When the baseband OS receives an incoming SMS, it generates an event that can be processed by the untrusted mobile OS.

the mobile OS can intercept initialization secrets sent over SMS messages and forward them to the adversary (cf.


More likely, the machine will be con.scated or compromised while U does not have the hidden volume mounted.

a model where the adversary can only take snapshots after an unmount is interesting.


This strategy suf.ces to implement any state-based history but might result in inef.cient code if security-relevant operations are frequent.

mobile s type system also makes it possible to avoid some of these dynamic operations when policy-adherence can be proved statically.


It renders the returned result string dynamically using a document.write.

the template code analysis does not need to model the complex semantics of doc 1 ument.write .


We observe thatfor very smallpacket sizes,theGPUassisted design exhibits a slightly worse performance compared to themulti-coreapproach alone.Themainreasonforthisisthatthe buffering overheadsfor very smallpackets aregreater thanthe corresponding pattern matching costs, as shown in more detail in the following experiment.

it is better in terms of performanceto match very smallpackets ontheCPU,ratherthantransferring them to theGPU.


Due to this possibility of having a nested structure, it is necessary, when evaluating XACML policies, that the results from several policies may need to be combined as one.

each Policy Set has a Policy Combining Algorithm element, giving instruction for logical operations on the sub-results of all involved policies, to lead to a single result.


In this scenario, we lost con.dence in their system calls as we did not know if they perform malicious activity while knowing that they are being traced.

we have removed such .les from our dataset.


Much likethe X11 server,WeirdX does not enforce anypolicies onXclientsthat connecttoit.

a maliciousXclient can access/modify resources that belong to other clients of WeirdX.


In summary, our encryption algorithm outputs the same values yi and performs the same update operations in both cases of b.

any adversary Adv can at best guess the value b ' .


The solution of using heterogeneous servers to validate primary function responses is not applicable to Grid computing, since unlike web servers which have been successfully standardized, Grid servers currently do not have the same interfaces or behaviour.

requests cannot be transparently sent to di.erent Grid server implementations.


The area, that the probability of successful of this attack is high, becomes narrow when the public parameter J is large.

it is very important to choose an appropriate lattice.


Instead, we .x a history window which consists of the latest n observed requests of user u (i.e., n = len (Ou,t)).

our problem can be reformulated as to compute p n(u |(r, t, q), Ot), indicating the distribution is based on last n observed requests.


While false positives do not lead to security holes, they may result in entities with requisite permissions being denied authorization.

it is desirable to have a low false positive rate.


By repeatedly implementing security practices in the game players should get use to implementing these practices when they are doing their regular work on a computer.

if people play the game regularly it should promote good information security practices among those people.


For example, we only use words proposed by users and only modify the case.

we will not use the full key space of alpha strings and it is similarly unlikely that we will ever exhaust the space of all 10 digit numbers.


Due to the intractability of Scheduling, the proposed procedure cannot guarantee that the solution will exist.

such decisions almost always rely on problem specific heuristics.


It is clear that most of the information about the next instance is already given at the fourth order since conditional entropy drops to a negligible value i.e., = 0.2.

we model using the fourth order since it gives enough information and increases predictability.


data datai, i =1..N.A packet Pi is composed of both datai and a cryptographic hash Hi+1 to verify the next packet.

we use Hi+1 to denote the hash value of packet Pi+1.In general, Hash(M) is the hash value of message M,and Ek(M) is the encrypted value of message M with key k. each packet has format of Pi = datai||Hi+1, i =1..N. Each cryptographic hash Hi is calculated over the full packet i, not just the data portion, thereby establishing a chain of hashes, Hi = Hash(Pi)= Hash(datai||Hi+1), i - 1..N. Furthermore, the entire chain of hashes is veri.ed by signing the .rst hash H1 with the private key of the base station.


But it is infeasible to realize this complete protection mechanism due to the very large overhead.

we propose three compiler optimizations to reduce the overhead in a significant way while maintaining the memory protection strength at a finegranularity level.


The gap between BB when qi is 0 and when it is 1 is called the zero-one gap in [2].

we want to compare both attacks in terms of zero-one gap.


Again, the reverse is the case: the larger the site the weaker the policy it forces on users.

we reject the hypothesis that tra.c or number of users explains the increase strength of the strong-policy sites.


The removed system control instructions are the ones that allow the normal world to control security critical system state, such as de.ning the location of memory translation tables and exception handlers.

the only way to execute these instructions is through emulating them from the secure world.


All expressions and assignments that are moved to Hfmust only involve ref- erences to scalar variables.

when we take a forward transitive closure over data dependences originating at the only definition of a, we terminate the slice at definitions of array elements as we do not transfer array elements to Hf.


Robustness: A VM running in the cloud may have been compromised and attackers may manipulate the memory state of the VM to bypass or mislead our .ngerprinting system (to further defeat VMI for instance).

our OS .ngerprinting technique needs to be robust enough to counter various attacks.


Only those shown to be statistically signi.cant should be used for classi.cation, and non-signi.cant ones should be ignored.

some features collected by the account properties component in Section 4.3, including followers to friends ratio, link safety, account veri.cation and registration date, are excluded from the classi.er.


Their approach is designed for a stronger attacker model, i.e., an attacker that can have control over the source code.

invisiType relies on several modi.cations in the Python interpreter in order to perform the security checks at the right places without the source code being able to jeopardize them.


The publicly available source code of CBMC does not include support for .oating-point computations (only .xed-point computations).


Meanwhile, it may reduce the social value of data sharing in OSNs.

it is important to consider the tradeoff between privacy protection and data sharing when resolving privacy con.icts.


The underlying S-protocol is based on the S-protocol provided in [10] to prove OR-statements, and requires 8 exponentiations.

in total the proof requires 8t exponentiations.


Finally, because the timestamp of each announcement is included, replay attacks are avoided.

s-BGP attestations meet the requirements for path authentication.


This property is inherited by a Web service protocol on top of this transport binding.

it is highly unlikely that a server upon having received a request from a passive requestor will open a new communication channel to the passive requestor and send its response through this new channel.


Euclidian distance requires input feature vectors to be of same length.

if we use the Gaussian kernel in its pure form, we are bound to use .x-length gait cycles as input features.


We will show that, however, the de-synchronization attack is still possible as an active adversary can block the .rst message (r1,M1,M2) from reaching the tag, and then forge a second message D i, to which ti message (r1,M1,M2) has not been blocked.

the server has no knowledge on the updated tag secret after this de-synchronization attack and thus the server will not able to identify or authenticate the tag in the future sessions.


Thus, if Alice delegates R + d(R,3) to Beth, and Beth delegates R + d(R,1) to Carla, and Alice revokes her original R + d(R,3) delegation, then, at .rst glance, the delegation from Beth to Carla should also be revoked; and thus, not only Beth, but also Carla, loses the right to R. However, what really happens with that delegation also depends on whether Beth had rights to R + d(R,1) by other means than the delegation from Alice, say, because she had direct rights to it, or through delegation from somebody else as well.

a chained delegation should only be revoked if it is solely dependent on the revoked delegation.


The individual signature (,i)(1i is verified using the equations VRi bbn) Ö(,) Ö( hQ , )(1 bb ) whereas the eVP eR tPP in i iii 0 multisignature (,SR) is verified using hQ tP , SeR Ö( TD ).

b the proposed CL-SDVMS scheme has the constant verification time.


(c) Scalable Trust Establishment: Our measurements reveal that correlation groups are fairly stable and their membership persists for the duration of the dataset (1-3 months).

each network needs to collaborate with only 4-6 .xed networks in its group.


Most companies specialise in devices of a particular type, using either a custom communication protocol or an already de.ned standard.

installations must integrate a number of devices based on several communication standards; this integration typically takes place in the HA controller, acting as a bridge between these di.erent subnetworks.


Posting a hidden message took on average 0.67s (N=10, stdev=0.1s).

two users talking over a protected chat message system would experience a delay of approx.


Previously, students were split into different network sites or cities in which each Cyber Cave network site was connected to a central OSI layer 3 gigabit switch on a single subnet (Figure 4).

all four sites were able to connect to one another and operated on the same network subnet.


In addition, we provide a method for managing the rules regarding access rights.

a user can determine either manually or automatically whether a request should be permitted.


The strategy behind a sequence of attacks is indeed about how to arrange earlier attacks to prepare for the later ones so that the attacker can reach his/her .nal goal.

the prepare for relations between the intrusion alerts (i.e., detected attacks) is intrinsic to attack strategies.


This assumption is made for the sake of realism, since even with c = 3, we can model Bob storing exabytes for Alice, while she and he exchange individual messages measured in megabytes.

we analyze our solutions in terms of the constant c = logM N. We give practical solutions to the oblivious storage problem that achieve an e.cient amortized number of I/Os exchanged between Alice and Bob in order to perform put and get operations.


However, this also complicates OS handling of IPC and copy-on-write, and at the same time complicates the hardware since it must now support two modes of encryption.

it is arguablybetter to identify and deal with the root cause of the problem: address is used as a fundamental component of memory management, and using the address also asa basis for security intermingles security and memory management in undesirable ways.


Instead of performing authentication by itself, the DS further delegates the authentication task to the existing mechanism of the service requestor (SR) domain.

the DS acts as a mediator between the SP domain the enterprise, and the SR domain e.g., the user s Figure 1: Overview of xDAuth.


The .nal check that the honest veri.er makes guarantees that sz = sw z .

the honest veri.er algorithm accepts if and only if (sw, Csx g -rx , Csy g -ry , sz) would be accepted by VerifyDDH for message (m1, .


The assigned address contained multiple special characters.

while typing these dummy values, the participants got accustomed to typing capital letters, digits, and special characters in their respective interfaces.


Further, the somewhat awkward treatment of English grammar does very likely reduce users understanding.

it might be very difficult for them to understand the meaning and implication of these extended permissions.


