Even though the expected value of (5) gets larger with .2 , E {|H[k]|2} = |H1[k]|2 + .2|H2[k]|2 > |H1[k]|2 (6) the bound (4) is exponential and a strictly convex function of (5), so {|H|2} = E|H|2 {f |H|2 } f E|H|2 (7) (|H|2 d2 ) e where f(|H|2)= exp - 4s2 is the argument of the expected value in the PEP bound.

performance can get worse as illustrated in Figure 2, which shows the result of simulating an echo over an AWGN channel for di.erent CNR values2 .


The genome benchmark from STAMP has very large functions being called within transactions and could not be inlined and thus, failed to complete our tests.

we do not include it in our analysis or results later.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 5.1 Simulation Setup and Workloads As mentioned in Section 3.4, we implement HC-Sim based on the Pin framework for scalability concerns.

we also implement SuSeSim [13] and the CRCB algorithm [28] based on the Pin framework to perform a fair comparison.


It is important to emphasize again that although AutoPilot provides these directives for intra-and inter-block optimizations, these optimizations can not always be applied with the default data access patterns and AutoPilot is unable to identify the optimization opportunities to enable them through transformations.

the importance of this work is not just that we generate the AutoPilot directives that are already available, but that we automatically improve the number of situations in which the directives can be used.


In a system of multiple applications, tasks may be shared.

the supported systems need to be characterized since a system might be different from the sum of individual applications constituting the system.


The directory location is recorded in the page table, and communicated to the core through the TLB fill.

any subsequent accessor of the page is also notified of the directory location for the blocks in the page.


In this experiment, CCS has more .exibility, since the probabil ity with which the bottleneck threads exercise the same L2 cache is reduced.

the speedups achieved in this experiment are generally higher than those reported in Experiment-1.


Conductiveclothes can resolve these problems, but it is still dif"cult to know the positions of devices on the conductive fabric.

we have devised a method to detect the positions of such devices by using a camera.


Read(n)+Write(n+4MB) -sequentially read page 0,1,2..N. Simultaneously, we sequentially write pages 4MB apart.


In the case of the given application, no energy-keeping elements were used.

the result of the equation system is a simple formula: eqn1: The Current-/Voltage Converter eqn2: The Transmission line eqn3: The Voltage-/Current Converter eqn4: The Calibration eqn5: The Measurement bridge eqn6: The Constant Current Source Table 1: Modules and Equations res5 := ul31 = -0.1512858586e-1*Rpdr +0.1512858586e- 1 * Rmdr +0.1599159916 * ul11 +0.8400840084 * ul21 In the next step, BeCom generates models, which implement found solutions, and the analyzed composition.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The quickest and easiest way to secure a TCP-based network application is with SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) [13].

we adopt the OpenSSL Open Source toolkit [14] to implement the traditional PKI-based security scheme.


In addition, pipelined converters are quite power-hungry blocks.

over the last years several .S A/D converter designs have been published with a signal bandwidth higher than 10 MHz.


In general, our results were worse for the combination of static and dynamic learning.

we report results for dynamic learning alone.


For instance, a design can be in active and sleep modes when performance and power are the main concerns respectively.

timing closure has posed a challenging job for designers to meet stringent silicon delivery targets [13], especially with multicorner, multi-mode (MCMM) designs.


Therefore, if cells are placed too closely for wirelength minimization, then the global router may produce many overflows, causing the detailed router to yield routing violations due to the crowded routing resource.

modern placement attempts to minimize the wirelength while increasing routability.


With NVM, programmers can persistently retain in-memory data structures without writing them to disk.

one can envision that in the future, NVM will play the role of both working memory and persistent store at the same time.


As we know, in a conventional OFDM system, the modulation symbols on each of the sub-carriers are transmitted at the same time.

the number of sub-carriers and the separation between the sub-carriers are fixed at all times over different symbol intervals.


The maximum achievable power savings decrease with technology scaling from 31% for 130nm process to 22% for 45nm process.


Because orthogonal conductors do not couple magnetically, the resulting partial inductance matrix and Kmatrix are block diagonal matrices.

in following proof we only need to consider a set of parallel conductors.


The remainder of the 32-bit EDC burst transmits DRAM clock information.

during normal rank operation, the EDC pin transmits correction codes interleaved with a toggling pattern that guarantees some minimum edge density.


Reference can be made to Figure 11 to establish the functionality o.ered by the VB.

it is only in the case of VB miss events that L1 (D) misses are eventually directed as requests to the L2 cache.


Since pitch was on a linear Hertz scale, users were unable to get high resolution changes via pitch in the lower register.

some users had to use higher pitches than would normally be comfortable.


Conversely, if worst case assumptions were used and then found to be incorrect the supply voltage could have been lowered further in the design phase to further reduce the power.

if the primary requirement of a design is performance, and power is of secondary concern, the conservative assumption would be to use the worst case assumptions.


In addition, n1 belongs to Case 2 since it is not associated with Sw .

for each of them, we construct a chord whose the other end point is decided by the sequence of driver pads as shown in Figure 6(g).


MF current capability in the output buffer then decreases, weakening CML.

iBAT begins to descent from ITH_CC threshold.


The algorithms were designed starting from the assumption, that the output .eld (topological cluster) will be consumed from the left to the right by the TQC hardware.

the .rst gate will be the left-most in the .eld.


Similar to our LL-MAB model, MCPI is calculated by MAB Wait Cycles divided by Retired Instructions.

when running at frequency f, one can predict the CPI at frequency f as shown in Equation 1. f' CPI(f')=CCPI(f)+MCPI(f)× (1) f Because this model predicts periodic CPI rather than whole-program execution time (which our previous work demonstrated), we tested its prediction accuracy on singlethreaded versions of the 52 benchmarks from our three test suites.


Note that any area saved by FPU sharing is used to add more .ne-grain cores, taking into account the interconnect and core area as above.

two competing trends will in.uence performance: (1) an increase in the number of cores will mean more exploitation of parallelism and (2) an increase in FPU sharing may mean worse per-core performance due to the overhead of sharing.


The L4 and L3 entries use less of the virtual address than the L2 entry does, but the fragments that they do use are the same.

it is possible to store all three physical page numbers from this example in a single entry.


A linear program with a totally unimodular constraint matrix is guaranteed to have integral solutions.

an optimal integer solution can be obtained without expensive branch-and-bound procedures.


In this situation, other errors in that faulty word occurred in the other byte.

errors in one word are completely located.


RM - - 0.3165 412 295 According to the results presented in [12] and corroborated by Table 1, regular deterministic test routines present the best tradeoff between test time and test memory.

considering only the test requirements of time and memory, a test program composed of three regular deterministic test routines could be considered as the best choice for the Femtojava processor.


A true random implementation of faults, that is, the analysis of the effects on the rising edges, falling edges and stable states on all nodes separately, would require intensive computational resources.

we developed a simplified fault injection methodology that may be similar to a realistic scenario.


If our transmission range is too large, this will make it easier for hackers to interfere with our network.

where we had been using omni-directional, broadcast antennas, we are now considering using directional antennas that will broadcast only in the direction of the receiver.


Whereas, in LPMH, the paths may still be active, and therefore, the related capacitances are not completely discharged.

hypnos may require a slightly smaller in-rush current than CLPM to replenish the internal capacitances.


In the behavioral synthesis from a large program, inlining of all the functions is impractical because the main module becomes too complex to be synthesized.

the complexity of individual modules should be constrained within a manageable level.


A modified equation-based variance analysis approach is also proposed to calculate the Cpk of each performance without simulations.

cpk can be used in equation-based optimization as well to improve the accuracy of yield prediction for each possible solution.


In this section we present a constraint logic programming (CLP) approach for solving the problem.

a system is described by a set of logic constraints which define valid conditions for the system variables.


A 32-bit multiplexer implemented in 4-LUTs is the same size as a 32-bit adder.

there is little advantage to sharing all but the largest functional units, namely, multipliers and dividers.


These Random variations effects are modeled using Hessian function of the numDeriv package[11] of R[9].

the NoC links delay will have random variations.


If the prefix bit is a 1 , then the FSM decoder simply transfers the next two bits with the Serial output signal into the controller during the next two cycles since the prefix bit 1 indicates that the next bits are not encoded.

if the value of the Serial output signal is 1, the masking logic is activated to generate an encoded test pattern as the original probability.


As a simulation is started, the first node is moving toward to the last position oftopologywith40km/h speed whileothernodes stay stationary.

some changes of topology exist in this model.


In order to detect which cache blocks will map to a different set after the index change, it is only necessary to check if the selected bit and the victimized one have the same value for every block storedin cache.

a cachelookupis required on every index change.


For (A,B) = (1,1), both stacked PFETs are off.

the Two-Way NOR with (A,B) = (1,1) shows smallest leakage than the Two-Way NOR with other input patterns.


We can find that the 3rd cost consistently improves the solution quality.

this cost function is important in balancing the timing requirement and congestion well during the mapping process.


(Co-)DCC is mainly independent of compression algorithm in use.

in this paper, we study three representative algorithms: ZERO (Z): ZERO detects blocks containing all zeros (i.e., null data) and stores only a tag for those blocks [14].


Epochs can end either as a result of a coherence request another node s Request-ReadOnly (if epoch is Exclusive), another node s Request-ReadWrite, or this node s Writeback-Exclusive or as a result of silently evicting a Shared block from its cache.

inform-Epoch traf.c is proportional to coherence traf.c plus some extra traf.c for otherwise silent evictions of Shared blocks, instead of being proportional to load/store traf.c as in DVSC-Direct.


To accelerate read operations in a double-ended structure SRAM cell, we can duplicate access transistors to compose more ports.

we can read the value in one cell from multiple ports simultaneously when they are enabled.


However, as shown in Table 1, the read/write energy of MRAM is larger than DRAM because MRAM has smaller sense margin and the memory cell is dif.cult to write.

the MRAM burst energy is usually larger than the DRAM one.


