DM-DUEs and CUEs orthogonally use radio resources, whereas RM-DUEs may fully reuse same radio resources with CUEs.

rM-DUEs and CUEs using same radio resources cause interferences to each other.


Under the default condition, TXOP value is not expected to have large fluctuation.

the way we do adjustment is to make non-linear increase or decrease according to the current channel condition instead of using the congestion control of TCP in the past.


Since BitTorrent is by its nature a swarming protocol, the performance degradation introduced by having more relay peers participate is partially masked by BitTorrent s tendency to download and upload pieces from multiple peers simultaneously.

the protocol o.ers reasonably high performance even as the ratio of relay peers to normal peer is relatively high.


The reason that the overall response latency in Figure 3(f) does not change much with dm is that the major feedback messages are the non-delayed REP-NACKs from the representatives, which in turn is the result of the LPABFC representative and area management methods.

the delay from the Timeout-NACKs does not contribute much to the overall response latency.


2) To differentiate background .ows from normal .ows, normal .ows must have far more budget.

we make the minimum price suf.ciently low (10-18$/byt e), ensuring a .ow to saturate $1/E xabyt e given a unit budget, while giving a suf.cient range for background .ows.


A VOIP call setup uses RTP to do data exchange in both directions.

one VOIP traffic is equivalent to two UDP stations flooding the network.


Overall, what is important to note is that even delay requirements as low as 20ms (e.g., full quality telephony) can be met when TSS is employed.

even with the additional requirement of incumbent protection under stringent DFS parameters (see Table 1), a CR employing the TSS scheme can fully support the most demanding QoS applications.


n 3 (refer [21] for details) with indirection, the expected path stretch is n 3 and the update cost is 1 per mobility event.


The suicide messages will be rebroadcast more e.ectively due to the higher network connectivity, which better restrains the duplicate accusations.

although there are more potential nodes for suicide, the actual number of suicide nodes does not increase accordingly.


If a node moves out the transmission range of the other node, the two nodes cannot transmit information directly.

different mobility models have different expected link life time.


In addition, this kind of networks have limited resources in terms of bandwidth.

the use of multicast can help very much at increasing the throughput that can be obtained.


For example, in [17] the low-power radio operates at 915MHz ISM band with a transmission range of about 332 ft in free space and 30 ft indoor while the IEEE 802.11 cards operates at 2.4 GHz with transmission range upto 1750 ft.

(static or dynamic) power control is required to ensure the consistency among two channels.


However, P2P streaming systems still face freeriding problems, similar to those that have been observed in P2P .le sharing systems.

one important problem in providing streaming services is that of providing appropriate incentives for peers to contribute their upload capacity.


3.2.4 Perceived Collisions and Stale Entry Detection Recall that an overhearing node adds entries to its table upon hearing RTS/CTS and removes entries when it hears the successful completion of a packet through DATA/ACK.

the only reason a table can have stale entries is if after hearing an RTS/CTS a node fails to hear the succeeding ACK.


In case that vxi0 and vyj0 have Parallel Relation, the time slots allocated to vxi0 and vyj0 could be overlapped for tk slots where tk = min(tx, ty).

the efficient schedule can be t represented by U(SNG) = ...{{} {}vii0 x // vij 0 ty }tk ~ {}v tk ' ...tk ' , where v is the node that required longer transmission time in the parallel relation and tk is extra required transmission time for v after the parallel transmission.


The user is able to measure his current channel conditions by measuring the power of the received signal from the Node B and then using a set of models described in [9], to determine his current supportable data rates (i.e., the rates that he can receive data from the Node B given his current channel condition).

users with good channel conditions will enjoy potentially higher supportable data rates by using higher modulation and coding rates, whereas users with bad channel conditions will experience lower data rates instead of adjusting their transmission power.


Unlike existing location predictors that do not consider the timing information (e.g., [18, 6]), the proposed algorithm has to specify the time intervals at which predictions are made.

the parameters for the proposed prediction algorithm are (1) h: the discretization step in time; (2) K: the number of bins in the discretized empirical cumulative probability distributions H ij (kh), Q ij (kh), and D i(kh); and 1 Table 4: Prediction accuracy under various com 0.9 binations of parameters(median/mean).


Africa, South Asia) the observed delay is much higher than the mere distance suggests.

the authors provide a synthetic, higher dimensional distance model that better models the observed delays.


However, a problem with the approach is that the load on the most heavily loaded disk can significantly differ from that on the average loaded disk and using the load on the former to govern the allocation on the latter can cause a mismatch between the allocation and the actual load (thereby defeating the purpose of bandwidth allocation).

neither approach is satisfactory for allocating bandwidth on a disk array.


As a result, starting from a user, successive shifts to in.uenceascents progress toward its local maximum.

a mobile user is able to reach the in.uential user according to an in.uence-ascent route.


Second, a single application, like web, could support streaming, instant messaging, and .le transfers, that have very di.erent interactivity requirements.

most 802.11 cards use a conservative policy of entering PSM only when there is no network activityfor acertaintime(generally ontheorderof 100ms).


When hierarchically composing capacity reservations, we impose a simple restriction: We allow .xed allocations to sub-divide a .xed allocation, and proportional allocations may also sub-divide a .xed allocation, but never the opposite.

a proportional allocation can be used to sub-divide a .xed allocation, but any future allocation after the transition to proportional must also be proportional.


In such a system, any newly arriving query will get .ushed out of the system very quickly and if M is large, the probability of a match is very low.

we see that although the mean is independent of k and ., the variance is governed by these quantities and contributes to the probability of match.


A path key K is broken down into k nuggets and sent along k node-disjoint paths.

all nuggets are required to reconstruct K. an attacker would have to capture at least one node along each path to obtain the key.


Unlike wired datacenters, server failures can a.ect routing reliability in Cayley datacenters because each server functions as a router.

we measure the number of node pairs that can connect to each other under an increasing number of server failures.


Recall from Section 3.3 ki ),F (p k-1 i ki (3) S(p )=max ) , that a virtual time unit is the time it takes to send one bit of a unitweight .ow in the .uid-.ow system that fair queuing approximates.

it takes l virtual time units to send a packet of length l with k maxj{si,j} ki )= S(p ki (4) F (p )+ .


As a consequence, a leader node is unlikely to realize all its neighborhood information by simply serving as the leader once.

as discussed earlier, a node assumes the role of the leader multiple times.


.Ti nTi Thus, the user s Nash equilibrium is (T,..., T) and the optimal tari.

is CP = CP (W)= W/T.the payo.s to the provider and spectrum owner turn into vP (W, CW )= (1 - CW )W, vA(W, CW )= CW W, and the result follows.


4.1 Objective Function We chose an usual objective: we maximize the minimum throughput associated to all the .ows.

we guarantee a perfect fairness while maximizing the capacity (max-min.ow): MMF low = Max (Min (f(u))) (1) It is subject to the constraints de.ned below.


If bandwidth is limited but radio range is large, however, the impact on delivery is only minimal for light tra.c.

the role of bandwidth is prominent only when there is relatively large amounts of data to be moved.


All of the nodes at layer 3 are no transmission powers.

for each node v at layer 2 using power w2 to broadcast messages, there is a corresponding group at layer 3 in which the nodes are within the transmission range of v. the wireless network consists of n =1+ g + ßg nodes.


Compared to the existed schemes, the additional implementations of IBFRS are .xing the isolation band by a long period and pre-scheduling the resource of the next frame.

the complexity of the proposed scheme is acceptable.


The knowledge processing system and embedded knowledge for observation of network status, detection of failures, diagnosis of causes were required to have been incrementally constructed though analysis of really observed anomalies and application experiments to the real Internet.

data structure, syntax of  knowledge description, communication protocol among agents have been modi.ed through all design, development, and application phases.


Low-power radios without frequency diversity, we conjecture, are all likely to have similar multi-path rejection capabilities, although they may have widely di.erent ranges if they use di.erent modulation schemes (the Chipcon radio on the newer motes uses frequency shift keying and is reported to have a longer reach).

unless sensor network nodes start using spread spectrum radios (which may use higher power transceivers and which are di.cult to architect in an adhoc setting because they require fairly complex lower layer self-organization mechanisms that manage frequency or code acquisition), we believe the existence of the gray area will continue to hold qualitatively in these networks.


In contrast to previous studies that painted wireless communication as unreliable, this study shows that a well-planned deployment of wireless technology is able to provide reliable connectivity.

wireless backbones are an attractive and cost-ef.cient alternative to wired links.


802.16-2004 to provide mobile station (MS) with mobility at vehicular speed.

it specifies BWA systems for both fixed and mobile MS simultaneously.


The identi.er of a node v is simply v. Every node has is equipped with local memory of size O(.2 log |V |).

each node can store O(1) a subgraph consisting of nodes that are at most O(1) hops away, but not the complete network.


2 Q(t )+ .d(t ) a 2 ([Qmax(t ) - 1]+)a Now if Q(t ) is large enough, Qmax(t) is large enough, and aM(Qmax+1)a-1 2 · can be made arbitrarily small.

the ([Qmax(t)-1]+)a conditional expectation of the second term on the RHS of (10) can be made arbitrarily small for large enough Q(t).


The most straightforward approximation to the throughput of class-i .ows is to approximate the throughput by the available capacity of the bottleneck link along the route of the class.

the throughput function Gi(c)is given by   ()-1 1 Gi(c)= max , (2) l.Ri cl -rl where c denotes the vector of link capacities and ci its ith component.


Moreover, modern versions of OpenBSD generate pseudo- random IPIDs and FreeBSD has a similar option that can be enabled.

1 we must validate any assump- tions about IPID before using it to disambiguate packet order.


But the randomly stopped network coordinates are meaningless because they can have very bad accuracy in predicting network delays.

when we study coordinates stability, we must consider the accuracy of the stabilized network coordinates.


To handle mobility, each client is identi.ed by its MAC address 140 6 on sign-up and the client s plan is made known to all mesh 120 routers.

if a client moves and associates with a dif ferent mesh router, the admission control functionality is en abled at the new access mesh router.


