree node by 3D sampling.

given the number of sampling grids on one dimension, b, the upper bound of option number in a tree node is b3, and the maximum number of options retained at all nodes is no more than b3 · n for a n-node tree.


FPGA architectures, however, have been enhanced since this work, and it is not clear whether these older techniques still suffice.

the LUT size has been increased from 4 to 6 inputs, and both Altera (Stratix-II/III) and Xilinx (Virtex-5) have developed methods to use LUTs in conjunction with the fast carrychains to perform ternary addition; the advantage of ternary addition was outlined in [16].


C. Data reuse analysis for incremental loop transformations Previous techniques have no direct coupling between loop transformations and data reuse analysis when incremental transformations are performed.

the changed geometrical model after a loop transformation must be dumped to Ccode which is then parsed back to the geometrical model for repeated data reuse analysis.


The work in [5] has the same objective as the work presented here.

their work dynamically determines test termination by evaluating the benefits of executing a subsequent test, based on the additional fault model coverage it would achieve.


it is much easier to bring two terminals into precise proximity than three [17].


It is also intuitive that more energetic MBUs would have to be emulated through the SEU case with higher arrival rates.

the increasing energy that affects the memory is modeled with the arrival of a larger number of standard-energy particles.


In this paper, we review recon.gurable nanocomputing frameworks using nanodevices.

we focus on two major computing paradigms that use nanoscale memory: 1) Purely spatial computing framework or nanoFPGA: Conventional FPGAs fall into this category.


At .rst glance, this proposition may appear to simply shift Figure 1: Statistical side-channel .ngerprinting PCMs.

one might argue that a resourceful and determined attacker can .ddle with the PCMs, just like he/she would with the IC, to throw the proposed method o..


3) ISCAS 85 Layout Generation: We will focus on combinational logic circuits like the ISCAS 85 benchmarks [12] to illustrate our regularity metric.

we have developed the complete set of benchmarks layouts in the 65 nm technology node using a commercial standard cell library (STD) and the Robust standard cell approach (Robust).


We pack an HB*-tree from the bottom level to the top level.

we .rst pack each subtree in the third level and then pack that in the second level.


Generally, a well-tuned cache hierarchy and organization would eliminate the time overhead of fetching instruction and data words from the main memory, which in most cases resides off-chip and requires power costly communication over the system bus that crosses chip boundaries.

in embedded, mobile, and handheld systems, optimizing of the processor cache hierarchy has received a lot of attention from the research community [7][8][9].


This permits a high degree of .exibility in how circuits are instantiated.

circuit parameters such as bit width can be speci.ed as late as at run-time.


For example, on a recent Xilinx Virtex 6 device with 36Kbit Block RAMs (BRAMs), a 512-entry CAM with a 40-bit key requires 64 BRAMs to perform the match, despite the fact that 512, 64-bit entries can be stored in a single BRAM.

the overhead for implementing the match portion for the fully associative memory on this FPGA is 64× the stored memory capacity.


Approach set B makes use of several blocking sch emes described in the previous section to optimize both wirelength and congestion.

the pre-fixed blocking scheme is used to get the first level blocks.


This helps novices to understand the basic problems.

we will introduce variability, aging and temperature e.ects, and soft errors (Section 1).


Notice that if dv =0 for some v .V , Lemma 1 does not hold as constraint (5) is not satis.ed.

this idea cannot be applied to the retiming problem with both interconnect and gate delay discussed in Section 3.


It is important to clarify that I am not talking about personalization in the sense of recommending content a user might like, but that of sharing an experience with strong ties.

the research questions addressed in this thesis include: i.


As a result, the features can be printed exactly even if overlay happens, as long as the amount of overlay is small enough that the trim mask boundaries are contained in the sidewall.

the sidewall in SADP provides tolerance to the unexpected misalignment of two masks.


When independent per-core DVFS controls are unavailable, we .nd that other options perform well.

a thread migration policy without per-core DVFS can still improve performance by as much as 2X.


To address this issue and optimize the area-power-delay trade-off, complexity is concentrated on NMOS stacks, and low-threshold devices are used selectively in critical devices, particularly certain PMOS devices.

the clock-to-output critical path includes the firststage NMOS stack and the second-stage PMOS device.


It is a single task learning (STL) mode which neglects the potential rich information sources hidden in other related tasks.

when studying the relationship between x1,x2 , ..., xt and xt+1, they only consider this current task, without taking into account other related tasks, such as studying the relationship between x1,x2 , ..., xt and xt+2.


INTRODUCTION Micro.uidic biochips have now come of age, with applications to biomolecular recognition for high-throughput DNA sequencing, immunoassays, and point-of-care clinical diagnostics [1], [2].

digital micro.uidic biochips, which use electrowetting-on-dielectric to manipulate discrete droplets (or packets of biochemical payload ) of picoliter volumes under clock control, are especially promising [2], [3].


2.3 Averaging 2.3.1 Baseline Subtraction In cognitive pupillometry, the physical quantity of interest is the change in pupil diameter relative to its diameter shortly before the mental activity being studied [Beatty and Lucero-Wagoner 2000].

what matters is dilation (or constriction), not absolute pupil size.


