No matter which sources they come from, packets routed through i are randomly divided among the downstream links with probabilities proportional to the link rates ri,j , j .

di.When i forwards a packet, it sends the packet to a downstream node j with a probability of ri,j .For any .ow s that ri passes i, the fraction of packets sent to j is the same, ri,j .ri ri,j (s) ri,j = ri(s) ri (9) ri,j ri,j (s)=ri(s)× ri Fi,j can be calculated as follows.


PAB > 0 implies ISPA pays ISPB, while PAB < 0 implies ISPA charges ISPB.

pAB 0 implies BK peering agreement is in use, and no money exchange between each other.


The global feedback signal ß(n) is calculated by the gateway node W as LM Os ß(n)= m=1 m (40) J where J is a suf.ciently large number to normalize the output.

the value of ß(n) is deliberately tuned within [0, 1].


[2] for estimating the frequency moments of a stream opened up the research .eld of data streaming algorithms.

the Tug-of-War sketch, which originated in [2] and was given that name in [1], is a simple but elegant tool for estimating M2 of a stream that we take advantage of in this paper.


Then, on Sµ, according to our setup of the CCA2 attacker, he outputs 1, giving the correct guess.

denoting by ACCA2 the CCA2 attacker as described above, the output of ACCA2 is 1 on {1} × Sµ.


It is obvious to observe that although the session dropping ratios will increase along with the increase of request bit rate no matter whether or not the de-association is applied, they are relatively smaller with de-association as compared to those without deassociation.

when the request bit rate is increased to 1350 kbps, the difference in dropping ratios becomes even more significant.


We denote by pi,n the relative likeliness of a demand for P item i arising at node n,where n.C pi,n =1.

node n creates a new request for item i with a rate equal to dipi,n.


In the proactive defense strategy, all radios of a sensor switch channels periodically.

every sda time units, they switch channels, and they reside at their channels for (sd - 1)a time units.


We observe that for h < 4 where no hidden terminals are present, TCP NewReno achieves slightly higher goodput than TCP-GAP.

the bursty transmission of TCP NewReno gains a slight advantage over the adaptive pacing of TCP-GAP, since the IEEE 802.11 MAC scheduling prevents packet losses caused by hidden terminals for less than four hops.


We further assume that assigning LocalPref values only on neighboring ASes.

path preference at an AS does not depend on which speci.c ASes are in the path, except for the next hop ASes only, a property that holds empirically the vast majority of the time [11].


All of these approaches as well as others have a more funda- mental weakness: they require manual user intervention.

the self-survivabilityof services is known to be weak, and human intervention is required when attacks penetrate or some- times merely threaten existing safeguards.


The fact that A will sign gy says nothing about whether A talked or not to M (or even if she was willing to talk to M)since A will sign gy regardless of who sent it.

a s transcripts are peer-independent.The case of the responder B is similar to the above and its transcript is also peer-independent 3 .


Waskiewicz [10] was included in the 2.6.24 kernel), the general SR SW configuration requires a deeper discussion.

the main objectives of a SR architecture optimized for a multi-CPU/core environment can be summarized by the following : to entirely bind all operations carried out in forwarding a packet to a single CPU (minimizing cache invalidations),  to reduce LLTX lock contention as much as possible,  to equally distribute the computational load among all the processors/cores in the system.


In the BikeNet implementation, we have experimented with handling queries to the SAP, originating both from the back end and from a BAN in radio range, for ground truth data.

using a cellular phone as a mobile SAP, we have 1While related in principle, this notion of ground truth sensing should not be confused with sensing for experimental validation and debug (e.g., using the quad capture video helmet in Figure 4(e)).


Our main .ndings, listed in Section 1, present new insight into peer dynamics which can be used in the design and evaluation of churn-aware P2P applications.

we found that the session length distribution is neither Poisson nor Pareto and is more accurately modeled by a Weibull distribution.


The node then uses this estimate to ensure that encoded packets are decodable by all of their nexthops with high probability.

suppose the node encodes n packets together.


In Monte Carlo algorithms, algorithm execution is accomplished ef.ciently but with probabilistic deviations.

the proposed algorithm/protocol class is a special class of Monte Carlo algorithm ending in polynomial-time (polynomial-step or polynomial-stop in this paper) and with negligible deviation E(x) from the ideal case (as de.ned by a Las Vegas algorithm).


The main difference between these two solutions is that in the former, the nodes with a low reliability such as 5, 14, and 10 have smaller numbers of incident links than in the latter.

the failure of these low reliability nodes will have less effect on the connectivity of the other nodes.


Note that there should be only one player choosing to secure for a Nash equilibrium to be reached as soon as at least two players decide to protect, each will defect in the next round hoping to free-ride on the other protecting players.

if there exists a unique i for which the initial constellation of protection levels satis.es max{e-i(0)} < 1 - bi/piLi , (14) then a Nash equilibrium where all players free-ride on player i is reached as long as bi <ci.This situation could happen when only one playerfaces disproportionate losses comparedto other players, or her security costs are very small.


Also surprisingly, within a single AS we observed multiple, separate tunnels in a single probing path.

from the traceroute output, we observed a series of MPLS LSR hops within an AS, followed by one or more normal IP hops, followed by another series of MPLS LSR hops.


During signature generation, the ephemeral key k is chosen in a distributed manner.

fNi contributes one part, KF N i , while HN contributes two parts, KH N and kH N .


ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOFTWARE PLATFORM (EVOM) In this section we describe the main blocs of the proposed experimental evaluation platform (EVOM) of packetized voice over multi-hop wireless networks.

the generated bitstream by end application is processed by the RTP sender agent which frames encoded data with respect to RFC specification and adds the necessary header content such as payload type, source synchronisation, packet length, sequence number, timestamp, etc.


SBA=NPA TTRT=min(Di) for BuST and FDDI-M TTRT=min(Di)/2 for FDDI 100% 90%  FF DDI DDI-M B uST     MAXIMUM DEADLINE MISS RATIO TTRT .

the WCAU can get close to 1 (0.5 for FDDI) when a is negligible.


The biggest difference is that in a torus, each dimension is connected as a ring, and in an FBFLY, each dimension is fully connected.

within a FBFLY dimension all nodes connect to all others.


Because the destination also can identify the source, a security association for the both node is easily established.

regardless of the diversity of the application data, only a single security level based on the identity of hosts is provided during the entire communication.


The censor can interrupt circumvention tools by actively interfering.

the censor can delay, drop, or even inject packets into the session of potential circumvention systems.


In particular, when using legacy Ethernet switches with small frame buffer, it becomes more important to conceal the frame loss.

ethernet layer requires the function to ensure data integrity for FC layer to prevent the impact of frame losses.


We present a complete solution to this problem for sensors that are distributed according to a Poisson point process.

we present an e.cient distributed algorithm to construct sensor barriers on long strip areas of irregular shape without any constraint on crossing paths.


Since most current collision detector implementations can occasionally miss a collision, we also consider two ways of weakening the assumption of completeness.

we consider: (1) a majority complete collision detector that only detects a collision if a majority of messages in a round is lost, and (2) a 0-complete collision detector that only detects a collision if every message in a round is lost.


The .gure also shows that the CPU load and the memory occupation in the case of FullMediaEngine is much higher wrt those provided by the other two media engines.

the CPU and memory utilizations are comparable until around t = 17s where the player starts to decode the video level 4 that is a 1080p video.


Ahn, Bortz and Hopper [5] de.ned it as the property that an adversary was able to learn something about the sender or the recipient of a particular message, but could not narrow down its search to a set of less than k participants.

k-anonymity guarantees that the adversary is not able to guess the sender or the recipient of a particular message with a probability nonnegligibly greater than 1/k.


We determined all three parameters from the network's router configuration files using an automated router config- uration analysis tool, NetDB [13].

we com- puted the set D for router, network, summary and external LSAs.


Hence we can provision additional links, but turn them on only as needed.

morph the topology in the event of a failure.


If the change is an insertion (a new order has been placed) only wait 1 minute.

this table will not synchronize unless it has been modified.


Now, the probability that a transmission by one of the n - i yet to be discovered nodes is successful is given by: -2(n-i)..i ps(i)= e =1/e Now, the successful transmission events from the n - i yet to be discovered nodes follow a Poisson process with a rate givenby(n-i).ips(i)=1/2.e.

the random variables Wi areiid and exponentiallydistributed with mean 2.e.


As a matter of fact, making transmissions a function of vehicular mobility presents new challenges to the simulation granularity of traffic simulators.

since vehicular dynamics affect STE, which has an impact on the transmission rate of BSMs, we need a traffic simulator that can model the movement of vehicles in a X j Mean 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 Variance 0.25 0.5 1 2 Simulat ion ]E[rj 5.46 5.35 5.12 4.65 Var[rj ] 2.7e-3 5.5e-3 1.1e-2 2.1e-2 ]Var[rC 1.1e+2 2.2e+2 4.3e+2 8.5e+2 Theory E[rj ] 5.47 5.35 5.12 4.65 Var[rj ] 2.7e-3 5.5e-3 1.1e-2 2.2e-2 ]Var[rC 1.1e+2 2.2e+2 4.4e+2 8.8e+2 Table.1.


Our initial operational experience shows that the tool is effective in both automating VLAN operations, and identifying con.guration errors.

we found that (i) more than 40% of the VLANs in the network have redundant links that leads to security and performance problems; (ii) more than 30% of the VLANs have missing links which result in connectivity issues; and (iii) the root-bridge placements of more than 30% of the VLANs  H1H2 H3H4 H5H6 H7H8 VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 1 VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 2 Figure 1: A sample enterprise VLAN setup are not optimum, which again results in performance problems.


Thus, it is of paramount importance for the security protocol to retain a low energy overhead.

radio communication consumes the most amount of energy.


3) The backoff time of a station has expired.

when a new packet arrives, the station either transmits it immediately, if the channel is idle, or enters the backoff state.


This paper asks what information about failures is needed to circumvent any impossibility and su.cient to circumvent some impossibility.

what is the minimal yet non-trivial failure information.