Because functions are not generally page-aligned or an exact multiple of a page in length, shu.ing them causes library pages to di.er from one process to another.

naively shu.ing functions eliminates sharing, an important advantage of shared libraries, with accompanying cost in time and space.


We point out the abstract operational semantics we describe here are nondeterministic.

only when all non-deterministic evaluations of an instance of the procedure CSRP fail, does the boxed check fail and the print statement evaluate to the CFail runtime error.


The adversary outputs b' E {0, 1} and wins if b' = b..,4 is a direct attacker against the semantic security of the IBE scheme.

the OSBE is se- mantically secure when the IBE system is semantically secure.


We have also adopted POSIX ACLs as is, and made no changes to that design.

askfacl can be seen as an interface to POSIX ACLs with declarative semantics.


)e mod N These polynomials should be equal to zero for the correct values x = r × 2l +s1 mod N for X and d = s2 - s1 mod N for ..


This is analogous because an inequality constraint enforces that the binary variables either have a 0 or 1 value, but not both for the equation to be satis.able.

we express symmetric pairings as a logical formula of inequality operators over binary variables separated by conjunctive connectors (e.g., A = B .


The larger D is, the more time a sending unit has to spend to generate a valid signature.

the generation time increases by a factor of D/2 on the average, since an adversary has to generate D/2 packets on the average, such that, for example, the last integer of the pretended signature is a multiple of D. the generation process canbe easily slowed down, whereas the veri.cation process increases only marginally for the new task to check the divisibility prior to the veri.cation of the signature.


Either way, Xen can always intercept the PTE update: a hypercall causes trap to Xen by de.nition; a modi.cation to a PTE incurs a page-fault since the pages used as guest page tables are always mapped with W bit cleared, meaning any attempt to write to the guest page tables causes a access-violation page-fault, trapping into Xen.

by modifying the Xen s handler for PTE updates, the safe and transparent illusion of the extended KID .eld can be achieved.


In other cases, such as MySpace, the information displayed on a user s page is public by design.


That is, no additional times like the one needed for pressing the ok button in the end were added to the times.

the times were measured the following way: Standard PIN: From pressing the .rst number to pressing the last number.


We replace the identities with the categories in hierarchical health record.

in order to delegate access rights for a given category, the patient will generate the appropriate HIBE decryption key using that category as the identity, and give the resulting key to the doctor or friend or family member.


Thus, if a x less than N is chosen randomly, the probability ofx being a prime number is approximately (N/log N)/N or 1/log N. If x is an n- bit number, then 1o~ = n*log2 = 0.69n.

the ratio of primes arnong n-bit numbers is 1/0.69n, i.e.


In the example, the component of m3 does not set the principal-delegation policy back to Student, which is the role requirement to invoke m7.

bob,who was granted the Student role at the beginning, is now denied access to m7 for not having the role of Student.In this case, the principal delegation has, as a side effect, made the RBAC policy insuf.cient.


Another signi.cant advantage of using the power grid as a PUF is that it is an existing, distributed resource in every design.

the overhead is limited to the challenge/response circuitry which is approximately 0.025% for a 25 mm2 chip with 121 (50 um2) SMCs.


Studies have shown that medical data disclosure is already the second highest breach category [11].

if such data is accessed on mobile devices, we need to protect it against attacks that would exploit mobile device vulnerabilities.


Conditional Attacking Probabilities of the example operating-system-based configurations )|(yxp .d .u .r .d 1 0.2 0.19 .u 0.08 1 0.02 .r 0.44 0.10 1  Based on the modeling of the conditional attacking probabilities, given a strategy profile , the utility of the attacker is , which represents the fraction of faulty replicas, and the utility of the defender is .

vRDG is a two-player zero-sum game, in which the defender s objective to maximize the intrusion resilience through diversification so that the fraction of faulty replicas is minimized, while the attacker s objective is to maximize this faulty fraction.


Though the content theydeal with in [13] are large texts like bulletin boards and web pages, we believe similar techniques could be developed for mapping web search users associated with different cookies.

we assume throughout our study that the search engine can generatea possibleTor user list andkeep updating it.


2.3 Watermark Embedding For binary images, pixel values are either black (0) or white (1).

to embed watermark data, one has to flip pixels from black to white or vice versa.


However, to detect a signature, only the payload of a packet is used for matching.

the input data streams of a matching engine are not continuous.


As we mention above, our properties of interest deal with whether um+1 can acquire the privilege to p0 via his authorization to pm.

the semantics of auth(ui, pj ) is whether ui has access to pj via his right to execute pi-1, in the case that i > 1.


On an unpatched Windows XP machine with no servicepacks,thisisnotin itselfan attackbutis actuallya feature that Windows allows.

the attacker does have a large amount of control over the control path of the CPU even before over.owing the buffer, so it is not surprising that the vulnerable and invulnerable tests are indistinguishable in terms of magnitude.


On the other hand, electrode contact noise is the only type of noise that can be prevented with correct placement of electrodes.

in remote monitoring scenarios in which electrodes are placed by non-expert people, control of the recorded signal quality becomes very important.


Further, most well-known network services are based on TCP and most common network attacks are against TCP-based services.

aVANT-G UARD would bene.t the majority of network systems and applications.


Depending on the actual technology used, as well as external factors (such as line noise), bandwidth can be extremely low, to the point of being measured in bits per second.

protocols need to be careful about the communication overhead they add in terms of the number and size of messages.


From within our SMM handler, we re-issue the interrupt with a destination of self and a fixed delivery mode by writing to the ICR.

the keyboard interrupt is delivered to the processor in the normal manner as soon as we exit from SMM mode.


Otherwise, if Ci = C* is in G, since we assume C* only appears in R s policy, we can move C* to the position right before R and the sequence is still safe.

we assume Ck-1 = C*.Since G is a minimal sequence, before R is disclosed, a minimal solution for R s policy that contains C* must have been disclosed.


The attacker observes the victim s packet trace and attempts to guess which page the victim loaded.

the appropriate metric is the success rate of the attacker, i.e.


Since the sensor need not be turned on throughout the application s lifetime, the hardware switch cannot be combined with the application-start buttons.


This is a somewhat stronger condition than enforcement of laws where the state attempts to create conditions such that society will follow the law.

we make the loose connection between active enforcement of security in systems and the constructive enforcement of laws in society.


In comparison, when writing Mozilla extensions, such considerations are not necessary because JavaScript is an interpreted language2.

according to our experience, coding Mozilla extensions is easier in the sense that it is less likely to make programming mistakes that crash the browser.


Comparing two SVG images for similarity is di.cult, resulting from the fact that there are countless ways of achieving the same visual appearance.

contrasting only the XML markup does not enable us to determine if a pair of images has the same visual appearance.


In a peer-to-peer system, it is likely that there will be multiple peers who are interested in the trust ratings of A.

when the witness receives a query on A for the second time, she should not generate a new claim.


D represents the event that we have a certain set of Leff or Vth measurements for N sampled chips.

p (H|D) represents that the probability that a gate matches with other gates under the condition that we have that certain set of measurements; and P (D|H) is the probability of having the certain set of measurements under the condition that the gate matches with some other gates.


Actually in China some famous applications(e.g., WeChat with more than 500 million users) cannot even be downloaded from Google Play.

our  Figure 4: Main Entry Point Fixing APKLancet system focuses on the tumor payload ignoring whether it is a repackaged app or not.


To prevent this, a cryptographic hash function is used to generate unpredictable identi.ers for computation in server-only closures.

sending the identi.er of an object or activation record to the client does not reveal anycon.dential details of the server s execution history.


When a new member MNl located in area ai joins the group it sends a Registration Request (RR) message to AKDi encrypted with its private key.

aKDi generates a mobile encryption key MEKl using formula 1 and sends it to MNl encrypted with the public key of MNl (kpl).


It should also be emphasized again that our technique uses the available information produced as bi-product of different protocols at different layers.

it poses a low overhead which makes it energy efficient for the resource constrained Oppnets.


This is done to the minimum extent needed to guarantee the interoperability among di.erent implementations.

sAML SSO is a framework which needs to be instantiated according to the requirements posed by the application scenario and the available security mechanisms.


Observe that, while the computation of hk(S) also incurs communication and computation complexity linearin set sizes, it must be performed only once per set, for any number of comparisons.

with MinHash techniques, evaluating the similarity of any two sets requires only a constant number of comparisons.


CRYPTOGRAPHY 4.1 Requirements Tahoe is designed to run in software without requiring Trusted Computing (also called Treacherous Computing [2]) hardware.

the only robust way to constrain users or administrators from certain behavior such as unauthorizedly reading or altering .les is to make such behavior require secrets, and to withhold those secrets from people who are not authorized to perform those behaviors.


At least using CGA prevents the theft of other nodes addresses.

we do not consider it a drawback of CGA or our proposal.


regardless the logging order of concurrent operations, the veri.cation yields same result of checking two logs LS and LR.


The sender learns nothing about x from the oblivious transfer phase, as the receiver does not send any information to the sender during that phase.

all the information the sender learns about x is from the bit-commitment phase.


Both actions solely depend on the trusted hardware and the hardware con.guration.The hardware con.guration correctness is guaranteed due to the SMI handler s control over the platform during the .rst SMI invocation.

this technique preserves deterministic execution (SR3).


Also for each IDS pair we generate the vector of correlation C ij , where cij is the percentage of attack at i which are correlated with some attacks at j.If proximity in the IP space is a reason for attack correlation, then the more the distance between IDSs i and j is, the less likely they share correlated attacks i.e., D.ij and C.ij should be inversely correlated.

we 1 compute the cross correlation between these two vec 0.5 tors.2 Note that a cross correlation around zero means 0 independence.


Because in typical web server applications the private key resides in the same address space1 as the server, its compromise is equivalent to a compromise of the private key.

an adversary with the ability to compromise the web 1 By the term address space we mean memory accessible in a process.