Note that, in this case, the throughput is insensitive to the value of k. This is because when the maximum transmitted power is large, a MH can easily deal with the interference caused by other MHs.

in each time step, it is possible for a large number of MHs to transmit simultaneously, each at their respective rate boundary (the assigned number of spreading codes to a MH is at the maximum allowable level).


to take L =+8,  if 2L r >Pmax then choosing L = 2r does not modify  Pmax receipts, but reduces expenses and therefore increases net bene.t.

a maximum and strictly positive net bene.t can only be attained when 2L r .


In wireless multihop networks, each node is connected with all its neighbours through direct (sort of virtual) links.

sparser networks have fewer links on the average and are more preferable as a network with more links is subject to more contentions, interferences and packet losses.


Such tools frequently touch not just a handful of addresses, but an entire block of contiguous addresses.

it is reasonable to expect a scan to continue after 4 events.


Thus, the running time for calculating R*(i,n) is O(C(mi; n)log C(mi; n)).

the run l L ning time of Step 6 is O( C(mi; n)log C(mi; n)) since i=1 there are l objects cached and C(mi; n)= mi!/(n!


ICMP TTL exceeded messages include only the .rst 28 bytes of the original packet (the IP header plus the .rst 64 bits of payload) [27].

the ICMP message quotation includes only the IP and UDP headers of the packet that triggered the message, neither of which include the original TTL of the triggering packet.


The mechanism used to determine the parameter T also ensures that the rate update interval for all sources in the network is homogeneous.

the only tunable parameter required to guarantee the stability of WRCP is a.


While reasonable for some social settings, we have tried to preserve the openness of our mechanisms.

clique members can exchange presence information without a trusted intermediary.


Although RSSI is a crude indicator of distance, our hypothesis is that it may be bene.cial in conjunction with reasonably good angular information.

based on the recorded RSSI, we estimate the distance between the device and APi as Di 1.


With Lemma 4 and Corollary 1 we get: IvtI=Ivt " I (13) f(S, v)= f(S)+ IvtI (14)  v Figure 3: Illustration for the proof of Lemma 7 Equations (12) and (14) then yield: f(S, v) - f(S, w)= IvtI-Iwt " I (15) Part II: Since w .B(T ) and since S are the nodes reachable from edge vw, Lemma 6 implies IvwI=IvtI.

we can consider a point w " on the line vt which satis.es: IvwI = Ivw " I (16) IvtI = Ivw " I + Iw " tI (17) Set a = v, b = w " c = t, d = t " ,and x = w. With equation (13), (16), and (17) the preconditions of Lemma 1 are satis.ed.


While such rate and power selection is easily realizable with precise knowledge of receiver SINR [27], reliable SINR measurements and reports in the presence of mobility cannot be achieved at .ne timescales due to their overhead.

we rely on estimating the channel conditions based on the delivery ratio of a window of packets, similar to past works [50].


Furthermore, the modern mobile devices are equipped with operating systems, such as Symbian, Windows, Linux, and their derivations, that are open for thirdparty software development.

we see that in future, a larger part of the content, be that blog entries, information, or entertainment, is created by users and shared in an ad hoc manner.


The functionality of GW is largely similar to that of GGSN.

our proposed methodology, which focuses on identifying GGSNs in the cellular infrastructure, is still broadly applicable.


In some attacks, the unfair ratings can be viewed as a signal.

a signal model change detector is used to detect whether a signal (i.e.


Due to these resource constraints, the network QoS may suffer from the unavailability of computing and/or communication resources.

it is of great importance to use the available resources in WSNs in a very efficient way.


This accounts for each AS being a collection of networks placed behind NAT boxes.

75% of paths would require 4 + 2 = 6 addresses to be speci.ed and, thus, they would need a WRAP header of at most 4+4 * 6 = 28 bytes.


This protocol, like the one in [1], uses heart-beats to build a very basic form of the necessary heartbeat failure detector (HB) which only outputs a node s local (1-hop) neighborhood.

heart-beats can be the periodic beacons naturally emitted by the MAC layer of mobile devices.


The east coast link exhibits smoother utilization levels during the day.

the number of identified ele- phants for the west coast link under both schemes exhibits a simile: burst during the working hours.


Di.erent from the reported measurement using one VNA for both transmitting and receiving, the transmitter and receiver sides in this scheme have no cable connection and hence no common clocking.

the absolute mean delay cannot be obtained.


Note that the .ows that leave the cell, must then enter one of the 8 adjacent cells on that channel (as the corresponding backbone link for a .ow leaves the current cell, and enters an adjacent cell).

.ows leaving the cell on a channel can be no more than 8 times the maximum number of .ows entering a cell on any v one channel, which has been established as O(na(n))in Lemma c 23.


If a node overhears any traf.c before transmitting its CTS packet, it cancels the CTS transmission in order to avoid collision of multiple CTS responses at the sender.

nodes can send their packets for aggregation as long as at least one of its neighbors has a packet with the same Aggregation ID.


This process of .nding newer servers and queues in the two systems can be continued inde.nitely, contradicting the .niteness of the number of queues and servers in the system.

if a queue Ric is served in the largest matching round of the system R,then sois Qic in the system Q, and the claim holds in this case.


In this procedure, if there are too many levels in the NEMO, the broadcasting might be able to fulfill the whole network.

there is one predefined threshold, Hop_count_limit, to prevent the scenario like this.


This is because the RDBS requests a data schema specification before constructing a DB, and whenever the data schema is modified to add new values, the entire constructed DB structure must be rebuilt based on the modified data schema.

our distributed DB system for demand addressing has rich expandability and flexibility, and is suitable for integrating heterogeneous sensor networks.


In the rarest.rst policy, peers receive rarer pieces in the P2P network earlier.

rare pieces are distributed earlier in the P2P system.


This behavior results from the idealistic sensing range of the TRG model, i.e., the only nodes capable to create incoordination (hidden nodes) are located outside of the CS of the sender but inside the one of the RN.

the potential number of hidden nodes increases when going further from the RN.


Every network node can calculate such period by looking at schedule and expects reception of a packet from its neighboring infrastructure node in this period.

for a pre-decided interval of 10 seconds or 20 seconds, a node logs the number of expected and actual packet receptions, the di.erence of which gives us the link error rate.


We reason that hijacking is fundamentally more serious than data injection or connection reset, so hijacking should be prevented even when the attacker can passively snoop the connection.

the DCCP options that manage sessions are protected against forgery and replay by nonces and digital signatures.


If the transfer takes too long to complete, the vehicle must switch to the control channel to receive safety messages and then switch back to the service channel to resume the .le transfer.

using the multi-channel coordination, a vehicle can periodically monitor the control channel for safety messages while it continues to use available infotainments services in the network.


De.nition 1 (Pointwise relative distance) For any two probability distributions a,ß on the same set S, their pointwise relative distance, denoted by r(a,ß), is de.ned as r(a,ß) = min{E= 0 | a= (1 - E)ß}.

r(a,ß) is the smallest E, such that a(x) = (1 - E)ß(x) holds for every x .


Each .ow fcontending for an output link makes a resource reservation characterized by three parameters, a perhop delay bound D f, a long-term bandwidth requirement hf, and a maximum data burst size Pnf, which is used to h derive the temporal allocation granularity off.

the .ow fis eligible for at most Pnfunits of service over a time period of b, which we call the service cycle.


The reason is that the fixed size of listening window in proposed PMS is the summation of sizes of listening windows of two classes of Type II.

if the period of periodical listening window is increased, much more power will be consumed.


Higher priority .ows relieve the hardware rings .rst.

the risk that these .ows might drop packets because of hardware overruns is greatly reduced.


This interaction with networks and devices within the user s local surroundings can then form the basis of an Interactive Smart Environment (ISE).

with such applications in mind, it is the high mobility and interactive features intrinsic to BANs that motivates our research.


Since estimated distance from the farther mote provides less accuracy generally than the closer anchor motes [23], among the three RSSI values, the first two highest RSSI values can offer a better reliability than the third one.

in M-MMSE, only two anchor motes with biggest RSSI values are involved in the MMSE estimation process and we get two possible estimated positions.


The shim executes, for every outgoing packet, before the NLA code, and rewrites the packet s MAC source and destination addresses with these synthetic addresses.

the NLA sees one such emulated VM for each .ow from our workload-generator application.


In order to take into account the limited communication capabilities of sensors, we stated that the social term involves the position that enjoys the maximum consensus within each node s neighborhood, where a neighborhood is composed only of the sensors within its transmitting/receiving range.

we assume that at each iteration of the modi.ed PSO algorithm, the sensors exchange information and determine the maximum consensus in their neighborhood.


That means the two camera sets covering these two sub-regions di.er by only one element, which further implies that one of the two sets includes the other.

if the sub-region covered by the larger set is chosen to be working, the other sub-region can be covered Figure 8: S1,S2,S3 all cover R and S3 is redundant because the unsafe region of S1 and S2 does not intersect with R. at no additional cost.


The hot-potato mechanism would still dictate the selection of egress points, but the metric associated with each tunnel would be de.ned statically at con.guration time rather than automatically computed by the IGP.

this technique allows network administrators to rank the egress points from each router s perspective.


The ping-pong effect causes unnecessary handoff and brings several drawbacks, including low network throughput, long handoff delay, and high dropping probability.

in this paper, we propose an efficient cost-based vertical handoff algorithm to reduce unnecessary handoffs while increasing network throughput, decreasing handoff delay, and avoiding connection dropping.


The danger arises especially if the vehicles are close to each other and/or move at high relative speeds.

we propose the following scheme to mitigate this problem: Optimization 3.


Moreover, the LMA performs admission control based on the number of current mobile nodes registered to the LMA.

the proposed scheme achieves actual load balancing among the LMAs.


After the boot process platform monitoring is conducted by CM.

cM extends the CoT when a client compartment is loaded that runs on top of the TCB.


Issues such as network neutrality or privacy are as much societal as they are design decisions.

it is imperative for the wider community of researchers not only to have clearly formulated viewpoints about these tussles but also to understand their impact on our work.


Especially, centralized (IRC/HTTP) botnets frequently perform group communication with a control server.

group activities can be shown in the centralized botnet more often than decentralized (P2P) botnets.


This signaling contributes to the overhead of MeDeHa.

there is a tradeoff between the overhead incurred by the protocol, how fresh paths are, and how well relay selection performs.


