These two works used frequency-based information of user command types as a feature of user pro.les.

the string kernel has two parameters: n which starts for the number of noncontiguous sequence and .


If the result turned out that the group (1,2,3,6) had better performance, the CR users would select the channel number 6 to be a new active channel.

the FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force [2] reported a utilization of allocated spectrum varying from 15% to 85% in the band below 3GHz.


a scalable location service for geographic ad-hoc routing, ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM), pp.


To answer this question, we leverage the client geo-location information provided by the Alexa web information service [2].

we .rst provide background on Amazon EC2 and Windows Azure and discuss the primary datasets we use in our study (§2).


As a result of these packet drops, the page reception time increases from an ideal of about 0.4 s to about 0.9 s an overhead exceeding 200%.

program source authenticity is satis.ed by the RSA digital signature.


INFR A M E differs from both in that its goal is to enable imperceptible data communication, rather than data hiding or authentication.

links as a valuable side channel for device-to-device communication [1 4].


Figure 5 further explains how AHS-E works.

an e.cient bandwidth-sharing technique for true video on demand systems.


On the issues related to e.cient overlay network construction, the authors of Borg [24] used a hybrid approach to build a P2P overlay networks.

in reality from user point of view, they might have less incentive to use hard-drives for long-term frame cache (if they have no intention to save a copy of the multicasting stream).


Two-Hop Nodes: Nodes that are able to connect directly to the base station but prefer to receive IPTV transmission over a one-hop node.

although best service quality can be obtained via line-of-sight (LOS) communication, almost all users will obtain WiMAX services using non-LOS connections[9].


To deal with this increased complexity, we have to measure the SIR more than one time to verify the successful reception of just one packet.

in the literature, most of the optimality frameworks for scheduling/routing problems focus on the so-called protocol interference model [8, 10], which relies on simpli.ed assumptions based on the behavior of the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC).


Generally speaking, there are high-level policies (HLP) and policies on a more technical level (LLP).

automation in network management not only helps reducing (personnel) costs, it becomes a need in order to handle the rising complexity.


The permissible buckets prevent someone from overwriting the key-value data already stored, and it is managed by each node s IDs.

therefore, those technologies requires the server resources and operations, so it is di.erence in our proposal.


In otherwords,Remap allows full decoding after at most one retransmission.

in Section 2, we present the basic idea.


If the server contains previously stored data, they will not be sent.

rESULTS AND CONCLUSION Figure 2 shows the transmission latencies of SMIND, source and destination deduplication schemes, when transmitting up to 1TB data.


When starting transmission, time is needed for both encoding/decoding and sending/receiving.

query for sensor networks should be wisely designed to extend the lifetime of sensors.


[10] J.-H. Chang, L. Tassiulas, Maximum Lifetime Routing In Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.

it turns out that in both cases the () N3/2 scaling shows the same order (T ).


Scenario 2 through 4 supports Smart Buffering with three combinations of removing successfully delivered packets from the queue and reordering between flushed packets from old MAG and newly arrived packets through a new path.

if L2 layer does not provide such a message in IEEE 802.11, this procedure will not work.


Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

since the network lifetime is related directly with the lifetime of each node in the network, the aim would be the same as to establish fairness between the nodes and maximize the lower bound of the average node lifetime.


Obviously, the sum total of all events cannot be covered.

informational privacy protections take many forms, some administrative, physical and/or technical.


I (0) -> provider-to-customer ........ peer-to-peer d Figure 5: A BGP system that obeys Guideline B but violates Assumption P For example, the BGP system in Figure 5 violates Assump- tion P since AS i is an indirect provider and a peer of AS 3.

both AS 1 and AS 2 prefer the peer route over the customer route, which violates Guideline A.


The choices of the nodes in V  R are independent of the choices made by nodes in R. Hence, we can use the principle of deferred decisions as if all choices made by nodes in V  R are made after R has been determined.

x(r) denote the subset of nodes that obtained m through a shortest path of length 0 = d = ., and denote by xd(r)= |Xd(r)| its size.


Supporting Demanding Wireless Applications with Frequency-agile Radios.

[15] A. Sheth, S. Nedevschi, R. Patra, S. Surana, E. Brewer, and L. Subramanian.


printouts of this file are unaffected by this problem.


Updates the Score .eld of ASIs in the ASI Table.


De.ne a topology matrix Hm for the m-th edge router where the element Hm =1 represents that link e is on the k-th path of Pm e,k and zero otherwise.

therefore, the algorithm is amenable to distributed implementation.


In this work, each user bases their transmission probability on their channel gain, assuming each user knows their own channel gain as well as the distribution of other users channel gains.

the experiment results show that by using OAR as the data transmission scheme, MAD achieves up to 70% network throughput improvement over original OAR, which proves that exploiting multiuser diversity in wireless LANs can enhance overall network performance substantially.


: with and without reuse partitioning) with fixed and dynamic subcarrier assignment schemes.

: Global System for Mobile communications GSM ([6] and [7]).


In this case,we may see two local minima in the collection time, s(t1) for the partial transfer and s(t2)for the complete transfer.

its time t is the starting time of the transfer,and its collection time s(t) is the duration of the transfer.


When processing a CCN name as a .-expression, and  is encountered in the next term, it is replaced with the respective call mapping.

2.2 NFN node architecture In its current instantiation NFN extends the CCN/NDN [10] architecture2, hereafter referred to as CCN, (i) by integrating a .-expression resolution engine in a CCN relay, and (ii ) by optionally hosting an application processing/execution environment.


Referring speci.cally to small cells, there already have been large scale deployments, even for the HSPA technology, of compact base stations with transmission power less than 5W (as opposed to macro 10W or even 20W).

at the same time, it is worth noting that RS nodes are not placed too far from BS to avoid a situation when a link between BS and RS becomes a bottleneck.


Information about the availability will thus distribute through the network.

petri-net based TUB s TimeNet tool [4] or queuing network tools could not be used.


For example, the MIT Roofnet project [1] has created a system that can easily add new access points at random, and incorporate them into a large scale mesh.

if it does not .nd such an entry, the packet is dropped.


The proof is avoided due to lack of space but can be established using MUD analysis tools [14].

rEFERENCES [1] 3GPP, Technical speci.cation group radio access networks; 3G home NodeB study item technical report (release 8), TR 25.820 V1.0.0 (2007-11), Nov 2007.


The applications also need to be customized for handling control messages.

for the command service of the Telephone Service, the TelephonyManager does not provide the functions Figure 3: Inter-module Communication.


InSection3, a brief summary of the Chord DHT is presented.

lISP-DHT is able to preserve the locality of the mapping, i.e., the mapping is always stored on the LISP-DHT nodes of the owner of the mapping.


However, Sprinkler handles arbitrary road networks and AP positions, and the system gets more involved.

if the client is mobile (i.e., likely to stay connected to the Wi-Fi AP for only a few seconds), then time is of the essence.


First, the network interacts with the outside world constantly, i.e., receiving packets and Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage, and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

our main focus is on the checkpointing and rollback for the switches.


Thecompressionratioofaclassi.er f isde.nedas the ratio ofTCAMbits usedby aparticular approach A to store f in a series ofTCAMchips overthe TCAM bits used to store f when f is pre.x expanded.

we call this method strict partitioning since we can partition tables among these columns; however, we also show that .nding an optimal partitioning is NP-Complete.


The accurate measurement of the CST requires access to firmware functions or hardware registers that are not always available to the developer.

a natural objective of an attacker is to drastically reduce the throughput of the network.


This led us to pose as a hypothesis that vendor solutions might not correctly implement all of the required security.

first we have the 4bit request (Request) .eld that represents the PSC protocol state of the local label edge router that is sent to the peer label edge router to be considered on its next state computation.


When the handset receives the response, it immediately sends the next request and waits for the next responsebyfollowing the same aboveprocedure.

neither strategy is effective for Dict due to its non-target transfers that are already spread out.


They proposed a variant that works with the absence of roadside units.

the TRSUs have a set of renewable hash functions where each one corresponds to aspeci.c servicetype.


Thus, receivers could not decide which key to use for decrypting the payload since they cannot read either the contained command frame identi.er or short address.

a disappeared permanent neighbor should be deleted automatically like in 6LoWPAN-ND, but that is beyond the scope of this paper.


Cellphones now used more for data than for calls.

it takes about 1/100 of the energy of air travel to video conference.


For this small data center, an average monthly link availability of 99.945 will result in more than 300 link failures each month, creating asymmetric links between S1 and S2 switches and making the topology imbalanced.

we show how to deploy WCMP in a production OpenFlow network environment and present experimental and simulation results to show that variation in .ow bandwidths can be reduced by as much as 25× by employing WCMP relative to ECMP.


In this paper, we focus on the VR (Virtual Router) architecture for controlling BGP, which is embedded in the AISLE agent, and discuss about application for the routing adjustment used for transit ISPs and their customer ASs.

this is because 1) CDPS coincides with the control architecture, and observing methods should be managed on a request-and-acceptance basis rather than by centralized control approaches, 2) observed results including statistical analysis should be shared, after local calculation has been performed, for ef.ciency and scalability, and 3) operation availability increases when some problems exist in the network.


SIMPLIFIED ORDERING As we can see from section II, the ordering for FSD requires at least Nt-1 matrix inversion operations, which contributes to much of decoding complexity.

detection has been a big issue that makes MIMO systems difficult to implement in practice.


They may be able to make intelligent guesses about when circuits are switched based on changes in the tra.c .ow between connections, and estimate the number of packets sent by the switched circuit if it occupies a signi.cant fraction of the overall bandwidth.

thus when Tor is used for bulk .le downloads (such as BitTorrent [5]), delays for interactive tra.c (such as web tra.c and SSH) increase [9].


In order to conserve bandwidth resources the centralised media server is an attractive option.

the di.erence between the call setup procedures is illustrated in Fig.


Achieving convergence free routing using failure-carrying packets.

[6] S. Kini, S. Ramasubramanian, A. Kvalbein, and A. F. Hansen.


