In fact, if ISSE is properly utilized from the beginning of a systems engineering process, ISSE may provide additional benefits such as identifying and mitigating system risk in regards to cost, schedule and performance earlier on and thus further enhance a system s ability to remain on target [9].

due to the extreme difficulty of properly measuring IA effectiveness and because IA is not always a black box that can be engineered, procured and just simply placed on a system and expected to solve all IA worries, it is extremely difficult to warrant the need of ISSE without stating just because or relying on corporate or governmental regulations.


In general, none of these extensions provides any policy enforcement on the .le system, IPC, or local Internet socket connections in order to enforce isolation of domains.

taintDroid with its data .ow tracking mechanism has the potential to implement .ne-grained policy enforcement.


The manufacturer was able to .x the Mobile Java problem in the latest models which have not been delivered to thecustomersatthat time.

patchingallor most of thealready deployed mobilephonesishardbecause mostof the end-users will never notice that theirphones are vulnerableanddonot takecareofpatchingtheirphones.


false positives can be informed due to the conservative computation of program dependences.

iF monitors try to distinguish between secure and insecure executions.


We note that it would not be hard to extend the previous scheme to allow for several .xed hierarchies.

there will be an e.ciency loss for each additional hierarchy, so there is a limit to how much .exibility an e.cient system could provide.


For example, recent versions of Adobe Acrobat and OpenOf.ce [1] allow the creator of a PDF document to set .ags that prohibit printing or copying content from the document [2].

existing usage controls typically have several shortcomings.


Consequently, the user s devices would be able to access content bound to all the ADs even though they are issued by di.erent Rights Issuers.

this adds an extra middleware layer between the service providers and the consumer devices instead of a fully integrated solution that .ts well with the OMA-DRM infrastructure.


EAP-SPEKE complies with all of the mandatory requirements specified in RFC 4017.

eAP-SPEKE does not provide support for fast reconnect.


0.8 0.7 anomalies that have a big impact on the total energy con 0.6 sumption.

short bursts of energy consumption will 0.6 Test data (days)  0.9 Figure 12: Classi.cation accuracy with di.erent res- Average accuracy not be recognizable at low resolutions.


When the dealer is faulty, some honest parties may terminate a weak AVSS protocol and others may not, but those who terminate hold consistent shares and axe guaranteed that there are enough honest parties holding shares in order to reconstruct the se- cret.

aVSS guarantees that either all honest parties terminate the protocol successfully or none, which ensures agreement on the success of the sharing.


In attempting to balance between these two fundamentally important democratic rights, the concept of compelling interests appears to govern whether speech can be legally and appropriately restricted or privacy violated.

is the strength of our presumption of privacy equal to the forces promoting freedom of speech?


Even if we assumejust a singlequery canbe requestedfor eachday s worth of data,theprivacyguarantees can onlybe appliedtothatday s collection.

when correlated, queries performed over multiple days may actually reveal sensitiveinformation.


This implies that the events monitored by the .lter should be those events that a stack bu.er over.ow will trigger for certain.

these events should be rare during normal execution (when attack is absent), so that the number of false positives can be minimized.


This richer authentication of e-mail can be enabled by eliminating the server in favor of a peer-to-peer e-mail paradigm because a sysadmin for a central mail service cannot possibly take the time to assess the rich authentication inputs for every single email routed through the system, even in relatively lowvolume environments.

something more akin to peer-to-peer or a hybrid between peer-to-peer and centralized mail could make this tractable.


gating these policies together, newer police(s) should  Figure 4: Composite Strategy for Policy Con.ict Resolution takeprecedencetorespondanaccess requestthat matches policiesfromdi.erentpolicy sets.

this strategy may not alwaysresolvethepolicy con.ictssinceno authorization wins when two con.icting policies have the same timestamps 1 .


Hence SGTM can be returned with each attestation instead of LTV.

in the bootstrapping stage, when a node s GTM is mostly empty, LTV merging can still be used to achieve a faster convergence.


This basic threat model assumes that the attacker knows that her victim indeed has a pro.le on the target network, which may not always be realistic.

in a variation of the model, an attacker might also target a group of people (e.g., a company s employees or users visiting a particular site).


The intuition is that, the adversary cannot make all nodes SASes equal by modifying the messages sent × by legitimate nodes except with negligible probability.

if SASes are not equal, Chorus ensures that all the nodes will reject with high probability.


The adversary is confused by the surplus of n criteria, not know which of the m-subsets of the n criteria had been used for establishing access.

disjunction is used in policy formulation by providing alternatives to justify access.


If returned as a String, taint can be tracked.

if it is accessed as a character array, taint information is lost.


Note that both Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2 are speci.cally optimized for twisted Edwards curves with parameter a = -1 and do not work for curves with arbitrary a.

both algorithms are independent of the second curve parameter d. There exist a variety of algorithms for computing a scalar multiplication using point additions and doublings; see e.g.


Magma provides an extensive pool of functions for computations on elliptic curves given in both short and long (non-simpli.ed) Weierstraß form, but does not directly support the twisted Edwards from.

a twisted Edwards curve with the parameters a, d .


Let Li(F) be the instance of Lithium using the vocabulary F. Li(F) has the same set of policies as FOL(F).

each policy p of Li(F) has a di.erent set of requests for which it is de.ned (a di.erent value for Qp).


For example, one may experiment with a new method of voting next to standard ballots.

if the result obtained with the new method does not contribute to the o.cial result, or can be falsi.ed by a paper trail, there are no incentives for adversaries to manipulate the system.


A typical usage scenario will include an SSH server behind a .rewall using a set of private and public keys to limit the access to the server only for a set of speci.c people on the network.

as the security research grows, so does the research to circumvent security measures.


Putting a price tag on a human life is certainly fraught with ethical dangers.

if NASA had had a realistic estimate of the probability that the Space Shuttle Challenger would be destroyed, and had also had an accurate estimate of the financial and reputation costs of this event, there seems little doubt that the Challenger launch would have been delayed and the ship saved.


We can treat all the data read from the sensors as tainted, track the .ow of tainted data, and prevent tainted data from leaving for the network.

taint-based information .ow tracking has its own shortcomings.


As in [9], we will drop the universal quanti.ers in front of a dependency, and implicitly assume such quanti.cation.

we will write down all the existential quanti.ers.


As such, the presence of these actions on the schedule should be privileged information.

once the event has occurred, it is essentially impossible to conceal.


Since we use Taint-Droid for taint tracking of sensitive data, one source of overhead could be the taint tracking mechanism.

it has been reported that TaintDroid introduces only 14% performance overhead and 4.4% memory overhead on a CPUbound microbenchmark.


It is hard to see how certi.cate retrieval phases could be integrated with role membership inferencing steps in Prolog or Datalog, due to their restricted formula languages [18].

the more expressive formula language of LolliMon provides the necessary abstractions.


As many watermarking schemes require watermark coef.cients to be normal distributed, we will focus on protocols that allow the involved parties to generate normal distributed watermarks in the following.

we stress that the overall technique is applicable to other types of distributions as well and can be extended to more than 2 parties.


However, the bandwidth increase is small (since today s timeouts are long).

encouragement (which is initiated by an agent of the server) will cause good clients to send signi.cantly more traf.c while still obeying congestion control.


It can be determined by the protocol format description.

a protocol parse tree states how a given PDU is assembled from basic .elds.


The concept and techniques used in SecVisor to implement a tiny hypervisor are similar to those of BitVisor.

secVisor does not intercept the data of device I/Os and most of these are completely pass-through.


For instance, the s~=-e access control mechanism can be used in di~erent applications with differ- ent access control policies.

there are cases where the mechanisms are more closely tied with the application.


We to this published table as the result-set retrieved in response to a assume that the user might hold R0.

since R0 is - we use R1 as an approximation for calculation the user's query.


7.4 User Behavior Another possible countermeasure might be to enter sensitive data only in environments without any light source and with the index .nger or a stylus pen.

in this case other sensors, e.g., motion sensors, might still be exploitable.


Without knowing the key a third party cannot query the Bloom .lter.

additional measures must be taken to enforce the third party to provide correct answers and to not alter the archived data.


Most prior work has focused on attitudes about location privacy, self-reported willingness to share location information, or behavior during a user study.

our work measures users behavior in the .eld.


applying encryption scheme to databases [3, 6] or by partitioning web application code into di.erent trust levels [4, 5].

these techniques do not protect the sensitive data comprehensively throughout its processing lifetime in the web application code, and trust a large TCB.


In particular, XFAs can be constructed individually and later combined using standard techniques.

the use of explicit instructions provides fertile ground for systematically applying optimizations and analysis techniques common to compiler construction.


From the de.nition of x 0, f(x 0) = f(x 0 + Ed) and f(x 0) = f(x 0 - Ed), meaning that 1 f(x 0) = (f(x 0 + Ed) + f(x 0 - Ed)).

2 since f is a convex function, we have that for all E > 0 f(x 0) = f(x 0 + Ed) = f(x 0 - Ed).


This architecture protects the enforcement engine from being tampered by malicious target VMs.

vMI-based solutions proposed to date are ideally suited for desktop virtualization because they require the security monitor to be installed within a privileged VM.


In our experiments such an optimization could reduce memory overhead by a factor of .ve or more.

for ease of debugging the system we have solely used the larger canonical representation.


Unfortunately, the advantages of KEA/OPACITY usually correspond to the disadvantages of (H)MQV, and vice versa.

as the session-key structure of KEA/OPACITY and that of (H)MQV are di.erent in nature, it is uneasy or .exible to implement both of them and then switch between them according to di.erent application scenarios, particularly for applications based on low-power devices.


