For instance, at 1% load, any new item will collide with existing items with 1% probability.

even if we oversize the hash table by 100-fold, roughly 1% of all items will collide and have to be discarded or stored in CAM.


However, the current solutions may not be e.cient since they require the parties to read the entire secret to run the protocol.

we would like to have more e.cient construction which also achieve locality: the parties need only read a small number of positions in W to run the protocol.


To provide a good consolidation of such declarative information it has to be processed and linked to existing memory schemata.

a high depth of processing is necessary.


Since a flow is declared anomalous as soon as its anomaly index exceeds e, we set e as the upper bound of the anomaly index.

when all k-bits are set, it represents an anomaly index of e. Consequently, the per flow sampling window, n comprises of 2k/e packets; for every packet which matches a prefix, the k-bit counter is incremented by 1/e and for other packets it is decremented by 1 (note that a flow is a threat only if more than e fraction of its packets are diverted to the slow path, or the mean distance between packets which are diverted is smaller than 1/e packets).


It continues to observe the node while taking appropriate response action(s) (conservative or moderate) to mitigate disruption to WSN services.

as long as Kinesis can keep the WSN functional (e.g., send data successfully to the BS) and minimize the disruption, our security goal is achieved.


{f}, it can be further written as FSmax distance(F,fp) =t, (12) FSmax i which contradicts with Equation 3.


)= -log21+ + .pi, .i,bin + pi n=1 which is a strictly convex function.

via the Lagrangian, it is possible to decompose the sum-rate maximize problem into K separate problems which can be solved in a distributed fashion for a given value of ..


Furthermore, if the PUFis integrated into theprocessor itself, then the keys never even exist in main memory.

pUFs offer very strongprotections of cryptographickeys.


Third, lowercase letters increased from a median of 6.0 to 7.0 letters (Z = -2.287, p < 0.011; one-tailed).

the meters motivated participants to create longer passwords through the inclusion of symbols and additional lowercase letters.


Thus, they do not have many types of such elements, which will be same, if the devices are released by a manufacturer during the same period.

if an attacker .xes the target for an attack, he can see the device s utsname in advance.


An Assertion which cannot be attested, unless it is supported with another Assertion is referred to as a Dependent Assertion.

it may be viewed that a Dependent Assertion has a set of requirements (in the form of Assertions), which must be satis.ed prior to its usage.


Furthermore, the application-domain has a signi.cant in.uence on the design of an authorization scheme and its expressive power.

it is likely that schemes from different application-domains are incomparable with one another.


By combining the above three cases, the probability that ucannot establish a pairwise key with v in a single round of path discovery 2 d+2 can be estimated by Pf = Pf1 ×Pf2 ×Pf3 =(1 - m+1 )pc = d+2 (m-1)pd+2 (m-1)pc m+1 .

the probability that two remaining sensor nodes d+2  c can establish a pairwise key is Ps =1 - m+1 1 -p .


On the other hand, the user is able to de.ne which data are disclosed before it is sent to the identity provider.

the privacy and usercentric selective disclosure requirement is ful.lled.


A very small portion, approximately 2% of the whole space, is formed with the possible strings among P (2a +5n), P (1a +6n), and P (7n), so any password inside one of these spaces is evaluated with low entropy.

yan suggests a rule for proactive checkers to reject any password if it is within the set of those low entropy ranges.


Since only the o.ending script is sanitized, the rest of the page is una.ected.

the user experience degradation is modest.


Furthermore, for equal |S| the graphs H0 n(b) and W0 n(b) seems to have the same slope.

in fact, lim log2 W0 n(b)= H0 n(b) - 1 (27) ne.8 the slope of log2 W0 n(b) .


The error distance of attacks generated using substitution based encryption with ILP is almost identical to the previous approach from [10].

the 1-gram blending approach in [10] also provides a near optimal substitution table.


The subsequent execution uses the SEC in secure space.

except the initial communication cost, additional communication cost does not occur.


In contrast, distillation codes cannot immediately judge the validity of received packets.

the receiver is forced to buffer all packets, regardless of its validity.


Suppose the length of the dubious audio is Area Chair: Tian-Tsong Ng.

corresponding author: weili-fudan@fudan.edu.cn between the left (right) boundary and the leftmost (rightmost) respectively.


CONCLUSION The question of generalization KSIS based on predefined knapsack is studied, in case of application p-nary Warshamov s code and necessary and sufficient conditions at which there is a decision for an input (.P, v) are established.

unlike classical knapsacks systems in which at definition v, those or other components knapsack s vector either are present, or are not present -also the case when they can replicate predefined number of times here is considered.


User-centric Design: Generally, an api is intended for the application programmers, in case of the proposed api, the target audience is the Android application developers.

the design of the api should assist the developers in coding security applications and accommodate the changes o.ered in their feedbacks.


In our transparency test, each attack scenario was converted into a legitimate cross-frame access scenario by loading all frames with pages from the domain http://payroll.

each previous attack script became a script containing convoluted but legitimate cross-frame accesses.


All other operations use a separate network and do not involve the cloud services.

the cloud services are not performance critical, and in OpenStack, the compute-service assumes that only one request is being processed on an instance at a time (i.e., no synchronization to prevent race conditions).


This approach is based on the reuse of the already available system information that is generated by the protocols that run at various network layers.

it poses very little additional cost and thus it is suitable for resource constrained WSNs.


We are always able to extract the entropy diluted in the whole bit string.

we can use groups with rather small prime order subgroups, which allows much more e.cient key exchange protocols.


As stated above, it is unclear that there is any bene.t to expressiveness beyond expressive enough, but past work does not even provide us with a method for ensuring that a scheme is expressive enough for an application.

it seems clear that a new, application-aware access control evaluation paradigm is needed.


During this stage, we also collect one more piece of information: the code size of pre-loaded apps measured by their lines of code (LOC).

although it is impossible for us to get all the source code of the pre-loaded apps, we can still roughly estimate their size based on their decompiled .smali code.1 we can draw a rough estimate of vendor customization from provenance analysis because the number and code size of apps are important indicators.


This cannot be deduced from real-world botnet observation, unless one has gained access to the actual C&C server, a very unlikely proposition.

we hope to have made a strong case for the use of at-scale botnet emulation as a fundamental tool in botnet research, complementary at least, and superior in many respects to other botnet and counter-measure study techniques.


More precisely, the new XPath expression must be applied to the Id subelements of the Query-Info element contained into the Node-Info element corresponding to p.node in the SE-ENC document.

the predicate that replaces p in the new location step is the following: [/Sec-Info//NodeInfo[@Name=Enc(ls.p.node, Key(P C(ls.p.node))]/Query-Info /id[@Value .P I(ls.p.value)]], where P I() is the function returning the partition id corresponding to the input value (step 4.h).


Since our ground truth does not specify the exact object layout, we do not know the exact number of objects that exist in the pool blocks.

we cannot measure KOP s coverage based on the fraction of correctly identi.ed objects.


In practice, the available user attribute data will often have a lower attribute .t than 0.6, e.g., because some relevant user attributes are unavailable.

we also produce a version of the user attribute data with fewer attributes; speci.cally, we discard attributes one at a time, until the attribute .t drops below 0.6 (except we use a higher threshold of 0.8 for healthcare, otherwise Na is very low).


The same attack could be carried over to EC2, except that this measurement technique applies only to VMs that timeshare a core.

it can only reliably detect keystrokes during periods when EC2 s Xen hypervisor assigns the attacker and victim to the same core.


In the private- key setting we allow the adversary to know u by always setting u = 1 ~ (for instance).

we have the following algorithm for/C' (the encryption and decryption algorithms remain unchanged): Algorithm K:'(1 k) sk e-- /C(1 k) u = lk,v *-- {0,lff sk' = sklv return sk' The previously given analysis still holds, and lZI' is NM-P2- CO secure (NM-P2-C0 degenerates to NM-C0 in the public- key setting).


However, at the virtualization-layer, there is almost no abstraction.

the following sections examine how to bridge the semantic gap to identify coarse-grained execution contexts C1 2 (see §4.1.1) and .ne-grained contexts C3 4 (see §4.2).


As a measure of the trustterms ontology, we will consider it useful if it answers questions that help define security requirements (and thus, subsequent security metrics).

the ontology should greatly help in answering the sample queries below.


Indeed, the electric vehicle is not able to create a proof if the contract has expired.

the contract authentication already fails on the vehicle s side and it is unlikely that avehicle will approach the chargingstation with an invalid contract.


On the other hand, if one is to alter the other complex conjugate roots, s/he would be altering the low pass or band pass characteristics of an image as well.

changes are made to the other roots leaving the modulated negative real root untouched.


However, acquiring the response feature is infeasible if the phone should be tested in a noise blocked room by an instrument and without phone users awareness.

the microphone of the phone itself is adopted to collect the acoustic signal broadcasted by the speaker, though the noise introduced in this way is obviously more than that in a professional way.


As a consequence, we adopted a simple opportunistic of.oading scheme, in which pattern matching of very small packets is performed on the CPU instead of the GPU.

only packets that exceed a minimum size threshold are copied to the buffer that is transferred to the GPU for pattern matching.


In a medium or high compromise level, P B decreases with a larger .lter index, but P A decreases as well.

the optimal point should be de.ned at the smallest F I where P B does not exceed the pre-determined upper bound .. For instance, if .


Every .nite structure is homomorphically equivalent to its core.

two .nite structures are homomorphically equivalent if and only if their cores are isomorphic.


First, it is guaranteed that every system call that interacts with the OS is intercepted and analyzed.

its interaction with the underlying system is taken into account.


Hence, the proof non-repudiability of the RSA-TBOS holds for RSATBOS-PRE as well, with exactly the same values of probability.

we see that the RSA-TBOS-PRE retains the feature essential of a signcryption, i.e.


