Even if the graph is not complete, the matrixtree theorem may still imply a very large solution space.

it is not computationally feasible to consider a full solution set.


Since nodes can move freely in an ad hoc wireless network, some neighbors of the central node may leave while new neighbors may join the neighborhood of the central node.

if a node does not receive for some time the HELLO message from one of its neighbors, it removes it from its list identifying its neighboring nodes.


Thus, the number of rounds is i=1 O(i)= O(log4.4 n).In phase i, at each round, a node uses a single message with an expected communication cost of O(i).

the communication cost per node for the algorithm Plog n 3.4 is: i=1 O(i· i)= O(log5.4 n).The total communication cost is thus O(nlog5.4 n).


This assumption implies that E[Bz+l(l)J=E[Bz+l(2)J=···=E[Bz+l(k)J= E[Bz+lJ.


Behavior of 1Gbps EEE links with coalescing: When coalescing techniques are used, the transition from state LP I to state W is delayed.

we .ctitiously split state LP I into two states, as shown in Figure 2: state L, which represents state LP I when there is no packet queued in the coalescing bu.ers and which is equivalent to LP I in systems with no coalescing and state C, in which coalescing bu.ers are not empty but neither the coalescing timer expired nor the coalescing bu.ers were completely full.


Consequently, whenever a CPU/core loads a TxRing to its local cache, all of the other processors also caching it must invalidate their cache copies.

this invalidation is very costly, since shared data can only be cached by one CPU/core at time, but also, it forces the data to be loaded from the RAM every time the processing CPU/core changes.


Moreover, we show how, within a utility-based framework, it is possible to also study economic issues, besides more conventional technical aspects such as throughput or system capacity.

when economics are taken into account by considering the .nancial needs of the provider and the users reaction to prices, we are able to study wireless systems in a more realistic and appropriate way.


Based on this information we calculate the final reputation of each node.

in the first step we calculate the reputation of the routing paths used within certain period of time.


v First, partition the region into squarelets, each of side-length r/ 5.

any two nodes from 2 adjacent squarelets (sharing a common side) will be able to communicate with each other directly.


All of the routing aspects are managed inside of this group because every peer can be used to .nd paths to other peers.

the following security aspects apply to both domains.


We give comparisons between the output of SkypeMorph and actual video calls of Skype and we conclude that for the censoring adversary it would be di.cult to differentiate between the two.

a censor would be required to block a great portion of legitimate connections in order to prevent access to the obfuscated Tor messages.


In particular, u1,··· , uM are indicating the most correlated directions.

we rede.ne the angle spectrum as PiLocScan(.


However, they do not provide insights into the WSN environment itself.


The problem size of either LP is decided by the maximum number of subareas, which is a 0.4 polynomial in |N | (see (20)).

both LPs have polynomial size and the algorithm complexity is polynomial.


Second, the energy cost of receiving at 10kbps and 500kbps in these radios is virtually identical.

the incremental cost of sending at higher data rates is negligible.


In this regard, the question is: where , tt t AB C(t)= f (k) - f (k)= does the transition from exponential to power-law happen?

k=1 k=1 k=1 we have t () t [C(t)]x = RA cos .A -RB cos .B kkk k k=1 6This is always possible by making one time step small enough such that when the node gets out of the circle at t = 1, it is located outside that tangential line at x = d. Or, equivalently, how do we choose (or scale) the size of the space (boundary) to observe the power-law inter-meeting time distribution over a given timescale?


Because these heuristics may need to be computed for a signi.cant fraction of the updates, such complicated heuristics signi.cantly increase update effort.

we opt for a simple sortbased heuristic where we choose the dimension with the most unique projections of the rules.


a particular industry sector, business environment etc.)

using the model as a single point of information will make it possible to define and abstract, in a common manner, similar concepts used in different implementations.


As mentioned in [13], for performance reasons, Deluge requires that every node keep its radio on.

the propagation delay is closely related to the energy consumption required by code dissemination.


4 shows that the least replicated piece (min curve) has always more than 1 copy in the peer set.


With these concerns, the regular nodes are assumed not to be affected by the traffic jam in this paper.

the BNs herein are assumed to travel at a constant speed along the pre-defined route.


If a node did not forward the packet to the next node, application of this mechanism ensures that we will know the packet has not been transmitted.

we can consider that the node might be cooperates with the malicious node, or the node itself can be a malicious node.


Note that any communication from Si aimed at tellingAlice the informphase was successfulcouldbe spoofedbyCarol.

si cannot everreplaceAlice(allowinghertosleep) sinceitisimpossible to verifythat Si was created until theprotocol terminates.


Errors of the latter type, on the other hand, are potentially more damaging as they may lead to increased error rate due to interference and, in extreme cases, to complete failure of communication in the CPAN.

the end of a spectral opportunity (i.e., the onset of a primary user activity on an idle channel) should be sensed with smaller error than a beginning.


For .<.c (subcritical), the unique connected component is broken into in.nite number of mutually disconnected .nite components almost surely.

the network cannot achieve overall connectivity and messages may not be able to reach the destination if it resides in the different component with the source.


If a counter is used for this purpose, then an attacker has the opportunity to perform a denial of service attack on the veri.cation process, because this process involves the multiplication of all certi.cates.

we include the necessary certi.cates explicitly; repeated certi.cates therefore lead to additional computational cost.


WeimplementthisImplicitCongestionNoti.cation(ICN) algorithminsideaframework that we callTCED(Transport Congestion Events Detection ).

tCED can be used either at the border of an autonomous system or conjointly within a TCP stack as a sublayer.


This gives p+k1 -1 L .k1 Sfk1 = .p k =2 p 1 -.p k=k1 which, by equality Rfk1 =(-1)k1 -1,leads to ( ) p ip+1 2 Rfk1 Sp = -= (A.11) fk1 1 -.p (sin p/2p)p which is a constant .p depending on p only.

there are in (A.9) exactly p terms equal to .p 2n+1,i.e.


In this paper, the default configure of DAC value of USRP boards was used, so this could result in higher ratio of packet loss.

the higher packet loss could potentially lead to the high packet failure ratio at the receiver.


VM images contain prepackaged software components for an application.

an attacker can create a VM image with malicious code.


Under the conditions such as office or home, where an AP is used during certain hours of the day, the AP may consume unnecessary power much larger.

we need improve the power efficiency of WLAN AP.


Assignment of the processing tasks to a given node affects its battery lifetime and task latency due to computation and communication costs.

it is unclear which task assignment strategy leads to maximum system lifetime and real-time feedback to the users.


Although avoiding the disadvantage just mentioned, a new problem arises, since redirected calls may remain arbitrarily long while consuming EBS channels (unless they are distinguished somehow from calls originated at the EBS).

this leads to higher load at the EBS, and lower utilization of CBS channels.


As every path carries a .ow of value ., the .ow through every edge/node is an integral multiple of ..

to verify whether it is feasible to have a sensing rate of .


fromtransmittingany signalfrom any ofits antennastoits receiver.

interference nullingaloneis not suf.cienttoprevent tx3 from interfering with concurrent transmissions while delivering a packet toits receiver.


So the routing constraints of the Algorithm 1 are well de.ned and there are no holes that can stack the packets to a speci.c node.

the correctness of the routing in terms of leading the packet to the destination is ensured.


For example, the breakdown point for the LS estimator is 1/n.

as n gets larger, the breakdown point gets closer to 0, meaning that a very small fraction of contaminated data can cause the estimation to get far from the real value.


However searching preregisteredbuffers and identifying the communication call site, as with our helper threads (see section 3), entails high enough overhead for small messages that the bounce buffers arepreferable.

we only use helper threads for messages larger than a threshold (16KB in our experiments).


Without a position-locating system, we approximate the carrier-sensing neighborhood of a node, i.e., the set of nodes within its carrier-sensing range, as its k-hop neighborhood, where k is a positive integer.

we set the time-to-live (TTL) field in each BUSY_PERIOD_REPORT message to k, which results in a local broadcast.


The additional waiting required for order-preserving does come at a performance cost (we quantify this in §8.1.1).

we offer applications three versions of move (loss-free and order-preserving, loss-free only, and no guarantees) so they can select the most ef.cient version that satis.es their requirements.


With our defense mechanism deployed, there is almost no impact on the route success ratio for both types of replay attacks.

we conclude that our defense mechanism effectively mitigates replay attacks and does not suffer adverse side effects even when the attacker attempts to attack the defense mechanism itself.


The queuing delay ranges from 0 to 171 ms.

an upper bound on the maximum queuing delay at link (r2,r3)is 30/40 * 171 = 128 ms, which is the same as the actual maximum queuing delay.


It seems that the orthogonality between H and V polarizations in the LOS environment is kept at higher level, so that the correlation between dual polarized antenna elements decreases.

it becomes easy to obtain a higher eigenvalue ratio.


As a consequence many of the suggested routing algorithms and protocols may perform much more poorly under such dynamic conditions; some may even fail to converge and thus fail to work in real world environments.

in this research we use the probabilistic Shadowing model.


On the other hand, Tier 2s tend to be both central as well as the customer of large Tier 1 ASes, and therefore in the position to attract the maximum amount of tra.c.

these results again follow from the fact that creating customer paths is often more important than creating short paths.


When the rate granularity is 1Mbps, the corresponding set of rate is {1Mbps,2Mbps,3Mbps,L,64Gbps} .

similar WSS can be used in both core routers (switches) and edge routers (switches).


For example, the need of running business on the Internal introduces the necessity of providing guarantee that mission-critical applications will receive better service.

we can clearly observe an evolution of such request routing mechanisms from its initial role of stateless load distributors into intelligent devices that have finer-grained and intelligent control over the system resource allocated to specific content, users and applications.


The user can resubmit new pseudonyms to his home server for new private keys with the private IDbased key issuing protocol if he uses up his private keys.

only the user s home server knows the relationship between a pseudonym and the real identity.


route R1 is selected to route packets from node 4 to node 2.


This problem arises because the playout times of the packets are not taken into account.

the schemes can wastefully deliver late packets.


e =2 W max(.,1) e (e-1-W )max(.,1) = e (2) = Pth, where (1) holds for large enough ns.

for a given Pth, we can .nd a .nite W large enough so that (2) holds.


