For the baseline cache random replacement reduces MPKI for the thrashing workloads: art by 34%, mcf by 1.6%, facerec by 14.4%, and health by 16.9%, whereas, DIP reduces MPKI for art by 54%, mcf by 17%, facerec by 36% and health by 35%.

the effectiveness of random replacement at reducing misses signi.cantly reduces as the size of the working set increases.


From the practical point of view, a transmission can fail because of either a collision due to other devices or channel noise.

we consider both in this analysis and represent the probability of transmission failure (q) as follows.


The design and implementation of the hardware for maintaining speculative local history is very complex on a deep pipelined processor [26]: many occurrences of a single static branch can be in .ight at the same time.

we advocate for using only global history on a O-GEHL branch predictor.


Therefore, the payoff function of any net segment in the channel depends only on two other players (the left and right immediate neighbors) rather than on all the N-1 players.

for each channel, instead of having a single game with N-players, we divide the game into N subgames with each subgame involving 3-players the given net segment, its left neighbor, and, its right neighbor.


By employing a fixed pruning threshold of 17, the 0.0037 BER is not exceeded for Eb/N0 greater than 2.1 dB while decoding the rate-1/2 code.

with this pruning threshold, a slight coding loss of about 0.1 dB is incurred when decoding the rate-1/2 code.


[16] observed that routes with one or two bends are more likely to occur than multi-bend routes.

probabilities for the occurence of L-shapes and Z-shapes are emperically derived from industrial designs and are used to improve upon [14].


The output of that table encodes the assignment of the operations to modules of the given FU.

the LUT contains the assignment strategy.


There is a communication cost between the coprocessor and the host processor, which is several cycles or more.

these architectures tend to map a large portion of the application, e.g.


For example, when a company decides to switch up its investment, it may give up previous investments and take a different growth path based on the capabilities derived from previous investments.

switching up may be understood in terms of a differentiation strategy that enables the company to avoid strong competitors reactions and also to gain the benefit of the IT investment.


Thus, if two TSVs with signal .ow dependency are paired off to form a TFU, it works correctly only for a part of TSV fault cases.

the TSV pairing process should avoid the pairing of two TSVs with dependency relation.


To tackle this problem, we add a dummy FF node to each LC (including the LC originally in combinational mode), and constrain that FFs can only be inserted at edges from FF node to LC output node as shownin(B).ToensureanLUT drives onlyFFs within the same cluster after retiming, the total FFs used within one cluster can not exceed the number of available FFs in the cluster.

we have the following constraints X e(u,v).ECi w(e)+ r(v) - r(u) = SCi, .Ci r(v) - r(u)=0, .e(u, v) .


The dual ported memory blocks are mapped into the PowerPC s address space through the on-chip peripheral bus (OPB) interface.

the dual ported memory on the Spartan can be directly accessed by the PCI engine and the PowerPC simultaneously.


Therefore, our ISEGEN not only generates ISEs resulting in high speedup but also exploits their reusability by producing all the instances in the DFG (as shown in Figure 7).

the solutions generated by ISEGEN are indeed close to those generated by an expert designer.


The linear system thus obtained is sparse and an iterative solver such as Conjugate Gradient (CG) [13] can be applied to produce the solution.

every simulation step consists of two loops -an outer loop which linearizes the PDEs and sets up the sparse system which is then iteratively solved by the linear solver in the inner loop.


On the other hand, the VM.be scheme translates cold code in a co-designed way that still involves VM software.

we consider how VM software overhead is reduced after being assisted by the XLTx86 instruction.


As logic design is under many constraints, the number of partial test patterns is typically not a number which is optimizedfor during the logic designphase, but rather an outcome that is simply accepted.

we ob  ..  ..   .. .. .. ..  (a) (b) Figure 1: Cone structure of a design.


While the D-cache is dual ported in order to support two load/store instructions in parallel, we only need a single read/write port for the I-cache.

the front-end of the pipeline can potentially be clocked higher than the back-end.


