3.3.1 Digit distinctness Our authentication solution provides differential security based on the number of repeated digits in the user s PIN.

pINs which have repeated digits (like 1111) map to signatures with repeated digits (like 2222 or 3333), which make both the PINs and the signatures easier to guess.


The amount of damage decreased at the same p/q ratio as when one cluster was used, though fewer items were damaged in all cases.

even though it is slightly more difficult to locate the clusters of private items, it still is easy for the attacker to find them.


In this research, we aim to include design elements mentioned above.

we present four independent and distinct interfaces covering different aspects derived from our design heuristics.


The question then becomes how the threat model and security measures can be aligned.

this holds for policies imposed on employees.


N2 is the bivariate normal distribution centered at the origin, with the identity covariance.

this is a perfectly label-balanced task, where the positive instances are normally distributed around (d/2, 0) and the negatives around (-d/2, 0).


To further take advantage of the servers working style, PEDA is designed to trade service response time o. for service live time.

pEDA initializes a pre-checkpointing phase, during which the disk and raw memory states are recorded with the server system on the .y .


Many SAT solvers also support PB constraints.

the SAT solver we use, SAT4J [4], supports PB constraints.


This is automatically enforced in most operating systems by simply changing the corresponding .lename extension, thus resulting in a very subtle vulnerability of the widely accepted trust mechanism used to generate and verify digitally signed documents.

enveloping signatures basedonPKCS#7 [21], are commonly implemented with no authentication of the content type of the document being signed, allowing the above attack to be done by simply changing the .rst extension of the cryptographic message .lename (for instance, from delegation.bmp.p7m to delegation.htm.p7m).


dao The proof3 of the theorem relies on the fact that the ignorance property is de.ned in terms of behavior alternatives as opposed to individual traces which is how secure information .ow properties are usually de.ned in the literature [25].

instead of demanding that there exists a trace that ful.lls a certain criterion, we demand that there exists a behavior alternative such that all its traces ful.lls a certain criterion.


The algorithm analyzes the transitions will be saved.

a better worst case time bound is edges in decreasing order of weight, and connects the ones which do obtained at the cost of a reduced memory size reduction.


Our Enumerative Approach for Studying Residue Objects In this section, we describe our approach of examining the logic correctness of the guarding mechanisms, which is to generate different residue objects, and observe the browser s memory states.

it consists of two steps: (1) at the HTML/Javascript level, we use a tactic to enumerate different scenarios for object-creation, crossreferencing and navigation; (2) at the C++ level, we augment the browser to log critical function calls.


We de.ne movement e.ciency asthe ratiobetweenthecursordisplacement and the traversed distance over a series of movements.

the closer the cursor movement is to a straight line between the origin and target coordinates, thehigherthe movement e.ciency.


We obtain di.erent decisions depending on the point at which we apply the reduction.

if we apply the reduction at the top level (i.e., .rst decisions are combined using dov of XACML v3 and then the decision is reduced), we obtain Permit; on the other hand, if we apply it at the subpolicy level (i.e., .rst decisions are reduced and then they are combined using dov of XACML v2), we obtain Deny (when dov for policy is used).


The Opaak components serve as a proxy for the requests carried out between the RP mobile phone app and the RP web app.

we augment the existing communication between the RP app componentswith theOpaakprotocolsby sitting inbetween theRPphoneapp andtheRP webapp.


Now, attacker A becomes successful in her attempts if she can deceive a legitimate reader.

the real reader fails to distinguish the genuine tag from the fake one.


Finally, we require prover privacy with regard to Srv.

we demand prover deniability with respect to a server, even if it has access to the veri.er s full internal state.


Random primitive type: a random value appropriate to the given primitive type.

pointer .elds are fuzzed using valid pointers to kernel memory.


3.2.2 Spatial indistinguishability Given two parties A and B communicating together, an eavesdropper should not be able, using spatial analysis (or signal strength analysis), to distinguish the packets emitted by A from those emitted by B with a probability larger than 1/2.

the eavesdropper should not be able to detect the packets source from their reception power.


More speci.cally, let dnow be a parameter indicating to the search algorithm that it should ignore any database item whose distance to the query q is larger than dnow.Given dnow,the search only needs to explore those partitions whose distance range overlaps with the range of interest, [d(p, q)-dnow,d(p, q)+dnow], as shown in Figure 2.

partition Pi is pruned if and only if high[i] d(p, q)+ dnow.


The other factor driving our interest in PUFs is the high level of integrity they provide.

pUFs use characteristics of the hardware that cannot be modi.ed, forged or reset, even with physical access to the device.


This allows us to leverage results from program analysis to extend theoretical languages such that their security properties carry over to realistic languages.

we know that explicit .ow corresponds to data dependence in program analysis, which is between an expression that uses a value and the expression that computed it.


Even(T ), then the reduced game is G(X,Y )Tv .

the game with parameters (k, d ' , PXTv , PYTv ), where d ' is the depth of Tv.


The main di.erence between the two algorithms is that MinSkew uses a di.erent criterion to select the block to be split and where to split it.

it tries all possible splits along every dimension of every block, and evaluates how much the SSE of the The marginal distribution of a block b along the i-th dimension, denoted as margi(b), is given by the projection of the internal data distribution of b on the i-th dimension.


with probabil- ity at least 1-2 -15"~ the machine 7r(As) will never ask about any element in Bt.


We consider the degree to which a group is committed to cooperative work as enacted.

we do not consider their stated or self-described commitment.


The basis of the C~ firing rule is the p~esence of a Con-densed Graph in every port of a node.

a Con-densed Graph representing an operand is associated with every operand port, an operator Condensed Graph with the operator port and a destination Condensed Graph with the destination port.


The main design goal of WormTerminator is to completely contain any known or unknown fast worm while allowing all non-worm tra.c.

we strive to detect and stop the .rst exploit from any fast spreading worm without blocking any non-worm tra.c.


When dealing with mobile code systems we choose to use the following de.nition: security policy de.nes executions that, for one reason or another, has been deemed unacceptable.

the policy de.nes exactly all the prohibited state transitions.


Then the SK is distributed through the data paths as shown in Fig.2.

when a node h on Lk-1 receives the encrypted SK from a node p (obviously h and p are in the same cluster), h decrypts the SK with the CK shared with p. If h is also a leader on Lk, then h re-encrypts the SK with the CK shared by the cluster on Lk and forwards the encrypted SK to the members in the cluster on Lk.


Finally we can classify the events based on the set of users it a.ects.

an event is personalized if it a.ects some users while it is general if it a.ects all the users.


Given the address of the ISR to hook and the .rst 16 bytes of that ISR, this is quite simply accomplished by patching a compiled attack template such as shown in Figure 2.

iNT_ADDR_MARK is a special byte sequence that marks the location of the attack payload to patch with the address of the original ISR.


We attribute these cases to the conservative thresholds that we selected for the detectors in monitoring mode.

the malware processes show signs of low progress but it is not due to malicious stalling.


One goal which we would like a system to achieve is that if an action is scheduled to occur at a certain time, then the action should be permitted to occur at that time.

the schedule of actions should be consistent with the security policies of the system.


We call this new type of attack a doppelganger window attack as it evades security requirements by looking the same as (potentially) secure interfaces but without o.ering the behind-the-scenes functionality of these.

the attacker strives to become a doppelganger or identical twin of the various interfaces he wants his victim to see.


When all the layers are received and decoded, full quality is achieved at the same bit rate.

dP does not incur any penalty in coding efficiency at the full rate with regard to single-layer coding.


The attacker knows the plaintext distribution (exact or approximate) of the column Ain the original database.

for any domain value x, the attacker knows how many tuples in the table contains x as the attribute value of A.


Attacker modi.cations may make policies less restrictive (e.g., to trick employees of a company into accidentally taking and distributing photos of con.dential information in conference rooms) or more restrictive (e.g., to prevent the cameras of surrounding users from recording the attacker breaking a law).

attackers attempting to change policies may employ the following methods: 1.


Considering the ULNSP it is evident that the language meets listed requirements.

new types of policy rules can be added to the ULNSP specification by adding new functions or combining of existing ones (see [5] for details).


SCENARIO OF THE PROJECT AND AUTHENTICATION MODEL The pervasive space exists in an environment where situations or contexts surround the user.

these contexts are relevant for the adaptive process of services and information o.ered to the user through context-aware applications [5].


The meaning of each of these decisions can be understood as follows: Ø indicates that the decision is neither 0 nor 1.

the policy cannot reach any conclusive decision.


A node tries to securely connect all of its neighbors using path key identi.cation methods.

a node can .nd out the path to all of its neighbors (not securely connected) by means of its securely connected neighbors, and a key is securely delivered from the source node to its targeted neighbor via an indirect path.


This combination extends the capabilities of each system.

the framework allows us to: Detect and thwart attacks on electronic business transactions.


After this, the method compares a newly observed pattern with the reference ones.

depending on the similarity measure and the threshold set, the method outputsa binary result:0(rejected user),1(accepted user).We also proposeawayof combining these basic methodsto improvetheir performances.weleveragethefactthat, combining methods, the similarity measures can give us more information than the binary onegives as output.Weimplemented our proposals for the Android system, and tested it with the HTC Dev 1smartphone considering ten different users.


We also propose a new scalable spatial-temporal correlation approach to identify hosts that share persistently similar communications.

we aim to identify hosts in a network that persistently share similar communication patterns for a relatively long (not necessarily continuous) period of time.


Note that heap objects allocated by HeapAlloc can still start at random addresses in a heap block, but we have an interesting observation: when a heap object is bigger than a certain threshold, 512K in our experiment, Windows always allocates a separate heap block for this object.

the addresses of large heap objects are also aligned according to the allocation granularity, thus more predictable.


