Also, the library can be interfaced with di.erent key-value stores.

first, a value can be speci.ed literally.


Our checksum function is secure by De.nition 1.

while S2 sees which shu.ed blocks the client requests later, it has no knowledge of the permutation applied by S1.


This signi.cantly reduces the number of potential respondents compared to conventional services in which anyone can respond to a posting.

table 1 summarizes our model parameters.


In this case we can see in the CP T of Fig.

we introduce two di.erent metho ds for the composition of preferences: the and-comp osition and the or-comp osition.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

40 Micro-index: Micro-indexing improves in-memory search due to 35 fewer cache misses incurred during element comparisons.


Also, the use of Kerberos for authentication in this architecture makes it unsuitable for us to utilize this approach.

fUTURE MIGRATION PLANS With the successful implementation of the account creation module, we are now at a stage where the rest of our single sign-on framework can be migrated from NIS to LDAP.


More importantly, ECC s performance advantage increases as security needs increase over time.

2.2 Open Source Software We have integrated ECC technology into OpenSSL, Apache, Netscape Security Services (NSS) and Mozilla [7].


3.3.1 Disk I/O Frequency The performance of disk I/Os is one of the most important factors that decides the performance of entire systems because disk I/Os are often a bottleneck in today s computers.

encrypted areas are areas that are already encrypted by background encryption, and unencrypted areas are areas that are not encrypted yet.


We are integrating a con.ict detection mechanism for Moreover, weplan to extend theproposed model in order to take into account the privacy requirements when enforcing access control policies, such as the support to purposes and obligations.

these sensor-rich environments introduce new access control requirements that cannot be solved by usual existing models such as MAC (Mandatory Access Control Model) [1] and RBAC (Role-Based Access Control Model) [14].


The AES equation set as described in [20] expects to receive aposteriori probabilities for the Hamming weights of the key bytes as part of the state.

4.6 Decoding Phase After pro.ling the a device that is physically identical to the attacked one, we now have classi.ers which represent all the templates for the device.


Second, most prior work has been tested on a somewhat limited set of apps, and more importantly not on real users in the wild.

their analysis of this on a set of 19 apps demonstrated that these techniques worked well, although for certain applications the rewriting did change the behavior of the app itself.


7 A diference between ring signature [20] and open-free group signature is as follows.


A role hierarchy defines inheritance and activation semantics through role-role relationships.

this weight function favors those roles whose permission sets overlap the most with PRQ.


Annotation of such structured multimedia content is in principle possible with MPEG-7 by considering the multimedia content as a media stream that can be decomposed.

the capturing location is therefore a property of the information object.


Grey: Indicates that HosTaGe (or its respective protocol emulator) is turned o..  4.4 Port Handling Based on the security policies of Android OS, only systemsigned applications are allowed to have access to privileged network ports (below 1024).

this decision takes in consideration the fact that a large amount of malware utilizes mainly this protocol for their propagation.


This compares favorably with the existing solutions.

many other publications appeared with the goal of extending the functionality or improving its performance.


when a rendering agent plays this song, it will log a play event into the database.


The motivation for such research has generally been to demonstrate the versatility and policy neutrality of role-based models; the basic approach has been to make use of inheritance in the role hierarchy.

we will use the RHA4 model as the basis of our administrative model [2].


The graphs are sorted by apps which have the highest percentage of users protecting access to the particular feature .rst.

note that all communication between iOS clients and ourserverisdoneoverSSLencryptedHTTPmessages.


Furthermore, existing tools typically focus only on certain integer error classes (mainly over.ows and under.ows) and as a result they do not provide broad spectrum protection.

for those cases, IntFlow safely removes the error checks inserted by IOC at the instrumentation phase.


Some generic knowledge bases already exist [3], helping the analyst in the risk identification phase.

in parallel with this specific development of TISRIM for the telecommunications sector, other adaptations of the tool are already planned or in progress; especially for the health sector and the financial sector, but also to include a systemic approach in ISRM (moving from one identified entity to a complete service supply chain).


DirKeyDer(Dirsk(i1,...,ig-1), (i1,...,ie)): Run HIBEPEKSKeyGen(Dirsk(i1,...,ig-1), (i1,...,ie)) and output the resulting Dirsk(i1,...,ig).

adherence to a simple encryption scheme can interfere with the desired functionality of health record systems.


In most common operating systems, the kernel runs in ring 0 (the highest privilege level), and user processes run in ring 3 (the lowest privilege level).

checking for race conditions in .le accesses.


An attacker can bypass StackGuard and StackShield by using a vulnerable function pointer [20] and overwriting the base pointer value in the activation record.

the sequence of call and return instructions can affect the frequency of spill and fill operation.


The main issues we address are in-band key distribution using symmetric key methods and providing data integrity and cryptographic access control without publickey signatures.

such trade-o.s can be a larger space consumption or the introduction of new constrains to the .le system.


The main storage overhead on the authority comes from the master key in [3].

the revocation issue in CP-ABE is still an open problem.


In SCN, volume 4116 of LNCS, pages 141 155.

[11] J. Camenisch, S. Hohenberger, and A. Lysyanskaya.


Observations on the role life-cycle in the context of enterprise security management.

definition 4 (Role-ROLES Similarity/Distance).


We compare the ratio to a threshold and classify the signal as 1 if it is above that ratio and 0 otherwise.

they further improve the accuracies by incorporating error correction using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) [2].


[16] E.DeCristofaroandG.Tsudik.PracticalPrivateSet IntersectionProtocols withLinearComplexity.

inparticular, we analyze speci.c requirements ofthreetypes ofapplicationsdiscussed above: PaternityTests,PersonalizedMedicine and Genetic Tests.


Using an associated software tool, the resulting attack trees can then be evaluated to .nd attacks with minimal cost in terms of persons involved (attack team size).

3.2 Argument Graphs Our framework aims to automatically aggregate the diverse input information described above.


Women were more likely than men to reuse a password with slight modi.cation: 69% of women compared to 55% of men (p =0.021, FET).6 Only 63 participants (13%) reported writing down their current password, 40 on paper and 23 electronically.

unfortunately, we do not know how many users were aware of the annual password change requirement, because we did not want to prime participants with potentially negative information about the new policy.


The victim, who found the flash memory, would plug the device into his/her computer either to find the owner of the device or to see what is inside of the flash memory [14].

the device is consisted of some tools to use during the attacks such as; aircrack-ng, dsniff, easy-creds, ettercap, hping3, httptunnel, karma, kismet, macchanger, mdk3, ngrep, nmap, nodogsplash captive portal, privoxy, ptunnel, snort, sslsniff, sslstrip, ssltunnel, stunnel, tcpdump, tor ve reaver araçlarini içermektedir[30].


Using this approach, we can deal with heterogeneous communities where trust scores assigned to one may be distributed in a multi modal manner that makes any single reputation value meaningless.

we present a policy-based approach that enables both the users and the communities to have control over the dissemination of reputation data.


The same strategy works for get_key2, too.

this requires storage equal to the keyspace size.


intentionally introduce a signi.cant variation in the thickness of hollow portions across characters, and even in a single character; others do not vary this thickness much and it is more or less uniform.


Crude upper bounds for these parameters are k and 2k, both functions of k only.

then Wi is a (derived) deterministic work.ow speci.cation.


A promising approach to defending against passive eavesdropping is to reduce the transmission power of the initiator.

to .nd out wether an attenuated .eld strength can support bi-directional communication, the initiator has to attempt a polling round with the attenuation level in question.


The other pair of glasses was altered so that both lenses opened during even-numbered refresh display frames, and closed during the other display frames.

changes to the properties of blocks are done through contextual menus that pop-up over the block being edited.


Similarly, Senser does not utilize PKIs and uses different perspectives to validate web pages.

(Note that both AS3303 and AS20965 are each split into two vertices that are connected by a single edge.


[25]M.NaorandK.Nassim.Certi.cateRevocationandCerti.cateUpdate.InProceedings of the 7th USENIX Security Symposium,pages217 228,January1998.


To make comparing lists of protocols easy, we require procotols to appear in lexicographic order.

schemes which try to simplify things through automation end up forcing users to grapple with the concepts of keys, signatures, certificates, certificate chains, revocation lists, trust roots, and validity/trust calculations.


For these programs, we measure the time between the sending of the request and the receipt of the entire response, averaged over one hundred requests.

if the annotations that summarize the effects of external functions are incorrect or incomplete, the system may miss important data .ow.


This is the typical scenario for the vast majority of systems in use today.

public-key cryptography also makes it possible to authenticate a user without having to send the Private Key to the authenticator; merely proof of possession of the Private Key is sufficient to authenticate the user.


printouts of this file are unaffected by this problem.


The public pro.le information includes the user s identi.er, .rst name, last name, username, and gender.

, gskn, ok, esk) and pkS N = (gpk, epk, cpars).


As usual, all the expressions in the table should be multiplied by the security parameter.

the proof structure is similar to that of [6].


Three di.erent anonymizers were analyzed and tested for use with CPG: Tor, JAP, and anonymizing websites.

5.1 Authentication Mechanism Since CPG can be implemented with various authentication technologies, an implementation inherits the threat model of the chosen authentication technology.


Moreover, researchers also assume that every party does not collude or share its record with any other party.

party 1 also learns nothing about the others, but can compute v1+ +vm by subtracting R from the received number.


The slop characteristic can provide the required limits.

(v) Group Reputation (W): Group reputation is taken into consideration to somewhat depict the real society where individuals with high reputation tend to be associated with a group whose members are also highly reputed.


IEEE (Special Issue on Cryptography), 2006.

these other options require additional hardware for the laptop, a requirement that contradicts some of our initial design goals.


However, credential-based trust is binary: i.e., a principal is either trusted or untrusted.


However, it is also possible to (ine.ciently) realize general access structures using our techniques by having the not of an attribute as a separate attribute altogether.

the key obtained is the .nal key ready to be distributed to other users.