A simple calculation (see Table 1) shows that the gain factor dramatically grows with the skew.

the gain factor is a con w .ASR Gain factor 2 1-w (1-w/2) w< 1 (1-w/2)2 m 1-w w =1 4m/ ln m 41 ln m 2 w-12-w (1-w/2)w-1 1  2 m (w/2-1)2 w-1 Table 1: Asymptotic dependence on m of the gain factor and ESS under Square-root allocation for truncated m-items Zipf distribution with power w. stant fraction for w< 1, logarithmic in m for w =1, and (fractional) polynomial in m for w> 1; for w> 2the ESS under Square-root is constant and the gain factor is thus linear in m. Figure 2 plots the gain factor as a function of the number of items for representative values of the power parameter w. We next consider two natural query distribution obtained from Web proxy logs (the Boeing logs described in [1]).


In this work we study the changes to the state-of-the-art polyhedral code generator CLooG which are required to tailor it for HLS purposes.

we develop various techniques to signi.cantly improve resource utilization on the FPGA.


a duplicate copy of each link and node is created, with indices i + Nl and j + Nn representing this duplication, where i is the index of the current link, j is the index of the current node, Nl is the number of links, and Nn is the number of nodes.


Our dynamic cache partitioning scheme is applied at the granularity of execution intervals of around 15 million instructions.

at the end of each interval, we optimize for the next interval.


With polling semantics the problem is subject to the lower bound from Section 6.

if only reads, writes and CAS or LL/SC are used, the problem can be solved more e.ciently in the CC model than in the DSM model with respect to amortized RMR complexity.


Under a rather broad set of conditions, the resulting distribution ofx should tend towards a normal distribution (even when the e are not iid, under the assumption that no sin i gle variation source dominates [13]).

hence, much of the mass of the distribution lies within a range smaller than that indicated by the radius of the interval, which is the size of the largest deterministic excursion from the nominal, easily computed as N Rx= () .1 (13) xi the chance ofx taking a value far from its nominal value is extremely small.


Since load balance changes after each re-meshing step, the overall load balance reported is is computed by averaging over steps.

predicted load balance s at a particular step is computed as: .P n(p)/P p=1 s = (1) n(p)max where n(p) is the number of cells on processor p and P is the total number of processors, and n(p)max is the maximum number of cells on all processors.


It also reduces physical design efforts in which detailed placement and routing will be performed on-the-.y.

only global placement and routinghavetobecompletedatthedesigntimeanddetailedcon.gurationofindividualcrossbars(forlogicmappingorsignalrouting) willbedetermined atthe con.guration timeby BISM.The following BISM schemes are proposed depending on the defect density level.


An expression is redundant if all of its coef.cients are less thanor equal to those of another expression.

ifwe look at the vectors e of the expressions, then all points(expressions) are dominated by the pareto set of points andall non-pareto points are redundant expressions.


Under the Neyman Pearson (NP) framework, we de.ne that a WSN channel a is always preferred over a WSN channel b if .aa =ab,ßa = ßb, where aa and ab represent the probability of false alarm in each WSN channel and ßa and ßb represent the probability of detection in each WSN channel.

a WSN channel a is always preferred over a WSN channel b if the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of WSN channel a is always not below the ROC curve of WSN channel b. Martinez [9] and Warren et al.


It can be seen that our approach performs very well on the miniMIPS, as the numbers are comparable to stuckat ATPG [26] and we reach an overall fault e.ciency of 97.33 %.

we would like to point out the results concerning the data forwarding unit (renvoi ) and the branch prediction unit (predict ).


INTRODUCTION Reliability is a critical design constraint for all microprocessors.

studies have shown particle-induced transient faults in SRAM are the dominant contributor to microprocessor faults [5].


masking them) from the graph and deleting from the edge count until the upper bound on the worst-case slack and the lower bound on the best-case slack meet.

if the least critical edge has worst-case slack 45 and best-case slack 80 and the number of paths in G with that edge removed contains more than k paths with best-ca se slack less than or equal to 45 then the edge is safe to delete (mask).


First, the number of shared registers, p, is assumed to be fixed.


The data retention time indicates how long data can be retained in a nonvolatile memory cell after being written.

it is the unit to measure nonvolatility of a memory cell.


It claims an error coverage .gure of about 38%, while the fault injection campaign reports 94%.

the ACE analysis would have us believe that ReStore decreases the soft error vulnerability of the scheduler by about a factor of 1.6x, whereas the fault injection analysis reports a factor of approximately 16x.


This weight function re.ects more accurately the bene.t of inserting an mfence at the location.

we are trying to insert as few mfences as possible to enforce the load-store and store-load delays, while at the same time enforcing as many load-load and store-store delays as pos- The global optimization optimizes fences inserted to en force inter-block delays.


In the long term, however, there are many more possibilities.

fields such as diverse as genetics and nano-technology are currently struggling to produce small but working examples, but have the potential to cheaply build very large and complex systems.


It is apparent in the graph that curves of the same LUT size are all grouped together.

the 4-and 5-LUT data is easily distinguished from the 6-and 7-LUT data.


The use of a LFSR entails the advantage that, once the initial states of the flip-flops have been set, the finite input sequence is univocally determined, thus the tail of its auto-correlation function is always the same and the input-output crosscorrelation function depends only on the current tuning configuration of the filter.

the tails of the auto-correlation function of the input sequence do not depend on the particular realization of a stationary and ergodic process x(t).


