BIST Design Optimization for Large-Scale Embedded Memory Cores * Tzuo-Fan Chien1, Wen-Chi Chao2, Chien-Mo Li1,2, Yao-Wen Chang1,2, Kuan-Yu Liao2, Ming-Tung Chang3, Min-Hsiu Tsai3, and Chih-Mou Tseng3 1Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 2Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 3Global Unichip Corporation, Hsinchu, Taiwan  ABSTRACT Built-in Self Test (BIST) is a crucial technique for testing embedded memory cores in a System-on-Chip (SoC).

there is not much published work on BIST design optimization for multiple memory cores in the SoC designs.


Therefore, the speed of the analysis techniques and the type of metrics they can provide are more important than absolute accuracy.

when the communication re.nement stage is completed, the system has already evolved towards a more stable state.


Virtual Machine Monitors for x86, such as VMware R ® Workstation and Virtual PC, have instead used binary translation of the guest kernel code.

both Intel and AMD have now introduced architectural extensions to support classical virtualization.


are employed to simulate the mixed-mode PLL systems.

those simulators spend most of the CPU time on calculating the accurate waveforms of the digital circuits like PFD and I-A modulator.


Power gating [5] is one of the most effective ways to suppress leakage power.

the data stored in the registers and accordingly the state of the circuit may disappear due to leakage in the sleep mode.


region is relaxed from the Corner-P-I result by accurately estimating the 3s corner value of the MTJ write current.

this result may become optimistic as the thermal .uctuation is ignored.


Fast memory access times and design for density have been two of the most important target design criteria for many years.

with device scaling to achieve even faster designs, power supply voltages and device threshold voltages have scaled as well, leading to degradation of standby power.


Note that the error detector is able to detect a fault only when a deadlock is caused, the faults on unused wires are not detectable and the faults on infrequently used wires are slow to detect.

as long as a fault causes a deadlo ck, it is found and accurately reported soon after.


Global needs are ignored by most of these approaches.

zhang et al [4] proposed DAG driven technique which performs register allocation before scheduling.


Since the shadow switch is work-conserving, all f cells leave the switch exactly f timeslots after the .rst cell is dispatched.

a PPS completes this execution after at least f r. time-slots, because f cells are sent to the same plane, and only one cell can be sent from this plane to the output-port every r .


Researchers have also proposed various approaches to optimize delay yield by tuning VDD/VT or choosing gates of di.erent drive strengths, for example in [7].

functional yield was not considered until [8][9], which address unsatisfactory VOH and VOL in sub-threshold inverters whose output levels are degraded by leaking devices, such as in a register .le.


As a result, the more the distribution is skewed, the more performance is a.ected.

while the approach of Balakrishnan et al.


Otherwise, large voltage drops will result.

the capacitance must be kept small enough to ensure that they do not bypass the modulated signal itself.


Note that die D has a small fault (50% of maximal current) and can be detected as anomalous.

figure 7 also shows how the deviations increase in the same way that the maximal current does (except for faulty circuits).


MOTIVATION AND RELATED WORK We believe that in order to be widely used, security must be embedded into WSN development tools.

as mentioned above, the integration of security into WSN applications is typically not supported by most WSN middlewares.


It is clearly seen that the 2nd order AWE model cannot capture well the variation of the output response.


Due to the implied performance penalty, power gating is nowadays mainly used in multi-core processors to switch o. unused cores to reduce power consumption [21].

it also becomes more and more popular in low-power embedded systems [4, 19].


In such a case, Property 5.1 does not hold.

the probability of such case is very small: 2N1 ß2N1 -2aN1 - N2 e = e = e -16 =1.125 ×10-7 .


Also the trees constructed by [10] do not consider the gate overlap between tree gates and non-tree gates, a replacement/legalization step has to be applied to resolve the overlap issue.

the placement step also changes nontree gates and the wirelength measurement on restructured trees after re-placement/legalization can not directly re.ect the tree restructure quality.


It should be noted in Case 3 that for the same set of arrival times and deadlines, the single phase clocking succumbs because the deadline constraint does not meet.

its dual phase clocking counterpart gives a feasible schedule with a much higher con.dence than mean sampling value.


Especially the cache refills require low latency, since the processor may be stalling for the result.

low latency does not have to be guaranteed for every individual memory access.


However, using a topology with similar structure but with more forwarding nodes (mesh topology with sink node in the corner), load balance induces a lower radio energy consumption.

locating the Base Station in the corner of the area to study, using mesh or tree structure, the average radio energy consumption is almost the same; higher than mesh with sink in the corner, but lower than cluster topology.


Assume TSV2 is not faulty, and when TSV1 is also not faulty, TG2 will disconnect the redundant path from TSV2, and TSV2 s downstream capacitance will be calculated from wire in black dotted lines.

when TSV1 is faulty, both TG1 and TG2 are turned on, and the   (b) TSV pairing (a) Dependency (c) Capacitance (d) Skew Fig.


The algorithm achieves the CRLB for small angular estimation errors (for N = 6 receivers), but the performance deteriorates for large spreads in AoA.

the sequential algorithm, whichis aninstance of a stochastic approximation algorithm lutionusingbothAoAand range modalitiesissimilartothat with AoA alone with moderate increases in N. with very good range measurements, very large increases in N are necessary to achieve competing resolution.


Cost = Ftree +(w -1) ×Cb1 (4) From (3), we see that Ftree is always smallest for a 1-level tree.

this means that b1 = N in (4), resulting in an increased Cb1 compared with a multi-level tree.


Our thermal model incorporates both the buried oxide (BOX) layer and the SRAM cell layer.

the interconnect layer is not included in the thermal model.


ACOUSTIC MODEM  The AT-WU system presented in this work is not restricted to a specific acoustic modem.

the overall modem con-sumption obviously depends on the WU system and the modem as well as their operational interconnection.


Ann Gordon-Ross University of FloridaGainesville-FL, USA ann@ece.u..edu Frank Vahid University of California, Riverside Riverside-CA, USA vahid@cs.ucr.edu Memory subsystem parameters such as total size, line size, and associativity can be tuned to an application s temporal and spatial locality to determine the best cache con.guration to meet optimization goals [3].

the effectiveness of such tuning is dependent on the ability to determine the best cache con.guration to complement an application s memory addressing behavior.


However, as technology scales from 0.07µm to 0.035µm, and correspondingly leakage power increases from 22% to 67%, supply voltage scaling becomes less effective in reducing power consumption.

combined supply and threshold voltage scaling provides more power savings as leakage power increases.


Using separate wires for QoS arbitration incurs 3% area overhead.

the additional QoS arbitration cycle can be overlapped with the prior routing operation for the output bus, avoiding a laten Fig re 8.


Let V1 be the initial value of V(t) and V2 be the maximum voltage the rising edge of Table 3 Dynamic Power of a 4-LUT under different input vector pairs 2.4.2.3 Transition Density and Glitch Analysis A recent work on FPGA power modeling [Poon02] uses Boolean difference to calculate the transition density.

it is difficult for Boolean difference to precisely capture the spatial and temporal signal correlations among circuit nodes [Chou96].


A simple color balancing scheme is also proposed to achieve globally balanced decompositions.

the proposed algorithm has no control of assigning the same patterns for the same type of cells.


the density variation between locations which are far from each other is actually not so critical, in that the pressure/speed of the polishing pad can be (self)adjusted during CMP.


This fact is well exploited for wire length optimization of one dimensional single-row cell placement with fixed ordering [3, 13, 17].

when it comes to the more complex two dimensional block placement, researchers find it no longer possible to use this function for optimization because the order of the blocks is not fixed.


The thermal coefficient (TC [ppm/ºC]) of the present work is comparable to the state-of-the-art in the sub-1V voltage references arena.

the big advantages of the present work are the circuit area and the fine control of the inversion level (IC Control) of the two transistors in the SCM.


In general, a preferred-direction implementation of the X Architecture is likely to increase the number of vias and can be worse for delay despite the reduction in wire length.

the M2 path from (0,0) to (0,10) to (10,20), with a wrong-way diagonal jog, includes no vias and is also 19.5% shorter than the Manhattan connection (Figure 4d).


[10] propose an iterative procedure for building accurate linear regression models from simulation data, and obtained estimates of the signi.cance of microarchitectural parameters in superscalar processors.

we observe that the accuracy of linear models in predicting processor performance is much lower than the non-linear models we present.


In an 8-way set-associative cache, only one of the eight ways is actually used in the end, meaning that up to 87.5% of the energy is wasted.

the L1 cache is performance-critical and this energy does improve latency.


This is because the graph only shows direct links inside the subtopic.

when we also consider the links from the System subtopic (see Figure 10), the total number of links to Polled I/O is 20 (60.6%), and to interrupt-driven I/O is 18 (54.5%).


We see that, as the number of BHQ[i] entries increases, the lost detection window decreases (Figure 8(a)) and the hit rate increases (Figure 8(b)).

we have to do more timestamp comparisons until a hit or BHQ[i] exhaustion (Figure 8(c)), and the BHQ takes more area.


Due to the wider tracks in this set of routes, the contribution to the total delay due to inductive effect among signal nets alone increased to an additional 5.5% of the RC delay for both processes.

the contribution of inductive effect under the non-ideal power supply to the total owo delay still maintained 7% and 8% for the 0.18 and the owo 0.13 processes, respectively, in addition to the delays due to the inductive effect among signal nets alone.


To maximize the rank idle time for memory power saving, our scheme delays the row activation command as late as possible.

a row has to be opened for column access to get the data transferred.


Within one group, the subjects were well acquainted with each other.

members of one group hardly knew members of the other group.


Memory controllers can throttle requests to manage power [15].

our work improves powermode ef.ciency as multiple studies highlight increasing dif.culty of .nding usable idle times [7, 29].


