In this scenario the technology instigators had considered the use of a web-camera in a specific situation as applicable.

they were later identified as having mis-interpreted the situation as being public while the majority of users perceived it as a private / semi-private situation.


The Na¨ive Bayes algorithm achieved the minimum training accuracy.

this is an expected result because the SIP requests and responses have a certain correlation with each other.


We considered extending the analysis time for the test runs to compensate for this difference.

this difference is dif.cult to predict precisely.


The most common way to improve authentication technologies involves making traditional methods more secure, such as requiring more complicated password combinations, or higher fingerprint or facial matching thresholds.

user convenience is significantly impaired by these methods [14, 16].


For example, if we separate the support and weight, we can only .nd permission sets having both su.cient support and weight.

if a permission is very important, then even if not so many users contain it or if a permission is not very important while many users own it, the traditional Apriori algorithm may ignore some roles.


Clearly the protection of the patient s medical record is a sensitive task that should be speci.ed by a proper access policy.

it is reasonable to assume that every patient would be willing to disclose her medical records to every doctor in case of real medical emergency.


The channel keeps changing A s messages until the end of this step.

this violates the privacy of B since his partition is done assuming A s input is in Q.


GT where all groups G1,G2,GT are multiplicative and of prime order p. One could set G1 = G2.

we allow for the more general case where G1 G2 = so that our constructions can make use of certain families of nonsupersingular elliptic curves de.ned by Miyaji et al.


Implementations are free to perform processing beyond that required by RFC 5280 [1], such as to impose name constraints or certificate policy requirements on a trust anchor.

there is no standardized process for doing so.


These data sources are well studied and abundant data processing tools are available.

many DoI attacks may have evidence manifested only in high-level and application-specific audit data.


Completely separating server activities from client activities eliminates the threats to the bridge operator s privacy, and extends to any other services a user might want to offer on the public Internet, which might also serve as targets of a winnowing attack.

this also defeats the purpose of the bridge design, which is to create a large, dynamic pool of nodes that must be blocked: if the set of bridges is limited to a static set of nodes, then bridges become nearly as easy to block as relays.


If an attacker can submit k to the TLD concealed with the correct m, the attacker can recover kd and decrypt the user s sensitive .les.

we assume an OT is unable to access the constrained channel and thus lacks knowledge of m. Instead, the attacker can try to guess m and interact with the TLD by itself or intercept communication between a legitimate user and the TLD to recover the current m. On her own, the attacker has a 2-e chance of guessing the correct m for a given run of the protocol.


The first common line of defense for browsers is for servers to use the Same Origin Policy (SOP) which is for the server to monitor the original location of the browser when the request was made and only accept requests if the request comes from the same location.

this has been proven to not be a sufficient form of security.


The experimental results of bit rate adjustment show that by increasing the bit rate to get better sound quality, does not increase too much energy consumption.

experimental results show that increasing sample rate induces sharper increase of energy consumption.


In general, application programmers tend to assume that once a program is compiled, its binary code will consistently behave in accordance with the hardware speci.cations.

with the introduction of a virtualizaiton-layer [15], such trust is misplaced.


As detailed in Appendix A (and brie.y stated in Section 7), for 35% of transactions the right client would be identi.ed.

each transaction might generate several false positives.


We note that the name category is inspired by the di.erent data categories that a user is allowed to access.

the category could just as well encode the right, role, or attribute that a user needs to have in order to access a record.


Therefore, the intra-chip HD is 0.0% as shown in Fig 7 for both analyses.

the underlying noise levels can be measured by disabling the thresholding technique, yielding intra-chip HDs of 5.11% and 8.68% for the TGVD and TCD analyses, resp.


Built upon the same technology as web applications, HTML5based mobile apps have inherited the XSS vulnerability.

as we will show in this paper, this is not a simple extension of XSS attacks: HTML5-based mobile apps have a much broader attack surface than that for web applications.


Mechanisms such as those described in section 7.4 need to be considered.

security information on the Internet is not prepared for the purpose of the proposed architecture.


Node mobility and node cooperation in a mobile ad hoc setting has been considered already in Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) [8, 22].

such a message passing paradigm has not been used, so far, to support security.


Our previous work [14] studies the problem of anonymizing sequential releases where each subsequent release publishes a di.erent subset of attributes for the same set of records.

this paper considers each release that combines new records with previously collected records over the same set of attributes.


When those color spaces models, the color histogram scheme is the most e.ective way to represent a image since color histograms are invariant to orientation and scale [9,31].

color histogram can hardly characterize the spatial structures of images; as a result, other descriptors have been proposed such as compact color moments, the color coherence vector and color correlograms [23].


MOTIVATION: FINDING VULNERABLE CLIENTS The most common form of proactive defense is getting there .rst, for example, to patch a client to protect against an existing vulnerability, or to remove capabilities from the client, making it more secure.

a central problem of proactive defense is to decide which clients are the most vulnerable when a malicious activity is identi.ed in the network, be it an intrusion, a virus or worm.


The data shows that the bottleneck of the performance is as expected the veri.cation of SP K2 on the SP side, which is around 208 milliseconds.

there are ways to speed up this operation, e.g.


In [13], hierarchical private key systems and redundant encoding of past group keys are also used to achieve reliable group key distribution.

in [13], the key redun- dancy piggybacks on the actual content (i.e.


We have listed the basic security services that should be provided by an ideal secure storage system.

it is evident that for all practical purposes it is di.cult to build a storage system that can satisfy all the listed services.


Some people think that polymorphic viruses are an example of the malware evolution process .

we believe that it is not evolution in the true sense.


In general, full containment of a new, previously unknown, sample is impossible.

we can identify two scenarios in which such result could be achieved: the execution of a polymorphic variation of an already analyzed malware, and the re-execution of a previously studied sample.


SEPIA [6] uses special-purpose secure-multiparty protocols to compute aggregate statistics over network traf.c.

the approach in SEPIA is not plausible in our usage scenario.


First, they focus on retrieving kernel-level information.

a great deal of security-relevant information exists only at user-level, such as URLs being visited by the browser, instant messages and emails sent by desktop clients, and system and application log messages.


JitterBug increases the inter-packet delays and, due to the rotating window, redistributes the inter-packet delays in an Equilikely distribution.

the increases are not uniform with respect to the legitimate distribution, leading to increases or decreases in the proportion of inter-packet delays for each bin.


However, it turns out that such an approach will not work considering the fact that Dstack kernel is also dynamically allocated from Dheap .

dstack often has data kernel kernel dependencies with the kernel stack pointer (esp).


The proof is based on the observation that an unbounded (but still .nite) number of state-transitions in ACL are required to simulate one statetransition in the TM scheme.

an unbounded number of state-transitions is allowed by Sandhu and Ganta [18].


The present study is driven by the immediate mode in what refers to integrity verification.

deferred mode is an advantageous and even a mandatory well-known strategy for integrity maintenance.


Access to the wireless network is only granted when the authentication server returns a positive response, and the authentication server is programmed with exactly the desired access control policy.

if the authentication server is unavailable, requests may be denied when they should be granted.


It can be applied to check the location of the consultant and the identity of the customer.

the fact that a customer is close to the consultant does not guarantee that the current location matches with the expected location.


4.2 4 Neighbor Operation Typically there are tampered error blocks and inherent error blocks (due to watermark extraction failure, not tampering).We assume that the tampering is done to a local region spanning a group of blocks and not just an individual block.

from the watermark extraction in figure 2, we see that inherent error blocks are mostly spatially isolated from each other.


With selective packet discarding, all packets are .rst delivered in user space and then are discarded by the Snort preprocessor, which results to a higher number of discarded packets.

even with eventually less inspected packets, selective packet discarding allows Snorttoachieveamuchbetter detection accuracy,as discussed below.


Platoon=X)(Position)) (denoted in what follows as View1).

sec View(Position,acp2) is given by: Map(Pos, SID)(Filter(Position.Platoon =X.Pos=Target( a)-d.Pos=Target(a)+d.ts=TAction start(a).ts= TAction end(a))(Position)).


The simulation of the decryption oracle is perfect, with the exception that simulation errors may occur in rejecting some valid ciphertexts.

these errors are not signi.cant as shown below: Suppose a ciphertext CT has been queried to the decryption oracle.


To give an example, if the o.set is 20, and the noise is +4, the publisher creates 24 answers for the given bucket, and the aggregator later subtracts 20 from the bucket s count.

if the noise is -5, the publisher creates 15 answers.


During the analysis, whenever a variable that is passed to a sensitive sink becomes tainted, the code corrector is activated in order to prepare the correction of the code.

the code is updated and stored in a .le only at the end of the process, when the analysis .nishes and all the corrections that have to be made are known.


3.2.2 Control Flow Recording As in the previous section, a naive approach to ensure control .ow replication would involve the primary enqueueing the BBID of every BBL being executed.

simply doing this for all BBLs is too costly.


Using LDAP and groups, the administrator s workload is reduced.

administrators have to work at the site where the system is installed (Alice s home in the scenario.).


For example, V8 pro.les method execution and optimizes a whole method at a time.

traceMonkey pro.les execution paths (e.g., a hot loop) and performs trace-based optimizations.


[9] proposed an algorithm (based on fundamental work by [10]) that has a time complexity of O(kn2).

this algorithm bene.ts from the Wireless Multicast Advantage, which is not applicable in our scenario since we need hop-by-hop encryption to guarantee security.


Moreover, let Z be a set of possible reported values, which in general can be arbitrary, allowing to report obfuscated locations, cloaking regions, sets of locations, etc.

to simplify the discussion, we sometimes consider Z to also contain spatial points, assuming an operational scenario of a user located at x .