For simplicity, we assume that there is only one usage session for a single (s, o, r) existing at one time.

one subject can access multiple objects and one object can be accessed by multiple subjects at the same time.


Another critique of currency schemes is that they give attackers some service so might be weaker than the schemes we discuss below (such as pro.ling) that seek to block attackers.

under those schemes, a smart bot can imitate a good client, succeed in fooling the detection discipline, and again get some service.


One can simply record a PUF output and compare that with a re-generated one later.

a single PUF output per IC is not enough for authentication; anyone who has access to an IC can obtain the PUF output and create another IC that contains the PUF output in memory.


[22] have shown that the approach may not succeed in bridging the security gap between users and their machines: Subjects in a user study were found not to react to the absence of Passmark images.

these results are speci.c to interface deployed by Passmark, and we believe that an appropriately designed user interface can address this problem.


they do not consider the concurrent attacker model and they do not provide an equivalent of system-level non-interference.


The work in [5] largely presents the formal semantics of the model, and shows how access control policies can be speci.ed.

it does not consider access control enforcement.


They can remove the public information of this adversary from the LIST.

as a result, this adversary will not be identi.ed even if submits multiple claims against the same peer for the same reason because the output of the public tracing procedure will always be always NO-ONE.weargue that,given that there are s copies of the public information for each member, and they are uniformly distributed within the network, the probability (denoted as pad)thatthe entry for an adversary in the LIST is stored only by the adversary group is vert small.


We de.ne the traf.c density t£ of a geographic location £ as the number of trips that start, end, or traverse through £ in a .xed interval of time 1Consequently, our experiments also focus on trips in this geographic region.

sybilQuery can automaticallygenerate Sybil queries for any geographic region if provided with asimilar traf.c database for that region.


However, even on adesktop with a wired Internet connection, downloading approximately 60GB of data is time-consuming for the tester and unscalable for thecloudprovider.5 Asfarasoption(3),recentadvancesin,and optimization of, single-serverPIR techniques haveyieldedpromising results that might be ef.cient enough for the tester s desktop or laptop, especially if queried database is maintained in a cloud cluster[8].

sinceouremphasisinthispaperisonthe smartphoneplatform, weleave thisitemforfuture work.


Honest-butcurious parties follow their designated protocol diligently but try to learn the secrets of other parties from the interactions they have with them.

malicious parties behave the way they like: not only they try to learn more information, but also execute any protocol of their choice in order to do so.


As such, the reader is implicitly assumed to know which tag it communicates with.

the application-speci.c utility of the protocol for authentication (and indeed the protocol itself ) are outside our scope.


On one hand, it explains the behavior of the application in the associated context, hence improving the analytic process of the recommendation and ranking system.

collecting more context information could also raise privacy concern.


More recently, a locale-based access control (LBAC) model [25] has been described that exhibits similarities to action control.

lBAC is concerned with an speci.c enhancement of RBAC to take into account the context in which roles may be activated.


Since encryption is such an important topic, it is imperative that computer science students learn something about it.

since encryption algorithms are by necessity, extremely complex, and since the core curriculum of most computer science programs is already packed full of foundational computer science concepts, the question is how can the subject of encryption be incorporated into a computer science program?


Since C is trusted by B as a recommender, B accepts any recommendation made by C and can forward it to any service provider who trusts B as a recommender.

d s level of trust evaluated by the service provider A may be different than the level of trust evaluated by the recommender B.


passwords p.us (user) and p.ad (admin), or via vulnerability v. In this case, v is a remoteto-user vulnerability since it is accessible from any host on the internet and results in user privilege gained over the host Operating System.

the host also contains an exposure exp which is forever repeating the action of releasing credential p.ad.


prophiler has a high false positive rate and is intended to be used as a .lter for a subsequent dynamic analysis.


We mention obvious vulnerabilities resulting from corrupt SIP server node(s) in this scenario all security is lost since adversary sees the session key.

there are subtle attacks by a relatively weak adversary whodoes nothaveaccesstoprivilegedSIP nodes.


Since this computation takes relatively long time and the exponentiation unit is a considerably large circuit, where any bit .ipping is useful, the attack is highly feasible.

di.erential fault attack is harder to apply since more precision is needed in terms of both location and time.


also proposed potential mitigations of their own attack.

the proposed solutions are either very speci.c to their heap spraying exploitation or are as general and slow as frequent re-randomization of a whole process.


KDI-SECURE PRFS IN THE STANDARD MODEL We have shown that an ideal cipher is also a KDI-secure PRF with respect to any function g that does not depend on the cipher itself.

we saw, in the examples following De.nition 1, that in the standard model a secure cipher (or PRF) does not have to be KDI-secure, not even with respect to simple functions such as the identity function.


The operations de.ned above capture only deterministic computations with symmetric output.

probabilistic computations with asymmetric output can be reduced to these operations [3, 10].


PAK allows Alice and randomness available to Alice and Bob comes from a weak Bob to agree on arbitrarily many random session keys using secret W whose entropy is k = 2 n .

in our setting, the secret W , and achieves strong security guarantees even we assume that the parties also have access to a local (nonwhen the entropy k is very low.


The fact that an output of a .ow sinking to statement 3 in F .

statement is executed or not can leak secure information D + 4 .


The particular overwrites to perform are guided by a set of hardcoded signatures for a set of popular Linux-based operating systems.

we merely build upon Inception s ability to read and write to physical memory.


Daswani and Garcia-Molina study the query-.ood DDoS attack in Gnutella, and different policies that nodes might take to mitigate the attack [7].

it only examines the case when the target of the attack is itself a Gnutella peer.


Therefore, our current security model for anonymity assumes that the communication channel between signers are secure, and all signers are trusted during the generation of the threshold ring signatures.

our anonymity model still captures the case that a signer loses his secret key to the adversary before or after the generation of s * .


For example, an anonymous communication service may prefer to use its own addressing scheme as opposed to using public known IP addresses.

allowing each service to arbitrarily follow its own addressing scheme will cause inter-operability issues.


Some signature-based detection systems have been developed for web servers to protect vulnerable scripts from malicious input.

these signature-based systems are inherently susceptible to evasion methods that take advantage of the expressiveness of the SQL language or alternate character encodings.


The rankings produced by the control group were were likely to agree with the experts ranking on both the best and the worst jams, and showed an overall correlation coe.cient of 0.55.

the experimental group s rankings were much less similar to the experts ranking, demonstrating a correlation of only 0.11.


Within a veri.cation mode the user claims an identity, which is then compared to the stored one (oneto-one recognition).

during an identi.cation process the system tries to .nd a matching identity based on provided biometric characteristics (one-to-many recognition).


It can be seen by evaluating the review functions (see De.nition 7 in the appendix) that both models di.er structurally and have a di.erent role composition.

an evaluation of the access control con.gurations shows that they are identical (i.e.


Raksha [Dalton 2007] is yet another hardware (FPGAbased) approach with support for pointer tainting.

the system is quite .exible and able to handle various DIFT models besides pointer tainting.


Our groups provide a number of RBAC facilities [24] within group sets including inheritance (the tags of one group are a subset of those of another), mutual exclusion (the tags are disjoint), and user-role management (the users who control group membership).

our groups di.er from RBAC roles both in the way they are constructed and administered.


The concept of authentication has been previously applied and used by (i) Quire [8] for providing provenance proof on inter-component communications in Android, (ii) A2 [2, 1] for authenticating native Linux applications, and (iii) the authenticated system calls [21] for preventing misuse of system calls.

developing an authentication model for Android applications imposes unique technical challenges since the Android framework primarily runs Java applications running in virtual machines and makes use of features such as application services that run in background.


This ERP scheme to discourage the usage of busy roads has been effectively carried out for more than 10 years to relief road congestion in Singapore.

two main drawbacks of the current ERP systems make the government re-consider the scheme.


Hence, structural distance measures indicate the structural modi.cations between RBAC models.

they do not give information on the semantical changes.


This requires coin-.ipping and zero-knowledge proofs.


If this script resembles a request submitted by the browser, XSSAuditor skips its execution.

xSSAuditor is geared towards detecting the most common form of XSS, where an entire script is injected into a victim page.


Policy 3 This policy offers the protection of the Location Privacy Protection Act with respect to the disclosure of Jane s data to third parties.

it allows Giant full access to Jane's driving and personal information to enable Giant to provide Jane with special offers.


A digital signature is analogous to an ordinary hand-written signature and establishes both of signer authenticity and data integrity assurance.

it is necessary to keep commercial documents confident to protect the privacy of users in many applications.


The difference between the GPU-assisted 4.2.2 emulator on the Mac and a real Galaxy Nexus, like all of the timing results, is statistically signi.cant (Wilcoxon test, W = 8.1 × 106 , p < .001).

gPU assistance on Windows emulators does not considerably improve upon collected values.


The public key is derived from the last value on all the chains.

in this scheme, we would still need an additional 4 chains of length 4 to encode the values in the opposite direction to prevent forgeries.


This link between private keys and personal information is intended to serve as a deterrent to key sharing: many members will take extra care to keep their personal keys secret so that their personal information remains secret as well.

in a system without self-enforcement, any group member can give his private key to anyone he chooses.


If this is a desirable feature, the SML must be integrated inside the attestation tokens t, which would remove the need of a direct connection to the prover and the veri.er can collect attestation tokens without noticing the server.

to ensure freshness of the attestation token and to complete the authentication process, a direct communication between server and client is needed.


DNS query log data supplied by popular DNS implementations, such as ISC BIND [1], contain much of the key in formation to address many of the security issues we mentioned above.

manually inspecting these log .les can be a tedious and daunting job.