From these curves it can be seen that for the same probability of timing violation, the deterministic approach always generates a solution with higher expected leakage.

for a .xed expected leakage, the probabilistic approaches always generated a solution with smaller probability of violating the timing constraint.


Diodes can be placed near the gates with antenna violations and protect the gates by restraining the charge voltage level [9, 16].

diode insertion depends on placement space and diodes present extra capacitive load to the signal nets they are attached to.


this is a rather unrealistic model, since the wire width very soon becomes wider than the die side.


To amortize the synchronization overhead, we now place all of these updates in a single transactional region.

dynamic coarsening combines multiple dynamic instances of the same transactional region.


The input excitation is a single-tone sinusoidal signal in the simulation.

due to the nonlinearities, many harmonic components are generated when such a single-tone signal passes through the receiver.


It should also be mentioned that we choose to show the histogram at this con.guration because its µi is the smallest among 20 populations, and therefore is likely to be biased by the prior distribution.

the bias is almost negligible as can be seen from Fig.


The area-delay product is comparable to that of deterministic implementations with adders and multipliers.

the circuits are much more error-tolerant.


If the optimal alignment taiopt = t, asisillustrated in Figure 5(b), we compute the noise on node l at the optimal align ment, constrained by the switching window of [taie,tail]of k. If taiopt > t and the switching window of k has not yet ended at time t,there is again ambiguity about whether the optimal alignment can occur and we schedule a check point for a future point in time to determine if the optimal alignment is possible.

contrary to the early event time computation, the check point is scheduled at the noisy victim late event time t , computed with the aggressor aligned at vntime t at node k (line 14,15).


Otherwise, the object is placed in the non-protected area.

during pro.le creation, the computed reference for two or more di.erent objects might become the same.


All of these selected polygons are the complete shapes.

for the accuracy of computation, we only need the shape of the polygon within the sample region.


A larger number of initial beacons allow us to estimate the timing model parameters with better accuracy, thereby increasing the synchronization accuracy.

beyond 500 beacons, the improvement is marginal.


From readings in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 we conclude that the internal oscillator modes consume less power regardless of whether the radio is ON or not..

for the external oscillator, when operating at less than the oscillator frequency (0.9 3MHz) some frequency limiting circuitry functions consuming more power as compared to the high frequency range (3 8MHz) as indicated in Tables 4 and 5.


For power-constrained applications, such as medical instruments, wireless sensor networks, and implantable devices, subthreshold SRAMs and logics are popular utilized to minimize power consumption.

with the progress of process technology scaling down, designing reliable subthreshold circuits have to face many challenges, including process-induced device variation, serious threshold voltage variation due to dopant fluctuation, and decreasing Ion-Ioff-ratio.


Some observations:  The relative share of intermediate routers out of all nodes is highest in 2-dimensional sparse mesh and the relative share is asymptotically the smallest for sparse CCC.

for practical values of p the relative shares are almost the same for the sparse CCC (T(log p)) and e.g.


This stopping rule models the clumps of the coverage items in a statistical manner updating the assumed probability distribution parameters in every test case based on the testing history.

since the interruption sizes are distributed as LSD, there should be at least one new coverage item per interruption covered.


Some input vectors would aggravate circuit aging, while some others may partly recover aging.

the logic signal on the data path before and after sampling may be the same value (i.e.


The probability that a randomly selected node is an attacker is (1 -g)fn, and we have: E(Tu)= TRR + 1 (E(Tsense )+ E(Tdetect)+ E(TRR)) × ( -1) (3) (1 -(1 -g)fn)h Time to find a good path in Reputation System(minutes) the node a long time to .nd a good path.

when pis close to 0 or the route length is small, Tu approaches 0, which means that the node can .nd a good path quickly.


Shared cofactors are important in avoiding the logic duplication during partitioning.

they are independent of control variable.


However, the software implementation fails to meet the timing limits with three or four sources, since in both cases the execution time is longer than the audio one.

the proposed hardware approach, can process all of them in real-time.


As expected when a small number of buffers are used, such as 2, the synchronous implementation uses less power compared to the asynchronous due to the extra overhead of the synch/asynch converters and serializers.

when the number of buffers increase the power in the synchronous implementation increases unlike the asynchronous implementation which remains relatively the same.


These modeling concepts support an interface-based design style [7] through separation of communication and computation.

the communication modeling concepts in these languages have been primarily designed for simulation purposes and to date no feasible hardware synthesis methodologies have been presented for related interface protocol descriptions.


For k =1, the correctionbased approach determines that the error can be corrected by inserting an appropriate value at the bottom line.

it can not determine the concrete error positions, since a correction can be inserted at any of the gates g3, g4, and g5, respectively.


As shown in the plots, the PDF of circuit delay changes significantly when the correlation changes.

the normal approximation matches quite well with the Monte Carlo simulation even when .LGATE reaches ±50%.


With the advent of the instructionalscreensaver, the necessity to leave the visor in an indicativeposition decreased.

if the visor is left with the camerapointing towards the user space, there is a risk that movement inthe distance will prevent the screensaver from being triggered.


This means that ti progresses in its execution until it reaches pnext without being preempted, i.e., from a progression of prog(k), ti reaches a progression of pnext by being executed only for (pnext - prog(k)) time units, and with an unchanged cumulative preemption delay of total delay(k).

in the execution scenario built by Algorithm 1, (k+1) ti s execution reaches a progression of prog= pnext by being executed for Qi time units, and with a cumulative preemption delay of total delay(k+1) = total delay(k) + delay= max total delay(k).


In the current implementation, increasing the number of signatures increases the search time linearly.

doubling the signature size has no appreciable impact on the coprocessors detection latency performance.


Reasonable values today might be thick-oxide antenna ratio of 400 for I/Os, and thin-oxide antenna ratio of 2000 for gates.

the ITRS [27] calls for new high-k gate dielectric materials by 2005-2006.


We show that the data packing technique requires 38 wires for a 32-bit bus and achieves a speedup of more than 2.3× and 1.5× over the unencoded bus in the address and data buses, respectively.

the data permutation technique requires 34 wires for a 32-bit bus and achieves a speedup of more than 1.6× and 1.4× over the unencoded bus in the address and data buses, respectively.


The capacitance of the direct wires is close to zero, which leads to the small value for the coe.cient kmod 3 .

in the case of the interconnections between a module and theI/Opins, many lines aregoing around the module, leading to a higher number of double and hex lines, Error [%] Error [%] which results in a higher value for the coe.cient k3 io .


Ideally, it would be desirable to scale VDD such that the baseband operates at this minimum energy point.

as previously mentioned, the baseband processing must sustain a throughput of 500 MSPS in order to achieve real-time demodulation.


Recent research has seen the emergence of CED techniques that try to meet coverage requirements at minimum cost instead of trying to guarantee coverage of broad classes of errors, e.g., [10, 11].

these techniques have one or more disadvantages that limit their integration into standard design .ows.


While prior research typically utilizes mesh interconnects due to their simple implementation, meshes are prone to hot spots and penalize tiles at the network edges.

torus interconnects have no edges and treat nodes homogeneously, spreading the traffic across all links and avoiding hot spots.


One of the key differences between the two of FPGA and ASIC layouts is the existence of so called long nets in FPGAs that connect distant CLBs with almost no delay penalty.

correlation of the physical distance and delay between two nodes is an underlying fact in ASIC designs.


For read operations, when the WE signal is 0 , the write termination signal is also 1 .

as in this case the write circuitry is not active, the write termination signal has no effect.


INTRODUCTION Driven by the Moore s law, the semiconductor industry has successfully doubled the integration density every two years for a few decades and is expected to continue its steady pace in the nanometer era.

accompanied with the constantly elevated performance, the power density and operating temperature of high-performance chips keep increasing, posing challenges for the thermal design of the chip packages.


Various sophisticated fiber-optic interferometric sensors have already been well researched, involved that the intrinsic Fabry-Perot (IFP) sensor, the extrinsic Fabry-Perot (EFP) sensor and the in-line fiber etalon (ILFE) sensor [1-4]in particular, which present a high resolution, a resistance of electromagnetic interference, and be easily inserted into or attached to different engineering structures.

each type has its own disadvantages, especially interfered by thermal and bent effect, be difficult to fabricate in large-scale and a weak multiplex ability to realize a distributed system.


Accordingly, it s no surprise that the Huawei Gen3 has greater throughput than SDF.

with increasing batch size SDF s throughput correspondingly increases.


Authentication involves an one-to-one match between a sample measured from the .eld and an enrolled template.

identi.cation involves an one-to-many match, with a sample being matched against the enrollment database.


Under conditions of our experiments and considering limits of the proposed models, we can conclude that (1) the implementations of evolvable systems which are based on the idea of VRC are not so sensitive to faults in the con.guration memory as it could be assumed if one considers their higher implementation cost (however, they are more sensitive to faults than a VRC-less solution), (2) it is possible to improve fault tolerance of digital circuits by means of their evolutionary design directly in the VRC and (3) redundant components (LUTs) help to protect the circuit from faults in the con.guration bitstream.

these experimental results obtained from simulations must be con.rmed by real implementations of VRCs in FPGAs and in real environments.


A smaller partition size has the advantage of faster CRIB turn around time, and is thus able to uncover distant independent instructions.

a smaller partition size has higher ARF overhead, as ARF latches have to be inserted between each partition.


complexity of dual edge-triggered storage elements, their delay is typically larger than that of single edge-triggered structures.

the delay of the proposed flip-flop is comparable to the fastest high-performance single-edge triggered designs: 33% worse than SDFF and 20% worse than HLFF (39% and 25% including the duty cycle penalty) as shown in Fig.


), and .nally the decrease of the absolute slack on the critical paths require testing of the IC at application frequency.

the test cost must be kept on a minimum involving low cost tester solutions.


In both cases the contention pattern; whether it exists, would be determined by the logic controlling the synchronizing dcfifo and the master state machines.

the data and instruction masters of Nios give an additional complexity to the problem, since the time when these two masters request SDRAM depends on the application software running.