However, the hardware complexity of the resulting circuit is very high particularly with increasing bit-widths.

more structured solutions are usually applied.


Averaging across all circuits, M-CAD achieves 35% of the post-parsing maximum frequency, and M-HOT 52%.

the performance of M-HOT could be, at most, doubled without using optimizations or a better parsing/CDFG construction tool.


Investigations have shown that the sign bits are by far the most important bits since they represent the hard decision of the decoded bits and exploit the inherent fault-tolerance of the message passing and 3-Min algorithms with respect to magnitudes.

only the parity check unit which calculates the signs of the messages has to be protected.


Moreover, these percentages can be further reduced if a power-aware global .oor-plan is used.

these connections, or buses, are not the power bottleneck in the memory organisation.


On the other hand, if the design must be developed with future additions and modifications in mind, it becomes important to minimize resource usage to allow for future expandability.

fPGA software must not simply minimize the number of resources (area).


By introducing the analytical VMP approach, we estimate the power supply capability ef.ciently.


The LEFSM L generated from R breaks t in two transitions t1 , t2 , interleaved by a new state sk .

reaching sj from si on L requires two clock cycles against one on R (e.g., Figure 2 (b) shows the LEFSM generated by starting from the REFSM of Figure 1).


By replacing the parameters in Equation (7) with the values given in Equation (5), the pole of each application controller s transfer function would be: z = aik - c × k1 - w × k2 - m × k3, (8) assuming that, in Equation (7), B is (cwm)and K is a vector with three elements, k1, k2 and k3 .

to ensure stability of our system, the Kvalues are determined such that |z|< 1in Equation (8).


Since low distortion architectures require analog circuits, which process the quantization noise only, they end up having low output swing in analog building blocks.

the Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


CMOS technology is widely used due to the overall merits in terms of speed, noise margin, power dissipation and fabrication cost.

circuit techniques that exploit the ultimate performance of such a kind of functional block in CMOS technology represents a fundamental challenge.


The students had the possibility to add concepts that were not on the list (See Table 1).

it was very important to bear in mind that not all the concept maps had the same amount of concepts and that the same concept would always be numbered the same.


Such cross-contamination will cause wrong assay results.

routing paths of different nets1 should ideally be disjoint from each other to avoid the number of cross-contamination sites.


The C can be approximated by assuming that the capacitor is formed between a cylindrical CNT and an infinite planar electrode plate.

c = 2f&0 L ln (5 d ) , where&0 is the vacuum permittivity.


Current (in A) 0.009 0.010 The philosophy behind using two cosine terms is that one cosine term would produce a basic decaying sinusoid (as in the triangular case) and the other would account for the deviations from the decaying sinusoid that are seen at low Hamming distance.

the variable time period Ti is used with only one of the two cosine terms, the one which is aimed at generating the decaying sinusoid.


COMPACT S/D CONTACT MODEL The lithography variation could vary the S/D contact shape, area and even distance from gate line, which causes the performance degradation as we see in Section 2.

we should take the impact of S/D contact variation on the that we get an accurate S/D contact resistance by exhibiting both the horizontal distance weighting factor and the shape weighting factor of the vertical direction.


However,[15]does not address thedifference or similarity betweenrealdesignsandeyechartcircuits.

in[15],the eyechart circuitsarebuiltfromthreebasictopologies chain,mesh and star andthe resultingtopologiesdiffer substantiallyfromthose of real designs in terms of Rent parameter, path length and other parameters.1 the eyecharts may be helpful in measuring suboptimality ofheuristics,butdo nothave clearimplicationsforheuristic performance on realdesigns.


can be used by instructions from other threads.

the SMT approach attacks two important sources of limited throughput: long latency operations (such as accesses to the external memory) and limited per-thread parallelism.


During f2, Cr is discharged with its positive terminal grounded.

the charge transferred into the inverting terminal of the op-amp is negative.


Both the Guaranteed Integrity (GI) and Minimum Latency (ML) modes can be implemented with one code, using the property that every SEC code can also work as DED code: The same codewords are used for transmission, the encoder is identical and the DED code just uses the .rst part of the decoder block.

these two services o.er the same bandwidth to the application, but di.erent protection characteristics.


Thus, if the question is in Japanese, Hearbo answers the English name and vice versa.

the two speakers continue to engage in the conversation until one of them asks Hearbo again.


We then compile typical applications and suitable benchmarks and evaluate them on the target architecture.

the simulator picks up runtime information such as elapsed clock cycles, utilization of individual functional units, and frequency of instructions or instruction pairs, just to mention a few categories.


For applications such as mobile phones and PDA, .ip-.ops need to consume very little power and operate at high speed [5].

lowering the power consumption of .ip-.op and Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies arenot made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


The large bias of stored bits toward zero [7] has been the motive in [1] to design asymmetric SRAM cells that employ higher Vth for the transistors that leak when the cell stores 0.

such asymmetric cells dissipate far less leakage in the 0 state; the delay penalty is minimized by Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


As [19] pointed out that 5% IR drop in supply voltage may slow down circuit performance by as much as 15% or more.

iR drop is a .rst-order e.ect and can no longer be ignored during the design process, and it is desired to consider the P/G network synthesis during early physical design (e.g., .oorplanning) for reliable circuit operation.


Any routing channel may be shared by multiple ions as long as control circuits prevent multi-ion occupancy.

our circuit model resembles a general network, although scheduling the movement in a general networking model adds substantial complexity to our circuit.


In this case, we can only determine an upper bound on the number of lost events that would have been delivered to the subscriber.

we refer to this level of loss detection as max-count loss detection.


Again, to make the ASF-B*-tree of a 2D symmetric placement automatically symmetric-feasible, the representative of a symme try pair must abut one of the symmetry axes, and that of a selfsymmetry module must abut both symmetry axes.

we have left-boundary, bottom-boundary, and corner constraints for with 2D symmetry.


Nk where the i-th segment belongs to cluster Ck However, the music often shows a certain degree of local selfsimilarity, so that some contiguous segments are always classified into the same cluster.

one vocal note may be repetitively counted in occurrence frequency calculation, which causes some noises.


Basically, it depicts the acceleration scaling problem, when only a part can be accelerated due to communication overhead or sequential dependencies in distributed processing.

if we denote the percent of code that can be accelerated by p, the acceleration acc of a multiprocessor is given by: 1 A(N, p) = p (1 - p) + N Using ten cores, will give us an ideal acceleration of ten.


Similar to Case 1, this means that one needs to choose one solution from {a1,...,ai} and one solution from {b1,...,bj}.

the costis atmost i + j = t.This contracts the fact that the cost needs to be t +1.


The number of adjacent switching circuits is uncorrelated to the number of adjacent switching circuits in another location inside the chip.

the random amplitude of the noise spikes, Asub,N(P),is mod eled as white noise process with total average power of 2 , ().


However, embedded CPUs and CPUs on FPGAs do not have such coprocessors.

fPGA implementation of numerical functions f (x) is needed.


In XDBIST, however, only a fraction of the scan cells are observed during a pattern, so special consideration must be given to observable scan chains.

the test generator was modified to include chain observation as part of the conditions required for fault detection.


The scheme proposed in [35][36] uses the fact that intra mode needs more bits for coding and thus has a lower priority than the inter mode.

if the best inter mode cost is smaller than a threshold, the intra prediction mode is skipped.


Figure 8: Basic refresh procedure Dual-Retention PCM Chips As mentioned in Section 2, PCM s retention capability is related to the width of the target bands.

to provide two write modes with different retention guarantees to the memory controller, as shown in Figure 6, a PCM chip includes two sets of resistance parameters (i.e., target bands and read boundaries), which correspond to the two retention levels for working memory and persistent store.


Also, at this atomic scale, one expects the wires to have a considerable level of defects generated during the fabrication steps.

although the perfect process repeatability may be extremely difficult or unfeasible for these feature sizes, the construction of regular structures in order to provide spare parts is strongly recommended.


When performing CG cloning, T EL and T CG cannot be changed due to .xed fEN and enable logic locations, and gate delay.

the control-path timing constraint can be derived, as seen in Equation (3), where Ti en is determined by the wirelength from the enable logic to gi, and Ti gclk is determined by the wirelength from gi to all its fanout .ip-.ops and the number of total fanout .ip-.ops.


Thereafter,whenarrays(cells)are to be connected in parallel or in series, the PARALLEL or the SERIEScodeisappliedtoindividualarrays(cells),respectively.

the arrays (cells) are connected as specifed.


Trace Preconstruction Quinn Jacobson Sun Microsystems 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900 408 616-5655  quinn.jacobson@sun.com ABSTRACT Trace caches enable high bandwidth, low latency instruction supply, but have a high miss penalty and relatively large working sets.

their performance may suffer due to capacity and compulsory misses.


As explained in Section 3.1, the Minimalist address mapping scheme guarantees memory resource fairness while preventing starvation and priority inversion.

there is no need for any communication/coordination among the multiple controllers.


Considering granularities, DVFS overheads are on the order of microseconds.

applying DVFS is only feasible with periods of roughly 100K cycles approximately 100µs for a 1GHz system.


From that observation it can be understood that the squared function is monotonous descending in M+ and monotonous ascending in M .

f2 =(f(X) - p)2 has no local - pr r r minima, only zero as global minimum.


3.5 Line-Level OD3P Up to now, we assumed that each line of a page is equipped with ECP-6 to tolerate 6 permanent bit failures, and when the .rst line encounters the 7th bit failure, the line and hence the corresponding page is marked as faulty.

the .rst line failure invalidates a page, while other lines of the page may be far from their lifetime limits.


2.1 Transistor Scaling Trends Over the last few technology generations, we have pursued the path of constant electric field scaling, where the maximum supply voltage is limited by gate oxide wear-out.

the gate length, effective electrical gate oxide thickness, and supply voltage have scaled by approximately 30% per unit width.


