The reason that we do not see a speedup of eight when using eight worker threads is the following: even though we restrict the user application to run on a limited number of cores, equal to the number of worker threads, the operating system kernel runs always on all the available cores of the processor.

when Scap creates less than eight worker threads, it is only the user-level application that runs on these cores.


Given a speci.c value of a, maximizing .

pD is equivalent to maximizing ., the sum of 1/Rti collected from each sensor, or alternatively: max PD = max .. D it is clear that the term .


Overhearing is costly there is no early packet rejection, and a packet transmission typically results in the entire one-hop neighborhood receiving the packet.

the connectivity of the network has an impact on the power consumption of individual nodes.


More than energy ef.ciency, our goal is energy suf.ciency.

it is more important that we provide enough energy to operate under all conditions, even if thermoelectric generation is not optimally tuned for all temperatures or loads.


Nevertheless, performance can su.er severely if an algorithm is selected that is unable to moderate congestion.

we have a limited set of options: use a non-optimal global heuristic to attack the LP formulation for the whole topology, separate the bu.er management mechanism from the route selection problem, or decompose the problem into separate routing domains where loops may be permitted among only a subset of the nodes.


Slave nodes communicate with the neighbors within their AOI continuously for the game interaction.

they do not need the master nodes involvement for notifying the accurate positions of the neighboring participants.


FIB Updates We have emphasized that one of the bene.ts of C U CK -O O SW IT CH is that it supports in-place updates, which eliminates the need for pointer-swapping techniques such as Read-Copy-Update (RCU) to update the FIB.

cU C KO O SW I T C H can respond instantly to FIB updates and can avoid the need to store multiple copies of the forwarding table.


Finally, we argue that an experimental friendly jamming deployment has to be considered from a worst-case perspective.

our experimental setup assumes a random placement of jammers instead of choosing preoptimized jammer positions.


High node density leads to more nodes competing for access to the same wireless media, thus fewer nodes get media access per time unit and packets are queued for further processing.

as more packets get queued in a queue associated with the low capacity radio, the packets also experience higher delay.


Otherwise, it is forwarded to the east output port for further traversal in horizontal ring.

corner bu.er always contains two kinds of .its: 1) Flits that reached their target node.


Hence, it su.ces to approximate 1 for the range 0 = x, y = p, x + y = p only.


Although these transmissions are targeting speci.c receivers, the destination address .eld remains to be broadcast address and no acknowledgements are expected at the transmitter.

these transmissions can be more accurately termed as pseudo-unicast transmissions.


Figure 9: Illustrating the priority multi-training for case 2.

training was completes in k - 2 + M ax{2a , 2ß + 2.


Since each PMSI is linked to a secret key KPMSI, MNOs can reuse PMSIs by creating a new secret key KPMSI for each PMSI in each billing period.

iVSs cannot connect to the mobile network with an invalid combination of PMSI and KPMSI.


The crawler maintains the list of recently communicated peers for each accessible Nugache peer.

when it .nishes crawling, it produces list of recently communicated peers for several Nugache peers.


In addition, one may wish to focus on latencies for a subset of packets that belong to a .ow, perhaps to hone in on the ones that exhibited abnormal latency, or to track the latency time-series of the .ow.

clearly, in order to satisfy these requirements, we need a more .exible architecture than the one-size-.ts-all approach of existing solutions such as LDA (aggregate) or RLI (per-.ow).


Their value is often similar however, because those nodes typically share almost the same set of products.

the death probability at layers close to the bottom is also quite low.


A client receiving a SKIP logically elides the remainder of the object region, without reserving physical buffer space, passing it to applications, or waiting for additional packets from the server.

the inherent parallelism between Trickles can be used to multiplex logically separate transmissions on a given connection, while subjecting them to the same .ow equation.


we anticipated that for most cycles, the content of the playback bu.er increases monotonically during the good period and decreases monotonically during the bad period.

if starvation is to occur in a given cycle, it must occur at the end of that cycle.


Effect of period of transmission on node lifetime sive power consumed by redundant transmissions.

we recommend in design guideline #3 that periodic transmissions be used for binary, non-emergency sensors in the living room and bedroom.


It should be noted that the choice of routing protocol con.guration may dramatically change the network performance.

using default OLSR parameters, only 63% PDR may be achieved.


As shown in the .gure, the packet transmission is only limited by the achievable TCP throughput and no constraint is imposed from the application level.

the number of early packets at time t, N(t), can be larger than µt .


INTRODUCTION In wireless, mobile ad hoc communications, directional antennas are capable of focusing the release and capture of the electromagnetic energy in significantly narrowed directions.

with the same amount of transmission power, a transmitter can cover a much longer, though narrowed, area and thus the diameter of the network is reduced.


Network lifetime -The network lifetime of WSNs is defined as the time elapsed until the first sensor node in the network depletes its energy (dies) [7].

network lifetime increases with stability period.


We consider a mesh network where the nodes are stationary with long lasting energy.


In this way, the results from many experts can be combined in a single, common framework that respects the trust we have in each expert.

one can compare the results from different experts since their outcomes can be interpreted in a common framework.


The penalty of the high-span PE is usually lower because the high-span PE is on the shortest path of many conversations, making many of the volumedistance products zero.

our algorithm tends to choose PEs with higher spans.


The correlation attack allows the adversary to infer the source and destination of a connection if he can observe both ends.

if the adversary can observe tra.c from the user (either by compromising the entry router or by observing the user s connection to it) and can also observe tra.c from the destination (either because he controls the destination or the last router on the path or observes the tra.c between them) then the user has no anonymity.


But, all of four methods have smaller than 25ms service interruption time.

the measurement does not in.uence on video or VoIP services critically, if the channel quality is properly good to prevent errors in system information message packets.


Tind .THi .THAck (6) where Tind is the delay between the AP and the PAR, THI is the delay between the PAR and the NAR, THAck is the delay between the NAR and the PAR.

we can summarize the handover latency for Yokota's FPMIPv6: LTFP .


Using virtual express lanes, which e.ectively act as dedicated wires between pairs of nodes, EVC-based .ow control is able to create partial communication .ows in the network, thereby improving resource utilization and reducing contention Tc at individual routers.

packets spend less time waiting for resources at each router which lowers the average queuing delay, allowing the network to push through more packets before saturation and hence approach ideal throughput.


The mobile network operator is aware of the situation that subscribers in the event area will extensively share pictures or videos and will make video calls resulting in a higher network load.

the operator will activate additional base stations that are installed in the event area, but inactive during normal operations.


Since the architecture provides a balanced usage of space and bandwidth, an array of high bandwidth off-chip memories can be employed and accessed in a pipelined order.

cAMP is directly applicable to a modern network processor which contains several independent memory channels.


A node maintains the shortest-path routes to all nodes within its cluster as well as the shortest-path routes to all the beacon nodes.

to reach a destination node outside its cluster, a source node .rst routes toward the beacon closest to the destination node.


Thismeansthatforanymulti-pathroutingthecorrespondingsingle-pathrouting,accordingto(11),yieldsatmostequalscalarpacket.uxateverypointx.Inparticular,wehavethefollowinglocalresult: Remark 1 If a multi-path solution at point x forwards packets with a given destination genuinely to several directions, then (13)in fact implies that the corresponding single-path routing, de.ned by (11), yields a strictly lower scalar .ux about x (cf., triangle inequality).

2.3 Randomized path selection Letusfurtherelaboratetheprocedureofobtainingthesinglepathroutesbyconsideringaspecialcaseofmulti-pathroutingobtainedbyrandomlychoosingapathforeachpacketdestinedtor fromacountablesetI ofsingle-pathsolutions.Inotherwords,eachpacketismarkedtouseacorrespondingpathfromsetI with P acertainprobabilityofai,i.I ai =1.thepathchosenatrandombythesourceisthenfollowedtothedestinationwithoutanyfurtherrandomselections.LettheJi denotethecorrespondingd-.owswhenallthetraf.cdestinedtor isroutedusingpathseti,i .I.Accordingto(11)thecorrespondingsingle-pathroutingdecisionisinthedirectionofthenetd-.ow,i.e., X .


Thisgainin throughput occurs because making F1 =0.99 produces end-to-end Bell pairs witha.delity abovethe .xed threshold just after the .nal swapping is done.

no additional end-to-end puri.cation steps are required and these Bell pairs can be used immediately by the application layer, providing a throughput improvement.


For example, for one trace used in this study, about 0.02% of all .ows contributed more than 59.3% of the total tra.c volume.

the impact of elephant .ows on network perfor mance is signi.cant.


In addition, other mechanism, e.g., a relatively low frequency process integrity checking mechanism, can be implemented to detect code modi.cations due to a slow propagating worm.

the primary function of the Wireless Taps architecture is to provide a secure means of monitoring the performance or health of the applications, and to provide reports of health to all hosts and network managements systems.


Typically, the VMs belonging to different tiers that exchange data are selected by runtime load balancers, which do not guarantee perfectly uniform load distribution to every destination.

load to each destination can vary over time even when the aggregate load is constant.


WPAN transfers sensing data to sensor web server using SMSC(Short Message Service Center) method through more than one base station or remote network like internet.

this paper shows the appropriateness of the application which connects wireless sensor network with sensor web service.


The code uses a symbol size of one byte, a block size of 1024, and a redundancy factor of 50%.

even with 50% packet erasure, we can still recover the metadata fully.


13(b) and (d), the classi.cation accuracy is improved when d goes down.

our expectation that the cHAC protocol could trade energy for accuracy is realized.


The challenge is compounded by the fact that the sensors are battery-powered and owing to size limitations the sensors can only be deployed with low-lifetime batteries, most of which are not rechargeable.

a sensor ceases to function (e.g., monitor) once its battery expires, and oftentimes, sensors whose batteries have expired can not be easily replaced owing to logistics issues such as remoteness or inaccessibility of distribution areas.


However, once the threat moves 0.9 out of the sensing range, the sensor nodes involved will once 0.8 again adjust their Tactive to provide uniform sensing.

it is clear that our protocol has signi.cant advantages over the other two approaches.


dependent metrics, we will assume that they refer to a generic vehicle i and drop the per-vehicle notation.

the size of ageneric component will be denoted by S, its average path length as L, and the degree and betweenness centrality of a generic node as D and B.