To resolve the problem, some OSN sites now offer users the ability to select categories of information that can be disclosed to applications that they have not installed in case their friends use those applications.

this mechanism is still far from user s expectation for .ne-grained access control.


As described in the previous section, the heat kernel of a graph can be exponentiated to generate time step solutions to a di.usion problem.

extracting all eigenpairs by eigendecomposition may be impractical for large directed graphs.


is byte-equivalent to the following sequence of Intel instructions: push %ebx; push "ake "; push %ebx; push "ake "; push %ebx; push "ake!".

it is unlikely that one could construct meaningful code by simply concatenating English phrases that exhibit this property.


Several solutions against collusion have been proposed, such as [25] and [15].

there is no fully-private protocol that is able to securely compute the summation, because no matter how secure the protocol is, the value of one party can be computed directly by subtracting the summation of all other values from the final result if all parties other than this one collude.


Models for language become more accurate as they take into account more context of a given work or character, e.g., the previous k words or characters.

the computational overhead of using the model increases as one increases k. Determining the strength of the correlation between characters k apart in the string would help determine the optimum value of k. Empirical Distributions and Partial Independence: Consider two random variables X and Y on [n].


Moreover, they are paramount in threat prediction research, in that they allow us to safely explore the botnet design space in scenarios where the botnet operating parameters have been optimised, something that would be unthinkable with in-the-wild experimentation.

in comparison with simulation studies, where arti.cial models are used in lieu of real botnet entities, in emulation experiments, botnet entities that are either identical or slightly adapted versions of their real-world counterparts, are executed in controlled environments.


One way to do this would be to use a simple delegation pattern, where the trusted service directly exposes the 1https://play.google.com/about/developer-distribution agreement.html#prohibited  functionalities needed.

this solution would imply having a public API on the trusted component able to satisfy all possible usages of private data in an Android application, which seems a requirement very di.cult to satisfy.


This example illustrates that this .·uv attack s impact is limited when ( n·av ) is small.

.·uv when ( ) is large, we cannot neglect the n·av possibility that the attacker will succeed in injecting a signi.cant error to the Sum computed at the sink.


As a product of the traditional circuit-switched wireline and wireless telecommunications industry associations, the J-standard does not speci.cally address the requirements of other (competing) technologies such as Voice-over-IP (VoIP).

j-standard serves as a guide to many other industry associations to develop their own speci.cations meeting their technical requirements.


Automated blackbox security testing tools for web applications have long been around.

even in 2012, the fault detection capability of such tools is low: the best ones only detect 40% of non-sanitized Type-2 XSS, and 1/3 do not detect any[3, 2].


GSM requires an essential element techniques of a safe data transmission and a personal private protection.

a crypto algorithm and a secure protocol for a safe data communication using GSM have various kind of problems.


Salmon was designed to provide an accurate, clear and salient external representation of the information needed to achieve the user s primary goal.

the user still has to formulate subgoals from his or her primary goal according to the information provided by Salmon and determine by him-or herself how to implement these subgoals.


the preimage passwords are not uniform random, and share common pre.x or su.xes, and the above is a strictly lower bound.


In all, most of the hardware-based approaches use memory or register snapshots [20, 28] as the source of system status information.

they are inapt for monitoring instant changes occur in the host system and thus vulnerable to advanced attacks such as transient attacks.


This is most useful in the case of a small hypervisor or security kernel without dynamic loading capabilities.

it might be of limited use to have a full OS kernel without dynamic module loading.


HyperSentry s end-to-end execution time, which is about 35.04 milliseconds, implies 0.4% and 0.2% direct performance overhead if invoked every 8 and 16 seconds, respectively.

the benchmark output reports an average overhead of 2.4% if HyperSentry is invoked every 8 seconds, and 1.3% if HyperSentry is invoked every 16 seconds.


RELATED WORK 6.1 Keyboard Emanation Previous attacks have always been conducted with complicated devices and complex technical methods, which do not threaten the general public.

with the growing popularity of personal electrical and mechanical devices [3], emanations of those devices create more personal information leakages, such as the keyboard emanations.


In [15], the authors proposed and implemented a .ne grained access control mechanism to protect the information in EP-CIS, where query modi.cation technique is used.

the access control policy for EPCIS is simpler than that of EPCDS.


3.2 Viewing and Updating the Record The patient can log in to see the latest version of the record and append or update information such as latest observed symptoms, drug e.ects, etc.

the patient isnotallowedto modifycontentsauthoredby otherparties, such as the lab tests or doctors diagnoses, but is allowed to annotate such content by adding comments [8].


The advantage of the context-aware approach is that it requires no user interaction.

this approach, especially activity inference, is often imprecise.


Hence, smaller chunk size would cause frequent spill and fill operations.

if the size of the chunk were improperly large, it would cause an immediate spill/fill operation after the fill/spill operation.


will assign A to B ' , and B to A ' (a total of 160%).

the best match for A is instead A ' (100%).


To avoid such poor accuracy, we can set-up a lower global synchronization interval and, accordingly, also a lower pairwise synchronization interval.

simple analysis shows that the e.ect is a substantial increase in energy consumption needed to send multiple re-synchronization messages.


Most often, this revocation occurs on every return from one domain to another.

our approach exploits the execution stack by letting dynamic permissions disappear implicitly when no longer needed so that noexplicit revocation is required.


From CAS-DB s facts and rules, it follows that CAS lsigns auth(shaketable, Alice) is true at CAS-DB.

cAS-DB can only send di rectly signed atoms and rules in messages, and CAS signs auth(shaketable, Alice) is not true at CAS-DB.


This result is in sharp contrast with the fact that the zero-error randomized communication complexity of the equality function over n-bit strings is O(n).

the information complexity of DISJn turns out to be linear (Theorem 7.2): IC (DISJn,1/2-e)=O(n)for all 0 <e < 1/2.


IRC black markets have already been shown to be a complete scam [7], where fake goods are sold to wanna-be-scammers (that get ultimately scammed themselves).

observational studies support the hypothesis that these tools actually work [18].


This fol-sis of ROWAtoILP and Corollary 1.

we did not lows from the observation that the minimal value of costR investigate optimizations of our prototype implementation.


There are two options for the designation of CA so far: governmental authorities or vehicle manufacturers.

as indicated in [32, 35], an idea of the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) as a CA has several .aws mainly caused by administrative problems.


Pseudorandomness is as a special case of indistinguishability, where simulator Sim draws at random from {0, 1}L(.).


Additional information only downgrades the sensitivity level of an information object; hence, with incomplete information the decision support system makes a more conservative assessment on shareability.

in the presence of malicious or incorrect information, soundness cannot be guaranteed.


This assumption allows traceability, 7 and apparentlyincreases usabilityby requiringless userinput(cf.[28]).

ourgeneralizedproposal can be extended to generate more restricted ID numbers (even transaction-speci.c numbers), e.g., by including timestamp, validity period, transaction amount, etc.


Figure 1: Syntax of SECTET-PL Constraints The positive rule perm[rolei]:pcondExpi describes the condition pcondExpi under which some role rolei is permitted to access the resource (the class in this case).

the negative rule proh[rolej]:ncondExpj describes the condition ncondExpj under which some role rolej is prohibited to access the resource.


= -1, .... .. = 0  3.2 Adaboost-IHMM with On-line Adjusting Capability Our research adopts Oza s on-line adaboost to adjust normal profile.

in Oza s procedures of on-line adaboost, a new sample will be trained more than one times in each weak classifier to make this sample be correctly classified, so it may have the problem of model over-training.


The IMUX results show an initial slight drop in throughput as many connections are being created and destroyed.

throughput recovers to the levels achieved with vanilla Tor and Torchestra as the connection manager stabilizes.


A second project, Open Source Management of Risk (OSMR) is intended to provide a model-based risk analysis tool based on the ISO 17799 standard and is more in tune with the objectives of our proposal.

the Sourceforge site reflects no evident progress on this effort, and our attempt to contact the project director was unsuccessful.


We therefore need to use simulation-extractable ZK proofs (SE-ZK), instead of ordinary ZK proofs of knowledge (ZK-POKs).

in the interest of clarity, we choose to present the construction above with ZK-POKs instead of SE-ZK.


All of these companies immediately published information (shown in Table 1(a)) to EPCDS when they handle these productions.

the information in Table 1(a) cannot be released without any restriction.


EasyTalk Basically, EasyTalk uses a passive 4-digit SMS-based authentication scheme like many of the other applications.

in our tests its authentication mechanism seemed not very reliable and on iOS the application simply crashed when started with an active proxy (even when in transparent proxy mode).


8.6.2 Total demand The total computational demand of the PE3WAKA protocol is signi.cantly higher than for the 2G/3G symmetriconly AKA protocols.

modern smartcards are powerful devices and have dedicated crypto hardware.


Most individuals think of attacks on the user s computer when computer security is mentioned.

it is important to also consider that individuals can abuse cloud computing to create a virtual botnetwork.


For example XACML supports Permit, Deny, Not Applicable, and Indeterminate.

even with these four possible decisions, critical information in access decisions may be lost because Indeterminate represents too many different access control decisions [10].


2.3 Claw-Free Permutations As brie.y touched upon in the Introduction, FDH was originally proven secure when an arbitrary trapdoor permutation is used [1].

subsequent work on FDH [11] and PSS [3, 12] has focused on speci.c classes of trapdoor permutations such as the RSA and Rabin permutations.


RELATED WORKS In conventional centralized PKI, the problem of certificate path discovery can be easily solved by searching the complete CA hierarchy in central devoted entities such as a directory with popular graph searching algorithms such as DFS.

mANET gives rise to a dynamic network diagram which requires the need of validating certificates in the absence of centralized public key infrastructure.


