It is already obvious that conventional ASIC design flows will not be suitable to fully utilize the benefits of the proposed paradigm.

development of a new computer-aided design flow, in addition to the development of multiple exposure lithography, will be the next two important steps towards application of layout regularity in support of Moore s Law as proposed in this paper.


Note that this partial value set is disjoint from the original HF-constraint at node v, {.}.

even though only one of the inputs of node v has been evaluated, it can be concluded immediately that the output of v is hazardous, due to a constraint violation: the actual partial value and the hazard-free constraint are contradictory.


The utility information in the hit counters directly correlates with the reduction in misses for a given application when given a .xed number of ways.

reducing the most number of misses is equivalent to maximizing the combined utility.


On the other hand, after placement, the location of cells and blocks are fixed and buffers must be placed in whatever leftover space remains and there is no guarantee that buffer distribution would be capable of meeting buffer requirements in various regions of the chip.

a global plan of buffers must be specified using global information in early stages of physical design and the rest of the design flow must be aware of the planned resources [2].


Threadmill generates instructions in the order in which they will be executed.

it needs to know the outcome of a conditional branch to know at which address to generate the next instruction.


In addition, the operation in each clock cycle has to meet the timing requirements in terms of clock cycle time.

given the clock cycle time, Tclk, the timing yield of this DFG is computed as: Tclk 0 Tfu(t)dt) and the power yield is computed as yield is computed as ( PL ( Pfu(w)dw).


TRW-S is a recent theoretical advance that avoids many of these convergence problems but does so with an explicitly sequential computational process.

we showed in [1] how the core message-passing update of TRW-S could be effectively parallelized for single-frame stereo tasks.


As long as one fragment is lost, the receiver will not be able to reassemble the original packet.

by exploiting the IP fragmentation knowledge, the attacker only needs to drop one fragment of the packet to achieve the same effect of dropping multiple fragments of the same packet.


We modify our static analysis algorithm, described in Section 3.2.1, in order to determine the set of independent RTL signals vi (both sequential and combinatorial) in RTL block B.These vi can be viewed as output signals of a set of independent RTL block Bi.

the modi.ed static analysis algorithm decomposes the original RTL block B into a set of independent blocks Bi.


Here, if com P G(vi, vj ) is large, it means that vj shares many common memory pages with vi, a task that has already been executed.

if we given vj a higher priority, it is likely that these common memory pages have already been in SPM and few new memory pages need to be loaded from main memory.


While dropping a layer with this scheme performs a TCP- like multiplicative decrease, adding a layer suddenly dou- bles the rate.

rLC cannot be TCP-like at a fine granularity, since it cannot perform fine-grained additive in- crease.


MOSFET pairs can be connected in parallel in case that the PV panel produces higher where is the number of PV cells connected in parallel in a macro is the maximum drain current of a MOSFET.

.. cell, and ........·3 the required number of MOSFETs per PV macro-cell is the indices of PV macro-cells in PV groupdue to the structural characteristics of the reconfigurable PV panel satisfying ... .. .


Recently, we have de.ned the semantics of a statement S by the following control .ow predicates [29] and the set of guarded commands guardcmd (., S).

inside (S) is the disjunction of the pause labels occurring in S. inside (S)holds at some point of time iff at this point of time, the control .ow is at some location inside S. instant (S) holds iff the control .ow can not stay in S when S would now be started.


Compared with 100% accuracy predictor, the last-value predictor degrades about 35% in EL reduction for 1ms TM interval, while it only degrade 26% for 0.1ms TM interval.

it would be worthy of paying more hardware for accurate predictor when deploying large TM intervals in TEA-TM.


In the thermal model, the thermal time constants for components are usually in the order of millisecond and millions of simulation cycle.

it is not necessary to update temperature and power every cycle.


where u = 1 ,q = 0 4pr 0 ** the coe.cients of gj(k) are calculated for each frequency I point, and the integral fj(r) need to be computed only Although in (4), the Laplace fundamental solution ** is frequency-independent, for the volume integral once.

the computational time of the frequency-u  0,q 0 I dependent integral e-jkr/r can be greatly reduced for the other frequency points except the .rst one.


In contrast to doping, the first requirement listed above involves that electrons and holes are to be injected into the intrinsic or lowly doped channel from the source and drain electrodes.

the highly doped source and drain regions in conventional FETs are replaced by metallic contacts that ideally align their work function near the mid-energy of the band gap.


Mathematical analysis is shown that the amplitude of VCO control voltage ripple significantly effect on PLL output jitter characteristic.

the use of proposed charge pump can improves the phase offset problem .


In the nested scheme, each subroutine collects statistics only for the period when it is the top of the subroutine call stack.

every single subroutine invocation is looked upon as a possible change in phase.


We performed the same experiments using a combination of STDMFCC and LLF together, resulting in approximately recall of 85.3%, which is lower than with STDMFCC alone.

combining other features may yield poorer results than using each feature alone.


For example, for two capacitors belonging to Cunit, the resulting placement will be geometrically identical to the previous one if their positions are exchanged in a placement.

it is considered as a redundant operation.


In CMOS digital circuits, sequential cells such as D-type flipflops (DFFs) play a crucial role in circuit reliability because noise originated in the combinational circuit can affect the circuit functionality only if it is captured by a DFF.

hardening DFFs is essential in designing highly robust digital circuit.


For to be satis.ed, must be assigned value 1 due to .

we say that implies due to or that clause explains the assignment  .


a request or acknowledgement signal), the datapath is a collection of pipeline latches and combinational circuits, as in a standard synchronous system.

testing the datapath is straightforward and standard testing techniques can be applied.


Assume that we .rst adjust the arrival order for site S1,3 and then carry out the adjustment for site S1,2.

we adjust for site S1,2 after the adjustment for site S1,3.Since D2, D1 and W1,2 arrive at S1,2 serially based on the estimate of the droplet-route lengths from their sources to S1,2, D1 has Waste Reservoir Waste Reservoir (a) (b) Figure 3: Synchronization for two cross-contamination sites: (a) functional-droplet routes and crosscontamination sites S1,2 and S1,3; (b) synchronization of wash-droplet routing with functional-droplet routing.


Experimental Setup Graphic processing units (GPUs) and accelerated processing units (APUs) now are used in scienti.c and mission critical applications.

the reliability of these devices is paramount.


By continuously exploring the allowable rotation region to set up the rotation e, from 0 degree to emax, we can have a series of new defect distributions relative to the layout.

the success rate for a one-to-one matching between blank and layout will be increased, as demonstrated in Fig.


However, its test energy reduction ratio is still low and its hardware overhead can be much higher for multiple LFSR inhibitions.

to achieve higher energy reduction ratio, we propose a new skipping logic technique using the MICRO code.


However, the clock signal on CK_2.OUT path passing latches LAT_2 and LAT_3 arrives at output OUT later than the data signal on the IN_1.OUT path.

according to our definition of transparency, the block will not be transparent for the IN_1.OUT path.


If the given initial synthesis result is not close to the global optimal, it is very dif.cult for local transformation to produce a good solution.

we propose a global transformation to synthesize different initial covers for local N To produce different initial covers, global transformation q- m+1.


4-input QCA OR Gate This provides a major difference between the logic-level area models for the two physical design paradigms.

when minimizing area for QCA, the number of gate inputs must be considered differently than in CMOS.


This also helps break the design-verification loop, replacing one big synthesis-techmap-placement-buffering-routing iteration with a sequence of light iterations, each of which refines the design incrementally, but hopefully leads to the final design without any unpleasant surprises.

without actually using any CbC structural fabric, this approach embodies the core principles of CbC design.


Many recent articles reported that interconnect delay can consume as much as 75% of clock cycle in modern designs.

a good placement solution can substantially * Acknowledgements: This work was partially supported by the SRC under Task ID 1206 and NSF under grant CCF-0540998.


Given that the network is still mostly secure when f(x) = ft, we would like to guarantee that, after capturing some nodes, an adversary is still not expected to learn more about the rest of the network than she has learned about the area covered by these compromised nodes.

small scale attacks could only be justi.ed by the value of sensor readings of the area covered by the compromised nodes rather than by the amount of information the compromised nodes can reveal about the rest of the network.


Although the false positive rate is low, the created damage to the network is very high.

the destination node should .nd a balance between these two extremes.


BACKGROUND When a monopolized-only resource is shared by N masters, a unit of usage time of the resource (referred to as a time unit hereafter) can be allocated to only one master by an arbiter.

if many masters request the resource at the same time, an arbiter is needed to fairly and efficiently determine which master can use a time unit.


BCP is the most frequently used procedure in any DPLL style algorithm.

a clause should be evaluated for an implied value, only when it is guaranteed that an implication will occur.


A lightweight reexecutable critical section does not have calls to library functions that invoke operating system services.

it can be re executed by checkpointing the register and memory reads in the critical sections in user code and address space.


However, removing a via could change the number of masks up to three due to via enclosure rules.

our algorithm does not remove a whole via, but replaces the via with its two enclosing metals instead so that only the via layer gets changed.


Of the resulting 65 pins from the original library, 33 pins are accessible, and 10 are expandable for double-via insertion; 17 pins are accessible and 5 are expandable for rectangle-via insertion.

the proposed nanometer redundant via-aware library (RVALIB) based on RVLC .ow is then used.


However, we note that here our de.nition of the J-node include all the learned gates.

initially the restriction on J-nodes for decision making would make our solver behave differently from the ZChaff.


There is sometimes just no room to put in the sensor, or the geometry causes the sensor to be inaccurate.

the sensor may require more space than is available.


We currently could not apply Spear to them for comparison because their format is not easily convertible to the input format that Spear requires due to the presence of array variables.

we evaluate the e.ectiveness of our approach by comparing the approach with and without the proposed abstraction re.nement framework.


R2 will be zero when the error from the regression model is just as large as the error from simply using the mean to predict the response.

r2 is the percentage of variance in the response variable captured by the predictor variables.


For example, a program with its working set entirely .t into a cache slice will perform better with private caching, while large applications with a high degree of data sharing may perform better on shared caches.

researchers have further examined optimizations such as cache block migration [18] and data replication [30] in the context of a shared design to improve data proximity.


Since W (x, y) is not smooth and nonconvex, it is hard to minimize it directly.

several smooth wirelength approximation functions are proposed, such as quadratic wirelength [7, 11], Lp-norm wirelength [5, 10], and log-sum-exp wirelength [4, 9, 14].