At 79% ASTT, which corresponds to same level of service provided by the coordinating AP, the probability of FSE failure in the ad-hoc case is about 100%.

the AP may end the CFP before this proposed CFP length after polling all vehicles in its poll region.


slightly lower performance than having both parts on.

in [15] similar energy conservation schemes are considered for a di.erent problem (target tracking).


Forthe aboveexperiments, we use aquorum group of16(q =4) time slots.


Then we collect packet reception rate (PRR) statistics for all 8 rates using 1, 2, and 3 spatial streams as we vary the power between -10 dBm and 16 dBm in steps of 2 dB.

for the right-most, deeply faded links, the packet SNR decreases from 25 dB to 15 dB (10× transmit power reduction) as the effective SNR only drops by 4 dB (2.5×).


Errors due to TCP sampling behavior: TCP reduces its throughput when the path is congested, so it tends to underestimate the RTT and loss rate in heavy load conditions.

figure 1 shows the CDF of E for all measurements.


Unfortunately, we are not aware of any large corpus of detailed latency measurements from a wide set of phones.

one of the most important aspects of matchmaking is knowing the latency that each player will have to each potential peer.


The main thrust of hop-by-hop .ow control is that a congested node provides immediate feedback to an upstream neighbor sending packets to it about the onset of congestion.

it is not clear how nodes should pick a SAP to avoid hot spots and realize this higher capacity.


After this delay, the attack radio selects its next channel uniformly at random.

we modeled the jamming defense problem as a max-min game between defense and at- Jamming Defense Power Efficiency 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0   reactive defense against slow-sweeping attack proactive defense against slow-sweeping attack reactive defense against scanning attack proactive defense against scanning attack proactive defense against fast-sweeping attack reactive defense against fast-sweeping attack 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jamming Detection Delay (x Packet Time) Figure 7: E.ect of jamming-detection threshold on JDPE.


[16] E. Wustrow, S. Wolchok, I. Goldberg, and J.A.

bits 1 15: Length of the payload in bytes, as a 15-bit integer.


Speci.cally, (n) h (n) i,j h= (16) i,j (n) vhv i,j Plugging this into (12), the new T (n) is given by P H(n)(fp)H(N)(fp) * (n) p T = .

n = 5 and the history is composed of measurements n =1,..., 4.


Figure 8.Delay of Routing Table Distribution As shown on Figure 8, the delay grows linearly with the routing table size.

how to break up and recombine the XML tree structure data is a question.


First, whenever the queue builds up due to the use of Early Start, it helps drain the queue right after .ow switching.

this suggests that Suppressed Probing plays an important role in minimizing the probing overhead especially when there exists a large collection of paused .ows.


Technical report, Indiana University, 2003.

rCTra.cGenerator requires the implementation of a pub/sub protocol interface (see the .le util/PubSubProtocol.java).


In the .rst approach,wesimply hijack BGP.Additional(optional) attributes are de.ned for updates, which are su.ciently rich instructurethatthey canbeused todescriberoutesfor any routing algebras de.ned in RAML.

if an algebra is only SM, then one could use a link-state approach with a local algorithm that essentially simulates vectoring on a local model of the network.


Broadside attempts to minimize the time that it takes to discover the content to 1Thanks to Giovanni Pau (UCLA) who provided the data for this chart.

figure 1 shows aerial views of the locations, indicating the position of the stationary vehicles and the route of the moving vehicles.


Note, also, that PL nodes are not representative of all OSN clients, since end-users may have a variety of connection speeds and a richer diversity of geographic locations than PL nodes.

another recent work [9] focused on the graph theoretic properties of large OSNs such as YouTube, Flickr, and Orkut.


The key character of ad-hoc network is that nodes have ability to con.gure themselves and communicate with one another with the aid of existing infrastructure.

according to the equation 3, the prioritized jitter of node B is larger than node C.  (c) Time line of route discovery of DAPP Figure 3: Slotted broadcasting jitter.


Nokia and 2Scoot have tested RFID technology as a local payment system [9].

context-awareness could be enhanced in a straightforward manner by integrating SmartRestaurant seamlessly into a context-aware architecture such as SmartRotuaari [11], or by incorporating push type notifications using the aforementioned location-aware mobile advertisement system [1].


!$#"% / 0 )E )D )C )B )A )@ (c)After step2, the originalV4 is partitionedinto two VLANs: the ' new V4 andV8.

we are given the reachability matrix at the user-role level as described above.


Therefore, we use software topology control to de.ne the neighbor relations between the nodes.

in our experiments, there are collisions and retransmissions, and the synchronization time value for HARMONIA is measured in the presence of such events.


Figure 14: Overlapping clusters in N. than one cluster, and hence can capture the relationship shown in Figure 14.

the output of this step is a set of L-Cost (L)= X...´ ` '' - e J x,x |L D(x, x ) ... x,x1 .X×X is minimized and for every x .


For this use case, direct network monitoring was not included in order to highlight that significant network state insight can be inferred from device-based monitoring.

[9] MASON Multiagent Simulation Toolkit: http://cs.gmu.edu/~eclab/projects/mason/ [10] Oracle Event Processing: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/middleware/complexevent-processing/overview/index.html [11] Oracle Fusion Middleware CQL Language Reference for Oracle Complex Event Processing 11g Release 1 (11.1.1.6.3).


SUMMARY As more cellular operators transition from unlimited data plans to tiered plans, more users will .nd themselves needing to conserve cellular data consumption.

we contrast this with Figure 9, where we observe that for App6, a small number of objects are skipped, but those objects contribute a lot to the number of bytes.


[4] S. Arianfar, T. Koponen, B. Raghavan, and S. Shenker.

this requires that the content objects be significantly larger than the requests.


We found that limits on participation applied to coinvestigators and non-investigators alike: it was not a lack of motivation, but rather that personal and family activities are a necessary part of life, even for co-investigators, and people can only tolerate so much interference due to participation in a residential sensing study.


e.cient packet classi.cation for network intrusion detection using fpga.


In order to retain the end-toend semantics of TCP, such congestion control algorithm requires a measure obtainable at the TCP entities, which quantifies the degree of contention on the network path.

the TCP sender transmits packets continuously, representing a large file transfer.


Boundary Recognition in Sensor Networks by Topological Methods.

the DoN of pi is small from some viewpoint.


When the connection is closed silently, the NSP sends a RST to the STC-unaware server on behalf of the handset but there is no packet exchange between the NSP and the handset1 .

master s thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2003.


As the graphs will show, overhearing plays a relatively minor role.

modrate is often able to signi.cantly increase overhearing opportunities as shown in Figure 6, yet throughput gains are limited.


Furthermore, simulations are planned to compare the service restorability of ALM schemes, in particular regarding restoration times.

random selection of parents from a pool of local candidates seems to be a viable possibility.


If at the end of slot 1, the CS suppresses A and D, then even though the set of linear equations has 2 variables (A and D) and 2 equations (samples received at AP1 and AP2), still it is not possible to decode both A and D without the exchange of samples.

at the end of recovery, the APs need to take a few steps to ensure: (i) GH is dynamically changed to ensure that all APs have equal chance of being the GH; (ii) Members belonging to a small group have a non-zero probability of merging with a bigger group; (iii) Members belonging to a large group have a non-zero probability of splitting into multiple smaller groups; and, (iv) Next recovery starts as soon as possible.


3.3.5 Merging Step and Inter-Symbol Relationship Identi.cation (Steps 4 & 5) Format clustering produces raw symbols, each denoting a possible message format.

block 8.1 in .gure 1) which produces, for each message, a contextual signature, i.e.


As network nodes that have not transmitted a signal for a while are removed from the cache table, the node does not consider inactive nodes when estimating the local density.

[16] J. Zander, Slotted ALOHA Multihop Packet Radio Networks with Directional Antennas, Electronics Letters, Vol.


If .les are constantlydownloaded,these energy savings correspond to up to 5x improvement in battery life.

data intensive applications, like .le or web transfer, tend to send data as fast as possible and thus will hardly lead to any signi.cant idle periods that could allow the NIC to enter sleep mode.


We also de.ne a Mesh transmission cycle as the entire process that a message is sent from the Gateway Router, operated by the Mesh nodes in the ring, and .nally received by the Gateway Router.

using symmetric keys can also mitigate the DoS attack caused by malicious nodes injecting a large number of fake Onions .


Each transmitter builds a balanced binary tree of randomly generatedhoppingpatterns.

the probability ofdetectingjamming on the second testis equal to the probability of selecting an absent user or ajammer on the .rst test and then selecting a normal user on the second test.


For xr = 0.5, the system will no longer converge for all initial conditions (two oscillators separated by 0.5, i.e.

the conclusions qualitatively hold for the other considered topologies.


Note that when using power control, care must be taken so that this asymmetric carrier sense situation is not actually introduced inadvertently.

[17] Global Mobile Information Systems Simulation Library.


The second case shows the results when an acknowledgement schemeis added to theprotocols, but there are noback channels.

all are similar withlargegroup sizes(16 or greater).


[30] K. K. Rachuri, M. Musolesi, and C. Mascolo.

more speci.cally, the key contributions of our work can be summarized as follows: We illustrate a novel sensor sampling scheme based on reinforcement learning that adaptively controls the rate at which sensors in the phone are sampled, and show that it achieves better accuracy and latency without considerably compromising on the energy consumption.


By carefully arrangingthe .eldsofthe rules,itispossibleto match most packets by only accessing a small subset of the .elds that comprise the rules.

similarly, entry pcontains .elds p, p+ M and p+2M of every rule.


The remained optical carrier is delivered to the base station for wavelength reuse for carrying the upstream data.

the power of the remained optical carrier is large due to the weak modulation.


they focus on randomized beamforming where each node forms its main beam into a randomly chosen direction, a simple scheme that does not require any coordination among nodes and is therefore appealing in terms of practical implementation in a completely distributed ad hoc network.


We prove that a strict upgraded routers.

in order to have statistically relevant data, we repeated each experiment 50 times.


In this paper we demonstrate how it is possible to combine two techniques, strong static typing and generative meta-programming in a way which both shields Internet servers from these low-level vulnerabilities and which, unlike FoxNet, introduces no performance penalty.

almosthalf of these vulnerabilities are in the packet parsing and marshalling code.


