This minimizes the occurrence of direct Vdd/Gnd paths in the column, which is one of the major sources of power consumption in every circuit.

6: Overall View of Bit line Structure and Connected Circuits.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work or personal or classroom use is granted without fee Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that full citation on the first page.

currently 3.6 Mbps and around 1.5 Mbps are the common peak bit rates provided by mobile providers for downlink and uplink correspondingly.


6.2.3 Power savings with drowsy hybrid cache To generalize the evaluation of the hybrid drowsy cache option yet maintain a reasonable power comparison, we assume .xed static power of zero in the drowsy mode and only vary the wake-up and sleep transition time.

the large write energy of MRAM and PRAM, in particular, suggests the need for special power-aware techniques beyond those required for SRAM and eDRAM.


instead of using the quadratic [20] or CHKS [21] wirelength approximations, we adopt the weighted-average wirelength approximation [11] to smooth the horizontal and vertical overlap lengths between nets and placement bins.


In best cases, the new approach can speed up the simulation time until 30X.

finally the library is completely integrated into our IC design flow and is now available to designers for the MOSAIC project.


of the International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pages 191 201, December 2000.

depending on the execution mode, this problem blocks the first instruction of the next trace either in the Register Rename stage or in the Execution Cache, introducing bubbles in the pipeline.


Goplen and Sapatnekar in [10] present a quadratic wirelength formulation for 3D placement.

the system of equations is solved using a pre-conditioned Conjugate Gradient method [3,5] with incomplete Cholesky factorization [15] of matrix Q as the pre-conditioner.


the energy consumption is proportional to the number of packet transmissions in the network.


Static non-uniform cache architecture(S-NUCA)[25] andPrivate[11] cachesrepresentthetwo endsof the cacheorganization spectrum.

for eachcacheblock, bj , L3 Figure 5: Comparing Migration Policies -Performance speedup relative to the system with O2000P cache +CSPNoC keeps track of the L2 banks that have copies of bj .


Finally, we describe the scheduling scheme for assigning priorities and issuing the memory request to the main memory.

(a) DRAM power for each 2GBit DDR3 1333 Mhz chip at 40% read, 20% write utilization [14]  3.


Among other things, increasing the number of word alternatives allowed more successful corrections.

likely alternative words are displayed in each column.


3.3 Floating-point multiplication Algorithmically, .oating-pointmultiplicationismuch simpler than .oating-point addition.

section 7 details the experiments performed and Section 8 discusses the results obtained.


4.ACCURACY In this section, wevalidatethatthe branch-on-random sbehavior is suitablefor instrumentationsampling.We consider thebranchon-random s sampling suitable if it achieves accuracy similar to or better than software counter-based sampling.

once again, jython performspoorlywiththecounters,but nowitis easiertoseethat pmd also showssomeof this pathologicalbehavior.


Our simulator also models the three techniques evaluated in this paper.

the e.ciency of prefetch depends on data predictability, that is, on the regularity of program access patterns.


Zero rates of instruction and data references for SPEC2000.

we propose a value-conscious (VC) cache, which exploits the prevalence of 0 bits to reduce the average cache power consumption during an access.


We present the system in a test smart home browsing scenario, in which users browse/monitor the conditions (e.g., temperature, and CO2) and manage all the network devices within the house.

we focus on a user s daily routines and satisfy the users demand by implementing a longest common subsequence-based (LCS-based) learning algorithm to predict the next possible events.


In [6], a simulation based analysis of the e.ect of the presence of metal interconnects on the antenna characteristics is performed.

the large reduction in the transmission gain is due to very high interference from the metal structures e.ectively shielding the receiving antenna from the electromagnetic surface waves, which is the dominant mode of wave propagation (as explained in Section 2).


Of course, it is not enough; the underlying algorithm is non-adaptive, and our underlying goal was to compute an o-Pareto set as ef.ciently as possible (i.e.

{ql,qr}is the current upper approximation to the Pareto set, while p1 is the current lower approximation.


The integrator starts with system partitioning and component speci.cation.

in order to adopt .exible contracting schemes to the development of microelectronic devices, speci.c aspects of interdependent design parameters need to be incorporated.


A store s is not globally performed until the store whose value is overwritten by s is globally performed.

vinstix[k] represents the progress of processor pk from which processor pi most recently either received data from pk (via a load) or overwrote (via a store) a memory location previously read or written by pk.


In most previous work, the routing resources over the IP blocks were simply treated as routing blockages.


D. Problem De.nition In this section, we de.ne the statistical timing framework and the delay diagnosis problem.

the algorithm outputs an answer for Di as Pi =pi1,pi2 pin].


Novelty detection looks for outliers in a set of samples.

in practice, one may encounter the issue of imbalance dataset where there are much more samples from one class than from the other.


The second load instruction 0  and causes thrashing for the baseline 1MB cache.

dIP retains some fraction of the working set for longer than LRU, thus obtaining hits for at least those lines.


Meanwhile, high-level synthesis can generate architectures and design points of a give speci.cation with different delay/power/area values.

the scheduler is in charge of sequencing the operations of a control/data .ow graph (CDFG) in correct order and it tries to schedule as many operations as possible in the same control step to extract more parallelism.


This is described in the following section.

this fast switching speed enabled single-chip projection systems to show multiple colors with a high dynamic range.


To accommodate other 32B data not captured by the L2 cache, a small cache called residue cache is introduced.

in B. J. Smith, editor, ICS, pages 222 231, Seattle, Washington, USA, June 2007.


The integra tion of a di/dt controller into a conventional architecture will require the pipeline logic to be accurately aware of the clock-gating state of the module as well, in order to issue operations without a.ecting correctness.

it is critical that our di/dt controller must not induce other forms of reliability vulnerability.


The last column shows the associated area overhead.

some algorithm is needed to find the insertion scheme that maximizes Given a circuit with M DFFs, find a assignment {nj} (1=j=M) to replace the jth DFF by an SDT-DFF with nj delay units so that total Robustness Function defined in equation (2) is maximized, subject to timing constraint as defined in equation (5) and area constraint as defined in equation (6).


We found that excluding the blimp_rand testcase resulted in a 24% false positive rate among all bug/testcase combinations, underscoring its importance as a training test.

by using this event as stand-by we have been successful in extracting transactions in our experimental evaluation.


The HCHPN has in addition to the substitution transitions, a set of transitions called gate transitions.

the input and output places of the Petri net are not replaced by restricted places.


While page 10 is an MSB page, page 16 is an LSB page.

in our testing scheme, the available P/E cycles of a .ash memory are divided into multiple segments, with each consisting of 1,000 P/E cycles.


Adaptive disk spin-down policies for mobile computers.

maintaining the balance between performance and energy ef.ciency means there are several design decisions to consider.


For example, an integer set of (27 - 1,211 - 1,213 - 1,215 - 1,216 - 1,217 - 1) can be used as the moduli of an RNS.

each digit yi of the mixed-radix number representation is a number in lmi and satisfying 0 = yi < mi.


The paper then explores how Multicore processors and Hypervisors can be used to design embedded devices with more features, higher performance and lower power consumption.

such additions typically consists of a hypercall interface for paravirtualization, scheduling for operating systems, additional exception handling and support for an additional privilege level.


Our algorithm is robust, scalable and memory e.cient.

the ROBDDs of equivalent functions are identical.


Although we can generate a 3D result with the consideration of minimizing LD violation by applying this method, as shall be seen in Section 7.2, this method su.ers from the lack of consideration on via count minimization, and therefore, its performance on total wirelength is not satisfactory.

to calculate the virtual demand vde(ti) for LD type ti, our pseudo layer assignment method follows the sorted order to decide how many nets which have been routed through e and have LD types appearing before ti can be assigned to their preferred layers.


With current technology nodes, width and thickness are both very small, causing the ln term to become dominant.

most wire models for clock network synthesis are based on Elmore delay, a simple .rst-order RC model.


We present detailed simulation results on eight benchmark applications.

a parcel is closely related to an active message as it is a relatively lightweight communication mechanism containing a reference to a function to be invoked when the parcel is received [29].


To illustrate the concepts of epoch, epoch set, epoch trigger and window termination condition, consider the following two example code sequences.

the store queue is unlikely to become full unless there is a strong clustering of missing stores.


3.1 System Analysis on the Ideal PV Cell Model In this sub-section, we assume the PV cells are modeled as ideal current and voltage source as shown in Fig.

with the ISLPED 07, August 27 29, 2007, Portland, Oregon, USA.


approach The experimental results demonstrated that in comparison to ILP and GT techniques our approach is able to generate NoC designs that demonstrate markedly lower average packet latencies and standard deviation with comparable power consumption requirements.

a channel dependency graph (CDG) can be obtained by transformation from the synthesized NoC.


In contrast from previous work, our work focuses on a commercial FPGA architecture, which presents practical constraints on cost, performance, process choices, and software compatibility.

for applications that require maximum energy efficiency, it is necessary to use dedicated solutions such as standard cell ASICs or even custom IC.


2 while (there exists more than one component) do 3 For each .... if both ends of .are in the same current component then color it RED and delete it from .. 4 If ......then goto Step 6 else if ......then color it BLUE and goto Step 6 else color them GREEN.

..... 1 Partition the edges of .into equivalence classes ............s. t. two distinct edges are in the same class iff they have the same edge cost.


The clustered block structure obtained from TBS is used as the partition for HiPRIME and [2], and the same block number is used for BSMOR but each block has the same size.

note that the redundant poles obtained from the replica block are not counted here.


A solar energy harvesting circuit for low power applications.

the range of application in which WSNs are used is also increasing.


This effect applied to MRAMs could restore the scalability beyond several Gbit/chip.


2 Problem Description Main goal of this work is to be able to execute onto a dynamically partially recon.gurable FPGA, an application that is too large to be completely mapped onto that FPGA.


With the seat fully forward, the vertical viewing angle is 32° and the horizontal viewing angle is 113°.

alewine, N., Ruback, H., and Deligne, S. 2004.


This increase is mainly due to the access to the extra flag bit that is re- quired in FVC.

the energy for the FV finder ranges from 0.3% to 6.07% of the total data cache energy used by an 8K to 64K FVC.