As a result, for high performance applications, technology improvements to obtain smooth edges and good substrates are necessary for GNR interconnects to outperform copper.

for low-power applications, GNR interconnects, even with their high resistance, can outperform copper wires.


P 63 9 P clock=12 clock=12 S=10,E=2  S=0,E=1 1 CC CC 1 2 Probability Probability 1 23 21 clock=14 P 9 9 P clock=14 1 23 21 S=0,E=1 S=2,E=1  101112 13 14 CC 1 1 CC 8 9 10 11 12 Time Time P 9 9 P Unit A Unit B clock=15 clock=15 S=slack S=1,E=1 S=3,E=1 E=event CC 1 1 CC Figure 5: An example of clock selection.

randomly choosing the clock cycle time without .rst identifying possible candidate clocks leads to exhaustive searching, which is highly undesirable.


In these implementations, control and restoration unit has .xed implementation which is function independent and must be done during fabrication.

the implementation of the logic unit is .exible and depends on the logic function, which is reprogrammable.


For instance, if there is a rectangular region on the screen that displays Thomas Jefferson in some readable font, a human might expect that pressing that portion of the screen would select Jefferson, causing Jefferson s name to be highlighted and eventually causing a vote to be recorded for Jefferson if no other selection is subsequently made in this contest.

because it involves semantic interpretation of the contents of a particular screen image by a human it is not clear how to specify this expected behavior in a precise, mathematical fashion.


Previous researchers [25][27][16] have proposed several ways of automating the design process for various kinds and circumstances of programmable logic, which we review in Section 2.

none of this past work fully considered the implications of using automated layout tools to fabricate a complete FPGA.


The4-way unrolled code is shown in Figure 8, where we unroll once in x direction and once in y direction.

this rewriting technique does not help without further memory partitioning, as each on-chip memory block only has limited ports.


Thus, less target layers results in higher yield enhancement.

when Yo becomes high (>40 50%), the savings of amortized con.guration cost penalty begin to dominate, resulting in better yield enhancement with larger L. there cannot be too many device layers in a 3-D structure.


Schematic of a test circuit to investigate body voltage bounce makes an exhaustive search infeasible.

determining which wells to .oat can be intelligently done with a genetic algorithm.


Thus, the speci.ed function of the fuse bit is irreparably damaged by the circuit edit.

since fuse bits are generally not modi.ed during product life time, such an edit does not a.ect the overall functionality of the device.


Simulation results show that for the long-range LIC system with a saturated booster optical amplifier, the RZ modulation can offer a longer transmission distance than the NRZ modulation.

for the short-range LIC system without an optical amplifier, two formats achieve similar maximum transmission distances.


If the aggressor input early event aie has not occurred at time t, we compute the noiseless victim transition and schedule it (line 16).

if taie < t, we compute the optimal alignment time for aggressor input k for a noisy late event at the vic opt tim node.


)= pear strange and is infact not done in [6].

it im- H0+ .1H11 + .21H12 + .2H21+ (7) +.2 plies that BA = LAT when B= LT, which, as we shall see has 2H22 + .1.2Hxt  Figure 1.


Furthermore, more .ne-tuned algorithms [2], [4] were proposed to speedup the decap optimization.

practical power grids are massive in size and require long analysis times, making optimization methods very time-consuming.


RE QU I R E M E N T S Such a testbed solution should essentially have the ability to control the on-board temperature of wireless sensor nodes.

in order to accurately reproduce the temperature dynamics that can be found in typical deployments, it is not simply enough to choose off-the-shelf heating and cooling elements and connect them to the testbed.


At the end of placement, if required, the Place tool also packs multiple small user memories into each CG, ensuring they do not overlap.

the problem of splitting a large user memory across multiple CG is left for future work.


Because of tightly allotted design time and expensive mask cost, pre-fabrication timing veri.cation considering both manufacturing and environmental variability will become a key technology for successful chip design.

recent chip design with lowered supply voltage yet increasing power dissipation enforces us to endure delay variation due to supply voltage .uctuation [5, 6].


With increasing divergence degree the performance of all the methods decreases.

the majority method achieves the best performance on all benchmarks.


A brute-force approach would enumerate all the possible combinations.

such an approach would result in exponential complexity.


In [11], an active diode, which consists of a large PMOS transistor and a comparator, was used to reduce the voltage drop and power loss for piezoelectric conversion.

an external 3.3V voltage supply was still required for the power supply of the comparator [11].


We focus on improving speaker recognition using one independent phone without any further infrastructure.

our work could contribute to overall improvements in collaborative approaches.


The proposed hybrid inter-sector CoMP schemes causes a slight degradation in BER performance, compared to coherent inter-sector CoMP.

the hybrid CoMP schemes requires less feedback information to be suitable for real cellular systems.


The interface synthesis is carried out by an allocation procedure of data storage components (FIFO, LIFO and register).

the size of storage elements is not computed or even taken into account during the design process.


ARM Ltd 1 110 Fulbourn Road Cambridge, UK CB1 9NJ krisztian.flautner@arm.com MPEG video playback requires an order-of-magnitude higher performance than playing MP3s.

running at the performance level necessary for video is energy-inefficient for audio.


Recent efforts have been devoted to developing such models [3, 6, 7, 15].

these models must be solidly corroborated by reliable hardware data.


Direct comparisons would be dif.cult to make, even if we had access to their source code, because advanced data structures use more memory and require signi.cant up-front set-up, along with maintenance.

a single-threaded version of LIRE takes only <15% of runtime in our entire place-and-route .ow, despite frequent (>10) invocations by the placer (Table 1).


As one might expect, we observe a trend of increasing LSE rates as temperature rises.

the magnitude of increase is much smaller than expected based on common models and estimates, in particular when isolating the instances of LSEs per model per data center.


A .rst thought is to move the outlier cells from the low-Vdd region to a high-Vdd region.

such a longdistance movement is very likely to make some of the nets of the paths passing through the moved cells longer, and violate the timing.


Also, the accuracy of the methodology is enhanced because of the MOR parameters re.nement step.

a systematic method for picking the initial guess of the number of clusters k and the criteria for conformance checking can both help improve the proposed MOR scheme each of which we are further developing at this time.


We propose an automated partitioning scheme that partitions the architecture, cannot be fully automated and requires manual interaction.

if the designer requires gate-level timing simulation with full SDF back-annotation, TPSIM can be used.


As shown in Figure 1(a), with the whitespace-allocation approach, whitespace is allocated in the congested region and spreads the nearby four blocks.

the allocated whitespace does not relieve the routing congestion, but degrades the placement quality (total HPWL).


3.1.2 Masked Dual-Rail Pre-Charge Logic (MDPL) In dual-rail logic styles such as WDDL, complementary wires need to have the same capacitive load.

building two perfectly balanced wires is quite challenging in modern LSI design.


VP predicts the spatial variations without training a model [4], which is thus applicable for real-time analysis during test application.

the computation time becomes a critical factor for such real-time applications.


Since in practice, most faults not detected by a conventional sequential ATPG are untestable, we can conclude that WAVEXPRESS usually detects most of the sequentially detectable faults.

wAVEXPRESS cannot determine whether the undetected faults are untestable.


A. Validity Checker In order to forbid certain input values explicitly the SAT formulas and BMC problem instances from Section III-B could be modi.ed accordingly.

specifying the desired constraints with SAT clauses is tedious and counterintuitive, particularly for complex constraints.


Test generation using model checking is one of the most promising approaches.

this approach is unsuitable for large designs due to the state explosion problem.


While having the lowest clock frequency, the MicroBlaze processor has the highest energy consumption, requiring 48% more energy than the ARM11, which has the second highest overall energy consumption.

the MicroBlaze warp processor is able reduce the energy consumption by an average of 57%, with a maximum energy reduction of 94% for the application brev.


On subsequent accesses to a private block, the processor will .nd it in its L1 cache (in case of no eviction), so no additional directory access will be done.

when a private block is removed from the processor cache, the protocol can invalidate the associated directory entry.


This analysis helps us understand the performance impact of constraints introduced by output comparison and input replication.

we do not examine an SRT processor s performance in the presence of faults because that depends on the specific fault recovery scheme, which is beyond the scope of this paper.


From the .gure we can see that large-scale crossbars tend to gain higher power savings from segmentation since the overhead of tri-state buffers gets relatively smaller.

for a .xed crossbar size, increasing the number of segments does not always result in higher power savings, e.g.


The experimental results show that our method is very e.cient and practical in identifying the hotspots.

there are still lots of works remain undone, such as continuously pushing for a higher accuracy.


At the outputs of Gate 2 and Gate 3, the proposed method provides the accurate waveforms close to those of circuit simulation results.

the conventional methods shift the input waveform to .t the .nal 0.5Vdd crossing timing, and hence the considerable amount of estimation error occurs.


When we consider the .oorplan the entire system, we face a problem with about 800 components, including cores, L2 and L3 caches and routers.

in this work we deal with tiled hierarchical CMPs, which have several proven bene.ts by enabling a divide-and-conquer design strategy.


The mean latency of the plot is 97.87 clock cycles which is close to the peak of the plot.

there are a large number of packets (214, over 50 %) that experience transmission latency that is more than double the average latency.


Similar to our experiments with meetings, the speech is single-channel.

the speech data contained in sitcoms have slightly di.erent properties compared to speech recorded in meetings.


Depending on the logic implemented, Boolean matching may determine that this logic block can be implemented by a two node logic block (6 and 7, in Figure 3(b)), saving one LUT.

this substitution forms the combinational cycle 5 .


This approach has the advantage that PUs can operate at independent clock frequencies and switch on and o. as needed.

this approach requires a solution to the problem of providing low power, asynchronous, delay tolerant communication between the PUs within a SoC.