However, it is not preferred that the sequence numbers are encrypted using one-time pad again since they themselves would need sequence numbers!

we choose to use encryption on the sequence numbers directly, just as the XOM solution.


Using the same steps shown above, faulty state elements are represented I as [vr,(j-i) mod 4]3 r=0.

from (8), we know that I [v 33 r,(j-i) mod 4]r=0 =[vr,((j-i)+3 mod 4) mod 4]r=0 the faulty column in C1 is (j - i) mod 4, but the faulty column in C2 corresponds to column ((j -i) mod 4)+3) mod 4 in C1; note that 0 = i, j = 3 and (j -i) mod 4 = (((j -i) mod 4)+ 3) mod 4.


For IA-32, Intel adds a part to the CR4 control register that specifies whether we want to enable VMX.

we must set this bit to enable VMX on the processor.


In this square-root solution, we assume M = N1/2 .

alice has a local memory of size at least N1/2, and she and Bob can exchange a message of size up to at least N1/2 in a single I/O.


For the strong-locked SOP, it further segments origin by determining if a public key is declared to be trusted through a periodically retrieved policy file /pk.txt.

locked SOP is designed to specifically mitigate attacks when both legitimate and malicious content are downloaded to a browser.


None of them is smaller than 0.05; however, their product is 0.048 < 0.05.

we identify this group as a suspicious group.


These properties suggest that we may interpret lattice elements as groups, n as group intersection, U as group union, and as group inclusion.

an individual element of the lattice L may not (always) correspond to an atomic subject, but rather to a group of subjects.


The only task that the attacker needs to do is to intersect those TMSIs and .nd the most repeated one.

the subscriber could be tracked in the network.


Unfortunately, these managers operate by simply inserting the clear-text password into the document s DOM, where it is accessible by Java-Script.

a successful Cross-site Scripting (XSS) attack can be leveraged by the attacker to read and leak password data which has been provided by the program.


STABILITY UNDER SUPPLY FLUCTU-ATION 6.1 Signature with Supply Fluctuation Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) from current variation of the switching logic generates the voltage spikes on the supply [22].

the V DD across the selected SRAM cells may deviate from the desired value.


Forwarded messages require additional ETMs and KFMs, but non-forwarded messages only need AMs.

the forwarded message ratio is critical for calculating validation message size.


In general, the precision of network-based signature generation seems lower than that of host-based detectors, which havefull access to host state.

weexpect hijacking using network detectors will havesmaller impact.


in order to understand this new age in terms of some of its origins, it is useful to briefly recall the history of data storage From here on, this paper will examine more closely some specific consequences of this new age which bear most directly on the theory and practice of the data engineer, namely, the proliferation of data and the novel possibilities it affords.


In our role graph model, if the privileges of the FinancialAid role are no longer a proper subset of the Admissions role, the edge from FinancialAid to Admissions has to be deleted.

role graph designers need to be very careful in specifying constraints, if they are not to negate inheritance between roles which was intended in the original role graph design.


Alternatively, Rational Business Consulting can be registered in Texas and recorded in the local directory as RBC, which is one of the major Canadian banks.

it is possible to carry out a phishing attack on a call with completely legitimate Caller ID Name and Number.


On the other hand, this result is less pleasing to endusers, who use statistical software whose input is data, not likelihood functions.

in addition to maximally general mechanisms, we need to develop additional tools to shoehorn this output space into a format that can be digested by o.-the-shelf statistical software.


Recent work from Sawilla and Ou [28] also uses the same running example as we do, illustrated on Figure 1, and the graph producedby MulVAL is shown in [28, Page 3].

we compare their approach and ours more closely.


In addition, o.ine node construction is performed locally.

the update time of LaFA is signi.cantly less than traditional FA schemes.


Periodic delete operations of certificates that are in the tree and reach their expiration date, require rebuilding the part of the tree involving the path from those nodes to the root.

in order to maximize our proposal, such tree rebuilding is proposed to be linked to the moment when all the sibling nodes of some internal node are expired because this avoids unnecessary reductions of the system efficiency by having to rebuild the tree very often.


If a condition carries the modal operator K, it is either valid in all traces or none.

we set the set of traces to empty, if it does not encompass all traces (lines 14 to 18).


Sometimes, XOM SNC-NoRepl SNC-LRU 32-way is even slightly better.

in most cases, a 40.00 32-way SNC serves as good as a fully associative SNC.


Since the secrets used in OTR contain the .ngerprints of both Alice andBob, as wellasthe userinput, an attacker may not simply relay SMP information between Alice and Bob in an attempt to get it to match.

after a successful run of the protocol, Alice knows that an attacker may neither learn her secret nor rely onathirdparty sknowledge of thesecret.Thatis,foranattack to succeed, the attacker must actuallyknow the secret.


The majority of tests performed on memory indicate that our faculty for recognition consistently produces more effective and persistent results than those of recall.

it stands to reason that authentication methods capable of taking advantage of our enhanced ability to recognize information are more memorable, and thus more usable, than traditional text passwords relying solely on pure recall.


Indeed, most current .ltering PEPs (i.e., .rewalls) can be upgraded with temporal functionality.

pDPs may leave those components to manage their temporal contexts.


They then found that the implementation of disk encryption in Windows VistaTM stored this kind of selfencryption on the disk in some situations.

they switched to a di.erent scheme based on [37].


Coincidentally, asdiscussedbelow, it alsohappens tobe theleast expensive.

if the targeted smartphone platform cannot handle a privacy-preserving paternity test, it would also not be able to support more complicated test types.


Second, since P appears random from the attacker s point of ae ae ae c1 A e2 view, = e1 + is an LWE(n, n+i, q, Use , Use ) c2 P e3 instance, which again is hard by assumption.

p e1 +e3 is indistinguishable from a uniformly random vector, and hence also is c2.


(f) As in step (c), we now generate second keystream bit by taking fourth bit in binary representation of the output of S-box.

in a single iteration of keystream generation, BEAN produces two bits.


However, when the database is connected to a web application, it cannot di.erentiate the end users who are actually operating the application and trusts all the queries issued by the application.

if an attacker exploits the web application successfully, he/she can trick the application into sending malicious SQL queries, leading to a confused deputy problem [8].


While this approach would require a logarithmic number of sum aggregations on l, there would be an overhead in the communication caused by multiple protocol interactions.

a detailed complexity analysis of both methods would have to be evaluated through implementation.


Moreover, the receiver is not stateless it has to keep a key for each sender.

hybrid cryptosystems are not suitable for a large scale network where 1) a low-power device has to send data to multiple recipients; 2) a stateless device has to receive data from many other parties.


AprotocolP has strict location privacy with respect to a raw-tuple domain, D, if, for any polynomial-time adversary Adv, winP(Adv,k)= 1/2+ negligible function of k. Intuitively, this de.nition says that, when the server examines the data it receives and anyside information, all possible con.gurations of client paths having the same aggregate result are equally likely.

the server learns nothing newbeyond the aggregate result.


According to the analysis of [4], a real world L2 cache channel can only achieve a bit rate around 11bps with some errors.

it is clear that our memory deduplication covert channels outperform L2 cache covert channels.


When data is read from the disk, a page is allocated in the physical memory and is .lled with the corresponding data from the disk.

all subsequent read operations targeted at the same disk location can quickly access the data in the main memory.


There are multiple possible settings for each parameter.

each MT chromosome in this GA represents a con.guration, and each generation consists of multiple MT chromosomes.


For this, we could for example use a one-way function which makes it computationally hard for the attacker to computethepreimage of alabel statically.

the defender has to precompute these hash pairs himself.


The majority of the library that implements stirring is loaded dynamically into the address space at library initialization and then unloaded before the stirred binary runs.

it is completely unavailable to attackers.


Second, LXFI infers the initial privileges that a module should be granted based on the functions that module s code imports.

we trust that the programmer of each kernel module only invokes functions needed by that module.


In addition, more computationally expensive algorithms such as behavioral detection engines, which are becoming more important for detecting sophisticated threats, are simply infeasible to deploy on current mobile devices due to their heavyweight resource requirements.

adapting traditional approaches to malware detection may not be appropriate for the mobile environment as they consume a signi.cant amount of ondevice resources and power.


ClickMiner is not able to infer all these UI events from the network traces, and therefore it is dif.cult to have the browser replay the same asynchronous requests.

the replayed DOM will be di.erent from the one on which the user originally clicked (see related discussion in Section 5.4), and we will not be able to .nd the DOM element needed to mine a con.rmed interaction.


Even if the KillerBee attack is not possible, other successful active and passive attacks have broken AES implementations [2].

key management extends to the physical location and access to the device as well.


In summary, although current reputation mechanisms are capable of identifying lies, they lack measures to enforce voluntary and honest recommending.

they are not incentive compatible, i.e., there does not exist any incentive for entities to actively provide honest recommendations.


We assume that the power consumption is relatively constant and that an adversary can mount attacks in.uencing the power consumption.

our IDS is not applicable for each WSN scenario.


5 lift(IPn , IP1 ) lift(IPn , IP2 ) · · · - Needless to say, the O(n 2 ) complexity of this operation is problematic.

the search space is often constrained using the notion of minimum support, M, whereby no rules producing supp pair() <M are considered.


However, in reality, the receiver may have accumulated enough credit that gives the receiver an equal priority (over) as the sender.

the sender may not be able to preempt the receiver, but has to be blocked for another 30ms in the worst case.


Moreover, these papers suggest to use a certi.cation authority that certi.es the trustworthiness of certain con.gurations of long-lifetime data.

the proposed architecture is very similar to a hybrid approach based on property certi.cates as we use in this paper.


In the naive method, the energy nt a+b cost is tm .

if tm = 2 , the energy cost of the global algorithm is as same as the naive algorithm.


Humans carrytwo copies of each chromosome, inherited one from the mother and one from the father.

genomes carriedbytwoindividuals tiedby aparent-child relationship show an even higher degree of similarity.