Ei consists of the energy consumption during the sleep state, the transition from the sleep state to the active state, and the active mode (transmit and receive).

eMG,i = PTx,i Txi + PRx,iRxi + PI,i SWi + PV,i (Vi - SWi).


k (i)j1 ,j2 =Nk (6) U(i) min recursive form: {} U(i) U(i-1) D= min D,Zi= min Zj .

(7) min min 1vjvi U(n) Dmin = Dmin = min Zi.


Consider a periodic DoS attack with period T. If the outage duration l ' ?RTTiand minRTO > SRTTi+4*RTTVARifor i=,,kwhereas l 'RTTTor minRTO :SRTTT+4*RTTVARTfor j=k+,,n, then Equation (2) holds for .ows ,,k. This result, shown similarly to that above, states that Equation (2) holds for any TCP sub-aggregate for which conditions (C1) and (C2) hold.

if a shrew DoS attack is launched on a group of .ows such that only a subset satis.es the two conditions, that subset will obtain degraded throughput according to Equation (2), whereas the remaining .ows will not.


For example, although it may be that player j prefers that a link (i, j ' ) would be established for some j ' = j, if we adopt Dynamic Rule #1 it will accept the establishment of the less favorable link (i, j).

in a player s turn, it has the advantage of initiation and the other players react to its offers.


The maximum value of S(xl) occurs when these exists a value l0 such that for each l = l0, xl is the maximum allowed under constraint 2, and for each l> l0, xl =0.


Then, he or she can use networks provided by other FON members.

he or she is a user, at the same time he or she is an administrator.


In this scenario we feed the ICSI meeting trace (per default without moderation) into a simple python simulator and explore the number of trees created by the JITC method.

using LRU tree replacement, we explore the number of trees created with different cache sizes and the state cost throughout the session.


As said, burst is intended to be a period during which the loss/discard rate is high enough to cause noticeable quality degradation.

a more convenient definition indicates a burst as the longest sequence, beginning and ending with a loss, during which the number of consecutive received packets is less than a value called gmin.


After connecting to A, N can perform the tasks described by the IEEE 802.11iprotocol to complete a mutual authentication with the network and establish a security association withthe entityto whichit isphysicallyconnected(phase1).

duringthisphase N performs allthe activities as ageneric wireless clientto establish a secure channel with a mesh router(node A in our example) that canforwardits traf.c securely over the wirelessbackbone.


Let N and M denote the number of correctly received data and protection packets, respectively, where N = N and M = M. To be able to decode the entire block of information (N), the destination needs to correctly receive at least N data and/or protection packets, where N = N + M; oth erwise only N information packets can be recovered.

the useful information is given by:  N N = N + M I =(3) N o.w.


More speci.cally, for a real-time .ow i, Te = Tc = Limax.

be is con.gured in such a way that the maximum burst size does not exceed Ri ×Te.= Ri ×Te max Bc +Be max which implies that Be = EIR × Te =(Ri - Rmini ) × max Te.


Compared with the normal connection establishment procedure without rerouting algorithm, the smallest and largest percentage setback of the LR rerouting algorithm are 4.28% and 1.27% .

the connection blocking probability will slightly increase when the LR rerouting algorithm is employed.


Therefore the path computation can be simply conducted using the resource usage information in the logical layer.

the logical link cost can be based on the used bandwidth.


., then, for each O ' resulting after replacing some items in O with .,(I,O ' ).

.. the safety property of a task implementation depends only on non-.


Our contribution is a novel set of techniques to make aggressive but selective prefetching practical, resulting in a signi.cantly greater number of relevant web results returned to mobile users.

we prioritize responses in the order of the usefulness of the response to the query, which allows the mobile node to download the most useful response .rst.


SECURITY DISCUSSION Based on the descriptions and discussions presented in last section, we know that in the normal situation, i.e., both involved parties are honest and the communication channel is in order, each of the two parties can get the other s signature correctly, and the TTP is not involved.


The contention slots are also used in the default channel.

all nodes in the network potentially contend for it.


Several algorithms can be used to perform navigation from TOA measurements.

bayesian navigation based on particle .lters (PFs) and mobility models provide solution to inference target object position.


Our work focuses on a portion of the design space that we believe is not well served.

we seek to develop a new capability for prototyping and testing SDN applications that is ef.cient, scalable, realistic and enables a relatively seamless transition to practice.


Ideally, any routing updates originated by an NLSR process should have the process name as its pre.x to easily identify the messages originator.

the name for an LSA should begin with /< network> / / /NLSR/LSA to indicate that it is generated by the NLSR process.


PRICE DYNAMICS IN EQUILIBRIUM In this section, we look deeper into the qualitative dynamics of the equilibrium market prices.

we explore how the different characteristics of the APs and the TPs can affect the market prices in equilibrium.


We assume that each IDS either detects or misses an incident.

the intrusion forensics analysis consists of re-creating (or waiting for future similar attacks if the snapshot/replay mechanism is not supported) and analyzing attacks that have previously occurred.


(b) Detecting Same-Pair Collisions We next evaluate our algorithm in Section 3.5 to detect collisions involving the same pair of frames.

the decoding algorithm needs to know if two collisions contain the same pair of frames before it can perform same-pair decoding.


But .rst weperform an experiment to study the properties of mismatched BGP announcements.

we are interested in learningwhich country and RIR regions announce more .agged pre.xes and whose pre.xes are more likely to be announced by an AS in a di.erent region.


Though the benefits of this algorithm proved advantageous for the wireless prioritized traffic, the parameters involved in the policy were arbitrarily chosen for simulation.

the threshold values were chosen as Thigh : Capacity and Tlo~ ~--Capacity/2.


The PTRC3 of iMesh-A and iMesh-B are both extremely low, i.e., lower than O(10-3).

iMesh-B has PTCR3 signi.cantly smaller, in oder of magnitude, than iMesh-A.


CONCLUSIONS We have argued that caching named chunks in network routers DRAM memory, as opposed to caching large objects or .les in proxy disks, calls for reconsideration of past approaches to caching.

in-network caching in ICNs has to happen in an uncoordinated and distributed fashion.


Among the two overlapped wireless networks, the host network strictly observes the boundary enforced by ownership.

a mote with the host network identity cannot communicate with another mote outside the host network.


Continuing to d = 2, we note that the degree distribution constrains the number of nodes of each degree in the network, but it does not describe the interconnectivity of nodes with given degrees.

it does not provide any information on the total number m(k,k') of links between nodes of degree k and k'.


By the induction hyphotesis, when the protocol is applied to G., a B/W coloring satisfying the properties of the theorem is obtained.

the vertices in Nt-1(v0) are all colored the same.


Simulations are not limited to one transmitter and one receiver, but are possible for any network size N .

we model all N ·(N -1)/2 links of the network as Rayleigh channels but other channel models can be incorporated.


2.2 Volume Anomaly Detection Network tra.c anomalies such as DoS attacks or .ash crowds often manifest themselves as abrupt changes in packet or .ow count measurements.


In this work we test this claim and explore the impact of RED on the performance of the most dominant subset of TCP connections on the Internet today: Web traffic.

we are interested in measuring the effect of RED on a user-centric measure of performance the response time for an HTTP 1.0 request.


In this problem, given an arbitrary .ow size s,we are interested in knowing the number of .ows that contain s packets, within a monitoring interval.

we would like to know how the total tra.c volume splits into .ows of di.erent sizes.


Let B(s, d) be the number of common available wavelengths along all predetermined routing paths between source node s and destination node d. When a lightpath is released, let M denote the number of common available wavelengths in the network.

common available wavelength between the source-destination pair can be found after the rerouting procedure and no common available wavelength exists before the algorithm.


z such that these encoded packets are selected with low/zero probability in future transmissions.

the initial value of W(y) is set to one (i.e., y has never been used to produce any re-encoded packet).


(45) zw -M i(z)(1 -pi)zw + piNow, Q i(1) = 1implies w-1 L (j) mi vi = w - , (46) pi j=0 which is meaningful if and only if mi <w (or equivalently pi ti <pi).

the mean number of arrivals between two consecutive visits to queue i, namely mi , must be smaller pi than the bulk service amount w. Assuming equation (45) to be an analytic function in the disk z : |z|=1+d implies that the numerator is zero whenever the denominator vanishes in z : |z|=1+d.


Path classification is performed by the Path Quality Estimation Block, as a function of (i) the average delay and of (ii) the average packet loss rate (PLR) experimented on each path.

we assume each node i, continuously monitors:  Average queuing delay (qJ): it measures the mean time elapsed between the instant a data packet is enqueued at the MAC Layer and the instant the packet is dequeued because it is ready to be transmitted;  Average MAC access delay (dJ): it measures the mean time that elapses between the first attempt of a data packet transmission at the MAC Layer and the reception at the MAC Layer of the corresponding ACK packet.


The number of packets that hashed to a usable index is the effective sample size of the latency estimate.

it is as if we had sampled that many packets to arrive at the estimate.


The .rst condition is that the curve must be dimensioned in such a way that, by visiting all points de.ned in the space, the entire target area is covered.

the sensing radius must be larger than the cells determined by the curve.


Now, these are exactly the events that are generated by the bottleneck.

rTT statistics were intrinsically cleaned-up due to the way RTT samples are extracted, which explains why they did not react to this type of bottleneck.


Figure 2: J2ME -Bluetooth APIinteraction architecture Using JABWT, it is possible to interact with the Bluetooth stack in a Java application.

it is possible to call services such as device and service discovery, establishment of RFCOMM, L2CAP, and OBEX connections.


CONCLUSIONS This paper has presented a new method to optimize the process that enables the Internet connectivity in multi-hop ad hoc networks.

the suggested optimization permits dynamically to tune the interval of emission of MRA messages in proactive gateway discovery schemes in order to adapt the network to the load conditions and mobility pattern.


Furthermore, all previous solutions rely on static replicas.

they compute Nr positions for the replicas that do not change.


In this paper we present IEEE 802.22, which is based on cognitive radio techniques, is used for wireless Internet applications.

we present DSM aspects of 802.22, and analyze its performance.


The key technique that allows us to break the capacity barrier imposed by the protocol model is to employ an involved, non-intuitive power level assignment at the nodes.

we make use of the fact that the wireless medium can be overloaded (see Figure 1 in Section 2) in the sense that links of di.erent order of length can be scheduled in parallel by scaling up the transmission power of short links [22].