Only with higher training length GMM exceeded the recognition performance of GMM-UBM.

since for our system it was crucial that new speaker were modelled with small training length, GMM-UBM was selected.


A typical on-chip bus requires around 100 to 200 wires: 32 or 64 bits of write data, 32 or 64 bits of read data, 32 bits of address, plus control signals.

a NoC sends packets, and can do so by splitting them over multiple cycles in .its.


The most important global signals in a SoC are inter-core communication links, traditionally implemented as buses.

buses are inadequate for medium to high complexity SoCs, and they have increasingly replaced by Networks-on-Chip [6, 20].


If this code were translated into RISC instructions of 32-bits each, then a translated RISC version consumes 84 bytes.

with our 16/32-bit variable length instructions, the program consumes 50 bytes.


Thus, the penalty of early high frequency in WT diminishes since the workload estimation based on worst-case execution cycle gives more accurate estimation than in the case of high max/min ratio.

aT still suffers from the penalty of late high frequency settings thereby giving inferior results.


Downsizing a gate can produce violations, but if neighbor cells do not consume the whitespace created by downsizing, the violations can be easily cured by inserting .ller cells.

when a gate is Vt -swapped and creates violations by itself or in relation to its neighbor cells, possible .xing methods should be carefully explored.


The proposed NWC thus detects a subset of silent stores narrow-width silent stores without any additional hardware.

the NWC experiences one additional read access for each write to extract the already cached value.


Hence, every miss in L2 will incur TM 4 seconds.

the data which is found in L2 is served by the L2 in TL2 5 seconds.


Moreover, such attacks can target any and all registers on the device including the registers storing the PUF response [9].

the inherent tamper-evidence in PUFs should ensure that additional attack sensors are not required.


Test generation time for strongly testable datapaths is short since a combinational ATPG tool is used for each hardware element.

it may not be necessary to have a test plan for every hardware element in order to achieve 100% FE.


Note that the optimal net breaking algorithm may not break the net in a even manner.

we can implement the algorithm to search for clusters simultaneously starting from all four corners (instead of only lower-left and lower-right corners as suggested by Theorem 1 and 2, respectively).


Each key is shared only by one pair of nodes.

to obtain a connected random graph with high probability not all N - 1 keys need to be stored in each node in a network with N nodes, as required in the naive pairwise keys solution to achieve a complete graph.


For obvious reasons, the use of a self-timed design reduces clocking power.

it also introduces significant design risk firing sense amplifiers before enough bit-line differential has developed will result in nonfunctional operation.


If the nonlinear behavior is viewed as a sequence of linear models through Taylor Expansions, the Krylov space projection method may be applicable.

this means that the projection matrix should be updated whenever the Jacobian matrix of f is updated.


This scaling leads to a similar scaling for refresh BASE SD HE HER BASE SD HE HER BASE SD HE HER BASE SD HE HER BASE SD HE HER  BASE SD HE HER BASE    SD HE HER ECC will consume 34% of the power consumed by SECDED.

the increase in Hi-ECC s dynamic power pushes its total power to 58% of SECDED s total power.


Accordingly, an enhanced Aegis can take advantage of this additional knowledge for more e.cient partition and determining groups for inverted writing.

this option is too expensive to be adopted.


However, due to the increasing number of critical transition paths, the relative contribution of the numerical integration to the overall runtime of the approach increases signi.cantly.

the Monte Carlo algorithm becomes more ef.cient, because the high cost for generating the large number of high quality random delay values is shared among a greater number of vector pairs.


If the DAG structure follows the logic structure, then it is guaranteed to map all the dependencies inherent in the combinational circuit.

sequential circuits cannot be handled in this manner.


A 4-vertex graph example  6.3 Resource Congestion The purpose of computing the path probabilities is to determine the most routable topology for a given multi-subnet net.

there are many nets that compete for the same resources.


Prefetch-Aware Cache Management (PACMan) [31] coordinates data prefetching and cache replacement.

it cannot resolve to the problem of the unexpected promotions shown in Figure 3, because it does not identify the prefetched cache lines after the prefetch request has inserted the fetched data into the cache.


Various circuit-level and technology-based methods have been proposed to reduce cache leakage.

from a system designer s perspective, for a particular con.guration and workload, it is not clear which method will be most e.ective.


Compared to Mix-Nets protocols, our solution incurs fewer network latencies, requires no special trusted nodes, and is provably secure against non-participating active adversaries.

our solution incurs higher communication and computational complexity.


Reported experimental results on a network similar to the one we used in our propagation experiments state that disseminating 11kB takes 10,000 transmissions: disseminating the 19kB of the native implementation would take approximately 18,000 transmissions.

from the data in Table 3, a RegionsVM program takes fewer than .ve hundred transmissions, less than 3% of the cost, while providing safety.


Under a u-RT demultiplexing algorithm, a switch with speedup S = 2 and input-bu.ers larger than u, can employ a centralized algorithm (e.g., [3]).

a fully-distributed demultiplexing algorithm introduces relative queuing delay and relative delay jitter of at ) ( r N R S time-slots, for any bu.er size under leakybucket .ows with no bursts.


It means that only partial parts of all combinations among CPs and SPs are used in the conventional scheme.

this stems from a rigorous assumption that channel responses of a CP and an SP related to the templates change very rapidly.


Energy Recovery Clocked Dynamic Logic Matthew Cooke, Hamid Mahmoodi, Qikai Chen, and Kaushik Roy School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA { cookem, mahmoodi, qikaichen, kaushik}@purdue.edu Abstract Energy recovery clocking results in significant energy savings in clock distribution networks as compared to conventional squarewave clocking.

since energy recovery clocks are sinusoidal in nature, standard dynamic logic styles do not work efficiently when used with energy recovery clocks.


By evaluating (19) directly for M = 2 and covariance matrix in (26), we have the asymptotic sum-rate as [ ] 1 (1 - d2) Rsum = log + 0.51.

(27) 2 d1d2 the outer sum-rate distortion for two Gaussian source has been previously found as, [7], [ ] 1 (1 - d2) Ro sum = log .


If there are no contention of requests, all requests could be permitted to traverse in the crossbar the next cycle.

if there is, it is resolved based on a scheduling priority.


Therefore, speedups for the remaining optimizations use the accelerator-clustered results as the baseline to represent a fairer comparison with existing HLS tools.

there are FPGA tools that do not automatically combine function circuits into a single bitfile [36].


Read and write operations are performed at the granularity of a .ash page.

the time-consuming erase operations can only be done at the level of a .ash block.


In Figure 2(b), the gate-level wake-up scheduling decides timings of delay buffers, which are placed between sleep transistors, to turn on sleep transistors from left to right in serial order.

for the module-level wake-up scheduling, there is no such constraint.


We call an object long-lived (short-lived), if it is live for a relatively long (short) time.

we define an object is reachable, if it is accessible by following object links from the root set.


Incorporating thermal vias into integrated circuits (ICs) is a promising way of mitigating thermal issues by lowering the thermal resistance of the chip itself.

thermal vias take up valuable routing space, and therefore, algorithms are needed to minimize their usage while placing them in areas where they would make the greatest impact.


(A) In contrast, if the SA's offset is 3.5s from the mean, then almost half of all possibilities for IREADm:1 fail the yield criterion.

because it is less likely that the value for VOS is at least 3.5s, the probability that a die has a failed column like this increases only to 7.5%.


In particular, the bandwidth between two 3Dstacked chips is a function of the chips common surface area, whereas the bandwidth between 2.5D-stacked chips is bounded by their perimeters.

3D stacking incurs additional area overhead for TSVs, often requiring large keep-out regions [2], [42], where a 2.5D-stacked chip is .ipped face down so that the top-layer metal directly interfaces with the µbumps.


For contrast, the theremin has only a portamento, and the staccato is impossible, and the chord is impossible, too.


2.2 FaultyBitsinCacheMemories Parity and SECDED1 [4] can detect and/or correct hard errors in cache memories.

permanent faulty bits cannot be repaired, and thus, there are two options when a hard error is detected: either the hardware is recon.gured/disabled to prevent further errors, or error correction mechanisms such as SECDED are in place to recover original data continuously from faulty data storage.


This makes the RAM state transition from the (X, X) state to the (X, F1) state in the RAM state transition graph.

from the node F1 in the RAM con.ict graph, there are two possible transitions to F3 or F2.


For example, we can .nd the delay distribution of each pipeline stage and determine the faulty stage(s).

the long run time of this approach makes it unsuitable for analysis of actual applications which typically consist of millions of instructions.


Similarly, data that is written but not shared during a particular computation can also be localized: since there is a single copy, there is no interference.

writes by one processor to data that is subsequently read by another processor would appear to be unsuitable for localization.


The abstraction level can be raised further by running an instruction set simulator and estimating the power consumption just from the executed instructions according to [16].

due to inter-instruction e.ects, a lot of di.erent training instruction sequences have to be analyzed in order to obtain a power model of suitable accuracy.


In this case, ideally there should be some mechanism that will automatically learn the new words uttered by the children, which can later be reviewed by the parents to provide the mapping with the meaningful words.

in this paper we do not demonstrate this mechanism and keep it for future work.


Based on Table 1, incremental arrival-time (required-arrival-time) calculations may not seem to be the most attractive application of the concept given that N in this case is typically less than 10 (50).

incremental chip slack calculation involves a min operation over tens-of-thousands of Gaussian test-slacks, wherein only a small subset of test-slacks are updated during each incremental timing optimization step.


If a redundant wire is routed inside the connection region of the L-type or U-type wire, the redundant wire can be defined as an internal redundant wire.

if a redundant wire has any detour path outside the connection region of the L-type or U-type wire, the redundant wire can be defined as an external redundant wire.


It is interesting to see that circuits created by FlowMap are indeed comprised of mostly 3-input cells.

these circuits have relatively large delay compared to those obtained using DC flow.


