Hence, significant power and area can be saved by allowing a small delay penalty.

one can use repeaters with sizes smaller than sopt and segment lengths longer than lopt, and achieve a significant power saving.


Second, we add a reset capability to the valid bit so the Power-Off signal can clear it.


Conversely, if an access misses in ATD-LRU but hits in ATD-LIN, LIN is doing better than LRU.

sCTR is incremented by a value equal to the costq of the miss incurred by ATD-LRU.6 Unless stated otherwise, we use a 6-bit SCTR counter in our experiments.


The inputs of each logic block must be ready, before its evaluation phase starts.

the propagation delay of a logic block and its variation must be considered for appropriate adjustment of the evaluation and the precharge signals.


For ef.ciency reasons, the two simulations models of the hardware and the software are not at the same abstraction level.

co-veri.cation has evolved around the idea of co-simulation, that is, the possibility of debugging a software program on a version of the hardware executing within a HDL simulator.


The errors in an MBU may affect any logical word, since they are considered to be independent.

they could affect the same logical word.


However, because we are not performing an exhaustive circuit simulation, it is possible that this relationship may not hold for some other unsimulated input combination.

the validity of all implications must be con.rmed through an exhaustive method.


However, when the ECO size is large, those spare cells may not always be found in the ideal area and tools need to search for the nearby gates to substitute.

violations of slew, loading, and setup-time constraints may occur here.


Assist Mandrel AssistmandrelgivesSADPmore .exibilitywhich allows to make random shapedlayout.

it requires an intelligently designed mandrellayouts as a good starting point.


The main improvement over that driver is the fully-gradual swing of the load that is achieved by the addition of devices MN2 and MP2 with opposite polarity to the existing transmission gates formed by MN1 and MP1.

the driver starts pulling the bit lines without any initial delay due to the threshold voltages of MN1 and MP1.


Essentially, the Vt-modulation capability by RBB weakens as short-channel effects become worse or body effect diminishes due to lower channel doping.

rBB becomes less effective with technology scaling and as leakage currents are pushed higher by shorter L or lower Vt. Total Power (Watts) 100 10 3.1 Dual-Vt and Body Bias Dual-Vt designs can reduce leakage power during active operation, burn-in and standby.


Each NB has one uplink and four downlinks, two output port to other network board, and three cascade links from/to other network boards in the same cluster.

16 PBs are connected to the host through network of NBs (see .gure 7).


Unfortunately, ECG signals are highly susceptible to electromagnetic interferences and can be contaminated by several kinds of noise and artifacts, such as 50 or 60 Hz power-line interference, electromyographic noise and baseline wander [2].

noise and artifacts suppression is an unavoidable step in any processing of ECG signals.


The greatest impact on productivity occurs when the response time for any operation exceeds about one second, at which most people begin to get impatient or distracted.

business Winstone bases its overall score on the time a PC takes to execute a test that runs ten applications and offer one result which is an overall Business Winstone score [9, 17].


3) Reservoir to PD separation: Fluids loaded in the reservoirs may contain .uorescent labels and thus they may in.uence the accuracy of a PD [15].

the separation between a reservoir and a PD should be no less than a threshold LRP.A typical value of LRP is .ve times the length of electrodes on the DMFB [18].


Note that if two or more input (output) transitions have the same output (input) vector, we can fuse them in one transition whose rate is the sum of the rates of the original transitions.

without loss of generality, we assume that all the input (output) transitions have di.erent output (input) vectors.


Besides, a design margin can be introduced to account for other e.ects that RCRPs may not capture.

we use mainly the adjusted error and the mean square error (MSE) to evaluate the accuracy of the RCRP-based aging evaluation method.


On the other hand, in out-of-order superscalar processors, Functional Units (FUs), such as ALU, reservation stations, reorder buffers and physical registers, are isolated from each other with some sort of buffers.

when an instruction faces a hazard or stall, Fig.


That is the average dead times (Fig- ure 1) seen in real programs must be long enough to allow the lines to be turned offa useful amount of the time.

we wish to characterize the cache dead times typically seen in applications, in order to gauge what sorts of decay intervals may be practical.


Unlike forced circuits, which operate at .xed frequencies determined by the inputs, frequencies of oscillators are internally ( autonomously ) determined and may change dynamically during operation.

a major issue in oscillator envelope following is how to .nd the dynamically changing frequency accurately, such that envelopes vary smoothly and can be tracked ef.ciently.


New .rmware can be sent on any backdoor  Figure 1: Overall System Architecture, with WARPnet hooks for control and measurement at every layer interface and recon.gure the FPGA.

once the nodes are deployed the user can upload new designs and experiments without disassembling the network.


Although such approaches are reasonable, an analytical modeling approach is preferred since it providesmuch better insights into the physical nature of the problem.

this paper, offers a fully-analytical solution for Euler-Bernoulli s beam equation that takes into account such non-uniformities.


As a result, even though we only use the buffers in a standard cell library to realize the delay insertion (i.e., the amount of inserted delay is not continuous), a feasible solution is easily found.

the proposed approach can work well in practice.


However, the software editor can choose among different symmetric algorithm witch additionally might not be appropriate for processor-memory communication.

the deciphering step (with the session key (K)) often takes place in software.


On the other hand, if the bus routing is done on top of hotspot, the temperaturedependent resistance will increase the delay of the bus and affect the clock period.

bus routing needs to avoid hotspots as much as possible if it does not degrade the objectives.


Considering the wiring issues, it is desirable to place these devices closely so as to minimize the wirelength and to simplify the wiring problem.

for synchronized devices, we contract them as a single device in formulating the linear assignment problem to guarantee they are placed in adjacent positions.


In addition to the total size of our design, we would like to see how much overhead the supporting logic with our ProMem adds to the overall design.

table 1 also presents the percentage of the total design corresponding to the ModuleController.


For each pair of Figure 7: Word line decoder for dual-element memristor-based memory cell the associated memristor, only the .rst bit of the address is di.erent.

to decode the n bit address, a n-1 bit decoder is .rstly used to decode the low n-1 bits of the address.


Hence, the first derivative of the sine function in the first quadrant is scaled from the range [0, 1] to [0, p/2] [0, 1.57].


Finally, muscle movements that indicate clinical onset of seizure often lag the initial electrographic seizure onset.

even if it were possible to detect a seizure as a result of a change in the EMG signal, the detection latency would likely be larger.


1, and tries to modify the internal function of vd.

the GR is considered to be 1-to-1 rewiring.If D(wa) is far smaller than D(wt), then the total delay of the circuit is expected to be reduced.


Our experiment requires the option to modify the sampling rate.


If data is found in L0, the reply coming from L1 is discarded.

some logic is needed to do this operation and the latency of load a[0] (2-byte load) such kind of accesses is increased.


Fortunately, this increase can be avoided if the NAND gate transistor size is tripled, which does not represent a significant overall area increase since those transistors didn t occupy much area to begin with.

we can maintain the same cache access delay with the new cache line driver.


This is because by applying the minimum-leakage producing input combination to the circuit when it is in the idle mode, we can significantly reduce the leakage power dissipation of the circuit.

identification of a Minimum Leakage Vector (MLV) is an important problem in low power design of VLSI circuits.


However, since non-robust tests may be invalidated by glitches, a serious amount of false positives (up to 24.54%) is introduced.

the total number of true detections is around the same for both methods.


In current design of FBDRAMs, the programming timing is well designed to make sure it is long enough to performance SET/RESET operations.

the error rate of programming a FBDRAM is decided by the trigger voltages in SET/RESET operations.


The pre-planned power/ground stripes are connected to main power branch which are connected to the power/ground pads.

when a cell is placed in one of the rows, it is automatically connected to chip s power network.


V into a decompresser input vector r , the decompresser must have at least log2 | V |Iinputs.

we have NI = log2 | V |Iand the size of V determines the number of decompresser inputs.


BSA allocates/deallocates arriving/departing .its with bu.er slots.

the DEMUX switches to the bu.er slot provided by the BSA at the input .it tracking.


voltage/current-controlled oscillator, PLL, and microprocessor).

it is critical to link the benchmarking to a product via cross-correlation analysis and statistical yield estimation.


Generally, the .rst one among multipath components has the largest average power.

the synchronization with the .rst mul tipath component is expected to o.er a good performance in receiver operations after the synchronization.


Figure 1 shows the relationship Figure 1.

relationship between altPSM layout and physical mask the design effort for altPSM can be reduced to the relatively "simple" task of drawing the desired phase region adjacent to every shape requiring the lithographic enhancement afforded by altPSM.


We refer to this weaker guarantee as strategy-proofness in the large (SPL).

we present a new framework for reasoning about fair resource allocation in computer architecture.


In every case, the winning path that connects the winning input with the output is de.ned by the direction .ags of the CMP nodes.

if we use these .ags to switch the data words that are associated with the input numbers (requests), we can route at the output the data word that is associated with the winning request.


In this case, pin sets in the two overlapped partitions can not be used again in the overlapped region since it may cause electrode interference.

we make the overlapping region a new partition.


In this work, we proposed the Asynchronous Asymmetrical Write Termination technique to reduce the unnecessary current for write operations that result in a parallel magnetization of the bit-cell.

these write operations are terminated asynchronously.


The DSS workloads, on the other hand, only increase miss rate by 4.7% for an 8MB SC, and for the large 256MB SC, they perform identically using either a normal cache or SC.

sector caches result in significant miss rate increases for WEB and OLT workloads.


INTRODUCTION As silicon industry is moving towards the end of the roadmap, the device parameters (such as channel length, oxide thickness, threshold voltage, random placement of dopants in channel, etc) are expected to have large variations.

a large variability in performance among different chips is expected.


Since the cache area is large, significant spreads of temperature, voltage, and intradie variation can occur.

a pure HTree would not provide tight skew; different buffers in the HTree could have different delays.


Further, only low-bandwidth ATE should be required to front-side contact of the device s power rails, ground, and some scan chain inputs.

our setup eliminates the need for large number of pin contacts and pin electronics per TSV.


For HPMM agents running at host locations, local rout- ing tables are not able to provide information about other receivers in the same subnet.

we recommend the agent having SNMP access to the local router so that queries to the router's IGMP MIB entries are possible.