Table 1 shows the number of automatically generated conditional coverage points for several blocks in our ASIC.

conditional coverage items are directly implied by the RTL code and can be extracted automatically (explained below).


Note that having optimal binding for every op locally does not guarantee the global optimality (as discussed in Section II) but works well in practice (see experimental results).

this greatly reduces the room for optimization, because currently logic synthesis must preserve the pins specifying the path, and hence it is generally forbidden by RTL coding rules used by design companies.


[11] S. Ravi, G. Lakshminarayana, and N. K. Jha, Testing of core-based systemson-a-chip, IEEE Trans.

we cannot get the optimal solution for all the cases.


3.2.1 Example Hereweusethetyperulestoshowthat speci.cpartsoftheexample programin the previous section are well-typed.We don tshow the entire type derivation,but wedo showhow both the T-GOTO and T-FALL rules are used.

the rule must translate type t, valid for the target state, into an appropriate type t ', valid for the source state.


Section 5 presents experimental results.

the standard deviation of Y can be calculated as M-1 _ _ MM-1 sY = Var[Y ] =Var Yi Var[Yi].= provides; they all suffer from long delays.


HRI 11, March 6 9, 2011, Lausanne, Switzerland.

the authors would like to especially thank Dr. Cindy Bethel, Autum Casey, Doug Dooley and David Hanson for their assistance with the design, Jessica Gonzales and Vasant Srinivasan with the production of the video, and Brittany Duncan, Jessica Gonzales, Victoria Groom, Josh Peschel, and Jesus Suarez for their helpful discussions.


Finally, this work provides a reader a snapshot of what the interconnect impactis on a realhighperformance microprocessordesign.

the study oflocalinterconnects and their impact on timing and power, which may be signi.cant, have not received the attention it deserves.


For a 0.07P technology, an average of 20% in energy savings is obtained.

independent packets can occur at the same time, and may consequently lead to package con tention, if they share the same communication resource.


REFERENCES [1] T. Aoki, N. Homma, and T. Higuchi.

a noticeable improvement can be obtained when the standard CGP is replaced by parallel coevolutionary CGP [9].


Note that in a general Signal program, for a data dependency x, it is not necessarily true that P =x Q or Q =x P .

conclusion In this paper, we established the theoretical model of asynchronous composition in Signal and its implementation using FIFO bu.ers.


Conventional worst-case guard-band methodology analyzes chip OBD reliability by assuming a minimum oxide thickness across the chip and then sets a supply voltage level to ensure the required lifetime of the chip.

due to the process variation, some chips will have thinner oxides and are quicker to fail.


The values of iDD and iSS supply currents were sampled at 2 ps intervals, and the power was cal .N 1 iDD(k)+iSS(k) culated as P =(VDD - VSS) , were the Nk=1 2 sum is extended to the N supply current samples.

the advantage of this structure in terms of power consumption is that, for a given input assignment, only two paths are switched.


When the NMOS transistor is small, the write error rates at different switching directions are close.

the NMOS transistor channel width is set to 630nm in the 1T1J cell and 270nm in the RDAMS and ADAMS cells.


Equalizers can compensate frequency dependence of loss in TL and improve eye-diagram.

delay of the TL interconnect is 173 ps/5 mm which is 74 % smaller delay than that of the conventional on-chip line.


In [3] and [4] the authors argue that .negrained adaptive biasing and voltage interpolation based techniques can be applied to processors instrumented with recovery mechanisms to help mitigate the impact of within-die parameter variations.

for this step, we make the simplifying assumption that system performance loss due to N di.erent components is linearly additive.


In 26 of the 307 bad calls, the callers went on to leave a second message.

for each call, two audio snippets were recorded: the .rst contained the message user wanted to record, and the second contained an answer to the question asked.


As can be seen, even when no principal components is utilized, the root mean square error is down to 0.5 from full s. That is due to the part of extracting the average variations of each pixel column to detect the murainduced e.ects.

if the pro.le of the random parameterisdecomposed to a weighted sum of theprincipal components,thedimension oftheoriginaldata(dimension being the number of sub-pixels for each process parameter) can be signi.cantly reduced in the PCA coordinate system by eliminating the less important principal components.


Hence, we trace the skew range for only the most critical sink pair between two subtrees.

we use a constant SCALE to control the LPRij and UPRij (= random number * SCALE).


To reproduce these .ndings, we designed a 22nm 6T SRAM cell (using the BSIM3 model, with parameters obtained from [27]) and studied its non-stationaryRTN patterns using MUSTARD.

each trap has two possible states; so the system of N traps has 2N possible states, which can be encoded using N bits (with one bit per trap, where 0 denotes empty and 1 denotes .lled).


the number of variables grows exponentially so that running not large cases such as c4 and c5 exceeds thousands of seconds.


Remark 1:Out of the 164 combinations of codes as in the above case, the fraction of them leading to Class 5 or Class 6 crosstalk at TP2 is de.ned as the Crosstalk Value (CTV).

the TCS encoding given in Table 2 satis.es the following theorem.


Unlike in small caches, subarrays in large caches have variable access latency due to wire-delays.

if a hot set has more frequently-accessed ways, the accesses are not all fast, even though the fastest d-group is large enough to hold all the ways of the set.


The question has been partially answered by previous studies in the literature.

org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/ ONFI%202_2%20 Gold.pdf [38] NAND Flash Performance Improvement Using Internal Data Move.


If the metadata is stored alongside data in the same pages, then 29 blocks (and their metadata) could be stored per page (as in [4]).

it does so by comparing the number of bits set to true against a con.gurable threshold level, T. If the number of set bits is = T, then the way is classi.ed as big, else classi.ed small.


(i.e., c1908 s125), leads to timing violations at room temperature (i.e., D 25 = 2.53ns > Dnom).

we show how the slack made available by over-constraining the synthesis can be exploited more e.ectively to reduce leakage, while guaranteeing timing compliancy at the temperature corners provided by the technology library.


[5] C. Claus, J. Zeppenfeld, F. Muller, and W. Stechele, Using partial-runtime recon.gurable hardware to accelerate video processing in driver assistance system, in Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2007.

the low device utilisation permits aggregation of another function on to the same hardware, which can run in complete isolation.


An example that demonstrates the incremental re.nement capability of our algorithm is followed.

lvr r0cvr w(evr ) = (6) lvl r0cvl )+ r0c0 (l2 -l2 )+ (dvl -dvr 2 vlvr w(evl ) Dv = {(dv,cv)} can be written with a single variable w(evl ) as l2 vl r0 c0 lvl r0 cvl dv(w(evl )) = dvl ++ , (7) 2 w(evl ) cv(w(evl )) = cvl + cvr + lvl w(evl )c0 + l2 vr cvr r0c0 .


This thesis investigated the advantages and the possibilities of using a computer as a teaching machine, and A program using an IBM 704 computer to teach arithmetic and a program using an IBM 704 to teach matrix algebra are suggested.

he and former student Peichen Pan had a breakthrough result on optimal FPGA mapping for sequential circuits [15].


a result, BL and BL are not completely discharged.

this paper proposes a high-speed PLA using array logic circuits with latch sense ampli.ers and a charge sharing scheme.


5.3 Bank Idleness Analysis To better understand the energy behavior of memory banks, we identi.ed the most widely-used low-power mode.

first, we gradually decay from one mode to another (i.e., to get to power-down, we go through standby and nap), though one could have directly transitioned to the .nal mode if we had a good estimate.


After the spacers are etched away, the sidewalls are the only patterns left for the dense line generation.

7, any path from the source to the target will represent a distinct polygon.


Then we calculated Tbreakeven value of the router channel based on these energy parameters in the same manner proposed in [7], because the circuit block size of the channel would be close to that of an execution unit in a microprocessor.

the ratio of Ncsc in lookahead method is higher than that in naive method, and it is comparable to ideal method.


Finally, section 5 concludes this work and points out future work.

the hardware organization of the multiplier maximizes the use of the multipliers processing iteratively the multiplicand, multiplier and modulus.


Nodes that have packets to transmit buffer them locally until they hear a beacon from the intended receiver.

figure 11 plots the reception rate of concurrently transmitted packets against varying differences in the two transmitting carrier wave frequencies.


All micro-architectural measurements were sampled by OPro.le[1].

a 4MB L2 cache can still hold quite plenty of such entries.


We perform static timing analysis (STA) using Synopsys Prime-Time (v.2004.12) after RC extraction to identify timing-critical paths in the design.

we tend to speculate the k-SMT provides a good trade-off between wirelength and radius-ratio.


Transition aware global signaling (TAGS) receiver reduces repeater count by generating its fast output signal at 30% swing of its slow input signal [9], which reduces power consumption as well.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

the addressing of tagless SRAMs makes them dif.cult to work with: Contiguity in the address space must be preserved, and distance between objects must be preserved.


ISPD 09, March 29 April 1, 2009, San Diego, California, USA.

delay estimation methods are not suf.ciently accurate, especially when calculating variability.


CONCLUSION Realizing the advantages provided by emerging eNVM in cost and battery life would likely propel the introduction and adoption of next-generation mobile products.

this co-processor should be able to support low-power wireless connectivity and post-processing of collected data from connected devices.


Constraints (5) construct an inequality for each site covered by each AREF.

our implementation of this algorithm provides good solutions, but is impractical due to its high time complexity.


Various practical layout and design techniques for density and performance are discussed.

we identi.ed routing congestion issues that may hinder the bene.t of monolithic 3D technology and studied several options to overcome the problem.


Then we construct the multi-program workloads by mixing the fast forwarded single programs.

our bypassing scheme can outperform other approaches in respect of cache access latency.


Not surprisingly, whether or not the execution stage does any useful computation, the fetch, dispatch and schedule stages are always active for the purpose of increasing performance via fetching multiple instructions, register renaming, resolving dependencies and doing out-of-order issue to the execution stage.

dk is a measure of the average switching activity when exactly k units are used to process the input sequence in parallel.


Then, instead of manipulating PDFs, projected versions (now probability mass functions) are manipulated instead.


K-means clust ering has been used to group some cores which have the similar DVFS levels, so as to reduce the number of VRs required in the system.