We observe that if a switch sends the packet back to the interface where it comes from, it will form a loop.

we avoid sending the packet to the incoming interface.


First, in order to simplify the implementation, we assumed that the .ash transmitter does not synchronize to the packet of the data transmitter.

their respective time-frequency grids won t align perfectly.


Trig-ger packets routed through the Home Agent cannot arrive.

the Mobile Node needs to preemptively begin Route Optimization with all of its active Correspondent Nodes whenever its location has altered.


+ esp i = s In other words, the .rst arc of each path connects the target to the .rst sensor node.


A lot of groups founded in normal communication patterns, do not appear intensively.

the intensity is useful for deleting false alarms.


However, we can assign at most 2 regular carriers to each user in C. Hence at least 3n -3|A|-2|C|= n-|A|regular carriers are assigned to users in B.


Most of them rely on channel feedback inferred from MAC layer retransmission/loss counts to adjust transmit rates.

aRF [5] starts a connection at the highest bit rate and then drops down a rate if a packet is never ACK ed.


The larger number of parallel S2 transmission results in a larger amount of signed data per S1, permitting to send fewer S1s or more data in a given time span.

aLPHA-M in combination with ALPHA-C enables a .ne-grained adaptation to network bandwidth, bu.erspace, and computational capabilities.


Since there is one add/drop node per used wavelength at node k, the total number of add/drop nodes is the same as the total number of wavelength rings.

the objective is to minimize the total number of wavelength rings.


For the energy consumption models, observing that there are many sleep scheduling methods to put idle sensors into sleep [1, 2], we suppose the network has adopted optimal sleep scheduling protocols.

the energy consumption in idle state can be ignored and we only consider the energy used in sensing, receiving and transmission.


Finally, they broadcast their FTQoSElec msgs.

all neighboring RRs inside the RI, will exchange their loads and distances to the center of the RI and can start building a spanning tree.


Super-node system, as HMChord manager of each group, which manages the group of ordinary nodes, and is the group with the outside world all the nodes in the bridge, on the whole network routing and data transmission play an important supporting role.

the processing requirements of super-node capacity and stability are very strong, following its formation and maintenance mechanisms.


Collision management and throughput: Latency constraints with the USRP platform disallow realtime evaluation.

we use a custom simulator to evaluate T2F against 802.11.


However, once we insert this level of indirection (through the label in the packet), the service offered by a new routing system need not resemble traditional routing; for instance, such a mechanism might offer a pub/sub interface (as in DONA [11], CCN [10], and other Information-Centric designs).

oPAE s general approach enables the incremental introduction of new interdomain service models.


Therefore, a naive user of Base may not even be aware of the existence of extra err.

an interesting side-e.ect of TimeSync is that it exposes extra err by e.ectively removing from sync err the dominant fraction due to simulation slowdown.


l l2Pl2P ij Similarly,thebandwidththatmustbereservedonlink(j,i) inthedirectionfromjtoicanbeshowntobeCT(j,i) PP BinBout minf(i,j) ,(i,j) g.NotethatCT(i,j)may ll l2Pl2P ij notbeequaltoCT(j,i).

thetotalbandwidthreservedfortreeTisgivenby P CT CT(i,j)(notethat(i,j)and(j,i)arecon (i j)2T sideredastwodistinctlinksinT).Further,sinceweare interestedinminimizingthereservedbandwidthfortreeT, theproblemofcomputingtheoptimalVPNtreebecomes thefollowing: ProblemStatement:GivenasetofVPNendpointsP, andtheiringressandegressbandwidths,computeaVPN treeTwhoseleavesarenodesinPandforwhichCTis minimum.


If clienta is behind other types of NAT, e.g., Address and Portd or Connectiond , the external port of clienta s trial connections will keep changing.

a trialconnection willbe rejectedby clientb sNAT(because of Address andPort.ltering) evenifitdoeshitthe rightdestination port.


Hence, the minimum counter value bucket with smallest index associated with is no longer the but now it is which does not contain at all.

a search on will result in an incorrect result.


Note that the slightly larger number of empty reads for TH for large block sizes is immaterial because the time for an empty read is 5 times lesser than that for a collision and 10 times lesser than that for a successful read.

reducing collisions is more important than reducing empty reads.


Otherwise at least one packet from one of the nodes within the distance r from R would not be receivable successfully due to the insu.cient amount of data rate, or in other words, a timely overlapping of at least two packets would not be avoidable.

the derived ratio is an upper bound on the achievablebit ratepernodewhenconsidering afairdistribution of available bandwidth.


However, to model the effects of virtual channel multiplexing the mean message latency has to be scaled by a factor, F, representing the average degree of virtual channels multiplexing, that takes place at a given physical channel.

we can write L, as L,, -- (S,, +F/,) V (1) Before describing how to determine the quantities $,, W~, and V', we determine first the traffic rate on a given network channel, Calculation of g~: Adaptive routing distributes traffic evenly across network channels as it enables messages to use channels in any order that bring them closer to their destinations.


ER : crl,r - crl,r,p = 0 (3h) Most of the constraints are related to the constraints already known from the basic edge-based routing encoding with slight adaptions and the usage of the new cr,rl,p variables.

equations (3a) (3g) have the same purpose as Equations (2a) (2g).


3.1 Listening Interval Adjustment for PSM From the power profiling in Section II, we know that Wi-Fi consumes low power on PSM state, and it s not always helpful to shut-down Wi-Fi frequently even with paging radio as suggested in previous work [2], simply because one initial startup stage costs power that can sustain PSM for tens of minutes.

we propose to just use PSM when Wi-Fi gets connected and there is no traffic, and use the longest listen interval granted by AP to save power.


In case of accidents, tra.c jam, etc., the VANET topology is likely to change.

our algorithm is expected to successfully identify the back MPRs, thereby, meeting our goal of directed propagation of the information.


3.1 Architecture The architecture of proxy assisted energy-efficient web access is designed to apply simplified data exchange process instead of following standard HTTP and to download bundled and compressed web content from web proxy after all the embedded objects are fetched by the web proxy.

we dedicated a web proxy between mobile devices and web servers.


The nodes (excluding S and D) among those routes from S to D are intermediate nodes.

backup nodes are nodes with at least two different paths to their neighboring nodes in those routes from S to D. S is itself a possible backup node.


On the other hand, the mobility pattern used in parks or airports is not constrained by the path-ways, and thus can be represented by using the random-waypoint model [6,15,23].

we consider Pedestrian model and Random Waypoint model to evaluate the performance of the camera recon.guration policies for di.erent target mobility patterns.


As we know, this alert rate can be computed as ra = P1(1 - FN) + (1 - P1)FP .

we can approximately estimate the base rate as ra - FP P1 = , (9) 1 - FN - FP which provides an unbiased estimation of the real base rate.


Since the convolutional output bit is produced by taking XOR operations among the current input bit and some past input bits, there always exists some input bit value (i.e., could be 0 or 1) such that the output bit has the desired value.

we try  5.5.2 Pilot restoration For 802.11g, the four pilots are inserted at the following subcarriers: 7, 21, 43 and 57.


In the case of skitter comprising of 9204 nodes and 28959 edges, we will see that its degree distribution places signi.cant constraints upon the graph generation process.

even 1Krandom graphs approximate the skitter topology reasonably well.


The load balancer objective is to minimize the difference between all link utilizations, we choose RMSE root mean squared error (the Euclidean distance) of the maximum link utilization along each server-switch path in the network.

if the maximum link utilization over every server-to-switch path is equal, our RMSE metric is 0.


Specifed from the basic model, the new mechanism is based on three levels scheduling structure (HCFT).

let us consider a scenario of three STAs and an AP exchanging diferent CBR fows.


Today, high-speed CMOS ADCs running up to 1.5 Gsamples/sec are available (if we use GaAs we can get up to 8 Gsamples/sec though with two orders magnitude increase in power draw) [3].

for our applications, the ADC technology is not the limitation.


Many WSN protocols show different performance under different applications.

it is important for WSN designer to select the most appropriate protocol for his application.


Because of estimation errors and the distortion of the received signal, the phase differences that Alice estimates do not match exactly the phase differences sent by Bob.


Furthermore, the cost of signaling traffic Csig can be roughly estimated by the reciprocal value of the mean channel holding time [6] 1 Csig "~ E{T~h} " (8) The channel holding time is defined as the time how long a new call or handover call occupies a channel in a radio cell [17] In mobile communication systems, the channel holding time often is a fraction of the call duration T~ which is assumed to be exponen- tially distributed for voice services: fT~ (t) = Dc exp(--#~t) with /~ = 1/E{T~}.

the channel holding time is the dwell time or the time of the call duration whichever is less Tch.


However, the probing of the most popular videos is performed at a non-peak time and contributes less than 1% to the data transferred in our study.

we do not .lter these requests from our dataset.


=i,k sk,Al (21) + c + pf + si,Al rx si,Al si,Al si,Al cgi.

+ c - cf = ei si,sr si,Al si,sr si,Al Tl1 the (21) become M .


Even if the receiver estimates it, there is a resulting estimation error due to limited amount of time.

our model needs to incorporate the measure of noise variance uncertainty.


Theorem 3 tells us that, when using single-copy socialoblivious schemes, letting the message traverse more than two hops does not improve the convergence of the expected delay.

when convergence is the only goal, network resources can be saved using the two-hop social-oblivious scheme without impairing convergence of the expected delay.


According to our axioms, we know that i must be owned by either rt or D, both of which are honest.


In the space, each set of trust values (PT and NT) corresponds to a Boolean value True or False to indicate the provided trust value is true or false.

we can calculate the prior probability for True: p(True) and False: p(False).


However, once the TM needs to search its disk, queries can take seconds to minutes, even if they include a time interval to limit the scope of the search.

the NIDS must issue such queries carefully so as to not exhaust the TM s resources.


Assuming 1% changing entries per day, 40 million entries would change on a single MDHT node, resulting in 4 million refresh messages or 6GB.

a node would require 0, 56Mbit/s of continuous refresh bandwidth to handle 1% changing entries per day.


The value of DIFS is set larger than both the values of SIFS and PIFS.

the server is granted the highest priority when it operates in the PCF mode.


