Our experiments show that, the SM data requestsare not immediately processed during the routing area update.

once the call completes, the device intends to switch back to 4G.


As a result, the output dynamic range is decreased, which results in a degradation of the ENOB.


In Communications of the ACM, July 1970.

miniSec provides a mechanism to guarantee weak freshness, where a receiver can determine a partial ordering over received messages without a local reference time point.


similar, in terms of the underlying physics, to the concept of Imaging Sensor Nets that has been independently proposed recently [3, 4].

in this case, 121 bits are retrieved in each transmission interval.


This approachof modifying the PL scheme to adapt to a discrete-time network was introduced by El Gamal, Mammen, Prabhakar and Shah in [5].

when v is the source node, we have A(p,v, 1) = A(p,v, 0) = D(p,v, 0) and hence the result is true.


The intermediate node or the destination node calculates the distance between two nodes of node's location information collected from RREQ and the transmission range.

but the graph in figure 15 shows that it is not true.


A proxy that fetched a web page could potentially serve as the provider of this web page at a later time (as long as it still caches an up-to-date copy of the web page).

we dis- cuss some related work in Section 2.


Figure 2: Tree of cliques -the 3 possible cases.

in Proceedings of IEEE CDC 07, December 2007.


In this paper we assume l(i,j)= min{1,d-a} with a> 1 for 1-dimensional case and  ij a>2 for 2-dimensional case.

consider micro intervals whose coordinate is a multiple of k where k =2(d +1) for integer d> 0.


A comparative study of di.erent heavy tail index estimators of the .ow size from sampled data.

as LRD parameter estimation essentially involves largescale aggregation levels, its precision does not signi.cantly deteriorates with sub-sampled packets tra.c.


[6] C. Chekuri, S. Khanna, and B. Shepherd, The all-or-nothing multicommodity .ow problem, in Proceedings of the 36th ACM symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM Press, 2004, pp.

an oblivious routing algorithm has to .x the routing paths without knowing the high-demand pairs.


The .rstsystemproperty wewanttoanalyze isthequality of the pheromone gradient.

the gradient construction protocol is described by the Algorithms 1 and 2, di.erentiated with respect to the node type: sink or sensor.


VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS The original OpenFlow speci.cation required the control channel between the controllers and switches to be protected using TLS.

in a similar context, FlowVisor [6] Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


R(j), if either x(k)or r(k)falls in R(j).


15, the use of adjustment term (keys with LAT) reduces the stress signi.cantly compared to the VL-All without LAT.

the non-Euclidean-ness ampli.es within each cluster.


Routing state in many networks responds to changes in traf.c patterns and link loads, as well as to link failures.

for example, the beacons could form an overlay and use routing-tunnels to increase their DMES and reduce the beacon set size.


A topology model is then used to associate ports on the datapaths to ports on a single Virtual Machine (VM) or container in a 1:1 con.guration.

in an IXP environment, it is not uncommon for the exchange to provide route servers which advertise routes, but do not forward tra.c.


1 attempts to .nd an optimal transmission policy and the congestion control portion attempts to .nd an appropriate transmission rate of packets into the network (by controlling the transmission rate and window size for unacknowledged data).

for interactive applications, any network queuing delay or packet loss can hurt performance by increasing endto-end latency.


For each failure scenario, we report: the type of failure that occurred  a name uniquely identifying the failed component  the number of SRLG groups localized when the algorithm was run with a threshold of 1.0  the threshold used to generate a .nal conclusion  the number of SRLGs localized when the algorithm was run with the .nal threshold  the number of SRLGs correctly localized  the number of SRLGs incorrectly localized  description of the reason why we had to reduce the threshold, or why we were unable to identify a single SRLG as the root cause in certain situations  Overall, we were able to successfully localize all of the faults studied to the SRLGs in which the failed network elements were classi.ed except where we encountered errors in our SRLG database.

we note, however, that there could be other formulations of the problem where a best hypothesis is optimizing some other metric.


We have shown that loss pairs allow the discovery of router properties which have previously been not directly measurable.

measuring bottleneck link speed in packet switched networks.


Caching and mobility support in a publish-subscribe internet architecture.

according to the In-Network Resource Pooling Principle introduced here (right part of Fig.


The fourth constraint states that each site should be contained in K other sets, implying that all sites have equal responsibilities which is an important aspect in load balancing.

v N +1 Gain = (4) 2 5.3 CommunicationCost The number of hops used in a completely connected network is N(N - 1) because each node can reach every other node using one hop.


We will want to consider modi.cations of strategy pro.les: given x .

we consider a set of n connections in the plane, where each connection has a transmitter ti and a receiver ri.


This attack would be also detected because signalprints generated during each burst should match each other with high probability.

max-matches are especially useful when looking for signalprints produced by the same transmitter.


In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, California (2003)

this multihop extension is in contrast to the multihop extension proposed by Elson et al.


As SHS uses a single hop communication protocol based on a time division multiplexing(TDM) coordinatedby the mobile sink, wedo not have message collision.

the sinksthen cross their respective routes collecting information and, in parallel, executing the orders de.ned by the density control algorithm.


Figure 17(a) shows an example of the normal tree reconstruction, in which new participant C sends a join request to host A having child host B.

this process is complex and takes much time.


The black smooth curve represent the hypothetical smooth approximation of data distribution Ft , and the red curve is our piece-wise linear approximation using the estimated quantile points (St-1 (1),pt (1)) and (St-1 (2),pt (2)) and their respective derivatives.

all we need to do is to .rst .nd out which line segment each p(i) falls into, and then solve p(i) for that line segment.


Inappropriate models can lead to misleading claims of non-constancy because the model doesn t truly capture the process at hand.

with this approach, if the model is sound, we can preserve the insight into the underlying phenomena because it is captured by the model.


We show that DFOCD and FOCD are in NPC by reduction from Dominating Set.

we assume, without loss of generality, that all content (e.g.


Our analytic models suggest that Vegas has some bias against .ows with larger propagation delay when packet loss is not negligible.

in equation (15), we get 1-p 2p(2-p) (n +1) p + W0 + (1-p)2 .loss = (32)NSS2TOR + d(p)T0 Variable n can be computed from equations (20)-(21), NSS2TO is given in equation (25) and W0 is given in (5).


This is due to the fact that the Cbase scheme uses a fixed counter value for all network regions.


Without access to the physical layer and the proprietary driver, we cannot determine the origin of this discrepancy.

in this section, we ex plore the dynamic ranges of frequency, voltage and signal types 150 Inter-event arrival time (ms) that can be used for triggering usable events through the screen driver.


We also thank Yuri Pradkin for managing our RIR datasets.

published as web page http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2003/ASP/.


Mobility management is one of the most signi.cant management services for WMNs.

since the layer 2 routing tables in mesh routers and the centralized controller involved in this solution grow linearly with the number of mesh clients, scalability is not well supported.


LIN6: A New Approach to Mobility Support in IPv6.


Duplicate Address Detection signi.cantly slows the network-layer handofftime, whichhas causedthe IETFtoexplorewaysto optimiseDAD.

the potential issues from DNS faults already exist with the deployed IPv4 Internet and existing IETF DNS standards.


Link sharing between service classes To appreciate the suitability of this extension, let s consider a scenario where severe inequity may occur in the admission control process.

eDCA fails for large network due to its contention-based approach and strict priority assumption.


A VMN physically consists of two network interface cards, one for ingress traffic and the other for egress traffic.

manner, P. Sarolahti, T. Alanko, and K. Raatikainen, "Seawind: a Wireless Network Emulator," In Proceedings of 11th GI/ITG Conference on Measuring, Modeling and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems(MMB 2001), RWTH Aachen, Germany, 2001.


Speci.cally: a portion of the total bandwidth must remain allocated to carry the signaling .ows needed to maintain the overlay.

node 1 is still able to participate in the overlay, but it is no longer able to transmit enough traf.c to saturate its capacity.


data center and supercom- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The end-to-end effects of internet path selection.

our work places a central emphasis on performance tradeoffs associated with an over- lay network, and this greatly influences the design of our self-organization protocol.


Introduction to LTE Cellular Network Figure 1 depicts a typical LTE cellular network.

we will leave the study on the combination of parameters for the future work.


in LOG, a node updates its view of another node s schedule by observing any transmission which contains a newer version of that node s schedule.


The current time is provided by a global clock1 .

we obtain better results at lower grid sizes for quorum size 6 due to the transitivity of location information.


For P/S communication, connect is used to associate the socket with the network infrastructure that will be used for the message transmission between publishers and subscribers.

there is still no wide consensus on an interface that could serve as an Internet standard.


ISPs can also make predictive optimizations.

below, we lay out two broad ideas for drastically cutting Internet latencies targeting each of these problems.


Because all these user devices are independent, they generate their carrier frequencies independently and therefore, different CFO for different sub-carrier are to be expected.

if it were possible for the two nodes to transmit packets through the wireless channel simultaneously then the random back off time could be avoided, which forms a major contribution to the system throughput gain as well as the packet delivery time and power efficiency.


A Quantitative Measure of Fairness and Discrimination for Resource Allocation in Shared Computer System.

3.3.1 Variant 1: Double deficit, adaptive quantum Let Qht be a queue for hop count h and traffic type t, Q*t the set of queues for all hop counts and traffic type t, Qh* the set of queues for hop count h and all traffic types, Wh a quantum of service for hop count h and Dh a deficit counter for hop count h. A quantum of service wt and a deficit counter dt are assigned to the set of queues Q*t, and a quantum of service Wh and a deficit counter Dh are assigned to the set of queues Qh*.


We analyze how the parameters of the HELLO protocol, the choice of the MAC layer protocol and the metric used for clustering may overcome or worsen the effects of the propagation errors.

let s describe how NS2 simulates collisions and interferences at a node.


In this context planarization comes into picture.

when a unit is hard-faulted, it is unable to communicate with the rest of the system.


Using DHCP-Watch, we determined that most of the hosts that negotiated long lease periods were network printers and OS X hosts.

it can be observed that about 45% of issued leases remained active for up to 48 hours.


Figure 3: Network topology for implementation.

dEMO EQUIPMENT The demo uses the following equipment: Five TelosB motes.