The C can be approximated by assuming that the capacitor is formed between a cylindrical CNT and an infinite planar electrode plate.

is the displacement of CNT s elastic tip, E is the Young s Modulus, and I is the moment of inertia 4 4 and it can be expressed from I = f( d1 -d2 ) 64 , where d1 is the outer diameter and d2 is the inner diameter of the CNT.


It is designed to be fed by a 0.1V peak input signal.

the logic swing is reduced by using an ECL-like technique, with PMOS loads operating in the triode regime.


For a PMOS transistor, there are two phases of NBTI, depending on its bias condition.

to overcome this failure the flip-flop must be designed in a way so as not to violate the timing constraints after aging effect.


For a circuit with |G| gates and a layout with g spatial correlation grids, the complexity of our X cj.yj + e.z = µ + BT X + CT Y + e.z (2)D = µ + i=1 j=1 approach is O(g|G|), similar to the Gaussian case in [1].

the number of independent non-Gaussian variables is the same as the number of cells in a circuit.


Again, the performance of this latter test % schedulable task sets worsens as the number of tasks increases.

feasibility test with O(n log n) A complexity O(n log n) is possible by limiting the nested for-loop in .gure 1 to certain number of iterations.


[14] A.Rahman, A.Fan, andR.Reif.Wire-length distribution of three-dimensional integrated circuit.

theType2SBs have the property that the net may enter from one of two sides.


It would still be possible to get scale-independent values of kvpe and vopt although it would change the meaning of kvpe.

dESIGN FLOW As mentioned earlier, the main idea is to partition the circuit into small cohesive logic blocks, which are amenable to Shannon cofactoring based supply gating.


Figure 3 shows the plots and it is clear that ARM Cortex-A9 takes the least amount of time compared to both PowerPCs and hence it can claim to be very e.cient.

the TMAP mapping algorithm is described in [2] and can be integrated with the conventional Xilinx tool .ow which is explained in [1].


for the link caching algorithms, path optimality differs for the Link-NoExpand Link-Adapt-l.25 algorithms; these algorithms deliver a greater frac- tion of packets along optimal routes (path optimality 0) than do the other caching algorithms, yet also deliver a greater fraction of pack- ets along routes 6 and 7 or more hops longer than optimal than do the other algorithms.


Design and Analysis of Thin-BOX FD/SOI Devices for Low-Power and Stable SRAM in sub-50nm Technologies Saibal Mukhopadhyay, Keunwoo Kim, and Ching-Te Chuang IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY-10598 @us.ibm.com ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates viable device design options for lowleakage and robust SRAM in sub-50nm FD/SOI technology.

if the leakage target is maintained by co-optimization of body-doping and back-gate bias instead of co-optimization of body-doping and   Maxmimum Ioff / Nominal Ioff 20 15 10 5 160 3 10 Maximum Ioff / Nominal Ioff 140 2 10 120 1 10 0 10-20 Peak doping density [ x1e17 1/cm^3] Peak doping density [x1017 1/cm3] (b) (a) (c)  Peak Halo doping [x1017 1/cm3] workfunction, a larger reduction in RDF can be obtained.


This proves that the heuristic 1 is sometimes a bit of misleading, and the importation of the randomicity to heu1 can actually improve the performance.

given a set of atomic propositions AP, the original model M can I II III IV Figure 1: An spurious counterexample be de.ned as a four-tuple M = (S,S0,R,L),where S is the set of states; S0 .S is the set of initial states; R .S ×S is the transition relation; and L : S .2AP is the labeling function.


It means that the frequent-value storage can be easily integrated with these bit-level techniques to further improve the lifetime of PRAM memory.

the time of phase transition is temperature-dependent.


(a) Interconnect structure for top global layer (a) (b) Figure 6.

[10] C. Visweswariah et al., First-order incremental block based statistical timing analysis, DAC, 2004, pp.


al [6] to address security aspects and the system vulnerabilities.

experience has shown that design flaws are often discovered in smaller scope.


We have also extended the algorithm to allow multiple test sets selection from a set of fault model based alternatives.

the scheduling algorithm only arranges the sequence of the test sets, which is different from (or actually a special case of ) our proposed algorithm (to be discussed later in Sec.


in .rst approximation, the clock period (Tclk ) has to be greater than the largest propagation delay of the logic (i.e.


In the k-IDEA algorithm, the nodes are indexed in the increasing order of A(vi).

if we consider deletion of edge (12, 1 3), our GRATS-tree will construct, in addition to the topology in Fig.


However,this adds to decoding complexity and since our main goal is to minimize the energy,decoding e.ciency is very important.

it can be easily seen that the codes satisfy Equation 4.


Ifthe cache memoryandthe victim cache are accessed sequentially, data that should be hold in a faulty L1 cache line is available in the RVC.

load misses and store misses3 are kept in miss state handleregisters(MSHRforshort).Thoseregistersgroup requests to the same cache line to avoid issuing redundant requests to the upper level of the memory hierarchy,and store thedatawhen theyarrivebecause thebus is typically narrower than a cache line.


To reduce the bitline leakage power, we can employ a gated bitline precharge (or bitline isolation) technique.

bzip2, gcc, mcf, parser, vpr, applu, art, galgel, lucas, and swim nearly the half of the entire SPEC2K workloads show negligible or no performance losses while achieving more than 80% leakage power reduction for the combined technique.


A DAFS_PROC_WRITE_INLINE request will contain the filehandle, offset, the number of bytes to be written, and the data to be written to the file.

these results indicate that the additional server-side CPU overhead associated with 16Kdirect reads is actually greater than the server-side buffer copying overhead associated with 16K-inline reads.


These three registers contain row transformed data in the middle, and column high pass data in the top and bottom.

the simplest type of data distribution system is the bus shown in Figure 8(a) Each input register of a parallel unit is connected to the bus and the serial data is sent over the serial bus at the overall data rate.


All sizes saw better scaling with lower numbers of ranks, most likely due to limited memory bandwidth when using all shared memory cores.

the ability to design network architectures using the well-established OMNeT++ framework, namely OMNeT++ s network description language, the OMNeT++ parameter con.guration system, and the OMNeT++ IDE.


In order to extract the maximum bene.t from the limited on-chip SPM space available, researchers considered the different data allocation and SPM management strategies.

these advantages include power/energy ef.ciency, reduced cost, better performance, and real-time predictability, which are all vital metrics for today s embedded applications and systems [3, 2, 15, 19, 4].


The intrinsic nature of this programmable mode of creation has a major impact on the physical value of the produced artifact.

i first met Kushonya in July 2011 while collecting materials on traditional African craft.


For these applications, network frequency scaling can degrade performance in two ways.

figure3shows our .nal pipeline recon.guration results fora 5-port router,andTableIII summarizethe resultsfortwodifferent router sizes after applying time-borrowing techniques.


Note that capability supercomputers usually try to run long jobs with large allocations (especially on the full machine) to facilitate new and signi.cant scienti.c discoveries.

this can improve both performance and energy ef.ciency.


After applying fnite difference schemes (For simplicity, we use the backward-Euler method.)

rEFERENCES [1] T. -Y. Wang and C. C. -P. Chen, "Thermal-ADI: A Linear-Time Chip-Level Thermal Simulation Algorithm Based on Alternating-Direction Implicit (ADI) Method," in TVLSI, vol.


This tool can provide oscilloscope-like traces of individual signals relative to each other which is obviously extremely useful in debugging timing-related failures.

this feature can be useful in rapidly narrowing the search to a particular region of time or location on the chip to allow more thorough (but much more time-consuming) examination via scan techniques.


This model can be used to express the sensitivity of gate delay with respect to Vth as (4) which shows that the impact of Vth variation on delay reduces with an increase in the difference between the supply and threshold voltage.

a larger average improvement of approximately 20% and 36% can be obtained for the 99th percentile case.


2) Modeling Battery Cycle Life: Rechargeable battery s cycle life (L) has a non-linear correlation with Depth-of-Discharge (D) of each cycle, which can be modeled with equation u1(1- L = u2(DR )u0e DD R ), where DR is the Depth-of-Discharge D corresponding to the rated cycle life (e.g.

the impact is tolerable since WSN is usually not very performance critical.


It works with highly-associative cache designs, like skewassociative caches [22] or zcaches [21], which have good analytical properties, namely, they provide a high-quality set of replacement candidates independently of the workload s access pattern.

pCik=1 Sk 1 Ai = (4) P Si R· m k=1 Ck Stability: Depending on the sizes and churns of the partitions, simply adjusting their apertures may not be enough to maintain their sizes.


The NI then extracts the user data and sends to the receiving resource, main memory in this example.


While support for composite devices has started appearing in computer operating systems like Linux and Microsoft Windows, it is poorly provided in smartphones and completely absent in pre-boot environments like the basic input/output system (BIOS) of computers.

the management station can always reach a powered-on smartphone that is without Internet connectivity using a text message delivered through the short message service (SMS) component of the WWAN infrastructure.


Data comparison is completedwell within one cycle using a simple circuit, assuming 12FO4 delays [2].

in Parallel & Distributed Processing(IPDPS), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on,pages 1 12.


However, the problems that led to the emergence of structured ASICs have not been solved and have in fact become more complex.

first, we are interestedindelay variation withdifferent con.gurability choices rather thanactualperformance of thecircuit.Thenumberof routinglayers only affects the interconnect and this effect is captured in the average netdelay.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

the width of each comparator has the same width of the VPN.


In thefollowing we will assume this representation to be our parametric system.

the parametric transfer function can be written as the contribution of the nominal transfer function plus the contribution of the non-parametric transfer function sensitivities w.r.t.


4: Repeat steps 5 to 9 till the decap solution converges or the total iteration number reaches the limit; 5: Use Latin hypercube (LHS) sampling method to generate M samples {C1,C2,...CM } from the N(µt-1,st-1) distribution, and use acceptance-rejection approach to select K feasible samples that satisfy the constraints in (7); 6: For each circuit block, distribute the decap values to each candidate node based on the sensitivity values calculated in step 1; 7: Run transient power grid analysis for each sample and select top (best) Nelit samples (the samples that give the smallest noises).

instead of using the absolute sensitivity values for decap budgeting, we can use the relative sensitivity information to assign the decap values within each circuit block.


As the C/A code is modulated onto the I part, the correct match should only be located in the I part of the signal.

as a result, a standalone GPS receiver needs to be turned on for up to 30 seconds in order to receive a complete data packet from the satellite.