As we notice that the region size L is always less than 2W .In section 4.2.1, we know that all windows inside such a region share the center (2W - L)x(2W - L) area.

we do not need consider the rectangles inside the center area, and get its density from the input cent er dens instead.


It minimizes the write access of PRAM while maintaining cache hit ratio.

we can enhance the average page cache performance and reduce the endurance problem in the hybrid main memory.


Module replacement with stub The simulation execution time matters when dynamically analyzing a circuit.

to accelerate simulation, the tester sometimes replaces some modules with abstract stub which is written in C and can be run much faster.


Here, we consider a load capacitance of 4 middle gates (fan-out of 4) for the next stage.

the delay is estimated by using Elmore RC delay such that tsw =(Rnn + 2Rc )4Cg , where gate capacitance is Cg = Cg, DAg.


When multiple inputs of a gate switch simultaneously or close to each other, the gate delay can increase or decrease compared to that of SIS (Single Input Switching).

the effect of MIS should be discussed for accurate timing analysis.


Similarly, Signature Size++ slightly increases the miss rate, but it is not as efficient as maxDAHWS because conventional caches are less flexible than DAHWS ones.

maxDAHWS reduces the cache size choosing configurations that cannot be implemented with a conventional cache.


Unfortunately, these models are too simplistic to capture the complex behavior of the network when running real applications, particularly at high packet injection rates.

finding better approaches to workload characterization remains a fundamental open problem in multicore system design as precise workload characterization can enable better mechanisms for multi-tasking, routing protocols and priorities, power and memory management, caching - virtually all aspects of the computational infrastructure of multicore platforms [7].


However, any work that can be done off-line reduces the amount of work that needs to be done at runtime.

any ef.cient software caching system will likely have an off-line preprocessing phase as well.


We also notice that the binary code has similar internal and external switching activity.

if the access pattern exhibits pure sequential pattern, the pyramid code will cut half of the switching activity by a factor of two by eliminating the external switching activity.


In the case of the PULSE V1 processor, this can lead to some interesting optimisations, as there are four processing elements (PEs) in the architecture.

the removal of a component in the datapath is actually done four times.


The input is the defect and the result is to analysis whether the defect has caused a fault.

the critical area is not directly obtained by theextraction,itisbased ontheratio of failurestodefects and thenumberofdefects .


Each set of tapping sound simulation is independent and there is no coupling among each sets of tapping sound simulation.

each set of tapping sound simulation can be performed independently.


Another important point is that the model covers the complete application complexity.

index computation (address computation), conditional tests and loop index evolution are represented with DFGs.


The collector-base junction functions conventionally, while the emitter-base junction behaves similarly to a magnetoresistive p-n junction [17].

the gain of the magnetic transistor decreases with increasing magnetic field.


2(b) that has never been reported in literature and could not be predicted by a linear system model.

it demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can take into account both the nonlinearity and variability of the circuit when verifying the global convergence of the oscillator.


In clock cycle 2, the input channel dof block 3 cannot provide any informative data, so block 3 stalls.

the .rst informative data generated by block 2 in channel bis not processed, and it is stored in the buffer queue of channel b.


Such a NN would take as inputs the current temperature and power consumption of points covered by sensors and provide their future temperatures as outputs.

by simulating a model in a simulator like HotSpot or by using real-chip data, we can train the NN for temperatures of only those points where sensors are fabricated, and thereby learn the weight matrices Ar and Br.


The former encodes symbol by looking up a Huffman table.

it must represent a symbol with one or more integer number of bits.


In actual debug, the data of consequent clock cycles are traced into buffer when the prede.ned conditions are triggered.

trace data should be transferred with guaranteedthroughput service to avoid data loss.


The increasing number of cores in a chip, however, places rapidly increasing communication burden on the on-chip interconnect substrate.

high throughput, scalable, and energye.cient on-chip interconnection networks become the key enabler of future large scale many-core processors.


For instance, the 32-bit MUX in CMOS logic needs 37 input inverters, 1 load inverters and no sense amp, while the 32-bit MUX in CMDL needs 74 input inverters, 2 load inverters and 1 sense amp.

we can see from Table II that the input power of CMDL is larger than CMOS, the load power and sense amp power are very small and can be ignored, and actually the logic power of CMDL is smaller than that of CMOS.


Interestingly, all ofthese attributes apply to large-scale greenhouses as well.

very large-scale DC installations could be very successful companions to very large-scale greenhouses in rural environments.


To prevent the data lose, the memory lines that are Partial-SET would complete a Full-SET in the retention window.

we modify the memory architecture to facilitate the Full-SET operation.


On the other hand, their performance in sequential batch access is not as good as that of HDDs.

the traditional recovery mechanism for HDDs may not be suitable for the .ash-based database systems.


This method makes use of the fact that to retain a value in the SRAM cell, the source voltage of the cell can be just about 1.5 times of Vt.

for a 70nanometer technology based SRAM cell that normally operates at 1.0V, the voltage can be reduced to up to 0.3V when accesses are not required while still retaining the data.


Although ANTLR tree parsers with their basic navigation methods can traverse the AST and imposes a child-sibling like structure to any tree data-structure, it is in general dif.cult to make more sophisticated transformation on the AST.

aST is converted to a work format, the so-called Object Tree in Java.


We introduced a set of TCG symmetric-feasible conditions and proved that the solution space of symmetric placements can be efficiently explored by evaluating symmetric-feasible TCGs.

an efficient strategy has been proposed to generate random symmetric-feasible TCG representations while keeping TCG valid in O(n) time.


Due to such material properties, this inherent process variation (i.e., GB variation) is much more significant than other process induced variations (i.e., channel length, width and oxide thickness variation).

it may not be possible to meet a target performance only by device optimizations.


The module has already been able to refer to many variables in order to manage the CPU state.

this approach is easier than the latter to implement QNT, but has a modularity problem.


Maximum 8 word lines of the WL7[7:0]to WL0[7:0]can be enabled.

eight 32-bit SRAM data with four address con.gurations can be accessed through the 256-bit data bus at a time.


Although various simple heuristics have been proposed to reduce the code size in [8, 13, 3], the code size still could expand signi.cantly as shown in [9].

the cache performance is improved at the cost of code size expansion.


Instead, partial ACKs received during Fast Recovery are treated as an indication that the packet immediately following the acknowledged one has been lost, and should be retransmitted.

when multiple packets are lost from a single window of data, New-Reno can recover without a retransmission timeout, retransmitting one lost packet per round-trip time (RTT) until all of the lost packets from the window have been retransmitted.


Moreover, transistor speed is slower at higher temperatures, and leakage power grows exponentially as temperature increases.

the heat is a critical design consideration for future processor design.


than VPR to achieve the reported critical path delay minimization.

our proposed CHG algorithm is superior to PATH in that it does not require any extra routing resource to outperform VPR signi.cantly.


the last choice is to insert one more clock step in between c4and c5, and apply the dataforwarding scheme.


In fact, we claim it is best to avoid restricting their design at all.

we keep primary and secondary miss information in the MHA and rely on no speci.c LSQ design.


Shannon entropy presents the lower bound on the effectiveness of entropybased compression methods.

this compression rate, called theoretical compression rate, can be calculated by dividing the entropy of the bitstream by the symbol length.


We observed that even minor movements of the hand (while web browsing, for example), causes the accelerometer-based Google algorithm to get confused and output the state as UNKNOWN (see Figure 7).

it has a low accuracy for IDLE detection of just 25%.


Although the input opticalconditionsforpolypatterning mightbedi.erent frompolydesign and devices speci.cation, thepolypatterninggenerally shows atrendin which theILS of aerialimage hasthe maximal valueasshowninFigure4(b),andinwhich thepoly layoutisthe mostrobustfromthelithographyprocess variation.

from the results of Figure 5, we can mathematically formulateanoptimalpitch ofpoly lines with the minimal LER impact as follows: min : s(xL)+s(xR) (8) .N where, s(x)= i ,i =0,...,N i=0 aix where s(xL)is theRMS roughness of theleft edge(xL) of a line, and s(xR)is one of the right edge(xL).


Performance of the DRAM banks There is little reason to change the basic architecture of a DRAM cell or bank.

the performance of a a DRAM bank with TSVs will be very similar to that of current DRAM parts, and may be a limitation.


This is due to insuf.cient timing accuracy of a lowcost tester to strobe the primary outputs before the capture event.

in the rest of the paper, an endpoint refers to a scan .ip.op.


Moreover, the switch density as well as the packing density of the routes is much higher for via patternable regular fabrics than for FPGAs, and more comparable to that for to ASICs.

routing methods used in ASICs or FPGAs cannot be directly applied.


2) Intra-and inter-class fairness [10] among network connections: The fairness depends not only on MAC/PHY layers implemented in SIP but also on upper protocol layers.

the fairness of an SIP design cannot be measured without the proposed HCLC ESL framework.


In doing this for four test images, results indicated that the knee occurs for FIFOs of 4Kwords for the serial and SAE architectures and for FIFOs of 5Kwords for the modified SAE architecture.

we consider 4Kwords to be the optimum FIFO size for the serial and SAE architectures and 5Kwords to be the optimum FIFO size for the modified SAE architecture.


The timing results from the experiments where we examined every node for possible injection are dependent on the total number of injections desired, the size of the circuit, and also the individual probabilities.

we see a dramatic increase in simulation times as the individual probabilities decrease.


To calculate the ESR and ESL of CNCAP1, we recall from Section 2.1 that the structure uses 2 CNTs/50nm2, giving 40,000 CNTs per µm2 (20,000 anodes and 20,000 cathodes).

the ESL of CNCAP1 will be: ESLCNCAP 1 =(4nH  # anodes)(1% Metallic ) (2) ESLCNCAP 1 =(4nH 20,000 )(1 0.33 )=0.6 pH µm2 The ESR of CNCAP1 as a function of RC and the percentage of metallic single wall CNTs is given by (3).


This information is stored in each local cache in the form of a bit vector that indicates, for each source-destination pair, whether the local router is part of the valid route.

to detect misroutes, the local check algorithm iterates through the snapshot entries, obtains the source and destination of each entry, and checks it against the valid paths information (lines 13-16 in Figure 5).