Conventional error detection and correction methods utilize redundant storage [12] with increased area overhead for the copies.

our technique exploits already existing redundancy between consecutive RAT copies.


[49,50])buildupon the progress in formal veri.cation in order to perform synthesis.

there is a long way to go before automated synthesis is practical and widely applicable.


The GNoC has a similar behavior with an almost constant area of 10110 slices.

this area is lower than the one obtained from the SNoC.


For Blackscholes and Canneal, all the settings exhibit similar execution times.

the ones that operate core folding and PCPG (PCPG-Only, PCPG+DVFS and PAMPA) manage to lower system power consumption signi.cantly with respect to the baseline.


By iteratively trying different routing paths, it can finally produce quite high-quality routing results that are hardly improvable by any other known place-and-route tool.

under an effective rewiring strategy, it is encouraging that the critical path delay can still be further reduced by up to 31.7% (avg.


Technologies for Impact Assessment A number of techniques have been proposed for performing Environmental Assessment of a given plan, namely probabilistic reasoning [9] and fuzzy and multi-valued logic [10].

performing the Strategic Environmental Assessment during the plan construction means combining the evaluation and the planning models.


If the MPSoC contains same number of functional cores as was available initially (no fault occurred), core distribution is according to the mapping fetched for the use-case.

if there are failures, one or more cores need to share tasks of multiple applications.


INTRODUCTION Ready-to-use IP designs of complex functionalities greatly reduce the time and effort of hardware development.

iP designs in the form of static library modules have the limitation Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Recently, bus-driven .oorplanning problem has attracted much attention in the literature.

current algorithms adopt an oversimpli.ed formulation ignoring the position and orientation of the bus pins may deteriorate the chip performance.


This paper evaluates TADIP for a CMP system assuming one thread per core.

tADIP is also applicable to SMTenabled systems.


Comparing these two approaches, we find that in all test cases, the depthfirst approach is faster by a factor of around 2.

it requires much more memory than the breadth-first approach and fails on the two hardest instances because it runs out of memory.


A delay line alone can measure pulse width at high resolution.

it would require a very long delay line to perform this task, especially when clock frequency scaling technique is used, which results in a large range of pulse width.


Results in a submicron standard cell library indicate e.cient designs with high amounts of speed.

for low operand sizes, decimal compressor trees perform similarly than normal decimal counter trees.


C. Short Fault Activation and Detection For a fault free MUX-DAC, once stable, there is no current from or to the reference voltage generator because the buffer input current is close to zero.

a MUX short can result in a resistive path between two reference voltage outputs depending on the applied pattern.


The formulas found by the exhaustive search and by STEER are about equally fast while the one found by dynamic programming is slower.

dynamic programming times very few formulas, and STEER times orders of magnitude less than the exhaustive search.


Figure 3(b) shows the optimal-timing CSA-tree structure, which we call circuit1, produced by the algorithm in [14] under a restriction on the CSA timing model.

figure 3(c) shows the optimal-timing FA-tree structure, which we call circuit2, produced by the algorithm in [12] under the general FA timing model.


Parameter Descriptions N Number of segments T0 Nominal refresh period Ti Refresh period of Segment i V = Refresh period vector Table 2: TRM parameters Independent refresh operation from each segment requires per-segment row and column access circuitry.

this hardware overhead is minimal since most DDIs have already Figure 6: Transpose unit (* denotes either R, G, or B) adopted multi-bank frame bu.ers to reduce the internal operating frequency by accessing multiple banks simultaneously.


The Receiver Architecturally, the receiver is simpler than the transmitter since it only contains a clock and a decoder.

both of their de.nitions are more complex: rx s clock is more complex because we capture the effects of drift, jitter, and so forth here, so the timeout updates nondeterministically (again using the System.Random library); rx s decoder is more complex because here we model whether rx captures the signal depending on the relationship between tx s and rx s timeouts.


For WR in the 6F2 cell, a lower RAPA product forces the design to be limited by the current handling capability of the Tx.

for higher RAPA the write current is limited by MTJ resistance itself.


In other words, currents strengths are altered in a previously routed sub-net whenever a new terminal is linked to the net (Figure 12).

segment currents should be considered when deciding the routing sequence of net segments.


The objective is then to .nd a minimum subset of relays which cover all terminals.

the relay deployment problem is not equivalent to the set cover problem.


Memristor has very broad applications that include nonvolatile memory, signal processing, control and learning *Seagate Technology 7801 Computer Ave, Bloomington, MN 55435 xiaobin.wang@seagate.com system etc.

most of the current researches on memristor are limited at material and device levels only.


The capacitance of a thin nanowire ribbon will be much lower than that of the copper wire, perhaps as little as 30% as much, depending on the aspect ratio of the copper.

for such thin conductors the resistance of nanotubes will be higher than that of traditional thick copper, but short interconnects (up to 100 gate pitches or so) are not dominated by wire R, but by driver R, and gate and interconnect C. Therefore replacing short copper wires by a thin layer of nanotubes could provide both lower power dissipation and increased performance[20].


al [9] proposed a framework to create designefficient, and cost-effective standard cell layouts.

their framework is not compatible with the traditional standard cell placement, power-rail design techniques.


As a result, simple delay guard-banding can efficiently mitigate the impact of NBTI in random logic.

nBTI degradation in memory shows much severe effect especially when combined with the impact of random process variation, NBTI can dramatically reduce the READ stability of memory cells.


FULL-CHIP SI ANALYSIS By studying the simple TSV coupling pair,we showed that TSV-to-TSV coupling is non-negligible in Section 2.

compared with the standard cell count, the TSV count is much smaller in a realistic design.


These non-MTCMOS IPs are directly powered by VDD and GND, and therefore, vigilant (always awake) even in the sleep mode.

since the output nodes of all MTCMOS gates get floating as the VGND gets floating in the sleep mode, the floating inputs to the vigilant IPs can cause very large short-circuit current that flows from VDD to GND directly as shown in Figure 6.


In a small testcase, if the ratio is high, we cannot achieve much power saving.

all the testcases have many common blocks.


This occurs rarely in practice and we have an infeasible solution where the total wirelength is a lower bound of the optimal solution.

the shortest path information can provide a good starting con.guration and useful guidance towards .nding a feasible solution near the lower bound established.


Also, the algorithm of [1] extends the exact CSE algorithm of [9] to handle the constants under the general number representation increasing the search space and .nds more promising solutions than those of the exact CSE algorithm.

the graph-based algorithms are not restricted to a particular number representation and synthesize the constants iteratively by buildingagraph.


The symbolic part is the variable valuations, which is handled by symbolic simulation.

the scheduler related information is kept explicitly, and is handled by an embedded scheduler.


When building maximum spanning trees, the most critical conductive edges of each node will be selected.

this method does not consider the original conductivities and degrees of the each node, which in turn may lead to very coarse approximation of the original system.


To fit a larger block, (Co-)DCC might need more sub-blocks, which may force a block (or a super-block) eviction.

if the new compressed size is smaller, (Co-)DCC would deallocate the unused sub-blocks, and update the corresponding tag entry and BPEs.


Thus, the OS can dispatch all the instruction pages to the write-hostile memory and stack pages to the write-friendly memory through its virtual-to-physical memory mapping process.

heap pages consist of dynamically allocated objects exhibiting diverse and application-dependent data access patterns.


Since we focus on global wires on VLSI circuits in this paper, single conductor transmission line is enough to be considered.

the formulations being presented here would be very useful for crosstalk modeling considering the coupling inductance effects [3].


It shows that our CIOP incurs the largest wire length increases among all designs for the .rst iteration.

considering the fact that our CIOP satis.es all design constraints while others do not, we believe such a small amount of wire length increase (no more than 8%) is reasonable.


Other popular global optimization techniques such as Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms typically employ penalty functions for constrained optimization problems that may require tens of thousands of function evaluations to converge [8].

mADS is speci.cally designed for rapid convergence on nonlinear constrained global optimization problems [1].


The best assignment would be one that makes a small set of controlling assignments so that the state cube is minimal.

we found empirically that VSIDS makes a larger number of non-controlling assignments at the state variables.


The original objective of dummy insertion is to minimize thickness variation, and a dummy insertion tool chooses a .llable region to place .ll patterns.

the target density might not be the same everywhere in one layer.


We note that average changes are quite small, since capacitance increase of a set of nets compensates capacitance decrease of the other set of nets.

the large increase and decrease of capacitance at one corner result in larger on-chip variations in timing analysis.


Since this type of LTG represents a complex function, it has neither a controlling value nor a non-controlling value.

it still can make the output stable under certain conditions.


through simulating many instances of the circuit.

this approach requires large computation efforts and cannot be used with equation-based optimization to provide fast yield optimization.


Whenit comestoadding detailstothePVmodeltobuild a PVT one, transactors is the less costly approach in terms of modeling effort.


These applications include indoor locationing [4, 12, 13], activity recog nition [5], and augmented reality [23, 11].

due to the common existence of indoor magnetic interferences, device headings suffer from signi.cant errors.


We achieve better energy-softness trade-off by applying relatively small PMOS header.

the PMOS header cannot be too small otherwise it increases the skew between the delayed CLKd and CLKdb signals.


Since it takes roughly 15 minutes to transfer the a few hours of collected data via Iridium, it is not feasible for the glider to transmit at each surfacing.

if we wait and send all the collected data upon completing the assigned trajectory, the glider might remain on the surface for up to one hour.


Actually, both types of fusion over the non-speech regions perform only prediction from the past regression outputs and the learned models of the emotion dimension dynamics (see Section 5.2).

this extrapolation acts as a mechanism in the .ltering process which forces the a.ect states to become much closer to the preceding speech region estimation.


If the proclivity of a workload can be known a priori, advanced programmers can set the desired number of concurrent threads, frequency of the core and the memory system.

static decisions are often infeasible due to three reasons.