Some applications such as P2P speci.cally attempt to disguise their traf.c from classi.cation and essentially are what have prompted this interest in traf.c classi.cation.

it is essential that these approaches are tested against these types of traf.c.


Note that there is the possibility that an IP address creates false positive matches in all the .lters in the system.

in this case,the number of required hash probes is Eworst = B +1 (10) while Equation 9 gives the expected number of hash probes for a longest pre.x match,Equation 10 provides the maximum number of hash probes for a worst case lookup.


Meanwhile, the default rule has a di.erent decision from other rules.

the other rules can barely be trimmed without changing the semantics of the rule set.


In fact, for higher densities, PREDAT has a slightly lower overhead when compared with these solutions.

this result shows that PREDAT does not waste bandwidth with unnecessary rebroadcasts.


In turn, wireless network conditions are 1 expected to remain relatively constant if the phone hasn t moved much.

we compute the potential for a change in Wi-Fi conditions, m, as: current + c ] (11) m = .


In order to correctly analyze the system, it is necessary to consider the joint behavior of the two .ows.

we represent the system state as the pair (SA, SB), where SA and SB represent the current backoff stages of transmitters A and B, 0 = SA, SB = m, respectively.


A key logisticalchallengeis that thereis essentially nointrinsic supportfor active probe-based measurements in the Internet.

deployment and management of additional infrastructure speci.cally for active measurement is generally required.


Hence, the bene.t of IMS is to provide, through the middleware, access independent, streamlined, common mechanisms for billing, authentication, security, Quality of Service (QoS), etc.

in the IMS service model, common functions are reutilized rather than being (re )implemented in multiple copies.


Indeed, in the type of network we consider, it is frequent for a UAV to be out of the base stations transmission range so that remote places can be scanned in the surveyed area.

some other UAVs should relay potential transmissions to and from the base station and thus a communication path should be available at any moment.


Hence, oMR1 can send a GBU to each MR s HA for recording its CoA, which is allocated by AR1, as the MR s current CoA.

the prefix delegation and binding update processes need the total time as Equation 7.


In future systems, a significant part of this load might be carried on shared channels [3] (e.g., on the Downlink Shared Channel of LTE) for several reasons: First, video traffic produced by H.264/AVC compliant coders remains bursty even György Dán gyuri@ee.kth.se ACCESS Linnaeus Centre KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 10044 Stockholm, Sweden after being smoothed over several consecutive frames.

a dedicated multicast transport channel might need to be provisioned at a level significantly higher than the average bitrate [4].


More importantly, it requires two radios, one for PS and one for CS.


G.,f )=P(e1, ...,eki ), therefore, if we sum up these probabilities for all Gi,then we get precisely the expected number of the graphs with property Q that occur in G.,f ,as each Gi contributes to (i)(i) this expectation by 1 with probability P(e1, ...,eki )and (i)(i) by 0 with probability 1 - P(e1, ...,eki ).


Xd >Xj ,.jE.,j is the probability that the = d).

qd optimum forwarding distance is d and is given by: qd =P((x<Xd <x+ dx) .


Second, two delay modesareclearly appreciableintheinboundtra.c,as can be also con.rmed in the CDF of the packet delays presented in Figure 8.

unless otherwise noted, the experiments presented next in the evaluation are performed on the inbound tra.c.


We note that on each interval f of AF, d(p, S) for all points p .

f is a linear function since there is a corresponding segment or point on S on which lie all the points closest to points in f. the maximum and minimum distances are at the vertices of f. Contrary to the discretization of S where we approximate the maximum interference received by points in S, we approximate the maximum SINR.


However, because geographic routing is based on the coordinates, not the identi.er, one can t directly reach the intended target without knowing where that intended target is.

geographic routing must be augmented with a service that can translate identi.ers into locations.


The measurement facility will be utilized by many users and applications.

more accurate measurements can be performed and the overhead will be amortized over all applications.


It shows that in 70% of the cases the max-byte bit-rate is just one step higher.

thegains from partial packets in these networks are upper boundedby the sizeof thegap between adjacent bit rates.


Given that in LCG1, all the links belong to the same clique, only one link activation is possible during a time slot.


Under saturation conditions the probability of reception of broadcast messages can be as low as 20%-30% at distances of 100m to the sender and even lower for larger distances.

when reliable reception of broadcast messages is required, priority access methods, relay/repetition strategies or reservation schemes appear to be essential.


TreeTop is implemented as a patch to dnstop [35], and is about 8000 lines of C code including ap proximately 3000 lines originally from dnstop.

tree-Top has all dnstop s functions combined with our additional features (including the ability to identify additional unwanted tra.c).


We hypothesize from these similarities that some providers use the same network backhaul infrastructure for both cellular and WiFi access in an effort to optimize their network infrastructures to minimize costs.

ourhypothesis assumes that a shared bottleneck in the provider network is the cause of the observed similarity in performance consistency between cellular and WiFi.


time for the last .ow of an incast job to .nish), while also closely matching the performance of other expensive schemes like DeTail and RPS (within 2% of their completion times on average and in terms of the tail).

flowBender makes a strong case for a non-intrusive, end-host-and .ow-level load balancing using the classic endto-end principle [19].


On switching to a channel, there may only be a few packets bu.ered for transmission and most switches happen after only Tmin duration.

with TCP tra.c, the number of switches depends on Tmin ,and using larger Tmin reduces the number of switches, thereby improving aggregate throughput.


The current growth of the Internet is expected to continue, so the number of connected devices will rise.

automation in network management not only helps reducing (personnel) costs, it becomes a need in order to handle the rising complexity.


Our testing indicates that the communication speed rather than cryptographic computation will be the main bottleneck with the NFC interfaces in the currently available NFC hardware.

our attempts to reduce transaction times focuses on optimizing message sizes and minimizing number of messages.


S.S H.H From Claim 1, f maps S to H. Moreover since the mapping f : S/~.H is one-to-one and onto, we get (k) -1 Pr(Ts = x)= X Pr(f(H)).

h.H by Claim 2, (k) Pr(Ts = x)= X Pr(H), H.H that is (k)(k) Pr(Ts = x)=Pr(Xs = x), which completes the proof of the lemma.


The algorithm has a nice property that the sender precomputes the keys without knowing the number of transmitted packets and then generates components of the keys in real time.

adopting the DELTA instantiation does not change the packet transmission pattern.


As a result of this theorem, the following holds k X T£: 1 + fi (4) k i=2 We will analyze the performance for three different cases: Worst case text: the text that triggers the most pathological memory accesses pattern  Random text: the text composed of uniformly randomly chosen characters  Synthetic text: Text is random but with some concentration of the strings of interest  5.1 Worst Case Text To evaluate the worst case behavior, let s assume that the JACK-NFA has gone down to a state at depth d after which it falls through the failure chain by consuming the next symbol (The depth of state q0 is 0).

at this state, when it consumes a symbol, it needs Tk £ memory accesses for LPM.


It is capable of evaluating the enhanced features such as: spatial, temporal, SNR, and combined scalability of SVC bit-streams transmitting over real or simulated networks.

we could use both evaluation tool sets to evaluate our proposed scalable RTPS-based video streaming system.


and therefore, vei and vej do not have an edge between them in G ' .{ve1 , ..., vem } constitutes an independent set of vertices in G ' .Further, since w(vei )= P P w(ei), we have m w(ei)= m w(vei ).


The cost function is expressed as C = Countp /Eres , where Countp is the hop count of the path p and Eres is the path s residual energy.

for an event noti.cation message with a high priority, the path with theleastcostisidenti.ed and the messageisforwarded along thatpath.


The reason for this shift is largely attributed to GTW's performance advantage on shared-memory multipro- cessors.

it would appear that if you want maximum performance, you cannot use the modular approach in your implementation.


Beacon frames are transmitted by each AP every 100 milliseconds.

the reception of beacons from an AP is a constant measure of the reliability of the link between the sniffer and the AP.


Second, we include the queue length at the sender in the header of each packet.

if the queue becomes empty during the current slot, the node s neighbors are implicitly noti.ed, and the remaining node with the next highest Hi is allowed to transmit for the rest of the slot.


9.6 Results of Varying Buffer Capacity Most of the algorithms considered in this paper (except LP) are oblivious to bu.er limitations.

we expect to see message drops when storage is limited.


7, the sender transmits adjacent packets with an interval for receiving the potential ACK since there is no need to repeat the transmission if the receiver has received the packet.

the waiting time should be at least longer than the ACK delay, TACK .


In case I, since all windows complete on time, the SMS algorithm meets all demands on-time.


Channel estimation mechanisms usually use pilot symbols multiplexed into the data stream and hence require a fraction of the available transmission rate.

in addition to the trade-off between source and channel bits, we extend the bit-rate allocation problem to distortion-optimal assignment of source, channel, and pilot rates.


A new ARP request is only sent for IP addresses for which no entry is present in the ARP cache.

if the ARP request or ARP response is lost, then this can result in a signi.cant delay.


Each version was perhaps obtMned by a series of updates to that original document (e.g., by a series of transmissions on the internet and updates along the way).

it would be reasonable to expect that many parts are ~t of EECS, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, and Dept of CS, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; grc30eecs, cwru.


If the victims have a way of establishing (coarse) relative distances, e. g., by estimating their respective distances visually, or can detect their mutual time offsets, they are able to detect such attacks.

we will now focus on attacks in which multiple victims are shifted to a set of new locations that preserve their mutual distances and mutual time offsets.


It also guarantees a smaller overall network delay than the single channel scheme.

the multi-channel approach contributes in enhancing the performance and the lifetime duration of network.


However, in the priority-based algorithm ramp cars adjust their velocities after they arrive at the merging section.

for the priority-based algorithm a shorter ramp is inadequate for some cars to adjust their velocities properly to merge in the main road.