The underlying idea is simply to select the attack sample (among the k - 1 bridges suggested by our bridge-based heuristic search) that lies in between the largest clusters.

we assume that the attack point will e.ectively merge the two adjacent clusters, and thus modify Y ' accordingly (without re-estimating its real value by re-running the clustering algorithm).


Our evaluation of the scheme was geared towards .nding out how much performance penalty the user would have to pay to use such a system.

we wanted to evaluate the overhead of doing software based WEP at the escort, and the overhead of doing NAT at the escort.


Assume that the function family G is not pseudorandom.

there exists an algorithm T which passes the PTPT for G with an advantage at least E and within a time at most t. We construct an algorithm B which runs T as a subroutine and (E, t, j +1,j +1, 0, 0)-breaks the weak unpprivacy of RS,where j is the number of queries that T asks in the PTPT experiment.


2 2 D L P i PQ i F P - - ( - 1)] - [ )] = m 2 i i=1 (5) where C(Qi) is the cumulative histogram (the running sum of counts from 0 to Qi), LPi is the amplitude of Pi, and F(Pi) is defined as the number of Qi which are smaller than Pi in scale value.

we define C(QN+1-1) in (4) equal to the sum of all data in histogram, i.e., C(Smax).


RQ  ' Auth(r)= Auth(RQ) and |RQ| is minimized.

r.R ' Q we have an instance of the set covering optimization problem and we can use a slightly modi.ed version of the greedy algorithm for the set covering problem to solve this problem.


In set covering problem, there is a set, S,and a set of n subsets of S, {S1,.. .,Sn}.

there is also a parameter, k, and the question is whether or not there is a set of k of the subsets such that the union of those sets is equal to S.is every member of S covered by one of the k subsets.


DESIGN We designa challenge-response authentication system.

the system asks the user a question (challenge), to which the user has to properly respond to prove her identity.


That is, m =max{R(a): a.A}, and let C(A,i)=|{R(aj ): R(aj )= i}|for every i =m.

c(A,i) is the number of predicates with rank i.


We show how an attacker instance can infer aspects of a victim web application s responses to clients service requests.

we show that an attacker can reliably determine the number of distinct items in an authenticated user s shopping cart on an e-commerce site (the victim instance) running the popular Magento ecommerce application.


The defending f'(ac,t ) xI server can compute sI = yI = gc,t .

it essentially computes a Di.e-Hellman key.


However, it also has weaknesses: it is di.cult and costly to build a good RBAC instance, and a pure RBAC system lacks .exibility to e.ciently adapt to changing users, objects, and security policies.

it is impractical to manually make (and maintain) user to role assignment and role to permission assignment for dynamic applications and/or large scale applications with a large number of users or objects.


A fairly minimal property for implementations, accesssafety, requires the set of accesses be preserved across the implementation.

for any given state in the workload, its equivalent state in an implementing scheme should respond in the same way to any queries of the form Does subject s have access right r to object o?


Our proposed changes require a minimal subset of the TPM specification to operate.

it requires the core functionalities of the storage root keys, secure input/output and binding keys.


to Bob SBDp protocol we decided to use a probabilistic assumption.


Therefore, we state the requirements for developing a formal language that is dynamic and .exible enough to express service customer s QoS requirements as well as service providers capabilities and offers.

we enable concerned parties to express their expectations regarding security, portability, storage management, and legal restrictions as well as custom de.ned features.


The model has been implemented in Prolog, and allows to analyze some important static properties of networks.

it can be used to automatically determine, given a suitable formal de.nition of an attack, the location and/or the information needed by a NIDS sensor to detect the attack.


The update operation is equivalent to both read and write.

a DBU has update access if she has both read and write access.


We assume integrity and privacy of the request channel.

we assume that some trusted third party endorses the owner s public key to the site authority.


Unfortunately, this deployment approach requires the user to modify the Unknown Sources application side-loading security setting.

the user has to choose to allow apps from unknown sources to install on the phone.


To grant a parameterized permission [c, .1, a1] to a role, besides the empower permission over the role, one should have the admin permission over the set of objects de.ned by .1.

one should have the permission [c, .2, admin] such that .1 logically implies .2, which means that every object that satis.es .1 also satis.es .2 and thus .2 describes a larger set.


Strong unforgeability ensures the adversary cannot even produce a new signature for a previously signed message.

suppose an adversary obtains a message-signature (M, w) along with other messagesignature pairs of his choice.


There is a distinguished initialization message which allows the adversary to activate the session with certain information.

the initialization message consists of: the role .


6.2 Objective-C Runtime Analyzer Our novel Objective-C runtime analyzer tackles the incompleteness of the static analysis phase.

it starts its operation after the iOS loader has loaded the application into memory.


Next, we argue that if the adversary opens parallel readeradversary and adversary-tag sessions such that they do not share the exact time-critical transcripts (challenges and responses), they cannot learn bits of the secret key sk * (except with negligible probability).

if at least one challenge or response is changed, the veri.cation string V computed by the tag will not be correct, thus authentication always fails (regardless of whether the time-critical responses are correct or not).


Unfortunately, some judges have refused to apply full protection of the Dendrite standard to the protection of absent Does [10].

trial court judges have a huge amount of discretion maybe too much.


By looking at a 10-year period at Kenyon College, and by thinking strategically, we can take a more informed approach to whatever the next problem is.

we can look at the changes in students and their relationship to their computers and the network, LBIS perception of the relationship of student computing to the mission of the college, and the changes in the nature of the threat.


First, it captures the idea that authorization decisions are made primarily by consulting the relationship between the accessor and the owner.

only the social network aspect of the system state is signi.cant in authorization decisions.


In the analysis we rely on the fact that the polynomial ed-1 evaluation hash function de.ned by hX (I¯) := j=0 Ij · Xj is (d/2n)-universal meaning that the probability of any two distinct inputs colliding is at most d/2n over the random choice of X.

we can think of our refresh procedure as computing this hash function in an on-line manner, processing the inputs Ij one-by-one without knowing the total number of future samples d, and keeping only a short local state.6 the updated state after the d refreshes is S ' = S · Xd + hX (I¯).


Comparing to HKC [4] scheme, it is found that, this scheme requires less reversible data space.

it wastes more storage capacities to remember the reversible point s coordinates when the minimum points are not zero.


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK This work has used the concept of access controls spaces to compose policies across operating systems and tra.c devices within a network.

the new framework formalizes an analysis of a collection of SE-Linux operating systems within a network and provides a means for composing multiple security policies into a global view of the network, and a potential means to verify high-level policies.


We also point out that a static rewriting strategy does not provide a way to validate cross-origin requests.

if a server A embeds a cross-origin request for server B in its page, then the client would need a token for accessing B, but the server A has no easy way to obtain such a token.


Compared to the state-of-the-art Return-Oriented Programming without returns [20], our method is more feasible to construct the programs, without the manual tedious work.

we use the combinational gadget to invoke the system calls (Section 2.1) and the control gadget to set the jump register (Section 3.1).


To deal with this problem, we use the following approach: After specifying the system in UMLsec and verifying the model against the given security goals as explained above, we make sure that the implementation correctly implements the speci.cation with techniques explained below.

this approach is applicable to legacy systems.


As in Lemma 5.4, B is given g and X3 and he can simulate a full version of CDRWLW .

he sets u = g x,h = gy which makes a normal ciphertext (c1,c2,c3) xid+y for id satis.es the relation c2 = c1 .


This paradigm shift is changing the with using virtual server images from the public catalogs existing IT infrastructures of organizations, allowing smaller of cloud service providers.

we investigate in companies that cannot a.ord a large infrastructure to create detail the security problems of public images that are avail and maintain online services with ease.


2 Approach To discover backup C&C servers and fallback strategies, we use a dynamic approach.

we run malware samples in a controlled environment and observe their C&C communication.


Such a sequence is called a maximal sequence.

with a proper configuration, an LFSR of size m is able to generate all possible m bit numbers except for 0, during a period of 2m 1.


Upon receiving the data from the cloud, Bob decrypts each entry using his secret key prb (which is sent by Alice during Stage 1). ''

bob performs Dpkb (Epkb (d +ai)) to get di +ai,for i 1=i =n+m.


B can protect itself from undesirable downgrades by setting its minimum label (called min_lbl).

downgrading of current_lbl won t be attempted unless the following invariant holds after the downgrade: IN VAR IAN T 8.


We distinguish between keystrokes and silence using energy levels in time windows.

we calculate windowed discrete Fourier transform of the signal and use the sum of all FFT coef.cients as energy.


Another advantage of the timestamp T is that it ensures the timely use of the location information.

user cannot hoard the data received from LD for use after moving out of the spatial extents.


We follow the analysis described in [LP11] and adjust it to our setting.

this lets us compute secure parameter choices for the scheme, in order to support homomorphic computation of (multi-variate) polynomials of di.erent degrees D.The results are summarized in Table 1.


(5) Finally, if the veri.cation succeeds, R is marked as readable and executable, but unwritable.

r is not executable until this stage, which prevents any code from being executed before it is veri.ed.


These low points correspond to when the ConstructCascadeBF returned a cascade Bloom .lter of higher depth.

there is a correlation between the depth of the cascade Bloom .lter and the number of membership queries we are able to process.


3.1.1 Storage Subsystem Thestorage moduleistheinitializationpointforthe entire monitoring framework.

a speci.c range of virtual machine disk blocks are monitored via a watchlist maintained by this module.


First, it ensures that the attacker cannot learn the the user s long term credential.

session Juggler mitigates the risk of a man-in-the-middle attack against websites that transmit user login credentials in the clear.