Our basic idea is to divide the clock buffers at each level of the clock tree into two sets; thus, in each clock transition, we always have that one half of capacitance nodes in the clock tree is charging and the other one half of capacitance nodes in the clock tree is discharging.

the peak current of the clock tree can be reduced nearly 50%.


Generally, the impact of the above effect gets less significant as test sets get bigger.

the reduction rate in power dissipation and testing time on real circuits gets greater than those obtained in this section.


On the average, it takes only less than 21 cycles of simulation per veri.cation case.

our approach could generate highly focused veri.cation cases which require very limited amount of simulation cycles, as opposed to the tremendous amount of simulation cycles in traditional regression test approaches.


Note that March element M0 takes 1N clock cycles, March elements M1 'M4 take 2N clock cycles each, and March element M5 takes 1N clock cycles, where N is the number of memory cells.

the proposed BIST scheme takes only 10N clock cycles to perform the March C test algorithm.


Consequently, the channel will be underutilized.

to handle this issue our proposed algorithm uses an adapted low accuracy algorithm inspired on [2] to estimate the initial frame length, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2554850.2555003 basedonapoweroftwo(2Q).


Therefore, the time interval between early and late rising edges at in is intensi.ed by the variable latency of the controllable buffer.


The bene.tofcyclic partitioning can be illustratedby the following example: EXAMPLE 12. for(i=0;i<=N; i++) t+= A[2* i] +A[2* i+1]; Itisclearly that those two array accesses will be split to bank 0and1 respectively for partitioning P(a)=a mod 2.

no decoderis needed compared with the"segment con.guration" architecture,while only one bank is activatedfor each original array access.


.. time to evaluate only a single NoC configuration.

it is (1-1) practically impossible to use simulation for automatic design depicts the set of its output ports, space exploration.


The RTOS will be executed each time a thread is stopped, that is, when a channel or a waiting statement is reached.

the RTOS timing is estimated assigning an execution time to those channels and waiting statements executed by processes mapped to SW resources.


The same argument applies to show that P3 remains stable when D changes from 0 to 1.

the hold time of a D-FF is the propagation delay of a gate.


Output: Set of augmenting paths A Figure 1: Original GMRTA algorithm that segments in more than one loop give no contribution to robustness.

these segments can be deleted in order to reach a better ratio between protected and additional wire length.


For the star stencil, although we can .t more time steps into one pipeline, the heavy cost on processing overlapping boundaries of decomposed domains will cancel out a large part of the performance bene.ts achieved from processing multiple time steps.

the performance scalability of the star stencil is far from linear.


Since it is rare if not impossible for di.erent regions to simultaneously reach their maximum thermal-power, the assumption of steady-state analysis may also lead to excessive numbers of vias.

it urges us to provide a stapling method using transient analysis to .nd the minimum number of non-signal vias, such that both power integrity in P/G planes and thermal integrity at device layers can be satis.ed.


REFINEMENT OF RAW TEST BINARIES A bunch of randomly selected instructions, along with randomly selected input data, will probably trigger exceptions or generate undesired results.

we re.ned raw test binaries with static and dynamic methodologies.


It is important to note that these data structures compose the actual border layer between TLM and RTL.

even if this step adds a degree of redundancy concerning the exchanged data, it ensures modularity in the generation process of transactors.


For instance, for the largest benchmark circuit s38417, when assuming that the non-Gaussian Le parameters follow Gaussian distributions, the error observed is 2.81% for µ, 34.62% for s, 21.63 % for the 95% point and 2.51% for the 5% point.

modeling the non-Gaussian parameters as normally distributed ones leads to signi.cant inaccuracy.


2 1.19 1 1.01 ecution Time 3 2 1 0  accordingly.

our synthesis framework co-synthesize the hardware con.guration of the distributed memory interface, and the design of task mapping and data assignment at the same time.