Now, assume that a ciphertext c, that was generated for P as an encryption of a message m, is being re-encrypted to a ciphertext c ' ciphertext c is a dummy ciphertext that s statistically unrelated to m. In contrast, c ' must be a value that decrypts to m under a key that s known to the adversary and the environment.

furthermore, c ' must look like a plausible reencryption of c. a scheme that realizes FsP RE must allow a simulator to convincingly transform a ciphertext c that s unrelated to m into a ciphertext c ' linked to m. This is a property that seems to be an artifact of the simulation paradigm; it is not implied by De.nition 2.5.


Intuitively, graphones which occur frequently in the training set are assigned higher probability by the model than those which are rare or absent.

the model provides the means to recognize and distinguish English-looking and English-sounding novel words from others that are less Englishlike.


Thus, when comparing  Table 1: Challenge for Authentication Level Level User s Nature Challenge High Suspect Please, enter your SSN Abnormal Please, enter your login and password Medium Suspect Please, enter your birthday Abnormal Please, enter your driver license number Low Suspect Please, enter/choose your zipcode Abnormal Please, enter/choose your favorite color  Figure 3: Results of SaTScan analytical models the p-value of the two executions of the spatio-temporal permutation model (with co-variables and without co-variables), the system .nds the minimum value between them to analyze the worst case (the case that represents a higher risk to the authentication process).

the system uses the p-value of 0.826, determined by the spatio-temporal analysis without co-variables, which is represented in Figure 3.


Obviously, it is not possible to measure the density for an in.nite large set of n-grams as induced by the dynamic JavaScript reports.

the JS-Dyn dataset is not present in the .gure.


it is suitable for safeguarding meta-information stored on the Semantic web using OWL.


Both switching to uApp and resumetook muchlonger(nearlytwice aslong) thantheuApp switch.

bypassing theBIOS andbootloader indeed saved us signi.cant amount of time.


INSERT INTO user table (username, password) VALUES ( anton , correcto ); SQL tra.c with only a subset of the database features in [2, page 375] use.

it is useful to give a weighted score to a query in which particular SQL features, that are not in the normal pro.le, are used.


However, when interacting with SRAs, users need to ac-tually experience a situation in which they will be rein-forced after securely handling a security risk.

s/he may accept several URs or reject several JRs before s/he receives a reward.


Moreov~, in a practical system, the tally should be computed at different levels in order to give local, regional and national results.

the election scheme we propose is practically oriented for large groups of voters and multiple candidates with the possibility of partial tally com- putation.


2PERMS identi.es the permissions assigned to a given user users: PERMS .

2USERS identi.es users assigned to a permission Figure 1: The Proposed Methodology at a glance of k can be ignored, and n - k n. the com (2) putational cost is really On , i.e., quadratic with respect to the number of users.


Therewith, the two most common tasks regarding authentication have been chosen.

each participant had to perform four sets during the user study (method x task = 4).


Third, there are usually more than one way to achieve the same purpose.

it is possible to replace an unsafe command with a safe one to achieve the same effect.


Obviously, constraint checks occur in an isolated environment, so it is not usually possible to predict what context values will be used when the access control system is deployed.

we use a special context structure value, context(some), when performing constraint checks.


For g = 1, we do not see much improvement, however, g = 1 is a hopeless case as all the guards are already compromised.

for g < 1 the dominant attack strategy is to perform no dropping.


Interaction allows an audience to become more aware of the embodiment between the digital data and the physical representation by way of direct exploration and discovery.

a different perspective on embodiment could potentially be gained by investigating the interactive aspects of a data sculpture.


This is because, as of this writing, guidelines on SIP certi.cate issuance are in the process of being standardized[10] and until a certi.cate canbeissued speci.callyfor aSIP service, any other certi.cate(e.g., one issued for the use of web services) may su.ce.

an adversary may be able to obtain a legitimate certi.cate from a certi.cate authority and then insert itself in the intermediary chain by techniques such as DNS cache poisoning.


Note that, even if no silence periods are used (in the single operator scenario), the operator can only track a user during her activity without being able to link different activities over time.

this prevents the AP operator from inferring patterns from activity trajectories over time.


The evaluation we have carried out using blacklists of known malicious IP addresses is really a proxy, because: (i) it doesn t capture the fact that all IP addresses in a cluster may share the same vulnerability but only a few of them are blacklisted.

we may be accurately inferring cluster boundaries despite low detection rates, (ii) it doesn t capture the fact that known malicious IP addresses may truly lie in di.erent inner clusters, and when this happens, we do not have a way of making a prediction.


We assume that 8 trace-steps correspond to a measure ment of a full clock cycle.

if we de.ne a trace-step neighborhood to be 3 clock cycles from each side, we need to take into account 24 trace-steps from each side of a single trace-step.


in unknown situations or for unknown trustees when there is no information available.

cMF can help TMM to bootstrap (Figure 1(a)).


Second, guidelines must be generally worded so that they might apply to many tools.

speci.c design rules should be derived from more general guidelines.


The cluster includes all of the changes the malware sample made inside a VM.

secom successfully discarded all negative changes made by the malware sample after committing the VM by not merging the Branch-Cluster B into the host.


Q for 0 = h = n, t (qh, qh+1)> 0, q0 = qi, and qn = qh.

if Q is strongly connected, then M is said to be strongly connected.


These icons were chosen to denote these two basic concepts, rather than the speci.c states of identity and con.dentiality.

they remain constant for all types of certi.cate.


We also conducted Welch s t-test and obtained (p = 0.000, t = -8.800, df = 37.48).

it was concluded that there was a signi.cant difference between GUIDES-I and the text-based user-id in terms of user-id input time between the two schemes.


There, we showthat exploitsfor some other complicated vulnerabilities are also eliminated under these constraints.

with EON, we not only .nd vulnerabilities in Windows Vista s access control model,but alsoprove that they canbe eliminated byimposing suitable constraints on the model.


We can obtain an adaptation e.ect by updating L.If an input vector x is classi.ed as a legitimate user s, x replaces the oldest element in L. 3.4 Classi.cation A legitimate user s vector which does not participate in making a hypothesis space may appear out of the hypothesis space slightly, because the hypothesis space is constructed tightly according to the vectors in the enrollment process.

we append some margin to the hypothesis space as follows: x -c r,p =1+ .·sP , (7) where sP denotes the standard deviation of the value of x -c r,p for x .


1Another known address allocation service is bootp[18], but it allocates addresses semi-permanently, without any mechanism for renewing the allocation and is thus not usable for our purposes.

in a system implementing NASR, consider that at time tb, where ta < tb < tx, all hosts are assigned a new address from R. at the time of the attack tx the probability that a hitlist entry xk still corresponds to a live host is p = m/n and thus the attacker will be able to infect (m/n)|X|hosts.


Both Tresys and SLAT both support information .ow analyses for SELinux.

constraints on information .ow, such as Biba integrity can be de.ned.


This expands the set of roles to include a role named for every path through the logical hierarchy in the downward direction.

if in RBAC1 we would store a hierarchy that says A = B, B = C, and A = D, we represent this in RBAC0 with roles {A, B, C, D, AB, ABC, AD, BC }.


Authentication Speed The results of this section are based on the average input speed of the last three authentications for each condition.

we analyzed 216 (3 × 3 × 24) distinct samples.


In our domain-based system, users contend with security only when a new device is added to or removed from a domain.

we believe that a domain-based DRM system will gain wider consumer acceptance.


Though promising, our accuracy is unable to reach the European Standard for Access Control Systems, which requires a false acceptance rate (FAR) of under 0.001% and a false rejection rate (FRR) of under 1%.

we believe that our scheme is more suitable to work together with other authentication methods for user veri.cation, instead of working as a stand-alone authentication system.


We can also see that, in some cases, the performance in the case before feature selection is really bad, e.g., rule 2.


We .nd that encryption takes under 1 ms for messages up to 640 characters long.

shadowCrypt s repeated encryption for user inputs does not add any noticeable overhead on a page.


For instance, whenever the access to a resource is limited to a number of times for a given sub ject, we need to get the history of the subject accesses to evaluate the number of times she had an access to this resource.

we need another way to manage all the possible conditions.


Moreover, depending on the deployed ad-hoc routing protocol, we can infer the directions of the transmitted frames (not via R1 and R2 in this example).

we should avoid the transmission when two stations IF Ranges are overlapped.


rows, the entire matrix A can be derived.

to improve the survivability of the sensor system, we restrict thenumberofrowsofmatrix A distributed to sensors to .. As a consequence of the previous restrictions, the number of sensors deployed in each zone is restricted to |G(i,j)|=../t.


In this paper, we start from the observation that all of these attacks start from the capture of one of the nodes.

being able to detect this malicious activity becomes a formidable way to stop many of the threats to Ad Hoc networks.


Availability violations aim to compromise system operation, causing a Denial of Service (DoS).

in the unsupervised setting, availability attacks have been de.ned as attacks that aim to subvert the clustering process by altering its result as much as possible.


This does not a.ect the number of bins, nor the random probability of two events appearing in the same bin.

our support calculation captures the same notion it would over inherently transactional data.


Messages in a real communication system, however, are at least related to a sender and a recipient.

plain scaling with one many-valued attribute for pseudonyms is only su.cient in trivial cases, for instance, if only the relation of a sender pseudonym to the subjects is of interest.


Proof: In a machine with n states, there exists n number of possible power-up states and n number of possible starting states.


At this point we have seen exactly two iterations for L2, that is I1; I3; I1; I3, and therefore we consider it as a con.rmed loop instance.

we replace its code in the history by its associated loop identi.er X .LID, as described in Fig.


Policy Violations Default-Deny-Existing Policy Only 11050 INSTALLED-FILES 11048 CREATED-FILES 49 INSTALLED-FILES+CREATED-FILES 47 SAVED-FILES+OPENED-FILES 11034 INSTALLED-FILES+CREATED-FILES+ SAVED-FILES+OPENED-FILES 31 a second Mozilla program was installed during our test installation.

the second program did not have access under the installation rule to the external program s files.