Conventional load and store queues only provide a few basic functions for the correct operation of the processor.

they (1) enforce the proper ordering between loads and stores, and (2) forward data from stores to loads of the same address.


The Schmitt trigger circuit [15] is generally used to extract signals from noisy environments and can serve our purpose.

we refertothe implementationshownin Figure2.We can describe its operation as follows: let us consider the case in which the input of the trigger is at logic value 0 and the output is at 1.


Relations between different lower bounds In this section, we prove a proposition about the relative strenght of the four lower bounding techniques described in this paper.

we discuss the case of uniform costs, which is rather common in VLSI design.


The use of dual Vth produces extra process corners and exaggerates variability.

if the high and low Vth are not sufficiently far apart, some high Vth transistors may be faster than some low Vth transistors in the presence of variations.


DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACES Figure 1 shows the organization of a typical digital LCD subsystem.

the graphic controller, which contains the frame bu.er, transmits to the LCD control ler, through a digital interface, the pixel data.


On the other hand, if one uses software dynamic binary translation from a dense instruction set such as the x86 to conventional RISC-style instructions, there are significant performance disadvantages due to the resulting code expansion.

the RISC-style instructions will consume more memory space, causing reduced instruction cache performance.


There could be so many widgets that the novice user would not understand how to take advantage of all the possibilities: a GUI is not optimal for interacting with an auditory experience [25].

it is impossible to manipulate more than one widget at a time while performers are able to act of several physical controls simultaneously.


Therefore, our leakage control scheme is to decide the smallest drowsy window size so as the timing constraint is met.

the wake-up overhead of all drowsy windows does not exceed the total slack time.


We believe that our tools augment technologies such voice interfaces to web content, and speech markup languages such as VXML.

our tools enable non-experts to create and deploy speech applications.


The number of bu.ers, ., to insert on link l is lJ Treq L .l = where Treq = Tp (ABWl × k) path p using l The value of k is a user-parameter, and is explored in Section 4.

this is an insertion threshold based on the percentage of link utilization.


We can get a shorter transportation length if we put the device of o3 and o5 closer.

a means to determine the ordering of surrounding devices and the length of transportation bus is the major concern of constructing the chip layout.


If the data is found to be under another working-set color it is moved to the new working-set color under which it was sought in the .rst place.

to handle such a rare case of aliasing correctly, cache misses are handled by concurrently starting a probe of other cache locations as well as issuing a request to the lower level.


To be precise, with the exception of the assertion liveness (see Section 4.3), all properties are even simple safety conditions, which can be veri.ed by most model-checkers.

language containment checks are not needed any more.


Thesignalintegrity problems aremuchmorecomplicated in the inductance-dominant RLC lines than in capacitancedominant RLC lines since the system step response may be non-monotonic oscillating-waveshape contaminated with spurious noise spikes.

not only may the response signals of the inductance-dominant lines oscillate until they settle down at the .nal value but they may also contain many spurious glitches.


A speci.cation may be realizable at the beginning of simulation, but when a fault occurs (that is, the module makes a wrong move), the speci.cation may become unrealizable but not unsatis.able.

the property has not yet been refuted, but it is possible to drive the module to a state where the property is guaranteed to be refuted.


These values clearly illustrate the tradeoff between energy and performance.

a more energy saving operating mode also incurs a higher resynchronization cost.


On the other hand, in order to preserve the signi.cant investment of semiconductor companies in gate library modeling and characterization, the evolution of gate models was much slower.

the use of the lumped load capacitance as the main parameter of the model was maintained well after loads ceased to be just capacitive.


Note that the moving region construction is not very accurate as when one register is moved, the slack of the other register which has a data-path to the moved register changes.

the feasible region of movement generated at this stage for each register Ri is valid when the rest of the registers are unmoved.


tually, this means CPL and DPL can be thought of instead as code privilege label and data privilege label, allowing the creation of many labeled code/data contexts.

the context identi.er of the code (CPL) determines which data it is allowed to access, and the context identi.er of the data (DPL) determines which code is allowed to access it.


The results from both .oorplanners are shown in Table 1 under column [27] and ours respectively.

column n lists the number of modules in each test .le, column t(sec) lists the running time in seconds, column DS% lists the percentage of deadspace, and column w/h lists the aspect ratio of the .oorplan solution.


This is a possible extension for future work.

for many applications it is possible to identify a small subset of few flows as critical, and then to optimize the NoC based on feedback loops from RTB-HB and RTB-LL to improve the performance of such critical flows.


The reason is that a sidewall pattern can only be generated by an adjacent core pattern, and the ring of auxiliary core is de.ned using the ring of sidewall.

the ring of auxiliary core is actually the union of all possible decompositions.


Hsiao code [12] is often cited as the most cost-e.ective SEC-DED scheme due to the minimum number of XOR gates it uses to generate its check bits.

a Hsiao code, henceforth also referred to as code, needs an n bit codeword to protect m bits of data, where n>m, the number of check bits k=n-m, and m= 2k-1-k. A Hsiao code can be uniquely de.ned by its check (or generator) matrix.


In this paper, we focus on instruction scheduling techniques for clustered microprocessors.

we limit our focus to scheduling softwarepipelined loops [7] since a vast majority of the execution time on this class of processors is spent in loop bodies.