It was found in [8] that the CRPs with longer settling times have larger inter-die HDs that approach 50%, while the intra-die HDs increase relatively slowly as the settling times get longer, making the difference between inter- and intra-die HDs larger and larger until some point where the difference reaches its optimum.

using the method that enrolls only CRPs which stabilize in a proper interval (e.g., a short interval before the optimum point, where the interval inter-die HD is close to 50% and the interval intra-die HD is still relatively low) in a PUF-based protocol would effectively improve the combined performance of uniqueness and reliability.


Since the radius of a ball is large compared to the interval of the balls, the number of possible routes between adjacent balls on layer 2 is limited.

the length of a wire connecting a ball and a via on layer 2 should be shorten, and plating leads should be routed on layer 1.


For a Nand2 cell, the worst leakage state is the 11 state.

the worst state condition for cell C5 can be written as  = 11 which corresponds to a worst input condition WIC (C5) = .


If di and dj are in 6B-5 fact not perfectly correlated due to a large radius, it is likely that pj = µj + dj >U even when pi = µi + di = U.

the method of [2] may miss such violation and over-estimate the yield.


Since we have got six input bits (Input5 -Input0), we need extra three bits to indicate the position.


The FF and SR are clocked by a common test clock TCK.

in the n+1 next cycles the sequence of vectors produced by the SR is {(000 0), (100 0), (110 0), (111 0), , (111 1)}.


The trace concomitance t(a,b,T ) gives information about how tightly interleaved the executions of two distinct basic blocks a and b in the trace T are.

for a basic block a we consider all of its consecutive executions e(a), e1(a) in the trace T , for which there exists at least one execution of the block b between the executions e(a) and e1(a); we denote such fact by b .


(i.e., sizing the nMOStransistor in Tester 2) on the basis of the following relationship: ........ = .... (.... + .......... + ....) · ...... < 0.8......


Calls to checking routines are usually interleaved with regular code.

hardware sharing does not lead to excessive resource con tention (and corresponding pipeline stalls) between XCHECK instructions.


Putting a buffer into tri-state mode requires disconnecting all paths to either VDD or GN D, which ensures that there are no low impedance paths to either rail.

we have shown that the parasitic capacitance arising from the coupling between two adjacent conductors can be reduced when the driver of the neighbouring conductor is put into tri-state mode.


Otherwise, the server should handle responses from multiple tags.

on the other hand,atag should notrespondbeforeproperly authenticating the server sincea query may notbefrom an authentic server, but from an attacker who wants to track the tag.theprotocol shouldbea one-roundprotocol, and a tag should authenticate the server without giving any challenge.


The maximum path delay (STW) for pattern P1 and P2 were 7.8ns and 8.6ns, respectively and the clock period being 20ns.

the switching time frame window (STW) for these patterns does not vary signi.cantly and pattern P1 observes very high switching activity.


Moreover, in some cases the behavioral models ignored the parameters and generated commands based on their internal state.

the actual distribution used was not exactly the provided distribu Covered Tasks 250 223 200 150 100 50 0 Figure 6: Coverage progress of the CDG process tion of the parameters.


In this model, random variations are assumed to be canceled out and much smaller than the global variation because of the averaging effect.


The clustering given by the groups lowers the in.uence of the arbitrary clustering produced by the OBDD-size threshold.

resulting in a more natural partitioning.


In the architectural level this critical point is responsibility of the sum operations on wide inputs and of the consequent delay generated by the carry propagation in the ripple carry architecture used in the adders [2].

the main objective of this work was to increase the JPEG compressor performance through the substitution of the architectures used in the adders, with main focus in the carry lookahead, hierarchical carry lookahead and carry select architectures [4, 5, 6].


Though leakage power (IleakVdd) reduces with supply voltage, delay increases exponentially and forces leakage energy (IleakVddtp) to increase.

total energy reaches a minimum value at a voltage called Vmin.


M1 is the core or kernel of the other two moments.

in the interconnect cases, we only consider the .rst moment M1.


However, we will show that time rollback can occur only once for an event at a particular node and requires only a fixed number of event reprocessing.

the worst-case run time is linear with the circuit size.


Even in the CMOS 6T SRAM structure, where MPD2 turns on without a large delay, current through MAX2 is significantly larger than current through MPD2.

the absence of conduction through the pull-down device connected to N2 does not significantly affect the speed of the WRITE operation.


For a system with n cores, a valid global state of the system allows the cache blocks in any m cores in I state and cache blocks in the other n - m cores in S state.


To implement the channel predictor in MIMO-OFDM systems, an adaptive .lter that self-adjusts its .lter coe.cients should be considered.

without any requirements of data on stochastic properties of channels, we consider LMS .lter for MIMO channel prediction.


For example, the instantiation of a NoC proposed in [7] including 6 switches and 4 TGs and 4 TRs uses 7387 Xilinx slices (79% of our device), and its emulation time for 16 million packets on our platform clocked at 50 Mhz takes 3.2 sec.

with present larger devices used in NoC (e.g.


Recent empirical work on quantum communication, cryptography and computation [6] resulted in a number of experimental systems that can implement two-qubit circuits [4].

decomposing arbitrary two-qubit operators into fewer gates from a universal library may simplify such physical implementations.


This increases exponentially due to the reduced threshold voltage, and it represents a significant leakage current component in the off-state.

the PMOS is removed for low-power operation, thus reducing the transistor count of this scheme to 9.


The policy is adjusted using the same epoch size that is used to compute Stream Length Histograms.

this approach determines the priority of prefetch commands based on a measure of memory system performance, rather than on some instantaneous property such as occupancy of a queue.


If the HSV vector of a pixel in the new frame does not fall within a certain range from any mean vector of the K Gaussians, this pixel is considered a foreground pixel candidate; otherwise, it is classi.ed as background.

the color difference between the foreground and background affects the classi.cation accuracy.


thecalculationofthetimeofproductionmustaccommodateactualfunctionunitoutputlatency,to,atwhicha destinationoperandrisavailablerelativetothestartofthe operationpthatproducesr.Thatis, m tsr =tschedp+to p where,theoperandristhem thresultoperandoftheoperationp.Likewise,asourceoperandrisconsumedata timethatisadjustedbytheinputsampletimetirelative tothestartoftheconsumingoperationc.the timeoflastuseiscomputedasthemaxofsuchtimesover allconsumerreferencescr.Thatis, max ter =cr(tschedc+tin) c wheretheoperandristhen th sourceoperandoftheoperationc.


In FPGA, our chosen technology target, the con.guration .les remain the same, but for the LUT masks.

by subsuming the individual issues of robustness against SCAand DFA into a unique problem, we arrive at an original solution that is economic in resources because of its duality w.r.t.


When RSTL is high, it closes S6 and pulls Z to ground, and voltage at X discharges till S3 closes upon which X is immediately pulled to ground.

the interrupt interface is ready to latch the next interrupt.


Similarly, the probability that the size of Partition 1 decrements by one line is also I1 × (1 - I1).

the size of Partition 1 with a smaller I1 ×(1 - I1) will have less possibility to be deviated away from its target and, hence, its size deviation distribution curve will be more skewed towards x =0, which is better.


ti,2 E(Ai) = Pi( fi(t))dt (4) ti,1 where ti,1 and ti,2 are the start and ending times of the execution of task Ji.

the total CPU energy consumption, ECPU , excluding that in DC-DC converter for N tasks (J1, J2, · · · , JN ) is Initial step: Step 1: Step 2: N. ti,2 N ti,1 ECPU = Pi( fi(t))dt .


For all of these large testcases, |Fbig| =0 since the thresholds become quite large as the lower bounds L are high for n = 500.

in fact no dynamic programming procedure is performed in NEWFPTAS while still satisfying the theoretical guarantee.


Next, looking at the second dimension of the .rst partition, [2j+1] and [4j] are accessing independent indices.

we further divide the .rst partition into subpartitions {A[2i][2j+1]}and {A[4i][[4j]}.


Generally speaking, if we can control the values of all registers in a design, we can control the values of all other nodes.

only register nodes (types CR and NR) should be considered for inserting DFY points.


For die-stacked memory, the failed memory cannot be easily removed from the package as the package would be destroyed by opening it, and the process of detaching the stacked memory would likely irreparably damage the processor as well.

the entire package (including the expensive processor silicon) would have to be replaced.


are approximately the same as the thermal resistivity of Si.

we do not model the thermal resistivity heterogeneity inside the chip and use a single thermal resistivity value of 0.01 m-K/W across the die.


As explained in Section IV, the proposed hardware image processing architecture for edge enhancement is based on a pipeline approach.

it provides, after an initial delay, an output pixel per clock cycle.


Four packets are formed for MB1 and MB2 respectively.

eight CRI packets and eight SCF packets are formed.


DDR transmitter buffer driving behaviors and the corresponding currents (normalized) drawn from the power net and sinking into the ground net Unlike the core system, for which the current flowing out of the power net (Icc) is always the same as the current sinking into the ground net (Iss), DDR transmitter (TX) buffer is a single ended circuit with a signal channel connecting to the dual in-line memory module (DIMM) outside the chip.

as shown in Figure 6, during the stage of writing 1 or 0 , there is a current (DIMM current) flowing out of or into the power delivery system to/from DIMM.


Our analysis of several arrayintensive applications shows that a signi.cant fraction of computations that depend on disk data are of .ltering type, that is, the amount of the input data is larger than that of the output data.

it is possible to reduce the amount of data to be communicated between the disk system and the host system by executing this .ltering type of computations on the disk system.


Deriving a solution to the WTAO problem from a .ow can be done in O(E) time.

the WTAO problem can be solved e.ciently as stated in the following theorem, if we adopt the double scaling algorithm[1].


Given the variable degree of 4, the maximum circulant size that can be found without increasing the original code length (9184) of the target .ash memory is 204 ×204.

a regular (9180,8364) QC-PEG code is designed for our target .ash memory, with variable degree of 4 and check-node degree of 45 (c=45).


The number of dummy .lls depends on the wire density.

we can predict the resulting normalized copper (Cu) thickness from the wire density.


Additionally, this implementation will only need to enhance the L1 data caches, as the instruction caches are typically read-only and would be implemented as write-through to avoid coherence.

only minimal modi.cations of the cache subsystem are necessary to leverage this implementation.