Concerning the robbery of distribution media in delivery processes or in projection o.ces, the attacker  does not have a physical access to the decryption device.

the security rests on the symmetric cryptographic algorithm (AES) as well as the number of secret keys.


However, Figure 6 shows that the lateral stress7 behavior near the interface of the two nitrides is compressive under  1.16 1.14 1.12 the tensile nitride (NMOS side) and tensile under the compressivenitride (PMOS side).

if possible, it would be beneficial tomove the PMOS active area into this region of tensile stress and the NMOS away from the region of compressive stress.


We take advantage of this by making this sideinputtransitionsa requirementinthe constraintsgiventothebounded model checker.

the testgenerated by the mapping technique will have more transitions, increasing the probability that some other criticalpath willnowbepseudo-robustlydetected.


Previous work [8] uses a MILP approach to minimize the number of inserted buffers for working with the lower bound of the clock period.

previous work [8] can obtain circuit ex1 as shown in Figure 5, in which one extra buffer (whose delay value is 2) is inserted into the wire .


Therefore, for simplicity, in the rest of this presentation, we will use PCM for our discussion.

when slacks are represented as a functional form of the underlying process parameters .Xk as done in most recent statistical static timing analysis (e.g., in linear form [10], or in quadratic form [14]), the authors of [11] have shown that the PCM as shownin (6) canbe computedinlinear time O(mn)and space O(n)withthe number of layers m typically much smaller than n. we use PCM as a metric to guide our path selection such that the selected n paths have the maximum PCM (or equivalently, the maximum TQM).


R0= P---------- --------, ----------- = [] ------------------------ PN e u'.p 2 y .. 2pfclock IPD Rp OSR Note that the average power of the jitter-induced noise at the output of the .S modulator is a decreasing function of the OSR which is the ratio between the sampling frequency, fs, and the passband .fBW.More over, the output noise power is directly proportional to the power of the time-derivative of the input signal.

the .S modulator will exhibit more noise for high-frequency and higher amplitude input signals.


It is hard to predict routing table sizes 5 or, worse, 10 years hence.

scaling is a required feature of the systems handling the Internet infrastructure, because they should be able to face new and partly unknown traffic demands.


pointed out, 5% voltage drop in supply voltage may slow down circuit performance by as much as 15% or more.

voltage drop can no longer be ignored and should be treated as a .rst-order cost metric during the design process.


We have four tasks, each having WCET of 1time unit, that need to be completed by time D =7.

there are 3units of slack available in the system.


Then, given a destination, we will know the location of the packet in the input channel; i.e., although the two VCs in an input channel may have different routing decisions to the same destination, the routing decision is fixed for this input channel.

for each pair of split VCs, only Figure 4.


In this paper, it is assumed that the random error of the sensor node has a constant standard deviation.

the measured position of the mobile agent is represented as We can see that the estimated position by the proposed algorithm unbiased random zero mean Gaussian data.


should be above a minimum value to guarantee enough distinguishability for the whole cell;  The programming voltage should not exceed a maximum voltage;  For memristor, the read speed is much faster than write speed.Therefore, the operation speed mainly depends on the write speed.

the write speed should be lower-bounded;  Finally, the energy consumption for read and write a memory cell should not exceed certain power budget.


Furthermore, by introducing a phase in between the shift clocks used for different clock domains, the number of .ip-.ops that latch values at the same time will be limited to the number of .ip-.ops per clock domain, thus avoiding the excessive voltage drop on power/ground lines.

in this paper, we propose a power-constrained wrapper for cores with multiple clock domains, by extending the design procedure from [21], so that different clock domains can use distinct shift clock signals.


However, the lack of good inverters makes it challenging to directly use conventional CPL gates in organic transistor.

we first develop a CPL style inverter, as shown in Figure 2(b).


In this case, the cascade of latches only increases the e.ective Tmet.

our formula for the MTBF of multi-stage synchronizers can be expressed as:   SiTmet,i c2 e MTBF = (15) Fd *Fc *c1 Although this is clearly not the case for sequences of masterslave .ip-.ops, we use it as a worst-case bound.


On the other hand, the LUT cascade emulator uses only the rail values in the single register variable.

only the input and output register and the memory for logic requires memory references.


With each of these training samples (x, y)j we associate the index t(j) of the best boosted regressor from among our committee of boosted regressors ().

the K nearest neighbor data points Rt x Predict by combining best boosted regressor on each of K=2 closest points to new input x y y  x x Fig.


A static solution like uniform repeater-upsizing might prove to be counter-productive for a stochastic event like NBTI.

it is imperative to explore dynamic solutions and we propose one such in this section.


OS Support (Section 4.7) In this proposal, the TSM runs in a single thread.

the OS acts as a wrapper around the TSM and queues requests to it.


For that reason, we havetomakesurethatinterruptlatency andinterruptjitter don t a.ect our measurements in our hardware implementation.

we make extensive use of the MSP430 s TimerA features.


(v) Pj is the set of predecessor BBs of the jth BB.

we have Pej k noted as control-.ow/execution probability of an edge from jth to kth BB.


(33) Therefore, v is also an eigenvector of A + BaLa.Now by (31) and (33), we have  .Cv = -GMv.

the right-hand side of equation belongs to the column space of G. either .


The three steps can be combined to obtain the factorization P = JTHJ.

3.2 Transforming Linear System (Step 2) 3.2.1 Overview Given the matrix J, we can construct an orthogonal transformation F .sN×N (described later in this section), such that W FJ = , 0 where W .sn×n.T P = JHJ () =(FJ)T FHFT(FJ) [ ](T) W = WT 0 FHF, 0 where FHFT can be represented as T P × FHF= , ×× in which P is sparse (we show this property later).


The removed transistors from SRAMs, transmissiongates, and switch-bu.ers greatly improve the chip density as well as the circuit performance.

structured ASIC trades the .eld programmability for the circuit performance.


It means that the block must ensure that the successor block has used its previous data.

this block waits for the completion of the computation in the successor block.


For the OFF-set inequalities, the ith don t care corresponds to weight wi.

the OFF-set inequalities for g are w2 + w3 <T -dof f and w1 <T -dof f ,asgiven in Equations (11) and (12).


Asfarastraversal,a doubly-linkedlistisequivalenttotwo singlylinked lists each of half the length.

there will be B = m/2 stalls in the marking pipeline.


Recombination rates can also be investigated by pedigree analyses and crossing experiments, but these methods cannot provide information on .ne-scale recombination rates and are often di.cult to perform in model organisms, let alone non-model species.

while we know these values for a few species, there is very little comparative data to understand how these processes vary across many species.


Having only a single status register would be inconvenient where there are several parallel threads of control, or where exceptions in some intermediate instructions need to be ignored.

the Itanium architecture features four different status .elds which can be speci.ed by completers in the main .oating-point instructions.


2.4 Customized Value Pro.ling Oursystemcanbecustomizedinvariousways.Inparticular,ausermayspecifywhatinformationtocapture,how totransformitintovaluesamplesthataremergedintothe profledatabase,andhowtoformatvaluesforreporting.


In particular it will be shown that the availability of an optimized collective communication library is crucial to the performance of UPC.

the UPC consortium is currently engaged in defining and implementing such a library, which can be optimized at low levels.


Maximizing Data Reuse for Minimizing Memory Space Requirements and Execution Cycles * M. Kandemir, G. Chen, and F. Li Computer Science and Engineering Department Pennsylvania State University e-mail: {kandemir,gchen,feli}@cse.psu.edu Abstract Embedded systems in the form of vehicles and mobile devices such as wireless phones, automatic banking machines and new multi-modal devices operate under tight memory and power constraints.

their performance demands must be balanced very well against their memory space requirements and power consumption.


map Example2:ConsiderthecircuitofExample1.Table3showsorderingoftestvectorsfromwhichthe setsT0,andT1aredetermined.InTable4,thetest sequenceTS =ft1t2t4t3t5t6t7gisshownwhich isobtainedbychoosingconsecutivevectorsalternatinglyfromT0andT1.Thecorrespondingoutputsof Ctosatisfythedesiredcheckerinputsareshown map incolumn4.Assignmentofcounterstatestothetests andthetruth-tabledescribingtheoutputsofCare map Table3:Orderingoftestvectors Tests 1st-stage compactoroutputs N1(Z) Testset partition z1 z2 z3 z4 t1 t4 t5 t7 0001000101011001 1 12 2 T0 t2 t3 t6 011110111111 3 34 T1 Table4:TestsequencingandtherequiredoutputsofC map Test sequenceTS 1st-stage compactoroutputs Requiredcheckerinputs Requiredoutputs ofCmap z1 z2 z3 z4 h1 h2 h3 h4 g1 g2 g3 g4 t1 t2 t4 t3 t5 t6 t7 0001011100011011010111111001 0000111100001111000111110000 0001 1000 0001 0100 0101 0000 1001 Table5:Counterstatesandthetruth-tableofC map TestsequenceTS Assignedcounterstate Outputs ofCmap b3 b2 b1 g1 g2 g3 g4 t1 t2 t4 t3 t5 t6 t7 000001010011100101110 0100001 00000010100000 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 111 d dd d showninTable5,whichleadstothefollowingBoolean .. functionsfortheseoutputs:g1 =b2b3+b1b2b3;g2 = +... b1b2b1b2b3;g3 =0;g4 =b1.


Start and end addresses of the memory objects are stored in the controller, which on every instruction fetch determines whether to access the loop cache or the L1 I-cache.

the loop cache can be preloaded with complex loops as well as functions.


Third, some FPGA debugging tools are very expensive.

the limitations of current SoC veri.cation using FPGA mentioned above motivated our veri.cation framework.


Each GB pipeline requires two atom-wise quantities (Eself, Xf, Yf, Zf) per cycle, each of which is a sum of values from the two sets of BRAMs.

each GB pipeline needs to access two locations in each BRAM.