However, in most existing fault-tolerant resynthesis algorithms, a logic block to be restructured is expressed by the completed speci.ed function (CSF) derived from the LUTs inside this block.

the Boolean .exibility due to the rest of the network outside the logic block is not taken into consideration, and therefore the opportunity of resynthesis is limited.


Currently, our implementation is circuitspecific.

for each input netlist, we need to generate a different FPGA implementation for acceleration.


There was no main effect of interaxial distance or vertical offset, nor an interaction with response type.

the analysis seems to reveal that there is no effect of S3D variables on the proportion of fusion responses on incongruent trials.


(7) to approximate dj, the ob jective and all the constraints in the previous problem formulation are linear.

we can transform the original nonlinear 4.


From the above, simpli.ed products or sums containing malicious on-set minterms or malicious off-set maxterms cannot be activated during the veri.cation.

during the tracing process, we can record the activation history of products and sums instead of that of each logic entry, and hence the memory requirement and runtime overhead of our tracer can be dramatically reduced.


A variation on the conventional speculation approach above uses pipelining to somewhat increase concurrency, but the overall performance remains quite limited.

often all the three operations i.e., evaluation of the Boolean condition, the if-branch computation, and the else-branch computation can be pipelined into multiple stages, as shown in Figure 1.


LA-MPI was designed with the assumption that terascale clusters are unreliable.

the increasing functionality of hardware, especially with respect to data integrity, does not eliminate the need for additional software to ensure end-to-end reliability.


Another research direction is DPM policies for emerging display technologies.

e-paper displays consume power only when the display contents change.


Contrary to timing analysis, the early and late arrival times of glitch noise are not determined by the net s fanin, but by the net s aggressors early and late arrival times.

[t1E,t1L] 1 [t3E,t3L] 3 tCK 2 [t2E,t2L] [t3E,t3L] = [min(t1E+tD,t2E+tD),max(t1L+tD,t2L+tD)] t3L  tCK -tCYCLE + tHOLD Fig.


Thus, the un-correlation between two Gaussian random variables V1 and V2 implies their independence.

v is a Gaussian random variable, the mean and variance of which can be computed from (23) and (24): E(v)=[V0 + tr(V )]/(m - 1) (25) 2tr(V 2)4 T var(v)= + vcoe.


However, in Figure 12b, the different best partitionings perform similarly, as indicated by the band of similar gray scales that encompass the best partitionings.

these are wide hills, and have a large hill-widthN value (see Section 3.3.1).


In [4], the unprocessed rulecandidate matrix data for each chip (see Table 1 for an example) is simplified by ignoring multiple instances of a given violation.

the ji.K matrix Ti for a given failed-chip diagnosis di .


INTRODUCTION  With the advance to the multi-core era and replication of processor cores on a single die, the surrounding un-core logic, such as cache, memory controllers, and network interfaces, is growing in importance.

implementing the necessary data sharing and communication protocols for multi-core processors involves handling a large amount of transient state that is not necessarily visible to the high-level protocol.


To derive an upper bound on the latency of the globally critical path we apply the above property to each segment of the path.

we .rst sum up the resulted inequalities and cancel out the same arrival time variables on the righthand side.


The new skew values will not introduce any timing violations.

all the timing constraints that contain any new skew values hold, since these constraints are included in the clock scheduling problem.


(13)) for µi ,si (µi, si) 7: end for 8: until |a-aold|2+|b-bold|2+||µ-µold||2 2+||s-sold||2 2 < o the mean, EB gives the so-called James-Stein estimator [14] for the mean.

a nice feature of the James-Stein estimator is that it is superior to the sample mean estimate, in the sense that the expected sum of mean square error of µi s at all populations is smaller than that of the sample mean estimator, i.e.


By observing the actuation sequence, it can be found that multiple actuation sequences can share an identical sequence by replacing don t care terms with 1 or 0 .

multiple electrodes can be controlled by the same control pin (same actuation sequence).


Therefore, the following behaviour can be achieved: when the speed increase obtained during one step of the evolution is relatively bigger than the hardware increase needed to obtain this new performance, the .tness increases.

the hardware investment for obtaining better performance has to be small enough to be retained.


Eventually, if the reverse gain F is sufficiently small, all signals in the system become stable after several iterations.

the relaxation simulation converges to the solution of the actual system response.


If after the unfolding decision, the just enabled cores remain empty or low utilized, the application was not throughput bound but single-thread performance bound.

scenario A becomes scenario B (where some, but not all, the cores are highly utilized) and PAMPA will actuate accordingly in its next iteration.


Instead, the bit in the process .ags corresponding to the new address PPID is set.

identical cache blocks share a single cache block while di.erent cache blocks are allocated to lines with non-identical data.


5.2 Comparison to CMOS While spin-diode logic is in its early stages of development, it shows promise as a potential replacement for CMOS.

spin-diodes have a more compact logic structure and advantageous material properties.


[n] be a feasible design for the i-th component and q be the design for the system obtained as the union of the qi s. In particular, qi is a 2-dimensional vector point in the xy plane whose .rst coordinate is the xvalue (the clock period of the corresponding design) and whose second coordinate is its y-value (its power) We assume there are two combining functions fx,fy : Rn .

r that specify how q is related to the qi s. x(q)= fx(x(q1),...,x(qn)) and y(q)= fy(y(q1),...,y(qn)).