Today, high-speed CMOS ADCs running up to 1.5 Gsamples/sec are available (if we use GaAs we can get up to 8 Gsamples/sec though with two orders magnitude increase in power draw) [3].

in the next section we .rst provide a proof-of-concept of a small WANET and explore some of the limitations.


When a mobile user registers himself to HA, HA computes the authentication keys z = h(IDHA||N||e)and w = h(IDHA||e||N).

with these values, MU computes temporary symmetric key L = h(z||TMU) and message authentication code MAC = h(IDMU||x0||x||TMU||L).


For example, 4× mobility gives ESNR the CSI from every fourth trace record.

4.2 Measurement Tools Our hardware enables us to vary the transmit power level from -10 dBm to 16 dBm in steps of 0.5 dB, and divides power equally across streams.


In order to minimize the number of hops, the next relay should be vehicle B .

the authors of [14] identify the three domains of interest when evaluating a dissemination protocol: frequency (how often information packets are duplicated), space (how far the information can propagate) and time (how fast it can be spread).


Diversity helps overcome burst losses because when the vehicle is in a burst-loss phase with one BS a second BS can deliver packets to it.

each BS sends a packet every 20 ms. P (A) and P (B) are the unconditional downstream packet reception probabilities from BSes A and B. P (Ai+1|¬Ai) is the conditional reception probability of receiving (i+1)-th packet from A given that the i-th packet from A was lost.


In Section 4, we showed the hard-NoC switch was 5.3×-6.6× more area e.cient than the memory-based switch.

since an Ethernet frame must be sent with no intra-packet gaps, the latency of a packet becomes at least the latency of the portion that takes the longest to reach the output.


First, we analyze a legacy switched Ethernet network without any QoS or prioritization mechanisms.

a examination of Ethernet usage for additional in-vehicle communication use cases is needed.


Note thatour credit computationisdifferentfrom[2]due to signi.cantdifferencein the two routingprotocols(e.g., O3 needs to computeoverlay andunderlay credits, whereas[2] hasonly onetype of credit).

inparticular,MORE[2] applies intra-.ow network coding to opportunistic routing to avoid .ne-grained cooperation amongtheforwarders and achieves signi.cantimprovement overExOR.theperformance ofMORE degradesasthenumberof.owsincreasesduetoitslackof ratelimiting, as showninSection7.


E E Current e13 e13 Received EP EP E Combined e13 EP Figure 6.

it is well known that location discovery is very error sensitive and therefore poses unique challenges along that line.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we addressed the problem of detecting and handling unfair ratings in on-line rating systems.

these 20 attacks generate the highest MP values when the SA scheme is used.


TRUST-BASED REASONING FOR OLSR OPERATIONS In a previous work [2], we have shown that in OLSR the routing destination node is itself the starting point of a trust chain to the other nodes.

otherwise, A not trusting B is noted X¬trusts(B);  A trustscc(S) means that A trusts the set of entities S with respect to action cc, S being de.ned as the set of all entities for which a certain predicate holds;  A trustscc-C (B) means that A trusts B to perform action cc with respect to the entity C (but not necessarily to other entities);  A trusts.reccc(B)when.path[S]when.target[R] means that A trusts the recommendations of entity B about the capacity of other entities to perform action cc.


However, the nodes along the path will not have more information to base their decision on, as it is the case with the other QoE formats.

[17] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson.


This prevents an endhost from sharing a path embedding with other hosts or reusing the same path embedding to communicate with multiple destinations.

the sender can omit the path embedding in subsequent packets, adding only the .ow ID.


Monotonicity implies that f(s(P )) f(s(Q .P )), that is, the weight of a path cannot decrease when it is pre.xed by another path.

iEEE Network, 13:29 35, January/February 1999.


The global system objective is to optimize aggregate value of information channels across users in the system: SYSTEM maximize .i.I,u.U Vi,u(pi,u(x)) (1) x .

name Technology Duration Devices Contacts Year UCSD WiFi 77 days 275 116,383 2002 Infocom Bluetooth 3 days 37 42,569 2005 DieselNet WiFi 20 days 34 3,268 2007 SF Taxis GPS 24 days 535 183M 2008 this section addresses the following questions: Q1: Do a few number of hops suf.ce for content relaying or are long paths required to achieve acceptable performance?


The wireless multihop section not only drops packets; it can also trap them.

further research is needed in this area.


SAC'00 March 19-21 Como, Italy 685 (c) 2000 ACM 1-58113-239-5/00/003>...>$5.00  An Asynchronous Communi-cation Model between Pro-cessors We make the following assumptions for message com- munication: Assumption 1 Exclusive transmission and exclusive reception rules hold.

references [1] D. E. Culler, K. Karp, D. Patterson, A. Sahay, K. Schanser, E. Santos, R. Subramonian mad T. V. Eicken, "Log P: towards a realistic model of par- allel computation," Proc.


Considering this requirement, a .rst conclusion we have 0 drawn is that JP becomes feasible as soon as queuing and   IP processing delaydIP[ms] Figure13: Feasible star-via-ring architecture sizedepending on dIP.

furthermore, as shown in Figure 3b, BSs that use JP have to exchange additional signaling and user data.


Thus, the principles that have guided design decisions for these languages seem to be primarily focused on the end-to-end functionality that should be provided, with less consideration given to the logical design of the overall system architecture.

database management systems, however, have not been designed in the manner we have just described.


On the other hand, today s interestbased services rely on elaborate information and settings explicitly provided by users, hindering the effective participation of classes of users including seniors, children, and handicapped.

this technique defines mappings from rows to row-clusters and from columns to column-clusters and then tries to optimize the co-clustering result.


HOW TO FIND THE OPTIMAL CLUSTER SIZE In the .rst time slot, all the nodes send their sensed data and their locations to the sink.

since the sink knows the complete topology, After determining the optimal cluster size, the next step is 8 Average Distortion 6 either a centralized algorithm running at the sink or any of the 5 numerous distributed clustering algorithms [6] can be used to 4 form a cluster.


Global Telecommunications Conference, 1996, 3:1689 1694, Nov 1996.

failure transmission problem may occur in the DIB protocol that the farthest vehicle is out of transmission range of the sender because the relative speed between the sender and the farthest vehicle is too high.


This is done due to the high sensitivity of the information contained in health care records.

indeed, current security attacks take advantage of specific conditions in order to perform.


The added feature is that it distinguishes high-priority nodes from low-priority nodes.

rRP resolves the scenario 2 of unheard reservation control packets.


The rates significantly rise to around 14,500 (SPEED) and 13,000 (ExtTeGAR) packets along with the increasing number of traffics.

figure 5 depicts that the average time delay of the realtime packets is lower than the non-real time packets.


The system was developed in Java and C# for different operating systems (WinXP, WinMobile and Linux), and its interoperability has been tested in them.

the full implementation of SIP mobility is subject of further work, because the exploratory work allowed us to conclude that currently available implementations of SIP and related RFCs does not include mobility explicitly, and this implies a considerable additional development work, both in client application and in the server.


The setting of UM is dynamically adjusted, depending on the current workload of periodic tasks and the average response time of aperiodic tasks.

lA-TinyOS utilizes a feedback scheme to utilize the processor fully for periodic monitoring and to provide a bounded response time for other tasks.


Synthetic injection provides a thorough and exhaustive evaluation of the algorithms across several scenarios.

resistant, robust and non-parametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: Theory and examples, including applications to historical radiosonde station.


Since some of these pre.xes may be responsible for a large volume of traf.c, limiting the frequency of hot-potato routing changes may be useful to avoid large traf.c shifts and transient performance disruptions.

when hot-potato routing changes do occur, the effects can be dramatic.


SenSys 12, November 6 9, 2012, Toronto, Canada.

specifically, we aimed for ef.cient management of requests like: Q1: Whenever the average temperature over the last 30 seconds in Region R1 exceeds 90.F, if the average light intensity in Region R2 is =80 lumens, then switch the sensors to a fast sampling mode, and report the average readings to the sink.


PDR as function of RSSI is somewhat noisy, in particular for 16-byte UDP packets.


Generally, .ows that drain cred 0.2 its slower have higher priority.

sPQ at 15 m provides no real bene.t to the video while FTP gets near zero throughput.


In a similar way, the speci.ed SSL/TLS version number, MAC and symmetric algorithms can also be obtained from the Server Hello message.

mETHOD Figure 1 shows the .ngerprint derivation process for HTTP-S tra.c.


The mean and median compression ratios were 4.6:1 and 4.4:1, respectively.

we seek ways to exploit inef.ciencies in the current, largely stable and generally dif.cult to modify protocols involved in a Web download (HTTP/1.1 is not yet a standard six years after introduction!


Hence, cooperative communication enables single-antenna to realize a virtual multiple antennas by sharing their antennas.

if channel environments of direct path, both H1,m and H3,m, are inferior, the cooperative transmission is meaningless because it may not contribute to the performance improvement of systems.


In this paper, we experimentally evaluate two critical PHY layer design components and their impact on the performance of an 802.11-based ad-hoc network.

figure 2 Experimental topology In this experiment, we measured the average PHY rate of each link over a 120 second interval.


If we denote as N * the minimum number of sensors, we have N * = Nl * · Nh * , where Nl * and Nh * represent the minimum number of sensors deployed along sides l and h, respectively.

rELATED WORK The problem of sensing and communication coverage for terrestrial sensor networks has been addresses in several papers.


Put another way, a bandwidth allocator determines what fraction to allocate to each application class, the admission controller determines how to further partition bandwidth within each class among individual applications, and the scheduler determines when to service individual requests so as to enforce both class-specific and application-specific allocations.

by self-managing bandwidth allocathe task of managing modem file servers very complex.


Many commercial wireless sensor data speci.cations [4, 9, 6] suggest that the difference in the power consumption between the idle and the receive mode is marginal.

based on these de.nitions, we develop a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model that maximizes the total data retrieved by the sinks until one of the sensors dies due to energy exhaustion2.


under optimal conditions, each node only sends one broadcast during P , and thus, in this case: B = n (3) with a network constituted only by highly dynamic nodes, which are constantly switching between networks, the value yielded by (2) can be greater than (1), in the same time frame P .


