120100  90 100 80 % Energy Consumed in Datapath Components % Energy Consumed in Pipeline Stages 70 60 50 40 30 20 80 60 40 20 10 0 tomcatv btrix mxm vpenta adi dtdtz bmcm psmoo eflux amhmtm (b) Figure2:Energydistribution(%)of(a)themajorenergyconsumingdatapathcomponentsand(b)the pipelinestages.ThememorypipelinestageenergyconsumptiondoesnotincludethatoftheICacheand DCache.

eNERGY DISTRIBUTION Withtheemergenceofenergyconsumptionasacriticalconstraintinsystemdesign,itisessentialtoidentifytheenergy hotspotsofthesystemearlyinthedesigncycle.Therehas beensignifcantworkonestimatingandoptimizingthesystempower[7].manyhavefocusedonestimating/optimizingonlyspecifccomponentsofthesystemand mostdonotcapturetheintegratedimpactofcircuit,architecturalandsoftwareoptimizations.Further,mostexistinghigh-levelRTLenergyestimationtechniquesprovidea coarsegrainofmeasurementresultingin20-40%errorrelativetothatofatransistorlevelestimator[2].Bycontrast, SimplePowerprovidesanintegrated,cycle-accurateenergy estimationmechanismthatcapturestheenergyconsumed  97 Program Source #ofArrays InputSize(KB) InstructionCount DcacheMissRates tomcatv Specfp95 9 119 4,868,048 0.182 nasa7/btrix Specfp92 29 4,312 44,430,039 0.167 nasa7/mxm Specfp92 3 120 47,168,707 0.112 nasa7/vpenta Specfp92 9 114 2,274,945 0.143 adi Livermore 6 241 6,062,860 0.098 dtdtz(aps) PerfectClub 17 1,605 42,119,337 0.135 bmcm(wss) PerfectClub 11 126 89,539,244 0.105 psmoo(tfs) PerfectClub 1 204 16,955,980 0.077 eflux(tfs) PerfectClub 5 297 12,856,306 0.114 amhmtm(wss) PerfectClub 10 125 89,145,635 0.039 Table1:Programsusedintheexperiments.Dcachemissratesarefor1Kdirectmappedcacheswith32byte linesizes.Instructioncountisdynamicinstructioncount.


In addition, fractional rates are specified for frame data and some parameters such as mode, dx, and dy to save buffer area.

fractional rate dataflow model and efficient code synthesis for multimedia applications.


However, conventional mapping techniques not utilized the internal hardware resources of a CLB optimally.

hence, reduces the overall CLB count and presents the actual utilized chip area while counting in terms of CLBs.


Thus such a DoS attack will propagate from the primary victim to multiple levels of neighboring switches.

we will refer to these affected switches as the second level victims.


It evaluates detected networks in terms of multi context criteria.

comparative result for Class 1 Ranking selection in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks , Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume 11 Issue 9 Version 1.0 pp.


Our work makes the following major contributions: Our technique can accurately measure and convert delay degradation into digital values.

a major limitation of monitoring a stand-alone circuit is that aging depends on workload, while the stand-alone circuit does not share the same workload with the functional circuit, thereby leading to inaccurate aging measurement.


A zero-stretch solution is possible only if the surface is developable.

~ GjHij = Gi we can build a sparse linear system of equations, where each Hij is known, to compute the unknown global transfers.


Disjunctions and cycles will be produced by the merge procedure that we will discuss in Section 6.2.

the trace b1.b2.b3 lies in the set of traces represented by the iDFG, but the trace b2.b1.b3 does not.


High parallelism can be easily achieved on FPMR, while the programming efforts are alleviated.

update fi, for the remaining set of weights (line 4 in Algorithm 3).


If no class mispredicts occur, the amount of work done and energy consumed will be roughly equal to that if preloading is not used.

the work discussed in this paper is based on energy meas- urements of the Itsy Pocket Computer [4], a state-of-the-art pocket computer developed by Compaq Computer Corpor- ation's Palo Alto Research Labs.


Our research focuses on the design of such specialized systems.


2.1 Problem Formulation Optimal cache indexing is the problem of selecting K bits among all address bits of a processor for indexing into the cache.

towards Effective Embedded Processors in Codesigns: Customizable Partitioned Caches.


Consider an m-CNT removal process [Patil 09c], where pRm stands for the conditional probability of a CNT being removed given it is an m-CNT.

in order to minimize the penalty on inter-cell routing, we retained the location of the I/O pins as much as possible while modifying the cells.


Our butter.ybased topology is designed for east-west traf.c, and it may not be as well suited to a system with a four-sided memory layout.

[45] K. Saban, Xilinx Stacked Silicon Interconnect Technology Delivers Breakthrough FPGA Capacity, Bandwidth, and Power Ef.ciency, Xilinx, White Paper, 2011, wP380 (v1.1).


At this time, two bit-lines in a bit-line pair have different voltages by connecting the neighboring bit lines.

if input data is low, the voltage of bit line becomes (1/N)×VDD lower than that of the complementary bit line.


The designer may also provide application-specific information as optional inputs including input logic probabilities, DFF functional weighting are the average evaluation time for each node: speedup factors factors and overall softness weighting factors.

aSSA shows constant analyzing time for circuits of similar complexity (ADDER, Xt1 and Xt2) while exhibits performance improve as the circuit size increases (DEC).


The selection of links and of the number of redundant copies to be sent on the links is stochastically done at runtime by the network routers.

the link connecting core Px,y to core Px,y+1 is denoted by Lx,y,N or by Lx,y+1,S, where the .rst two indexes denote one end of the link, while the third index shows the direction of the link.


To solve this issue, we need to perform a path extension operation.

we need to extend those uncompleted paths.


[25] H. Huang, P. Pillai, and K. G. Shin.

both schemes rely on DRAM data migration to maximize hits within a row-buffer.


Multifacet s general execution-driven multiprocessor simulator (GEMS) toolset.

performance, Energy and Fault-Tolerance (PEF) Metric [26].


For instance, if we compare the PO layer for STD c432 layout and c499 layout (Figures 4a and 4b), we obtain Fourier graphs that look almost the same.

on one hand PO and OD de.ne the transistor active areas, and the polysilicon gate critical dimension variation has a tremendous impact on the timing and energy consumption of circuits.


The symbolic to physical address converter is determined by the particular data layout method used.

in order to demonstrate the simplifying effect of the power of two assumption, Equation 1 is rearranged to Equation 5. frc(x,y)=W(y - y mod n)+xn +y mod n (5) x n If it can be assumed that the number of memory columns is a power of two, Equation 5 can be signi.cantly simpli.ed.


The precharge devices in the other subarrays are turned off, isolating their bitlines from the supply voltage, and turned back on prior to an access.

we propose techniques for subarray prediction to eliminate bitline discharge (rather than cell leakage) in both instruction and data caches.


In a bus topology, the fastest con.guration (2-cycle links) provides speedups below 5%.

figures 2b and 2c show two subgraphs, each corresponding to a subtrace, whose superposition contains all arcs and vertexes of the original graph.


Fast: Frequency-aware static timing analysis.

as more We generated synthetic task tests where a task s worst case exeis a cubic function of the frequency (i.e., m =3).


Advanced veri.cation by automatic property generation.

but even from simulation traces properties [6] or transaction level descriptions [3] are semi-automatically extracted.


Section 4 presents timing and  energy models for MRAM-based cache.

when the MRAM cache size increases and the interconnect delay starts to dominate, the uniform cache access timing model kills the bene.ts of larger cache size, just like the result we show in Fig.


All of them rely on representing each distinct weighted sum of inputs by an analogue voltage.

the main concepts behind CPL are the use of complementary input/outputs, an nMOS pass-transistor logic network, and CMOS output inverters.


Finally,due to theincreased via count and wirelength of VPSAs over MPSAs, a buffer-insertion strategy may need to be followed by the CAD.

exploring regular fabrics to optimize theperformance-cost trade-off.


Customized communication topologies: An application s nature will dictate the selection of a speci.c template for the communication medium.

it is still unclear if such a full blown protocol stack will be practical, since the latency for transferring information through the transmitter stack, the channel, and the receiver stack might be unacceptable high.


The weakness of the above methods is that they are tuned to and compared with routable designs only.

the remainder of the paper is organized as follows.


For the honeypot application, a useful sleep time is 50µs for throttling and the retransmission timer is set to 200ms.

one issue that has prevented wider use of recon.gurable platforms in that context is the unfamiliar programming environment: Such systems commonly require expertise in computer architecture and digital logic design generally foreign to networking experts.


This problem can be overcome by normalizing the moments with the nth root function according to the moment degree.

as an example of the accuracy of the technique, we compare the exact and estimated raw moments of the absolute value of a Gaussian signal.


Engineering a Bandwidth-Scalable Optical Layer for a 3D Multi-Core Processor with Awareness of Layout Constraints .


Notes on design through arti.cial evolution: Opportunities and algorithms.

the CAM that node 3 represents has itself 3 The actual number is larger.


lectionfor atleasttwo of thefour spawngoodnesspro.les described in Section 3.3.


This is not a problem with .negrained architectures, since the .ne-grained fabric can be used to build either control or datapath structures.

the .ne-grained architecture does not contain these embedded blocks, meaning the multipliers must be implemented using the normal logic resources.


The model for energy consumption for the gate i in a logic circuit is simplified as: Ei = 1 .

since today s large and complex VLSI circuits in SoC environments need an enormous amount of test data, their exact testing becomes even more difficult.


Another approach to control the state of the gates for minimizing the e.ect of NBTI is based on internal node control[5].

nBTI strongly depends on the input vector and the state of the gate inputs.


This work presents and discusses gridless pin access.

also, shapes of adjacent instances of circuits a.ect this space.


For example, the Mica2 can run at 3.3V/45mA; the iMote at 2.5V/60mA; and the Eco node at 3.3V/20mA.

everlast [9] addresses the inrushcurrent problem by using a feed-forward regulator instead, but it does not inhibit booting.


Besides, chain paths are greedily processed as long as the delay and slew bounds are maintained.

it will be invoked repeatedly with a pre-processing step that will connect up some critical ports .rst.


Relative power of NC-FG-NEMS-based logic.


We are interested to synthesize the MEDL of the TTP controllers (and as a direct consequence, also the MHTTs) so that the process set is schedulable on an as cheap (slow) as possible processor set.

in order to guide the optimization process, we need a cost function that captures the degree of schedulability for a certain MEDL implementation.