As expected, the FA-RR cache provides the lowest pWCET estimates.

the random replacement policy has lower probability of resulting in cache layouts with multiple cache con.icts because random choices are taken on every miss instead of across different runs.


Note that the rate of two cycle operations is a TABLE II: Quality con.gurable circuits synthesized for Error Rate with two quality modes Circuit Delay (ns) Area (%) Power (%) P2cycle E nergyacc (%) E nergyapp (%) Error rate (%) KSA 0.2 16.3 14.79 0.009 14.02 22.27 0.7 c880 0.22 13.1 18.03 0.064 12.78 31.9 4.8 c1908 0.25 13.8 22.9 0.0102 22.11 31.31 0.95 c2670 0.22 5.09 15.68 0.0051 15.25 24.51 0.2 c3540 0.36 21.94 19.72 0.008 19.08 23.56 0.65 c7552 0.32 12.79 19.18 0.064 14.01 22.54 4.8 little larger than the actual error rate at the outputs, because not all errors at the substitution points are sensitized at the outputs.

the clock extension mechanism and the error indicator output bit are conservative.


The efficiency in memory utilization, together with many other desirable features, makes our solution a very attractive alternative for streaming services to battery-powered small devices.

the clear difference between our scheme and the existing schemes is that most existing schemes work in the MDCT domain, while ours works in the quantized MDCT (QMDCT) domain or Huffman coded domain.


These demands and their implications to the detailed routing architecture are the focus of this paper.

this paper focuses on two aspects: Logic Block Switch Block   1.


VBL/VWL/VSL/VB during read: The read scheme including voltage levels in the proposed technique is the same as that of the conventional method.

sL is biased at 0V, BL at read voltage and WL at VDD.


In this work, we have succeeded in expanding the system boundaries further while maintaining focus on key design constraintsincluding power, size, and performance.

a completeanalog front end (AFE) has been developed that supports data conversion and signal conditioning while operating at 900mV.


3.2 Collective Write Operations To easily guarantee memory access order, CMS write operations are performed as reads from the standpoint of the CMS engine.

the CMS engine pul ls data from the processors and writes it to memory.


Here we look at the problem of an optimal architecture design using one or multiple emerging interconnects.

we focus on ways to minimize power dissipation in data transfer along with performance and area overhead while maintaining scalability.


Definition 2: xi and xj are equivalence symmetric (ES) in f(X) if and only if f xi xj= f xi xj.

the exchange of xi and xj does not change f. i.e.


To design a single delay line that can minimize the EDP in both the ST and NT regimes, we present a novel delay line structure.

we add a PMOS header on top of the traditional delay line (beneath the supply voltage rail).


Similarly to previous schemes ([19, 20]) the proposed methodology uses the remote IPC to implementthe interaction between SW and HW models; however, the use of a real board and the requirement of timed HW-SW co-simulation completely differentiates the methodology proposed in this work.

our scheme can be viewed as a variant of the solution originally proposed in [20]; the details will be described in Section 5.


The results of the analysis on DES, reported in Figure 3b, show that the number of nonlinear dependencies increases briskly in correspondence of the load operations performed from the S-Boxes after a KE YAD D IT I O N has been performed.

the quick increase in the number of bits depending nonlinearly is to be ascribed to the combined effect of the bitwise diffusion of DES into its S-boxes, while the large amount of instructions which are not vulnerable at the end of the cipher are to be ascribed to the .nal unkeyed permutation present in the DES design.


(pini ·...·pknk)·(lRc <l{i..k}l) {iNNk}E.c The experimental results section shows a comparison between the two solutions.

it comes out that the full encoding within the allocation space may have a relevant impact on memory and time performance.


Instead, as shown in Figure 6, the PDF for time shifts that model jitter generate a derived probability density function for the edge response voltages.

if the probability density function for the jitter is given by fTjkk (t), then  Figure 6: Relating the probability density function for jitter in time to the derived probability density function in voltage.


One issue we faced in our implementation was the restriction imposed by the OS in terms of camera usage: we have to turn on the screen and enter the preview mode before we can take a image.

we are forbidden to automatically take a  Figure 17: Illustration of the perspective distortion correction process.


We intend to do further tests with varying gradients as blending zones.

we are interested in why no signi.cant improvement can be seen for display bezels, while we did see significant improvements for other related tasks (e.g., a blending zone around a 2D monoscopic text inlay in a 3D stereo scene).


One straightforward way to solve this problem is to randomize the inputs during training.

once the discretization size of the thermal cells is .xed, each thermal cell in the .oorplan must be given different and random input power values in order to train the neural network for the worst case situation where every thermal cell belongs to a different .oorplan element.


Thus, the last iteration in Algorithm I does not change the bits of w and does not need to be implemented.

we only need to implement the .rst 2m - 1 iterations.


In this architecture, the data signals between the blocks are also used to control the timing of the evaluation and pre-charge periods of that blocks.

data signals are coded such that the validity of data is determined by the same signals which carry data between crossbar arrays.


This section discusses our observations.

we look at how e.ectively their construction costs were amortized through re-use and evaluate problem characteristics that a.ect their cost.