The peak downlink rate for EVDOis3.1Mbps and the observed minimumRTT(which approximates the round-trip propagation delay) is around 150ms.

this property of DRWA will potentially bene.t jitter-sensitive applications such as live video and/or voice communication.


TA(1) TA(2) TA(3) TA(4) Total Figure 7: Sector Antennas 1200 Figure 7 depicts the results.

4.2 Flow Scenario Here, we study TCP s ability to exploit spatial reuse via the Parallel Parking Lot scenario depicted in Figure 5.


Many software tools exist to generate random mobility traces particularly for unguided mobility patterns.

we found that there is no comprehensive software freely available for the researchers with the following characteristics: (i) support to generate the trace of intended mobility patterns, (ii) support for visualization and analysis of the mobility trace of the chosen model so that a suitable choice can be made, (iii) support for performance observations from the mobility trace to get more accurate insight about the system behavior, and (iv) support of a user friendly interface to e.ectively exploit the supports (i) to (iii).


An increased number of retry attempts for DHCP discovery would help address this.

on long duration encounters, TCP is able to achieve nearly the same throughput as CTP.


A public-keyinfrastructure for key distribution in TinyOS based on ellipticcurve cryptography.

to reduce energy consumption, it is imperative to minimize communication overhead.


Goodput [kb/sec] 1200 800 400 0 Here, we study the performance of continuously backlogged UDP overall performance is considerably improved as compared to that obtained by using TCP without IFA.

as summarized in the table, any of the fairness constraints restricts system capacity to less than its maximum value for this example.


In this way, PBMF forwards messages to thelowerpotential nodes repeatedly until they reach the destination.

it decreases if there is a node that gives lowerpotential aroundthenode.


Higher-order spectral estimators suppress noise level when the statistical distribution of the noise is Gaussian[12].

tV signals are standardized andACIfeaturesforTV signals can be modeled.


(t) n received from its neighbors, and estimates .

the parallel processing also makes it more di.cult to analyze the performance of DistGreedy.


Various bolt-on protocols have been de.ned to enable mobility, including Mobile IP and the Host Identi.cation Protocol; however, often these complicate existing protocols and avoid handling the core underlying issues.

by performing per-session authentication) and improved Quality of Service could perhaps be better achieved through sessions.


The stored video has a .nite length, and when the state reaches d = NT , i.e., all the segments have been downloaded, the streaming task completes, which is called an episodic task.

.qt is thequeuelengthvariationafteranew segment has been retrieved, i.e., .qt = qt - qt-1, which indicates whether the requestedvideo sbitrate matches theavailable bandwidth.


Introduction Software-Defined Networking (SDN) aims at simplifying and enhancing network control and management, while making it easy to implement new applications.

the feasibility of such a design is not obvious.


Systems a.ected by the bug generated predictable random numbers, most importantly public/private keypairs.

the most popular Unix browser based on OpenSSL is KDE s Konqueror, whose usage share across all Unix platforms, not just Debian is well under 0.05%.2 many popular non-Web clients as well as command line Web clients such as wget use OpenSSL and therefore are likely to be a.ected.


Without consideration of geographical impacts, a su.cient condition to achieve the optimal deployment of having N sensors is N mobile nodes in the non-deterministic deployment.

sort the uncovered cells by their weights (iii).


Will wireless deployments continue to be a good bet?

this body of work has typically encompassed low-cost, lowenergy, and low-infrastructure solutions to networking problems.


2.4.2 Transmission Power Optimization: Thepower optimizationhasbeen considered as animportant SON use case.

the work for comprehensive testing of the SON functionalities has been limited.


4.2 The State Transition of CCP In CCP, each node determines its eligibility using the Ks-coverage eligibility algorithm based on the information about its sensing neighbors, and may switch state dynamically when its eligibility changes.

a node can maintain a neighborhood table that includes the locations of all two-hop neighboring coordinators from the HELLO messages.


For the KNN algorithm, k was set to 10,000 and also the one-class SVM algorithm, we set v =0.01, s2 =12.

rOC curves showing the performance of our method and other three algorithms over the KDD 99 dataset.


Adjacent channel leakage is suf.ciently low in adjacent UHF frequencies, thus interferencefree operations with other whiteLAN-enabled devices and with other UHF band services is possible.

routers or USB dongles, and SDR devices running IEEE 802.11b/g over unused UHF frequencies, so-called whitespaces.


[15] S. Madden, M. Franklin, J. Hellerstein, and W. Hong.

the overall utility function U(si) gives a measure of the probability that a node si is ability of delivering bundles to the sinks (i.e.


Further, since RSD is a metric, it lends itself naturally to use in clustering pre.xes or ASes.

the entries of N(S, C) are expected to be highly coherent.


Measuring Link Bandwidths Using a Deterministic Model of Packet Delay.

during (A), (C), and (E), we do not perform a BTC connection.


oR can send packets with fewer transmission attempts; in other words, higher performance.


This will allow nodes that have storing capabilities in the middle of the path to the DODAG root to store the route information for nodes in its sub-DODAG.

rFC 6550 indicates that either one of the modes should be implemented.


Clearly, we need to design a sensor cover with guarantees on its weight using distributed computations.

our algorithm attains a provable guarantee which is only slightly worse as compared with the best available centralized performance guarantee till date, presented in [11].


Moreover, even though we only check for fanout diversion amongst relevant .ows, when diversion is detected, our scheme re-estimates the entire fanout vector for that node.

in ACM SIGCOMM, Karlsruhe, Germany, August 2003.


If a tie remains, we break it by .ow ID.

its .ow completion time becomes relatively large as the number of .ows increases.


different nodes may operate on different channels to avoid secondary interference.


Vehicular Technology, VT-40:453 459, 1991.

in the existing mutual exclusion algorithms designed for distributed systems [4, 14, 15], shared resources are marked by tokens and every resource request indicates clearly the requested resource s token.


Though there is trust manager in CONFIDANT [2], it did not address how the trust value is evaluated, let alone the incentives.

each node should maintain its own reputation values above Rthreshold to ensure its routing requests would be ful.lled.


Poster Abstract: An Energy-Balanced Transmission Scheme for Sensor Networks Weihua Guo Zhaoyu Liu Guangbin Wu Dept.

topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit Power Adjustment , In Processings of IEEE INFOCOM, Tel Aviv, Iesral, March 2000.


However, using GPS on each sensor node is very expensive and the accuracy of the existing location algorithms is not very high.

in their work, three various scenarios are studied: (1) perimeter nodes know they are on the perimeter and their own locations, (2) perimeter nodes know they are on the perimeter and do not know their locations, (3) perimeter nodes neither know they are on the perimeter nor the location information.


In order to support various applications, such as Voice over IP (VoIP), video streaming, web browsing etc., the IEEE 802.16e defines four kinds of service classes: Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS), Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPs), and Best Effort (BE).

the MSS simply sleeps for the predefined period of time and then returns to normal operation.


The propagation of data from module 3 to other parts of the bus disallows the data transfer from 1 to 2.

signal f Readyi is an internal signal generated by the interface unit.


Our approach is di.erent from autonomic routing; while autonomic routing focuses on interoperability among routing protocols, we .nd the most favorable routing protocol in a particular situation.

since smaller preference values are more favorable, the preference value is de.ned in two ways, depending on whether the performance metric is maximizing Table 2: Preference Value Table Performance Metric Applications app.1 app.2 · · · app.j metric 1 p k 11 p k 12 · · · p k 1j metric 2 p k 21 p k 22 · · · p k 2j · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · metric i p k i1 p k i2 · · · p k ij Sum Sk 1 Sk 2 · · · Sk j or minimizing: {|sij -rij | k k sij  rij (if rij is max.req.)


7.1 Multi-technology Handover Management Several concepts exist that allow seamless vertical hando.s by supporting multi-technology processing, which means managing diverse access technologies.

but today s rescue organizations have to rely on a multitude of carriers in an emergency case due to overload situations caused by panic calls.


For example, the mobile application may o.er to display ISP-provided ads more frequently.


Hotnets 11, November 14 15, 2011, Cambridge, MA, USA.

ashok Anand is supported by a Google PhD Fellowship.


Say, processing is by R2 except rp needs to be processed by R1 with sl acting as the primary.

these systems can efficiently support certain policies, but cannot be flexible enough to support any given policy that is deemed efficient in a given setup, say, policies appropriate for an Internet client.


the acknowledgment is replicated and the probability for it to be lost decreases signi.cantly, by a factor of 2.07 in Lites trace as analyzed below.


The simulation results of the mean response time and mean energy consumption are illustrated in figure 7 respectively.

furthermore, the energy consumption also decreases by 70% and 50% respectively.


In fact, when we consider the normalized energy expenditure per sensor (as Figure 12 shows for grid deployment) the average sensor gets depleted more quickly with higher density.

however, biasing the infrastructure density to the phenomenon movement pattern resulted in signi.cantly higher accuracy.


They are both based on packet-collision avoidance schemes and they both integrate a power management scheme within the MAC protocol.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Network]: Network Architecture and Design Network topology, Network operation.


The ViFi node also send acknowledgments for received packets, since broadcast transmissions in 802.11 are not acknowledged.

table 2 shows the results for simulations over DieselNet s Channel 1 environment.


Many recent researches [9],[11],[12] use the primal algorithm to realize the end-to-end congestion control.

the primal algorithm of Kelly model mainly cares about the fairness of equilibrium point.


Nevertheless, its parameters (BO) should be carefully set to avoid excessive battery consumption.

a node can associate with one parent during a given superframe.


INTRODUCTION In recent years, we have witnessed a rapid increase in the availabilityof low-cost wireless-capable devices such as 802.11based cards and data-capable cellphones.

authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) in Hybrid Ad-hoc Hotspot s Environments.


The output port marks itself and the corresp onding input port as matched.

[11] R. Tarjan, Data structures and network algorithms, CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics, Dec. 1983.


Therefore, the assertion that a new message is computed according to the protocol is an NP-statement (and the party sending the message knows an adequate NP-witness to it).

uC TWO-PARTY COMPUTATION This section presents an outline of our protocols for securely realizing any two-party ideal functionality in a universally composable way.