A pseudo complementary implementation of MVL based on CNTFETs has been proposed; it replaces the resistors used in [2] with ptype CNTFETs (with their gates connected to ground) and utilizes threshold voltage operation by adjusting the chirality and the number of CNTs in each CNTFET.

this approach (referred to as pseudo complementary) exploits the similarities in threshold voltage control in the p-and n-types while ensuring a correct MVL design for both ternary and quaternary logic gates.


In the case of n program regions, n workload estimations { X0, X1, , Xn } for the minimum average energy consumption need to be obtained simultaneously.

the original bottom-up traversal method in [7] cannot be applied in this case.


As the number of cores on a chip increases, the pressure on the DRAM system will also increase and both the performance and fairness provided by the DRAM system will become critical determinants of the performance of future CMP platforms.

to enable viable, scalable, and predictable CMP systems, fair and highperformance memory access scheduling techniques that control and minimize inter-thread interference are necessary [28, 22, 25].


However, they are not statistically independent.

we have to .nd the worst-case condition taking all the sources of variability with correct statistical information into account.


On the other hand, the gate of the cascode transistor, Nc, is driven on both phases by the output of the integrator which is a lowimpedance node.

operation of the regulating ampli.er in the discrete-time domain doesn t compromise the circuit stability.


The amount of delay reduction for each net is closely related to the characteristics of the inserted buffers and their locations in the Steiner tree of the net.

a net-based buffer insertion can be used but the actual buffer insertion is postponed until good nets are identified.


Conversely, a cell that is write stable may not have positive RNM.

by this choice of metrics, the response is naturally dominated by write failures, i.e., their number always exceeds the read failures.


However, in that case, EQ would be high, and input D of the system * .ip-.op would be used for the computation.


The triangular template is similar to what was presented in [1] (the trapezoidal template is new), where it was shown that the time period Ti does not vary signi.cantly for a given Hamming distance of the input vector pair, prompting a partitioning of the model according to Hamming distance.


Contrary toCon.guration 1, Con.guration 2protects the data not only during the arithmetic operations but also when stored in the register .le or memory.


6 shows that all of the sixteen Boolean functions are represented in this small cut of explored parameter space.

a single architecture can implement every possible logic gate between any neighboring states stored in the system.


However, the information required for such mapping, which is obtained only after test and diagnosis, is notavailableatthedesigntime.

somepartsoftheapplicationmappingphasehavetobepostponed fromthe design time to the test time.


After A/D conversion, the signal undergoes the selection in the correlator and the subsequent stages.

in addition to the RF chip and DSP correlator, the following components are required: a band pass .lter for 1.575GHz,  50O matching networks for the LNA and the mixer on the RF chip,  IF band pass .lters at 175MHz plus a PLL .lter.


However, any optimal binning produces the same yield.

our computation is valid for any other optimal binning.


Note that we are interested in understanding the impact of concurrently active VMs when a physical system is partitioned into equally sized VMs.

only 2 cores out of the 8 available ones are used.


Example 1: For the circuit in Figure 5, blocks F and G must be on to generate the outputs of the circuit f and g, respectively.

the activity vectors Af and Ag for blocks F and G, respectively, are given by Af =[ 11111111 ]T , Ag =[ 11111111 ]T .


For the neighbor LED zones around the salient zone, the compensation degree of a neighbor zone is controlled based on its distance to the closest salient LED region similar to our settings in the luminance dimming strategy.

the image compensation coefficients are set to 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 from the center to boundary.


The time series of predicted location can be used to reserve/release resources in advance for the user s applications in di.erent cells.

a measure of the quality of prediction can be de.ned as the fraction of wrong predictions over all predictions, i.e., the times that the cell phone is estimated to be in the wrong cell (leading to wasted resources in that cell, and missing resources in the cell where the cell phone actually is located).


Recall that one of the primary requirements of our programmable logic core is that it be synthesizable by standard tools.

we have created a directional architecture, in which the flow between logic blocks can only flow from left to right.


As an example, an NCID cache with a 16-way, 8 MBeq tag array implies a 1 MB data array with only 2 ways.

in order to make a fair comparison, we have to choose reuse caches that have the same number of sets and associativities in the data array.


As we show, a blocker tag may be naturally designed to prevent singulation across certain restricted ranges of serial numbers.

it is possible to designate a particular zone, i.e., range of serial numbers say, all those with a leading 1 bit as subject to the privacy-protection of the blocker tag.


However, if the traf.c pro.le changes rapidly, this might lead to excessive oscillations between the con.gurations, thus potentially degrading the performance due to the recon.guration overhead.

we propose the use of an adaptive time period, TP, which is selected as follows.


As shown in [14] evicting blocks from the code cache in medium sized chunks often leads to the best performance for the systems hardware caches.

it is desirable to have a technique that can provide very fast invalidation, e.g., by using a single instruction, and that can do so without invalidating the entire instruction cache.


Unfortunately, exact analysis of the systematic component cannot occur until the layout is substantially complete [4].

an a priori knowledge of the IPD distribution would be extremely valuable in understanding the limitations of a future technology.


Power is in general a.ected by circuit activity (or idleness, in the case of static power),whereas NBTI-induced agingis a.ectedbyaspeci.c values of the circuit signals.

in general, aging due to NBTI and power require di.erent circuit states in order to be reduced.


On the other hand, when K is high, the laser tends to stay on for longer, which increases performance under heavier traffic, but wastes more laser energy when the utilization is low.

no static scheme is expected to perform best under all traffic conditions.


For integers, the majority of bits are usually the same as the information bit; for .oating points, only an information bit of 0 has this property.

for the IALU, a case 01 after a 10 causes most bits to switch; where as a case 01 after another 01 switches few bits.


The insertion of anchor cells change the number of non-zero entries in each row from the pin degree of the corresponding net to the pin degree of the corresponding cell.

most of rows in matrix A' has only 2-3 non-zero entries.


We observe that on the power models can themselves be thought of as hardware circuits.

any design can be enhanced with power estimation hardware, and mapped onto a hardware prototyping platform (such as an FPGA).


We assume a 3D IC structure where all the channels are connected to a single coolant reservoir [3].

for N modulated channels, the pressure drop across each channel (.Pi, i = 1, 2, ..., N ) can be written as a function of the channel width function (based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation) and should satisfy the constraints: d (HC + wC i (z))2 .Pi =8µV.dz = .Pmax, (9) 0 (HC · wC i (z))3 .Pi = .Pj , .i, j = 1, 2, ..., N, (10) where µ is the .uid dynamic viscosity and .Pmax is the maximum allowable pressure drop in the system.


However, depending on the measurements to be performed in the waterways, some probes could be expensive.


The Tag Value .eld in the PTAT provides version management of tag values, allowing for PTAT entries to be processed out of order (as in Section 3.4).

the m-core servicing requests can process @ and 0 even if they are ordered .rst at memory during replay.


Thus, the size of the local reduced order models is almost independent of the order of original state-space equation (N ) as well as the number of trajectory linearizations (s).

the models generated using the algorithm, would be smaller and faster for bigger circuit sizes.


As an optimal trade-off between accuracy and run-time, we chose the point (QUALITYintra = 100, QUALITYinter =50) because it yielded an accuracy within 0.009% of the 3s point with the highest discretization, with a runtime of 0.4 seconds.

the work presented in this paper uses QUALITYintra = 100, QUALITYinter =50.


If a load hits in WB, the requested data is obtained from WB, not from the AVICA D-cache.

the current cache access does not incur a bank con.ict and the next cache access is also free of a bank con.ict.


For a decomposable graph, R-type node with a constant number of vertices can be solved in constant time.

the problem can be solved in O(|V | +|E|).


However, when optimizing across many processors that each provide a power estimate, suboptimal decisions could be made if the estimates reverse the true sense of which component draws the most power.

we believe that continuing to improve accuracy by even small amounts is meaningful.


Finally, even though the complementary passgates have a smaller on-resistance, the increased capacitance on the internal nodes of the LUT actually results in a slower LUT.

all the LUT designs we explore are based on NMOS passgates.


DBAR provides better performance than the best baseline for all evaluated con.gurations and it shows the smallest performance degradation with multiple irregular regions.

dBAR is well suited to workload consolidation.


This amounts to hundreds of megabytes of data in average runs.

in most cases the resolve trace is written to a .le.


These heuristics were necessary in order to avoid false detections when subjects turned their head sideways or moved outside the view of the camera.

these heuristics are based on geometrical properties of the eyes and the face in order to ensure that the user is actually facing the camera.


In theory, if .az < 0, the horizon line will shift upward in the current frame; otherwise, it will shift downward.

from the sign of .az, we can estimate whether the horizon line in the current frame is in the upper or lower part divided by the horizon line in the reference frame.


One drawback of reduced DIBL is that the VT increase as SRAM supply voltage is reduced is also diminished.

some of the power benefit from improved Vretain is lost.


Because the server interfaces between the application and multiple clients, it should not impose signi.cant processing overhead.

the package gives high priority to performance and scalability.


However, coding adds latency in the form of encoder and decoder delays.

the worst-case delay of the bus from the input of the transmitter to the output of the receiver is given by Tjoint = Twire (p)+ Tcodec , (5) where Tcodec is the delay of the codec (encoder and decoder).


Then: Square: Since z =x2, it is straightforward that .z, j =E[x2 j]=.x,(2 j) Power: In general, for a positive integer power n, the output is de.ned as z =xn.

the moments at the output can be calculated as: .z, j =E[xnj]=.x,(n· j) Multiplication: The raw moments at the output of the multiplier can be calculated using the input moments and the correlation between the inputs.


Under firstorder scaling assumptions [4], optimal inter-buffer distances shrink at 0.586x per generation, in contrast to the normal geometric shrink factor of 0.7x.

the number of buffers in a design increases as it is scaled to successively smaller process nodes.


This fact indicates that the cost of getting a timestamp is in reading CTC (TSC) rather than in the system call API gettimeofday.

packets timestamped in user space via gettimeofday have similar accuracy as timestamped inside the kernel, for example via BPF (Berkeley packet filter).


Read latency is crucial in system performance.

the PRAM design [4] has two optimizations for read latency reduction.