Channel 2 (cyan) shows a peak 4.24 V signal after recti.cation using the FET bridge.

the .rst is that the phone s audio sampling rate at 44.1 kHz, resulting in a maximum UART baud rate of 22.05 kbaud.


Applying all of these optimization techniques together helps to improve the chip mean frequency by about 23%.

all the simulation results presented in this paper are derived from detailed circuitlevel Monte-Carlo simulations discussed in Section 5.


Synthesisof reactive(1) designs.In 7th International Conference onVeri.cation, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation (VMCAI), volume 3855 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 364 380.

in practice, this reachability problem can be solved for many kinds of continuous dynamical systems (including the intra-mode dynamics for the example shown in Fig.


TLB and MMU invalidations are included in the trace by monitoring the value of the CR3 register, which must change on a context switch.

page table caches use the physical addresses of the page table entries as indices.


The environment in April of 2003 consisted of numerous Novell products and versions.

identify Services running on each server 2.


Figure 12 shows some implementations combining TMR and DWC with time redundancy.

the same multiplier implemented by the proposed technique could fit in the chip, also occupying less area.


In the long term, however, there are many more possibilities.

in the near term, commercial CAD will concentrate on the familiar problems of the VLSI field - completing larger designs, optimizing yield, coping with variability, and so on.


Similarly, cost ld is assigned to the edge connecting o1 and f2 as well.

at least twice the area can be saved by allowing cell switching than allowing cell .ipping only.


Increasingly, we find designers trying to reduce power both by manual specifications of multiple voltage and power domains, block and core level clock gating as well as more automated techniques like leaf-level combinational and sequential clock gating.

copyright is held by the author/owner(s).


By iteratively traversing the discretization re.nement hierarchy, our multigrid method speeds convergence.

it stores the initial temperature pro.le as internal state to allow subsequent dynamic analysis.


ij ctij)+ (i, j)eY (dPxy ij *CCi *ctij ) where [x,y] denotes either (x,y) or (y,x).

0 From the de.nition of the execution time change metric, it would appear that when a vertex is moved to a different partition, the metric values for all its ancestors would need to be updated.


Since NBTI does not impact the output load capacitance of the gate in any way, the load dependent delay is ignored for degradation analysis.

the recovery phase is very important to be considered for correct estimation of NBTI e.ect.


Conclusions Rings offer an interconnect with short point-to-point links, distributed control, and ordering properties exploitable by a coherence protocol.

figure 3 shows an example of how ORDERING-POINT works.


Our idea is that the cooperating transmitters start their transmissions at the same time.

[15] B. Sirkeci-Mergen, A. Scaglione, and G. Mergen.


However, intuitively, one one may expect a greater .eld margin (difference between would expect a logic 1 state to be preferred since Magnet D should experience stronger F-coupling from Magnets B and H0 H1 A .nal observation demonstrates that another factor needs to be A and ) by placing the functional layers close, our C combined.

the collective coupling .eld, Bout, from the inputs can be expressed by Eq.


RELATED WORK There are many approaches proposed to effectively use row buffers.

cONCLUSIONS We proposed DRAM power-aware rank scheduling schemes which can be implemented in the last-level cache and the memory controller.


Furthermore, the metastability resolution time (tMSR(0), tMSR(1), tMSR(2))is improved by roughly a multiple of i over the original (tMSR(orig))when employing wagging synchronization.

2.2 Variable Control Circuit Parameters The properties of the system are defined by the connectivity of the control graph.


Although PCM is a promising main memory alternative and is recently introduced to embedded system designs, its endurance keeps drifting down and greatly limits the lifetime of the whole system.

unlike Full-Merge, we propose Lazy-Merge strategy, by which we only erase the replacement block and preserve its associated primary block from being erased.


interruption to the normal execution as well as non-trivial storage for test patterns incur inevitable performance and area overhead.


[11] survey several heuristic approaches for VRP and MDVRP.

in non-congestion-aware mode the distance between two scan FFs is the Manhattan distance, whereas in congestionaware mode the distance is calculated as Dist ance(fi, f j)=xCon ·|xi -xj|+yCon ·|yi -y j| (3) where xCon and yCon are congestion coef.cients in the horizontal and vertical directions, calculated as the average ratio of used tracks to the total number of tracks for all grid cells in the bounding box {(xi, yi), (x j, y j)}.


The granularity of the TDMA slots is called a macro tick.

the traditional time-triggered protocols usually operate on bus-like systems.


For this testbench the nominal frequency was selected to be 130kHz.

itcanbenoticedthat both the LDOs have a 270µs delay generated by the logic control.


Spice simulation using transmission-line model with parameters obtained with the help of FastHenry and FastCap.

[9] L. Daniel, Simulation and modeling techinques for signal integrity and electromagnetic interference on high frequency electronic systems, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 2003.


pROOF.WebeginbyshowingthatBound(1)anbe rewrittenas T:(a(6)+6da(3N))N d..3N) +E,=l6Na(2B,.l)NB,.


The data dependencies are mapped on FIFO memories, so memory usage is linearly dependent on the life-time.

on trellis level, the data-block (frame) can be tiled into a number of windows.


A Systolic Array for the Sequence Alignment Problem.

often times we consider the world of hardware design cleanly broken up between digital systems which encode values as bits on a wire, and analog system which encode values as continuum of levels on a wire.


2) Metal structures near the antenna can affect the magnitude of the received signal and several design guidelines have been proposed in order to alleviate this phenomena [8].

the logic design of the power manager along with its integration into the WiNoC and speci.c architectural details will be the focus of future work.


The TFET 8T cell shows inferior HSNM and RSNM, especially for VDD .

the stability of 6T SRAM cell degrades significantly as VDD scales down, limiting the achievable Vmin for overall system.


The goal of vertical pro.ling is to .nd cause-e.ect relations between performance phenomena.

unlike the previous case study, the IPC increase in compress is not gradual.


The technique of algorithm-based fault tolerance encodes the data at a high level, so that errors can be detected and corrected with low overhead.

these modules have to be tested for compliance with their speci.cations.


As a result, O(nlogn) dominate the time complexity of this part.


At each step, the agent senses the current state of its environment, and executes an action.

the architect s job at design time is centered on (1) selecting a reward structure that re.ects the desired optimization target, and (2) selecting a set of relevant state attributes and actions to be used by the controller.


Since the sampling frequency is the highest possible clock rate of the standard cell library to achieve the highest possible serial data rate, the selection logic can be operated at a lower frequency.

jitter and wander introduce faults into some PBSs.


A population U is a set of units U={u1, , ui, uN}, and the number of units N in the population is called population size.

the effective number of strata could be less than K. To avoid this situation, we can increase the value of K until the effective number of strata who contribute one or more units to a sample is equal to 6.


The function COMPARE() takes two strings as arguments, which are the two add-sub expressions being compared.

in those data structures, partitioning algorithms play an important role in storing arbitrary polygons.


CONCLUSION We propose an online fault detection and tolerance technique for (20X5)The Proposed System (14X7) 22 (16X6)  PV systems to reduce the output power degradation due to PV cell (19X5) faults.


Moreover, for the analysis of the students' answers, we applied the data analysis tool from Google.

people learn things through experience and, above all, with the passage of time in all imaginable contexts (formal, non-formal, informal) and when they freely choose [4], based on their personal motivations and their degree of involvement in their own learning process [6].


Wong, Bus-Driven Floorplanning, ICCAD, pp.

there are four possible sides (North-East-West-South) for the pin positions of each component, and, therefore, for each link we have 16 possible options for the pin placement (each link is connected to two blocks).


It should be noted that systematic variations would affect the sensitivities of the parameter values, causing PC coef.cients of cells at symmetric locations not exactly symmetric.

in order to provide more information about the RCP we generate, we also show the number of stages for each RCP in the table.


It is shown that the cycle counts of an ARM v5 processor could be estimated with an average error of 5.8% with a simulation speed of an ISS and an extra training phase.

the model is heuristic for three reasons: (1) The resource constraints are not considered, e.g.


understanding and studying all these issues mandatescomprehensive models of disk drives.


SVM is a popular machinelearning method for classification, regression, and otherlearning tasks [20][22].

in comparison to the results of the proposed technique, the one-class SVM cannot provide the desired accuracy for correctly classifying single devices, particularlyfor fresh devices.


Ensuring O(1) Searches For key searches, instead of searching the segments directly, we maintain on-chip predictive filters that can be quickly queried to determine which segment, if any, holds the key.

table 2: Expected number of false positives in segmented hash No of segments, N Bits per bucket, mb/n Naïve Bloom Filter Selective Filter Insertion Algorithm 1 × Pr.


Additionally, the clusters are connected to one another through a single dedicated link to a central switch.

we make this checkpoint/recover time a con.gurable parameter in order to study the bene.t of checkpoint-enabled multi-site scheduling as a function of increasing overhead.


Note that the area savings increases with the slew constraint.

it is su.cient to bu.er all nets to .x slew violations without worrying about delay.


S tallT imei for each core Ci is collected during cache miss.

in a multi-core system architecture, optimization scheme should take into consideration not only the individual processor but also other processors executing in parallel.


It comprises a phase-locked-loop (which could be part of the clock generation circuit for the chip, as is the case for high-performance microprocessors, e.g.

is the propagation delay of register i, tomb.


Traditionally, such TSV buses have been considered to help improve the thermal conductivity in the vertical direction, with the general perception that Copper/Tungsten TSVs have good thermal conductivities [5] [7].

this ensures the TSV-farm optimization with improvements on thermal and negligible overhead on chip area and total wire length.


Whether each fault can be correctly identified, or diagnosed, depends on the interconnect structure and the test rings applied.

it is desired to develop an effective test scheme to reduce the costs of interconnect diagnosis.


This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the theoretical basis for our design approach; in Section 3 we give results from synthesis on a real technology library; in Section 4 we discuss an extension that covers the case of general vectorial Boolean functions; Section 5 concludes the paper.

the permutation block is substituted with a new component whose purpose is to implement the actual Boolean function and which has 2N inputs (the decoded lines from the decoder) and 2M outputs (the lines to be fed into the encoder).