Since we already incorporate this case into our analysis, the guarantees provided by Portcullis still hold.

an adversary may reuse puzzle solutions over subintervals of the puzzle-seed validity window t to target multiple links on a single network path at different times.


Privacy Aware Access Control for Data Sharing in Cloud Computing Environments Hassan Takabi Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of North Texas Denton, TX, USA takabi@unt.edu ABSTRACT In cloud computing environments, data protection is usually limited to access control policies that are enforced by cloud service providers (CSPs).

there are many cases where the CSPs are not trusted and pose a risk to their users privacy.


In terms of the uSVP, this improves all the previous results mentioned above.

previous results were not based only on uSVP and are therefore incomparable with our result.


In all conditions but Chosen Text, passwords were ran domly assigned, making the e.ective password space equal Mean SD Median Skewness Kurtosis to the theoretical password space and pre-determining the BPT 15.74 10.48 13.38 3.00 10.19 security of the password system against guessing attacks.

iPT 12.65 6.14 9.33 1.38 1.52 the password security in Chosen Text was largely OPT 34.61 21.79 24.25 1.74 2.03 determined by participants choice of passwords.


Cloud computing represents a cost-e.ective means of outsourcing computation.

na¨ively relying on (potentially untrustworthy) cloud applications to accurately process queries imposes a signi.cant security risk.


Almost every USB mass storage device performs its operations using only bulk transfers.

we use control transfers for sending trusted commands to Kells.


In addition, implementing transitive trust requires A to maintain information on or be made aware of B's trust relationships and this recurs until the transitive closure of the trust graph is completed.

transitive trust is desirable as it provides better scalability to large systems.


Dedicated network and power line communication are employed to guarantee the security of power grid, by building a private fiber network or establishing a virtual communication network on power line.

it is astronomical to build the dedicated network connecting numerous devices in smart grid; while applying the power line communication still needs to overcome significant technical challenges to be practical [1].


One option is to let CAs embed the ILS proof in the certi.cate itself, by inserting it into a certi.cate extension.

once the certi.cate .le is updated with a time-bounded ILS proof, the hash of the updated certi.cate would not match the original certi.cate recorded in the ILS Integrity Tree.


As described in Section 3, the a-correctness of results alone does not establish the correctness of query execution.

in some specialcases, verifying onlythe a-correctness su.ces.


This is because an adversary may move the tampered data from one partition that is currently being veri.ed to another partition that is not being veri.ed.

this attack does not work for MT-SRoT because anytampered datum within the target memory region will be veri.ed by one of the computing units at any time (unpredictable to adversary) before the end of veri.cation process.


1.3 Scenarios From a security point of view HTTP and HTTPS offer an all-ornothing choice to web applications; either no security guarantees with HTTP or both con.dentiality and integrity with HTTPS at the price of performance.

in many scenarios con.dentiality is not necessary and even undesired, while integrity is essential to prevent attackers from compromising the data stream.


If si already exists in graph then a directed edge from si-1 to si is created, if the directed edge does not exist already.

if si does not exist in graph, then a node is also created for si.


According to Facebook Statistics, over 10 million applications (apps) [9] are available on this platform, and 1 in 4 Facebook users install these apps [1].

most users do not understand how apps work, what information they can access, or how they are developed and reviewed [4].


We are not qualified to reason about all the legal consequences.

if vehicular communication messages are to be used as evidence, message signing is paramount.


Tor has been speci.cally designed to prevent .onion requests from leaking within the application into the global DNS infrastructure.

it is clear from the measurements we presented so far that a signi.cant volume of requests are being issued to the global DNS root servers.


For now we do not consider network interaction explicitely, because interception of WinAPI calls informs about this already.

in further research, explicit gathering of network interaction data might provide some extra clues about the behavior of malware.


Then, for any yi - yj = yj - yk, then an adversary will only succeed with a negligible advantage in distinguishing {Txi,Txj,Txk} from {Tyi,Tyj,Tyk}.

if xi -xj = xj-xk and yi -yj = yj-yk, which means that the relative relationships of distances between the data items are di.erent, then an adversary may succeed with a non-negligible advantage.


CONCLUSION Flash contents have been increasingly utilized for video playing, advertising and other purposes.

it is revealed [29] that Flash can be exploited by an adversary to launch various attacks, including XSS and XSRF.


5.3 Analysis of DPA-Resistance According to the results of total power dissipation of both design, we .nd that the total power of the synchronous S-Box always change along with the di.erent inputs.

the total power of the proposed NCL S-Box does not change with the input changes.


Compartments of the same TVD can communicate freely even if they are running on top of di.erent physical machines.

the TVD Policy de.nes security requirements regarding communication between compartments and persistent storage of compartments, to be enforced by the systems hosting the domains.


Para-virtualisation for smartphones is currently in development and several solutions exist(e.g.,Trango,VirtualLogix, L4 microkernel[30],L4Android[21,16]).

allthevirtualisation solutions suffer from having a coarse grained approach (i.e.


This would need to be coupled with de.ning an initial set of notaries, as well as allowing the user to con.gure the notary template used for all newly created applications.

we currently use a simpler, and perhaps more appropriate mechanism: SSL CA pinning.


One might imagine that such an algorithm would deny a read request, for example, if there is a path from the node containing the object to the node containing the subject.

this path includes the possibility that the security label of the object and subject are equal, in which case the PDP would allow the request and the SDP would deny the request.


While the motivation for the original work was to improve the accuracy and automation of an ADS using threshold estimation, the technique can be adapted to estimate the ADS detection threshold for evasion.

we restrict the evaluation of conditional entropy to .rst order Markov chains only:  H (pj |pi)= -p(pi, pj ) log (p(pj |pi)) .


In this figure, the field of "To:" is painted red since one or several e-mail addresses of the field may be dangerous.

none of the special interfaces for receiving e-mail is implemented in the research, although there is possibility that dangerous e-mail would be opened.


Left-handed persons tilt the smartphone slightly to the left side when entering PIN digits in the middle and right column of the key pad, i.e., 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9.

right-handed persons tilt the smartphone slightly to the right side when entering PIN digits in the left and middle column, i.e., 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8.


Consider, for each unit of positive noise, an additional fake record is inserted into a blo ck, which causes more comparisons to be performed.

negative noise results in suppressed records (e.g., a3 )which cannot appear in the .nal match set, even if there is a corresponding record in B.


The diagonal line shows the case of tuple (M = 1,K = 1), in which Pr(X = K)is equal to p. Clearly, if p is smaller than 0.2, all other curves are below this diagonal line, indicating that their values of Pr(X = K) are smaller than that of tuple (M =1,K =1).

if pis larger than 0.8, these curves are above the diagonal line, indicating that their values of Pr(X = K) are larger than that of tuple (M =1,K =1).


Still, theseare relatively minor problems.

a script can gain a reference to an open window with name windowName via var win = window.open("", "windowName") (if no window with thatname exists,anemptywindowwillbecreated).Inour testing,wefound that Opera did not consider frame names when searching for a matching window name, only top-level window names, while Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox considered both.


We note that the leakage functions (Hamming weight and identity) analyzed in this work correspond to powerful types of leakage.

our analysis assumed physical dependencies on all the internal con.guration of the target device.


5.2 Real-time Risk Assessment (RRA) for SUP The above model assumes that all the inputs are valid.

the control commands and price data could be Algorithm 1 Multi-Criteria Reinforcement Learning for SUP i .


Such homomorphic MAC indeed allows to authenticate degree-2 arithmetic computations over Fq and achieves amortized e.cient veri.cation, i.e., after a pre-computation phase whose cost is the same as running f, every output of f can be veri.ed in constant time.

a straightforward application of the scheme [6] on top of BGV ciphertexts would require to: (1) authenticate each of the 2n Fq-components of a BGV ciphertext, and (2) authenticate the BGV evaluation circuit : F2nt f q .


Future Work The design of our placement strategies is motivated by realworld concerns (for example, in the edge-based strategy, we perform sanitization as early as possible to reduce the amount of run-time taint-tracking).

we do not offer a formal notion of optimality of our algorithms.


When running the vanilla kernel on the unmodi.ed processor, the kernel exploits resulted in the successful execution of the provided user-level code with kernel privileges.

the encrypted kernels with ASIST resulted in kernel panic for all the exploits, avoiding a system compromise with kernel privileges.


If HIFMs are .ow-equivalent, then they have the same data-.ow graphs and hence each of the HIFMs can be represented using any one of the HIFM s data.ow graphs.

since each HIFM s input nodes may expect data of di.erent labels, we augment the data-.ow graph with a second layer of dummy input nodes for each unique input label, which we call constraint nodes because they require satisfaction of a label mapping.


Due to lack of space, we present only the results for the percentile based detectors, as these are the most intuitive.

(our basic .ndings hold across different threshold heuristics and can be found in [5].)


It might be possible to build some encrypted keywords on the client side before the client writes the .le to the storage server.

this may not give enough information to the server.


In the best case we were able to recognize 96% of the symbols with 4% errors.

in the worst case, we are able to detect 44.44% of the keystrokes, although the errors causedby thedif.culty ofdealing with objectsthat coverthescreenpermanently arequitehigh.users seldomhold touchscreendevices withpermanent occlusions, especially while typing on the go.


This is done by deriving equations for entropy of selectively encrypted messages and then transferring the result to guesswork through (16).


As a reality check, the Sanker worm that creates about 20 malicious .les in Kazaa s shared directory had less than 50 infection reports by Symantec.

the Benjamin worm that creates and shares about 2000 malicious .les reportedly infected more than 1000 nodes.


The detection performance is very promising while the parameter of the big block (B-block) size is small (e.g., the size is set to 9 and 10).

the detection performance apparently deteriorates while the parameter of B-block size increases [23].