For the iir, a quick visual inspection of the assembly code reveals simple straight loop structures that are easily handled by the LMA, and since the LMA controller has less state than the DLB, it results in slightly less power.

loop bu.ering techniques have been proposed [1, 3] for capturing such instruction loops in small bu.ers, thus reducing Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


After this, a standard back-end design flow is used.

the manufactured chip supports four separate incarnations of the encryption core.


[17] M. M. Gourary, S. G. Rusakov, S. L. Ulyanov, M. M. Zharov, K. Gullapalli and B. J. Mulvaney, A New Approach for Computation of Timing Jitter in PLL , in Proc.

numerical procedures of timing jitter computation at the transistor level have been investigated in detail for autonomous circuits [8].


The required switching current rises exponentially as the MTJ switching time is reduced.

most of the write access in L2 and L3 cache of 3L-MultiR-Hyb are allocated into the fast region, boosting up the system performance.


Maximizing system performance: Using recon.gurability to monitor system communications.

finally, we would like to consider an automated testsystem.


It seems that for synthesizing large functions our approach has better potential than previously reported algorithms due to using decision diagrams as a basic representation of reversible functions, instead of truth tables or PPRM.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


They present a biologically inspired neural perception engine that exploits analog-based mixed-mode circuits to reduce area and power.

it should be noted that our FPGA was fabricated with an older 65nm technology, compared to 45nm and 40nm technologies used with CPU and GPU platforms, respectively.


While sparse regression has been successfully applied to many practical applications, it still requires a large number of (e.g., 103) sampling points to fit a high-dimensional performance model [8].

define the prior distribution for the late-stage model coefficients {aL,m; m = 1, 2, ..., M} by (12)-(13) and (25).


At the sender this will cause the send request to stay in the pending send queue.


compared to the implementation using stress value with no [6] E. Nilsson.


Shao-Yun Fang Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617, Taiwan yuko703@eda.ee.ntu.edu.tw  Wei-Yu Chen Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617, Taiwan cweiyu@eda.ee.ntu.edu.tw Yao-Wen Chang Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617, Taiwan ywchang@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw ABSTRACT Electron beam lithography (EBL) has shown great promise for photomask fabrication; however, its successive heating process centralizing in a small region may cause a severe problem of critical dimension (CD) distortion.

then, the length of the shortest v edge in an optimal sub-Hamiltonian path is d2 + d2, where dr sr is the distance between the two sub.eld rows.


We further prove in the full paper that this complexity is also tight.

upon completion of line 7, ai = (b1, v1, *)and therefore, both of the following hold: (1) the test in line 9 is true; and (2) the value v ' chosen in line 10 was written with a ballot b ' = b1.


A TLB hit occurs only if the C bit of the matching TLB entry is set.

if the system uses magnetic drives instead of SSD, the impact of incorrect provisioning will be substantially higher.


No e.cient software countermeasure protecting against such a fault can withhold that information from the adversary.

the most common enhancement is the computation of an RSA signature using the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT).


Suppose the scaling factor is z, technology scaling will make EM z2 times worse.

if the metal length is under 10 um, narrow wires EM time to failure was observed to be long [10].


Model of design is applied to a model checker along with negated temporal logic properties to exploit falsi.cation capability of model checking.

for example, {MEM -DataCache -MainMemory} is a data-transfer path.


This way resource sharing decisions can be done in compiler and datapath optimizer.

al., Applying Resource Sharing Algorithms to ADLdriven Automatic ASIP Implementation , In Proc.


Additionally, our approach cannot guarantee the adequacy andcompleteness of the providedruleset for a veri.cation goal.

r = 5O using the veri.cation query valStarRes(N,P,5).


{,,, ,,,, v vv Following our discussion in Section 2, every device is uniquely characterized by the way its wires are connected to each other.


So the added complexityfrom 3 taps to 5 taps is no better in terms of energy than simply increasing the voltage swing.

6) requires additional logic per I/O pin for each additional tap.


It utilizes a basic description of the implemented algorithm which is created in early phases of the design .ow and requires only little extra work for the designer who spends most of the time in full-custom optimizations.

the observed differences can be summarized as follows: negative weights in columns due to subtraction  shifted addends  addends are added into multiple columns if the underlying multiplication algorithm is sound all these differences will cancel out each other.


The block is assigned to the island where the cost is minimal.

[4] M. Popovich, E. G. Friedman, M. Sotman and A. Kolodny, OnChip Power Distribution Grids with Multiple Supply Voltages for High Performance Integrated Circuits , in Proc.


These proposed techniques are usually based on one or two stream characteristics, such as stream stride, stream length.

in addition to tracking trace, it can also be reconfigured to support online analyses, such as memory bandwidth statistical analysis, page reuse distance calculation, and hot pages collection.


We could also opt for the same device for PCM.

the RESET operation brings the PCM cell to the amorphous state.


Table 2: Synthesis results for compiled Handler modules Handler Opt.

the handler hardware units themselves do not have a direct access to a long-term memory storing application-level session information for multiple connections.


Further, if TSVs have di.erent diameters or di.erent resistances than nominal, this would lead to di.erences in the associated thermal hot spots in the liquid, as explained in Section 4.

by applying a test pattern to the TSVs of the die under test, we can detect the defective TSVs immediately by comparing the measured thermal-pro.le with the thermal-pro.le of the die with good TSVs.


De.ning likelihood using an heuristic cost function would have been an alternative.

these consider static, quasi static or stationary scenarios, which all can be described through .xed, o.-line models.


The dual solution can potentially provide information for sensitivity analysis and can be used to guide the perturbation; however, this is not yet implemented.

e Here w =(w1,w2,...,wn)T is the nonnegative weight vector with wi being the area of component i; lij is the maximum allowed length for the wire connecting i and j.


Read: Figure5(b) describestheprocessing of a read request to LSN 0.

as the FTL manages free blocks for wear-leveling, sector log does not need to directly address wear-leveling issues.


For larger designs, the multicontext designs can be smaller.

interconnect sequentialization, both through Ct and pt, is e.ective at reducing energy.


The FPD industry has been dominated by the liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which are advancing so rapidly that it seems difficult for other technologies to compete in the marketplace, despite all the enthusiasm and innovation emerging from research laboratories in both universities and industry for decades.

the reduced power dissipation will also be able to lead to a lower temperature, resulting in a longer lifetime, especially important for large size displays [3].


To analyze the trade-off between area and power consumption with the different (fn, IWn) combinations in Table I, we synthesized the RTL design of a single router-NI combination of both Aelite and Daelite NoCs with the different (fn, IWn) TABLE I.

we assume that the clock source of the coupled architecture consume less power than the multiple sources in the decoupled architecture.


Next, we show the number of observation points added to the circuit based on Olim, and the fault ef.ciency achieved using these observation points.

we repeat this process using weight assignments based on u as long as an undetected fault f ' exists with udet( f ') =u.


We used the SESC [8] cycle-accurate simulator.

we will apply the fine-grain control to the 14T dependable mode in the next section.


Therefore changes to the L1 and L2 cache levels of the memory hierarchy are not an option (in our design space); these levels of the memory hierarchy are usually controlled by processor architects and PC designers.

our study addresses this issue and de.nes the minimum size of the compressed area that can improve an application s performance.


Number of NoC packets on parallel applications (normalized).

fIXED is the scenario in which aggressiveness is a constant value, whereas CONTROLLED is scenario using the proposed approach.


In the best case, if C (combinational logic C+ and C-) is selected to route to the next Basic Cell and no signals are routed to other Cells, the entire D-FF stage and the Output stage can be shut down.

thus for each Basic Cell, 94% power is saved.


In other words, logic synthesis optimisations hardly change the architecture of the given circuit.

due to lack of space we omit the proof of above theorem and explain it using a simple example.


the top of the rack experience more hardware replacements Probability than those at the bottom of the rack.

when translating them to ambient temperatures (inside the heat chamber) we observe a drop in throughput for temperatures as low as 40C (for the Seagate 73GB and Hitachi SAS drives), 45C for the Fujitsu and Seagate 500GB SAS drives, and 55C for the Hitachi Deskstar, ranges that are signi.cantly lower than the maximum of 50-60C that manufacturers typically rate hard disks for.


A straitforward design considering only the permanent faults could be to use hardware redundancy as shown in Figure 1b.

experimental results are presented in Section 8.


The insights from the dashboard motivate future research on group-context aware mobility models.

we show dashboard views of residency times and location transitions of individuals traveling alone vs. in groups of varying sizes.


Technical Report 1342, University of Wisconsin Madison Computer Sciences Department, 1997.

the weight of a sequence should never exceed the weight associated with one of its proper subsequences, since the appearance of the subsequence must be at least as frequent as the appearance of the supersequence.


Real-time global stereo matching using hierarchical belief propagation.

the STRM_TRWS performs a core role in our stereo matching system; we refer the reader to [1] for details.


This example apparently has synchronization points within the branches of an if statement.


MOESS provides two bu.er insertion schemes performed sequentially to minimize the number of inserted bu.ers and then to solve timing violations if there is any.

section 4.7 describes how to handle hard macros in the ESB scheme.


FASER realizes the incremental checkpoints, which only backup the value after exiting de.ned blocks.

the experimental results indicate that averagely 99.41% detected errors are properly recovered by FASER and it only incurs 5.38% additional performance overhead on the basis of error detection.


Finally, the adjacent vertical edges will form a vertical bus component and the adjacent horizontal edges will form a horizontal bus component.

another previous work [1] improved over them by allowing 0-bend, 1-bend, and 2-bend buses.


Demo Abstract -Netamorph: Field-Programmable Analog Arrays for Energy-Ef.cient Sensor Networks Brandon Rumberg Brandon M. Kelly David W. Graham Vinod Kulathumani Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering West Virginia University {brumberg, bkelly6}@mix.wvu.edu, {david.graham, vinod.kulathumani}@mail.wvu.edu  ABSTRACT The limited power budgets of sensor networks necessitate some level of in-network pre-processing to reduce communication overhead.

in the same way that recon.gurable digital systems allow system designers to change the infrastructure of digital blocks, an FPAA allows an application developer to change the infrastructure of, and even tune, ASP blocks without circuit-level expertise.