Examples of positive impacts are reduction of water/air pollution, reduction of greenhouse gas emission, natural resources saving, creation of new ecosystems and so on.

in the energy plan case, the main actions are energy plants for each speci.c source in terms of installed power, in MW (Megawatts).


inputID .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 BeforeCenterAdjustment 3(3) 3(1) 3(2) 3(2) 3(1) 3(4) 3(3) 3(2) 3(2) 3(4) AfterCenterAdjustment 3(1) 3(2) 3(3) 3(1) 3(4) 3(1) 2( ) 3(2) 3(2) 3(5) Table5:Maximumnumberofmodulesthatareassignedtoaregionand,inparentheses,thenumberofregionswitha maximum-moduleassignment.TheseareshownbeforeandafterenteradjustmentforIBFS.Observethattheentryfor 17afteradjustmentis2(*).Thisindiatesthattherewerenoregionssharedby3ormoremodules.The*indiatesthat thenumberofregionswithtwomodulesisnotofinterest.


We do not implement voltage scaling in these areas because of either large power overhead (Section 3.5) or an unaffordably long settling time (Section 3.4).

the latency of the structures counted in number of clock cycles of the pipeline varies with the power mode of the pipeline.


We state the construction of a rank reduced linear regression model formally as follows.

assume we have computed all the m signal arrival times of partition i by the second order SSTA, then one of these signal arrival times (say ATk)is given by: TT TT ¯ ATk = Mk + ßk G + GAkG + ck Xi + Xi BkXi, (11) global local Xloc i .


PowerCompiler is the most widely known commercial tool, which automatically inserts gates to clock lines of registers.

5.1.3 Signal con.ictresolution Multiplexers are inserted to resolve signal con.icts occurring in the uni.ed RCG G. such as e 7and e 8in Figure4.


In this case, the input of the next stage is limited by the supply voltage, which is commonly 3.3V or 5V.

our dynamic range requires at least 14-bits of resolution (Section 2.1).


Actually, the following result can be obtained due to the rounding operation for a real machine: n c = .

figure 10 illustrates the structure of a slave PE.


In this direction, the difference (Vb1-Vbo) should adopt the maximum possible value.

conclusions are summarized in section 5.


What makes controller power modeling more challenging than that of the datapath is the fact that controllers are usually specified in a very abstract fashion even at the reglster-transfer level and they are specific to every design.

we can distinguish between pre-state assignment [3, 4] and post-state assignment [5, 6, 7] ap- proaches.


[8] T. F. Chan, J. Cong, T. Kong, J. R. Shinner, Multilevel optimization for large-scale circuit placement., Proc.

in each of these solves, the hybrid × 22cells outside the sub-region are propagated to the nearest boundary subregion, cells are considered movable, model is used to gain the speedup without sacrifice of performance.


Experimental Setup In thissectionwedescribeourevaluationmethodology.Allourresultsareobtained with thebaselinecon.gurationsystemdescribed below.

due to a much smaller fraction of aggregate L2 cache capacity being available to individual processors, there can be a signi.cant increase in intraprocessor misses (all cache misses in a private cache are intraprocessormisses),comparedtoasharedL2 cacheof amuchlarger (aggregate)capacity.


This result follows from the First, the client adds surplus variables to convert the infollowing two lemmas.

the client can control the degree of reduced sparsity and thus explore the trade-o.


Even if performance were not an issue, this approach is not feasible in the SR, as the code for the XorShift and Combine Tausworthe generator does not .t in the 128-word instruction memory.

tail coverage out to ±8s is also required for a good qualitygenerator[25],sotheabsolute minimum .xed-point output format is 19 bits with 15 fractional bits.


To give an example: The Intel ICH10R used in our experiments (cf.

now, we can determine the expected speedup of a RAID device whose write/read throughput ratio has been increased from f1 to f2 by extending the spare capacity.


(alternative wires identification without search).

at the same time, the values of SMAs are assigned, too.


Note that lenders are not resources themselves, meaning that they can not be lent to others.

an exception might however be thrown if the exporting peer experiences communication problems of a more general nature (indicated through an instance of a subclass of the Java RMI RemoteException), e.g., when trying to communicate with immediate neighbor peers.


1-a shows that the thermal threshold is avoided but the spatial variations are significantly high, because threshold-avoidance DTM just considers cores which are approaching the threshold in order to avoid it using task migration without observing the spatial variation between the cores to balance them.

the temperature observation shows large spatial and temporal variations.


Since there is no clock at all there is no need to perform a clock tree synthesis and the associated timing closure.

lS LS LS LS LS LS LS LS Quasi-Delay-Insensitive (QDI) asynchronous logic, like HERMES-A using dual rail, ANOC using 1-of-4 IN North OUT North DI code for lower power, or CHAIN using more OUT Res complex 2-of-7 DI code for code density and additional power reduction, to provide robust NoC routers and links insensitive to timing variations ; Mixed design (internal router using bundle data logic while long NoC links are implemented using QDI logic), like in ASPIN [11], to benefit of both IN Res LS LS LS OUT LS West LS LS LS IN LS West Activity Control Voltage Control counts Vhig h/V lo w Switch data in&out OUT South IN South LS IN LS East LS LS LS OUT LS East LS LS LS LS LS LS LS LS LS LS advantages : smaller logic in the routers, robustness on the long NoC links, but requiring additional conversion Figure 13.


2D-4 Shape Manipulation/Optimization  Shape/Electrical (timing/power) Analysis Fig.

pST clock buffer not only involves overhead in terms of area but also requires long design time and tuning time.


min(n A i , n B i )are directly connected, remaining inputs are not shared.

they are not scalable as they are capable of producing some results for circuits with up to 8-15 inputs only (depending on a particular instance) [5].


However, even if the adversary has access to the masks of the IC, and unless the PUF is very simple, statistical variation will force the adversary to fabricate a huge number of ICs and precisely characterize each one, in order to create and discover a counterfeit.

it is possible that there will be identical PUFs.


This is a large obstacle for an accurate estimation of the data cache behavior in a sourcelevel simulation.

based on the dynamically determined abstract cache states, some memory accesses can be classi.ed as cache hit, some can be classi.ed as cache misses and some cannot be classi.ed.


The technique in (1) is based on the prior results in [5] (which is optimal for continuously variable voltages, but not for discrete ones) and [3] (which is optimal for a single task, but not for multiple tasks), whereas the technique in (2) is based on an e.cient linear programming formulation.

the target area is in the VLSI hardwired (i.e., static) data path scheduling, and not in the software-controlled (i.e., dynamic) CPU speed scheduling by voltages.


This may lead to unacceptable area or performance overhead.

this self-test methodology allows incorporation of any deterministic BIST techniques that encode a deterministic test set as several pseudorandom test sets [15][16].


(mW) WLAN wait 2 40 5 [8] WLAN sync 4 40 76 [9] LTE sync 22 80 - LTE sense 20 40 - DVB-T sense 7 40 -  6.

most of the existing solutions and prototypes do not focus on the practical design constraints that have to be considered when using those techniques in low-power and low-cost handheld devices.


As a result, we have performed extensive design space exploration using the Xilinx ISE tool-chain on medical imaging algorithms.

this is achieved by using additional constraints during and after the tiling hyperplanes computation, to preserve one level of inner parallelism.


Today Augmented Reality applications are implemented either for highly specialized, expensive and somewhat clumsy hardware (i.e.

open interfaces on the device are provided as well as to the service backend.


For accomplishing a decremental Round Robin based update, we pick the row with the lowest priority.

2) A switch with ports far exceeding 5 would require multiple of these switches to be connected in stages.


The formulation considers all nets simultaneously and the absence of a satisfying assignment implies that the layout is unroutable.

the approach transformed the FPGA routing task into a single, large Boolean equation with the property that any assignment of input variables that satisfies the equation specifies a valid routing.


By experimenting with susceptance matrices associated with small-scale power/ground distribution 0.02 0.01 6 REFERENCES [1] Semiconductor Industry Association, The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors: Design, 1999 Edition [2] H. Chen and D. Ling, Power Supply Noise Analysis Methodology for Deep-Submicron VLSI Chip Design, in Proc.

it is worth noting that all the entries in SDG and SDGT are negative, and because of the shielding effect of susceptance ele ments, the diagonal entries in SDG and STDG which model the sus ceptive couplings between physically close symmetrical Vdd and Gnd segments have much bigger magnitudes than the other offdiagonal elements in S. Fig.


We will use Nf lash to denote the maximum number of blocks that can be pinned to the .ash memory for the launch sequence B.

step 1: Any block requests that access read-write blocks are removed, as we are only considering application code blocks for pinning.


Data is placed in DRAM and code in Flash memory.

computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach.


ToderiveJSS,our schemeinvolves sampling ambient noise values regardless of whether the channel is idle or busy.

[0, 1] 7: sa = {si|si < upperBound, si .


This is because a small value of the congestion metric corresponds to the availability of numerous tracks, and the routability of the net through the bin is unaffected.

it contains 16 bins, and the congestion value associated with each bin is shown in the .gure.


It requires two different orientations, a 90 degree and a 45 degree cell structure.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


These, if multiplied out would be the complete sums A and B, respectively.

thus the number of non-terminal stages is O(N).


The white square shows the transmitter position on the back side of the body.

the phantoms are assigned homogeneous muscle tissue electrical properties at 2.45 GHz (permittivity = 52.7 and conductivity = 1.7 S/m).


The SMC itself must provide intelligent arbitration of access to the DRAM among different streams such that throughput and latency of access are guaranteed.

the reserved credit count per service cycle of the first stream will be 350/2100 times 60 slots, which is equal to 10 slots.


At the beginning of a new simulation cycle, SystemC kernel checks the content of the message to be possibly exchanged with the driver.

table 1 shows the performance of the two proposed co-simulation schemes, compared to the case of a co-simulation scheme based on the instantiation of wrappers in SystemC [14], (called GDB-Wrapper).


In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing (MOBICOM96), November 1996.

in interactive applications, rather than throughput, it is more important to capture the impact on latency for user events.


We also build a blade enclosure with the SyncRouter implemented in Xilinx XC6LX365T FPGA.

we did not manage to configure the HT bus between the two AMD Opterons, so only one processor is used on each blade for our evaluations.


2 to arrive at the following parameter model: Zgridi = Cgridi · T (3) [XT T [ST RT ]T where Zgridi = gridi Ygridi]T , T = , Cgridi = Agridi 0 .

none of these have included junction tunneling leakage, and a statistical full-chip leakage analysis method, which can handel the case where the underlying process parameters are correlated non-Gaussian distributions, is still in need.