.. xt E[Xt]= xtp(x) = ns(H).sp(x - es) c(H) xx s=S(H) .. ns(H).s = xtp(x - es) c(H) s=S(H) x .. ns(H).s = xtp(x - es) c(H) s=S(H){t} x ().. nt(H).t +(xt - 1)p(x - et)+ p(x - et) c(H) xx .

for notation simplicity, we use P for P(.).


One simple idea for parallelization is to partition the sample streams into blocks and send each block to a dif ferent processing unit for processing.

how to build such a powerful AP and how well MU-MIMO may work in practice remain open research questions.


Primary users can access the channel without constraint.

a superframe is divided into three periods: sensing period, contention period, and transmission period.


COBRA DESIGN 4.1 2D Color Code Our goal is to design a color barcode with high capacity and fast decoding speed.

they are not suitable for real-time barcode streaming on smartphones.


[21] M. Cardei, M. Thai, Y. Li, and W. Wu, Energy-E.cient Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks, in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2005.


Retransmission-Based Error Control for Continuous Media Applications.

the issue of error recovery, despite its importance as a fundamental problem in media streaming, has not been seriously looked into.


We therefore modified the simulator so the processes write to log files as they run ISee www.

to obtain these benefits, stu- dents must thoroughly familiarize themselves with the code.


Explanation: WhenT becomes comparable orlarger than the RTO timer value, the amount of interference between retransmits after RTO and transmissions before RTO no longer depends on the value of the RTO timer.

the sequence numbergraphs from two typical senders are shown in Figure 2 reproduce from our earlier work.


Our infrastructurebased solution, targeted towards enterprise wireless LANs, does not require client-side modi.cations, allowing backwards compatibility.

(b) illustrates a Data-Ack collision scenario wherein the direction of traf.c .ow at the interferer is reversed.


In order for RDNC encoding to happen, the relay node should receive twice as many packets.

in RDNC, the symbols transmitted by the encoder is di.erently demodulated by the receivers according to their individual channel conditions.


Background applications are the least delay sensitive.

interactive applications are assigned a higher packet transmission priority than background applications.


TinyOS: An operating system for networked sensors.

by applyingthe transformationin formula1toallthepixelsin an image I, we obtain a mixed image I ' .Anexampleof theTA application over the image Corridor in 128 ×128 pixels resolution is shown in .gure 2.


To this end, we consider the following overall performance as a design parameter (which should be minimized for a better design), Jall = J.

), we again use the ECCs to decompose the structured stream into the corresponding sub-streams (see Fig.


Toward this goal, they develop and test a trace merging methodology.

our analysis also shows that wireless nodes adapt their transmission rates with an extremely high frequency.


In ACM SIGCOMM IMC, pages 149 160, 2007.

our work suggests that, in fact, the path may be unchanged at the router level, with the differing hops caused by RFC-compliant routers making use of different outgoing interfaces when replying to traceroute.


Since the cache hit ratio cannot be 100%, the query delay can never be reduced by a is 100. factor of m. In our algorithm, without considering the prior- ity request, a client cannot answer the query until the next IR interval in case of cache miss.

for each workload parameter (e.g., the mean update arrival time or the mean query generate time), the mean value of the mea- sured data is obtained by collecting a large number of sam- ples such that the confidence interval is reasonably small.


For example, British Telecom has released a Software Development Kit [11] that enables its network services to be utilized in Web mash-ups.

we also demonstrated the e.ectiveness of SewNet for di.erent categories of developers with the help of two use-case scenarios.


Over 85% (884) of sites that use cookies receive at least one IfModified-Sincecookied image request.

all of the cache-controlling headers are used very little and only 6.8% of all requests and only 9.3% of all responses use any sort of cache control headers.


Gk increases), the higher is his profit from getting attached to that network, and therefore the value of his JCDMA,k value increases.

in this paper we address the problem of assigning users to the networks of an integrated CDMA/WLAN system, in order to efficiently utilize their joint available resources subject to various service QoS constraints.


Finally, an application using FTSP is described in Section 7 and we offer our conclusions and plans for further improvements in Section 8.

this field is used to handle redundant synchronization messages.


a. Di.erent Transmission Rate In IEEE 802.11b, broadcasting is always done at a basic bit rate while data transmissions normally are sent at higher rates (up to 11 Mbit/s in IEEE 802.11b).

a more careful analysis of the AODV-UU results indicated that in some speci.c locations a node could have a valid route in its routing table, but no data got through to that next hop.


Major Project (no.2013ZX03002003-004), NSFC (61272459), Research Plan in Shaanxi Province (2013K06-38).


These results show that disconnections and disruptions can be overcome using store-carry-forward approaches.

the efficiency of emergency and rescue operations can be improved by proper communication services.


long-term fairness should not be the ultimate goal of wireless scheduling policies since fairness is only really relevant when managing negotiated service level agreements (SLAs) and in the maintaining of best-effort sessions.


The existing CVIA and CEPEC approaches alleviate the packet collisions of the multi-hop transmission in VANET.

beside, the contention-based approach applied in CVIA raises a considerable number of collisions.


[31] E. Zwicky, S. Cooper, D. Chapman, and D. Ru.

as a percentage, viable attack sites have remained at 12%.


This omission was voluntary because in a previous section attention was focused on the model description and also to illustrate the size choice other simulation results were chosen for use.

the transition in this model, is only possible between two adjacent states.


it is not fea- sible to include every possible service in our investigation.


CH: A highest energy node among neighbors becomes a CH.

energy consumption at each sensor is reduced and the network lifetime is lengthened.


Once the servers and videos were selected, we did beta testing with a few colleagues for about two weeks to try and catch and fix bugs in RealTracer and the data gathering process.

in repeating the work, the volatile nature of Internet and specific distribution of users that voluntarily participated in the study may provide somewhat different results.


In the power breakdown of mobile handsets, wireless communication components, including Wi-Fi and cellular network interfaces, account for a prominent part of the overall power consumption [3].

[9] G. Maier, F. Schneider, and A. Feldmann.


Since our bug-tolerant router must appear as a single router to its neighbors, we need some way for routing updates to be transparently multicast to each of the virtual router instances.

different software versions: The instances could be different versions of the same router.


The clear di.erence in the number of dropped MAC layer packets between CoCoA and CoCoA-S is a result of the di.erent RTO estimations they apply.

technical Report 6550, RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Mar.


Inthissection, we extend the evaluationby using BGPfeedsfrom7 other exchange points.

both measurement studies and operational observations show thatBGPpath exploration can trigger false route damping which leads to prolonged periods of lost network reachability.


Our future plans are to: i) perform the analysis of the Twitter follower graph; ii) study information propagation on Twitter and understand the propagation speed of tweets; iii) identify the most in.uential users on Twitter and .nd a strategy for increasing the in.uence of any user; iv) .nd private communities disconnected from the main connected component; v) assess how discriminant social relations are, that is estimate the probability that two di.erent users have the same followers or followings list.

only 10% of the accounts can be considered active.


Simulation architecture scheme Simulated PBD behavior can be observed in Figure 2.

power consumption during low utilization periods can be reduced by lowering the voltage and frequency, which enable maintaining the links open and even handling low traffic loads.


The two sub.gures di.er from the type of underlying channel; Fig 2(a) and 2(b) show the MOS for respectively a Bernoulli channel and a Gilbert Elliott channel with an average burst size of 3.

iEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Oct. 2004.


IEEE International Conference on, volume 5, pages 3313 3317 vol.5, 2002.

it is our intention to extend this study by comparing the e.ciency of proposed scenarios in terms of handover signaling cost as well.


Therefore we used 8KB as the data transfer unit for this experiment.

we are able to achieve a very high throughput while using PSockets without the cost of network tuning.


The pseudo random procedure is similar to the one used to derive the pseudo random frequency hopping sequence.

there is one Bluetooth device in each piconet that acts as the master, which can have any number of slaves out of which up to seven can be active simultaneously.


RSSI patterns of different 2.4GHz technologies 3.2 Impact of Interference on LPP We also conduct experiments to show the impact of interference on LPP performance.

negative .DC(p,q) indicates ZiSense costs more energy than BoX-MAC-2.


Figure 11 shows the raw signal trace used in the Figure 8 test versus its corrected counterpart.

in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (May 2005).


On reception of this message, a switch marks every matching wildcard entry with the requested sampling probability and duration.

copyrights for thirdparty components of this work must be honored.


The remaining series consider the space required if, instead of sending a .ngerprint per packet, hosts send a bloom .lter every second for each active .ow1 .

this .exibility opens the door for many deployment models.


For any edge (u, v) on L, we add the clockwise angle .upiv to .i.By clockwise angle we mean that if .upiv is oriented clockwise, we add its positive value, else we add its negative value.

linear motion will again drag the squares along leading to the worst-case update cost of T(d log d) where d is the total distance moved.


The aggregate mobility metric equals the summary of the relative mobility times a weight value for all neighbor nodes in N-hop.

using MOBIC we can construct clustersinwhich the maximumdistancebetweenthecluster head nodes and other cluster members nodes is one hop.


Zhang and Guy [5] proposed an extension to the Proxy server in the SIP architecture to include Traffic Engineering (TE) capabilities; they call it TE-SIP server.

multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is suggested as an apt switching technology for the future core networks, because of its Traffic Engineering (TE) capabilities.


To provide this service, a multicast tree is built; the detecting sensor acts as a multicast source node, while the sink nodes act as multicast receivers [18].

sensor deployment might be heterogeneous, with sparsely populated areas where next hop nodes are chosen from a limited set of sensors, not necessarily located near that direct line.


In this paper, we are interested in decreasing the packet delivery delay by routing packets through multiple paths.

s will store the packet for a while, and forward it to the vehicle C when C passes the intersection and enters the northward road.


So employing dense networks of lowcost, lowresolution and lowpower multimedia sensor nodes instead of sparse networks of highpower, highresolution sensors (e.g., PTZ) will be more beneficial, [3].

in this work we consider a singletier network or a tier of a multitier architecture of wireless multimedia sensors densely deployed in a random manner that performs object detection tasks.


Assume that the tra.c pro.le exhibits a periodic behavior (e.g., daily) similar to the one depicted in Figure 1.

pROPERTIES OF ALLOCATION TECH-NIQUES In the previous sections we present several techniques to allocate costs and/or bene.ts.