(v.d is + |(v, u)|,v,v.sr) 11 if u is not in H 12 Insert u into H 13 else 14 if v.sr /.P 15 S .S .

in details, the integration of Prim s concept [20] and SPRs (De.nition 4) in Section 3.3.2 select good Steiner points.


Although this may sound excessive, we must remember the 49 stall cycles consumed by double precision instructions.

compared to the aliased na¨ive code, time skewing does not have any impact on the Power5.


With these settings we were able to compile and verify all required properties on the mandatory-only version of the model.

this paper focusses on the target level and below, with a particular emphasis on the interactions between LUNs and their containing target.


To obtain high gains, it is necessary to design multistage amplifiers, each of which is typically a common-source stage.

a 300pF load capacitance is used, which is often found in sigma-delta modulators and pipelined A-to-D converters.


In [4], a memristive CMOL implementation by hybrid CMOS and ReRAM design is introduced to facilitate AES application.

[6] L. Thomas and et al., Racetrack memory: a high-performance, lowcost, non-volatile memory based on magnetic domain walls, in Proc.


The most common used methods for solving DAEs in circuit simulation are Backward Euler di.erential approximation method and Trapezoidal di.erential approximation method (TR).

it is really challengeable to analyze power grid with tens or even hundreds of million nodes which has became the most computation consuming tasks in design veri.cation .ow.


The estimation result is presented in Figure 7.

a low-power techniques for OLED display considering the ef.ciency of driver circuits is introduced in [4].


we calculate the ratio of each element (energy in each granule) to the mean value (average energy in the search window).


We show that it is easy to detect and weaken cryptographic algorithms realized on an FPGA.

copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored.


In this paper, we propose an efficient technique to minimize the soft error rates of combinational logic circuits.

we observe that in addition to the low-pass filtering mechanism, the upsized flipflops lessen the temporal probabilities appreciably, thereby producing a considerable reduction in the total SER of the circuit.


The performance improvement for Capacity-Limited workloads comes mainly from the increase of memory capacity resulting in fewer page faults.

the Line Location Predictor in our design requires negligible overheads.


As we have shown in the previous sections, by allocating each working set to different colors the compiler removes most cross-interference from the program.


4, Ri represents the ratio of power for each layer Pi to the total power among N layers.

a and C are the critical parameters in which we need to update a for each layer and measure C time to time.


In the .rst step, we honor the power domain related constraints (Constraint 1 and 2).

.ip-chip packaging also brings many new design challenges for I/O placement.


This typically means that their working sets mostly .t into the L1D cache, leaving almost no potential for any L2/L3/memory optimization.

we also evaluated B.I with higher decompression latencies (2-5 cycles).


Since the switching-speed across the resistance states of RRAM is much faster than the speed of the NAND .ash write operation and the macro-architecture of RRAM has more internal resources than other NVMs, memory transactions should be e.ciently handled to achieve high levels of internal parallelism.

to better understand the reason behind this performance disparity between reads and writes, we breakdown the total execution time into tree di.erent I/O activities: memory operation, bus operation and bus contention, as shown in Figure 19.


The C value is shifted into the scan chain which goes to all sensors.

it is also noteworthy that measurement results for the same Vdd can di.er across individual PSN sensors due to process variations.


s 6C2 C1Vtp 3 1 C2 td =+ Vtn + dt (1)Ictrl kI2 ctrl The circuit proposed in [14] eliminates the charge sharing problem associated with design in [13] as follows.

the signal Nenable that is shown as NEN in Figure 2 is a delayed version of signal Q.


DAC 2005, June 13 17, 2005, Anaheim, California, USA.

a normalized DFM Score could be produced by counting the frequency of occurrence of known undesirable layout constructs at various stages of the design, and as a result of application of various tools o Cost of Die DFM Score targeted to assess the relative friendliness of a design to manufacturing process considerations.


V. CO N C L U S I O N S In this work, we introduced a more accurate and .ne-grained approach to analyze the impact of ECTs on PCM s lifetime.

nonetheless, SAFER32 may only be able to correct 7 errors, depending on the position of failed cells in the memory block.


As shown in Figure 6, the operation of pTERF begins with the data input changing at a suitable time before the rising edge of Pclk.

our experimental characterization of each mode of operation re.ects the differences solely in the clock system.


As it can be seen from Figure 8, some of the modules like Demod, Equalizer and Sink show signi.cant savings in power, while the second instance of the pipelined LPF modules, which is the bottleneck in the system, shows no improvement at all.

it, therefore, becomes necessary to make these systems more power and energy aware such that they use just enough power to meet the performance requirements of the given workload.


This is same as the .rst .ow, except that a constant wirelength of 4.43 is assumed [12].

we would need 20 or 30 circuits with only one embedded block, 20 or 30 more circuits with two embedded blocks, etc.


The difference is that a Slicing-Ordered Tree is not necessarily a binary tree.

the Tjunction at the bottom-left corner of A is either a 90º T-junction or a 180º T-junction.


The frequency converters translate the RF signal in three base-band signals proportional to the projections of the input signal over the vector of the basis.

homodyne receivers have two major problems: DC o.set and high sensibility to even order distortion.


Bending control of each hair-like unit is achieved via an optical signal from a liquid crystal display (LCD).

author Keywords: Hair-like interface; organic user interface; shape memory alloy; flexible actuator; haptic; surface display.


The conduction loss from the package and PCB plays an important role.

.............. is the supply voltage of the drivers and control logic.


[1] present a scheme for automatic abstraction of behavioral RTL Verilog to the CLU language used by the UCLID system [5].

we compare our technique against a non-commercial version of the Cadence SMV model checker [14].


Fault Tolerance Checking whether a binding is feasible or whether a partial binding may be completed can be an important task during synthesis, but also in dynamic embedded systems.

we will reduce the well known binding problem to the boolean satis.ability problem.


Pin-constrained design for direct-addressing DMFBs was addressed in [8].

since the target cells will become blockages after they are routed, a droplet with many target cells inside its bounding box has more routing solutions before these target cells are routed.


Section 2 presents the key idea behind our approach.

next, we further detail the assessment, categorizing it into two groups: analysis of the statistical quality of the output response and analysis of the error of the response model itself.


Figure 2 shows an illustration of a typical power-on sequencing solution.

there are n × n current sources connected to the lowest metal layer lines over each tile.


Nonetheless, DMF LoC design techniques reported do not involve modular blocks.

design-by-assembly in which a LoC can be designed by configuring, laying out subsystems can help new researchers to develop custom chips.


It can be seen that the overheads without adding the PUF are almost constant.

figure 2: The .ow of the active control for integrated circuits IP cores.


They can be solved by the ellipsoid algorithm [11].

the greedy algorithm takes the smallest amount of time because of adopting the greedy algorithm from the set cover problem.


Under selective execution, only the results corresponding to participating sub.elds are written back to the destination register speci.ed in the instruction.

these 1-PIM speedups suggest DIVA s potential to outperform conventional multiprocessors for certain applications, and at a much reduced hardware cost.


4.3 Post-Floorplan Processing The mix-up .oorplanning with both real cores and dummy cores in the previous stage make sure that enough deadspace is generated for NCs insertion.

besides, switches and NIs share the same voltage level with the communicated cores and voltage level converters [13] can be integrated to realize the communication between NCs in di.erent voltage level islands.


In general, the distance between two points u and v should be roughly proportional to the delay of an optimally bu.ered path between u and v. Such distances can be used instead of 1-distances: For choosing the best branch point w to connect a new sink s to an arc from u to v in a partial topology, we choose a point in the union of the shortest u-v-paths (w.r.t.

our preliminary topology generation as described above has a quadratic running time.


Recent approaches using a gate-array style fabric and top metal-level configuration will also help provide an intermediate point on the NRE-flexibility continuum.

perspective of consumer electronics system house Kees van Berkel, Research Fellow Philips Electronics1,2 1 Philips Research Labs, Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5600 AA Eindhoven.


This level of perturbation is well below the expected noise from other sources of cell delay variation, such as transistor threshold voltage and gate dimension variations.

regions with small inner tolerance are possible pinching regions, while bridging is likely to occur in regions with small outer tolerance.


In the worst case, some instructions may require an additional clock cycle to complete.

the top part reports a sequence of instructions that .ow throughout the various pipeline stages in clock cycles 0-15.


In [6], the authorsdeveloped a lithography simulation flow which they used to improve case-based analysis over current timing.

the propagation delay for a single gateis actually a function of a number of parameters that are affectedby variation (e.g.


However, with the progress of IC technology, a modern IC design will contain more and more obstacles, such as hard IP cores, macro blocks, and pre-routed nets.

7(e), P4 and P5 have been reached from v7 and v8 respectively, which have also been selected as Steiner points.


In addition, there could be metal interconnects surrounding a via stack, which may increase its coupling capacitance.

the cell height is reduced by 40%, which is more than the reported values in [5] (about 30%).


ACKNOWLEGEMENT The authors acknowledge TI, LSI, ADI, NVIDIA, and Intel for supporting this work under the Stanford RAD initiative.

real digital gates are not Boolean either, but the approximation is sufficient to guide test generation for function comparison.


In fact accounting for the tags, we found that a 128-entry FVC which exploits 7 frequently occurring values and a 16-entry VC take almost the same amount of space for a line size of 8 words.

this strategy has the effect of either eliminating or delaying the cache miss.


We sought to avoid the pitfalls of the aggregation method s lack of look-ahead capabilities, by utilizing a decomposition method heuristic we call PareDown, to detect convergence but not be constrained by a particular depth at which our heuristic looks ahead.

section 4 focuses on the partitioning aspect of the synthesis process and introduces our algorithm for partitioning.


Upon obtaining the new simulation models in the reduced parameter set z, the immediate bene.t of parameter reduction is to conduct Monte Carlo simulation by sampling in the new parameter space, which is much more e.cient.

then, we verify the accuracy (relative error in mean/std.)


The .gures also show the cumulative distribution.

this is a case where Uncorq speeds up stores.


This enables a single test-bench to be applied for systems modeled both in SystemC, as well as at the RT level.

handling only two abstraction levels with a transactor is not sufficient.