In Table 3, columns 2-4 list the optimal and and minimum delay values by using the Elmore delay model.

all circuit parameters as well as rising times are listed in Table 1.


This behaviour implies that the NIC s interrupts interfere with some form of batching optimization applied by the storage controller, leading to a reduced I/O throughput level.

by having to actually consume step LOCAL BASE16 copy 0.157 (0.270) 0.163 (0.160) uncompress 43.932 (3.560) 45.337 (3.370) scan 81.524 (0.640) 83.784 (2.210) compress 496.400 (1.160) 501.013 (2.640)  Table 4: Filesystem test results for trace-.le (a single large .le, that is processed in a sequential scan).


Towards Rapid Dynamic Partial Recon.guration in Video-Based Driver Assistance Systems.

this also means that the sort keys have to be transferred to the FPGA multiple times, according to the actual problem size and the used sorter architecture.


[20] E. Torres et al., Contents Management in First-Level Multibanked Data Caches, 10th EuroPar, LNCS 3149, pp.

to speed program execution while enforcing store-load memory ordering, a feature called store-to-load data forwarding is added (data forwarding, for short).


By comparison, the monitoring data are more .exible regarding to the real time constraints.

we observed that the GPRS link is instantly saturated as the VoIP .ow used in our experiment requires high bandwidth availability (approximately 65 kbits/s).


Load average is the sum of run queue length and number of jobs currently running.

[7] K. Gross, K. Whisnant, and A. Urmanov.


3(b) employ two XOR gates in the critical path.

the proposed architecture lays emphasis on the use of multiplexers and a combination of CMOS and transmission gate logic in arithmetic circuits that result in high speed and efficient design.


We say a loop Li is saturated at depth s when .v.Vi, v.R(t) for t=s.

note that the edge with no weight shown has an implicit weight of 1.


The load capacitance consists of the wire capacitances C(G) and the gate capacitances of G s wfanout gates U: CL(G) = Cw(G) + .

the accuracy of this piecewise linear approximation is therefore completely determined by the subranges of x -y, i.e., by the choice of m and n. the constraint on cell size ranges where such approximation is applicable is eliminated, enabling optimization over the full range of gate sizes.


The pads, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 9, are connected onto the channels between all the adjacent bump balls by assigning two partial global wires.

if the number of the net, ni, is located inside the range between the bump balls, nj and nr, nr and ns, or nk and ns, the partial global wire from the channel of the net, ni, to the channel between the bump balls, nj and nr, nr and ns, or nk and ns, will be assigned.


we evaluate thebenefitsofRowClone using 1) a casestudyofthefork systemcall,animportantoperationused by modern operating systems, 2)sixcopy/initialization intensive benchmarks: bootup,compile,forkbench,memcached [2], mysql [3],andshell(Section 7.3describes thesebenchmarks), and3)awidevarietyofmulti-core workloads comprising thecopy/initialization intensive applicationsrunning alongside memory-intensive applicationsfrom theSPEC CPU2006 benchmarksuite [51].


Therefore some approximations can be made.

lumped circuit approximation is not e.cient for large interconnects.


Based on these factors, we calculate the probability confidence of whether a frame represents the boundary of a musical phrase.

the phrase that contains the most salient segment in a given music is extracted as a music snippet.


[22] investigated how a scratchpad memory can be used to better utilize the cache.

since this table can be small, it need not be very energy consuming and, furthermore, it is indexed by the program counter which is available very early in the pipeline.


Multicore processors can provide higher throughput when running highly parallelized applications.

this paper is organized as follows: The background for NBTI models, throughput and power models for multicore processor modeling is presented in Section 2.


The solution to these attacks lies in the use of the enhanced security mechanisms jointly with DOMINO.

is: W -1 E[Bco]= ip(i) i=0 where pco(i) p(i)= .W -1 i=0 pco(i) p(i) is the probability of the consecutive backo.


Since the memory speeds are unchanged with DVFS, the processor stalls for fewer cycles at lower frequencies, attenuating the bursty behavior observed at higher frequencies.

the thermal runaway feedback e.ect is more pronounced at power levels above 10 Watts in this experiment.


For library code without source, we currently assume that the callee can modify any variable through pointer parameters.

intel plans to incorporate security support to its processors within the next two to three years [23].


Many nanoscale circuits devised thus far have employed this array scheme for both logic and memory [4, 7, 9, 12, 13].

a few nanowire transistors have been demonstrated in this work.


the external SDRAM controller) for many masters (CPU, VLIWs, and many hardware accelerators) is naturally a circuit-switching tree with a single arbiter at the root.

tokens are either empty or full (corresponding to a circuit datum, or a virtual-circuit packet).


Our hardwareaccelerated STM starts with a STM that uses compiler optimizations and improves its performance further.

the read barrier in the second atomic block will take the fast path if the cache line remains valid.


If the resulting mapping violates design constraints, increasethe size/resources of the topology and go to OUTERLOOP.

when performingthe mapping of these cores, the path with the least cost that satis.es the bandwidth and latency constraints for the .ow is chosen and the cores are mapped to the NIs in the path.


focus on large quantities of highly accurate ground truth.

in my research, I focus on the design of systems everyone can use to create her or his own datasets.


Hence, major developers adopt out-of-order superscalar processors as application processors.

in FP applications, integer instructions that are executed in the IXU are not dispatched to the OXU, and thus, FXA also improves performance, as shown in the evaluation results presented in Section VI.


In addition, the three observations also hold for other benchmarks in our study (see Table 2).

as a result, since the uniprocessor era, commodity processors have relied on lightweight LRU approximations for cache management, such as the not-recently used (NRU) replacement policy that requires just one-bit overhead in each cache line.


As has been derived from an analytical model, a 6-bit ADC with a near perfect analog front end will consume more power than a 7-bit design with the same performance.

reducing the bandwidth of an ADC, using proposed bandwidth scaling rules, yields a more than linear reduction of power consumption.


This representation is widely used in multiplierless implementations, because it reduces the number of non-zero digits by 33%, on average compared with the binary representation [5].

this constraint expresses that the operations in the path must not be included in the solution altogether, by guaranteeing that the solution to be found by the 0-1 ILP solver has the minimum delay and allowing the possible sharing of partial terms that are inputs of the operations in the path with other partial terms.


For example, two 9-bit buffers, can be vertically stacked and placed into a single 36-bit BRAM.

now, each write to a buffer requires two as opposed to one clock cycle.


Therefore, only the last element will be kept in the cache after prefetching, while the previous N - 1 data transfers are useless with additional energy overhead.

iMPACT OF REUSE PATTERN ON SPM PREFETCH EFFICIENCY 2.1 SPM Prefetching Without Reuse With explicit control on data movement, we need to identify the prefetched and evicted data sets, which is essential for an SPM prefetching scheme.


If the input range is not an important concern, for example, when Vref is 1 V and the supply voltage is 2.5 V or even higher, then the operating point of the input of comparator can be well defined without forcing the transistors into triode region.

the CAV-based 6-bit flash ADC is divided into four parts: complementary reference voltage generation block, average-value unit, comparator string, and the encoder.


The old techniques produced acceptable results.

nand Model Nand Measured Static Power Comparison Figure 15 Model vs.


The simulation results and the CPU is produced with a combination of various sLER and .LER.

the distance between the sidewalls of the conductors is a crucial parameter.


These routing algorithms eliminate deadlocks without addingVC,byprohibiting some global turns as shown in Figure1(, , ).

hARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION In a 2D-Mesh, a given router R can be in 9 di.erent situations: If none of the 8 neighboring routers is faulty, R is con.gured as NORMAL, implementing the classical X-First routing function.


Whereas the LSQ requires associative and age-prioritized searches for each access, we propose that an address-indexed store-forwarding cache (SFC) perform store-to-load forwarding and that an address-indexed memory disambiguation table (MDT) perform memory disambiguation.

memory disambiguation requires at most two sequence number comparisons for each issued load or store.


Sparse LU) and reduces the associated L2 misses by up to 75%, however, in the rest of the benchmarks it cannot identify the memory access patterns accurately and the reduction in L2 misses falls below 30%.

this form of software-directed prefetching can overcome some of the challenging issues with hardware-only prefetchers such as timeliness, accuracy, and access pattern prediction.


Although computation time may be high, the algorithm is straightforward to design, making simulated annealing an attractive option for difficult problems where clever algorithms are hard to come by.

they solved a wide range of EDA problems with successes and reported their results in a series of papers at premier EDA conferences such DAC and ICCAD.


The .rst step of the approach involves performing STA on the circuit to identify a nominal critical path, which is picked as the initial version of the RCP.

this approach requires measurements for hundreds of ring oscillators for a circuit with reasonable size and does not provide an explicit critical path.


when considering devices like IG FinFETs to implement the function g, we have the opposite.


IEEE Wireless Communications, 9(2):48¨i£¡ 59, April 2002.

if the Sybil node emulators are closer, less power is launched and accordingly cell coverage degrades for legitimate border nodes.


Switching statistics of the buses, which are obtained by tracing the data sequences of a number of real-world applications, are exploited for the encoding.

we assume that the main program memory is organized into n blocks and there are m blocks inside the instruction cache.


Fixed-outline .oorplanning: enabling hierarchical design.

they consider only gate-level integration and ignore clock networks.


We used ASLAN to automatically synthesize approximate ver sions of ten sequential benchmarks, resulting in energy reductions of 1.20X-2.44X for tight quality constraints, and 1.32X-4.42X for moderate quality constraints.

by using general purpose veri.cation techniques, we are able to address the problem in a broader and more general context.


Demonstration Description The transmitter module will be running in real time on the WARP boards, however the receiver module will be running in a non-real time mode.

the demonstration proceeds as follows: 1.


We enco de a maximum of 4 of these, with those that are unused being ignored.

research suggests that hardly any morphological features are created de novo from new genes [2, 19], instead di.erent morphological features between species are the result of the same genes (usually one of the four Hox clusters) being employed in di.erent contexts.


That seems to hold even for c6288, that exhibits an abnormally large number of paths.

surprisingly, the modi.cations that need to be introduced in the algorithm described in Section 3.1 to enable the computation of the k most critical paths are very few.