Therefore, the cost function in stage 2 is defined as: Eq(14) where is an adjusting parameter and empirically set to 2.

when SA finds the floorplan candidate with the lowest total cost, usually it also has the lowest temperature.


To emulate a timer unit, we exploit the fact that the audio samples are taken by the phone at precisely 44.1kHz.

the time between successive samples is 22.68 µs.


(9) i=0 Since when Si = 1, Y equals Zi, we have P (Y =1|Si = 1) = P (Zi = 1) = bni .

(10) from Equations (4), (8), (9), and (10), we have n X bn pY = i Bin(t)= Bn(t), (11) i=0 which means that the circuit in Figure 3 with speci.c random variables as inputs implements the given Bernstein polynomial with coe.cients in the unit interval.


We .rst observe that quantum circuits for Toffoli gates of size (m +1) that require (m - 2) garbage lines are less costly and better structured.

it is easier to come up with a good procedure for substituting these gates in the circuit to yield the most simpli.cation.


However, this pessimism incurs a signi.cant performance penalty.

we propose a crosstalk aware interconnect that uses a faster clock and dynamically controls the number of cycles required for transmission based on the estimated delay of the data pattern to be transmitted.


In current process technologies, layout rules for implementing wires dictate physical topologies where the network channels run horizontally or vertically.

the problem is similar to Rectilinear Steiner Tree (RST) problem.


For example, in hybrid BK adder, the loading from bit-15 is reduced since the backward tree uses output from bit-7 to compute the carries.


nOT (b), NOT (c),C2NOT (b,c, a) the final circuit is {NOT(c), NOT(c), CNOT(c,b), NOT(b), NOT(c), C2NOT(b,c,a)}.


4.1 SPM Access Handling In a hybrid cache system, a memory access will be directed to the L1 cache and SPM according to its memory addresses.

_ Figure 10: (a) An SPM Code Sample of riciandenoise (b) Detection of Prefetching Loads Figure 11: Co-Simulation Support for HC-Sim  4.2 Prefetching Support and Prefetching Loads Prefetching is a common technique to improve the performance of SPM.


Reducing the data array activity directly translate to reduc ing sense ampli.er power.

the set bu.er are more 32 KB Cache 32 KB Cache e.ective for highly associative caches.


On the other hand, we want the modi.ed objective function to be related to area.


Cryptography applications are computationally intensive [23,27].

software-based implementations are typically slow.


Third, the violations of timing factors may signi.cantly increase after metalonly ECO.

a solver which can automatically remove those timing-related violations is needed to shorten the timing closure of metal-only ECO.


On the other hand, Q is a function of resistor and capacitor ratios that can be implemented precisely in ICs.

it is desired to design the filters with independent control of .c without changing Q.  xI xoI xoQ xQ Figure 3.


RC-2 can also improve the capability to correct multiple-bit errors by using majority voting on the primary data and its two replicas.

the RC-2 scheme is especially useful for applications in very high soft error rate environments.


Selective logic gate upsizing, when combined with CNT process improvements, is effective in overcoming variations [Zhang 11a].

in addition to performing gradient descent from our initial design point (with no upsizing and no processing parameter improvement), we also employ a gate upsizing algorithm: a parameterized fraction (..%) of the logic gates with the largest loads (in the nominal case) are upsized.


Obviously, this depth-.rst traversal is complicated in the presence of loops (not present in Figure 5c) where circular dependencies can exist and the traversal could loop inde.nitely never reaching a leaf node.

whenever Shoestring encounters a loop it forces the depth-.rst traversal to backtrack when the distance between the instruction currently being processed and the instruction at the bottom of the loop exceeds Slat.


H.264 outperforms its predecessors by offering up to 60-times compression for common video content [3].

it is the key encoding standard for high definition video.


The number of distinct channels used by nodes in Nr(v) is at most Hr(v) -w(v) -RCr(v).

v will never use a channel higher than Hr(v) -RCr(v).


First, the variables {nk; k = 1,2, ,K} solved by the linear programming in (14) are non-negative and real-valued, while they should be non-negative integers by definition.

a postprocessing step must be applied to legalize the solution of (14).


In ii+1 M the last stage the leaves will include all of the possible candidate vectors to solve (4).

the ML solution is obtainable by traversing the tree from the root to the leaves and finding the leaf which has the smallest d (s) .


However, given the reduced noise margins of transistors operated in the sub-threshold regime, the magnitude and the frequencyof soft errors could drastically reduce the reliability of the system.

it is critical to .nd viable solutions to improvethe noise robustness of nanoscale sub-threshold circuits.


The problem of .nding an optimal task scheduling and the most suitable write modes is NP-Complete.

an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation is .rst constructed to obtain optimal results.


Memory [words of (n+k) bits]  Reconfiguration Logic  MUXes n Figure 6: Selecting a block of FBI latches during normal operation In figure 4, we note that during the normal operation, the outputs of the reconfiguration functions are constant, since the inputs of these functions are fixed at constant values during the repair phase.

there is no delay added to the memory operation due to the computation of the output values of these functions.


When the load circuit is in stand-by (i.e., CLB= 1 and CL= 0 ), all the nRSm and pRSm switches are turned on, and both the pSW and nSW are turned off.

the U-SVL and L-SVL circuits respectively generate a slightly lower supply voltage VD (=VDD-vn<VDD) and a relatively higher ground-level voltage VS (=vp>0V), where vn and vp are the total voltage drops of all nRSm and all pRSm, respectively.


It is important to note that a unique property of broadcast scan mode of ILS is that at the end of a shift in cycle, the data in all the chains is exactly the same.

it does not matter how this data reaches the scan chains as long as we can ensure that before the capture cycle, all the chains contain the same scan data.


The other arcs in a HCHPN have arc weightsspecifying the type and the number of tokens that can be carried by the arcs.

we have modeled the complete working of the NAND gate.


As shown in the figure, such wires can be routed straightforwardly without increasing routing complexity.

just like CMOS, static logic gates on CCs can also be automatically generated with optimal footprint areas determined by the dual Euler path method.


a 24(1- Y ) a The expression of VDDmin in (37), (40), and (41) indicates that 1) VDDmin is a function of the square-root of logarithm of the number of inverters (N), 2) the slope is proportional to s pn , which is the standard deviation of the within-die VTH difference variation defined in (20), 3) the balance of the strength of PMOS and NMOS transistors, which is expressed as the parameter b in (40) hence the influences of those transistors are relatively small.

the closed-form model can be applied to NAND and and (41), affects the intercept.


In our hardware architecture, all particles can process simultaneously by using parallelism.

our system guarantees real-time performance regardless of the number of particles, or the number of particle sets.


As a result, the system produces high amplitude voltage .uctuations.

the maximum voltage drop in the case of a power grid with DSSG increases as the lines become wider.


The bitline discharge time is not reduced propor tionally because commodity DRAM cells are used for high density.

it becomes a more signi.cant portion in the entire memory access time.


The average area reduction is around 13% when compared to the scheduling with the fast resource setting.

we know that the resource re-binding and the operation shift moves can improve the solution quality from the plain scheduling algorithm.


The use of software simulators allows the validation of architecture designs and the exploration of new concepts before actual implementation.

there is a need for a well-de.ned simulation environment for the study on the manycore system and the various memory hierarchy-based system design.


Please note that the presented methods are also applicable to 2D layout representations (except for 3D speci.c characteristics, such as vertical constraints and operations).

improving these representations is possible using our methodology as well.


In our structure, this pattern can be applied to the circuit through the set of controlled inputs.

in order to reduce both dynamic and static power dissipations, an appropriate pattern should be found to be applied to the controlled inputs during scan mode.


In Figure 4.a, we show pitch-matched layout for .. >1 which forces array to expand.


Reasoning about the interface provided by the voting machine to human voters requires us to reason about how humans will interpret any particular screen image.

we assume the existence of an interpretation function I that maps screen images to their human interpretation (Section 2.3).


While some may appear to be Gaussian, in reality, their variation cannot vary from - to + as a Gaussian distribution does.

we propose a di.erent quadratic model to represent all timing quantities in a timing graph as follows: X D = d0 + (aiXi + biXi 2) + arXr + brXr 2 , (4) where Xi represents global sources of variation, and Xr represents purely independent random variation.


Variable a is the input variable of operation o5 and assigned to register R1, and variable e is the output variable of operation o5 and assigned to register R5.

the data path from register R1 to register R5 performs operation o5 (at control step 2).


However, as we discussed in Section II-A, sudden interruptions of the write/erase operations will result in the data corruption in a MLC NAND flash.

we propose the following control scheme to guarantee the data integrity: during the normal operations of NFSS, the data of a P1 page is retained in the DRAM until the programming to its P2 page in the NAND flash array is completed.


If all the original segments in a cycle are NCSs, the timing delay of the critical path in the signal net becomes worsen due to the increase of the total capacitance.

the inserted link in the cycle is not a timing-driven link.


During module-based operation execution, all cells inside the module are considered occupied, although the droplet uses only one cell at a time.

the remaining cells cannot be used for other operations, which is ine.cient since it reduces the potential for parallelism.


Our bit failures are injected into all variables and signals on the left-hand and right-hand side of each assignment.

at least one test vector is generated for all VHDL statements.


However, the length change is no more than 2d since each vertical segment connects to at most two horizontal segments on L. Then the crosstalk introduced by length increase is also limited.

by setting appropriate deviation bounds, new crosstalk violations on layer L or L can be avoided.


The resistance of a transistor is proportional to the inverse of the transistor width.

tout is a linear function of the inverse of inverter size.


This allows us to detect the habituation empirically, when Htime(i)isclose to5.6 seconds for arbitrary i.

the system can detect the habituation automatically, by recording and monitoring the value of the metric of Msys speech.


The ionization time constants are independent of the clock frequency; therefore, at some point they get larger than the clock period.

a strike needs more energy to create enough charges to upset a node in this short period of time.


Instead, we now rely on CMPs with more cores and shared resources, which suffer from interference and degrade performance.


Additionally, in DSPs where many functional components of the same type co-exist, the processor size dominating factor is the size of the functional components.

the first class of processor components, the functional components, have the highest test priority due to their relative size.