In these columns the LSB keeps a steady value of 1, because of the pattern generated by the LFSR.

it is obvious that independently of the size of the TPG and subsequently the size of each column, there will be only two vectors repeated in each such column.


For power grids however, the third dimension is shallow, compared to the other dimensions, as chip height is much smaller and less dense than the die area.

and since in the assumed model we only have capacitances between different planes in the z direction, Cis a 3-diagonal sparse matrix.


Though, many of these systems have very tight reliability constraints.

with decreasing feature sizes to nanoscale dimensions, reliability is threatened by various challenges.


Although the 64-bit ALU circuit has 1142 mortal trees, the fullchip reliability in bulk CMOS implementation is very high.

the full-chip reliability may not be acceptable in SOI implementation particularly at high performance and would require design fixes to reduce the number of mortal trees or improve their lifetimes.


A recently proposed task in MIREX deals with the extraction of musical themes, and could be used for a public evaluation.

it is currently mostly centered in the analysis of musical works in symbolic domain or from synthesized audio, but not from real recordings, which pose more difficulties for this task, so the creation of a custom dataset will be considered.


Thefactthat any memorylocation canbe cached by any process simpli.es greatly the design of e.cient algorithms in the CC model.

in the DSM model memory is partitioned into modules that are tied to speci.c processors.


Moreover, their curves in this case also match the theoretical BER curve for a single carrier BPSK-modulated transceiver operating in an AWGN channel, which is true for both transceivers.

when the percentage of deactivated subcarriers increases, the performance of the two transceivers begins to di.er.


The table shows that LA1 has a modest slowdown of 26%, whereas LA4 has 59% slowdown, once the outliers are accounted for.

since scheduling is only one phase in the entire compilation run, we expect that the overall slowdown will be only modest.


Most STA tools model the noisy input waveform at in_u with an equivalent linear waveform, * eff, with a single reference point (input arrival time) and a constant slope (an effective input slew.)

different waveforms with identical arrival time and slew when applied at in_u can result in very different propagation delays through 4INVx.


Then the design .ow would have to roll back to chip and package design and try to .x those inferior decisions.

without direct feedback of board congestion, the designers have to adjust their designs for many iterations.


The recorded data is then checked offline for consistent behavior.

as the number of recorded signals increases, simulation performance degrades quickly, thus the need of minimizing the recording bit-rate.


If proper negative back-bias is applied with lower body-doping, this increase in the sensitivity can be reduced to a certain extent.

overall the devices with lower body-doping will suffer more from geometry variation (even with proper back-bias).


In an ideal situation where L2 cache slices are larger than program working sets, the OS can allocate new pages to requester cores; each L2 cache slice then simulates a private cache, ensuring fast data access.

if a local cache slice is too small for the program s working set and its performance suffers due to this, subsequent page allocations may be directed to cache slices in other cores to increase the effective cache size.


Therefore, custom designed NoC topologies are the preferred design choice.

creating such topologies is not a straightforward task, but a complex combinatorial problem.


Since there are many different sensing applications that require small, passive transducers and relatively simple amplifying circuitry, this does not severely limit the usefulness of the system within the chosen design space.

some active sensors like air quality sensors and gas detectors which have substantially greater current drives for heaters or pulsed infrared lamps cannot be powered by AudioDAQ.


Not surprisingly, the GREMIO codes that are affected the most contain CMT-style parallelism (adpcmdec and mpeg2enc).

not all benchmarks with CMT were slowed down by this increase in communication latency.


Typically II is determined both by hardware constraints and data dependencies in the application.

since HLS tools are not constrained by a prede.ne micro-architecture, data dependencies alone determine the minimum II that can be achieved.


Further, an SRT processor does not perform output comparison of speculative instructions that get squashed.

time- or spaceredundant functional units must typically check every instruction that passes through them for faults.


Of course, improved alias analysis could eliminate the need for this guideline.

global alias analysis is difficult and in the general case is impossible [15].


BET can be obtained by finding the interval cycles where current dissipations for the PG-enabled and PG-disabled cases become equal.

this technique requires current measurements using an external ampere meter.


The advantage of the .rst scheme is that the read-only data can be replicated, however, it may also decrease the space in replication cache to store replicas for the dirty data.

effective metric to evaluate data cache reliability in [9] the second mechanism only replicate the dirty data.


The first category (the first three rows) has lower performance and higher energy savings.

the second has higher performance but potentially lower energy savings.


From the experimental results, we found that the most effective of these attacks were max/min attacks (i.e., when ai(k)= y min or i ai(k)= yjmax ).

not all of the max/min attacks were able to drive the pressure to unsafe levels.


All prior work on the use of STT-MTJ for logic use it for storage (logic 0 or 1) or as resistive networks to realize single logic gates.

the method described here employs a single STT-MTJ device in conjunction with MOSFETs to realize a complex threshold function.


This problem is minimized by decreasing I0 so that VDB11 also decreases.

such a measure could increase VSB11 = VDS6 possibly deviating M6 from nonsaturation.


So, when OS kernels are located in the privileged level, they are hard to isolate.

if the OS kernels are located in the user level, the kernels need to be modified significantly.


In [15], original physical tag bits are encoded into smaller tag bits.

this scheme requires a relatively complex encoder and OS supports to maintain the reduced tags.


This stems from the fact that the proposed schemes employ more combinations of pilots than those of the conventional scheme (i.e., more combinations of pilots leads to the better IFO detection probability performance in AWGN channel).

in the multipath fading channel, the performance of the two proposed schemes is reversed above the SNR value of -10 dB and the performance of the proposed scheme I and conventional scheme becomes reverse in the SNR range, more than -4 dB, respectively as shown in Fig.


Observe from Figure 4(a) that since Hcub synthesizes target constants once at a time by including intermediate constants, the intermediate constants included for the implementation of target constants in the previous iterations of Hcub may not be shared in the implementation of the target constants in later iterations, although Hcub is particularly designed for this case.

in each iteration of the approximate algorithm, an intermediate constant that can be implemented with the elements of the current ready set is added to the ready set.


incorporated these ideas into their MELDEX system [18] while comparing a relatively short user query string to entire songs.

the relative complexity of this algorithm led them also to include a faster but less precise method devised by Wu and Manber [25] as their default search method.


According to the semiconductor industry association s economic forecast, the growth for DSP processors will continue to grow at an increasing rate [1].

as Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


In terms of power consumption, the .attened butter.y (the topology with the largest occupied area) consumes only slightly more power than the mesh due to the higher leakage of the extra links.

the fat tree consumes the most power because of the large number of high-radix router hops and link stages that a .it traverses, on average.


2s2 P(Xi = x | Zp > t ) =  i (34) v erfc v t 2psi 2sp The expected value is found from the integral: Z 8 E{Xi | Zp > t } = xP(Xi = x | Zp > t )dx (35) -8 Unfortunately, this is unsolvable analytically.

by inspection of (34), it may be noted that the function P(Xi = x | Zp > t ) is approximately Gaussian in shape.


Therefore, we take no action for this kind of infeasible double vias.

if DRW (i, j) intersects with signal wires only, we will perform the following procedure for making dvi,j feasible.


Theoretical results on the area and delay complexity of arithmetic operations using those new paradigms indicate great potential.

one of the most important challenges for implementing circuits based on quantum tunneling thus far has been the stochastic nature of the tunneling process, which in the context of this paper it is a paradigm enabler factor.


Our MTR scheme is similar to AMC in that we resize based on the di.erence between the full cache hit rate and the reduced cache hit rate.

we employ a separate set of tags that are only accessed on misses to gather the full cache hit rate.


The mappings can be chosen in a manner so as to minimize the circuit size.

in general, the size of such an encoder and decoder circuitry increases exponentially with increasing n [15].


Not only obtaining a good initial performance metric population is important, also a design equation which can precisely sketch out the circuit characteristic is necessary.

we tend to keep the stochastic simulation for a .nal search, but also using an evolutionary methodology to reduce the convergent resource.


On the other hand, statistical timing analysis (STA) that characterizes timing delays as statistical random variables o.ers a better approach for more accurate andrealistic timing prediction.

2.1 Quadratic Timing Model to realize the full bene.t of STA, one must address a challenging issue that gate/wire delays in a circuit couldbe correlatedsince two delays might be a.ectedby the same parameter variation such as voltage supply uncertainties, gate channel length variations, wire geometry variations,...,etc.


Improving the runtime of SpiralRoute is one of our directions for future work.

we note that longer runtimes are acceptable for .nal production routing and may still yield some time savings if compared to reiteration or tinkering through the entire FPGA design .ow to generate an alternate placement.


As each piece of the partition is relatively not too large and can fit in a BRAM, the padding size is totally negliable.

if the arrays in the benchmarks are originally large, memory padding may introduce extra memory overhead; this means that more block RAMs are required.


Network-on-chips as an on-chip communication concept, its design methodology with clear advantages have been presented in [1].

while NoC offers substantial bandwidth and concurrent communication capability, its performance may be significantly degraded due to the complexity of design issues.


This is most likely the reason that there has not been much published research in this area.

we believe that this research will still be useful in understanding the capabilities and limitations of 802.11g.


Therefore, we try to allocate variables with higher access frequency and smaller e.ective bitwidth into a smaller memory with fewer numbers of bit lines and word lines, which leads significant energy reduction.

allocating too many memory banks leads increase of energy consumption because of addressing complexity and severe wiring overheads.


Several circuit optimization techniques have been proposed in the literature for preventing soft errors in logic circuits.

most approaches do not incorporate the e.ects of other design metrics like delay and power while optimizing the circuit for soft error protection.


Ideally a smaller capacitance on LBLB node is required to reduce the glitch; therefore N > M is desirable for glitch reduction (Figure 12(b)).

for the same total LBL capacitance (LBLA + LBLB), the best delay is obtained if a significant fraction of the total LBL capacitance is discharged by the early arrival of UWL before SFWL is turned ON.