4.2 Comparisons between Reliability and Performance Based Current Density Limits Figure 6 shows the comparison of javg-performance with the values of javgreliability for isolated and realistic multilevel structures in a 0.1-µm technology.

by doing so and assuming balanced loads at the two ends p and q of the trunk and using (22), the optimum length l* for ensuring zero clock skew can be obtained by solving the following equation: .l * *  (24) () lA =0 ßTxdx +- 0 where A is a constant and can be written as follows: 2 LL 1 Lc0 (25) LC +ß(0 +CL ) () -0 ßxT x dx ) A = ( + L Lc Txdx c () .. Lc +C 2 0 L 00 Given circuit parameters L, CL, c0, ß, and T(x), we can easily compute the constant A and solve (24) to obtain the optimum position for the clock signal connection to the net segment.


Panel Are Current ESL Tools Meeting the Requirements of Advanced Embedded Systems?

we would like to know to what degree currently available tools from major ESL tool houses are used for designing what kind of systems in industry, and for what purpose such as analysis, design space exploration, or synthesis, etc.


This last case is restrictive, in terms of availability, but provides fail-safe con.dentiality protection within the current ecosystem.

if both of the source registers are tagged with the same SDC ID, the destination register is also tagged with this SDC ID.


Rather than generating a set of geometric constraints with parasitic bounds as in [5], the intrinsic relationship between performance and parasitics is regarded as a mixed-integer nonlinear function of layout geometries restricted within the maximum allowed performance deviation.


And a table T can easily be constructed.

v is related to the data stream transferred on the bus.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported in part by the National Science Council of Taiwan, R.O.C., under the grant number NSC 95-2221-E-033-075-MY2.

take the circuit ex shown in Figure 1 as an example.


Bu.ers bufi and bufj are zero-skew merged to obtain a clock tree T as shown in Figure 2b.

l2 can be made more e.ective than l1 by selecting a much smaller link than the minimum length link l1 between all sink pairs of subtrees Ti and Tj .


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Sebastien Vincent for the many useful discussions and his work on the ns-3 part of the project.


In an ideal fault injection campaign, each fault would a.ect a distinct bit of R15.


if one considers a t0 < t, such that v(t) is insensitive to v(t0), then one may assume that v(t0) = 0 without a.ecting the voltages at time t. As a matter of fact, we can assume that at all time t'= t0,wehave v(t')= 0.


Stencil s parallel structure lends well to large performance increases.

the three sharp curves each correspond to different frequencies reaching their performance limit.


Since the memory ranks are distributed uniformly across all nodes, DMR3D relies on this information to construct the new address of memory pages.

the PT contains the page numbers and its access count that are used to guide data migration at the end of every epoch.


The maximum possible improvement to TS is also listed in the table, in order to put the results from the two algorithms in context.

this iterative approach reduces the number of shields added to the system while maintaining a sufficient level of shielding.


Hence, for the translation of released benchmarks, all I/O cells were defined as fixed and treated equally with logic fixed blocks.

including timing information remains as future work.


A bank stores a number of word-sized elements in rows and columns, as shown in Figure 1.

equation (5) adds the maximum interference from refreshes during this interval.


Keywords Hard Real-Time Systems, NAND Flash Memory, Pinning/ LRU Combinations, Convex Optimization 1.

all other constraints on the hit/miss counts on the PTEs can be similarly derived.


Instead, and in order to ensure a good yield, a traditional approach is to apply corner analysis, as follows.

instead, new statistical techniques are needed to modify corner analysis in ways that overcome its weaknesses without violating usage models of timing tools in modern .ows.


While longer gate lengths linearly worsen area and capacitance, improved short-channel effects reduce variability to enable more aggressive voltage scaling, which quadratically improves power consumption.

variability and soft error reliability have often been heralded as key concerns for logic and memory at low voltages, but recent techniques have been developed to both mitigate root causes at the device level and augment operating margins at the circuit level.


Empirical Determination of Channel Characteristics for DSRC Vehicle-to-vehicle Communication Vikas Taliwal, Daniel Jiang, Heiko Mangold, Chi Chen Raja Sengupta DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology North America, Inc. University of California at Berkeley 1510 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, CA 94306 650 845 2561 taliwal@rtna.daimlerchrysler.com ABSTRACT Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) wireless band, allocated by the FCC for vehicular communication, constitutes the basis for one of the first vehicular ad-hoc networks/systems that is likely to be deployed.

general Terms Measurement, Performance Keywords Dedicated Short Range Communication, Nakagami fading channels, parameter estimation, spatial channel correlation, vehicle-to-vehicle communication.


Retargetable Embedded ICE Hardware/Software Module Design A. Parameterized Embedded ICE Design Our parameterized EICE is based on IEEE 1149.1 JTAG standard.

the parameterized embedded in-circuit emulator can be integrated to different style processors such as microcontroller, microprocessor, and DSP processor.


This algorithm .rst marks the current state sas visited in the visit and path arrays described earlier.

timed circuits are a class of asynchronous circuits that utilize explicit timing information for optimization throughout the entire design process.


For example, all three zones in the internal memory tile (i.e.

for storage, QCA utilizes the so-called paradigm of memory-in-motion, i.e.


An LBDRaware algorithm, executed by the global manager, searching for routes on a given topology, needs only information about the faulty links to generate a compatible routing function.

acknowledgements This work has been partially supported by the vIrtical European Project (FP7-ICT-288574).


A Universal Approach to Data Center Network Design Bruce Maggs Department of Computer Science, Duke University Durham, North Carolina, USA Abstract This talk proposes an approach to the design of large-scale general-purpose data center networks based on the notions of volume and area universality introduced by Leiserson in the 1980's in the context of VLSI design.

for all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).


Variants v3 and v4 can realize the G.721 encoder, while variants v1 and v4 can realize the Pegwit encoder.

the idea is to implement several ASIC designs in such a way that they share the datapath, memory structure, and several bottom layers of interconnect, while each design has only a few unique metal layers.


The K-maps for deriving the logic equations for the backward operation can also be constructed using the same principle.

this threshold is used to check the newly computed values against the ones from the previous iteration.


LC Transmission line criteria In the previous section, we identified Z0 and A as interconnect design parameters, which can be arbitrarily specified.

an interconnect system can be designed to have arbitrarily any impedance (Z0) for any cross sectional area (A) of the signal conductor.


Note that in the proof we presented provide only pessimistic estimations of probability of success in an attack.

for an element a we write (2) [a] = 0 if a = 0, and [a] = 1 otherwise.


These architecture description languages (ADL) automate the generation of code generators and instruction set simulators.

3 Operation State Machine Model Microprocessor speci.cations commonly partition their descriptions into two fundamental layers: the operation layer including the semantics and the timing of the operations, and the hardware layer including various hardware units.


In this example, the next coming access 0101101 is found at the fourth node of the linked list.

in this work we focus on improving the performance of simulationbased techniques.


On the other, it should be able to manage all possible fault patterns, i.e., to provide 100% coverage.

for each combination of faults we have obtained the minimum number of lamb switches to be disabled in order to make the irregular topology compatible with the LBDR routing mechanism.


2.3 Handling Soft Blocks We also added slack-based move types to change aspect ratios of soft blocks.

for each cluster, the nets connecting only blocks within the cluster are discarded.


For example, in R670 instructionlevel parallelism is critical in order to fully pack the VLIW words with operations, which can issue together.

simple matrix multiplication kernel code in Brook+ 1.0 for RScatter.


Characterizing and predicting the i/o performance of hpc applications using a parameterized synthetic benchmark.

our benchmarking e.ort analyzes the e.ects of shared vs dedicated and local vs networked disk storage in virtual machines.


The SB(1) is used for initialization only and outputted as IB(1).

openCableTM specifications for digital cable TV broadcasting have presented a cable receiver with multi-tuner for serving a Digital Video Recorder (DVR) application, a Picture-In-Picture (PIP) application, a Picture-Out-Picture (POP) application and etc.


A review of the EMO literature, noise, and performance metrics is given in section 2.

on a closer look at the visualization of the Pareto front, it becomes evidenced that the deterio ration of the statistical measure for NSGA2-P is because of loss of diversity in its non-dominated set (Figures 5 6).


We conducted an experiment to see if the application miss rate varies when run concurrently with other applications.

the cache regions are created from homogeneous building blocks that are direct mapped.


In [3] it takes multi-level clustering algorithm no more than two seconds on any ISCAS89 benchmarks.

it becomes more and more dif.cult to reliably implement a large set of arbitrary clock latencies.


In Example 4.1, we can represent the function without increasing the columns.


SEU) can occur in an unknown location (bit) of a codeword, therefore they can be effectively considered as random errors.

the following three cases are considered: 1) comparison of simplex and duplex RS(18,16) with no scrubbing and variable SEU rate; 2) analysis of duplex RS(18,16) for different Tsc periods and under the worst case scenario of the SEU rate; 3) comparison of simplex and duplex RS(18,16), and simplex RS(18,16) under different rates for permanent faults.


However, with the IC technologies advancing, when the driver impedance does not dominate the metal resistance ofinterconnect any more, these models begin to su.er inaccuracy problem.

standard Deviation Figure 5 demonstrates seven waveforms obtained from HSPICE simulations on the modeling and actual circuit of a0.18µm technology inverter.


Introduction Traditionally, design methodologies (and the supporting tools and .ows) for Integrated Circuits target nominal designs.


A subset of control pins in Partition 2, e.g., Pin 5 to Pin 8, can be used to replace Pin 1 to Pin 4 in Partition 1.

section 4 demonstrates the e.ectiveness of the proposed co-optimization method for the design of two biochips.


The role of HAL is explained for SoC design.

in such cases, both SW and HW need to be designed.


Consider an EES system that performs peak shaving for a varying load.

in general, it is obvious that direct connection between EES elements, power sources and power consumers without a proper power converter may signi.cantly degrades the energy ef.ciency, or even worse, is highly likely make permanent damage to the elements.


(b) The structure that is fed into the commercial router, which is then routed.

our partitioning method is equally valid applied on top of any initial placement, routability-driven or otherwise.


The vector supercomputers have almost disappeared from Japanese venders because of their expensive implementation cost compared with inexpensive many core processors such as GPUs.

the current available highest bandwidth of PCI express is 8 GB/s by x16 Gen.2 that is insufficient for our proposed system.