Recon.guration is 0 8 0 5 only applied to the memory interfaces, and internal bus widths are 0 0 0 .xed.

the main extra manufacturing costs is the packaging cost.


However, intuitively, one one may expect a greater .eld margin (difference between would expect a logic 1 state to be preferred since Magnet D should experience stronger F-coupling from Magnets B and H0 H1 A .nal observation demonstrates that another factor needs to be A and ) by placing the functional layers close, our C combined.

when designing pNML circuits, the possibility of a domain wall must be considered.


In real systems, HW and SW parts exchange data through a bus.

to improve the co-simulation accuracy, we have de.ned a function that returns the number of clock cycles needed for data exchange, based on the bus type, the data size and the operation type (read or write).


4(b) then makes N6 and N8 access the register .le in island A, and at the same time N7 access the register .le in island D, generating no access con.ict.

this results in 5 clock steps and IIC = 3 (IIC from A to C will not be created due to the existing IICs in the routing path A.D.C).


Hence, for any (¯x,¯y) .GB, F (¯x,¯y) =0.

but, by Equation 9, F (x0, y0) = 0, contradicting the closedness of C. there is a point s *.


Dividing Equation (7) by Equation (5) yields: µ()S DR() sS5 () = (--())(8) µS () () MSsR 5 S5 R If we let adenote the constant s()s/ (), then solving Equation (8) for DR yields our delay estimate for the () ramp response: DR= (1 a)µS+ MS(9) () () a() 2 R2 S2 I Recall from Equation (4) that s()= s+ () () swhich implies that the constant alies between zero and one.

areflects the amount of trade-off between the Elmore Delay (µS) and the step delay metric MS () ().


it is better to use multiple shorter symbols instead of a long symbol.


However, this is an extremely time-consuming task for larger ICs, making the adoption of such strategy prohibitive.

it becomes crucial to have available efficient algorithms to automatically generate optimized transistor arrangements.


We found that the decreases in code size always outweighed the increases in control logic size, even for simple programs.

compact ISA designs are quite appropriate as they decrease memory demands.


Utilizing this, we will map the current of IGFinFET to CMGFinFET for the same Vds.If gate voltages are constant (GF, GB, G) the I-Vds characteristic would be identical.

the mapping from GF, GB space to G space is independent of source-drain voltage.


These observations motivate us to consider the effects of soft errors on the problem of high-level data-path synthesis and the overall reliability for the combinational part of the resulting designs.

the work proposed in this paper is orthogonal and complementary to techniques proposed for improving reliability of memory components.


Often, a single synthesis step is followed by a number of consecutive synthesis steps.

if we want to avoid numerous changes to all steps, we have to preserve as much as possible ofthe initial solution at the higher levels ofabstraction.


In [4], a sorting algorithm is proposed so that the labels between the pair of twin trees have a one-to-one mapping relation.

the number of possible twin binary tree combinations is equal to the product of the number of string permutations on n labels, n!, and the possible numbers of twin tree pairs.


The tiles within a row of the datapath array are typically mirrored.

devices should be placed such that geometry sharing is possible between adjacent tiles in a datapath array.


many of these faults may escape fabrication test and also periodic self-tests and produce run-time errors.


Without speci.c hints from the driver, it is not possible to know which render targets will get consumed as textures in future.

our proposal will treat all render targets as potential texture sources and manage them based on the observed probability of inter-stream consumption.


has been observed for other test cases as well.

we use a 4X .ner grid in all experiments below.


SUMMARY This paper presents a comprehensive approach for combining methods from algorithmic and logic levels of circuit design: with redundant numbers, dynamic single-rail self-timed logic providing inverting functions becomes feasible.

the approach of redundant number systems to speedup the evaluation can be enhanced with fast and power efficient logic styles because single-rail logic saves area and power.


SDM eliminates this gap by enabling low frequency to transmit test data over the bus, and high frequency to transfer the data to the core.

tAM channels, which would otherwise be left unutilized, are used to reduce the frequency at which test data are transported through the TAM.


Conversely, the registers used to store the samples of the processed signal are updated at each conversion cycle (new signal sample).

the time duration of these sort of fault will be approximately 1/SampleRate (see Equation 1), and its impact on the system functionality will be less severe than permanent faults.


For non-equidistant cubic interpolation, Multi-CKZ utilizes resources more efficiently than Multi-SKZ, but it is more complex to design.

for complex algorithms, Multi-SKZ is a preferred solution, whereas for the applications that require high parallelization within limited resources, Multi-CKZ is better than Multi-SKZ.


In most cases, this kind of pattern exists in the loop with stride one.

the compiler searches for the pattern such that the memory store size is a byte and the address changes by one for The notation (r, n) refers to the nth byte of register r. We generate a pseudo instruction "collective-move" that moves the four sub- registers into a word register, e.g.


A truncated multiplier removes S1, S2, and S3 from the partial product matrix causing the total error to be altered.

the total error for a CCT Booth multiplier is modi.ed by adding an extra term, Eulp to account for removing these bits: Etotal = Ereduction + Erounding + Eulp S-k-1 S-1 X X 1 q +1 -m-n+q 1 -m-n+z Etotal = ll·2+ · 2 42 2 q=0 z=S-k min{ S-k-1 , n 2 -1 } 2 X 3 -m-n+q·2 · 2 8 q=0 The value of 3/8 is the probability mass function that Booth recoding requires sign-extension.


The .ll stack position of a block in a set needs to be updated only on a cache .ll to the set.

the circuitry for updating the .ll stack can be designed completely o. the critical path.


for accurate measurement of current (power) it is important that the currents are identified.


As every embedded real-time system inevitably has upper time bounds, we present an integrated method of timing estimation for highly .exible and variant applications based on a prototype component architecture.

we especially develop methods for parameterised timing estimation which depend on the grade of complexity, variability and necessary exactness.


it lenghtens the interval during which static power is drained.

as technology evolves and applications ask for higher throughputs under low power budgets, cache-aware WCET analysis seems more adequate for preserving real-time guarantees under increasing energy e.ciency requirements.


Since the ground truth segmentation is not tight, an audio event may occur anywhere between the ground truth boundaries.

each ground truth segment is assumed to transit from silence to event before reverting back to silence .


On the other hand, when a private block is removed from the processor cache, the protocol can invalidate the associated directory entry.

a subsequent access to that block would result in a directory miss.


Notethatthe output of eachgateis valid one phase later than its input phase.

it is possible to connect the outputs of each stage to the input of the consecutive stage.


We then compute the integral lig for the interval [lb, ub] by summing up the inte igl pl grals for all the sub-intervals.

lig =-pl A summary of the procedure is provided in the pseudocode.


A defectively behaving application can evict useful L2 cachecontentbelonging toother co-scheduledprograms.

a program that exposes temporal locality can experience high cache misses caused by interferences.


Intuitively, the larger the value of Fc, the more flexibility that is available to the enhanced router.

we would expect that as Fc increases, the new algorithm is better able to isolate tracks.


Thus, the effect of the gate leakage of Hout1,...,Houtn on the voltage at the output of inverter G is minimal.

the modification of the leakage of G due to the gate leakage of Hout1,...,Houtn is negligible.


H0 It should be noted, however, that the loop transformation determined based on NT;1 H0may not be able to generate the optimal transformation in absolute sense; it is just expected to give us an improved version.

as an example, let us consider the following program fragment which consists of two separate nests: for (i1 0ji2 nji1++) for (i2 0ji2 nji2++) f...U[i1][i2]... g for (i3 1ji3 nji3++) for (i4 0ji4 n;1ji4++) f...U[i3;1][i4+1]... g Considering the original access patterns of these nests, we have: 10 10 Hand N: 01 01 the second nest should be transformed using a loop transformation Tsuch that: 10T;1 ;10 010;1 should be satis.ed.


A probing front-end module (PFE) consists of a source follower (SF) and a latch comparator (LC), where probe wiring from a target signal of interest is input to SF and its DClevel-shifted output voltage Vsf is compared with reference voltage Vref by LC, immediately within PFE when sampling clock Tck is given.

output of PFE, Dout, is a single bit binary digital stream.


Bottomlevel clusters are regarded as placement blocks in upper-level clusters.

a series of crossing graphs are generated which contain the routing behavior hierarchically.


One more reason for using a value predictor to break dependencies between transactions is that with increasing number of processors the number of con.icts in the system tends to increase.

tM systems will not provide scalable performance for such applications.


In such a case, if combination of dynamic and static circuits is employed, spurious switching can occur at the output of the single-rail static circuits, which results in erroneous pre-evaluation at the cascaded dynamic circuits.

the dynamic overlapped execution between neighboring stages is given up in [4], which results in performance degradation.


HEURISTIC FOR DETERMING LOW LEAKAGE VECTOR The total leakage of the circuit is the sum of the leakage of its constituent cells.

the leakage of the whole circuit can be minimized by minimizing the leakage of the individual cells, i.e., by forcing the individual cells to their low leakage states.


However, the transformational synthesis approach succeeds only if the transformations actually do not change the behavior of the circuit.

a formal proof of the correctness of the transformations is advisable.


Hence, to save current and power, our idea is to terminate the write operation asynchronously as soon as the bit-cell is in a stable P con.guration.

we propose the AAWT technique with which we can cease the current .ow after an AP .


Since we expect the change in logic to be small, regions of the circuit farther from the input-side boundaries are more likely to match.

we enumerate subcircuits starting from corresponding primary outputs in order to .nd upstream matches.


Experimental Results The main electronic components used to build the system are off-the-shelf and inexpensive.

the cost of the complete system-on-board can be estimated of about mainly determined by the p-controller, ADC and DAC components.


The frequent transitions between the low-power and active modes may result in non-tolerable performance and energy penalties.

a more power saving mode should be selected only if the bank idleness (inter-access time) is predicted to be suf.ciently long.


according to the de.nition of a Gröbner basis (De.nition 3.3), the leading term of Z + F (A) (which is Z) should be divisible by the leading term of some polynomial gi .


It is also assumed that the sign of the constant can be adjusted at some part of the design and the complexity of an adder and a subtracter is equal in hardware.

only positive and odd constants are considered in the MCM problem.