AMBA BUS MODELING USING ROM We will now describe how the general ROM concept can be applied to modeling of a communication system.

fast and accurate communication is needed to predict the performance of a system.


Experimental Results and Discussion The photograph of proposed AFE with 0.18um CMOS technology process and its measured results on human body are presented in Fig.3, the chip size is 1.3mm×1.1mm and it only consumes around 0.3mW total power dissipation.

this system consumes around 51mW total power dissipation when the wireless transmission is off.


Consider a group of three ROs, codes 010 and 101 are invalid according to the definition in equation (2).

for the very unusual event that BACD changes to DCAB, the ECC only needs to correct the first bit.


Introducing power gating in a design involves the following steps: Dividing the design into power domains and generating power-gating signals for each domain.

low Power Hardware Synthesis from Concurrent Action-Oriented Speci.cations.


They are based on hierarchical circuit decomposition and speci.cation transmission from top-level to lower level blocks.

the suboptimal point does not have to be very precise and can be determined heuristically by stopping the optimization at a point where improvement along several iterations is low.


Themaximumand averageEV6 coreenergy savings are24.6%(lbm) and3.3%, respectively.

we model the entirepowerdown and wake-up sequence asin[9].


Otherwise, store operation on this cell continues normally .

the latency increase in LLCs does not have a significant impact on performance degradation.


A VLSI chip designed directly from the case data of each reasoning task is desirable, be- cause it realizes an acceptable circuit size and high parallelism.

this matching test is carried out in parallel in all AND gates.


stf std dev of delay of fast memory distr.

estimating area occupation of a design given the area of the components is relatively easy.


We propose in this paper, and evaluate for the .rst time, the concept of an MPSoC with an integrated micro.uidic fuel cell array that also functions as a micro-scale heat sink.

the above equations governing the electrochemical energy conversion can be coupled to the equations for momentum, charge and mass conservation in order to set up a physical model of the redox .ow power delivery system.


Our eye tracker was funded by the Stanford MediaX project and the Stanford School of Engineering.

each instrument s bias is the the .xed component of the measurement error µ,its accuracy is the magnitude of the bias |µ|,and its precision is the standard deviation of the measurement error s. For the reference pupillometer (pm), µ[Epm]= 0 mm and s[Epm] = 0.05 mm, according to information provided by its manufacturer.


example: Figure 1 shows the basic components of miniMIPS annotated with results from fault simulation.


As LBsizeincreases,theareaandpowerdissipationof each LB increases.

it may be possible to modify the architecture so that the problem size presented to the computationally expensive stage(s) is reduced, thus directly reducing the runtime of these stages.


EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS In this section, we compare the proposed ExLRU against the currently best-known WBC management schemes.

we propose to partition the WBC into two regions: a Work Region (WR) and an Eviction Region (ER).


Some text in this electronic article is rendered in Type 3 or bitmapped fonts, and may display poorly on screen in Adobe Acrobat v. 4.0 and later.

cONCLUDING REMARKS Wehaveshownthatbybuferingdiskblokswithinastripe, weanobtainasubstantialredutioninthenumberofdisk aessesneededinbothsmallandlargewritesfordouble erasureodes.Indeed,thegeneraltehniqueappliestokerasureodeswhiharelinearandsystemati,providedthat suitableolumnorderingstomaximizeoverlapamongthe hekdisksaessedanbeprodued.Forthefull2ode, wehaveestablishedthatwritestothreeonseutivedisks Response Time For Straight Writes of 3 Disks [3]M.Blaum,J.Brady,J.Bruk,andJ.Menon.


To reserve a wireless channel, the stations basically used the DCF mode of contention.

it should be solved since it brings 'throughput decrease' and 'unfairness' which is very crucial for Telematics.


For this also, standard technology along the hardware is sufficient.As mobile phones increasingly support users accessing data and running applications that were previously only available within the relative physical safety of homes and businesses, enabling users to secure their phone-resident data is becoming more important.

comfort Interest EfficacyControl DehumanizationGenderEqualityUtility  Figure 3.


All other links (solid red) which connect the cores to the L2 caches, are actually handle much lower load.

we assume 45nm process technology and evaluate the total NoC area (both links and routers) of a given NoC design according to the description in section 2.2.


The thermal resistance of the heat spreader and TEG can be estimated using the same  Figure 4.

this recycled electric energy can be stored in a super-capacitor and reused later or can be used to drive low-power portable electronics such as MP3 players, or PDA, which can only consume about 110mW and 200mW, respectively [22].


The node is Bluetooth enabled, so it can connect to a PDA or laptop to upload the measurements.

demonstration The demonstration will have two main parts.


Other solutions focus on reducing the complexity of the Issue Queue through limiting the number of instructions that must be woken-up simultaneously.

while still using a large and slow scheduling mechanism, the proposed design effectively limits its importance in the overall performance.


In Figure 5 the synchronization of all metadata was disabled and so each device only stores metadata of its briefcase.


the network stack is completely hidden from the IPs, and only used by means of the streaming stack, about which more presently.


[18] Rheingold, H. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier.

five hundred people participated in the survey.


The combined CDG+DDG data structure is built starting from this syntax tree structure.

if the operation b = e - f has been scheduled before the operation cond = a < b, the anti dependence edge will require a renaming of variable b. HTG_0 HTG_1 (a) (b) Fig.


Notice that the sets In and Out only specify the input and output handshake signals of the pipeline stage interface.

each data channel carries additional control signals, which participate in the handshake protocol.


In this paper, we focus on 2M -line group low-order interleaving, by choosing B low-order bits starting from I[M] as the bank selection bits, when there are 2B banks.

our results show that the proposed scheme .nely distributes memory accesses over multiple banks and e.ectively limits the number of consecutive accesses to a single bank.


In [34], the authors report that the GPU outperforms an optimized SSE implementation for long FIR convolutions (more than 60000 taps) but fails for short .lters.

7.2 Limitations Our approach has many limitations.


To respond to all these factors, the SoC includes a Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) cell.

this requires the SRAM tests to be able to run on a memory tester as well.


The package level parasitic impedances are extracted from experimental measurement results [2].

the neighboring planes exhibit slightly more power gating noise in the distributed topology.


The fourth column indicates resource utilization in terms of the percentage of the LX240T s Logic Cells (LC), Block Ram (MEM), and DSP Blocks (DSP) used by each design (as reported by ISE 13.4).

our compiler produces complete, optimized implementations that can interact with large data sets residing in DRAM.


The optimization results will decide whether it is possible to achieve a legal solution for the Metal-2 design of one hit point combination.


4.W.1.2 Transforming into a MLGP Prob/em In this section, we show that, for a given wire order as obtained by the algorithm in section 4.2, the formulation in section 3 can be transformed into a MLGP problem.

f(PigMi) in (23) is a function as defined below.


Our approach reduces energy consumption by increasing disk idle periods.

cONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORK Disk system is known to be a major contributor to overall power consumption of high-end parallel systems.


a 1 - 1 2 More generally, the parameters of the EWMA .lter must be PF A = 1 -v e 2 x dx (10) tuned to be small enough that the detector is agile but large -8 2p enough that the detector is stable in the presence of noise.


1 and 4.  would add to the complexity related cost once the product [7] W.Iandolo et al., Optimization of Dummy Pattern for Mask line is in full swing.

design rule hierarchy pareto by the key FMEA criteria.


Fan, G. Han, W. Jiang, , and Z. Zhang, xpilot: A platform-based behavioral synthesis system, in SRC TechCon 05, Portland, OR, Nov. 2005.

the matching algorithm performs the binding in an horizontal" fashion in the scheduled DFG, and cannot predict its impact on the future iterations.


We propose to leverage SCC-column to reduce read and write access energy.

this overhead is negligible when compared to the overall array energy over a large time interval.


The total size of the software functional test is about 700 dynamic instructions.

the CPU-cache crossbar that consists mainly of bu.er queues and interconnect requires much fewer instructions to complete the tests.


In this paper, we modify pathtracing by keeping track of the errors on the potential defect sites implicated, a modi.cation described in [6].

for each of fi s partiallyexplained failing observable points out j in tk, the under-explained sub-path Ji-out j is added to Pik.


It has also been proved in [1] that inserting a link as close to sink nodes as possible is better in terms of skew variability reduction.

using (1) and (2), we can easily estimate the e.ect of inserting a link on delay at any node in a general RC network.


With its four parameters .1 to .4, the GLD family allows to describe a wide range of probability distributions with di.erent shapes.

in terms of computation time, the e.ort of distribution parameter estimation is negligible in comparison to circuit simulation time.


Figure 4 illustrates that the performance distribution can be classified as two regions if the specification value is known.

the probability of output performance should be relative (not equal) to the probability of input variable no matter what the I/O relationship is.


4(e), by using CWS the energy consumption was reduced by up to 23% of that by using the other congestion-aware algorithms on a NoC with a size varying from 4×4 to 8×8.

the NoC architecture can be described by following graph structure.


2.1 MapReduce / Hadoop 2.1.1 General Overview MapReduce is a relatively new programming model, described by [5], for simpli.ed development of parallel applications that need to process large (often semi-and unstructured) datasets.

this makes the use of commodity Cluster (and newly Cloud) parallel architectures preferable over the HPC ones.


Power modeling effort and simulation time increase towards the physical level.

it is necessary to calculate the power dissipation and the resulting junction temperature of the device.


(b) % of leakage savings obtained from SRAM cells and logic elements.

motivated by the above mentioned limitations of the previous works, this paper proposes the following: (1)dual-Vt FPGA architecture,(2)dual-Vt FPGA CAD .ow for designing the dual-Vt FPGA and, (3) algorithms associated with the dual-Vt FPGA CAD .ow.


In a variant of this problem [3], the zero-phase frequency response of the FIR .lter and its speci.cations (the normalized pass-band (....) and stop-band (....) frequencies and the maximum allowed pass-band (....) and stop-band (....) ripples) are considered.

2.2 0-1 Integer Linear Programming The 0-1 ILP problem is the minimization or the maximization of a linear cost function subject to a set of linear constraints and is generally de.ned as follows1: Minimize w .. ·x (1) Subject to A ·x =b, x .