They developed a security design for IM based on the premise that not only IM requires end-to-end security but the speci.cs of the medium and its applications require special security considerations.

they observe that well established end-to-end tools such as PGP (designed to protect email tra.c) fall short of providing the security functionality required in the IM setting.


Joux s idea is very simple and original he proposed creating sequentially collisions for the consecutive compression function calls.

first one finds a colliding message pair (M11, M12) for the first compression function, then (M21, M22) for the second (the input chaining value coincides with the output of the previous), and keeps repeating this procedure for all t compression function calls.


Definition 6 Well Defined Dictionary: The user must be able to randomly pick a keyword and be certain that it is in the dictionary by only knowing the topic of the dictionary.

the user should not have to memorize keywords that are in the dictionary for the purpose of the authentication scheme; she should only need to know the general theme.


Their proposed scheme disseminates information in one direction i.e., from publishers, without taking into account whether asubscriber isinterested or not.

itdoes not provide the opportunity for a node to subscribe.


Us-ability testing of security to date has focused on security applications or end-user visible security mechanisms includ- ing encryption software [27], password mechanisms [1, 3, 26, 24], and user interfaces for managing policy [28].

"usability of security" tends to be defined as "usability of security-related applications."


Our protocol does not reveal any useful information except the outcome of the computation, which is the diagnostic label in this case.

the User does not learn how the branching program arrived at the diagnosis, nor which of the User s attributes it considered, nor the topology of the branching program, nor any other diagnostic labels that it may contain.


As Section 4.2 shows, this analysis is tractable even for large programs.

our analysis determines the contents of two sets of functions.


However, the use of even light-weight authentication schemes can signi.cantly degrade throughput in these systems.

systems in which multiple proxies share a remote authentication database can experience reduced performance due to latency.


power is an interesting and meaningful basis for comparing access control schemes, in practice it is not a su.cient indicator of suitability to any particular application.

the knowledge that a scheme T is more expressive than another scheme S provides no assurance that T is the best access control scheme for use within a particular real-world application context.


More generally, if there is a directed path between nodes v and u in G, then u s key can be derived from v s key by considering each edge on the path.

there is a public label associated with every node in the graph, and there is a public information associated with every edge in the graph.


If a protocol is not o.ine impersonation secure, it only has an impersonation security roughly equivalent to its ma.a-fraud resistance.

if such a protocol is deployed in resource-constrained devices, it is highly susceptible to regular impersonation in authentication.


Fortunately, program analysis has been studying these features and presented theories on how to handle them.

the correspondence between information .ow control and program dependence has long been assumed [10], but only recently been formally proved [19].


The tendency to commit a privacy breach is a latent trait.

it could not be measured directly but can be measured through other manifest variables.


4.2.2 Low Leakage HT Creation We employ IC aging technique to create a HT gate that consumes ultra low leakage power.

during or after the IC manufacturing process, we intentionally stress the HT gate so that its threshold voltage can be increased and, by following Equation (1), the leakage power would decrease exponentially.


In the context of our architecture, the User Terminal can obtain the results of security analysis from the Analyzer but users information can be kept hidden.

the Analyzer is required to send an information request (resp.


Concreteware is a thin layer of software that wraps the facilities of the raw hardware into a clean abstract machine, on which the rest of the Safe software rests.

it provides allocation and garbage collection of memory frames (bounded regions named by unforgeable pointers), scheduling, and message-passing interprocess communication.


In this paper, we take the .rst steps towards developing a comprehensive approach to composite trust management for distributed systems.

we conduct a use case analysis to uncover the functional requirements that must be met by composite trust management policy languages.


In this section, we formally de.ne guarded models.

we show how guarded models relate to application code via predicate abstraction [19].


Some of these requirements can be handled transparently to applications.

we provide a wrapper program to connect a given application to the ServiceOS monitor over a named pipe and to register its main window s visual output.


However, adherence to a simple encryption scheme can interfere with the desired functionality of health record systems.

we would like to employ encryption, yet support such desirable functions as allowing users to share partial access rights with others and to perform various searches over their records.


A take-out from these results is that the aggregated CPU usage of ShadowReplica is less or equal than that of in-line DFT analysis.

we manage to satisfy equation 1 from Sec.


Our system just focuses on the situation that the trigger conditions of sensitive behaviors are not data dependent on UI elements.

we only consider the control dependency on UI elements.


Furthermore, EFBs used by air carriers are prohibited from showing own-ship position.

they may not display the location of the aircraft on an aeronautical chart or procedure plate.


Our model is built fully automatically from source code and combines control .ow and data .ow properties of the application.

our model allows the detection of mimicry attacks generated by various automated mimicry attack generation tools [17, 24].


5.2 and 5.3, although a combination of all the techniques may lead to a noticeable drop in usability.

enrolling new money transfer recipients will require veri.cation of both the money-sender and the recipient s phone numbers.


Instead, as time progresses, the group manager broadcasts self-healing information according to a sliding window that extends 5 sessions in each direction from the current one.

in each session, the current session key is broadcast, along with self-healing information for the previous 5 sessions and for the upcoming 5 sessions.


The case of 2-party protocols, especially those executed in a public-key setting (such as public-key encryption and digital signatures), has been more di.cult to analyze.

gennaro and Trevisan [8] state as an open question whether their techniques can be extended to show e.ciency bounds for public-key encryption schemes based on trapdoor one-way permutations.


SYSTEM EVALUATION We will now describe how JSAND performs at detecting pages that launch drive-by-download attacks.

we examine the accuracy of our detection approach and compare it with stateof-the-art tools on over 140K URLs.


We then construct a secure ABE system for which the resulting concrete trace-and-revoke system has ciphertexts and pri v vate keys of size N where N is the total number of users in the system.

this is the .rst example of a fully collusion resistant broadcast system with sub-linear size ciphertexts and private keys that is secure against adaptive adversaries.


HeyTell HeyTell allows users to change their privacy settings -using any setting other than low prevents random people from adding them to their friend list.

people are unable to .nd out whether or not they are using the service (for example on medium only friends of friends are able to add them).


In TCP session hijackings, the response to the spoofed packets will still go to the spoofed client, not to the attacker, because of the spoo.ng.

the attackers cannot see the response (unless they can observe the tra.c between the legitimate client and server).


Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) are self-organizing networks built up from moving vehicles that communicate with each other mainly to prevent adverse circumstances on the roads, but also to achieve a more efficient traffic management.

these networks are considered an emerging research area of mobile communications because they offer a wide variety of possible applications, ranging from road safety and transport efficiency, to commercial services, passenger comfort, and infotainment delivery.


Though the faulting instruction f causes the process to crash, the process image at the time of crash does not include the speci.c address of f .

the CPU s program counter (PC) register does not point to f , rather it contains the address of the next instruction to be executed should f complete.


However, developing a scalable and robust infrastructure to achieve this goal is a challenging problem in its own right, and has been the subject of numerous research initiatives (e.g., [20, 23]).

any malware collection infrastructure must support a wide array of data collection endpoints and should be highly scalable.


Speci.cally, it looks for a token 0003 in the Binder IPC message returned from the implementation of getDeviceId in TelephonyManagerService.

a9 uses the IMEIs whose .rst character is 3 to indicate real devices.


Such discoveries were made through an in-depth analysis on the code and operations of those apps.

for Android apps, we decompiled the binary code of their latest versions using apktool [33] and AndroChef Java Decompiler [34] in order to analyze their program logic related to the mobile channels.


Let rank(i, j) denote the position of keystroke j in row Mi* of the similarity matrix (excluding Mii), sorted in decreasing order.

if rank(i, j)=1 then Kj is the keystroke most similar to Ki.


Additionally, if the risk quanti.es only the misuse of authorizations, it is reasonable to assume that cost(UT , Ø) = cost(UT , UT ) for all user-task assignments UT and UT .

empowering no user to execute a task entails the least risk, i.e.


ARCHITECTURE We developed our architecture to mitigate attackers lateral movement rather than longitudinal movement.

we start with the assumption that an attacker is already inside the network and has a presence on at least one host.


Cepstrum features have been empirically veri.ed to be more effective than plain FFT coef.cients for voice signals.

we use Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coef.cients (MFCCs) [8].


If the gap-DH and CDH problems are hard, AE = (enc, dec) is an int-0 secure AE scheme, and the signature scheme (sig, ver) used to produce card certi.cates is EUF-CMA, then the EMV protocol P = {., G } is secure in the sense of OS-EA.

if there exists an adversary A against P = {., G} in the sense of os-entauth then there are adversaries B, C, D and E such that Advos-entauth eufcma .


Another implementation of the calendar service might involve a server process r that Alice and Bob both trust to work on their behalf.

r runs with a- and b- in its ownership set, and with secrecy Sr = {a,b}.


We say y covers x,or x is covered by y,denoted x < y,if x<y and for all z .X, x .

z< y implies x = z.x<y is shorthand for y is an immediate parent of x .


Thus, cryptographic keys need to be created and managed carefully.

they need to be protected atrest and in-transit, which itself calls for the use of various cryptographic schemes.


Now the above scenario has an assumption, that ic, the SCS who obtains the authorization decision (the output of f), does not contribute any input to pf .

f does not contain situated queries that refers to ic.


Computing universal solutions In [9], we addressed the question of how to check the existence of a universal solution and how to compute one, if one exists.

we identi.ed fairly general, yet practical, conditions that guarantee that universal solutions exist whenever solutions exist.


These three nodes are carefully placed so that X has the same impact on both A and B.

we set dXA, the distance between X and A,equal to dXB, the distance between X and B, and we .xed the distance between the sender A and the receiver B at dAB = 30 inches, as depicted in Fig.