Droplet arrival order Adjustment D1 D2 W 1 2 3 D2 is made to arrive after W verses the site tra 1 3 2 Maintain this order 3 1 2 Maintain this order 3 2 1 W is made to arrive after D2 verses the site tra 2 1 3 D1 is made to arrive after W verses the site tra 2 3 1 W is made to arrive after D1 verses the site tra which further increases the droplet-routing time.

there is a need to synchronize wash-droplet routing with functional droplet-routing steps, in order to reduce the time needed for droplet routing, and at the same time completely avoid cross-contamination.


The abilityto con.gure routesonaper-bitlevel, meanstheoverheadisquite high.

a long history of research into coarsegrained FPGAs exists [24, 11, 2].


When there is a page miss, the system has to spend time and power to activate the new target row.

page hit rate is a strong indication of the power efficiency of the DRAM.


Assuming that the cores (C) and the router (R) use all metal layers, the two rightmost ring routers (r) have no available routing area in their boundaries.

the design cannot be routed without whitespace insertion.


The Start-Gap algorithm requires storage for two registers: Start and Gap, each less than four bytes (given that there are 226 lines in baseline system).

start-Gap incurs a total storage overhead of less than eight bytes for the entire memory.


In contrast to approaches that provide complete spatial safety, the taint checking approach may permit a program to overwrite buffers, so long as the data is not provided by some untrusted source.

although information-.ow tracking and intrusion detection can stop some forms of malicious code or data injection, they do not prevent all bounds violations that can corrupt data.


(k+1) To ensure inequality (4), we note that d(k+1):d (k+1)/wby ij ij de.nition of d (k+1)and d (k+1):d (k)by de.nition of a successful iter(k+1) ation.

our goal will be reached once we have d (k)/wij = hi d(k)(k) maxp 03eij tp 0 /cp 0 which can be accomplished by re-weighting: ij / [] (k+1)d (k)/d(k)(k) w =(max t/cp 0 (5) ij ij )p 0 p 03eij The max-terms in this formula are called criticalities and can be computed using static timing analysis, which is especially ef.cient when the main global objective is slack maximization.


Besides having the smallest length, these shapes of routes introduce the minimum number of vias when different metal layers are used for different directions.

the generator produces only these shapes of routing options at higher temperature levels.


Figure 3 shows that the number of solutions to be explored with mapping tasks onto tiles is much higher than the others.

even applying good algorithms, the results obtained with this activity tend to be worse, when compared to those obtained with the flow proposed here.


The PCM-only system has BPC of 0.317 (average lifetime of 7.6 years), but that is primarily because the system takes much more time than DRAM to execute the same program.

the lifetime of the PCM-only system is not useful, and in-fact misleading.


Block structure before writing test stimulus bit to the first cell whose column SIOaddress is smallest among the row of cells that will flip their m states.

in the case of testing stuck-at faults, the number of cycles to test a LRAS-designed circuit is the sum CEm  CEBm Tm1 Tm2 of writing cycles and capture cycles: Pg T =sp 1 LRAS ¦¦(l +) p=1 l =1 where P denotes the number of test patterns, g is the number Qim of blocks, slp is the number of scan cells that flip their Dim states to load the pth test stimulus into the lth block.


if one demands to learn a model from the 1M chip data with a guarantee of, say, = 1 test escape (escapes as the yellow dots) in the next 0.5M chips, the problem becomes very di.cult.


Since the PMOS transistors are in parallel, the defective transistor can only cause a timing delay at the output if it is the only transistor charging the output node.

pMOS defects in a NAND gate can be detected only through speci.c input combinations that result in a low-tohigh transition at the output node.


As a result, the most likely case for a timing violation occurs when only LSBs of the two inputs are di.erent.

we expect the LSBs of the outputs to have the largest error rate.


In our simulations, we also assume the two SLC MTJs maintain the same aspect ratios and were fabricated under the same conditions.

they have the same switching properties, i.e., the same relationships between threshold switching current density and the switching time.


However, stalling pipeline stages may induce unwanted affects on performance.

we consider a case where an over.ow of the input queue forces a value past the enable guard, resulting in a possible timing violation.


As the crystallization rate is a function of temperature, given the variability of PCM cells within an array, reliable crystallization requires a programming pulse of hundreds of nanoseconds [11].

the SET latency of a PCM cell is longer than both the RESET latency and the read latency, usually 5 10× the read latency [5, 6].


The corresponding W(C E V ) of CEV 1100, 1011, and 0111 are 8, 9, and 9, respectively.

we 4 We simultaneously decrease the weights of symmetric inputs.


There is considerable overlap between what is described here and the functionality of the Flash Translation Layer (FTL) .rmware found in an SSD.

there is good reason to think about merging these components.


Although the last application show a con.icting e.ect of vector caching with loop-unrolling, the high cache hit rate is obtained by disabling loop-unrolling, and the highly-e.cient computing comparable to that on the 4B/FLOP bandwidth system is obtained.

the vector cache is able to recover the lack of the memory bandwidth in these scienti.c applications.


Nevertheless, to prove SFF feasibility on real products and quantify CA improvement, it was necessary to re-design an existing product with the objective to identify a CA improvement and minimize the number of masks.

only the thin metal layers (metal 2, 3 and 4) implementing the wires and sensitive to defect density were optimized.


Worst case read access cycle time in this new register file is the same as the worst case read accesses cycle time for the conventional register file.

worst case performance can be no worse than conventional performance.


INTRODUCTION With continuous technology scaling into the deep submicrometer (DSM) range, increased resistance in the interconnect lines has made the passive intercon- nect impedances dominate over the active gate out- put impedances.

the speed of current pro- cessors is currently dominated by the RC intercon-nect lines.


We approximate that  and are independent, which is usually the case, since the former is for the gate itself while the latter comes from multiple gates on timing path thus any dependency on  is weak.

the sensitivity PDF can be calculated by performing convolution on the PDFs of   and .


This contrasts to existing edge-based method [10].

the best-choice approach is likely to be faster.


Long assay durations imply that high actuation voltages need to be maintained on some electrodes, which accelerate insulator degradation and dielectric breakdown, reducing the number of assays that can be performed on a chip during its lifetime.

the minimization of assay processing time using droplet-aware synthesis is very promising for the emerging biochips market.


The input signal frequency for all CMOS inverters is 3.3GHz, while it is 3.5GHz for CML buffers.

this experiment also shows the performance of CML buffer in the buffer is directly proportional to the load capacitance (similar to a CMOS inverter) and the drain resistance.


It is mainly because LUT-based FP-GAs use a large number of SRAMs to provide the programmability.

it is important to design FPGA circuits using dual-Vdd/dual-Vt without increasing the leakage power budget.


From Section II, we see that computation of any cell in a row (zi) depends on the weights and values of the items in that class and values in the previous row of the table (zi-1).

there exists no dependency along the row being computed and we can compute a single row concurrently via separate threads.


When the LFSR operates in State Skip mode, it performs a jump of k states ahead at every cycle, skipping in this way the k-1 intermediate states which would have been generated if the LFSR had operated in the Normal mode.

in State Skip mode, the generated vector sequence is shortened by a factor k, which is called hereafter speedup factor.


Linear functions are both convex and concave [25] and therefore these two inequalities are convex, which directly shows Eq(18) is convex.


The .ne-grained rank-level 3D DRAM (Figure 2 (c)) involves re-architecting the DRAM dies and introducing an additional logic die.

this design incurs much greater NRE cost for both the DRAM dies and the logic dies than does the coarse-grained design, not to mention the fabrication cost of the extra TSVs.


On the top of that, wi and sij are two con.icting objectives.


This makes it extremely difficult to derive a single modeling methodology that can cover every component constituting a SoC device.

different approaches are adopted for different components.


The switching activity and temperature of the register .le makes it a critical thermal hotspot, and its failures are very dif.cult to detect during testing.

it is a key component to improve the lifetime of microprocessors [11, 17].


However, during the .rst few levels in min-cut placement, the number of nodes within each block is essentially large while the min-cut values are practically low.

the common case is that each node is connected to few boosted hyperedges, leading to a graceful reduction in the cut size.


The next section starts by commenting physical synthesis results achieved for 64-tile topologies without link pipelining.

the analysis is shifted to pipelined systems.


As shown in Fig 6, the immediate has a very high load.

the idea is to improve the system by adding a second immediate.


Calculating Internal Data Rate (IDR): The maximum IDR would be experienced by tracks in the outermost zone (zone 0) of the disk drive, since there are more bits stored there while the angular velocity is the same across the tracks.

we can express the maximum IDR (in MB/sec) of the disk as: rpm ntz0 × 512 IDR =()( ) (4) 60 1024 × 1024 where ntz0 is the number of sectors/track in zone 0, and rpmis the angular velocity expressed as rotations-per-minute.


The express topology (3DM-E) requires each router to support 9 physical ports (4×2 ports on cardinal directions and one port to local node).

it requires additional buffers and a larger crossbar in comparison to the 3DM design.


Ef.ciency overhead for sequential execution, presented in parentheses in the last column, is between 1.03 and 1.59 (which averages 1.22) for all of the studied applications.

in 5Artiaga has experienced similar problems with the original fork-exec versions of Volrend and Cholesky [1].


Our goal was to use odmlat to determine the components that affect DAFS/ODM response time.

we used sequential I/O to normalize the effects of the RAID cache.


For example, there are 35 power domains in a single router in [25] to implement this method of power-gating in addition to the complex coordination needed among different components, which incurs significant energy and area overhead with considerable design effort.

a much more effective way of removing the dependence between the node and router is needed, so as to combat the BET limitation from the source by reducing the number of wakeups while maintaining the ability to transport packets in the NoC.


With this implementation, the pipes may take different lengths of time to complete their work.

some pipes may sit idle while the one with the highest VM density .nishes.


Similarly, for Case C, we use the early skew distribution to obtain the delay noise distribution.

given the statistical timing windows from block-based SSTA, we can analytically compute the delay noise distribution.


(1) An input vector v of R may not be justi.able in the complete circuit.

its contribution should not be counted in an accurate computation of SLi ,j .


Note that a missing EK is not a violation of the TCG speci.cation, but in our opinion the requirements of users of TPM-enabled systems should also be considered.

the TPM cannot be used in trust models and application scenarios where a certi.cate signed by the vendor or a trusted entity is required.


This method can be deployed only when such constraints can be imposed but this is hardly realistic.

to make the system more realistic, we have proposed another method where the training is done on one position but the testing is done on arbitrary position.