INTRODUCTION In recent years, dueto the explosive growth of the Internet and the rapid development of Web technologies, Web-based services have occupied a great proportion of the Internet services.

hence, Web commerce services are disk and/or CPU bound.


The Doppler shift due to node mobility is one of the major impairments to underwater communication.

this is because the relative distance between nodes also varies in time.


However, this assumption might not hold especially when the nodes behave sel.shly to reduce their own resource utilization or there exist intentional attackers.

in Proceedings of MobiHoc 02, pages 226 236, New York, NY, USA, 2002.


Some may view it as the physical layer transmission rate which is a .xed value given the transmission power, coding and modulation schemes.

we can observe that the network throughput increases linearly with the offered load until it reaches the maximum throughput.


Hence, FEC or multiple description coding which seek to protect a user for a speci.c loss level may not be appropriate as they will create super.uous redundancy most of the time and might be overwhelmed when losses occur.

simulations are run over a similar topology with 1000 nodes, 750 of which are placed at the extremity of the network.


[2] G. Bai and C. Williamson, Workload Characterization in Web Caching Hierarchies Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS Conference, Fort Worth, TX, pp.

[14] S. Jin and A. Bestavros, GISMO: A Generator of Internet Streaming Media Objects and Workloads , ACM Performance Evaluation Review, Vol.


Technical Report 2011/406, Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2011. http://eprint.iacr.org.

the general computational model is de.ned in terms of systems of interactive Turing machines.


The axis y represents the plans in the sensor and in the sink and the axis x represents the slot where assigned.

we select the plans for the sensor and for the sink that maximize the overpatible with P N i is comp(F, P N i ) = {PWe make the following assumptions: S j .


(Hierarchical mixing can lessen this computational load, while makes mixer setup correspondingly more complex.)

two facts quickly became clear: protocol veri.cation would need to be automated, and this automation would have to be heavily optimized in order to keep veri.cation tractable on standard hardware.


If the periodicUpdateInterval is low, the GS broadcasts updates frequently resulting in increased control overhead.

it sets the EnableBroadcast .ag to true so that this message can be rebroadcasted among all the ANs.


Finally, our algorithm is inspired by the random sampling approaches based on the sample and count scheme of Alon et al.

we now present an algorithm solving Problem 3, and the intuition for the sliding window algorithm is as follows.


[12] E. M. Sozer, M.Stojanovic, andJ.G.Proakis.Underwater acoustic networks.

the topology might be used when several nodes communicate with a surface buoy used to relay information to a remote collection point.


It can also model certain sensor network deployment scenarios such as on the banks of a circular pond or building.

(2)) does not count the eigenvalues equal to 1 and the corresponding eigenvectors.


The reason all the applications send data in the uplink direction is the fact that no contention occurs in the downlink direction.

since we focus on the contention resolution that is done on the MAC level, we do not simulate errors in the physical channel.


their total throughput was almost the same as for fixed throughput allocation.


Tools to visualize .rewall rulesets are more in line with our e.orts.

since there is no limit to the number of ports that can belong to each host and only a limited amount of space in the host s rectangle, there is a possibility that the number of slots will be less than the number of ports to show.


The neighbors of pl (including waypoints) are sorted into a list according to their distance from p~ with the closest particle first.


We see that HHR performs the worst and deviates rapidly as the number of hops increases.

under Clearly, NHHR is also the maximum number of retransmissions high channel errors, large number of hops or high desired after which the source should stop even if does not receive an reliability, HHRA has lesser overhead in attaining the reliability.


equipping each UE with a TPM allows system developers to build trusted software and guarantee the   SINR Threshold t (dB) Figure 3: We illustrate the typical distribution of SINR values reported by benign and sel.sh users in a single cell.


We ensure that the weight of the new parent group is larger than the weight of the member (which is one of the requirements of the topology construction method [12, 14]).

we only have to show that the wait statement eventually terminates.


Client invocation through request manager 2.2 Replica Management Policy Attributes Two key issues in replica management are: replication type (R) and protocol used for total ordering of concurrent requests from multiple clients (O).

here, the client only attempts to unicast its request to the sequencer, but does not go ahead with the transmission as it wrongly suspects the sequencer to have failed.


As a result, the industry is increasingly reliant on unprecedented degrees of parallelism to keep pace with the ever-growing demand of high-end computing (HEC) capabilities.

from these results we conclude that it is feasible to accurately predict how to remap the underlying optical switches based on a snapshot of the current communication topology.


10.4 Execution comparison GPSR VS. TPGF In this subsection, we demonstrate the execution comparison GPSR_CW is larger than that of GPSR_CCW is only because the unclosed part of the hole is in the clockwise side, which actually use GPSR_CCW can get better result.

the Nodedisjoint multi-path transmission has the lowest priority in our protocol realization, because once at least one routing path is built for a source node, such as an image node, some amount of data Figure 5.


Speci.cally, whenever Ethereal labeled a .ow generically as just TCP or UDP, we .ltered it out of the trace.

work protocol is an intricate set of rules dictating the interaction between two processes, to the network, a protocol is just a distribution on byte sequences induced by real implementations and usage.


Therefore, the MLAS problem in duty-cycled WSNs has emerged as a new problem.

node v is the sibling of z.If node v selects z as its new parent node instead of u, the number of child nodes of u is decreased by 1.


View Provided By Tables: Across all ONP weekly samples, the median largest last seen time in the monlist tables is about 44 hours.

other entries in these repeating (re-sent) tables showed that different clients of these servers had previously also seen the same multiple response behavior.


Another function of this broker is to control which peers are connected to the system, to guarantee that messages are not delivered to administrators that have left the overlay.

[4] M. Day, J. Rosenberg, and H. Sugano.


Active network approaches [21] provide similar control functions, but do not consider the control structure like ASes.

the .rst two modules achieve the VR functions that enable policy-based BGPcontrol as a whole AS.


Several architectures for implementing a human brain cortex executing at real time have been suggested recently.

the DRAM access time should not be an issue.


A .ow is accepted if all switches along the path accept it.

second, unlike fair sharing protocols, EDF and SJF rely on the ability to preempt existing tasks, to ensure a newly arriving task with a smaller deadline can be completed before a currently-scheduled task.


Then, in a subsequent section, we will present the description of the protocol when it is not possible, or it is not desired to negotiate the conditions of the contract.

our proposal is clearly better than the previous ones because it has a lower overload both the in number of messages and cryptographic operations.


Gradient Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks.

the performance of the protocol the synchronization error and the time to synchronize the network is dependent on the number of points that are used to create the regression line.


Whereas, routers in the edge net 1Akamai have their own proprietary detour routing service called SureRoute [46].

we validate the accuracy of Sequoia using Vivaldi [8], the wellknown coordinates-based approach to model network latencies, as a benchmark.


(b) Neighborhood collaborative sleeping.

simulation study shows that the randomness introduced may help in target detection.


This gives wireless service provider an opportunity to adapt more quickly and maximize their pro.t.

they do not explicitly manifest the relation between the two competitions, while we focus on this aspect.


Figure 8 shows the average localization error using the Two Angles and the Weighted Two Angles protocols for different network densities.

a sensor estimates its position as the intersection point of the lines extended from the localizing anchors at the angles determined in the Angle Estimation phase.


Coupled with the results of our prior work [28], the vulnerabilities identi.ed in this paper raise signi.cant ques tions about the reliability of wiretap evidence and suggest that the bulk of the wiretapping technologies currently em ployed by law enforcement are largely incapable of reliable evidence collection in the face of relatively simple counter measures.

we repeated the experiment using T-Mobile as the target s service.


The higher preference of customer routes forces those routes with lower preference invisible to other routers within the provider s network.

note that network providers offer transit service only to its customers (i.e., a network provider only announces its own and its customer pre.xes to its peer ASes).


[10] T. G. Grif.n, F. B. Shepherd, and G. Wilfong.

every node i only needs to store in its memory alternate routes and paymentcomponent values for the transit nodes on its best route.


For hijacking the target pre.x s tra.c from a given site, we simply advertised the pre.x through all the four other sites.

the .gure shows that a tier-1 AS can, on average, hijack the tra.c for a pre.x from another tier-1 AS with 70-75% probability.


The performance of ROMA is studied by simulations, and compared with a well-know static scheduling scheme that is based on global topology information.

because the receivers can adaptively adjust their reception beams to nullify the sources of the side lobes, we do not consider the harmful e.ect from side lobes.


SIDs name services or data, and so the SID must often be carried in band, like the EID.

these two new naming layers that have been motivated by Principle #1 require two additional layers of name resolution: from SIDs to EIDs and from EIDs to IP addresses.


In legacy WLAN standards, real-time traffic is treated in the same fashion as non-real-time traffic.

section 3 describes the simulation scenarios.


To analyze the IS-IS protocol dynamics, we collected the routing data using the PyRT listeners described in Sec- tion II.

the listener is "passive" in the sense that it does not transmit any LSPs to the router.


To verify these properties, in the next section we lead some experiments on these two codec classes in conjunction with both DCCP congestion controls.

it varies less quickly than TCP-Like to abrupt variations of XVID throughput and hence increases the delay transfer of DCCP packet flow.


The coordinate of a host is the distances from itself to the landmark nodes, and the distance between two hosts is calculated as the Euclidean distance in the Cartesian coordinate.

[8] Zhuge, H., Liu, J., Feng, L., Sun, X., He, C.: Queryrouting in a peer-to-peer semantic link network.


Detection: An important part of the coexistence problem is how can a high-power node detect whether a low-power user is disturbed by its interference.

that same preamble could have been respected by some other HP node (say HP3, not shown in Figure 2) who cannot detect LP1 and hence it missed its L preamble, but can detect LP3.


As a consequence, the average number of proxies in an information group decreases.

adaptive web caching: towards a new global caching architecture.


There is no need to transfer U-plane frames via FCF, which removes the scale limitation of FCF.

[4] S. Gai, Data Center Networks and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), Lulu.Com, 2008.