Since multiple memory locations may host the same value, one register may actually be linked to multiple locations simultaneously.

we consider placing the auxiliary cache between the CPU and the first level data cache.


Supply voltage is adjusted at granularity of 10mV during calibration.

the initial values Q1 and Q2 at capture SFF and sticky SFF, respectively, are both set to 1 during scan mode.


This extraction is performed self-consistently with electrical channel length to width ratio (Le/We) and effective parasitic resistance (Ri), using a new algorithm (Fig.

percentage variation of drain current due to intrinsic VT fluctuations worsens with RBB.


For example, the Importance Sampling (IS) method modifies the random sampling in order to simulate more meaningful points [8].

in Section 2, we review some concepts related to statistical simulations for SRAM reliability.


He found that con.ict clauses derived only from transition relations can be replicated to further reduce the checking time.

learning directly from the original SAT instance cannot affect the size of con.ict clauses.


Our contributions are orthogonal to the choice of a key management scheme and a trusted platform, and can be used to complement the platform s protection against software attacks with low-cost, high-performance protection against hardware attacks and combined hardware-software attacks.

this complicates cache miss handling, because a single L2 cache miss can result in both a major and a minor counter cache miss.


For 50fF device capacitances (current flip-chip bonded detector technology), optics is between Cu and CNTs (both practical and ideal) at high switching activity.

finally, the delay of the waveguide is approximately dictated by the speed of light in the waveguide core material (silicon) (11.3ps/mm).


Otherwise, is selected meds  so as to minimizeet(e)in Equation 7.

we have shown that it is straightforward to extend the proposed model for more general problems.


Proportional and Uniform replications, however, are not equivalent.

after at most m-1 such moves, the algorithm reaches the Uniform or the Proportional allocation.


If enough probabilistic information is given in the SLIM model, it is also possible to compute the probability of the top-level event using MRMC by transforming the fault tree to its underlying Markov chain.

it is expressed as a set of nominal components with their corresponding interactions.


Continuing to increase the MF to 16 improves the miss rate reduction by a mere 1.7% and 1.0% for CINT2K and CFP2K, respectively.

we conclude that for the B-Cache, the design with MF = 8 and BAS = 8 is the best for the cache sizes of 8kB, 16kB, and 32kB.


it is usually more challenging to improve timing if the nets have been optimized by a series of powerful transforms in a physical synthesis .ow.


We considered a rangeof architectureswith varied routing tracklengths(L), cluster sizes(N)andLUT sizes(k).

we will not consider threshold voltage orsupply voltagechangessuch asthosein[8]since these are only useful for power trade-o.s.


Since we provide both a lower and upper bound on the true statistical delay, we can determine the quality of the bounds.

since the edge delays of both edges are statistically independent, the probability PD=t)is the product of the probabilities that each edge delay ( Gp is less than or equal to t: P()t= Pt()·Qt() (EQ 5) G P Through differentiation, we obtain the probability density function of the graph delay D(GP) as follows: p()t= Pt()·qt()+ pt()·Qt(), (EQ 6) G P the graph in Figure 2(b) can be replaced with a single edge have the pdf pGp(t).


this doesn t significantly reduce leakage power (see Table 2).


The chip characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

mTCMOS has a serious problem that the stored data of latches and flip-flops in logic blocks cannot be preserved when the power supply is turned off (sleep mode).


If ~{'~ = ~{0, then the MH is advised to defer transmission.

if a packet misses its deadline, it is dropped by the MH.


Since windowing image sensors only read one row at a time, reducing the concentration of desired pixels per row increases the average fraction of time that each output reads blank pixels without VLC signals and reduces the average rate at which each windowing image sensor output read desired pixels.

unlike windowing though, TBPS allows each column to independently choose which pixels to read.


The memory consumption of our placer is only 50MB for the largest n300*30.

nets ami33 ami49 n100 n200b n300 2-pin 84.6% 82.4% 88.9% 88.4% 72.4% 2-pin + 3-pin 92.7% 95.1% 99.4% 99.3% 97.5%   since the pins are relocated in this approach, it is obvious that this block center bundling (referred as BCbundling hereafter) has the following drawbacks: The estimation is no longer exact, in the sense that it does not measure the true sum of the wire length of the nets in a bundle because the distribution of the pins is ig-4.


This table shows that the extra search cycle due to segmentation is not likely to hurt the average load hit latency (Section 3) because the majority of loads end their searches within one or two segments.

five (bzip, gcc, gzip, parser, and twolf) of the  a 2-ported conventional LSQ 0.2 0.2 Speedup against -0.8 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 0.4  0.3 0.4 0.3 0.20.2  Speedup againsta 32-entry conventional LSQ 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 nine integer benchmarks actually perform worse than the base case.


Several emerging techniques, such as the opticalproximity correction (OPC), the phase shift mask (PSM), andoff-axis illumination (OAI), are proposed to cope with thesechallenges [2].

byexploiting negligible coupling capacitance between two adjacent wires with the same signal source, our routing architecture provides a signal propagation channel with similar propagation delay, less crosstalk noise, and less power consumptionto the conventional non-uniform routing architecture.


To cut this potential performance penalty, determining a threshold value for idle period by employing either .xed or adaptive approaches is crucial in TPM.

if the underlying disks subsystem has too many disks, we may end up with too many nodes in the IDAG, and for each node we need to generate a different code (as will be explained in the following subsection).


LL C = timingCosti + congestionCost i (8) .. i=0 i=0 If we combine all of these techniques we get the Armada timingdriven pipeline routing algorithm.

the placements from these tests were then routed using congestion-driven QuickRoute, the Armada algorithm, and the Armada algorithm substituting in the original PathFinder cost formulation.


Finally, techniques to reduce the area overhead of the proposed defect-tolerant .ow have been presented.

pCB delay and power consumption parameters can be included as a part of UCB design parameters.


Only this part of matching needs to be regenerated and remapped in the next iteration.

there are k2 switches in a k × k crossbar.


The module uses a hash table to keep information about all pages that are stored in the compressed-memory level.

for a description of the hardware-based approaches, we refer the interested reader to a recent study by Alameldeen and Wood [1].


Based on the inclusion property, we do not need to traverse the tree any more since hits are guaranteed in all larger caches with two, four, and eight sets.

for example, if a hit occurs in a cache where s = 2 and a = 1, it is then guaranteed that the same hit occurs in the caches with s = 2 and a > 1.


We show how netopt can automatically identify naive cases from program source, rewrite them to expose rendezvous .exibility, and assign lower cost rendezvous.

our experience indicates that LR is the most common recursion, especially in networking.


We also compare the results of existing and new .lling approaches, with respect to the new smoothness criteria.

264%) and the maximum density is violated by 21% (resp.


the decoding stage as follows: On the Matlab level we generate a sinusoidal signal y0[n]withfrequency fsin and sampling frequency f0 = 500 kHz.

the same scaling of Vlsi technology that makes possible the continuing and dramatic improvements in digital signal processing also severely constraints the dynamic range available for implementing the interfaces between the analog and the digital representation of signals.


Additionally, there are two flow control signals used to regulate the traffic on the channel.

such approach has strong drawbacks: A bus does not scale with the system size as the bandwidth is shared by all the components attached to it.


When the motion vector points to an integer position, just one reference matrix with 4x4 samples is needed to generate the current 4x4 predicted block.

the four horizontal filters that process solution in [4].


In order to measure resource usage 3.3 Solution Space Exploration In order to exploit the opportunity to recon.gure only a portion of the FPGA while the rest when possible keeps working, it is necessary to localize the portion of the FPGA that has been a.ected by the fault, and to trigger its recon.guration.

there is a set of constraints that need to be ful.lled in order to de.ne a correct recon.guration bitstream and to apply it; in the most general case (as for the VirtexIIPro), these constraints are device dependent, yet for some families of FPGAs they depend also on the design technique and the input speci.cation.


To reduce impact of this constraint on interconnect lengths, we .rst placed the design without region constraint.

there at most m(m - 1) of these constraints; considering that clock tree generation tools tend to insert as fewbu.ers as possible, this number is much smaller the number of path pairs.


(aibj )=1: products and the addition network of our implementation.

a prominent technique for this purpose is called Booth encoding.


See[8] for moredetailedinformationabout2N-2N2P logic style.

all2N-2N2Pgates operate atfourdi.erentphases: input phase, evaluation phase, hold phase, and reset phase.


The regular threshold voltage amounts to approximately 350mV and the low one amounts to approximately 250mV.

adiabatic losses scale approximately linearly with the supply voltage (see equation 1) compared to the proportionality to the square of the supply voltage for static CMOS.


A mixed-behavior 4-core workload: memory slowdowns and unfairness (left), throughput metrics (right) Figure 8.

fCFS results in a higher slowdown for libquantum than mcf even though the L2 miss rate of these two threads are very similar.


Combinatorial approaches to the synthesis of vapor detector arrays for use in an electronic nose , J. Comb.

this method is not scalable to larger integrated systems with hundreds to thousands of sensors because the wire count is directly proportional to both the number of sensors on chip and the resolution of the ADC.


Low-Power and Reliable Clock Network Design for Through-Silicon Via (TSV) Based 3D ICs.

in Problem 2 we place the clock TSVs simultaneously with control TSVs, which enables a better whitespace utility.


Lineend shortening (LES) [1] is considered a catastrophic failure that renders devices useless.

idVgs characteristics of LES devices (NMOS).


In this paper we present an experimental routing framework that explores the trade-offs of regular and structured routing architectures.

the FPU suffers from a large performance degradation (5.1% for the Structured and 23.6% for the Via Configurable) due to its long logic depth of the critical path.


· c, such that the next shortest path computation will return the next smallest delay value.

the current execution path which is described by control is split into four disjoint execution paths, each with a different delay and control expression: control #1 #3 #5 #7 control · d2 · d1 control · d2 · d1 control · d2 · d1 control · d2 · d1 For the .rst execution path, control is conjoined with d2 · d1 because this path is only executed under the condition that the delay is one, which is only true if d2 = 0 and d1 = 0.


This makes MPEG compute-bound, thereby eliminating any opportunity for performance improvement by improving the memory system bandwidth.

contemporary cache organizations waste memory bandwidth in order to reduce the memory latency seen by the processor.