Hence, the communication in our scheme can be protected by SSL/TLS channels.


Second, there are usually a limited number of types of critical commands.

the IDS can ignore many uncritical commands to reduce the frequency of the semantic analysis.


For example, it could incur more than 43X performance overhead when obfuscating90% of thebranches.

it can only be used to obfuscate cold traces.


The administrators usually need to correct some improper roles generated by role mining algorithm.

we need a platform to implement the role mining algorithms and provide a tool set to aid the administrators to update the role state.


Fabrication and packaging, are recurring costs that remain constant independent of production level.

the percentage makeup of the total cost for fabrication increases steadily while design, tooling, and testing will decrease.


The implementation of this layer is of course vendor and MTM speci.c and has to be adapted for any di.erent kind of MTM.

depending on the type of MTM, the abstraction layer might also require access to the operating system and native libraries.


Otherwise, label(K) = L, and (i1 | i2):(k1 | k2)= newkey(K).


We assume that an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) agent, which may or may not reside on the victim host (for example, the cluster-based agent [12]), can detect intrusions on behalf of the victim.

the traceback can be triggered even if the victim itself is compromised.


However, the strength of the algorithm resides on the hard problem of generating a grammar from tokens.

even if Eve can generate the tokens, trying to guess the right grammar from the tokens is undecidable.


Bob has a credential signed by university U for the role professor at U, denoted U.professor .

role U.professor is an a.liated role of Bob.


For any request at a given state of the target, the enforcement function should map the decision made through the decision function to a corresponding action that the security mechanism executes.

the AC enforcement function in fact plays the role of executing a function that performs the actions based on the decisions made by the AC decision function.


In our architecture we prevent this type of attacks by not storing sensitive information in the application, but rather keeping it inside the application-speci.c MTM.

the sensitive information is protected at run-time by the security capabilities of DRTM and at passive time by the sealed storage capabilities of the TPM.


The same argument can be made for time slot M - 1.

e(ni,m) values can be constructed recursively starting from any time slot M> 0.


In the absence of attacks, D measures the number of possible outputs after aggregation that can be distinguished from each other.

the observed aggregate conveys roughly lg D bits of information about the underlying parameter to be estimated.


send spam and support criminal activities), something that many would consider dangerous and questionable.

this constitutes a third example of why at-scale botnet emulation are a necessary tool in botnet research.


On the other hand, if the observer can observe all input and output then he can deduce the entered PIN easily.

the security of the variants rests entirely on the ability of the observer to memorize or record the input and output.


To show that the two problems are identical we show that their inputs and outputs exactly match.

for every input instance, the output of both problems have a direct one-to-one mapping.


The number of added FLOSS source code lines and similar measures double at the same rate, as they are derivations of the number of lines and derivations of exponential functions are exponential functions with the same basis again.

no matter what speci.c measure accounts most for the cost of CI maintenance, the described measure may be used to estimate the growth of computing performance required to provide CI services to all FLOSS projects.


However, this sequence does not directly use rja as branch destination register, rather it uses for this r5.

we must take into account that the content of r5 is overwritten after each ULB sequence.


The asset should not be critical for the daily tasks of the custodian or anyone else, including the organization.

when the penetration tester gains possession of the asset, the productivity of the custodian using the asset and the process .ow of the company will not be a.ected.


combination c that includes this constraint.

such an Lc will include only false choices that are randomly distributed.


The ex.ltration time frame length is set to 200 msec and represents the sampling rate required by the network.

the packet generation rate is uniformly distributed at the rate of 1 packet every 200 msec.


However, he/she still cannot calculate the session key or hash key, becausehe/shedoesnotknow K. In other words, the forward secrecy of our protocol depends on revealing K, which is assumed to be stored in the secure storage.


Multi-hop routing is simulated by using average end-toend delay, as opposed to using a shortest-path algorithm.

these results are expected averages; we cannot predict the extremes.


On our test machine, a Macbook running OS X Mavericks, we discovered that both Opera and Safari also use the OS X keychain to store their passwords.

after having stored a password in Opera, Safari automatically .lled out our .elds although we had not previously stored a password in its database.


We show that if only an additive approximation is allowed, the full space extension of prior work [7] for distinct count estimation is optimal.

the multiplicative approximation factor in the analysis of our algorithm is necessary.


1,if t =0 Ht i = At-1 j ,if t > 0 (1) (i,j).E 1,if t =0 At i = Ht-1 j ,if t > 0 (2)  (j,i).E According to this algorithm, a higher hub score of an ac count implies that it follows many accounts with high fol lower numbers.

we extract 90 criminal hubs with 0.2 counts (to obtain their followers).


4.1 TrustSort The objective of this TrustSort is to de.ne a method that enables one to initialize the trust set TS of each node intuitively.

instead of assigning trust values to individual trusted nodes, we propose that each node performs trust evaluations in relation to other nodes.


The generation of valid histories takes a substantial amount of time because, as we will describe in Section 4.2, it requires to solve a number of instances of the UAQ problem which is equal to the length of a history.

to keep the amount of time required by history generation reasonable, we were able to consider RBAC policies categorized as Literature in [1].


In an unpatched system, the worm spreads to T(N) hosts in T(ln N) time.

as far as the worm is concerned, a system with a .xed number of patch servers behaves as if practically no patching were occurring up to T(ln N) time.


Finally, node 3.4 shows an attack where the adversary .nds ancestor blocks N0,...Nk-1 of a new block variant Nk , extracts any new variable or RPC encodings, and patches A to use these new encodings.

a remains tampered but conforms to any new protocols.


If the majority are susceptible to a particular type of attack, the system could incorrectly terminate the legitimate minority and continue with the compromised variants.

the choice of variation mechanisms and the number of the variants have a vital role in the correctness of the system when majority voting is used to tolerate attacks.


As mentioned above, the list will be shared among di.erent organizations, be it either internal or external, and it is expected to be automatically handled by machines.

the description format of the list needs to be standardized so that it can be machine-readable.


If that attack is against a downstream service governed by P2 , there is no backchannel to update P1 on the information gleaned by P2 .

each policy engine makes its evaluation based solely on local information.


A better metric to determine when to terminate the extraction procedure is to count how many di.erent instructions from the binary have been executed.

the malicious programs cannot evade detection by simply sleeping or busy looping.


However, if can_activate(u, r, t) holds but not enabled(r, t), then u s request to activate r at time t is denied.

these predicates indicate possibility rather than what actually occurs.


2 The (Shannon) entropy [34]H(X) = -x.B pX(x)log2 pX(x)of X is alowerbound for the average number ofbits requiredfor representing the results of independent repetitions of the experiment associated with X.

in terms of guessing, the entropy H(X) is a lower bound for the average number of questions with binary outcome that need to be asked to determine X s value[6].


However, it is hard to argue that value of assets are responsible for strong policies at UsaJobs.gov when we compare with Fidelity or Paypal.

the sites in Table 5 provide counter-examples to the hypothesis that value of assets might be the determinant in requiring stronger policies.


This function works by adding an accessor space sa derived from policies of an controller a to an accessor space set S. A pair of accessor spaces must satisfy one of the following relations: subset (line 14), superset (line 19), partial match (line 22), or disjoint (line 27).

one can utilize set operations to separate the overlapped spaces into disjoint spaces.


9Ad message actually incurs two rounds of veri.cation process, due to a doubly-signed ad-permit.


We found that using the training set for feature selection gave comparable or worse results than doing no feature selection at all and that using part of the data as a validation set was not feasible due to the limited amount of data available to us.

we omitted feature selection and used all features for every user.


Nevertheless, we argue that our architecture significantly raises the costs to carry out privacy breaches and, importantly, puts the sensitive data under a different legal framework because a user may hold a reasonable expectation of privacy of the data.

we are able to significantly mitigate the privacy risks associated with using a site such as Facebook.


Second, the function is isolated from the guest.

anymalicious entities which may have compromised the guest OS can not in.uence or corrupt view generation.


Table 1 summarizes our .ndings: SPPEAR ensures not only secrecy but also strong-secrecy for all the critical pieces of information.

it guarantees system security and user privacy.


Case ptrans(th): No thread tl with prio(tl) < prio(th) may be in.uenced directly by th.

the timestamps these threads tl may report to tx are independent of th s behaviour.


This is achieved by write-protecting the guest page tables, maintaining shadow page tables and virtualizing the CR3 register.

to aide our forensic layer in associating memory pages of a process with I/O requests, we simply monitor the CR3 register, all the while harvesting the page frames pointed to by the shadow page table.


However, such encodingis usuallydoneintheexponentofa group wherethe prover knows the order, say q, and therefore all relations that can be proven about values contained in the credential hold modulo q only.

the prover needs to provide an integer commitment to the attribute values contained in the credential (i.e., the product oftheprime encoded attributevalues),sothatwecandoourproofs for the prime encodings over the integers.


In the Web scenario, the front-end web application acts as a single user that interacts with the database.

the database fully trusts the web application, accepts and executes all the queries submitted by the application.


However, both mobility and capacity of the wireless system have to be compromised to improve the unlinkability of the wireless communication system.

a promising solution must involve cross-layer designs that take into the considerations of routing, mobility, and system capacity.


In general, an access control authorization can be modeled as a triple (u,p,o) stating that subject u has the right to execute privilege p on object o.

in some way, an access control authorization represents a relationship p between u and o, meaning that u can exercise p on o.


This is usually achieved by disguising malware as legitimate applications, or by hiding malware inside repackaged apps [15].

usual Android malware is completely dependent on unalert users and an autonomous infection without user interaction can usually not be achieved.


Threat and Trust Assumptions The main objective of xDAuth is to prevent unauthorized access to protected resources in an SP domain from external users.

any access request to an SP which is not authorized by the SP or DS is a potential threat.