In today s Web, we ordinarly view a service as running with the identity of the service provider that initiated it.

a running program has all of the powers of the 1A view is a Django term that refers to a Python function that handles the request-response processing for a particular specting the launched code would incorrectly conclude that URL.


to generate C-mode responses: permissive(c0, buy, part(p, c, q)).

c0 s request is to know whether it is permitted to buy q units worth of the p part colored c. On receiving c0 s request, the coordinator for an e-collective will request the server agents of the  8 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>: i_empowered(C, buy, part(X, Y, Z)) .


After con.rming that x ' and y ' are of the correct length, the device searches for o.sets dx and dy such that the sums p = x + x ' + dx and q = y + y ' + dy are suitable RSA primes.

p and q must be distinct primes such that gcd(p - 1, e) = 1 and gcd(q - 1, e) = 1, where e is the RSA encryption exponent.


The relation between the t and the threshold is: the smaller the t , the higher the initial threshold.

with t =2, we can maximize the initial threshold.


3.5 Counter: Initiate reconnaissance and counter-attack With an active security infrastructure in place, additional measures beyond protective measures become possible and attractive.

we believe additional actions include reconnaissance and counter attack.


It generated its decision using a ma jority vote among the 30 heuristics.

an Android device is recognized as an emulator if more than half of the detection heuristics indicate so.


The authors also de.ned an extension of the witness notion by including the use of views.

the user can accesses only to a part of a table represented by a view; Hence, the user has clearance to view the values of T that contribute to the view (information permission) and (s)he is allowed to execute a query that physically accesses T , but only for the purpose of computing the view (physical permission).


On the other hand, one could present a single API with appropriate defaults.

the Working Group has decided that logically it makes more sense to release a lower-level API .rst, and given that the .eld could be in .ux, to not in general provide any defaults in the standard.


For example, the double HEX encoding encodes the character % using the HEX encoding.

the substring %2520 is .rst decoded into %20 and then into the space character.


Thus, the use of the duplex construction in our proposed hash tree allows the insertion of a new revoked certificate as new leaf of the tree by running a new iteration of the duplex construction only on the new revoked certificate.

the RSU can take advantage of all the digests corresponding to the sibling nodes of the new node, which were computed in previous iterations, by simply discarding the same minimum number of the last bits of each one of those digests so that the total size of the resulting digest of all the children remains the same, n. Figure 2: Proposed Duplex Construction While the maximum number of children of an internal node has not been reached, the RSU has to store not only all the digests of the tree structure but also the state resulting from the application of Keccak hash function f in the last iteration corresponding to such internal node, in order to use it as input in a next iteration.


Appealing to standard sampling theory, the true average distribution should be rapidly approximated by collecting sample variants and measuring their instruction form distributions.

if su.cient numbers of metamorphic variants can be collected, then a mechanical process may be used to extract the necessary statistical signature.


TIARA and ARIES The SAFE architecture embodies a number of innovations from earlier paper designs.

the TIARA design [43] .rst proposed the idea of a zero-kernel operating sys tem and sketched a concrete architecture, while the ARIES project proposed using a hardware rule cache to speed up information-.ow tracking [7].


2.2.1 When to Out-graft To determine the appropriate moment for process execution transfer, we need to ensure it is safe to do so, i.e., the transfer will not corrupt the execution of the out-grafted process and the OS kernel.

once a process is selected forout-grafting, thehypervisor .rstpauses theproductionVM,whichisakin toaVMExitevent and causes the VM s virtualCPU(VCPU) statetobestoredinhypervisoraccessible memory.


That is, no one but the mint can e.ciently produce states that are accepted by the veri.er with better than exponentially small probability.

it should not be possible to copy a bill.


Next, the core g-SIS properties are consistent.

the core properties can be satis.ed, namely, by the p-system, and do not con.ict with each other.


A more elaborate scenario corresponds to an attacker who can adaptively request twin signatures corresponding to messages of his choice.

the attacker interacts with the legitimate signer by submitting messages selected by its program.


NaCl was designed to isolate browser plug-ins in the Chromium browser and is unsuitable for general applications.

its service runtime allows only one protection domain for each plug-in.


This version has a new trailer which de.nes the main object (root) of the PDF tree.

with a new version, it is possible to completely redraw the tree of a PDF .le.


However, the signature does not reveal which machine did the signing.

the attestation signature convinces the remote party that the hardware is certi.ed, but does not reveal the hardware identity.


PROTOTYPE DESCRIPTION ProtectMe is implemented as an Android service, that can be invoked by third-party applications through a standard Android inter-application communication interface (AIDL [1]).

protectMe: a) manages the association between a resource and its SP, that expresses the allowed access control directives and usage purposes, as well as conditions and obligations associated to the resource exploitation; b)prevents arbitrary usages of SP-protected resources, through the usage of encryption techniques as described in Sec.


,.n=mn, that the following equation is correct: v(x0)=.1.1(x0)+.2.2(x0)+...+.n.n(x0).

the solution without repetitions for the input (.F(x0), v(x0)) is the subset of the elements of .F(x0), the sum of which is equal to v(x0): .


As in many previous works, for simplicity, we limit the discussion to protocols with predetermined order of communication .

when considering deterministic protocols (or probabilistic protocols with .xed random strings), we will assume that it is known in advance which player sends a bit in each round.


This approach, however, suffers from the familiar limitations of dynamic analysis: incomplete coverage.

a single execution of a malware sample is unlikely to reveal several, let alone all, of the redundant C&C servers that the bot is able to contact.


Now, having freed k blocks on the disk, we will write k blocks back to the positions given by S. For this, we read out of our stash queues, giving priority to the queues for lower volumes.

we empty the queue Stash1 for V1 .rst, followed by Stash2 for V2, etc.


In our model, caregivers are fully trusted by their corresponding patients.

caregivers are not considered potential insiders but are potential targets of external adversaries.


Since the .rst part of the simulation is , and then it computes perfect by assumption, and the second part is perfect by de.nition, hs1 Hs2 R = and sends R to V. *P(a) chooses blinding factors .Zss1 2 R, q it follows that the entire simulation is in fact perfect.

*Zq the above simulation strategy establishes that, if SPK4 is honestveri.er perfect zero-knowledge, then so is all of SPK2, even when the user reuses its blinding factors across all parallel instances in SPK5.


We use a di.erent approach where we shift the management of the working set from the online phase to the compilation phase in order to keep the online phase as lean as possible.

the online phase of our approach neither requires a usage counter nor to allocate and later on free memory for each gate.


Our partition test allows false negatives, but not false positives.

10Perfect correctness is assumed in these transformations.


However, when it is granted $truncate-history-privilege, login appears at the head of any principal chain it spawns.

the kernel security service takes special note of this privilege at application invocation time and truncates the principal name accordingly.


To compute these features, we need a full social graph of users based on contact-list requests.

Figure 1: Entire work.ow for the classi.cation process.


Because we want to provide a generic and interoperable solution across operating systems and applications, we decided to adopt a di.erent approach.

in our solution we used a PRQP server (i.e., an RQA) to distribute locators (URLs) to sets of certi.cates endorsed by CAs.


We also note that, because bridge users don t use entry guards, some Tor relays can infer that a connection is from a bridge.

if a Tor relay is not an entry guard and receives a connection from an IP address that is not listed as a Tor relay, it may conclude that the IP address belongs to a bridge.


On the contrary, metrics are generated from analysis.

measurements are objective raw data, and metrics are either objective or subjective human interpretations of those data.


We note, however, that the line between worms and viruses is not all that sharp.

the contagion worms discussed in Staniford et al [47] might be considered viruses by the de.nition we use here, though not of the traditional form, in that they do not need the user to activate them, but instead they hide their spread in otherwise unconnected user activity.


Their decisions are guided by how they think about computer security, or their mental models, which do not have to be technically correct to lead to desirable security behaviors [44].

sometimes even wrong mental models produce good security decisions.


Adding carefully-designed noises to genome data can impede our analysis.

one can append individual pair-wise SNP counts with decimal components, which removes the integer constraint we use to uniquely identify C00 from the two solutions of Equation 2 (Section 3.1).


Because the computationally-intensive input consistency check is a greater bottleneck on mobile devices than servers, these improvements for most programs are less dramatic.

table 3: Bandwidth comparison of CMTB and PartialGC.


Filter con.dentiality is achieved by combining KP-ABE [3] with multi-user searchable data encryption (SDE) scheme [2].

a subscriber Sj can de.ne a .lter Fj as a KP-ABE access trees.


3.3.3 Run-Time Tracking of Dynamically Allocated Hooks The design of HookSafe is complicated by the support of dynamically allocated hooks.

since those hooks are allocated and deallocated at runtime, we need to effectively keep track of these events.


1.2 Related Previous Work Research on oblivious simulation of one computational model by another began with Pippenger and Fischer [18], who show that one can obliviously simulate a computation of a one-tape Turing machine computation of length N with an two-tape Turing machine computation of length O(N log N).

they show how to perform such an oblivious simulation with a computational overhead that is O(log N).


The key contributions of this paper are as follows: We conducted one of the .rst studies to evaluate in.uencing change with regards to smart phone security behavior.

we focused on the usage of a screen lock which is an easily observable behavior with multiple degrees of security (no lock, pattern based, text based).


In particular, while prior approaches are sensitive to particular guest kernel versions or patches, our approach brings the suspect process to the security tool and allows for native support of existing tools.

by e.ectively removing the semantic gap, our approach enables re-use of existing user-mode process monitoring tools.


They could, for instance, try and move all honest nodes consistently away from a same designated target node.

they agree on a distance from the chosen node for each victim and collectively and consistently direct victims towards their designated coordinate.


AVMV represents the set of authorization views such that for each intentional relation Q de.ned in terms of AVMV , there exists an intentional relation Q" de.ned in terms of MV and an intentional relation Q"" de.ned in terms of AVAV such that Q.Q" and Q.Q"".

for any database instance I, I(Q) is a subset of I(Q") and a subset of I(Q"").