As can be seen from Figure 1 [17], the activate-prechage command pair draws much higher current than other DRAM commands and takes a long time to complete.

with a higher page crossing rate, both energy e.ciency and e.ective DRAM bandwidth fall.


However, the characteristics of GPRS do not match those required by the VoIP session and thus the transmission of such an amount of data over GPRS is likely to oversaturate the medium.

we propose to install .lter rules on the MR to prevent the transmission of VoIP .ows through the GPRS interface.


IR-drop constraint IR-drop is the voltage .uctuation due to the resistance of the on-chip P/G networks.

e.g., the voltage .uctuation from ground pads to the leaf nodes must be restricted = Vmax, (11) Vk.Nleaf where Nleaf is a set of leaf nodes and Vmax is the maximum voltage of ground bounce.


The inserted test points enable us to treat the parallel paths the same as the single paths in group (1).

we would be able to conduct GLC on these paths and characterize all the gates.


Although the schedule length is satis.ed, the code size constraints is violated.


This in itself implies that the virtual ground network has to be wider and more expensive in terms of its layout cost compared to the actual ground network.

it is commonplace to split the sleep transistor into a series of parallel connected smaller sleep transistors and then route the current for a subset of the MTCMOS logic cells thru each one of these sleep transistors.


Considering the wire forces alone, however, cannot always obtain legal placement due to large amounts of overlaps.

we need to add spreading forces to remove the overlaps between cells.


Meanwhile, the maximum MTTF in approach 2 is about two times the 50% duty cycle design.

we can conclude that the optimization for MTTF should place the compensation strip in the middle of the layout and sweep the duty cycle ratio for best MTTF.


(38) 2 Moreover, we assume that the LQG cost W = I and U =1.

1.5 the control gain is given by L = -1.2439 -0.4221 1 (39) 1 We consider two cases, where either the velocity sensor or 0.5 the position sensor is compromised, i.e.


Overall, the performance degrades by 2.6%, the energy increases by 1.1%, and the drowsy rate is 4.4% (as compared to 8.5%, 5.6%, and 9.1%, respectively, in the original drowsy scheme).

a large percentage of performance loss and energy wastage are eliminated.


This delay causes error when calculating the exact duration of the water event, but can be partially compensated for by noting that larger temperature differentials have both a faster immediate response and a higher rate of initial activations.

the delay between water event start and .rst received packet can be estimated as a function of initial activation rate.


other system components performance and speed, particularly for CPUs, has outpaced the performance of DRAMs.

the DRAM has increasingly become a bottleneck.


The datapath for the LA is derived from the schedule and synthesized using Synopsys design compiler.

cost(i, k) s, the gate count estimates for the LA implementing loop i at II=k, are obtained.


Also, since we are interested in the relative weight between temporal and spatial di.erence, we set tscale = 1.

the distance between two o.sets is:  |T | 2 i=1 Ti d(oi,oj )=+ oscale × (oi -oj )2 |T| Wechose meanover medianbecauseofthevariabilityinthe potential workloads.


ALGORITHMS Although the ability to solve the VTSO problem is the most general solution, the lack of crucial information such as readmapping makes it difficult to design an algorithm that performs well.

we limit our scope in this work only to the VTSO-read and VTSO-conflict problems.


Moreover, level shifters need to be inserted at the boundaries between low-Vdd and high-Vdd, causing extra penalty in area, delay and power.

it is desired that cells of different supply voltages are grouped into a small number of voltage islands (each having a single supply voltage), so that both the design cost and the amount of level shifters are limited.


An encryption algorithm is never used stand-alone for security reasons.

it is combined with so-called modes of operation.


3.1 Delay calculation preliminaries In order to perform delay calculation the wiring has to be electrically modeled.

we assume that a net is suf.ciently modeled as RC network which contains only grounded capacitors and does not contain grounded resistors.