In contrast, fresh reports are based on more recent AV signatures and, as a result, also include more malware infections.

considering fresh reports with the same Virustotal detection percentage, about 55% of our samples would include malware.


[21],does not su.erfromthislimitation,i.e., one credential can be used repeatedly to prove its possession without these proofs becoming linkable.

we have chosen the Camenisch-Lysyanskaya (CL) [9] signature scheme as basis for our lightweight credential system on Java Card.


This frame transmission mechanism requires that a frame must be transmitted in sequence.

for a given time fragment, the type of the next transmitted frame is predictable.


This is because a smaller set of instances will share a larger set of features in common.

the root node shows the set of features common to all instances in I, while the leaf node shows the set of instances that share all features in F.  (a) The relation CodePats CodePats pat1 pat2 pat3 pat4 api1 .


As long as the communication channel is available to attackers, they can always inject bogus messages.

in general, this is an unavoidable problem in presence of compromised receivers.


Therefore, even if an attacker manages to manipulate some pointers, these injected errors would likely be corrected by the remaining pointers in the memory during this global evaluation process.

the attack impact on the overall identi.cation results is minimized.


Since both Ei, Ej contains ek, but not x, it is obvious that the condition x = si, sj = ek holds.

if d = ek - x is the distance between x and ek, then the inequality |si - sj| = d holds.


The precise time of an event may depend on many pieces of sensitive information and computation.

timing measurements act as a kind of antenna receiving signals from throughout the system.


More specifically, for any O value (e.g., O ) that is greater than the b local minimum coefficient ratio (corresponding to coefficient 8) but less than some of the subsequent ones (coefficients 11 to 16), the rate estimation algorithm accumulates the codeword lengths of these coefficients to base-layer as if its operational R-D curve were a convex.

histogram compensation is needed for non-convex regions by counting the data bits from such coefficients in a non-monotonic region to the bin of the local minimum value of the ratio in the histogram.


We assume that all points in R2 are equally probable to be visited by U. Fixed-position follows immediately, since xn is equally likely to be any point of Gn = f(x, d, n).

an adversary A observing the coordinates Gn returned by the user U gains information about the location of the user with no further precision than d. The same holds for destination-indistinguishability, since once the user enters the region corresponding to destination ¯x he is likely to be in any point of this region.


But if the tags are tamper-resistant, they can share the same long-term key kT , and the reader complexity is O(1).

three di.erent choices are possible to build this protocol: PK cryptography in O(1), SK cryptography in O(n), or SK cryptography in O(1) with tag tamper-resistance.


When the Enc(m) service is invoked, the contents of Reg are used as input to the PUF and replaced with the output.

this output is also used to generate the key K. the .rst property holds.


It is well-known that a memory corruption attack typically causes a randomized program to crash due to the di.culty in predicting memory addresses.

we use the crashes of such randomized programs as the triggers to start vulnerability analysis.


In a multi-tenancy environment, since guests may be less than well administered and exposed to the Internet, it is prudent to assume that they may be malicious.

the attacker in our model is a guest VM aiming to violate the security of another guestwith whomitis sharingthe underlyingplatform.


Therefore, once the content starts to shift, an attacker can decrypt the first 128 bits (or 16 bytes) of subsequent extents after the content insertion point.

as an attacker accumulates different versions of the same encrypted file over time, more information can be revealed due to both in-place updates and content shifting.


These projects had 2279, 60, and 0 commits within the last twelve months, respectively.

[6] most of the dedicated build servers would be idle most of the time, even for projects with very high activity.


We have just shifted the question of how the original measures should be de.ned to the question of how the weights should be chosen.

wsc(RC, W ) de.nes an entire family of quality measures.


In this case, again by this condition, the instantiated term will have the same label as the variable (i.e., whether it belongs to P1 or P2).

at the end of the day, we obtain that all P2 terms can be constructed using only P2 knowledge and public constants (and similar for P1 P2 terms).


By examining the consensus results returned from each independent core, the designer can obtain probabilistic con.dence in the result.

probabilistic computing enables the designer to gain high con.dence in the result while not requiring that the system be fully formal methods provable.


This assumption is reasonable in reality for a public cloud, as they are in a group with only limited permissions interacting with the cloud service application programming interfaces (API) and VMs, otherwise the administrator can install their own VMI tools, even bypassing the logs in a cloud system.

con.guration .les and keys stored with root permission for CryptVMI also stay safe.


One method for alleviating some of these problems is to store data in encrypted form.

if the storage is compromised the amount of information loss will be limited.


(2 has no particular importance and can be replaced by other constant bigger than 1).

there is a negligible probability of the existence of two di.erent " "" . "


A weighted mean is obtained by dividing a weighted sum by Ln i=1 ai.

we can calculate a weighted sum and a weighted mean using an additive homomorphic property if Ln i=1 aaixi Q < 2 for the size Qof the message space.


Like other concepts [16, 11, 15], SobTrA uses a T-Function [10] for the pseudorandom update (Figure 6, Line 6), mainly because it can be implemented with only few instructions as shown in Figure 8.

an optimal im plementation can be ensured more easily.


In this way, the trusted neighborhood is further expanded.

the essence of our approach is to enlarge the original trusted neighborhood such that much more reliable information is available during the course of verifying the target certi.cates.


Then we set xN+1 = x6 = 1 and xN+2 = x7 = 1.


Although communication data is being exposed between the Smart Card and User, secret information into the Smart Card does not expose.


Because the measurements of the physical world are inherently noisy, if an attacker forges sensor readings that have negligible in.uence on the .nal aggregation result, he gains little.

we assume that an attacker aims to inject false values that deviate from the true measures in a noticeable scale.


For example, if an application tries to make a phone call, it may have to claim the permission CALL_PHONE.

this component will output whether an application has the permissions (named as billing permissions) to send SMS, make phone calls or access the Internet.


for v to become the secure state from the compromised state for the ith time (i.e., the length of time interval it takes for the ith recovery), Jv,i be the random number of compromised neighbors of node v after the (i -1)th recovery, where i =1,2,.... Under the condition that each compromise-and-recovery cycle has the same distribution after each recovery (i.e., reset to the secure state), Jv,i for i =1,2,... are independently and identically distributed.

the stochastic process can be seen as an alternating renewal process with a sequence of vectors (Tv,c,i,Rv,i) for i =1, which have the same distributions as (Tv,c,Rv).


Decorator taintModel is a function that receives and constructs a class.

more speci.cally, the previous code can be considered equivalent to class Greeting(db.Model): ... Greeting = taintModel(Greeting) when referring to Greeting in the rest of the source code, it is referring to the class being returned by taintModel.


Since we assume that the sensors are uniformly distributed within a zone, the closer the sensor to the center of the zone, the more the neighbors within the same zone for the sensor.

the key graph connectivity will only be considered as the key graph created by the sensors within the same zone.


3.3 I/O Requests Accounting We assume that each I/O operation is atomic and thus does not affect subsequent I/O operations.

the total CPU usage on Domain0 due to a virtual I/O device access by a guest domain becomes sum of the CPU usage of individual requests while the CPU time of an individual request is calculated from an independent variable request size.


Usually, trusted applications do not include generic commands such as cp, lpr, or mv.

operations such as copying or printing usage-controlled .les can be performed only by speci.c trusted applications, which enforce software-based usage policies.


.U ×U to denote the diagonal relation {(u, u): u .U}and to denote its complement .c {(u, u): (u, u)..}.

the constraint on steps s1 and s2 in Figure 1 would be written as (.c , {s1}, {s2}).


To support .exible decentralized delegation, we give to both role types (a.liated and delegated) the capability of delegating the role to other roles.

in the above example, both Bob and Alice are able to delegate role U.professor to other roles.


de.ne equalities among attributes, which is possible even if they are encoded into different credentials.

we have to use the same attributeidenti.erfor all attributes that the claim states tobe equal, where attribute equality can only be proven if the types of the attributes match.


In this scenario, the server s address space is re-randomized with every probe.

the expected number of probes required by a brute force attack can be computed by viewing the problem as a sampling with replacement problem.


In UCON, attribute values are updated only after a usage is allowed.

a requested but denied usage can not be recorded by the system.


For protocols, we write the adversary interface IPR so that all its functions operate on plain, unre.ned types such as concrete bytes.

our condition IPR f A : T expresses that the adversary can interact with the protocol only by calling these functions, using any concrete bytes that it can compute, and its formal typability does not exclude any such attack.


)Sinethenumberofequivalenelassesofx " i,jE£(B " ) modulo£(M)isdet(M)/det(B " ),thentheprobabilitythat ai,j=asatisfes I£(B " )QIdet(B " )I£(B " )QIdet(B " ) :Pr{ai,j=a}: .

det(M) det(M) NotiethatbothQandQontainanopensphereofradius r=A1(A)/2.byProposition3andusingthe boundp(B " ):A1(A)/(8n)fromLemma2,thenumberof lattiepointsinQsatisfes () " det(A)2p(B " )n I£(B)QI?1 det(B")A1(A) () det(A)1 ?1 det(B") andtheprobabilitythatai,j=ais 3det(A)det(B " )3 Pr{ai,j=a}?


Instead, the Default Build Server resolves the IP address 192.168.21.59 that Mallet con.gured in the hosts .le.

the Default Build Server does not download the actual ABC source code from svn.example.com, but instead some modi.ed version from Mallet s server.


An argument can be made that forming a consistent physical pattern is of high cost to an attacker and may be less likely, but just because a social network is used, it does not imply that there is trust between the nodes, just that the trust mechanism will augment its approach with information from the social network.

an actively malicious node would still have to undergo the same calculations from the trust mechanism as it would without the social network, just at a higher cost to itself.


On the other hand, N-version programming need not be used purely for its ability to provide ultra-high reliability, but rather for simply increasing diversity to detect failures [41].

the system design must use N-version programming appropriately.


Under coercion attack, the disclosure from surrendering t independent passwords is thesameasgivingupthe t lowest-level passwords in a hash chain.

in our system design, the hash chain mechanism is chosen due to the performance and usability bene.ts gained compared to independent passwords.