In traditional ATN approaches the only way to use a credential is to send it as a whole, thus disclosing all the information in the credential.

a digital credential is viewed as a black-box, and the information in a credential is disclosed in an all-or-nothing fashion.


As a result, we estimate that this scheme could be broken with an overall (segmentation and then recognition) success rate of about 60% ( .77*.95^5; the average text length in this scheme is 5).

in theory, our work can lead to the most successful attack to date on the scheme4.


AE4 AE3 = AE2 AE4 = Salary> 400 r4 AE5 = Age > 60 r5 Not related to any attribute expression AE  AE AE AE AE Figure 2: A directed graph representing relation in table 2 One can argue that attribute expressions 2 and 3 are logically equivalent and should be consolidated in one equivalent class.

one of these attributes expressions, say AE3 should be deleted as is the case in figure (3).


Ds(Es(m)) = m for the corresponding decryption function D, but without explicit knowledge of s it is computationally infeasible to generate a ciphertext W such that Ds(W ) does not fail.

e is secure against existential forgeries.


We assume that the authorization policy is not readily available to the SDP.

the secondary response is based on the set of cached primary responses and any information that can be deduced from an application request and the system environment.


Such a structure allows taking advantage of a duplex construction of the new standard SHA-3.

efficient algorithms for search, insertion, deletion and restructuring the used k-ary trees are presented.


The major weakness of group signature schemes is that in order to solve possible disputes at a later time, they give the group manager the unnecessary ability to trace any user even if there are no disputes.

group signature schemes provide only partial anonymity to the signer, and are not suitable for scenarios where users have privacy concerns, e.g., peer-to-peer networks.


Software fault isolation with API integrity and multi-principal modules Yandong Mao, Haogang Chen, Dong Zhou , Xi Wang, Nickolai Zeldovich, and M. Frans Kaashoek MIT CSAIL, Tsinghua University IIIS ABSTRACT The security of many applications relies on the kernel being secure, but history suggests that kernel vulnerabilities are routinely discovered and exploited.

exploitable vulnerabilities in kernel modules are common.


There are two types of signatures in our scheme: d * db* (a+rm)b-r1 2 Normal (or Type A): s = g 1 .

it passes the veri.cation equation and includes vector nei db* db* ther g 3 nor g 4 .


This security collaborative communicates the how, what, when, who, and why of information security to our students, faculty members, administration, and staff, as well as others who are granted access to WVU data and technology resources.

the collaborative  provides the knowledge and understanding necessary to identity and properly respond to security risks;  articulates individual roles and responsibilities for protecting data and information resources; and  emphasizes proactive, security conscious behavior.


This means that the faults admitted by the model are only eight among all the possible ones that can occur on a -1 byte.

each experiment provides log2 28 23 ~ 5 bits of information about the corresponding byte of the key, which allows to reduce in average the set of candidates from 28 to 23 .


P1,..., Pn, L1,...,Lp and C1,...,Cm are sets of conditions that are disjoint, in a pca rule, ., and any of these sets may be empty in .. Once a category c has been de.ned by a policy author a, a s de.nition of c can be used by any number of other policy authors.

if a asserts that a principal p is assigned to a category c then any policy author that suf.ciently trusts a s categorization of p as one of a s c s can refer to that category in its speci.cations of access control requirements.


B at checkpoint time TC , we compute the pair-wise Jaccard distances at the time of the traditional analysis end.

we are evaluating how much thebehaviorof twoprograms a and s that were found to be behaviorally identical at an earlier time Tc di.ers after the normal timeout of four minutes.


The user also commits the score related to each of his past K transaction identi.ers: C(st1 ), C(st2 ),..., C(stK ).

for each value a for a = 1 to K, the user proves to the SP one of the following is true: Transaction with identi.er ta is unjudged: C(sta ) is a commitment of score 0 and C(ta)C(-jp) is a commitment of a value within the range 1 to N. 1 = ta - jp = N;  Transaction with identi.er ta is judged with score sta : the user has a signature sta,sta on a tuple (ta,sta ), and C(ta) and C(sta ) are commitments of ta and sta .


Stage2 is a cleanup process to clear the LS and the registers or other hardware resources that are used by the SPE isolation loader.

the SPE isolation loader should never divulge its secrets such as an RSA private key to decrypt the application encryption key.


3.1 Explicit Flow Our system handles explicit .ow by updating labels on modi.ed values with the labels of those values that in.uence the .nal result.

the result of an operation like addition is labeled with the join of both operand s labels.


When a new user applies to join the group, the TTP distributes corresponding keys according to her service time slots.

selects the gpk and one gsk from the pool for each slot, and distributes the keys for all time slots that cover the subscription.


Based on this thought, we develop a backtracking-based search algorithm to .nd out all the possible parallel paths in the target circuit for HT insertion.

we analyze the structure of the netlist and identify the reconvergence points between each pair of input and output.


Our approach requires k-of-n threshold cryptography [25] during installation of the secret key to the protected workstation.

no single administrator can install a new key unilaterally.


Researchers have previously explored various forms of mobile malware and different means of malware communication channels including their detection and blocking.

most of the work has focused on wireless or wired network based command  and control channels over the Internet, wireless, or cellular phone 2.1 Motivation: Why Use Sensors?


We de.ne absolute error to be the di.erence between a given query and its prediction.

given a query [s, f ] and its predicted value [s ' , f ' ], we de.ne absolute error = |s - s ' | + |f - f ' |.


To this aim, a speci.c ontology of concepts (accessiblebythe RequestContext) has been created to map derived attributes to elementary ones, and to identify the correct Java function to be applied for their evaluation.

getSpecialFunctionResult : i) retrieves all the attributes needed for the evaluation (line 8), ii) checks if some of these attributes are derived, and, if so, recursively applies itself (lines 12-13), iii) identi.es, via Java re.ection, the Java function tobe invoked for the evaluation of the derived attribute (lines 26-27).


We adopt the Jaccard similarity coef.cient [17] to compute the similarity between S1 and S2, denoted Sim(S1,S2).

sim(S1,S2)= a ,where a is the number of predi a+b+c cates in both S1 and S2, b is the number of predicates only in S1, and cis the number of predicates only in S2.


First, we have systematically examined usability issues that should be addressed in the design of text-based CAPTCHAs, the most popular type of such schemes.

for the first time, we have observed the following issues: Contrary to the common belief, text-based CAPTCHAs can be difficult for foreigners.


Moreover, every user needs to have the guaranty to believe that his/her privacy is protected correctly.

a trusted technology mechanism should be built for protecting privacy from internal or external attacks.


There are subtleties, however,in exactly how this should be done.

we notethat the standard cost function used for bin packing is notappropriate in our setting.


CONCLUSION In this paper, we have described a signature based malware detection method for mobile devices.

we have presented a virus signature representation method using a hash table.


She can easily hash the result tuples and verify their integrity.

no extra data is needed for Alice to verify the query results.


Close inspection of the following three items indicated that no one respondent provided contradictory responses to these items.

no one responded "strongly agree" to all three of the following: a) I would prefer to use biometrics over passwords or tokens b) I would prefer to use passwords over biometrics or tokens c) I would prefer to use tokens over biometrics or passwords Our resulting dataset of 115 responses was then used to do a factor analysis.


ADVERSARIAL MODELING A prerequisite to building a secure RNG system is to understand how the underlying entropy source behaves in the presence of benign or malicious changes in the context the system is deployed in.

it is important to determine whether or not the minentropy of the output distribution of the source is affected under different operating conditions, and if so, to what level.


We have designed a cross-layer architecture that exploits the ample IPv6 address space and provides applicationlayer mechanisms for management.

we dive into the design/implementation of pseudonyms in an especially important application: the web browser.


While we are unable to make the claim that targeted interventions are ine.ective, the presented data may indicate that targeted interventions do not provide a su.cient return on investment when dealing with risk mitigation.

the cost associated with targeting and implementing the interventions may not be worth the expenditure when such a return is observed.


2) How to realize a tamper-resistant TBGP such that it can guarantee the integrity execution of route attestation algorithms and rules, and thus preserve the consistency of routing control-and data-plane?

can we ensure that a TBGP router cannot pretend to be a trusted one if the system is compromised, e.g., the route attestation service is disabled or routing control-and data-plane are not consistent?


It may optionally at this point also update the Shunt device s tables to of.oad similar decisions in the future.

the Analysis Engine must understand that the Shunt hardware is a cache: if a connection is of.oaded to the Shunt, the Analysis Engine must still maintain state for the connection, since it may be necessary to .ush the cache entry and return to diverting the connection s traf.c through the Analysis Engine.


While there may be impediments to device manufacturers providing interoperability with their competitors medical devices, such as a lack of data standards, alternative mechanisms are possible.

a communication/middleware standard would allow heterogenous devices to communicate with one another.


INTRODUCTION In this paper, we study the fundamental problem of symmetric key cryptography: Alice and Bob share a secret W and wish to communicate securely over a public channel controlled by an active adversary Eve.

we want the communication to be private and authentic.


In the functional mode, the nodes with important computations and assignments are reached only with the correct value obtained in the Code-Word.

the value of the Code-Word is not needed to compute the correct next state for every present state.


We also acknowledge the support of ALSTOM Schilling Robotics and SGI.

we thank the members of the SCI Institute at the University of Utah, the Center for Applied Scienti.c Computing (CASC) at LLNL, the Computer Graphics and CAGD Research Group at Kaiserslautern, and the Center for Image Processing and Integrated Computing (CIPIC) at UC Davis for their support and many vivid research discussions.