The congestion cost computation of a match takes O(lNtalxNs),where lNtalis the number of nets associated with a match and Nsis the number of bins over entire layout; Nsis a constant for a given layout.

congestion cost computation takes O(lNtal)time, the same as that required for structural matching used in the SIS mapper [9].


It has been reported that inserting redundant vias during routing can improve the double-via insertion rates by 15 25% than the post-layout optimization, at the cost of routability degradation.

it is desired to consider the double-via insertion at both routing and post-routing stages for better trade-o.


For other cases, observe that the lefthand side of Equation (10) represents a convex function, which is strictly increasing in the interval [0,fmax =1].

a binary search technique can be used to converge rapidly to the task-speci.c energy-ef.cient frequency.


Recall that in section 3.2, if Vout > Vref, QN-1 will be 1 and if Vout < Vref, QN-1 will be 0.

the sensors outputs, QiN-1 s, i = 1 4, can indicate whether the output voltage is larger or smaller than Vref.


The Q-AVF of the register .le of an out-of-order processor is the Q-AVF of all physical registers.

we .rst check if there is a small subset of physical registers that contribute most of the Q-AVF of the whole register .le.


Because of mass parallel-connection of power wires with low resistances, the equivalent resistances of two power networks are extremely small comparing to that of power switches.

each power network is considered as one single node.


Let q£ (respectively, qu) be the query rate of items obtaining allocation e (respectively, u).

we have xq£ +(m - x)qu =1 and vv v q£/(xq£ +(m - x) qu)= e. Substituting x and solving the above we obtain 2 e q£ = u + e - meu 2 u qu = u + e - meu at the minimum point, vvv v qi = xq£ +(m - x) qu =1/u + e - meu .


For the .rst case, Chazelle [16] proposed a data structure which can answer the .rst-touched point for each orthogonal segment dragging query in O(log n) time after O(n log n)time preprocessing.

after preprocessing all the obstacle corners, we can solve the .rst case in O(log n) time.


As well known, however, OFDM-based systems are very sensitive to the frequency o.set (FO) caused by a mismatch between the oscillators in the transmitter and receiver or a Doppler frequency, resulting in a signi.cant performance degradation.

the FO estimation is one of the most important procedures in the OFDM-based systems.


Previous work has demonstrated the presence of parallel critical and near-critical paths [8].

a performance improvement is not guaranteed if slowdowns on only one critical path are addressed.


That means the gate length variation due to process is changed on the basis of the gate length due to the layout proximity.

given a  (a) same si (b) di.erent si Figure 3: The topological delay sensitivity si  (a) process variation (b) .


As it can be seen in Figure 5, only five tuples represent a 92% probability of occurrence.

it might be beneficial to provide discrete microcode segments for these tuples while processing all other tuples with the generic microcode segments.


locks, barriers or create/join threads).


Several authors [1][5][6][19] propose to virtually enlarge the instruction window, increasing the amount of independent instructions available for execution while long-latency loads are outstanding in memory.

while a memory access is being resolved, the processor is able to overlap it with the execution of thousands of instructions.


However, these link clocks cannot be used for the internal core, since clock stability is not guaranteed for all the times it is needed, in particular during system startup.

the core clock is generated from the HTX reference clock, which is a 200Mhz clock that is stable at all times after power up.


the direct or immediate neighbor (e.g., aggressor C(n+1, j) to victim C(n, j)).

equation (1) can be simplified to: .Vvictim (n, j) .


They also potentially use more wiring segments, which may prevent other paths to be balanced, due to the exclusivity constraints.

we should balance paths that need only small increases in delays first.


For a general circuit, the procedure described for the example circuit of Figure 2 is repeated for each constraint.

by addition of at most two additional variables for each constraint j, robustness 2In our case, the equality in (14) also holds because there are some points in the ellipsoid set which have (P1/2f1,u)= dP1/2f1d· dud.


new character is being appended to another character or preexisting string of characters.