The majority of these were attempts to reach a vulnerable service (e.g., phpMyAdmin).

this compiled version of the Web Handler is slightly larger (1,570 LUTs, 665 FFs) compared to the original manual implementation (1,026 LUTs and 586 FFs), but both achieve nearly the same performance when creating response packets (the compiled version needs two additional cycles).


Quite often those cells are placed rather far from the latch, leaving a long piece of wire overloading the gates on the critical path, and resulting in poor convergence on timing.

the 512-entry register .le is implemented in 4 hierarchical levels: 8-entry leaf cells, 32-entry, 128-entry and 512-entry.


This leaves the question of how to formalize our fourth veri.cation goal: that the voting machine must behave consistently with human expectations.

v can be expressed as a deterministic function of W (v = f(W )) if and only if .


Previous solutions either significantly reduce cache capacity to enable uniform error correction across all lines, or significantly increase latency and bandwidth overheads when amortizing the cost of error-correcting codes (ECC) over large lines.

cell failures in large memory arrays (e.g., caches) typically determine Vccmin for the whole processor.


We consider an o.ine attack scenario in which an attacker can physically access the device that contains the AES cipher and the phase change memory array after the device has been used for encrypting data.

the seasoning e.ect can be observed as well by an increase of the minimum programming voltage and on a modi.cation of the I aA¸SV characteristics of the PCM array as shown in .Figure 2(B).


MAR also enables the analysis of dynamic interactions of the system.

the comparison between predicted and original ECG signal with missing input and complete input 0.008  0.006 Order of the MAR model  Figure 8.


Plot of the standard deviation of the points of a filtered pulse that is sampled with a 70MHz ADC.

for a setup with two detectors and a source exactly centered between them (so coincidental photons arrive at both detectors at the same time), what is the distribution of differences between the time stamps for each detector?


3.1 Calculation Steps SGDP-Step 1: Finding the derivative of the output to the noiseless input.

this is not an accurate way of modeling the waveform for the purpose of noise analysis.


Thus, users are freed from manually translating their memorized melodies into chromatic pitches.

we evaluated the accuracy of pitch discrimination by comparing the actual sung data sets with the automatic translation results of each system on a time line.


For the ease of derivation and analysis, the received wideband signal can be transformed into the frequency domain via the DFT, where a narrowband model can be given for each frequency bin.

it provides an array gain that increases the output SNR in proportion to the number of sensor elements.


presented a graph two-coloring approach in [5, 4].


Realistic sizing algorithms should be scalable enough tohandle large designs.

due to discreteness, the exact 1:3 ratio cannot alwaysbe achieved, especiallyfor small cell sizes, as listedinFigure4.


At the same time, it provides the bene.t of lower overhead in die-area and power consumption in normal mode of circuit operation.


2: Comparison of the predictions by the presented model with predictions by SST/macro, a packet-level simulator, for a 4D Stencil simulated on a 36, 864 router system.

as we saw for UMesh, it also increases the average traf.c on the links.


to handle phenomena such as short channel effects) the selection and number of devices that are included in the test structure increased somewhat.

in fact, a large number of mechanisms, when not modeled with appropriate accuracy, can lead to deviation between the predicted and observed performance.


To accomplish this, Phaser records detailed information about each experiment including packet arrival times, signal amplitude and phase, packet content, and the AP s calibration data in a log .le for replaying purposes.

localization systems built on top of Phaser are much cheaper and easier to deploy thanks to the ubiquity of wireless APs.


But the question is how the system inherent parallelism can be exploited.

mapping result analysis with MS Project.


considering that a typical DRAA has 8 * 8 PEs with 16 memory buses distributed over the PEs, MPEG kernel is a very large loop (127 PE-operations and 64 memory operations) and should be divided into several loops for ef.cient mapping anyway.


However, if a = 1 and b = 1, the current cannot be detected.

our automated mapping is a key enabler for using the promising BDD technology.


The generation of such netlists often results in area enlargement and doubled structures.

beneath the algorithmic level, there are several possibilities on the logic level to speedup these data-paths.


The proposed security-aware gate sizing formulation have been implemented and validated on the ISCAS.

it has been shown that the data, the functional unit operations as well as the internal micro-architectures can be detected through current and power analysis.


In order to optimize peak temperature, it was necessary to tightly integrate .oorplanning, wire modeling, power pro.le gen  [1] L.-T. Yeh and R. C. Chu, Thermal Management of Microelectronic Equipment: Heat Transfer Theory, Analysis Methods, and Design Practices.


This results in the major simplification that each pipeline stage can be considered independently from every other pipeline stage of the circuit.

consider a hypothetical cyclical sequential circuit as shown in Figure 4.


In other words, references associated with this signature always have a distant re-reference interval.

then, inthe SHiP-Rscheme, weexplore theoptimal width of the saturating counters in the SHCT.


The JPEG decoder performance bene.ts from the preemptive dynamic time slice added in Con.gurations 5.

amongst real time requirements, robustness aspects concerning a potential failure propagation of these unknown components towards the total system have to be considered.


Regardless of which technology is employed, wire lengths can be signi.cantly reduced by utilizing the vertical dimension.

number of wires connecting the memory to the logic increase by 1414.7% (from 150 to 2272) along with the distance they have to span.


4 is an MTCMOS leakage monitor that we propose for nMOS leakage monitoring.

bETR at the temperature T can be expressed as  (8)  where K2=qVT/mk as above.


This work presents ASCEnD-A (ASCEnD-Astran), a design .ow devised for generating components required by asynchronous circuits at the cell level.

maximum size of NMOS and PMOS transistors for a single transistor .nger.


The price to pay for these simpli.cations is the necessity of a more careful design of the building blocks.

aSIDES has been used for .ne-tuning the speci.cations of these blocks.


Definition 1: For any module x in L (i.e., x is a module with the left boundary constraint), x is said to have the Ib-property in a sequence-pair (GH,G L) if for each module y in B (i.e., y is a module with the bottom boundary constraint), the inequality pos(GH,y) pos(GH,x) holds.

our algorithm was always able to generate placements of even better quality for 2 test cases (i.e., ami49 and random1), and of the same or comparable quality for 5 test cases (i.e., apte, xerox, hp, and ami33, random2).


The goal is to minimize the chiparea and the total bus area.

this approach is not suitable for bus-driven .oorplanning as for a bus, the order in which the blocks are placed is not .xed.


Considering just the workload sets where performance differences are most noticeable, ATLAS provides 16.4% higher instruction throughput than FR-FCFS, while PAR-BS increases it by 14.3% and our proposal outperforms FR-FCFS by approximately 17% on average.

when we increase the critical distance, the aging process accelerates causing critical requests that reach the controller to compete with a greater number of requests already queued, thus also reducing the average waiting time in the queue, which consequently improves fairness.


In this work, each functional TSV is assigned to more than one spare TSV, in order to achieve a higher yield.

once a spare TSV is used to repair one of its corresponding defective functional TSVs, an alternative spare TSV is needed to ensure that the rest of functional TSVs can be repaired.


The collision probability was derived from the expected collision chain length [17].

while there are some outliers, most of the applications exhibit similar behavior.


The UPC work sharing construct upc_forall explicitly distributes the iterations among the threads.

mYTHREAD: Identification number of the current thread (between 0 and THREADS-1).


Power management routine then uses data collected as input and selects supply voltage level to achieve certain power management goals.

the LDO converter has a low conversion ef.ciency at low load levels.


This is because even if the wafers individually have acceptable yield, when combined in a vertical stack, the probability of a good die on one layer combining with a bad one on another layer is high.

such an analysis can be used to identify future opportunities for NoC based systems in demanding applications.


The objectives of these algorithms mainly focus on density variation minimization or density gradient minimization for a layout.

as a result, a large .are variation may not be fully compensated by applying a global CD resizing and may cause the di.culty of controlling CD uniformity accurately.


To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

the installation of them imposes more software load and hardware ROM on regular Java platforms.


In this paper, we identify applications that drive 3D integration and point out the challenges they bring.

this would help perhaps with framing the rest of the paper.


Thisquanti.es loadimbalancein our approach.

inaddition to the raw numbers scaling, the algorithms must also demonstrate good scaling resultsintermsofQoR and runtime.


Experimental Setup We evaluated TreeFTL using FlashSim [4] simulator running on a Linux 64-bit system to simulate a 32GB NAND .ash storage system.

fTLs use RAM space to hold mapping entries.


In this case, most of the inserted cache lines are promoted to the MRU position, while the adaptive insertion policy is trying to retain most of the inserted cache lines at the LRU position.

as a uni.ed data structure, MUMSC uses a memory access map that is extended to implement the UMO architectures.


As such, every transistor on a charging/discharging path in.uences the gate-delay variability.

in a conventional worst-case timing analysis, the device characteristics are usually assumed to be uniform within a chip, whereas in fact considerable intra-chip variation may be present [1, 2], potentially degrading product yield[2, 3, 4].


It is just intended for pop music with quite regular beat structure, which is an important class of music in streaming applications.

for applications other than error concealment, some modifications and optimizations may be necessary to satisfy the specific requirements.


The frontend is a memory reference generator based on Augmint.

mICA s cache simulator is quite simple and does not enable the modeling of various caches.


These rules allow us to generate the power trace p(t) which leads to the maximum temperature difference.

in this model, for all of the points at equal distance from the hotspot, same maximum temperature difference to the hotspot is assumed, while this is not correct, i.e.


Currently, these include gait cycle time, percentage of stance time, percentage of swing time.

in current practices, the measurement of gait usually requires gait laboratory environments with dedicated equipments such as multi-camera motion capture system, force platforms, and treadmills.


Since the system has an inherent ±3 µm alignment tolerance, any copper bond pads less than or equal to 3 µm in width are unacceptable.

our second analysis, in Figure 13, shows the same experiment, but where we minimize the number of inter-layer vias (as opposed to minimizing the total wire length).


A good discussion of di.erent NAND and NOR CAM cell implementations can be found in [4].

if error protection is required, the cost is clearly lower than using multiple unprotected units.


In the circuit the technique called Extended True Single Phase Clock (E-TSPC) was applied.

iEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 40, 8 (Aug. 2005), 1662-1670.