It seems that also the n-node hypercube can even achieve a constant slowdown for n 1-. worstcase faults, but so far only partial answers have been obtained [19].

it is the boundary of a 2-chain C;that is, C is a set of squares and p1 .p2 .


Using VIF, a consumer with an empty FIB can nevertheless disseminate its interest in content, and the .ooded interest will reach the producer which can then send the content on the reverse path.

the .rst step towards such experiments is implementing ICN code that runs on IoT hardware.


The performance drop at 2s in Figure 23 is due to the TCP re ceive window becoming full.

the interactions among applications, network transport protocol, and the radio layer still remain unexplored.


The ratio obtained by DETL is about 0.6, and the optimizing effect shows more clearly while network radius is increasing.

a considerate amount of energy is wasted and the network lifetime ends prematurely.


mechanism by introducing packet bu.ering at mobility agents, delivering a list of neighboring FAs to the MN,and enabling the L2 hando.

user packets are not forwarded to the new foreign agent until registration is completed and this interruption may degrade the quality of service especially in real-time applications such as audio and video or may lower the TCP throughput due to retransmission timeout.


Li is the cost of path from root along the tree to node i.

the topologies of core network and access network of UMTS are more like mesh.


2We refer to i as being a single input for simplicity.

during execution, many instructions are memory references, either to the stack for local variables spilled due to register contention, or to the heap.


Keywords Hotspot, query, routing, wireless sensor networks.

the hotspot node has larger traffic load than others in the sensor network.


The drawback of the message loss avoidance is clearly that it increases the overhead because of message replays.

to counter the selective jamming attack, we introduced the message loss avoidance mechanism.


Section 6 gives simulation results and performance analysis of TIC.

the bitmap-RFC relies on an NPU bitmanipulation instruction (POP-COUNT) to achieve highperformance.


In this paper, we propose a novel mobile broadcasting system automatically to switch the spare device to minimize the unavailable time.

we would like to support the sudden disconnection of the active device, so that we need to notify the address information of the spare devices in advance.


After such a single round, the proposer will know that a quorum has voted for the value and will, thus, decide the value.

in fact, the absence of any deep study, either empirical or formal, of EQSs (to the best of our knowledge) may seem consistent with such a misbelief: after all, if both approaches were fundamentally similar, then the extensive studies and results that are available on CQSs [7, 3, 6, 11, 8] would also apply to the epidemic variant.


ICING makes a binary decision about whether a path is acceptable; it does not regulate the amount of traf.c sent along a path, or associated to a PoC.

we use elliptic curve cryptography (ECC): every node ID, Ni, is a point on NIST s B-163 binary-.eld elliptic curve group [5], which gives roughly 80-bit security, similar to 1024-bit RSA keys [5].


dis determined according to the att f type: ij if the type of att f is binary or nominal: { d( f )= 0 if xif = xjf ij 1 if xi f= xjf if the type of att f is interval, a normalized distance such as Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance can be used.

more precise and richer descriptions, with more attributes, move the matching deeper into the dendrogram.


There has been at least one research e.ort looking at protocol design for such long-distance networks [12, 13].

the physical inaccessibility of some of the sites has also posed problems.


send raw packets to the network  2.2.2.3 Problem using JPCAP/WINPCAP Existing packet taps provide a useful mechanism for user space monitoring of network packet traffic.

as mentioned earlier in this report, the main technical objective of the project is to implement a networking tool that will allow better management of network traffic.


Program Editor will translate the text into human voice with text-to-speech (TTS) [12] technology and generate an AMI file recording the format information of the edited program.

we build a profile for each user from all these information sources and mine the preferences and interests of individual users from the profiles [13].


[39] N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and D. Wetherall.

direct usage of interdomain bypass paths may cause forwarding loops.


The effect is that the traffic corresponding to that address block flows through the ingress link through which the route for the more specific prefix is announced.

this in turn allows ASj to attract traffic by selecting the maximum deaggregation level, resulting in an unstable environment.


Existing TPC schemes achieve this goal by using additional hardware (e.g., multiple transceivers), by compromising the collision avoidance property of the channel access scheme, or by imposing impractical requirements on the operation of the MAC protocol.

because of its demonstrated superior performance (compared to TDMA and FDMA), CDMA has been chosen as the access technology of choice in cellular systems including the recently adopted 3G systems.


So a kind of device for measuring temperature and transferring data is needed.

[4] Zhang Qian, Design of digital thermometer based on AT89C52 single chip microcontroller, Proc.


[20] http://www.mathworks.com/ [21] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns

the experimental results reflect a lognormal behavior as shown in section 3.


This failure report is then exchanged among all MEO satellites, causing them to update the routing tables of all the LEO satellites.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Protocols Routing Protocols General Terms Algorithms Keywords satellite networks, connectionless routing, Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) * This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ANI-0087762 and NASA Glenn Research Center under Grant NAG3-2580.


IEEE/ACM Trans.on Networking, 3(3):340 351, 1995.

by setting T T RT as stated in Corollary 1, substituting T T RT =1 in the schedulability condition U : 1 - a, it results that this last becomes U : 1 - a , that is, the WCAU is equal to 1 - a for BuST and FDDI-  M. In the same way we can see that, by setting T T RT =  0.5 · GCDi(Ti), the WCAU becomes equal to 1 - 2a for 2 FDDI.


h2,iter=I yt+1 = c + c t+1t+1 With the known CIRs and local TS, the cyclic convolution of TS and CIR yt and yt+1 can be easily .gured out.

[2] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Speci.cations: High-speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band.


The algorithm maintains two data structures: SubbandAssignment: Stores the current nexthop assignment for each subband.

when the receiver gets a data packet, it can look up the included ack sequence number in its stored state, and thereby infer the sender s bitrate state.


Current research for these systems is widespread.

two key advantages of these networks over more traditional sensor networks are that they can be dynamically and quickly deployed, and that they can provide fine-grained sensing.


It usually has very strict requirements on energy consumption, latency, and jitter.

in order to generate these scenarios, a random number generator was implemented within each node to generate four types of random data: the number of GTS requests for each node, the times, at which the node will submit the GTS allocation requests, the lengths of the requested GTS in slots, and the times, at which the node will submit GTS de-allocation requests.


THE LOWER BOUND ON THE NUM-BER OF ROUNDS THEOREM3.LetE1/4.nyprotoolforquantumoin fippingthatahievesabiasEmustusen(loglogl)rounds.


For example, in a scenario using self-similar background traf.c, the true loss rate over a 15 minute period is 0.08% and the SLAM estimate is 0.07%.

sLAM sends UDP packets in a one-way manner between a sender and receiver.


It is important to point out that these averages have been measured along the path where the tests were made.

the mobile user started its path from a point where both Wi-Fi and UMTS networks were available.


This causes the database to become a bottleneck in processing spectrum sharing information.

s and how to use these two values in meeting the two needs.


Note that the Sopt for the graded model can be di.erent than Sopt for the thresholded model.

a communication link between two nodes u, v .


They are collected from the Gn interfaces between SGSNs and GGSNs in the core network.

such users are typically in either FACH or DCH state.


In order to derive the optimal beacon period, we .rst de.ne a few parameters of interest in Table 1.

the ad hoc mode is designed with the assumption that all nodes are peers and thus, all nodes share responsibility equally.


cannot be directly scheduled on the crossbar, because the conflict-free permutation schedules N cells to each output per time slot.

is it feasible to build a system with so many memories?


Finally, with small packet sizes, the MAC and PHY overhead dominate and the throughput is very low, in the order of 1-3 Mbps, even for the highest bitrates.

the power values are taken with the screen off, Bluetooth/GSM/3G radios disabled, and minimal background application activity.


Since f3 doesn t match with any buckets in the bucket .lter, it triggers the installation of Bucket C and Rule 2 with the timeout set as t3 + To.

caching all dependent rules of a matched rule can easily over.ow the switch .ow table and is considered infeasible.


It is also clear that a .ow that does this on multiple occasions should cause even greater congestion at the node and should be weighted accordingly.


We summarize important .ndings regarding to the traf.c volume impact of redundant transfers in Table 6.

*_DUP_NOTCACHED (illustrated in Figure 3) account for considerable amount of non-redundant bytes.


Finally, vehicles in a grid are always a few hops away from the Infrastructure (WiFi, cellular, satellite, etc.).

the TCP experiments for fap = 0.5 are reported in Figure 7 and are compared with the UDP results.


The reduction in power could hurt the clients in our network; with an increase in the CCA threshold the APs in our network could potentially ignore transmissions from the other network and cause user starvation.

the parameters are tuned by each AP so as to achieve the state of minimal potential delay.


In this case, C-HELLOs are generated by border nodes in order to provide neighboring clusters with the maximum probability of receiving the cluster topology information.

the main drawback of proactive routing protocols like OLSR, is that they generate a big amount of control overhead which consume bandwidth that should be employed by user data tra.c instead.


And second, correlated anomalies across both OD .ows and features (which may be individually small and hard to detect) stand out, and are therefore more easily detected.

we can write a row of Hat time t , denoted by h=h +h , where h is the portion of hcontained the d -dimensional normal subspace, and h contains the residual entropy.


In this case ~n- 1 ai --- 0 since this is a telescoping sum.

it was used as queue input model in [2], [3].


IP(x D(s , R)) P(x D(s , R))  ³ i ³ i s D(i,l /2) s T D(i,l /2) i We can use inequality (2) for all x D(i, l / 2) .

[8] Zalyubovskiy, V., Aldyn-ool, T., Erzin, A., and Choo, H. 2010.


The east coast link exhibits smoother utilization levels during the day.


A protocol s routing effort increases as the number of nodes increases.

3.3 The Carrier Behavior As indicated in the previous subsection, an explorer changes its internal state to carrier the moment it arrives at its destination.


As the increase of the transmit Dk ; If K s = Nr, go toStep 3; else go back to Step 2. antenna correlation and the channel estimation error vari- Step 3: Precoding design.

(4) Ks.K the total MSE of the selected users is MSE({Fk, Gk} |Ks ) = KsK k=1 MSEk.


In each cell, the user presses the calibrate button, prompting the device to collect a few scans, and then indicates the current cell on a .oor plan of the building.

a method is needed to adapt the sensor map to the environment in which it is to be used.