However, if stolen data is sold on, it needs to be gathered at a central place; the customer of a data harvester will barely want the data distributed over a number of hacked machines, to which connecting to always poses some risk of being caught.

space (and to some extent, computation time) can be used as a bottleneck; this has for example been proposed for e-cash [4].


2.3 IDS Evasion In TCP/IP there are different implementations and complexity such as packet fragmentation, reassembly or retransmission.

iDS cannot analyze the entire content of each host.


Once the balloon driver has allocated them, the hypervisor can safely remove the guest-physicalto-host-physical mappings of these pages in both CPU MMU page tables and IOMMU translation tables (if the page was previously mapped for DMA) and give the host frames to some other virtual machine.

one possible approach for the dynamic quota policy for cooperative guests is to de.ne the quota as whatever amount of memory is allocated to the guest at the moment anyhow.


In contrast, we attacked a platform which seems to be supposedly secure due to Java s sandbox model.

the level of security shouldbesimilar totheSymbianSignedsystem.


Hence, it might be possible that the DUT performs the .rst AES encryption when the header is being sent because from that time onwards, the DUT knows the IV (.rst AES input).

we decided to perform a new power-up of the FPGA for each power trace that we measured.


After checksum com-T cpu putation, communication consumes time recv to send the checksum back to the host CPU.

the time of one challenge-response pair is: normal T cpu + T per + T cpu T = (1) comp send comp recv In a proxy attack, the peripheral forwards the challenge sent by the host CPU to a proxy helper, which consumes time T per The remote helper consumes T helper to compute send .


In the Company Auditing Tier, we have a single query processor for analyzing each company data.

company1 has a single query Figure 3: Operator Tree for Q1 and Q2 processor at level [1, .].


The re.nement of security policies can be thought of as an approach to include safety and security values in the design of systems.

the proposed methods can be used in approaches such as value-sensitive design [9].


We assume that behavior of the attribute update actions responsible for update is measured, e.g., through signed-hash method, then the behavior remains trusted for all set of states.


For example, in Li s forward search algorithm [21], two messages are exchanged for each edge of the graph in Figure 1, one for requesting credentials and the other for returning credentials.

the number of messages exchanged to discover a single delegation path is proportional to the number of edges of the entire graph.


For instance, governmental obligations such as the payment of tax or tra.c o.ense .ne are mandatory and in the case of violation, can impose heavy .nancial burdens.

we also propose the use of obligation delegation [10, 18, 23, 3].


S0), we compute a minimal Cmin s (or Ctmin), Thus, S min min fmin = k * S + ks * Cs (or k * S + kt * Ct )  Then, {fS Sm.S.S0 fmin = min min} will be the desired solution for case C (or @).

we observe that: For case C, the objective is to minimize Cs, i.e., the number of programs after MLD with a given S. Bya reduction from the Bin Packing problem, we prove that it is NP-hard to .nd an optimal solution for case C. we present a heuristic algorithm in Section 3; For case @, the objective is to minimize Ct, i.e., the transferred data size.


To be able to decrypt a ciphertext a user needs both the private key and the key update.

when the key authority needs to revoke a user it may simply stop publishing key updates for that user.


Obviously, this assumes that the provided basis is complete (i.e., that each user can be exactly described using some subset of the roles), and thus all of the required roles are assigned to the user.

after going through the entire set of users and permissions, we automatically come up with the optimal UA.


Increasingly, however, security functionality is now being entrusted to microprocessor-based embedded software, both to save costs and to provide greater .exibility.

previous hardware-oriented security evaluation procedures are no longer adequate, and new techniques are needed to integrate software analyses into information security evaluations of electronic devices.


A di.erence is already visible at the point where the .rst bitstream block is being transferred to the DUT.

we assume that the AES encryption engine processes the .rst AES input (IV) while the programmer transfers the .rst encrypted bitstream block to the DUT.


Criterion 4 Location/Time Sensitivity: The amount of information that the location/time pair in an event reveals about the identity of its associated user di.ers from one user to another.

location/time sensitivity plays an important role in a user s location privacy.


The reason is that the encryption primitive they used at each node requires to divide each search token of a multi-dimensional query into the independent ones in single dimensions just like the limitation introduced in [25].

according to our observation, in order to design a faster-than-linear and single-dimensionally private tree-based MDRSE scheme, we need to be careful about not only what type of tree structures will be leveraged, but also what kind of encryption primitive at each node will be used.


Li corresponds to a node Vh,i in the AV Label Graph, with h =1, .., ..


Please note that Secure-Lock had been designed to be extensible.

the integration of an authentication method by inherence as Face Unlock would be easy.


If a device is equipped with a front camera, SecureLock optionally takes a picture when authentication fails.

the legitimate user can later have a look at images of people who tried to authenticate on her device without success.


(note that we have only 6 nodes transmit data except 0 and 1).

the total number of paths increases from 7 to 1597 compared to the scenario when the maximal transmission rate is used.


(7) TSIN R In this equation, PA.B can be expressed with PA.J , since J can observe the signal of A destined to B in the middle.


The interaction between the executing malware sample and the host OS allows dynamic malware analysis systemstocollect behavioral characteristics that aid in formulating defensive steps.

dynamic malware analysis relies on the breadth and .delity of the collected data.


4.1 Security From the view of the attacker, every node is sending messages at a .xed rate no matter whether there is a source sending an event message to the base station.

the probability of a successful compromise of source location is not larger than randomly selecting a node in the network as a possible source.


Overuse of administrator authority, in turn, makes it difficult to enforce any notion of least privilege when managing application state and resources across multiple applications.

singularity compound principals offer the possibility of self-management, where installation and manipulation of protected application state is performed by the application itself or through utility software written by the software publisher explicitly for that purpose.


Meanwhile, those accounts are usually maintained by some employees who communicate with customers from time to time.

the high tweet count in the cyborg category is attributed to the combination of both automatic and human behaviors in a cyborg.


However, a serial clock of 4 MHz allows us to interact with the CC2420 at a rate of 4 Mbps which is much higher than the radio transmission rate of 250 kbps.

we do not see the serial link as a major performance bottleneck.


The attacker can authenticate itself to the server S but can not compute the agreed session key H (Di | Ci | Bi | T) because the attacker does not know the values of Di, Ci and Bi .

the proposed protocol is secure against man-in-the-middle attack.


They should not send too many messages either, to avoid buffer overflow.

one of the natural questions could be: what is the tradeoff between the Quality of Service guaranteed by a communication protocol and its communication complexity?


We believe that provenance is more useful when it is least altered.

we de.ne utility altered triples as (1 - ) × 100 which captures this no original triples in Gq tion.


However, the attacker has no control over the Content-Type header labeling the target page; that s generated by the target site s server.

our proposed client-side defense is to enforce content type checking for style sheets loaded cross-origin, even if the requesting page is in quirks mode.


Thus, the total computational cost of the algorithm is that of 2(mn+m+w) encryptions and 2n decryptions.

the overall computational complexity is O(mn + w).


As such, this will let the other party know that they have satis.ed the policy for that object.

the e.ective policy protecting a policy status object must be the logical or of the policy in the policy status object and the policy which protects it.


Then Alice sends the data .le together with authentication information to the potentially dishonest cloud storage server Bob, and removes them from her local storage.

in the end of setup phase, Alice only has her private key in her local storage, and Bob has both the data .le and the corresponding authentication information.


Components: Within a web browser, tracking of users is often done through explicit mechanisms like browser cookies, Flash LSOs, or other forms of local storage [23].

each pseudonym needs to have separate storage for these entities in addition to using separate IP addresses.


The same goes for key software applications such as web browsers or mail clients.

a significant fraction of internet-connected computers is infected with malware.


It encrypts each keystroke event with a CRY PTON-KE RN EL-speci.c internal key .int before it reaches the web browser code (P6, P7).

web applications cannot read the clear-text of user inputs unless by calling the CRYPTON functions with a policy like .int .


As a result, more than one CSI clusters will be formed in the CSI space.

the distance between two partitioned clusters will be large as the cluster centers are derived from the di.erent CSI clusters associated with di.erent locations in physical space.


TRCTC uses a sample of legitimate tra.c Sin as input and replays Sin to transmit information.

sin is partitioned into two equal bins S0 and S1 by a value tcuto.. TRCTC transmits a 1-bit by randomly replaying an interpacket delay from bin S1 and transmits a 0-bit by randomly replaying an inter-packet delay from bin S0.as Sin is made up of legitimate tra.c, the distribution of TRCTC tra.c is approximately equal to the distribution of legitimate tra.c.


When we view y as a function of x,we have f ' [y(x)] = f ' (x) and therefore '' ''' f [y(x)] ·y (x)= f (x) .


When this occurs, the corresponding prime-probe result must be discarded.

if the scheduler is non-workconserving, data collection takes longer and the fragments resulting from our HMM tend to be shorter.


It is not possible to guess out identity IDi and password Pi correctly at the same time in real polynomial time even after getting the smart card of the legitimate user Ui.

the proposed protocol is secure against denial of service attack.


Note that intended purposes are inherited as implicit intended purposes through the instance-of relations or the subelement-of relations.

in order to determine whether to grant a data access for a certain access purpose, the system must consider both the intended purpose explicitly associated with the data object and the implicit intended purposes inherited to the data object.


Whiletheclaimlanguage allows for disclosing a list of terms, i.e., attribute references or constants, the proof speci.cation does not currently do so.

for every attribute reference we create a separate veri.able encryption.


Depending on the sizes and physical properties of the circuit under test, di.erent levels of Hi plays di.erent roles in the .nal evaluation of the temperature deviations.

we de.ne the following weighted function for the overall HT indicator: L .