It is one of the most well-known packet classi.cation ap proaches and has inspired many successive works that improved the original approach in matching performance, memory requirements, or preprocessing time [18, 19, 24].

the fundamental idea behind HiCuts persisted throughout these works and is sketched in this section.


The most critical part of this security architecture is without doubt the key agreement protocol.

several security .aws have been identi.ed within the Bluetooth protocols [14, 23].


The normal client can retrieve the web page in 0.4 seconds, but it does not get any response during a background TCP SYN .ood attack due to the effect of control/data plane saturation mentioned earlier.

aVANT-G UARD can effectively defend the network from this attack, enabling the normal client to retrieve the webpage without any problem, because our data plane automatically and transparently classi.es and removes the malicious TCP connection attempts.


The PPID could be used on its own as a shared secret to authenticate a user to an RP.

it is recommended that the associated (public) signature veri.cation key, as held by the RP, should also always be used to verify the signed authentication token to provide a more robust authentication method [6].


In the same vein, Johnson and Shmatikov [25] propose privacy-preserving algorithms for computing various statistics related to the SNPs, while guaranteeing differential privacy.

di.erential privacy reduces the accuracy of research results and is aimed to be applied on aggregate results.


Keys should not be learned by any other than the two or three communicating principals, and a key should be unique to a session.

group protocols usually do not have such a notion of individual sessions strongly tied to principals and keys.


More participation would likely translate in more diversity during the search process and more discoveries.

this insight might require the design of new mechanisms for organizing and rewarding white hats.


This is the case in lossy compression applications wherein the quality of the compressed signal has to be judged by considering its perceptual distance from the original signal.

no-reference techniques have to measure the quality of a signal without making any reference to an ideal signal that is supposed to represent the maximum possible quality.


Purple Penelope s design provides the same level of security as existing MLS systems, without disrupting the computer usage pattern of normal users.

one problem with Purple Penelope is that the ability to discretionarily re-label information may lose control over classify-cation levels.


The malware could try to open a socket to send the work data to another server.

policy WorkP2 will prevent such an action fromhappening because the action on the perform clause will notbe satis.ed and the operation will notbepermitted(satisfying requirement R4).


For practical usage, we aim to allow such owner-speci.ed operations to compute output from sensitive data.

such output must be protected from con.dentiality and integrity attacks by all other code in the browser, and thus is encrypted by default.


Such negotiations are clearly infeasible for many service providers.

current standardization e.orts [16] for ARM TrustZone, are opening trusted application development and provisioning to third parties.


So far, research on the VID concept focussed mainly on improving the user privacy and security on the network and application layer.

if the concept is applied in networks and service platformsm the performance impact and thus the costs of the VID concept have to be evaluated.


If you are planning to only use cloud computing for social instances and not post anything that should be kept from the public then you should not fear using the cloud computing.

if the data is secure sensitive then further evaluation of the security offered by the cloud service should be evaluated.


The encryption plugin encrypts the email that will be sent out and the decryption plugin decrypts the encrypted emails (before or after re-encrypted) that are downloaded from S3.

we use Apache JAMES [2] as the email server, which is responsible to upload the incom   5.


Upon detection of an attack, the simplest response is fail-stop, i.e., shutting down the system to avoid further damage.

shutting down the system completely leads to inconvenience for the users.


With regard toUMA and scalability,whichis required often due to a wide variety of end clients, the best suited codecs are waveletbased(liketheMC-EZBC) dueto their inherent high number of scaling options.

we do not only want to adapt the content togiven requirements but we want todo soin a secure way.


Tweaking ham and spam thresholds of email spam .lters result in better performance on short message data.

this performance on SMS data is not comparable with email classi.cation accuracy.


6.5 Use of First-Order Predicate Logic The logic we have built for formalizing purposes is a modal logic over a propositional logic.

using propositional logic has a scalability problem.


The IML is a useful report which can be used to assess the trustworthiness of the platform due to its running software stack.

the existing proposals limit the use of IML for its comparison against a pre-de.ned and static software stack (white list of software components) loaded in a particular boot sequence [15].


On one hand, the construction of S is trivial if A controls all players in the system, for S can simply forward all messages exchanged between E and A.

the construction of S is also trivial when all players in the system are honest.


implementation inserts prefetch instructions at targets of computed jumps.

prefetch instructions incur signi.cant overhead by fetching data from memory and increasing cache pressure.


For HTML-based spam, spammers can insert legitimate invisible code or special characters.

no matter how the content is altered, spam messages still share common characteristics.


does not take any e.ect when employing a single path.

the relative importance of both metrics, and their collateral e.ect on allocation, increases with the number of paths.


the challenge is still there, we need a proof that convinces the arbiter that identi.ed user is indeed a traitor.


Along this paper we will refer to the particular implementation for the IEEE 802.11s standard.

we created the source code modular in order to give enough .exibility for future support of different technologies.


Decoy routing systems also have the explicit goal of unobservability hiding the fact that a host is using the system.

wardens with path diversity are capable of launching attacks that unmask users of decoy routers.


Basically, two main groups of solutions are considered, those that rely on a trusted authority [5], and those in which users collaborate to anonymize their location [4].

obfuscation-based techniques are devised for protecting location information instead of identity information.


Our focus has been on executable code that might be inserted into legitimate application binaries.

there are at least two additional cases that could circumvent this sort of analysis: interpreted languages and just-in-time (JIT) compilers.


For each process, a randomized o.set is added to the starting addresses of stack, heap, library and text segments, making the memory locations of the gadgets harder to predict a priori.

brute attack [13], partial address overwrites [14] and information disclosure [15] are potential limitations, to which even some more .ne-grained ASLR schemes [7, 11, 12] have been shown vulnerable [16].


This property can potentially be exploited by an attacker to facilitate the attack by operating a device at favorable frequency points.

from a designer s perspective, one can explore countermeasures to secure the device at all operating frequencies while minimizing the design overhead.


The existence of a public-key version implies that it is possible to let any machine audit the security posture of any other machine.

while this may at .rst seem bene.cial, there are privacy reasons and therefore also security reasons not to do this.


Cryptographic processing only takes a small portion in known NP benchmarks [2] [5].

not all experience can be borrowed from traditional processors.


Hardware-based taint tracking [44, 16, 17] can in most cases eliminate the overhead associated with software-based taint tracking.

overhead can still occasionally be as high as 23% [44] due to cache performance degradation.


Their system can enforce security policies by interposing on low-level system calls, and performing their security checks from within the replaced libc call.

our approach allows policy writers to specify what they want to intercept at the method call level, rather than requiring knowledge of how these operations manifest themselves as low-level libc calls.


For example, a location-based application has good reason to upload a user s locations for discovering nearby restaurants.

it does not make sense for a video player to use the locations.


HTTP is a point-to-point synchronous communication protocol used to access resources on the World Wide Web.

sMTP is an asynchronous, message-routed protocol used in the delivery of MIME-formatted email messages.


This step is still mostly manual and could benefit from automation.

the probably larger research challenge is how to prove assurance in a trustworthy manner.


Much of the academic research in applying statistical analysis and machine learning to the problem of mobile malware takes a software-centric view, focusing on analyzing software packages to determine if they are malware.

we take a device-centric view, attempting to estimate the propensity of a device for infection.


These extensions arepromising to improve performance as taint tags can be automatically managed by hardware.

as our design goal is to minimize the changes to standard, commodity processors, weinsteaduse software approachestohandletagexchanges betweenprocessors and memorysystems.


The complexity of this memory allocator is low because all memory allocation is static at the time when a program is loaded.

programs cannot dynamically allocate memory (there is no malloc() instruction in SwissQM).


Lemma: If none of the default transitions in a D2FA lead from a state with depth di to a state of depth dj with dj = di, then any string of length N will require at most 2N state traversals to be processed.

a 2N time bound is guaranteed on all D2FA having only backwards transitions.


Our main contributions in this paper are as follows: We point out the weak assumption of random capture of nodes in current RKP schemes and introduce selective attack on RKP schemes.

we show the importance of selective attack in RKP schemes that use deployment information.


Our goal is to assess the extent of security issues that may be introduced from vendor customizations and further determine how the situation is evolving over time.

we take a three-stage process: First, given a smartphone s stock image, we perform provenance analysis to classify each app in the image into three categories: apps originating from the AOSP, apps customized or written by the vendor, and third-party apps that are simply bundled into the stock image.


Unfortunately, standardprotocols all of which requireasymmetricamount of work are ill-suited for these settings since the size of both parties inputs is bounded by the resources available to the weakest device.

the mobile device would only be able to search through a small amount of location data, and thePC could only search through a smallfraction of the database.


a technique has full coverage i.: (I(D; S) = 0) .


In such situations, the techniques that we propose in this paper can still be used for post hoc auditing and analysis even if they are allowed to be bypassed for the actual authentication [40].

whatever data can be collected can be used to show after the fact if the person who broke the glass should have been allowed access to the system.


For each request X, its purpose p is the same as the ICD9code v in the current visiting record.

the requestor is supposed to treat the patient on his/her current health problem.


Some potential techniques include mixing environment observations with with other inputs (e.g., with XOR), or using code constructs that are dif.cult for a slicer to analyze.

if our technique cannot locate the root cause of a difference, its changes to intermediate states become more vulnerable to consistency checks.


We consider in this paper policies for history-dependent, non-administrable SoD and BoD constraints and policies for history-independent, administrable authorizations.

we model the cost of changing from one history-independent authorization policy to another one by a binary function.


We tested the two QR code scanners against the attacks using malware obtained from http://malgenomeproject.org [3].

we used malware under the drive-by download categories (GGTracker, Jifake, Spitmo, and Zitmo) and repackaging malware categories (AnserverBot and DroidKungFu).