[0, 1] to specify the fairness degradation.

an allocation d is called a-portion fair if di = ad¯for all backlogged .ow i.


As a second challenge, the probing mechanism of ISPYneeds to be carefully engineered as its performance directly affects the effectiveness of ISPY.

the continuous probing performed needs to be light-weight to ensure low probing traf.c.


only with time complexity may not be wellde.ned.

certain notions of complexity may be arbitrarily reduced without a.ecting throughput.


We de.ne the relative popularity as a value that indicates whether a representation is over-assigned (relative popularity greater than one) or under-assigned (relative popularity lesser than one).

let L be a set of representations for a given video and a given resolution.


Let C1, C2, C3, and C4 be four cells which lie within the interference region of each other.


To this end, we track a message dissemination through contacts for the four traces in Table 1.

this investigation focuses on the message dissemination time de.ned as the time it takes for a message originated from a node to reach all nodes connected to the source through a path of length limited to some .xed number of hops.


Choosinga particular optionimpacts bothfairness andthe total rate.Infact,inanywireless network, thereisalwaysatension between maximizing transferrate and ensuringfairnessbecause the best option in terms of rate would always transmit to the client with the best channel and starve the others.Thus,wewant tolook atthe performance in terms of bothfairness and rate maximization.

we compare 802.11-MIMO against three algorithms for picking concurrent clients.


With little attention on ensuring reliability ofOpenFlow switches,dangerexiststhatfailuresinproduction networks could erode trust in this new technology.

the OpenFlow speci.cation changes rapidly, and allows for di.erent interpretations.


However, the limitation of this method is that C-PNSS only considers situation in which the sensing range r is equal to communication range R. As shown in .gure 2, node A, which is in the center, is fully covered by nodes B, C, D and E. Unfortunately, such a case is ignored by the central angle method mentioned in the C-PNSS because nodes C, D and E will not be considered neighbors.

because node Awill not be o.-duty but will instead be considered an edge node, holes can emerge in the intersections among A, C, D and E when C, D and E are out of energy.


Permission np3 has exceptional condition emergency.

when emergency condition occurs, nurse can perform preparation of medicine.


Moreover, audiovisual contents are expected to be consumed anywhere, anytime and anyhow.

it is expected that by 2013, the sum of all forms of video (TV, VoD, Internet video and P2P) will exceed 90% of global consumer IP traffic [12].


A TPinthe mid-rangein terms ofnumber of customers(10-50 customers) caneitherbe .t orun.t,depending onthenumber of peers it connects to.

tPs in this range that connect to too many peers are un.t.


SWIFT instead uses a technique we call adaptive sensing, which closes the loop by taking advantage of the observation that many narrowband devices react in some perceivable way if wideband transmissions disrupt their transmissions.

a large class of narrowband technologies in the unlicensed spectrum reacts to interference, either at lower layers (e.g., carrier-sense and autorate) or higher layers (e.g., TCP or end-user backoff).


We propose an access control scheme for SDN controllers based on OpenFlow that to the best of our knowledge is the .rst that addresses (1) to (4).

our proposal is more comprehensive than previously proposed schemes, e.g., the ones in [1 3, 5, 6].


SPEEDING UP A DIFFUSION PROCESS In this section, we analyze the impact of the network dynamics and the adoption of centrality walks on the di.usion process in dynamic complex networks.

in order to compare the performance of the di.usion algorithms, we de.ne .t as the ratio of reachable nodes at snapshot Gt: P rt(u) .u.Vt .t = , (4) |Vt| where rt(u)is the total number of nodes reachable from node u over snapshot Gt.to avoid a bias on only considering the result for the best positioned node for di.usion, we take the conservative approach of considering the average case scenario for all nodes in the network.


The followings are functions of W-MAIL that are useful in such a manner: Threaded mail display In this function, short mails that have a causal relation are displayed in a chat-viewer manner.

for each message, the sender name and the word are displayed in one line.


Inorder to covera wide range of failure scenarios, we expand the distribution space of all parameters (the 6s tolerance windows) beyond their tolerable variation margins given by the process.

in Nominal Parameter Figure 4: The distribution of circuit level and block level parameters used in Monte Carlo simulations order to inject faults, we generate a wider distribution space for all parameters and randomly sample from this space.


We then study the results by the same power-spectrum methods used to study the empirical data.


As a result, the block region for collision avoidance is four segments.

vehicles in Si, Si±4, Si±4m can stay at the active state at the same time slot.


In scenario 2, the MN mobility changes the AR's network interface to the MN.

the serving AR remains the same but routing changes internal to the AR.


5 /m2 energy model a 4 ß1 45×10-9 J/bit ß2 10-15 J/bit/m4 ß3 135×10-9 J/bit  5.2 Comparison with Other Algorithms We compare the proposed algorithms with two other algorithms: (i) Optimal lists: the transmission range lists are obtained by enumerating all available lists and selecting the lists with maximal lifetime; (ii) Maximal range: the algorithm is presented by [1], in which all nodes in each corona have the same transmission range of the maximal transmission radius and all sensors whose distance to the sink is less than the maximal transmission radius should transmit data directly to the sink.

parameters related to CETT are as follows: MAXCOUNT = 200, TIMERANGE = 0.5.


In the following sections, we describe the performance evaluation in detail.

section 4.1 shows the scenarios and the default parameters used in our analysis.


In retrospect, one might have predicted that .ghts over trademarks would be a tussle space, and made sure that the names that expressed trademarks were used for as little else as possible.

one might imagine separate strategies to deal with the issues of trademark, naming mailbox services, and providing names for machines that are independent of location (the original and minimal purpose of the DNS).


We model this as an assignment problem that is tailored for the typical startopology TDMA transmission of WBSNs, but it can be also (n) adapted to a contention access protocol (in fact, the .tx s can be statistically determined as the average amount of time a node can successfully transmit per second, as shown in [19] for the CSMA/CA).

the MAC protocol has to .nd a number k(n) for each node n such that:  (n)(n)(n)(n) .tx = k· d = Ttx fout +O f,.mac , (1) out where Ttx(·) denotes the transmission time required to send the speci.ed amount of data, and depends on the physical radio.


On the other hand, TCP has been shown to be problematic in this type of networks [1].

tCP confuses network partitions with path congestion.


We observe that, despite the differences between geographi- cal region, time of day, link rate and average traffic rate, each exhibit a roughly similar biscaling behaviour.

two sepa- rate scaling regimes, separated by a remarkably invariant transi- tion timeseale or knee in the plots at around lsec.


MV-MAX deviates from traditional opportunistic scheduling because scheduling media access for cellular users is di.erent from scheduling media access for vehicles that occasionally pass roadside access points.

cellular users expect to be connected all the time, thus the scheduler does not have the .exibility to temporarily restrict access to a user, even if the user is currently experiencing poor signal quality and servicing the user would signi.cantly degrade the performance of the entire system.


In our experiments, we use a time lag of four hours as the correlation margin.

we look for co-occurrences between trouble tickets and other event-series within a four-hour window.


Because it relies on the network, delay, accuracy and availability cannot be controlled.

the shortcuts that are available to closely coupled storage do not apply to network storage.


Thus, because Equation (2) assumes that RTO = minRTO for T>minRTO, while this is not the case in the period (minRTO,minRTO +2RTT), Equation (2) behaves as an upper bound in practice.

periodic DoS streams are not ' 3The relationship between land lis explored in Section 4.


In other words, the improvement of the packet reception probability is achieved at a huge cost of the number of packet transmissions and it is not clear if such an improvement in worthy at the application level.

for positioning tracking algorithm, which is one of the key elements to support safety applications, the accuracy relies very much on the number of GPS coordinate updates one can receive from neighboring vehicles.


If the fabric schedules .ows as discussed above, the need for rate control is minimal.

we do not need rate control to prevent spurious packet drops due to bursts, as can occur for example in Incast [19] scenarios.


We consider online, myopic bandwidth allocations.

the bandwidth allocation at time t only depends on the queue-size vector Mptq.


Instead of storing the entire position map in the client s local memory, the client can store it in a smaller ORAM on the server.

this position map ORAM needs to store N log(N)-bit labels.


The sender and receiver nodes, however, are not required to remain awake for entire time indicated for a data packet.

once the receiver completes receipt of the data packet and has returned the ACK, it may turn off its radio and go to sleep if desired, saving energy; likewise with the sender, once it receives the ACK.


First, we de.ne the concept of spectrumwise disjointedness between multiple paths to achieve high throughput.

if multiple paths do not have any contending/interfering bands between one another, these paths are spectrumwise disjoint.


[25] describe an infrastructure for driver assistance.

they focus on immediate vehicle vicinity awareness and highway tra.c conditions.


That is, once the authoritative node for a particular global state is found by DHT, a client node keeps the connection to the authoritative node in order to receive latest updates directly and to request modi.cation of the data.

zoning layer con.nes the update request and noti.cation within single zone, and zoning layer depends on DHT layer for data storage and rendezvous.


This estimate, Twait, is a commitment and is strictly adhered to by IQU.

when the estimated maximum wait time for a user elapses, the user is immediately granted access to the network.


Having said that, we can make the observation that not all host changes are equal.

changes above the transport layer are easier to deploy than changes below the transport layer.


The impact of each single parameter on performance of the sensor network, has been analyzed in several previous papers [5][6][7][9][11].

the authors of [11] have shown, through analysis and simulations, that in a star topology the packet delivery probability provided by the 802.15.4 CSMA/CA algorithm increases monotonically with the values of macMinBE, macMaxCSMABackoffs, and macMaxFrameRetries.


Rather than rely on heavyweight replacement of interdomain routing in order to achieve new functionality, we advocated building an extreme degree of extensibility into the interdomain routing system itself.

while evolution is possible, extending extensible protocols is far easier and should be the adoption path of choice when possible.