For this case, the energy consumption of the spare is: AT 2 i (15) E (T ) = CVfAT when - AT = d SPR i effMAXMAX i i i .i It can be seen from the above discussion that in Cases 1, 2, and 3 we have considered the di values that are respectively in the ranges ATi/.i=di, ATi/.i-ATi<di<ATi/.i, and ATi/.i-ATi=di.

in the above three cases, we have in fact considered the di values in the range ATi/.i-ATi=di.


Each edge  indicates the connection between and  and logic signal propagates from   .

each logic gate  can have a gate size from set and a Vt level from set  has total | | | | possible options.


Sangho Ahn School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea dkstkdgh12@skku.edu  * Seokho Yoon School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea syoon@skku.edu In UWB systems, the received signal must be .rst syn chronized with a locally generated template for data demod ulation.

the synchronization is one of the most important steps for UWB systems.


Note that HTSM does not perform better than other synchronization methods in all cases, such as gsm, where STSM performs better.

hTSM is not the obvious choice in all cases.


performing the precharge operation inside the SDDL any-input AND-gate and the SDDL any-input OR-gate can be omitted.


This is veri.ed by plotting the similar diagrams in Figures 11, 12, and 13 which depict the number of the tokens (dif-  and four) while the number of LSAs must increase to reach the number of routers in the area (4 in our model), and it remains constant in the number of routers in the area.

the MaxAge vulnerability exists in OSPF protocol, and an external attacker can exploit it.


However, the maximum reverse body voltage is also limited, since large reverse body biasing increases junction tunneling leakage current of P-well and N-well [9, 10].

the available range of body biasing is limited.


Initially, it contains all routers as nodes and no edges (links).

each node ri is a separate graph component Ki, having a local root .


In some cases, they may also conflict with metal wires in middle layers, but the problem could be solved by slightly changing via position and wire winding, the impact of which is almost negligible compared with resistance of vias.

in our model, cross-layer vias are simply abstracted as ordinary vias in series.


However, when a magnetic field is applied across the junction, there is an increase in resistivity [12].

under forward bias, it is possible to define two distinct states: a resistive state in the presence of a magnetic field, and a conductive state in its absence.


However, due to traf.c variations, some parts of the network are clearly utilized much more than others.

the buffering resources should be allocated judiciously so as to optimize the application performance subject to the resource constraints, as illustrated in Figure 13.


However, this de.nition is not suitable for DPT because DPT depends on the conditional spacing, i.e., the spacing between two patterns should be at least sd if these two patterns are on the same mask.

we shall de.ne a DPT-aware constraint graph and DPT edges, which can handle the conditional spacing (by the dynamic spacing).


However, it is important to note that the effect of the timing error might be masked by side-inputs on the propagation path.

the error effect prediction logic is designed to predict the propagation of such error effect.


Thus, in the worst case, the lowest priority master will not be able to use its allocated bandwidth entirely.

the application executing on it may miss the deadline or the QoS will be degraded.


These blocks are described by equations that relate the outputs in terms of the inputs and the internal state variables.

the accuracy of the simulation depends on how precisely those equations describe the real behaviour of each block.


It can be observed that the temperature varies from 30 oC to 135 oC.

it is important to consider thermal issue on P/G works design without/with thermal integrity.


3.1 Spatial Correlation Modeling P1 P2 Figure 1: Grid-Based Spatial Correlation Model We now present a modeling strategy to capture the spatial correlations between the parameter variables Pi, Qi and Ri for each gate.

this technique captures the delay correlation between gates.


, rm = 0) = G(x ) = RM(x * , xr = [px[1,m-1] I 0]) = p on(x * ) m = pm(x * ) = 0 Similarly, for a minterm x * which makes pm(x * ) = 1, we can also derive the same result.

after attaching all recti.cation functions pi s to signal ri s, there is no error minterm between F and G. Example 2.


The sub-circuit working for some clock cycles and gated for other cycles also increases the complexity of analyzing the power network.

identifying the clock gating pattern that leads to the worst voltage variation is a challenging research topic, which provides a margin of the system.


D_Logic is a 4-bit line used to implement the 16 different logic function (as described in Table 1).

1111 (decimal  15)  isthe maximum value that can be transmitted over D_Logic.


Frequency variation [%] 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 .Delay .Delay .Delay (1) .Vth n + .Ln + .Vpw =0, .Vth n .Ln .Vpw .Delay .Delay .Delay (2) .Vth p + .Lp + .Vnw =0.

.Vth p .Lp .Vnw -3s -2s -s 0 s 2s 3s -3s -2s -s 0 s 2s 3s .Vth_n n .L at the second step, .Vpw and .Vnw are computed by ( )/ .Delay .Delay .Delay -.Vth n +.Ln.Vth n .Ln ,(3) .Vpw = .Vpw ( )/ .Delay .Delay .Delay -.Vth p +.Lp.Vth p .Lp .


In the first iteration, v1 is identified as having an FD of South.

all edges incident on v1 that connect to a pairing vertex in the South are translated to rectilinear edges.


On the other hand, the drain region of NMOS, which is covered by the N-well structure, has a lager drain ballast resistance.

the multiple fingers of NMOS can be uniformly triggered on.


Then in order to build up the dependency table, each contact in each cell layout is visited only once.

the time complexity to solve the cell letter determination problem is linear with respect to the total number of contacts in all candidate layouts.


The number of tester channels with high data rates may be constrained in practice however due to ATE resource limitations, the power rating of the SOC, and scan frequency limits for the embedded cores.

we formulate the following optimization problem: given two available data rates for the tester channels, an SOC-level test access mechanism (TAM) width , nnn ( ) channels that can transport test data at the higher data rate, determine an SOC TAM architecture that minimizes the testing time.


Range Hash achieves high throughput by limiting number of tags matching to an input ideally only one.

receiving for example character k as an input, two tags 10 and 11 can be matched shown in Figure 13(a).


PRELIMINARIES In order to improve efficiency of communication and computation in the management of revoked public-key certificates in VANETs, some authors have proposed the use of particular ADSs such as Merkle trees [6] and skip lists [4] [5].

to the best of our knowledge no previous work has described in detail the use of k-ary trees in general as hash trees for revoked certificate management.


For example, in a healthcare setting a doctor may have the permission to prescribe certain medications.

the doctor should not be allowed to prescribe for anyone.


The placement of authorization hooks mainly addresses complete mediation, which requires that all security-sensitive operations be mediated by an authorization hook to ensure that the security policy permits all such operations.

we .nd that the placement of authorization hooks also impacts tamperproo.ng, by authorizing requests that may affect the authorization process (e.g., change the policy), and veri.ability, by determining where authorization queries are deemed necessary.


This algorithm is very efficient in dealing with collusion attacks the performance is close to linear in the number of colluders.

the algorithm is based on the Set Cover Problem, which is known to be NP hard.


The performance and denial-of-service implications of this are severe.

keeping accurate time should only require occassional contact with a trusted time source.


A similar approach was described in [11], where random start-up values of .ip-.ops are exploited.

the extraction of these start-up values has to be done by the con.guration controller or by a speci.c circuit, which has to be reset externally after every start-up, which makes it impractical.


Using GPU (CUDA), search speed can be increased [11, 12].


This means that while the communication uses HTTPS, thereis no validation that the endpointYUM communicates withis correct(allowing a man-in-the-middletopose asthe repository).

the Red Hat security team informed us that on RHEL, YUM communicates with the Red Hat Network servers using a special plug-in instead.


The .nal example is an instance of occlusion (occlusion is discussed in more detail in the next section): l := 0; (if l then l := declassify(h) else skip); l := h No program run passes through a declassi.cation statement because it occurs in dead code.

the insecure assignment l := h is always reachable.


For if, as we suppose, bad clients are already using most of their upload bandwidth, then encouragement will not change their traf.c volume.

the good clients typically use only a small fraction of their available bandwidth to send requests, so they will react to encouragement by drastically increasing their traf.c volume.


After all, browser plug-ins are conceptually similar.

creating an anti-phishing browser plug-in for the IE proved to be much more challenging than expected.


Subjects disagreed with the statements that our mechanism requires a lot of mental work, is tiring and takes toolong to achieve the desired level of security.

they were con.dent that they noticed all color differences.


SDAP: A Secure Hop-by-Hop Data Aggregation Protocol for Sensor Networks* Yi Yang, Xinran Wang, Sencun Zhu , and Guohong Cao Department of Computer Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA 16802 {yy5,xinrwang,szhu,gcao}@cse.psu.edu ABSTRACT Hop-by-hop data aggregation is a very important technique for reducing the communication overhead and energy expenditure of sensor nodes during the process of data collection in a sensor network.

because individual sensor readings are lost in the perhop aggregation process, compromised nodes in the network may forge false values as the aggregation results of other nodes, tricking the base station into accepting spurious aggregation results.


This way the tra.c might be used on the global GENI network.

this might require additional IRB review.


Therefore as long as there are at least t good peers online that detect A s misbehavior, A will be detected and expelled from the network.

when we use the probabilistic forwarding approach, the dynamic nature of peer-to-peer networks does have an impact against brute force attacks.


If detection mechanisms such as the multi-.ow attack are viable, the target can recover the secret parameters and remove the watermark [24].

recent work has shown that even the most advanced schemes do not possess the invisibility property [8, 17, 29].


In the commodity OS, all operations are performed on the single commodity Linux OS.

with Proxos, when the ssh server opens and reads sensitive data like the password .le, Proxos routes these system calls to the private OS where that sensitive data is stored.


When the PIV card is issued by an agency that obtains PKI certificates through the Common Policy Framework, the PIV content signing certificate is clearly distinguishable through the presence of the id-CommonHW policy identifier and an extended key usage of id-PIV-content-signing.

when the PIV card issuer is using a legacy branch of the Federal PKI (e.g., one that is directly cross-certified with the FBCA) there is no obvious way to differentiate a PIV content signing certificate from a regular signature certificate issued under a policy equivalent to the FBCA Medium-HW policy.