Further, color distortion on the Huawei phone only allows us to reliably use two grayscale levels as the base color blocks, i.e., black and white.

there are only 8 possible color combinations at each block.


s bound, we have Pr {f : f .Oi(t)and Rif (t)= Rmax = (1 - d)T if } (= 1 - exp - d2T 3 ) , where T = p max( Qi(nT ) F max - .maxD - T ).

it can be easily shown that Pr (Ri(t)) = .max(T + F max) .max(T + F max)+(1 - d)T +exp - d2T 3 , and the lemma holds for the uniform tie-breaking rule.


But also the devices, on which such systems are executed are very heterogenous and no real restrictions can be applied to them.

a tremendous amount of P2P Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


However, push services can be realized in the following way: After an IVS changes its IP address, it contacts its push service providers and noti.es them of the new IP address, using con.dential connections.

service providers can use the IVS s current IP address to implement their push services.


As the .gure shows, the system persistently oscillates and exhibits no convergence.

within the operating range of most applications (i.e., packet loss below 33%), AQM-TFRC cannot be stable in the controltheoretic sense.


The paragon of a wireless sensor network would strike a balance betweentheextremesof"not selectiveenough"and"overly-selective" in examining signal strengths.

there really is no "best" universal CCAT.


By the induction hypothesis, there is a left, monotonous, honest path P,,,b from v' to b of level at most level((u', v')) -1.

(v,..., u'), (u', v'), Pv',b is a left, monotonous, honest path from v to b of level at most j, as asserted.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for Oceans, rivers and lakes are critical to the life on our planet and monitoring these environments is a hard and costly task.

there is a large number of applications where UWSNs are important, such as ecosystem preservation, disaster prevention, oil/gas exploration, and freshwater reservoirs management [6, 7].


Also, the lightweight silence detection is not very accurate in classifying very short silence periods, even though it is very accurate for longer silence periods.

we decide to use a larger value of initial a and do not predict for very short silence periods.


(18) < 2 w ma 1 Dlm Tatc 0 <.< (19) w2 ma Since the origin of the linearized state equation is stable in a small neighborhood of the steady point, the trajectories of the nonlinear state equation will behave like a stable node.


If it is a restoration event, ni must have not updated its forwarding table, and its path will not use the newly restored or added component, but can still reach the destination.

same as in the matching costs case, the router selects one of its next hops, updates the packet s cost label using its local cost, and forwards the packet to the next hop.


By using SWIG, an interface compiler which allows an easy integration of C/C++ into scripting languages, GNU Radio provides a simple interface to the signal processing blocks from Python.

the power of scripting languages is used to simply connect the signal processing blocks which can run at native speed without any interpretation.


The con.guration from a user s virtual network view is implemented in the physical network only after being approved and adapted by the cloud management.

the cloud provider can always ensure and enforce proper isolation and bandwidth allocations.


However, Despoof requires the administrator to determine which packets should be examined, and to manually perform this veri.cation.

the per-packet processing overhead is prohibitively high for weeding out spoofed traf.c in real time.


Such an undifferentiated access mode is unfavorable when some QoS-critical applications are integrated with the QoS-resilient applications over the wireless LAN, or when the AP needs to handle aggregated downlink .ows that have a much larger traf.c load than that in a mobile node [14].

we consider an enhanced DCF with class differentiation for more effective QoS provisioning and higher resource utilization.


E.ectively, although two read ports are implemented in each input memory, they are used to forward packets to di.erent sets of output links.

output memories receive data at the same rate they should forward those data through the link.


For example, if 10 content chunks arrive every second and the cache capacity is 10 content chunk size, then the caching probability is 0.1.

content can be cached for an expected time of 10s.


Our method is to allow misrouting only when the packet is very far from destination and restrict misrouting to a minimal amount when distance is within some boundary.

there are three regions, where 1) misrouting is allowed, 2) misrouting is restricted to a minimal amount, and 3) routing is determined statically.


By receiving this distance vector from node4, node5recognizes that, whenit receivesa message whose source is node 2 or 6, it should forward them to node 4.

it updates its message-forwardingtable as indicated in the distance vector received from node 4 (Fig.


(2) where a(t) is the average value of a(t) from time 0 to t. As unveiled in existing works [6,11,23], clock skew can accumulate with time.

fLIGHT should calibrate clocks to minimize its negative impact by controlling the differences of each cn(t)/(a(t) · fg) among different nodes; otherwise, logic times will rapidly exhibit heterogeneous advancing rates respect to the global reference and among themselves.


(41) Our scheduling policy chooses such a schedule, i.e., sk° ; that is, dBptq sk° .


On the positive side, a node failure is equivalent to a failure of all incident edges.

applying the results from edge failures, we obtain an upper bound on the number of path concatenations needed, which is proportional to the degree of failed nodes.


Random topolgies are not considered, and hence, the results obtained cannot be regarded as a statistical estimate of the expected throughput enhancement.

the work in this paper aims at addressing this missing part.


In particular, for non-linear latency functions (even for quadratic latency functions), there is no constant c for which a scaled-down version f/c of a Nash .ow f is optimal for the reduced tra.c rates r/c.

it is not at all clear how to exploit our characterizations of Nash and optimal .ows to relate their respective costs.


Most of the in-car applications are sent to the Head Unit and RSE .

we concentrate on the link load between the switches and the two most important nodes Head Unit and RSE .


Since none of these parameters is revealed during a session, an attacker eavesdropping the packets of a CRN cannot deduce the new indexes of the network members.

attackers cannot track or discover any private user information, and thus their pro.le and location remains protected.


As consequence TMS can restrict access to KS anddatabelonging to sessionID depending on the security policy of the application.


Clearly,in this case the load of each AP a .Lk is yk = ya = u.Ua xa,u.

from the de.nition of Sa in Section 4.2.2,it results that Sa -1 <ya =Sa for u that is associated with a single AP a and let wu =1.


SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION The processing of information provided by beacons and access points was implemented to provide service allocation.

sLP components and beacons were integrated into the authentication system: each room has a beacon associated, and each beacon is in the range of an access point.


The points in a Q-Q plot are on the line y = x if two distributions are identical.

as the Figure 5 shows, our approximation of the measurements by the hyper-Erlang distribution is almost perfect.


The attenuation due to transmission, which is the product of the transmission coef.cient and the total number of transmission walls.

the model is de.ned as: Nr,j N P= (P0 - 20log10(di)- .· Ni,ref - a· Ni,trans ) (3) i=1 where Pis the power (in dB) at receiver, Nr,j is the total number of rays received at the receiver j; P0 is the power (in dB) at a distance of 1 meter; di, Ni,ref , and Ni,trans represent the total transmission distance, the total number of re.ections and the total number of (wall) transmissions of the ith ray, respectively.


However, the framework is not explicitly designed for P2P environments.

it does not address the selection and dynamic switching of senders.


Nevertheless, the concepts and mechanisms used are to specialized or to limited.

this research is the .rst to specify a consistent security concept for P2P systems.


Our original criticism of the Slagell et al classi.cation was that it was not .ne-grained enough to allow for policy creation that provided a high level of both security and utility.

we have attempted to create subclasses of the Fingerprinting attack class.


This means that a router still selects an invalid route when there is no valid route for the exact same IP pre.x.

the router may still be able to reach pre.xes whose routes have become invalid due to problems with the RPKI.


In addition, for the AS and RL topologies, we use the simple policy model described in Section 3.2.1 to evaluate link values using policy-constrained paths.

we expect that backbone links will have higher values than peripheral links.19 the distribution of these link values is our measure of hierarchy; if all links have similar values then there is no hierarchy because usage is spread out evenly, and if only a few links have high link values then there is a small and well-de.ned backbone on which usage is concentrated (where, again, usage is not measured by the level of traf.c but by the nature of the traversal set).


An edge in E indicates that those two links interfere with each other according to the interference map and should not transmit together.

all links that form an independent set in G(V, E)can transmit simultaneously.


The traf.c traces are obtained by monitoring the links of PEs facing the core routers in the backbone using Net.ow [4].

the source PE of the .ow is obvious, while the destination is also available from the tunnel end point information in .ow records.


In vehicular scenarios, data paths follow roads.

the same road segment may be shared by many data routes and broadcasts.


This paper identi.es that many WSN applications employ algorithms which can be solved by using parallel pre.x-sums.

an alternative architecture is proposed to calculated them energy-ef.ciently.


The underlying vulnerability is not due to poor design of DoS detection or TCP timeout mechanisms, but rather to an inherent tradeoff induced by a mismatch of defense and attack timescales.

to completely defend the system in the presence of such attacks, one would necessarily have to signi.cantly sacri.ce system performance in their absence.


5.2 Greedy Proxy Discovery In greedy proxy discovery, neighboring mobile clients within one-hop IEEE 802.11b transmission range periodically exchange their average downlink channel rates by broadcasting a neighborhood advertisement message (NBADV).

each mobile client proactively maintains a table of its neighbors IDs (e.g., IP addresses) and their most-recently advertised average HDR downlink channel rates.


1.2 Contribution Since activating too many wireless stations will cause interference and thereby signi.cantly reduce the total system throughput, there is an optimum number of stations for a given geometry.

it makes sense to address the design problem of determining the desired number of wireless stations to obtain a certain throughput and study the in.uence of the location of the wireless nodes on the expected system throughput.


In addition, our algorithm always required less sensor data to attain 90% accuracy than the others.

we concluded that it was more robust against noise data.


Normally underground mining environments have many potential dangers for the miners due to the presence of hazardous gases like methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide etc.

mine safety regimes have to devise ways to ensure miners safety by providing systems for countering all potential threats.


For each subscription the subscription tree needs to be searched to find the optimal position to insert the subscription.

a smaller and more ordered subscription tree is more efficient.


Assuming that thepair traverses thepath close to each other, they may observe similar states of the congested hop before a packet is discarded.

the residual packet in the loss pair has been used to estimate the packet dropping mechanism of the congestedhopgovernedby various activequeuemanagement schemes(e.g.,droptail,RED[20], andBLUE[18]) and a droptail queue s bu.er size [31], and to classify the causesforpacketloss[32].


As shown in equation (1) and (2), when R is small, the ratio of energy dissipation by the transmission to total energy consumption is low.

the increment of the energy which is consumed by transmission is less than the increment of the energy which is preserved by decreasing the number of active nodes.