Thus, whenever we access a cell with index i, we actually perform a request for (an encryption of) this cell s contents using the obliviousness mechanism provided by B(N).

to implement a standard or de-amortized cuckoo hashing scheme using B(N), we assume now that every (non-dummy) key in Alice s simulation is an index in the memory used to implement the hashing scheme.


server j is assigned all n slots in round k = j and mixes all n ciphertexts found in these slots.


The startup time of WinAmp is much higher than that of other test applications because the number of .le access redirections overh the network is much higher (214) than others, as shown in Table 2.

winAmp requires accesses to 214 executable or con.guration .les, which are fetched from the binary server at the initialization time.


3.1.2 Safe Functions for SMC In SMC protocols, traditionally, we assume that parties have agreed on a function f and are willing to reveal to others anything that can be derived from its output.

sMC does not try to determine which functions are safe and delegates this to the participants of the SMC.


If the protocol satis.es our de.nition, the server will learn the average speed, say 30 mph, and nothing else.

the server will not learn how manypeople passed through the street or whether there was an upload at 8:15 am (and hence whether Alicewenttowork).Moreover,the serverwillnotseetheindividual speed values uploaded so it cannot determine if there were some high speeds corresponding to Bob.


Surprisingly, although the complexity of preprocessing time in the planar separator scheme is O(n 3/2 log n), it executes faster than the certifying algorithm (that has linear preprocessing time), because most of the work is non-cryptographic and can be implemented ef.ciently in regular C++ code.

the planar separator scheme outperforms the certifying algorithm scheme in the preprocessing time by 29× on a graph with 10,000 nodes and it can scale to a graph with up to 200,000 nodes.


Transparent means that this process must require no intervention from the user, such as manual modi.cations to the source code.

finally, we would like to present a solution that is safe: it should preserve the semantics of the program, be compatible with compiler optimizations, and support applications that contain routines written in assembly language.


The mobile phone platforms now are offering a rich set of features for application programming.

new 3G networks offer high bandwidth for data transfer, which increases the services offered to the client devices [1] [5].


We begin in the next section by considering the challenges to be considered when developing a generalized framework for system agility.

we (a)explore the need and practice of hiding MTD behavior while sustaining system function, (b) consider hidden dependencies and impacts of MTD maneuvers on other systems, and (c) highlight the tradeoffs of MTD in terms of performance, function, and security.


WCORE, Pj s IC-Commitment will be recon structed correctly.


Nevertheless, identity-free routing only prevents a local internal attacker from launching venue privacy attack VPA-a.As we describe below, the requirement of one-time packet content is needed to thwart venue privacy attack VPA-b and VPA-c. 3.3.2 One-time packet content In one-time packet content design, packet contents are computationally one-time.

any two transmitted packets X.Y ,X ' .Y ' (i.e., packet sender s pseudonym is X or X ' , packet recipient s pseudonym is Y or Y ' ) are independent in the eyes of any node who is not X, X ' ,Y, Y ', that is, it is equally likely whether X = X ' or X = X ', also equally likely whether Y = Y ' or Y = Y ' .


We solve the problem by manipulating the objective function.

we change the objective function to maximize one single variable which is suspected to be the leading gate in some correlated subparts, such as gates x69 and x70 in Figure 1(a).


For these GSCSs, |L| = |L| = |Rk| = |R|.

the spatial knowledge base is a model of uncountably in.nitely many coordinates3 (though users are located in only .nitely many of them).


In our future work we aim to address these problems and aim to extend ROPdefender allowing it to e.ciently detect ROP attacks without returns.

we aim to detect any misuse of an indirect jump instruction to completely prevent ROP without returns.


We argue that using shapes will allow more complex and more secure authentication with a lower cognitive load.

it enables people to use easy to remember but complex authentication patterns.


In this paper, we analyze the multicast security issues and propose a new approach to securing hierarchical multicast communications.

we specify requirements for developing access control policies in hierarchical multicast communications and propose a model for enforcing such policies.


Apparently in Korea, where there are very few family names, it is customary for parents to get poetic in choosing individual names.

if the entropy of one name is low, increase the entropy of the other name.


In particular, the only difference is in the way the K nodes that a node is going to track are selected.

we assume that the network administrator decides for every node what are the IDs of the other nodes it is going to track.


The particularities of the security domain extend meta-task responsibility from being a sole question of usability to including questions of reducing policy con.icts for the user.

these would amount to con.icts between security policies (task responsibilities) and the social and ethical norms that are found within the prevailing organisational subcultures.


When HASTEN operates in active mode, it actively interferes with the execution of the binary.

the tool attempts to force a stalling loop to exit (or, more precisely, to follow a code path that exits the whitelisted region that the previous analysis has identi.ed; this might force execution into parts of a stalling loop that have not yet been executed).


3.1 Adaptive Encryption Oracle Access Does Not Help: The IND Case Perhaps the most surprising result is that adaptive access to an encryption oracle provides no advantage to the adver- sary.

any scheme which can be broken with adaptive access to an encryption oracle can also be broken with non-adaptive access to an encryption oracle.


The e.ciency of the algorithm used in this paper could be improved.

there was some redundancy as edits to the structures L7D1 and L6D2 both generate some passwords of the form L7D2.


In medical institutions, doctors and nurses normally wear gloves during work hours [12], so it is inconvenient for them to type username or password with gloved hands, or taking the gloves off every time before doing so.

by implementing smartcard based authentication, we pay attention to an important user context.


Digital rights management systems, however, do not always provide end-users of multimedia content with the experience they have come to expect from older models of multimedia distribution.

while many modern digital rights management systems allow some restricted sharing of content amongst a small group of multimedia terminals, these systems lack the simplicity and .exibility formerly offered by physical media that could be easily transported between terminals, swapped amongst friends, stored in libraries, and so on.


To see this, note that the parallel operator requires, like the serial operator, that all steps in the sub-work.ows are performed.

an execution set for work.ow W1 IW2 has the form S1 .S2,where Si is an execution set for work.ow Wi.


For reasons stated earlier, the algorithm next tries to improve the merged network graph s access levels by utilizing newly added access edge esd and its corresponding hosts hs and hd as intermediates.

hosts hs and hd and access edge esd are utilized by an indirect attack path that .nds them bene.cial in leveraging the path s access level at a target host.


As shown in past work, one can use physical limitations on the speed at which a user may move and aggregate mobility models to de-obfuscate the mobility trace.

we use the mobility trace to construct a Markovian mobility model built over all users: Pr(lt+1|lt), the probability that a user may be location lt+1 at time t +1 given that the user was at location lt at time t. We use the Markovian mobility model (built over all users) to enrich per-user mobility traces.


Sechduler Maintenance of the safety-critical infrastructures, e.g., nuclear power plants and avionics systems, is extremely crucial because a failure to meet a single requirement may lead to a catastrophic consequence such as an explosion or an accident leading to loss of life.

the realtime scheduling of tasks in those infrastructures such that individual timing requirements are met reliably is often a challenging endeavor.


We argue that a signature-based approach is ill-suited against search worms, as many di.erent search queries can lead to the same result.

even after signatures have been applied to block a particular variant of a search worm, it is easy for adversaries to .nd queries that circumvent existing signatures.


2.2 The Web Security Model The Web Cryptography API does not change the fundamental Web Security model, wherein the same-origin policy is the fundamental security boundary.

key material generated by http://example.org is restricted to usage to JavaScript originating from the example.org domain.


By using a type of anonymous authentication (e.g., group signatures) which allows the identity of the sender to be uncovered under exceptional circumstances, abuse of the recommendation system service can be mitigated.

if the TA observes an unusually high volume of contributions that do not align with already stored data, a large number of submissions for thesame(j, k) pair, or a number of extreme scores for the same physician that contradict the existing scores, the TA can provide the authentication records associated with the submissions to the CA who can then uncover the identity of the o.ending user(s).


In this position paper, we argue that taking an ecological approach to malware defense will suggest new defenses.

we can exploit the fact that interactions of malware with its environment, and with other malware, are neither fully predictable nor fully controllable by the malware author yet the emergent behavior will follow general ecological principles that can be exploited for malware defense.


The anonymous server aims to achieve maximum anonymity for all .ows by manipulating the sending time of outgoing .ows.

the packet timing of incoming and outgoing .ows should not leak any information about the relationship between incoming and outgoing .ows.


Nevertheless, as shown in Proposition 3.1, we can use our Hoare logic to prove IND-CPA security at the price of completeness.

we prove a stronger property than IND-CPA.


However, SDES can only secure communications within the portion of the network that supports it.

if SDES is negotiated by a UAC and a PSTN gateway, the media is protected using SRTP between the UAC and the PSTN gateway.


bank) URLs was not available, we settle for excluding instead cases where the target was among the 10 most visited non-phishable URLs.

we constructed a list of the 10 most tra.cked sites (e.g.


The corresponding detection function f is given by X f(x)= (f(x),w) + b = fs(x) · ws + b. s.S and returns the orientation of f(x) with respect to the hyperplane.

f(x) > 0 indicates malicious activity in the report x and f(x) = 0 corresponds to benign data.


The idea is not to represent specific individuals, but instead the library is intended to create a taxonomy of specific attributes useful to uniquely identify the users/insiders.

the attributes defined are eight and they are described in the following specialized for insider threats [8]: Intent.


No adversary running in time at most T can generate a (signature, set element, public key) triple that passes veri.cation, except with probability at most E. The above de.nition of a set-membership proof scheme may be modi.ed to include ancillary information about the set.

the signing algorithm may be modi.ed to include this ancillary infor mation about the set as input.


We think of this not as something done by the intruder, but as something done by the GCKS.

the action of stealing a key needs to be precipitated by the GCKS losing a key.