If the ids of the destinations can be derived from their locations, some id-based pairwise key establishment schemes [16], [14] can be employed to help any two communication parties set up a key.

the derivation is impossible for many scenarios where nodes are randomly deployed [1] and thus the location of any node is not deterministic.


Although the system provider could provision a bound SECPack to a device, he cannot choose the (global) address of the shared secret for the binding table because the secret is con.dential to each service provider.

the service provider cannot provision an algorithm kept secret by system provider.


Second, the theorem assumes that a good client pays bytes at a constant rate given by its bandwidth.

the payment channel in our implementation runs over TCP, and TCP s slow start means that a good client s rate must grow.


To sign a message, the signer decrypts a string derived by padding the message digest.

since most strings will not decrypt, the signer will typically have to try thousands of di.erent paddings before .nding a string that will decrypt.


If the server fails to verify that copies is a positive number, both the hostile and benign responses will present a con.rmation screen, the only difference being the number of copies and total price.

if the server checks for a negative number of copies, the hostile response will be an error page, which likely differs signi.cantly from the con.rmation screen.


Hash tables are so popular because they provide constant-time, O(1), lookup, insert and delete operations [3, 6].

collisions become prevalent at high load, which increases the cost of primitive operations.


The attacker uses this timing channel (of response latency) as indication of a correct guess.

in our work, we do not attempt to guess the port at the receiver, and our goal is to discover the internal IP address of the victim host; thus, we can send our packets burst to any port of the receiver, which adds a delay to all connections that the victim host maintains.


Learning-based detection provides a promising ground for mitigating the threat of malicious webpages.

to take e.ect and provide advantages over signature-based tools, learning-based methods need to operate with very little manual intervention.


In each case, hash chains are generated for each path as described above.

we construct a different trees whose structure relates to the how aggregation is performed, to further amortize costs and exploit different computational and storage trade-offs.


Furthermore, Cloud Security Alliance [1] de.nes a comprehensive cloud security reference model, with twelve security domains covering di.erent level of security mechanisms in the cloud.

most of these cloud security mechanisms target threats against the higher layer components in the cloud model, while their functionalities still rely on the integrity of lower supporting layers, i.e.


In Figure 3, the shadow stack could be initialized at the time a new thread is spawned.

we opted for a simpler (but less ef.cient) approach where the validity of shadow stack is checked on each call instruction, using chk init shadowstk.


To evaluate the performance and the possible functional impact of the rotation mechanisms on normal Grid operation, we .rst tested the system using an engineering application for metal casting processes from the D-Grid.

(a) Spambot Attack No Rotation (b) Spambot Attack With Rotation Figure 8: Spambot Attacks (a) Botnet Installation 1 (b) Botnet Installation 2 Figure 9: Botnet Installation Rotations 20  123456 100 15 80 Percentage Percentage 10 Percentage 60 40 5 5 20 0 0 0Seconds Seconds Seconds (a) CPU load with unmodi.ed Counter-(b) CPU load with modi.ed CounterSer-(c) CPU load with modi.ed CounterSer-Servicevicevice and rotations Figure 10: CPU performance no noticeable di.erence could be detected, since the application (like most Grid applications) running on our new Grid setup only requires minimal e.ort from the Grid headnode: one job submission connection and certi.cate check to start the computation and one noti.cation connection when the job is completed.


The CPU requirements of cryptographic and av-recording operations were too small to be noticed by humans.

the sending of email on a 2.8GHz P4 PC running Windows XP with 1Gb of RAM took around 10 seconds when two 15-second av-recordings (taking about 2.8Mb each) were sent as email attachments.


we also calculate false positive rate and false negative rate.


For example, most current works implicitly/explicitly assume that the adversary and user both use the same Tor Browser Bundle (TBB), visit the same localized version of a limited set of pages/sites almost at the same time (or a few days apart) by using only one tab browsing.

violating at least one of these assumptions can reduce the e.cacy of the attack signi.cantly to a point that might not make WF a threat in the real world.


The bounty hunters participate in the data collection, pretending to be simple respondents (in fact, they may be).

rather than following the cryptographic protocol for data submission, they submit baits , whose decrypted contents provably cannot be determined without access to a secret held by the pollster.


Speci.cally, for a .xed a, a regular graph with node degree 10 sometimes exhibits a better attackresilience than a regular graph with node degree 4 (e.g., a = 1), and sometimes exhibits a worse attack-resilience (e.g., a =0.8).

in both random and powerlaw graph topology cases, a graph with average node degree approximately 10 almost always exhibits a better attackresilience than its respective counterpart with average  (a) Regular graph topology (b) Random graph topology (c) Powerlaw graph topology Figure 9: Attack-resilience vs. availability: the exponential node uptime and downtime distribution case (a) Regular graph topology (b) Random graph topology (c) Powerlaw graph topology Figure 10: Attack-resilience vs. availability: the Pareto node uptime and downtime distribution case (a) Regular graph topology (b) Random graph topology (c) Powerlaw graph topology Figure 11: Attack-resilience vs. availability: the normal node uptime and downtime distribution case node degree approximately 4.


However, having not the same input information as the honest parties, the ideal world adversary has to behave di.erently in the following points: S uses only one certi.ed public key whereas, in the real world, each issuer Di uses his own certi.ed public key.

if the real world adversary could distinguish between S and Di, then we could use the adversary to break the key privacy of our insubvertible encryption construction.


However, a convenient strategy to determine where and how to embed the mark is to maximize robustness, since this is the most important property of a watermarking scheme.

imperceptibility can be obtained exploiting the spectral characteristics of the audio signal to determine the place where the mark should be embedded [3, 9, 16].


In particular, Enterprise Roles spanning across di.erent IT systems are increasingly used as a basis for company-wide security management.

the administration of roles in large organisations can become quite cumbersome and needs to be automated.


Gibraltar can potentially be optimized for use on a smart phone by reducingthe frequencyat whichit scanskernel memoryfor rootkits, e.g., by enabling rootkit detection only when the phone is being charged.

doing so introduces a tradeoffbetween security and energy-ef.ciency.


They commonly do eavesdropping and tra.c analysis on the target network.

insider attacks directly target at breaking down the networks.


Now, suppose 100 roles are required to exactly match the given user-permission data.

if we allow approximate matching i.e., if it is good enough to match 99% of the matrix (4950 of the user-permission assignments), assume that the minimum number of roles required is only 60.


A data provider will evaluate his/her privacy policies against every data tuple, and only send a tuple to the server when it is asked by some queries whose issuers are qualif ed to view this tuple.

the server is not aware of any provider s privacy policies, and thus, it does not need to spend computational recourse in enforcing such privacy policies.


With this machinery in place, it should be infeasible for an adversarytolearnthe contents of messagespassedbetweenAlice and Bob.

it is still possible for an adversary to change the contents of messages in transit.


One concern with this scheme is that is may reject a user s choice of password many times, and frustrate the user.

over these trials, users are asked on average for 1.28 passwords Frequency 10000 First Choice Metropolis-Hastings Scheme Hard limit 1/1000000 1000 100 10 1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1e+06 Rank 10: Plot of rank vs. frequency for users generated from rockyou dataset, with free choices, the Metropolis-Hastings scheme and a hard relative frequency limit (similar to [15]).


closer to a moving average and not capacity, space typically exists to accommodate sudden bursts of traf.c.

one of the chief dif.culties with traditional RED is that it eliminates the ability of a provider to offer quality of service (QoS) guarantees because all traf.c entering a queue is dropped with equal probability.


Themaingoalof CloneCloud[9]isthe acceleration ofCPUintensive andlow interaction applications, nonetheless its authors recognize the potential use of the approach in o.oading heavyweight security mechanisms from phones.

in ParanoidAndroid[22]the authorspropose aframeworkfor collecting the state of a smartphone, which is periodically sent to the cloud, where various security checks are applied.


In summary, while our authority-mode SP architecture leverages the minimalist design philosophy and some features of user-mode SP, it provides signi.cant new security features and defends against some potential attacks on usermode SP.

it requires the device user to trust an authority to set up his device in a trusted depot, and does not support portability of the user s key chain across multiple devices or privacy of the user s keys from the authority.


All else being equal, a distributed execution platform suffers from a larger TCB than a corresponding single-host execution platform because it incorporates more hardware and software.

the architecture described here may increase the participants' con- fidence that trustworthy hosts are being used to protect their confi- dentiality.


Like CapDesk, SCoopFS uses acts of designation in the user interface to infer acts of authorization.

sCoopFS scores higher on the control axis because it represents policy decisions as elements in the application s user interface and provides application-specific mechanisms for manipulating these policies.


Malicious users of this type have the novel abilities as the general cloud users.

new VMs can be instantiated until one is placed co-resident with the target VM.


They are involved in a lot of critical applications, that s why security emerges as a crucial challenge in these networks.

wSNs are very constrained which in.uences the security solutions.


Existing large .ow detectors that only check the average throughput over certain time period cannot detect bursty .ows and are therefore easily fooled by attackers.

no scalable approaches provide exact classi.cation in one pass.


.si .S Since a log entry s is a conjunction of di.erent variables, total possible combinations can exceed and may require a lot of processing power.

it can be calculated for each network under consideration.


Because cellular networks maintain a cryptographic relationship with each user device, attribution of a speci.c packet to an individual device is possible.

additional steps must be taken to identify the speci.c process responsible for tra.c.


However, when messages that larger than 10KB are encrypted/decrypted, the performance of White-Box AES is rapidly increased as the length of message is getting longer.

our scheme and Standard AES show efficient performance compared with White-Box AES.


Then the information gain of X with respect to Y is given by I(Y ; X), where 1The terms accuracy and classi.cation accuracy are interchangeably used in this paper.

figure 2: Normal probability plot for gain ratio of attributes Figure 3: Box plot for distribution of symmetric uncertainty of attributes I(Y ; X)= H(Y ) - H(Y |X) a well-known problem with the information gain is its bias towards attributes split in multiple classes [29].