System Transformation for Time-Varying Coeffcients 1 T mn = the spatial domain of die, T (x, y, z, t) can be approximated by T (x, y, z, t) as T (x, y, z, t)= TT  T T (x, y, 0, 8)dxdy .x.y Since the generated bases are completely ortho-normal in n.ym.x NMy-1 NMx-1 ip(2m +1) lp(2n +1) cos , (19) = Kil cos2M2N l=0 i=0 N 1-My NMz-1 NMx-1 .ilq(t)filq(x, y, z), (14) where q=0 l=0 i=0 = where .ilq(t) is the time-varying coeffcient, Nx, Ny,and Nz Kil NMz-1 Cilq T Pil .Nilq (20) , are truncation points in x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively.

the power density and temperature distribution of a 1cm×1cm chip with one million functional blocks.


The theory and methodology of fuzzy programming based optimization has been popular from the inception of decision making in fuzzy environments by Bellman and Zadeh [2].

finally, to verify the result of the fuzzy sizing approach, we generate 10000 samples of the ISCAS benchmarks.


To help achieve this goal, a wireless mouse which operates by using the tilt of the user s head has been built.

many special application tongue switches are expensive and would drive the cost of the system up.


Note that the search protocol has the same parameter settings as the ID&Pwd-transfer scheme (see Table 1).

an attacker does not know when the server accepts or rejects (forced) messages (i.e.


Figures 7 and 8 show two situations possible in the decision tree.

they do not corrupt the runtime behavior of the solver.


It can provide broadcast TV channels and on demand internet services (TiVoCast), where movies and shows are repeated in time intervals which are recorded.

this is usually done by the exchanging of information called buffer map between the clients through a gossip protocol.


Section 6 brie.y summarizes the related work.

since the retention free case does not consider retention errors, the retention free threshold voltage distribution simply takes the two Gaussian tails as symmetric, which is also suggested by [16, 23].


Based on visual feedback, we developed two postprocessing techniques, peak congestion saturation and blending, which help to emulate the spreading of congestion and routing with a channel width constraint as well as the interaction of nets caused by long wires in the architecture.

the results are plotted in Figure 17.  a = 3, N = 50 a = 4, N = 50 REAL Figure 16: Blending of CLBs that share common nets, using a peak saturation of 75%.


Providing 100 s of GB/s as indicated in Figure 1 to DIMMs would be extremely difficult through simple scaling of even next generation DDR3 channels (~ 15 GB/s per channel) for example.

these applications also place a great deal of pressure on the I/O infrastructure.


A module is defined based on the existing cell placement and the location of the TVSS lines (or alternatively, the sleep transistor cell that lies underneath this line) over the standard cell layout.

the most trivial way that is used is to uniformly slow down all the modules which results in a single drop constraint for all modules.


Execution results are forwarded back to the optimizer to enhance optimization.


In the proposed model for NoC behavior, at each time step, one incoming or outgoing packet may be removed from any node and re-attached to any other node due to packet re-routing.

we define the fitness functions based on system entropy measure H=|.-.proc|dt: Ei Ei ßEi KS .-.


This paper explains our task migration proof-ofconcept setup and compares it to the state-of-the art.

we introduce a novel technique that reuses the processor s debug registers in order to minimize the overhead during normal execution.


For SFDM, as a result, the fixed value is very close to the middle value of 1 and 4.

extendedComputeTree applies Breath-First Search (BFS) to traverse the CFSM and expands it into a tree structure, named ComputeTree or CT. Once a transition edge is traversed, it is copied and appended along with the tail node into CT, while cycle count is incremented by one and recorded on the tail node.


This AFE is implemented in 0.18um CMOS technology, consumes only around 0.3mW.

it only consumes around 28mW total power dissipation, almost half of traditional implementation.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.8.2[Performance and Reliability]: Performance Analysis andDesignAids;I.6.m[Simulation and Modeling]: Miscellaneous  General Terms Performance, Design, Algorithms 1.

once we as- Benchmark sume an increased latency of only 1 cycle in order to re.ect this increased complexity, the picture changes.


The pseudo-inverse based detection described in the previous section would require even fewer samples for de-anonymization.

if the masking filter is applied to the entire speech, the deterioration in quality is evident.


RELATED WORK WSNs have emerged as a new class of systems that leverage the power of distributed computation, sensing and actuation towards a host of scientific, military and engineering applications.


The designed asynchronous Viterbi decoder outperforms its synchronous counterpart and features a 43% power-delay product improvement mainly attributed to the use of the asynchronous architecture.

experimentally, the asynchronous decoder was found to operate at a maximum speed of 378 Mb/s while dissipating 45 mW.


In every region Ri, we will .nd the point vj .V which has the shortest rectilinear distance (dv ' ivj ) from ' ' vi and the rectangular area covered by vi and vj has no obstacles. '

yang, Ef.cient Obstacle-avoiding Rectilinear Steiner Tree Construction , Proceedings ISPD, 2007.


Since there is only one connection between the two components, the two sub-solutions can be merged with a simple color remapping process.

the schemes signi.cantly reduce the runtime of our ILP formulation for practical applications, as will be reported in Section 5.


In the figure, each tile is comprised of a router (R) including a network interface, its attached PE (P) and memory (M), and the corresponding links.

moreover, we hybridized the proposed adaptive routing with available algorithms to mitigate the thermal issues.


Power Provisioning for a Warehouse-sized Computer.

speci.cally, the con.guration determines the number of devices that should be in each state.


As Fig.3 shows, the learned f behaves almost exactly like the actual curve, and achieves a very high accuracy of 98.34% (a RMSPE of 1.66%).

ferret is implemented using the pipeline programming model [16] that has distinct characteristics for each thread and frequent thread migration.


Sarangi et al., VARIUS: A Model of Process Variation and Resulting Timing Errors for Microarchitects, Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Trans.,vol.21,no.1,pp.

both the One Island and RBD cases are designed for a target system performance loss of no more than 2% due to error recovery.


Figure 6 explains the principle of operation of power monitor with associated control signals.

its amplitude, VPP is chosen 1V so that its slope is equal to its frequency.


It out-performs Pload-16 due to the ability to enlarge both the instruction and the issue windows.

basically, these two schemes are complementary to each other and show an additive speedup benefit.


For longer lengths, the increased R becomes more important, and the thin nanowires become slower than conventional copper wires, as shown in Fig.

on the Impact of Process Variations for Carbon Nanotube Bundles for VLSI Interconnect.


Safety is statically enforced and no dynamic checks are required, minimizing the overheads imposed by the language.

a subclass of a class with approximate data may waste space in an approximate line in order to place precise .elds of the subclass in a precise line.


it can be observed that the agreement of measurement and post-layout simulation in design ID41 is much better than in ID2.


Because of the level of .delity of the QEMU CPU emulator and its open source license, it is an inviting choice for use as a simulator front-end.

there are several advantages to trace gathering with QSim over the alternative approach of using the Pin [11] binary instrumentation tool.


Both prefetchers have been widely used due to the simple design and low hardware overhead.

register transformations over BBs are tracked in the Memory History Table (MHT), largest structure in the B-Fetch pipeline.


The number of iterations means how fast the known optimum has been found on the average.

parallelism is only limited by the population size.


The coe.cient plane is initialized so that each pixel on the display corresponds to the pixel value in the frame volume at the same x and y location.

a more video-speci.c application that marshaled NDDI resources in a manner more in line with how video is compressed and represented may be more e.ective.


The details of relevant properties and how they are computed will be introduced in subsequent Sections 4, 6.

life-critical EKG Sensor data arrives at the frequency of 128 16-bit samples per


Note that FusePair also tries to .ip the incoming edges of a node (since addition is commutative) to improve the result.

finally, the composite DAG with the lowest cost among all enumerated assignments is returned.


The .rst new feature QUBE7.2 needed to support was to solve QBF formulas modulo assumptions.

the initial pre.x for the QBF solver contains three quanti.er blocks and is denoted in Fig.


We assume that unique session IDs are provided by a higher level protocol when the GKE protocol is .rst initiated, which is in line with the UC formulation.

we now present an ideal functionality F+ for GKE pro- GKE tocols using non-information oracle [15].


For the random read/write mix test, the offset was chosen randomly and the choice between read and write was also decided by the random number generator.

we were not attempting to create a fully auditable TPC-H implementation that could be directly compared with other published results.


By instructing the DAQ system to read the voltage on an input channel at regular time intervals, we determine how the voltage varies over time.

our workload is comprised of the following activities: a human browsing web pages stored on the Itsy, (the web activity); a human playing a chess game against the Itsy Pocket Computer (the chess activity); and a human play- ing a chess game, then browsing a web page, then using a calculator, (the composite activity).


The disadvantage of the above method results from the fact that the coefficient of S(U) depends on S(G) instead of S(U).

for such devices, low power consumption is perhaps the most important design objective.


Reduced absolute drive currents observed from isolated transistor pairs was not unexpected as it was known from CD SEM analysis that isolated lines were patterning slightly larger than dense lines.

figure 7 illustrates an array of matched transistor pairs residing in unique poly environments.


One may resort to incomplete techniques like bit-slicing in order to .nd bugs in arithmetic units.

we thank Raik Brinkmann, In.neon, for a fruitful collaboration.


On-chip inductance is traditionally ignored, because on-chip inductance is smaller than package inductance and analyzing power network with on-chip inductance requires huge computational cost.

normally, power consumption of LSI is not uniform, and hence we need to consider on-chip inductance.


A. Espejo, Logic Optimization of Unidirectional Circuits with Structural Methods, in Proc.

the high to low profile does not require any special sputtering or ion-implant step (as is required for halo/retrograde doping) and hence, significantly reduces the process complexity and cost [18].


operating frequencies and interface widths for different request 6 6 sizes is shown in Figure 3.

section III gives an overview of DRAMs and discusses real-time memory controllers.


In this work, we present a new fixed-point iteration algorithm that uses this "exact" representation of the model to compute an approxi- mation of the probability vector and of the desired measures.

<il) (3) Raggr[i, j] represents the stationary rate at which the original CTMC goes from gi to gj given that it is in Ci.


Each Processing Element (PE), Figure 1(a), contains an embedded processor, memory, Network Interface (NI), the NoC router, and some User Defined Logic (UDL).

architectural Model The proposed method is designed for NoC-based MPSoCs.


Variability-aware timing veri.cation has also been addressed [14, 12, 21].


aRM is a proprietary instruction set architecture (ISA) and RTL implementations are not publicly available.