In this work, the constants of a TMCM operation are represented in an m × n matrix C, where m and n are the number of outputs and time slots (the number of constants in an array), respectively.

this work was supported by national funds through FCT, Fundac¸ao para a Ci encia e a Tecnologia, under project PEst-OE/EEI/LA0021/2013.


For example if the circuit consists of 25% of a certain block type, then 25% of net terminals in the circuit will be to or from one of these blocks, provided they have an equivalent pin density.

to .nd the proportions of each type of connection, a binomial distribution can be employed and summed over the all expected net fanouts.


2b, should be incorporated in the design without adding additional latency along the reconstruction feedback loop.

from the above discussion, it is clear that low-latency HW design of H.264 Intra-encoder requires optimizations along the encoding loop modules.


Furthermore, PDEs also su.er from the variations due to the temperature and fabrication process.

the stability and reliability of PDEs are seriously concerned.


This approach may be easily integrated with the Layout Description Script [2], which is based on Linear Programming, capable of handling placement as well as routing, and suitable for automatic layout template synthesis.

the presented approach, combined with LDS, will allow area optimization on an LDS template in a layout in the loop approach.


Since these two branches may have at most 4 intersection points, q can take at most 4 positions.

for a disk centered at u to form a degenerate quadruple with D1,D2,and D3, its radius can be of at most 4 values, each of which is referred to as a forbidden radius of u.


(i) Also, the constant term of the hyperplane, ß0 , was changed, by (i) increasing its value to .0 = P. Notice that the original value (i) ß0 =P because this is not the peak plane.

it is impossible for the raised plane to under-estimate the delay at a corner C t which has Y1 = 0.


The VoIP session between the mobile network and the Pracom audience is thus interrupted as long as the Wi-Fi connectivity is not available.

the other .ows between the mobile network and the Internet (including mobility signaling messages) are not affected by a medium congestion due to the VoIP session.


COMPACT MODEL OF CNT As the size of the devices becomes comparable to the mean-free path for scattering, the devices theoretically approach the ballistic transport regime; the classical drift-diffusion theory is no longer valid.

we need to revisit the numerical model to bring out an engineering model that captures the underlying physics.


Of course, the number of PEs has to be within available PEs in the context.

the number of multiplexers is estimated each time when combining steps into various possible combinations.


Another observation is that process variations at any wires not in Tn do not affect the skew between sr and sl.

the merging segments for n s parent/ascendant nodes found in later searchings may maintain the skews between any sink pairs between Tnr and Tnl.


While targeting a camou.aged gate, one cannot always generate an input pattern that can simultaneously justify the outputs of the other camou.aged gates to known values and resolve the functionality of the target gate.

an attacker cannot resolve the functionality of the camou.aged gates.


The plaintext P is typically generated from a shorter string (in our case ID) by padding it with random bits until it is the size of n. The RAM e.cient variant of the Rabin scheme does away with the modular reduction step, replacing it with an addition of a random multiple of the divisor.

instead of M = (mod n) the tag transmits M =+ r · n. This P 2 P 2 replacement was shown in [15, 19] and more recently in [20] to have no detrimental e.ect on security, as long as the size of r is properly chosen ([15] suggests a value of |n| + 80).


Neglecting (by making open-circuit) Cd,we can .nd the time constant associated to CBL.

the .nal read access time can be approximated as TR =0.69(Rch + RBL + ROF F )CBL.


This is unfeasible without impairing CMP scalability.

the information needed to reorder memory operations has to be generated when the triggering instruction leaves the core, i.e.


Hence to simplify the analysis we will target to minimize the the worst possible case, in which the errors do not cancel each other to any extent.

we want to minimize the sum of the absolute values of the errors.


For example, using an experiment similar to the one used for XOR, the LUT implementation of NAND3 was 67% slower and consumed 25% more energy.

while most FPGAs are based on homogeneous CLBs comprised of identical LUTs, our VPGA CLB should be heterogeneous and include a combination of LUTs and simple logic functions.


The Xilinx Vertex-II FPGA comes with embedded multiplier blocks that can do signed multiplication for inputs of up to 18-bits wide, and unsigned up to 17-bits wide.

we assume the multiplications with bit-width less than 17 bit are conducted with these hardware multipliers.


The size of the memory under consideration also plays an important part in determining the degrees of freedom available to the user to alter these speci.c parameters.

a combination of the above mentioned parameters need to be explored in detail for different memory sizes in order to better understand how its organization can be tuned to optimally utilize the partitioning algorithm.


The same also applies to the previous cycles.

the backward feasible channel set at any cycle can be recursively derived from the set at the next cycle.


Our goal in this paper is to reduce the average access time in the LLC.

it is additive with the optimizations at the core level.


There is one such object for each mutex in the program.

deterministic access to a mutex is independent of other mutexes in the program, hence improving scalability.


The transfer function from e0 to y is the same as the transfer function from system input u to y.

working with the example for T = 100 ns, 2 101.80z - 203.40z +101.60 Gy e (z) = G(z) = .


PVFS2 servers are responsible for managing data on data storage nodes and interacting with PVFS2 clients to complete I/O requests.

the instrumentation layer must track I/O operations from the PVFS2 servers to the local storage and the communication between the PVFS2 server and PVFS2 clients.


This value is determined by the intersec s tion point of the l curve and the V curve as shown in Figure 2(a).

increasing the range of the failing Fmg can be done in two ways: s 1.


Suppose that the maximum delay and the minimum delay of a multiplier (multiplication operation) are 16 and 12, respectively, and the maximum delay and the minimum delay of an adder (addition operation) are 4 and 3, respectively.


Compared with the VDL TDC, each Vernier delay line is replaced by one VCO which is used to set up the timing resolution and a feedback loop which is implemented to further decrease the influence of PVT variations on the timing resolution.

the new TDC is more reliable for high speed clock calibration.


4.3 Statistical Static Timing Analysis AftertheVEXprocessor was synthesized withPhysicalCompiler and static timing analysisperformed withPrimeTime, coarse placement as well as timing information were available through the def and the sdf .les respectively.

we could apply theprocess variation modeldirectly tothegatedelays of the synthesized netlist.


Moreover, they neglect the dependence between temperature and the total power consumption.

a temperature adaptive scheme together with the low power design techniques should be more effective in reducing the power density of the chip.


While these hardware solutions have been shown to be e.ective at reducing voltage swings,the executing program incurs performance penalties as a result.

we extend the hardware mechanisms to additionally provide feedback to a software-based dynamic optimization system.


The proposed approach partitions the set of VPNs into a minimal number of complete partitions, thus achieving very high utilization of the translation table resources.

an algorithm is required to .nd the minimal number of complete VPN partitions for a given set of VPNs.


The slope of write latency is 11µs/32B as shown in Figure 1.

we analyze that the additional 14µs is due to R drift.


Tapdisk opens the image file of virtual machine with O_DIRECT flag to guarantee the semantic of I/O operations in virtual machines, that is to say, when the virtual machine triggers the flush operations, it must wait until the data reaches the physical disk.

great burden of disk can be predicted as long as intensive I/O domain exists.


It contains a two-stage operational amplifier and a current source, where the bias current remains constant even when the power supply changes.

it guarantees that the bias current of the comparator is small enough for normal subthreshold operation, even when the supply voltage changes in a wide range.


Although .nding the exact worst-case noise for timing is extremely dif.cult, designers have to assure that the designed circuit operates at the target frequency in a quantitative manner before fabrication.

a systematic technique that can estimate not exact but reasonable worst-case timing is necessary.


Any guidance mechanism needs to know the design state, so the guided simulator must make additional function calls and memory accesses on each simulation cycle.

what s worse is that making the simulation state visible at each cycle can disable some compiler optimizations, imposing a substantial slowdown.1 abstraction-guided 1Thanks to Valeria Bertacco for explaining this source of overhead.


E. Note that for the assigned voltage V * less than Vth, trapped charge problem ei will not be incurred.

vdi can be expressed as following: V * - max(Vth, Vprei ), if V * = Vth ei ei Vdi =0, if V * < Vth ei The global e.ect of trapped charge can be reduced by minimizing Vdmax , which is the maximum of Vdi (see Eq.


4.5 Further Optimization with More SNDRs Recall that our proposed methodology focuses on transparency to existing CTS .ows, i.e., we perform the wire sizing after routing, potentially just before design closure and signoff.

we limit our selection of SNDRs to constant track cost, so as not to harm the original design with noise coupling or with routing ECOs.


Then, the cell power becomes more dominating factor, because cell power does not decrease so much with smaller pin caps.

the power reduction rate with T-MI becomes smaller.


On the other hand, the increased workload of a single logical partition leads to higher memory requirements.

the maximum workload that a logical partition can handle is limited by available memory.


The input sub-phase consists of two read transitions that are mapped into two di.erent TLM transactions, and the same happens inthe outputsub-phase.

anRTLcomputationalphase is mappedintothreeTLMtransactions, each one annotated with one, three and one clock cycles times the clock period, respectively.


COMMON PATH PESSIMISM REMOVAL (CPPR) The early-late split based timing analysis e.ectively accounts for modeling limitations at the cost of added pessimism.

this can lead to an overly conservative design.


This pole is determined by the gate driving resistance and the load capacitance.

when the gate output impedance dominates its loading resistance, this pole can overwhelm the other poles in such circuit.


C Vopt = (10) f total where ftotal is the total number of functional units.

(10) sets the instruction probability according to the number of functional units of a particular type.


It can be easily deduced that a group (j1G ,j2G ,j3G)E JGwill be executed in node (j1G ,j2G)during the time step t(jG)=j1Gj2Gj3G .

the linear time scheduling vector for this example is IG=(1,1,1).


The density is sampled to generate a large volume of new data, which is subsequently used to estimate the relevant test metrics with parts per million (ppm) accuracygiven the BIST limits.

the BIST limits can be set to obtain the desired trade-offs between different test metrics.


In this paper we described methods, that allow a real co-design of platform and controller.

we presented a model, that describes the occurrence of lost samples in the interval domain.