Dynamic vs. static approaches have historically suffered a compatibility vs. performance trade-off.

the dynamic approaches can currently handle a much larger class of binaries than the static ones, including large-scale COTS applications, but at the expense of signi.cant runtime overheads (e.g., 70% slowdown in Strata [32]).


3.3 Security Considerations The traitor tracing schemes presented in this section require state-of-the-art obfuscation and tamper-resistant techniques.

if the value of dID is recovered then the knowledge of sID enables the reconstruction of the private decryption key d as R(sID,dID).


A valid attack can be executed only if the adversary can prove knowledge of the discrete logarithms (to base ..)of the published Hash values.

....,.. and .... serve as extra secretes to support the security of the proposed scheme.


We then create the public key PK(I) as if the global secret key where SK' = (A', B') rather than SK = (A, B).

we set y~ =" g Al(O) .g,B'(O), h~ ~ gA'(ze) .gIB'(ze),~ : 1 ...V, and let PK(I)-~ (y', h~,..., h;) (we omit fixed g, g', etc.).


Figure 3 shows such an example, a signedness bug in crypt_blowfish that does not anticipate input that contains 0x80 characters with the most significant bit set (e.g., Unicode strings); this bug would make keys easier to crack.

*ptr is of type char, which is interpreted as a signed integer type on many platforms; converting the value to unsigned int is a sign-extension, which should have been a zero-extension.


However, as demonstrated by our effort to port to OpenWrt, porting SP L I T KER N E L builds to other architectures is possible.

bindings affecting architecture-dependent code (such as the system call entry) require extra work.


Now we examine several factors that might tend to push strength policies down.

all sites desire security, which exerts upward pressure on strength policies.


the system that is once measured to offer the highest security level is capable to offer it only for a certain time period.


The set of all challenges C is represented as the set of these bipartite graphs.

each bipartite graph in C indicates a challenge.


The desire for protection of citizen rights by privacy-enabling technologies is also a recurring topic.

in the area of secondary use that is, when a third party is accessing the user s data privacy concerns surface quickly.


Formulating an availability policy in this manner allows us to exploit temporal logic frameworks to validate if this property can be satisfied by a specification.

we can use standard automated model-checking techniques [4] to verify this property in a formal model of augmented ac- cess control.


However, this requires the legacy host to trigger the SMI from within the highest privileged level.

the SMI cannot be triggered by a guest VM.


Data exchange with cores Even though they are homomorphically equivalent to each other, universal solutions need not be unique.

in a data exchange setting, there may be many universal solutions for a given source instance I.


UHFs can be used to construct message-authentication codes (MAC) [19, 4, 14] (see [28] for a performance evaluation of various schemes).

a natural combination of UHFs with pseudorandom functions (PRFs) yields MACs.


I mean it was probably, I read something about like easy tips to safeguard your phone or something (P7) Our results indicate that most users actively enable locking mechanisms on their devices due to speci.c privacy and security concerns, whereas a minority will do so when prompted and will continue to do so, even if they see it as a nuisance.

most users see locking as a valuable feature.


In our formulation, a web application is said to be vulnerable when the server-side parameter validation is weaker than client-side validation.

the server performs fewer checks than the client as to the well-formedness of the client supplied input.


public/private keys and one-way functions.

the framework provides distributed trust coordination between a caller and callee, in a a p2p VoIP system.


At the same time, an attacker that has compromised the user s password for S is unable to access that account as he is lacking the password for vouching service V and thus cannot complete the authentication process.

for an attacker to compromise one account, he must acquire multiple account passwords for that user located in di.erent databases of distinct services.


Our basic idea is to create several new user accounts, one for each ring, so we can use the database s user-based access control.

in our MySQL implementation, for the dbuser account, we create accounts dbuser_0, dbuser_1, and dbuser_2 (assuming there are only three rings), with dbuser_t corresponding to ring t. We then use MySQL s GRANT command to grant each dbuser_t the database-access privileges entitled to ring t. This is achieved by the database administrator from inside the database.


But this is not possible, as the power of the watermarking scheme lies not only in the distribution itself but also in the secrecy of the encoding subsets.


A strong key, for our purposes, is a key independently sampled from a distribution over the set of possible keys that has at least k - polylog(k) bits of min-entropy, where k is the security parameter.

a device generates strong keys if the probability that the device will generate a particular public key pk is at most 2-(k-polylog(k)) for all public keys pk.


Actually there is a tricky implementation to bypass this permission.

voicEmployer invokes Google Voice Search once and does nothing until it exits for timeout.


3 we derive worst-case attacks in which the attacker has perfect knowledge of the attacked system.

we formalize the notion of (worstcase) poisoning and obfuscation attacks against a clustering algorithm, respectively in Sects.


{j}.A.T can be extended to an unauthorized subset such that addition of j makes it authorized.


What makes the problem interesting is that the intersection of identities is di.erent from the union of identities, which implies that a proper scheme should be collusion-resistant: secure even if adversaries with partial roles collude.

it requires that compromising the private keys of individual identities does not compromise the messages encrypted with the intersection of identities.


3.2.1 Adding New Responses When the PDP allows a request (s, o, a, c, i), we can add further information to the dominance graph.

we may add a new node for s or o if they do not already exist in the graph, and we may add an edge from s to o if a involves reading o (a is read or write), or from o to s if a involves writing to o (a is append or write).


The prototype is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of our ideas.

we want to show that the search algorithms presented in the previous section are practical, and we are able to stop the malicious worm and disinfect the compromised machines.


[1,n] constitute Shamir sharing of the secret committed in Coms with threshold t. For this, the parties use the fact that given the commitments to at least t + 1 distinct points on a t degree polynomial, it is possible to (homomorphically) compute the commitments of the coef.cients of the polynomial [14, 26].

party Pi takes Coms along with {Comsj }j.


Within such a family, 1609.2 deals with the issues related to security services for applications and management messages.

the IEEE 1609.2 standard defines the use of PKIs, CAs and CRLs in VANETs, and implies that in order to revoke a vehicle, a CRL has to be issued by the CA to the RSUs, who are in charge of sending the information to the OBUs.


In such systems, the thesis is that if each node can be associated with a virtual coordinate in an appropriate space, distance between nodes can be trivially computed without direct measurement.

as long as a reasonably accurate position for a node can be obtained with little effort, much of the distance measurement sam- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Our paper is complementary to this previous work; our objective is to .lter out the third type of error.

we aim to make the synopsis diffusion approach resilient to the falsi.ed local value attack and the falsi.ed sub-aggregate attack, i.e., to enable the sink to get the true estimate of the aggregate being computed despite the presence of compromised nodes in the aggregation hierarchy.


It is also possible to build machines that ensure more complicated properties.

we observe that manysecurity properties naturally include compensatory actions that safeguard against insecure action sequences.


Let us consider the problem of computing a publicly known aggregate function f for a variable x with data distributed among a set of caregivers {C1, C2,..., Ck} from sub-aggregates a1,a2, ..., an, pre-computed by the caregivers Ci.

f(a1,a2, ..., an) is the aggregate value needed for the publicly known function f. In Section 4, we show how such aggregates can be combined to compute functions such as sample mean, sample variance, maxima, linear regression, and sample correlation.


10.3.1 Complexity considerations Since we have extended the Sun XACML implementation, all the considerations in [29] still hold.

the time needed for policy parsing is still proportional to the size of the policies.


First it detects a black pixel in the image and then traces all of its black neighbors until all pixels in the component are traversed.


The second and third principles jointly require a clear de.nition of the scope of the metrics.

a metrics should not measure what involves human decisions, whereas it should not leave out anything else.


Preserve the potential success of the current trust negotiation.

if theoretically Alice and  Bob can establish trust, then this must still be true after applying policy migration.


The amount of public information required by the scheme S ' depends on the number of elements of the f-covering set Pe.

in the following we show that the larger the cardinality of Pe, the smaller the value of f. Given a sequence T of n elements and an integer f =1, Alon and Schieber [2] established upper and lower bounds on the minimum possible cardinality of an f-covering set for T. they considered the problem in a quite different context, where the n elements of T belong to a given semigroup (S,.)


The above vulnerabilities basically arise from the necessity of having complex instruments between the (immaterial) essence of an electronic document (i.e., a sequence of bits) and what the document presents to the user.

while traditional documents are directly observable [6], since they can be properly interpreted by humans using their senses (e.g., viewing and touching the document) mediated only by their capability of understanding the information represented in the document, this is highly false for electronic documents.


For the .rst two issues (security and redundancy), they clari.ed to us that these exist by design.

the default privilege mode when one invokes a procedure p2 from within a procedure p1 is for p2 to run with de.ner s rights, immaterial of whether p1 is de.ned to run with invoker s or de.ner s rights.


3.1 TrustworthyLaunchofVMApps Acommon requirement, irrespective of the type of VM app used by clients, is the ability to perform trusted boot of the VM app.

the client must be able to verify that the VM app booted correctly, with the same software stack as promised on the cloud market.


According to [6], character collapsing is more secure than lines, which is in turn more secure than noise.

users happen to prefer more secure techniques.


5.1 AR-evaluation function The AR-evaluation() function receives as input the subject access request r and returns the authorized nodes of the corresponding AC-XML document answering the request, or a zero value, if the access request cannot be granted.

for each node n belonging to r.nodes, the AR-evaluation() function calls the evaluate_node() function that verifies whether the subject is authorized to access n by checking the corresponding Accesses element.


The user can thus authenticate the servers so that she can be sure that she runs the retrieve protocol with the same servers that she previously ran the setup protocol with.

we assume the availability of the functionality FCA by Canetti [13] depicted in Figure 3.


EXPERIMENTS We proceed with an empirical evaluation of the proposed suitability criteria.

we study the performance of n-gram models for web intrusion detection.