FairCloud: Sharing the Network in Cloud Computing Lucian PopaGautam Kumar Mosharaf ChowdhuryHP Labs UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Arvind KrishnamurthySylvia RatnasamyIon Stoica U. Washington UC Berkeley UC Berkeley ABSTRACT .e network, similar to CPU and memory, is a critical and shared resource in the cloud.

a similar model is assumed by other e.orts such as Oktopus [10] or Gatekeeper [24].


Zheng kqyan@cyut.edu.tw scwang@cyut.edu.tw s9414606@cyut.edu.tw Chaoyang University of Technology  ABSTRACT The Byzantine Agreement (BA) plays a key role in fault-tolerant distributed system design.

there are two SBAP (source processor with initial value vs) phases in the SBAP, they are the message exchange phase and the Pre-Execute.


reduction with just 2 DNS servers in all metrics, improving to 50-62% reduction with 10 servers.


Lemma 1: If both the extended lines of FOV of camera are exactly secant to the circular object, the first two intercross points which are formed by two secant lines will be a chord.

{ 15: if (sk ==sec) { 16: find k where rotate(sk) = ti, .i.S-C; 17: curr_ang = rotate(tk) ; 18: } 19: else 20: find k where min { rotate(sk)-ti };  21: } 22: else { 23: find j where max{ rotate(tj)-ti } .i.D; 24: C = C.{j}; 25: curr_ang = rotate(tj) ; 26: } 27: }  If there is no covered range to span across 0°, the node with largest covered range is selected as the first node and then to go on selecting the next node clockwise or counter-clockwise.


UWSNs are an emerging paradigm that is attracting many researchers.

equations 1 and 2 now become: i ' 2 (t)= aprns(t)i(t)-ßi(t) (7) s ' (t)= ßi(t)-aprn 2 s(t)i(t) (8) Thegeneral solution of i ' (t)is: (apr 2 -ß) i(t)= - n (9) t(ß-apr2)+c(apr22 e nn-ß) -aprn Thissystemhasstilltwosteadystates:STEADY0 reached when i(t)= 0,andSTEADY1 reached when i(t)= 1- ß .


We choose to re-distributeUAi.j to each link k .l within Ni.j proportionally to k .

eZ-Flow [5] is another backpressure congestion control mechanism which does not require explicit signaling.


Data-caches and multi-threading are complementary; whereas data-caches exploit locality to reduce the number of context-switches and the off-chip memory bandwidth requirement, multi-threading exploits parallelism to hide long cache-miss latencies.

since most application-data are either read-only (e.g., route table) or .ow-speci.c (e.g., metering counters), we ensure the coherence of application-data by pinning each .ow to a processor core (i.e., by processing all packets of a .ow on the same processor core).


With the above modi.cation we consider in our proof attacks against users that do not properly verify the validity of server s certi.cate.

some users would be able to distinguish w * and w whereas some would fail.


Nodes mobility produces dynamic network topology which may cause route failures that requires discovery of new routes.

tCP session is lasted for 150 seconds and is then terminated.


Industry understands that interfaces, or lack thereof, can shape a market.9 There is probably a whole paper on the tussles surrounding open vs. closed systems.

one investment option that is gaining momentum now is municipal deployment of .ber, because .ber installed by a neutral party such as a municipality can be a platform for competitors to provide higher level services (e.g.


The network delay between two peers is ignored.

with peer selection, we discuss issues of selection criteria and their impact.


There has been much interest in developing mobile wireless ad-hoc networking solutions due to their flexibility, ease of deployment and potential commercial applications [1].

rRDA determines nearby information sources of a requested object similar to how route discovery is done in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [16].


The test scenario for the case of a concrete block.

our results confirm that the impact of multiple reflections becomes more dominant as the channel becomes more non-Line-Of-Sight.


The opportunistic network scenarios examined composes of 34 nodes (one source, one destination, and 32 intermediate relays) and the bu.er size on each node is con.gured to be in.nite.

the drawback of EC scheme is that it can not provide good very small delay performance while comparing to other popular replication based approaches.


Section 3.2 describes the solution to this problem.

dOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITCC.2005.43 [17] Barr, K. C. and Asanovic, K. 2003.


With this redirection mechanism, VR1 s control plane not only can exchange routing messages with its neighbors, it can also act as the remote control plane for its old data plane on A and continue to update the old FIB when routing changes happen.

the delays in completing all of these steps would cause unacceptable disruptions for both the data tra.c and the routing protocols.


TheOLPC Z adjuststhetransmitpowertotheMCS speci.cSINRtarget .k * such that the requiredpowerper subcarrierforMCS k is ** Pk (I,L)= .k · (N0 + I) · L (1) where N0 isthenoisepower.

the y-axis shows the outage as in previous .gures.


If the userwants to initiateaconversationwithafriend,hesendsoutan Interest,with the friend sremote service name as the Interest sname,and the message that he wants to deliver to his friend as the Interest s payload.

figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b) illustrate the Interest and Data packet forwarding process within a router, from which the PIT lookup and update process can be derived as well.


[2] A. Balasubramanian, R. Mahajan, and A. Venkataramani.

the median object size of Flickr is signi.cantly larger.


We present OpenTCP as a system for dynamic adaptation of TCP based on network and tra.c conditions in Software-De.ned Networks (SDNs) [21].

additionally, more than 45% of the .ows .nish in less than 260 seconds in OpenT CP1, which indicates a 62% improvement compared to unmodi.ed TCP.


The work in [4] investigates the problem of rule order optimization for packet .lters, and presents the outline of a greedy approximation algorithm.

in addition, the paper provides no further details on how rule weights are computed based on collected tra.c statistics, how these weights are dynamically updated with the current tra.c conditions, and how the optimization algorithm can be seamlessly integrated in the packet matching module of .ltering devices.


aRoute [6] is a novel namebased routing scheme for ICN.


In this paper, we propose a framework of a CAC to accommodate various features of combining WiMAX networks with DVB-RCS segments.

at higher load, a larger number of connections will stay  Figure 3: Handovers rates in the WiMAX DVB-RCS  7.


It is torsion free and therefore can be treated as Hom(H1(Rr(X)), Z):the group of linear maps from H1(Rr(X)) to Z.

we also found that nodes start their periodicity by contacting with a neighbor that is already periodic and 1 state advance.


Each bit of this array corresponds to a block on the CS.

figure 10 shows for di.erent densities, the number of erroneous messages and the number of retransmitted messages.


Application Layer: In this layer the applications run in isolated compartments.


Once a route is found, the end-to-end delay is small and does not impact the MOS.

in our and other s work, it has been shown that di.raction plays an important role in wireless communication in urban areas [25].


The communication research community has put considerable e.ort in solving the problem of seamless vertical handovers between any technologies [6, 9, 12].

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Wireless communication  General Terms Design, Performance  1.


A threshold of ln(n) for approximating set cover.

we only need to consider the .rst two time slots.


If mR, the number of idle wavelengths on the alternate route R, is such that mR < = ., where .

as to the GMPLS networks a path is dynamically routed, Routing protocol is used to disseminate link information (e.g.


Recently, this biological model has been extended and shown to be able to achieve decentralized time synchronization and coordinated sensor control in wireless sensor networks [5, 14, 2].

determining a slot schedule in multi-hop topologies is a much more complex problem for two reasons: nodes belong to intersecting and multiple-sized neighborhoods and overlapping broadcast regions create hidden terminals.


All of these may not work on the Blackberry and other PDA and smartphone environments.

it is a resource that is currently untapped as it seems few academic libraries, if any, are taking significant strides to accommodate access and display for mobile devices.


Due to the limitation discussed in the section 6.2, we cannot realize the full potential of the CAMMAC.

so this triggers carrier sensing (CS) on one channel if transmission is happening on the other.


Similar to the previous formulation, the computed can serve as an upper bound on achievable max-min DSF values.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


The main drawback of the WMM mechanism is that high efficiency levels in channel utilization are achieved only when it is configured to work in a probabilistic way (soft QoS).

1) Best scenario: In this case (Figure 7) an ordinary end-user is reached by 3 redundant paths, via two gateways.


Further, it maintains three different types of views of network state.

direct interaction between the network and applications is undesirable for two reasons.


We address this with an algorithm that mostly avoids, but is not guaranteed to completely eliminate reordering; we describe it in §6, where we present our router prototype.

scaling RB4 up would be problematic, especially if we introduce additional servers to cope with the limited per-server fanout.


It is assumed in the Bianchi s model that the network does not have any hidden nodes, so that all embedded epochs of all nodes in the network are almost synchronized and hence the use of a single DTMC su.ces for analysis.

(1 - 2 pi,c)(W + 1) + pi,cW (1 - (2 pi,c)M ) Expressions for Ptr,i , Ps,i and E[Li] are the same as in the previous section because the expressions of .i and .i(1 - pi,c) are not a.ected by the introduction of the fake collision probability fi.


as the slowest and most expensive part of the end-to-end path.

here we solve the resultant system for Te(-)de.ned in Equation (28) and restated in Equation (11).


Then removing these Ks coinciding sensors will create an uncovered region (i.e., a sensing void) surrounding sensor u.

in a large-scale sensor network, the interior sensors normally route more traffic and higher connectivity is needed for interior sensor to maintain the required throughput.


In a wireless transmission graph, each edge e is associated with a weight t(e), which stands for the tra.c demand of the corresponding transmission.

a scalable, commodity data center network architecture.


of ACM MobiCom 2007,Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 9-14 2007.


n)n.N for which there does not exist a coalition S and (rn)n.N .

based on the top-coalition property, we can construct the core relay selection in an iterative manner.


Each of these virtual machines will run a JADE platform and a prosesd daemon.

the project team expects to obtain the final experimental results by the end of the year.


RELATED WORK Self-organized network protocols can be mainly classi.ed into Dominating Set (DS) based and links-pruning algorithms.

in IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, USA, April 2003.


(2) FILO (First In Last Out), where the most recently arrived packets are eliminated .rst.

the propagation of the mean measured delay observed in each static node is in the form of delay update message, which consists of records in the following form: < src id, dst id,delay,seq, expire > where src id and dst id are the IDs of the starting and ending static node, delay is the mean measured packet forwarding delay during interval I from src id to dst id, seq is the sequence number indicating the freshness of the message, and expire denotes the time when the information in the message becomes invalid.