Although the studies about CNF encoding are not such popular as the studies about SAT solving, there are many possibilities and clues for improving the existing solutions.

a good encoding and solver setting can guide the solving and significantly reduce the total runtime for solving all the relevant problems.


Obviously, if multiple pages in a log block belong to the same mapping unit, only one merge is needed.

the more random the writes are, the more merge operations are needed.


As mentioned above, the 576 con.gurations represent the entire design space and these Pareto points indicate the fastest execution time under a particular area constraint.

there are no extra Pareto points in this design space.


= 24 when reducing the access by three fourths.

the total simulation we need to run is 36.


That is, with a2 = 0, if LAT1 =LAT2, LAT1 -EAT2 =B and LAT1 -EAT1 =B, which means LAT2 -EAT1 =B.


The multi-Vt logic cells are built with monolithic threshold voltage devices.

the conventional device upsizing technique is still required and both energy and area overheads are inevitable.


We show that the logic function it implements is the inverse of the Majority gate (the output of the Majority gate is 1 if more than half of its inputs are 1 ).

we refer to the G4-FET as a Not-Majority gate.


But, in [2], water drops are discharged by air.

water is not charged in the box automatically, and it is not suitable for long-term use.


Nevertheless, the processor can benefit from the use of a coprocessor (also implemented in step 4) to alleviate the memory management tasks.

we built a simple Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller to exchange the packets between the XLMI memory and the interfaces.


For example, if each rectangle is only allowed to escape in two directions, LPAPX is a 2approximation algorithm for REP.

we have the following immediate corollary: Corollary 1: Given an REP instance R , where each rectangle has a candidate choices of escape direction, LPAPX is an aapproximation algorithm for R .


In this approximation, the potential drop across the inversion layer is ignored for the calculation of the bulk charge density Q´B.

the inversion charge density, for an n-channel, Q´I is expressed as [11, 13]: f SL+ f S .. .


Such a competition can result in a ping-pong style data migration and induce huge overhead.

only the pure read-based and write-based partitioning is considered in this work.


This is because there has not been a signi.cant demand for these features, especially for Xtensa customers in the embedded market, particularly, since these instructions can be fairly area intensive.

if an embedded application uses these unimplemented instructions heavily, then it is ideal to implement these instructions using the Tensilica Instruction Extensions.


Thus, the distance of the conditional Pi+1) distributions between the two neighboring states is E(xm E(YPi+1+.m E(xm Pi), which is equal to Pi+1)-E(YPi+.m Pi).

since program interference is mainly determined by the threshold Pi+1) voltage changes on the direct-neighbor aggressor cells, E(.m and E(.m Pi) are close as the neighbors are programmed to the same value m. E(xm Pi+1)-E(xm Pi) is similar to E(YPi+1)E(YPi), which is equal to the distance of the neighboring distributions before neighbor cells are programmed and is independent of the exact values programmed to the directneighbor aggressor cells.


In fact, as evidenced by the harmonic mean, the FSSS low physical bandwidth interface actually provides 9% greater effective bandwidth on average than the fastest physical interface we model.

we can potentially trade the implementation of FSSS for physical bandwidth.


Thus, the probability of exposing a weakness of the system not covered by the safety and protection measures in a lucky guess scenario is extremely low, or may require a vast amount of simulation.

a systematic approach is required that stresses the system at its possible weak spots to .nd error scenarios that lead to safety-critical failures.


Unlike area and power, the studies showed that the latter trend dominates.

critical path delay decreases monotonically for increasing cluster size.


Note that each FPGA has its own memory bandwidth of 20GB/sec.

we can simply put the MRF parameters for two image frames in a different location of the shared memory and then run the two inference engines independently.


This probability is equal to |Ti nTj |/ |Ti |, which is the level of similarity SLi ,j .

the level of similarity SLi ,j is also the probability that a test for f i will detect f j .


During each interval [ta(c m , ), ta(c m , ) + t], t > 0, exactly id id t cells arrive at the PPS and destined for the same outputport j (i.e., there are no stalls between the cells comprising tra.c T ).

lemma 3.8 implies that for each cell c such that ta(c) > ta(c m , ), R(ALG, d, c) .


When synthesizing code to a specific architecture, the synthesis tool must use the appropriate memory architecture, which we assume to be a single off-chip memory.

the synthesized circuit must read the position and force arrays from a single memory, which does not provide sufficient bandwidth to execute the pipeline without stalls.


Rather than this, it is chosen uniformly from the set of all possible k-bit numbers being the product of two k/2-bit primes.

we have to correct for this special distribution in the remaining probabilities.


-VS2 = ftF (if2) (5) So, one can conclude that if the resulting M1 current ID1, that was chosen to keep M1 operating with if1 = 3, is also used to control the drain current of M2 (through the M5-M6 current mirror), M2 also operates under a constant inversion level, making F (if2) constant.

if a voltage proportional to ft is attached to the source terminal of M2, with the right proportionality factor F (if2) adjusted (using the current mirror aspect relation K1), the equality of (5) can be satis.ed.


On the other hand switch blocks and output connect blocks drive routing wires crossing over several tiles, and large bu.ers are necessary to achieve a good timing performance.

in order to reduce the overall leakage power consumption, the main e.ort should be spent in investigating suitable design techniques for programmable interconnections.


This means that 3D IC is not suitable for too big circuits in terms of additional silicon area required for buffer insertion.

3D ICs are suitable for medium or big circuits with respect to silicon area (Table 7), power consumption (Table 6), and the maximum delay (Figure 8) in the current assumptions and parameter settings.


Once device performance is optimized, supporting electronics are added incrementally.

a bottom-up deve lopment approach is rather natural.


Therefore, wehavefour sets(S =4), andeach set has two different locations to storedata(A =2)and each of these locations are called cache ways.

the cache of Figure 1 is a two-way set associative cache.


For each slot, the wire distribution may be different, and it directly affects dummy .ll insertion.

our dummy .ll insertion strategy is to insert dummies slot by slot.


Given a reversible function f, the complexity measure C(f) is equal to the sum of the individual Hamming distances between input assignments and output assignments for all rows of the truth table of f. After considering different variants of complexity measures based on decision diagrams, we have chosen the following one: Definition 5 The complexity measure D(f) of an n*n reversible function f is equal to D(f) = s(f) - n, where s(f) denotes the number of non-terminal nodes in the reduced ordered SBDD of f with complemented edges.


Regarding output response compaction, typically only a fraction of the scan cells would produce an unknown state.

we can easily set constraints to the ATPG process to generate satis.ed test cubes.


However, a change in a gate size often affects not only the mean of the gate delay, but also the shape of the CDF.

we show that it is possible to construct a lower bound on the perturbed CDF, such that the shape of this lower bound is identical to the unperturbed CDF, as illustrated by CDF B' i in Figure 5.


s-reduction can concentrate the samples around a much smaller region where rare failures can happen with higher probability.

the samples drawn from the parameterized Gaussian distribution h(.i,µ i,s i) are more likely to fail, and can thereby expedite the convergence of the failure probability estimation in the importance sampling.


This can be accomplished by using the locality characteristic of laser fault, and through a partitioning of the RTL description of the circuit.

our efforts involve the development of an RTL fault injection approach more representative of laser attacks than random multi bits fault injection.


Then, we show that the NP-complete set intersection problem [17] is polynomial time reducible to our problem.

it follows that the problem of optimal cache indexing is also NP-complete.


1-p is the number of idle quanta per each execution quanta of t. For example, if we idle with probability 75%, then 3 out of 4 times t is scheduled we will idle instead, so there will be 3 idle quanta for every 1 executed quanta.


The importance of having support for the ef.cient implementation of multiplexers in an FPGA logic block has also been con.rmed by Agarwala in [1] and Cherepacha in [6].

we assume that a bit-slice must allow mapping of a 2:1 multiplexer.


The approach presented in this paper has been developed as part of the MaCCv2 compiler framework.

it smoothly integrates within this framework.


Checking 1 against A1 we are presented with the following counterexample: r1 : 0 0 0 (0 ....) g1 : 0 0 0 (0 ....) r2 : 0 0 0 (0 ....) g2 : 1 1 1 (1 ....) The trace shows that we forgot to rule out initial spurious grants.

we add a new requirement R3 stating that there must be no grants until there is a request.


The integration of multiple cores on a single die accentuates the already daunting memory-wall problem.

the memory hierarchy design has to play catch-up and tremendously scale in performance, energy-ef.ciency, and storage capacity to sustain the processing demands of a wide variety of next-generation applications.


Here, we observe that the detection and false-alarm probabilities is related to the complementary cdf (ccdf ) of the DV.

we design a technique by deriving the MGF of the DV and then employ the inverse Laplace transform to obtain the acquisition probabilities, valid for arbitrary multipath intensity pro.le (MIP) with uniformly-spaced paths.


So we only take O(m) time during ML-OAPDRFST stage.

the time complexity of our algorithm is about O((m + n)log(m + n)) time.


Finally, the nodes that have di.erent values in MAs(nt = sa0) and imp((nf1 = v) .

mAs(nt = sa1)) can be nf2.in step 4, the nodes that driven by nf1 and nf2 are the added substitute nodes of Types 1 ~ 4.


An additional delayis introduced by the MUX with EQGLBF as the select signal.

cLK DEL should be delayed (compared to the system clock CLK) by: delay for CLK DEL = 28 + DCW SP + delay of MUX + TSETUP EQ (3)where TSETUP EQ is the setup time of the Equivalence Checker design.


The primary reason is that it is hard to evaluate alternative test approaches in terms of the test error that they may result in.

test engineers are reluctant to adopt such approaches since, although they may succeed to reduce test cost drastically, this may be at the expense of increased test error.


Note that, for each state transition, the switching state registers in our re-encoded FSM must be exactly the same as those in the original FSM.

the peak current is minimized with no penalty on average power consumption.


An application scenario where the standardization process spans a long time are optical transport networks (OTN).

designers aiming for an early presence on the market, focus more and more on .exible architectures, recon.gurability and multiprocessing reducing both design risks and costs.