Since there are two choices of output ports, whenever one of the links becomes faulty, the other link can be used to deliver the packet.

paths are not necessarily minimal while non-minimal paths may be taken when a link is faulty.


Most large-scale P2P systems are asynchronous in nature, i.e., constant on-line presence is not assumed or required from peer nodes.

one extreme of P2P systems covers more traditional, synchronous group communication systems such as Spread [29], Totem [1] or Horus [25] where scalability is typically limited, membership awareness is total and group membership requires constant on-line presence of each peer.


At the theoretical level, one could formalize the problem as a controller synthesis problem, along the lines of works [28, 30] and their successors.


It is not always possible run at the optimum conditions due to market conditions, equipment availability, and premiums for special runs.

this is where the use of the Response-Scaled Run Plot has its advantages.


For example, the second of four 8-bit values would use address bits (1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 0, 4).

we have explored other kinds ofbit-selectionfunctions(e.g.


Clearly, the variable update is performed by the same action for all of these three cases, i.e., CC_SetSpd := ActVehSpd.

one is free to introduce multiple events to represent a single action.


There has been considerable effort and tremendous progress made on this problem in the literature.

the need for more ef.cient, semianalytical analysis techniques is still there.


As we see from the .gure, by sacri.cing a maximum of 3× in energy, one can achieve up-to40× improvementinperformance over theMEPpoint.

designing NT circuits to meet a precise performance target is a very challenging goal, mainly because minimal variations ofdevice thresholds maylead to massiveperformancedegradations, and traditional worst-casedesign would impose unacceptable margins.


To reduce the gap between virtual and physical time spaces, the paper proposes to shorten time slices for CPU virtualization to reduce scheduling latencies of virtual CPUs.

shortening time slices may lead to the increased overhead of context switching costs across virtual machines.


The simulation results imply that the average iteration number declines as the value of M increases, but the loss in BER gets larger.

as the degradation in BER is negligible when M is small, we can achieve smaller iteration number and higher iterating speed with little degradation in BER by choosing a proper value of M.  5.


A tree-search-based approach proposed in [13] can calculate the observable percentage for a convolutional compactor.

this tree-search-based approach may not be scalable for a large convolutional compactor.


In other words, logic synthesis optimisations hardly change the architecture of the given circuit.

once the input description belongs to the right architecture, logic synthesis does an excellent job in optimising the circuit locally.


This is made possible using real-time memory subsystems [6] [8] that bound the memory access time by .xing the memory access parameters at design-time and employing predictable arbitration, such as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Round-Robin, using bus-based interconnects for resource sharing.

statically scheduled TDM NoCs [9] [15] solve the scalability issues with the traditional bus-based approaches [16] for accessing shared resources in larger multi-processor platforms.


Comparison between the size of the input (P) and the utilization (%) suggests that our algorithm is scalable for memory bus and global bus utilizations while the PE utilization becomes poorer with a larger input size.

considering that a typical DRAA has 8 * 8 PEs with 16 memory buses distributed over the PEs, MPEG kernel is a very large loop (127 PE-operations and 64 memory operations) and should be divided into several loops for ef.cient mapping anyway.


several different possibilities for a preconditioning matrix M were investigated and show quite promising results.


We also neglect otherparametersimpacting variability such aspatterndensity, orientation, and sizing.

such approximations are implicitin our micro-architecture-level approach toprocess variations.


A couple of approaches were later proposed to generate sparse approximations with guaranteed stability, such as, the shift-truncate potential method [2, 3], and return-limited loop inductance concept [7].

the accuracy of both approaches are sensitive to the interconnects topology.


Therefore, substantial increases over conventional TLB sizes are needed to impact these miss-rates.

this .gure also shows that our applications probability distributions share the characteristic spikes, seen with PNMrotate, that indicate prefetching bene.t.


For example, Tinman, a gene related to heart development in most species, is highly speci.c.

pax-6 (the gene supposedly controlling the development of sight across species) and the gene Dorsal use wildcards in their binding signatures, represented by K (G or T), Y (C or T), M (C or A), W, etc.


The proposed three-stage operational amplifier uses parallel connection V-NPN as input differential pair for low noise.

the only significant disadvantage of V-NPN transistor as compared to MOSFET transistor is input bias current, which will result in input current noise.


Then, the circuit is linearized based on the periodic steady-state response and the output noise PSD is computed based on a linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) system analysis [7].

this approach requires that the circuit have a periodic steady state and the characteristics of interest be measurable from the steady state.


The nonidealities due to gain variance and varying offset of analog circuitry can be eliminated through spectral analysis [5].

the perturbations caused by noise and non-linear behavior of analog domain need to be analyzed precisely in order to differentiate these effects from the fault effects due to the digital .lter.


If I1 is a move but does not depend on I0,itisI1 s input register from the map table.

these .rst two cases are identical to I0 s. there are also two other possiblities:  If I1 is a move and depends on I0 and I0 is not a move, then it is I0 s output register.


After the backward traversal, we perform a forward propagation of signals in the circuit, pruning signals at each node.

counter to arrival time pruning, we select the signal with the worst slack for propagation.


Wealso measured theperformanceimpactof clockgating and found that for the designs in Table 2, performance improved by 1.1%, on average.

due to the relatively small numberof circuits, webelievetheperformancebene.t falls in the noise range.


The use of GPUs to accelerate the thermal simulation of liquid-cooled 3D ICs was proposed in [6].

to .t the GPU structure, the model was simpli.ed, considering only the vertical heat transfers in the solid part of the circuit.


FPGAs provide an interesting platform and their inherent structure is suited for .exibility with rapid and easy run-time modi.cation.

since they perform recon.guration using .negrained structures like 4-or 8-entry lookup tables, they suffer from energy and area ef.ciency and low clock frequency problems.


Yung-Chih Chen and Chun-Yao Wang Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan {ycchen, wcyao}@cs.nthu.edu.tw  these SAT-based approaches due to the expense of observability don t care computation and SAT solving calls.

the ATPG-based approach [5] is much faster, although its capability is not as good as that of the SAT-based approaches for circuit minimization.


The higher the complexity of the design, like longer history length, higher pattern length or a larger register size, the higher the dynamic power consumption.

it is important to point again to the high static power consumption compared to our small predictor design as shown in the previous section.


Witnesses generated by the model checker describe only the track of the input signals needed to prove the property.

error simulation needs the values for all input signals, thus it is fundamental to .x the unspeci.ed values to their default values (i.e., 0 for integer, U for std logic, 0 for bit, etc.).


QED tests with only EDDI-V transformation can result in long error detection latencies for uncore bugs.

qED tests with EDDI-V + PLC have error detection latencies of only a few hundred cycles for most bug scenarios.


Extensive work recently has been done to reduce write activities for enhancing the lifetime of PCM [2, 3, 6 10].

none of them considers write activities caused by the management procedure of NAND .ash memory.


Earlier devices had exactly 8192 rows per bank.

recent higher-density devices have up to 65536 rows per bank.


According toEquation1 therelated costforprocessing overlapping halos equalto(4×4×144×133)/(512×512)-1 =16.9%.

using cube stencil, we can decompose the samedata setinto2×3 =6blockswith thesizeof264×172.


The reason is that it is very unlikely for the algorithm with randomness to cover remaining uncovered transitions among all allowed transitions.

our proposed test generation approach can always achieve 100% state and transition coverage with stable higher coverage speed than the BFS based tests.


The industry has seen the transition to copper lines, and generally lower and lower dielectric constants to maintain wire performance and lower chip power.

for the finest lines at least, it looks like the direction will be towards sharply higher line resistances as barrier layers and finite size effects become significant [12,13].


In that method, to keep the perturbed TCG valid, special care has to be taken for fan-in and fan-out vertices related to the moved/reversed edge.

our proposed edge change operation above applies a set of correlated edge move and edge move-reverse operations as a whole, which inherently guarantees the TCG closure property and sustain much lower time complexity.


Low multi-bit failure rates motivate a simple approach such as disabling cache lines containing multi-bit failures.

cache line disable will result in unacceptable cache capacity loss if multi-bit failure rates are high.


Here we use cutpoint which is identical to Floyd-Hoare's method [11, 21] to decompose FSMD.

for equivalence checking, the cutpoint in the FSMDs of both specification and implementation should be correlated.


1 Introduction Today, veri.cation costs are increasing rapidly due to the shrinking time-to-market and growing design complexity, which also limits usage of inherently unscalable formal veri.cation tools.

random simulation enables partial validation of large designs even in situations when the error conditions are sequentially deep.


This logic is faster than HLFF due to its lower number of transistor in the stack.

the total number of transistors is greater than HLFF and, similar to HLFF, unnecessary internal node transitions exist in SDFF.


The wiring required to clock each cell individually would easily overwhelm the simplicity won by the inherent local interconnectivity of QCA architecture.

because the delay of the biggest partition also determines the overall clock period, the size of each partition must also be determined carefully.


The linearity requirement of the feedback amplifier stage is greatly relaxed compared to the requirement of the feedforward cancellation architecture due to the recursive operation of the feedback Loop.

in feedforward scheme, the linearity requirement of the feedforward stage is more stringent due to the large interferer signal in the input of the feedforward stage.


Real circuitshave unknown optimal solutionquality, and thusdo not shed muchlight on heuristic suboptimality.

arti.cial circuits withknownoptimal solutionquality along with anyimplications they mighthaveforsuboptimality ofheuristics areviewed asunrealistic.


Only a few works exist that consider hardware-dependent software or target formal HW/SW coveri.cation, such as [7, 8].

in those works, the software part still needs to be transferred manually into a hardwaredependent model.


The scribe line structures contain various test macros for monitoring different sources and components of variation.

the scribe-line macros do not provide any coverage of within-die variation and can show a large offset from the on-die device behavior.