From Lemma 1: PAcc = P(Number of type - V calls = B- 1) = 1 - P(Number of type - V calls >B- 1) = 1 - P(Number of type - V calls = B) k=K X Y 1 .k,V (j)nk,V PAcc = 1 - (7) H(j) nk,V !

here HC(a, b) denotes the hopcount of the shortest path from node a to node b.


More detail on the service is discussed in [4].

the power grid can update the power usage of each user in intervals of an hour or less.


Origin authentication [6] uses a trusted database to guarantee that an AS cannot falsely claim to be the rightful owner for an IP pre.x.

in the interest of space, we only summarize our .ndings here.


Over half the time the access point was not populated at all or the population was only one.

the only other practical (OPT is not practical) schemes that provide such near optimal download times are NOPSM and BSD.


Figure 4 shows topology of the experiment.

[22] WIDE Project, WIDE Project , http://www.wide.ad.jp/.


This NAT-as-SIP-proxy approach is stateful, unscalable, has a costly setup, and is a single point of failure (failure recovery would require additional changes to applications).

given all this, an appropriate future for IPNL might be to pursue it as a community research project (perhaps under the auspices of the IRTF), and for IPv6 to incorporate whatever aspects of IPNL make sense.


Algorithm for routing states lookup of MTree_Nix 4.

an efficient routing computation, storage and lookup mechanism can improve simulation scale and efficiency remarkably.


PROBLEM SETUP We consider a network consisting of n sel.sh transmitters.

at FMNE, transmission probabil ities of the sel.sh nodes are given by Fig.


To facilitate analysis, the failure details table links failures to their closest traceroute.

of the 136 paths where RON never masked failures (14.6% of paths and 4% of failures), only 25.7% were between two multiconnected hosts and 22% did not have a multiconnected host at either end.


The code below shows the use of the annotation in details: module BlinkToCntLedsC { // ... } implementation { uint16_t counter @replaceable(); void Boot.booted() @replaceable(); void Timer.fired() @replaceable(); // ... } In the above example, the variable counter and the functions Boot.booted(), Timer.fired() are labelled as replaceable.

there are two things that worth mentioning here.


sWAMP s control messages are summarized in Table 3.


While this attack seems to be e.ective, we believe that it is di.cult to launch in practice.

[34] A. Perrig, R. Szewczyk, J. Tygar, V. Wen, and D. Culler.


Counting singing birds is a .rst step in our habitat monitoring project and surely is not su.cient to identify speci.cities of the monitored specie.

though they are computationally less expensive than maximum-likelihood parametric algorithms [6], they cannot handle e.ciently multiple sources [7].


The total change in congestion window of a .ow is the sum of the per-packet feedback it receives.

iNTRODUCTION For the Internet to continue to thrive, its congestion control mechanism must remain effective as the network evolves.


4.1 Calculation of multiple Steiner trees It has been known that using multiple Steiner trees can improve the transmission e.ciency [3].

to answer these questions, we have built a .uid model and derived the following theorems.


We .nd that a signi.cant number of routing changes continuously occur.

here we see an even smaller number of route changes that affect our problem of egress PoP shift.


The paper especially focuses on the case where nodes are mobile.

if the PEP/SNR relationship is shallow, then it is not possible to predict which nodes will correctly receive transmissions, and hence, there are events that opportunism may exploit.


the measurements may show high variability, which may be more di.cult to predict.

anatomizing Application Performance Di.erences on Smartphones.


eAck), and ETX with implicit acknowledgment (RTX-iAck).

for a radio transceiver that can support variable packet lengths, ETX-eAck may transmit fewer bytes (and is therefore is more energy ef.cient) than ETX-iAck because the length of data packets is typically signi.cantly larger than the length of Ack packets.


THE NECESSITY OF .F We establish here that .f is, in a certain sense, minimal in systems where up to f processes can crash, implying that .

at most n+ 1 - |U|+f +|U| - n-1 = f distinct values can ever be written in D[r].


Other applica- tion programs, for example a controller can then decide if the route for the message makes sense or if there are bet-ter approaches.

when A is small, the location update message transmission will be dominant.


If ck items are cached at rk and nck is the number of requests to ck among npk requests, nck requests are satis.ed by rk while npk - nck requests are forwarded to the original publisher.

in CRIC, interest packets are .rst sent to RRs, and then de livered to publishers via tunneling.


serving Rome and other 120 cities with about 4.5 millions of citizens.

dEMO In the demo, we will show a running instance of ProvinciaSense installed in the conference rooms.


Like [8], we also consider how early adopters create local incentives for other ASes to deploy S*BGP.

as such, we use simulations3 of the deployment process to investigate heuristic approaches for choosing early adopters, including AS degree (e.g., Tier 1s) and volume of tra.c originated by an AS (e.g., content providers).


Small cells inherit the dense and uncoordinated deployment characteristic of WiFi networks.


The big exception is Hminmax, which sometimes performs a lot better with multiple iterations.

in order to create the 20% node set, the interference graphs were all randomized in case the WiGLE data had some sort of ordering, and then they were parsed.


The cumulated transitional probabilities up to 4 represent from 50% to 70% depending on the datasets.

4.3.1 Short chains Short chains almost join the previous assumption that nodes are either in contact or in pathless intercontact; the di.erence here is that they can drift to a 2-hop distance.


There is not a signi.cant correlation among the two metrics when the contact graph is compared to the initial social graph (indeed, a .fth of the pairs create ordering errors when using these two metrics).

we make the following contributions: Properties of nodes, links, and paths, are studied jointly in the social graph of friends and in the temporal network of opportunistic contacts.


We have already shown that the stable point of xk is at least fi.

some simple inequalities satis.ed by convex functions.


In contrast our clock synchronization algorithm which concentrates on achieving a symmetric error offers accuracy in the order of a single clock tick.

a single measurement run consists of approximately 1400 events.


Table 2: Resource consumption of SenseLess compared to GPS-only sensing.

we argue that sensing more movements can allow us to use high-energy sensors less frequently, thus reducing the overall energy consumption.


Processing an advertisement involves three steps --import policies that decide which routes to consider, path selection that decides which route to use, and export policies that decide whether (and what) to advertise to a neighboring AS --that are discussed in more detail in Section 3.

providers and customers agree on a community number that indicates which routes includes a backup link [3].


DESIGN The main functionality of the radio access network is to manage the radio resources at base stations in order to provide wide-area wireless connectivity to the mobile clients.

in some current LTE deployments, handovers are only initiated when a client observes a higher received power from a neighboring base station compared to its serving base station.


The aggregate application level throughput for the scenario with Table 6: Performance of the 802.16 system (8 SS) 9 SSs is somewhat higher.

5.2 System capacity One of the main objectives of this work was to analyze how many simultaneous video-on-demand users an 802.16 broadband wireless network can support for a typical layout of subscriber stations.


It is phase differences that carry all information about Alice s and Bob s bits, not the values of the phases themselves.


pro.led diverse usage behaviors of smartphone applications [34].

this assumption may not hold as RTT can be signi.cantly affected by the bytes in .ight.


The success of hops in earlier evaluations com- pared to latency and hoplat can be attributed to this prop- erty; all the alternate metrics fully describe routing only for 47-81% of the node-pairs.


However, these studies do not address how to choose the best GOP pattern to use with MPEG, nor are they explicitly TCP-Friendly.

unlike typical Internet tra.c, streaming video is sensitive to delay and jitter, but can tolerate some data loss.


The attacker sends out a false LSA onto Net1 on behalf of the victim .

an OSPF implementation that fetches the false LSA is completely vulnerable to the attack.


But, instead of requiring the statuses of all paths in P to be identical, paths that are down for n consecutive cycles are added as down in the reachability matrix, while others are added as up.

when bursts are long, µ is increased to avoid sending probes during the same loss burst.


Security Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Techniques of Web Applications Hossain Shahriar Department of Computer Science Kennesaw State University Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA hshahria@kennesaw.edu ABSTRACT Web applications contain vulnerabilities, which may lead to serious security breaches such as stealing of confidential information.

it is necessity to increase the awareness of common web security vulnerabilities, their impact on the end users, and available mitigation techniques.


Automatic tuning of communication protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks using metaheuristics.

dE-OLSR and OLSR were able to exchange 90.72% and 85.73% of packets generated with low rates.


We are only aware of the work by Xu et al, which briefly brought up this subject while evaluating inter-vehicle communication designs in [6].

the topic of selecting an optimal data rate is highly relevant for vehicle safety communications research.


We note that although utilising blocks as small as 8 bytes on html content does provide improvements in bandwidth ef.ciency, the decoding overhead for such block sizes is very large making the use of such small block sizes infeasible.

recently there has been a particular push for Wireless DataCasting systems both in Europe and in the US.


CONCLUSION In this paper we have shown how recent theoretical results on Sel.sh Neighbor Selection could be leveraged for overlay routing applications.

it would be preferable if one can show that the impact from such abuse is minimal.


This stems from many factors mandated by outdoor usecases, viz., use of multiple laser beams to provide spatial diversity, elaborate alignment mechanisms needed for long distance use and recovery from building swaying, ruggedization needs etc.

second, they suffer from a signi.cant drop-off in data rates at longer distances [36], as federal regulations prevent use of higher power or wider bandwidth.


OPTIMIZED DEPLOYMENT IN AN IR-REGULAR AREA In this section, we propose a deployment algorithm to cope with the irregular shape of an area.

the boundary and the obstacles are assumed to be transparent.


If the sequence number remains the same, then fd:' (t~,+a) -< fd:'l(t) _< *i fdnl.


Multi-collision domain: The previous discussion assumes that all clients and all APs can hear each other directly.

after decoding, the APs send ACK over the wireless to the clients as shown in Fig.


The three stages of the pipeline are equal in duration.

our pipelined architecture enables this functionality by arbitrating the wireless channel among competing applications.


Additionally, our scheme leaves the complexity of path acquisition and calculation at the infrastructure level, which makes it also suitable for P2P networks deployed on lightweight mobile devices.

in this paper, we argue that ISP interaction should be provided by neutral authorities, namely the Internet exchange points.