C. Leakage Power Minimization The basic idea of leakage-power-aware clock skew scheduling [12-14] is to leverage on borrowed time for leakage power reduction.

in [12-14], the problem of gate downsizing is regarded as distributing available timing slacks (for delay insertion) to individual logic gates.


However, these results are directly related to both the devices assumptions as well as the peripheral logic.

assuming more aggressive assumptions, which are nevertheless reasonable and based on the understanding of the physics behind memristor operation, could signi.cantly improve memory performance.


On the other hand, most of the nets in a placed design are local nets whose lengths are not very large.

excessive increasing of i does not exhibit the same trend in reduction of the cost function.


This is primarily because decisions at a higher abstraction level often have bigger in.uences.

we believe that huge opportunity for interconnect optimization exists in HLS.


Introduction Integrated circuits belong to the most important products of today s industry, addressing a huge market.

the competitors make great efforts to produce the best chip with the lowest cost in the shortest possible time.


Essentially, the coprocessor locates the frames of physical memory being used by the various processes executing on the host and then searches these frames for malicious code signatures.

although the current coprocessor design and implementation cannot prevent malicious codes from being launched, it does detect the presence of such code after it has been decrypted and loaded into memory.


The pull-out voltage (Vpo) is the VGS needed for the beam to reach equilibrium at a position out of contact with the drain electrode and is smaller than Vpi.

oFF state spring   For NEM relays operational at CMOS-compatible voltages, the (a) NEM relay-based circuit designs should ensure that the NEM relay mechanical delay does not become the time-limiting factor in circuit operation [11].


Moreover, for ultra-scaled technology nodes (interconnect width < 20 nm), the RC product is no longer simply determined by the output resistance of the switch and capacitance of the interconnect, since the resistance of the metallic interconnects increases signi.cantly due to dimensional scaling and size e.ects.

it is of great interest to explore alternative materials for the use of future nanoscale interconnects for the CMOS technology.


Longer chains of operations may be formed by the concatenation of back-to-back operator chains during scheduling (Section 4.2).

these templates are sufficient for identifying all chaining opportunities including those across loop iterations.


Only steady-state temperatures are considered as they represent upper bounds for the transient thermal pro.les of individual cores.

only the thermal resistances of the generic RC model are used.


With the availability of the 3D process, we can separate the digital part and RF part into different tiers.

the noise coupling of the substrate in 2D process can be eliminated.


it becomes more challenging to precisely control the position of dopants and as a consequence RDF will be more significant.


Although data packets are extended by h bits to carry piggybacked data, the additional h bits are removed before the packet is stored in the input bu.er.

the total storage increase is only 32 bits or <1% increase.


Every time such an adjustment is done the incremental computation of the arrival times and leakage will be incorrect, since the estimated arrival times of the node fanins and their leakage is based on an un-modi.ed Vth assignment in their subtrees.

every time such a re-assignment is done while merging solutions, the delay and leakage has to be computed again by doing a timing analysis for the node s subtree and adding the leakage of every gate in the node subtree.


Thus, it is likely not effective to assign the newly-loaded data to the lowest retention time way since the data may not be retained in the cache for suf.cient time.

we propose three replacement policies that are sensitive to the retention time requirements of 3T1D-caches.


In the N-BICS case, the output is at logic 0 for not-detection state and at logic 1 for detection state.

the virtual ground (Gnd in figure 2) is provided to bulk (p-well) of the CMOS circuit, through the transistors 5 and 9.


Both structures are fairly compact and provide a completely digital readout of the measurements.

these structures can be easily embedded as on-die sensors in product chips.


To search the content from byte addressable memory address shown in Figure 2, the last one bit is used to select the byte inside the two byte cache block.

the lastbit of the address is called the byte offset.


Only six intersections are non-empty (the six regions shown in Figure 19), and the corresponding symbolic expressions are syntactically identical in each case.

the compiler is able to demonstrate the equality of the simpli.ed programs and, therefore, the equality of the programs in Figure 15.