In this section, we evaluate how effective entropy is at capturing Blaster-type anomalies of varying intensities.

we use the given trace and attenuate or amplify the strength of the Blaster anomaly.


CONGESTION CONTROL WITH COL-LABORATIVE INFERENCE OF CHAN-NEL STATE The previous sections clearly indicate that relying on local inference of the channel state can result in serious unfairness, thus pointing to the need for collaboration among nodes.

in this section we study congestion control under inter-node collaboration, i.e., inter-node sharing of channel-state information within a contention neighborhood.


[m] M,wehave E [Cj]= fbj (0) =opt = aJlog ml opt.

[] Jlog ml O(1) C = E max Cj=m ·max E [Cj] =maopt = m opt, j.


According to Figure 9, with a video throughput of 1787kb/s, the client reduces its playback rate to 1050kb/s.

50% of the time the playback rate will go down to 1050kb/s once the competing .ow starts.


Therefore, G(pi)has a minimal solution for p(i,k).

on M-route, the dependence of g(p(i,k)), g(p(i,j)), T (p(i,k))and T (p(i,j))on p(i,k) are shown as follows.


It is well known that single-layer video coding results in lower source distortion than scalable video coding for the same total bitrate.

it is reasonable to assume that the source distortion DL (.1 ,..., .L ) , decreases as the thickness of the base layer increases.


Keeping such constraints in mind we limit the chunk size to an optimal value of 74 kb, to ensure that upload or download operation must not take more than a second.

minimal cellphone power is consumed while participating in our eventual consistency model.


Moreover, given that we do not monitor all the links of the backbone network, we are not able to measure jitter or loss rates through simple passive monitoring (packets may leave the network through not monitored links) [23].

our passive measurements alone cannot provide results on the quality of the voice calls.


Contacts that arrive infrequently have a high minimum expected delay because the waiting time is very long.

the shortest paths will not use these links.


Particularly, although demands of tenants increase as services grow, the peak time and the o.-peak time are invariant.

figure 2: Overview of Incubating  our basic idea is to place VMs having opposite tra.c distributions in the same server, which leads to reduce oversubscription of network resources and increase link utilization.


However, to deploy such functionality is not easy and may hamper the adoption of PNs altogether.

we propose an intra-PN communication architecture that will work over current IP networks.


They usually require stringent QoS delay constraint.

determining the length of sleeping duration of a MSS in 802.16e is not only bounded by the total amount of traffic generated by the connections in the MSS but also restricted by the connections QoS delay constraints.


L Controller Figure 5: QAC control architecture is selected.

in to select the level li, the currently estimated bandwidth B(t) must be at least 20% above li.


1, for every black node except the root, there exists a black node at d hops away, just follow the blackpath.

the total nodes needed to connect I is at most d(|I| - 1).


This requirement, however, is practically impossible to ful.l.

in this work we design a new protocol which satis.es two conditions: 1.


Our security analysis and empirical results address potential vulnerabilities and possible bottlenecks of the current version ofHIP DEX.

we propose a few tentative improvements to extend the draft for better identity protection.


Our proposal consists in only modifying some existing parameters, and does not require to change the CSMA/CA 1901 algorithm itself.

it can be easily incorporated into practical deployments.


Figure 4 shows how a message can lose its idempotence when this occurs.

while one would like to be able to use short message IDs to reduce the size of ACK and CONF packets, we see that to do so is to sacrifice correctness.


Nevertheless, all curves in Figure 6 have saturation tendencies in high .i; the reason for this is that the optimal power vector determined in Phase 1 increases in the case of higher target SINRs if the channel gain and noise are .xed.

when the .i set is over a threshold, the transmission powers go to in.nity.


Comparedtothe BeeAdHoc protocol, BeeAIS dropped from 28.1% to 145.5% more packets.

beeAIS has the lowest average throughput among all the compared protocols.


The key point is that, due to the soundness of the proofs, even a malicious adversary cannot deviate from the protocol speci.cation without being detected.

the adversary is limited to semi-honest behavior.


Table 2: Energy Savings through GreenCall Silence Suppression No Silence Suppression 30ms 60ms 30ms 60ms Savings(%) 43 53 52 63 periments) states that the sleep periods be speci.ed only as multiples of AP s beacon interval (typically 100ms) [4].

the only sleep period we could use was 100ms.


Although we do not explore this issue further in this paper, we believe that this problem can be addressed by using a hierarchical scheme: In addition to their own noti.cation .ags, a group of frontends can also share a single .ag (or counter) which they access using atomic memory operations.

the polling thread normally only needs to check the shared .ag.


Inter-domain congestion charging ensures that any net work that harbours compromised zombie hosts will have to pay for the congestion that their attacks cause in down stream networks.

it is incentivised to deploy our adaptive policer (§3.3.2).


As IEEE 802.11 is the oldest of the aforementioned WGs, its amendment for WMN is most mature.

we focus on IEEE 802.11s and give insight and details in section V. In section VI we provide simulation results that allow assumption of the performance of IEEE 802.11s.


NEMOx achieves a throughput gain of 2.21× with dAP density 7, and the gain increases consistently with higher density.

nEMOx makes the best balance between multiplexing within each cluster and reuse across clusters.


Finally, we observed that usage changes signi.cantly from one part of the stadium to another as the event progresses.

it would be very appropriate to shift radio resources, as demand shifts from one eNodeB to another at the venue.


These Ethernet messaging systems use non-programmable NICs.

no more processing can be o.oaded onto the NIC than which has been already been burned into the card at design time.


Clearly, E[.R]=.C p.Now, to remain, the newly occupied entries need their sample counts be raised by zp.C , since the .ushing threshold will be dF + zp.C .

of those entries, he can only keep .R alive, which zp.C is 1/z on the average; provided that more than 1/z of such entries had been occupied.


Our aim in this paper is to propose a clear and precise performance evaluation method to i) assess the quality of the analytical model leading to the total delay PGF, ii) select the most accurate numerical inversion method.

we de.ne two performance measures whose aim is to characterize the error originating from the analytical model on the one side and from the PGF inversion method on the other side.


Since the data from a large number of mobile users can be very large and in many cases not useful for training.

eZ performs pre-.ltering and selects only a useful subset of the available data to learn the model (see Section 7).


Figure 9 shows that opportunistic forwarding suffers from considerably lower e.ciency as compared to deterministic forwarding.

while deterministic forwarding makes use of route updates, these updates are not particularly frequent and are highly e.cient (recall that multiple JBCs are sent simultaneously, e.ciently using the channel).


The results in Figure 11 indicate that, while the sub-optimality of CABS client association component can at most be within half of the optimal (see Sec.4.2.4) in the worst case, in practice, it yields a performance that is very close to its upper bound.

the high ef.  (a) Throughput ratio (b) Throughput ratio (c) System utility (d) BS load balancing (a) Throughput ratio (b) Utility Figure 11: Evaluation of client association component in Pro-Beam.


(5) Analyzing the exact delay performance of the system considered in this paper is very di.cult and still an open problem due to very complex coupling of queueing dynamics across links with large dimensions.

we rely on the upper bound on the mean queue length (thus mean delay by Little s formula), as proved in Theorem 3.2.


Ifrequestsarriveatsomerater,thenthetotalrawweight forthedemandtermisabouttr+ tr+ r .2tr.


However, since the PNC monitors all command exchanges, including peer discovery commands, the PNC can obtain the data rates between reachable DEV pairs from their frame exchanges by self-learning without extra overhead, and store them in an N×N rate matrix (RM), where N is the total number of DEVs within the piconet, including the PNC.

in practice, distance measurement in not necessary for link rate gathering.


By Lemma 5.1, we know that in order for the sensors located at the vertices of the triangle abc, the circumcenter o must be covered by each.

to achieve full-coverage, we must have d = rs (27) To achieve connectivity, we must have d(a, b) = rc.


That is, four antennas, three directional and one omni directional, are used in the experiments.

the prototype repeatedly transmits a training period of 128 symbols from each of the four antennas in turn as fast as possible.


4.4 Practicality When a PSK, or cached PMK, is configured to a current PMK, the attacker can interfere with the 4-Way Handshake either before Message 1 or after Message 1 because it knows the corresponding PMKID from previous eavesdropping.

the attacker may just send out a forged Message 1 periodically, the attack succeeding if one of the forged Message 1s falls between the legitimate Message 1 and Message 3.


In real world, the real-time tra.c matrix is hard to obtain.

we design a tra.c oblivious load-balanced routing framework for Fat-tree, which works as follows.


By using the equations 1, 2 and 3, the energy consumed in the ith grid is E1 = eta ( r2 + W2)nAt1B + eeB (10) Ei = eta ( (2r)2 + W2)nAtiB + eeB, i =1.


However, such an attack is unable to prevent the spreading of good copies in a fully cooperative p2p environments (that do not exhibit the above (i)-(iii) behavior) with a suf.cient interest rate for a certain .le, as indicated in Figure 1.

in the rest of the paper, we anticipate the next step in the arms race between the attackers and defenders, and treat a class of more sophisticated DoS and counter-DoS strategies.


The two lowest tiers are assigned the responsibility of object detection.

two sensing modalities are employed for low-latency detection of new objects.


In CCN, transferring data without any request is impossible.

we introduce Push Request as a trigger and Push Interest as an indicator of confirmed path.


During the training phase, we combine all of the readings for a single access point and estimate a geographic location for the access point by computing the arithmetic mean4 of the positions reported in all of the readings.

the radio map for this algorithm has one record per access point containing the estimated position of that AP.


The WARP platform can only support 240Mbps.

we make the comparison under four different data rate requirements: 0, 50, 100, and 200Mbps.


In all three schemes, however, a packet has to look up the cut dimension and the number of cuts in each node s .rst part to determine its index into the array in the second part, and then retrieve the child node pointer at the index.

each node requires Table 1: Node data in bytes HyperCuts 2 for header (number/dimension of cuts, other infor mation such as internal node or leaf) 4 per moved-up rule pointer (up to 1) or leaf rule pointer (up to binth = 16) 16 for compacted region boundary 4 per child pointer Ef.Cuts 2 for header 13 per leaf rule (up to binth = 16) (leaf) or 16 for compacted region (equi-size) or 2 per unequal cut index (max_cuts = 7) (equi-dense) 4 per child pointer  (b) Access 1 Access 2  FIGURE 5.