First, unlike other recognition based authentication schemes, a user is only expected to interact with the multi-touch surface according to the challenges she is posed.

she does not have to memorize any type of credential.


This is the most restrictive scenario in which the PoE guest requires its policies to be fully enforced by the PoE.

the PoE must authorize only each and every requests authorized by the PoE guest.


Following Klonowski et al., we investigate communication of hidden messages by means of an additional channel.

a ciphertext always encodes a fake message and can additionally contain a real hidden message.


5.2 Bounding edit distance in terms of thenumber of costly literals We wish to show that a high edit distance between a(E) and ß(E) cannot be achieved without a lot of costly literals.

we wish to construct a method to convert a(E) into ß(E) such that the total number of edit operations (insertions and deletions) performed is bounded by a constant times the number of costly literals.


Second, TrustDroid prevents unauthorized data access, by performing .ne-grained data .ltering on application data and data stored in common databases (SMS, Contacts, etc.).

this prevents malicious applications from reading data of the corporate domain, as long as the malicious application has not been issued by the enterprise itself, which is excluded in our Adversary Model (cf.


Our key insight in this paper is a technique that bases respond itself on an arbitrary error correcting code.

we consider schemes in which respond computes a codeword on the blocks in s and returns the u th symbol.


A salient drawback of static passwords/PINs is that they are extremely sensitive to replay attacks: they can be stolen and then simply replayed by attackers to impersonate legitimate users.

when a user s identity is protected by a static password/PIN, stealing this password/PIN means stealing the user s identity.


The .rst thing that we can observe from Experiment 2 is that the number of elicited roles is greater than the number of elicited roles in Experiment 1.

we have 157 roles in the .rst case (that cover 7,857 user-permission assignments with 2,191 role-user relationships) and 171 roles in the second (that cover 7,857 user-permission assignments with 2,196 role-user relationships).


U2R and R2U delegations can be considered as in the middle of the two extremes U2U and R2R.

in U2R, an individual user delegates his role to the delegatee role, while in R2U, the delegator role is delegated to an individual delegatee.


The train stretch will increase depending on the amount of processing the train packets undergo enroute to the destination.

our goal is to study the packet processing delay incurred at the firewall for processing the PPT.


This observation leads us to consider more concrete re.nements of the point addition algorithm.

we consider a register-level algorithm for Jacobian-Jacobian point addition, as presented by Murdica [35, Algorithm 36].


CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed a new signature scheme called ETA, which achieves several desirable properties needed for resourceconstrained devices.

eTA does not require any expensive operation at the signer side and therefore is much more computationally ef.cient than traditional PKC-based schemes.


Beyond just physical security, we also assume that there are strong network admission control [14, 7] and anti-virus measures in place on the network in the secure environment.

an attacker should not be able to access sensitive data by introducing malware into the secure environment, but enforcing this constraint is beyond the scope of Data Tethers.


The above procedure obviously retains the consistency between the TIMESLOT share in the access tree and the secret valve masking the header.

in each time slot t, its share qTS (0,t) can be combined with the other shares to construct the corresponding secret value s(t).


The reason is that more over-accessing activities makes a malicious doctor s access requests more diverse, which increases the entropyof his activities and thus his risk scores.

our risk-quanti.cation method performsvery welleven when the over-accessing probability is as small as 6%.


White space characters cause ambiguity of whether they should match s+ or be counted as part of the 1024 non-return characters [^n]{1024}.

an input of SEARCH followed by 1024 white spaces and then 1024 a s will have 1024 ways of matching strings, i.e., one white space matches s+ and the rest as part of [^n]{1024}, or two white spaces match s+ and the rest as part of [^n]{1024}, etc.


As a .rst step, we consider a simple algorithm in which a reader ramps up power until it receives a response from a tag.

our implementation ramps up the reader s power from 15 dBm to 30 dBm (the full range of our reader) in 0.25 dB increments (the minimum supported by our reader), transmitting a KILL command at each power level in turn.


It is easy to see that by using our scheme for univariate polynomials of section 4.2, a client can store encrypted vectors on a server and then request the DFT transform of these vectors in a private and veri.able way.

note that the delegation and veri.cation cost is optimal: O(t) (i.e., O(1) for every entry of zy).


Intuitively, the hardness of F relies on the hardness of recovering v from g(v)and Y(£) .

the one-wayness of g(·), even given Y£, is necessary.


In order to make event management more .exible, we have de.ned an interface that every event must implement.

every event must be associated by the administrator to a name and a priority and, optionally, to the user who generated it, the user to whom the event is addressed to and the location in which the event occurred.


However, before releasing medical data to a private clinic or laboratory, the SP veri.es that a trusted environment actually exists on the SR platform.

the SP explicitly speci.es a criteria for the trustworthiness of the SR platform regarding the enforcement of its usage policy attached to the medical object.


Due to the rapid evolution and proliferation of the botnets, network based security technologies such as Network based Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPSs), .rewalls have received remarkable attention to defend our crucial computer systems, networks and sensitive information from attackers on the Internet.

there has been much effort towards high-performance NIDSs based on data mining and machine learning techniques[1, 2].


Subset Recovery Another interesting requirement is the ability to recognize all (or at least most) of the collection items before and after watermarking and/or an attack.

how do we recognize an item and its corresponding subset after it has been changed slightly?


Any direct connection between tamper-evident and forward-secure signatures stops at that.

it is crucial for the tamper-evident schemes to use true randomness for the evolution.


This module also acts as a central store for the PMP settings database.

it loads the settings on device boot, and ensures they are saved correctly.


We focus on the case of disengaged users1, i.e., users who do not actively establish OSN friendships during a real-world meeting, but later seek to establish the OSN friendship when they have left the presence of the other user.

it is not possible to put an android device into bluetooth discoverable mode without periodically requesting permission from the user.


4.1 DataSources To buildthe database for our vulnerability analysis, wehave to determine the points in time ofthe vulnerability lifecycle as de.ned in section 3.

for each vulnerability identi.edwehave to determine the correspondingdiscovery, disclosure, exploit andpatch date.As there is no single source to provide this information,the dif.culty ofthis task is to 1. identify suitable sources 2. collectthe information available   3. correlate the information in a concisemanner.


Since the traditional approach is unable to perform such selective sleeping and keeps the automaton awake for the entire signature, we call this deficiency insomnia.

insomnia can be viewed as the inability of the traditional pattern matchers to isolate frequently visited portions of a signature from the infrequent ones.


In the Base protocol, each node a is given the task of witnessing for the presence of a speci.c set Ta of other nodes (we will say that a is tracking nodes in Ta).

the node a selects the nodes to be in Ta as the .rst K nodes a meets (where K is the desired cardinality of Ta).


Because each domain must have an SCP (in order to be protected by the PoliCert) and these policies can greatly impact a domain s certi.cate usage, policies can only be updated, not revoked, and must meet several criteria to be accepted by the logs.

the new policy must be signed with the policy private key of the old policy, as well as by a threshold number of CAs (UP_CA_MIN).


Anonymizingtrajectories needstopreserve utilityas much as possible.

we deal with several concerns regarding utility the utility features that are usually considered by the users of the anonymized data and are discussed aboveintheprevioussection.


Precise pointer analysis is an undecidable problem, so almost all pointer analyses, including ours, compute a conservative over-approximation of the actual result.

our pointer analysis is sound under the assumption that displacements between objects are unde.ned, a necessary assumption common to C pointer analyses [3].


We introduce two optimizations aimed at reducing the amount of computation needed to fully process the input stream.

our optimizations concern the way the state transitions are organized and laid out in memory, and are based on the following observations: (i) in most traversal steps, only a minority of the NFA states are active; and (ii) NFA states Table 1.


With sites such as Facebook, Amazon, and Yahoo!

the relation is entirely online, while with others it is the online portion of an interaction that takes place primarily in the o.-line world, a Facebook user opens and manages his account online; he never speaks to Facebook on the phone, and never visits a physical premises.


By default, TorPS does not account for any side effects stemming from underlying network performance.

when evaluating basic Tor path selection it behaves as if each circuit construction succeeds, each circuit experiences the same performance, and circuits do not fail while being used.


Apparently, the attacker does not want to be detected when launching this attack.

in the context of data aggregation, an aggregate usually contains not only a data value computed for the required aggregation function but also a count value indicating the number of sensor nodes involved in the aggregation operation.


When intrusion analysis is needed, PEDA replays the recorded VM image atop binary-translation based VM to capture the infection propagation.

pEDA implements heterogeneous VM migration functionality to help the latter (binarytranslation based VM) understand the system states and events recorded by underneath logger in the former (hardwareassisted VM).


P for the set of permissions for which u is authorized at t. 2.4 ETRBAC07 This model combines the features of ERBAC07 and TR-BAC07.

we have the extended hierarchy relation RH .


4.2 Feasibility study To be able to use CSI for user authentication, the measured CSI from di.erent devices should satisfy the uniqueness requirement.

the CSI measured at di.erent devices resided at di.erent locations should be distinct, while the CSI collected from di.erent packets emitted by the same device should be similar, if not identical.


Finally, we note that both of our constructions achieve collusion resistance that is stronger than what is required by De.nition 2.

not only are users in R unable to access the service content through collusion, but users in D are unable to reduce the total amount of work needed to retrieve the content through collusion.


Currentbiologicalknowledge ofthehumangenome allowsscreeningfor ageneticdisease associatedwithoneSNPin a speci.cgene.

mostwell-characterizedgeneticdiseases are caused by a mutation in a single gene.


FUTURE PLANS We will be enhancing the course material in upcoming offerings of the virus course.

we will be expanding coverage of worms, adding a section on virus cryptanalysis, and incorporating new information from both academic and non-academic sources.