Session Initiation Protocol Improvement Using Inter-Asterisk eXchange Octavio J. Salcedo Parra Neil Orlando Diaz Martinez Gustavo López Rubio Intelligent Internet Research Group Intelligent Internet Research Group Intelligent Internet Research Group Universidad Distrital Francisco José Universidad Distrital Francisco José Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca de Caldas de Caldas Campus de Madrid Facultad de Ingeniería Facultad de Ingeniería Facultad de Ingeniería Bogotá DC, Colombia Bogotá DC, Colombia Madrid, España 05713239300 05713239300 05713239300 osalcedo@udistrital.edu.co neil_or@yahoo.com gustavo.lopez@upsam.net ABSTRACT Within the VolP networks environment, there are three protocols that solve the problem of voice packet signaling, known as "highlight protocols": H323, SIP and IAX.

this document focuses on a specific difference between SIP and IAX: the bandwidth, which is an essential parameter in order to design and optimize a VoIP network for an organization.


To account for the varying degrees of certainty when using these data sets, we distinguish between three different classes when quantifying back-of.ce traf.c.

we consider backof.ce traf.c caused by servers in our CDN data set (IPs-CDN), caused by servers we identi.ed using DPI and manual inspection (IPs-DPI+Manual) and the back-of.ce traf.c caused by servers identi.ed using the ZMap data set (IPs-ZMap).


Fair Sharing of Bandwidth in VANETs Marc Torrent-Moreno Institute of Telematics University of Karlsruhe Germany  torrent @tm.uni-karlsruhe.de Paolo Santi Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR Pisa, Italy  paolo.santi @iit.cnr.it Hannes Hartenstein Institute of Telematics University of Karlsruhe Germany   hartenstein @rz.uni-karlsruhe.de ABSTRACT We address the challenge of how to share the limited wireless channel capacity for the exchange of safety-related information in a fully deployed vehicular ad hoc network (VANET).

we study the situation that arises when the number of nodes sending periodic safety messages is too high in a speci.c area.


The topic of secure routing for MANETs has been studied extensively in recent years [20, 14], and many of the same mechanisms used to secure routing can also be applied to Hermes.

hermes could be applied to one of the secure routing protocols proposed in the literature [9, 8].


ByNetwork Coding (NC) we mean thatthe re-encoding weight is variable on all nodes.

all nodes may create and send new linear combinations of existing coded fragments.


The idea is to force this small team of k = |S|mobile hosts to move fast enough so that they cover (in su.ciently short time) the entire network area (the move of the rest is not a.ected by the protocol).

support members move performing concurrent and independent random walks in the network area.


1.1 Objectives QuantumFuture has its core on the research of communications at the quantum limit.

the frontier for the single photon communications that we are tackling is the free-space, which has been so far restricted within laboratory.


This is signi.cant because it implies that the gains and losses of customers are increasingly shared by a larger set of providers.

the Internet is not heading towards an oligopoly or consolidation of providers; instead, the market of 0.1 0.1 competing providers is increasing in size.


In particular, we can de.ne sub-scenarios and abstract them using the technique of protocol abstraction.

we de.ne an abstract protocol on top of the protocol at which the scenario messages occur.


Exploiting network proximity: ROFL exploits network proximity to reduce routing stretch by maintaining proximity-based .ngers in addition to successor pointers.

when selecting .ngers at each level of the hierarchy, ROFL tries to select .ngers that are nearby in the physical network.


This constraint is designed to focus on low-latency .ows.

if a server in a data center communicates with servers within this data center and servers in the Internet simultaneously, our RTT constraint leaves those long RTT (and low throughput) TCP .ows untouched.


In the presence of multiple tiers of cells, however, mobile UEs may experience internetworking issues among di.erent tiers.

vertical hando.s (i.e., hando.s made between two BSs in di.erent tiers) are introduced [41].


USENIX Association WitMeMo 05: International Workshop on Wireless Traffic Measurements and Modeling 2 Mobility Metric De.nitions While fading links are the norm in wireless communication networks [11], the existing literature on mobility in MANETs concentrates on binary links.

links are understood to be on or off at any point in time.


4.3 Finding the distance-constrained tour Recall that the MS starts from the depot in the roadmap, moves along roads with high quality gains, and returns to the depot, subject to the length constraint L. To .nd such a closed tour, we adopt the similar idea in [13].

we convert this optimization problem into the distanceconstrained shortest path problem, which has been extensively studied [14, 15].


2.2 Geocast Group Construction One of the major problems in geocasting for mobile cellular networks is the mapping of the boundaries of the geocast zone onto the cellular layout in a cost effectively and timely manner.

the Base stations that axe serving any part of the geocast zone need to be deter- mined and alerted to the geocast session.


Based on the relationship between incentives and costs, we classify attackers into two categories: (a) rational attackers have concerns about the costs associated with their attacks.

when the same incentive can be obtained by two attacks with di.erent costs, rational attackers will pick the one with a lower cost.


The projects mainly consist of manholes, ducts, channels, fiber optics, points of interconnection, together with the installation of the passive and active equipment in order to provide the basic broadband access in the public sector buildings.

a broadband infrastructure based on optic fibres will be installed across the cities and several public collocations points will be created.


The possible ways to spread multiple copies have been investigated in several proposals [34, 31].

spray-and-Wait (SaW) [31] has been proposed to achieve a trade-off between network resource (memory and energy) consumption and performance.


We take such a time instant as our embedded point.

the nth (n =1, 2, ...) embedded point corresponds to the beginning of the nth on-period.


However,while multipath routing algorithms can tolerate network failures well,their failure resilience only holds if the paths are selected judiciously.

the correlation between the failures of the paths in a redundant path set should be as small as possible.


It generalizes a simple switching element, such as the tablebased crossbar switch in Autonet [19], to an abstract object that is more representative of a protocol layer in a general communication network.

in addition to switching messages, an ASE can carry out more complex actions, such as swapping header labels and encapsulating a message into another.


In fact, even in extreme cases where a partition forms weird shapes, for any .>k such that we have W.(t.id, t) n S .Ø, far nodes in = S that have lookup spirals intersecting these location points are also able to locate t. As for node failures, our scheme provides immediate fallback due to the multiplicity of location points that store information about any node.

when a node s searching for t.id encounters a faulty location point, it simply skips it and moves on to the next higher level.


Table 5: The minimum average hop distance in the clustering of Washington DC (66094 nodes) Clusters Avg hop dist Max cluster size 17 4.28 5396 18 4.18 5401 19 4.05 5397 20 3.93 5409 21 3.86 5331 22 3.79 5295 23 3.73 5161 24 3.65 4530 25 3.56 5327 26 3.50 5165 Table 6: The minimum average hop distance in the clustering of Rotterdam (94713 nodes) Clusters Avg hop dist Max cluster size 24 3.37 7034 25 3.30 6264 26 3.18 6264 27 3.11 6264 28 3.07 6415 29 3.05 6415 30 3.01 5837 31 2.90 4736 32 2.87 5173 33 2.84 5173 Our tests also showed that 70 - 90% of the time is spent on achieving an improvement in average hop distance of less then 2%, and in rare situations this improvement can be at most 10%.

increasing the size of the local neighborhood beyond 25 neighbors does not result in a signi.cant improvement in the average hop distance.


We stress that the RTT variability measured within each individual .ow-id is quite low, especially compared to the variability measured by ping.

ping reports jitter approximately .ve times greater than the largest per .ow-id jitter.


In fact, by the above joint-state constructions insecure protocols can be turned into secure ones (see Figure 1).

since real-world security protocols typically do not use pre-established SIDs, at least not explicitly and not in the particular way stipulated by the theorems, the joint state composition theorems are unsuitable for the modular and faithful analysis of such protocols; at most idealized/modi.ed protocols, but not the original real-world protocols, can be analyzed in this modular way.


In that context, hi,e is interpreted as a .tness of a given game, and hi(Q) is the mean value of hi,e in the above sense.

solutions are known to satisfy the following theorem(aninstanceof the so-called evolutionarygame theory s folk theorems) [19].


The di.er- Figure 8: The Average CDF of Error Distance with Clustering in (a) Scenario 1 and (b) Scenario 2 ences in the average CDFs of the error distance between the two clustering methods and without clustering is minimal (less than 0.05, for error distances less than 4m and negligible at larger distances).

no signi.cant di.erence in the probability of selecting a location is observed if clustering is used.


The measured median link margin is 1.63dB and the average is 1.94dB.

typically there is a considerable amount of slack between the data rate used by the transmission and the data rate the channel could actually support.


A semantically secure protocol is one in which the communications do not reveal any advantageous information to the adversary [21].

there may be some correlation between hAB and hAE , especially if Eve is physically close to Bob, and thus it might be possible for Eve to estimate certain bits (such as sign bits) of hAB and this, combined with partial decoding, can allow her to infer some bit values of x, or to narrow down the possible decodings of y .


A node should only consider the idle time intervals that would allow access to the medium.

idle times shorter than IEEE 802.11 s DIFS, which is the minimum time during which the medium shall stay idle prior to a frame transmission, are not considered when computing of Tidle(S).


The main actions that are made available to agents are internal actions in Jason (see Table I).

nodes may send messages, sense the environment, set hardware power and state, and conduct special actions for saving, and custom computation messages.


Another possibility is for the sender to interleave packets from multiple messages (N-blocks).

a sender whose diversity policy calls for distributing packet transmissions of a message across b channels could use b distinct messages and rotate the assignment of their packets across the available channels.


But more importantly, when combined with the analysis of the aggregation of trees in Figure 5, these results suggest that the FIBs of even the most central routers would remain manageable under current hardware technology.

our analysis suggests that routing in an information-centric network can scale, despite or perhaps thanks to the use of expressive descriptors.


In case of collision the node can attend only one of the colliding checkpoints, which implies that the corresponding neighbours have to be prepared for a non-present peer.

the master might not poll and the slave might not listen at a checkpoint.


PLT achieves performance that is consistently as good as or better than XCP, while not requiring any infrastructure support that is not already available to enterprises running over VPNs or leased optical channels.

pLT exploits the fact that strict priority queuing is available today on these networks through DiffServ.


To recover the video chunk, a node should receive at least K packets of encoded symbols.

a node should belong to at least K trees.