However each employee can only be assigned one position.

if role seniormanager promotes an employee from role prj1leader to role groupmanager, he must also have the permission to remove role prj1leader from that employee;  Delete values from a speci.c set-valued user attribute of a speci.c set of users.


a test for its membership evaluates to true for BF 1 and false for BF 2.


The privacy property of the mix network ensures that no one can determine which plaiatext e-mail message corre- sponds to which ciphertext.

even if it is known which user posted which ciphertext, the mix network in this ap- plication enables plaintext e-mail messages to be rendered anonymous.


However, the PAMP and in.ammatory signals are host based features which are undesirable because networkbased malware detectors are generally more reliable, robust, and, most importantly, generic and scalable than host-/OSbased detectors.

we use the variance of destination IP addresses as a PAMP and the inverse of average inter-arrival session time as an in.ammatory signal (see [12] and references therein for this decision).


FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSIONS In the current implementation, Javascript objects are labeled, just like all DOM elements, but the labels are not yet pushed into the Javascript interpreter.

javascript can be used to launder object labels.


disclosure of a resource which should have been deleted in the .rst place due to an older event and its corresponding obligation).

we propose to combine the two approaches such that only the following obligations are enforced synchronously; (1) the obligations with access authorization 6 as the triggering event, and (2) the obligations that a.ect the status of the system (e.g.


This implies that several hosts have an opportunity to detect malicious activity.

we can tolerate a larger FNR and, to ease adoption and due to the base rate fallacy, we prefer lowering the FPR over lowering the FNR [11].


[1] As in RoK [3] scheme, we use the generation concept in Zo-RoK.

the regional backward and forward key pools are to be created for each generation.


The first statement is explicitly shown by the content of the voucher, and the second statement is implic- itly assumed to be true--Charlie will not create the voucher without verifying the relations of the keys.

the voucher implicitly conveys the following important seman-tics: Charlie can convert any signature on some arbitrary message M, which is verified using (el, N), to a signature on M that is verified with (e, N).


As described in Section 3.2, our scheme ensures that a mesh router must always contribute to any of the reconstruction processes.

in order for an adversary to be successful, capturing a mesh router is a must.


{0,1}m where, for every distribution X over {0,1}n with min-entropy = k, the output of F(X,s) is statistically E-close to the uniform distribution over {0,1}m when s is chosen uniformly at random, s .R {0,1}d .

a (k,E)-extractor is nothing more than a function that accepts n bits of input with min-entropy kand a dbit seed and outputs m bit long values that are nearly uniform.


Whenever this policy is violated, the isolated process is immediately terminated.

maliciously crafted code cannot use any other access path than the intended ones.


In fact, with successful demonstration, a return-oriented compiler has been designed and developed to perform a variety of computational tasks by only utilizing assembled gadgets.

it becomes evident that a ROR can intrinsically bypass all existing kernel code integrity protection mechanisms, including W.X [3], SecVisor [40], and NICKLE [38].


3) Generating share addresses is on the critical path of secret sharing operations.

the chosen pseudo random number generator should be efficiently implementable with a few instructions.


Inconveniently, our target hard drive s ARM 966 [3] core lacks hardware debug support.

we relied purely on software breakpoints, rather than on hardware breakpoints or single-stepping.


It is important to precisely follow TCP connection terminations in order to prevent attackers to evade detection by closing and opening new TCP connections immediately.

each new connection will be considered as new .ow and its .rst packets will be always processedby Snort.


If we compared that, in each round there is not even one percent of the test failed.

we can say that LED-64 already achieved the randomness since round 4 of the algorithms.


Furthermore, it is unclear whether real implementations actually do follow the above guidelines.

the research question regarding the security of OAuth implementations remains open.


Furthermore, our knowledge on the human genome increases over time; at present, it is impossible to estimate the future consequences in case a breach of genomic data occurs.

genomic databases should be protected with strong Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) early on.


Since we assume that all nodes join the game at the same time and gather the same information about the malicious node, 1 - eni will be equal for the honest nodes at all times during the game.

the node that goes in at the lowest value for 1 - eni, will revoke the suspicious node.


Unlike strangers, who participants were able to block through the use of privacy settings, members of the friend network are able to view a pro.le and its contents when it is set to be private.

we also examined whether users were employing .ne-grain privacy settings or any other strategies to restrict access to certain groups or individuals within their friend networks.


As discussed above, if the termination criterion is satis.ed in epoch e, the aggregation completes after epoch e+ 1.

by property 2 and property 4 in Section 2, if m synopses are computed in parallel, the expected number of nodes which send a MAC varies in the range of (2.58 ×m) to (5.16 ×m).


For every element which decrypts successfully to an element of the right form, it outputs the .lename and locator tag.

we have the following algorithms: DirKeyGen(1k): Run HIBESetup(1k) to obtain Dirparams, Dirmk.


In our scheme, we assume that the architecture is a 32-bit one and the code size is smaller than 222 bytes (4MB -a large number for most embedded applications).

we only need 22 bits to identify a branch target instead of 32 bits.


For example, Java Platform Micro Edition (Java ME), which makes it possible for application developers to develop and deploy Java midlets to mobile devices, is reportedly present on over three billion phones [23].

we argue that instead of focusing on smartphone security , security researchers should study mobile platform security more generally.


If it does not, the service must have received a forwarded request.

the service has to verify that the policy maker trusts the entity from which it received the request before access is granted.


In the case of ZK the veri.er V (i.e., the circuit constructor), has no secrets.

after the protocol is completed, V can open the circuit and let P verify that it computes the right function.


For example, the system timer interrupt is not received by thekernelfor thedurationofthereboot,andhence theLinux jif.es software timer is suspended.

system time lags behind wallclocktime.Inordertopreservethesemanticsof softwarethat relies on the correct time, we restore the system s time by reading the wall clock time from the hardware clock, which is always running(poweredby abattery) evenwhenthecomputeris turned off.


Furthermore non-set elements are chosen from a countable alphabet, although any single set constructed will have only .nitely many of them.

semantically our language of sets in CLP (SE T ) constructs hereditarily .nite sets over an uninterpreted Herbrand base.


Similarly, this indistinguishibility approach can be applied to anonymous virtual circuit.

two communicating neighboring nodes va and vb should use their agreed key material Kab to generate cryptographically strong pseudorandom bits to protect their packet contents3.


As already mentioned, a practical drawback of actual leakage functions is that the sums in Equations (4) and (5) may be hard to compute exhaustively.

as a .rst step towards the analysis of practical leakage functions, we approximate them by covering only a statistically meaningful part of the sums.


However, since PHi+2,t is poly-time computable, if Di is distinguishable from Di+1,then Histi; Histi+1 is distinguishable from Histi; SimHist(i+1,1,Histi), contradicting the strong minimality property for the 1-round setting, with respect to prover Pi' +1(Histi).

each pair of neighboring hybrids must be statistically indistinguishable, and, since there are only polynomially many such pairs, we know that D0 Dt.


In addition, the results of PIPMiner can be applied to di.erent applications, such as detecting spammers (§5.2) or identifying malicious sign-ups (§5.1).

it is more general than systems that detect spam only (e.g., SNARE [12]).


Moreover, our scheme is designed to use mode of operation.

our scheme can accommodate operation modes like CBC and OFB.


As authentication on such devices becomes more common, this trend may further reduce the entropy of the user-selected password space.

we argue that web-based services should consider the requirements of mobile devices and provide adjusted authentication methods for the growing number of tablets and smartphones.


Users should therefore host their WebID pro.les only on servers they either own or trust, and protect it from unauthorized access.

it seems logical to run an own server hosting the WebID pro.le or, at least, use a hosted WebID identity provider and management platform, like proposed in [26].


As with S, our focus is on attempts to enable access from an untrusted machine.

we assume that an adversary can install software to eavesdrop on the protocol and make a transcript of the session.


As, we represent each SNP with 3 bits, for a 0.5 million SNP pro.le, we require 1.5 million bits.

we conducted experiments with 1.5 million bits and our results shows that it requires less than 8 minutes and 135MB network communication to .nd similarity between two SNP pro.les of 0.5 million SNPs each (using our encoding scheme).


In other words, b2 must have been written after b1 but before b3.

the write period of b2 must be between the last write of b1 and the .rst write of b3.


As described earlier, because of performance issues, the protocol doesn t validate all of the local heuristic information, but just some of it which are chosen randomly.

the preventive role of this part of protocol is more than its detective role.


For e.ciency and simplicity reasons, slices are usually computed with the help of dependence graphs [33].

the set of statements/expressions on which statement y the slice criterion depends is called the backward slice of y [35]: BS(y)= {x|x -y} given a program P and a set S of secret variables, we can say: ..o .


In that setting, we are able to prove the security of multiple encryptions [7].

we leave as important future work to .nd adaptive ID security proofs for CP-ABE.


VCPUs aregiven more creditsperiodically(typically every30ms).

if aCPU-boundprocess runs out of credit,itmust suspendfor up to30ms untilit receives new credits to run.


Regarding .nal outputs, T - R = , , n (ti - .i + fi(0, Y )) + fX (X) + fY (Y ) = n (.i + i=1 i=1 fi(xi, Y ) - fi(0, Y ) - .i + fi(0, Y )) + fX (X) + fY (Y ) = , n fi(xi, Y )+fX (X)+fY (Y ) = f (X, Y ).

r .R Zm i=1 and T = R + f(X, Y ) and the protocol is correct.


The judgment G f Low home := empty : Unit typechecks by(Typ write stuck).

by(Typ pack)and(Typ evaluate), we add the following hypothesis to the typing environment.


However, the number of input filtering function (htmlspecialchars) call used in the code is two (Lines 3 and 13).

input filtering function density for XSS is 2/3 or 0.67.


For arbitrary aggregation functions, the veri.cation of authenticity of aggregated data, i.e., its correctness, integrity, and origin, is impossible.

one can either aggregate data and save energy or verify authenticity, not both.