With EPS implemented in the nodes, it is likely that, within an epoch, the root node completes transmission of the maximum number of packets from subtree A before subtree B s. Since EPS does not have work-conservation (Section 6.4), this implies that it will wait until the required number of packets has been received and transmitted from subtree B before considering packets from subtree A.

ePS achieves fairness irrespective of the di.erences in loss probabilities of links in the network.


Therefore, all the algorithms require accessing to a routing table, selecting among several options, and determining the most suitable output channel.

it is assumed that it takes one clock cycle to compute the routing decision in all cases.


At the same time, we want to make sure that no middlebox becomes a hotspot; i.e., many sequences rely on a speci.c middlebox.

we model the number of chosen sequences in which a middlebox occurs and also the maximum occurrences across all middleboxes in Eq (4) and Eq (5) respectively.


This calls for a transition from an end-to-end connectivity to a content oriented interaction.

the physical topology of the network will have less impact on routing and forwarding.


INTRODUCTION The number of Internet connections has grown rapidly in recent years.

new services oriented to a large number of users have been created.


While methods exist to reliably .lter spoofed private and bogon sources, ingress .ltering cannot be reliably depended upon to provide widespread spoo.ng mitigation because of deployment and incentive issues surrounding the available techniques.

our measurements reinforce anecdotal evidence that concerted spoo.ng attacks remain a serious concern.


But, wireless is an inherently unreliable medium.

it is a standard practice to use a reliable transport layer strategy to retrieve the information lost at the MAC layer.


Obviously, a node cannot forward any information it has not received yet, enforcing that information .ow is directed: An intermediate node on a line topology has to wait for at least one message from a neighbor, while after its reception it ought to send as quickly as possible in order to not slow things down.

we naturally end up with .ooding a pulse through the network, implicitly building a breadth.rst search tree.


Since legitimate mail servers must both send and receive emails, they are often con.gured to use static IP addresses to facilitate establishment of inbound connections.

mail servers set up using dynamic IP addresses are more likely to be spam mail servers, directly controlled by spammers or leveraged as zombie hosts.


Otherwise, since x f i+1 = xi+1, we will increase xi only if we increase Although it is not obvious, one can check that f i.

in any case, we will still have x f i = xi at the the standard randomized upload policy discussed earlier x does not achieve this bound even on a complete graph.


A binary feedback, b,is sent backto the transmitter for every group of N symbols received: b=1 if a group contains erasures and b= 0 otherwise.

b=0 means all the bits in the group is decoded successfully.


Each neighbor actually receiving attack information has to take its own independent decision on how to react on this information.

a metric-based decision algorithm is applied that comprises parameters like local workload, distance, and signi.cance.


Average Degree: This metric is calculated by counting both in-coming and out-going edges, hence is the degree of a host if we ignore the directivity.

it indicates the popularity of a host, i.e., how many distinct IP nodes a host interacted over the observation interval.


Our testbed consists of 10 nodes, placed within 15 feet of one another in a room.

all nodes are within range of one another, and being indoors, this results in signi.cant interference between them.


Anyone can send to the UE without prior consent.

as con.rmed by our experiments, victims may be charged for what they never anticipate, and attackers get data services they never pay.


3 has a negative slope, and intersects the µ-axis at = Since E(O) µO = > 0.

d(O) the lower envelope of the straight lines, i.e., the bold boundary in Fig.


But this bandwidth is shared by legitimate users only.

most of their TCP transfers still .nish with increased transfer times.


Let us assume that 2D bins are a cross product of bins for each 1D variable.

by determining in which 1D bin each variable falls, one can also determine in which 2D bin a record falls.


This overhead increases with growing node mobility.

such static topology hierarchies cannot be used in vehicular networks, where we face very high node velocities and network dynamics.


Figure 5(c) shows the delivery delay for SAFETY message generated by Application II, as a function of the distance traveled by each message.

figure 5(c) provides an indicator of how fast the SAFETY message is propagated over multi-hops VANET.


If an attacker could generate a valid signature h(m)d on h(m) from h(m)-dH N i , = h(m)d-dH N i he could compute h(m)2dF N i and thus generate valid RSA signatures for a secret key dF N i .

3 The foreign networks learn, that their shares themselves are not the secret.


When objects are present in the cache the value function is nearly zero.

the value of most objects is the sum of the initial time to download the object plus many tiny access times caused by subsequent requests resulting in cache hits.


Note that during the iteration the resultant vector does not decrease in a monotone manner.

the iteration is not able to reach the absolute minimum of the resultant vector, or at least the algorithm cannot decide at a certain step that it has reached the minimum, unless the resultant vector becomes 0.


Most importantly, FS performs worse than 802.11.

theoretically optimal solutions directly applied do not work well and the next section identi.es why.


The path with the least weight is preferred.

bATD not onlytakes into account the diverse channel distribution when there are multiple nonoverlapping channels within one path, but also considers that links on different channels can transmit data packets simultaneously.


A possible alternative is the scheme in [31] though it is unlikely to change results much.

in the proxy architecture shown in Figure 2.1, both clients and proxy would partition each .le they encounter into blocks, and build a lookup structure on the hash of each block.


The NM can then use the management channel to invoke the appropriate CON-Man primitives and con.gure the modules accordingly.

the NM can con.gure the entire network from the ground up with (almost) no protocol-speci.c knowledge.


For this .t, the rmse =0.115 and R2 =0.5112.

using this more parsimonious description, we can generate CDFs of transition probabilities for a cluster of a given size, by determining their Weibull parameters according to the exponential law governing the dependency of these parameters a and b on the cluster size.


THE OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK As shown in [5], the problem of constructing a minimum .ooding tree (the so-called Minimum Connected Dominating Set), which would identify the best collection of nodes to retransmit a brodcast packet as to reach all other nodes, is NP-hard.

most approaches to e.cient broadcasting in ad-hoc networks start with .ooding and attempt to reduce its extent with the assistance of some heuristics.


An output port can tune to receive any of the wavelengths in the ring, and deliver packets from any of the input ports.

this architecture supports circuit unicast, circuit multicast, circuit broadcast, and also circuit loopback, in which traf.c from each port transits the entire ring before returning back to the source.


CONSTRUCTION OF HCF TABLE We have shown that HCF can remove nearly 90% of spoofed traf.c with an accurate mapping between IP addresses and hop-counts.

building an accurate HCF table (i.e., IP2HC mapping table) is critical to detecting the maximum number of spoofed IP packets.


Lack of .ne-grained resource allocation: Existing multithreading approaches do not provide a mechanism to assign a speci.c fraction of the processing capacity of the core to a thread.

it is not possible to .nely partition the available processing resources (and to enforce that partitioning).


HIP DEX aims to o.er hopby-hop protection in multihop WSNs, while SSL/TLS attempts to provide end-to-end security at the edge of WSNs between the base station and sensor nodes.


If the instantaneous requirement for a certain .ow is above its average bit-rate, the enforcer can borrow resources at .ne time-scales from a .ow whose instantaneous rate is below its average bit-rate.

setting the maximum rate for the .ows above their average 1 16 0.8 100 75 14 100 0.6 12 0.4 75 50 10 0.2 50 25 CDF    Video Bit-rate (Mbps) SINR (dB) % Resource Utilization 4 2 0 0 25 NOAVISnpAVIS AVIS Fairness Index Frequency of Switches Scenario 0 0 (a) Fairness (b) Stability (c) Utilization NOAVISnpAVIS AVIS Time (seconds) Scenario Figure 8: Ef.cacy of AVIS.


can be guaranteed, which causes the ine.cient use of power.

when we aim at maximizing the sum e.ective capacity (i.e., .1 = .2 = ··· = .N = 1) over multiple users, users with less stringent QoS requirements get more power such that the system can increase the sum e.ective capacity more e.ciently with the limited power.


Prom the property of Laplace transform, the first order moment, i.e., the mean value ~ of the residence time in the LA is: OG~.

(s) Is=o-- N(K) -t- 1 (12) = Os 21z the Laplace transform, B~(s), of the residual so- journ time, T, within the LA is obtained by ~T(S ) = 1 -- G~.


The service started shall not be interrupted by the hand-over procedure.

metering and accounting should continue on the new access node and possibly within the new domain.


Chunks missing during the push phrase cannot be avoided due to packet loss in wireless networks.

the system employs a pull phrase to recover missing chunks.


All in all, the main advantage of distributed service placement mechanisms is that they assume that placement and other related tasks are performed locally.


This illustrates the importance of header information present in each slice and NAL unit.


With these assumptions in mind, the aim of the proposed selection scheme is to select the simplest spectrum sensing scheme.

we have sorted the different sensing techniques in ascending order of their complexities, such that energy detection results in the simplest technique, followed by correlation-based and waveform-based detection methods.


In contrast to D3 s pro-active approach, which does not allow for correcting the decisions resulting from inaccurate information, D2TCP s reactive approach allows senders to correct any temporary and small over-subscription of the network.

the compromises made by a distributed, reactive scheme are better suited for datacenters.


When a peer completes the download of a single chunk, it o.ers it to other peers which so far have not downloaded this chunk.

peers exchange chunks with each other although they did not .nish the download of the complete .le.


Importantly, the earlier distribution for Seattle was also very narrow and easily distinguishable from the Mountain View and Albuquerque distributions.

while latencies exhibit extremely low variance over short time periods, initial results seem to indicate that they shift massively over longer time periods.


The arrival rate of servers is assumed to be 104 times of UEs, because servers receive lots of requests.

the average queuing delay at servers as follows: 1.


This is a fairly mild assumption as the information conveyed by the keys is relative to identities of the parties sharing them, not to the protocol they are running.

unlike similar results proved of existing typing systems for authentication, notably [11, 12], Theorem 2 may be directly applied to the veri.cation of multi-protocol system (see [20, 21] for details).