Even single vendor solutions such as Microsoft NT domains and later AD installations were grown from the bottom-up.

lEVEL OF ASSURANCE According to [M0524], the scope of HSPD12 extends to persons on Federal facilities accessing systems on Federal facilities.


Matching is fast in the common case since most payloads never pass the pre.lter.

we presented XFAs, a formal model that extends standard DFAs with auxiliary variables and instructions for manipulating them.


Figure 4 demonstrates a composite strategyforpolicy con.ict resolution that sequentially applies new-authorization-overrides, speci.c-authorizationoverrides, and deny-overrides strategies.

authorization and selective sharing of medical information should be carried out with common understanding of EHR standards.


[9] proved the following property of average H8(X | Y ) := - log 2-H8(X|Y =y) is de.ned by Ey:=Y takes as input index i .

if X .L, there are two ways to compute Ask(X, aux): using sk or w. Following [5], we de.ne 2-universal and its slight variant which we call 2-universal ' .


For the chosen smart grid component (i.e.

existing ICT-related risk management processes are not directly applicable to the smart grid domain as the technology and the security requirements are signi.cantly di.erent.


In the proposed scheme, initially, the remote server, Web-browser, gatekeeper, and local application cannot trust one another.


Existing approaches to SCADA security aim to prevent attacks, but we believe it is impossible to prevent all attacks.

the team also needs to determine counter-measures to prevent recurrence and possibly collect evidence to legally prosecute the offenders without interrupting the availability of an energy delivery system (EDS).


A prototype of VoicEmployer has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of GVS-Attack.

in the following subsections, three types of attacks are described in details.


Our goal is to develop an approach and a tool that can be used by testing professionals, website administrators or web application developers to identify parameter tampering opportunities.

in practice, parameter tampering attack vectors sometimes arise because the developer simply fails to realize that the client checks should be replicated on the server.


Corporate law says clearly that the Acme account holder is not Alice but the company.

for example, since 1 January 2005, written prescriptions for controlled substances in California must be on tamper resistant security prescription forms produced by a printer approved by the State Board of Pharmacy.20 And the United Kingdom s payment clearing regulators APACS introduced a formal Check Printer Accreditation Scheme (CPAS) in 1995.21 4.2.2 The governance of security printing   Many of the standards governing security printing closely resemble those for traditional CAs.


WEIGHTED INSERTION :;Please refer Section 2 for the definitions of different types of key-gates.

ePIC [1] obfuscates the design by randomly inserting additional gates; only a correct key makes the design to produce correct outputs.


Currently,aVinci VCNisbuiltby composing thefollowingVM templates: Application VMs, each running a set of applications on behalf of a single user; Communication and Control VMs control information .ows among communities; Assurance VMs check that Application VMs only run authorized software and attest the software a VM runs; Community VMs manage the private resources of a community by enforcing MAC/DACsecuritypolicies; File System VMs implement a .le system shared among several communities and apply MAC/MLS policies and a tainting mechanism to prevent illegal information .ows across communities.

interactions among communities are implemented through shared .les managedbyFile SystemVMs, which belongtoseveralVCNs, or through information .ows implemented and monitoredbyCommunication and Control VMs.


For example, if an attacker only captures two nodes, he can fabricate 2m new nodes and deploy them back into the m sensor network without being detected.

the attacker can quickly outnumber the uncompromised sensors.


Figure 2: Post-ask attack for RD-ADV against TDB.


Secondly, the bucket-ids in the queries are sent in plaintext to the server in the bucketization method.

an adversary can easily identify the set of etuples that belongs to a set of buckets that appear in a query.


However, this directive does not prevent a document from being included across origins as a stylesheet, image, or script.

cSP by itself does not currently provide any protection against cross-origin CSS import attacks.


We also de.ne the ratio of k to n for any (n, k) linear block code, which is called code rate.

for tag,ktag the (n) code used to encode our tag, its code rate is ktag Rtag = cntag .


On the other hand, Tupni can identify not only .elds but also record sequences and important constraints.

it can potentially be used to generate highquality vulnerability signatures.


Broadcast receivers can also subscribe to general intents such as display the following image or show this location on a map .

broadcast receivers in combination with intents, are considered to form one of the most powerful features of Android.


Further to produce a = e(Qr,TQ)as ,is to solve BDHP in the group GT .

similarly, MIA can t pretend to be R. MIA and R (or S) can not share a common key K in any case.


For example, knowledge of the string length can ensure that users know the first object in each challenge in Figure 1 (a)-(c) is a random arc, rather than a character J , 7 or L .

the use of a predictable length of string, as well as an indication on how many characters a user is expected to enter (as shown in Figure 2), is good for usability.


Since a node can be uniquely identi.ed by its ID, every member in G2 but i must have at least one of the keys z1.i1 , · · · , z .

, z2.i2 r.ir it can open the second level of encryption and recover the new group key.


This way, in some situations our model can be a complement of RBAC model and extended RBAC models.

qACBAC is a pure context-aware model and, for this reason, it is necessary to consider QoC while determining resource access rules.


However, any exception naturally renders all subsequent computations invalid, and thus should be detected.

for each application and scenario the strategy for exception handling should be examined and reconsidered.


When user A sends a query (q, R) to the LBS, it is unaware of the current location of users, and can only use the available statistical information to infer who/where is the sender of q.

user A is 4-anonymous independently of whether or not B, C, and D are currently using the system, or even   (a) (b) Figure 2: Statistical background information: e.ciency(a) and additionalinformation(b) present at their home locations.


Speci.cally, when instructions are executed, we apply tainting and untainting policies to examine, set or clear the taint bit.

we can exactly locate the taint propagation by checking the taint bit throughout the registers, memory cells and disk blocks.


Note that it may not be easy (if not impossible) to completely avoid personal preference for graphical passwords since the users do need some semantic clues to help them remember their passwords.

in principle there is always an exploitable personal preference that can potentially be used by an attacker.


When more technical details of a vulnerability become available, its exploitability or severity may need to be adjusted; when patches are released by vendors to counter an exploit, the vulnerability may become less severe; on the other hand, when exploit codes become more widely spread, the severity of a vulnerability may increase.

it is insuf.cient to rate vulnerabilities with .xed scores.


This means that the probability of being able to connect from one host to another already includes the probability Figure 1: Experiment Scenario that represents a vulnerability in app1.

the correct p way to illustrate the connectivity would be A .


These rights can be conveniently expressed, as for any DRM system, in standard machine readable language using XrML [1], REL [35], etc.

the private data in a PRM system plays the role of asset in classical DRM, whichisprotected according to thelegislationinforce(the rights).


m) = w~.° +2mud Pi, l~j~k 6. q/'+') = q (A + 2, i = i + {, gore 3  Figure S. Prime finding algorithm using table look-up The algorithm shown on Figure 5 r,~uires a table [ wl, w2, w 3 .... ] to keep all the residues w~ '~ of the previous iteration.

this algorithm is referred to as table look-up (1+1) ,..U) algorithm.


Furthermore, We have observed that ECC implementation in the C++ language performed well on small embedded systems due to its small key size and high security protection.

it is interesting to develop and test some new implementations that can run on other small embedded systems with limited resources such as FPGA, DSP, and emerging microcontrollers.


That is, independent of the set of I/Os, any input item, x, at the beginning of the sort can be mapped to any output item, y, at the end.

for any item x in the input, the adversary can correlate x with any item y in the output with probability exactly 1/N.


People with higher responsibility and accountability help develop policies where as others with limited responsibility help enforce the policies.

it is necessary to be aware of how they are presented to the users as they are the most basic form of internal controls and they affect everyone within the organization.


In the presence of crosstalk noise the propagation delay of victims is changed.

the crosstalk noise evaluation tool has to be coupled to the static timing analysis to rectify the gates delay.


Up on receiving the worm, each node S .Cwill infect nodes in TS, which takes time at most |TS|W/r2 +L2 =nW/r2 +L2 = 1/2+m-k. Because these infections happen as soon as each node S receives its worm, the last node in U receiving the worm at time at most T2 =(n +k +1)+(1/2+m -k)=m +n +3/2.

the total infection time is at most max{T1,T2}= m +n +3/2, as desired.


This means that the PID controller-based reputation framework can effectively penalize compromised relays mounting active dropping and our proposed .ltering scheme can then successfully .lter such compromised relays.

in the presence of the proposed reputation framework an attacker does not gain any signi.cant bene.t by performing deliberate circuit dropping.


In a .ow-sensitive type system like ours, type quali.er for variables change from one program location to another.

typing judgements for the language commands (Figure 8) capture the e.ects of command execution on type environments and have the form G .


David M. Lary An-I Andy Wang Florida State University Florida State University 105-A Love Bldg 265 Love Bldg Tallahassee, FL 32306 Tallahassee, FL 32306 lary@cs.fsu.edu awang@cs.fsu.edu encrypted with a random unique key to achieve perfect secrecy; real-life implementations are far from perfect.

to avoid identical messages encrypted using the same key resulting in the same encrypted message, initialization vectors (IVs) are introduced to seed the encryption process.


If not, we use the fact that, in our scheme, the authority does not give out keys only based on its share of the secret it also incorporates some pseudorandom values based on the seeds that it shares with other authorities.

we can pretend the challenge values are incorporated in this pseudorandomness.


The desirable properties of the iris dataset for the evaluations should be su.ciently large, consist of images collected from heterogeneous group of sub jects, and contain images that depict variability factors typically encountered in real world applications [24].

we tested our approach on all images of the left side, that is 16,000 images of the commercial version and 500 images of the public version.


Rewriting Strategy Our strategy for enforcing .ow policies, is to extend the browser with a function that takes a code string and the URL from which the string was loaded, and returns a rewritten string which contains operations that perform the injection, propagation and checking of taints.

to enforce the policy, we ensure that the code on the web page is appropriately rewritten before it is evaluated.