However, some defects may only exhibit their in.uence on passing observable points.

some defect sites may only block the error propagation from other sites to the observable points (primary outputs and scanned memory elements).


DeFer even does not specify the slicing tree structures for small sub.oorplans.

we are deferring the decisions on these factors, which are speci.ed arbitrarily at an early step in traditional approaches.


lectionfor atleasttwo of thefour spawngoodnesspro.les described in Section 3.3.

the closest spawn policy will make a good choicefor monotonicallydecreasing and valleypro.les, whilefurthest spawningislikely to workfor monotonicallyincreasingand valleypro.les.


This was the objective of a third set of experiments.

we obtained the distributions for several truncation values (A and S), which are plotted in Fig.


6) Robustness against small variations and noise.

the authors have investigated a representative memcomputing architecture based on two-dimensional networks of memristive devices [3,4].


We also identified useful connections between SC and QMC methods.

we showed that low-discrepancy sequences provide very good PP, leading to fast and accurate stochastic circuits.


They also need to be designed to the specifications common to the rest of the system, namely low losses, small size and high performance.

there is a need for small antennas to be used with small systems.


As our proposed IPR tends to increase logic masking to prevent the propagation of faults, it inevitably lowers the testability of a circuit.

iPR may produce some random pattern resistant (RPR) faults [16], which have very low detection probabilities and therefore are hard to detect in the random pattern-based testing.


2, further increase in the number of pipeline stages in this manner will increase throughput and area roughly at the same rate, which in turn cannot increase the efficiency significantly.

hardware replication and round unrolling result in a similar effect for MMH applications.


It would be ideal if OptimFilt could produce multiple solutions in a single run that are pareto optimal with respect to multiple objectives.

we would like our PSO algorithm that currently integrates constraints with a combined weighted set of ob jectives to integrate constraints with search for a pareto optimal front.


The authors of [3] have shown that a more ef.cient implementation of the algorithm would have won the HWMCC 2010.

the new algorithm outperforms interpolation-based veri.cation.


Extraction of instructions from the QIDG is done in an as soon as possible (ASAP) fashion based on some priority function.

the initial priority of an instruction is set to be the number of instructions that depend on it.


However, the majority of applications show a well-understood pattern where a data structure receives more accesses than another, yet accounts for fewer misses.

the stack accounts for a signi.cant fraction of accesses without ever presenting a signi.cant problem to the DL1.


inst_out_0[221:0] inst_in_0[209:0]  inst_in_1[209:0] inst_in_2[209:0] inst_in_3[209:0] inst_out_5[221:0]  that can be identified as FICs and employed to provide the scheduler with a partial on-line testing ability.

as for the internal signal issue_tail[4:0], we verified that it produces always a recurring sequence of patterns that is repeated every 8 clock cycles.


This paper contains a novel hardware representation for com- puting dynamic graph algorithms.

we describe a graph-to-circuit construction that can store, modify, and compute with arbitrary graphs.


Therefore, it is less likely those commonly shared memory pages are still in SPM.

a small C loseness(vi, vj ) indicates high likelihood that those commonly shared memory pages are still in SPM.


The contributing components are additive onalogarithmic scale,or multiplicativeona nominal scale.Anegativecomponent meansthatthe componentisa contributorinfavor of the low-end server.

tCO is always infavor of the low-end server because the TCO for the low-end server is about 12 times as low as for the high-end server.


Here, we propose embedded STT-MRAM as a unified eNVM solution for replacing eFlash, OTP, retention flip-flop, and even SRAM when needed.

for battery-powered emerging mobile products with low duty cycles, the STT-MRAM-only memory configuration would be a highly efficient way of maximizing battery life and reducing cost, providing greater systemlevel benefits than replacing eFlash alone.


Previous work that explored how to use the tongue for input, focused on interfaces designed for people with special needs.

inductive or magnetoresistive sensing is used to determine the pose of the tongue inside the user s mouth [5, 7].


1.1 Threat Model We follow the same threat model and assumptions used in [11, 14].

a hardware design can be covertly compromised by HTs inserted into the RTL source code or the gate-level netlist.


The POWER4 is an example of a multi-core processor.

the POWER4 contains two microprocessor cores, an on-chip L2 cache, circuitry associated with the L3 cache directory, and chip-to-chip interconnection circuitry [16].


However, it is still considered worthwhile to implement this additional RCRP, as the MSE improves signi.cantly in both designs.

rCRPs become more capable of representing the entire group of critical reliability paths, thereby largely improving the estimation con.dence.


The basic working procedure of the trust evaluation framework is straightforward.

no modi.cations have been made to the original circuit so the throughput of the original circuit is not altered.


The simplest way to do this would be to simply cut sections into monotonically increasing/decreasing regions.

suppose t0 is the starting point and t1,t2,... are local maximum/minimum points, then each segment starting from point tj to point tj+1 is considered a section.


The optimal replacement policy (OPT) chooses for replacement, the replacement candidate that has a next access farthest in the future [2, 9].

if we order the replacement candidates according to their imminence of access, OPT would replace the line that is least imminent.


In addition it made us realize that more work is needed on this subject.

during a Future Lab, we saw that the doctor at the AMC had to work with three displays: one running the prototype which displayed pictures of injured patients, a second with biomedical data, and a third with a live video from the site.