Our simulations clearly demonstrate that our GRE system has a better performance when compared to other traditional schemes such as the group-based management system, the linear trust computation model, etc.

our GRE system shows that trust and reputation technology offers a better solution for protecting peer-to-peer exchanges of information in wireless environments.


This examination shows that even runs with mobile nodes can be very similar, however we repeatedly discovered groups of runs that strongly di.er from the rest.

the existing concept, executing runs under strict control, must be complemented with an additional step in the experiments post-processing phase.


However, the results of the studies done in [8] have shown that GC schemes do not perform well compared to other mechanisms, which experience fewer confusions and collisions.

further developments of GC algorithms to improve their performance are of a major interest.


At each spot, iLocScan Magnitude (dB) Magnitude (dB) -10 -20 may at most detect 5 AoAs for a given AP; this may not be suf.cient to achieve accurate estimations.

we often take two observations at each spot, by moving iLocScan slightly off the spot for one meter.


The senders (or receivers) for X will use the guarantees allocated for X and not change them afterwards.

we can subtract X and its .ows, and apply the same reasoning for the rest of the VMs.


4.1 Framework Operation This subsection aims to clarify the operation of the di.erent framework mechanisms.

all mechanisms are active and all reasons for path changes are present in the investigated scenario.


A packet is successfully received if it is propagated suc-cessfully through the radio channel (probability PradYZ) and if gMac listens in that time slot (probability PgMac).

the edge weight by per-transmission independent probabilities is given by: .


For instance, we record the time each measurement is initiated and the time it is completed.

even if the data transfer fails for some reason the NIMI host should still return something for each measurement.


In the case of video streaming, the AP is the only wireless device that generates traf.c.

there should be no contention and collision in the system.


Instead, it stays in so-called sleep mode most of the time and wakes up periodically to check the paging channel for messages.

the mobile and the network must agree on a schedule so that a message to a mobile is only transmitted on the paging channel when the mobile is due to wake up.


In other words, the receiver behaves similarly to when the sender and interfering node are on the same channel.

we can see that listening on the 40 MHz-wide channel could cause the receiver to be more susceptible to MIM e.ect due to adjacent-channel interference, as compared with the one listening on a 20 MHz channel.


The classi.er trained by using T will classify any .ows into a known class.

the .ows in the unknown classes, {.1 , ..., .U }, will be inaccurately classi.ed into K known classes.


After several helpful discussions with the authors, we were unable to explain a drop in the ECMP performance reported in [13].

we use spanning tree routing for Mininet-HiFi Hedera results for all traf.c patterns.


Replacing the TCP flow with a UDP session, smoothness of the DCCP flow drops to 0.50.

smoothness of DCCP drops significantly when TCP or UDP flows also exist in the network.


When their spending amount increases, their contribution would decrease.

malicious peers would hurt their contributions by forwarding their tokens to other peers.


INTRODUCTION The home network has become an essential part of people s daily life.

network management has become a regular household task [5, 9].


EachYi,j canbe considered as the sum of binary random variables in the .avor of the proof of Lemma 5.3 (see the de.nition of the Yr s).

y can be considered as the sum of binary random variables.


limt.8 .t = j .ij means that all traf.c to the jth output port is delivered to the output queue.

100% throughput can be achieved, as long as the output scheduling algorithm is work-conserving.


Because every link provides per hop reliability and no end-to-end retransmission is needed.

it only remains to optimize the expected energy consumption from the current forwarding node to the destination.


From (11) and LH using p1 = e z1 ,p2 = e z2 , we have (for z1 >z2), PL * = (d12)a * (d12 )a , PH = .

k((1/p1 )1/a+(1/p2)1/a)a k((1/p2)1/a-(1/p2 )1/a)a *** PL = P = PH (15) On the ML estimate circle, the locations which give values ** PL and PH respectively are depicted in Figure 2.


INTRODUCTION In the last decade the crowdsourcing paradigm emerged as a valid technique to solve large-scale problems: the key idea is to delegate to the crowds those tasks that are too costly or time consuming to be handled with traditional approaches.

recently, crowdsourcing-based systems have Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


To model this choice, we de.ne the random variable X where sent packets represent the possible realizations of this variable.

mathematically we can write: n n P (X = xi) = 1 (3) i=1 In terms of packet categories, the equation (3) can be written as: P (Data) + P (Ack) + P (RT S) + P (C T S ) = 1 (4) Where P (Data), P (Ack), P (RT S ) and P (C T S) are the respective probabilities that the transmitted packet is of type Data, Ack, RTS and CTS respectively.


Finally, communicating through a central serverinstead of directly to near-by neighbors can introduce signi.cant communication latency, limitingits usefulnessfor real-time andgaming applications.

local solutions are needed that do not rely connectivity to centralized servers and services.


If a chip usually works in its thermal limit, it su.ers from reliability degradation and then generates incorrect output data.

the situation will cause high transmission latency.


However, we stress that 1 We assume the receiver NICs run at line rate and are not bottlenecks.

wedonotconsiderthereceiverNICs as part of the fabric.


In contrast, data traf.c is always encapsulated.

the mobile node requires a proxy-ETR for communication with non-LISP nodes.


1  increased, it is obvious that none of the users already in the system will be disappointed.

the conditional probability of accept-0.5 ing the variation is always 1, so we keep this part of Equation (9) unchanged.


If we have a sequence {a ,a ,...,a } and a new element a is introduced, 12 m new then a new can take any place in the new (sorted) sequence with the same probability, as all permutations of the new sequence are equiprobable.

the probability that anew is among the j j largest occurs with probability of at most .


But it is important to note that for communicating one bit over wireless medium at short ranges consumes far more energy than processing that bit [13].

the main goal of most algorithms designed for WSN applications is the reduction of communication costs.


On the other hand, .eld tests are costly and time-consuming and thus have a medium-term or long-term orientation.

a simulation approach seems to be adequate, motivating us to study the impacts of a selected car-to-x application aiming at the improvement of traf.c ef.ciency with the help of the commercial road traf.c simulator AIMSUN.


, xn are i.i.d power-law random variable with unknown parameter a.

xi > 0 and t n i=1 Hence, power-law index can be determined by eqn.


It considers the problem of in-order packet delivery.

a lost packet blocks the delivery of all the packets that are behind the lost one but have reached the receiver, as a result of which packet delivery delay is increased.


In fact, there may exist a replacement decision by removing more than k objects and the generalized aggregate cost saving is less.

the minimization here is conditional, i.e., under the condition that the minimal number of different objects is to be removed.


Further, the load of a contending node determines the probability at which it attempts to access the medium.

the combination of the number of contenting nodes and their loads, implicitly indicates the level of interference surrounding a node.


In particular, one of the protocols we propose is speci.cally designed to take full advantage of the bandwidth variation with distance.

in this Section, we quickly summarize the relevant channel models.


No wireless routing protocol is implemented.

to evaluate the routing .delity of our approach, we simply verify if there is a path between a source node (i.e., a sensor-only, a gateway, or a routersensor node) and at least one sink node.


However, MEIR scales better when compared to MEPPR because the routes are more stable, resulting in fewer route breakages, route discovery, and recovery events.

in a dense network, where the total number of nodes is high, MEPPR deployment can lead to decreased performance as a result of channel contention.


If the interferer s signal is via a re.ected beam while the transmitter s signal is direct, a reception could be possible.

the analysis may overestimate the number of collisions and thus, the discovery process may in fact be more ef.cient than what is predicted.


Though Theorem 4 provides useful guidelines for deciding which user to probe, we note that in general the random variables Wj and Wi may notbe stochastically ordered even when R(Ci) =st R(Cj) for certain values of Qi and Qj.

moreover, since the weight Qi corresponds to thequeue length of user i, we can not assume any speci.c structure on the values of Qi s. the complete characterization of the optimal policy through Theorems 3 and 4 is available only in limited cases.


1.4 Ad Hoc Wireless Network Survivability  Tactical wireless networks are typically ad hoc networks with limited or no reliance on infrastructure.

the focus on infrastructure survivability (which is of importance to cellular networks) is not appropriate for ad hoc networks.


Misbehaving nodes have to be identi.ed and must not be allowed to remain connected to the network.


Several protocols for time synchronization use a reference or root node which disseminates its current clock value every beacon interval B.

an important prerequisite for every clock synchronization algorithm is the ability to estimate the rate at which the clock of another node advances.


There are at most W subsets found by the algorithm (stored in keep[i,w]), and all of them satisfy the weight summation constraint.

we only need to show that if none of these selected subsets can satisfy the weight balance constraint, there does not exist a legal decision subset in D. The key point is, given a weight summation w, there may exist multiple valid subsets, and among them, the subset (denoted by D*(w)) whose last decision has the smallest weight is the most likely to satisfy the weight balance constraint.


The signal is at least as strong for (x, u) since x is the closer node.

for any con.guration for which (y, u) succeeds, so will (x, u).


(nk)) |vip| 2 do not overlap and that Pi and Pp are separated.

since there is at least one sender vk in Pp and |vivk| < .r(nk), collision must occur between vi and vk.wl,ij (nk)=0 when nk >n * .In other words, wl,ij (nk)= o( 1 )or r2(nk) equivalently wl,ij (n) r1 ).


Protocol overhead: for each iteration, nodes are called to compute their new position and communicate it to their neighbours.

we require that the number of iterations is the minimum, in order not to increase the protocol overhead because of the messages exchange.


Somewhat surprisingly, we .nd throughalargesetof comparison runsthat IEISS matchesthe MIITS-P resultsextremely well.Acloserexaminationof the graph-theoretic structure of our networks explains this welcome phenomenon: it turns out that, at least for highly ranked wirecenters, their removal usually results in cutting the remaining graph into disconnectedcomponents that simply disallow calls to be routed between manypairs of nodes at any time of day.

the time-varying and shifting call loads do not matter much.


in the rest of the paper, we focus on the zero estimator (ZE) with estimate denoted by t = t0 and the collision estimator (CE) with estimate denoted by t = tc.


The di.erence in power consumption stems from the two scenarios requiring di.erent number of active core routers.

in going from an always on network to one where the network is carefully designed and enabled to exploit overprovisioning and tra.c variations, we observe a factor of 4 reduction in power.