At the application level, the user can decide to watch the live stream and/or the missed part of the stream in one or more windows, to store it, etc.

certain audio/visual data might be delayed, but much more data is available for the user than in the classical client-server approach.


Since a video frame generated by the LML33 codec consists of two JPEG images specifying interlaced video .elds, each image separated by the marker bit corresponds to either an even or odd .eld of the input video.

it can be estimated that the data rate is approximately 16.5 Kbytes/.eld, or 8 Mbps, which is within the range of the high quality requirement.


This indicates the need of a media mixer, which can mix (combine) voice signals from a set of users into a single signal for the recipient.

for each participant the mixer will mix the voice signals of every other participant and transmit a single cumulative signal.


3k+2 4.3 Fault Tolerant Routing When either intermediate servers or switches are failed, the algorithm described in Figure 5 is di.cult to implement since it s unlikely to guarantee that the failed device information is known immediately.

directly extending BCube s source routing protocol to MDCube faces scalability challenge.


Thus the ACK from y to x does not reach v. For the same reason, the ACK from u to v does not reach x.

no matter which channels the links (u .v) and (y .x) receive from Algorithm 2, the two ACKs do not collide at v and x.


But such vehicular network faces the obstacle of limited connection time from the MS on the train to the BS at the station.

maximizing the throughput during the tens of second intervals becomes crucial to overcome such hindrance.


4.1 Physical Analysis The number of routers and vertical channels in a chip affects the area and implementation cost.

to compute the network area for each topology, we estimate the area of routers, cluster routers, and vertical channels.


Based on the above security proofs, the proposed secure provenance SP scheme can guarantee the information con.dentiality, anonymous authentication, authorized access and provenance tracking.

it can be used for data forensics in cloud computing.


Note that the pseudo-price for anygivenprimaryisless than or equaltox (wherex = v) whenever he has unused bandwidth and he quotes a price of x or less: the probability that both these events occur is q.(x).

since F (x) is the probability that k or more pseudo-prices(among those n -1) are less than or equal to x, F (x)equals n-1 () n n -1 i i [q.(x)][1-q.


RELATED WORK The characterization of the instantaneous topology of a vehicular network demands, by its own nature, the knowledge of the exactpositions of all the vehicles in a large geographical region at everysecond or so.

logs of real-world car movements (e.g.,obtained via GPS tracking) would represent the ideal data uponwhich to carry out a topological analysis.


Secondly there is a thin line in the de.nition of a lame server and a server that is temporary unavailable, due to transient routing problems.

in the case that a server is not responding, we consider it as being lame if that happens continuously for a long period of time 5.


We avoid such high effort based on the key observation that despite all the displacements the rules stay within the subarray and, as such, packets accessing the subarray are guaranteed to search the rules.

instead of displacing the rules from the target leaf to its pre-existing neighbor, we create a new leaf adjacent to the target leaf to hold the displaced rules.


Relay attacks as well as attacks to obtain any keys establishing the Trusted Channel are not feasible assumed that no hardware attacks are applied.

the disclosure of keys like Kenc is unlikely to happen but as a fallback mechanism revocation lists have to be maintained.


(T) = y v 22c(T + 1)n logn - 2 2cn log n +cT log n and t is either v v n + 2 2cn log n or just 2 2cn log n depending on whether one wants to include the cost n of sending the message on a clear channel in t or not.


In summary, the metricity de.nition implies that a large range of algorithmic results from G EO -S I N R carries over without change.

mB -S I N R has both the desired generality and amenability to algorithmic analysis.


Note that dJ(r~) _ ~-~ dJ(ri) drl dt ~ iEvl dri dt = ~ V'(r,)(a-iE v1 ~p' )2Vt(ri) > o (4) since the derivative of the strictly concave, increasing func- tion U(r~) is always positive.

j(ri) is also a Lyapunov function for the channel allocation scheme given in Equa- tion (3).


It is easy to see that, for the above problem to occur, two nodes having the same MAC address must be within two hops of each other (i.e., they must have a common neighbor).

if a node s MAC address can be guaranteed to be unique within two hops, then the problem described above will not occur.


For static networks, validity periods approach in.nity causing almost zero network traf.c after Sextant converges to its node localization solution.

sextant scales well to large static networks.


Some users like to keep their phones on the desk to check messages and noti.cations.

we conducted experiments in which we asked the users to put their phones wherever they want on the desk.


This TCB is designated by PCR values incorporated in TPM_CERTIFY_INFO2.

cDS sent encrypted by PKenc inServerKeyExchange or ClientKeyExchange has to originate from this TCB because SKenc is sealed to this TCB.


The two main problems consistently addressed by the research community are the collision avoidance mechanism of 802.11 [12, 29, 30] and the breakdown of CSMA under periods of heavy contention.

even with careful network planning and assignment of AP parameters, the irregularities of the transmission range and receiver sensitivity, the shared 802.11 spectrum and adhoc location of clients in the network can cause degradation in the performance of the network.


THEOREM11.Algorithm 1 can .nd a constant approximation solution for One-Slot link scheduling problem.

pROOF.ByTheorem8andTheorem10, ALG(L1)= .1 · OP T (L1),ALG(L2)= .2 · OP T (L2) max(ALG(L1),ALG(L2)) 1 =· (.1 · OP T (L1)+.2 · OP T (L2)) 2 1 =· max(.1,.2)· (OP T (L1)+OP T (L2)) 2 1 =· max(.1,.2)· OP T (L) 2 Thereforemax(ALG(L1),ALG(L2)) iswithinconstantapproximationratiooftheoptimumsolutionforOne-Slotscheduling.SinceAlgorithm1choosesitasthereturningresult,ourproofisdone.


In addition, each value a.ects the resilience of the key management scheme.

a rule to select the optimized value must be established.


In cases where VMs are migrated, the rewriting rules are recreated at the appropriate software switches on the new hosts.

we leverage programmability of the cloud, in particular the software switches to enable customer applications to use their own custom addressing schemes.


For values of p smaller than 0.02, the number of transmitted packets in RAM, DAS and SSD is respectively 1.19, 1.12 and 1.02 timesgreaterthan the regulargraph.

using the SSD model, it is possible to construct an ef.cient network with afewernumber ofpackets.For p =0.1, the number oftransmittedpacketsbyRAM,DAS andSSDis respectively 2.21, 2.15 and 1.10 timesgreater and the number of transmittedpackets by the regulargraph.


One interesting way to implement this enhancement (to a certain degree) is to truncate the expected queue lengths in Equations (1) and (2).

if a video has an expected queue length less than one, it will not be selected as an expected video to be serviced at any stream completion time.


Recall, however, that SourceSync works by measuring synchronization errors and feeding them back to the transmitters in the ACK so they can synchronize their next transmissions, as explained in §4.5.

to measure SourceSync s synchronization error, we need an algorithm that is more accurate than SourceSync in measuring synchronization errors.


Time taken for ARP Request, txtARP RQ1 , and Reply, txtARP RP 1 to travel one hop is the same as that for RREQ.


The results show that EBbit = 0.073pJ, which is indeed negligible compared to ELbit (typically in the order of pJ).

in our new model, the average energy con sumption of sending one bit of data from tile ti to tile tj is: ti,t j E = nho ps × ESbit +(nho ps - 1) × ELbit (4) bit where nho ps is the number of routers the bit passes.


Providing students with this knowledge however, is oflimited use if they will never make use of it in their furthereducation or career.

another goal is to give thestudents a meaningful and inspiring experience with Embedded Systems on which they can decide if a further specialization in this direction might be a serious option.


During the routing gradient update, TALENT should not send any TP noti.cation as the path cost itself is not stabilized.

we added a counter to suppress the TP announcements when a parent change is detected.


Locating methods based on AOA are also unsuitable for complex variations on ranges, phases, arrival time and angles of incidence among propagation paths lead to a great distortion in range and phase of received signals.

under current hardware condition, indoor wireless locating mostly resorts to approaches based on RSS [1] [2] [3] [6].


In addition, location and orientation vary relatively slowly and predictably compared to RF wireless channels even in automotive highway settings (at least for cars moving in the same direction).

it is su.cient for the receiver to send distance and angular information every few hundred milliseconds, it is not needed on a per packet basis.


Property 4, defines an upper bound of total empty slots in a broadcast program period that again is depended by N and LCM parameters.

all the above difficulties affect also the number of empty slots.


For example, for accounting purposes, multiple counters may need to be updated for a given packet [1].

multi-match classification is necessary to identify the relevant counters for each packet.


The basic idea is that, through a sequence of streams with di.erent rates, iterative probing can converge to A.

the basic equation behind iterative probing is: Ro(k)  A; else Ri(k) A (10) A key point about iterative probing is that it does not sample the avail-bw process; instead, it only samples whether a rate is larger than the avail-bw or not.


The noise amplitude due to ma jority of v the appliances at around 10 MHz is below -30 dBuV/ H z [13].

under most circumstances, the noise PSD at 10 MHz is within the acceptable phase noise (-90 to -100dBc/Hz) for a reference clock that is used to generate RF carriers for Wi-Fi applications.


(We will see in the performance section that flit-level multiplexing is a bet- ter choice for QoS support.)

we experimented with two design alternatives for transferring data from the NIC to the wire.


With a non-deterministic radio propagation model, the degree of synchronization of the various stations appears to be less strong as in the case of the deterministic two-way-ground model.

the number of hidden node incidents is increasing.


For example, since transmissions A -AP1 and B -AP2 (See Figure 2a) are part of induced acyclic subgraph of the dependence graph, therefore both these transmissions can be suppressed at the end of slot 1.

to compute the largest set of suppressed nodes in this slot, the CS computes the maximum Induced Directed Acyclic Subgraph (IDAS) of Gd.


The resulting M(r)+1 balls must be disjoint; if not, we would have a spanning tree that is cheaper than the minimum spanning tree S,a contradiction.


Overview of dataset  The number of packets 12300601 The number of Flows 155758 The number of services 6506 We alter the open source nDPI library, update the fingerprint library, and remove the fingerprint of RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol), so that the library cannot identify the traffic of RDP.

the set of unknown flows contains the real unknown traffic and RDP traffic.