Considering Rtg = 582O,CBL = 200fF, Cd =3fF , two poles are away by more than three orders of magnitude, and therefore the non-dominant pole can be neglected in the transient response of the cell while reading.


The result from our bound is evaluated by taking the difference between them.

we evaluate the maximum/minimum skew from our bound minus the maximum/minimum skew from Monte Carlo simulation for each pair of sinks.


As future work, we plan to populate a library of generators to demonstrate the ef.cacy of BAG.

three different SC DC-DC regulator instances, targeting different speci.cations, will be fabricated in a commercial CMOS 65nm and we will migrate the full design to CMOS 40nm to explore how to write generators to enable full technology independence.


The above approximation enables us to select a minimum numberofparametersthathave maximum e.ectonthe energy deviation.

by varying few parameters we can observe maximum changes.


While our initial experiments in the application domain are encouraging, they are far from comprehensive and it will be the subject of our ongoing research.

future work will focus on collaborative in-network applications such as multi-Cyclops object detection in di.erent coverage scenarios, hierarchical vision applications and more complex multi-modal sensing scenarios.


Thus, it allows the execution time to scale well with the number of modular multipliers.

by adding further multipliers, the execution time may be reduced as long as parallel execution is not inhibited by data dependencies within the algorithms.


The order in which variables were varied was the same as the order in which they appear in Table 2.

for METAL1 and METAL2 sizing experiments, h12 was modi.ed in the outermost loop, while w12 was varied in the innermost loop.


An analysis of the the mean (µ) and variance (s2) of the light distribution function algorithm indicated that the memories for A, B, and C need to be of each sensor for a given X-Y location.

the 16 bits while the data path required 24 bits.


To address this, we use a simple macro-page preloader.

on a eTLB miss, we load all micro-pages belonging to the same macro-page: For 512 B micro pages, we load all 8 micropages on a eTLB miss.


This slack time can be utilized to increase the system s reliability against transient faults by performing rollback recoveries (re-execution) when errors occur [14].

in the presents of an error, the task is re-executed with the aim to achieve a non-faulty run.


Mon jolo leverages an energy-harvesting power supply to sense energy-consuming loads.

the rate at which the harvester can recharge is proportional to the energy consumption of the attached load.


In the second stage, a set of decompositions are selected from the component decompositions and combined as a .nal complete decomposition.

exactly one decomposition will be selected for a component in such a way that their combination is still an overlay-free decomposition.


Intuitively, this suggests that it is better to connect pads at ports with large Si,asotherwise large currents will have to .ow in and out of the model.

we would want to connect pads to ports that have large conductance to nodes with internal current sources.


It was clear to the second author that continuing transistor bounty could be used to rethink the microarchitecture of the multiprocessor portion of a CMP.

since the designers of a CMP had complete control of what hardware it contained and how it would function, they could contemplate and implement techniques that could never be practical if they required interactions between distinct chips over which the designers may not have complete control, as was the case in canonical SMPs.


Figure 2: Phase delay detection/re-alignment and phase delay modulation receiver Figure 3: Aligning DQ using DQS and DQ/DQS misalignment Figure 4: Slew rate with respect to trace capacitance 4.1 Case Study Phase Delay Modulation In this paper, we explore the possibility of fine-grain timing modulation implemented on high speed communication lines.

we add a delay-based signal to a DDR2 memory interface.


Given that the completion of an OCPce port request requires all OCPi ports to acknowledge (step 5), no upcoming con.icting OCPce port request will be completed, because the blocked OCPi port will not acknowledge its corresponding system intervention.

if two con.icting OCPce port requests are issued concurrently, the .rst to be turned to intervention Figure 5: hardware for serialization port request and show up on bus will block the second; once the .rst one is completed, the requestor s OCPi port will unblock and the second system intervention port request will be acknowledged, enabling the generation of the second OCPce port response.


However, the equations that need to be solved are different, and involve different variables, compared with the ones solved with the brute-force Monte Carlo simulation approach.

r we use linear(ized) time,space}-varying, nonstationary formulations.


4.4 Performance Results We .rst present the performance summary, and then isolate each feature of recursive stealing.

we answer the following questions: (1) How bene.cial is locality-aware stealing?


C. Parallelism Across Simulated Instants All the works presented above have in common the fact that they parallelize the content of d-cycle, but cannot run in parallel processes that should be executed at different simulated times.

they require a simultaneity between processes to take advantage of parallelism.


The underlying philosophy of existing designs can be summed up as A context cannot access what is explicitly labeled as o.-limits to it or to which it lacks pointers .

labelling and linking is just for well-behaved kernel code to observe the internal contract that data does not .ow between contexts.


For example, if all optimal circuits are written to a hypothetical 100+TB 5400 RPM hard drive, the average time to extract a random circuit from the drive would be expected to take on the order of 0.01-0.02 seconds (typical access time for 5400 RPM hard drives).

it would likely take longer to read the answer from a hypothetical hard drive than to compute it with our implementation.


These extremely sparse metal layers are best utilized for 1.

the latency of a transmission line to the .rst order is determined by the speed of light in the dielectric surrounding the interconnect instead of the time to change the charge across the wire s capacitance.