This is due to the fact that if any value selected which is between the CSDF value to the right or the left of the median value, then more than half of the other CSDF values will be at an increased distance from the representative value.

aCM Transactions on Information Systems, 10(1):91 102, January 1992.


Certain routing policies or BGP implementations may expose information that is not intended to be public knowledge, such as peering and transit relationships.

[26] KENT, S., LYNN, C., MIKKELSON, J., AND SEO, K. Secure border gateway protocol (S-BGP) -real world performance and deployment issues.


Smart Nodes of Internet of Things (IoT): A Hardware Perspective View & Implementation Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio Texas A&M University Analog and Mixed-Signal Center College Station, TX 78758 USA s-sanchez@tamu.edu  ABSTRACT A lot of efforts have been done on software layer to propose the idea of Internet of Things (IoT).

and there is little attention about realization of such IoT Smart Nodes.


Ideally, VoIP would be transparent to the networktype suchthat users would nothaveto worry whether their machine is currently part of a MANET or attached to the Internet.

[8] J.-J.Chen,Y.-L.Cheng,Y.-C.Tseng, andQ.Wu.A push-based voip service for an internet-enabled mobile ad hoc network.


By comparing Figure 10 and 11,we also conclude the gap between our method and the fractional optimal solution narrows as the number of users increases.

a and Au denotes the set of APs that user u .U is associated with.


E" represents the fact that the signal transmitted by node u potentially contributes to the interference level measured at node v. Edge (u, v) is assigned a weight i wuv, which corresponds to the received power at node v of i the signal transmitted by node u, i.e., wuv = Pv(u).

let us now evaluate how many nodes are within distance d(n)·r(n) from u.


T *, the lifetime of T * is at least as +* ß .

bWD-ST Problem: Given a weighted graph G =(V,E,w), w :E .


Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm for Multicast Routing with Traffic Table 1.

hashing values are tuned according to the Xij f t k parameters calculated from the network optimization.


The protocol identi.es all nodes in the wireless mesh network and assigns weights to all possible links.

nodes executing AODV-MR-2 or AODV-MR-3 experience a lower degree of interference and contention since the tra.c is distributed across multiple non-overlapping channels.


Otherwise, the next hop to reach endpoint is retrieved from the routing table and the packet is sent to that node.

even in static networks without packet losses, greedy forwarding may fail between some pairs of nodes.


In DS-SWAN, a destination node sends a QoS_LOST warning message to the ingress edge router when the end-to-end delay of a VoIP flow becomes greater than 140 ms. We have observed from initial simulation runs that the number of dropped VoIP packets in the ad hoc network is usually well below 1% when SWAN is used.

figure 8 shows the packet loss in the ad hoc network for VoIP traffic.


Our evaluation shows that, even with the maximum packet rate the D-ITG tra.c generator on n0 can handle (sending and receiving 64-byte UDP packets at 91k packets/s), migrating the virtual router VR1 from n1 to n3 (including the control plane migration and link migration) does not have any performance impact on the data tra.c it is forwarding there is no delay increase or packet loss4 .

besides migration scheduling for planned maintenance, we are also working on the scheduling problems of power savings and tra.c engineering.


[33] PO PA, L., YU, M., KO, S. Y., RAT NA S AMY, S., AN D STO I CA , I. Cloudpolice: taking access control out of the network.

it is fundamentally limited by the number of .ows for which it can provide this functionality due to fast path memory limitations.


For subscriber m, it is de.ned as a vector of wm =[wm,1,wm,2, ·· ·,wm,C ], where wm,j is used to compare the user s interests in di.erent items, and wm,j = 0 means user m is completely not interested in data j.

we take two data items as an example to illustrate our multiple mobile data o.oading scheme in Fig.


The progression from novice to expert may be described as movement along a human-system receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Sorkin & Woods, 1985)  3.4 Pace of work Increasing velocity of data corresponds to increasing rate of data collection.

concepts from such models include (among others) users comparing rules actions to expected outcomes [4] [3] and the role in joint (humantechnology) cognitive systems of an artificial construct of knowledge about the world [5].


[18] Pathak, A., Hu, Y. C., and Zhang, M. Where is the energy spent inside my app?

the scenario has also less potential for energy savings, as the required bandwidth does only drop to less than 1 Gbit/s during night time.


this continuous transmission ensures that the receiver in link ev experiences interference from other links.


A large forwarding table complicates bridge design, since forwarding tables in Ethernet bridges are typically implemented using Content-Addressable Memory (CAM), an expensive and power-intensive technology.

we were able to improve convergence delay during recoveries by letting switches continue to forward packets through the old resolver for a grace period.


Calculate the three optimization objectives for s_CH: ' , D , and Rbl s _ CH s _ CH s _ CH 11. end of for each chromosome iP .Q loop t t 12.

to enhance scalability, clustering is often used, which is a technique for hierarchically organizing the network nodes, aggregating topology information and reducing the size of routing tables.


.N where N is length of code and H is the integer code index prime to N. For the simplicity N is assumed to be even in this paper.

this paper analyzed the performance of random access in the multipath fading channel.


The di.erence between our scheme and these works is that instead of blind transmission of data packets we analyze the semantic (meaning) of sensor data to exploit the temporal correlation.

in all other cases, DP executes CORRE-LATED to determine the value of r. The absolute value of r is compared with < to signal the system that approximation process can be performed.


1st ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Auditory Quality of Systems, Apr.

endpoints should be able to choose between short and long sequence numbers.


We might consider full containment as a viable option for experiments such as dry-runs of botnet takedowns [5], but we .nd that frequently the dynamically changing nature of real-world interactions and the actual content of delivered instructions holds central interest for analysis.


A cluster graph models topology at an intermediate level of granularity, i.e., it is more fine grained than an AS graph and more coarse-grained than a router graph.

the cluster graph is less complicated and more stable than the router level topology, can be obtained as easily as an AS graph while providing more fine-grained information than an AS graph, yet capturing the Internet topology.


Computing the types of the relationships between autonomous systems.

that are consistent with respect to .. for all (u, v) .


Compared with other RA algorithms, MiRA poses two implementation challenges.

setting the channel to 40MHz in 2.4GHz results in partially overlapping channels.


IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 24(3):659 672, 2006.

when the FDMA/CDMA/SDMA scheme is adopted, the outage probability decreases with arising of the number of relay nodes.


It visually seems that the signal can be reliably detected versus the background noise for all measured SNRs.

moreover, we cannot .t a single standard 14 OFDM symbols correlator alone on our FPGA.


INTRODUCTION Opportunistic networks have a great potential to leverage everyday mobile devices and to enable very large and infrastructure independent networks.

our work puts a basis to systematically leveraging context information for opportunistic networking applications and services.


An ROI is a consecutive range in the packet data buffer, and a GPU processing element can have multiple ROIs spread throughout the packet.

an integrated experimental environment for distributed systems and networks.


It has also been suggested [13] that the nodes may police themselves.

the .rst approach, which we term subdividing by best base station neighbors partitions the nodes into sets such that each set contains a node that is the fewest hops from the base station as any node in S, along with as many of the node s children as possible so as to arrive at roughly equally size sets.


Speci.cally, Dijkstra s algorithm (with future connectivity information) or the linear programming approach (when with information of future connectivity, tra.c demands, etc.)

implicit actions can be determined by the node s forwarding preferences.


An improved greedy algorithm can take into account the maximum amount .i by which Ni can be reduced through a minimum expansion.

interestingly, we observe that repeatedly applying our proposed techniques can achieve signi.cantly more reduction in the number of TCAM entries needed.


We apply the processes described in Section 4.2.

the .nal limitation is the station pairs need to be more than 50 km apart.


In this sense, DHCP [11] in IPv4 and the autocon.guration of the lower 64-bit of IPv6 address are insuf.cient to provide identi.ers in a routing protocol.

we also take a clean-slate approach when discussing multihoming.


Otherwise, the proxy sends the request directly to the web server.

the change of cache content can be measured by the amount of new web pages fetched in.


In general, this is a strong NP-hard problem [15], so computing optimal for even modest-sized experiments is infeasible.

over the following sections, we .rst compare Baraat s performance against various decentralized and centralized solutions.


While similar, note that this PSM is not the same as 802.11 s PSM mode.

nodes can save signi.cant energy by disabling their radios (i.e., sleeping), if not used.


To avoid loops, each downstream user that receives a packet in a particular hub, only repeats this forwarding process when it moves into a di.erent hub.

dynamic SOLAR-KSP combines static hub based information with dynamic selection of next hop on the path towards the destination.


The peer selected by peer  not only increases the number of .les by one but is also assigned one point from peer .This method is different from the actual method.

as mentioned in the previous section, the appropriate value of of RPID that yields good load balancing as well as fewer hops should depend on the network con.guration.


Note that the group distribution in our simulation is random instead of uniform.

all stations belonging to other groups will set their waiting time, that is, Network Allocation Vector (NAV) much more precisely.


specializing their results to the case of one-dimensional anomalies, we can guarantee detectability of anomaly Fi if: 2da fi > C .i.


This phase transition occurs in the plane, but not on the line.

the per packet delay D(n, b) is the sum of the times a packet spends at each relay node.


CTP has, however, some commonalities with TCP: it transfers an opaque reliable byte streams, and is connection-oriented.

unlike other methods, we target a general-purpose network service with a focus on reducing the effect of sudden traf.c spikes in short periods of time.


We use these third-party root domains to examine the diffusion of information about user viewing habits across our set of popular .rst-party sites.

given the increased privacy concerns that users have with sites such as those involving medical and .nancial concerns, the extents are still large.


The .rst is the virtual WiFi device model, which is implemented inside QEMU device model layer, responsible for exposing the virtual WiFi interface to the VMs.

wired LAN devices are data centric and have very little management functions.


Unlike the current Internet, in which the core handles aggregate traf.c from millions of individual TCP connections, the new core will primarily handle traf.c among data centers.

aCCESS LAYER In our architecture, the access layer provides mechanisms that allow individual users to connect to the Internet.