As illustrated in Figure 5, at the times when the intersymbol interferences from one signal are minimized, the intersymbol interferences from another signal become high.

no matter how much over-sampling the receiver can perform, the samples (c) After decoding Pb, AP applies interference cancelation to remove the signal of Pb.


As can be seen from [3-7], it is suitable for using ULP (unequal Loss Protection) method.

packets of higher priority will be transmitted first in order to upgrade the video quality for the receivers.


Both the percentage and temporal impact of traffic class-2 on the average system time of traffic class-1 are depicted in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.

figure 3 captures the pace in which the impact of traffic class-2 on traffic class-1 increases.


For example, when g(t, N) ~ßt or D(t)= O(1), we have P{TI >t}~e -ßt as expected.

when g(t, N) ~a log t, -a log t -a we get P{TI >t}~ e = t. we get the desired power-law behavior when the length of the V boundary is scaled as D(t) ~ t/(a log t).


However, in most cases an HTrP request is issued when the browser follows a link: either explicitly, when the user clicks on an anchor, or implicitly, via an embedded image or object.

most UTRLs are invisible to the users; they do not care about what name it has.


ARF can be extended naturally to support conservative power control by adding low power states above the highest rate state.

at the highest rate, after a given number of successful sends, transmit power is reduced by a .xed amount.


Our bus architecture supports modules that can both initiate bus transactions and respond to bus transactions initiated by other modules.

such modules can function as both masters and slaves.


The Internet does not currently publish the complete PG, but it is easy to construct an approximation of the PG by aggregating BGP routing tables from multiple vantage points in the network, as is currently done by sites like RouteViews [6] and FixedOrbit [1].

an edge exists between any two vertices X and Y in PG if some BGP routing table contains a path in which ASes X and Y are adjacent.


If x+infs=0[ß(s) -a(s)] =0, it follows from A ~mb (f,a), S~sc (g,ß), Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 2.4.

for the delay, by de.nition, D(t)= inf{d = 0: A(t) = A * (t+ d)}, which implies that, for any x=0, if D(t) >x, there must be A(t) >A * (t+ x), since otherwise if there would be A(t) = A * (t+ x) and we would have D(t) = x which contradicts the condition D(t) >x.if event {D(t) >x} happens, event {A(t) >A * (t+ x)}must happen, or {D(t) >x}.


We assume that this process adds a variance term given simply by that of a binomial random variable.

if there were n .ows in a time unit, then the variance is given by np(1 -p).


denote the Euclidean distance of two wireless nodes u and v. A disk graph is the intersection graph of the set of disks de.ned by wireless nodes V .

two nodes u and v are connected if .uv.n ru + rv .


Then, we present a novel NCbased scheduling algorithm to schedule a set of MSs based on their orthogonality and physical location to maximize their signal quality over a wireless network.

this technique maximizes the overall throughput by minimizing the number of transmission attempts during a retransmission phase.


Moreover, the maximum achievable power seems to depend more on the congestion model (M/M/1 or M/D/1) than the distribution of the network nodes (uniform or according to RWP model).

by evaluating each scenario numerically for different values of d it turns out that the maximum achievable power .max is independent of the transmission range d. the optimal point maximising the power (the ratio between throughput, A(tot) · B, and the mean delay E[T ]) is constant for any value of d. Hence, for a given traf.c topology T de.ning relative traf.c intensities the maximum achievable power is a certain constant and we have .


The CG maps capture the propagation medium per frequency from any point in space and time to any other point [2].

the spatio-temporal evolution of the CG maps is tracked via Kriged Kalman .ltering (KKF), a tool with well-appreciated merits in geostatistics and environmental sciences.


However, implementing this approach on wireless sensor networks still presents signi.cant obstacles.

the previous theoretical work assumes instantaneous communication between nodes.


The online recon.guration procedure is order independent.

any permutation of a failure sequence e1, e2, ··· , en always yields the same routing after online recon.guration has been performed for all links in the permuted failure sequence.


At this, we can use the fact that the face currently traversed can as well be traversed in the opposite direction by switching between left and right hand rule.

when the after crossing variant selects the intersected edge vw and the left hand rule we obtain the opposite face traversal direction by using the right hand rule and starting with the edge lying in clockwise direction from vw.


Ultimately, it is not particularly surprising that we are able to provoke router drops, even with a single .ow running across a single enterprise router, when we consider that this measurement ensemble is constructed with packet rates approaching 16 million packets per second and IPGs of only 72 bits, very close to the ultimate allowed minimum of 40 bits.

the 10GbE standards allows for packet 10For larger input IPDs (1500-Byte packets at 1 and 3 Gbps and 46-Byte packets at 1 Gbps), small sample sizes mask the phenomenon.


It is well-known that the impact of unreliable links manifests itself at the higher layers, specifically on the MAC and routing protocols, significantly impacting aggregate sensor network performance.

one will have to characterize a) the channel rate vs. range/Doppler profiles as a function of frequency, bandwidth, transmit-receive geometry, ocean acoustic parameters etc., and b) theoretical upper bounds on link capacity to explore important trade-offs: since both available bandwidth and channel attenuation increase with frequency, an optimum frequency band/signal bandwidth for our environment can be computed.


The second direction leads amounts to what is sometimes referred to as radical design.

we would like to question some basic assumptions and we intend to explore completely new ideas or old ideas that are generally considered inapplicable or impractical.


However it can be used as a guideline in designing e.cient power policies.

we can 4In this formulation, there are no packet arrivals.


The intuition follows from the conventional abstraction that the analog radio (also known as the RF front-end) is a black-box that takes the digital baseband signal, converts it to analog, up-converts it to the carrier frequency, scales it to the right power and sends it.

the assumption has been that the radio preserves the original baseband signal except for power scaling and frequency shifting.


In addition, we develop techniques to achieve .exibility by designing measurement experiments that maximize the information gain for different design objectives and constraints.

our approach can support the following requirements: (i) differentiated design for providing better resolution to certain parts of the network, (ii) augmented design for conducting additional measurements given existing observations, and (iii) joint design for supporting multiple users interested in different parts of the network.


Given a time sequence of failure scores S = {s0, s1, ..., sn}for a particular edge (or vertex), we use a series of Student s t-tests to determine whether the addition of the latest score s0 introduces a statistically signi.cant change in the sequence of scores.

we are interested in detecting two di.erent score patterns over time, namely spikes and gradual increases, seen in Figure 5.


This choice of path vector might seem ironic, given that our goal is to improve on BGP s path vector routing; but we use path vector only to make pathlets known, not to pick packets routes.

the dissemination path attribute (corresponding to BGP s ASPATH) is used only for detection of loops in the dissemination channel, not as a path along which to route data packets.


u), the removal of node u can thus reduce the transmission power of node v. it can extend the lifetime of node v. We denote such a node u as cv and the lifetime of node v after removing link (v, cv) as .-(v, cv).


The PATS and SAP system presented in this paper similarly uses  OGC s  frameworks  to distribute  and integrate  sensor  data  in standardized formats but local solutions are developed to collect the sensor data from the field.

our use of mesh networking of mobile sensors is included in the framework of a SOS Observatory, as  defined by OGC s  SWE  Geoprocessing workflows [9].


This technique does not require the usual limitations of computational soundness such as the absence of dynamic corruption, the absence of key-cycles or unambiguous parsing of bit strings.

if a key-cycle possibly corrupts CCA2 encryption, our technique delivers an attack.


We de.ne an address as a special kind of name that does not change along the path.

if an ASE writes a name into a message with the assumption that at least some other ASEs interpret the string to send it to the same destination, it becomes an address.


We say that a data series has a log-log slope function C(n) if, for all i where i = k, w(C(n) * i) <w(i)/n,and C(n) is the smallest value satisfying this criteria (n is an integer here).

in order to achieve a factor of n reduction in the value, one should go a factor of C(n) deeper down the list.


we plan to conduct large-scale tests to evaluate the scalability of our algorithms.


One conclusion from that work is that .le synchronization works best for di.erent versions of the same page.

.le synchronization allows e.cient revisiting of slightly changed pages even after a long period of time, without having to store anything at the proxy.


We worked around this problem similarly to how In.niband and other Linux TCP o.oad implementations do.

we use the In.niband SDP [3] approach to dynamically change the application address family into AF INET VNET using a preload library.


TheDTN gateway hasa .xedlocationwithin the geographical area, with communication functions and capabilities similar to those of an ordinary mobile node.

the gateway is assumed to have a limited transmission range, and can communicate only with the nodes within its transmission range.


The "I need help" situation is reserved for those cases where the user needs information about the network operation, phone numbers, etc.

the cases where the user needs generic help 7 and also the cases where the user wants to contact a standard emergency service 8.


Recent trends in network control and management techniques represent the chance to actually implement the aforementioned functions and consider the hybrid network infrastructure as a highly .exible programmable entity.

the Software De.ned Networking (SDN) approach is de.nitely reshaping the way today s networks are designed and operated [6].


ARO then performs a series of analyses across several layers.

the RRC (Radio Resource Control) state machine analysis accurately infers the radio states from packet traces so that ARO has a complete view of radio resource and radio energy utilization during the entire data collection period.


These provide a number of services to the architecture, some of which are described in Section 2.2.6.

it is to the back end servers that system users connect to submit application requests/queries for execution in the sensor tier, and to retrieve and visualize sensed data.


ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSIONS We now consider the scenarios where nodes transmit asynchronously.

we consider the following asynchronous slotted model.


In our communication model, a node receiving a ReqGen request only responds when it is responsible for managing the requested key.

the metric regards a request as failed if the preceding key lookup in Chord yields an incorrect result.


In practice, the channel quality of wireless hosts can vary signi.cantly, both for mobile and stationary nodes [16].

a node s received signal is composed of both a line-of-sight component as well as numerous delayed signals re.ected o. of surroundingobjects.


THE INTERFERENCE NUMBER In this section, we introduce a new link metric for estimating interference, which is a generalization of coverage, and we propose a metric to measure interference in multi-hop communications.

as observed in the previous section, the de.nition of coverage is purely geometric, and it relies on the assumption of perfect circular coverage of the radio signal.this de.nition relies on a speci.c radio channel model, which does not account for shadowing and fading e.ects.Other notions of interference have been recently proposed in [11] and in [12], but they are similar to coverage in that they also are purely geometric de.nitions and rely on a speci.c radio channel model.