Finally, this measurement technique requires that every pair of neighboring nodes probe each other.

the technique might not scale to dense networks.


To be more precise, the payoff the player gets is v =[v1,v2,...,vN ], where vn equals wn minus the number of times the server attempts the job from client n. By Lemma 1, the demand of a client n is met if the server attempts its jobs at least wn = qn/pn times per interval on average, or equivalently, the client has a non-positive timebased debt.

to establish the optimality of the largest time-based debt .rst policy, we only need to show that the set A := {z =[z1,z2,...,zN ]|zn = 0, .n} is approachable under this policy.


What s more, as noted in [12] the periodic component can gradually evolve, for instance, as the number of evening daylight hours changes from summer to winter.

we apply Holt-Winters, and the decomposition technique to anomaly detection in SNMP data, because they are designed to work on this type of data.


It is based on the fact that even a small .eld presents strong variability of natural components, including topology, leaching, runo., drainage, water content, nutrients, and soil components [5, 6].

soil sensors are an essential part of this e.ort.


However, with the power inverter which can be purchased from the Canadian Tire store, for example, the AC supplies can be  provided by a car battery.

this MANet can be setup anywhere accessible by an automobile with the presence of WiMAX signal from a WiMAX tower.


6.4, note that a solution of size k ' in one problem corresponds to a solution of size k ' in the other problem.

approximation results for hypergraph coloring also carry over to the probing-design setting.


instrumented a Web page and passively observed FDNS/RDNS pairs via DNS requests and subsequent HTTP connections, where as our study is an active scan which exhaustively explores all FDNS/RDNS pairs.

we discover FDNS/RDNS pairs that may not appear in prior studies.


This reduces the probability of stale shortcuts without having to check periodically if they are alive.

whenever k is a shortcut for p, p is also a shortcut for k. p informs k to add p toits shortcuts(line4).


In the original IEE E 802.11 WLAN, a ll frames have to forward by the AP to the destination.

the triangle route causes a tr emendous was tage of bandwidth .


When there are 9 concurrent senders, the sum peak rate increases by 6.8× compared to a single-antenna setup!

bigStation indeed linearly scales wireless capacity if M > N .


5.4 Boosting Looking at the predictions from individual relays, we observed that the best model often depends on the location the model with the lowest error in one room would not necessarily have the lowest error in another.

we propose an approach we call boosting, which reduces error by combining di.erent models predictions.


3.3 Implementation of the Concentrator The smart meters usually have severely constrained memory space and computation capability.

a promising approach is to use more efficient concentrator in the network.


We believe that it is these basic characteristics that should serve as the narrow waist for Internet s management plane.

the management plane only maps the high-level communication goal into the path through the network (i.e.


The last phase generates an activation plan as such the activation of the current task tq by (uq,rq), satis.es the static as well as the dynamic constraints.

the authorisation history H is extended to a new valid history H @.q where user(s) = uq ' '' and .k(s ) = .k-1(s ) for all s .


CHANNEL MAPPING VERIFICATION In this work we do not focus on the analysis with the same number of channels (analysis conducted in our previous work [16]) only with a di.erent number of available channels, thus di.erent period sizes.

we need to de.ne the Rotation Closure Property for maps with di.erent period sizes (we call it NMmap-RCP).


This is true because by the time any replica sees W2, it must have already seen W1.

any serialization order can be pair-wise adjusted (according to causal order) to be a new serialization order that domi- nates the original one.


For instance, the Multimedia Streaming facilityusestheMobilityAwareness&Managementtocheckthe channel status and to manage the handoff process.

mobility-awareservices,e.g.,theaudioguide,canhandlestreams viatheMultimediaStreamingfacilitywithouttheneedofexplicit context monitoring and mobility management.


However, this results in the creation of heterogeneous data center network topologies, which have not been suf.ciently studied in past work.

we provide the theoretical foundations of heterogeneous Clos networks.


It has been shown that this is, in fact, the optimal DoF for this channel [3].

alignment promises in theory to achieve rates that are signi.cantly larger than other schemes in existence.


Fortunately, in the context of path switching, estimating the exact values of and is not required, because we are mainly interested in the quality difference between two (or more) paths.

when computing the difference in PSNR between two paths, the only contributing parameters are the loss factors of the two paths, which can both be estimated in real-time.


Regarding the movement detection time, FMIPv6 discovers the nAR in advance.

there is no movement detection time required after the layer 2 handoff.


This is possible only if the previous LP requests were not dropped and they include the document actually intended by the user.

the arrival rate of request batches that cause a queue state net movement of (k, 0), where 0 =k =|xD|, given the current state (j, n),is |xD| L .k,0|j,n = .pW PL[k] PL[i]P {C|i}(1 -P {DL|j, n}) , i=1 (8) where pW is the probability that the inter-request time is less than the WLAN residence time, i.e., .


When the size of window becomes larger and larger, we reduce the scale for increment ( upto half of the maximum size of the CW we multiply CW by Mb after that only linear increment using lc).

we get always an optimum sized window to handle the chance for the present collisions.


One .ow originates at each node with the nearest node as its destination.


For a cluster with only one node (single node without enough overlap with other nodes) Csize is equal to 1, CCD = AFoV and ß will be 1 thus there is not coordination between this node and other nodes.

collaboration can be seen more effectively in clusters with more number of coordinated nodes, meaning dense sensor networks.


2.5 Performance Optimizations In case that multiple applications running on the same host monitor the same traf.c, Scap provides all of them with a shared copy of each stream.

the stream reassembly operation is performed only once within the kernel, instead of multiple times for each userlevel application.


It is easily imaginable that the setup and operation of base stations during such an event is a major effort.

one of our goals is to minimize the number of base stations.


We were worried that if host groups took on non-rectangular shapes, users would begin to associate meaning to the shapes themselves.

shape is not a good free variable for the layout system.


However, the time consumed by the AAA transaction may affect the handoff latency and consequently could affect the ongoing session.

during the handoff, the interactions (signaling) between mobile node and AAA server should be minimized for low latency handoff.


Thus, a tag needs to periodically wakeup to check the channel and detect if a burst has ended.

a key challenge for a duty-cycling strategy is to e.ciently .nd the end of a burst so that sensors can capture the channel from another sensor between bursts and react quickly to mobility dynamics while avoiding most of the energy wastage caused by overhearing.


Due to re-transmission caused by the collision, satisfying f(l, r) is not enough to guarantee ti.

we need to de.ne the expected available capacity to minimize unneeded channel access time on the link.


With this .exibility, ALPHA signatures can adapt to both infrequent lowvolume signaling tra.c and high-volume data transfers, including changes of a data .ow between di.erent traf.c patterns.

forged and modi.ed packets can be detected early and .ooding-based DoS attacks can be mitigated e.ectively.


The LP formulation has O(n+ m) constraints and O(n+ m) variables.


Notice for structure VMST, we assume all receivers(senders) will relay message for free.

in order to fairly compare the performances of these structures, we set all receivers private cost to 0 for both LCPT and NST structure.


Most of the transmitter s link difference is less than 0.15, whereas most of the attacker s link di.erence is larger than 0.15.

based on the link difference, the receiver can achieve a high accuracy in distinguishing between the transmitter and the attacker.


In the AP, there is one queue for AC3 tra.c to serve all voice calls and another for AC1 tra.c to provide all TCP data downloads and so AP can be viewed as 2 nodes.

we have a total of (MAC3 +MAC1 + 2) nodes and thus the equal number of queues.


For simplicity only 3 base stations are assumed to be present in the network, though the model can be extended to any number of base stations.

the probability of the signal strength at a location (x,y) being (q1,q2,q3) due to the base stations can be expressed as: 1 2 3 Px,y(q1,q2,q3)= Px,y(s = q1).Px,y(s = q2).Px,y(s = q3) where qi is the signal strength value and P i (s) is the signal x,y strength probability distribution function at location (x, y) corresponding to the ith base station.


In this case Aj(·)is small and Cj (·) Aj(·).

in obtaining the linear average, it is essential to account for the large variation in Aj(·) between the two cases.


case(#payloadip)of TCPfsource,dst,...g=> if((#offsetip)=0)then ... Figure2:AnML-styledescription.Thesyntax#fieldvar isfeldselectionfromarecord.Thetermontheleftof=> isapattern,herematchingthedatatypeTCP.


For example, the smart counter concept introduced in this paper may also be used to infer network loads.

we believe that our paper opens a rich .eld for future research.


It has been discussed in Section 6.2.1 that the methods in [3] require each node to participate in two complete floodings of the field and a number of localized floodings (we assume only one).

so, the total number of messages transmitted by each node is at least three, and the number of messages received by a node equals 3*d. the total energy dissipation of the sensor field during this process is given as EFlooding = (Esend *3* N) + (Ereceive *3* d * N) where, N =pr2 EFlooding = 3pr2[Esend + (Ereceive * d )] (10) Esend /Ereceive are the energies required to send/receive a message.


In particular, if pi is on the external boundary of P, it is visible from some viewpoint v I .

we can directly expand Ni to P and be sure that no p I .P is on the line segment between v I and pi.


In Table 4, we need to select a vertical borderline to check distance, i.e., the left side of this borderline (number of observed .i >.

is smaller or equal to this value) is regarded as u,vd dist(lu,lv)d. the false positive probability is the total probability of its right side cells for case of same location, while the false negative probability is the total probability of its left cells for the case of nearby locations.


Let us further assume that the iSCSI connections have negotiated to allow 64 Kbytes of unsolicited data to be sent for each SCSI Write command and the maximum data size allowed in each PDU is 8 Kbytes (These are fairly typical values).

each SCSI Write command in the command window requires up to 9 PDUs.


We .nd that our system can deliver an emergency message from a mobile device to a PSAP in 1.8 -2.4 seconds, depending on the load on the selected access point.

our experiments indicate that our emergency service can be used in real settings.


However, we think that a single mutation on the first router before the congested router is not enough, because of the possibility that the router 4 would choose the router 1 as the next hop.

to eliminate the probability of such a possibility, we make another mutation to the router 4.


Finally, the returned value of read/input operations does not include the control .elds; it contains only the data stored inside the tuple of data .elds.

new access permissions can be acquired only by performing read/input operations of entries containing partition or asymmetric partition values inside the tuple of data.