By operations on encrypted data we mean, for example, additions on a group of elliptic curve points.

the performance of HICCUPS can be estimated by calculating the encryption overhead and adding it to the performance time of the distributed aggregation scenario above.


DRSteg and NSteg use a bitmap to track the status of disk blocks, so they can ensure data Table 5: Workload Parameters integrity with just one copy of each data .le.

they are substantially faster than StegCover and StegRand.


It must be noted that both standards do not collide also in the speci.cation of event handling, as MPEG21 ER deals with report formats, while ONVIF de.nes the layerfor communicatinggeneric reports(Real-Time andnon Real-Time).

turning again to our framework, a natural implementation of event reporting would consist in using MPEG-21 formats for ER and ERR, embedding the latter into the corresponding DIs, and encapsulating the former inside ONVIF messages, in order to be simultaneously compliant with both standards.


Through automatic analysis on mathematical expression of all the 20,902 Chinese characters in UNICODE, we have found that there are 11,824 elements in 6).


For making a chosen clause true, an attacker needs to make true all literals in this clause.

all literals belonging to the same clause should be equally prioritized.


We de.ne correctness following [7, 8, 9, 23] strong corruption model.

we provide a relatively weak by requiring that if the adversary honestly forwards all mes-de.nition of the former but a strong de.nition of the latter.


Hence, any function pointer dereference would bring execution back in split-base mode, which contradicts our goals.

we rewrite indirect calls in split hardened assembly to .rst lookup the corresponding split-hardened function pointer.


In addition, the user can also choose to encrypt the data transmitted between the user and the storage device.

along with authentication and access control, NASD can provide integrity, freshness, and privacy of data as well as user commands to the storage device.


Windows provides well-defined interface for attaching a filter driver above an existing functional driver like a local FSD.

dOFS can easily attach a filter driver above the local FSD corresponding to the disk volume device where the protected file directory resides.


All these solutions have in common that no standardized API exits at the moment.


In the presence of an adversary or software faults, this proceding will inevitably result in an early and complete loss of the whole network.

not only the detection of misbehaving nodes is important, but also the selection and application of e.ective countermeasures.


However, in the Role expression scheme multiple users can satisfy the role expression speci.ed in the obligation policy rule.

we have two possible interpretations of strong accountability.


We chose the allocation sites for which wecomputed theground truthbased only onthenumber of pool blocks they cover and not based on any properties of KOP.

we believe that the veri.ed coverage has the character of a statistical sample and thatitis representative ofKOP s overall coverage.


As shown before, by receiv ing the key information corresponding to and the temporal inter eso val , is able to derive all the secret keys used to encrypt nodes belonging to lower level classes wrt in each time granule belong e o s ing to .

we can associate with only the class information corresponding to .


Second, a signature may appear in the packet which is in the middle of a flow.

previous packets which do not contain any signatures need to be examined first.


This requires auxiliary information, that a tracker may learn or have, but which is not considered in Jiang [31].

we are unclear as to how e.ective this countermeasure is in many practical cases.


We do not anticipate that the number of permissions will increase signi.cantly.

we adopt for permissions similar numbers as the largest ranges from the literature.


This leads to a large number of connection attempts seen at a victim host.

anomalies are detected on statistics given by (7) and (8) above, if the connection attempt is a normal attempt.


For instance, on business server, leak of system data may expose the vulnerability of system and let the server involve in network intrusion, but on personal computer, leak of dynamic data such as bank account and password may cause financial loss.

the calculation of s(lpi) should be defined according to the specific circumstance where the software runs.


· Z-1) · Mb is independent of Mb, therefore, the adversary cannot guess the correct bit with probability more than 1/2.

b correctly struction in that user storage is on the order of the number of attributes in s (as opposed to the number of subformulas in s).


While the kernel in general might keep some data in the paged memory whose contents might be swapped to a file, the most critical and frequently accessed kernel data structures, such as those used in this study, were known to be permanently kept in the non-paged memory.

we focused only on non-paged kernel data structures in this work.


The slow path processing is provisioned in a way that it can sustain the rate at which such false packet diversions from normal flows occur.

it is unlikely, that these packets from normal flows will overload the slow path.


Once Rcv requests it, C will be cached regardless of the original value of b.

after being retrieved, b will be set to 1 until C is .ushed from Rt s cache.


This is due to the fact that the di.erence between the two oscillators is too Figure 1: A sample 1-bit ring oscillator PUF small to be measured.

one cannot control or predict the output of this PUF just by inspecting the device.


Drawings could be made on a part of a paused video, using a grid overlaid on the still image.

this information type will be recorded as the sequence of grid cells that the drawing passes through.


The wolf can be depend on the signature verifcation algorithm.

our future work also includes to perform experiments using a more sophisticated algorithm.


In terms of 60 simself simcorr , there are C2 50 devices pairs, where 60*60 similarities can be calculated in each pair.

totally, 3600 * C2 50 simcorr are collected.


One of the major di.erences between the iCTF and DefCon s CTF is that the iCTF involves educational institutions spread out across the world, where the DefCon CTF allows only locally-connected teams.

defCon requires the physical co-location of the contestants thus constraining participation to a limited number of teams.


Also note that B sends only one message to C during the entire protocol (and not two, as discussed in the beginning of the section).

in J (D) are masked (by replacing with an X ).


We show that if we restrict ourselves to such reductions, there are access structures that cannot be handled efficiently, where by "effi- ciently", we mean that protocols run in time polynomial in the number of players, counting usage of the SS-scheme as only one step.

general reductions building MPC from SS would have to either depend on the particular kind of SS-scheme being used (such as reductions depending on linearity of the SS scheme) or be inefficient on some access structures.


Our goal is to identify potentially dangerous con.gurations at install time.

we cannot ensure runtime support beyond what Android already provides.


With the proposed captcha, the person s goal is to orient all of the images correctly; if they fail they have to try again until they succeed.

we believe that people would be a little more careful in the real setting.


Since the nodes need to store less number of keys in their key rings, less information is revealed to an attacker in case of node captures.


At the same time, the monitor is a separate process with its own address space.

it is di.cult to compromise the monitor by taking control of a variant.


Furthermore, a very simple key management allowed an attacker to compute device keys from the data contained on a single encrypted DVD.

today CSS can be considered to be completely broken.


Along with the Motion Estimation (ME), the DE represents about 90% of the encoder energy consumption [13].

mE/DE is the main optimization focus for energy reduction in the MVC encoders.


As a common data structure, ahierarchicaltree-structuredinformation set is de.ned to describe and store values of security attributes called an asset.

the data structure representing an asset can be used to store security attributes of an asset or attributes of a system under evaluation that contains multiple security items.


As we explained in Section 3, every SSL application starts with the same initial states of APRNG, which are updated by Zygote.

if an attacker can restore the APRNG states of any speci.c application, he can obtain the states of all applications even those that are implemented by other packages and will run after the attack.


f(D)) · f(c)|p1,...,pz |D| c.R Since the adversary cannot predict the challenge ciphertext when choosing plaintexts, she will be tempted to query a combination p1,...,pz which leads to worst-case (i.e., minimum) global disclosure-resilience.

we can adopt its value as a metric named expected f under z chosen plaintexts: := min f|z·p f|p1,...,pz (p1,...,pz).Dz Note that for all OPF construction schemes considered in this paper, the worst-case occurs for the choice of (approx imately) equally spaced plaintexts, partitioning the domain into (approximately) equal parts.


Because the length of public ball is related to the security strength of the hash function, we cannot reduce the ball size.

we reduce the number of public balls needed by using a Merkle hash tree instead of one-way hash function to authenticate the private balls, as illustrated in Figure 3-1.


In the parapass-through architecture, security functionalities will run in hypervisors.

a vulnerability in the security functionalities becomes a vulnerability of the hypervisors.


The attacker could intentionally age the target ICs after manufacture in such a way that unpredictable delay faults occur at runtime to transition the IC from normal states to the HTH states.

the main rami.cation of our proposed HTH model is that it forces the detection mechanisms to move from traditional detection to sequential synthesis.


(2) End-users or administrators often have to be authenticated before running in-VM programs to update the kernel state, which may not be ideal for a timely response to intrusions (e.g., kill a rootkit hidden process), especially for cloud providers who in many cases do not have a user account in the guest-OS.

in this paper we introduce E XT ER I O R, a new program execution model in which we can run programs in an outer-shell for a guest-OS administration, with the same effect in terms of kernel state updates akin to running the programs inside the GVM.


a query only needs to satisfy one rule to return an answer.

a manager may query the table to get all accessible values, and the answer will include the manager s own data (including salary) and the data of all employeesinthedepartment(excluding salary).


A bulk-guessing attack occurs when the attacker distributes the guesses among many di.erent accounts [31, 21].

rather than send one million password attempts against a single account (which will be blocked by the lockout policies) the attacker may send one attempt each against a million di.erent accounts.


The algorithm will transmit at most 1000/T cells per second, but may transmit less if the outbound connection has a lower bottleneck bandwidth.

one may view Congestion-Sensitive BUFLO as a link, with bandwidth 1000/T , in the overall network path between the sender and receiver.


For any given ., the adversary may guess any secret variables with a non-zero probability, including variables that store cryptographic keys.

in contrast with our de.nitions of noninterference so far, we cannot expect the advantage to be 0 as we start relying on cryptography.


sybil nodes can initiate a DDoS attack), attacker cannot wait for a very long duration and it will somehow tries to get identities as early as possible.

we employed this timestamp based approach to limit sybil attack.


This notion of integrity is focused on identifying the speci.c pieces of software loaded on the platform and assumes that the appropriateness of the software has been determined by some other means.

if the con.guration of the platform has changed beyond that approved for use by the owner, then the platform integrity is degraded.


3.1 Header Fuzzing Detection Module (MH ) The basic working principle of this module as mentioned before is that the header .elds of subsequent packets in an RTP session are closely related.

we monitor the spatial distribution of header .elds in a sliding window of k packets.