However, due to the non-uniform quantization, no losses were observed in our experiments.


However, there is a slight di.culty in de.ning this since the malicious users may not be aware of what this implied credential x is, if such a credential even exists.

we will make use of Ext an exponential time extractor which recovers such an x.


Note that if a type cannot access a socket, then the question is reduced to the original local machine accessibility set.

our convolved matrix .k only talks about socket connections and possible socket connection chains.


also suggest the similar two requirements for monitoring program execution: completeness and pertinence [19].

with respect to incident investigation and forensic analysis, the under-pro.ling problem, especially with zero actual count of successfully traced system call, will compromise the completeness and usefulness of kernel traces.


With this tagging approach, instrumentation for carry edges becomes trivial, since tags will be copied if they exist.

the only instrumentation required will be to tag values as they traverse tag edges, untag them as they traverse untag edges, and apply sanitization at sanitization edges.


(.o), where z represent a delay of t pricing periods.


4) of an R-tree in the plaintext domain, the search algorithm in Maple exactly follows the same search rules in an R-tree not only at every non-leaf node but also at every leaf node, which enables Maple to achieve the same search complexity as an R-tree with regard to the number of data records.

our scheme is able to achieve a better e.ciency (faster-than-linear complexity regarding to the number of data records)compared to the basic solution.


This is due to the overlap of the short button pressings with part of the vibration as well as variations in the phone vibrations themselves.

our experiments showed that dividing the vibration interval into smaller parts can help us more accurately detect regions which are part of the vibration intervals.


In many cases, IdPs use this value for the generation of the assertion.

aCS Scanner allows the change of the value.


If the account is already in state , the s0 s0 authentication candidate is granted access.

if the account was not already in state , the new state will be .


We observe that rootkit writers are motivated to make persistent modi.cations to the CFG, e.g., to add illicit functionality that performs keystroke logging or packet analysis, or to hide such functionality when it is implemented in user-level objects.

rather than validating every branch as it happens, we periodically examine the kernel s state and validate it as a whole.


Now that we know how to measure similarity, we still need to .nd a way to incorporate it into the role selection.

given two di.erent objectives, we would like to de.ne a way to combine the two objectives so as to minimize a single global function.


The codes for these multiplication operations are essentially identical with one-to-one and onto variable renaming.

if we verify the Montgomery ladder step as a whole, we will waste time on verifying the same code.


In addition, it is not clear what are the e.ects of role migration on the existing separation of duty constraints.

one must consider this aspect into account while minimizing the perturbation.


For example, our network backend driver handles Tx requests from guest domains with a tasklet and the MTD backed driver handles I/O requests in a kernel thread per guest domain.

to delay a request for a virtual device whose backend driver is implemented with tasklet, softirq, or workqueue, the virtual I/O scheduler cancels to preceed the current request and inserts the request again into a tasklet list, a softirq list, or workqueue after certain period of time using timer event, mod_timer().


This policy de.nes that if the WebView is transparent and is overlapping with other objects, WebView instance should be made unclickable and visible.

when the attack is launched, the screen will look like that in Figure 5(b), clearly showing the attack intent.


For simplicity, we assume that the graph G is a complete digraph.

the number of guards that are operations [|V |×(|V |-1)] in a network of |V | nodes is given as |E| = .


Economic Factors: Making programs robust and debugged represents a signi.cant fraction of their development cost.

unless the number of bugs and vulnerabilities is beyond customer tolerance, there are signi.cant economic incentives to release buggy code.


After taking the checkpoint, we switch on the model enforcement and then switch from the simulated CPU under the control of Valgrind and TaintCheck to the real CPU.

we implemented an Escape feature for Valgrind.


Furthermore, a classi.er that was provided during training an extremely small number of positive training instances would be unlikely to provide good results.

we select a minimum cluster size threshold .and group all samples belonging to clusters with |C| <.in a single other cluster O.


If nothing is known about the selected subset SU, the transmission has to be sufficiently long to uniquely identify the selected subset SU.

in general, simply representing a subset SU .


we propose an e.cient approximation of this problem using Simulated Annealing instead.


A veri.er can check if the message is signed with a su.ciently recent signing key.

instead of requiring the veri.er to receive revocation lists in a timely fashion, IBC-based authentication schemes require the signer to receive fresh signing keys periodically.


However, such solutions assume that the outsourced server does not collude with any client.

these solutions cannot be applied in opportunistic network settings in which nodes communicate in a peer-to-peer fashion that is, serving as both a client and a server.


It cannot be taken for granted that any framework is capable of applying every encryption standard to ingoing or outgoing messages.

several patterns might be reasonable to ensure the same security goal at the application level.


Similarly, we also need to convert Val s into the corresponding HILTI representation when generating events.

our HILTI plugin needs to generate a signi.cant amount of glue code, which comes with a corresponding performance penalty as we discuss in §6.


Firstly, one could consider extending this approach to nonlinear systems; in this scenario polyhedra may no longer be mapped into polyhedra.

one can utilize a set membership technique in order to compute the set of possible true values [10, 11].


Honest recommenders will su.er by having less and less useful recommendations from others and will eventually draw no favor back.

honest recommenders have to assume the defensive strategy of holding grudges against liars by keeping others RRep in order to guard their own interests.


The restrictions can be relaxed by adding space-separated values to that attribute content.

with these settings, a developer can for instance allow scripting but disallow access to parent frames, allow form functionality, or allow pop-ups and modal dialogs.


When a classical model doesn t support categorization for a speci.c set of basic elements of access control, we assume that each element in this set represents a category in itself (XCati = X).

a company may instantiate the meta-model so that it represents its structure and its management of access control.


The deployment area is monitored for unsolicited messages, identi.cation of which results in a jamming signal being generated, preventing correct reception and processing at the receivers.

protection of the network is added, without requiring any modi.cation to the communication protocols, or the devices themselves.


Encoding speci.city theory [28] .nds that cues are only useful if they are present at the time that the memory is encoded.

for passwords, the image cue must be present at password creation for it to be most useful at password entry.


One of the limitations is that by design Virtuoso cannot produce introspection code if the required data is not accessible via some system API in the guest machine.

there has to be a previous tool that obtains the desired information in the system to use Virtuosos to analyze it and create its introspection counterpart.


By contrast, in the Gamboa approach the raw event stream is segmented into strokes and features are computed directly over each stroke; classi.cation is then done at the stroke level, and the classi.cation of a sequence of consecutive strokes is determined according to the average classi.cation of the constituent strokes.

in a sense, both approaches can be viewed as making a single authentication decision based on a sequence of individual actions.


For g = 2/3, the reputation score of compromised relays is greater than that of honest relays, but that makes them outliers which in turn helps our .ltering scheme to easily .lter them.

random circuit dropping (i.e., d > 0) becomes a losing proposal with Re3 deployed.


To see this, suppose T is an independent set.

let euv be a protected entity with the associated context C(euv)= {u,v}, where (u,v)is some edge in G. Since, T is an independent set it cannot contain both u and v. C(euv)nT is one of {u}or {v}or Ø.


For example, a clinician working at the state level can inherit permissions from the clinician at the city level.

a spatio-temporal policy should be in place to de.ne these requirements in DDSS.


When the function B .nishes, the granted permissions are erased.

grant does not leave any extra permissions after the function B and preserves the loss of any permission during the function B.


It works as follows: for each sequence of k consecutive characters in a document, we compute its hash value and store it in an array.

the .rst item in the array is a hash of c1c2 ...ck, the second item is a hash of c2c3 ...ck+1, etc., where ci are the characters in the document, for i =1,...,n. We then slide a window of size w through the array of hashes and select the minimum hash within each window.


In practice it is code that is either injectedby orconstructedonbehalfofanattackerbysome malicious piece of software or data.

iLC is similar to shellcode in its current understanding.


More seriously, most of the ad libraries don t encrypt their ad requests due to the extra overhead[6].

the location information of numerous users is public to not only the ad providers but also any network sni.ers who can eavesdrop ad tra.c between users and ad providers.


It is possible for attackers to alter the reference control flow graph (CFG) used for the validation and thus defeat the authentication.

the reference CFG must be protected from any modification once it is loaded.


However, if B s state is known then A and C will be independent to each other.

a and C are conditionally independent to each other given B.


Note that when t = 11, the price does converge and the average value of h is 1.455335, which falls in the stable region (h < 1.522) according to the Jury test.

the Jury test successfully characterizes the critical stability boundary.


Part of the risk management challenge is the fact that information systems are changing quickly, and at the same time security risks also change very quickly as new threats, vulnerabilities and attack tools are introduced.

a static risk assessment process is no longer sufficient.


by Lemma 6.5, there must exist a e useful J-local endomorphism of .


The supervisor then examines the detail of the system call, and implements it on behalf of the child process by either consulting its internal state and/or making one or more system calls.

parrot is a delegation architecture like Ostia [21].


7), while GPS has highly variable jitter with maximal values up to 125 ms.

it is not possible to use the idealized discrete-time model from (8), but rather the full input compensation has to be done as in (6) and (7), before the state-estimator is executed.


It can also control precisely when the domain is allowed to accessthesebytesbecauseitcangrantand revokeaccessef.ciently.

bGI can provide strong isolation guarantees for WDM drivers with low overhead and no changes to the source code.


Running SMM code is also similar to running in hypervisor mode: there is no operating system service we can rely on and it is like being executed directly on the bare metal.

transmission errors may just occur and there are no in-place mechanisms to address such issues (e.g., data loss or integrity corruptions).


Blindly (randomly) exploring paths inside malware is not e.cient in our context.

we employ directed path explorationtechniquesfor .ndingcandidateMCBpaths.