PMUs placed on buses provide real-time measurements of these system variables.

because PMUs are expensive, they cannot be deployed on all system buses [3][6].


Disk images present many advantages in a Cloud virtualization environment such as the ability to quickly launch and deploy virtual machines across various hosts[9].

along with other virtualization components, disk images are vulnerable to many attacks from outsiders as well as from malicious users and administrators in Cloud.


If an IDS reports one alert for a certain attack and the alert has all the information needed to instantiate a hyper-alert, a hyper-alert can be generated from the alert.

some IDSs may report a series of alerts for a single attack.


Our current results are virtually unaffectedby this case, since the original source makeslittle or no use offunctionpointers, and the code is compiled on a commercial compiler.

we are currently working to .nd aacceptablesolutiontotheproblem.


The CPU and memory overhead in the initialization process is due to the loading of negative instances from an app s internal storage.

this overhead is incurred only once; after the creation of the training model, feature extraction and classi.cation takes less than a millisecond for a swipe.


For example, in Figure 1(d) some concepts introduce no new users, some introduce no new permissions, and some introduce neither.

it is incorrect to always remove all concepts with no new users and new permissions.


Since the signature generation requires comparable amount of computation as veri.cation, generation of a 64-bit signature takes about 1.2 seconds and veri.cation takes about 1 second in our un-optimized implementation.

in this scheme, the public keys are generated in advance, so the sender must compute twice as many hashes because it must recompute the hashes when he wishes to actually compute a signature instead of simply generating the public key.


visitor), which will inherit role-associatedpermissions.

this administration task could be made simpler if access permissions are granted to the users only based on information characterizingtheir situations (e.g.


At present, WorSE focuses on symbolic execution of HRU-type access control models.

since our goal is to provide method and tool support for analyzing more up-to-date security models like role-based or attributebased access control models, a symbolic model execution engine class (SMEE class) based on a generic deterministic state machine is implemented here.


BACKGROUND Torpigisamalwarethathasdrawnmuch attention recentlyfrom thesecurity community.Onthesurface,itisoneofthemanyTrojan horses infesting today s Internet that, once installed on the victim s machine, steals sensitiveinformation and relays it back to its controllers.

the sophisticated techniques it uses to steal data from its victims, the complex network infrastructure it relies on, and thevast .nancial damage thatit causes setTorpig apart from other threats.


Simple but powerful sensors listen for signs of life and ex.ltrate these sounds when detected.


For example, lacking 1.6 hardware support on multiplication hinders the performance of RC6 and IDEA on IXP1200.

this problem has 1.4 been readily tackled by a richer instruction set on newer NPs.


Hu and Evans [6] propose a secure aggregation mechanism for sensor networks.

being a sensor network design, it assumes a tree topology with a base station at the root.


A survey conducted by Felt et al [9] indicated that 91% of the 150 top Facebook applications have unnecessary access to user s private data, violating the principle of least privilege.

completely limiting the applications from user data or providing fake data to them may harm the functionality of applications or even their own business models.


Inparticular,DHCP space wasidenti.ed as one area of concern.

we assumed that such addresses would naturally exclude themselves from problem spaceby failing toaccrue minimumsupport(Sec.4.2).


Traditional introspection solutions assume that even if the guest OS is compromised, their mechanisms and tools, residing at a lower-level (hypervisor) will continue to report accurate results.

baram et al [4] argued that this security assumption does not hold because an adversary, after gaining control of an OS (e.g., through kernel-level rootkits), can tamper with kernel data structures so as a bogus view of the system is provided for introspection tools.


If they made a mistake but felt they knew their password, they could retry to con.rm.

if they thought they forgot their password, they could end the trial.


Ingeneral,claimsmaybeaccompanied with evidencefromdifferent credential technologies.

requirements across different credentials, so called cross-credential requirements cannot be proven using different credential technologies.


We were able to start the security analysis on a rather abstract level by proving static security requirements, as well as to conduct the security analysis of the authentication protocol on a very detailed level.

there remain areas for future improvement of the UMLsec method.


Thus, those obligations are trivially allowed.

in the case that notices contain PHI of the patient, then the corresponding slice of the policy is similar to the slice of §164.524.


To summarize the boxplots, we simply plot the average per host utility across the entire population.

in general, we see that the difference in utility between the homogenous and full diverse scenarios grows with larger values of w. when w is small, the differences are small.


For example, eservices are available for banking, shopping, learning, healthcare, and Government Online.

each service requires a consumer s private information in one form or another.


The model has been implemented in Prolog [2], and at the moment includes core predicates to represent networks and few other de.nitions relative to incorrect packet con.gurations.

it is extensible, and elements can be easily added to the core (for example to formally describe other incorrect packets) in the form of new predicates.


propose using homomorphic encryption on the SNPs of the individuals to perform genetic research on the encrypted SNPs [35].

the security of an individual s genome should be guaranteed for at least 70-100 years (i.e., during the typical lifetime of a human).


For example, in the case of a =0.51, A1 and A2 start to compromise private keys after compromising about 15 nodes, whereas the other attacks start to compromise private keys after compromising about 20 nodes.

in order for the attacker to compromise private keys, the attacker has to compromise at least 15 nodes or so in the case of a =0.51, to compromise at least 25 nodes or so in the case of a =0.7, and to compromise at least 35 nodes or so in the case of a =0.9.


Ideally, the supervisor would simply use mmap to directly access the memory of the child process re.ected in /proc/x/mem.

recent versions of the Linux kernel prevent writing to this special .le, due to concerns of complexity and security.


One may be tempted to reduce the security analysis problem de.ned in this paper to a problem in one of the other models such as HRU and use existing results.


In other words, ALLOW-TOPICVIEW would be added more often than the other two a s, and ALLOWTOPICRENAME would be deleted more often than the other two a s. Thus, annotations on an added rule with ALLOWTOPICRE-NAME and a deleted rule with ALLOWTOPICVIEW should be used carefully in calculating the importance of authorization rules.

because there can exist many reasons for adding or deleting a rule with ALLOWTOPICCHANGE, it should be necessary for users to attach a detailed annotation to the rule.


Conclusion As the existing backdoor worked at user mode, which is application mode, it was possible to check the existence of backdoor by the integrity check of system file.

for the backdoor using kernel module, it is impossible to check its existence by the integrity check of system file.


And,whenBobdoesnothaveaccess ' '' to di,we have di + ai = di +(-di)=0.

if Bob is not authorized to access d, then the cloud has no entry ' for Bob corresponding to Epka (d ) and thus upon a data request fromBob,thecloudwillnotrevealanyinformationabout dtoBob (under the assumption that there is no collusion between Bob and thecloud).


Covering vulnerabilities is useful because the .lter will protect a web site that contains only covered vulnerabilities.


As direct financial losses resulting due to this are not of similar magnitude.

universities and colleges have sensitive academic and personal records.


Therefore, the paper proposes to use OVAL to report the platform state due to the greater level of detail it can provide.

we consider that the TCG integrity report schema [12]contains both -the .nal hash value and a collection of snapshots (including software names) which result in the .nal value.


The red cross marker denotes the actual states observed in the test log.

blue dashed line represents the prediction of the model.


An application, such as the one in Figure 3, typically will generate di.erent query structures depending on the input(theinput value of the variable n, in this case).

these query structures are generated di.erentially using conditional clauses that check certain values in the input(typically check-boxesinWeb applicationinput), asin inFigure1.


Hence, identity-based cryptography supports lightweight environment, in comparison to the traditional public key infrastructure.

the dependence on a P * This work is supported by ARC Future Fellowship FT0991397.


The cost to initiate a session depends on how many values are created from the permissions, and is at most the number of offsets times the cost of a HWDS insert.

when permissions exhibit good spatial locality in the bitset, the cost can be much lower, for example just one insert can represent up to 64 active permissions.


Like many attacks before, ours is an accessdriven attack in which the attackerVM alternates execution with the victim VM and leverages processor caches to observe behavior of the victim.

we believe many of the techniques we employ to accomplish this e.ectively and with high .delity in a virtualized SMP environment are novel.


4.3 RogueVeri.ers A rogue veri.er can authorize arbitrary clients to create arbitrary annotations.

the veri.er s relatively simple task makes its code small and easy to analyze.


The server s response returned a success page, so NOTAMPER recognized a vulnerability.

the default action by the database converted the invalid date to 0000-00-00 .


A previous study [1] provided some evidence that a user s initial trust is directly related to a website s interface.

their analysis did not necessarily find the presence of security features in an online medium to be perceived as more important than design features such as navigation, depending on the respondents technical and social backgrounds.


If the component for encryption (say, an encryptor) finds any elements to be encrypted in the series, it encrypts them or their contents and then sends the results as XNI events to a lower-level component.

if the component for decryption (say, a decryptor) finds any EncryptedData elements to be decrypted in the series, it decrypts them and then sends the results also as XNI events to a lower-level component.


Method takePicture is a non native Java method so that we can rename it to takeMyPicture.

_ 1 package android.hardware; 2 public class Camera { 3 public void takeMyPicture(...) {...}} takePicture invokes native_takePicture native Java methods which contains actual implementation of taking pictures.


If an authorizing user acts as a requesting party then it adopts the user delegation .ow.

if a requesting party is a di.erent person or a company acting on its own behalf then it uses one of the autonomous client .ows with the added semantic that the operator of the client is di.erent from the authorizing user.


sni.ng distance, the eavesdropping attack becomes signi.cantly more di.cult.

the optimal attenuation level varies signi.cantly for di.erent initiators.


More interestingly, commands from the server are not signed either, something that could provide some level of protection against a sybil attack.

the traf.c between the server and the bots is encrypted with AES-128, using a key that is chosen by the server (and was probably meant to be a session key).