However, it diverges at z = 1 if and only if m1 = 0.

the singularity of P(0,0|z) at z = 1 comes only from the .rst term of the sumgivenby(29).


This cluster key exchange phase is performed for a limited period of time for each node.

the total number of hello and cluster key packets that each node transmits is limited, though it varies depending on the actual deployment parameters.


However, separately treating content and services can barely account for their reciprocal relation a service generates new content or performs a set of functions on existing content, whereas content discovery, caching, etc., are forms of content-centric services.

there is a need to bridge the gap between content-centric and service-centric networks.


Bydeploying multiple radio interfaces on each node and tuning them into nonoverlapping channels, wireless nodes are able to transmit and receive packets simultaneouslyand mesh nodes on different channels can transmit concurrentlywith minimal interference.

more radio spectrums can be effectivelyexploited in one single wirelss network, which leads to uration has raised a number of research challenges for wireless mesh networks, such as optimal channel assignment, new MAC scheme design, load balancing, and optimal routing.


Under certain assumptions, tools in the .rst class infer a loss rate for each virtual link (i.e., sequence of consecutive links without a branching point) with high probability.

these tools diagnose failures at the granularity of individual virtual links; obviously, this is a bound on the granularity obtainable by the end-to-end tomography system.


However, for all later generations, only neighbors of the attackers delay packets in EDART.

the delay of later generations is smaller, leading to the improved throughput of EDART over DART.


Denote SINRth and SINRth as PU SU the signal-to-interference-plus-noise power ratio (SINR) thresholds to achieve a target bit error rate BER * for primary users and PU BER * SU for secondary users, respectively.

at each time slot the global objective is to .nd global vectors R, F, P that maximize the sum of spectrum utilities over the activated links, under given BER and power constraints.


Then by using Pr (Xi,j = 1)) =m(1 - (1 - )k) Azuma s Inequality, we can prove that, with probability at least m j=1 -ns 1 - 2e /8, the total load L = nsm/4.

by Pigeonhole  v  principle, there is one cell such that its load (the number of .ows using its base-station) is at least ns/4.


According to Corollary 2, under primary interference constraints, an interference graph of K2,4 satis.es OLoP.

2 channels are su.cient to guarantee the satisfaction of OLoP in K4,4.


Second, the CC2420 radio supports only packets up to 127 bytes in size and has a limited data rate.

it is not practical to transmit 3D convex hulls with a large number of vertices.


2 means the control of the network is liberated even to the ordinary user.

the user should be able to manage from a physical layer to the application flexibly with same control plane with a familiar software tool including user's familiar equipment.


In contrast, multipath peaks of the access points indicate con.icting locations for the device leading to poor .ts.

by selecting the set of peaks to access points that achieve the best .t in the optimization problem (i.e.


Yet, since optimistic unchokes are performed at random, it is not clear whether and when A and B will get a chance to interact.

in order to preserve clustering, optimistic unchokes should successfully initiate interactions between peers with similar upload capacities.


This situation occurs due to the gaps in transmission range between nodes, either due to obstacles like buildings or sudden changes in road conditions, etc.

a recovery scheme is needed to overcome such gaps in transmission.


We note that WebQoE does not directly depend on packet loss artifacts, but rather on the completion time of underlying TCP .ows.

factoring in various workloads and buffer sizing con.gurations which in.uence the TCP performance is particularly relevant for understanding WebQoE from a network only perspective.


For example, if a program uses the rdtsc x86 instruction, we can leverage the knowledge that it takes no input and returns a 64-bit output representing the current value of the processor s time-stamp counter, which is placed in registers EDX:EAX [4].

at the time of execution when the program uses rdtsc, Dispatcher taints the EDX and EAX registers with a unique source identi.er and offset pair.


x For the node distances, if source node S chooses node A, it results in a decrease in the delivery ratio, as well as an increase in delay, because node A is farther from source node S compared to node B.

nodes equipped with the DiPRoPHET protocol are able to know the distance between their neighbors and choose a better or nearby node as their message forwarder.


1 (b) E and F receive four times less traf.c than D,and for traf.c .owingintheoppositedirection, A and B receivefourtimesless traf.cthan C. Similarly, while a per destination allocation model has somedesirableproperties,suchasprovidingprotectionagainst DoSattacks[18],itisnotfairtosources.

theseallocationmodelsareasymmetricinthattheycanonlybefairwith either sources or destinations, but not both.


This is due to the reason that while intelligence-induced mobility brings the mobile nodes more in contact with the stationary nodes, in the process, the mobile nodes come in contact with each other too.

the marginal increment in encounters with stationary nodes may not be an indicator of under-performance.


We model that process of node A as a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC).

in our scheme, node A leaves its current cluster if its intra-connection degree is below or equal to a critical value, c. in this model, node A is in state j if and only if the intra-connection degree, or the number of intra-links, is j+c.


Note that certain applications such as those using scalable video coding might not require the subscribers to have all their packets.

we do allow intelligence at the subscriber to selectively request repair from others based on application needs.


By this construction, the simulated virtual interface can continuously transmit/receive, with 0 switching delay.

a network using v interfaces having switching delay S, can mimic the behavior of a(1,c)-network built with interfaces having switching delay 0.


Unless network nodes actively exchange location information at the expense of additional traffic, distances to other nodes are difficult to measure, and are often misleading as the path loss is not simply a function of distance.

the use of path loss is effective for link classification as it inherently takes the environmental factors into account.


As we are going to see, the navigation system provides very valuable information to our noti.cation middleware.

we strongly believe that there is a need for middleware architecture that takes into account the unique characteristics of vehicular networks and provides asynchronous communication primitives to support VANET applications.


More importantly, however, this overhead is .xed with respect to channel coherence time.

as channel coherence is reduced, the relative capacity loss grows.


On the receive side, a one to one mapping exists between a SRS and a NIC hardware receive ring.

the SRS can switch the hardware ring between interrupt and poll mode without impacting any other .ow or tra.c.


In our example, M3 (the only nodein the candidate set) can see thatits only neighbor M6 will receive the transmission of M7 , whichisin F4.

m3 doestransmitP .Noticeherethatsincethelocation of M7 are attachedto P , M3 can verifyif M6 belongstoN7 or not.


Moreover, the order of the arrival of the two response packets is used to con.rm whether there is packet reordering on the backward path.

the methods can detect all four packet reordering scenarios.


the higher the energy level, the lower rank it gets.

ranking is based on quantized energy level, and using threshold settings a channel can be .agged as either free or occupied.


Our implementation of the decomposition shown above proved to be in no need for inter-strategy communication.

we have not yet implemented an interstrategy communication scheme.


The timing of ACKs, however, is determined by a number of e.ects, including queueing of the data packets in the forward path, random delays at the receiver, as well as queueing of the ACKs in the reverse path.

the sender has no direct control on the timing of packet departures, and so, under certain conditions, it can send a large number of packets at a rate that is much higher than the .ow s average throughput.


For example, in Figure 2(a) there are two downstream receivers one capable of receiving packets at 36mbps and the other capable of receive packets at 54mbps.

the transmission can occur at 36mbps; the highest data rate supported by all the downstream routers.


For the cooperative transmission, the base station and every mobile node adopt MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) to combine two received signals.

the modulation schemes and coding rates of a source node have to be same as the ones of the relay node.


However, both networkand server-side effects impact the overall latency, and Akamai claims to perform and use both measurements to redirect clients to the closest server [4].

our goal is to decouple the network side from the server side to determine which one dominates performance.


This property is important since it prolongs the network s lifetime by avoiding early energy depletion of sensors.

if Ei is a con ¯stant, every node in the network will spend the same energy after every periodic communication.


However, owing to the fact that N is the strong secret key of HA, it is impossible for any adversary to compute h(IDHA||e||N).

the improved scheme provides user anonymity.


There are trivial optimal answers (i.e., propagating writes whenever possible) to questions regarding write prop- agation, since pushing writes to remote replicas always helps to reduce numerical error and staleness.

these ques- tions form QoHtine in this case.


This, in turn will cause node v1 to increase its o.er to source S from 16 to 26, which  in turn will make the o.er of v4, which is 21, the most attractive for source S to choose, thus resulting in a chosen path S,v4,v5,D with node v5 receiving a payment of 21 - 5 + 1 = 17.

node v5 now makes a pro.t of 17 - 1 = 16 as opposed to a pro.t of 0 before cheating.


For GS, moreover, sum-rate (3) performs better than sum-SINR (4) and is actually the best among all selection criteria.

we use sum-rate GS as our default selection criterion from now on.


CW hbChW T HA HAHA SHA Next, FA decrypts W with its secret key SFA to obtain h(h(N||IDMU)), x0 and x.

fA can get the session key k between FA and MU, where The authentication message n is used to protect the real identity k = ((( || ID )) || x || .


To evaluate the benefits of the proposed Bluetooth-based Position Synchronization (BPS) protocol, two phones were placed in a bag and carried around for two days.

both phones had the same GPS signal availability and were constantly within each other s range.


Moreover, each clause must choose one of its corresponding literals to forward to.

there are only two possible kinds of paths from a clause to the destination depending on the choice gadget s direction: Zig-zagging B .


Of these, we .nd that three basic metrics maximally distinguish our topologies: the addition of more metrics does not further distinguish between our topologies, but the removal of one or more of these three blurs some distinctions.

the conclusions we draw are supported by all eight metrics (not all of our own design), but can be presented with only three of them.


Finally, a bystander only broadcasts its own view of some receiver s schedule (a) after backing o. for a duration that depends on how recent it believes its view to be; and (b) if the bystander has not overheard a newer version of the schedule in the meantime.

in LOG, a node updates its view of another node s schedule by observing any transmission which contains a newer version of that node s schedule.


To do so, IAC exploits two properties of MIMO LANs: 1) MIMO transmitters can control the alignment of their signals at a receiver, and2)APs aretypically connectedtoa backend Ethernet, which they can use for coordination.

in IAC, the two clients encodetheirtransmissionsinaspecialway toalignthe secondand the third packets at AP1 but not at AP2, as shown in Fig.