Direct incentives for privacy providing organizations to care about the security of personal information: Privacy providing organizations would face consequences for failure to adequately implement their privacy policies.

they would face consequences for failing to have adequate security to protect privacy information a situation they do not face today.


It is not necessarily true that Mr nMw = Ø.

some access modes can be both read and write modes.


In our approach, access control and keyword search capability are integrated by enforcing access policies through controlling the keyword search capability.

the data item can be matched against a keyword only when it is allowed to be accessed by access policies speci.ed by the data item s provider.


With respect to the reliability requirements, the anonymous nature of a patients submissions can make the system prone to abuse.

dishonest users might attempt to in.uence a physician s overall rating by submitting bogus or repeated values.


5.2 Classi.cation System Training The classi.cation system needs to be trained before being used.

the machine learning component and the decision maker require training.


RBAC has been widely used, but has weaknesses: it is laborintensive and time-consuming to build a model instance, and a pure RBAC system lacks .exibility to e.ciently adapt to changing users, objects, and security policies.

it is impractical to manually make (and maintain) user to role assignments and role to permission assignments in industrial context characterized by a large number of users and/or security objects.


In our scheme, each MS and VLR pair has two unique sets of hash chains, one for each direction.

when an MS roams out of a VLR domain, the MS will establish two new sets of hash chains with a new VLR.


There are many choices to implement these protocols, especially since the types of statements required by our protocols are relatively simple (knowledge of a representation and proof of logarithm equality).

all the statements we prove can be captured by e.cient sigma protocols.


In order to safeguard data privacy, a pragmatic framework should be formulated, balancing the critical issues mentioned above and individuals needs in their societies.

individual citizens in Asia Pacific should be more proactive in controlling personal information and ensuring anonymous communications.


Before analyzing those hubs, we extract criminal hubs by calculating hub scores of criminal accounts in terms of their positions in the criminal relationship graph by utilizing the HITS algorithm [23].

for each vertex i in the graph, we can use Eq.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to Sean Williams for helping me to set up the initial simulation environment.

the author appreciates the valuable suggestions from reviews in order to improve the quality of this paper.


Indeed, to the best of our knowledge these models have been extensively used in the literature, without validation.

inspite of its simplistic wireless channel model, the network simulator ns2 continues to .nds widespread use to evaluate new proposals for routing and medium access control (MAC) protocols.


Note that if an alternative model for permissions is used and a di.erent ordering is de.ned on those permissions, it is still possible and indeed pertinent to insist that Constraint 2 be satis.ed.

in the case of standard RBAC models, Constraint 2 means that if p<p ' then .R(p) ..R(p ' ).


Although our approach is lightweight and practical, it does not provide the same degree of isolation as full-virtualization would do.

trustDroid only mitigates kernellevel attacks by restricting access to the .le-system, but in general, it cannot prevent an adversary from compromising the Trusted Computing Base (TCB), which for TrustDroid includes the underlying Linux kernel and the Android middleware (see Section 3.3).


This approach enables a client to combine signed security assertions from multiple sources in determining what trust to assign to the instance I and its public key.

users or their user agents (e.g., apps) may combine assertions about properties of the program P with assertions by C that bind the code for P to the instance I and its public key.


It is important to note that the e.ect of a policy is directly dependent on the RDF graph it receives as input, and furthermore, the e.ect may be di.erent from the original e.ect the policy was intended to achieve.

the success of a policy rule (which is implemented as a SPARQL query) returning a particular set of RDF triples is dependent on the transformation step at which the rule was applied.


Therefore, in addition to recording S0 and I, for any moment j when Sj' Sj , we need to = record the state change .j = Sj - Sj-1.

then the new transition function fr'is de.ned as below: '''Si'-1 +.i if .i= null Si = fr(Si-1,Ii-1, .i)= f'(Si-1,Ii-1) Otherwise during replay, whenever a state change .i has been recorded for time i, we will directly apply the recorded state change such that Si'= Si'-1 +.i.


2) Both associative classi.cation and SVM have been successfully applied in malware detection [33, 19].

association classi.cation can discover interesting relationships among input features that are explicitly related to malware/benign .le class and SVM can identify good classi.cation boundaries for malware detection.


2.4 Opportunistic IPsec IPsec with opportunistic encryption (OE), [RFC4301, RFC6071], was also proposed for providing privacy of the DNS requests between the stub resolver and the recursive resolver, [9, 21].

[21], de.ne a new resource record ipseca which can be used to enhance DNS transactions with IPsec, by pointing to the entries in the security policy database (SPD).


it found an algorithm that is signi.cantly faster than a batching algorithm from Eurocrypt 2010.


[9] provide a more general framework to analyze several types of attacks on power systems and networks.

general conditions for attack detection and identi.ability for descriptor linear time-invariant systems are considered.


Despite the recent progress on ECC implementations on sensor platforms, all the previous attempts [15, 26, 33] have limitations.

all these attempts were developed as independent packages/applications without seriously considering the resource demands of sensor network applications.


Then, decompose (GT ) always returns a graph G * .

the execution of decompose (GT ) always terminates in .nite time, and never returns failure.


4We currently exclude some rarely used constructs as well as a small set of advanced functionality that does not have direct HILTI equivalents yet.

the compiler lacks support for Bro s when statement, which triggers script code asynchronously once a speci.ed global condition becomes true.


For example, a g-SIS model may only allow Liberal operations for all subjects and objects(LJ, LL, LA, LR) in the group.

every subject that is admitted to the group will be given LJ.


Starting at the rightmost bit k, we proceed from right to left within the synopsis Susing a bit window of w bits.

in each epoch, only the nodes that contribute a 1 to the bits in S corresponding to the current position of the window, send MACs to the sink that can be used to verify their contribution to S. in the .rst epoch, only nodes that contribute a 1 to bits k to k-w+ 1 respond to the query.


since they are able to express many meaningful characteris- tics of geographic data.

we refer to the set of topological relations proposed in [5].


Cryptographic .lesystems by themselves, however, lack suf.cient granularity to protect the privacy of application data.

any process running as the user who mounts a cryptographic .lesystem can read the .lesystem s contents.


We name the protocol HTTPi and give it an ef.cient design that is easy to deploy for today s web.

we tackle several previously-unidenti.ed challenges, such as supporting progressive page loading on the client s browser, handling mixed content, and de.ning access control policies among HTTP, HTTPi, and HTTPS content from the same domain.


We claim that ¯p is the protocol we are looking for.

the randomizedprotocol p¯has the desired payo.


When we reported this issue to Friendcaster, the developers were confused because they thought Facebook s access tokens were bound to relying parties and checked with every API call: From Facebook s perspective, the API calls wouldn t appear to be originating from Friendcaster, but the attacker s own app.

the developers of Friendcaster thought Facebook uses the OAuth 1.0 interpretation of the access token, while in reality Facebook uses the OAuth 2.0 interpretation.


Split-hardened benchmarks demonstrate that, depending on the threat-model one adopts, one can modulate performance overhead between split-base results and the fully-hardened results.

on the right, the difference between binding 1 and 2 is only the handling of network softirq polling threads in hardened mode.


RoM also keeps a map, UserResMap, that associates Users with RsMs based on requests made.

userResMap stores pairs of the form <RsM,IDS > for each User.


As a result, no properties can be assumed about the function itself.

in general, PUFs are neither linear nor injective nor surjective.


PRELIMINARIES AND NOTATION In this section, we introduce somebuilding block concepts for our proposal.

our proposal leverages technologies widely available on smartphones: accelerometer sensor and orientation sensor.


We extend the definition naturally to de- cryption by multiple servers.

if C represents input to Si and C ~ represents output by Sj for some j > i, we say that C~ represents a correct decryption of C if it results in the obvious way from C after a chain of correct decryptious.


This task must account for the three following considerations: First and foremost, as Shannon s maxim states, One ought to design systems under the assumption that the enemy will immediately gain full familiarity with them.

the adversary will adapt his attack to the protection mechanism.


However, [9] pointed out that encrypt-then-sign has a security .aw.

it is possible to replace the signatureifa maliciouspartyhasa legitimatesigningkey.


The increasing computing and storage capabilities, new interfaces such as near .eld communication technology (NFC) or integration of hardware-based secure execution environments as well as rich context sensing capabilities have turned these devices to enablers for many useful (and fancy) applications.

we consider two emerging trends with high commercial interest: smart devices as access tokens (e.g., in conjunction with NFC), and smart devices as powerful sensors for context-aware access control to resources.


Note that di.erent time points may correspond to di.erent policy versions and data updates, so an inconsistency found at time T may be short lived.

the inconsistency may not exist at time T - E, where E is the minimum amount of time that it takes for a policy, preference, or data value to get updated at the particular FSP.


As such, the scope of the paper is limited to the exploration, design and analysis of such channels.

the emphasis is on sending undetectable triggers to infected devices over such channels.


In[2],wepointedout someofthe mainproblemsconcerningthe use ofthis scheme, namely implementation issues and security issues.

privacy concerns may arise if thebiometric templatesarenot uniformlydistributedinthe ambient space, that is their entropy is not maximal.


Then we attempt to group these kernel pages into clusters, based on the PDE and PTE properties.

we put contiguous pages into one cluster, if these pages share the identical page properties.


The Origin header includes only the information required to identify the principal that initiated the request (typically the scheme, host, and port of the active document s URL).

the Origin header does not contain the path or query portions of the URL included in the Referer header that invade privacy without providing additional security.


In access control terms, both Group Based and Same-As have the same expressive power.

users can compose policies of the same granularity with either Group Based or Same-As.


We con.rmed that these PGDs exactly matched with the running processes in the OS.

there were no false positives and false negatives, thanks to the strong graph-based signatures [23] of the PGD items.