One study reports that SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and HTTP response splitting account for 52% of observed vulnerabilities in a large collection of web sites [11]; another found that these vulnerability classes accounted for 80% of observed vulnerabilities [4].

a successful defense against these attacks could make a signi.cant di.erence to web applications.


However, there is no deterrent effect for malicious people who handle smart phones of someone else illegally since they are not punished with the countermeasures.

in this paper, we propose a new method and implement a system in which malicious people is punished as a countermeasure against information leaking for smart phones.


Therefore, con.guration to let the services work takes on a highly important role.

it is expected that a greater number of vulnerabilities caused by con.guration will be found in the cloud computing.


However, one disadvantage of this protocol is the high complexity of computations due to modulo operations on big numbers.

a pure software implementation of this protocol on a Java Card with severe restrictions such as an 8-bit CPU and little memory is very time-consuming and not practical.


(.a) {a}, authorized perms(r) .actvt perms * (a), authorized perms(r) .actvt perms * (a ' )}.

(6) Equation 6 requires that all the permissions needed to execute the activities of Ar must be assigned to the role r. Ar contains only those activities that are allowed by assigning a user just to the role r. Further, given a .Ar none of the parents of a are contained in Ar,that is Ar contains only activities that are farther from the root.


We observe that the di.erence between m(V) and B(V) is subtle: m(V)focuses on the occurrence of a claim while the Bel(V) focuses on the occurrences of the supporting evidence for the claim V. In general, a longer path requires more evidence to support the claim.

it is not necessary that the small value of m(V) will deduce the small value of Bel(V).


While the most desirable situation would be to allow routerstobecome adversarial, all thecurrently known  Estimated Network Distance (ms) attacks .t within our threat model.

a scheme that is provably secure under our threat model is secure against all the currently known attacks.


Since we are dealing with hierarchies, we may suppose that the nodes in the entire hierarchy are ordered, and we can index them in such a way that, given two values i and j,with i<j,then there may be a direct or indirect relationship from nodei to node nodej,but no relationship from nodej to node nodei.Therefore, we can extract the sub-ordering of the nodes in BorderUnAuth(ar)from the general ordering of the nodes in the hierarchy and use a speci.c indexing from 1to bua = |BorderUnAuth(ar)| when dealing only with the nodes in BorderUnAuth(ar).

we can rewrite Formula  26 as follows: as follows: v UAR(ar) = 1 - P .


The original data involved a very large number of messages (over 59 million) and users (over 10 million).

we scaled the data to a small number of users (2000), while still preserving the basic characteristics of the original data sets.


Forinstance,inFigure13 the sendEvent of the message with name "getCustomerPro.le(id)" iscoveredby the "BankClerk" lifeline,whilethe receiveEvent of this message is covered by the "CustomerMgmt" lifeline.

we derive a candidate rolefromthe "BankClerk" lifeline.


In the event E4, the test session sid ' has no matching session sid ' , the ephemeral secret key of sid ' is given to A.

a cannot obtain any information about dkB,1 except negligible guessing probability, since H1 is the random oracle.


Speci.cally, we found that 37% raised concerns over sharing speci.c posts with subsets of their friend networks or with allowing speci.c friends to view their pro.le information.

while global privacy settings have helped users cope with the threat of strangers viewing content, our results indicate that they do not adequately address the insider threat.


For truly massive data sets, however, even making a single pass over the data is prohibitive.

streaming computations must be distributed over many machines.


Nevertheless, sequential work.ows are unnecessary constraints on the process logic [12] and performance is a very important indicator for business analysts.

work.ows that contain a high number of concurrent execution paths are very common in today s enterprise business scenarios.


Parapass-through drivers are only required for I/O devices that need to be monitored.

the hypervisors usually require only a small set of parapass-through drivers.


Similarly, if Out = 1, she chooses the j maximizing yj, and the success probability is µ(1,[k]) -maxj µ(1, j).

the success probability of p0 is max µ(0,[k]) -max µ(0, j), µ(1,[k]) -max µ(1, j) .


A primitive value loses its label when it is pushed into a register.

the Register class had to be modi.ed to track these labels when JSValues are moved in and out of a given register.


Another indicator for an appropriate con.guration are the interaction times needed by the participants to authenticate.

the times have been logged and analyzed.


If the user does not know to ask G4, he may falsely conclude that the intention cannot be achieved in any way (error of omission).

tools designed to reduce the workload of users should not only make access control systems easier to use but also reduce the occurrence of these user errors.


It is stated as follows: Given a set of features O and a classi.cation quality measure P , determine the feature subset F * such that: P (F * )=max P (F ) F .O In general the search space for this type of problems is 2d ,where d is the total number of possible features.

exhaustive search strategies can not be applied in this case.


Furthermore, resolution of a single DNS record, e.g., an IP address, often involves resolving chains of multiple remote name servers.

caching of the looked-up records (for the duration of the TTL) can signi.cantly reduce the tra.c volume to the name servers.


In this case, the use of event-based session is expected to improve the e.ectiveness of authentication through providing enough gesture data for analysis.

thebeginning andtheendofasessioninthis work can be determined as follows: A session ends if the number of touch gestures of the current session has reached or exceeded 120.


Another reason is that installing a patch usually requires a system or service to be shut down and restarted, which causes users to defer patch installation until a more convenient time (say, the next scheduled maintenance).

when a vulnerability is discovered, users are confronted with the grim reality that they have been running and may continue to run software that is open to attack.


Each character processed causes exactly one labeled transition and zero or more default transitions to be taken.

let us suppose that, at a given point, a chain of k default transitions must be taken from a state s. Since default transitions are only directed towards states with smaller depth, state s must have depth = k. to get to state s, at least k labeled transitions (in excess to default transitions) must have been taken before.


If m were to appear in a persistent position in e, it would have to do so in .x.e1, but abstractions cannot have any measurement variables in a persistent position.


Furthermore, to provide a bound on l.xl2 for all .x that satisfy (18) and (19) we have to consider all such sets KF and KF1 .

it is necessary to evaluate all possible values for F .


5.2 Localized Malware Spreading As mentioned earlier, localized scanning, in which each infected host scans its local address pre.x, represents an important infection vector in botnets [17].

it is also important to understand the impact of network address translation on the spread of these malware strains.


When the measurement errors are distributed with zero mean, the state estimate x is given as: x = (HT WH)-1HT Wz (1) Here, W is a diagonal matrix whose elements are reciprocals of variances of the meter errors.

estimated measurements are calculated as H x.


By computing the hash of what the user enters the server can verify whether this matches the hashed password on .le.

there is no need for the server to retain a copy of user passwords, and it is regarded as bad practice to do so (although certain sites do [29]).


The conditional probability of the user P (Ea) provides an estimation of the user s past and present activities.

there are four cases that can occur: normal execution, abnormal execution, and two cases of suspicious execution.


The assumption that U 1,··· ,U k are pairwise disjoint indicates that Ua1 ,··· ,Uak are also pairwise disjoint.

their corresponding sets Sa1 ,··· ,Sak are pairwise disjoint.


Rather, even the design of modern and sophisticated storage systems can still mismatch diverse storage usage patterns and become vulnerable.

we implemented our user-level encryption program according to the scheme described in the original paper.


This may happen only if there is a relationship in the OSN linking the authorized user to the unauthorized one.

we can quantify the UAR as the probability that any unauthorized user linked to at least one authorized user receives the resource from the latter.


We show that this problem is NP-complete.

it may not be solvable deterministically in polynomial time of the key length l or m. We show this result for both byte substitution based encryption and XOR based encryption.


The shared nature of the wireless medium will allow adversaries to pose non-cryptographic security threats by conducting radio interference attacks.

understanding the nature of jamming attacks is critical to assuring the operation of wireless networks.


An ngram is any substring of length n. [21] Here the gram (which will be the composite of the substring) is a byte in hexadecimal form.

wQ,i is the weight of the ith n-gram in the query and wD,i is the weight of the ith n-gram in the document.


To see why, we re-iterate that without codeword number i the adversary cannot distinguish columns in block i from columns in block i - 1 and therefore cannot create a large gap between ai and ai-1 or between bi and bi-1.

the existence of a gap indicates that codeword i was used to create w¯* .


However, it takes a long time to initialize and operate the DalvikVM whenever a new application is launched.

android uses a VM known as Zygote, which is the parent process of most Android applications.


Even though some companies, such as Eurekify, offer consulting and technical services on role management, such services are costly, and some companies consider their internal structure con.dential and are reluctant to reveal this information to a third party.

we believe that effective role mining tools will provide valuable help to role engineering and is complementary to the top-down approach of role engineering.


In Snort, these reg-exes need not be matched simultaneously, because before a packet is parsed, it is classified, and based upon the classification, only a subset of the reg-exes are considered.

we only group those Snort signatures which correspond to the overlapping header rules, i.e.


In case of threats, this is not always as obvious as when children try to solve math problems.

we need clear de.nitions of what it means for a threat to be successful.


Once again, preimage and second preimage attack does not require of G to be an iterative hash function, any hash function will do [3] (but, one of them require having sponge construction).

concatenating two independent hash functions does not improve the preimage and second preimage resistance.


In all scenarios, our .ne-tuning algorithm reached the maximum utility.

even though we do not have any formal demonstration that the .ne-tuning step is optimal, we are con.dent that in general it provides a very good approximation of the optimum.


Note T-51 s 3-try login rate (93%) and CCP s 1-try login rate (96%) are comparable, as are the con.rm success rates of T-51 3-try (82%) and CCP 1-try (83%).

cGP users can successfully re-enter passwords, but may require more than one attempt.


Communication channels are not controlled or managed by the SMI handler.

the code responsible for managing the communication is not a part of the TCB.


We simply propose to include date (or time) information in the identity (hence the public key) of the user.

the users in our messaging infrastructure has public keys, that are updated frequently.