In particular,as sketched in the Delivery Ratio 0.7 Appendix,if rß does not grow linearly with 1/d,with high 0.6 probability we will not reach the number of surviving overlay nodes that we aim to.

the communication overheads of our scheme are optimal.


jEu jEu (a) Price of Anarchy In an instance of RMKP there are extra markets.

the optimum solution of RMKP, OPTj, is greater than or equal to the optimum social function value, OPT.


Hence, user privacy is preserved in this respect as well.

we classify theURLsaccessedby usersinto application interests via keyword mining over the URL.


When we compare between the probe request intervals of two machines using the same driver and the same OS, we are left with mainly dm + dn, which is miniscule in nature.

in order to develop a feasible fingerprinting approach to distil out these differences, we must deal with two main problems: (1) The clock skew between machines must be measurable using our approach, i.e.


Meanwhile, MinChannelTime should be long enough todetect the channelisbusyfor an available channel in order to prevent considering an available channel as an empty channel by mistake.

minChannelTime should beadaptedbased onthepredictioninformation ofAP channels.


The ideal-world model: The simulation-based approach requires the de.nition of an ideal-world model, which focuses on what the system should do, and it is less concerned about how it is done.

the ideal-world model usually contains a trusted entity that provides the services of the system in a magical way.


The data generation rate of all sensors is identical, denoted by r. We consider a long-term periodic environmental monitoring application scenario, in which sensors have low data generation rates and the generated data is transmitted to the gateways through multi-hop relays.

data burst and bandwidth capacity constraint are not the ma jor issues for such an application.


Moreover, between iterations, the tree T remains .xed.

to guaranteethat eachprocedureis completed eventually, when an iteration of Protocol Dyn-Anc ends, Protocol Dyn-Rout performs a sweep on the tree, which makes sure that before the next iteration starts, all procedures are completed.


Given the characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks, the use of distributed hash tables in a messaging system to locate objects may not work in dynamic environments.

our approach is unique in taking advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless ad hoc networks and creating dynamic multicast channel by grouping subscriptions.


Such a camou.age, however, will inevitablyincreaselocalRTTs(i.e.,theportion ofRTTinside the WLAN).

we may combine inter-ACK time and local RTT measurement to detect such a camou.age.


ARC-EDF is a non-work conserving method that uses traffic shapers to improve aggregation efficiency.

in comparison to [10], ARC-EDF better utilizes the inherent delay budget of aggregation.


If C is more than a wavelength away from B, then the occurrences of deep fades at B and C are independent.

the adversary cannot guess the exact moment of deep fade occurrences or their duration.


The average demand volume in these networks is 5 Gbps.

we consider three values of M: 2.5, 5, and 10 Gbps to represent three cases: below average, average, and above average demand in these networks.


By .xing these parameters, the number of hash functions per bit, h needs to be set to 3 according to the analysis in §3.4.

all in all, we ensured that the comparisons are as fair as possible between the various schemes.


For an antenna pair with large separation, the only difference is that instead of one beam, it will have multiple grating lobes.

instead of voting based on how far the point is from one beam center, a widely spaced antenna pair votes based on how far the point is from the grating lobe closest to it.


The traf.c in a sensor network is different from conventional networks; it is a collective communication operation with redundancy.

the network protocol has the .exibility of meeting the performance demands by controlling the reporting rate of the sensors, controlling the virtual topology of the network (by turning off some sensors for example), or optimizing the collective reduction communication operation (by fusing data along the way for example).


This main lack of the experiments in real environment is related to the non reproducible experimental conditions.

even if real experiments are a fantastic tool for finalizing the assessment of a network right before its setting-up, researchers needs a more easily configurable tool (and cheaper) for being able to change artificially network experimental conditions.


Also, such large attacks would register volume-based hits on at least the LADS detection system if not the commercial detection system as well.

the very minimal overlap suggests that most DDoS attacks in today s networks are unlikely to be detected using the backscatter approach, and direct measurements are required.


pm,n = ¯Note that (16) has an intuitive meaning: each player at NE Pm (7) must dedicate its total available power on all carriers, due to n pm,n = 0 which is a convex optimization, since the objective function is concave in pm and the constraint set is convex.

the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) condition of the optimization is suf.cient and necessary for the optimality [6].


N is typically between 4 and 10, and k is typically 1 or 2.

the active set of peers that a client uploads to is updated each round based on the measurements of their download rates.


For example, if the directional AP has a 5 dBi gain and the directional client has an 8 dBi gain, we subtract 13 dB from the RSSI readings for that link.

the signal strength from a directional antenna will always be the same or more likely, lower than that from an omni-directional antenna.


The TCH self-election does not require any overhead communication.

2G could signi.cantly improve the network lifetime.


Flows remain in time by using keep-alives sent over the same .ow from the UAC to the proxy.

the contribution of this paper is to evaluate and analyze theproposeddraftbydesigning andimplementing a SIP proxy conforming to the draft.


BUILDING BLOCKS j=1 In this section we describe components that are used in our SFCA approach and present the criterion used in the proposed algorithm.

we have the following matrix identity: Then, we illustrate the technical background of our study, namely the Extended Kalman filter, 802.11 ranging approach and a quick T =G+ B (7) view on multi-lateration.


Instead,atenant scomputeinstances(virtual machinesor,in short, VMs) communicate over the network shared amongst all tenants.

the bandwidth achieved by traf.c between a tenant s VMs depends on a variety of factors outside the tenant s control, such as the network load and placement of the tenant s VMs, and is further exacerbated by the oversubscribed nature of datacenter network topologies [14].


Then we can relate this to a node s cost by setting a/(a + b)= b/(2(a + b)) and a/(b/2+1) =(b/2)/(b/2 +1) yields a = b/2 (or, for general k, a = b/k).

a common solutionisb =1and a =1/2 (or, in general, a =1/k).


Since, in Step 2, the receiver is focused on estimating the interferer s ratio, the signal of interest plays the role of noise; reducing this signal s magnitude increases the accuracy of the ratio estimate.

this higher accuracy in the ratio ßj percolates to the estimate of s(t) inStep1.thedecoded bits are more accurate and lead to even smallerdifference between s(t) and s(t), andhence an even more accurate ßj .


The bound q = 7/8+ E3 can be obtained for any E3 > 0.

q = 7/8+ E3 in both cases, and relay placement is hard to approximate within 8/7 - E2 for all E2 > 0.


The route with the highest routing opinion is chosen to route the packets to the destination node 1.

node 2 successfully avoids the route that includes the malicious node 9.


The main difficulty arises from the fact that multihop paths consist mainly of wireless links whose endpoints are likely to be moving independently of one another.

node mobility causes the frequent failure and reactivation of links, effecting a reaction from the network s routing algorithm to the changes in topology, thus increasing network control traffic and contributing to congestion.


According to the operations of the adopted switch, the label of an arriving packet will be sent to the scheduler to be processed the moment it enters the corresponding M-FDLs, and its copy can leave the M-FDLs and enter the switch as early as it reaches the .rst coupler (i.e., after a delay of T , where T is the time slot length).

the scheduler must determine the following within a time slot: (1) whether or not the packet is allowed to be switched in the next time slot; (2) if it is to enter the switch, which outputs will it be delivered to, such that no output contention could occur.


This can be done by drawing the Poisson-distributed number of interfering nodes, placing these nodes independently and uniformly at random on the considered domain, no closer than rm nor further than the maximum distance, and calculating Iout as the sum of the individual interference powers.


Combining these two observations about x, we can throw away the upper 11 bits and the lower 12 bits of the 32-bit time stamps.

the value of x can now .t in 9 bits instead of 32.


Statistically we emphasized the validity of the model for the presented scenario by performing a .2 test.

we discretized the distances between RSU and vehicles into 1001 bins of 1m and hence obtained 1000 degrees of freedom (note, that distance 0.0025 600 based on NS-2 simulations based on proposed model receptions derived from NS-2 simulations reception according to proposed model 500 0.002 400 pmf-value number of received samples 300 200 0.0005 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 distance sender/receiver [m] Figure 9: Probability mass function of successful packet receptions for proposed model and NS-2 simulations.


The notations & and | refer to the logical AND and logical OR operators, respectively.

the higher the index is, the higher the likelihood that backward-path reordering would occur in the paths from both servers to the POINTER client.


K MEq* K.8 t=0 i.I,n.N di,n(k) Lemma 4 in [8] shows that lim supk.8( k )+ =0 and the system is also ful.lled by the policy .0.


In such a case, Gen-Algo, using distributed algorithms for New-Sch and Mix, will not be able to .nd a new schedule every time slot and to mix subsequent schedules immediately.

we de.ne a frame as the period required for running New-Sch and Mix in a distributed manner.


Similarly, every intermediate router will only invoke encapsulation if its next hop IPvN router is not an immediate (i.e., physical layer) neighbor.

as deployment spreads, the use of IPv(N-1) is gradually phased out.


As soon as the loss rate is reduced to its original value, the probability that suspended .ows reentering the protected time will immediately be suspended again (and the probability that the random experiment of .ows in the on-state will fail) decreases.

after time 300s, the random experiments of more and more .ows succeed, until about 50 seconds later the TCP-friendly rate is reached again.


Because the existing metrics forward tra.c without considering their priorities, paths are not selected for particular classes.

low priority tra.c starves in the MAC layer for getting access to the medium.


This type of attack is overcome in the proposed mechanism by encrypting the type of the packet along with other information (see section 7.2).

only the node with which the link key LK is shared can decrypt the packet and hence see the packet type.


It inherits and combines the advantages of both conventional Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors, which brings high energy density and can be charged at the rate as high as 400C 2.

this can shorten the time to fully charge a battery to few seconds.


Note that the region G is a disk of radius 1, and that all of the disks that we use to cover G are unit-disks (i.e., of radius 12 ).

for any Lp norm, in a d-dimensional space, the ratio of the area of G to the area of a unit-disk is 2d.we need at least 2d disks to cover G i.e., N = 2d for any dimension d = 1 and any norm Lp.


Observe, if the family of cost functions FB is assumed to be .xed, then a is a constant or in.nity.

we can conclude that for every .xed family of cost functions the coordination ratio is either unbounded or it is polynomially bounded in the number of servers, m. Let us illustrate the power of the above theorem by investigating some examples.


However, as the traffic load increases, the characteristic of independent allocation is compromised.

the increasing rate of the average latency is increased as the video streaming sources increases.