By using our security policy, changes can be made to a.ect node behavior dynamically, even though the preloaded process behind that decision making is unchanged.

we can signi.cantly modify the behavior of nodes by simply changing a few values, instead of reprogramming the entire node.


At the end of this stage we have a set of features that capture the underlying beat geometry and the activity induced variations.

feature F44 models the intra-individual variations caused by physiological response to activity in the form of increased heart rate.


3.1.1 Unsatis.able Privacy De.nition We show that encryption does not su.ce for providing the strong de.nition of privacy for DNS.

applying encryption over DNS packets would hide the payload but not the destination to which the query is sent.


Thispre-alignmentwould requireAliceFDrive to store some helper data about the .ngerprint and this help data may leak information about the .ngerprint, making the system less secure or even insecure.

the provable security provided by the original fuzzy extractor/vault scheme is lost.


In addition, if the URL string ends with .apk, this means that a non-official Android market application will be downloaded to a user s mobile phone.

if Unknown Sources setting is checked in Android, the app will be automatically downloaded to the user s Android device.


EVALUATION In this section, we evaluate the performance of the Clouseau compliance checker and then discuss the implications of our .ndings.

we examine the amount of time required to .nd all satisfying sets of evidence for a given policy in three sets of experiments; each set of experiments was conducted on a 2.5GHz Pentium 4 with 512MB RAM running Linux.


3.3 Signature score computation and normalisation A signature score is obtained as a ratio of the likelihood that observation O is seen given the model for user u to the likelihood that any other user produced test signature O.

the score S(O, e u , e -) shows how di.erent the test signature is from any other signature in the system world.


Modern gray-box IDS that inspect a program s run-time stack [8, 10] pose additional challenges for mimicry attacks.

the attack code cannot call system calls since that would save the attack code s address on the stack, thereby revealing execution of code from a writable section of memory.


recall of our algorithm with respect to the 20 true associations that we identi.ed manually.

for a con.dence threshold of c, precision is the fraction of the associations with con.dence at least c that are true associations, and the recall is the fraction of the true associations that have con.dence at least c. For example, if c = 0, and the support threshold is 10, then our algorithm produces 44 pairs including 18 of the true associations, and so precision is 0.409 and recall is 0.9.


These countermeasures have enabled us to run the server without any need for authentication, at least until the time of writing.

users are not burdened with registration and passwords.


It is well known [11] that such activity can result in deadlocks, but that it would be serializable and deadlock free if the following kind of two-phase locking (TPL) protocol is strictly observed by all clients: The process of resource use by each client must be divided into two phases: a growing phase of locking, and a shrinking phase of updating resources and releasing locks.

new locks cannot be acquired after the .rst release of a lock, or after a resource has been updated.


Therefore, for each of the k -1 larger edges we enforce the order constraint with an additional set of inequalities.

inequality 3 needs to be satis.ed only for i,j = k. For the other edges we only need to ensure that Dp(E(k))= Dp(E(j)) .k<j =|E| The relative ordering amongst the remaining |E|-k edges need not be maintained.


r} and C to represent permission to Figure 3: Graph representation of roles to users in a hierarchy and role to permission assignments role assignments {r .

p}.B =[bij ]where bij =1 implies user i has role j and bij = 0 implies user i does not have has role j.Matrix C =[cij ]where cij = 1 implies role i been given permission j and cij = 0 implies role i has not been granted permission j.


The main technical di.culty is resolving the tension between the information leaked as part of the decryption queries and the success of the exoneration procedure.

on one hand we require that during regular operation, the outcome of the decryption of a ciphertext should not leak information about the which decryption key the user selected.


In future work will we consider the performance of Wormboy on the server side.

we will investigate the e.ciency with which supernodes can analyze snapshots for similarities.


Another bene.t of the Rete approach is that the network maintains state between invocations, which greatly minimizes the number of times that the working memory is iterated over as multiple policies are matched.

each object in the Rete engine s working memory is matched against each pattern node at most one time and the results of this matching operation are saved.


The time is ripe for a complete rethink of the entire system stack with security as the central focus.

designers should be willing to spend more of the abundant processing power available on today s chips to improve security.


It assumes that block ciphers are random families of permutations.

they consist of random permutations chosen independently for each possible key.


In a computing environment such as Matlab, Boolean multiplication can be implemented by using the normal (integer) matrix multiplication operator, which is then divided by the sum of the elements of cc and truncated so that a value of 1 P is produced only if the sum of terms is exactly |c| = t cct.


But while outsourcing computation provides appealing bene.ts, one must fully consider a critical security issue: there is no guarantee on the correctness of the results.

the Cloud servers should be considered error-prone and may or may not be fully trustable.


Our technique reduces the magnitude of the damage resulting from an attack on the encapsulated component when compared to the same attack on the component when it is encapsulated using other techniques.

we suggest that our approach diminishes the extent of consequence in the risk product.


(Section 6) In addition, in Section 5 we present a scheme that incurs more overhead but has the bene.t of supporting private user revocation.

the server can ensure that users who have accessed certain information are no longer able to query the database without knowing who these users are.


Identity of an individual consists of various roles such as geographic mobility, family life, social life, work life, biological life, and life as a customer and so on [6].

there are different facets of an identity.


Most interestingly, we could show that this effect is stronger for internet and random passwords.

the difference between entering dictionary passwords on the PC versus on the mobile devices is signi.cantly smaller than when entering internet or random passwords.


Here semantic knowledge is delivered to the external view-generating function in an out-of-band manner.

the external view-generating function receives the semantic knowledge in advance, before VMI begins.


RELATED WORK The administration of RBAC policies is an issue that attracts considerable attention from the research community.

there is a large body of literature on how to choose administrative policies (informally, about which roles should get what authority to change the RBAC policy) [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19].


The set S can be thus recovered e.ciently by observing the non-zero entries of g.. DD 4.2 ANecessary Condition For a given ExEG scheme, we observe that based on the fact that R is a linear transformation it holds that the following linearity property is satis.ed: for any instance I with decryption-keys (.1, g.1),..., (.N , g.N ) it holds that if PN PN .ig.i = 0 then also .iR(.i, g.i) = 0. i=1 i=1 Next, we show a necessary condition that the class of linear ExEG schemes need to satisfy in order to be transformed to e-TTS schemes.

if the linear code associated to a linear ExEG scheme satis.es the condition in the statement of the theorem below, we show that a certain g ..., duv })) = TT (aux, gdu0 )= {gdu1 , .


More precisely, instead of using authenticated broadcast to provide integrity for the root hash value in Phase 2, we can defer this check to later phases.

we can easily make the success of Phase 4 dependent on each node receiving the correct root hash value r. This yields a version of CPS that does not require an authenticated broadcast primitive.


He studied the behavior of complex systems and offered several archetypes for complex interactions.

he discussed the implications of delayed feedback on systems.


3.3 Vulnerability Analysis Our vulnerability analysis led to several interesting results, especially once combined with our efforts to determine the provenance of each app.

if we consider the distribution of vulnerable apps across each phone image (Table 4), the percentage of vulnerable apps of these devices varies from 1.79% to 14.97%.


The various properties that arise in approval sequences are then explored to characterize well formed systems and to examine their complexity.

we show how to achieve bounds on the number of users which must be members of each role.


Due to the di.erent characteristics of smart pricing signals and remote user control commands, we evaluate di.erent input channels with di.erent models.

real-time pricing signals mostly show a periodical pattern that repeats daily; while the user control commands are more likely to be scattered over a certain period of a day and usually conform to diversiform distributions.


Defending against this problem appears to be very hard.

in cases where the user is responsible for granting permissions, visualizing the di.erent potential collusion scenarios and their implications to the user is a security usability challenge.


Thus, hiding the ancestor relationship between n3 and n2 in turn hides the one between n1 and n3, due to the transitivity of the ancestor relationship.


The above installation and/or downloading process ensures that untrusted code will always be executed under MCC control.

execution occurs within the secure enforcement environment, and with or without the support of the policy selection user-interface.


37.33 seconds processing time for 384 requests with a 15-bit attribute size and 1200-bit key size with 32 CPUs.

approximately 10 requests can be handled per second, which is a signi.cant improvement over the serial case.


there is a protocol p such that: 1. for each (x,y) .X×Y, p(x,y)= f(x,y), i.e.


In this section we examine techniques for .ltering that explicitly account for these observations.

we examine the number of unique source IP addresses per destination port, and we examine the number of darknets reporting an event.


However, batch codes and smooth/locally-decodable codes are very different objects.

the smoothness property implies signi.cant fault tolerance, whereas batch codes require virtually none (an extreme example being the expander-based construction).


Then, we leverage the inferred partial FSM to construct unexpected inputs at each application state and test the application.

we have to address two issues: (1) Test Input Generation: since we only have the knowledge of the expected input set given a state, how do we construct unexpected input symbols to test that state?


A small number of permissions are enforced by Unix groups, rather than the Android permission validation mechanism.

when an application is installed with the INTER-NET, WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE, or BLUETOOTH permissions, it is assigned to a Linux group that has access to the pertinent sockets and .les.


We emphasize here that no customer private information is used in our analysis and we have anonymized all customeridentities(domestic originating numbers).

the anonymization process keeps the area code intact and only anonymizes the remaining 7 digits in the originating numbers.


With respect to previous work, the design of traitor tracing schemes with type-0 traceability (i.e., black-box resettable access) has been undertaken successfully in the past.

the original traitor tracing scheme of [2] o.ers such traceability and a sequence of subsequent papers improved on this, including [12, 11, 4].


However, it is subject to the coupling of the binary to the packing software.

a stream of packed samples from a single common malware will produce a unique cluster per packer (e.g., mydoom-UPX, mydoom-ASPack, mydoom-PEncrypt, etc.).