In their system, we can express the authorization property by asserting that every caller on the called stack has the permission to execute the current sensitive operation, thus enabling static veri.cation of permission checking for the given set of classes.

using their approach one cannot assert that every sensitive operation is preceded by a security check, because the security check operation returns (and is no longer in the call stack) when the sensitive operation is performed.


Piecemeal techniques (such as SFI [68], JIT hardening [59], and CSP [67]) could be a plausible basis for sensitive data protection.

we argue to build more direct information control primitives on the present web.


If the channel is reliable, consecutive frames can be trivially associated with a sequence of consecutive pseudorandom numbers.

the wireless channel is unreliable and packet loss is possible.


If no types reach the handler, it can be removed.

if some types reach the handler, using information about where those exception originate (box reaching throw statements in the .gure), the developer can determine whether the type of the handler should be changed to handle some or all of those exceptions.


This concept of operation has been introduced by Russello in [16].

introspecting the set of permissions of an application, which is calling a method via an intent has not been discussed so far.


Typ-ical solutions to preventing software piracy, namely using a serial number or an authenticating key, are really not ap- plicable in this scenario since software is being stolen by an authorized user who already has access to such informa- tion.

our proposed approach is effective in this scenario.


However, the attacks were presented in a different context, and the authors focus was more on the development of a small hypervisor to prevent these device passthrough attacks from causing damage in a compromised OS.

we aim at revealing design, con.guration, and implementation weaknesses in commodity VMMs that can be abused to escalate privileges, read restricted memory regions and perform DoS attacks.


f. Intuitively, a location remains private if, regardless of his side knowledge (captured by his prior distribution), an adversary draws the same conclusions (captured by his posterior distribution), regardless of whether hiding has been applied or not.

if f replaces locations in Paris with those in London, then clearly the adversary s conclusions will be greatly affected.


In the example, [a-zA-Z] is placed to the left branch and [0-9] is placed on the right branch of the tree.

there is no range de.ned covering both these ranges, so the parent node (root node of the tree) does not correspond to a de.ned range.


One could therefore consider only HIGH Exploitability vulnerabilities to be likely to be exploited.

this doesn t .t either: 47% (605) of SYM entries have an Exploitability subscore strictly lower than 9.


In this example, an HBF would answer correctly because the check for X2Y3 in the next level of the hierarchy fails.

if we query for an excerpt X1Y2, both HBF and BBF fail to answer correctly.


At this point, the remaining computation and any saved values must be abandoned.

as is standard in SFE, the cloud cannot abort on an incorrect evaluation circuit, even when she knows that it is incorrect.


Another approach is to impose a fees [8] (one time cost) for obtaining an identity.

here the issue is how to put a limit on fees such that it must be low enough to allow everyone to join, but also be high enough to prevent malicious users from obtaining many identities.


The attacks that traverse the unexplored state of the application will not be detected by our system, resulting in false negatives.

the inferred invariants may be overrestrictive for characterizing the application s behavior, so that normal behaviors are identi.ed as attacks, resulting in false positives.


This .rst, partial solution works in the case of a semihonest veri.er and it is described in Section 3.

this protocol is not zero-knowledge against a malicious V , who can mount all the well-known active attacks against Yao s protocol (garbling a function di.erent than the one he is supposed to, selective failure attack during the input phase [KS06] etc.).


If the mobile phone is kept inside a pocket or purse, the light channel can not be used.

many computing devices other than mobile phones such as tablets or laptops also contain cameras or light sensors that can be used to measure the intensity of ambient light.


Most applications make use of the .lesystem bu.er cache to optimize access to the hard drive.

with Computer Hard drive Figure 3: Call sequence of a write operation on the hard drive.


CONCLUDING REMARKS Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to have seamless communications when they change their point of attachment in the Internet and is poised to take off in a big way in the not too distant future.

introduction of mobility into IP also brought with it new security issues and attacks, among them redirect attacks are perhaps the ones need the most urgent attention.


Currently, we only check arguments passed in registers, i.e., we are not susceptible to TOCTTOU attacks.

the system needs to be guarded against mimicry attacks, i.e., attacks that imitate the exact system call behavior and cross system call data .ow of the program.


Ideally, identity boxing would be implemented within the operating system kernel.

as many have observed, practical grid computing requires that we live with unmodi.ed operating systems.


Random collab oration o.ers no bene.t, i.e., the time taken to blacklist is the same as Local Detection except for a few sources.

cBC speeds up detection for about 75% of the studied sources, and performs nearly as well as collab orating with all IDSs.


The NM assists SPs in discovering the linking token encrypted in each nymble to unmask misbehaving users.

the NM retains the ability to link user activities.


Determining whether a page is phishing requires knowing what the page displays.

we can compute an upper bound on the number of prevented phishing attacks by investigating the cases when users chose to navigate to a page visually similar to the one they typed into.


By reducing the window size from 30 to 10, we achieve on average a detection time of about 98 seconds in the latter case.

this improvement comes at the cost of a false positive rate of 40%.


An IETF draft [14] follows this work and proposes using IKE with IPv6 CGA.


The intra-scan variance imposes limitations on our system.

4.3 Feature Noise Each person s ngerprint consists of a xed set of minutiae locations mi = (xi, yi) E M. due to systematic errors in image capture, processing, and alignment, noise is added to each point, such that our nal points are mi ' = (xi + nxi, yi + nyi ) Additionally, the processing noise may discard features or add additional features that are not present on the actual ngerprint.


When compared to our approach, a typestate could be seen as the compile-time counterpart of a label.

just as the runtime type of an object is more precise than its static type, our dynamic labels are more precise than typestates.


In this case, there is no tuple-level enforcement.

the stream provider will enforce tuple-level privacy control.


Questions of an optimal image choice appear to be a pressing question for this genre of graphical passwords.

in order to determine any benefits had by one image type or the other, it is necessary to carry out longitudinal studies that compare image types with differing levels of entropy and similarity involved.


What we found is that the content of device needs to match the Android ID within the Authorization .eld to let the request go through.

x-GOOG.USER_AID does not need to be consistent with the other two .elds, which turns out to be a security-critical logic .aw that can be exploited by an unauthorized party to collect sensitive user messages.


Disclosure of contact details was seen as a negative impact on their reputation.

subjects had higher concerns with insiders in regard to personal messages and photos.


This means that, for example, in the context of rapid malware that is obfuscated to make disassembly and manual analysis dif.cult, even if the attacker makes no speci.c effort to hide the malware s timetable, by the time a new worm is unpacked and all of its date and time calculations are reverse-engineered, the critical time may have passed.

all checks of the date and the time and conversions to different formats can be traced back to the SystemTime timer, and ultimately to the PIT; and a suitably control-.owsensitive, full-system, machine-level symbolic execution implementation should be able to discover and trace any predicates on any form of the date and time from this source, or from other known sources such as NTP.


The use of UNIX domain sockets is only ideal in cases where all objects share the same address space.

for typical distributed systems, SSL-IIOP is the solution used.


In the Internet, wormpropagationisslow atthestart and the end, because it is harder to probe an uninfected vulnerable host during thesetwophases.

inasensornetwork, malpackets do not probe.


One simple attempt could be: competent(Sub, P atient, assist).

assigned(nurse, Sub, P atient).student(Sub) this states that the Sub isknown not tobe competent, i.e.


There are numerous other analysis methods available for adoption, e.g., Facilitated Risk Analysis Assessment Process (FRAAP) (Peltier, 2005) or the risk management guidance published by NIST [4].

to varying degrees, the processes entail levels of complexity and uncertainty that act as barriers to their effective adoption and applications by SMEs.


The reference approach builds on Order-Preserving Functions (OPFs) drawn uniformly at random: the so-called ideal object .

recent results question the suitability of this construction, as its security properties turn out to be poor.


Second, keyboard is much more complex than mouse in structure, and thus keystroke dynamics are more easily a.ected by di.erent kinds of keyboards in terms of shape, size, and layout.

to date the existing mouse-based user veri.cation approaches have either resulted in unacceptably low accuracy or have required an unacceptably long amount of time to reach a decision, making them unsuitable for online re-authentication.


For Linux, the casting is convenient as the device drivers and .le system drivers are likely part of the open-source Linux kernel.


The reason for storing CGA parameters is to avoid CGA generation delays and to skip the CGA generation process while a node is connected to the same network.


INTRODUCTION As the technology of Internet spread fast, so that people can easily retrieve information and quickly transfer message, leading Internet and e-commerce boom.

such a rapid Internet development, if we don t simultaneously attach importance to basic network security that will lead that hackers influence the network security by using malicious code, system vulnerabilities and program weaknesses.


To the same degree, creating visualization software requires visualization expertise, i.e., knowledge of statistics, design and psychology.

security experts trying to create ad hoc visualization tools are often not able to e.ciently do so due to lack of experience, being .rst and foremost security experts, and second if at all experts in visualization.


One solution to this problem might be to hide the signature within an encrypted block, as is done in PGP.


In a novel situation, they may be more inclined to experiment and have a higher level of curiosity about unknown e-mails than those with lower CRT scores.

this may or may not suggest that those with high CRT scores are more likely to be burned.


Bob requests to write the exam in phases 1, 3, 4, and 5.

that is ( if (T=0VT=7VT=9VT=13)) bobReq ~- [] then request(bob, exam, write) as an examiner he is not allowed to access the exam in phase 4.


malicious software executing on the handset [9].

the high est level of security requires hardware and .rmware schemes such as Connection isolation of relevant regions of system memory and peripherals, encryption of data on the system bus, etc.