Note that this behavior is identical across all versions of OpenSSH portable releases from the initial version 1.0pre1 of Oct. 1999 up to the latest version 4.5p1 of Nov. 2006.

the MIA is likely to work with all past releases as well as new releases for the foreseeable future.


Then the e.ective data packet collision probability will be only 0.25.

in deferred transmission (DT) scheme, a station begins backo.


Also for the policies declared within a manifest file, they are set when the app is installed, which does not affect its operations.


P in G 4.1.2 Loose Entailment In case a set of constrained tasks Tk has more than one partial order observable at runtime when applied to a work.ow pattern we call Tk a loose set of constrained tasks.

the tuple (Tk, =) de.nes a symmetric order on Tk.


It becomes particularly useful in scenarios where one public (or symmetric) stego-key cannot be used for all recipients for security reasons and the recipients public keys cannot easily be communicated to the sender.

iBST can be applied in many censorship-resistance and covertcommunication systems [1, 2, 3, 4].


This is because of the aforementioned reason: key bits that are more distant to the threshold have a higher chance to be identical on both sides.

if data is indeed collected from accelerometers shaken together, the hashed heuristic tree constructed by one participant will also provide a fast key recovery for the other participant.


By pro.ling the time required for di.erent stages of Bare-Box restore process, we found that a signi.cant amount of time was required for device power state manipulation.

we performed experiments by manipulating the power state of only a subset of attached hardware devices.


Given P1 is true, if the provenance Bloom .lter BFi is created for Proof(Li) at time ti, it implies that BFi-1 which existed for Proof(Li-1) was created at time ti-1.


However, as in Gear the intermediate chaining values have at least 2n bits, the complexity of finding a second preimage for these values is at least 22n (instead of 2n as in single-pipe).

the wide-pipe Gear is resistant against this type of generic attacks.


While it is possible to write regular expressions for this 67-character symbol set, the resulting algorithms are not very e.cient.

we give up a little bit of expressivity and group the character set into four categories (lowercase, uppercase, numerals, and special characters, which we will denote, respectively, as a, A, n and s), and consider the input alphabet of our automata to consist of just these four symbols.


e(1 + qrk)2l0+l1 q Meanwhile, if event AskH * 2 happens, algorithm B will be by * )1/y * able to solve the 3-QBDH instance by picking (e(g, g) a from the list H2list .

we obtain e ' = 1 Pr[AskH2* ] qH2 1 eqH1 +(qH1 + qH2 )qd qre +2qd () =- - .


In this paper, we have shown that the data and log .les of the InnoDB storage engine of MySQL store suocient data to reveal older versions of LiveCycle policies and even allow the recovery of deleted cryptographic keys.

forensic techniques in the context of Enterprise Rights Management systems can be tremendously enhanced by database forensic methods.


On the other hand, if Alice does not have the attribute, then a natural response would be for her to terminate the negotiation since there is no way that she can access the resource.

merely from Alice s response, the resource provider may infer with high con.dence whether or not Alice is working for the CIA, even though her access control policy is strictly enforced.


builds the base according to the Android version reported by the phone.

our base is likely to be slightly di.erent from the actual base.


Most 3D visualization techniques for the network security .eld encompass a long range of networking data attributes such as IP address, port number, and TCP/IP protocol than can be viewed from a single vantage point.

some visualization designers employ a top-down approach [13].


Interactions of the system with the authentication module are represented in the Xaxis, the .rst interaction is a traditional authentication, i.e., through password without graphical representation.

the system is able to widen its knowledge base, and, thus, aggregate the user actions, which re.ect Figure 4: System evolution according to the number of interactions its knowledge and abilities, re.ning the authentication process according to the number of interactions with the user.


Therefore, calculating C(f1 op f2) takes time at most linear in |f1|+ |f2|.

for each operator in f, the algorithm takes time O(|f|); therefore, it takes time at most quadratic in |f|to calculate C(f).


We refer to these as implicit function pointers and all the others as explicit functionpointers.

the task of complete and accurate function pointer identi.cation is a challenge in modern OSes.


We create three sets of 250 photos with 3 tags, where one algorithm fails and the rest solve a single challenge, requiring over ~ 663.6 seconds.

we reduce the attacker s success rate to 0.4%, while requiring four orders of magnitude more processing e.ort on his part.


The intuitive notion is that since the assignments are the only way to relate the sets of objects (e.g., subject types and permissions), they are required for each constraint con.ict.

all the constraint con.icts can be identi.ed by the minimal cover assignments which we aim to use to reduce the complexity of reasoning about constraint con.icts.


A guest OS running on a single processor is blocked on issuing I/O instructions.

a device is serially accessed from a guest OS.


Another sampling strategy is to include equal numbers of each TCP type to insure sufficient representation of all traffic found on the network.

each major type will be randomly sampled at an equal rate.


For example, a malicious attack could bring down a critical subsystem and possibly the whole power grid could be tripped across the country.

it is very important to detect and stop attacks on such critical systems in near real-time.


a scheme based on the above idea B01 = ( 0, .


The two dimensional growth in both data rate and analysis complexity (number of attack signatures) is outpacing the speed at which memory technologies advance.

high-performance NIPSes are now commonly implemented using cluster-based or chassis-based architectures, which can scale up with the growth by adding additional backend detection engines.


Inall algorithms,event messages are transmitted identically to maintenance messages so that a laptop-class attacker cannot identify them even though he can monitor the tra.c of the entire network.

we can provide almost perfect security for the locations of sources.


Some authorization policies may also include obligations as part of a response.

we de.ne the response, the .rst decision expression, in xfACL as follows.


However, we think that it is still di.cult to memorize PassPoints passwords, especially when images are provided by a server.

we designed an alternative system in which users can memorize fewer points, while providing more security than PassPoints.


By Lemma 1, each vertex in V is a vertex of one of the polyhedra formed by the intersection of n-f of the sensor polyhedra (in step 4 of Algorithm 1).

it is contained in at least n -f polyhedra.


Targeting that requires metaservers or passive analysis of communication is similarly application-speci.c.

although toolkits can be developed, they are necessarily less generally applicable.


Note that, in the DC power-.ow model, each state corresponds to a bus.

n is equal to b. Parameter ai denotes whether measurement i (1 = i = m) is required to be altered (by injecting false data) for the attack.


However, most of them store .le content and are continuous.

the size can be compressed by using the pairs of LBA and the sector count.


What is still needed are a formal policy semantics by which we can reason about MLS policy and an analysis tool to aid in this process.

in this paper, we present the .rst logical speci.cation for modeling SELinux MLS policy.


However, Android s initial processes and the manufacturer s built-in applications are executed in the order speci.ed.

the Zygote PID is less than 3000 and is nearly .xed in the the same model devices.


In fact, to the contrary, on any site where the users registered--to access a news site, say, or to gain access to personalized features of a shopping site--Tripleclack collected all the personal information entered and linked it to the supposedly anonymous cookies.

tripleclack might have in its database a user s name, credit card numbers, and home address, a comprehensive list of the user s search terms, and records of purchases made and sites visited online.


In conventional cache design, the VA will not be available beyond L1 caches, and the L2 cache is physically addressed.

the VA of each L2 cache line should be kept within the L2 cache.


The instantiations of the generic model di.er in the extent to which the adversary can obtain the leakage of long-term keys in a bounded amount or obtain continuous leakage such that a protocol execution may reveal a small amount of leakage each time, and still expect security.

we begin by presenting the after-the-fact leakage eCK model ((·)AFL-eCK model), where leakage is modelled using the output of a tuple leakage function f such that f = (f1, f2, .


Given a proxy application that mimics the kernel s startup protocol, it is possible to launch an operatingsystem personality not directly on the kernel but on this proxy.

oS personalities can be nested, allowing to host several di.erent OS personalities, the same personalities with di.erent characteristics, or a mix of both.


Meanwhile, when Term_A became unavailable somehow at the 20th week, the fraudster acquired a new fraud number Term_B and remotely con.gured the malware to start calling this new number.

we can see a continuous increase of victims associated with the new number after 30 weeks, when Term_A stopped acquiring new victims.


On the other hand, using partial movements can lower the average veri.cation time by one order of magnitude (about 12 times) in our experiments.

using partial movements will signi.cantly reduce veri.cation time, but at the cost of accuracy degradation.


However, because xj = vi(j) - u(j) + rj mod N, and rj is randomly chosen and only known to P1, xj is a uniformly distributed in ZN from the view point of P2.

xj does not leak any information regarding vi and u to P2.


This overall status is used as the basis for determining authorized forms of actions.

ascription is a basis for categorization and so too is the history of an agent s actions.


However, since the TPM does not check the nonce given to the TPMIncrementCounter operation, there is nothing actually stopping a client device, in collusion with the host, from incrementing a virtual counter which has not been created or which has already been destroyed (thus generating a new increment certi.cate).

the usefulness of the create and destroy functions are limited when using the log-based scheme (unless we can assume that the client devices are trusted and never misbehave).


In this paper, we show that the fundamental assumption behind code diversity can be broken, as executing the code reveals information about the code.

we can leak information without needing to read the code.


Although Mobile security policies model events as operations performed on objects, global events that do not concern any particular object can be encoded as operations on a global object that is allocated at program start and destroyed at program termination.

mobile policies can regard global events, per-object events, and combinations of the two.


Remark that Ask(X, aux) can be evaluated using sk for any X .X .

if X .L, there are two ways to compute Ask(X, aux): using sk or w. Following [5], we de.ne 2-universal and its slight variant which we call 2-universal ' .


It has the same complexity for any number of shares theoutput maskissplitinto.

theclaimin[11] that the split mask countermeasure using N mask tables thwarts an N-th order DPA attack does not hold.