ADAPTIVE ATTACKS We apply [3] s signature transformation attacks on [7, 8] s DCS s. The attack consequence is to cryptanalyze the invisibility of the signatures.

[7, 8] did not claim this security notion, our attacks in this Section are beyond their model attacks, meant to establish their DCS s indeed do not have the invisibility in our model.


This will have little effect on the S-Bundle reception time since vehicles are not limited in terms of memory and processing power.

losing the authentication advantage may propagate malicious/erroneous S-Bundles further in the network, thus incurring high delays due to distant packet retransmissions.


One participant thought that the introduction of the color in POLY was too distracting for users.

the majority of participants believed that the POLY design did a better job than the MONO design: with the bright colors displayed on the request for permission page, it can t help but draw attention.


We seek to minimize the trust placed in the utility software or operators.

some trust in the utility is inescapable.


Owing to incremental hash computation, APR-Quad updates the AdHASH with two invocations of h at each level of the data structure.

embedded tree implementations [11, 24, 23] with fanout f require a hash for each level of both the outer and inner trees, resulting in logf b times more hashes.


That is, X and are compressed conventionally and sent at full rate as the decoder side information.

x and are treated as two parts of one single source and fed into two rate Rnon-uniform LDPC encoders which are identical in structure.


3.1 Threat Analysis The main feature of the architecture that protects users' privacy is that Facebook never sees unencrypted messages or keys and is therefore unable to recover the contents of communication.

there is still significant trust placed in the Facebook servers because they necessarily act as middlemen.


One could argue that with half of the message (randomly) chosen to be a part of the message signature, an attack could theoretically still be performed on the other half of the data and/or the key.

since the uncertainty associated with the choice of the speci.c half of the message (and key) and that the message signature also includes as its components the session parameters, it can be said that such attacks will still prove to be ine.ective.


For example, the size of the .le may be used to determine the average chunk size, potentially yielding greater deduplication in data such as media .les, which tend to be large and exhibit an all or nothing level of similarity with other .les.

since some large .les, such as mail archives or tar .les, may be aggregations of smaller .les, another possibility would be to adjust chunking parameters based on .le types.


Bob may be willing to sell 1000 baubels to any client and may authorize the request for the speci.c client, Slippery Sid.

bob may not be empowered to perform the act on behalf of Sid because of Bob s lack of current stock of baubels.


We adopt the idea of using a higher-level OHC to maintain low-level OHCs in our solution to tolerate a sequence of packet losses.

we use a different mechanism to maintain low-level OHCs and our OHC maintenance scheme doesn t require time synchronization.


One can use it to verify signatures or to encrypt messages.


The design of these hypervisors are dedicated to security instead of running multiple virtual machines, reducing the code size of the hypervisors by eliminating functionalities for sharing and protecting system resources among VMs.

most of these researches use memory management for enforcing security and do not address security in I/O devices.


So one TVD Master cannot trust another TVD Master to build a new image correctly.

in use cases where all TVDs are deployed on the device are controlled by a single administrator, e.g., in case when all TVDs belong to a single company (but, e.g., handle information of di.erent trust levels), the task of building of a new image can be delegated to a company server which represents a kind of multi-TVD Master and handles TVD Policies of di.erent domains.


When our shellcode starts up, we can not be sure what state the CPSR register is in.

because PL and MI are mutually exclusive, we can always ensure that an instruction gets executed by simply adding the same instruction twice to the shellcode, once with the PL suf.x and once with the MI suf.x.


This does not necessarily indicate a behavioral-di.erence.

when servers send di.erent payload data or di.erent volume of data for the same request, BDA encounters a suspicious disparity.


In that case, the code will need to be encrypted, as the numbers must remain secret.

since the only practical protocol to securely distribute code is HTTPS, this would typically be done without any performance loss or modi.cations of the secure site.


This evidence takes different forms depending on how the commitment protocol ended (or failed): 1st Commitment does not take place (i.e., A does not send its rating): Nothing is done since we leave recommenders free to choose whether to rate or not.

if A does not rate B, it should not be able to claim otherwise later.


While such an approach is e.ective, reconstructing high-level .le-system accesses (like path and permissions) from the low-level disk-emulation perspective is in itself a form of the semantic gap problem and requires extensive knowledge of .le-system internals.

the internal kernel structures that DRAKVUF tracks reveal highly valuable information about the execution state of the system, such as the complete set of running processes, kernel modules, threads, and even objects allocated for .lesystem accesses by the OS.


For example, a layer needs mechanisms to provide verifiable guarantees of removing encrypted data and not moving or copying encrypted data.

given the backward compatibility and legacy constraints of storage mechanisms such as read-copy-update [14], versioning [31], journaling [44], RAIDs [30], and so on, achieving secure storage will remain a difficult research area, ripe with challenges and opportunities.


(t2 MyList)£1u£2 let rec for = fun xs -> fun f -> match xs with | Nil -> Nil | Cons xs -> union (f (fst xs )) (for (snd xs ) f) Note that the types of these functions correspond roughly to the typing rules given for the built-in constructs.

in the case of union and for , the type is slightly more restrictive than the typing rule, due to the way recursion is type-checked.


In case of weak dependence, event E occurs if the body of the trigger is true.


Their authors do see randomized encodings as a generalpurpose primitive, and the de.nitions elegantly support a variety of theory-centered work.

they lack the .ne-grained syntax that we shall need to investigate obliviousness, authenticity, and precise measures of e.ciency.


In [11], Mika proposes a basic general social network, called Flink, based on a semantic datastore using a similar framework to that we have proposed, but using several di.erent speci.c semantic technologies.

he does specify that their implementation, using backwards-and forwardchaining is e.ciently scalable to millions of tuples, which provides an evidence of the viability of our proposed scheme.


The last two hypotheses are based on the re.ection that Google s open app market makes Android users more conscious of possible malware infections, and that the explicitly presented app permissions draw user attention to the possibilities of data misuse.

it is also possible that security and privacy aware users choose Android because it is open source, and because they can see in the permissions which data is accessed and manipulated by the apps.


[U]V to depend only on the size of the party s input and be independent of the output size of F .

the computation time of the server S must be linear in the circuit-size of F .


Also, attack graphs have been generated for intrusion alert correlation [15][16][17][18].

this work does not address attack graph usability and complexity management as we do.


Runtime checks can affect control .ow on failure, thereby creating implicit information .ows [8].

compared to Asbestos, Jif requires a centralized principal hierarchy and has no equivalent to split label defaults, which Asbestos uses to support policies such as preventing one process from talking to another.


In the categories of Basic Info and Email, the di.erence between the averages of the control group and the introspective group are clearly negligible.

the discrepancies are greater for the remaining .ve categories; ANOVA (Table 4) reveals a signi.cant di.erence in behavior between the two groups.


In evaluating Flexibility, on average, users gave relatively high ratings to both Group Based and Same-As, 5.55 for Group Based and 5.76 for Same-As.

we found no statistical signi.cance between the two populations (p = 0.336).


This has resulted in solutions being proposed for securing these devices, usually in stand-alone mode.

the introduction of interoperability makes medical devices increasingly connected and dependent on each other.


This approach is well feasible for certain application scenarios, especially if the unveri.ed code can be kept clearly separate from other, veri.ed, parts of the application, and if it requires only limited privileges.

experience, for example with sandboxing in the Java applet context, has shown that many application and usage scenarios can not work within the sandbox paradigm.


On the one hand, it prevents, at least in theory, malicious apps from interfering with a benign app (e.g., to read its memory content).


The following benefits were recognised: i) structure, ii) traceability, iii) comparability, iv) quantitative, and v) machine readability.

we also recognised the following challenges related to security metrics in self-adaptation: i) oscillation, ii) definition, and iii) quantitative.


The traffic data contains the following information: -Source IP addresses - Data sizes (packets, bytes) -Timestamps Technically, we can collect raw traffic flow data at a flow collector and analyze it directly.

according to the law of the secrecy of communication in Japan [19], hosts related to the traffic data should be anonymized before we evaluate the data.


On one hand, an enterprise should keep its customers' PII inside the company in order to protect it securely.

an enterprise would like to outsource business capabilities not only to reduce cost but also to take advantage of the best skills available outside the company.


In particular, under typical parametrizations, and with O(1) amount of client storage, known ORAM constructions require 400+ blocks be transferred between a client and a server for a single data access.

our construction requires transferring only about 1.05 to 1.35 blocks per data access, which makes it both practical and orders of magnitudes more e.cient than the scheme of Cash et al.


Since the global distributed SHT must be more tolerant to high levels of false alarms, it takes longer to claim a worm with the required high levels of con.dence.


Security and privacy aspects should be addressed before mass deployment of RFID tags in omnipresent environment.

conventional security primitives cannot be integrated in RFID tags as they have inadequate computation capabilities with extremely limited resources.


Furthermore, the library implements thatidemixproofs canbetiedtopseudonyms.

this conceptis currently not re.ectedin our claimlanguage.


The data sources that feed the spatial database of a GIS at the beginning of its life are mainly surveys from aerial photographs, topographic surveys, maps digitizing, etc.

after the initial startup, other data- flows guarantee the update of the spatial and non-spatial information of a GIS.


Of the 14420 admissible operations, 2340 of them are falsely judged as malicious so that authentication fails, thus the false negative rate is 0.1623.

of the 3090 malicious modifications, only 10 of them are falsely determined as admissible so that authentication succeeds, therefore the false positive rate is 0.00324.


In-place randomization [25]also has this same drawback, but mitigates it through randomization of the binary, which signi.cantly reduces the likelihood of .nding exploit code within the binary.

in-place transformations are insuf.cient for instrumentation.


We have only analyzed one organization in detail because of the sensitivity of the needed data (it is a map for how to compromise these machines).

we expect that many organizations are similarly vulnerable for the following reasons: Granting additional privileges is frequently an easy way to enable administrative tasks on Windows [8], and Windows is prevalent in many large organizations.