Besidesourprevious work,[3] and[13] areperhapsthemost similar to our current work.

the formerfocuses on binding software in a virtual machine environment, whereas the latter focuses on authenticating banking transactions.


2.3 Malicious Usage In online environment, people tend to trust accounts with detailed and reasonable-looking pro.les.

this common sense will lead to potential misjudgment if attackers collect a larger number of user pro.les in an automated way.


Hence, even if the OS is compromised and allows a malicious application to map its address space to a good application, the malicious application still cannot read the data of the good application due to the compartment ID mismatch.

compartments are incompatible with how a modern OS manages protection and sharing between processes, through virtual memory management features such as inter-process communication, copy on write, and dynamic linked library.


to illustrate the use (and robustness) of the attack-resilient state estimator we only used the encoders and GPS.


Note that the lack of leakage does not mean that the user s location cannot be inferred (it could be inferred by the prior alone), but instead that the adversary s knowledge does not increase due to the observation.

in the context of LBSs, no privacy de.nition can ensure a small leakage under any prior, and at the same time allow reasonable utility.


How to do this effectively in an aggressive manner, without causing the attacker to overrun and restart, is an open question.

in the implementation, we start arbitrarily at 10 times the estimated processing time, and then decrease down to the target processing time in steps of 500 µs per window.


However, they focus on creating a cryptographic secret sharing scheme which controls access to medical information.

we develop a security policy enforcement framework which helps protect medical data against a variety of threats in a mobile environment.


This approach renews the session identi.er even if the authentication attempt fails.

this does not pose a problem as the user and the application then share a new valid SID.


address security issues like weak authentication, unlimited sharing of X resources, between applications or overlapping windows in X11 [8] and propose mechanisms [7] to prevent them.

they do not enforce permission based display access restrictions.


To retrieve a regular_path_entry, we first calculate the hash value of its jump instruction address then use the hash value to index into the hash table.

there are a couple of problems with a simple hash table design.


In principle, we could estimate such a distribution from training data gathered from continuously monitoring the users.

such monitoring would raise reasonable privacy concerns.


A WBSN consists of a collection of small sensors with limited processing abilities that can be used for early detection or maintenance of chronic conditions of a patient such as arrhythmias.

this solution has limitations in terms of security and any unauthorized access or modification of patient data en route from sensor to collector could have devastating consequences.


This would suggest that the policy writer need not overly concern himself with analyzing the PDP s failure handlers.

failures can a.ect the PDP s decisions in surprising and unintended ways.


It should be noted that, due to limitations in this service, it was impossible to conduct tests in the baseline with more than 1.000 messages, meaning that in the biggest dataset we were not able to experimentally compare TMS with the baseline.

the performance of the baseline would be expected to grow linearly with the dataset increase, as occurred with TMS s results.


We divided our extensive AV scanning results into two categories: .le infections and system infections.A .le infections means that the AV engine reported, that a .le is infected with malware.

this does not necessarily imply that executing a purportedly infected .le leads to malicious activities.


Unlike CleverSafe and GridSharing, PASIS can rebuild lost shares in a secure way [21].

this approach is computationally intensive and still may leak some information if suf.ciently many servers are compromised; the number of servers that must be compromised is lower than the number of servers required to rebuild the data.


overall (segmentation and then recognition) success rate of about 60%.

its design goal was that automatic scripts should not be more successful than 1 in 10,000 (0.01%) attempts [4].


The basic idea is allow the smartphone use emergency call channel of the cellular network to receive remote command s. When the SIM card is unplugged, no normal calls can be made since the service carrier requires the SIM card for authentication and billing.

the smartphone still can make emergency calls such as 911 in the US.


Such costs are manageable in routers with a few peers, but are problematic in large ISPs or exchanges.

kent further argues that there are asymmetric con.gurations where only a few routes are accepted (as in customer/ISP peering), and hence these situations would require fewer resources.


Based on the JNI naming convention, the native library function Java_edu_com_MyClass_my_1Func is supposed to be mapped only to the my_Func function de.ned in the .rst example in our previous attempt.

we can successful call this same native library function through a di.erent Java method, i.e., the 1Func method.


Damage impacts on availability where systems get shutdown, integrity, where information get altered and changed, and confidentiality where secure files get published.

machine insensibility causes those who are unauthorized but in need of access for various reasons including damage suppression, catastrophic incident prevention to be denied access.


Comment spam is an extension of traditional email spam and can be mitigated by requiring users to authenticate before commenting, and CAPTCHAs [2].


This issue can, to some extent, be .xed by adding the FreeWave server to a .rewall on the user s machine, and user s IP address to a .rewall on the server side.

it still serves as an excellent illustration of the issues with using an active system that is in constant .ux.


An important design consideration for security protocols based on symmetric keys is the degree of key sharing between the nodes in the system.At one extreme, we can have network-wide keys that are used for encrypting data and for authentication.This key sharing approach has the lowest storage costs and is very energy-e.cient since no communication is required between nodes for establishing additional keys.However, it has the obvious security disadvantage that the compromise of a single node will reveal the global key(s).

at the other extreme, we can have a key sharing approach in which all secure communication is based on keys that are shared pairwise between two nodes.From the security point of view, this approach is ideal since the compromise of a node does not reveal any keys that are used by the other nodes in the network.under this approach, each node will need a unique key for every other node that it communicates with.Moreover, in many sensor networks, the immediate neighbors of a sensor node cannot be predicted in advance; consequently, these pairwise shared keys will need to be established after the network is deployed.


The RANSAC paradigm gives us a hint on how to instantiate a model if there are a lot of compromised data elements.

the paradigm does not specify an algorithm and it uses a guess for the number of compromised elements, which is not known in general in real life environments.


Instead, we have to worry about the attacker remotely inducing vibrations.

unless the attacker can focus those vibrations precisely on the phones, the user(s) holding the phones will notice the additional vibrations and stop the exchange.


A W3C Working Group report highlighted that CAPTCHAs can pose a major accessibility problem to users who are blind, have low vision, or have a learning disability such as dyslexia , and discussed potential alternatives to human verifications [14].

it did not discuss how to improve the usability of Copyright is held by the author/owner.


Advances inbiotechnology facilitatedDNApaternity tests and stimulated the creation of hundreds of online companies offering testing via self-administered cheek swabs for as little as $79 (e.g., http://www.gtldna.net).

this practice raises several security andprivacy concerns: the testing company mustbetrusted withprivacy and accuracy of test results, as well as with swabs that mightyieldfullgenome sequencing.


This can be categorized as false positive as we identify this special benign usage scenario as malicious.

a con.rmation from user can help us act further on it, which will cancel the isolation enforced by DroidPAD.


Note that the above reduction from -PIR to -PIR (us k1 G) n ing batch codes) cannot be directly applied for reducing -OT k G) n to 1-OT, since it allows the user to get mbits of information (rather than k), and even these are not necessarily physical bits of G) n x.

it is possible to obtain similar amortization for -OT G)k n by using ef.cient reductions from this primitive to -PIR (e.g., k using [15, 24, 25, 19, 11]).


A trusted boot mechanism relies on a TPM to prevent a modi.ed system, e.g., modi.ed by the drive itself, to access a protected key sealed by the TPM.

without an IOMMU, the backdoor on a hard drive can launch a DMA attack [13] to read arbitrary locations from the main memory.


Practical attacks such as [21] require millions of traces, both for the o.ine pro.ling phase and for the online attack phase1 .

it is thus interesting to search for 1If the attacker knows in advance that the leakage model is the Hamming weight model, fewer traces can be used in the preprocessing step; this modi.ed attack does not return the complete secret key but only its vector of Hamming weights.


On the surface there is a con.ict, because a cardiologist is a kind of physician, so both rules apply to cardiologists.

a common way to compose these two simple policies is to allow a cardiologist to perform the surgery, letting the more speci.c rule take priority.


A major reason behind the phenomenon is that many people do not have a web presence, as con.rmed by our cross-network aggregation attacks.

people with web presence are very likely to appear in multiple sources.


They leverage lockboxes similar to PLUTUS, and CloudProof further uses Broadcast Encryption[10] to encrypt the distribution of the lockbox keys which avoids the need for out of band communication.

it has been designed at a lower system abstraction and do not address our requirements concerning .le management such as ability to perform secure search over the stored data.


According to Zubulake, she was told that she would be considered for a promotion when the current employee moved on.

when the position became available, Zubulake was not considered and the position was filled by Matthew Chapin.


For instance, the Nike Fuel Lab2 aims at fostering interest in leveraging the Nike+ technology by other companies.

making APIs available to developers is a di.cult task that must address a variety of issues such as developer management, adequate documentation, community forums, portals, and a set of well-engineered techniques to securing apps.


When featurephones flourished in the initial 3G networks, data usage by users was low due to fewer data services and expensive data charges.

the advent of smartphones brought about very different data usage patterns.


Maryland, the location of SANS Wireless Security, is one of the twelve two-party states.

the nature of what we want to record is a mitigating factor at least.


TheBoneh-Goh-Nissim(BGN) pairing-based cryptosystem [11] was the .rst to permit e.cient evaluation of quadratic formulas that may have an arbitrary number of monomials.


These experimental results show that attacks using several signers' signatures can be stronger than those using skilled forged signatures.

these results can depend on the qualities of skilled forged signatures.


This is clearly an over-simpli.cation, and it can be argued that the two di.erent four-valued sets presented in Section 2.3 associate a di.erent meaning with the fourth value, one being for con.ict, the other for indeterminacy.

we focus here on operators, which are de.ned similarly on both sets.