Furthermore, a kernel-mode solution, implemented as a filter driver, can in principle be placed 'below' the kernel-mode component of an AV program.

coordination with the AV is made almost trivial, since the DMS tagging / untagging operations are done transparently below the level of the AV, and we do not depend on the AV program's exclusion mechanism to exclude our specific DMS.


Unfortunately, they did not as well in securing the incoming HTTP requests changing the con.guration of the web application.

an attacker was able to bypass all security mechanisms of the SSO module by injecting an attacker-controlled certi.cate directly into the User Database.


If the packets are from outsiders who do not know the shared key, they will be dropped within the transmission.

the challenge to the security of OCCP mainly comes from internal attackers or external attackers who are able to sneak the network key.


Although these third party JavaScripts enrich the functionalities of the web site, malicious third party Javascripts can potentially fully subvert the security policy of the web site, and launch all kinds of attacks.

in this paper, we propose Virtual Browser, a virtualized browser built on top of a native browser to sandbox third-party JavaScript.


This exploit sequence is dif.cult to apply in our case because hardware interrupt handlers (e.g., NMI) do not modify saved register states (see point 6 in the list above).

they cannot in.uence the behavior of the interrupted handler (e.g., hypercall).


We tested this virus in our lab on a modern 32bit Windows OS and it simply failed to run, causing an incompatibility error message.

we consider this type of DMS to be safe for exclusion within the organization's boundaries, assuming it has no effect on the operating systems used within the organization.


The second step is to hijack the kernel control .ow to jump to the starting gadget.

we can defeat ROR attacks either by removing the attacker s abilities to form and chain gadgets or by preventing control .ow from being hijacked in the .rst place.


Second, spammers usually keep posting the same spam URLs with the same or di.erent user accounts.

spam URLs have high occurrences in the content on the social network.


Hence, the third required property of ROKs also holds.

the PUF ROK architecture successfully implements the ROK requirements under the ideal PUF assumption.


Botmasters may indeed send commands at a given time to all zombies to instruct them to start scanning (or attacking) one or several IP subnets, which of course will create coordinated attack events on speci.c sensors.

it seems important to look at relationships that may exist between attack events and the sensors they have been observed on.


The InnoDB redo logs store a chronologic history of SQL statements that were executed on the database.

it is possible to recover deleted records and .eld data, and even rollback to previous versions of .eld data as long as the used areas of the .le have not been overwritten by other data.


However, our scheme uses the White-Box AES only one time to encrypt/decrypt an ephemeral key which is essential to encrypt/decrypt messages using Standard AES.

as the message length is longer, our scheme has almost same performance compared with Standard AES.


We are mostly concerned with the server-side of these applications, which is normally written in a programming language such as PHP, Java or Perl.

the problem can be considered to be a case of language-based information-.ow security, which is a topic much investigated in recent years [26, 13, 21].


This could increase the data DA risk by providing auxiliary information to adversaries.

it is better for data owners to develop proper policies to limit such public data collection.


A module is only activated if a policy is stored in it.

our system is configurable to take different types of decisions.


If a container holds any security-sensitive objects (i.e., any container in which a lookup is used to retrieve objects), then all objects in the container are security-sensitive.

a variable upon which a security-sensitive container object is data-dependent is also security-sensitive.


The results illustrate the profound impact that throttling the worm can have on the system for a .xed number of patch servers throttling is of limited value, but in a P2P system throttling gains are magni.ed enormously.

if we use the patch provider s P servers as seed servers for distributed patch delivery in a P2P system, we can truly achieve outstanding performance we wipe out the infection exponentially fast!


Speci.cally, to switch to an interrupt task, CPU uses a data structure called the TSS (task state segment) descriptor that speci.es where to load CPU state information from, including CR3, EIP and ESP.

it is critical to writeprotect the TSS descriptor.


However, Implementing both 5 and 7 bytes wide hash tables requires two memory blocks in parallel, since the single block width of XC2VP70 with 512 entries is 4.5 bytes as shown in Table 1.

we con.gured k and h as 7 and 512, respectively.


The root problem of code-reuse attacks is their promiscuous use of control .ow data in general (return addresses, function pointers, etc.).

there is a need to restrict this data to only valid targets as dictated by the program s control .ow graph.


As a result, we .nd several additional challenges must be addressed, such as .nding practical mediator options and producing cuts for general lattice policies.

this work is the .rst to produce mediator placements necessary to resolve information .ow errors system-wide.


Our backdoor resides below both the NDIS and TDI Operating System interfaces at the physical hardware layer of the network card.

it is capable of bypassing any malicious code detection / prevention software running at an abstracted level above the hardware.


However, the vast majority of current processors do not allow for such .exibility.

we are considering a more general approach of randomizing software as a way of introducing enough diversity among different instances of the same version of a piece of popular software that large-scale exploitation of vulnerabilities becomes infeasible.


The empty set is not added as a candidate.

the candidate attribute user sets for the Component 1 Software Developer role (C1SD) can be expressed as: cau C1SD = {{(performsJob:software),(assignedTo: Blue), (hasExpertiseIn:java)}; {(performsJob: software), (hasExpertiseIn:financial functions), (assignedTo:Blue)}}.


There is no particularly good way to collect this information programmatically, due to the privacy implications of an untrusted third-party application being able to read (e.ectively) system privacy settings.

we took a di.erent approach: since all the past decisions on location access can be reviewed through the settings screen, and every iPhone ships with the ability to take screenshots,   Figure 2: Participant 113 uploaded this series of overlapping screenshots, which taken together show the participant s location privacy decisions.


This is near impossible for the decoy routing to mask, because while the decoy router can increase latency by holding onto packets, there is no available method to decrease the latency which a warden observes.

the only way to hide this side channel is to try and make sure that the overt and covert destination have statistically similar latencies.


Furthermore, the code logic for determining the switching between native threads and java threads is in Dalvik VM which Android ensures is read-only to the application process [1].

the malicious attacker cannot bypass the switching from java threads to native threads in order to execute the third-party native code.


Each captured node gives away information about the network.

the security mechanisms must be designed by considering such attack scenarios.


The evaluation of these rules will be done considering the stored log information concerning the parameters along with the actions/decisions made in every component in the system.

it will be possible to simulate the whole system behaviour when the new rule is included and get a value of its performance.


Semantics: In addition to the variables in Var,weconsider variables .H1 ,..., .Hn .Variable .Hi records the queries to the hash function Hi and can not be accessed by the adversary.

we consider states that assign bitstrings to the variables in Var and lists of pairs of bit-strings to .Hi .A state associates a value in {0, 1} * to each variable in Var and a list of pairs of values to .H .


However, the major variant thatoccurswhenbothallelescarrythemutation islikelytoresult in premature death, usually, before age twenty.

if both partners silently carry the minor form, there is a 25% chance that their child could carry the major variety.


(Our implementation works in several common browsers including Firefox, Safari and Internet Explorer.)

the bandwidth requirements are low per captcha, as only one orientation need be sent per image.


Reduction rules may result in a disjunctive formula.

the next step is to normalize reduced_F into disjunctive normal form (DNF).


This shows that Treeple remains accurate over time.

frequent network measurements are not needed: the same positions can be used weeks later.


It should be noted though that it is not possible to change the contents of 6http://xmpp.org, last accessed: 1st Oct. 2014 such an authentication message as it gets delivered directly from the service provider s infrastructure without possibilities for interception or modi.cation.

such a system is pretty much unsuitable for commercial spammers and only useful as a disruption or annoyance.


A central misbehavior evaluation scheme in contrast is not forced to decide rapidly based on limited information in order to identity an attacker for long-term exclusion.

a central evaluation scheme can decrease the false positive rate by increasing the number of needed independent misbehavior reports regarding a suspected node.


TD only speci.es positive authorizations; it does not include semantics for denying access.

the logic for enforcing such exceptions must be programmed into every TD rule that allows access.


CONCLUSIONS Self-adaptive security offers enhanced and more appropriate security in dynamic and changing environments and threat landscapes.

software products can be utilised in various environments without modifications, which is an essential benefit for software developers.


While the IGF framework is not explicit in its documentation about what forms of authentication are required, given that the framework is now part of the Liberty Alliance, it can be safely assumed that the Liberty-supported authentication technologies will be supported by the IGF.

web-service providers can choose to define IGF policies, using AAPML, that serve up different levels of attribute data based on the IPF rating of the authentication technology used by the end-user.


The second part of the policy can be represented as (p2 : f)where p2 maps every request to its permissions and f is the scoping restriction that checks for appropriate roles of the requesters.

(p2 : f) maps the the authorization state ((Cathy, jRecord, {readRequest, writeRequest}), (Vinti, jRecord, {readRequest}), (Bill, jRecord, {readRequest})) to the authorization state ((Cathy, jRecord, {read, write}), (Vinti, jRecord, {read}), (Bill, jRecord, {readRequest})) the policy expressed in parts 1 and 2 can be expressed as p1;(p2 : f).


Thus, since this quantity is upper bounded by the size of available memory in the RSU, and the maximum number of leaves of the k-ary tree kD is lowerbounded by the number of revoked certificates s, then both conditions can be used to deduce the optimal value for k. In our proposal, the used k-ary tree structure assigns a unique identifier to each revoked certificate to represent it in in order in each one of its leafs.

an auxiliary structure linking such identifiers with the corresponding certificate serial number is also stored in the RSU.


Symbolic summaries allow Bouncer to detect anddiscardbadinputbeforeitisprocessed.

services can keep running correctly under attack.


However, without the additional random value intro- duced by the randomizer, he can no longer provide such a proof by himself.

he has to inter- act with the randomizer to get it.


Subsequently, the hacker attempts to convince each end of the communication that he is the other end by sending forged ARP packets.

all packets pass through the MITM machine and can be processed illegitimately.


Nevertheless, a client does not challenge the server.

it can only authenticate a server by checking the MAC of the authentication vector.