(n)= cf(n) is feasible) < 1. n.8 The distribution of nodes in random networks is uniform.

if there are n nodes in a unit square, then the density of nodes equals n.Hence, if |S| denotes the area of space region S, the expected number of the nodes, E(NS), in this area is given by E(NS)= n|S|.Let Nj be a random variable de.ning the number of nodes in Sj .


5.3 Experimental Results Using Selected Features It is natural and necessary because as discussed in Section 3, the performance of TCM-KNN algorithm might deteriorate when meeting the curse of dimensionality , thus, by doing this, we can validate if our algorithm is robust and effective under the circumstance of adopting feature selection to reduce computational cost.

for the next experiment, we have performed feature selection on KDD 99 to acquire the most relevant and necessary features from the 41 features.


The necessary accuracy for such a mechanism is on the order of milliseconds (1 ° 8 5ms).

even if in the current experimental setup the positioning support is using all the bandwidth available for evenly spaced SS sampling, it is possible to ameliorate this by a number of methods: 1. employ user tra.c for sampling; 2. broadcast the angle periodically from the base station (no RTS, CTS, or ACK overhead); 3. reduce the sampling rate.


To enable seamless handoff, handoff delays need to be significantly reduced.

we apply handoff pre-processing and make-beforebreak techniques to reduce handoff delay.


Ri violates the generic TCP behavior even when it only violates a part of it.

m currently only depicts generic actions of TCP window increase and state transitions between window increase phase and loss recovery phase.


In addition, the increased air time of the multiplexed packet increases the susceptibility of the packet to loss from random fading.

these insights suggest that Ekta+ should not use very large multiplexed packets when dealing with lossy links.


However, few researches have been conducted regarding SC-FDMA based random access since SC-FDMA is relatively new technology.

it is necessary to study on SC-FDMA based random access process including random access detection scheme and its performance analysis.


(4) Note that we must have pE(0, 1) and tE(0, 1).

the probability that at least one of the n stations attempts to transmit in a given slot, ptr, can be expressed as Ptr =1 - (1 - t )n , (5) and the probability of have a successful slot given that a station transmits, ps, is given by nt(1 - t )(n-1) ps = .


Compromised MRs and routing MCs may try to eavesdrop on and manipulate the tra.c .owing through them.

mC tra.c to and from MGs must be endto-end protected.


Proof sketch: When a consumer receives cj , it cannot use the information revealed in VPref to tell whether E had any other routes at all.

it cannot deduce unrevealed preferences of E, since it cannot tell whether E even had a choice to make.


The calls arriving in the network belong to different classes based on which the requirements of the calls are prioritized.

the parameters that we focus on are: the call acceptance probability and the system saturation probability.


In other words, rules located in lower levels of AQT trie tend to have relatively higher priorities than rules located in higher levels.

if we search rules in lower levels first, the better search performance is expected since we can avoid linear searches in many nodes.


This in turn determines (i) the network links that see broadcast traf.c of the VLAN, and (ii) the hops traversed when a host in the VLAN communicates with its gateway router.

it is important to place the root-bridge judiciously to lower broadcast traf.c in the network and reduce inef.ciencies in data communication.


This accuracy is not reached on typical maneuver sites due to obstacles.

the raw positions have to be .ltered and fused.


In fact, while the MCF problem can be taken as a lower bound for power consumption, the SPR problem is more realistic.

a natural question is then how high is the performance loss of SPR with respect to MCF.


its integral joined load is Jint(va,s)= Ja,u.


After a timeout of 65 seconds the WAP gateway displays the error message: "Unable to establish secured connection".

a security failure is detected and availability property is violated whereas legitimate requested services are denied to legitimate users.


However, the effects are much smaller, leading to lower RMSE values.

we see the effects of the second trade-off a more conservative control application design which is aware of underlying distributed state leads to less sensitivity to NOS staleness.


Firstly, the browser sends the Client Hello with the cipher suites modified by the attacker, then the WAP gateway replies with Fatal Alert message handshake_failure, which indicates the gateway was unable to negotiate an acceptable set of security parameters given the options available.

the browser sends a Critical Alert message connection_close_notify, which notifies the gateway that the sender will not send any more messages using this connection state.


The route request message also includes an identi.er that is used to avoid processing the same request more than once by the same node.

only the .rst arriving copy of a message is handled by each node.


In the following table, the pheromone intensity is denoted by pvn,s, where n denotes the neighbor node, and s represents the address of an anycast server.

pvn,s denotes the intensity of pheromone to anycast server s via neighbor n. Notably, if an anycast server s is the node s neighbor n, then the pvn,s should approach infinity.


Thus, fastest-node asynchronismisstill abigproblemforIEEE802.11bdespite itslarger window size, W=2.The excitingthingisthatour ATSPprotocolwillwork evenbetterforIEEE802.11bthanfor IEEEStd 802.11becausethelarger window size willrelieve thebeaconcontention.

itwould notbeasurprise ifATSPcaneffortlessly supportmorethan 500 stations with IEEE802.11b.


Asexpected, counterbhasthe worstlatency where every messageisdelayedbefore anyfurther transmission.Onthe otherhand,dominantPhasthelowestlatency withthebad reliability results.

thisisbecause the small number oftransmissionsintheincomplete view ofits2-hop neighbors.As in the reliability case, locBcast achieves the second best latency (afterdominantP).inmanydifferentsimulationswenoticethat ourprotocol,locBcast, obtainsagood tradeoffbetween reliability, latency, and message overhead compared to the other protocols.


Note that, in addition to conditions given in Theorem 1, the equilibrium condition p * = pmax is also necessary for the system to be stable.

to examine validity of this condition, we infer from (9) that p * =2/(W * )2.condition p * =pmax holds if and only if pmax =2/(W * )2 .


We can already see that the number of levels only depends on the size of the deployment area and the transmission radius rmin .

every node needs to maintain only a constant number of level pointers.


In the Mobile IP cases, the voice packets between the MN and the CN always pass through the HA except the case of routing optimization, which is an optional feature in Mobile IP.

the longer network delay between the MN and the HA will seriously deteriorate the R-value.


60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 i=1 ExpectedE2E Delay(EED): The EED value of node e represents the expected delay for the packets sent by node e that reach the sink node b. Consequently, the probability that the packet transmission is successful at a certain forwarder is under the condition that the packet is received by one of the forwarders in Pe(i) Se .

the conditional probability is Pe(i) ' = nEDRe(Se) .


To ensure that the coarse tree in the TCAM is updated correctly, we logically superimpose the .ne tree on to the coarse tree in the TCAM ensuring that the .ne tree s leaves are aligned with the coarse tree s leaves in the TCAM subarrays.

each TCAM subarray, which corresponds to a coarse tree leaf, holds a set of .ne tree leaves (i.e., .ne tree leaves are not split across multiple coarse tree leaves).


At the beginning of the MSL* algorithm, the closeness values for the seeds are zero and the closeness values for the nodes are 8.

in the .rst time step only the seeds provide location information for their .rst-and second-hop neighbors.


In these efforts, peers pay" with tokens for downloading content and receive tokens for uploading content to other peers.

a free-rider cannotdownloaddataduetolackoftokens.Inthis paper,weadoptthe idea of using tokens as payment in designing our system.


However, group activities can be appeared in normal communication as well (e.g., .ash crowds).

we .nd characteristics of botnet group activity to distinguish them from normal group activities as shown in Table 1.


As a general rule though, it is shown in [4] that the hitting time distribution of general random walks on graphs always hasanexponential tail, andinmanycasesisapproximately exponential itself.

we expect that if a given mobility model can be (even approximately) represented as a random walk on an appropriate graph, then our method should produce su.ciently accurate estimates.


As a comparison, the .gure also shows that the receiver can receive intended packets, without any digital cancellation, only if the transmit power of the (self)interferer is ~46dB lower than the intended transmitter.

digital cancellation gives an SNR gain of 10dB.


When a node selects an item from the cache, the item is broadcasted and each of the neighbors has a chance to receive it.

there is a certain spatial correlation between times neces-sary to deliver an item to a node s neighbors.


Because wireless communication is sensitive to the physical environment, we do not claim that the results of the experiments presented here are exhaustive and representative of al l situations.Our main ob jectives are to conduct a set of experiments to illustrate the performance gains that MRD can achieve in the implemented system under a real environment with di.erent degrees of channel variability, and to analyze the properties of the MRD system in depth.

we present the results of our HIVAR and LOVAR experiments in the following sections.The HIVAR experiments used the modi.ed autorate algorithm as described in Section 5, but the LOVAR experiments were conducted before we implemented the modi.cations.the LOVAR experiments use the standard MADWiFi autorate algorithm, which could have reduced the performance of MRD for those experiments.


If a signature (a, b) on a message m was indeed generated by the legitimate signer, then, b = k-1(e+da) (mod n) (9) Rearranging, gives k = b-1(e+da) = b-1e+b-1ad = .e+.ad = u1 +u2d (mod n) (10).

X = u1P +u2Q = (u1 +u2d)P = kP (11) which verifies that the signature verification is valid.


for constant tokens of the protocol, since their occurrence in a message will be almost certain.

we use a statistical test-driven dimension reduction [20], which allows us to split the feature space as follows: F Fconstant Y Fvariable Y Fvolatile.


After that, the succession is informed to all reserves by successor.

we can guarantee reliability in data center.


Thus, non of the nodes w are eligible as the next hop node.

the next hop will be greater than d.  6.


This is because the network is not much wider than the node radio range.

a message being forwarded up 9We have tested the routing algorithms that we have described to verify that they function correctly regardless of where the root of the tree is placed.


In the original implementation, the send ippacket()member function selected one of a set of helper functions based on the buffer type.

send ippacket() was manually modi.ed to remove mention of the Standard Optimized Buffer approach, and the send ippacket standard() helper function was removed from the ip base node class.


Another severe problem is that due to the low distribution of reference, the estimated coordinates badly deviate from the real position in the margin of tracking field.

these problems prevent LANDMARC from practical deployment.


A solution to this NUM problem may not translate into an implementable scheduling policy, which would have to make decisions on a per-interval basis.

we also wish to design utility-optimal scheduling policies.