Therefore, the defense is most robust if it depends on keeping an IP address on the list of preferred addresses for as short a time as possible.

the most robust defense is to only rely on fragmentation during the handshake, and use one of the defenses in this paper to defend the handshake from this attack.


The earliestavailableworker j is predicted to handle request i.

we .nd j such that avail(Wj ) = min1=m=n{avail(Wm)} 2.


This raises security and privacy concerns by Cloud users.

we are planning to extend ERM schemes to cover this requirements; i.e.


inconsistent policy combination [10] and erroneous policy evaluation truth tables [10].

we believe that there is a strong need for an access control language that combines the bene.ts of XACML and RBAC without their drawbacks.


We need some place to store critical data such as keys and temporary data generated and used by the proposed scheme.

we assume that a relatively small amount of protected memory is reserved for these purposes.


Third, since Alice can only decrypt Bob s message if she ful.lls his policy, Bob never has to actually see Alice s credentials.

in some cases Alice can obtain resources using credentials she never reveals to anyone.


We argue that for large scale networks, the coherent q(n) must decrease with n, because if it does not, by adding su.ciently many extra nodes to the network, Bi will reach, and then exceed 1.

such speci.cation is unsuitable for analyzing large scale networks.


However, our results are promising in showing that even under a fundamentally di.erent type of load, the detector still provides adequate discrimination between  Figure 7: ROC curve for system under both desktop and web server loads, showing degraded performance clean and infected systems.

these results highlight the need for a more accurate statistical model that can more accurately model the sensor values under diverse loads, which is af subject of our future work.


4.1 Implementing Compartments XOM uses both asymmetric and symmetric ciphers to implement compartments1.The master secret hidden in the XOM processor is actually the private part of an asymmetric cipher pair.To support multiple compartments, each compartment has a distinct symmetric key, called the compartment key, which is used to encrypt its contents.The compartment key, in turn, is encrypted with the public key matching the processor, allowing the processor to recover the compartment key and decrypt the program.The encrypted compartment key need not be kept in the processor; it can be stored with the encrypted program code.

the use of compartments a.ects the software distribution model.A software producer who wishes to distribute programs that use compartments will .rst encrypt the program with a randomly chosen compartment key.She can then distribute the encrypted image, but no image will be executable until combined with a compartment key encrypted for that processor.she must encrypt the compartment key with the public key of the processor she wishes to allow the program to execute on.In a commercial setting, this could be done when the customer either purchases or registers the software online.


The KdPub key can be used to encrypt CEK.

only the device possessing the corresponding KdPri would be able to decrypt CEK and, in turn, decrypt the digital item.


When this object is seen from the side, the object cannot be distinguished from others since any object from the side looks like the same as shown in Figure 6 (b).

in this implementation, three dimensional objects are transformed into two dimensional images within the range of 45 degrees even when they are ti lted to any direction from the front sight except from the front sight.


the number of bits to represent u is given by the individual length of the run-length part and the .xed length of the .nite alphabet.

lJ u l(u) = + 1 + log2 m (7) m we try to minimize the expectation E(l), where l(u) is distributed with the geometric probability distribution Pp(u) given in Equation 4.


In fact, the malicious blocks are temporarily stored in the page cache from where they are retrieved when they are immediately accessed by the attacker.

the presence of a cache forces the attacker to wait until the blocks are evicted from the cache.


V (those Yj that were in V are replaced by labels not in V and the sequence is extended with labels not in V ) and (2) labels Xj and Yj are uniformly distributed and statistically independent.

in (1) we are only interested in a non-zero probability that T s usage is > nZ + R. without loss of generality, we may constrain |V | to lead to such a non-zero probability.


Due to increased entropy, it is also not possible to tell the directionality of the pattern.

we conclude that it is possible to capture patterns using compact optical cameras in most of the cases where the phone is not heavily used or cleaned and where there is e.cient lighting.


Our analyzer, Ether, is based on a novel application of hardware virtualization extensions such asIntelVT, and resides completely outside of thetargetOS environment.

there are no in-guest software components vulnerable todetection, and there are no shortcomings that arise from incomplete or inaccurate system emulation.


However, we want to generate only one symbol per cycle.

we present a solution to form new character classes (and corresponding symbols) so that a symbol can match utmost one character class.


First, we consider an adversary launching an o.-line password guessing attack on the user Ui,j .Since ti is encrypted using encryption key eki,j which is secret and the symmetric encryption scheme SKE is secure, hence, ti is unknown to an adversary.

it is not possible for the adversary to verify the correct guess of password from vi,j .Furthermore, MACS is secure and ti is unknown to the adversary, therefore, it is not possible for the adversary to verify the correct guess of zi,j from µ¯i,j * through the password guessing in zi,j .


the above problem is identical to the feedback vertex set problem [13], which is NP-complete when any non-cyclic paths from C is smaller than k. we can easily reduce our problem to this one and use one of its approximation approaches.


Ambient light sensors usually do not distinguish between light from different sources as long as it falls inside the visible light spectrum.

the noise in a light channel can be quite high if there are other frequently changing light sources (e.g., multiple TV sets displaying different programs in a pub) in the same indoor space.


In this paper, we intend to restrict the content labels to two words (8bytes), so that they can be fetched in a single memory access1.

a content label may require 3 additional bits to store its length.


This function is constant time, as it checks two parameters, and if they meet the requirements, then a return value is created and returned.

if they do not meet the requirements, then an error return value is returned.


Indeed, if there is a code inside the suspicious object, it might also be benign.

there might be a benign .le with a suspicious distribution of the objects in the STO and SUO layers.


This type of structuring helps to localize role-target relationships in small manageable sets that are easier to understand, interpret and modify.


The power consumption model for the analysis was chosen based on an assumption about the internal DES hardware, i.e, the common design choice that the state of the cipher is saved in a bu.er in every round.

we computed the correlation coe.cient between the processed measurements and the HD of two consecutive round outputs of the .rst DES decryption, which is a typical hypothetical power model when attacking hardware.


rates) The relevant events concerning key-availability are exactly those events in which the key would be available, the relevant events concerning key-vulnerability are exactly those events in which the key would be compromised.

the sum of the occurrence probabilities of relevant events concerning key-availability equals the key-availability of the key fragments distribution.


Given that concrete instantiations of the generic scheme are iteratively executed, the limited size of the primary memory (PM) (see below) and the fact that accessing the secondary memory requires signi.cantly more time than accessing PM, we consider this assumption to be reasonable for most practical instantiations.

5.2.2 System-Level Properties The size and utilization of the primary memory (PM) plays a fundamental role for assessing the optimality of a software attestation scheme with regard to the resources used by a prover P. a common assumption is P that PM is just big enough to honestly execute Attest, i.e., there is no free PM that could be used otherwise.3 Another crucial assumption of any software attestation scheme not explicitly made in most previous works is that the state S should not be compressible into PM.


The simulator .ips a fair binary coin ., and returns an encryption of m. .The ciphertext is output as: E =(.,E ' = m. Z,{Ei = Cri }i.. ) If µ =0 then Z = e(g,g)abc.If we let s = c,then we ri )c have Ys =(e(g,g)ab)c = e(g,g)abc,and Ei =(g = Cri .

the ciphertext is a valid random encryption of message m. .


Also when an administrator or delegator attempts to revoke a permission granted to a user, the same user might still be exercising the permission to access a resource, which violates system safety.

we extend [3] to include the Use Cases of: (1) role-based delegation extending the delegation framework of [3], and (2) policy administration with or without delegation extending the Use Cases proposed in [19].


The policies do not adhere to her preferences.

some FSP in the federation leaked her data violating her privacy preferences.


A page owner can assure properties of linked page by signing the link, so a link plays the role of a pointer to other information and an assurance of properties of linked page.

owners can create trust relationships among trustworthy pages by using Trusted-Links and users can navigate these pages securely.


This would mandate the change in all the permission assignments to add an obligation which increments the data access counter.

in order to reduce the total count of policy assignments, the policy manager could decide to merge the permission assignments because they all give access to data without any condition or obligation.


inintervalT1,ucannotacquireanypermissionsof  Figure1:Anexamplehierarchy Table3:Hierarchiesandassociatedfeatureswithuassignedtox1 x1x2:::xn;1xn Rolecombinationthatcanbeactivatedinasessionbyu MaximalPermissionsetthatcanbeacquiredbyu MinimalPermissionsetthatcanbeacquiredbyu Numberofcombinations ofP1P2:::Pn acquiredbyu I-hierarchy fx1g Pmax (Byactivatingfx1g) Pmax (Byactivatingfx1g) 1 A-hierarchy X.fx1x2:::xng Pmax (Byactivatingfx1x2:::xng) Pmin (Byactivatingfxng) 2jXj;1 IA-hierarchy X.fx1x2:::xng Pmax (Byactivatingfx1g) Pmin (Byactivatingfxng) n theProgrammerroleevenifitisenabled,astheSoftware Engineerroleisdisabledatthattime.Itisalsopossiblethat thereisatemporalintervalinwhichSoftwareEngineer roleisenabledbuttheProgrammerroleisnot,asindicated byintervalT2inFigure1(d)-(ii).Insuchacase,wecansee thatthefollowingtwoapproachescanbeusedtocapture theinheritancesemantics: 1.Weaklyrestrictedapproach(Iw):Thepermissionsof theProgrammerroleareinheritedbytheSoftware EngineerroleinintervalT2, 2.Stronglyrestrictedapproach(Is):Thepermissionsof theProgrammerrolearenotinheritedbytheSoftware EngineerroleinintervalT2.


The fact that systems with such problems exist shows a lack of cross-dissemination between the cryptography and storage arenas.

we hope that this paper can empirically show what can go wrong when cryptography and storage constraints collide.