These bene.t values are not correlated and if the rate .uctuates, the utility values will also .uctuate according to the utility function regardless of the rates achieved in the past.

this approach neglects the severe impact of important QoSparameters, suchasdelay,ontheuser-perceivedquality for services of long duration.


)+ E0 is referred to as the reliable function of the non-ergodic channel in the sense of outage probability.

if R<Cawgn , the outage probability will tend to zero when L tends to in.nity.


4.1 Security Assumptions The security provided by our security architecture depends on the security of the symmetric and public keys the security mechanisms operate upon and on the secure implementation of the cryptographic mechanisms and associated security policies involved.

trust in the security architecture ultimately reduces to trust in the secure initialization and installation of keying material and to trust in the secure processing and storage of keying material.


An ontology therefore provides a common understanding of the structure of information among agents.

before the initiation of the protocol, the agents in this implementation must agree on the ontology that will be used for the interactions.


This is because large .MMP implies poor connectivity within certain subgraphs, where a considerable number of nodes have to be selected as monitors to achieve identi.ability.

rMP will fail to achieve identi.ability if it does not select su.cient nodes in any of these subgraphs.


Proof: In phase 1, for BLACK, GREY, and INQUIRY message, each node at most sends out once this kind of messages.

the total number of these messages is O(n).


These concepts reinforce our approach in which context is identified by the combination of computing context (network conditions involving two end points in a specific time) and user context (personal preferences and expectations), characterizing a user s situation dealing with an application.

instead of the traditional User x Item relation, in this proposal the recommendation process was conceived to deal with a threedimensional User x Application x Network performance relation.


For instance, see an illustration in Figure 1.


In addition, certain new mobile phones support WLAN technology and protocols.

the stage is set for an alternative public cellular network, one that relies on numerous WLAN access points owned and managed by private individuals.


Links are managed as separate resources and not as a LAG.

each top switch can be divided into three slices, where each slice provides one dedicated link for all edge switches.


The choice of e should be conducted very carefully in order to avoid genetic drift.

we have set the o.set value as the same size as the grid size so that every time the mutation happens the position of an RSU only moves to its neighbour grid.


Forhardwarethatislikelytobedeployedinthenearfuture(Section 2.1), the energy consumption function e(x)is not convex and it is not doubly-differentiable(e.g., Figure2)1.

we cannot easily 1 Convexifying the non-convex objective in the problem formu sleeping, because large savings arepossible with rate adaptation andbaseline consumptionislow.


This supports our idea that the location of the user in.uences his Internet behavior .

tothebestofourknowledgethis representsthe.rstworkin.nding a correlation between the type of web domain cluster learned from Internet usage behavior from a mobile society as a whole and the type of location theymost likely appear in.


Background flows give up bandwidth to OLDI flows only for the short duration of fan-in-burst-induced congestion under all the schemes.

all the schemes perform well, achieving 85% or more of the bandwidth achieved by TCP.


For the .rst issue, we use a .xed time interval, denoted by t, between two successive relocations of the base station.

users may choose a proper value for t. the base station is moved to the next location after t time has passed since the last relocation of the base station.


Consecutive Rx slots require no change in hardware state.

no additional slot overhead is incurred by two or more consecutive Rx slots.


Information is reconstructed after packets arrived at the sink.

the MNT algorithm allows to analyze the system performance both at runtime and at any later point in time.


Wireless networks are often heterogeneous, i.e., the nodes can have di.erent amounts of computing resources, packet bu.er size, remaining battery life, etc.

the suitability for inclusion in a routing subgraph can vary widely between di.erent nodes.


In particular, since each RB experiences its own SNR vector, the optimization problem in (1) should be re-optimized for each RB.

the Basic Allocation algorithm leads to the best performance if the SNR experienced by the packets is provided in the feedback channels, driving the system to be extremely sensitive to non-ideal or outdated channel estimations.


We used the RSSI measure ments between the pair sni.er/APREF to sense whether the WLAN propagation environment has changed and when the RPM should be rebuilt.

assuming that RSSI follows a Gaussian distribution, av erage µi,n and standard deviation si,n can be estimated by real-time measures between the pair sni.er/APREF .it is possible to reconstruct the RPM for each pair snif fer APREF every time RSSI values measured by the sni.er i from the APREF n shows relevant statistical deviations.


The time spent in Active state is given by the sum of busy intervals during which at least one network interface transmits.

considering the proof of Theorem 1, the proof follows.


Visualizing the community structures and clusters offers signi.cant contributions in understanding the networks and has applications in network security including tra.c classi.cation and anomaly detection for abnormal user and application behavior.

cluster visualization will be an important component of similarity visualization.


First, the design requires only a single RF chain.

at a given time, only one antenna can be used or assessed.


Therefore, for a given transmission rate, the transmission duration is a linear function of the number of bytes in a frame.

we denote the group of possible transmission times by M (|M| is bounded by the Maximum Transmission Unit).


The hash function maps the input 5tuple uniformlyinto theinterval [0, 1].

the size of each hash rangedeterminesthe .owsampling rateforeach category of .ows in the manifest.


De.nition 4 (Successful/Non-successful Rounds): Good rounds where there are no losses are called successful, all other rounds are called non-successful.

successful rounds are exactly those rounds where ALG successfully transmits data and hence increases its gain.


This result implies that even if a large number of clients were present, the bandwidth usage is still low, e.g., 20 Kbps for 100 clients by DC.

for pro-active monitoring, our techniques have negligible bandwidth requirements.


constraint and S is a posynomial program that approximates the signomial program S. Moreover, the arithmeticgeometric inequality implies that g.l(x) = gl(x).

if x is feasible for S., then it is feasible for S. The minimum value for S., M(S.), is an upper bound on the minimum value for S, M(S).


Although all these standards use the same license-free industrial scienti.c and medical (ISM) band, theycannot communicate with one another because of the signi.cant difference in their physical (PHY) and medium access (MAC) layer design.

to simultaneously use heterogenous wireless standards, multiple Access Points (AP) or Network controllers (NC) are needed, adding considerable management overhead and cost.


Although these schemes can improve TCP performance to some extents, they still rely on the TCP layer to carry out congestion control algorithms, which cannot solve the problems discussed above thoroughly [10].

semi-TCP was proposed recently in [10] by moving congestion control from the transport layer down to the lower layer in order to realize hop-by-hop congestion control in the MAC layer for multi-hop wireless networks.


On the other hand, the lower bound on the interference at pred(i) is valid also for the modi.ed loss parameters as it only sums over the strengths of signals received from nodes with small loss parameters.


Conversely, a long wakeup interval decreases idle listening to a much bigger extent than the accompanying increase in broadcast transmission costs (See Figure 1).

a large overall lifetime improvement is possible by jointly optimizing multiple layers of the network stack.


Second, the client opportunistically assesses the omni antenna by using it for idle listening and data reception.

it can obtain the RSSI of the omni from the overheard packets sent by the infrastructure to its peers.


DVB-H encapsulates IP packets using Multi-Protocol Encapsulation (MPE) sections to form MPEG-2 transport streams.

data from a speci.c TV channel forms a sequence of MPEs.


Observe that for queue sizes of approximately 5 packets, TCP/OAR and TCP/RBAR obtain throughputs nearly identical to that achieved with a very large bu.er size.

as OAR can transmit up to 5  [L , L] [H , L] [L , H] [H , H] Channel Quality [flow A , flow B] (a) Time Share (b) Throughput Gain packets back-to-back, it is critical for the intermediate node to be able to transmit at least this many packets.


Routing protocols highly a.ect the performance of WSN.

designing energy-e.cient routing protocols is most for balancing the energy load and prolonging the network lifetime.


We do not simulate packet losses due to interference orbuffer overrun in either phase.

our measurement ofoverhead is idealized, but since the GDSTR simulator does not simulate packet drops, this methodology provides a faircomparison.


This simplicity is helpful, in that it makes it easy to tailor the data structures of each program to the task at hand.

if we were computing outdegree information, and know that there are no duplicate edges in the input graphs, we only need to maintain a set of nodes, and can ignore the edge structure.


The idea in our algorithm consists of building a spanning tree; the Leader corresponds to the node with the best Result.

when two nodes i and j become disconnected, this means that the link between the parent i and the child j is broken.


Based on the AWGR cyclic wavelength routing characteristic, m cyclic successive inputs correspond to m cyclic successive wavelengths in a wavegroup for any output.

a contention group will be formed by m successive inputs for any AWGR output.


1+(1+)2 1 Stage3:Duringr+1+rssteps,AinjetsintoQ(e1), 12 '' r+1+rsredpaketswithdestinatione1gf.Atthe endofthisfnalstage,Q(e1)willontainatotalnumberof paketsof 1+r1 2 rs+r+rs 1+(1+r)2 1+r 11 2 +r+rs-rsr+ 1+r1+r allofthemwaitingtogothroughedgee1andontinue '' throughgf.

ifweompares,thenumberofpaketsinQ(eo)atthe beginningofthephase,andthenumberofpaketsinQ(e1) attheendofthephase,toassurenon-stabilityweneed, r(1+r)1 r(r-1)r++r 2 -1>0 1+(1+r)2 1+r whihimpliesthatr?0.8357.wehaveproved thestatementofthetheorem.


These components are then processed by individual nodes in a network [8, 9, 3].

individual devices execute these modules as whole.


Furthermore, the paper does not even mention route error messages.

they are not protected, and any malicious node can just forge error messages with other nodes as source.


Centralized system such as MyASN cannot notify the hijacked AS of this situation because notify messages are prevented by this anomalous state itself.

the hijacked AS can plan countermeasure after it can know the situation.


(54) In addition, we can obtain the claimed bound for t ' = t + T(*), where T(*) is the time cost used for generating 1 (u ' , (u ' )y, (u ' ) y+1 m1 , ··· , (u ' ) y+mqS ) and g y+1 m. .


The handover preparation phase is when handover decisions are made at the source cell and admission decisions are made at the target cell.

it is the phase at which the three handover-related SON use cases take place.


Thus, our community manages nodes dynamically and our model evaluates the nodes activities in a distributed manner.

gRE offers flexible protection to dynamic and agile environments and improves the security of a wireless and mobile network.