Mohsin Javed Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Science UET, Lahore.

lS sniffs node states, by taking tour of the area periodically, and decides if any of the nodes is faulty or not.


In [3], the UWAN-MAC protocol was developed under the assumption that the propagation delay information is not available, and that the transmit or receive power is much higher than the sleep power so that it does not pay o. to estimate the propagation delay.

rk, 1 = i = M µ xq [i] q = k, I = i = M µµ wq [i](Sqq-1[i])1 .


60GHz signals are re.ected by most surfaces with losses of the order of 5-7 dB [21].

the general trend and its implication, as well as how the two 60GHz radios react to these motions.


In our paper, we assume the power consumption to be 4kW,6kW and 8kW for a CR with 8, 12 and 16 ports respectively.

the amount of tra.c that can be forwarded to its destination by a CR is limited and most of the tra.c must be routed via hub nodes.


The .gures show that, for small documents, TLS upgrade contributes a major share of the retrieval latency with attestation-enhanced TLS.

server CPU Utilization (%) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10  Download -period between completion of the TLS handshake and arrival at the client of the last byte of the requested document.


if the mobile user roams into a foreign domain during an ongoing session, then the hando.


Further, since it is the only frequency that changed state, only the power of that bucket changes.

to achieve this goal, it builds on advances in the area of sparse Fourier transform [6, 5], which permit signals whose frequency domain representation is sparse to be recovered using only a small subset of their samples i.e., BigBand can recover GHz of spectrum without sampling it at the Nyquist rate.


Section VII presents our simulation results, while section VIII concludes the paper.

it certain situations it can occur that no neighbor is closer to the sink than the current node, for example if there is a hole in the sensor .eld, as shown in Fig.3).


In TTDD, a sink updates its location by .ooding a local query to reach an immediate dissemination node, from which the query is further forwarded to the source along the grid.

the four vertices of the network (v )(v v )(v ) square are (0, 0), 0, A, A, A, A, 0.


The overlay nodes where randomly ordered.

these mechanisms focus on detecting the source of DoS attacks in progress and then countering them, typically by pushing some .ltering rules on routers as far away from the target of the attack (and close to the sources) as possible.


Most of these investigations neglect another important issue related to RS, that is, how many RS we need to place.

it indicates that our proposed formula can reliably express the impact of varying number of RS on end-to-end channel capacity.


Then the ratio of data transferred per node for slow and fast vehicles is given by zS ZS/nS XSE[T1,S ] ~ = = (20) zF ZF /nF XF E[T1,F ] Since F = 1 when zS = zF , the optimal TXOP limit for the fast vehicle to achieve desired fairness objective can be obtained as follows: Il E[T1,S] ~ XF = XS (21) E[T1,F ] When optimal TXOP is chosen according to (21), the ratio of bits transferred per node for slow and fast station becomes equal to unity, thus resulting in bit based fairness.

the amount of data transferred at each area (useful for next areas) is not equal.


As a result, we check the function of a listed mediator AndSplit, which is to complete a service that is SCN client service.


The nodes in a graph are classi.ed into two types, namely, core nodes and edge nodes.

5.2 Simulation Results For each random graph and each rerouting algorithm considered, 106 connection requests are generated.


Our design for RACON routing associates a unique message identifier, a hop count, and an optional ack request with each message.

i will subsequently buffer the packet till the I-D link becomes up and eventually deliver the packet to D. with RACON a data packet is always routed closer to the destination even when the destination is not physically connected to the source or its current network partition.


[14] predict radio channel characteristics in the 5.9 GHz band in and around vehicles.

both presented approaches suffer from their high computational demands.


It will provide crucial policy-related information based on subscription for the PCRF to make a wise policy decision.

3.3.4 SBPCF Visualizing Component The SVC is designed to provide the graphical user interfaces to facilitate the management and design work.


3.6 Robustness and fast failover The introduction of proxies between client and target might have a negative impact on the robustness of PIAS as compared to native IP anycast.

details of these measurements are presented in section 4.1   4.


The main limitation of the proposed algorithms is the requirement of persistent measurements and the timing constraints.

first, we increase every timestamp in si by (i - 1)a and denote the modi.ed measurements by (si)3 i=1.If S1, S2,and S3 are independent point processes, then so are S1, S2,and S3.


This dynamic approach has the ability to cover channels with few interfaces, thereby o.ering the potential to balance the load over di.erent channels and to improve the capacity under heavy load.

we believe that the knowledge of bounds is necessary in the design of better algorithms.


Reallocation in the entire cellular network upon a new call arrival will obviously result in lower call blocking, but it is complex both in terms of time and  computation.

channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth to prevent signals from overlapping [1].


Throughput error: Figure 4(b) shows that the throughput error a.ects the performance of the prediction and prefetching scheme most.

algorithm 3 Procedure to exploit mobility prediction and prefetching for delay sensitive tra.c 1: Variables: T max 2: : maximum duration node is connected to next WiFi WiFi,next Rmax 3: : maximum throughput of next WiFi hotspot WiFi,next 4: Tnext WiFi: time until node enters range of next WiFi Rmax 5: : maximum throughput of mobile network mobile Dcache 6: : amount of data cached in next WiFi hotspot WiFi,next 7: O.set: estimated position in data object of data transferred until node enters next WiFi hotspot 8: Algorithm: 9: if node exits WiFi hotspot then Dcache .


The client can spot any forgery since she has the bank s identi.er and can check the identity against the bank s certi.cate.

hence, instead of resolving a name into an IP address, the proposed resolution mechanism resolves it into a metadata structure containing a set of permanent data chunk identi.ers that can be used to retrieve the data from the network.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed two heuristics for the establishment of delay constrained MPLS LSPs across domains.

the ASBR generates an error message and sends it upstream.


when visitors from the back of the park, where Apart from the number of devices, dissemination time depends AP2 is located, start to spread the message as they move across strongly on the spatial distribution of the devices and their the park towards the exit.

furthermore, some of the Wi-Fi devices were not carried by their owners at all times (e.g.


This behavior is clearlydiscernible in the .gures for HTTP and HTTPS subpopulations, where sampling based estimation completelymisses the peaks in the distributions.

finally, the last equality holds since P(q|a, w)is equal = to P(p|a,w) bythe de.nition of .


This is not only due to the effective reduction of transmission time in the IR scheme, but also its inherently stable delay characteristic.

more retransmission implies less channel efficiency, so 802.11 MAC is always spending more transmission chances to transmit a packet when the chances are rare.


In the .rst case, a static user who visits a single kiosk de.nes the associated kiosk controller as her custodian and registers with it.

as we shall see, it also requires that custodians be either present at, or be associated with, a single Internet gateway, and, moreover, to be present on the path from the user to the Internet gateway.


The way the hop count is authenticated could be changed to a more secure one.

in this way it can verify that the sender of the RERR message is really the one that it claims to be.


To decode a packet transmitted over a set of subcarriers, it is necessary to equalize the received signal with the help of information received from the pilot tones.

hidden terminals are not immune to this scenario and may cause collision at the client nodes.


A. Mah, S. Seshan, R. H. Katz and D. Ferraxi.

integrated services in the Internet architecture: an overview.


If not, it has unsuccessfully probed all successors of the old master and, hence, pj itself is the .rst available successor.

as it is informed about its exclusion, it can rejoin.


The serverhasa normal sendmail mail transfer agent.

we demonstrate email in a challenged networking scenario with mobile, heterogeneous endpoints and offer multiple solution architectures and implementations to meet different users requirements.


arg max (Ql[t] + aTl[t])Cl[t]Sl, (4) S.S l=1 where a > 0 is a design parameter.

j }t=0 is an independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.)


We note that in the protocol model solution, the .ow rate from node 8 to node 11 is 117.84, i.e., the computed capacity is 100% utilized.

the e.cacy of protocol model depends on the performance gap between its reality check result and the result obtained under the physical model.


As noted above, eachdirectory server can handle about ..K lookups/sec under ..ms at the ..th percentile.

all switchesbelow eachpair of access routersform a singlelayer.


and the centers of these disks form a 2-connected network, the center of each disk is at adistanceofless than rc of at least two neighboring disks.

here, v ) a =min{rc, 3rs} and ß = rs + rs 2 - a2/4.


Resistor behaviour (5) is very difficult to model on energy based models [15] since logarithm expressions are needed.

for example, in case of a sensor which needs 7.5V as those included into our prototype, it has two sensor states: enabled and disabled.


4.4 Achieving Relative GPS Accuracy We rely on consistent GPS measurements between di.erent runs and accurate relative measurements between GPS devices to know the vehicle s precise relative position with respect to the access point.

state that lasts into the useful period of the connection.


[13] S. Olariu, A. Wadaa, L. Wilson, and M. Eltoweissy.

an intruder always has the same chance of being detected, regardless of when it attempts to in.ltrate into the network area.


This query has a rule NR2 that recurse in.nitely to generate path tuples of monotonically increasing costs.

in this paper, we focus on a fully distributed implementation to explore the limits of our design.


We also observe that this percentile is still above 80 in a environment of sporadic WiFi interference (channel 25), which may attribute to the mechanisms of handling interference adopted by the poller.

this requirement is satis.ed in a static network if no interference occurs.


Finally, the lifetimes of all the other nodes are unchanged.

in addition, many routing protocols for wireless ad-hoc networks need a broadcast/multicast mechanism to update their states and maintain the routes between nodes.


n 1 where Hn is the n th Harmonic Number, i.e, Hn = = i=1 i T(log n).

delay-tolerant networking: an approach to interplanetary internet.


The number of load packets in the packet train determines the amount of background traf.c that the train can interact with, so it pays off to use a fairly long train.

the larger the gap value, the more the packet train was stretched out by the link, suggesting a lower available bandwidth on the corresponding link.


The switch has a default best-e.ort FIFO queue for each home, and a separate queue was created for each .ow that made a successful API call to the controller.

lastly, the dynamic adjustment of network bandwidth slice for this .ow is largely transparent to the client and server.


Fi-nally, various workflow process approaches could be adopted as effectors for such a language, such as our previous work on Workflakes [721.

the increasing number of ser- General Terms vices whose data is piped over HTTP (either for dynamic Reliability, Survivability, Overlay Networks, Intrusion Detection.