A third party cannot make it clear that the network administrator has not attacked anyone.

a malicious user who has attacked someone can make excuses, and put the blame on the network administrator.


As expected, the consumed energy ratio of the randomization-based mechanism in terms of the node number is lower than that of the desynchronization-based mechanism.

the desynchronization-based mechanism is appropriate for WSN applications that require high data collection.


This conclusion comes from the closed simulation model: every new location retrieval of a user can be provided if and only if the previous request for the same user was processed.

simulated utilization in Figure 15 is the upper bound even if the T values rise.


(R+)n.Our problem di.ers from the classic POMDP in that we have two belief updates per slot (3 4) that are interleaving with the action.

our optimal value function has a unique form as follows (see [4] for proofs).


9T2 In NWG 1.2, the Serving BS will report MAC context directly to the authenticator instead of the Target BS and start the AK retrieval procedure earlier.

there will be three R4 and three R6 messages to establish data paths as shown in Figure 5.


However, both the .lter characteristics and phase coupling e.ectiveness are determined by the construction of the transformers alone.

these observations hold even when the transformers are powered.


The fundamental challenges are system-inherent latencies between the host PC and the SDR as well as computational performance and non-deterministic delays introduced by running the physical layer on a non-real-time operating system [16].

conventional architectures with USB or Gigabit Ethernet interfaces are not able to meet the latency requirements of the IEEE 802.11 [17].


Relying on dedicated hardware for matching dramatically reduces the scope to which such a middleware can be deployed.

it seems reasonable to sacri.ce the expressiveness of content-based publish/subscribe if line rate forwarding becomes the major requirement.


This provides the ability to map multiple Extended Service Set Identi.ers (ESSIDs) to multiple Basic Service Set Identi.ers (BSSIDs).

at the IETF, a total of 112 APs (38 physical APs × 4 ESSIDs per physical AP) were available for utilization.


Basically, the smaller a hop count to the sink node is, the lower is the potential value assigned to it.

if a node simply transmits data toward one of its neighbor nodes having a smaller potential than its own, the data will eventually reach the sink node.


The further a vertex is from the wireless array centroid, the bigger coverage hole it represents around that area.

intuitively, the RN that is nearest to the furthest vertex can be relocated there .rst.


All Bloom filters are queried simultaneously then only those tables with a positive query result are accessed sequentially, starting at the longest prefix length.

[8] reduces the expected number of tables searched, to one or two.


Although the number of set of requested data items is larger than that of the other sets of requested data items, the requested data items may be combined to obtain a better data retrieval sequence.

it can get better performance of access latency.


The generating algorithm for the worst-case scenario ensures that the remaining elements in both sets are unique and do not match.

the protocols .nd the single match only in the last step, resulting in the worst-case runtime of the protocols.


Typically, commodity wireless networking cards do not allow access to the PHY layer, since the low level functionalities realized at the PHY layer such as digital signal processing (DSP) are implemented in hardware.

specially designed hardware/software platforms such as software de.ned radios (SDRs) [3] must be used.


Recall that the base layer packets are always transmitted over the old path with a steady state rate.

the impact of rate adaptation on the base layer throughput is kept minimum.


But adding an additional feed usually requires interacting with a particular ISP to set up the monitoring session.

an urgent question is to understand the generality and representativeness of the given monitor system, and to understand how to select monitor locations to maximize the overall effectiveness of the route monitoring system.


To address this problem, we simply treat this subtrie as other sub-tries and map it to the same pipeline.

a request is first dispatched into the pipeline to parse the parent subtrie, and then another request is dispatched to parse one of the child sub-trie.


This mechanism,however, has its own set of challenges; one being that it is not supported by all IB hardware, another being that it is not yet understood how to con.gure congestion control for large networks [8].

it is important to minimize the problem by other means.


We are unaware of any remote .rmware update capability for these meters.

a .rmware upgrade would require skilled maintenance sta.


Since handshake contains NC and NS , we know that these are the nonces generated and received, respectively, by M C .

m C and M S are partners according to tTLS.


Finally, as in the piconet with just one slave, when no packets are being transmitted, the master is only compelled to poll the slaves just after a period of Tpoll.

the emission of the initial BT packet of each transmission may wait up to Tpoll to be initiated.


This means that the total energy consumption (by a mobile node and the corresponding relay node) of the relay transmission has to be smaller than that by the mobile node in the direct transmission mode.

we say that the relay mode is bene.cial if (5), (6) and (7) are satis.ed.


Due to the fundamentalrelationshipbetweenthesignal wavelength and the antenna size, the wavelength of 60GHz is of the order of millimetre, which makesitpossible todesign small sized antennas.

it is convenient to integrate 60GHz featured transceivers withportable consumer electronicdevices.


Then, for any integer x=2, xl-(N+ln)/2c e Pr(Y>lx) xl) lxthe odds that Z>xl.So, for example, if l= 8, c = 15, x =3, n =210,and N =218 , then the 248 probability that Y> 24 is less than 1/,which is a very small number.

in this example, we may safely discard the packets for any index C that have more than 24 packets.


Note that, although the proposed scheme adapts its complexity depending on the channel matrix, in .at fading channels this change occurs only once per frame transmission.

the system observes most of the time .xed detection complexity.


Thus, with 8 replicas in our experiments, there is a 1/8th probability that the primary copy is inaccessible by the rest of the network (since there is roughly equal failure rates among the replicas).

primary copy should de- liver 8 times better availability than Golding's algorithm; this can be verified in Figure 3.


Computing a single path with required bandwidth subject to both inter.ow contention and intra-.ow contention does not seem to be possible in polynomial time since intra-.ow contention can be determined only if the path is given but there may exist exponential number of single paths between a source and a destination node.

we will present a maximum bottleneck capacity path heuristic for this purpose.


INTRODUCTION Availability of small, inexpensive wireless communicating devices has played an important role in moving ad hoc networks closer to reality.

mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are attracting a lot of attention from the research community.


As described in the previous section, many events will not be of interest to all nodes.

replicating all events at every node and using content-based filtering at the nodes will in many cases not be efficient.


In cases where the reverse name lookup for the IP hops in O failed, we looked for similarity between the DNS names of the IP hops attributed to N2 and the AS name for O.

by utilizing ownership information encoded in DNS names and AS names we were able to account for almost all the IP-to-AS mapping errors in an automated fashion.


If currRSSI drops below Thscan , which indicates that the mobile device is moving away from the original access point.

the IMM will start a periodical channel scan to search for possible handover targets.


For ease of discussion, the data rate sweep considers equivalent data rates for an effective combined packet.

given NC tra.c classes, Rp(i) [packets/meter/s], RB (i) [bytes/meter/s] and .nally L(i) [bytes/packet] for tra.c class i (i = 0, .


In this paper, we examined actual traf.c across multiple OSNs, both at a macro as well as at a micro-level, to understand user behavior.

our work is related to the efforts that rely on surveys [10, 35, 1] and interviews [17].


Especially, Linux is widely used on not only server-level computers but also embedded devices.

cost for porting and optimizing software for speci.c devices may be reduced when we use the Click with Linux.


Such information is global in the MU-MIMO network, but can be compactly represented with only a few bits.

explicitly sharing such information in the network does not incur noticeable overhead, signi.cantly simplifying the cell coordination.


Immediate neighbors are managed in a data base, which for each neighbor contains, among others, its ID, its hop count to the base station and its MaNo schedule.

all nodes know the MaNo schedule of their immediate neighbors.


Thus, for a given AP, the maximum di.erence between the start of the data transmission times of its neighboring clients is at most 20.70µs (See Figure 3 where Alice can possibly start transmitting data as early as t = T + 6.35µs while Don may start as late as at t = T + 27.05µs).

to ensure that the PN sequences in their data packet headers collide only with the PN sequences of other transmitters, the clients pad cyclic bits after their PN sequences.


As for unslotted networks, it is suitable for variable-length packets without synchronization; it is also efficiently accommodate natural IP packets.

we primarily focus our study on unslotted OBS networks.


Without loss of generality, let domain m be the player which has the incentive to deviate ' to a new gateway selection strategy gm.

we have '' i'* c i, ig + cim gm ,ir n (g ) imm n i=im(g),i.Nm m * + c i,ir n (gn) inequality, so does the new link cost metric c ' (a, b).


We propose to combine the virtual currency mechanisms with the route discovery protocol.

a node that has a route towards a destination will know the exact price it will be charged for each packet sent on this route.


For these reasons, In.niBand Congestion Control Architecture (CCA) uses Inter-Packet Delay (IPD), rather than window size, to set the desired load.

cCA is a reactive, rate-based control scheme.


We observed that the performance trends of the algorithms are very similar for all the considered day-long traces.

only the graphs corresponding to a day-long trace of participant M1 are shown.


In that work, aggregation is performed over a hierarchical quad-tree.

the map is divided into nonoverlapping areas and information is organized in di.erent levels.


The results prove that it performs at least 25% better than the original standard and demonstrates its satisfactory.

we believe that this algorithm can serve as an add-on power saving feature to the original standard so that broadband wireless service can become robust and powerful to the linkage in the human communication.


When the total reception energy at P is constrained to be atmost3, oneofthe solutionsistoallocate2unitsofenergy to Aand1unit of energyto B.

we see that an IS satis.es the total reception energy constraint.


Finally, the terminal of 10 will connect a link to the destination of 12 on WS[B].

the .nal data path from the source to the destination is obtained as 1 .


Recent researches [2, 3, 4] focus on how to reducing sharing time but those are not intuitive and efficiency enough in the case of sharing a media with friends just around us.

there is a clear need to accelerate the process of media transferring by means of mobile devices.


However, before one can know if a zone is available, one must de.ne what that means.

we de.ne a measure that captures the intuitive notion of availability, but in quanti.able metric.


The last equation further implies that q1 * = * c with probability p , and the rest = ** a·(1+c) q2 = ··· = qn.

at FMNE, transmission probabil ities of the sel.sh nodes are given by Fig.


The performance penalty is particularly high for TCP .ows which react badly to bursty reorder and packet losses.

our algorithms for striping traf.c need to be simple and nimble so that they can ef.ciently react to even small changes to channel conditions across two parallel paths.