Thus, DSTM2 mechanisms track read/write sets, perform validation and contention management, and commit/abort transactions.

dSTM2 contains two mature, substantial STM mechanisms for detecting and resolving con.icts (the obstruction-free and shadow @atomic shared object factories; thosefactories are described in detail in the DSTM2 paper[34]).


First, because even the same multimedia .le is decrypted by a di.erent key streams sequence of each client, overall security can be increased.

if one client device is cracked and the key stream pool is disclosed, there is no e.ect on the multimedia content service of the rest clients.


The similarity between probability distributions can be measured by the multiplicative distance dP de.ned as dP (µ1, µ2) = sup| ln µ1(z) | with | ln µ1(z) | = 0 if both z.Z µ2(z) µ2(z) µ1(z), µ2(z) are zero and 8 if only one of them is zero.

dP (µ1, µ2) is small i. µ1, µ2 assign similar probabilities to each value z.


Moreover, all system calls use the same convention to report errors.

there are well-speci.ed values that indicate a successful, or erroneous, invocation.


5.2 Veri.cation Results We construct our classi.cation model based on self and non-self discrimination.

for a given user, its pro.le is learned from a certain number of its own mouse movement samples and an equal number of others mouse movement samples.


In a one-hour session (short-term), we found that participants in the graphical password condition coped signi.cantly better than those in the text password condition.

they made fewer errors when recalling their passwords, did not resort to creating passwords directly related to account names, and did not use similar passwords across multiple accounts.


32(d) = .0 A reduction from one set to another, however, may result in an unnecessary loss of accuracy, which has an e.ect on the .nal access decision.

it might lead to accept a query that would have been intuitively denied, or conversely.


Firstly, note that not only does the capture threshold model overestimate the total throughput as compared to the additive interference model, but it also predicts different qualitative behavior.

depending on the arrival rate, even the relative throughput rank of the protocols is different.


RELATED WORK Existing literature such as [4][5][6] provides different models to describe enterprise security.

[6] provides a formal enterprise level model of security used for canonical representation, identification of components that need to be measured.


For example, in Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks, the attacker has to install the DDOS daemon programs in vulnerable hosts before he/she can instruct the daemons to launch an attack.

an attacker has to (or usually does) reach a certain state before he/she can carry out certain attacks, and usually reaches the state by launching some other attacks.


Since ecology focuses on interrelations and biology focuses on inner workings, the former is more directly applicable than the latter.

the statistical methods and underlying ideas that ecologists have developed can be directly applied to malware defense.


White hats in the same cluster are similar in terms of their specialization.

we observe a high degree of specialization on SQL injection as well as cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.


The description of Gj typically involves a conditional release of payment where the condition is formalized via a circuit f. Our design of Gj is certainly inspired by transaction functionalities supported by Bitcoin.

the circuit f corresponds to Bitcoin scripts that may be used to conditionally release payments.


A reasonable security policy for such a database is to consider the names and exact addresses of customers and staff as con.dential, while the rest of the data is considered public.

the city of customers and the payment information are not considered con.dential.


On the other hand, it requires intensive human and behavior studies to observe usage habits of di.erent devices and construct usability functions from the observed patterns.

the model still needs to be equipped with application-speci.c parameters to demonstrate best performance.


Although many routes are still short-lived, entities send packets over long-lived routes (longer than 6 hours) for 96% of the times [9].

considering the fact that the load balancing within an ISP causes most route variations (i.e., up to 82%), OPT running at AS-level uses more stable routes than router-level OPT.


MODELING IN SEAL In this section, we call out speci.c requirements in stateof-the art access control systems that motivate our choice of features for SEAL.

we focus on the LBAC component of Windows 7, which is called User Account Control (UAC).


Even worse, the signi.cant extensibility of mobile platforms has the unfortunate side-e.ect of providing a rich range of possible attack vectors.

most popular mobile platforms provide access to application markets that allow third party applications to be downloaded and installed onto the device.


We present an oracle-based argument that our technique ensures complete mediation of all securitysensitive operations.

we can reason about the correctness of the output of our approach assuming the correctness of certain oracles upon which it depends.


That is, it is di.cult for an adversary to distinguish abab abc a triple (g ,g ,g ) from (g ,g ,g ) for a, b, and c chosen randomly and for a generator g of QRN .

we use a variant of the problem which says that DDH problem is hard even when the factorization of N is known.


In line with these developments also cryptographic routines have been adapted to run decoupled from the server using only JavaScript.

when creating a WebID certi.cate, the key pair and the resulting WebID certi.cate are generated on client-side only.


using a zero-knowledge proof, U convinces OV of (1) possessing a signature generated by OI on a statement containing attr and N, and (2) knowing the master secret key SU related to N. We stress that U does not reveal any other information to OV .


The DDH assumption implies that (g t,ht) is indistinguishable from random pair of group elements.

a faked ciphertext (g -a g t,ht) is indistinguishable from a hiding ciphertext (random,random).


However, in practice users performing these well de.ned job functions are limited in scope to either a particular sub-process or a particular geography in accordance with the organization of the plant.

the job functions identi.ed in ICS, such as Operator and Engineer , perform certain types of operations; what objects those operations can apply to are dependent on the attributes of users and those objects.


A scale-free network is a network whose degree distribution follows a power law, at least asymptotically.

the fraction P (m) of nodes in the network having m connections to other nodes (that is, degree m) is, for large values of m, P (m) ~ m -.


Introduction Client-side scripting languages such as JavaScript are ubiquitous in modern, internet-connected computing, but pose a serious security risk to the client.

the widespread inclusion of third-party scripts into major websites in * This research was conducted at USU supported by NSF grant IIS0850825: REU Site Program in Computer Vision and Multi-Agent Systems.


This paper has explored the scenario when neither the resource nor user has been introduced into the system.

the research presented has focused on content that is generated dynamically by a client and disclosed to another party, such as web forms and emails.


Decrypt(ps A, C, hd): No semantic meaning is associated with ctype = control messages.


Furthermore, we presented several traceback protocols.

we showed that a network-wide .ltering scheme can be implemented e.ectively on top of the traceback framework so that its impact on normal tra.c is minimal.


For a cryptographically strong #, the adversary is expected to correctly guess half (plus a negligible quantity) of the bits by coin-.ips, and the other half is incorrectly guessed.

by the XOR protection scheme an injected rogue frame is expected to have approximately n corrupted bits, 2 and CRC-32 can be used to detect the corruption .


However, tra.c pattern based approaches need to observe worm propagation tra.c for some time before they can determine whether or not the outgoing tra.c is worm propagation.

to completely contain the propagation of any unknown worm, we need to detect its propagation.


Even though the search space can be signi.cantly reduced by applying our correlation scheme, the number of correlated con.icting rules may still be large, leading to the permutation algorithm unapplicable.

the permutation algorithm can help us identify an optimal solution for a con.ict resolution, but it is inef.cient for the .rewall policies with a larger number of con.icting rules within some con.ict correlation groups.


The general structure of the proposed CP-net is presented in Figure 2a.

in the following discussion, we assume that each inference tuple in I has been enumerated from 1 to k. there are k inference tuples in the system, and (PSi,pxi)i refers to the inference tuple i.


A traitor tracing scheme is a mechanism capable of detecting the illegal redistribution of content or access keys.

we describe the broadcast encryption scheme of Naor-Naor-Lotspiech, which achieves the best security guarantees among the schemes of wide practical adoption.


The intent of this paper is to demonstrate a vendor-neutral method to solve the latter problem.

to augment the traditional firewall packet-filter to include user identity in the filtering process.


Further, their memory architectures are usually more complex than in our system model.

such platforms usually feature additional hardware to predict and fetch memory blocks in advance, making the time-bounded approach much more di.cult and its realization highly dependent on the concrete system.


Moreover, VideoTicket does not primarily rely on cryptographic techniques to verify user commitments.

(it does not use userspeci.c signing keys and the associated management and public-key infrastructures and processes.)


5.6 Impact on Single Sign-On Single sign-on is a growing use case which stands to bene.t the most from our proposals.

systems like OpenID, Yahoo BBauth, and university web-based login systems often expect relying parties to redirect users to the login site for authentication.


MOTIVATION, THREAT MODEL AND RE-QUIREMENTS According to [18] some of the insider attacks could be prevented if users were monitored to identify suspicious activities.

insider attack incidents could have been prevented if the system had a monitoring module to evaluate how trusted a user is with respect to technical and psychological precursors.


Another bene.t of digital certi.cates is that, with the help of local names, we can grant access rights both to single entities and to groups of entities.

with a single certi.cate, Alice can, for example, give all her friends access.


In P2P networks, we refer to similar mechanism, and generally believed that the factors impact trustworthiness of peers is their ability attribute, past interaction records and evaluation given by other peers [28].

they are the ability attribute of node (the initial trustworthiness), the direct trustworthiness and recommended trustworthiness.


A violation could be regarded as the occurrence of a set of events that contravene the business rules.

to specify a separation of duty constraint we merely need to enumerate the undesirable set(s) of events, and to enforce a constraint we must ensure that all the events speci.ed in that set cannot occur.


However, this style of programming requires the programmer to be mindful of not unpacking values with the <-operator, unless they are strictly needed.

we partly lose the bene.ts of lazy evaluation.


For the string type of attributes, we compute the similarity of the attribute values as the pairing attribute value.

bi = fs(Ai, Ai'), where function fs is a similarity measure, e.g., normalized edit distance.


Bridging this semantic gap is a matter of view generation.

discussing the di.erent methods of generating views is, in fact, a discussion of ways to bridge the semantic gap.


While our construction is decidedly synchronous in operation (and does o.er robustness), it is clear that anonymity can bene.t from some techniques normally associated with asynchronous mixing.