(b) Downlink: Channel estimation is typically done at the receiver[7].

we have two options: either have clients estimate and conveythe channelstotheleaderAP whenitpolls them,ortry to have APs estimate the channel by exploiting reciprocity between uplink and downlink channels.


time uniformly distributed in [0,31] time slots (i.e., [0,620] µs) before transmitting a packet.

the MAC service time (i.e., the sum of the constant transmission overhead and the random backo.


It turns out that for many of the 44 days of the event, some of ASes leaving next-hop AS29632 started reaching two of the four destinations by paths not passing through AS35320.

either AS29632 or two other ASes (at the same time) are the causes.


Then, any dispute wheel for the routing system S =(N, .1,..., .N , F 1,..., F N ) is also a dispute wheel for the original routing system S =(N, .1,..., .N , F1 ,..., FN ).

the result follows from Proposition 2 and the results of [12].


However, TFRC tends to malfunction in wireless environment if packet lost event was introduced by poor channel quality but network congestion.

tFRC cannot provide high quality-of-service for streaming applications over wired-wireless networks.


In order to achieve such goal, the key management function involves a random data record (previously sent/received) as another parameter.

obtaining one key would not be enough to generate any previous/next key in the keystream, since the intruder also needs all previously communicated data.


However, we .nd Google s Public DNS server forwarding our ECS queries unmodi.ed to white-listed authoritative DNS servers of other ECS adopters.

we can even (ab)use Google s Public DNS server as intermediary for measurement queries and thus (i) hide from discovery or (ii) explore if these ECS adopters use a different clustering for Google customers.


These studies are initiated by observing that transmission of multiple nodes in wireless medium interfere with each other, so at most two nodes can communicate within a radio range at a time.

if a node sleeps while others are communicating, it can save energy without sacri.cing its throughput.


We note that studying networks with node capacities is as general as studying networks with capacitated edges, since there are standard methods for transforming one of these two problems into another (see, e.g., [1]).

we believe that the results can .nd applications in other related areas.


-Note that: .fij + fi,INT =1 j Then, the inter-VLAN traf.c communication costs InterVLANi for VLAN i, when choosing Ri as its gateway router is: Ni×Ti×[d(Vi,Ri)+fij ×d(Ri,Rj )+fi,INT ×d(Ri,RINT )] j (3) Here, RINT represents the gateway router to the Internet.

the last term models the traf.c exchanged between VLAN i and the Internet.


Copyright &#169; 2009 ACM 978-1-60558-5697/09/06...$5.00 complexity may result in higher sensitivity and lower performance in practical systems.

the degradations due to system impairments must be studied to evaluate the realistic behavior of the adaptive modulation MIMO systems.


The cost of bringing the packet into the host and inspecting the packet headers has become increasingly prohibitive on such architectures and makes it almost impossible to honor the Service Level Agreement (SLA).

there is a need to integrate the QoS functionality vertically with the network stack in order to amortize the various per packet costs and reduce the QoS overheads.


However, seamless support of HOM in CMN is still an open issue [3].


Many intrusion detection systems have been proposed in the literature for wired networks but speci.c features of MANETs mobility, resource-constrained nodes, having only local data, and limited bandwidth make direct application of these approaches to MANETs impossible.

new approaches have been developed or existing approaches have been adapted for MANETs.


The workload generation is realized by an injection of messages through the pub/sub service.

rCTra.cGenerator requires the implementation of a pub/sub protocol interface (see the .le util/PubSubProtocol.java).


The walking phase is needed because the .rst node reached in the best match set during the lookup operation may not be the handler of the name.

we need to traverse the best match set until we locate the handler.


Third, as a UMTS system does not support the MIP function, an Upward Handover Notification message is introduced to deregister the MIP binding when a MS detects that it has moved out of a WLAN.

since the system needs a mechanism to make a vertical handover decision, two general MS-determined upward handover mechanisms are used.


Our approach conceptually results in a   Figure 3: Dynamic o.oad message .ow transparent split of the tunnel between the eNodeB and the original S/P-GW so that regular tra.c is still carried to these original gateways, while o.-loaded tra.c is carried to the new S/P-GW.

creation of data tunnels with proper state in cloud-based S/P-GWs and establishment of o.oading policies in the network using the middlebox complete our MOCA realization.


In other words, each node in this network is a central node and establishes an individual group.

the network is divided into the smallest units, in which each central node only needs to manage its local area without multi-hop members.


This service is expected to generate new revenue for network operators.

many telephone companies provide its customers with video streaming to mobile phones.


It becomes possible that a packet traverse network entities in the reverse order in which a mobile destination may have roamed through a network, never reaching that mobile.

it becomes important to analyze the interactions of the four factors outlined above.


12, when the SIR at Alice decreases below -3dB, Alice experiences 5% BER decoding Bob s signal, but Bob has 0% BER decoding hers.

as one of the two signals becomes increasingly weaker than the other, ANC s performance degenerates to that of the current approach, where the stronger signal captures the medium and the weaker one gets ignored.


An effect of using pulsed sub-carriers is a spreading gain of a factor of K which comes from frequency repetition [5].

for the Pulsed-OFDM signal to properly fill the sub-band the number of sub-carriers used must be reduced.


Providers then make their decisions through the interactions between them.

in this section, we investigate how providers interact with each other within such a dynamic market and what status the market will reach.


Measurement studies have shown that Intemet switches, most of which support link speeds of at least 45 Mbps, are subject to thousands of low bandwidth, ON/OFF TCP flows [7,16].

we study the performance of DCA in a realistic Internet environment.


if slots represent .xed-size units of bandwidth allocation, fi is entitled to exactly one slot every 2k slots.


Unfortunately, we cannot accurately measure the CPU time per packet.

the over head would be too large and the system s time granularity too coarse.10 we use another model.


A wired control channel is not only time consuming to build, but it also limits where sensor nodes, in the WSN to be observed, can be positioned.

sensei-UU supports a wireless control channel that offers .exibility when placing nodes and makes deployment and con.guration of the testbed faster and easier.


8, the lookup request can follow at most ß forwarding pointers until it reaches LPt i.

the total time between sending m and when the lookup request reaches LPt is .ttot =.tupdate + v v v i ß.2i.


It is well known that the sending rate of TCP is R = W/RT T Since the bu.er is empty, we have no queueing delay.

to send at rate C we require that WWmax/2 C == RT T 2TP or Wmax/2=2TP × C which for the bu.er leads to the well-known rule-of-thumb B = 2Tp × C = RT T × C. While not widely known, similar arguments have been made previously [9, 10], and our result can be easily veri.ed using ns2 [11] simulation and a closed-form analytical model [7] Figure 4 illustrates the evolution of a single TCP Reno .ow, using the topology shown in Figure 2.


End-to-end connectivity is provided via the IP-layer.

the ESS is part of an IP subnet in which at least one router is present.


This architecture includes more video servers, and shortens the distance between video servers and users.


Absent any mechanism to prevent this, the destination system for these two messages would perceive the CONNECT as setting up a double dialog, as described in Section 3.4, and would reject it.

the protocol introduces conference tags.


It su.ers from many problems such as scalability problem, high generated control overhead, not adaptable to nodes mobility and network partitions, etc.

decentralized and hierarchical solutions are adopted as a better choice for MANETs con.guration and management [5, 8].


It is noteworthy that deployments of QoS technologies such as RSVP and Diffserv have been largely limited to single domains [9].

the fact that the overlay nodes can be treated as being in the same administrative domain as the underlying IP network raises the possibility of greater usage of QoS capabilities at the IP layer.


Thus, xk never drops below fi; 11 truncated congestion, .i <n × = .


These functions differ vastly in their requirements for hardware resources (e.g., CPU cycles and memory bandwidth).

depending on the functions they go through, different .ows can consume different amounts of a middlebox s resources.


(2)For low bottleneck capacity .ows, pushing the congestion control to the driver domain is not likely to improve TCP throughput anyway.

.ows with lowRTT andhighbottleneck capacity would mainly bene.t from vFlood.


4.2 Compound Caching Scheme As discussed in Section 3, simply using data caching scheme or data-path caching scheme is definitely insufficient.

in our proposed distributed data caching framework, a compound caching scheme is introduced to solve the defects of aforementioned data caching and data-path caching schemes.


DTNService is a backend transparent application serving DTN communication.

even though the user decides to use other applications such as to make a phone call or read text messages, he can still send/receive DTN bundles.


Furthermore, on each link a packet is retransmitted, if necessary, until it is successfully received.

the optimum relay spacing is that which minimizes the number of transmissions, including retransmissions.


Based on the Pdensity sub-protocol and a particular value of dinit set by the protocol implementor to re.ect the desired conditions of the network, the local energy saving speci.cation en is adjusted as follows: dlocal(t) dS W = Ts · - Ts (2)dinit Ts = Ts + dS W , Tw = Tw - dS W (3) This setting allows particles to sleep more (or less) when the detected local density is higher (or lower) than dinit speci.ed by the network implementor.

the protocol tries in each adaptation phase to converge to an optimal (with respect to current network conditions) power save scheme.


However, while packets are routed only via HA in Mobile-IP, packets must be routed via two delegation router- s or one more default router in our proposed method when a communication source host and a communication destina- tion mobile host do not exist the same level 1 group.

to route packets, delegation routers and default routers must refer to their own location information tables communication overhead of our proposed method is larger than that of Mobile-IP.


Moreover, the system administrator has to work within a given set of budget constraints which may preclude her from implementing all possible hardening measures or even measures that cover all the weak spots.

the system administrator needs to .nd a trade-o.


Test 7 is similar to test 8 in terms of total number of received packets.

very short interval of the fire is observed in these two tests.


We assume that all events concerning client activity affect only one dimension of the state, i.e., when a message is requested and sent, it will not be cached in the cache of any intermediate broker other than the serving one and only the newly arrived client will receive it.

for each transition from state s to state s ,weget si = si, .i = j, where j is the dimension where the change is taking place.


This .gure clearly depicts that the Web browser looks up the domain name just before HTTP access.

applying ER-Rules improves the expressivity of .ow causality as well as the visualization.


In most cases, only one (or a few) of the images is required to identify the object.

the transmission of all the images also results in an unnecessary expenditure of energy.