In contrast, semantic features provide greater .exibility in storage management.

users can express richer policies, such as, ensuring at least K copies of .les, out of which M can be of lower resolutions, where the resolution is no lower than a certain threshold.


Also each link (u, v) has an error probability, denoted by e(u, v), which is the probability that a transmission over link (u, v) is not successful.

node u must consume at least w(u, v) power to have a chance of 1 - e(u, v) to transmit a packet to node v. No transmission is possible otherwise.


As we further increase prepending, a number of ASes (enclosed by the blue dashed line) move to the AS12976 subtree.

the migration of the AS12976 subtree facilities other route changes.


Knowledge of groups can greatly enhance many aspects of communicationinDTNs,including unicast[4], anycast and multicast routing, information access control, and privacy.

it has been shown that contacting a node s group or a.liation is an e.ective and e.cient .rst step towards contacting the node itself [4].


This means that a real protocol needs to allow for the grouping of instances by whatever mechanism (where the mechanisms is typically intertwined with the rest of the protocol).

the grouping is part of the protocol, and hence, can now be precisely modeled and analyzed.


However, this does not mean that all .ow setups should be mediated by a central controller.

micro.ows (a micro.ow is equivalent to a speci.c end-to-end connection) can be divided into three broad categories: security-sensitive .ows, which must be handled centrally to maintain security properties; signi.cant .ows, which should be handled centrally to maintain global QoS and congestion properties; and normal .ows, whose setup can be devolved to individual switches.


By locally collecting and analyzing smartphone application traces, we found periodic transfers are caused by multiple factors such as polling, keepalive messages for push-based services, advertisement transfers, and user-behavior measurement.

we found popular applications that either unnecessarily (e.g., Facebook) or aggressively(e.g., Pandora andTextfree)issueperiodic transfers,leading to signi.cant waste of radio resources andhandset energy.


However, since the MR is responsible for the mobility management for mobile nodes in its mobile network, the context of the binding update is changed to network prefix binding update.

consider the example in Figure 2, when HMR2 obtains LCoAHMR2 and RCoAHMR2, HMR2 will send a network prefix binding update to MAPHMR to bind the NetworkPrefixHMR2 with LCoAHMR2 such that packets destined to the mobile network of HMR2 will be routed to LCoAHMR2.


Any changes in the context information may trigger an extended hand-over event.

changes in spectrum availability, regulatory, service availability, user mobility and preference may prompt changes in operation frequency, access point, service point, type of service etc.


For example, for a link with PRR = 50%, ETX of the link = 1/0.5 + 1/0.5 = 4; 2 for packet transmission and another 2 for acknowledgement.

4 transmissions on average are required to pass a packet through the link.


In practice, Route Discovery is almost never required in our testbed so we have not optimized it.

lQSR nodes do not reply to Route Requests from their link cache.


We enhance SDN to perform the demanding task of handling high volume DDoS tra.c.

we devise an approach to blocking unwanted tra.c while still letting desired traf.c through.


Recognizing these facts and challenges, we note that oftentimes mobile users are .exible on the travel paths, and that there typically exist many alternative paths for a pair of source and destination in metro areas.

mobile users may be willing to tradeoff certain extra travel delay (or travel distance) to their destinations for better network access quality on a trip, especially when such a trip can be planned in advance.


We model the VN embedding problem with a network utility maximization problem.

we assume that Pareto optimality is sought among physical nodes, possibly belonging to different infrastructure or cloud c providers with potentially different goals.


Though a node might have waited to interact directly with f +1 origins, we expedite the process though a path veri.cation mechanism.

a node forwards the message even before adopting it.


It holds that G is 3-colorable exactly if the maximum total throughput is Tmax = ftop - fbot.

if G is 3-colorable, each sender wi with color ci in the original graph is assigned a time-spectrum block (0,8,fbot +(ci -1)(ftop -fbot)/3,(ftop -fbot)/3).


Separate data and control plane: The clean separation of the data and control planes allows us to use almost-always available cellphone links for the control plane, and opportunistic WiFi or Bluetooth links for the data plane.

using the lightweight control plane for routing updates allows us to overcome pathological routing problems that arise when routing or location updates are delayed.


The other methods performed worse but still quite well.

they were able to follow the signal but their detection performance was smaller.


Leveraging short-range communication does not come without cost or complication.

users will need to tolerate both the energy drain from additional short-range radio use and the ful.llment delay encountered by nodes forced to wait until they meet peers who have the content needed to ful.ll their requests.


With this paper we provide a .rst account of the e.ect of di.erent models of mobility on a typical ad hoc clustering organization.

we consider a basic clustering algorithm, the Distributed and Mobility Adaptive Clustering (DMAC) [7] protocol, and we evaluate its performance when the network nodes move according to the random way point mobility model, the random walk mobility model (Brownian motion) [12] and the Manhattan mobility model [20].


Assuming that the interference radius is only a constant factor larger than the transmission radius, this broadcast algorithm .nishes in O(T Dlogn) time with high probability.

even on a slow Mica2 radio all nodes can be reached in less than a second.


In the event that the server receives an incorrectly formatted message, or one with clearly incorrect data (such as a report of a thousand OVC in a given village), instead of entering incorrect data into the 16 http://zope.org database, the system flags the message for review by a human operator.

messages that cannot be properly parsed are flagged, and depending on the data, we could implement range-validation as well, which will only allow specific, reasonable ranges of values for different fields.


The emulation architecture requires for the PROSES implementation to be modified and adapted.

the GPS position device used in PROSES implementation has been emulated so the nodes positions are read from the EXata .nodes file.


4 Markov Chain Model of Separation In Section 3 we derived the PDF of the distance between a given pair of nodes in epoch m+1, m .

z+, given the separation distance in epoch m. the separation distance in epoch mcan be represented as a random variable, Lm.


It is clearly emphasized that the BE approach outperforms GP in this respect.

if the price is relatively low, BE can admit a percentage of users close to 90%, even though the capacity is scarce.


In popular DNSBL designs, the return code will be NXDomain (domain not exist) if the target hostname does not hit the blacklist.

73.9% of DNSBL queries return NXDomains, which gives DNSBL queries signi.cantly higher failure odds than other query types.


Leveraging the acquired PoP locations, we examine the implications of geofootprint of eyeball ASes on their connectivity to the rest of the Internet.

we present a case study that reveals a much more complex picture of AS-level connectivity as compared to what the more traditional but geographyagnostic BGP-or traceroute-based approaches depict.


V of vertices is a vertex cover if for every edge in G, V = contains at least one of its end-vertices.

every edge is dominated by some node from V = .


Using SIP tra.c traces captured in a production VoIP service, we illustrate the characteristics of SIP-based VoIP tra.c behavior in an operational network and demonstrate the e.ectiveness of our general pro.ling methodology.

we show how our pro.ling methodology can help identify performance anomalies through a case study.


Many problems become easier in metrics of bounded doubling dimension [10, 17, 15, 20, 19, 18, 9, 14, 13], including metric embeddings, the traveling salesman problem, compact data structures, distance estimation and .nding nearest neighbors.

doubling metrics can be viewed as a generalization of growth-bounded metrics [16, 10, 6], which have been shown to provide a good approximation of communication cost metrics on the Internet.


4 Network Stamp Availability To provide uptime service-level-agreement (SLA) of a geo-distributed service, a key requirement is to analyze the availability of a network stamp hosting the service and then compute the number of network stamps needed to meet the service SLA.

we need to examine two key aspects: (a) the failure characteristics of the individual components comprising a network stamp, and (b) the effectiveness of network redundancy, typically deployed as a resiliency mechanism, in handling network failures.


The information contained in an event message might have already been provided in bits and pieces by a set of publishers.

a set of previous messages cumulatively contains all the information that the current message is carrying.


While it is well understood that systematically caching the same object everywhere is not necessarily bene.cial for system performance, however conclusive results have yet to emerge from the discussion.

very recent work [16] shows that the most of the caching gain is attainable by simply (and painlessly) caching at the edge of the network.


It consists in relaxing MCFMI to the well-known Integral Minimum-Cost Flow (IMCF)problem [?].

we transform an instance of MCFMI into an instance of IMCF .In[?


Therefore, this set of test results suggests that a hybrid approach might give us the best performance.

a small number of sub-images are combined to form a larger subimages before compression.


The intuition behind landmark clustering is that if two nodes have similar latencies to a common set of landmark nodes, they are likely to be close to each other.

we adopt the technique proposed in [17].


In this paper we present the design and implementation of these protocols on di.erent platforms and extensively study their performance.

we present the design of a library for privacy-preserving reconciliation protocols and provide details on an e.cient C++ implementation of this design.


CONCLUSION Our results show that the performance of WMNs in isolation is less random than several prior studies suggested.

the performance of interference-and noiselimited receivers is di.erent, most likely due to the capture e.ect.


This paper therefore advertises the activation of the video consumption process.

it proposes to enhance HTML5 video playback with interactive features in order to transform video viewing into a dynamic pastime.


We consider protocols for message transmission, in which a trans- mitter a E V wants to transmit a message M to a receiver b E V. We assume that the system is synchronous.

a protocol pro- ceeds in rounds; at the beginning of each round each party v E V sends messages to some of its neighbors in the graph Go.


4.1.2 Grid with random perturbation In this simulation, we put about 3500 nodes on a grid and then perturbed each point by a random shift.

for each original grid node we create two random numbers modulo the length and the width of each block of the grid, the use these two small numbers to perturb the positions of the nodes.


A strategy pro.le s * is a Nash equilibrium (NE) if, for each player i: ** * ui(si ,s -i) = ui(si,s -i), .si .

si (11) in a NE, none of the players can unilaterally change his strategy to increase his payo.. A player can also play each of his pure strategies with some probability using mixed strategies.A mixed strategy xi of player i is a probability distribution de.ned over the pure strategies si.