Instead of grouping the adjacent source lines, the source lines of same color property for adjacent two sub-pixels, namely R1-R2, G1-G2, and B1-B2 are grouped to form the charge groups.

the charge-recycling method [1] and the charge-conversation method [2] can reduce the AC power by 50% for the case of the uniform color pattern(for a pixel, the color data of R, G, B sub-pixels are equal).


Asia South Paci.c Design Automation Conf., pp.


Second, a more technical yet important property, is that for any pair of matched packets, the LQD packet is in a lower position in the memory then the OPT packet.

we prove that this policy is 4 competitive for the case of two possible packet values.


Due to their large size, this leads to large loss rate which can greatly a.ect the throughput.

we have to not violate the maximum tolerable delay for delay-sensitive applications such as voice and video ACs.


Leakage power is becoming increasingly more important compared to other sources of power consumption according to ITRS [9].

this causes increased dynamic power dissipation.


Forthe test cases of r1 to r5, the wire length costs due to link insertion in our new algorithms (Link-RDand Link-MST) are reduced from around 7-8% to only 1.2% as the number of clock sinks increases from 267 to 3101.

mST BASED LINK INSERTION ALGO-RITHM WITH RULE BASED DELETION The MST based node pair selection algorithm is an alternative graph theoretical approach to the min-matching based node pair selection algorithm proposed in [1].


3 shows a module class count stim containing a thread process stimgen, two input ports dout and clock, and two output ports load and din.

2 reports some examples of stereotypes application.


The vector is reset at the beginning of each interval.

the solution that we have adopted consists of storing for each cache way tags with different lengths.


Ideally, we would like the computed label to be equal to the optimal mapping depth, that is, label(v)=label*(v) for every node v in the network, as in the case with the FlowMap algorithm for k-LUT mapping.

on average, the total number of macrocells in the mapping solution may be reduced by a factor of 6% after the above packing process.


Our work is based on a well-known formalization of .oating-point arithmetic in the proof assistant Coq, where polynomial evaluation has been already studied.

subnormal .oats are the smallest representable .oats (in absolute value) and their characteristics are very di.erent from the normal .oats.


In Section 2, we introduce the global routing problem, along with basic algorithms.

as routers continue to push toward open-source platforms, it will become easier to plug-and-play with di.erent architectural models (e.g., internal solution representations) with combinations of design decisions (e.g., choices in congestion functions, routing algorithms, and termination criteria).


Although the NWC and narrow-width detection logic themselves consume power, the proposed mechanism reduces the power consumption in two ways: (a) the L2 cache is not accessed if a load request is a data hit in the NWC but is a miss in DL1, and (b) the NWC suppresses write-back on a write request if it is detected as a narrow-width silent store.

we discuss related work in Section 6 and provide concluding remarks in Section 7.


This is because when the number of FPUs increases, the probability that two or more requests go to the same FPU increases.

eXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In this section, we discuss the experimental results for our shared-FPU architecture.


The cost of maintaining the same IR drop becomes too high.

vector-less approach is imperative for scalability of solution.


Furthermore, while the two studies are modeling similar target architectures they produce strik- ingly different absolute performance results.

the imp instruction must proceed through the pipeline because its target cannot be computed with the slot stage adder.


ON-CHIP INTERCONNECTIONS For on-chip applications, optical interconnects can potentially reduce latency and provide high-bandwidth at relatively low power.

in addition they have the advantage of having a large electron mean free path, hence low resistance and high electromigration resistance.


5.2 Comparison Experiments Experiments are finished to explain the comparison between our floorplanning algorithm (marked as F2) and the SA-based one (marked as F1) [12].

in this paper, we integrate buffer insertion issue into the floorplanning process, which handles IP cores as hard blocks in a fixed-outline area for SOC designing.


In .gure (a), since simultaneous switchings make e.ective capacitance increase, the maximum crosstalk a.ects on all wire segments, resulting in total delay increase.

we focused on delay increase caused by crosstalk.


REFERENCES [1] Brodersen, R., et al, Methods for True Power Minimization, International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, 2002, pp.

with careful optimization, power consumption can be reduced without penalizing the performance by only increasing the delay of gates that have timing slack.


Moreover, within this newly achieved lower range, implicit improvement in accuracy will be observed as accuracy is inversely proportional to q 2 .

sensor region d is not useful in the conventional case if maximum range of interest is limited to dmax.


In today s 65nm/45nm VLSI technologies, SOC designs have become increasingly common and the trend is expected to continue in the future [2].

procedure: Dynamic P rogramming Top Level CT S Input: Location and delay information for all blocks.


Since the feasible set is a polyhedron, the polyhedron de.ned by points A, B, C and D coincides with the feasible set exactly.

if we solve the problem for parameters p1,p2,...,pk, any point in the convex hull de.ned by p1,p2,...,pk will be inside Fp, and thus corresponds to a solvable problem.


1(b) shows the operation of a 2-input MTJ, with inputs A and B [6].

1-bit adder/subtractor units can be connected together so that the output Cout is applied directly to the input C of the next adder, to get an n-bit adder/subtractor.


The emulation approach can provide insights into various environmental factors for the real entities such as possible interaction e.ects with the operating system, device drivers and communications hardware.

times and inter-frame spacings for 802.11b/g networks.


Our proposed solution involves: -Acquire Signature from Camera or Scanner -Signature Preprocessing -Feature Extraction -Signature Classification 2.1 Signature Preprocessing Any image-processing application suffers from noise like touching line segments, isolated pixels and smeared images results in poor recognition and verification rate.

various measurement have been calculated from the shape that are parameter, area, minimum enclosing rectangle, rectangularity measure, circularity measure and form factors.


The results indicate that we rarely have to apply dynamic issue width scaling and as a result, processor seldom uses all its resource for most applications.

iSLPED 03, August 25 27, 2003, Seoul, Korea.


PLACEMENT While the floorplanning study described above was good enough to provide the answer to the question discussed in this paper, relevant for the systems in which its functional blocks (or IP cores such as embedded memories) are large, it was not good to provide sufficient insight needed for the systems implemented using low granularity components.

the wirelength reduction is clearly illustrated.


Notethisarrangementdictatesthattheprechargeandevaluatecyclesbereversedwithregardtotheclock.Thatis,clockbeinghighcor- VSS respondstoprechargeandclockgoinglow Figure 4: NMOS keeper.


the benchmark test design was used to model the ASI Quad Master design.


As a result, it is now commonplace to see bent gates prohibited in modern design rule sets to improve manufacturability.

for the polysilicon layer a large percentage of the feature count, and hence the mask data volume, arises from corner correction features (e.g., serifs, hammerheads).


This preference for simple yet reasonably accurate objective functions is even reflected during new FPGA architecture development where one of the primary goals is to allow placement to use simple and fast metrics to accurately reflect the placement on the FPGA architecture.

typically, several designs were placed and routed and the routing delays measured.


Information is only passed forward so the routing result, for example, cannot be used to go back and generate a better placement.

it appears to perform poorly in some cases (see Section 5).


evenprogrammable voltage references[4], whose output voltage can be adjusted to balance the imperfections due to process and mismatch, are a.ected by those problems: The precision of the calibration is reduced if individual elements of the core part (e.g.


many approaches based on QBH are developed recently.


By considering multi-cycle paths, the timing constraints could be relaxed.

we use the functional sensitization criterion, introduced in [10], to check path sensitizability, so the static-hazards problem can be implicitly considered.


..  .... .... i leakage library characterization is compatible with existing represents mean of a cell , X.. Lognormal distribution estimation ( Fig.

to get statistical leakage estimation for eleven thousand gates using MC is not feasible in terms of computation time.


Then the objective vector evaluates to P0, for the gate p. The same argument can be extended to every gate in the circuit.

in case of two-input gates it is not as compact as the special formulation for two-input NAND gates.


As a viable solution, this can be done statically by analyzing the data access vectors.

the remainder of this paper is structured as follows.


this forms  Number of paths traced Figure 5: Illustration of worst path slack as function of paths traced during CPPR.


We want also to thank C. Aliagas, O. J. Santana and S. P. Mohanty, for their help in the reviewing process.

it is solicited by the new architectural challenges arising from the design of high-performance, high-efficiency embedded and general-purpose systems.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation grants C-CR0306325 and CCF-0541150.

[2] Ogras, U.Y., et al It's a Small World After All: NoC Performance Optimization via Long-Range Link Insertion, IEEE Transactions on VLSI, 14(7), 2006.


This is the .nest-grained integration style, and has the advantage that the PMOS and NMOS fabrication process can be optimized separately.

the real sign-off parasitics for each tier are then fed back into PrimeTime to get the .nal timing and statistical power simulation numbers.


Note that the hardware needs to ensure that this process happens atomically.

pacman and HEI never perform speculative execution, so both never have non-undoable actions like I/Os.


Sec.VI presents the conclusion and draws directions for future work.

evaluation results show signi.cant improvements in terms of average delay, saturated PIR and power consumption with a relatively small die area penalty compared to related work.


In this paper, we prove that given an unlimited number of routing layers, a placement is always routable if at least one free pin position exists or two pins to be connected are neighbors on a 2-D grid.

repeat step 2 until all nets in NT are processed.


Prefetchers based on dead-block prediction can mitigate the problem caused by early prefetched lines displacing useful data in the cache.

for instance, common stride prefetchers [2, 4] and the predictor in [12] separate the stream of misses according to the PC of the missing memory access instruction, which we call PC localization and is an instance of execution context localization.


This can be attributed to the high degree of pipelining introduced in our units.

full unrolling can substantially increase the area cost.


Crosstalk noise, delay and power comparison (8-bit bus) logic cells and the previous invert signal and sets the invert signal to 0 when the count of 1's on the majority voter inputs is less than n and in 1 otherwise.

the bus invert technique [1], was used for minimizing the power consumption in the bus lines.


Including the .rst-order diffraction, Eq.

eventually, we take the union of these different PVSs to compute a PVS for F. Algorithm: The algorithm computes the PVS for each frustum independently.


[12] J. D. Ma and L. He, Formulae and application of interconnect estimation considering shield insertion and net ordering, in ICCAD, 2001.

our table used in the paper contains 100 entries, with crosstalk voltage values from 0.10V to 0.20V, which is about 10% ~ 20% of the supply voltage Vdd (1.05V for the ITRS 0.10µm technology [9]).