This latter query returns a subset of all the tuples of patients, and therefore only tuples that Alice, according to p1, is authorized to see.

permission p1 is not su.cient for granting such a query since the query result conveys the additional information that the returned tuples refer to patients who are also employees of the given company (information which permission p1 does not authorize).


We attempted 240 connectionsoverabout20hour-long sessions fortheTorand JAP systems.

the reliability issues with Tor and JAP caused some probes to be unsuccessful.


In addition, colour schemes might also be expected to work as an additional defence against OCR software attacks in some schemes, since typically OCR software performs poorly in recognising texts in colour images in particular, they do not do well in segmenting colour images.

we have seen many CAPTCHAs, in which the use of colour is unhelpful for usability, has caused negative impact on security, or is problematic in terms of both usability and security.


However, a tool such as an IDS installed in a large organization would likely require ongoing distributed cooperation between SPs [46] and therefore bene.t from the guidelines on distributed ITSM.

if an access control system were to be implemented in the same large organization, it would require a great deal of initial cooperative consultation to establish job roles and their corresponding privileges.


Libxul is larger and has more convenient instruction sequences than libc does; a Turing-complete gadget set could be constructed more easily from libxul alone than from libc with a libxul pop-jump.

any program that did not link against libxul would require an entirely different gadget set.


If role R2 is deactivated by a session policy, R4 should be deactivated as well because R4 is a junior role assigned to R2.

since R3 is still in the request context, R4 should be kept as well.


For example, converting a color human face photo into gray scale is fully acceptable although all color information will be lost in conversion.

adding a mole on the face might be unacceptable for authentication.


That is, using IP address, users connect to Internet.

users use MAC address to connect the MAC.


CFI defeats a broad range of shellcode injection attacks, including sophisticated ROP (Return Oriented Programming [4]).

despite its long history, CFI has not seen wide industrial adoption.


Mining Frequent Graph Patterns with Differential Privacy Entong Shen Ting Yu North Carolina State University North Carolina State University eshen@ncsu.edu tyu@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT Discovering frequent graph patterns in a graph database offers valuable information in a variety of applications.

if the graph dataset contains sensitive data of individuals such as mobile phonecall graphs and web-click graphs, releasing discovered frequent patterns may present a threat to the privacy of individuals.


To compensate, global scanning worm detectors can increase the number of IP addresses that they monitor.

given the growth trend of background noise levels, the number of IP addresses which must be monitored may quickly become unreasonable.


The cost of this event is estimated to be $20,000.

in order to use it, three administrators need to authorize the operation.


We further note that in principle generation of garbled circuits can be implemented such that the amount of memory is constant by pseudo-randomly deriving the wire labels from the gate ID as described in [JKSS10a].

this is essentially a time-memory tradeo.


As a result, these two experiments are based on the virtual time and due to the dif.culty of keeping exact time in the guest OS [37], they could be less accurate.

we did not observe clock drift during our experiments.


We assume that a trusted operating system, that is either based on a virtual machine monitor [7, 2, 20] or on a microkernel [8, 15, 13], performs integrity measurements on running software.

specifying and presenting the operating system environment is beyond the scope of this paper.


Note that, even in the insertion only case, adding counterfeits is still necessary, for example, when a record with a new sensitive value is added.

our method guarantees data truthfulness at record level: each published record corresponds to a real-life entity.


This grants the approval for the communication between the modules for Operation interpretation and Signature validation, which were there to attempt prevention of the signature wrapping attacks.

allowing for multiple equal wsu:Id attributes in the SOAP message has opened possibilities for new variants of signature wrappings.


However, they concentrate on the number of infected hosts at in.nite time, rather than at the time at which the attack phase of the worm begins.

they do not consider the case when infected hosts can be patched.


Given for example the number of possible passwords and the number of false attempts, the probability that the password is cracked by a brute-force attack can be calculated using classical probability theory.

while in general the theoretical password space is quite large, the space actually used is often much smaller making brute force attacks easier.


Without high-level policy enforcement in the middleware, low-level MAC mechanisms can only grant/deny applications the access to System Content Providers and Services as a whole.

generally denying an app access to system components most likely crashes this app or at least renders it dysfunctional.


In many cases, they are also responsible for real-time control and actuation.

being used in a networked environment exposes such embedded systems to potential attacks.


Audited dialogs weaken the behavior of dismissing security dialogs by enabling reliable detection of such behavior and delivery of conse-quent punishments (e.g., suspensions or fines).

punishments do not per se teach the desired behaviors.


IDENTITY-BASED CRYPTOGRAPHY In 1984 Adi Shamir [6] .rst proposed the idea of an identitybased cryptosystem in which arbitrary strings can act as public keys.

the .rst practical identity-based encryption scheme was produced by Boneh and Franklin [1] in 2001.


Also, we .nd that unlike social butter.ies and promoters, dummies are a special type of supporters extracted by Mr.SPA, since they initially do not post malicious URLs.

they may later evolve to be criminal accounts.


For brevity, we only show detailed results from l1-regularized logistic regression (LR), which yields both low error rates (see Section 4.3) and also highly interpretable models (see Section 4.6).

the other classi.ers also produce qualitatively similar results.


They do this because learned usernames can be abused for spam, invasive advertising, and phishing.

timing can expose username validity, because sites usually execute different code paths for valid and invalid user names [2].


By exhaustive search, with 256-bit keys, 2256 possibilities must be checked, which lead apparent impossibility of attacks under such method.

side-channel attacks has been proved to successfully attack the AES.


Such .ltering operations have been accepted as a best current practice (BCP) and are in widespread use on commercial networks.

this type of blocking cannot reduce the attack tra.c volume between the attacker s networks and a victim s network.


The company wants to preserve the privacy of the data it lets the auditor access for the purpose of the audit.

what makes the auditor e.ective and e.cient inhis work arethequerieshe runs, which arehisknow-how and intellectual property.


Many researchers have highlighted the importance and use of cardinality and SoD constraints in RBAC models [8, 17, 18].

no one has addressed the time-based cardinality and SoD constraints.


If the property cannot be disproved in the bounded model, no safety guarantees can be asserted in general.

bounded depth guarantees from the model can still carry over in natural use-cases in implementations appropriately.


Our revocation API would allow us to remove k4, and if we are smart we will also remove k3 since it must be assumed to be lost as well.

this will not suf.ce: the attacker could replay the key distribution message {..., k3, ...}k5 , and therefore re-inject the corrupted k3 into the device.


The classic example is the Unix crypt function examined in 1979 by Morris and Thompson [14].

this early work was concerned with securing the password veri.cation procedure.


For example, Alice and Bob might both have privileges within an organization, and thus both represent insiders in the binary sense.

for some resources Bob might have more privileges than Alice, and so therefore is more of an insider than Alice with respect to those resources.


Because shadow objects and real ob jects have the same type, the garbage collector cannot tell whether it is visiting a real object or a shadow object.

the garbage collector must treat real and shadow objects di.erently.


However, we found fewer Andrew users writing down their old or new passwords than would be expected based on previous work [16, 24].

over a quarter of our respondents reported they have shared a new or old Andrew password, and over three quarters of users reuse passwords.


First, forensic investigations can be based on o.ine licenses that allow an investigator to access encrypted content without obtaining cryptographic keys from the licensing server.

valid o.ine licenses are not always available.


Since the TPM possesses much more computation power in L¨this approach, performance degradation in the attestation process does not occur.

the approach requires modi.cations of the TPM architecture.


3.3 Unmanaged Device Discovery Protocol NICE produces an accurate subnet topology if each switch has at least one client connected to it.

we assume that not every host in a subnet will be running the NICE client.


The parser needs operate in an incremental fashion, parsing the input as it is read, and making the results available to the signature generator and matcher.

the program generated by Flex expects to read all its input all at once, and provides no way to suspend itself while awaiting more input.


He is able to control all data that resides in his domain.

he is supposed to be unable to access Web resources or change application states that cannot be accessed or changed by any other unpriviledged user.


Accordingly, this requires longer signature size and additional veri.cation cost on signature check, compared with their counterparts in other group signatures with VLR.

all the additional cost is a constant independent of the number of (revoked) group members.


We argue that the classic design is weak in two specific areas: x In real systems, access requests are made by applications, often on behalf of users.

most traditional secu rity models do not offer an accurate way of expressing application identity and attributes in principals.


In this case, the keyword security is not very effective in identifying likely recipients, because it does not distinguish a contact from the other two.

the keyword database immediately distinguishes Bob from Carl and Dave.


Since search space of a source is the set of unique value it emits, we can use entropy to estimate size of the search space.

an accurate estimate of entropy is necessary to do so.


Re-targeting: We do not formally address re-targeting.

webrie.y sketchthepossibilities tohandleits simple forms.


This policy can restrict the locations a web application loads its content from, thus preventing some forms of content-injection.

cSP does not provide any .ne-grained control over which JavaScript functionality is available to a script.


Furthermore, such blocking methods can be detected by observation of packet drops on the attacker s side.

black hole routing [14, 8] can reduce the load at the ingress point of backbone networks, but legitimate services on the victim server become unavailable when this method is used, and it is also easily detectable.


; keys(k2,k3) Figure 1: Sevecom Revocation Protocol (simpli.ed)  At .rst it may seem that this protocol is achieves its security goal: unless the intruder manages to obtain access to both inv(k1 ) and inv(k2 ), he cannot replace a key with one of his own.

analysis by M¨ odersheim and Modesti showed that there is another attack scenario [12]: suppose an attacker had corrupted only inv(k2 ), and then waited until the server sent a revocation message for k1 .


Allocating .xed hardware resources for a RS decoder would be wasteful for standards not using this decoder.

in such case it would be more ef.cient to map thedecoder function on a more generic, programmable DSP.with a few dozen of operations per output sample, and sample rates of 10-100 MHz, RS decoding is rathercomputational intensive.