1.2 Our contribution In this paper, we present the .rst fully distributed algorithm to augment arbitrary bounded growth graphs 1 into navigable small worlds in polylogarithmic time and space.

we optimize the greedy routing performance in any arbitrary bounded growth graph by running a polylogarithmic time and space distributed procedure that will only add one single entry to each address book, without recomputing the distance labeling of its nodes.


Each packet experiences a large amount of processing, queueing and contention at each hop, as shown in Figure 1.

the packet has to be processed at three layers for header stripping etc., re-queued at the network and MAC layers, processed again for header insertion, and re-contend for channel access, with the obligatory backoff and retransmission.


As illustrated in Figure 3, any subspace can be identi.ed by a binary string called a dz-expression.

dz-expressions ful.ll following properties: 1.


Simultaneously achieving all three goals is not possible today.

we need additional control mechanisms, beyond those offered by combining NFV [12] and SDN [29].


Because of this, explicit support for disconnected op- eration needs to be added to the model.

the model needs to be augmented in order to bridge the desire of using a device (along with its accompanying resource lim- itations) as a portal while minimizing the impact of network disconnections.


EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION This section validates the three media engines described in Section 3.2.

we want to show that the dynamics of the playout bu.er queue and of the control action is identical for the three considered media engines.


Based on this estimation, we gain several insights on the safety-level / emergency message resource wastage tradeo..

we .nd that 1Indeed, the study reported in this paper is relevant to all safety applications which require fast and reliable (multihop) dissemination of emergency messages.


In what follows, for simplicity, time is assumed to be slotted, and the slot time is assumed to be equal to the time it takes the attacker to detect lack of channel activity and hop.


Therefore, the network acquires congestion due to the frequent flooding of routing messages.

the link-state update triggered once for every accepted/released call.


Note that in terms of the calculation cost to find the best route, in general, it seems difficult to make an efficient and exact algorithm.

the algorithm to find the best route seems to be NPcomplete.


A .fth motivation that arose after the initial development of TBIT was that of testing not just the TCP behavior of web servers, but also testing the TCP behavior determined by equipment on the path to the server.

the tests of ECN behavior in Section 4.6 are in part testing for the presence of .rewalls and loadbalancers that block access to servers from hosts attempting to negotiate ECN.


Despite the potential business bene.ts and needs, network extension can be technically quite complex and thus pose substantial challenges to the management of modern enterprise networks.

such extensions often have to be incremental instead of a complete restructuring of the existing network infrastructure.


Furthermore, the TW-KEAP is not only a SIP-based key exchange protocol, but also a suitable protocol for the IMS network.


However, there are multiple stages such as scrambling, convolutional encoding, interleaving, and subcarrier mapping sitting between raw data bits and the values encoded on the subcarriers.

the raw data bits are XOR-ed .rst with scrambler bits, which then pass through a convolutional encoder.


We consider the most basic (and convenient) recon.guration option as the building element of re-optimization: To move a cell from its current TA to a new one.

the output of the re-optimization process consists in a subset of cells that have changed TAs, and the new TA of each of these cells.


EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED For our experiments, we used two types of PCs: PC of type H: They were traffic generators and measurers.

hosts that generate packet traffic and measure throughput, delay, loss rate, etc.


In this method, the number of the candidatelocationsdepends only upon the number of neighbor nodes.

the total candidate locations will be eight times the number of 1-hop neighbors if the .xed candidate is based on a regular octagon shape.


To further enhance the decoding success rate, we can use synchronization to keep the offset between signals within the CP duration.

the sender divides time into equal sized slots and startstransmitting anewframeonly atthebeginning of anew slot.


One way to deal with the high concentration of data on the nodes in sparse region or near network holes is to use rejection sampling [27].

we select a random geographical location g ' and round to the closest sensor node g. But we only accept the node g with probability A/(cnA(g)), where A(g)is the Voronoi cell area of node g, Ais the total area of the domain from which g ' is selected, n is the number of sensors, and c is a suf.ciently large universal constant to make sure A/(cnA(g)) = 1.


Similar approaches for providing recommendations considering security and QoS are most of them focused on service composition, as is the case of [4] and [5], or in providing recommendations but to be implemented in devices as in [1].

in [6] a friendly tool to simplify the decisions of the user on the selection of security goals is proposed.


One of the significant operations for enhancing QoS parameters, such as reliability and delay, is congestion control in the networks.

the congestion control is used to ensure safe and reliable communication without delay.


layer(s in terms of avoiding the congested regions or blockages, due to the nature of pattern routing.

the algorithms in [8] were allowed to change mainly the ordering of the segments to avoid congestion.


However, we can use Bloom .lters to avoid lookups in subsets that contain no matching rules, making it possible to sustain high throughput.

we demonstrate a method, based on Bloom .lters and hash tables, that can classify a packet in 4 + p+ o memory accesses where o is a small constant « 1 determined by the false positive probability of the Bloom .lters.


In this paper we address the fundamental and practical question whether the load on the wirelesschannel canbe reducedifperiodicbeacon messages are transmitted over multiple hops with reduced transmit power instead ofbeing transmittedover one hop with high transmit power.

welookatthepossible bandwidthsavings that canbe achieved by piggybacking forwarded messages into the own next beacon transmission.


Thus we can argue that we are presenting optimistic but reasonable results.

our results are within the range of other work.


IP uni.es the underlying forwarding mechanisms and the routing identi.ers providing end-to-end tranparency.

the whole intermediate network appears to be homogeneous with a wellde.ned topology as far as the endpoint is concerned.


Hence, the evaluation of covering relationship as false, when it is actually true, can affect the routing efficiency, but can not affect the routing accuracy.

false negatives reduce routing efficiency, but do not affect routing accuracy.


(5) holds for all S .C-{F} if it holds for all S'.


The .rst important observation is that the OC cache ensures a substantial performance gain over the epidemic scheme.

for the least popular channel the time to reach a hit ratio equal to one is one order of magnitude shorter when using the OC cache.


8(a), the segment loss rate of the 7-retry system is less than 35% when the background traffic arrival rate is 100 packets per second, but it becomes 94.42% when delay constraint is applied.

almost all packets in the 7-retry system are too delayed to be useful when they arrive at the receiver.


In addition, the number of active threads shown 19000 18500Samples (1 sample = 5 seconds) Figure 4: Number of TCP resets during normal load and DoS attack 580 in Figure 5, shows a spike at the time of execution of the security test which did not recover fully from the DoS at tack.

the number of active threads remaining in the post-attack baseline time frame is about 555, which is larger than the original number of baseline threads (about 540-550.)


Moreover, since the former method filter out any web traffic on port 80 and other non-TCP connections, the entropy of it will be smaller.

the sample data is smaller and the ununiformity is more obvious.


A second question is How much tra.c will want to move again ?

how dynamic will tra.c be  in a user-directed routing regime.


ef.cient, but they are not well suited to building pipelines more complex than a single processing function.

they do not directly provide ef.cient support for splitting packets across divergent processing paths for example, sending packets through different downstream code paths as a result of routing lookups or IDS matches.


3.2.2 Logical Broadcast Neighborhood To control query replication in the same physical neighborhood, RECOWER reduces the query distribution scope by imposing that a single broadcast message is considered only by a subset of the current physical broadcast neighbors.

by always using a single broadcast transmission, our CDDI imposes which neighbors have to consider the received query.


Besides, occasionally some sensors may be added to the network for a better performance [29].

nodes/links may come and go [8], which consequently incurs the dynamics in the network topology.


In particular, 1% of endpoints account for more than 60% of the traf.c, and 5% endpoints carry more than 95% of traf.c in all cases.

we apply the endpoint approach to classify traf.c for the Asian and S. American ISPs for which we have packet-level traces.5 we do this in two phases.


This has two implications for our setup.

unless one changes the FPGA code, one cannot consistently send synchronous 802.11 acks on time.


However, the very mechanisms that make TCP so reliable also make it perform poorly when network conditions are not ideal.

tCP interprets packet loss as network congestion, and reduces its sending rate when loss is detected.


Additionally, a packet loss rate up to ei is acceptable, and this parameter is the important criteria to determine whether a .ow is lagging or leading.

a .ow fi is de.ned to be lagging if its packet loss rate is above its acceptable loss rate ei.


Since .ooding overhead will rapidly increase when the network scale grows up, the hierarchical mechanism, shown as Figure 2, is no doubt a mechanism to reduce the redundant control overhead.

only part of nodes, Routing Agents, should keep Dynamic Global Information, i.e.


ai,t for t > tnow or a set of events Zf consisting of multiple Zi,f s. Such a set could, for instance, be representing visibility changes of a complete 802.11 network consisting of multiple access points.

we are interested in events where ai,t-1 = 1 and ai,t = 0 because this paper deals with out-of-range prediction.


As illustrated in Figure 4, any subspace can be identi.ed by a binary string called a dz-expression.

dzexpressions ful.ll following properties: 1.


the characteristic function V (S)= {(rn)n.N .XN : {rn}n.S = {k}k.S and rm = m, .m .N S } for each coalition S. N .

here the condition {rn}n.S =  m by adopting the cooperation strategy (rm)m.S ,the coalition S is a group that is mutually the best for all its members [3].


This paper proposes an application level approach to enhance the service coverage and availability of emergency services.

we augment these services with All-IP network infrastructure based on IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).


eMule supports both a centralized architecture, referred to as eMule network, and a DHT system, referred to as Kad network.

eMule servers do not store any .les, but they only maintain a database of .les and users per .le.


This family of standards de.nes the architecture, communication model, management structure, security mechanisms and physical access for wireless communications in the vehicular environment.

the IEEE 802.11p MAC layer interacts with the IEEE 1609.4 [1] to enable multichannel operations of IEEE 802.11p-based radio interfaces.


Because one can take down the entire network by attacking the centralized server, as was the case with the legal attack on Napster [1], most of the peer-to-peer networks have since then abandoned a completely centralized search index in favor of distributed search primitives.

the three most popular peer-to-peer networks, that is, the eDonkey, FastTrack, and Gnutella networks, which have approximately between 1,000,000 and 3,000,000 users each,2 all rely on two-tiered hierarchical topologies, where nodes are split between leaf nodes and hubs (called ultrapeers in Gnutella, supernodes in FastTrack, and servers in eDonkey).