It is also worth mentioning that, as people carry along mobile devices all day long, the learning process can happen in any moment and place, because we can learn in unbelievable places.

these devices break the frontier between formal and non-formal education, and guaranteeing that the leaning processes that happen both inside and outside an academic environment support each other and answers to the diversity of people and  Second International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality -TEEM 14 situations with which we normally coexist, thanks to possibilities such as text zooming, voice transcription, location detection, text reading, etc, breaking barriers to communication and access for people with different capacities.


PLACEMENT While the floorplanning study described above was good enough to provide the answer to the question discussed in this paper, relevant for the systems in which its functional blocks (or IP cores such as embedded memories) are large, it was not good to provide sufficient insight needed for the systems implemented using low granularity components.

in this section of the paper we are discussing traditional placement procedure implemented for 2-D and 2.5-D systems built with ordinary standard cells.


Ultimately, this may lead to circuitfailureduetoexcessivedelayorsimply malfunctioning devices.

it has become clear that in modern circuits, proper design and behavior of power grids is a performance limitingfactor.


It should be reminded that the simulation of the non-failure regions is a waste of runtime, also, it is not worthy to simulate the deep of the failure region since their silicon appearance probability is extremely low.

observing more samples around the threshold (the narrower spread) is a good sign in terms of the method performance.


circuit with retiming graph an integer-valued vertex label r(v)called the retiming value is assigned to each vertex v in V .


Then the cost of the net between the cells is: 1 Wij [(xi - xj)2 +(yi - yj)2] (1) 2 1Equivalently, a force equilibrium state of the spring sy stem is found.

if a cell i is connected to a .xed cell f with coordinates (xf ,yf ), the cost of the net is given by: 1 Wif [(xi - xf )2 +(yi - yf )2] (2) 2 the objective function which sums up the cost of all the nets can be written in matrix notation as [9]: 1 1 T T T T F(x, y)= x Qx + dx x + y Qy + dy y + constant (3) 2 2 where Q is an n × n symmetric positive de.nite matrix and dx, dy are n-dimensional vectors.


The simulation scheduling policy used in the MEK is First-InFirst-Out (FIFO).

the MEK also keeps a FIFO queue of pointers to tasks in the ready state.


To this end, in the proposed approach, data dependencies are extracted automatically by using the symbolic execution described in the following section, which makes it possible to express Figure 3: An example of the cone-based architectural template the result of the (i + m)-th iteration as a function of (part of) the elements computed at the i-th iteration.

given the data available from the i-th iteration, instead of trying to compute the whole fi+1, we can focus on a subset of the matrix elements and directly compute the results of a generic m-th iteration (with m = 1), thus obtaining a subset of fi+m.


Our techniques are built on wavelet-based multiresolution analysis, which provides a clear and orthogonal view of phase dynamics by presenting complex dynamic structures of program phases with respect to both time and frequency domains.

key tendencies can be efficiently identified.


However, the sHWPL function of the x-coordinate of a cell is not convex due to the formulation of the over.ow factor.

the objective in Compaction is di.erent from that of the previous sub-steps.


In addition, the larger is the distance separating the sensor node to the tag, the more will be the energy consumed by the sensor.

the deployment of tags in the two edges of the waterway can be considered as an e.cient solution even if the width of the waterway is low.


2004] only present results for arbitrary nets and do not consider routing congestion, .oorplan compaction, etc., of the speci.c design or benchmark circuits.

it is not possible to provide a direct comparison of our results with these works.


We used the analyzer to get results for typical applications running on a specific processor (PULSE V1), and have shown that many components are not fully (if at all) used with several applications.

to help meet the requirements of embedded systems with respect to integration, power, performance, and production cost, we introduced an extra optimization step prior to synthesis.


In summary, faster (and leakier) cores also contribute to increasing FMAXAVG when the FI scheme is used for multi-core processors.

sPGOPT increases while VDDOPT decreases as the number of cores per die increases unlike the GC case.


In the present paper, the fault effect is considered as a logical perturbation in the circuit.

whatever the physical effects causing faults are, we assume that the fault eventually becomes one or more logical errors.


In direct addressing scheme, the actuation sequence of each electrode can be independently determined.

the contact angle reduction problem can be simply avoided by minimizing the number of switching times of each electrode.


Note that, in general, if AEr has out-degree 0, then again any v of interest is just AEr itself, and similarly to the base case, s(AEr,AEr) = AF(AEr) = 1 and the claim holds.

if the removed vertex was AEr, we already know that the claim holds for C, so consider the case where AEr was not the removed vertex, and therefore it is also in D. Table 1: Signi.cance values of the adders in the graph shown in Fig.


These teams assemble third party blocks, communication blocks, newly designed sophisticated blocks for application speci.c operations, and customized module interfaces.

no single person in the team knows all details about the entire design.


For example, NAMD performs three force calculation steps (a), before an FFT for long range force calculations (b).


The StrongARM SA-110 processor from DEC, which speci.cally targets low power applications, dissipate about 27% of the power in the instruction cache[1].

employing low-power memory can greatly reduce the overall power consumption in digital systems.


It is to be noted that the devices shown are not purely ballistic since the dimensions are larger than the mean free path.

most of the quantum effects are absent but due to the presence of the deflector, the deflection phenomenon still exists.


The tuner aims to minimize namic pulldown network), the quadrature.binary conver- F = a X s X x RC(x, s)+ b X y (s X s RC(y, s)) sion does not incur any overhead as the conversion logic is folded into logic implementing other NoC features (such as crossbar muxing and link hot-sparing.)

the overhead of the quadrature logic conversion is approximately 3.5% in our implementation.


Fin- FET), the coupling between top/bottom tier transistors would be much smaller.

we can reduce ILD thickness to keep the as pect ratio of MIV reasonable.


On the other hand, is the right child of , which means block is the first block placed above the block with the same x-coordinate.

given a B*-tree, the x-coordinate of all blocks can be determined by traversing this tree once in linear time.


During constrained test generation, the test generator sees thecircuit including m and the two VCCs, as shown in Figure 4.

the goal of test generation is to detect faults in m. faults from the VCCs are removed from the fault list during test generation.


First, increased amounts of slack lead to an increased number of feasible task mappings, and some of these may enhance system lifetime.

larger investments in system slack potentially enable greater lifetime enhancements though task mapping search.


For a write hit, the cache tag is updated simultaneously with the data part.

there is no extra timing overhead for the tag access.


With the conventional VIPT cache, the i-TLB is always accessed for instruction cache accesses.

there is no overhead in terms of performance with the proposed scheme on TLB hits.


In fact, starting with 180nm devices, the wavelength of optical source has remained the same (at 193nm) due to difficulties in finding a flicker-free, high energy, coherent light source with compatible improvement in lens material for focusing this light.

upcoming technology nodes (65nm, 45nm, 32nm and 22nm) will be using a light source with wavelength much greater than the feature size.


When the NMOS Vth is low, sub-threshold leakage across N4 will cause transistor N5 to be turned ON more strongly (both due to stronger gate-bias as well as its own lesser than nominal Vth) which will cause the drain-voltage of N4 to reduce further and hence, reduce VA as well.

n4 and N5 form a positive feedback loop and provide magnified voltage variations to threshold variations across N4-N5.


With ATO, the address translation cost for arbitrary partition factors which are not powers of 2 is greatly reduced.

a larger 2 For each memory reference in the loop, the address translation is done at the beginning of the loop.


However, embedded system design usually incurs stringent power and area constraints that might be even more critical than the reliability issue.

the existing conservative memory protection techniques should be tailored to meet these constraints as well as providing an acceptable level of fault tolerance.


Note that producing the detailed chip thermal pro.le in Figure 1 requires detailed physical information, i.e., a .oorplan, a power pro.le, and a chip-package thermal model.

stand-alone high-level synthesis algorithms have no means of detecting, let alone correcting, thermal crises.


If there are many write accesses, PRAM will be worn-out quickly.

the page cache algorithm on  Figure 3: Overview of Page Caching Algorithm the hybrid main memory should be designed to overcome the long latency and endurance problem of PRAM.


r(.R+1) <r(.0) if and only if exp (G(.i,.f , q)) < 1, or equivalently, G(.i,.f , q) < 0.


These loads are not observed by the inter 386 connect, and do not have entries in the PTAT.


For mature process technology, the values of a and ß can be estimated from previous statistical data.

considering process variation, the skew constraint Eqn.


For the threshold values higher than 0.90, we observe that the lookahead depth decreases.

the B-Fetch engine becomes conservative and prefetches less often.


It is only necessary to record the relative position if two modules have distance less than 3.

the element in the SRPM corresponding to (2,4) is recorded to be zero, i.e., SRPM(2,4):=0.


The settings Min RC and Max RC result in the lowest and highest interconnect RC products respectively, whereas Min C and Max C result in the lowest and highest interconnect capacitance values [1].

for paths with long interconnects, corners Min RC and Max RC will give the smallest and largest path delays respectively.


Extracting assertions from the graph follows exactly the same approach as described above for the sequentially-composable relation.

we end up with the assertions of the following form (provided that C .C is a cycle in the graph of _): `V ´ locCon.uentC : assert G¬ r.C .r Again, statically determining the con.ict free relation is a hard problem, so that there is an alternative syntactic check, which conservatively approximates the relation: r1 ¨= r2).


Since the required charge is provided by an on-chip decoupling capacitor, the voltage at the capacitor during discharge drops below the initial (power supply) voltage.

the required charge during the entire switching event is Imax × (tr + tf ) f Qdis = = Cdec × (Vdd - V ), (4) C 2 where Imax is the maximum magnitude of the current load, tr and tf are the rise and fall times, respectively, Cdec is the decoupling capacitance, Vdd is the power supply voltage, and VC f is the voltage across the decoupling capacitor after the switching event.


A predictable behavior is necessary to manage memory accesses issued from real-time applications, where all deadlines have to be met.

predictable memory controllers [1, 15] are proposed to generate well known memory access behaviors that can be easily measured in terms of clock cycles.


System_type is, a) sqc for software-controlled cache, b) nc for base system, c) dc for data cache, and d) qc for queuing cache.

sD1_70.sqc.32.fa indicates that a) the traffic type is single dominating queue taking 70% of the link capacity, b) system is software-controlled cache, c) the cache array size is 32, and d) it is fully associative.