This problem occurs due to implicit sharing in operating systems, and it can be especially severe for persistent state.

the .le system providesa single namespace that when compromised canhave cascading effects on the entire system, makingintrusion analysis and recovery a time-consuming and error-prone process.


The total number of locations that lead to .. is the surface area of the heap object.


In addition, and equally importantly, we describe how the combination of existing research thrusts has the potential to alleviate many of the concerns impeding adoption.

we argue that with continued research advances in trusted computing and computation-supporting encryption, life in the cloud can be advantageous from a business intelligence standpoint over the isolated alternative that is more common today.


In our prototype implementation, we modify the base class to duplicate the interaction between the IME and the client app to IMMS.

iMMS will be noti.ed whenever IME sends/receives a rpc request to/from the client app.


the ending time of the previous session and the starting time of the next session) between them is less than d seconds, where d is a parameter depending on the dynamic IP assignment scheme used by the CSP.

any two blocks (on the same source IP address) are separated from each other by an idle period longer than d seconds.


Suppose there is no wormhole between A and B.

then: RSSIA,i = PB,i - LBA,i (8) RSS IB,i = PA,i - LAB,i (9) Channel reciprocity implies LBA,i LAB,i and hence: RSS IA,i - RSSIB,i PB,i - PA,i (10) the more reciprocal the channel between A and B is, the higher is r(PA - PB, RSS IB - RSSIA).


6.3.1 Impersonation Resistance Consider an adversary A thathas asitsgoal to runa successful handshake thus convincing another user that he has actually owned a tag without disposing of the legitimate information.

a does not have the tuple (X1v* ,X2v* ,X3v* )for a given user v* and a given tag, both object of the challenge.


While, when a protocol of the second class is used, it could be possible that a node capture goes undetected.


Acknowledgments Many IBM colleagues have contributed to the development of the E-P3P language.

we would like to thank Calvin Powers for requirements and continuous guidance.


5.2 Experiments 5.2.1 Impact of data ex.ltration on delivery ratio: In our .rst set of experiments, we investigate the impact of various approaches, including MULEPRO, on MDR as a whole.

the results presented here show MDR for the entire system, not just the jammed area.


The SAA scheme constructed in Section 5 is (.., .... ,.... ,.. ,.. ,..)-secure under the EF-CMA model.

for all .. and .. satisfying .. = .. ' ...... .. = .. ' - (........ +2........ +3.... +4....), where the exponentiation and bilinear map on .. take time .... and ...., respectively.


this shows that the simple (L,R,LfR) batch code mentioned in the introduction is optimal for the case m3,k2.


As such, the result which follows is strictly a lower-bound on the number of possible blends and is likely to be extremely pessimistic.

we used as our source of words the intersection of the CMUdict (as syllabi.ed by Bartlett et al.


{b'idwon' We now show that Sysis as secure as Sysidealgke,using a constructive argument.


Our approach follows aspect-oriented programming paradigm [17].

each operation denotes a region of code before which a reference monitor hook must be placed, thereby identifying the join points.


To relax the assumption on level Max messages remaining con.dential seems to require more cryptographic primitives.

in order to ensure that the loss of long term keys does not lead to the loss of update messages we require perfect forward secrecy, which would seem to imply the use of asymmetric cryptography.


Annotating objects around us with tags gives us enormous advantage in connecting the physical world with the cyber-world so that people can easily obtain the information about the environment and some interesting applications, such as tracing and tracking physical objects, will be a norm.

combining RFID and sensing technology for reader-activated sensing makes this vision more likely.


If F = {} is a singleton set with hierarchy relation , then we call H a monotype hierarchy and write (R, ).

we use notation Pau(r) to refer to the set of authorized permissions of role r, which is a set of permissions that can be acquired by activating r. Pau(r) = can_be_acquired(r, p), and Pau(R) = UPau (r) .


Constructing e.cient, conceptually simple yet strongly secure public key encryption schemes has always been an essential and interesting topic of cryptographic research.

due to the explosive use of small computing devices and sensors in recent years, designing secure and lightweight cryptographic schemes is considered more important than ever before.


We focus on the characterization of information quality metrics that are relevant in the presence of DoI attacks.


In this paper, we have described a method to detect mobile viruses based on common functionality.

we used DLL import sets as features to detect viruses.


CONCLUSION We describe how the HT functionality encapsulated in the CPS algorithm for secure data aggregation is useful for developing a variety of useful and ef.cient security applications.

we show fast and ef.cient primitives for broadcast authentication, public key management, and node-to-node signatures, each of which has important properties superior in some way to the current best known protocols in the literature.


Hence C s acceptance of the security token wresult at time tsso must happen as a direct consequence of receiving (receive,ch .cid ,post)as described in Part 8.

this implies cid = ch .cid (where cid is the channel identi.er in C s output).


5d, roles in all three systems are particularly permission-sparse, averaging 1.2, 0.4, and 0.2 permissions per role in RBAC1, RBAC0, and ugo, respectively.

rBAC0 and ugo utilize many additional roles to store simulated hierarchy information, and many of these roles are never assigned permissions.


Given a hash value, y, and the details of the hashing functionh,itisverydi.cultto .nd x suchthat h(x)= y.

given the hash of a data item it is hard to work back and determine the data value that generated this hash value.


METHODOLOGY We examine Tor, JAP, and SurfEasy from a user s perspective, considering only properties that can be explored at the source and destination systems.

we examine the latency and throughput of the systems, along with the IP address diversity observed.


Our .ndings indicate that the attacks are possible using a low-cost oscilloscope with a sample rate as little as 100 MS/s.

we have successfully exempli.ed our attack at hand of the bitstream decryption of a Virtex-II Pro XC2CP7 FPGA manufactured by the market leader Xilinx.


We have de.ned the set of access control policies to be a logical formula over attributes of the other party.

f determines what credentials they must show the user in order for the user to release their credentials.


In a converging connection, if B s state is unknown then A and C are independent to each other.

unless the state of B is known, otherwise A and C can evidentially influence each other.


The major idea behind the interface design is that the ContainerProvider interface de.nes a call-back method to dynamically retrieve context data that is needed to instantiate the XmlADI documents to evaluate the XSLTbased conditions.

the call-back method is invoked from the AuthznEngine to evaluate given requests.


That is, it must be infeasible for an adversary to directly or indirectly cause the counter to behave incorrectly without at least being detected.

an adversary must not be able to set the value of the counter arbitrarily, cause it to revert to a past value, cause it to generate false execution certi.cates (as de.ned below), or cause it to fail in any other way without being detected even if the adversary owns and has physical access to the hardware and software used to implement and use the counter.


Because of our oversight, there was a SQL injection vulnerability in the code2 .

a user, legitimate one, can intercept the AJAX request (e.g.


An even stronger attack is to hijack the TCP connection as it is being synchronized.

after the bridge client sends a TCP SYN packet with an embedded ConnectionTag, an active adversary could hijack the connection and attempt to complete the Tor bridge connection.


[5], given a possibilistic knowledge base F, there always exists a highest possibility distribution, noted pF, that satis.es F and being the highest possibility distribution means it is the least speci.c one.

val(f, F ) = NF (f), where NF is the necessity measure induced by pF.


Our solution could be viewed as a safe way of reusing parts of a garbled circuit.

if different functions are evaluated on the same input x, the same labels can be used for x.


6.2 Experimental Results speed dating small blue facebook B 0.522 0.374 0.683 X 0.795 0.758 0.853 X * 0.823 0.885 0.892 X+ 0.884 0.785 N/A X *+ 0.887 0.902 N/A Capture of Privacy Preference This set of experiments are designed to evaluate the ef.cacy of XACCESS (denoted by X)in capturing social users implicit preference of information sharing with relevant users.

we intend to examine the contributions by different features (i.e., static social network structure, dynamic historical activities) in capturing such implicit reference.


PSA ' and the following constraints on the new code: C1 Indirect branches and memory-write instructions are appropri ately instrumented.

only checked indirect branches and masked memory writes are allowed.


On the defense side, our current design and implementation of Secomp is still preliminary.

we built our SDKs as a wrapper of the GCM SDKs, making it convenient for the developers to retro.t them into their apps: all they need to do is just a small adjustment of the APIs the apps call to activate the new protection.


In this manner, we attempted to quantify the frequency with which privacy violations may be occurring.

previous work has focused on qualitatively describing privacy concerns, whereas we were interested in measuring the likelihood with which these concerns come to fruition.


Additionally, an attacker can further obscure the attack signature by sending acknowledgments to more victims less often, with the total amount of traf.c generated staying constant.

by generating less traf.c per host and staying under the detection threshold, but increasing the total number of hosts it is not locally obvious to the victims that they are participating in an DDoS attack.


It rather implies a functionally similar to that of IPsec IKE, whose goal is limited to the set up of a security association across a pair of nodes, whereas the task of delivering authenticated or protected data packets is demanded to one or more di.erent dedicated protocols (e.g., the IPsec Encapsulated Security Payload or the IPsec Authentication Header).

our proposed key exchange protocol should provide negotiation for cryptographic algorithms, as well as keying material, to existing data security protocol speci.c for sensor nodes, such as TinySec [8] or MiniSec [9].


Furthermore, since interval or range predicates are introduced into our location-based access control mechanism, it 2The anonymity set is de.ned as the group of people who hold the same access privileges.

allows a user to use a coarse-grained spatio-temporal information in location to achieve obfuscation.a location in our system can be a region as opposed to a point and it serves as a cloak to the user s actual position.


Ideally, a location privacy metric should capture the amount of information an adversary has about users actual trajectories (or positions).

the location privacy metric should be able to measure the inability of a given adversary in accurately tracking the mobile users over space and time.


OBJ S is a function that maps each class in C to a countable set of object names of that class.

oBJ S (c) gives all possible names for objects of the class c. We use U to denote OBJ S (user) and R to denote OBJ S (role), we also require that R contain a reserved role name sso, for the system security of.cer role.