Choosing Vb=Vg, the drain voltage of N1, Vd, will approach Vr if enough time is given to the system.

the drain voltage of N1 can be set at a voltage just high enough to ensure the saturation of N1.


The reason for maximum reduction in latency at I/O ratio of 3:6 is the same as that for the maximum increase in throughput.

through both experiments, we have shown that buffer stealing can effectively alleviate congestion as long as the congestion is not too heavy.


With 15 An LFSR cannot be all0s, so an n-bit LFSR actuallygoesthrough 2n - 1 values, with eachbitsetto1for 2n-1 ofthevalues.

thelikelihoodforanybittobe1 is 2(n-1) .With n=16,theprobabilityis0.5000076, whichisclose enoughto 12 for (2n)-1 most practical purposes.


To reduce the effect of leakage and dynamic power consumption of FDM in high-power mode, we assume clock gating and power gating is applied in the FDM array.

the main source of dynamic power in nominal Vdd relates to bypass MUXs.


In this scenario the MN can use anyoptimization that it supports, and our extensions will provide the least improvement.

this experiment serves to evaluate the overhead that the extensions may introduce in optimal scenarios.


Then, a set of parameterized sampling distributions is analytically derived by minimizing the KL distance with a probability collective (PC) method using immediate sampling [12, 13], which is as close to the optimal sampling distribution as possible.

the convergence of the importance sampling approach can be signi.cantly improved.


Figure 5 illustrates how this pinning mechanism can play the role of a coalescing phase by preventing the reconstruction phase of Leung and George s algorithm from inserting move instructions: in Figure 5(b), x1 and x2 were pinned to x to eliminate these move instructions; however, this pinning creates an interference, which results in a repair move x = x along with a move x = x on the replacement of the f instruction; in Figure 5(c), to avoid the interference, only x2 was pinned to x, resulting in only one move instruction.

we will only look for a variable pinning that does not introduce any new interference.


(4) vi,vj .evi,vj .e net e Since W (x, y) is not smooth and non-convex, it is hard to minimize it directly.

several smooth wirelength approximation functions are proposed, such as quadratic wirelength [12, 19], Lp-norm wirelength [6,18], and log-sum-exp wirelength [5,17,23].


Fortunately, transistor sizing can be used to equalize the delay of this path with the delay of the other critical path (Mn1-Mn2-Mn3, Mp6 or Mn1-Mn2-Mn4, Mp6).

this delay penalty is not significant compared to the power saving that can be achieved, as it will be shown later.


The substrate of an SOI chip is the 5-th terminal of an SOI transistor, affecting its behavior through capacitive coupling.

unlike traditional MOSFET, the electrical model of an SOI transistor has 5 terminals (Figure 1 (b)) thus increasing the number of independent variables and correspondingly the number of dimensions of a table model.


Since we have multiple thermal pro.les, .nding the maximum and minimum temperatures for all thermal pro.les may introduce a large number of variables and constraints and signi.cantly complicate our MILP formulation.

we transform a minimization problem into successive low-complexity feasibility problems.


For other applications like Angry Birds or Video-play (with larger frames), a smaller cache does not suf.ce.

as we increase the cache capacity, we achieve higher hit rates.


In the whole circuit, each routing tree have to be processed once.

if the list of paths are overlapping with each other, we delete the common vertices from the less-critical path and cut it into different distinct paths.


On the other hand, due to the linear canonical form and normal distributions of process parameters our current results only modeled the skewness introduced due to the nonlinear max operation.

we believe for more realistic nonlinear delay models and non gaussian process parameters, due to additional inherent skewness further improvement over Clark s max can be achieved.


Most DIFT architectures such as Raksha, MI-NOS etc., associate a 4-bit tag with every 32-bit word of data.

if metadata is stored contiguously, a single cache-block of metadata could have accesses stemming from different cache-blocks of application data.


Simply using the SW implementation can t support 30 fps videos.

we explored the saliency algorithm in a custom accelerator as drawn in the left part of Figure 4.


Generally, simulated annealing algorithm minimizes a general function without constraints.

we modify the basic algorithm to support the use of constraints by updating the current allocation with a new lower area allocation only if it meets the endtoend latency constraints of all flows.


As reported in [16], a 64-bit PowerPC in SOI technology has a maximum operating frequency, fMAX, that is approximately 1.24 times the fMAX in bulk CMOS technology.

we scale the power dissipation in SOI technology by a factor of 1/1.24 while estimating the power dissipation of the 64-bit ALU circuit operating at the same frequency as in bulk CMOS technology.


Many existing CMPs use writethrough L1 caches [26,4, 19] to avoid large coherence traf.c from their small L1 caches.

write through for C blocks is not likely to cause bandwidth problems.


For example, if the target density of the .nal 3D design is 70%, then we set the maximum placement density of the partial placement blockages to be 35%.

this region will have only half the cells of regions not containing memory, representing the fact that those regions only have free space in one tier.


This is because the power reduction due to the reduced leakage currents becomes dominant as fan-in increases.

the new proposal is more effective for higher fan-in gates, which are very sensitive to the leakage-induced noise.


The key advantage of using FSM is that it is not extractable from the synthesized design.

even for a party who has access to the synthesized hardware IP, changing the FSM or extracting the original single-variant design would need an effort equivalent to redoing all the stages of design and implementation.


The xtime-2 is de.ned by left shift by 1 bit, and bit-wise XOR with 0x1B if the most signi.cant bit is 1; The xtime-3 is de.ned as xtime-2 result XOR with its original value.

there are only two de-facto atomic operations: 1) bit-wise XOR, executed by proposed DW-XOR, and 2) xtime-2.


For instance, whereas a full adder is just a set of gates in a gate level description, it is a module in a Verilog RTL description.

the basic building blocks for gate level descriptions are the logic gates; and the basic blocks for RTL descriptions are half and full adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers.


The data shows that regions A-Top, and D-Top can only safely handle a single read at a time.

with a worst-case pattern, just two reads can lead to a voltage under 1.425 V. regardless of what else is happening on the 3D-stack, the memory controller must enforce that these regions never service more than 1 read at a time.


Definition 3: Link-tension is defined as the product of the communication bandwidth and post-mapping Manhattan distance for any edge on the core graph G (V, E).

for two cores adjacent to each other (i.e., Manhattan distance = 1), the tension on the link connecting them is equal to the bandwidth of communication between them.


Consequently, the model would over-estimate the temperatures at different time instances when compared to the real temperature values.

a more conservative frequency assignment to the processors would be obtained, such that the maximum temperature allowed by the model is in reality lower than tmax.


When the block containing the obsolete sectors is cleaned, the obsolete sectors arejustdiscarded, without any eviction to the FTL.

as more sub-page writes hit sector log, EvictsSL is reduced.


However, it needs a large driver for entire network to ensure small clock slew at sink nodes.

we upsize the driver (an inverter chain) to improve the Fmax.


Unlike instruction addresses which are known at compile time, data addresses are speci.ed by register operations and cannot be statically resolved.

data cache simulation is not as easy as instruction cache simulation.


Although normally only part of the cache, e.g., 7/8, may be used as scratchpad memory in Intel XScale processors [21], Simics supports only TABLE I L1&L2CACHE CHARACTERISTICS Name L1 Instruction Cache L1 Data Cache L2 Cache Default Cache Size (KB) 16 8 512 Line Number 256 128 8192 Line Size (B) 64 64 64 Writing Method Write-through Write-through Write-back Mapping Mechanism 8-way 4-way 8-way Replacement Mechanism LRU LRU LRU Cycles on read-hit 1 2 7 Cycles on write-hit 1 2 7 cache sizes that are powers of two.

we use the whole cache as scratchpad memory for the convenience of simulation.


The reason for this is not only that the last term of equation 1 is close to unity, but also that with a large value of Vds, VT would be lowered due to drain induced barrier lowering2 (DIBL) [3, 1].

leakage reduction techniques should ensure that the supply voltage is not applied across a single device, as far as possible.


A user has to touch the unlock button before unlocking the mobile device.

only registered users with known identity are allowed to unlock the device.


As can be seen from (16), the P0 is similar to the dense system obtained from capacitance extraction problem; and the L1is similar to the dense system formulated for an EFIE.

their inverses can be computed directly in linear complexity by the inverse algorithm in [6], and stored in H2 matrices.


As stated before, after the initial warmup time, each DWT pair transforms two pixels in each cycle.

the throughput of the parallel design can be calculated as shown in Equation : P arallelT hroughput = n * SpeedOfDW T P rocessor (5) Since the throughput depends on both the width of the design and the speed of DWT processors, it is possible to change their values and still maintain the same throughput.


Then, as T6 becomes accessible (S4 is released), d6 turns out to have full bypassibility.

d6 is routed after waiting at S6 until t = 14.


Finally, the expression can be simpli.ed using the scalar product inequality (a·b =|a||b|) for the in.nity norm.

minki=1(di.i/s2 i ) d = k × minki=1((si/di)di.i/s2 i ) minki=1(di.i/s2 i ) d = k × minki=1(si/di) × mink ) i=1(di.i/s2 i 11 d = = max ki=1(di/si) (5) k × minki=1(di/si) k  1 1  1  1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4  (iii) sparc_ifu_dec (iv) sparc_lsu_ctl (b) (iii) sparc_ifu_dec (iv) sparc_lsu_ctl (a)  Top ranked gates from DCG Number of low VT swaps Figure 3: With independent process variations (a) Critical weights of top ranked gates obtained from DCG and (b) Comparison of yield improvement obtained using using low-VT swapping based on DCG and conventional metric for gate criticality MC.


Also, our assumption above implies that the dummy tra.c arriving at P plays no role in our analysis.

a request will be meant to signify a real request in the rest of the analysis.


The experiments were launched using a multi-run scheme,.

once the steady state was reached a new run is launched excluding the elements covered during the previous experiments.


However, the video sensors have limited resource to achieve complex computations.

low complexity and high ef.cient video compression algorithms have been developed in order to reduce the hardware cost and the energy consumption of the sensor.


Theorem 1 assumes that (0) George s bound In = In is known.

this latter must (n) be calculated before In can be obtained.


Moreover, since the storage capacity of a holographic memory is extremely large, ORGA architectures can provide numerous recon.guration contexts or a huge virtual gate count that is much larger than those of currently available VL-SIs.

oRGAs represent an alternative technology to the semiconductor technologies that are used currently.