Nu,noted gnu, through which it passes to reach its CH.

the Ad Hoc networks are often characterized be densely networks.


The router uses locally con.gured thresholds to decide when to suppress the route (i.e., not use the route because it is unstable) and when to subsequently reuse the route.

our mech anism has to deal with this situation as well.


In the current stage of TIGR framework, resource manager is implemented as Python class, thus allowing for .exible design of di.erent scenarios, such as grouping of subcarriers in subbands in thepresence of weakfrequency selective channels or enabling an opportunistic use of available spectrum throughDynamic SpectrumAccess(DSA).Thetwo of themare moredetailed described in Section 3.

additional experimental evaluationwithUSRP2 anddi.erentindoor conditionsis tobeperformedin order to get larger insight into the TIGR capability.


The successful reception of a transmitted signal depends, along with the propagation function on the transmit power p, and the receiver sensitivity ..The receiver sensitivity is the threshold signal strength needed for reception andisassumedtobe anapriori knownconstant, same for all nodes.

the Steiner tree in G(V,E,.1) de.ned gives an exact solution for the minimum-energy broadcast tree problem.


However, in many ways, the core problems relating to this are not resolved; instead, the goal posts are simply shifted.


Since bandwidth throughput is inversely proportional to the schedule makespan, Theorem 1 implies that solely relying on work conservation may incur up to 50% loss of bandwidth throughput when there are two types of resources.

let Di F(0, t) be the dominant services .ow i receives in (0, t) under the .uid schedule, and Di D(0, t) the dominant services .ow i receives in (0, t) under the corresponding discrete schedule.


[4] Zhuang, R.; Zhang, S.; DeLoach, S. A.; Ou, X.; Singhal, A. Simulation-based Approaches to Studying Effectiveness of Moving-Target Network Defense.

the OSI Model Layer Name Relevant protocols and devices 7 Application HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, DNS 6 Presentation SSL 5 Session TCP 4 Transport TCP, UDP 3 Network Internet Protocol (IP), routers 2 Data-Link Ethernet, MAC, switches 1 Physical hubs  These dependencies create requirements for how the network should behave.


Note that we do not consider the scenario with 25 sensors, as was done in the grid case, because the network was too sparse to maintain connectivity with random deployment.

the congestion avoidance mechanism must converge on a reporting rate/discipline that is just suf.cient to meet the performance requirements at the observer.


To ensure fairness among clients, BBN uses a weighted credit based system [15] such that the credit of a client is high if it has not been scheduled for a long period of time.

the data was collected at multiple places including a hospital, a large university library and an apartment complex.


On cooperative settlement between content, transit and eyeball internet service providers.

this representation of an AS geo-footprint o.ers a reasonably reliable view of its PoP-level infrastructure that we call PoP-level footprint.


Figure 19 shows that even at 90% load, the average end-to-end latency per packet in DOS is kept low compared with the latency incurred in a lightly loaded flattened butterfly network.

this indicates that the entire memory size required by DOS will be much smaller than the anticipated maximum buffer occupancy of any output multiplied by the number of nodes DOS connects.


We are aware that with high probability this phenomenon is speci.c to the hardware we use.

in WiNS-DR 08, San Francisco, CA, Sept. 2008.


We also address issues on fault-tolerance and the deployment of the approach proposed.

the quota of r2 is further divided: r3 gets 4 for domain d3, and domain d2 gets 11.


Moreo-ver, we readily include such overhead in the calculation of ........ (Eq-uation 6) and the same method still applies.

when a transceiver receives frames in the receive mode, it calculates the channel matrix, and can use it as the estimation for next transmission.


Actually, in this particular measurement the MED- Figure 4: Measurement point in the campus library and the close by panOULU (public access network OULU) access points (denoted by red circles).

the FCME algorithm was utilized for adaptive threshold setting, e.g., in [18].


In such scenarios, SIC could signi.cantly improve the throughput.

theaboveargumentis onlypartiallycorrectbecausethefrequency offset candestroy thecorrelation, unlesstheAP compensates forit.


"A Survey of QoS Enhancements for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN".

most conventional scheduling techniques that schedule multiple queues in one node cannot be directly used since the WLAN environment is distributed.


In SP 00: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, Washington, DC, USA, 2000.

if node B drops the packet, as indicated by no transmission from B of this particular packet within a time window, the HMM that A keeps for node B will be updated with the observation s , indicating a sel.sh state.


the IPF algorithm, which converges to a stationary point of the likelihood function, will guarantee to return the MLEs.


By using (17), the average number of handovers yields E{H} = lira E{Tc} E{Th}~+~ E{Ta} = 0.

international Journal of Wireless Information Networks, I(2): 141-148, 1994.


AS-level failure locations are the proper granularity for these hypothetical noti.cations, because BGP uses AS-level topology abstractions.

reverse TR Figure 4: Isolation measurements conducted for an actual outage.


This proves that there exists a node set in V2 with size at least |Vk 2|/11 such that the k nodes in the set interfere with each other.

(e) +' .Iin(e) =I .-1 l. On the other c(e) e c(e ' ) arcsin 2.


Due to the distributed nature of switches, LIME cannot ensure that both clone instances are updated at exactly the same time.

[50] S. Rajagopalan, D. Williams, H. Jamjoom, and A. War.eld.


Then consider another cost pro.le d = d|k(pk(d) - d ) where 2 the true cost of link ek is pk(d) - 2 d .

routing has been an important part of the algorithmic mechanismdesign from the very beginning.


By recognizing mouth moving patterns, WiHear can extract talking information the same way as lip reading.

therefore it seems su.cient for WiHear to track one individual each time.


The modules o.er di.erent hardware infrastructures.

modularity is accomplished by de.ning functional units with .xed interfaces on top of the pipeline structure, as depicted in Fig.1b.


0.25 [8] Cisco Systems Inc. Data sheet for cisco aironet 1200 series, 2004.

e. Finally,the integral association is determined by the minimal cost maximal matching [29] of the graph G ' .


This message isforwardedbytheVSimRTI to the second tra.c simulator, which inserts a corresponding vehicle in its simulation area.

parallel Architectures, Algorithms, and Networks, International Symposium on, 0:637 641, 2009.


By matching the train of synchronization sequences, only the corresponding ACK will be detected by the reserved soft channel.

besides normal concurrent transmissions, the new scheme also allows a node to receive data from multiple transmitters simultaneously; and no synchronization is required between two communicating nodes.


Load Balance Manager will move the service based on this table.

the simulation result is shown in Figure 80 9.


Currently, we implement CBR tra.c with .xed end-to-end connectivity, and random end-to-end connectivity.

there should exist at least one contemporary fully connected path between end users to delivery packets.


This is because these nodes are located at the edge of each .oor and more hops are required to reach far-end nodes.

1 GByte CF memory is also inserted in the CF card interface.


To systematically quantify the accuracy of T in estimating Ty, we analyze the estimation error as a function of measurement intervals (denoted by t) for paths with These results demonstrate that an attacker can ex ploit coupling among MPTCP sub.ows to infer pro prietary information such as end-to-end throughput of unmonitored paths.

the feasibility of this attack is limited because the attacker would need to guess the 4-tuple (source IP, destination IP, source port, destination port), out of which ports are hard to know, and data/ACK sequence numbers.


using HTTP/OneProbe sprobing technique [28],TRIO ensures that the serverhas a su.cient cwnd todispatchback-to-back responsepackets.


This paper presents an extensive performance evaluation, by means of both network simulation and theoretical analysis, to get results in terms of delay, blocking probability, o.ered load and system utilization.

the RBs allocation is done in Proportional Fair manner [13].


The other reason is currently that DRAND cannot take into account the funneling effect and the need to allocate more slots to nodes in the intensity region.

the loss rate over the first two hops is considerably smaller when using funneling-MAC over B-MAC.


The .rst protocol, 802.11-distance, employs the idea proposed in [5], where the waiting time of the vehicles is inversely proportional to their distance from the source.

in an IVC network, the large number of nodes and high mobility make such pro-active approaches impractical [5].


The basic concept of DPM is to drive some sensor nodes to be in power saving (PS) state and get them back to active state when needed.

its performance depends on the accuracy of distance estimation by received signal strength.


Messages are produced at random intervals and on the average at rate .i =0.025 messages/second.

we assign di.erent mobility roles to the nodes of the network.


The proposed work uses two radios, with directional antennas operating on the same channel, at every node.

aCS for a radio is performed using current RSSI value and pre-estimated RSSI values for OOB emissions.


In addition, TRAB guarantees the dissemination reliability by adopting two types of answering mechanisms called implicit ACK and explicit ACK.

table 6 shows the selected broadcast scheme for each of the simulated scenarios according to our proposed Optimal Broadcast Selection Algorithm.


Trickles is backwards compatible with existing TCP clients and servers, and can be adopted incrementally.

the Trickles kernel does not retain outgoing data, and recomputes lost packets as necessary from the original source.


The approach provides the topology .exibility, low cost, and repeatability of simulation with the functional realism of testbeds.

sIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 36(1):59 62, 2006.


there are three nodes with label 2, but only one node with label 1 or 3.


we kept the simulation time low due to a very high execution time required for the 20 .ow scenario.


moves a token from u to v along e, and no tokens from v to u, thereby decreasing bt(u) by 1.

speci.cally, a window size Wis speci.ed, and it is required that for any set Sand any time window [t,t+W), the imbalance created on set Sover that time window is bounded by the total .


Based on our experimental results, we found that the performance for LOS (i.e.

you re Driving and Texting: Detecting Drivers Using Personal Smart Phones by Leveraging Inertial Sensors.


DMA operations appear to the driver as they would in reality.

proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, INFOCOM01.


Research Seminar on Networking, Helsinki University of Technology, Networking Laboratory, Espoo, Finland, February 2002.

140  5.2 Packet Length Model 300 120 Measured Measured A difference between Halo 2 and previously modelled games is that the packet length distribution is not continuous but has 100 200 80 characteristic peaks spaced 8 bytes apart and the intermediate packet lengths do not occur.


TPraw (DL) (6) TD _ SCDMA BW TPOFDM (DL) OFDM raw (7) .. OFDM BW  The allocated bandwidth for OFDM, BW OFDM , is seven times BWTD-SCDMA larger than that of TD-SCDMA, , since the .

it depicts that the maximum allowed path loss of TDD system is larger than WiMAX system.