These functional units are then associated with permissions on information systems.

this approach begins with de.ning a particular job function and then creating a role for this job function by associating needed permissions.


The choice of the decision set depends on the algorithm used to combine policies.

permit-overrides and deny-overrides are de.ned using the Indeterminate extended set and therefore over D6; in contrast, the other combining algorithms .rstapplicable, permit-unless-deny, deny-unless-deny and only-oneapplicable are de.ned over D4.


A particular class of release events that are interesting to us are progress release events, which are release events that leak information via the progress channel.

it is not the value output, but the fact that the output occurred that reveals information.


This approach does nothing to ensure that the IP block does not contain functionality outside the specification.

the IP blocks can contain features and functions that are not accessible to the provided test suites and are very difficult to find via code inspection.


A large false negative rate may lessen the integrity and overall trust in an edited document, but provides a better starting point for future editors.

while 28.5% of untrustworthy edits may become part of the document, the remaining 71.5% that would have become part of the document without the classi.cation system are automatically removed, reducing strain on editors who may remove the changes on subsequent edits.


We prove our results in an extension of the Impagliazzo-Rudich model.

we show that any black-box construction beating our lower bounds would imply the unconditional existence of a one-way function.


While it may seem unusual to de.ne the semantics of declarative languages like ODRL and XrML using a procedural mechanism, we argue that our semantics capture several signi.cant aspects of rights expression languages and real interpreters that are not captured by existing semantics.

our semantics do not require rendering actions to be instantaneous and infallible, and support constraints that modify the e.ect of an action rather than prohibit it outright.


3.3 Limitations There is a many-to-one relationship between the set of possible sequences and the set of observed timings.

itispossibletohave multiplekey sequences resultin about the same distance traveled between keys, and therefore multiple state vectors yq matching the observed timings vector y .


We also carefully selected the answer options in a way that requires one to truly understand, or at least fully read, all parts of the message.

all answer options were identical or at least closely resembled words that appear in the message.


In our coincidence estimation process, we approximate the value of each Pi using a majorization technique.

we use the highest possible Pi (that of the mean value Leff or Vth) to represent all the Pi values.


Then we extend our analysis to noisy leakage functions of the form L = Ldet + R, where R is noise occurring on each leakage component according to a noise distribution.

the LK (·) and LM (·) functions are evaluated as the sum of a deterministic function and a random variable selected according to the noise distribution.


We show in Section 6 that these new alternatives provably meet our strongest notions of security.

assuming that these .xes are not used to encrypt more than 232 packets between rekeying, these new constructions will resist chosenplaintext and chosen-ciphertext privacy attacks as well as forgery, replay, and out-of-order delivery attacks.


[8] proposed an algebra for fourvalued policies based on Belnap bilattice.


Then, by the standard hybrid argument there exists a j .

{1,...,N}such that MH AdvA[j] -MH AdvA[j +1] >E/N this Ais somehow able to distinguish EncryptABE(S,PK,j,M)from EncryptABE(S,PK,j+1,M) for some M and S.But then Acan be directly used to win the ABE index hiding game.


ETA has the smallest signature size (i.e., 240 bits) among all of its counterparts.

the signature size of ETA is 6, 8, 1.3 and orders of magnitudes times smaller than that of HORS/HORSE, online/of.ine signatures, ECDSA/token-ECDSA and HORS++, respectively.


In addition, because the protocol processing associated with all outgoing TCP packets are performed on the CTCP router, it is now possible to collectively manage the congestion-related states of these TCP connections based on their destination subnets [1], and utilize the available bandwidth on the Internet more effectively.

this congestion state sharing mechanism allows short-lived TCP connections to start with a larger initial congestion window size and thus reduces their end-to-end connection time.


Table 2 shows the classification and the relationships; while Figure 2 illustrates the classification for two example benefits.

1) Be1 Cost reductions, is classified as: NATURE Organizational, IMPACT - Primary, and BENEFICIARY  Internal, and TARGET Process; and 2) Be15 Improved communications between government agencies, is classified as: NATURE Inter-Organizational, IMPACT - Secondary, and BENEFICIARY Internal.


As implemented in RCC, general role hierarchies provide support for an arbitrary partial order to serve as the role hierarchy, to include the concept of multiple inheritances of permissions and user membership among roles.

general role hierarchies allow a role to have more than one immediate ascendant (potentially inheriting user membership from multiple sources) and at the same time one or more immediate descendents (potentially inheriting permissions from multiple sources).


We also show how to generate anonymous signatures that, much like group signatures, can be used to hide a group s membership while providing accountability.Indeed, a proxy could translate signatures from group members into signatures from the group manager.The advantage here is that the proxy does not store any signing key and the key of the group manager cannot get exposed even if the proxy is compromised.

1.1 Related Work Proxy re-signatures [5] should not be confused with the similar sounding proxy signatures [18, 12] as previously discussed.de.nitions in Dodis et al.


We note that while the second and third phases of our attack are similar to previously known attacks, their application to this context has several interesting aspects.

the winnowing phase is similar to the long-term intersection attack, which is normally discussed in the context of a global eavesdropper, but because of the bridge setting our attack can be inexpensively mounted by a remote adversary that in many cases does not require the cooperation of either endpoint.


Let each server be capable of disseminating .patches in an ITU.

the actual maximum rate at which each server can disburse patches is ß .


qv,c (t) By treating the attack events as a stationary point process with at=P(Tv,c = t) tack inter-arrival times that exhibit the NBU property, we see that =1- E[E[I(Tv,c >t)|Jv,Tv]] for any z1 ,z2 = 0, [[( ) ]] T(1) ,T(2) =1- EEIc1 (Jv)>tc2 (Tv)>t|Jv,TvP.

m) ( )() (1) (1) (1) Y(r)>z1 +z2|Y(r)>z1 = PY(r)>z2 i+1 i+1 i the extra-waiting time for the (i+1)th attack under the tf =1- EF ( N (1) (1) (c1 )P(t)=m · condition that the attack has not arrived after some time is smaller i,Jv Jv m=0 i=1 than the waiting time for the ith attack in the stochastic sense.


Users af.liated4 with a SP are identi.ed by their name and the SP name, separated by symbol $.

if Alice is a user af.liated with SP1, her SSO ID would be Alice$SP 1.


Furthermore, current research on the topic is strongly biased towards the demand-side of the equation.

most of it highlights the empowerment of people and stakeholders while relatively few papers discuss the role of crowdsourcing in and by public institutions.


The challenge we confront in this paper is the need to preserve privacy across sequences of tag outputs while still permitting veri.cation of covertfreeness.

we wish to enable checks of consistency on a local basis, e.g.


In speci.c systems, determining accountability may often be quite easy.

we are interested in identifying the properties of obligation systems which allow us to e.ciently solve the accountability problem.


Thus, when 802.11n overtakes 802.11g (As predicted in [47]), the tracking capacity will increase at a small cost of accuracy.

we .nd malnet tracking is likely infeasible with current systems, but when 802.11n overtakes 802.11g, geolocating malnets become feasible in dense metropolitan areas.


File lookup is done by traversing all directories in the pathname.

the VPFS server opens the directory s .le container, searches for the directory entry with the current path element s name, and closes the .le container thereafter.


Like other SFI systems, Native Client also makes use of operating-system and hardware support where appropriate, e.g., to ensure that data is not executable, and that code is not writable and is loaded at the correct address.

on the 32-bit x86 platform, Native Client relies on hardware segments, not software guards, to constrain reads and writes to data memory, as well as code execution.


Current approaches to the kernel defense rely on the knowledge of the attack signature.

there are recognizable symptoms of the effect of the attack on the kernel.


(v)) where P = policy (u) and G = (L, {Ri}i.I).

the GSCS will (i) look up the current locations of u and v using the location assignment ., (ii) look up the access control policy P = policy (u) of the resource owner, (iii) instantiate P by the spatial knowledge base G = (L, {Ri}i.I) to obtain a binary relation P (G), and (iv) check if the locations .


Because most of the functionality of these networks relies on the availablity and proper functioning of HLRs, our attack seeks to violate such conditions.

an adversary with control over a set of compromised mobile phones will attempt to overwhelm 1Given the popularity of application download services provided on platforms such as the iPhone and Android, such numbers are expected to grow signi.cantly.


Z is a hash function (k is the length of m in base 2) is a subset w which is generated by selecting p elements from the set sk using a mapping function.

w consists of si (p distinct elements selected from set K) with 1 = i = p. For secure operation, the parameters k, n, and p should be set to satisfy the following inequality.


Ideally, the size of the decoy set should result in an equal probability of success in both cases (c) and (d).

there should be no incentive for the attacker to concentrate on either category of users.


Consider the policy P de.ned such that P (G)= P1(G) n P2(G).

p grants access whenever both P1 and P2 grant access.


Furthermore,wedesignnewtechniques to craft a speci.c/special MCB probing packet that canletMCB-enabled malware exposeitself(from network observationperspective), much more e.cient and e.ective than existing network software fuzzing techniques [7].

we develop ICE (Informed forCed Executing), a newtechniquetoquicklyidentify possible MCB execution paths that can be used later in stitched dynamic symbolic execution to derive satis.able packet contents to trigger MCB logic.


This requires that the new value for any attribute should be unique after the watermarking process.

we want to preserve the relationship between the various tables.


3.3 Adversary Model We assume that all parties in DARM operate under the semi-honest adversary model [13].

each party is expected to follow the protocol correctly; however, it is curious and might try to infer sensitive information about the other parties.


3) Sparse Scenario: In this experiment, we create a sparse scenario where many users are new to the system and they have not signed many certi.cates yet.