Thus, it can create a misbehavior strategy that maximizes the number of required samples for misbehavior detection delaying the detection as much as possible.

our approach refers to the case of an intelligent attacker that can adapt its misbehavior policy so as to avoid detection.


Weak accountability allows an obligation to be unauthorized during part of its time interval, provided that if the obligated user waits for other obligations to be fulflled, it is guaranteed that the action will become authorized before its deadline.

accountability properties can be viewed as invariants that the system attempts to maintain.


As a result, we removed the latter four conditions, and recruited participants for the .rst three experimental conditions (Figure 4) and the control condition.

we measured the e.ects of traditional password meters (the EM condition) and meters based on social navigation (the PPM condition), while controlling for meter orientation (the EM2 condition).


Prohibiting embedded elements from saving webifests can address these issues.

a browser supporting our model ignores webifests received from embedded elements in a web app.


Although most attacks can be detected by looking at a fraction of these characteristics, the redundant characteristics bene.t in two ways:  An attack would likely change at least a subset of the large set of characteristics being monitored.

the redundancy provides a safety cushion against making a poor choice of characteristics to monitor, or inadequacies in the learning algorithms.


A Dependency Constrained Assertion is one, wherein the Condition element is extended by de.ning an AssertionDependancy element, which is further de.ned to contain one or more AssertionPatternType elements.

any Assertion containing the AssertionDependancy element can be used only along with those Assertions, which satisfy the requirements of the speci.ed AssertionPatternType elements.


Con.guration had only been evaluated informally.

the estimation of protection needs and threat likelihoods were  Privilege Extent Override Logistics Contracts Quality data Adequacy Branch Company Branch Company Spec.


When throughput is 80 MB/s, 512 bytes can be transferred in 6.4µs.

2.3µsrepresents a 36% overhead, which corresponds to the result.


In contrast to this, the average correlation coe.cient value between the attack .ows and Sout for values of k from one to nine is computed to be 0.927, which is indeed an indication of strong correlations in those cases.

the MSs (e.g., MSb in Fig.2) require to consider tracing back those .ows at the con.uence point which lead to doubtful correlation coe.cient values in the vicinity of 0.50.


For example, in Figure 3, at the Line 13, we find three tokens ($name, logged, on), and only one of them is a variable ($name).

c4 becomes 1/3 or 0.33 for XSS with respect to the dynamic variables present in the statement.


A recent study [40] shows strong evidence on the infeasibility of using obfuscated response solely based on human cognitive capabilities.

it is necessary to rely on certain protected environment to achieve this security objective.


Therelyingpartymay alsowish tohidefromtheidentityproviderhowmuch tra.corusers they have, as this can be sensitive business information.

we believe that there is a need for an anonymous SSO framework.


HIFMs that satisfy concrete equivalence requirements 1-3 above will always produce data of the same label at the corresponding output nodes.

we can merge two HIFMs with di.erent output edges by unioning these edges to the merged HIFM.


To distinguish the TruStore information from other credentials stored in the credential storage we add a special pre.x (TRUSTORE).

truStoreService selects from the storage only the appropriate credential data.


As noted above, the function of the norm is that we understand the world.

using the norm as a guide reduces uncertainty, and enhances con.dence that a choice made is the correct course of action [33].


The WebView instance is removed from the screen, leaving only the overlapped UI objects depicted in Figure 4(b).

user can clearly know that they are under the attack and can stop.


According to [8], the security level is linearly related to k ß p 2 .

among pairs of p and ß which satisfy pactual, the deployer selects the one which maximizes ß p 2 .


We additionally require that the sets of variables used in the descriptions of P1 and P2 are disjoint, and that fresh constants are chosen from the disjoint sets Fi.

no variable or constant can have an ambiguous labeling.


We believe that a malicious user might try to hide his malicious intentions by mixing malicious queries with legitimate ones.

70% of the queries performed by a malicious user were considered benign and only 30% were malicious (see Figure 9).


As a direct consequence of the above theorem we have that maximal l.xl2 is bounded, and the attacker can not use modeling errors and the corresponding relaxation of the l0 optimization problem to introduce unbounded error in the attack-resilient state estimator.


Unfortunately, we found 2,079 cases for which this assumption did not hold.

we conclude that counting unique nids underestimates the botnet s footprint.


It is more versatile than the hosts .le speci.cation because it can de.ne many forwarding/.ltering rules for each packet.

it is very dangerous if hackers add malicious rules in the iptables.


The default privacy setting for Facebook was to allow all people in the same network to view each other s pro.les.

a malicious user could join a large network to crawl data from the users on that network.


In a time period t, the expected number of messages sent by one node is a2+tb.

the number of messages sent by all the nodes in the network is Nm = 2tn .


Moreover, the content element of the AC-XML document groups the credential expressions of all the access control policies that apply to a node under the same conditions (i.e., the same access mode and the same content condition) and having the same propagation option.

in real situations we have that #content < #NP.


Each instance will reveal two pieces of side-information to an attacker: T and B.

in total, the attacker is able to observe only the O =(Tup,Tdown,Bup,Bdown), where each of these values has been quantized to a power of two.


Shannon Distinguishabil- ity is the optimal mutual information between Eve's bits (£) and Alice's j~h bit (.4j) (when all other PA bits are given together with the ECC data and test data).

i(.Aj; ~lir, jT, b,, bT, s) g c~ + ~ Z P(c, liT, jT, I~, bT, S) .


On the other hand, in the IBE setting a revoked user, or the adversary holding its private key, should not be able to decrypt messages even if it colludes with any number of non-revoked users.

to the best of our knowledge, the solution proposed by Boneh and Franklin in [7] remains the most practical user revocation solution in the IBE setting.


Hence, the probability for Stage 1 to compute the correct output is given by: 1 m - m 2K-m 1 - e 2K-m In general, for many real-world applications, m can be at most 100.

for 1024-bit key size (i.e., K = 1024), the probability for SBDp to produce correct output in the .rst run is approxi - 100 2924 mately e 1.


The fail-and-retry approach certainly is the worse choice because it requires more query sessions and then generates more traffic in the network.

we implemented the straight-up approach and run performance comparison between these two approaches based on the above metrics.


We can see that the delivery time of the globally optimal solutionis muchbetterthanthenaive solution.

when using pseudo random numbers as waiting time, a sensor node can use brute force search to get a path with minimum delivery time.


Since the existing receivers are often in a large quantity for most primary users, any solution that requires the update on the existing receivers will never be adopted.

the main concern of the FCC regulation boils down to the cost on the primary users, including the operating costs and an one-time equipment update cost.


If a process is actually malicious, it can only invalidate its own protection.

the Process Firewall is not an alternative to system-call interposition mechanisms for con.nement, but instead protects processes by blocking access to system resources that fail attack-speci.c invariants.


Indeed, many cache-like structures will do best on data that are skewed.

we aim to quantify whether some SDPs may do better when access requests are skewed.


To write a program to change Alice s pro.le picture on her social networking services would require writing code speci.c to each service services have their own API.

tools tend to support only the most popular services.


local API [44] to more accurately simulate movement along Sybil paths under the constraints of current traf.c.

if there is traf.c congestion at a particular location, SybilQuery can either simulate slower movement in that location or simulate a detour (and request the path generator to generate a fresh path to the destination).


For our two sub-channels coding, we set ) and optimizing is an effective design method without considerable performance degradation.

the design parameters are and rate optimization is equivalent to maximize , which is a linear function of the design parameters.


We .rst exclude all vertices and edges that do not lie on any valid path since such vertices only contribute to bandwidth overhead when they are siblings to vertices on a valid path.

all sources (i.e., vertices without inward edges) are packet vertices, and all packet vertices are sources (for the hash function would not be one-way otherwise).


This in itself is much larger than the free storage that most cloud storage providers are providing, which is in the range of 2-7GB.

at no extra cost, users with today s devices are able to supply the same amount of free storage that is available from cloud storage providers today.


n. we can apply Formula (14) to P (path.


Because in the context of [19, 12] the length of m and the number of 1s in it are known a priori to both Alice and Bob, insertions and changes of 1 to 0 must be accompanied by deletions and changes of 0 to 1.

eve can create edit errors in the message, but at least a quarter of the errors introduced (namely, deletions and changes of 0 to 1) require her to .nd an extractor output on her own.


In addition, our current formalism allows aggregation of alerts of the same type, and is .exible in reasoning about alerts.

we believe the current notion of a hyper-alert is an appropriate choice.


..,xn,d,a,b appear random modulo p2 by the Chinese Remainder Theorem.

b has formed a properly distributed SF ciphertext.


In the end, if the return value of the method is in one register of the set, we refer to interprocedural CFG and check its invokers similarly.

there will be a conclusion that whether a malware has a capability leak path where sensitive data obtained from an API with sensitive permissions are transmitted to a public interface during a series of function calls.


As described in [26], GP is computed by a PCFG as the product of the base structure (i.e., L6D2) probability and the probabilities of the strings which .ll each variable (i.e., L6 and D2), with the strings selected from an input dictionary.

only strings that are present in the dictionary can be guessed.


Note that only one signal is generated for an entire page when the page is .rst written.

if the domain writes a small number of pages between checkpointing and restoration, only those written pages are copied and restored.


the sealed data can be unsealed if and only if P .


However, they cannotbe simply applied in sensor nodes due to their limitations in defense or the resource limitation of sensors.

a few techniques have been developed to provide memory safety.


These are interesting because of these may have a signi.cant impact themselves (i.e., apply across multiple subject type-permission assignments and their con.icts).

we enable the computation basic impact values for other assignments as well for considering their resolution.


Loop data .ow parameters not only capture cryptographic parameters but also implementationdependent ones, as shown in the §6.3 example.

some loop data .ow parameters will not have a matching high-level parameter.


From its interaction with B, A s view of the simulation is either that of Experiment Hj or Hj+1.We showed above that A has advantage ./Qc in distinguishing between Experiment Hj and Experiment Hj+1.Note that B makes exactly Qt + Qc -1 test queries and 1 challenge query to C, and has approximately the same running time as A.

b also has the same non-negligible advantage Adv[A.,1,CCF] =./Qc in breaking the scheme.