The approach of delaying the SYN packet for the second .ow exhibits the following bene.ts: 1) it is safe and easier to fall back on legacy TCP if the other end does not speak MPTCP, and 2) it provides a higher level of connection security with key exchange.

when the path characteristics (e.g., loss rate or RTT) are diverse, reordering delay becomes crucial as packets arriving early from one path need to wait for packets arriving late from another path.


The user with highest priority is u1,and c4 =2pks/ts is the best available carrier for such user in slot t = 0.

speci.cally, only intervals of users are considered for which the current system con.guration is able to keep the missed deadlines ratio below the requested threshold (5% = s = 10%).


Simulation allows researchers to vary system con.gurations such as MAC layers and routing protocols.

the next step was to validate routing accuracy in our emulator.


Thus timestamps of requests received from multiple nodes are adjusted to the local clock.

when node ni wishes to send a message to nj, and they are not in the communication range, ni transfers the message to some other node nk only if nk has a higher rating than ni, for the given criteria.


1 0.8 Smartphone M2M 0.6 Asset CDF 0.4 Building Fleet Modem 0.2 Metering 1000 101 102 Telehealth Unique cell count Figure 8: CDFs of unique cells for smartphone and M2M categories.

the weekdayweekend pattern comparison reveals di.erent results for most M2M categories, illustrating that M2M categories indeed behave vastly di.erently from each other due to the di.erent applications they serve.


For example, ESM [18] reported that the average and worst-case link stresses are 1.9 and 9, respectively.

the new DCN topologies (e.g., BCube [7] and CamCube [9]) provide high network capacity with multiple data delivery trees.


This is repeated until a route is found.

data Reporting Model: Data sensing, measurement and reporting in WSNs is dependent on the application and the time criticality of the data reporting.


ECharts is compiled into Java, so all StratoSIP programs become applications in Java.

one extension will make it possible to program a feature handling an arbitrary number of active dialogs.


and control the coupling so that the node can selectively relay the packets, as close to real-time as possible.

use of MIMO-like [14] receivers alleviate the synchronization requirements so that nodes can retransmit without symbol-level synchronization.


In non-uniform node distributions, some candidate locationsfromregionswithlowerdensity mayprovidegood candidates for regions with higher density.

for those nodes that act as gateways to other groups, we have the chance to choose the nearest sink(i.e.,the one with shorterhop distance) during theoperationphase.


Ideally, the decision to allocate a new time slot should involve only nodes that interfere with each other.

extremely Opportunistic Routing [13] (ExOR) proposes a modi.cation to the 802.11 MAC so that any eligible node that receives a packet without errors can send an ACK and forward the packet.


Hence, our improved scheme not only solves the weaknesses in Zheng et al.

hA HAA it is obvious that A can intercept IDHA and nMU=h(N||IDHA).IDHA.IDMU, because of the messages is broadcasted in nature(see step 1 of section 2.2).


We have implemented Multi-Channel Deluge on a testbed of MICA2 motes operating in the 902928 MHz frequency region.

if a node does not receive or send any new portions 2.


CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have proposed a novel contention-based multiple access protocol for cooperative wireless networks.


pp Therefore, the relative error for a .ow of size v (de.ned r v 2 E[c] 1-p min as MSE/v )is e = vp + .

[10] R. M. Karp, S. Shenker, and C. H. Papadimitriou.


We are ready to present a .rst version of the algorithm.

once we move into a new phase, the block size halves, so for the remainder of the protocol we must send twice as many blocks and incur the corresponding overhead costs.


4 For the estimation of harmful interference to primary users and mutual interference among secondary users at the database, the applied radio wave propagation model a.ects the e.ectiveness of spectrum availability prediction and resource allocation.

when the secondary users are mobile, the problem of incumbent protection becomes very challenging [4, 10].


Then, within each epoch of P , it will transmit exactly one packet originating from itself, and from each of its n children.

knowing the depth of the generating node and obtaining the maximum epoch duration of the root node tmax,epoch , we can upper bound the delay by depthA(P ) × tmax,epoch.


j=1 Thus, as follows from (6), non-ACK-leader PLR with J>1 is less than that with J=1.

h .hk , k=1 Throughput for both candidates and non-candidates is given by CAND nCAND (8), where we substitute .j and .j for .j.


In this paper we propose a sensor node platform designed for health-care applications and a validated simulation model based on event-driven operating system simulation that can be used to accurately analyze performance and power consumption in BANs composed of multiple nodes.

because of the relative complexity of the applications considered here, the scheduler only used the .rst low power mode, which will be referred as the power saving mode in following discussions.


We place N repeaters three of.ces away from 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 # of clients the AP, and N other clients 9 of.ces away.

we also set the receive buffer to be 1 MB.


We can say that the optimal solution of g te(x|.i ,z * ) should be close to that of g te(x|.j ,z * )if .i and .j are close to each other.

note that, in all links of E the capacity of each channel will be the same.


Apple s iPhone has seen enormous success in the United States.

section 3 describes SoNavNet in detail, with an ontology, information flow diagram, and architecture.


In this section we explore these opportunities qualitatively and then, in the following section, quantify the potential for improved network utilization by comparing the throughputs achieved by current solutions to upper bounds computed by optimal of.ine algorithms.

the .gure presents the network topology, and illustrates how data is sent and received on each of the network links.


BACKGROUNDS AND PROBLEM STATEMENTS D. Damic et al.

in the network-based mobility management protocol, PMIPv6, it is possible to support mobility for IPv6 nodes without host involvement.


The shorter the dz-expression the larger is the corresponding sub-space in O.

in a multi-provider (ISP) scenario, one might also be able to choose from switches of alternative providers based on advanced optimization metrics like monetary costs.


Parallel message transmissions always interfere: P[Xvw > 0] > 0 for all v= w   3.

if the network grows and broadcast trees become larger, the probability increases that links along the treefail.


The rest of this section describes each of these modules in detail.

our algorithm requires .ow sizes in split patterns for anyindex to add up to the counter value at the index, hence using more detailed and .ne grained information than pure sampling based estimation.


We found that log-normal provided a decent .t for all three BitTorrent datasets, but signi.cantly overestimated the number of sessions longer than one day in the Red Hat and Debian datasets.

in summary, this paper advances our understanding of churn by improving accuracy, comparing di.erent P2P .le sharing/distribution systems, and exploring new aspects of churn.


CoAP implements a basic congestion control mechanism for the transmission of reliable messages.

the di.erences in the performance are greater for NSTART=4.


INTRODUCTION The Radio Frequency Identi.cation (RFID) system is a .agship technology to identify and trace objects by attaching a small RFID tag to the ob jects.

the expected number of slots in the jth split is .K s(j)= 1+1*i=2 Pi(j)+2*s(j+1)*Pcol (j)(0 = j< R-k) .K with a boundary condition s(R-k)=1 + 1 * i=2 Pi(R-k), where Pi(j) is the probability of i number of responding tags in the jth split.


The AP veri.es the ticket by checking that: (a) the identi.er ids matches the one in the message; (b) the current local time is within the validity period l starting from timestamp ts; and (c) the ticket digest code hamc is correct.

in our method, all algorithms except public key encryption/decryption, such as TKIP, MIC, and AES, are already implemented in current products.


If the occupation is different from 1, nothing must be done, because the scheduler is already turned on .

to keep LFVC work-conserving, ATM cells must be served even if they aren t eligible.


We assume that the covering-area radius is .xed in the whole network.

in our proposal, each node should have the estimates of distances to only nodes within its covering area.


[7] IEEE Standard for Information technology Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks Speci.c requirements.

our model is compliant with [15] considering high-level connections between nodes.


CCN has no notion of host at its lowest level a packet address names content, not location.

there is a behavioral difference between IP and CCN in what happens when there are multiple announcements of the same pre .x.


Modulation Rate Adaptation in Urban and Vehicular Environments: Cross-layer Implementation and Experimental Evaluation.


There are two key issues to be addressed: (i) adjusting backo.


Three cases are presented in this paper to investigate the effect of circular obstacles (e.g., bridge piers) between WSN sensors and receivers.

it might not always true when cracking and the behavior of the material behavior are nonlinear.


we can improve throughput by creating tunnels such that .ows lose as few tunnels as possible when faults occur.


For allocations prior to that date, we assume they were completely recorded in the allocation history statistical .le 20010501.

now, there is a prediction model that is both regularly updated and arguably canonical [12], and the most recent estimate date for the depletion of the IANA pool is in 2011,1 with all Regional Internet Registries (RIR) having allocated their resources in 2012.


However, this is not the case for the RSSI values recorded by the adversarial network, as they depend on the distance between the sending device and the receiving sni.ng station.

such data arguably leaks an amount of personal information lower than the data that .ows through the infrastructure.


Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing (Sept. 2001).

by exploring the criteria for effective infrastructure con.gurations, we open the door for network optimizations that control the effective topology to better achieve the application requirements.


3.3 Clustering Analysis in the Ideal Case Each node receives successfully the HELLO packets from its neighors in each round, in the ideal case.

c (k) k (0) p= p. .p k where, p = .f and p(0) = P c 1 ` c ´.


The buyer speci.es its agent by providing a set of goals in terms of rights and desired content.

with this implementation, it is possible to use a totally di.erent rights model to carry out negotiations, and this requires changes only in the Policy agent, while the rest of the protocol remains the unchanged.


[4] A. Lakhina, M. Crovella, and C. Diot.

let n denote the grand total of X and P denote the correspondence matrix such that pij = Xij /n, where pij and 2Biplot allows row and column categories to be displayed simultaneously on a 2D plot, in order to gain an understanding of the interrelationship or association between them.


This is because the congestion due to MAC contention gets relieved as the neighborhood of a node is reduced.

network Lifetime and End-to-end delay Figure 5.


Routing protocols allow peer to peer communications between nodes in an ad hoc network.

constraints such as low bandwidth, limited energy, mobility, non-deterministic topology and the broadcast nature of wireless communication make the ef.cient routing of data a critical element of ad hoc networks.


This assumption becomes increasingly inaccurate when the network density is decreased.

the sinks can move without reporting their location to the tree while receiving data updates successfully.