Note that if a droplet has to be stored in an on-chip storage unit, the total transportation time for this droplet is the sum of the droplet-routing time and the duration for the on-chip storage.

the duration for the on-chip storage of this droplet should be minimized.


At their second step, the read-update behaviors at the stops are atomic.

a microarchitecture model groups state elements according to the stops, de.nes transitions according to the pre-pipelined behaviors the designers envision, and sends messages among the groups according to what is sent along the pipelines between stops.


Figure 1: Code compression phases 60MB of software is, for instance, summing on current premium cars [7].

a key challenge in designing high volume, cost e.ective embedded systems is to host this vast amount of software in an e.cient way.


Therefore, the mapping of TRIM commands is tricky and requires special handling of, e.g., cases such as partly empty stripes.

in this paper we concentrate on the third option, that is over-provisioning.


However, in practice, we have found that it is considerably more ef.cient to make decisions on Boolean control than word-level data-path.

the current formulation does not consider any arithmetic operator that does not have a Boolean input as justi.able.


Otherwise, charge is kept in the load capacitance, so the output logic value of the domino cell remains low.

only two types of waveforms are observable at the buffer output of a domino cell, namely, either stable low or low-to-high transition during the evaluation stage.


Equation (2) shows that, given aligned inputs, the skew with a crosslink is inversely proportional to RX+ Rav.

for enhanced skew reduction and a specific RX, the crosslink should be inserted as far as possible from the input buffers driving a section.


The delay t is the time required to complete the entire execution sequence which highly depends on Fl.

the delay depends on the triggering patterns of tasks Ts, Tc and Ta as well as the message schedules on the bus.


For the UMC 0.18 µm technology, the maximum allowable IR drop is 10% of the supply voltage.

we used the worst-case supply voltage, which is 1.62 V. the IR-drop constraints are Vmin =1.62 forthe powerand Vmax =0.162 for the ground.


Based on the definition of Pin,min and the two theorems, one can say that Pin,min is the maximum gap between the power required by the circuit and the power that can be compensated by the charges on the capacitor.

pin,min is the lower bound for the input power of tags, and is hence used as our criterion for evaluating anti-collision schemes.


The di.erence between the two curves creates the suboptimality, and the vth should be selected in a way to minimize this di.erence for a ma jority of designs.

in general, the suboptimality for a gate is derived from the di.erence between the curves in Figure 2.


System designers therefore turn to memory performance improvements to maintain the computational power of processors.

a common technique used to boost memory system performance is caching, which is achieved by storing recently used data in fast and close memory to the processor unit.


Most of the implementation choices will be performed after this early modelling phase.

a TLM model of a system can describe an abstract system that can be mapped onto different architectures.


For example, by using 0000 to indicate that the cache line is not in the cache, and 0001 to mean that the cache line is in the .rst way.

we can represent valid and 15-ways with only 4 Access Time (ns) Energy (nJ) per Bank 2-HT 1-HT per Bank 2-HT 1-HT 1 Bank 8 Banks 0.2459 0.1377 0.1991 0.1844 0.0082 0.0020 0.0062 0.0059  -7% -5% Table 5: Access time and read energy for 1 and 8 banks, where the eTLB and the data-array are banked separately (2-HT), and together (1-HT) for a 32 kB, 8-way, 512 B micro-page TLC.


Given that wr¯(u, v) = w(u,v) + r¯(v) - r¯(u) = 1, we have w(u,v) + r¯(v) - 1= r¯(u).

r '(u) = r¯(u), i.e., r = r¯is kept after the increase of r(u).


Due to the effects of slack reserved for recovery, it is expected that SUEF (f)will increase and then decrease after a certain threshold.

for each task Tk, there should exist an optimal speed, fk opt (>fee,k ), at which SUEFk(f)is maximized.


Then, those of master 2 are processed consecutively, reducing the number of ACT commands from three to two.

the energy consumption becomes 29.26nJ, which corresponds to 25% (9.74nJ) reduction in memory energy consumption compared to the previous case in Figure 1 (b).


4.3 Symbolic Implementation by BDDs Using dual rail encoding, we can encode the values of .and all desired operations on .by corresponding Boolean values and operations, respectively.

canonical normal forms for propositional logic like binary decision diagrams (BDDs) [7, 41] lead to canonical normal forms for functions on ..To obtain an ef.cient implementation, we can therefore easily use BDDs for representing and manipulating these formulas.


This technique is prohibitive when high definition (HD) videos are considered, since it is well known the high difficult to encode HD videos in real time (30 frames per second).

heuristic based decisions mode are important to perform this task, especially when hardware implementations are considered.


In either case, the fraction of laser energy that EcoLaser saves depends on the network utilization, not on the optical loss parameters, and the higher the total optical loss, the higher EcoLaser s impact would be.

we remain conservative in our estimates of optical losses.


At this time, the *BMD-manager only consists of the variables rl,..., r2~ of the output word.

in the case of a 10-bit multiplier the initial *BMD has size 20.


When we combine two separate units into the same cycle, we assume that the intervening latches can be eliminated.

the power assigned is the greater of the power requirement for each unit.


Similar to [13], the critical paths were counted to compute the criticality of each selected critical net, the criticality score of net j is denoted by Sc j.

the combined timing weight wtt = Sc jSnj.


Having our testing strategy iterated at every system bootstrap increases the con.dence level of this assumption.

at every usage session, the user is informed about whether the fault-tolerance logic has its full recovery capability from transient faults at runtime, or whether it is degraded by permanent faults to some extent.


Some representations may actually capture the exact same set of .oorplans, such as sequence pair, TCG and TCG-S.

we distinguish several families of topological representations.


However, all of them use the idea of statistical approximation: reducing error for highly probable variations at the expense of high error in other regions of variations.

these and similar methods are not suitable for modeling deterministic variations.


PriSM partitions a cache in a similar way to PF, i.e., .rst choosing a partition (Partition-Selection) and then evicting from the selected partition (Victim-Identi.cation).

priSM is supposed to suffer from the associativity degradation the same way as PF when the list of replacement candidates is shortened in the Victim-Identi.cation step.


The average capacitance of a circuit is proportional to its area, so the capacitance of a multiplier and the LCH data path increase as O(w 2).

the delay of a w-bit array multiplier decreases as O(w) [15].


Due to the hardware resource limitation, we can only implement a limited number of PE on the FPGA.

in the calculation of a similarity matrix, we need to divide the matrix into sub-matrices, in each iteration, the PE array will calculate one sub-matrix, and store the intermediate results in the memory for the next iteration to use.


Analyzing the different digital image processing algorithms mapped on DRIP datapath it is readily seen that a significant similarity level exists, which reflects in a huge number of static and semi-static PEs.

we can map only the really needed elements to the reconfigurable fabric reducing resources usage significantly and, at the same time, minimizing the logic depth of the cells that leads to higher operational frequencies.


If thhe energy deteccted on channell is greater thann a Carrier-Sennse TThreshold (CSThhresh), the statioon must assume tthat the channel is bbusy, and defer.

a small CCSThresh impliees that even noddes qquite far away fr om a transmittinng node shall dettect the channel as bbusy, and defer.


All the tests result in g = 1, and the fault is activated and propagated in essentially the same way.

one may consider a strict de.nition where only one of these tests would be counted.


Especially for the NBTI or PBTI, however, the e.ects of the threshold voltage degradation occur on PMOS and NMOS devices independently.

some additional circuits or measurement equipments are required to isolate the e.ects on PMOS and NMOS only from the frequency information.


there exists no performance overhead due to the extra control logic which is necessary to prune the clock tree, is already present in the SRAM-based FPGA.

compared to a FPGA with SRAM cells, our solution provides a massive reduction of total power consumption.


This means that these clauses are either a subset of .... or implied by the overall problem.

if all .... are SAT under ..,so are all ...........


it is convenient to take the Fisher Transformation of rab [13] and obtain a new statistic zab so that the result is mathematically more manageable.


We note thatspectral decompositionisa crucial .rststep for many sensor network applications such as acoustic or seismic object classi.cation, event detection, and vibration monitoring [34, 4, 2].

these analog circuits hold great promise for use in wireless sensor networks, and in this paper, we show di.erent ways to leverage these circuits.


This vector imposes the dependencies (1,O,...,O,In order to construct a time schedule for this example, O)T=(1,O,...,O,O,O,...,O)Tand l 1 m; ,O ,..., we group together the tiles that should be concurrently O)T=(1,O,...,O,1,O,...,O)T 1 mj in the Group Space.

the Dependence matrix of the O,I l,O (1,O executed by the same SMP node.


Lowering the supply voltage is the most effective way to reduce power consumption [1,2].

the use of multiple power modes has attracted a lot of attention [3-7].


Previous works [5-7] focus on the minimization of required inserted delay, but they pay no attention to the minimization of the number of inserted buffers.

they [5-7] may obtain circuit ex1* as shown in Figure 4 for working with the lower bound of the clock period.


That is, for the teaching method using a force/torque sensor, if the speed of the robot has been set to fast, the robot does not follow the operator s movement but leads the movement of the operator.

a deviation from the desired trajectory often occurs.


The archive operation is particularly expensive under the remote I/O con.guration, as it involves not only reading and processing data blocks, but also reading .lesystem metadata for all .les and directories.

the subsequent compress operation is able to retrieve a large number of data blocks from the buffer cache at the I/O initiator node, rather than having to issue RDMA transfers.


(17) We proceed by assuming that the process according to which sector SEC is read/written is Poisson with parameter h given by (7).

consequently, the process according to which sector SEC is read and the process according to which sector SEC is written are Poisson with parameters hr and hw , respectively, given by hr =(1 - rw)h, and hw = rw h, (18) the probability qr that SEC is read within an in.nitesimal interval dt is given by qr " P(SEC is read within dt)= hr dt.


Protection of IP during the design phase is no different for FPGAs than it is for ASICs or microprocessors.

this paper does not address design-phase security.


While some hangs may result from the OS, the High OS symptom catches these before the hang detector can identify them as hangs.

without the High-OS detector, hangs would provide higher coverage (but at a higher latency).