Eliminating trust in the guest instance of Linux is of little security value if the hypervisor contains its own instance.

simpler hypervisors (type 1) exist, and contain fewer lines of code than a typical operating system.


So a user who is interested in using the anonymous service brie.y may not bother about the synchronous framework.

a user who plans to perform long term anonymous communication with others who are located in close geographical proximity is at a disadvantage if he/she is not allowed to use synchronous mix cascades.


Under normal usage this lifetime is not a consideration, as the laptop s JFFS2 [22] .lesystem moves stored .les around as necessary to assure even leveling of the entire device.

an unchecked malicious program that continually wrote random, uncompressable data could use up the .ash device s lifetime within a few days, whereas normally we expect the .ash to last the laptop s lifetime.


In Section 4, we show how this computation is possible in closed form in manyimportant applications.

even if we can ef.ciently compute R(A), in order to evaluate F(B), we need to compute the expectation EA|B[R(A)]= N P(A|B)R(A), A which is a sum over an intractable number of terms.


The solutions limit the privilege of the untrusted code by not allowing it to access local mobile resources.

these solutions are not suitable to defend our code injection attack, because in our cases, app developers do not even know that there may be code inside the data.


Verheul showed how to build reasonable short secure passwords based on calculating the Shannon entropy with assumptions on the min entropy and guessing entropy.

there was no attempt in this paper to consider the usability or memorability of the passwords or how to modify a user suggested password.


Due to the non-linear features of speakers, like intermodulations [18], the recorded sound may contain lots of noises that would make the result unstable.

we propose to use a controlled audio wave pattern to drive the speaker, so that the results will be more robust to random and non-linear factors, and less vulnerable to noises.


PayL [39] develops a new technique for anomaly detection on packet payloads that can detect a wider range of attacks.

the technique has a higher false positive rate than the above techniques.


Because 0x7c00 is the beginning address of the loaded master boot record, the control will be transferred back to the GRUB boot loader again.

this time, it will load the guest OS in the VM mode instead of Barrier.


For example, benign applications do not move .les from its home directory to system partitions and vice versa.

we observe that most malicious applications try to access home directories and system directories at the same time (e.g., symlink a system .le to a local directory).


These identities can be independent of the IP addresses of the IKE daemons that are negotiating (e.g., temporary addresses acquired via DHCP, public workstations with smartcard dongles, etc.).

since the ini tiator reveals her identity .rst (in message 5 of Main Mode), an attacker can pose as the responder until that point in the protocol.


Nishigaki and Koike [7] propose a user authentication using user s email history to generate the questions.

it has a serious problem on leaking privacy, since the impersonators are able to read the mail content when they are trying to log on as the legitimate user.


Among the tested websites, we notice that 19.3% legitimate websites have both used escape and unescape calls moderately.

23.4% malicious webpages invoked both of the method calls.


of msg seen by the Figure 6: The spreading trend of users proxy with 0.1% infected users Bluetooth virus over time than 10 hours, based on our real traces.

if a virus mainly relies on social engineering, its spreading capability is limited and often be capped.


Furthermore, modifying M can .netune the .nal infection percentage achieved by a given con.guration.


This necessitates making decisions based not only on the past and present, but also on the future state of the system.

plans for the future are often more sensitive than information about the present.


It is important to note that it is feasible to use only the standard delay-based PUF for logic obfuscation.

given its limitations, it can only be applied using the architecture depicted in Figure 7a.


RELATED WORK MIKEY [2] is another IETF standardized protocol for keying multimedia applications.

it has largely remained unimplemented for SIP today primarily because it isasignaling-only keying technique.


The techniques have shown their efciency against a set of attacks such as denial of service attacks (DOS).

these schemes are unable to determine the real attack source when there are mechanisms implemented at the attacker network such as the network address translation or when using spoofed trafc, which is the case for the most common distributed DOSs.


The responder replies with a response message encrypted by the (anonymous) querier's ephemeral public key.

a responder cannot check whether a public key is a valid key or a random value since this scheme gives no certifcation of the public key, and moreover the responder cannot detect even if the pubic key is replaced by an attacker.


Note that within the MCC framework, it is possible to enforce policies, rather than models.

since the model EFSA captures a subset of behaviors permitted by the policy EFSA, some behaviors that would violate the model EFSA would go undetected during policy enforcement.


In this case, the PSD will generate HMAC of the quote with the replayed nonce in it.

the tampered uApp will still be unable to authenticate to the remote server, since the server checks freshness of its nonces.


It remains possible to extend our analysis to account for such .ows, following the ideas of [50, 55, 39, 37].

we believe that it is more practical to enforce a weaker property like DFI at the level of an operating system, and enforce stronger, control-sensitive properties like noninterference at the level of the application, with speci.c assumptions.


A number of PKI trust models have been proposed[33] [23] [30] [37].

these studies focus on the relationships among certi.cation authorities (or the structure of PKI), the certi.cation path construction methods, and the performance of di.erent PKI structures and path build methods.


A denial-of-service attack may crash the PHS.

if no connection to this service can be established all access to data objects is denied by default.


A forum user could be logged in for a long time with frequent mouse activities, or could perform just one click and then leave.

the breadth of this corpus of users is utilized to serve as the base pro.le for both training and testing purposes.


of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Syracuse University Syracuse, New York, USA ABSTRACT Android uses a permission-based security model to restrict applications from accessing private data and privileged resources.

the permissions are assigned at the application level, so even untrusted third-party libraries, such as advertisement, once incorporated, can share the same privileges as the entire application, leading to over-privileged problems.


They de.ne conjunction,disjunction andscoping operations on3-valuedEPAL[5] policies.


By term dynamic for what we call history-dependent and static running our program again, we see that this small change for history-independent.

because we distinguish of cost results in a di.erent optimal solution.


The presence of such a credential, which can be demonstrated using an empty proof, shows that a card is valid.

since ABC proofs are rather expensive in terms of time [3, 12, 15], it is often desirable to omit as many selective disclosure proofs as possible in practice.


Although the impossibility result provides evidence that some form of trust is needed for SLP, we do not claim that hiding the number of tuples would remain impossible if one weakened the privacyguarantees or altered the model.

we think our trust assumption is reasonable, as we explain in §8: a malicious SM has limited effect on privacy(it does not see the timing, origin, and identi.er of client tuples) and virtually no effect on aggregate results (it cannot decrypt an incorrect value or affect accountability).


Figure 3 shows that the reactive jamming attacks have much more impact than non-reactive jamming attacks due to the jammer s ability to synchronize with the sender.

in all non-reactive jamming attacks, the jamming probabilities are no more than 0.01.even when |Cp| = |Ce| =7, 000, the reactive jammer s jamming probability is still 0.14.


The threshold-based approach is a common and intuitive technique to examine events of interest X across a Y-sized time window to detect port-scan attacks above certain thresholds [5].

it s not easy to set a proper detection threshold: if the threshold is set too low, it would then mislabel normal traffic flow; whereas a relatively high threshold would fail to identify some malicious scans, especially those deliberately launched slow scans [12].


When V has more than 100 connections, the probability that it does not receive TRA is negligible; in this case, using a listening period might be effective to detect double-spending.

since the connectivity of Bitcoin peers largely varies with the network churn13 (Figure 4), V needs to constantly mon itor its connection count to ensure that it does not drop below a threshold so that it can detect double-spending by adopting a listen ing period.


In turn, the use of virtualization allows third-party cloud providers to maximize the utilization of their sunk capital costs by multiplexing many customer VMs across a shared physical infrastructure.

in this paper, we show that this approach can also introduce new vulnerabilities.


SAME-ORIGIN BROWSING A folklore same-origin principle has developed as a common way of treating JavaScript and cookies in browser design.

this principle has not been stated generally or applied uniformly to the many ways that a web site can store or retrieve information from a user s machine.


Interaction based approaches require real-time responses from claimants, including eye blink, head rotation, facial expression, etc.

these approaches can be bypassed with one or two images [31].


On the one hand, refusing to provide the needed medical information may prevent the patient from getting the desired services.

releasing sensitive medical information to others could lead to privacybreaches.


The most visible di.erence between parameterization in these frameworks and ours is that role parameters are explicit in these frameworks but implicit in ours.

this di.erence is more super.cial than signi.cant: our approach to PRBAC policy mining can be adapted to PRBAC frameworks with explicit parameters.


If PS keeps history of intermediate results, it might deduce a part of the aleatory bits that were used to encode its results sent to NC1 and NC2.

this gives no information of actual data.


Particularly, we built our SDKs as a wrapper of the GCM SDKs, making it convenient for the developers to retro.t them into their apps: all they need to do is just a small adjustment of the APIs the apps call to activate the new protection.

this treatment makes our tool kit less general, requiring a new implementation for a different service.


In addition, the provider warned the user that a service suspension would occur if no reply to the alert was received by the customer support service within 24 hours.

the message was not mentioning the presence of the other malicious .le on the account, namely, sb.exe.


If the regions to be monitored are static (such as kernel codes and the system call table), the address locations to be monitored can be set in advance.

for the dynamic kernel data structures, the address locations to be monitored cannot be set in advance, it must be determined after the dynamic memory object is allocated.


[14] studied mostly the usability of the PassPoint scheme.

a number of later papers showed [20, 31, 36] that the click points are far from being uniformly distributed which substantially weakens the security of the PassPoint scheme.


We point out also that subject-and object-violations are mutually exclusive in that one is neither a necessary nor a suf.cient condition for the other to exist.

if an object-violation exists, then there exists a read action by one of a particular set of subjects that causes a subject-violation.


The last attack shows the possibilityofoverestimatingthe detection thresholdsbydesigning a stronger adversary than that given in the original paper [16].

it can be easily solved as new thresholds can be updated accordingly after new attacks are found.


Join-U, on input gpk, outputs usk[i] that is the user s secret key.

join-GM, on inputs gpk, msk, outputs nothing.