Compared with traditional MLS systems, DOFS does not require complicated security labels for computer users and resources, or sophisticated information flow control based on labels.

dOFS is much easier to implement and deploy in existing IT environment without imposing additional system administration overheads.


In the case of NCC, an outcome is a complete set of belief states, but instead of mapping from actions to outcomes, the mechanism instead gives a signal to each player, who interprets it according to his belief strategy.

a mechanism cannot enforce outcomes: it can only control the information embedded in its signal to each player.


The presence of central certifying authority is a single point of failure.

it has become a primary concern of securing ad hoc networks.


The generalization proposed by Boneh and Boyen di.ers from other proposals in that it does not require the homomorphism f to be e.ciently computable, which gives a weaker assumption.

following Boneh and Boyen, we consider the BDH problem stated for .xed G, G , GT , e, as follows: a c Given (g, g , g , h, ha , hb) .


Noise is an alert that IDS sends on non-threatening or non-applicable events, to hosts but IDS diagnoses them correctly.

the target host will not be affected by the attack.


Table 1: A running example ROP shellcode Resulting non-ROP shellcode Gadget # Payload Instructions Initial results Post-process 0x41 ×220 junk 1 0x7c9fb028 0x42424242 pop ecx retn mov ecx,[0x12f1ab] mov ecx,0x42424242 2 0x7c9eaddd 0xffffffff pop ebx retn mov ebx,[0x12f1af] mov ebx,0xffffffff 3 0x77c127e1 inc ebx retn inc ebx inc ebx 4 0x7c9ea67b 0x7c8922a4 pop ebp retn mov ebp, [0x12f1b3] mov ebp, 0x7c8922a4 5 0x7c9eeb47 0x7c9c1508 pop edi retn mov edi, [0x12f1b7] mov edi, 0x7c9c1508 6 0x7c9c204c 0x7c9c2051 pop esi retn mov esi, [0x12f1bb] mov esi, 0x7c9c2051 7 0x7ca11073 pushad retn mov esp, 0x12f1bf pushad pop edi jmp edi mov esp, 0x12f1ab pushad pop edi jmp edi 0x90 ×10 240 bytes nop shellcode 0x42424242 0xffffffff 0x7c8922a4 0x7c9c1508 0x7c9c2051 nil  Figure 4: Debugger payload format value of esp.

we know that esp is at an o.set of 224 + 4 = 228 bytes, which will also be the location of the second gadget.


Since domains are expected to only infrequently change their policy, SCPs are assumed to be stable (barring catastrophic events such as a weakness in a widelyused encryption scheme).

we require that SCPs be valid during an extended time period (e.g., .ve years).


Coming back to our running example (E = ln(4)/0.2 and rad I = 0.3), taking a con.dence factor c of, say, 0.95, leads to a (0.69, 0.95)useful mechanism (because CE -1(c) = 0.69).

(PLE, 0.99) is both ln(4)/0.2-geo-indistinguishable and (0.95, 0.3)-accurate.


It takes Bob only 610 milliseconds to create the look-up table and 16 millisecondstogenerate a single recommendation.

for a common recommender system that generates 10-100 recommendations, the run-time of theprivacy-preservingalgorithm is 0.16 to 1.6 seconds.


In still more practical terms, it is a highly structured system of concepts covering the processes, objects, and attributes of a domain in all of their pertinent complex relations, to the grain size determined by such considerations as the need of an application or computational complexity.

an ontology may divide the root concept ALL i:nto EVENTs, OBJECTs, and PROPERTYs (Fig.


For example, one might suppose that the goal of a criminal is not peak spread, but the long-term longevity of that spread.

virus, worms and Trojans which are disseminated quietly may achieve the largest long-term population as they remain under the antivirus radar.


However, these techniques are not general in that they are based on heuristics that work well for PAYL but not necessarily other anomaly detection systems.

an important open problem with polymorphic blending attacks is: given an anomaly detection system and an attack, can one automatically generate the PBA instances?


Since there are n calls to the secure add and compare circuit, the number of communication rounds in this step is O(n).

the overall communication complexity is still O(n), though the constant is higher than in the case of Algorithm 2.


However in a larger network naturally more clients will subscribe to the leaders.

the deciding factor of a structure s integrity is the percentage of the total number of agents (that are not yet either pool member or leader) that have subscribed.


Twitter limited our machine to execute only 20,000 API calls per hour.

to avoid wasting our limited API calls, we executed Google searches for the most common words in tweets sent by the already detected spammers, and we crawled those pro.les that were returned as results.


In the .rst scenario, the attackers sending HTTP GET requests randomly.

attack detection is done in this Phase I based on computation of rate of arrivals of HTTP requests(HAr).detection of .rst category of attack is done by comparing HAr with user de.ned threshold value.


Following the order, we will arrange the rows string below string.

we define the structure of the set B, which won t be changed during the process of arranging letters in the set.


In the adversarial-error model, on the other hand, we show that depending on the error rate, there are functions that can be privately computed in the error-free setting but not in the adversarial-error model.

there is no hope to achieve constant-rate schemes for any function f, or even for any f which can be computed privately in the error-free setting.


The performance of the PBBL itself is actually not very critical, since the most time-consuming part of the enhanced architecture is intermediate kernel boot process.

the performance overhead can be expected to be reduced to the SHA-1 measurements and certi.cates veri.cations when integrating the PBBL functionality into a common boot loader.


Consequently, when another principal, say Alice, accesses the picnic table, view.picnic will be invoked, but the .rst clause in the body of the rule will fail if bob does nothave read-access toAlice s employee tableinformation.

the rule will not .re, and hence protect Alice s data from being written onto Bob s leaked_info table.


The guest physical pages can be swapped in and out, depending on the system workload.


In Jack, Alice only proves to the SP her knowledge of a single non-membership witness against the blacklist, with O(1) computation.

the uplink bandwidth cost and the veri.cation cost are O(1) as well.


We argue that it is very unlikely to have very large attack strategy graphs in practice.

we believe error tolerant graph/subgraph isomorphism can be applied to measure the similarity between attack strategy graphs with reasonable response time.


A wireless network is highly dynamic because nodes can move in and out of the network.

while each node uses intrusion/anomaly reports from other nodes, it does not rely on fixed network topology or membership information in the distributed detection process.


The public pro.le information includes the user s identi.er, .rst name, last name, username, and gender.

if Facebook were to implement our scenario as described above, the basic permissions of Facebook OAuth tokens would have to be adapted such that the public pro.le and the friend list can only be accessed with appropriate access scopes.


Wireless sensor and actuator networks are now allowing the managing agencies to monitor a larger number of events and operations.

it can be concluded that SCADA systems inherit many of known IT vulnerabilities and threats.


In this case, data copy operations can be detected because the OS-level clipboard is used, but data paste operations among applications in the same group cannot be detected, since only the application-level clipboard is used and the OS-level clipboard is not used.

if a label-attachable TC in an application group joins a domain, then all of the labelattachable TCs in the same group must also be forced to join the same domain.


Moreover, it is infeasible to use computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms for privacy and security, because memory and processing power in a lowcosttag arelimited[3].

authenticationprotocols for RFID systems should not only be designed to address theseprivacy and security threats,but should alsotakeinto account the limited capabilities of RFID tags.


The seal/unseal primitives implicitly attest to the user the state of the platform and the secure service, and can provide secure storage for secure services.

the seal/unseal primitives can be seen as the root of trust for secure services.


Cloud computing is still immature and there are no standard APIs used by the cloud vendors, so most of the cloud users have to re-write applications, when they switch cloud platforms.

in most cases, an antimalware engine will have to be re-written (the part that communicates with the cloud) if moved to another cloud.


This is equivalent to choosing r cells in the object area out of a total of 100 cells, and then rearranging them on to 9 cells in the target area.

the probability of attacker success in solving the challenge in a single attempt is 1/t.


For instance, in most systems, it would be reasonable to assume that the opponent will have knowledge of the odds that any particular member of the population has a given attribute.

if a fraction ht of the population is expected to possess attribute t .


Bob would obtain his corresponding private key from a Private Key Generator to decrypt the message.

iBC helps negate the use of public key certi.cate in PKC-based applications.


Since each line is 64 bytes long, the memory address will be broken down into 6 tag bits, 10 index bits, and 16 tag bits (shown in Figure 3).

addresses which di.er only in their top 16 bits should map to a single cache set.


This would be tied to penalties for violation ( we will pay you z ); if the expectation is no release to anyone and the mechanism purchased is baseline protection mechanisms, then the penalty for information leaking probably should be less than if the mechanism purchased were information on isolated systems only, trusted user access.

expectations could be tied to both assurances and, with more specificity, to mechanisms for implementing assurances.


Assuming uniformly distributed messages, k = n · p · r · d/2l .

a client should select l = Llog2(n · p · r · d/k)J to achieve the desired level of k-anonymity.


Although this does not necessarily happen on critical path, it imposes additional memory traf.c and may compete with other memory requests that are critical.

the number of replacement should be small enough to overcome the above defect.


For example, we ignore the depth and o.set .elds that specify portions of the packet in which the pattern should be found.

when a signature uses such a .eld (less than 10% of the signatures use these .elds), we always treat its corresponding protomatching signature as a superset signature.


Unfortunately, to know the memory live-ins and liveouts at the beginning of a code segment is much harder because some addresses may not be known at the beginning of the code segment.

as demonstrated on Figure 3, to handle memory data tags, LIFT postpones the information check of a memory location until its address is known, usually right before this memory instruction.


What we want is to be comfortable with a range of activities, around a norm, and to be able to identify situations or sets of circumstances where we ought be uncomfortable, and thus be able to take steps to prevent real problems escalating, or attacks on systems succeeding.

imprecision and leeway per se become not only acceptable, rather they become a requirement.