Execution Accounting During instance execution, integrity is guaranteed through the state and control-.ow protections described in Section 4.2.

surreptitious modi.cations of system libraries or the internal functionality of an instance [27] are not possible.


CPOLis onlyslightlyless e.cient; for this particular dataset, we can perceive the number of permissions to which a session is authorized as constant.

the manner in which a CPOL AccessToken is realized does not impact time-e.ciency.


There is a control path through the server where fserver includes required(address) .¬len(name) > 10.

to construct an exploit, WAPTEC uses the Constraint Solver to .nd one solution to the formula quantity  10) and another solution to the formula len(name) > 10 .


k,y it follows immediately the .rst result: 1+ d22 = LPr [K = k .


If a system call expects an argument in r3, then our rulb will be overwritten.

we must temporarily change the rulb to a different register if r3 is used as argument.


However, classic QoS parameters that are used to describe the relationships among common web services are not suf.cient in a generic cloud environment.

in the next section we de.ne the requirements for a language that is more suitable for such environment.


Therefore, an attack app with the action and a higher priority in receiving messages can intercept the intent and steal the PendingIntent.

the adversary can launch the aforementioned device-misbinding attack to link the target app s registration ID to an attack device, causing all messages for the the app to go to the attack device.


Moreover, because inserts, removals, and lookups achieve a constant number of memory accesses, with very high probability, in a deamortized cuckoo-hashing scheme (or with constant expectedtime performance in a standard cuckoo hashing scheme), then each operation in a simulation of de-amortized cuckoo hashing in B(N) involves a constant number of accesses with very high probability.

using a de-amortized cuckoo-hashing scheme, we have the following result.


As an example, the fan-in and fan-out values per anonymised IP address would usually equal 1 after multi-.eld anonymisation has been applied to the non-anonymised data set.

when any of the fan-in and fan-out is of interest, the proposed algorithm is not recommended.


An ngram is any substring of length n. [4] Here the gram (which will be the composite of the substring) is a byte in hexadecimal form.

wQ,i is the weight of the ith n-gram in the query and wD,i is the weight of the ith n-gram in the document.


Some of these scenarios require position methods in the area of many square kilometers, other scenarios play in a more local environment.

we have used di.erent location providers and adapted the authentication mechanism to these positioning systems.


2.2 Gokyo Policy Analysis Because SELinux MAC policy is very low-level, it is a tremendous challenge to customize the policy by hand to meet the desired requirements.

we have built a policy analysis tool called Gokyo [13] that enables the veri.cation of security properties over SELinux policies.


System failure or tampering by intruders can damage server logs.

some security practitioners use Argus as the primary data source, to be veri.ed against the other sources.


In XSS vulnerability, inputs are not filtered for the presence of suspected JavaScript code while generating contents.

victim s browser interprets the code and executes to perform unwanted activities.


As a policy model provides an abstract and formal representation of the security properties of a platform, we de.ne trust as follows: trust is the expectation that a policy model will behave in a particular manner for a speci.c purpose, where, the behavior of a policy model refers to the aggregate of its observable actions or reactions in response to its environment.

in MBA, a target platform is trustworthy for a challenger if each behavior of that policy model is trustworthy, which is followed by the target platform for the speci.c purpose of the challenger.


More neighboring jammer motes means staying awake more often because whenever a signal is detected on the channel, a jammer mote always stays awake for a while to listen for a valid preamble.

a jammer mote has a higher e.ort ratio in a denser network, and according to Equation 11 and Equation 12, the life time advantage becomes lower.


For example, academic credentials such as position in a university, membership in research group, professional organisations such as ACM, IEEE etc can be grouped into a CAS, while other credential information relating to financial and on-line banking information can be grouped into another set of CAS.

the user has the flexibility of choosing the credentials that he/she wishes to reveal and hide other unrelated credentials.


If every node forwards the event message as soon as it receives the message, the delivery time is ttrans × h. To save energy in sensor nodes, generally tm » ttrans.

an event message will take much more time to arrive at the base station.


Figure 2: ObC Provisioning -key hierarchy and provisioning messages are intended for the ObC system as a whole and not to any speci.c credential programs.

there is no need for any corresponding ObCP/Endorse message.


In Step 4 and Step 5 in our protocol, SC and DH con.rm that they has shared same session key and hash key by encrypting and hashing.

our protocol ensures that participants can share same session key each other.


Context information is inherently imperfect [20], due primarily to sensor limitations and the inference/derivation process.

real pervasive context-aware application should adapt their behavior to QoC indicators too.


Thus, we denote Duser = {Dstack , Dheap , user user Dglobal = {Dstack kernel , Dglobal }, respectively.

user }, and Dkernel kernel , Dheap kernel Also, note that Dkernel represents the run-time kernel state, is internally maintained by the kernel itself, and is indirectly accessed through OS system calls invoked by P s C. Meanwhile, Dkernel can .ow to Duser and get updated by P s C. we can have P = C(D) = C(Duser , Dkernel ) user , Dglobal = C({Dstack , Dheap }, {Dstack kernel , Dglobal }) user user kernel , Dheap kernel (1) Meanwhile, a process always consumes data within its own , Dheap and Dglobal physical machine, and has its own Dstack user .


), so that anyoperation that destroys information can be captured with the value 0:C1:1.

while C1 models the equivocation, (1 can be de.ned to model the range of possible mutual information values for the inputs that the above inequality represents, where: I(y;7)= a1(max{I(w;7),I ( ;7)}) + !1((a1(I(w;7) +I( ;7)) -a1(max{I(w;7),I ( ;7)})) the range 0:(1:1 captures the full range of the inequality for computation dependencies.


In Session Initiation Protocol, the server accepts a subscribe request, and then sends presence information back to the subscriber whenever the presence changes.

the subscriber (or presence inference engine) has to accept the server s message at any time.


We want Data Tethers to be usable by people who are not computer or security experts.

some consideration must be given to its user interface.


That is, on average a resident of London is likely to have friendships spanning a wider spectrum of communities rather than a resident of Swansea4, due to the substantial mixture of ethnic groups living in London.

the above analysis should be performed within a limited geographical space.


Keyloggers are applications that can be installed on a host computer system with the capability of monitoring and storing private user data, primarily in the form of capturing keystrokes.

they pose a significant threat to the security of private data.


The time for analyzing W32.Evol.a virus was 300 ms and 1100 ms for contextsensitive and context-insensitive analysis, respectively.

our context-sensitive analysis is more ef.cient and more precise than the Venable et al.


On the other hand, the similarity between the policies speci.ed by Bill and Jane (both using Deny Override ) is Shu.e because the similarity for the Permit rules is Converge whereas the similarity for the Deny rules is Shu.e .

some requests authorized by Bill are rejected by Jane and vice versa.


Then, we use the described policies to defend against real-world attacks to measure their effectiveness as well asfalse alarms.

5.1 Attack Detection Policies The maingoalofSHIFTistodetectbothlow-levelmem-thepoliciesincludebothhigh-andlow-levelpolicies.


Our main goal, in terms of visualization, is to overcome the limits of the variable-encoding model, based on traditional visual variables (e.g., color, shape, size), which are not as effective as visual structure, physical layout and visual dynamics are in easing pattern recognition, grasping the overall structure of the phenomenon, and .nally fostering insights [9].

we decided to reduce the importance of color and concentrate on the visual interaction with the timeline, the visual layout of all the elements, and their animation patterns.


(3') As we have mentioned, we are focusing on the secure multiparty computation in the case of collusion.

we have to introduce a measure, t-private, to evaluate the level of security in term of collusion-resistance.


Challenger C1: The challenger runs all honest parties with the real protocol with all the inputs coming directly from the environment.

view1 is identical to the view that E receives when honest participants execute our protocol.


Second, NL software documents could be large in size, often consisting of hundreds oreventhousands of sentences(iTrust consistsof37 use cases[23] with448 use-case sentences), where aportion ofthe sentencesdescribingACPs(117 sentencesiniTrust) areburied among other sentences.

it is very tedious and error-prone to manually inspect these NL documents for identifying and extracting ACPsforpolicy modeling and speci.cation.


Recall, that as per Figures 4, 5 and 7, 8, qt - pf is the range of [0.3, 0.8].

as the reward in our revocation scheme is an additional key, the value for b is 1, an honest node has an expectation value of: Ei =(2 · (1 - eni) - 1) · c, c .


Based on this data, the Local IDS detects illegal activity, because the number of connection requests, from the compromised node N21, is unusually great.

all the Local IDSs of the adjacent nodes will send signals of suggestion for suspicious to the base station, considering this activity as an attacking activity.


If we choose a larger moving window, reputation will not oscillate due to occasional errors, but the system may not be able to immediately detect changes in node s behavior.

we adopt moving window mechanims which means the size of the window is changing based on the changing trend of a peer s behaviors.


Interestingly, neither of the inferior modes AckOn-EncOn and AckOn-EncOff can accommodate this path condition on their own.

when the potential b c connection is added to the AckOn mode, the automated reachability analysis will report that there may be direct information .ow through the encryption device, from pin a to pin f, when the acknowledgements switch is on, but without a guarantee that the encryption switch is off!


Once again, EON does not .nd exploits for either query; however, thequeries now run muchfaster.

wehave thefollowing secrecy theorem,proved automaticallybyEON.


Upon receiving a data packet, a knot would forward it over all routes it has to the mesh using the route pseudonyms already established.

every knot in the network will receive every data packets transmitted by a sender.


(3), we can also see the period of x(f, .d) monotonously decreasesas.d increases (intuitively, the larger the distance di.erence .d, the more sensitive the phase di.erence .f).

as .d .8, this ratio will converge to some non-zero value.


the patients can be more precise in their consent to allow the data be used only as part of a treatment process and not as part of some research that will subsequently be used in treatment.