For a VMM label, the processes with the ability to send to (receive from) an unlabeled_t channel in the VM s SELinux policy can send (receive) data at that label.

it is the security level of these processes that determines the possible security levels of data that may be communicated using this .ow.


While we recognizethat malwarecouldusetheirowndecryption methods, or bundle third-party crypto libraries, the convenience this package provides appears alluring to malware authors.

in our current prototype, we opt to check for the use of its APIs.5 Moreover, in possible execution paths, we also look for related JNI calls as well as other methods (e.g., Runtime.exec(...)) to invoke native code.


Since our honeypot pages are not very highly ranked, we would not be returned by the search engines for such generic queries.

we are less likely to see tra.c for such attacks.


If we only listen for exploit traf.c passively (e.g., the network telescope approach [16]), the exploits would simply appear as TCP SYNs destined for port 135 in the trace.

we require active responders to capture the RPC Bind and Request portions of the exploit handshake to differentiate the exploits, and we use network traces of live honeypots and stateless responders [20] to obtain these exploits.


We assume that the group is made up of identical packets, and corresponds to NG distinct .ngerprints (the group .ngerprints ).

when a packet from the group is observed, the inverse distribution increments by one for each of these NG .ngerprints.


The textbook for our internet protocols course is Kurose and Ross [4] which fortunately includes an excellent chapter on security in computer networks.

although the security course has its own textbook, the chapter in Kurose and Ross is a useful supplement for the students.


We have shown that all u[i]are distributed uniformly and independently over R if we choose both random polynomials r, s of the degree ß = max{deg(f), deg(g)}.

we have shown that the multiset intersection operation is also correct and privacy-preserving for polynomials with arbitrary degrees.


Finally, the total number of outgoing .ows of overall traf.c shows that DNS tra.c attributed to TCP is dominated by HTTP, not SMTP.

in order to detect the presence of a mass mailing worm, it is necessary to apply additional .ltering techniques to overall tra.c.


Not all the tags work during all the event: some spectators may only want to see the .nal competition, while some employees may only work some days.


Clearly, ¢pis true in y1p, but (,sf¢pis false in all states reachable from ycE.

the existential compositional analysis instance involving ¢phas different answers, and (is not strongly security preserving.


In addition, multiple small instances share a single physical machine.

small EC2 instances are used in our experiments to evaluate L2 cache-based covert channels.


k-1 k n e1 = p i(1 - p)n-i (3) i i=0 For the second event error 2 and maximum distance value q = 2l, no suitable PUF output is found for a single code sequence bit with probability (1 -p)q.

no code sequence bit will fail with (1 - (1 - p)q)k .


· = , 2n 2n - 1 2n - t 2n - t - 1 2n | {z } Pr[.rst t-1 probes fail] where n is the number of bits of randomness in the address space.

the expected number of probes required for scenario 1 is 2n 2n X X t · 1 = 1 · t =(2n +1)/2  2n-1 .


As long as the .nal edited graph is isomorphic to an attack strategy graph, it is guaranteed to be an attack strategy graph.

we do not require the intermediate graphs during graph transformation be attack strategy graphs.


This is because, due to random FH, i is more probable to detect energy in at least one minislot when there are many senders than only one sender.

we .rst focus on two nodes (Alice and Bob), given that their strings di.er by one bit.


The remaining 2907 - 23 = 2884 permissions were scattered over 4654 users through 32182 user-permission associations.

permissions must be individually managed.


To prevent any communication of apps through Linux IPC (e.g., pipes, sockets, messages, or shared memory), TrustDroid leverages the same domains already established for the .le system access control.

apps are not able to establish IPC with di.erently colored apps.


The absence of such a baseline renders current risk assessment process ine.ective.

it is imperative to automate risk assessment for seamlessly helping users accommodate their preferences without requiring additional intervention.


Hide runs in its own processes, and all .ne-grained permission checking is done within these processes.

android s process separation ensures that client apps cannot subvert Mr.


4.2 Integrity Measurement Architecture The Linux Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA) measures .les at load time to ensure that all loaded code prior to compromise has been measured.

the vulnerable or malicious software or data that resulted in the compromise will be captured in the measurement list.


Because the control .ow statement uses at least 4 gadgets (in section 3.2.3), which correspond to one conditional jump instruction in shellcode.

if the shellcode contains the control .ow transfer, it will su.er relatively high costs.


The properties of veri.able resource accounting, however, do not directly map to the applications targeted by nested virtualization (e.g., defending against hypervisor-level rootkits or addressing compatibility issues with public clouds).

we need to identify and extend the appropriate resource allocation chokepoints to provide the necessary hooks, while guaranteeing that customer jobs run untampered.


It is not necessary for these components to have an ex-plicit access control mechanism; the flow policy repre- sents the access limitations that we believe the soft- ware effectively upholds.

in the sense of [1], every component in the system can be regarded as contributing to the overall Trusted Computing Base.


Reduction .76 is not safe with respect to these operators.

the minimal decision set that preserves the semantics of a policy would be D7.


Thus, no code sequence bit will fail with (1 - (1 - p)q)k .

as complementary event, the probability of at least one over.ow in a code sequence is e2 = 1 - (1 - (1 - p)q)k (4) the yield y is computed by the probability that neither error 1 nor error 2 occur.


Unfortunately, text has no redundant information.

text watermarking techniques are different from that of image watermarking, video watermarking and audio watermarking.


Since register accesses are very frequent in program execution, the register tags are also accessed frequently.

for ef.cient register tag accesses, LIFT uses an extra 64-bit register to store the tags for all registers used in the target program.


However, these vulnerabilities are common among web applications written in scripting languages such as PHP, Python, and Perl.

our techniques remain relevant and applicable to safe languages.


This result is explained by the use of hash set data structure to have direct access to our objects in each authorization.

the check time of one authorization in the owner policy is constant which explains the linear aspect of the curve when varying the authorizations number.


In a nutshell, the observation is that the previous simulators invest exponential time in decoding the transcript of the simulation so far, and this decoding is independent of the speci.c protocol.

given that our simulation is of logarithmic length, we can create a table (or better, a decision tree) with the decodings of all possibilities, which will enable linear-time simulation.


These subsession IDs are sent to the browser as cookies, each marked with a di.erent ring label: SubSID_K is marked with ring K. The following example shows a portion of the HTTP header generated by the server when a session is created (Escudo introduces a new header called Set-Ring to set the rings for cookies): Set-Cookie: SID=pjdfbpnd228b2n; path=/ Set-Cookie: SubSID_0=gg5u1pc3inutmb Set-Cookie: SubSID_1=h1d3vg4ep351qv Set-Cookie: SubSID_2=n91n6kgiv05fe2 Set-Ring: SID=2 Set-Ring: SubSID_0=0 Set-Ring: SubSID_1=1 Set-Ring: SubSID_2=2 With Escudo s access control rules, contents in ring t can access the subsession cookies in rings t and above (numerically).

when an HTTP request is made in ring t from an Escudo-protected webpage, all the subsession cookies from rings t and above will be attached to the request; the server can use these cookies to decide that the request belongs to subsession t. Figure 5 depicts the subsessionidenti.cation process.


However, in cloud computing, data and IT assets are often decoupled.

it is necessary to describe a data incident regardless of the IT asset.


In practice, operating with a large window size corresponds to heavily smooth the images, capturing solely their main characteristics, while at the smaller scale, all the details of an image contribute to determine a precise location in the grid.

having a set of multi-resolution CGs corresponds to analyze the images at a di.erent level of detail, from a coarse to a .ne grain.


In other words, nodes listen to the messages of their neighboring nodes, even if they are not intended for them.

if the intruder transmits for a particular node, surrounding neighbors of that node will also notice this intrusion at physical layer and will consider that the intruder will attempt to attack them as well.


It is much harder to .x random phenomena hence they persist.

the pattern of misplaced toner powder on each paper is unique.


These features are either absent in one of the classes, or they appear with very small frequency in both the classes.

these features are referred by us as redundant features and they degrade classifcation accuracy.


Since the global algorithm requires that every node has full knowledge of the topology of the sensor network, it is not practical in most applications.

overall the greedy and probabilistic algorithms are the best choices for practical usage.


This approach carries the major risk that the bu.er might be read or changed by other applets.

we need to make sure that no sensitive data resides in this memory.


An accurate detection of attackers against network resources by tracing back to the attack hosts, or at least to the network of the attack-origin, and taking appropriate actions against them, would discourage further attacks.

attack detection and prevention schemes are often coupled with traceback techniques.


Again, the solution to the problem above is an approximation of the bucket boundaries.

it does not guarantee the revelation of the range queries exactly.


However, when a single user becomes unavailable, no further queries can be answered until a new setup is performed or the user returns.

for a query to be successfully answered, the setup phase followed by the aggregation phase must be repeated until they both run on the same stable set of users.


Furthermore, since the adversary from outside does not know where the head is located, it is very hard for the adversary to compromise only heads.

the network can be considered reasonably secure in long term.


Contrary to the shutter sound or a LED that indicate an active camera [4], there is not even an audio-visual feed back that signals the user that data is being collected with the sensor.

we conclude that the information provided by the ambient-light sensor can be exploited in side-channel attacks, which means that an attacker is able to determine the corresponding input based on this information.


When performing the security related action, the game pauses, the player is idle and can not interact with the primary task, but the time left to play is still running.

the usability cost should affect the willingness to execute such an action.


Since FSA is a decidable language, we can verify in polynomial time whether or not Skey ac string will be accepted by the FSA.

we can ef.ciently verify if the one-to-one mapping is correct or not.


We note that in our study, however, passwords for layouts of di.erent categories were created under conditions that should be a.ected equally by this issue.

we believe that the lack of a memorability test is not a critical issue for our study.