Observation: Invariant Functional Form Property: This property states that: f () .Y P X P ) .

the form of function y = x =f ( f is independent of its input type (deterministic or statistical.)


The method resorts on suitable feature extraction from speech recordings and their sparse representation, enabling to trace the recording device.

the random spectral features (RSFs) are proposed as intrinsic features for tracing the recording device.


In the sequel, we assume that each routing track is fully segmented.


In general, DRAM devices with higher data rates cause more concerns on reliability.

it has been shown in various tests that increasing the data rate of DDR3 devices by increasing their operation voltage beyond the suggested 1.5V will cause memory data errors.


This guarantees that P2 and P3 observe P1 s write to y (a2) before their respective reads.

the test as given above is not permissible.


This paper presents the first method to successfully synthesize compressor trees on LUT-based FPGAs.

we have found that generalized parallel counters (GPCs) map quite well to LUTs on FPGAs; a heuristic, presented within, constructs a compressor tree from a library of GPCs that can efficiently be implemented on the target FPGA.


We next consider how to strengthen S so that commu-nication efficiency can be achieved.

since our impossibility result relies on the lack of reliable com- munication in S, we consider the following additional assumption: there is at least one unknown correct pro- cess such that the links to and from that process are fair.


2 Notice that the value of the capacitor reference C is arbitrarily selected.

the mismatching between all capacitors can be defined with respect to one of the sampling capacitors , which becomes the CSk golden device ( .CSk = 0).


To do so, LAD is only applied to the n least recently used pages.

the page with least allocated data (LAD) of the n least recently used (LRU) pages is selected for replacement.


Introduction and Background Microprocessors determine the sophistication of many consumer electronics applications [1].

portable equipment not only require more processing power, but also a very stringent power envelope.


Therefore, the arbiter should use the HMAS-TER of cycle 2 to infer that m1 has been split.

the arbiter always needs to keep track of not only the current HMASTER, but also the HMASTER of previ-ous cycles (whose response is yet to arrive).


Because using it for correlation analysis is rather new, the rest of the paper will focus on this type of analysis.

the analysis will be based on the differences between predicted path delays from a timing analysis tool and measured path delays on a set of silicon samples.


The solution of (3) is continuous instead of discrete, and provides a lower bound of vector program (2).

(3) provides an approximated solution to (2).


In its current state of development, the diode characteristics are suitable for this logic family, and the performance characteristics are expected to improve with future work.

by increasing the Mn content of the heterojunction, the diode is predicted to have increased magnetoresistance.


CQT FEATURES Human perception of repetitions in popular song is generally based on melody similarity but not timbre similarity.

we are going to discover melody repetition more than timbre repetition.


Our derivations provide valuable design insights and allow a deeper understanding of key design implications of memristor-based memories.

we investigate the design of read and write circuits and analyze data integrity and noise-tolerance issues.


For the theorem, it is assumed that a code segment at an arbitrary offset is requested from the code generator module at time t. At time t+1, another code segment is requested (line 8) with its offset p being larger by exactly 64, the bit-width of a generated code segment.

the requested segments are assumed to be arbitrary but consecutive.


To test M, a test pattern must be applied to both the inputs x and y simultaneously.

presence of re-convergent paths in the data path can prevent such application of the test pattern to M. this can happen if the propagation paths to the two inputs of M start from the same primary input and have the same sequential depth2.


Note that X is not exactly identical to X.

this process is lossy due to the irreversibility of quantization.


In a processor pool-based architecture, the cost minimization is only affected by intra-pool task migrations since the cost for interpool migration does not change for a given failure scenario.

the cost of the inter-pool migration is fixed once the task mapping on the new set of processors is determined.


Partitioning policies can have goals other than maximizing utility.

coQoS [29]and METE [49]combine cache and bandwidth partitioning mechanisms to provide endto-end performance guarantees.


It results in the following astonishing expression: µ (,l2)= ------d (14) Mloop l1 2p The above formula shows that the (dipole) forward coupling between the loops is (approximately) a small constant when the segment lengths are long enough.

the forward coupling inductance between the loops is well approximated by a constant which only depends on the distance of the current return; when the segment lengths increase, the forward coupling inductance approaches this constant as the limit value.


5.7 Lower Bounds with Static Mode Assignments At the opposite corner of global power management lies static mode assignments for each core.

for each target budget, we choose a static mode con.guration for each core and we do not further alter the core con.gurations during application execution.


The basic idea is that if the core running the application can be throttled appropriately, the demand it places on the set of shared platform resources could be controlled effectively.

if one can slow down the memory accesses (loads/stores/fetches) coming from a core, this will reduce its cache occupancy and its impact on memory bandwidth.


Note that the dependent events could be repetitive among send events.

if an upcoming send event n +1 occurs right after send event n, the observing window of these two send events might overlap, which results in the same dependency pattern, the reason is that these two send events are just dependent on the same receive events simultaneously (such as the MPI group communication as MPI_allgather, MPI_alltoall, etc.)


Notice that the target channel does not need to monitor several input channels, since U-turn paths that introduce livelocks are usually prohibited even with heavy traf.c.

the target channel has only to monitor the input channels colored in Fig.5(a).


In our work, sensitivity is considered more important since we want detect hotspot (positive) as much as possible, while we can tolerate false negative.

sensitivity re.ects the ability to identify hotspot correctly.