As mentioned in [10], Physical-Layer Network Coding (PNC) [11] and Analog Network Coding (ANC) [12], which have been proposed in recent years, may implicitly o.er the ability of MPR and MPT as they allow simultaneous reception and combination of the electromagnetic (EM) waves of di.erent signals at the physical layer.

it may be possible that PNC and ANC, unlike the digital NC, may have the potential to improve the capacity order.


That is, it supports a per-MN prefix model.

once an MN is in the PMIPv6 domain, the serving network assigns a unique home network prefix, and conceptually this prefix always follows the MN wherever it moves within the PMIPv6 domain.


By both analysis and simulation, we show that when the number of stations inanIBSSis notverysmall,thereisa non-negligibleprobability that stations mayget out of synchronization.The more stations, the higher probability and the larger ratio of asynchronism.

the current IEEE 802.11 s synchronization mechanismdoesnotscalewell;itcannotsupportalarge-scale adhocnetwork,say,from 150to 200stations asintheclassroom examplementioned earlier.


This range matches more with that observed in real-life 802.11g-based ad hoc networks.

in the space considered we can encounter routes with more than 7 hops, and the density of the network can reach high values with a small number of nodes.


We already analyzed the total number of data packets earlier in this subsection.

in attack-free situations, the total computation cost required to verify a single code image includes one signature veri.cation and (2 + M(log M +1) + N(P -1) + .|CI|-N(P -1)(|payload|-|H(·)|) .)


In general, some nodes do not have a direct wireless link to an AP, but they are connected via other intermediate nodes.

they cannot initiate handoffs that are based on the link quality to the AP.


It is phase differences that carry all information about Alice s and Bob s bits, not the values of the phases themselves.

in the rest of this section, we develop an algorithm that allows Alice to decode the phase differences between the consecutive samples of Bob s signal.


It joins the remaining trees as leaf nodes.

when it leaves the broadcast, it will only affect the stability of one tree because it has descendants in only one tree.


It only keeps the most recent 10 idle intervalsand employs only two levels of threshold probabilities.

instead of sorting and linear programming, µPM only needs to choose between the minimal and the maximal from the 10 history record as the prediction based on a probability obtained by solving a single linear equation reduced from Equation (8).


For our "5 min" failure runs described in the previous sections, FTR decreased very slowly following the initial failure burst.

we needed to make the lower threshold for AFTR extremely small to avoid having the guardband "stuck" at a higher than needed value.


In this case, the arrival rate at the link in interval [tk,tk +T) is R0 + u1 C1 = C1.So, packet k is serviced before packet k+ 1 arrives at the queue.

.q1 k =0, .dk 1 =0, and R1 = R0 (18)  A.2 Induction to subsequent links The results that were previously derived for the .rst link can be proved inductively for each link in the path.


If we de.ne a Bernoulli random variable Xi corresponding to the connectivity state of each node in square L×L, where i =1, 2, ··· ,N, { 1, isolated; Xi = 0, connected.

the expected number of isolated nodes is nn E[n1]= E 2 Xi = 2P (Xi = 1) i=1 i=1 n 2 2P1 = nP1 .1LP1 i=1 Let d =1/2 and apply Cherno.


It balances energy of nodes in the network.

it increases the lifetime and throughput of the network.


The experiments show carrier sense behavior splitting up as a function of interferer distance into three distinct regimes, near, intermediate, and far, just as the theory claims, with modest inefficiency in the intermediate regime but nearly optimal performance near and far.

within the parameter range explored, the experimental results concur with the theory, supporting its claim that carrier sense s average throughput leaves limited room for improvement.


Streaming videosto mobile devicesischallenging,because mobile devices are battery powered and have stringent energy constraints.

energy saving on mobile devices is important since lower energy consumption leads to longer watch time and increases the user satisfaction.


From equation (4) in section 2, it is clear that the discrete CIR depends on the operating frequency of the WiFi chipset.

we expect that the structure of the CIR will vary across channels.


Simultaneously, the neighbours of its rear-end counterpart raise their si .ags to signal that they believe they are neighbouring a rear-end node.

between the second and the third panel, the front end chooses a new frequency channel for itself.


About half are university sites, and most of the remainder research institutes of different kinds.

the connectivity between the sites is strongly biased towards conditions in the USA, and is likely not representative of the commercial Internet in the large.


From lemma 4.1, there are lG/D(n) di.erent circles of radius R(n)each of themhaving T(nR2(n)) nodes on average.

the average per node throughput capacity can be derived as « R2.


However, we seek to achieve our goal without affecting the reliability and stability of traditional routing.

our approach of transmitting over links with high loss rates faces four key challenges that in.uence our design decisions.


All completed TS would be taken out from the table.

excess polling overhead in legacy PCF could be avoided.


NetEx is based on the observation that bulk data transfers are not sensitive to the latency of individual packets, i.e., their main performance metric is completion time.

bulk data transfers can exploit spare resources opportunistically, i.e., data is sent only To exploit spare bandwidth opportunistically, NetEx differentiates traf.c into normal and bulk traf.c classes, and forwards bulk traf.c with strictly lower priority.


However, in the presence of mobility, some cluster members may move away from their clusterhead during its round.

the average cluster residence time will be affected and will be less than mt .


There are 10 pairs of uncorrelated .ows that have 6 di.erent bits.

if we choose 5 as the number of allowed error bits, we would have 99% true positive rate and 0% false positive rate.


At fap =0.5, the network becomes congested already at 2 pkt/sec,thus load backs up at the TCP connections creating an in.nite backlog condition.

tCP throughput performance is constant for varying o.ered load.


a spliced path from node 1 to 6 is constructed by starting on slice 1 and then switching to slice 2 at the next hop (node 2).

a spliced path is composed of multiple path segments from different slices.


Theoretically, with a TCRedundancy set to 2, B broadcasts topology control messages announcing its entire link set (A.B; B.C and B.D).

the link A.C will not be known by D, causing a malfunction of the channel allocation algorithm.


While,APs in the sets Lj ' -Lj can be used to increase the bandwidth allocation of other users with the same or higher bandwidth,which contradicts the assumption that X ' is max-min fair bandwidth association.


In this case, the node is said to be operating in promiscuous mode.

node X should process, at the network layer, any packet received at the MAC layer from the wireless interface, whether or not node X is the MAClevel destination of the packet.


Admittedly, some misbehaving nodes may only broadcast a few bogus messages, and then their AR-Vals do not increase signi.cantly, for example lower than the suspicion threshold.

the corresponding accuser s trust value may decrease to some extent.


Because MP is slower than DCW in Positive Ratio convergence for shared congestion, MP may exhibit lower performance because of low accuracy if the number of delay samples is not large.

detection used delay samples belonging to the .rst 100 seconds of the overlapping period to ensure that both MP and DCW had near-100% accuracy.


As for the overhead of the route discovery phase, all nodes essentially need to store a local copy of their view of the graph in order to determine whether an incoming ROUTE REQUEST message contains new information that needs to be forwarded.

we need a cache structure similar to the energy aware link cache introduced in [12].


Further, the error spans about 60. around each of 0. and 180. .

the error in our HO estimation is large and by itself cannot be used to track the user.


The complexity of edge coloring is O(E log D)[9] where E is the number of edges and D is the maximum degree.

since the maximum row or column sum in L (f) is bounded by T, E is bounded by NT and D is bounded by T. theedgecoloring of L (f) can be performed in O(NT log T).


The design philosophy of GPU is to employ the parallel architecture to maximize the overall throughput.

to best leverage the computing power of GPU, it is beneficial to accumulate data for sufficient parallelism.


PREVIOUS WORK While the issue of data rate selection was touched in previous wireless ad hoc network studies, the approach was generally oriented as follows: given a data rate choice, how does it affect the optimization of the number of hops and transmission power utilized towards achieving a certain level of end-to-end packet delivery rate [9].

a direct study on optimal data rate selection for vehicle safety communications is generally not present in the literature.


All of them can exchange their IDs multiple times with each other(Fig.2a).

mallory will nowhave an upper bound of O(n n ) paths to infer the true location of Alice, where n is the number of encounters, though, in this case not only the direct encounters of Alice but the encounters on the path forged by IA .


It is not hard to .nd out that the depth of a Nice tree is bounded by O(log N), where N is the total number of nodes joining the multicast tree.

nice protocol reduces worst-case of state and control overhead from any member to O(log N).


Most of RON's design supports routing through multiple intermediate nodes, but our results (Section 6) show that using at most one inter- mediate RON node is sufficient most of the time.

parts of our design focus on finding better paths via a single intermediate RON node.


times and thereby increases channel access probability.

higher priority tra.c is associated with shorter backo.


Furthermore, the simpli.ed protocol also outperformed TCP Cubic by a factor of 7.2× on average throughput and outperformed Cubic-over-sfqCoDel by 2.75× on average throughput.

in this example, full knowledge of the network topology during the design process was not crucial.


We want to have a connected network with stable routes, at the same time the hop length should not be too short to avoid long paths (with high hop counts).

the nodes from the IN group have the longest hold o. time among all three groups.


By de-fault, attachments or embedded images are excluded.

today s smartphones have enough storage space to store a large number of emails.


These advantages, however, are not fully utilized by operating smartphone only in isolation.

we demonstrate Uno, a platform that is speci.cally designed to allow people to share resources in smartphone environments.


D Two idle cycles: If both q1q2 qx0 and q1q2 qx1 are queries of idle cycles, there is no tag which responds to q1q2 qx.


Second, a user participating in a live streaming session is only interested in the stream starting from the time where it joins the networks, while in the VoD streaming the whole video must be delivered.

an efficient VoD system must provide the initial missing part of the video to latecomer's clients, where the live streaming concerns only the ongoing and future parts of the stream.


Our argument above suggests that unless one adopts the cachealong-default-path design, we cannot do the name-based routing fast enough to make ICN the narrow waist.

that is, one cannot have the network level primitive be something that cannot be processed at packet speeds.8 there is an interesting tradeoff between naming (hierarchical or not), routing behavior (just route to server, or route to nearest copy), caching behavior (is the working set size small?