The only situation where a contradiction can be found in making a connection is where each of the two bridges have a forwarding entry for the same address on ports other than the connecting ports.

figure 10 shows the bridge topology discovered in the CMU CS Department network.


Secondly, the overhead in packetized wireless networks must include not only MAC and network layer information, as in wireline communication, but also a preamble for synchronization, which must typically occur on a packet-by-packet basis.

suppose that neighbors can communicate at the highest rate of 11 Mbps.


First, packet-level modeling cannot avoid the complex interactions among TCP, IEEE 802.11 MAC with retransmissions, dynamic wireless channel, and applications.

in the .gure, the number above each bar denotes the number of time intervals with su.cient observations (?


let n = (100zs/ew)2 , where s is the standard deviation, w is the average of the initial sample of 10 simulations1, and z is the uniform distribution suitable for n> 30.


The minimal operation available across all models is reader / writer mode.

this identity certi.cate holds information such as public key of the device PKD, the customer identity IDD, and expiry time Texp.


We consider a class of networked embedded systems where the processors are networked to execute task in a pipelined fashion and must satisfy an overall latency constraint.

an energy-efficient design must con- sider all these aspects as an entire system.


Note that the relay nodes may be multicast members or may not, and the antenna beam of a relay node should cover all its children.

.N Z * = 0 from constraints vnn v vn vv v 1 .


In case that 100 HeNBs are deployed in each macrocell, cell-edge user throughput of MUEs is shown in Fig.

in order to coordination interference from HeNB to VMUE, interference coordination messages are exchanged both between MeNB and VMUE via radio interface and between MeNB and interfering HeNB via backhaul interface.


.eff Note the fact that in a perfect situation to satisfy user s demand onboth short end-to-end delay and high data delivery rate,the networkshould be designed to obtain both short RTT and full bandwidthutilization in TCP congestion control.


Where G[u, w] is the resulting graph obtained from G by adding arcs from u to other nodes under power w. Greedy Algorithm 2 (GA2) Input: a set V of stations.

this algorithm produces an optimal solution.


This structure contains an available bit and an availability timer for each data channel supported by the wireless technology.

i{Vij} returns one if Vij = 1 and zero otherwise.


Figure 2 shows the CDF of the num Figure 2: CDF of calls made/received by users ranked by their mobility.

the paging delay is the delay between a paging request arriving at the BSC and the time a paging message is sent and received by the mobile successfully (either in the .rst or the second step).


In this paper we investigate the application of microeconomic modelling and congestion pricing in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless networks.

the explicit price communication approach places more intelligence and control at the mobile user, and 4Achieving similar fairness objectives in a multiple hop network, with rate allocation done by the routers, is more complicated.


[4] Ravikumar, C., Pandit, D. and Mishra, A. Performance-driven Design and Redesign of High-speed Local Area Networks.

the network redesign software should maintain as many as possible of the original network devices as long as the redesign criteria, for example the uniform traffic growth, are satisfied.


2.1 Testbed Overview We have deployed a multi-channel, multi-interface, and multi-hop wireless testbed of 20+ nodes distributed across various o.ces in our lab.

a data transmission can be from any of the two interfaces, .xed or switchable; this depends on the channel of the .xed interface on the neighboring node to which a multi-hop .ow is directed.


The user of interest can then determine the authenticity of the test visualisation by comparison against the reference visualisation.

the association k = Q~(i) of codeword index with selected map index i is executed as a near one-way manner such that deduction of i from k(i) is infeasible.


An oriented version of the MST (TM ) is necessary to de.ne a transform as described in Section 2.

if so, then the next hop of such a node will be the next hop along the MST (rather than the next hop along the SPT).


is Virtual AP (VAP) mode , which allows the operation of multiple concurrent virtual wireless devices, concurrently running in di.erent modes.

we use the .rst wireless card for routerto-router and the second wireless card for router-to-client communication.


Any algorithm that starts with the facility inside the convex hull and moves the facility with at most unit velocity achieves an approximation factor of at most 2 (asymptotically) in the worst case.

sin ZClplC2 _ 2--q~-2¢ 1 ... z2ca va c2.


The 2 worst-case latency for U-Connect is p 2 which is similar to Disco.

to be energy e.cient, a discovery scheme needs to use as few active slots aspossible todiscover neighbors within a reasonabletimelimit.


The other nodes were given the default drop-tail queues.

the .rst header will be the link layer header for the link layer protocol used by the net device, followed by the IP header.


Since the nodes as well as links that the signals go through may be different, it may also lead to different signal quality.

the basic idea is to group together pairs of nodes that are within a 2  ¶¶ distance close to the impairment threshold so that the number of extra regenerator nodes is reduced.


The results from this section show that a comparison of processors based on MHz rating and power consumption .gures is not accurate for BSN platforms.

4.2.3 Radio Communication These tasks are used for benchmarking the radio power consumption and reliability of a platform.


Though, as stated, the algorithms that have been proposed for top-k queries, can be applied only if d = netDiam.

we examine the performance of the protocol by varying several of the most important parameters such as the number of sensor nodes, the parameter k (default value: 3), the parameter d, the number of clusters and the network assortativity.


The rescue team manager fire fighter tries to locate the person from outside the physical environment, by monitoring her location through the 3D interface, in order to plan the rescue.

for the OBC algorithm, when more messages are generated, the possibility of temporal confirmations of these messages all at once is increased, therefore reducing the dissipated energy for each sent message.


Using the SP send interface, it declares that the ODI message does not require reliability nor urgency.

data transmission and reception are message oriented, with a variable message length.


In each of these systems, every sniffer sends its raw packet stream to a central server for merging, which is only viable for indoor environments with ample backhaul network capacity.

these systems are useful for debugging and diagnosing network performance anomalies but focus on a single sensor network rather than many existing wireless LANs.


The common ranking semantics adopted by M-TOP maximizes values resulting from the scoring function.

the candidate nodes are ranked in Ranking to estimate the goodness of each candidate node.


A small buffer size of 15 ATM cells would be sufficient.


Even though there are many studies on contextual privacy [4, 9], most of them require adding redundant data traf.c or extra transmissions which bring extra energy requirements to the energy-constrained sensors.

to avoid such problems, energy dissipation in the network should be distributed evenly (balanced energy dissipation).


we argue that protection against DoS is a de.ning characteristic for elevated priority services.


Our model of a network path, including both L3 and L2 de- vices, is now revised as follows.

these tools use a common under- lying measurement methodology, which we refer to as Variable Packet Size (VPS) probing.


The behavior of packet arrivals in the network is described by the stochastic process {(.j ,Tj ,Kj ,{dj,i }Kj )} (to avoid triviality, we as i=2 sume P(Kj >1) = 1).

in this case, Rl contributes no new information to the link rate vector; consequently, we should only include all independent row vectors of Ain (28) to calculate the entropy of the whole link rate vector.


Approximately two dozen available NIMI platforms were successful in running the measurement for each test set (not all of the 30+ NIMI platforms were available or supported the software that needed to be run).

there is no clear correlation between the choice of technique used and the number of servers in the CDN network.


Generic view of BCAST deployment However, some of the envisaged broadcast networks also already define functionality on top of IP , such as service guide or service protection [2][3].

left: channel overview, right: programs within a channel on a given day.


Mitigating Amdahl s Law through EPI throttling.

adding network capacity does not improve the actual data transfer performance.


Their goal is either to compute the throughput of the network links given their tra.c demands, or to compute the feasible region of the network.

the plots show an excellent agreement between the two environments; the small discrepancies are due to non-ideal packet processing times and carrier sensing relationships in the testbed.


The literature ([2]-[9]) on SC allocation generally ignores the QoS requirement of individual users; most papers seek instead to either maximise the total throughput or to distribute resources fairly between users.

the resource allocation approach in an SSR network is a combination of resource allocation in OFDMA and spectrum sharing in CR: it should consider individual QoS requirements as well as user priority.


4.1 Implementation We implemented SleepWell as a set of modi.cations to the open source ath9k driver for Atheros 802.11n PCI/PCIexpress interfaces.


Before proceeding to answer it, we want to highlight its practical interest: realistic wireless networks often have large variations in many of their properties, including the .nancial budget for the base stations, the terminal population within the coverage, and the data tra.c volume from terminals.

3.2 Architecture and Topology The design choices to enable scalability presented above result in two distinct components: (i) a central controller, which handles modulation and demodulation, and (ii)the M radio front-ends that locally calculate beam weights and apply linear precoding.


We have characterized those relations empirically i =1 by Monte-Carlo simulation of the contention procedure.

between the CCAs, the receiver can return to the idle state.


[11] P. Kazemian, M. Chang, , H. Zeng, G. Varghese, N. McKeown, and S. Whyte.

[4] M. Canini, D. Venzano, P. Pere íni, D. Kosti ´ c, and J. Rexford.


First, every node in MANET broadcasts hello message to its neighbors.

clustering schemes in mobile ad hoc networks need to address many objectives, such as effectiveness, low maintenance, mobility awareness, and load balancing, among others.


There is one comb corresponding  to each multicast .ow.

[7] M. J. Neely and E. Modiano, Capacity and Delay Tradeo.s for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.


In on line data streams, due to the continuous and high speed data .ow it is not possible to store the whole data and to perform multi-scan of the dataset like in traditional data mining solutions.


However, to achieve better performance in multiplexing, the total capacity of virtual NICs is typically con.gured higher than physical NIC capacity as most virtual machines won t be busy at the same time.

in this paper, we study TCP incast in detail by focusing on the relationship among TCP throughput, round trip time (RTT) and receive window.


It has been reported elsewhere [1] that the deployment of Long Reach PONs could offer significant capital and operational savings, by effectively merging backhaul and access technologies into a single transport solution.

figure 1 illustrates the general principle.