Note that an enhancement layer is decodable if all layers below it are received.

with H.264/SVC encoded videos, we can dynamically adjust the number of segment layers sent to each mobile devices based on the current bandwidth.


bigger than 10 dB as our de.nition of poor conditioning, we .nd that the channel is ill conditioned with a probablity of about 50% even at relatively large antenna separations.

while there may well be performance gains from an adaptive strategy that trades o. diversity and multiplexing depending on the channel condition number, we focus in this paper on determining how predictable a performance can be obtained by pure diversity strategies.


, .., ... .. .. .. assumed as having at most 33 digits, for medium numbers, at most 66 digits, and big numbers are 100-digit numbers.

by replacing modular exponentiations with XOR operation, we get not only a fault-free technique to establish a group key for all participants, but also the computational cost has been significantly reduced.


Our algorithm performs consistently without incurring high processing and dissemination overhead.

we conclude that statistical guarantees reduce the overhead, increase the stability of the paths chosen (i.e.


C pw [BB PP ] (X, t), (X, t)(X, r ), (X, r )(40) haf cscsmcscscs Lemma 13 shows that the feasible states of the dual channel dual aggregate carrier-sensing decision model d.4)encompass the feasible states of the pairwise dual carrier carriersensing decision model d.1), with suitably chosen carriersensing range.

by Lemma 13 and Theorem 3, we can show that the implementable dual channel dual aggregate carrier-sensing decision model d.4) can achieve through () put as as Ov1n on a uniform random network.


In a switch with speedup of S,up to S packets can be forwarded internally from inputs to an output within a packet transmission interval.

a speedup of N is required in OQ switches in the worst case.


However, the selection without any other operation on the individuals would not lead to a genetic optimization.

two operators, crossover and mutation, are used to create additional new individuals.


Impact of frame sizes: In order to take full advantage of the high data rates offered by IEEE 802.11n, using large frames is strongly recommended.

we further evaluate the impact of frame sizes.


In that case, there is at most a portion of the radio range inside the current cell.

a series of division are done onto the cell creating a group of smaller cells.


If we have a sequence {a ,a ,...,a } and a new element a is introduced, then anew can take any place in the new (sorted) sequence with the same probability, as all permutations of the new sequence are equiprobable.

the probability that anew is among the j 1 2 m new j largest occurs with probability of at most .


Traditional 802.11 rate adaptation schemes are frequency-oblivious, and use the same modulation scheme and coding rate across all frequencies.

theycannot exploit the frequencydiversity present across the 802.11 spectrum.


On the contrary, nodes close to the sink forward data of other node very often.

they maintain schedules of many gathering paths.


In our work, we present a range classi.cation scheme that is atomic by itself without consuming packet header space.

our scheme can be utilized to extend and develop consistency frameworks.


In other words, v t kra, when k = .1a 2/r2 | Area(T )|= c0 (8) (2a 2 , when k = .1a 2/r2 v Notice that when k = O(a 2/r2), kra = O(a 2); when k = v O(a 2/r2), kra = O(a 2).

we have a general bound for | Area(T )|: almost surely the area covered by all transmitting disks of a multicast tree for k receivers/source v | Area(T )| = O(min(a 2 , kra)).


If subsequent packets of that .ow arrive within this time interval, they will .nd no entry and will be either sampled or ignored.

while losing Shs a.ects the detection probability, delaying them may a.ect accuracy.


A linear mapping with constant resolution is not suf.cient as the resolution for smaller variances is inadequate.

we give more resolution on small variances, and less resolution the bigger the variance becomes.


By comparison, an ARM 966E core without any additional caches occupies only about 1mm 2 using the same technology.

the second metric we study is the space occupied by the search structure.


DDn() rf are the application layer abstracted parameters, lf and DD n() which express the expected distortion when the nth slice is lost and when the nth slice is received correctly, respectively.

l() Pn is the probability of loss of the nth slice, which can be derived from the radio link layer abstracted parameters, given by qn Pn() = () (16) L () +qn() pn Dx() is the expected distortion of the current frame nAtransmission in the current wireless channel condition.


The precise nature of these variations depends on several uncertain factors, including the number of egress points and the nature of the paths to the egress points.

we will account for this uncertainty with a probabilistic model for the variability in hop count contrasts of sources within a subnet.


Our micro level rate control scheme, described in Section 5, ensures that when a class k user is admitted and the wireless resource is inadequate, only users of the same class or lower K classes will be a.ected.

f =i=k NiRi(Pbi)Li measures the total revenue loss from all possible classes of users.


We assume a .xed transmission rate on all links utilizing the same spectrum width, even when the SINR of a particular link exceeds the threshold ß.

cl simpli.es to the following lower bound: Cl = bl log2(1 + ß) (5)  3.


Even though this is possible, users privacy is not threatened because of this, as they are still selecting their own relays and connecting to the Tor network.

the censor can only detect that a user is connected to its own instance of SkypeMorph.


Since there is a centralized control element, the AP, and there is no quality of service (QoS) mechanism running, all packets receive the same treatment.

when the AP queue is saturated, packets from all conversations are dropped on a random basis, and packets from all conversations are delayed in the same way.


i=1 ri) k min i=1 ri 15 d when n =16 d =5 d =9 d =13 d =17 10 BCCC 512 262144 6 × 166 8 × 168 SW C ube 5000 52488 165888 524288 Diameter 5 order, di.erent networks accommodate di.erent numbers of servers.

again we use the average bandwidth allocated to each server for a fair comparison.


Router c does the same and obtains a delay of 4 × k time units.

router f learns its new best path (a,b,d, c,f).rst.


It is also found the gap between two neighbor lines becomes smaller with increasing SNR, from which we could rationally conclude that the performance will reach a .oor even when the SNR goes to the in.nity.


Their travel patterns are highly predicable and regular.

there is an opportunity to form recurring virtual mobile communication networks and communities between these travelers or their vehicles [1].


work tra.c is sequentially matched in order to determine the appropriate .ltering action.

packet .ltering is a critical component that determines the performance of these networking devices.


Observe that in the second slot, APj receives components of xi that have been retransmitted by all APs in the range APN to APM .

components of xi arrive at APj through M - N + 1 di.erent paths.


The results of this paper remain valid for the family of all interference models under which a node is not allowed to transmit to more than one neighbor at the same time.

in a most general case, a node may receive packets from several neighbors while sending packets over one of its outgoing links.


Within a pair, the following effect is important to understand.

assume that the probe and its pacesetter are back-to-back and that the latter has just arrived at an empty queue on hop h. Be- cause of the store and forward router behaviour, the probe will not enter the queue until after an interval x i h-1 controUed by the previous hop, whereas the pacesetter will leave the queue af- ter a time zi h controlled by hop h. as pointed out in [1], the ability of the pacesetter to guarantee that the probe queues behind it is bounded by the ratio of the probe and pacesetter ser- vice times, which depends on the ratio of the link rates.


5.3.1 Lowest Mobility (mobility pause = 800 seconds) Pause Time = 800 seconds By setting the pause period to 800 seconds, the packet loss in the 0.055  steady network was only due to channel error and network congestion, 0.05 not mobility.

since AODV+SBA distributes routes and traffic overall network, we expected that AODV+SBA would offer the best delay and throughput.


TIMING JITTER CONTROL METHOD There are timing errors as well as real delays in the measured values of Figure 1 and 2.

a sharp increase or decrease can be limited to some extent.


this graph shows how much each set of downloaders, as de.ned in the top graph, uploaded to the local peer.


2.4 Assumptions and scope Like centralized rate limiting mechanisms, distributed rate limiting does not provide QoS guarantees.

when customers pay for a given level of service, providers must ensure the availability of adequate resources for the customer to attain its given limit.


The reaction time of the driver treact is the time interval between the instant of hazard recognition and the instant of actually applying the brakes.

a complete stopping distance is given as:  dstop = dbrake + dreact (3) In kinematics the distance traveled while performing a braking maneuver according to equations of uniformly accelerated motion is given as: 2 v 0 dbrake = (4) 2 × µ × g where v0 is the vehicle speed in m/s; µ is the coe.cient of friction between the tires of the vehicle and the roadway; g is the acceleration due to gravity of the Earth in m/s2 .


We may assume that the Euclidean distances between adjacent bus stops are minimum distances, so they can be the ideal conditions.

we may predict at least how many hops are needed in the ideal condition.


It changes its state to become a REP and reports to the sink if there is a signi.cant variation in the spatial distribution of data over time (selfheal).

the solution allows only an appropriate (small) subset of nodes to send meaningful data to the sink and strives to incur only lower-than-acceptable loss of accuracy in the reconstruction of the phenomenon.


Furthermore, making the controller suf.ciently available and reliable would be extremely expensive.

our goal is to design a distributed bandwidth guarantee enforcement mechanism that can scale to large cloud datacenters.


We then focus on .nding an adequate solution to address such security risks.

we indicate the need for QoS2, a framework that should take into consideration not just the end-to-end delay but also other QoS parameters along with various security attributes.


Setting up the scan detector behind the monitored network .rewall leads to detecting only the scanning activity that made it through the .rewall rules.

the scan detector will capture more scanners if it is located at the gateway of the network.


The acknowledgment number is the highest numbered consecutive byte received to date.

if a segment is lost, subsequent segments received each trigger an acknowledgment segment that has the same acknowledgment number as the previous acknowledgment segment.


Inthislight, condition(D) can be read as: for any type i, the arrival rate of corresponding clients, .i,isstrictlylessthanthetotal arrivalrateofservers that can serve such clients, that is j=i .j.

formally, condition (D) is related to the classical stability condition of single server queues, which reads .< 1, where the load .


As far as synthetic trace-based approaches are concerned, seminal studies have focused on the impact of microscopic mobilitymodels that describe the acceleration or deceleration behavior of each car with respect to the surrounding driving conditions [14,15].These works unveiled the high bias that unrealistic random andpseudo-random driver behaviors can induce on the network topology, and the importance of properly modeling road signalization.However, they did not consider the impact of macroscopic traf.cparameters, such as the vehicular density, the arrival rates and theroutes traveled by drivers.

later works focused on the macroscopic dimension,built on top of validated microscopic mobility models.


According to (6), Wmax =1 and Wmin = e .

the following is a su.cient condition for (38): -Wmax V (x0)dx0 + Wmin U(x0)dx0 > 0.