In contrast, nodes that have a larger number of neighbors than m are less vulnerable, since they typically have many busy neighbors.

such nodes may not increase their transmission power level.


As the computation of f* is based on a history of sensor values, our optimization approach must be able to dynamically adapt to changes in requests issued by the cloud during a specific time interval.

the edge chooses an evaluation window within which sensor sampling requests are analyzed.


The receiver decodes C4 using x4 and C2 =(K2,x2 + y42)successfully.

the data packets K1 , ··· ,K4 are delivered to the higher layer.


Second, both require memory that is constant regardless of the amount of tra.c under observation or its properties.

the schemes scale well in both space and speed.


It is worth noting that in step 3 , we not only consider the local data r ' , but also the data that u may receive from other users during [t, t0 + dmax].

' even if u has no local data at t (i.e.


If we look at the plots from the experiments, for most cases we see that the queue length varies periodically.

we can further break it down to a deterministic, periodic part and a random part.


However, the pattern which is recalled may not have been presented before.

from each active GNs perspective, the recall of sub-patterns is a proper action however the recall of the pattern by the array is not a justified act and as the result, the overall GN application will be failed in such a scenario.


An RDIS packet may fail to discover all sensors in its coverage area due to different reasons including network partitioning, TTL deadends and the fact that nodes only repeat the first copy of the packet.

more than one such packet may have to be generated in one area.


The ANonce in the PTK derivation for fast transitions was assumed to be pre-determined value; this simplification allows the client to derive the PTK prior to the start of the authentication.

the transition times measured by our prototype include the time to authenticate and re-associate.


Finally, we note that the data is pre-encoded.

senders will not have to encode them on the .y.


t 1 If link e is active in time slot t y = e 0Otherwise Note that yet is set to one if there is a transmission on link e in time period t. Since no node can be transmitting or receiving from multiple nodes in a given time slot, we have the inequality X yet = 1 .v .

v .t= T. (1) e.N(v) Note that the fraction of time link e is active is given by P t y t=Te T the mean .ow on link e is given by P c(e) y t t=Te f(e)= T Summing Equation (1) over all t= T,we get XX yet = T .v .


First, for messages ItryDominator and IamDominatee, every node at most sends out once this kind of messages.

the total number of these two messages is O(n).


Nodes further from the primary system can transmit at greater powers, but only if nodes closer in transmit more quietly.

heterogeneous transmit powers can be accommodated, but policy decisions are necessary to .x the tradeo.s.


The model characterizes the system state by the collection of subsets of clients that can be served under it, and makes no other assumptions about the network.

the model is general enough to be applied to a wide range of applications, including delay-constrained wireless networks with rate adaptation, mobile cellular networks, and dynamic spectrum allocation; we will speci.cally focus on the problem of delay-constrained wireless networks.


The incoming packets still accumulate in the output port before the rule has been setup.

we reserve some headroom between Qredirect and the queue limit Qlimit, usually tens of packets, so that there will be no drop during the rule setup period.


Due to the huge algorithm comp lexity and low estimation accuracy , the unsup ervised learning method cannot deal with estimation task feasibly in wir eless networks.

sup ervised learning algorithms are widely app lied in wireless technology to estimat e and p redict the variance of wireless resources and network environment [9,10].


The JML detected symbol x c (n - 1) .X (1) for time instant n - 1 can now be computed with relatively low computation complexity as given in (7).

the DLT based Bayesian JML scheme e.ectively chooses corrected symbol vector x c (n - 1) corresponding to the sample at time n - 1 through a fast low-complexity likelihood computation scheme.


The 2002 mid-air collision above Überlingen [9] involved technical changes which brought on system degradation with unmonitored consequences which, while not directly responsible for the accident [15], created a more dangerous environment.

the technical factors are considered an initial point of failure in the overall incident.


As premises for the con.rmation, note that when a malware sample is captured by a honeypot, the attacker is assumed to be also infected by the same malware with a high probability.

we extracted hosts who injected any malwares into our honeypot (i.e., the hosts were surely infected by the injected malwares), from the 398,780 hosts.


This suggests applying analysis techniques successful in prior work, i.e., aggregationbased clustering techniques inspired by [7] and [14], both of which use hierarchical, volume-based clustering to more succinctly store and represent an otherwise overwhelming number of measures.

our foremost goal is to distill the measurement data so that we can present essential, concentrated clusters that will be useful in both research and operations.


This re.ect the fact that 802.11 may perform virtual carrier sensing using an RTS CTS exchange, and that for successful communication, the sender must be able to hear the link layer acknowledgment transmitted by the receiver.

we draw an edge in the con.ict graph between vertices lij and lpq if dab = Ra for ab = iq, qi, ip, pi, jp, pj, jq, or qj.


For example, devices carried by friends or co-workers might exhibit similar daily patterns with regard to their contacts with other devices.

content duplication in such cases, where delay patterns between two devices are highly correlated, would bear little or no bene.t in practice.


The packets are broadcast downward level by level.

the servers on the ith level act as intermediate sources to the servers on the (i - 1)th level and those intermediate sources broadcast to servers in the (i - 1)th level in the dimension de.ned by pi.if the source is in the pi th dimension, it broadcasts to all its neighbors within the same element.


On the other hand, Vault's formal- ism is much less ambitious in terms of expressible pre and post conditions, since it cannot for example express arithmetic relation- ships.

the techniques described here complement those of ESC.


However, most of the current and future technology standards use bandwidths much wider than that (e.g., up to 20 MHz LTE and 40 MHz 802.11n).

it is important for SI cancellation techniques to cancel SI over wide-band.


When a MN moves to an other location in the network, the IP address of the MN changes.

the information used to route packets to that node is changed and, as the IP address also serves as the identifier, the identifier is also changed.


If an on-path attacker corrupts a single bit in the ROA for 8.8.8.0/24 during a bulk download of ROAs from the RPKI, then the corresponding route for 8.8.8.0/24 becomes invalid if there is a covering ROA authorizing AS 3356 to originate 8.0.0.0/8.

the 8.8.8.0/24 route would no longer be reachable.


3.2 Query Routing Queries in OntoZilla are represented with ontology languages.

they can be classi.ed into speci.c SIGs and classes with semantic matching techniques.


A report database can link reports if they are submitted from the same IP address.

we assume that users submit reports through a mix network such as Tor [23] and that the mix achieves its goal, i.e., no one can infer the source IP address of the sender s messages.


Although bad nodes are dropped quickly, an unfortunate node may have many free riding neighbors in case of a large fraction of free riders.

it is vital that every node have an adequate minimum degree.


These systems rely on cell service providers ability to triangulate from their cell towers to individual phones.

the infrastructure computes the location and provides it to emergency services or the user, often for a fee, thereby potentially limiting the applications that will take advantage of this capability.


SDN-enabled APs and infrastructure, such as OpenRadio and OpenRAN [7, 8], can control wireless resource usages for AP-to-client downlink transmissions; but they cannot control uplink tra.c, which also interferes with downlink transmissions due to the half-duplex MAC of WiFi.

aP-side control only cannot guarantee wireless resource for both uplink and downlink.


This follows directly form the definition of E [.t* ]: the number of cooperators cannot increase by more than one after one step.

the expected drift at each time step is at most one.


Fortunately the entries with packet counts higher than 1/r = pold/pnew are never freed by our simpli.ed update function.

to .nd the right sampling rate, we do not need the whole histogram, just the bins smaller than 1/r.


Thus, any pair of nodes falling into the same sector will be within distance of r of each other, and thus connected in the original communication graph.

for each point p, the number of disks from D(T ' ) that cover p is at most 6(d + 1).


Taking into account that qB is symmetric, we conclude that D qB(pw)= qB(A, ..., Ni-1,NiD,Ni+1, ..., B) = qB(A, ..., Ni-1, Ni,Ni+1, ..., B)= qB(pw), which contradicts our assumption that pw is a unique widest path between A and B.


Also, by keeping the magnitude of the aggregate waveform constant, the power per node will go to zero, making sense for an in.nitely dense network.

we .rst determine the number of nodes that transmit at each step of the synchronization processes.


Here, the XOR operation encrypts the initially generated session key comparable to an one-time pad [32].

decryption is only possible if the required CP-ABE attributes are available to decrypt the outer asymmetric encryption layer and the location lock value can be generated correctly in order to recover the session key.


Under the equilibrium condition, the mean rate of handoff calls moving out from a cell is equal to that of handoff calls entering into the cell.

by referring to [13], the arrival rate of handoff calls of traffic class i can be expressed as .h,i= .n,i (7) where Pha,i denotes the handoff-attempt probability that an ongoing call of traffic class i will require a (further) handoff.


None of the models for estimating metrics values provides enough precision to be considered as exact.

we choose not to work with supposed exact values for the metrics.


The NEP-based algorithm does not require distances to si s neighbors, but only needs directions to si s neighbors.

we can use neighbors projections on .Disk (si,rc) as their representations (i.e., sj is a point on .Disk (si,rc)).


In addition, the processing modules are realized using .eld programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and micro processing units (MPUs).

the functionality of each module can be dynamically changed at anytime.


While cellular network coverage is often provided in populated areas, those facilities may fall victim to a disaster or simply may not be available in areas such as mountains and forests.

an SAR mission should best not rely on an infrastructure network but set-up an ad-hoc network.


The assumption is that arrivals of future packets are independent of the arrival of previous packets.

the IMD assumes that packet arrival is distributed according to the multinomial distribution.


Due to dynamic IP address assignment, using IP address as a host identi.er for correlation is not robust.

for dynamic botnet IP addresses, instead of correlating the exact addresses, we check all the scanning activities from the corresponding dynamic IP ranges obtained from [24].


Furthermore, open-source operating systems provide receivers with ample opportunities for misbehavior.

robustness of congestion control to receiver misbehavior becomes a pressing problem.


It changes the sum of their congestion windows (i.e., w{t)).

the aggregate feedback sent per time unit is the sum of the derivatives of the congestion windows: ( ) dwl =-O·d·{Y{t-d)-)-f·q{t-d).