The ChannelController keeps the important information needed for the AbstractRadio.

the ChannelAccess mustprovide meansforthe radiotoaccessthatinformation, since it is the entity that connects both sides.


However, throughput degradation may cause serious problems.

throughput guarantee for video applications are crucial, and will be considered here along with the above metrics.


We assume that users are interested in the content they bookmark, and that they describe the content with the tags they assign.

we derive plausible subscriptions from user tag sets.


Current history-based protocols that maximize performance in static settings do not work well in mobile settings where wireless conditions change rapidly.

today s WLANs need to be able to determine the type of the client s mobility and employ appropriate strategies in order to sustain high performance.


In most cases, the optimal PG schedules have lower delay for the downlink packets than the optimal MG schedules, while the optimal MG schedules have the lower delay for the uplink packets than the optimal PG schedules.

the optimal PG schedule may provide the better delay performance when ß increases, and the optimal MG schedule may provide the better delay performance when ß decreases.


Notably, TCP is a window-controlled transmission scheme and the congestion window size bounds the amount of outstanding data segments.

after a vertical handoff, we need to promptly estimate an appropriate window size at which the transmission rate can closely approach the new network capacity.


Since IPv4 addresseshave been employed for a long time, it is dif.cult to immediately shift network layer protocol from IPv4 to IPv6.

the connectivity using IPv4 address is still required.


With this result, it is e.ective to consider trafc impact using byte-level trafc instead of .ow level trafc.

we adopt byte-level trafc simulation in next section.


5.2 The .............model .............ompletestheworkstartedinthe.. ........framework.In.............,thefous isputonreatingaformalmodelfortheNodeOSInterfae NewNodeTYPE=[# node addrNodeAddress, node resoures Resoures, envts set[ExeutionEnvironment] #] ResouresTYPE=[# thread poolThreadPool, memory poolMemoryPool, hannelsChannelPool, filesFilePool #] ExeutionEnvironmentTYPE=[# addrEEAddress, resoure inuse Resoures #] Figure8:TheAtiveNoeSPECnoe Speifation[5].Thisspeifationdesribestheoperation ofanativenode,withoutdetailsofhowexeutionenvironmentsproesspakets.Therefore,.............providesamodelforroutingpaketsinsideanodeandformanagingthenoderesoures.Itanalsobeonsideredthat.. ............looksatthebigpitureoftheativenode.


For the CA based WSNs, this mode satisfies most design goals and allows the system to mange itself.

selecting appropriate rules to ensure that the homeostasis mode appears and remains in the system as long as possible should be an important issue for designers.


The 2K-graphs satisfying a prescribed two-point degree correlation, however, still show the structural diversity; for example, they are largely di.erent in their clustering coe.cient.

it is natural to seek a principle to .nd the most unbiased (random) network among ones satisfying a prescribed two-point degree correlation.


Also this style is intended only for the detection of mismatches between web services and can result in inconsistencies if other types of components are introduced.


An important remark regardingtheproposedalgorithmisthattheNE where a given walk ends, mainly depends on the starting vertex in the graph G and the order we let each player to update its strategy.

if each player is randomly chosen for updating at a given point of time, it is not possible to predict the NE where a walk ends.


we collected a new set of traces on 9/29/2006 for WLAN.


By a trivial symmetry argument, the cost of the optimum interference path between any two nodes only depends on their distance k, measured as the minimum number of nodes between them (moving either clockwise or counterclockwise).

we may assume, w.l.o.g, that u =0 and n-1 v = k,with 0 <k =2 .A link between nodes i< j is a chord of length c if j -i = c.It is easy to see that IN((i,j)) = min{n,3(j -i)+ 1}.In fact, a transmission along the chord (i,j) will interfere with the c nodes preceding the sender i,the c nodes following the receiver j, and the c -1 nodes in-between; counting also sender and receiver and summing up gives interference 3c+1.See Figure 5.


It is only reasonable when the sum of bandwidth demands is below the capacity.

placement approach can be called that the fundamental network isolation providing approach.


Thus, the idea is to minimize the maximal Ri values.

the final objective is to minimize the DB index in order to achieve optimal clustering since small DB values correspond to the groups that are compact (low within-cluster scatter) and whose distances between the centers are high (high between-cluster separation).


In particular, we focus on those events which result in end-to-end path changes, i.e., the probe host chooses the restored provider when routes through both providers are available.

the recovery event causes the probe host to switch to using the restored provider.


The probability that at least one of the copies of the packet is received at the next-hop node should be r1/h.


We also run simulations with Bernoulli losses, where packets are dropped on a link with a .xedprobability,butthedi.erencesarealsoinsignificant.

we only report results with Gilbert losses in this section.


gets are always successful): Pastry with no churn, a Stealth DHT with no churn and a Stealth DHT with only stealth nodes churning.

these results con.rm that the stability of stealth nodes has no impact on key availability.


v K 363 «k n We are interested in the number of neighbors actually detected pR2 - p( a Kr)2 a n n-kk P1 (1 - P1) k (Kr)2 X P2 ()=r n in NS2.

we do not consider the whole network but pR2 «n only a "typical point" located at the origin of the plane and its k=0 v « 1-neighborhood.


On the other hand, a packet from the second stream is useful to two concurrent queries, whereas a packet from the .rst stream is only useful for tornado detection.

the decision of what packet to choose depends on the mean square error of the data, number of queries interested in the data, weights of the queries, and importantly, the utility function of the queries.


The impact is more evident when the threshold is .ve or more bidirectional active transfers as the true positive rate and false positive rate become zero (Figure 3(c)).

this metric may not be suitable for detecting a bittorent host in this network environment.


node a needs to check at most log n zones.

this step Figure 7: Q1 < 2r but SEEM will fail to report it.


(S n{1, 2,...,n}), and client m plays no role in deciding the value of E[LSn{1,2,...,n}].

we can delete every client that is not in S and reorder the remaining clients.


[20] In building an ARMA model to use for forecasting, it is necessary to make the series stationary.

the original series must be preprocessed before constructing an ARMA model.


For interactive services, payment should be made per milestone.

c pays at the beginning of each milestone using the micro payment tokens (distributable tokens).


The accuracy of required synchronization depends on the application requirement.


Applying PMIPv6 features to HIP, it is possible to have an intra-technology handover process which is completely transparent to HIP MNs thanks to the fact that they do not detect any change to the previous configured IPv6 address.

the necessary signaling messages for the handover are reduced and the performances in terms of handover latency demonstrate the high efficiency of this solution compared to any other previous proposal.


....Our idea is that, if two nodes are from horizontal or vertical neighbor groups, they are more likely to be neighbors after the deployment than those from diagonal neighbor groups or from nonneighbor groups.

the height of the Merkle trees that these two nodes belong to should be different (preferably smaller) than nodes from other types of neighbor groups.


So, we have: -.A(z) F (z)= Pr(Z = z)=1 - e They approximated the area A(z)inFigure10as A(z) 4rz by assuming that z is small compared to r for reasonable densities of sensors.


Using results in matrix algebra, we have -1 T -1 -1 T (N)=(N -bb)= N+ ßvv , (17) 1 det{N} =det{N -bbT }= det{N}, (18) ß where v = N-1b, and ß =1/(1 -bT v).

we can compute fD(S.{i})=det{N}incremen N-1 tally by computing v = b, and ß =1/(1 - bT v) (note that N-1 remains .xed for different i).


Taking the amount of bandwidth into consideration provides the capacity for a given MU.

the rank of this combined channel matrix is also crucial, as it is the number of sub-channels possible (available degrees of freedom in MIMO channels).


If the selection of channels to be sensed is performed in a pseudorandom manner with uniform distribution of target channels, each channel will be sensed with equal probability, and mean sensing intervals will be the same regardless of channel state.

we need a policy that would give preferential treatment to idle channels.


Busy caches : If a requestor does not receive a response from a cache that contains the missing segments, it may turn out that the cache is busy serving other requestors.

the requestor must wait for this or another cache to respond.


As shown in Figure 5, there exist a gap between the social welfare of suboptimal and VCG auction, since the spectrum resource is not fully allocated to buyers with suboptimal auction.

the spectrum holder s revenue maximization is at the cost of degradation of social welfare.


The lower the duty cycle, the longer nodes can sleep and the more energy they will save, whereas the fewer nodes are available to participate in data routing at any given time, which however will increase transmission latency and decrease the throughput.

there is a trade-off between energy efficiency, transmission latency, and throughput determined by the nodes duty cycles.


our proposal has not reversed any of the low-cost aspects of the Paternoster router.


every dominatee, it has at least one dominator neighbor in the same or upper level.

every dominator (except the root) has at least one dominator in the upper level within two-hops.


Since the total degree is positive (and hence bounded below), the convergence of the process Dr is guaranteed.

the .rst condition of De.nition 3.1 is satis.ed.


ACC is not suitable for tight car following in the order of 5 m to 10 m).

a CACC controller is needed for platooning.


Such an oversampling approach is likely excessive in computing power and expense, especially if a resultant product is to be cost-sensitive and marketable.

a SDR platform tends to compromise between the extent to which the stages are implemented in hardware or in software [6].


In this way, the solution to the problem is the location of each of the nodes in the adjacency matrix that optimizes the objective function.

the problem solving process is much faster than the one proposed in this work due to the reduction of the topologies in the solution space.


In addition, we were not able to obtain any dynamic recon.gurable FPGAs, which can be used to implement fast and huge telecom data processing circuits and fast recon.guration.

the prototype node is equipped with a redundant processing module which is in idle status and is substituted for during FPGA recon.guration periods.


In such case, we can see that using the different pseudonyms Ai and A i allows A to maintain two authenticated but unlinkable communication channels with her communication partner.

parties are only linkable when using the same pseudonym on several channels.


A user of the MicroGrid will typically be logged in directly on a physical host and submit jobs to a virtual Grid.

the job submission must cross from the physical resources domain into the virtual resources domain.


From the physical layer point of view, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technique is considered highly suitable for broadband wireless network transmissions one [2].

in this paper we consider a system adopting OFDMA technique.