According to the Machinee Correctness TTheorem, the crriticalsecction-level syncchronization exeecution is equivvalent to the shharedvarriable synchronnization and thhe shared-variaable synchronizzation exeecution is prooved to be ass same as thee original proogram.

by maintaining thee execution ordder of critical se ctions ammoong simulated programs, the ccorrectness of mmulti-core simuulation is gguaranteed.


A small .R is used for a narrow target band to prevent the iterative write from completely missing the target band.

the average number of required iterations (write latency) is approximately inversely proportional to both .R and the width of the target band [5]: 1 1 Write Latency .


Let w1>w2> >wk> >wn be the sorted list of all edge weights, then wk will be the gain of the perfect matching found by the algorithm; moreover, there is no perfect matching of only edges with weights among {wi|i=1..k-1}, otherwise the algorithm would have terminated earlier.

any perfect matching would have to contain at least one edge whose weight is among {wi| i=k..n}, thus of a gain no larger than wk.


Also, from Assertion 1 we see that temporal locality is more important than spatial.

if we tackle one loop-nest at a time and always give priority to temporal over spatial then we will still arrive at the best temporal locality solution in a very scalable way, while still being close to the overall optimal solution.


2.2 Merom Verification Merom design was divided into 6 logical clusters having clear and stable functional boundaries.

we developed a Cluster Test Environment (CTE) for each of the RTL clusters and multiple Unit-Level Test environments (ULTs) for specific units.


As the number of paths increases the mean shifts up, but the variation is reduced, shown in Figure 10 (bottom).

variation does impact delay but its impact on Vopt and minimum energy are small.


A bi-directional link is created between each audio clip that shares same (or similar) tag.

users can traverse through audio clips within a category.


However, in fact, the race conditions can be resolved by applying the delay insertion, which is referred to as the padding method [4].

the combination of clock skew scheduling and delay insertion can improve the optimal clock skew scheduling.


For DTM-CDVFS without PID, most of time, the temperature swings between 109.5 and 110.0.C.

its average temperature is higher than others.


The cost generation outside the gate area can be omitted thanks to the gate check.

the gate size is determined by the gate coef.cient K. the parameter K jointly with the number of obstacles N plays a primordial role to reduce the time consumption.


For RAW, there may be multiple reads associated with one data write.

the lock will be duplicated for the multiple read entries.


To avoid modi.cation on the memory device and DDR command and also ensure the correctness of memory access scheduling, a reserved column access must be issued at its designated cycle and cannot be issued on any other time.

at each memory cycle, the memory controller will .rst check if the current cycle is reserved for any column access.


If a glitch is propagated from gate c to gate v and the output value of gate u is 1 , the glitch will be logically masked by the controlling value 1 from gate u.

the higher probability of going to cv(v) gate u has, the more likely glitches from gate v s fanin gates (except gate u) will be logically masked at gate v. we introduce this constraint to minimize the loss on logical masking as a result of wire removal.


The Leon 3 is designed primarily for embedded systems applications and enables a large range of customizations (e.g., size or replacement policy of the register .le, caches, and TLBs).

components in our Leon 3-based framework.


It has been shown, for instance, that processvariations can cause up to 2000% variation in leakage current and 30% variation in frequency of a chip fabricated in 180nm CMOS technology [4].

without properly addressing and predicting variations in devices and interconnects, the yield of chips can drop to unacceptably low levels due to timing violations or increased power consumption.


Switching processes in the PMC a) The CF vertically grows prior to set occurs, b) the CF laterally dissolves prior to reset The VHW (OFF to ON state transition) and the UHVHW ON to OFF state transition) processes of a PMC device are shown in Figure 1. x Under a positive bias, the top active electrode is oxidized, and the fast metal ions (Ag+ or Cu2+) drift toward the bottom electrode and form the CF.

the CF vertically grows until it reaches the top electrode, at which time the set occurs.


The average delta value is also fairly low, which means that the next-time mlpcost for a cache block remains fairly close to the current mlp-cost.

the current mlp-cost can be used as a predictor of the next mlp-cost of the same block in MLP-aware cache replacement.


One big di.erence between concept maps and social networks is that while in concept maps it is possible to use n-ary relationships, social networks apparently only accept binary relationships.

some of the relationships had to be changed during this .rst step.


Serial connection can reduce the area than parallel connection, and the power consumption is smaller than that of parallel connection.

it is possible that giving priority to serial connection reduces Stotal.


in this paper, the total delay is divided ABCD matrix as shown in Fig.


However, in contrast to the bit-level format AIGER, it is much harder to extract non-base word-level operators after they have been represented with base operators.

we argue that in a general format for bit-precise word-level modelling it should be possible to express and retain non-base operators.


Moreover, there are 7 SPECint codes that have so few misses that a perfect MHA (unlimited number of MSHRs, subentries, and bandwidth) makes not even a 5% performance impact in any of the architectures analyzed.

we SPECint2000 SPECfp2000 256.bzip2 (bzip2) 188.ammp (ammp) 254.gap (gap) 173.applu (applu) 181.mcf (mcf) 179.art (art) 253.perlbmk (perlbmk) 183.equake (equake) 177.mesa (mesa) 172.mgrid (mgrid) 171.swim (swim) 168.wupwise (wupwise) Mix 179.art, 183.equake (artequake) 179.art, 254.gap (artgap) 179.art, 253.perlbmk (artperlbmk) 183.equake, 253.perlbmk (equakeperlbmk) 177.mesa, 179.art (mesaart) 172.mgrid, 181.mcf (mgridmcf) 171.swim, 181.mcf (swimmcf) 168.wupwise, 253.perlbmk (wupwiseperlbmk) Table 6.


The di.erence between J GI 1 and J GI 2 is that the former correlates on the entire metric, while the latter correlates on two subsequences of the metric.

at least for these two anomalies, selecting a set of subsequences in a metric yields better results than selecting the complete metric.


To address this issue, a de.nition of p at the level of a digital building block (e.g., an adder) is considered basedonathreshold d. Informally, the threshold d designates a maximum tolerable deviation in magnitude between the expected and observed output of the primitive.

errors that do not cause the magnitude of the output to vary from the correct value by more than d in magnitude are considered to be correct.


3.5 Predicting Destinations Clearly, the bene.t of direct data access from a remote L1 will be greatly limited if we need indirection from the directory for each access.

predicting the location of an L1 cache having the needed cache line becomes a necessary component.


Also, identifying the users who need original training data was e.ective.

the next challenge is the determination of the speci.c user who is high in the user-dependency.


The internal state of a LEMMA process is reported before and after the execution of each of the layers.

it is possible to create scenarios that alter Figure 5.


ii , i =1, 2, ..., N, be the numbers of packets sent in the ith round trip time over the TCP and TFRC connections respectively.

the numbers of packets sent over the TCP and TFRC sessions, respectively, are given by Ntcp N W tcp and Ntfrc N W tfrc = =.


Current 3G wireless communication is trying to provide a 128 384 kpbs communication channel.

a transcoder is needed to adapt the compressed media content to the appropriate size and bit rate.


Moreover, variations in the tags, in the speed of the decoder, sense ampli.er, and other peripheral circuitry in the memory can be absorbed into this retention time variation.

the impact of process variations on a 3T1D memory can all be lumped into a single variable the retention time.


Then, for each input of the multiplexer, we use a clock buffer chain to implement the alignment delay of each specific voltage level.

we can use the voltage level as the selection signal Sel to select the alignment delay for ensuring zero skew.


The sender has no chance to detect this situation and to retransmit it, since there are no feedback signals in the opposite direction.

our translation has to generate the feedback explicitly, like any other CAOS compiler for synchronous target architectures.


A T1EC will be computed and encoded for every LLC access, including both clean and dirty cache lines.

we choose a T1EC with low encoding complexity.


Moreover, recall that, due to the locality of tasks in a MPSoC, two communicating tasks are expected to be close to each other.

the number of hops is typically smaller than 10 hops.


At this stage, one can make aggressive changes to the design even if it results in large physical perturbations, since the subsequent incremental placement can incorporate these changes into the layout prior to routing.

a good correlation between placement and post-routing delay prediction can drive the optimization trajectory for maximal performance gains.


In practice rd is much larger than Rl s where Cl s are comparable to Cin values.

it is more important to have an accurate value for Cl s than for Rl s. For this reason, we use the Steiner points to obtain accurate values for the capacitance of partial nets (Cl s), but use the minimum bounding box to derive the resistance of the whole net.


A.1 Instrumenting Parallel Applications HRM organizes instrumented applications in groups, where each group is a set of tasks cooperating on a certain activity (e.g., encoding a video) that is bound to a SLO.

to properly use libhrm, a multi-threaded application must: (1) attach its tasks (i.e., threads) to a group; (2) set the SLO;4 (3) emit one heartbeat upon completion of a unit of work; and (4) detach its tasks from the group upon termination.


As it was mentioned in Section II, gates implemented with TrS configuration are 4X slower than corresponding gates implemented with PT configuration.

using TrS configuration gates in the adder to increase the yield significantly increases the adder delay.


For these short nets, the pin cap (Cpin) is dominant over the wire cap (Cwire ).

the timing and the power improvements of these nets are low.


However, the formulation of the VF algorithm requires some slight modi.cations compared to [9] in order to cover the timedomain response of nonlinear dynamical systems such as the proposed parallel Hammerstein model (7).

some adaptations to the recursive VF model are now described for enabling nonlinear system modeling.


the policy of allocating ownership of sets to processors that is described in the previous section is based on a .rst come .rst serve allocationpolicy.Thissimplepolicy couldpotentiallyresult Incase1,theindexedsetisinitspristinestateandisnot owned inanunfairdivisionofthesetsinthesetpinnedL2cache.The by anyprocessor.inadditiontobringingthereferenced issueoffairnessinacquiring ownershipisaddressedby ournext datafrommemory,theowner.eldalsoneedstobeset.Consider approach called adaptivesetpinningdescribedhereindetail.


Note that the average switching of a line a can be viewed as the probability of switching within a cycle time.

the probability that a line has a rise or fall switching activity is a/2, while the probability that a line is quiet at 0, or at VDD is (1-a)/2.


In addition, the candidate paths for a .it need to be diversi.ed so that contention with other .its can be easily avoided.

we also generate candidate paths by the same method as [6].