The system includes hardware (computational and/or physical), procedures, and a set of people who are trusted to correctly carry out those procedures.

formal veri.cation of these procedures using process or work.ow modeling is an integral part of validation.


For this purpose, we looked into the data and found that J48 classi.er is almost always more effective than the other three classi.ers.

we recommend to use J48 classi.er and will focus on J48 classi.er in the rest of the paper.


ATTACK DESIGN Given that the algorithms discussed are being used to decrease the ability of an attacker from compromising the network, it is likely that an attacker would be interested in a.ecting the performance of the coloring algorithm itself.

we propose a set of primitive behaviors exhibited by a malicious node from which any attack can be created.


Thus, adversary accessibility of system objects (bindings and resources) must be combined with adversary accessibility of program objects (names) to reason about resource access attacks comprehensively.

the combination of system and program is required to leverage adversary accessibility e.ectively.


Clearly, a streaming or mud algorithm for f , is also a streaming or mud algorithm for f respectively.

theorem 3.2 implies the following result.


Also, notice that not even a trusted third party can disclose a trip-id because no easy-to-apply trapdoor can be given.


In our experimental results with some modern PCs (including the environment shown in Table 3), the CPU usage of BitVisor with full speed background encryption is around 10-30% (the rest 70-90% are available for the guest OSs).

heavy CPU load applications in guest OSs without any low-level events will not be signi.cantly a.ected by CPU time consumption of background encryption process.


For every edge that is marked as should be kept, Heat-ray creates a constraint that this edge s cost is greater than the bene.t assigned by the linear program to cutting this edge.

the set of labeled edges translate into a set of linear constraints on the cost: b(e) - c(e) =-1 if e is to be kept, (11) b(e) - c(e) = 1 if e is to be cut.


We assume that this key is generated by the AKD where the tra.c source is connected at session setup, and distributed securely to other AKDs.

we will have di.erent SEKs for each group session.


However, in our model, neither the owner of the TPM nor any processes in the host are trusted.

the TPM needs to be able to verify the destination public key by itself so that the secret data in the blob is guaranteed to only be reencrypted for another trusted TPM, and never exposed to any untrusted parties.


In such case, the rule similarity is computed considering which one of the two policies contains the extra rule.

when computing the similarity between policies pi and pj ,if pi has a policy the attribute of which is not in pj ,the rule similarity is Restrict ; on the other hand, if pj contains a rule the attribute of which is not in pi, the rule similarity is Extend .


To that end, if we use all four training sources, the generalization ability of the classi.er is strong across all testing sources (last row).

in a deployed system practitioners will want to pay special attention to collecting training data that is representative.


Since the copy overwrites the return address in the stack, the ret instruction attempts to load dirty data into the program counter.

the detector generates an arbitrary execution control alert: it computes the veri.cation information from the identi.er of the dirty data pointed to by the stack pointer and adds the identi.ed message to the SCA.


For example, an ECDH key exchange using our ECC software would require only one third (36% to be precise) of the energy of the ECDH implementation contained in TinyECC.

our work makes ECDH key exchange much more attractive for WSNs since high energy consumption is generally considered to be the most signi.cant drawback of ECDH and other ECC-based key establishment techniques.


It later returns this data to the user when it succeeded to authenticate the user and the IC card.

it is easy for users to register new services to portals, update secrets kept in portals, and change portals with which they share their secrets.


The basic idea here is that a sub-role has more responsibilities or tasks than its super-roles, and additional permissions are necessary to perform them [21]; with this de.nition of a role hierarchy, a role inherits all the permissions of all its super-roles.

the cluster corresponding to the subrole has to include those permissions and will consequently be formed later than the cluster representing the super-role.


Moreover some developed tools perform coarse grained analysis of malware at the expense of computation speed.

in this work we proposed and implemented a mechanism for identifying packers using sequence alignment method largely used in the area of bioinformatics for aligning DNA and protein sequences.


There is an additional energy cost to performing the cryptographic computations, amounting to less than 1/2 of the total energy increase of TinySec-AE.

tinySec will be very competitive with hardware solutions.


The well-formed ciphertexts are de.ned to be all ciphertexts that include a valid signature (or MAC) on the rest of the ciphertext, which the simulator uses to check that query ciphertexts are well formed.

the simulator has to arrange for the identity in the challenge set to match the identity that corresponds to the challenge it wishes to craft.


Note that, as shown in [31, 3], for any card corresponding to index i .Wj, the card does not learn t+ 1 distinct points on polynomial sj+1(x, x).

the value of the polynomial sj+1 at any point other than the ones made public in the broadcast is still equally likely to be any value in Fq.This means that the key value kj is also equally likely to be any value in Fq .


If recommendations had been previously received, we leave them on the device although they do not get updated any further.

due to the way our system is designed, it is in the users interest to leave the contribute feature on in order to bene.t from the recommendations feature.


In fact, OSGi provides a core bundle that implements a web container to run Java servlets so that web applications can be deployed as OSGi bundles.

the web applications do not need to care about the OSGi speci.c issues.


Therefore, when the test terminates with selection of hypothesis H1, SN will be slightly larger than a, while when it terminates with selection of H0, SN will be very close to b.

the above inequalities hold to a good approximation as equalities.


As the kernel space is shared by all the running processes, the kernel portions of the identi.ed PGDs should be extremely similar (if not completely identical).

we can immediately .lter out the erroneous PGDs.


There are 560 unknowns in this system representing the initial states of the 31 bits in each of the 16-stages of the shift register and the two memory words R1 and R2.

the number of monomials T in this system is given by: T = 560 2102 i i=0 we would need to generate at least T equations for all initial states to be recovered.


MaxDataCount CurrentCounter (6) .. MaxCounter Higher values of a demonstrate that higher amount of alerts have been generated.

for reducing the risk of database overwhelming we diminish the time interval by applying a coefficient.


If information is randomly generated and displayed, unauthorized users suddenly might feel something wrong and might detect the fake.

in our method, fake information is generated naturally from age, occupation and hobby which are set at the registration so that unauthorized users could not detect the fake.


More speci.cally, in GameFinal,the secret keys used in the Leak Oracle are all SF, and the ciphertext is just encrypting a random message.

the view of A in GameFinal is independent of the challenge bit b.


Furthermore,EC2 sXen con.gurationis notpublicly available and may prevent RFAs.

to understand if RFAs actually behave as an attacker would hope, it is necessary to verify their effectivenessin alive settinglikeEC2.


Note that E1 = E, as G was obtained in Step 2(a)i by the removal of the edges in E from GT .

in addition, |E|= degGT (I), as only edges touching vertices in I were added to E. |E1| = |E|= degGT (I) < 0.2degGT .


It is because of a fundamental dilemma between the object-referencing ability of scripts, the garbage collection and the navigation mechanisms of modern browsers: i) using scripts, an object X in a page can be referenced by a data structure Y that is not within the page (of course, after the navigation of the page, Y is still a valid object because it does not belong to the navigated page); ii) on the other hand, because Y references to X, the garbage-collector cannot destroy X from the memory, otherwise Y would have a dangling reference and the memory safety is broken.

object X has to reside in the memory and become a residue object.


In retrospect, this result is not surprising; those previous approaches were not designed with secure computation in mind.

we conclude that GCDC is promising for secure object matching.


During the course of the study, participants provided feedback on several events, often giving the same predefined answers to the same questions in relation to different events, and in many cases the interviewing took place a number of days after the occurrence of an event.

participants could not be expected to faithfully and exhaustively remember what their experience of each specific event had been like.


The Web Services environment permits such adversaries, since the passive requestors usually trust a large set of Root Certi.cation Authorities (CAs) and hence may fall prey to weak certi.cation policies of some of the CAs in the trust trees.

an adversary may obtain a key and certi.cate for an address of its own.


As with the forging DP attack, to guarantee that the value of r3 and r4 have a constant o.set from the correct value, the malicious code has to jump out of the malicious checksum block (one jump instruction) to modify the PC value, and then jump back (another jump instruction)before the jump instruction at end of each checksum block.

the forging PC attack needs .ve additional instructions (two jump instructions, three arithmetic or logical instructions) and causes two additional cache misses for each checksum computation block to compute the expected checksum result.


Closely located pairs are exposed to similar spatial conditions.

we suggest to compare only oscillators which are direct neighbours.


Our tool is instrumented so that we can precisely observe how an adversary interacts with the emulated services.

our tool responds automatically, incrementally, and more rapidly than a human analyst who often only makes a binary response of fully-enabling (i.e., no action) or fully-disconnecting a machine.


In this case, we enqueue a path condition of the form p ' and also evaluate the path condition p+ ;p ' .

we could, in the worst case visit every node in the system graph and evaluate the path condition p+ ;p ' .


Additionally, DFA maintains a single state of execution which reduces the per flow parse state maintained due to the packet multiplexing in network links.


A node is only viable if it is not an attacker, and has no attackers in its neighborhood.

the probability that the entire circuit is viable is ((1 - f)r+1)6 =(1 - f)6(r+1), and it is easy to see why a small attacker fraction is capable of disrupting a large fraction of circuit constructions.


He receives information from the producer B.

he has to be in a valid context, or in other words, A has to be authorized by B.


We cannot apply the LR-IBE proof [10] here, since the LR-IBE proof allows the leakage of semi-functional (SF) master secret key, while we need to reveal the normal master secret key1 .

we cannot directly apply the construction and proof method in [10] to construct and prove our scheme.


Here, we utilize the fact that the attacks on computers are often independent of the geographic distribution the way in which attackers gain access to the platform requires certain con.gurations or user behavior, and it is di.cult for an attacker to coordinate the locations of the attacks.

there are platforms that share one physical connection (e.g., a wireless node), but have a reasonable probability that not all of them are corrupted by the same organization.