Figure 4 shows both the hardware architecture with four MPC750s and SoCLC and the software architecture with an RTOS extension developed to support SoCLC mechanism at the kernel level.

using the ExIntr_Hdlr() RTOS API to search, the highest-priority waiting task is selected from the lock-wait table and then the task is inserted into the ready list of the kernel.


A graph where only such edges exist is the graph obtained from GR by removing some of edges.


Nevertheless, the SBAR-like cache does not have duplicate tag structures for the rest of the sets.

when a decision is made to switch from, e.g., LRU to LFU, the cache does not have a record of what the contents of the LFU cache would have been at this point in the execution.


Obviously, any matching Emat ch of bipartite graph Gbp corresponds to a feasible binding of T to M, and the total weight of Emat ch equals the cost of the attempted binding, or the number of newly introduced inter-island connections.

the updated binding solution produced by the minimum-weighted bipartite matching is optimal among all the possible bindings of T to M, as in the following conclusion.


This means, for example, that di.erent data items sent by units in the Decoder can arrive in the Execute stage at completely unrelated times.

di.erent units in the Execute stage can operate on data items that correspond to di.erent instructions, giving some of them a head start.


In our applications, much of the code appears to exhibit more uniformity at is-level intervals than at ms-level intervals.

we set the interval between measurements (microcycle) to a few is and, therefore, implement the Slack algorithm in hardware.


In an MLC cell, however, raising the amplitude of programming current during a soft transition (e.g., switching the resistance state of the small MTJ only) may also increase the probability of overwriting the cell, e.g., accidently .ipping the resistance state of the large MTJ.

the write operation of MLC cells generally has a higher write error rate than that of SLC cells.


(Many methods, e.g ., least-square .tting, can be used to .nd good linear approximations for e -yj within the interval [log Lj , log Uj ].)

we can reformulate each constraint fs(x, p) 1 in (9) as a log-sum-exp constraint (like (12)) to obtain a robust GP of the form (3) with the ellipsoidal uncertainty: T -1 np +nx }, U = {d = (u, u ) | d. d 1, d E R(16) where 1 satisfying Fx2 (1) = s, and .


When making the decisions of value assignments to signals, it is more effective for the solver to select those values that are more likely to cause con.icts.

if we know how circuit signals are correlated beforehand, that information can be used to guide the value assignments in the solver.


This is very inefficient, since it will consume way too much power for most of the standards and operation modes, and for a broad range of specifications this solution is simply technically infeasible.

a software-defined reconfigurable transceiver with flexible or reconfigurable building blocks, where the performance and hence the power consumption can be scaled under digital control to the needs of the standard and operating mode, is much more desirable.


Since the component's communication in- terface is implicitly augmented by its functionality, systems built with functional composition fail to achieve the de- sired hardware-style encapsulation and separation of con- cerus.

two similar microarchitectures may have rad- ically different software implementations.


When serially transmitting a set of symbols, minimizing the transition count can be achieved by using codes with minimal intra-word transition count.

similarly to what is proposed in [3], the LIWT encoding works by mapping symbols (that is, pixel di.erences) in decreasing order of occurrence probability to codewords sorted in increasing order of intra-word transitions.


Moreover, AC components, not DC components, contain e.ective features for determining gaits.

ms (i) X is the feature vector used to detect similar sensor data while M (i) is used for analyzing the attribution of sensor data.


This process is nothing but the dual of the technique used for Heuristic 1, thanks to the relation (proved in Theorem 2) Fi(iai)Fn* +i-1(icn+1-i) = 1.

we could use the same proof, reasoning with the dual basis of (ici)1=i=n.


If we can further show that na = 0 is an MA for the stuck-at 1 fault test on nt, we can conclude that na is an added substitute node of nt.

the next su.cient condition as presented in Condition 3 is proposed to make na satisfy the other half of Condition 1.


Different from the previous work, we are interested in the proposing of a non-volatile translation layer (also referred to as PCM translation layer) for PCM jointly as the main memory and storage with proper device commands, so as to realize the concept of one memory .

it could be used to reduce the physical space required by the hardware components in space-limited computing systems (e.g., smartphone and ultrabook) and to improve the system s storage performance with enhanced energy ef.ciency.


In this way, HDLs can overcome the drawback of special-purpose approaches mentioned above, without compromising speed.

designs can be easily exchanged thus reducing the integration and the entire development efforts.


The result of this operation is the generation of 8 mutually uncorrelated pseudorandom sequences.

33x8-bit LFSRs are required for 256 rows, i.e., one register per 8 rows, plus one to be cross-connected with the last LFSR in an array.


Therefore, the switch arbiter instructs the FIFO virtual channel buffers to shift one position in stage 1, and the .its latched in the pipeline buffers are sent to the crossbar in stage 2.

a soft error in the SA could give rise to several packet-loss problems: (a) A soft error in the control signals might prevent the .its from traversing the crossbar in stage 2.


In addition, consideration must be given to the qualitative content of these high level models to permit an optimal verification flow allowing for compromise between features of the model and the completeness of the verification.

high quality design and verification are achieved by the use of valid models and the valid use of models.


We assume that the data we have does not contain any knowledge of the nature of the bug in the DUT.

we propose two .avors of justi.cation heuristic, in which instructions are cleared based on analysis of correct output resources.


These techniques reduce sleep mode leakage current to a small fraction of the active mode leakage.

these techniques are limited in effectiveness by the amount of active mode leakage itself.


The variables Im appearing in each function fi(Im) are the p·m inputs plus the n initial values of the state variables.

|Im| = p · m + n. We will denote the set of input vectors over Im variables by Wm and a particular input vector by ¯..


These test chips are generally designed to reflect the actual product as much as possible.

using RADAR, the prioritized DFM rules learned from the analysis of failed test chips can be incorporated into the design flow to maximize yield of the actual product.


The above protocols were not designed with our threat model in mind and do not defend against an attacker with access to the communication medium.

they do not meet the requirements from Section 2.


As described earlier, off-chip CPI is the product of EPI and the miss penalty.

ePI directly relates to the familiar CPI performance metric but is independent of on-chip latencies and miss penalty.


Note that all these accesses occur twice when stating the .ushing theorem as can be seen from Figure 5(b).

if we do not use uniqueness analysis, the abstract instruction memory and register .le have 2 and 8 words, respectively.


Without significant changes in the design methodology, the designers will be able to exploit less and less from the potential the new technologies have to offer [1].

emerging design platforms consisting of hardware and software resources that can be shared across multiple multimedia applications, are currently considered as being a promising solution [2].


This is analogous to the observations for a single SSD and the two parity-less RAID con.gurations, and, again, makes such setups more suitable for demanding scenarios requiring more predicable and higher minimum performance.

the results indicate that higher over-provisioning positively a.ects random write performance of parity-based SSD RAIDs as well.


s algorithm has a functional-unit rearrangement preprocess, which applies an existing comparison-based sorting algorithm.

their approach incurs an intrinsic lower bound of O(nlg n) time.


This current and the output load then uniquely determine the output voltage value.

cGTA is capable of efficiently and accurately computing the output voltage waveform of a logic cell, which has been subjected to an arbitrary noisy input voltage waveform.


With this organization refreshing 8 sub-arrays requires only 256 refresh cycles each Trc clocks long and occurs at the retention rate.

the amortized refresh power for 128MB over a retention period of 30 microseconds is 926 mW.


ReliTX Creation Overhead In a lazy-lazy HTM, creating a transaction means starting to write the values to the local log area instead of writing to the shared memory.

faulTM does not have a reliTX creation overhead.


For the rest of the input combinations, the signal paths are CL(Carry Logic) + IMUX21.

the signal paths of all logical Table 2: Conventional vs. proposed 3:2 compressors with a p/n ratio of 1.5 (65nm CMOS, tau = 3.511ps) Conventional Proposed Change Cin(Input A) 22.5 20 -11.1% Cin(Input B) 22.5 20 -11.1% Cin(Input C) 17.5 15 -14.3% CT otal 72.5 77.5 +6.9% GSum 9.26 4.75 -48.7% PSum 16.89 13.16 -22.1% GCarry 2.78 2.78 SAME PCarry 8.15 8.15 SAME high and all logical low input combinations are not sitting on the signal path of other input combinations.


This feature significant increases the computational complexity in motion estimation.

many fast motion estimation algorithms have been proposed to alleviate the computational load.


In other words, the corresponding node/edgeis temporarily removed for the current iteration in the tanner graph.

it has a diminishing impact on the communicationsperformance.


The minimization of the objective function min [code change(E0,z) -code change(E1,z)] avoids any vector z as a solution if there is another vector z ' such that a signal with initial value 0 (1) is not balanced in code change(E0,z)(code change(E1,z)) but is balanced in code change(E0,z ' )(code change(E1,z ' )).

this function reduces the number of unbalanced signals and, thus, less choices are possible when the model is feasible and a new unbalanced signal must be added to S ' .


In fact, the called function will write into this location through a pointer operation.

considering the example in Figure 9, Table 1 recaps all the memory variables accessed by each operation.


We also found that the delay of the paths whose sources and targets are inside the processors is almost 2/3 of that of the critical path (PC to TCDM).

if any variation occurs, those paths that are inside the processors have reasonable margins to tolerate it.


On the other hand, if the defective adder is completely eliminated then the CPI would become 0.66 (=8/12).

better throughput (0.40 compared to 0.66) can be gained by the proposed fault tolerant technique.


Nevertheless, once the projection matrix is computed we will apply matrix reduction on the sensitivity matrices but not their low-rank approximations as in step 4 of the algorithm.

incorporating the useful Krylov subspaces of improves the accuracy of the model order A0T reduction.


If the number of mortal trees in a cell/module and their reliability metrics are already available, it is possible to completely exclude that cell from steps 1-5 in table 1 during full-chip reliability analysis.

the outputs of cell reliability characterization are the number of mortal trees if any and corresponding lifetimes with standard deviations.