Each handle of the set is saved as an entry in a private database DBOM j , indexed by HDk and Tj .

multiple rows of DBOM have the same IDk and SDk .


This method partitions radio resources in time or frequency domain.

the macro cell and pico/femto cell can avoid ICI by using different time or frequency resource.


NGWS ARCHITECTURE AND ASSUMPTIONS There is a strong belief that access networks tend to adopt the IP backbone as a core network.

in this paper we use the loose coupling approach as shown in Figure 1 in which all the access networks connect to the IP backbone [5], [12], [14].


In this case, it is desirable to discard a minimal number of .ows while satisfying the deadline of the remaining .ows.

unfortunately, minimizing the number of tardy .ows in a dynamic setting is an NP-complete problem.2 we use a simple heuristic, called Early Termination, to terminate a .ow when it cannot meet its deadline.


Further,applications in cluster environments using special program interfaces of high speed interconnects typically expect reliable servicesat the NIC level.

it is important to make migration transparent to applications and to avoid packet drops or out-of-order delivery during migration.


To defend against this attack, a community node (e.g., X in this example) should perform a secure neighbor detection right after its .ag is set to 1.

in the exchanged messages, the node must tell each of its neighbor that it just heard RREP C.B and B s ACK to C. since RREP C.B is authenticated by C (according to network security assumption) and unforgeable, this effectively triggers Y s execution of Algorithm B. Packet modi.cation attacks CBS adds one upstream .eld in RREQ and one hop count .eld in RREP.


Additionally, vehicle designers need to minimize additional equipment costs to maintain their company s competitiveness.

low-cost solutions for VANET privacy issues areimportantfortheiracceptability tomanufacturers and their adoption within such a short time span.


Information that is provided by the node is not trustworthy if it is not con.rmed by a trusted entity.

each node that wants to join the network must have a personal initial certi.cate (iCert) that is issued by the network s trusted third party (TTP ).


This way, the k-anonymity [19] is achieved.

an adversary can only guess which location belongs to which user with probability no higher than 1/k.


Overall, ECNS guarantees the desired QoC requirement accurately as well as minimize the number of active nodes.

the lifetime of the network is maximized.


Any generic memoryful codec gives a greater weightage to the current input sample, and a linearly decreasing weightage to the preceding samples.

we expect that when compared tothepreviousoutput symbol, weexpectthenew output symbol tobe biased in the direction of the new input symbol.


The .rst matched rule is the third rule, since p1 matches the Match (port=2) and the state of the .eld srcip of p1 in S T is 0, satisfying the Tests (S T (srcip)=0) in the rule.

the rule applies the Action and drops p1.


The amount of frequency shift depends on the distance d between the reflector and the loop antenna.

any parameter which changes the distance between reflector and the loop can be quantitatively measured from the resonant parameters of the loop antenna.


SDRB separates active cells by the spatial reuse distance to avoid interference from hidden nodes.

in the cellular structure for one-dimensional road scenarios, the same time slot is assigned to cells that are separated by k consecutive cells in a horizontal direction as showninFigure 4.


This can be true for a number of reasons: for instance, not all DCs may provide the speci.c kind of hypervisor or computing/storage resources required by the given VM; or maybe the speci.c kind of services provided by the VM has some latency requirement that cannot be satis.ed if they are migrated to a DC located too far from their .nal users; also, not all DCs in a cloud federation are equivalent in terms of energy savings or maintenance schedules; last but not least, load balancing reasons may force to choose some DCs instead of others.

this model assumes that the request of migrating a given VM z can be satis.ed by m(z) computing resources, which are available in a subset of the n + 1 DCs that constitute the cloud federation.


The BLRs enable the intersystem paging to be implemented within the appropriate network that an MT is currently residing in, thus reducing the paging costs.

the BLI% and the BIU are accessible to the two adjacent networks and are collocated to handle the intersystem roaming of MTs.


If x¯i is true, the power value of Si,2 is 1; otherwise, the power value of Si,2 is 2.

in addition, there is a node Xi which will be used to determine whether either xi is true or x¯i is true, and the transmission power of Xi is zero, 1 = i = n. (3) For each 3-CNF Cj = yj,1 .yj,2 .yj,3,there is a corresponding node SCj with a transmission power 0, 1 = j = m. the node set N = {S0,0}.


The delay in wired communication is common without depending on any packet distribution in wireless access network because the wired communication is out of scope of wireless access network.

the delay in wired communication can be assumed to be constant to any packet distribution in wireless access net  2.5 4x107 FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec FTP file size 350 Kbytes session interval 10 sec 8x106 2 VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps  VC video rate 32 Kbps frame rate 10 fps 7x106 3.5x107 Proposal 6x106 RR SL TR 5x106 3x107 4x106 IP Average Delay (sec/packet) IP Throughput (bps) IP Out-of-Order Packets (bps) 11a Load (bps) 3x106 2.5x107 Proposal RR Proposal RR SL SL 2x106 TR TR 1x106 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 2x107 Simulation Time (sec) Simulation Time (sec) Simulation Time (sec) Figure 7: IP average delay.


Aggregate throughput over all .ows in the network: Our protocol is expected to increase the total throughput of the network by exploiting multiple channels.

this metric will directly show how our protocol achieves this goal.


For instance, a DAG could have paths for CCN [10] and a source route over IP addresses, with edges permitting intermediate routers to pick either means of reaching the data.

xIA s main approach to partial deployment (which is a key step in enabling evolution) is to allow transitions between architectures at network elements that understand both (i.e., an element that understands CCN and sourcerouted IP could take a request sent on one architecture and pass it to the other).


Gn,p)= P(ej (i)) j=1 for the independent core Gn,p, implying rki () EN(Q,Gn,p)= P(ej (i)).

i=1 j=1 by making a term by term comparison using (2), we obtain ()() EN(Q,G.,f )= EN(Q,Gn,p), completing the proof.


By induction, we can assume the bound holds for r(ßPk,ß), yielding k r(ßPk+1,ß) = r(ßPk+1,ßPk)+ r(aPi,ai).

i=1 to prove the bound for k+ 1,weneedtoshow r(ßPk+1,ßPk) = r(aPk+1,ak+1).


However, thesechangestypicallyoccurat timescalesof monthsor more.

reports have a time-to-live (TTL) of 3 months.


By distributing the lifetimes more evenly such that they are uniformly assigned to different queues in queue stack is expected to yield better packet delivery rates.

we believe that the receiver has a real interest in trying to assign appropriate deadlines for packets.


Then user i s utility function can be described as the di.erence of its achievable rate and payment for () gi band wi: ui(p, wi)= wi log - pwi, which im wi plies that the optimal spectrum demand is achieved * as w (p) = arg maxwi =0 ui(p, wi)= gi exp(-(1 + p)).

i n * the total users demand is(p)= i=1 wi n G exp(-(1 + p)), where G =This optimal i=1 gi.


CDC servers have one network port per server whereas SWDC servers have six ports.

the wide bisection bandwidth helps SWDC to minimize the queuing delays and outperform conventional datacenters for this benchmark.


(3) In all other cases where t moves tThe FPi t i t i t it i is updated, the FPin LPLPin LPis implicitly At thetimewhen LPto from one square to another in ( * LP t i +2)8, we replace the old with a temporary forwarding pointer to the new Li rent lookup request as when a LP tthe FPi could cause similar racing conditions with a concur t i +1 instead of removing the and update FP t i is removed.


This property is preserved under two independent mobile nodes following RW model.

we expect that the inter-contact time under RW model would have DFR.


Therefore, by increasing any of the active rates from (9), we either violate battery nonnegativity constraint or the max-min fairness condition.

rule (F2) holds, and rule (F3) holds for all the descendants of nodes whose rates got .xed by the rule (F2), in the corresponding time slots.


This implies a decentralized controller that is executed at each host.

our controller should enable the sharing of traf.c information among hosts and apply the desired limits at the application layer.


The movement between the proceduralized context and the contextual knowledge follows the rule last in, first out.

two contexts having the same contextual knowledge and proceduralized context (as at lines 2 and 4 of Table 1) are different by their history in the practice.


By characterizing the cellular infrastructure, we have observed that the current restrictive cellular topology route all traf.c through only a handful GGSNs.

no matter how close to a CDN server the user is, the content still has to go through the GGSN before reaching the destination.


The signal should contain timing information that allows clock recovery and bit synchronization at the receiver.

scrambling and preamble must be considered at the transmitter.


2.2 Outage Exponent The outage probability is chosen as a benchmark because many types oftra.c,such asvoice,audio/video,have stringent latency constraints.

we de.ne the outage exponent for each user as a uni.ed performance metric for OFDMA systems.


We assume that the general ob jective of the network manager is to have high revenue while at the same time achieving satisfaction of the users.

we evaluate the revenue on satis.ed users only.


Number of APs required: In general, if there are N clients in the network, then BBN needs to align (N - 1) packets at the .rst AP, (N - 2) packets at the second AP and so on.

a total of at least (N -1)+(N -2)+· · ·+2 = N2-N-2 2 variables are required to satisfy all the constraints.


Limited memory translates into interference at the stages, causing the premature detection of .ows.

estimating the number of missed bytes with Vcut,the worst case is for a .ow arriving last since it shall be overestimated at the most.


the number of required hops (hop count), to the BS.

up-link routing takes place towards nodes with lower hop count.


If all these tests pass, then the request is accepted and the connection proceeds as in TCP after the 3WH: data is passed to the application, and an application-level response (e.g., a web page) may be sent immediately to the client.

the client can receive results within a single RTT.


LEACH-C proposed in [5] uses a central control algorithm to form the clusters to produce better clusters by dispersing the cluster head nodes throughout the network.

lEACH-C uses a centralized clustering algorithm and the same steady-state protocol as LEACH [5].


Our design ensures that any packet in the fast lanehas abidnolessthan the market clearingprice.

apacket will notbeleft with a negativebid.


scheme localizes QoS updates brought by the hando..

end-to-end signaling message exchanges are avoided.


Indeed, by Lemma 3.1 the diameter of P (u) can only decrease.

the new P (u) (including T (s), excluding T (t)) is a valid cluster of diameter up to k. The rest of the tree is not affected by this change.