By a multi-modal network, we mean one where different sensing modalities are employed to achieve a particular task.

rather than employing only camera sensors, a multi-modal surveillance application can be designed using motion, vibration, thermal imaging and camera sensors, all of which cooperate with one another to achieve a common goal.


the relaying node is responsible for an appropriate and save forwarding to the next recipient.


With the increase in number of APs, there is a higher chance that BBN can leverage those APs to improve robustness.

with increasing density, the improvement provided by robustness further increase.


The lower quality is justi.ed by the reduced redundancy that facilitates attacks.

we simulate the settings where both link failures and a .xed 10% of bogus nodes occur.


Active entities publish their SCN-bindings linking contents, descriptors, legible names, etc.

the bindings capture the existence of relationships among entities and objects.


The obvious drawback with setting up a long-term schedule is that some flexibility is lost.

this way of signaling may only suit in scenarios where the traffic is reasonably static.


On the other hand, SSS does not have the bene.t of such history information and has to make a spot decision based on instantaneous measurements.

sSS may pick correctly one lap and incorrectly the next, but once Virgil .nds a good AP it will stick with it.


(2) r:j.r Also we let ¯ar := ¯ajrr be the arrival rate of route r. 1 We let Qj (t) denote the number of packets who must next be served along link j.

we let Xjr (t) be the number of route r packets who will next be served over link j at time t. it holds that .


CONCLUSION Heterogeneous wireless networks consist of high power nodes that do not have energy constraints while the user nodes are typically low power energy constrained devices.

gKA protocols designed for these networks have to be energy-e.cient, especially for user nodes.


By Observation 12 (in Appendix A, p ' is scheduled to perform a rightward transmission in phase p2a+1 after p does.

we have shown that p ' transmits M via a rightward transmission on behalf of a segment Si!


Unfortunately, normal data encryption functions like AES provided by IXP425 is too computationally expensive to be applied to every single outgoing packet, especially in wireless ad-hoc network environment which should consider power limitation of wireless devices.

an effective video encryption algorithm is still necessary.


Also note that Rn(a1) can be recursively computed using (26).

period testing can be conducted us 6In this paper, a tra.c is called bursty if its cumulative arrival sample-path V (t) is not a linear function of t. Hence, all but constant-rate .uid tra.c is bursty.


During the last decade, complex networks concepts have found applications in a variety of domains ranging from computer science, sociology, to arts and biology.

a deeper insight has been gained in understanding their main structural characteristics.


Under high node density, because of high connectivity, nodes tend to have high utility.

Figure 4: Average message delivery delays of SFR with di.erent relay selection schemes.


When an MH moves within the MN, for each subnet crossing, it updates HA-H.

lUmh + .h b.LU (1) M H = Nmh Tmh It is known that the wireless link cost is higher than wired link cost.


uplinkpacketsfrom clients to APs continue to use the DCF mechanism for channel access.uplinktransmissionswillinterferewithcentrally computed schedules.


Vehicles communicate independently and collaborate directly with each others in an ad hoc manner.

drivers have to store and disseminate dynamic contextual and social information until the .nal destination is found.


Multiple versions of a video with di.erent resolution, frame rate and quality are obtained by encoding the source video multiple times with di.erent con.gurations, and the di.erent versions of the video are completely independent to each other.

not only more server storage space is needed, but also the web caching hitratio is reduced.


4.1 Description of Path Duration Since a path between two nodes becomes invalid as soon as one of its links is broken, the path duration is equal to the minimum of the residual life of the links that conforms that route.

the distribution function of route duration (R) can be mathematically expressed as: N( )=P.min Li Fi =t .. (1) P R =t .i=1 .


We also do not deploy an end-to-end feedback mechanism; the destination node does not acknowledge data packets to the source node indicating whether or not the packets were received.


The need for memory e.ciency can be further emphasized by the following facts: measurement .ash of Crossbow MicaZ mote is 512K bytes [1], .ash memory of Moteiv Tmote Sky is 1024K bytes [2], and TMote Sky s .ash memory .lls in roughly 20 minutes when recording two channels of data at 100 Hz [18].

we are constrained to store the event information in a single node, which is the only node capable of resolving the query.


A competitive path bidder is reasonably expected to have higher valuations in general than single-link bidders, because he has to be a winner in the various auctions for the constituent links of his path.

a bidder that is interested in a path with many links has an advantage over other bidders: he can submit a high bid and exclude them from winning.


Despite the built-in redundancy in data center networks, performance issues or failures in the network can lead to userperceived service interruptions.

determining and localizing user-impacting availability and performance issues in the network in near real time is crucial.


On the other hand, only H peers receive defferential data.

communication links for defferential data can be constructed among H peers and a super seeder.


If p was created by line 7, 9, 11, or 12, tsent a message m to create a LPt i in B at the same time while sending a message mto create p. Because t sends the message m to create the necessary pointer p in Bno later than mthat creates p, the lookup request cannot arrive at the location of p in Bbefore m.Otherwise, m would have been sent over a sub-optimal route contradicting the triangle inequality.


According to Paxon s observed measurement of Internet [31], the probability of remaining in bad state is set to be 35% as in [10].

the Gilbert model is more likely to generate bursty losses than the Bernoulli model.


Instead, it randomly chooses a new path when it detects that the current path is congested.

the new path it reroutes to may be also congested.


The LSR[E12hr] algorithm shows virtually identical delivery re 1yr sults, though it requires much less LSA traf.c to update its routing state since LSAs are not sent periodically withhigh frequency.

because the DTLSR[E12hr] algorithm can estimate thatadown 1yr link may come up in the future, it need not wait for all links along thepathtobeupinorderto.ndapathandcan insteadpredictively forward messages along theexpected best path.DTLSRexhibits much better performance, delivering close to 80% of all messages even with only 30% link uptime.


However, in.ation at lower layers is equally, if not more important.

below, we lay out two broad ideas for drastically cutting Internet latencies targeting each of these problems.


The security against the bogus code image insertion attacks should be the same as the security of the T -time signature.

the outputs of h2 are truncated into |f| bits.


Once, the PDFs are determined, we compute the average link duration for the di.erent mobility models and di.erent values of Vmax.

for computing the average path duration, we also vary the transmission range  R. The di.erent values of R used are 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 m. We compute the average path duration for 3in general the one hop path duration is not the same as the link duration.


after lag 1 while the PACF for topological links tails-o..

the ARIMA model for two-hop neighbourhood links has no moving average part whereas the ARIMA model for the topological links has a moving average part of order 1.


Otherwise, Bob can drive her private key d (and then computes signature sA), though he indeed gets Bob s signature sB.

to get signature sB from Bob, Alice has to compute s1 = ±h(m)d1 mod n and send it to Bob.


To begin with, the authors in [16] claim that reserving resources for real-time calls would not automatically prevent these delay intolerant services from being dropped, whereas reserving resources for non-real-time calls would at least result in reducing congestions.

a scheme that reserves resources for non-real-time calls is proposed.


For this setup, they showed that H(X1,X2, ..., XN ) scales as O(log N) as N .8.

we conclude that the TT for the sequential cooperation strategy grows only logarithmically with the network size, that is well below the linear scaling law achieved by the no cooperation strategy.


By Theorem 12, computing a PSNE for graphical games is PLScomplete.

instead of exact PSNE we study the convergence rate to approximate PSNE, called E-PSNE, de.ned in [6].


However, a bandwidth close to the optimal rate and a stable layer subscription are not sufficient.

our third evaluation criterion is the loss rate.


by this de.nition social nodes meetotherpeoplefor morethan3.0hoursperday (social events) attheconferences,andfor morethan5hours per day on the campuses (social events plus courses)5 .


Our scheme leverages the base stations to collectively store authentication information.

it eliminates the need to maintain a highly available, centralized infrastructure.


The goal of deniability is to prevent M from proving to a third party that this was the case.

when M interacts with B we can assume (wlog) that she will do so using a public key pkM (which may or may not be associated with M s identity).


This is because network coordinates undergo minimal changes and large coordinate nodes (attackers) are naturally avoided in the BVR routing process.

we conclude that de.ation attacks pose severe threats to VCS routing systems, due to their epidemic effect on the coordinate system and their impact on the upper layer routing process.


The .ghting between bulls during breeding season may result in serious injures to themselves, and the injuries reduce the value of them dramatically.

the protection of high-value animals such as bulls is of critical importance to the breeding industry.


The total number of vertices in this instance, n is a +2.


We have [] A(t)=2pr 2 - a(t), 2 MDS in TMPO Near-optimum vs. analysis 1.6 Number of clusterhead Near-optimum Performance ratio 1.4 1.2 101 1 0 where a(t) = arccos 2 t - 2 t /  2 10 1 -2t .

the prob 0.8 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 Transmission range (m) Transmission range (m) ability of node i having a lower priority than the nodes in the shaded area is = A(t)k -A(t) k p2 = e = U(A(t)) - T (A(t)) .


4 Client-side processing A Trickles client stack implements a Berkeley sockets interface using the Trickles transport protocol.

the client application need not be aware of the presence of Trickles.


Intuitively, this strategy tries to forward some packets along sub-optimal paths in the hope that they will not di.er signi.cantly from the optimal paths.

this strategy is favorable to preserve low packet delivery delay in VANET.


Even more, by t1 the AP has performed bothforward-decodingandbackwarddecodingforallbits transmitted sofar,i.e.,all bitsexceptthefew bitsattheend of Pb1.

5 att1 theAPdeclares bothpacketsdecoded.It waitsforaSIFS and acks packet Pa1.


When peers request pieces of a .le, it is di.cult to determine whether a piece is delivered by another peer engaged in the .le transfer, or if it is delivered through one or more relay peers.

the degree of anonymity provided is dependent upon the number of relay peers relative to the numberof normalpeersparticipating ina .letransfer;however, the expected performance overhead is also dependent upon the number of relay peers participating, as the path length between the initiator and the responder is higher on average as more relay peers participate.


n -2 e2(n -2) we derive a lower bound p * s as * 1 ps = .


In our simulation, the frame size is usually less than 256.

the performance with this frame size constraint is similar to the results shown in Section 5.


The probing results are periodically propagated to other MSODA nodes.

each MSODA node is able to form a global view of the MSODA overlay, represented as a mesh consisting of all MSODA nodes and a subset of connections between them.