1 BUS 2, j.i .. +.. ( i , Mj ) ()}/ ( 1) xfer M prob j xfer BUS i.BUS 2 j=BUS 1 prob(BUS2) is calculated similarly.

the switching activities of bus1 and bus2 (assumingtemporal independence of data values on the bus) are: ( 1) prob BUS ( - ( xfer BUS ( sw BUS =2 1)[1 prob BUS 1)] 1) ( 2) prob BUS ( - ( xfer BUS ( sw BUS =2 2)[1 prob BUS 2)] 2) the average energy consumption per clockcycle of the split bus architecture is calculated as: 2 E =0.5(CBUS1sw(BUS1) +CBUS 2 sw(BUS 2))Vdd n +.Edriver,Mi +Edriver,BUF1 +Edriver,BUF 2 i=1 where Edriver,x can be calculated by the equations in Section 2.


In PPGEN scheme 1, an addition circuit of 4 PPs is needed, while in scheme 2, there are only 2.

if a constant multiplier is synthesized with scheme 2, and the verification tool models it with scheme 1, there will be little structural similarity and consequently its verification will be very difficult.


In reality, it is often desirable to keep the code length short.

one may search a proper code length starting from the minimum mmin = llog2 |Di|l.


nominal buffer is 5.1% and the nominal tunable buffer itself consumes 21% more power than a repeater.

this scheme incurs a sizeable penalty in terms of power but since it is dynamic it can be applied selectively so that for the most portion of interconnect-length and a vast majority of its lifetime we operate using nominal dimensions and stay within an acceptable power-budget.


It consumes quite a significant amount of bits as shown in Figure 7, but is not essential for providing basic services.

we put the lowest eight QMDCT coefficients in the sub-layer EL2_2.


When a later instruction refers to a previously renamed destination register (with its logical binding), it must be able to traverse the renaming and obtains the value stored inside the corresponding physical register or just the tag of the physical register if the value has not yet been produced.

the register rename logic is used to translate logical register designators into physical register designators and is accomplished by accessing a mapping table with the logical register designator as the index.


Furthermore, as the number of sources of variations increases, interconnect delay and slew calculation become more complex.

we propose an efficient and accurate mixed method, which benefits from the accuracy of exact algorithms such as AWE, and the efficiency of fast algorithms like Elmore, D2M or TFA.


Desired content is typically searched for by providing a monomodal input query (text, audio or image).

retrieval algorithms do not usually take full advantage of the multimodal information stored with the images.


To alleviate the over.ow problem, analytical placement tries to place cells away from congested bins, which in turns might make the neighboring bins with the worst voltage drop again.

the voltage-drop force has to optimize the same worst voltage-drop bin again, which causes a serious convergence problem.


the programmer specifies which data will be stored in constant or shared memory.

we can decide to protect either offchip memory only, or both offchip and onchip memory in hardware.


Overall, the results show that the SCRs of most applications are more than 40%, streams have good spatial locality, the stream interval is appropriate for prefetch, and active streams at a time is few.

prefetching in cache and memory controller is reasonable.


Even when there may appear to be space for buffers in the alleys between large blocks, these regions are often densely packed or may needed later to .x critical paths.

within physical synthesis, a buffer insertion scheme needs to be aware of the porosity of the existing layout to be able to decide when to insert buffers in dense regions to achieve critical performance improvement and when to utilize the sparser regions of the chip.


Typically, hold violations are addressed after setup optimization has been performed.

hold optimization has to consider setup constraints as well.


3.2 Multiple TSVs between Adjacent Layers When multiple TSVs between adjacent layers are allowed (i.e., B> 1), we cannot determine TSV locations for x and y coordinates separately.

we represent the TSVs vv locations by {(xkb,ykb):1 = k = L - 1, 1 = b = B} where vv (xkb,ykb) denotes the location of the bth TSV between layers Mk and Mk+1.


Frame Width (W) 1,920 Frame Height (H) 1,080 Number of IN ASIPs 1 Number of H.264 ASIPs 36 Number of OUT ASIPs 1 TABLE I AN EXAMPLE OF A CONFIGURATION FILE.

the allocation of slices and bit stream our H.264 encoder is scalable across scaling does not require any modi.cations to software more scalable.


The L-cache is similar to the loop cache, but the compiler statically places innermost loops in the address space of the executable that will be resident in the L-cache [2, 3].

an L-cache can hold only a pre-speci.ed and limited number of loops.


Moving the components of a logical group on the die will have drastic in.uence on the interconnect delay and energy.

the supply voltage clustering of RT components has to be done best while generating the .oorplan.


Although lucas has a high ACE IPC, it has relatively low ACE latency.

the product of these two terms results in an AVF similar to ammp s, which has a low ACE IPC but a high ACE latency.


Notice that the resultant network has some redundant switches.

the edges sharing technique is applied to remove these redundancies, resulting in the network depicted in Fig.


Guard variable c1 is assigned to f alse (since there is no start).

s2 and s3 are enabled and s1 is disabled.


As the positions of the .rst i blocks are .xed, the bounding rectangle of U is fully contained in any extended packing.

the bounding rectangle offers a lower bound for area.


Namely, downstream optimizations, such as buffer insertion, gate sizing, and detailed placement may invalidate the optimality of latch placement.

our technique focuses on the bad latch placements that we observed in large commercial ASIC designs after state-of-the-art physical synthesis optimizations.


Note that Problem 1 can be generalized, so that Cpg is a parameter to be determined rather than a .xed one.

the generalized problem is to generates a data-path that minimizes .


Indeed, [21] shows that such architectures require an unrealistic number of metal layers.

although the small block approach bypasses the post-RTL design challenges described earlier, its non-scalability makes it infeasible.


For computation, the Hough space is discretized and these continuous curves are approximated.

we do this by approximating the curve as line segments between quantized values of e. for each input vertex, we would like to calculate its mapping at ei and the next increment, ei+1, and use these as the two vertex endpoints of a line to be drawn.


Nonetheless, it is hard for normal search routine to directly identify route equivalence, since each expansion is reached by its neighbors piece-by-piece without any advance knowledge.

a rephrased de.nition of equivalence breaking is required.


In our implementation, each functional unit is pipelined, and the initiation interval of each functional unit is one.

a lower bound of II considering the ith type of functional unit is given as follows: II = Inst i si (5)  5.2 Resource Model The resources required by every allocated functional unit instance and the multiplexers are used to estimate the total resource usage.


For example, when F P = 0.01, if we vary F N from 0.01 to 0.1, NMI remains almost the same, because in a realistic IDS operation environment, the base rate is very low (close to zero), indicating that the uncertainty of X is close to zero.

the entropy of X (nearly zero) is far less than the entropy of Y because the IDS can produce many false positives, as shown in the right part of Figure 2.


However, the fact that the outermost transaction successfully commits should still indicate that all instructions including the successful inner transactions execute atomically.

a nested transaction still appears to a programmer as a single transaction.


That means, the lifetime of SSD caches using MLC flash is just 77 days ( 3000 = 77).

to 39 enable the adoption of MLC flash in SSD caches, it is critical to resolve the endurance issue.


Comp ared to the multi-functional, p in-constrained DM FB, the field-p rogrammab le p in-constrained DMFB required 1.44x more p ins for a comp arably sized array (12x18 vs. 15x15).

fieldp rogrammab le do es come at a p rice in terms of p in-count and, sometimes, assay execution time, comp ared to state-of-the-art assay -sp ecific and mu lti-functional p in-constrained DM FBs; however, the flexibility p rovided is unmatched by p rior DM FBs and offers a significant advancement in terms of p rogrammability .


As a result, the values in the cache line can be computed in parallel using a SIMD-style vector adder.

the entire cache line can be decompressed in the amount of time it takes to do an integer vector addition, using a set of simple adders.


Since t(vi,sr), t(vi,sr), t(vj ,sl), and t(vj ,sl)are constants (see explanation later), without loss of generality, we may assume that t(vi,sr)= ß1, t(vi,sr)=ß2, t(vj ,sl)=ß3, and t(vj,sl)=ß4.

r·CTi r·CTj {z 0 t(sr,sl)a =(rc·Dij + +)·z+t skewskew,a Wu Wl zr·CTi r·CTj 0 tskew(sr,sl)a =(rc·Dij + +)·z+tskew,a Wl Wu and 2 rc·DrDij ·CTj {0 t=(ß1 -ß4)-( ij +) skew,a 2 2 Wl (8) 0 rc·DrDij ·CTj tskew,a =(ß2 -ß3)-( 2 ij + Wu ) Case (b).


the movement of a mobile unit is not tracked unless the unit itself is in conversation).

the model is organized around two entities, namely cells and calls.


However, we cannot expect processor manufacturers to include this change in their designs inthenear futureduetothe factthat abiggerMHAimplies higherlook up latencies.

mechanismslikeprefetching intended to hide remote memory latency are mandatory.


Although the system can only input the relative positions of the pointer, in terms of 3D locations without scale factor, calibration of the mirror orientation is not needed.

the system presents a very simple and inexpensive way of implementing an interaction device.


Inthismethod,theERTisindexed using a hash consisting of a set of the lower bits from the address.

whena memoryinstructionisinsertedintotheLL-LQs or computes its low-locality address it takes n bits of the address, it indexes the ERT and activates the bit corresponding to its epoch.


Since these interconnects interact in a complex manner, optimizing one after another may lead to local optimal designs.

co-optimization of these interconnects with a holistic approach is highly called for.


To simplify the hardware, we approximate the E4 /NE ratio such that t turns out to be a reciprocal of power of two.

we can synthesize Lk < tEk using a shifter and a comparator.


While this results in the lowest power consumption possible during sleep, it does not preserve SRAM state.

the contents of the SRAM need to be saved (i.e., checkpointed) to non-volatile storage such as the on-chip Flash of the MCU before entering this mode.


EVALUATION  4.1 DVFS Algorithms for Efficiency Comparison The key objective of this section is to evaluate the effectiveness of the LDO VRs derived from PCPG devices.

we can use various per-core DVFS algorithms optimized for highperformance multi-core processors including the algorithms exploiting C2C frequency and power variations along with thread migrations (TMs) [2].


All patients were being evaluated for poten tial cerebral resection surgery, and had their medications stopped.

they had seizures more often than is typical.


The arithmetic operations in the target RSA architecture are sequences of Montgomery modular multiplications and are performed in a multi-precision context.

bigger the word size, more gates are switched per clock cycle when performing such single-precision operations, and, consequently, more EM is emanated.


However, this configuration did not spec- ify the logic to avoid data hazards.

to make our ma- chine more realistic, we further refined it by adding a mod- ule to handle register renaming and connecting the write- back ports of the pipeline to the machine's reorder buffer.