So we want to eliminate the unstable branches on the medial axis and keep those that correspond to genuine geometric features.

we disregard those unstable medial nodes whose closest boundary nodes are on the same boundary and are within a small distance.


5.1 Kernel support While the Linux TCP stack required fairly deep modi.cation, a key aspect to both the design and implementation of TFO is that it does not affect TCP congestion control.

since congestion control only takes place after TCP s handshake completes, and TFO is only in use during the handshake, the two are entirely separate.


This leads to a less than ideal environment for creating high-quality user interfaces, adapted to the capabilities of individual devices.

such interfaces cannot recognize and utilize device-specific resources available on some devices, such as a scroll wheel or hard buttons.


Basically it adopts service-oriented architecture (SOA) and provides its functionalities for NOCs (Network Operations Centers) and PERTs (Performance Response Teams).

perfSONAR provides various network performance analysis tools including end-to-end lightpath monitoring between multiple research network NOCs.


Our experiment revealed that a temperature change a.ects only averagedrift and not clockdriftjitters.

the clock drifts around the average (estimated from last 2 drift samples) within an almost constantwindow -around10 ticksinourexperiment regardless of the changing temperature.


what information about failures is is necessary to circumvent any (asynchronous) impossibility and yet su.cient to circumvent some impossibility.

we seek for the minimal non-trivial information about failures or, in the parlance of Chandra et al.


We want our model to be simple and practical, so that it can be readily deployed, and to cover a wide range of physical layer con.gurations, so that it can be applied in many settings and for many tasks.

the scope of our model is 802.11n including multiple antenna modes, of which single antenna 802.11a/g is a subset.


Let z be any intermediate node in the path q(u, v).

the displacement of z from f is the perpendicular (Euclidean) distance from x(z)to f. The deviation of q(u, v) from f, denoted deviation(q), is the maximum displacement of any intermediate node z of q from f.deviation(q) measures how closely the path q(u, v) stays to the straight line (geodesic) from x(u)to x(v).


While our optimization problems have been formulated in the context of data communication in networks, our problems also have applications to network design and multicommodity facility location.

the minimum-cost 2-spanner problem studied by Dodis and Khanna [6] and Kortsarz and Peleg [14, 15], is a special case of our data dissemination problem under the unicast model for non-metric cost functions.


3.2 Challenges to Manycast Ad hoc networks create some unique challenges to manycast communication support.

the combination of ad hoc network characteristics and on-demand operation forces manycast implementation into the network layer.


The CRKIT platform acts a physical layer extension to the current radio nodes, allowing ORBIT users to experiment with lower wireless physical layers as well as the higher protocol and application layers.

the wide RF tuning range and real-time aspects of the platform will prove to be fundamental to experimental research in Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques.


We rithm [17] in ACMod to extract the short preamble signals use three WiFi APs to emulate the signal sources, and we .x from the 802.11 frames.

we set a buffer at each their locations in each of the test sites.


Here, we consider the worst case: the maximum number of table entries.

each VM running on a work server has a di.erent LNID.


Sel.sh behavior has many implications for connectivity management.

it creates additional incentives for nodes to rewire, not only for operational purposes (bootstrapping and substituting nodes that went o.-line), but also for seizing opportunities to incrementally maximize the local connection quality to the overlay.


Salient features of a Stealth DHT are that it maintains a single overlay, and that any source node (including stealth nodes) uses the original routing decision process found in traditional DHTs to choose the .rst hop of their message.

the original DHT routing is used for super-peer selection on a per message basis, meaning there exists no single point of failure in the Stealth DHT approach preserving all of the bene.ts of traditional DHTs whilst enabling super-peering.


One problem we care about is whether one can realize every possible degree.

the question could be reformed as whether the map h is surjective.


However, using a pair of values to describe the opinion of a node for another node makes comparisons between di.erent nodes di.cult.

it is di.cult for a given node to decide which of its neighbors is more trusted given the corresponding set of (t, c) values.


Our results provide useful insights on how the content services can bene.t from the NDN architectural advantages.

we show some limitations of NDN that hinder to achieve the better service in terms of the round trip time delay.


Let Xi be a (time-varying) matrix denoting the local view of the available chunks at peer i.

xi(t) = [x(jk i)(t)], (2) where xjk (i)(t) = 1 if peer j is connected to peer i (yj = 1) and peer j has chunk k. Otherwise x(i)(t) = 0.


6 Performance of the PFCR algorithm In this section, we present simulation results to compare the fairness characteristics of the Proportional Fair Contention Resolution (PFCR) algorithm, with some existing medium access protocols that were discussed earlier in Section 2.

we have chosen three protocols with different con- tention resolution schemes: IEEE 802.11 [4], MACAW [2] and CB-Fair [6], for comparison.


In this work, we propose two methods to perform topological downscaling.

starting from a complex network, we create a smaller version of it with fewer links and nodes, observe the behavior of a sample of the original traf.c on this network, and extrapolate the observed performance back to the origi 1SHRiNK: Small-scale Hi-.delity Reproduction of Network Kinetics.


This allows us to stress-test the topology.

a tra.c matrix (TM) T de.nes the tra.c demand: for any two servers v and w, T (v, w) is an amount of requested .ow from v to w. The throughput of a network G with TM T is de.ned as the maximum value t for which T ·t is feasible in G. we seek the maximum t for which there exists a feasible multicommodity .ow that routes .ow T (v, w)·t through the  Random Matching Longest Matching Figure 1: Relative throughput of computer networks under di.erent tra.c matrices network from each v to each w, sub ject to the link capacity and the usual .ow conservation constraints.


We thus face the problem of validating a model with a given loss rate against multiple simulation runs with varying loss rates.

since our goal is to validate our model for a given value of p, we select simulation runs with loss rate close to p. we select the runs with loss rate in the range of (1±)p, where < 15%, for model validation.


GPUs are not appropriate for every type of packet processing element.

elements that require a guarantee that they see every packet in a .ow in order, or that have heavy state synchronization requirements, are not well-suited to massively parallel processing.


In the G-differential consensus problem (~5- DC for short), the Validity requirement is strengthened to specify that the value finally agreed on must be of certain plurality among the correct players: - 5-Differential Validity: If the correct players decide on v, then there is no value w E 79 such that #gw > #gv+ 6.

0-Differential Validity means that the final value must be one of the input values that is most common among the correct players.


In this paper, we examine the two key elements necessary for the realization of vehicular VLC (V2LC) networks: (i) the feasibility of realizing V2LC networks in working conditions under constraints posed by noise and interference sources and (ii) the capability of V2LC network services to satisfy the performance requirements of vehicular applications.


A small percentage of hosts are popular sources and targets of attacks.

5% of the internal hosts account for more than 70% of the total recorded attacks originating from the intranet.


(h ' ) Moreover, t,h ' > 1, canbe expressed as[38]: j-1,j h ' -1 t() (h ' )(h * )(h * )(h)(h) t= X+q+ w-w, (10) j-1,j j-1,j jj-1 h=h*+1  where H(h *) , 1 = h * = h ' -1, is thelasthopprecedingH(h ' ) for which pj arrives before pj-1 s full departure from the node.

both belong to the same busy period of the H(h * )(h * ) queue at [38].


The second source of packet loss is the re-routing loss, which is proportional to the product of stream rate and RTT.

the re-routing loss increases as RTT increases.


For considerations of fairness and liveness, this cycle represents the worst case.

a process goes from having no credit (i.e., having received the fair amount of processing) to maximum credit and then processes the maximum allowable amount of time.


Meanwhile, different route selection strategies are applied to different data types accordingly.

a distributed compression scheme for image data forms part of the route selection process.


A node is solid if and only if the pre.x represented by the node is in the FIB.

a node is solid if and only if it has the next hop.


Rg,m and Rb,m can be controlled by appropriately setting the source rate and channel-code parameters.

by decreasing the source bit-rate Rs, we can increase the average input frame rate at the playback bu.er (this will become clearer later on).


When a CDPD user is connected to a base station, the backchannel continuously updates the mobile with information about the base station to which the mobile is connected.

each cell is identified by a unique number, the Base Station Identification Code (BSIC), and mobile users with wireless service are constantly aware of the BSIC of their access point.


Second, we see that given an initial number of seeds, any algorithm which relies on proximity based aggregation, cannot aggregate information from an equivalent number of nodes in shorter time.

for any other algorithm, if the initial number of seeds is .xed, for any t, |At .


However, during our preparation, we noticed that the SNR value computed by the driver we used was actually the average value between all the neighboring links.

when multiple HELLO packets are received from multiple neighboring links, the device driver can only compute the average value rather than the instantaneous value for each received HELLO packet.


These characteristics pose a significant challenge to the management of MANETs.

designing and implementing a monitoring solution that is capable of providing up-to-date information regarding the network s overall health remains a challenge.


The 2-D LAD method [12] corresponds binary detection in radar systems.

r consecutive time instants (sweeps) are considered.


By (11), we have l ln ( d ) J Mu Umax = .. (12) ln (1 -W ) For each node i .N ,we draw Mu circles centered at node i, with each circle having an increasing radius Du[h], 1 = h = Mu .

based on (2), there is a circle with a radius of Dd that cuts off the charging area for node i.when DiB (p)= Dd , UiB (p)= d (see Fig.


Second, as shown in figure 3, the node A, in the center, is fully covered by nodes B, C, D and E but unfortunately such case is ignored by the central angle method mentioned in the C-PNSS because nodes C, D, E will not be considered as neighbors.

because the node A will not be offduty but rather considered as an edge node, holes can emerge in the intersections among A and C, D or E when C, D, E are out of energy.


Proof: By Corollary 1, there exists a matching M * that matches all critical ports.

it matches i.Consider now the symmetric di.erence MLM * , which contains 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 N-2 N-1 N-1 NN Figure 4: An example where MWM, GMM, MSM and MWM-0+ are not clearance-time optimal node-disjoint paths and cycles; since i is not matched by M, i will be the endpoint of a path P in MLM * .If P is of odd length, it is an augmenting path, and we are done.


The laboratory assignments were designed to provide a guided learning experience.

a model approach was given to the students through a set of basic configuration steps, guidelines, and test points to be followed.