The goal of this study was to quantify the relative bene.t of: electrical optimizations using .ne grained libraries, voltage scaling and multiple thresholds; and major arithmetic and logic optimizations.

traditionally, this has meant that clock signals cannot be intentionally skewed in order to balance non-critical and critical paths associated with a given latch in order to speed up critical paths.


We assume a .xed buffering amount on each router and support a maximum of sixteen ports.

we have implemented all three parts as an extensible web-application.


With a computer simulation, we can evolve .nite state machines to provide desired functionality.

we evolve FSMs to recognize regular expressions.


Figure 3 shows one such programmable interconnect, where connection boxes and switch boxes are used to connect channels between logic blocks.


We set q.obs = -1 since point q is a terminal.

n = COnO +nT,, where nO is the number of obstacles, nT is the number of terminals, and CO is maximum of edges that one obstacle has.


This makes the circuit ready to receive a high.

iNTRODUCTION Studies have shown that 50% of total chip power is dissipated in interconnect wires and circuits in a modern microprocessor [2].


For example, if a storage cell contains ACE bits for a million cycles out of an execution of ten million cycles, then the AVF for that cell is 10%.

a list with two consecutive producers for a register R and no intervening consumer for the same register R can be used to mark the first producer of R as a dynamically dead instruction.


UNDERSTANDING GPU CACHE INEFFICIENCY In this section, we evaluate GPU cache performance to understand application behaviors on a cache hierarchy similar to those in current GPUs.

cBWT bypasses requests based on reuse distance and protects hot cache lines to take full advantage of the cache capacity.


Probing the delays with suf.cient precision (the resolution of the latch) is extremely dif.cult and further the interaction between the probe and the circuit will affect the delay.

second, programs can only return to the suspended secure execution mode at the exact location speci.ed by the l.secure.suspend instruction.


If the veri.cation environment does not support multi-threading, then the remaining alternative is to run the two scenarios sequentially.

sCENARIO INTERLEAVING SUPPORT IN X-GEN 3.1 An Overview of X-Gen X-Gen is a test generation technology for computer systems and SoCs [8].


Our technique is based on generalizing the time-shifted PPV using piecewise techniques from TPWL and PWP [14], [15].

once { fi} and {v 1i (t)} are available, we can apply (19) to model the VCO using the trajectory piecewise technique outlined above.


Based on the bioassay schedule obtained using the highlevel synthesis method of [16], the droplet-routing problem of the multiplexed bioassay is decomposed into .ve subproblems.

the cross-referencing design requires a special electrode structure (i.e., both top and bottom plates contain electrode rows), which results in increased manufacturing cost.


Two-level logic is a good example of SFFTs.

the NOT is popped from the stack, and only the AND is in the stack.


Note that the ordering of droplet movements based only on the above grouping strategy can cause electrode interference and inadvertent mixing.

pin set assigned to partitions in the above algorithm fall into two groups according to their cardinality, i.e., the minimum number of pins required for single droplet manipulation (k=5) and the number of pins required for direct-addressing.


To reduce the BIST area overhead, it was proposed to share a single wrapper between a cluster of SRAMs (same type, width, and addressing space).


In the worst case scenario the packet has to s F -fi wait s before the stream is serviced.

the queue size is monotonic in the pipeline degree and the frequency.


Extensive experiments on industrial power grid benchmarks show that the proposed SCE method converges 2X faster than the prior methods and 10X faster than the standard CE method, while gaining up to 25% improvement on supply noise.

(8) The cross entropy method .rst formulate a family of probability density functions (PDF) distributed in D, denoted by g(x, p), parameterized by p. For a minimization objective f(x), we de.ne d(a)= Pu[f(X) = a]= Eu[If(X)=a], (9) where a is a parameter and X = {X1,X2,...,Xn} is a random vector (a set of n random samples) generated with PDF parameter p set to u in g(x, p).


D2D variation mainly exhibits as a random variation, whereas WID variation is composed of both random and systematic variation.

a larger BECD reduces current density and joule heating, requiring a higher magnitude of current to reach the desired temperature.


[20] Richard A. DeMillo and A. Je.erson O.utt.

for external faults, the stimuli, which are provided to the DUT by the testbench, need to be modi.ed.


V. VIA CONFIGUREABLE LOGIC BRICK Circuits fabricated using CNFETs have lithographic related variations in addition to the imperfections specific to the CNT technology.

7, we consider two critical paths I1ÆM1ÆI2ÆM2ÆI3, and I1ÆN1Æ M2ÆI3.


Note that the stresses from different stress sources such as eSiGe and STI should be included together to account for the whole device performance enhancement.

[17] M. V. Dunga, et al., Modeling advanced FET technology in a compact model, TED, vol.


Hard Bound: If the total area au+ () () av=k ·µ, then accept clustering, else reject it.

the size of priority queue is equal to the number of objects (rather than edges [10]) in netlist by recording only the closest neighbor per object, leading to more efficient priority queue management.


In order to provide further insights on why the AIC performance varies so much depending on the benchmark, Figure 14 details the critical path of four selected benchmarks when running on .ve di.erent architectures.

the experimental results of Figure 13 show that removing the middle crossbar (with a 75% sparse input crossbar designed using the 68k optimization point that trades delay for area) does almost as well as if the middle crossbar were kept and the input crossbar sparsity were reduced to 50%, on average (the results of Section 4.2).


Via Edge Movement -Edge Movement Distance: Distance by which a single via edge is moved provided su.cient room considering all design rule spaces with margins.

a second iteration of the entire sequence will not have an e.ect on the layout since all addressible events will already have been corrected.


Characterizing STI CMP Processes with an STI Test Mask Having Realistic Geometric Shapes.

experimental results indicate substantial reduction in oxide density variation and increase in nitride density in comparison to traditional tiling-based .ll insertion.


The sampling can be viewed as a locally oversampled signal in the high frequency regions if there is a sufficient number of thresholds and if the signal dynamic range is large enough.

of 10th International Conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA 2013).


Therefore, it is general and achieves good results over a broad spectrum of access patterns.

although, extra transfer are introduced to copy data from higher layers to lower layers, if there is suf.cient temporal locality, energy is saved due to the decrease in the number of accesses to higher layers [12].


trend, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) should be operated at low voltages, especially below 1.0 V for portable devices.

future-Ready Ultrafast 8Bit CMOS ADC for System-on-Chip Applications.


Moreover, this simple compression scheme preserves the ability to randomly access data values in a cache line.

wilkerson and J.P. Shen, Value Locality and Load Value Prediction, Proc.


For a 5 port router, with 2 virtual channels, a FIFO depth of 8, and a width of 32, the router architecture consumed an area of 0.21 mm 2 in 130 nm technology.

the percentage of power consumption in physical links in a NoC has been found to be more than 30 % of the total power consumption in 100 nm technology [5].


There may exist many variations of this exploit.

for data fetch, authenthen-fetch requires three conditions to be satis.ed before the data fetch can be issued to the bus: 1) the fetch instruction itself be authenticated; 2) the fetch address be authenticated; 3) all the data or previously executed instructions for which the data fetch has data or control dependency be authenticated.


Afterthe unitization, the possible SGPs and CGPs for each partition can be divided into two disjoint subsets, the internal con.icts/stitches SGPi/CGPi which are inside the same partition and external con.icts/stitches SGPe/CGPe crossing the boundary of di.erent partitions.

[5] M. Drapeau, V. Wiaux, E .Hendrickx, S. Verhaegen, and T. Machida.


Only one field is filled with '1' and the remaining fields are filled with 'O's to represent the letter.

by combining LoDETT with reconfig- urable VLSI chips, one can obtain rapidly the reason- ing chips specialized for each practical task at each user's site.


In this experiment, we sampled 5000 patterns to apply our combined method.

low supply or swing voltage will decrease the noise margin.


7 shows the Pareto front for the competing objectives jitter and current of the CP.

we calculate explicit analytical models for the Pareto fronts of the behaviorallevel parameters and thus reduce the design space.


Obviously, it is not possible to distinguish the elementary faulty module inside the faulty port.

thus the counter moves from a con.guration to the next one when the LFSR pseudo-random bit is set to 1.


Similar loops where eachiteration carries adatadependencewith another iteration ataprecisedistance canbeparallelizedby synchronizing threads so that the dependent iteration (consumer) waits for its predecessor (producer) to update the shared data element before accessing it (DOACROSS).

since extensive data alignment may lead to memory waste, rather than automatically and silently aligning all OpenMP shared objects, weprovideadirectivetocontrolalignment ofkeydata items.


such a prefetcher, while bene.ting TLB performance, might also be used to guide or .lter data cache prefetches from a multiple of more conventional prefetching algorithms -thereby improving ef.ciency and lowering the prefetch bandwidth requirement.


IEEE 2000 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pages 201 204, 2000.

the shape of the pulse can be approximated by the following equation proposed in [12].


Managing Power and Performance for System-on-chip Designs using Voltage Islands.

this approach has an intrinsic problem that neighboring cells with the same voltage will .rst be merged to form big patches.


VLSI Layout and Packaging of Butter.y Networks  Chi-Hsiang Yeh Behrooz Parhami, E.A.


It addition, it encourages bursting, or the continuous serving of requests from the same port, which tends to exhibits address locality within a single row(page).

their bandwidth allocation scheme is .xed at run-time, and the latency-sensitive ports cannot get the full bene.t from residual bandwidth.


{1, 2, ..., t} Minimize cost function: kdPj j kk k Vi wi,j,m (1) j i=1 j=1 m=1 Subject to constraints: k t Si,j = b i=1r=1 j  Si-j+m+n-1,r = 2xi,j,m,r + yi,j,m,r t n=1 (1 - yi,j,m,r ) = t * wi,j,m + zi,j,m r=1 B. Formulating cost function Let us now explain how this cost function was derived and why it re.ects the choice and distribution of bits to parity trees which minimizes vulnerability of an in-core memory word to MBUs.

adding two parity trees has a considerable advantage, as the depth of the XOR trees decreases and the delay overhead is signi.cantly reduced.


In order to boost the design prooductivity, a change towards applying simulation within a semmi-automatic synthesis and optimization process is needed.

university curricula sho uld provide and recommend a combination of courses on anaalog/mixed-signal design and on numerical mathematics and optimization.