Finally, by preventing recursive calls to SENTER, we prevent Aos from executing a modi.ed MLE that uses SENTER to reset PCRs 17 23 and extend them with correct values.

as long as the MLE does not modify its own code during execution, no other code that was not previously measured by the ACM can execute within the secure environment (Property II).


Wi), then the number of victim w nodes covered |Ci|is: According to Lemma 3 we have, by any cover i at least n/.i victim nodes can be covered.

let Li be the number of uncovered victim nodes, we can iterate the algorithm as follows: nn .1 -1 C1 =.


This signi.cant increase comes from the mask path implementation necessary to operate the masking/unmasking operation, and specially the non-linear part [10].

it is worthwhile to study masking countermeasures thwarting second-order DPA (2O-DPA) in particular, and high-order DPA (HO-DPA) in general, with a complexity increase almost negligible, or much less than a factor two.


(Proof of Lemma 6) In order to show that decompose never returns failure, we need to show that every time it reaches Step 2(b)i, there exists two di.erent codewords u and w satisfying degGn (Au,w) > 10-3degGT (Au,w) .

u,w Note that since we require a strict inequality, the above condition also implies Au,w = f. decompose always terminates in .nite time.


For example, a person located in New Mexico is more likely to search for a restaurant serving chili stew than a person in Vermont.

we believe an algorithm is needed that scales well with the size of anonymity set, k. Location Cloaking.


Rn, less than n constraints used to specify Q are active at x 0 [4]; we denote by d (d < n) the number of active constraints T in x 0 and denote them as ax 0 = bi, i = {j1, ..., jd}.

i the vectors ai, i = j1, ..., jd belong to a proper subspace of Rn and there exists d .


An Intent object is a potential information sink as it is used as transport object for the communication with other components.

the security policy must not allow to create new Intent objects containing data with the security type H or to store data with the security type H into an existing Intent object.


Furthermore, in blank digital signatures, the allowed replacements are hidden, which is not supported by sanitizable signatures allowing such replacements [9, 15].

blank digital signatures may be seen as signature schemes supporting sanitizing capabilities, but are a di.erent concept as it is clear from the di.erences mentioned above.


the seed must be available at the time the read command is issued to memory.


Assume, that F = {3, 4, 5} is a set of strings, where 3,4,5are the numbers of strings of the set B.

we go through the elements of the string = 3, spotting if the element from the string meets in other strings of the set F and making sure, that the entries of the letter are situated only in the strings of F. to find the letter we are to go through all the elements of B for every letter.


In order to be able to measure the gain of our approach, we modelled the sensor network to produce measurements that can be represented by identically distributed random variables, but instead of assuming the independence of these random variables we exploit the correlation among them.

our sensor network data model consists of the following parts.


AP AP This cannot be faked, as the attacker cannot generate a nonce IDMT along with its corresponding HMAC without knowing the MAC key KMT.

sAP v1 is robust against the impersonating attack.


The data exchanged during an execution of the protocol are encrypted by an additive homomorphic encryption scheme, but the data stored at the sever are not encrypted.

the server knows the contents of its biometric database.


To keep the analysis tractable, Algorithm 2 ana ments that the hook must be invoked with.

imprecision in the lyzes loop bodies exactly once.


A NOVEL PASSWORD ENTRY METHOD BASED ON EYE-GESTURES As a side effect of our evaluation, we found that many participants stated to remember their PINs as a shape on the number pad instead of the actual number sequence.

we conducted an online survey with 86 participants.


(/(tch + tsh).on this extreme the advantage of the adversary relative to the honest solver, depends on the ratio between ., the lower bound on the (average) time it takes the adversary to compute the sequential hash function sh, and tsh+tch, the total time an honest party needs to evaluate sh once and ch once (where ch is the collision-resistant hash function).


Engineering Carleton University Carleton University Carleton University Ottawa, Canada deholo@ccsl.carleton.ca Ottawa, Canada paulv@scs.carleton.ca Ottawa, Canada adler@sce.carleton.ca ABSTRACT Identity fraud (IDF) may be de.ned informally as exploitation of credential information using some form of impersonation or misrepresentation of identity, in the context of transactions.

iDF may be viewed as a combination of two old problems: user authentication and transaction authorization.


Alternatively, the attackers may attempt to change the code or data of the application in order to modify its behavior so that it leaks out its secret data.

the goal of a secure computing environment on untrusted computing node is to provide privacy (a guarantee that plaintext of code or data will not be leaked to the adversary) and integrity (a guarantee that program behavior or data cannot be modi.ed by the adversary).


The victim is then forced to stop providing service(s) temporarily to other parties of network from a few minutes to even several days.

effective approaches for detecting DoS attack are significantly important to protect online servers, and many efforts have been made to accomplish this task.


To achieve this, we use the observation that CSPs commonly assign a single IP address to a device as long as the device is actively sending traf.c.

traf.c activities occurring on the same IP address within a short period of time are likely to belong to the same mobile device.


We believe this improves system performance since reachability analysis is time consuming (especially when the state space is huge).

we also perform a similarity analysis as a part of the reachability analysis to avoid repetitive efforts.


We repeated our experiment 10 times for each value of m. The number of successes for 5 As only the virtual address of the handler was required to construct the attack NFA, we were able to perform the attack without studying the Zend source code.

the name of the function, which is hidden in the result of an objdump, remains unknown to us.


Each of these veri.cation queries allows A to rule out at most d possibilities of a.

a rules out at most (e - 1)d possibilities of a from the e - 1 queries.


In addition to passwords, phishing attacks have been known to target social security numbers, addresses, birth dates, and other types of personal information.

users risk becoming the victim of a phishing attack whenever they enter personal information into a Web page.


Malware can be potentially highly contagious and is (by de.nition) developed for malicious intents.

experiments involving malware should therefore take adequate precautionary measures to ensure that it is not accidentally released into the wild during the course to the experiment.


Example: As a sub-organization of a Project Impact partner, the Army Corps of Engineers provides personnel to support projects like the Pajaro River levee repair.

(Army Corps of Engineers, Pajaro River levee team) .


A community may choose not to publish the components of the .nal reputation score (e.g., the attributes by which the rating was collected), to protect the privacy of its members.

we assume that the owners of a member s reputation are both the community and the member .


The ISN generation pattern for the RTU was then ana lyzed using a more generalized method by plotting the time between connection initiations versus the di.erence between the sequence numbers used in the two consecutive initia- Difference between consecutive ISNs 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 tions.

if the change in time results in a linearly proportional change in ISN, the scatter plot should be a line with a constant slope.


The user is prompted to enter the attribute values only once, that is, when carrying on the ZKPK with the identity manager.

the user experience is the same as in the previous protocol.


Hence, A couldn't generate the leap-vector o7i and ~ (necessary to recover u from the broad- cast) from any of the user-keys in its possession: it follows that ..4 could not update any of its user-keys.

all the secret data that .,4 gathered via the Join queries is completely useless to recover any message (and in particular A's challenge) encrypted after the Change-Period operation under consideration.


The common thread connecting IP addresses belonging to an inner block is that they are likely to be administered in a similar way and running similar software, and therefore have similar security properties.

if one IP is malicious in an inner block, the other IPs within the same block should be treated with suspicion.


Knowing both the complexity of his password (15.0) and the probability that Plato fail to memorize a seven-digit password (30%), we can calculate how likely Plato is to fail to memorize his new password on the .rst attempt.

(0.3)*(15.0) P = =0.193519 23.2535 Plato has around a 19% chance of failing to memorize his new password.


The detection accuracy requires detection system could be numerical measurement so that attack action could be definitely judged, but this requires complex computing overhead.

it is crucial for us to detect attacks accurately before the victim becomes overwhelmed.


In either case, passwords are available to a passive eavesdropper.

eavesdropping on a single communication reveals the password used by every tag in the system, a serious security failure.


4.1 System We prove the correctness of our system using complete induction over a sequence of transitions.

we de.ne a system which represents all possible sequences of transitions between states reachable from a given initial state.


Although it is unknown to the attacker, this difference is considerable (making us uncomfortable) and re.ects very well the fact that Eve s wireless Ethernet card is directed to Alice.

we base our conclusion on the theoretical security of the protocol and disadvise the type of scenario where Alice and Bob are not close to each other.


In this paper, we use a compiler-based approach to insert runtime checks on the target of every jump before the jump is executed.

we enforce CFI to counter control-.ow hijacking attacks.


Once p n(u |(r, t, q), Ot) is calculated, it is then added into the adversary s knowledge.

for a past request (r',t',q') in Ou,t (t' <t), the adversary has the probability p(u |(r',t',q'), Ot').


Therefore, .nancial institutions, governmental agencies and manufacturing companies all face the problem of controlling sensitive documents information when processed and exchanged among several parties within and beyond their boundaries.

security demands for digital document work.ows have become increasingly sophisticated.


For example, if all the pass images are very similar with each other, pass images may compromise themselves.

some validation or a guideline should be given for choosing secure and optimal graphical password.


Even assuming that the .ags register is used, there are still multiple ways to use this value to implement conditional logic.

our approach must be general enough to handle any suchimplementation.


For any revocation, the KMA interacts with the Access Manager to remove the server side key of the compromised DBAs/DBUs from the Key Store on the CS.

the Access Manager ensures that the server side key is not removed before granting access to the DBA/DBU.


With pairwise keying, each pair of nodes share a di.erent key.

a node compromise only a.ects past and future messages sent to or from that node; other tra.c is una.ected.


A side effect of the state machine is that the checkpoint addresses are checked to insure that they fall within the address range of instructions.

any attack would have to return back to the application code to shut off the timer using the second checkpoint.


Users may upload very diverse pictures, either with clear shapes or with complex lines.

if we apply a .xed distortion parameter, it might either expose some images meanwhile or cause some images unrecognisable.


While the problem of resolving these jumps is an interesting research problem, it is not directly related to instruction embedding.

for our proof-of-concept obfuscation, we assume these two types of jumps are not present.