High performance .le-systems such as GPFS on NERSC are optimized to provide high performance using bu.er-caching, etc.

there was only a very small increase in performance on the NERSC VMs from bu.ering.


In FPGA based designs, we can hardly utilize all CLBs and hence those unused CLBs are generally neglected and wasted.

they are valuable since they do not consume any routing resources.


Ideally, the Partial-SET pulse could achieve the same performance as that of the Ideal Write con.guration.

we .nd out there exists reliability challenge in Partial-SET cells.


Autonomic computing can be bene.cial throughout the hardware/software stack.

since the operating system, coupled with runtime systems, is traditionally in charge of managing system resources and can control both the hardware and the applications, we argue that this is the level where these techniques are most needed and can yield most bene.ts.


Because the base and bounds shadow space is twice the size of the space of values, this would dramatically increase the cache and memory working set of the program.

most of the values in C programs are non-pointers (represented by base and bound set to zero), and no base/bound accesses should be required for them.


The ServerNet network used for these experiments was set up with dual fabrics.

both ports were attached to the same ServerNet switch.


Liu and et al[12] proposed an FOFP method based on instance augmentation, which started with a subset of blocks and progressively worked on larger subsets until all of the blocks are involved.

there is no consideration of interconnect.


Several algorithms such as the Chen DCT [15] have been proposed in the literature for fast 1-D DCT implementation.

these algorithms often involve high-complexity and irregular hardware architectures.


Only the work in [16] investigates the issue of quantifying a routing fabric.

none of the previous work discussed how to qualify a routing fabric and what constitutes a good routing fabric.


If the resource res is not used in any of these predecessor and successor steps, then an idle resource slot has been found in the current step and the algorithm terminates with a true result.

if it is used in any of these steps, then the next resource in the matchingResList is checked and so on.


For example, authors in [5] discuss an H.264 Intra encoder chip operating at 54 MHz.

it is only capable of handling a 720u480 4:2:0 video at 30 fps.


Using a CAM for data comparisons leads to an increase in design complexity and potential overhead in power usage.

the Mergeable cache decreases the number of DRAM accesses, thereby reducing the power usage of the bus and DRAM.


For example,for the sequence 00111011, nb =8 and np =4, so MP =2.

althoughthebitwithsmaller meanperiodisthebitthat morefrequently changes, this metricdoes notguarantee that thisis thebestbit tobe selected.


Note that other approaches for thermal stress pro.ling such as FEM based approach proposed in [7] are also applicable to our SSTA framework.

[7] fails to consider thermal variations surrounding each TSV.


Currently, we treat all the actions in operating home medical devices as independent ones and recognize them separatively.

it obvious they are mutually related because they are operations in a procedure.


(4) Silicon debug becomes more efficient since the functional scenario for an existing bug is easily identified.

the proposed method is suitable for silicon debug at chip-level.


It is of course possible to overcome some of the limitations of [10], in the case of a Hsiao code, by assigning each bit attribute an unused odd column (see Section 2).

still the code will not be able to di.erentiate, in the case of double errors, whether the errors are only in data or they involve attribute bits.


One could conclude from the above that perfect lockstep is the solution, at least SAS lockstep (i.e., controlling the dispatch order).


For instance as noted in [6], only a subset of the calls are made for Gaussian elimination without pivoting.

the parallel time bound remains the same as in Theorem 3.1 for this problem as well as for all-pairs shortest paths.


They can guarantee all specular paths up to a given order.

they can only handle simple static scenes or very low order of re.ections at interactive rates [17].


In these cases, our algorithm was able to .nd very few corresponding paths in each diamond.


The bene.ts of 3D ICs increase as we stack more die, due to successive reductions in wire lengths.

as we stack more die, the power density increases due to vertical stacking of the active devices and reduced die footprint, thus causing the on-chip temperatures to increase.


To overcome some of this dif.culties several solutions for topological choices have been proposed, based on simulation or estimation from a model.

all these solutions deal with one type of converter assuming that the choice for this type of converter has already been made.


As a result, SFP can save energy by up to 23.9%.

there are a number of challenges in compiling loops for CGRAs that support SFP.


(9) One of the properties of all-pass Pad´e delay functions is that their magnitudes are 1 for all the frequencies.

the step response of an all-pass Pad´e delay function displays a very narrow undershoot of height about equal to its .nal value.


Thus, the first option (Track E) may be preferred.

this is probably a bad choice, since using track E will also increase the crosstalk seen by the critical path net routed on track F. This will cause the critical path of the system to become longer.


It is worth noticing in Fig.7 that the non-hardening scheme bene.ts signi.cantly from added hardware redundancy of 2 × 3 as well (due to the enlarged solution space of mapping), compared to the case of no hardware redundancy.

when the crossbar area is increased, the non-hardening scheme cannot take full advantage of the extra rows / columns.


If divergence is found between the replicas, it rollbacks and re-execute from a previous checkpoint.

if divergence is found again on re-execution, a race condition is assumed.


One solution is to use null messages that carry the lower bound information of the time-stamp value of the next event [14].

chandy and Misra [3] allow deadlock situation.


They proposed a novel security model (GBG model) that better supports the adversaries queries than previous models for GKA protocols by considering KCI resilience.

ephemeral key leakage attack resistance has been left outside the scope of the GBG model.


HRF-indirect better supports programmability features like composability and is currently supported by existing GPU hardware.

hRF-indrect may be harder to support if heterogeneous memories are non-hierarchical and it can prevent some future low-level optimizations allowed by HRF-direct (Section 6).


Thus, routes might be generated that may be found unfeasible during wire planning.

for the case of nets with two terminals, we can guarantee that a route found using this method is a valid lower bound.


The compatible activation sequences can be derived by applying minimal clique partitioning to electrodes.

the minimal clique partitioning problem is known to be NP-hard.


This is because the write requires a bigger voltage amplitude applied to BL (|VB|) and the only port can perform either write or read access.

for the 2RW STT-RAM design, it is possible that the read and write are conducted simultaneously through the two sets of ports.


Fortunately, significant progress has been made recently in the form of optimization tools [1][2] that automatically synthesize analog circuits meeting desired performance specifications.

the performance of analog designs is not just affected by the device sizes and biasing, but also by the layout styles and intricacies.


when it is placed on a mobile robot as in [6]), as long as the tracking is not lost while observing a gesture.


Recall that A ' is a suf.cient set of variables to satisfy obj.

bCP may not imply the value of obj because of the limitation of three valued simulation and the incompleteness of F .


978-3-9810801-8-6/DATE12/ c .2012 EDAA A common solution to this problem is for the veri.cation engineer to manually analyze such requirements and specify them explicitly in the test template.

this solution requires a lot of effort and expertise.


There have been designs to ensure the safety of pacemaker systems in terms of the control algorithm [4], including model-checking of the pacing controller using UPPAAL [34].

such previous work is based on the assumption that the underlying implementation can o.er strong isolation guarantees for memory, power and communication.


A preliminary approach for testing realization-independent blocks in a design subject to a behavioral fault model is given in [19].

this will not work for the stuck-at fault model.


This can be achieved by swapping in more guaranteed-to-be-hit pages into fast memory.

such a conservative decision is likely to reduce the amount of the memory requests serviced from fast memory.


The circuit is shown in Figure 3, and is based on the conventional C-Element circuit.

the latching inverter and the transistors that connect it to the power supply and to ground have been moved.


However, that variation is less important for our goal which is to determine if the plan is value-sensitive or not.

there could exist a case where the first round of execution produces a plan that leads us to favor GA but most of the subsequent parameter values may benefit from a specific plan.


Although piece of hardware in out-of-order machines to hold stores before pre-execution does suffer from larger thread-spawn latencies in they commit.

the scratchpad is a special buffer added rest and raytrace, they can still achieve speedups of 45% and beyond the store queue to hold stores after they "commit" during pre-execution.)


The more EUs, the higher instruction-level parallelism can be supported by the hardware.

if the optimizing compiler cannot utilize the additional EUsby exploiting parallelism from the applications, the introduction of the additional EUs will only increase the cost and energy consumption of the VLIW processor.


During this process, architects identify key performance bottlenecks from the previous-step simulation results, determine how to adjust the design of corresponding modules, and launch the next-step simulation expecting the new results to match the desired performance.

the simulation speed has become one of the most critical bottlenecks in developing a high-performance CPU these days.


One such task is the automatic generation or composition  of music.

when constructing evolutionary music composition systems, a major challenge is .nding a suitable .tness function.


On the digital front, test generation tools and DFT methodologies have adequately matured so as to be capable of handling system level test generation for moderate size designs.

the trend towards higher levels of integration by the introduction of core-based design methodologies for SOC s has necessitated increased test reuse.


the threshold voltages causes the gain of the VTC to decrease and this in turn causes a reduction in SNM.

when using the optimized FinFET, the case.


S.Ramesh Some text in this electronic article is rendered in Type 3 or bitmapped fonts, and may display poorly on screen in Adobe Acrobat v. 4.0 and later.

printouts of this file are unaffected by this problem.


Once the footer and header have been turned off, their drain potentials (Vssv and Vddv) slowly go up and down respectively until they reach the steady-state potentials.

in contrast to simple power gating, all the nets keep their logic states.


Linux prevents putting threads into the same core as long as there are free ones available.

if the sched smt power savings .ag is active, Linux will group processes degrading overall performance and energy e.ciency.


Bipartite Timing Model and the Delay Matrix Example C. Edge Reduction Evaluation We use reduction ratios to evaluate bene.ts of replacing bicliques by stars.

the reduction ratio de.ned in equation 1 is not accurate when there are don t care edges in the biclique or some edges are covered by multiple bicliques.


In the KPN model of computation, the processes communicate asynchronously using P2P connections over unbounded FIFOs.

sDFs model the processes with .xed data generation and consumption rates.