SIRthreshold 1dB Collisionmodel Physical(accumulative) model Traf.cpattern 10000pkt/sec Requestpacket size 32bits/pkt Feedbackpacket size 80bits/pkt Noti.erpacket size 32bits/pkt Network size 100 mby100 m Number of nodes 10 consumedin neighbordiscovery,if one were tohave a requirement that every node .nd 70% of its neighbors in the network.

all other nodes are made aware, that the neighbordiscovery token has nowbeen passed on to adifferent node.


Further there is a topology range of interest: not all details of the entire global Internet are needed to determine a path PAB from source A to destination B.If we .rstlook atthe time-scale in a network topology as illustrated in Figure 1, we distinguish between changes that occur (1) infrequently and (2) frequently.

the high probabilities that .l =0 in Figure 8 suggest that the two-dimensional lattices are more stable than the random graphs.


Firewall traversal can be guaranteed by placing .rewalls on every possible network path between S1 and S2.

frames redirected under the new policy traverse these separate instances.


Note that this work is a first (optimization) step toward an efficient hardware implementation of a classification module.

we observed in our experiments that lowering the size of the leaves may increase the tree depth by adding a few more levels, (causing more reads to memory) but this is compensated by the number of operations In each iteration of the heuristic used by EffiCuts to determine the .. performed, a variable number of cuts to be saved when reading a rule.


However, it fails to identify the beacon signal when the data rate increases to 260 Kbps.

the main reason is that ZigBee tra.c contains more periodic signals under heavier tra.c load, which results in many folding peaks.


interval which depends on past loss history.

current techniques to measure available bandwidth assume a point-to-point, FIFO queuing model for the link.


Our work focuses on a portion of the design space that we believe is not well served.


Now, the fact that large .ows tend to be detected and that the worst-case expected number of .ows that survive after .ushing is constant, suggest that, although the set of .ows living in the .ow memory does not converge to the set of large .ows, the set of .ows that remain after successive .ushes does.

in this connection, note that the range [0, 109] corresponds to one tenth of the total.


Sweeping attackers periodically and simultaneously switch channels irrespective of channel activity, and they jam their channels until the next period.

state Bi represents that the radio has been jammed for i time slots, and state Fi represents that the jammer is still scanning for the radio and has i channels yet to visit.


Messages are routed on the overlay without considering the differences of capabilities among participating peers.

existing P2P algorithms assume that all peers are uniform in resources.


The general trends, in terms of the relative performance of the two links, re.ect that observed for throughput.

8(b)) for Figure 6: Number of retransmissions per correctly received frame, Nfr , as a function of the average SNR for the links T1 H1 and T3 H1.


Unlike traditional voting, this fusion con where u, is the current window number.

let us assume secondary node i constructs its observed occupancy vector as: act =[d1,d2, ··· ,dn], Bi where dk is 1 or 0 depending on whether the channel is occupied or unoccupied, and n is the number of channels being monitored.


we also see from Figure 4 that depending on the size of the buffered data, the tolerable delay varies from a few seconds to more than one hundred seconds in this example.


Section 3 provides an overview of our approach.

of these paths, only 4.7% improved the delay by more than 20ms (Table 2, row 3).


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.

exploring beamforming solutions optimized for mobility is an interesting avenue for future work.


4.3 Comparison between IFDMA and LFDMA As stated in the previous section, IFDMA and LFDMA are originally proposed to utilize channel diversity gain and modulation gain, respectively.

4b and 4c illustrate PEof Rural and Urban multipath fading channel with LFDMA system.


Finally, Flow 3 drop rate goes over the drop threshold and in .gure 1 (C) backpressure and rejection occurs.

.ood type redundancy may lead to congestion and excessive overhead e.ecting QoS performance of reserved .ows.


The table shows the additional data overheads for both schemes under di.erent parameters (e.g.

we believe the techniques we have described will become standard and essential components of streaming media applications implemented over application-layer overlays.


Estimated area selection For example, in Figure 8, we use three anchor motes with their estimated distances to generate three circles.

we quantify the weights with the slopes of the line segments of the empirical curve.


This is because the overhead in DMOD is caused only by the contention messages and the header of the data message that is encapsulated in the SEL contention message.

dMOD uses contention messaging with timers to collect information from direct neighbors which increases the delay signi.cantly.


According to(7), sensing range r is a constant independent of network density.

generalTerms Performance, Theory Keywords Data fusion, target detection, coverage, performance limits, wireless sensor network 1.


a ii +1 b ii +1 aa bb If f < f , then i =i .

in addition, we measure the effects of optimization on three sets of sensor platforms and compare the results in Figure 5.3.


Previous studies of peer-to-peer workloads have typically relied on traces gathered by observing network tra.c from a single location, usually a university or an ISP.

finally, we used as a benchmark randomly selected lists of peers.


This is similar to the way networking has migrated to the operating systems of desktop computers, for example.

as long as robots can deploy and return when needed, and as long as actions result in a connection that maintains the desired quality of service, the system is a success.


A simple idea to achieve a larger average window size for a given loss event probability is to choose a larger value for a and a smaller value for ß.

network resources should be fairly allocated to all .ows.


It shows that network capacity increases considerably if frame bursting is used.

collision avoidance in 802.11 MAC is performed by a mechanism called Distributed Coordination Function (DCF).


Atthe same time, two new spatial and one temporal mobility metrics have been proposed and validated through purely synthetic mobility models.

as shown in Section 4.2, IDTD is more reliable than DTD on not being a.ected by network size, number of waypoints, or node pause time.


While these schemes apply generally to all data, the transmitters in such schemes do not exploit the unique approximation properties of wireless errors.

but the relative amount of improvement depends on the speci.c constellation map selection.


Using a local cache size of only 50 videos is enough to achieve 15% hit ratio, which is already fairly close to the cacheability of 21.06%, and with a cache size of 1000 videos, we can achieve up to 20.33% cache hit ratio.

choosing an in.nite time window reduces the cache ratio, as it does not take into account the evolution of video popularity.


algorithm grows asymptotically with O(logM) (Lemma 3 and Theorem 4 in (0) [9]).

this goes against the essence of .uid model-based simulation.


Ranging code identification and TTD estimation are conducted at the same time.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.


[4] A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, and J. Anderson.


We also assume multiple sensors will We use disc model for both sensing and communication.

general values of Rc/Rs in practice can be anything positive.


none of these studies considered the current H.264 Advanced Video Coding (H.264/AVC) standard.


The cache miss penalty is the extra overhead incurred in posting a request to the classi.er, and in a full search through the routing table data structure, and is measured to be m6Pentium cycles for 4-byte packets.

only a single DMA is required to transmit the summary data structure and the batch.


Note that our notion of local timeouts allows the simulator to give di.erent delivery guarantees for protocol-internal connections than the real adversary does.

we furthermore have to implement guarantees on the maximum delay of a given connection.


We compare the honeycomb node distribution and the distribution generated by our Genetic algorithm for 1-cover.

there is no guarantee that mutation will produce desirable features in the new chromosome.Generally, the mutation rate used in a GA is very low.


If, however, A s message was an Ack or an UPDATE, normally B would have no response to send.

aCKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a grant from Lucent Technologies.


Theoretically, the delay pmf may have in.nite entries.

thiscriterion also alleviatesthehiddenterminalproblem, since two nodes can never be in the same sender set if one can never sensethe other stransmission.


real-world VANET security protocol performance.


The proposed protocol falls in the category of authority-based protocols that use precon.gured keying material that is periodically renewed.

[15] J. van der Merwe, D. Dawoud, S. McDonald, A survey on peer-to-peer key management for mobile ad hoc networks, ACM Computing Surveys 39, no.


Ariadne comes in three di.erent .avors corresponding to three di.erent techniques for data authentication.

hence the role of T will be to emulate the behavior of the real network, and to ensure that route reply messages that contain non-existent routes are identi.ed and .ltered out.


The great practical advantage of this approach is that we do not rely on node movement as the source of randomness.

we used k = 16 samples on each channel, collected on n =16 channels.


Detection As discussed in Section 1, we use the step counter in Zee [40] to detect walking.

in our behavior classi.cation scheme, we try to minimize the duration for which the video is turned on.


In the latter context, they .nd that Syrian users employ web/socks proxies, Tor, VPNs, and BitTorrent to circumvent censorship.

on that day, only 15% of video content was fetched from YouTube, half of which was being served by local ISP cache servers, and the other half fetched from servers located outside Pakistan.


eLSE broadcast query using maximum transmission power level so that it is received by any one node providing that service currently not sleeping.


In addition, the GTS of IEEE 802.15.4 allows at most 7 devices.

the CE device can use the Opportunity period (i.e., Mode B) in the proposed MAC protocol, so that the latency can be reduced dramatically.


3.1); then discuss some factors that a.ect the actual backbone tra.c demand (Sec.

crosstalk from neighboring lines either requires very large spacing for mitigation or can signi.cantly limit the actual achievable data rate.


The basic blocks of ConnectEnc are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Scanning.

users would have full control over the selection of trusted users.


The modest computational capability of a sensor node and protocol-speci.c considerations result in additional delays, such as packet processing requirements and CSMA-backoff waiting time.

we classify every future packet -the short-term stability of a link -according to the recent history of the link, i.e., whether the last h packet receptions were successful or not.


Tie Attributes Reciprocity (R): R is a Boolean attribute which denotes whether the tie between i and j is reciprocated during a given time period.

the results of our correlation analysis are shown in Table 3.


We then develop a TPL aware detailed router (TRIAD) by applying TECG to a gridless router with the TPL stitch generation.

tG merges T1 and T3 into T1 ' , and the two SCCs are replacing T1 and T3 with T1 ' T5 is not a common adjacent token of T1 and T3 TG Update(T1 ' , T5) merges T2 and T5 into T2 ' SCCs by replacing T2 and T5 with T2 ' as shown in Fig.


In various empirical studies, the contact interval has been reported to follow an exponential distribution in real-life mobility patterns.

the characteristics of DTNs make existing solutions infeasible to be applied directly and new solutions are required to be explored, such as multicast which has been extensively studied before in internet and mobile ad hoc networks.


Then the command is broadcast waiting for the coupled private key to be broadcast by the satellite.

shlomi Dolev and Limor Lahiani are with the Department of Computer Science, of Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, Ted Herman is with the Department of Computer Science University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.