Recall that Fj a sender to conditionally send coins(x) to a receiver.

fj CR does not allow parties to mutually agree to discard checking the condition to release payment.


We are not the .rst to discover .aws in commercially deployed authentication protocols [41, 5, 4, 35, 38].

much of the prior work focuses on the security of web-based protocol implementations.


Therefore, a color which gives the strongest caution is with high value in "active" and with low value in "relaxing".

a color which is free from caution is with low value in "active" and with high value in "relaxing".


A false negative occurs when testing fails to cover a feasible execution path that leads to potentially unwanted behavior such as transmitting sensitive data.

a false positive occurs when testing explores and .ags an execution path, when the path is globally infeasible.


Each .eld is returned independent of and without its page information.

we .nd that it is often more useful to consider information at a page-level granularity.


CONCLUSION Malware has brought along serious security and privacy threats.

existing techniques for malware detection and analysis are ine.ective.


YourPassword can further increase the level of protection by storing the encryption key in sealed storage using the trusted computing technology.

neither password managers nor YourPassword can defend against a strong adversary capable of stealing the encryption key.


A node during its lifecycle may face attacks at different layers as intruder is modeled with the capability of attacking at each layer.

the probability of undetected attacks becomes very low using this multilayer intrusion detection approach as intruder has to cross barriers at four layers one after another in order to attack a node.


In case that no .ag was set in vector, which means no threat , the coordination part of MCC performs no action.

if threat is detected, appCore server responds by sending threat codes to the MCC.


On average, there will be 14 such players.

how many coalitions of size 4 would one expect?


A true solution to the problem would be to issue a ticket for each request to be authorised that is, for tickets to be non-reusable.

while this has been implemented in the current version of BottleCap, the poor performance of current hardware makes its use unrealistic.


Loop-Extended Symbolic Execution on Binary Programs Prateek Saxena Pongsin Poosankam Stephen McCamant Dawn Song University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University Berkeley, California, USA {prateeks,ppoosank,smcc,dawnsong}@cs.berkeley.edu ABSTRACT Mixed concrete and symbolic execution is an important technique for .nding and understanding software bugs, including securityrelevant ones.

existing symbolic execution techniques are limited to examining one execution path at a time, in which symbolic variables re.ect only direct data dependencies.


For all the applications above, the decrypted post title correctly showed up in the page body.

shadowCrypt could not replace the value in the title tag (shown in the tab/window bar), since HTML does not allow markup (i.e., the shadow tree) in the title element.


The processors used in deeply-embedded systems do not o.er virtualization support.

virtualization can still be achieved with a para-virtualization approach.


Considering its zero-memory requirement, it does provide an attractive alternative for legacy passwords.

this belief may be questionable since OSNFD becomes a common phenomenon.


Such a device may expose the long-term user key if it contains malware.

we focus on large scale databreaches, ratherthanindividualinformationleaks (throughmalware, phishing, or shoulder-sur.ng).


Consequently, S P cannot query HD to .nd out the value elc registered under the index hd.

hence, S P cannot .nd out m or .nd out whether there is a hidden message m behind d. S P can erase or alter d, which would result in a denial of service for the communication between Alice and Bob.


VMware ACE [2], VMware Infrastructure [44], and VirtualBox [33] allow users to exclude the entire memory from being checkpointed.

none of them provide a level of granularity that we do by selectively excluding processes from the checkpointed memory.


In general, it is poor practice to rely on this di.culty to authenticate a message, as there are truncation and other attacks which Eve might be able to use.

such attacks may be di.cult to apply in some cases, and we want to make it absolutely clear that anyone could have changed a message.


Like an access, each prediction is a policy atom (u, r) and is made at a logical time t .

n. predictions need not be issued at times distinct from each other, and generally they will not be.


We further assume that nodes can be either logically (i.e., by exploiting a software bug) or physically captured.

the time to compromise a node physically is considered non-negligible (i.e., it takes some time to move from node to node and to perform the physical manipulations) and to not signi.cantly decrease with the number of already captured nodes.


For compiletime weaving, this will normally not be a major issue in practice.

it will be a lot harder to support using load-time or even run-time weaving.


She worked out semantics for assignments and conditionals, and gave persuasive arguments and examples.

she did not show how to do a semantics of a full, Turing-complete programming language, with loops.


Without any constraints the number of answer sets increases by 24 (for this problem, because the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Figure 4: Behavioural rules maximum number of variables in any right hand side of a rule is happens to be 4) with each increment in the trace length, so a trace of length n has 24(n-1) answer sets.

as noted earlier, not all sequences of events make sense and so we de.ne several constraints to discard the corresponding answer sets (or rather, to ensure they are not constructed in the .rst place).


One can see that detection capabilities for add-on services are comparable to those of providers.

in this case, customers pay for a service whose only commitment should be monitoring a website in search of potential vulnerabilities or malicious content.


Taken together, it could be said that these .rst two goals also provide a foundation for the design of alphanumeric decoders.

our third design principle, which is not shared by alphanumeric shellcode engines, is to favor instructions that have less-constrained ASCII equivalents.


System Model and links of interest in this paper.

note that arrows indicate main information flow, communication links are bidirectional.


Arguablyitisimpractical to expect users to notify all their ID issuing parties of address changes.

secondary issuing parties may update UA from primary parties that are generally expected to have the most recent UA information, e.g., banks, credit bureaus.


However, these hardware-based approaches limit the operational .exibility as well as increase the cost.

software-based IDSes on commodity PCs lessen the burden of cost and can extend the functionalities and adopt new matching algorithms easily.


We have been assuming a single attack goal root(2) in above discussions.

any condition in an attack graph may mean certain amount of risk and thus should be guarded against potential attacks.


Combined with the policy speci.ed in table 5, we can see that both prj1leader and prj1leader can only assign {Alice, Charlie, Dan} to their projects.

according to the policy in table 4, both roles are authorized User involved training clearance skills -prj -passed Alice Ø true TS {C++, Java} Bob {prj3} false TS {C++, C, Java} Charlie {prj3} true TS { C } Dan Ø true TS {C++, Java} Eve {prj1} true UC {C++, Java} Fred {prj2} true UC {C, Java} to assign all users to their projects.


Virtualization is a technique used to create a logically and physically separated set of resources based on user needs.

creating VSDs alone will not solve all the problems we are currently faced with.


Because the obfuscation cannot change thefunction of the original program, we speculate that such dependencies can, in theory, be identi.edandhandled.

todate, wehave not explored this ideaindepth, andleave such analysisforfuture work.


RELATED WORK To the best of our knowledge, SP L I T KERN EL-modi.ed Linux is the .rst kernel that can be dynamically con.gured, at a system-callor interrupt-granularity, to be run in hardened mode or not.

it is inspired from and builds on research in areas we describe below.


On average, 81% of the OSN images with illumination and 79% of the OSN images with low lighting cannot be used to log in the face authentication systems in low security level while 96% of the OSN images with illumination and 94% of the OSN images with low lighting cannot be used to log in the systems in high security level.

a face authentication system in low security level has higher tolerance for varied login environments, which is necessary for the system to be usable in the complex environments.


On the surface, such an approach seems to not require any changes on the client-side; as long as the infrastructure can sign its readings, mobile devices can collect them as proofs.

such a design makes these proofs easily transferable from one device to another.


Maintenance operations are allowed even in overheated conditions, and a straightforward search through the policy might have o.ered the suggestion to try coming back as a MaintenanceWorker.

the system meta-policy forbids the disclosure of information about maintenance permissions, so this option is correctly ignored by Know.


The second protocol is very economical in terms of bandwidth on the user device.

the CI still needs to send, to the SPU and the MC, 92MB each, even though this can be done before the tests take place, and amortized over multiple tests.


our work can also be applied to generate signatures for other data structures.


Depending on the underlying approach, this can be done on client-side or server-side.

in both cases the user remains under sole control of her data.


Importantly, this transformation does not a.ect the set of permitted circuits at all.

the transformation does induce an additional hardness assumption.


Reasons for such omission include the complexity of security proto- cols, the mathematical rigor required to understand en- cryption algorithms, and an overall lack of understand- ing of the principals behind secure system design.

a number of accelerating trends point to a need for better understanding of security concepts.


A key problem is that users may download arbitraryprograms to theirdevices, requiringthat the system contain such programs while allowing some reasonable functionality.

such programs may need access to permissions that in combination with other con.icting permissions may lead to an attack, such as allowing voice-over-IP calls.


[7] addresses the problem by representing the normal behaviour pro.les of the database operators with naive Bayes classi.ers.

naive Bayes classi.ers work based on the assumption that all classi.cation features are independent with each other.


Most of our privacy requirements are also captured in [5, 23].

the solutions presented does not o.er su.cient home control.


RELATED WORK Traditional authentication techniques can be employed for re-authentication by periodically asking the user to authenticate via passwords, tokens and/or biometrics.

repeated authentication is disruptive to the user, expensive, and often unreliable.


One recent technique classifies forensic data necessary to design audit sources that have lower performance costs but continue to meet modern forensic needs [11].

this technique only looks at BSM data and data gathered from system library interposition.


With the assistance of a media processor, run-time transrating is also a viable solution.

the conventional transrating usually requires entropy encoding that has considerable complexity.


the distance value of user 23 and that of user 27).

it does not indicate that the behaviors of those users are similar, because the de.nition of distance here is an accumulation of deviations at di.erent bins.


Strangely enough, Aligot found no TEA implementations in the SilentBanker sample either.

aligot automatically identi.ed a Russian-TEA implementation in it, something that we completely ignored before running Aligot.