It is generally believed to be much harder for attackers to tamper with the software running out-of-VM, because there is a world switch for the attacks from in-VM to out-of-VM (unless the VMM has vulnerabilities).

we can gain a higher trustworthiness of the out-of-VM software.


Prolog is ideal for implementing search algorithms, because backtracking and uni.cation are inherent to the language.

merely expressing the rulebase for the SELinux policy along with some simple description of the searches is enough to implement the analysis.


As an alternative, use the frame s id attribute in thesamemanneras inSection3: var innerWindow = document.getElementById("frameID").contentWindow; var innerInterface = innerWindow.getPublicInterface();  6.2 SiblingFrames AsdescribedbyJacksonandWang inSubspace[19],Firefox (alongwithSafari,InternetExplorer7, and some con.gurations of InternetExplorer6)allowstheframestructureof apage tobenavigated regardlessofthedomains involved(Operarestrictsaccess to frames).

a sibling frame with the name attribute set to bar can reference its sibling frame with name foo as discussed in the previous section via parent.frames["foo"] or parent.foo or parent[x].


In particular, we are interested in the mobility and the social interaction between people during the daylight.

we selected from these traces the events within the 73,000th second and the 115,000th second.


The HU service can receive messages from ECU A only if it the HU has the tag as in its label or ownership.

even when forwarded by a multicast address by mistake, messages from A containing sensitive information will never been processed and sent out by the proxy or by another service without the tag as.


All this is achieved without any modi.cations on the .le server, a prudent design choice.

siRiUS can be used on any of the existing .le servers.


The resultant query now becomes a tautology (the query part after the symbol -- is considered as comment).

the attacker would be able to skip the legitimate authentication process due to the execution of the altered query.


Thus, Android apps are inconvenient targets for exploits and malware infection.

malware developers have to rely on users installing malware on their devices deliberately .


The upper bound N of these functions overapproximatesthatof asymmetric functions sinceanyvalid stateusing the latter functions must be valid for the former ones.

we can obtain R constraints, as for symmetric predictions.


Furthermore, standard methods like Color Filling Segmentation (CFS, introduced in [23]) will pick up not just character strokes or components, but also those that do not belong to any character and which we call noise components.

it is essential to di.erentiate between legitimate character strokes and noise components automatically.


In contrast with previous studies [4, 5], there may not be a common habit between users on their use of keypads.

we need to factor the user s tapping habits.


On one hand, since the serviceprovider veri.estheissuer s signature on thePedersen commitments,itisguaranteed thatthePedersen com  Figure 4: System architecture mitments have not be modi.ed.

the integrity of the Pedersen commitments is assured.


That is, computing Ri from a128-bitRi 2 is onlyasdif.cult asbreaking a 128-bit RSA key, which is quite a weak claim.

we needed to increase the size of the PUF output.


As it started up, ok-demux registered with netd to listen for incoming TCP connections on the machine s Web port.

netd noti.es ok-demux of the new connection by granting it uC at level .. 3. ok-demux reads network data from u over port uC until it can authenticate u.


In contrast, the filling algorithm cannot get rid of all pixels of the original background color in Fig 6 (b).

by detecting these pixels, the algorithm is sure that a circle exists in this object.


Font Size Participants performed similarly across different font sizes, with an accuracy standard deviation of only 1.7%, and a time standard deviation of only 1.2s.

captcha designers can freely select whatever font size best .ts their security design, without worrying about human performance issues.


According to the recent research [15, 20], these methods are not resistant to eavesdropping, espe cially when users are distracted by many other factors [13].

the adequacy of existing DPS against shoulder sur.ng attacks mounted by insider threats is questionable.


In essence, the post-condition constraint will not be enforced if there are some other triggers or constraints that do not allow the SysAudit role to be enabled even though the SysAdmin role has been enabled.

it is easy to see that the following trigger: enable SysAdmin .


Infact,given thedistancegraphG (seeDe.nition5), our approach can only be used within one of the connected components of G. During the construction of the distance graph for the synthetic data we found 11 connected components, 10 of them of size 1.

we removed these 10 trajectories in order to obtain a new distance graph with just one connected component.


By Lemma 1, the outputs of Alg1is computationallyindistinguishable from those ofAlg2.

we conclude that the result of Setup algorithm should be indistinguishable between using two algorithms Alg1andAlg2, hence we complete the proofofthe lemma.


Attacking the BTB, although being itself acting like a simple cache, is actually targeting the instruction .ow, which is magnitudes more complicated than the data .ow within the memory hierarchy, i.e., between the L1 data cache and the main memory.

as already mentioned in the above section 2.1, numerous architectural enhancements take care feeding the µop Queue that a deeply pipelined superscalar CPU like Pentium 4 cannot get too easily stalled by a BTB miss.


However, CAS-DB can only send di rectly signed atoms and rules in messages, and CAS signs auth(shaketable, Alice) is not true at CAS-DB.

if CAS-DB wants to be helpful, it must give Alice a set of atoms and rules from which it follows that CAS lsigns auth(shaketable, Alice).


On the other hand, the certi.cate revocation list itself must be protected against version-rollback.

the boot loader needs to maintain the information about the CRL version by ful.lling the following requirements: Freshness: To prevent replay attacks, the freshness of the state has to be guaranteed.


Expressions (sj = (si + t)) and (fi = (fk + t)) are connected by conjunction in this constraint.

it is su.cient to show that both these expressions hold independently of each other.


Therefore, we can ignore the communication overhead for the broadcast of all those revocation sets here.

the broadcast size in session j is ((m + j +1)t + m +1) log q,which is a little smaller than that in Scheme 2.


Creation and deletion of file and instruction for the user permission are performed by the system call.

intrusion to Linux system can be made through system call.


However, in order for Alice to use such techniques to prove that she satis.es Bob s policy, she needs to know the policy.

zero-knowledge proof protocols are not suitable for policy-hiding access control.


This one is usually yellow...I have other options if I feel I need a very strong password, like for banking.

the results of our .eld experiment suggest that when password meters are shown when creating new accounts on websites that users consider unimportant, the meters are unlikely to in.uence password strength.


To eliminate this possibility, we introduce a mechanism that protects these potentially dangerous instructions by ensuring that they can be executed only if the functions in which they reside were executed from their entry points.

an attacker can only execute entire functions from the start to the end as opposed to running arbitrary code.


In particular, the group manager doesn t need to use any revoking polynomial, but just need to keep the shares of the masking polynomials for {pi(x)}i=1,...,j away from the group members added after session j.

the broadcast polynomial in Scheme 2, {gj (x)qi(x)+ hj,i+1(x)}i=j,...,m, can be replaced with {qi(x)+ fi(x)}i=j,...,m, where {fi(x)}i=j,...,m} is a set of random t-degree polynomials.


While models can be created manually, doing so would be a time-consuming process that would affect the usability of the approach.

we have developed a model extraction approach that can automatically generate the required models.


Figure 1: Behavior-Based Malware Detection Framework Then, the remote server will be in charge of parsing data, and creating a system call vector per each interaction of the users within their applications.

a dataset of behavior data will be created for every application used.


Since we always select the neighbor closer to the base station, the number of hops a message goes throughinthegreedy algorithmisthe same asinthe shortest path routing algorithm.

the delivery time for a message originated from node i in the greedy algorithm is Td = EY (Y)× i.h, where i.h denotes the minimum number of hops from node i to the base station.


However, with the proper insight (i.e., the decryption key), the data can become valuable information.

while information loss for which there is no backup can be catastrophic, data loss by itself is not a problem.


Current sensor nodes 1Each sensor reading is assumed to be an integer lack hardware support for tamper-resistance.

it is relatively easy for an adversary to compromise a node without being detected.


In addition, we require eager relocation of all external symbols at program load time.

both the program mmapping time and relocation time increase.


Our results indicate that a key bene.t of PGBC is that one can maintain a small throttle timer for per-client rate-limiting with an appropriate choice of PGBC parameters (T , ßk and ßt h ).

the SMS users do not experience a large delay in receiving messages during an attack.


Furthermore, neither the remote control F 2.1 nor any of the three switches paired with it communicate with Z 2.1.

we can almost certainly rule out any automation rules for these devices, which gives us more insight into the habits of the inhabitants.


For any p1 such that p1 > p¯1 does not hold, p1 cannot be realized by a underlying Markov process.


It typically assumes that sensor nodes do not incorporate extra security hardware.

these software-based approaches depend on the strict response time measurement to ensure that the correct attestation responses are not forged by the attackers.


It is possible that more choices, while increasing control, also increase users cognitive costs and lead to choice overload.

empowering users with additional choices may not be a sufficient solution by itself.


In ourdevelopmentprocess, wefoundthat arti.ciallygeneratinga register withthe NaT-bit at the granularity of functions degrades the performancebyafactor of3X, compared togeneratingaNaT-bit and keeping it for all subsequent uses.

we believe that adding simple instructions to set and clear the NaT-bit willlargelyimproveprogramperformance.


Our goal was to generate a representative data set containing APs from various vendors and a variety of .ngerprinter machines.

we placed twelve di.erent physical APs 2 AVM FritzBox 7050 (AP1 2), 1 LANCOM L-54G (AP3), 1 D-Link DAP-1360 (AP4), 2 Edimax EW-7228APn (AP5 6), 4 Linksys WRT54GL (AP7 10) and 2 Netgear WG602v4 (AP11 12) in a dedicated room, all operating on the same channel (for simplicity of data collection).


The activated relationships are then used for authorizing the requested access.

contexts capture sets of relationships that can be legitimately activated at the same time.


After generating noisy networks using the edge-rewiring method , we remove some percentage of the nodes randomly from both the original and the noisy networks so that if the noisy network has been generated by re-wiring 10% of edges, we additionally remove 5% of the nodes from each of the original and the noisy networks.

the resulting networks would have different and overlapping user and edge sets.


The Android API does not yet support RGB(W) sensors, not even the latest version (Android 4.4 KitKat [3]).

the desired sensor values must be read from the virtual .le system directly.