The scalability of P2P can potentially alleviate the high start-up cost of provisioning large amounts of bandwidth and processing power [22]; therefore, allowing small developers to create MMOG.

maintaining security in P2P architectures is difficult as the simulation and game state is distributed to un-trusted peer machines; consistency algorithms are required to prevent errors in player s game state; and redundancy must be built in as individual player machines have a high probability of failure.


Currently, our system ensures a large amount of security between a user and a single service provider.

users may need to enroll in more than one service.


RESULTS For developers, the multiplicity of ad libraries on the Android platform provides options, allowing them to select libraries based on privacy concerns as well as functionality and revenue potential.

for users, who do not choose the ad libraries in their apps, this represents expanded vulnerability, as the presence of any library that ex.ltrates personal data means that the data is potentially compromised.


The parameter d in Theorem 1 must be chosen su.ciently close to zero to ensure the correct recovery of d and C with high probability.

the eavesdropper could tolerate .R a fraction of d = h errors, as these could be corrected upon decoding the possibly noisy coset d ' and the rows of C ' on the (full) mother trellis.


Given a policy P we can compute an irreducible policy P ' equivalent to P by removing authorizations that satisfy the redundancy condition.

in order to compute the minimum policy P '' we may have to de.ne new authorizations that do not exist in P or remove authorizations in P with the only constraint that the resulting policy P '' must have the same behaviour as the original one.


4.2 Open-Ended Responses The VUR rate is a relative metric that allows us to compare risks against each other.

the metric does not provide us with any context for how users interpret very upset.


Fully Automated Analysis of Padding-Based Encryption in the Computational Model Gilles Barthe IMDEA Software Institute Madrid, Spain gilles.barthe@imdea.org Juan Manuel Crespo IMDEA Software Institute Madrid, Spain juanmanuel.crespo@imdea.org Benjamin Grégoire INRIA Sophia Antipolis Sophia Antipolis, France benjamin.gregoire@inria.fr César Kunz Yassine Lakhnech Benedikt Schmidt IMDEA Software Institute U. de Grenoble & VERIMAG IMDEA Software Institute Madrid, Spain cesar.kunz@imdea.org Grenoble, France yassine.lakhnech@imag.fr Madrid, Spain benedikt.schmidt@imdea.org Santiago Zanella-Béguelin Microsoft Research Cambridge, UK santiago@microsoft.com ABSTRACT Computer-aided veri.cation provides e.ective means of analyzing the security of cryptographic primitives.

it has remained a challenge to achieve fully automated analyses yielding guarantees that hold against computational (rather than symbolic) attacks.


seemed to understand that URLs that have all numbers in the front are usually a sign of scam.

many users could not properly parse a long URL and did not seem to understand that the most important part of the URL is the right hand side of the domain name.


For example, control [30, 1] and data .ow integrity [9] ensure that the program never deviates from statically computed models of control and data .ow, respectively.

these systems are not generalizable to security problems that do not violate control or data .ow integrity, and they are of limited use in languages that already provide similar guarantees.


Our idea is to have the server compute the new Merkle trees for a level (or the bu.er C) when it is being rebuilt.

we need to protect against a malicious server that can potentially cheat and output the wrong digests.


As Figure 7 shows, lazy TMI enforcement (STM-TMI/Lazy) always incurs acceptable overheads under 21% in all cases.

eager TMI-based enforcement (STM-TMI/Eager) has even lower overhead for GradeSheet andTar (which showsa not-statisticallysigni.cant1% speedup).eager enforcementisnotagood strategy for FreeCS andWeirdX, where it results in a signi.cant slowdown.Thisis becauseboth FreeCSandWeirdXuseacomplex .ngerprint to identify security-relevant operations, such as joining a forum and creating/mapping windows.


As in functional encryption, C-FE allows a user (client) to learn only certain functions of encrypted data, using keys obtained from an authority.

we allow (and require) the client to send a fresh key request to the authority every time it wants to evaluate a function on a ciphertext.


If the BS successfully veri.es all the MACs it receives, then the protocol terminates at the end of the second epoch.

if it does not receive the requested MACs or if one or more MACs are invalid, the BS executes the sliding-window protocol described above to compute the correct value of R. If the probability of compromised nodes being present in the network is low, then this alternative approach is preferable to the extended approach since it will have much lower latency on average.


Without pre-shared knowledge, existing applications rely on additional communication methods, such as out-of-band or location-limited channels for device authentication.

no formal analysis has been conducted to determine whether out-of-band channels are actually necessary.


Depending on the underlying attestation scenario, any combination of these three models can be utilized.

figure 1: WS-Attestation Models WS-Attestation provides only a structural paradigm on which more .ne-grained attestation frameworks can be developed.


5.3 Path Selection The source waits for a timeout period of Tmax, and if no reply arrives from the destination domain then this means there are no secure paths from source to the destination.

if a reply is received from the destination before the timeout period then it will contain the set of all possible secure paths from the source to the destination.


These components have for an objective, to measure, using equations, only the QoC dimensions of raw context information.

this component does not allow measuring QoC indicators in di.erent semantic levels of context information (e.g., ontology concepts).


The corrected conditional entropy test has a mean score for TRCTC that appears somewhat close to that of legitimate, 1.96 for legitimate and 2.21 for covert.

if we examine the distribution of test scores for TRCTC and legitimate tra.c, as illustrated in Figure 5, then we can see that, although some scores are in adjacent bins, there is no overlap between the distributions.


Hardiness on their mind by this method is lower comparing with that by existing methods.

a computer has to analyze every image with emulating amodal completion since it has to detect boundary of a character before it reads the character with OCR algorithms.


Note that for easy presentation, we only compare the di.erence of the mouse dynamics between a pair of users.

the similar observation holds for the other users.


Given the nature of the triggered alerts, we believe that most of them are true positives.

based on our experience, and since we have not checked all alerts oneby one, we speculate that some of them couldbe falsepositives.


This involves tracking computations and origins of subterms just as required by our framework.

the existing labeled .-calculi do not re.ect the exact semantics of practical data .ow tracking techniques such as the taint tracking mechanism on which our framework relies, which is why the calculus presented in this paper di.ers from existing ones.


2. strerror(3): We initially annotated the string returned by strerror as tainted, because the attacker might be able to control which error message is selected.

none of the standard error messages have % in them, so to reduce false positives we decided to remove this annotation.


The best defenses are provided by techniques that detect a memory error before it happens, such as those described in [24, 17, 26].

these techniques may cause performance or compatibility problems, in which case one might rely on techniques designed to detect memory error exploits such as address-space randomization [1, 4].


)which state that if an individual is a member of a particular concept, thenit must satisfythe conditions that characterise that concept.

it cannot be said that any (random)individualthatsatis.es these conditions mustbe a member of this concept.


Such indecision, however, allows the system to recognize when the policy requires more information to yield a decision.

the implicit interpretation can grant undue access.


In this case, the training stops when the probability di.erence is no more changing with respect to the threshold.

one can .x the number of iterations for generating signatures and apply the re-estimation to commit on the signature after last iteration as a reference signature.


Our participants hoped that the IDS would allow di.erent levels of access depending on system characteristics, i.e., operating systems, IP addresses, speci.c network protocols.

the deployed IDS did not provide such granularity to de.ne access accounts.


Content-Based Isolation: Rethinking Isolation Policy Design on Client Systems Alexander Moshchuk Helen J. WangYunxin Liu Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Asia Redmond, WA, USARedmond, WA, USABeijing, China alexmos@microsoft.com helenw@microsoft.com yunliu@microsoft.com ABSTRACT Modern client platforms, such as iOS, Android, Windows Phone, and Windows 8, have progressed from a per-user isolation policy, where users are isolated but a user s applications run in the same isolation container, to an application isolation policy, where di.erent applications are isolated from one another.

this is not enough because mutually distrusting content can interfere with one another inside a single application.


Since these techniques are targeted at speci.c types of bugs, and they can certainly be used in our system and serve as specialized detectors.

we believe that randomization is a more generic and broader detection methods that can cover these aforementioned techniques.


UDP would have been faster than TCP in the normal scenario, had there been a 3-way handshake [22] for every request made by the SSR to the PE.

for most COTS ORBs, the 3-way handshake is performed only oncebefore the first function call.


3.6 The effect of time We did not explicitly set out to explore the e.ect of time on CVE/yr.

with a few exceptions, the samples of releases are spaced by approximately a year (see appendix A).


There are also many approaches [35, 37, 4, 16, 13, 5, 33] for controlling access to services and trust management in distributed systems and an advanced standardization process for policies and access control (see for instance the OASIS proposals [12, 26]).

with the notable exceptions of provisional access control [22] and trust negotiation [36], access control models rest on the idea that the server picks the evidence you sent on who you are (credentials) and what you want (request), checks its evidence on what you deserve (policies) and makes a one-o.


The integrity of function pointers hardened by PointGuard depends on the con.dentiality of the secret key.

the secret key is vulnerable to be stolen by attackers, such as through information leakage vulnerabilities.


log22(Dij log2 nij) X O( bound of T proved in Theorem 1.

we max j show the overall test length (number of rounds t) analyzed i=1 3 k-1 in Theorem 3.


Of course, we could also think of the terminal that performs the export or import operation as being a translation server.

we make a distinction between the terminal translation architecture and the translation server architecture as there is a sign.cant practical di.erence between using one of the user s own terminals as the translator, as compared to having to contact an on-line third party to perform the transaction.


8 For sending attributes without any identifier, e.g., anonymous demographics, no key at all is needed, and for roles used longerterm but with only one partner, the wallet could generate a fresh symmetric key.

some situations will need a confirmed identity and thus either a direct key exchange or a certificate or secret-key ticket.


Speci.cally, the brute-force approach to capability review requires O(N) proof of compliance queries, where N = |cList|.

algorithm 1 requires O(plaN) queries to the database, where pla is the percentage of credentials in cList de.ning linkingor aggregate containments.