An extension of the technique of [7] was experimented in [4] in a semi-parallel architecture, where the hardware is duplicated and coefficients are partitioned into groups of coefficients.

the problem is related to finding the best partition for each coefficient by calculating the minimum Hamming distance between the coefficients into each group.


In the Æthereal architecture [8], a static path routing schemeis used, where the paths are selected at the source NI of thetraf.c .ow.

the NIs maintain the path and slot-tables forthe various connections.


It has been shown in [2, Theorem 2.1] that one can obtain the sum of them in one shot by computing the exponential of a slightly larger (n + p) × (n + p) matrix, where n is the dimension of A and p is the order of the c-functions (p = 2 in (3)).


From a critical path [9, 22] perspective, reducing the latency for a single dynamic miss is bene.cial until a secondary critical path that does not include the miss is formed.

for a single instance of a problem load, the latency-reduction to execution-time reduction function is the identity (i.e., one cycle for one cycle) from zero to the point where the instruction loses criticality, and .at afterwards.


Let the oscillation frequency of the rings, according to the timing specification, be fmin d fi d fmax, with the unit of measuring T0 (= n/f).

we have nmin d ni d nmax, where nmin = fminuT0 and nmax = fmaxuT0.


transient analysis) also implies that the resulting direct method will not operate on the basic mechanism on which the classical multigrid methods reply.

it makes sense to directly consider more generally about constructing controllable, approximate, direct matrix factorization method which might alsobe hierarchical.


It is because the removal of wt a.ects the output of the AND gate as if wt cannot be set to 0.

the EEV at the wt lineofAND gateis D. Similarly, the EEV at the wa line to be added is D. Error cancellation in this context is the process to make an error untestable.


THE MINIMIZATION ALGORITHM IntheprevioussetionwehaveshownthateahBoolean funtionfiskautosymmetri,fork?0.Ifk?1,fwill besimplyalledautosymmetri.Forminimizationpurposes wehaveaninreasingadvantageforinreasingk?1,as minimizingakautosymmetrifuntionwithnvariablesand epointsreduestominimizingadiferentfuntionwithn-k variablesande/2k points.Evenfork=1wehavetoover onlyonehalfoftheoriginalpoints.


In contrast, SnoopP proves that excluding the library functions, Proc 1, Proc 8,and Func 2 actually consume the most processing time.

if the designer bases the partitioning of the design on the results from gprof, the designer does not select the appropriate functions to implement in hardware.


Organization and timing of PreTrans 2006), we found that only 38% of static base addresses had one-to-one mappings.


But the physical buffer status changes only at the start or finish time of communication.

we can reduce the number of inequalities by checking buffer status only at the start or finish time of communication.


This indirectly translates into a more time-consuming process for identifying the design errors.

it is desirable to .nd a way to identify the trace signals in a design, such that the acquired data can be used to reconstruct as much missing data (for other internal signals) as possible.


This coupling has two fold impacts induce crosstalk and lowers the impedance from that of the isolated line.

there can be two possible strategies for determining s. In [9], the s is adjusted in multiples of interconnect width w such that the crosstalk noise is within an acceptable threshold.


C. Delay The delay of the proposed architecture depends on clock frequency for the threshold gate.

the delay of the threshold gate is almost 12 times the delay of the 4-input LUT.


In most NVM techniques nowadays, the write latency and energy consumption can be several times larger than those of read.

asymmetry should also be considered in architecture designs.


By choosing to use the microphone bias voltage to power our system instead of the audio output driver, we eliminate power required to generate the output audio waveform and reduce the power required for I/O to the audio channels.

we allow the phone to keep a large portion of the audio acquisition interface inactive.


The main problem of a non truthful mechanism is that a bidder is pushed to ask for an incentive for building a photovoltaic plant, even if she would have installed the plant even without a regional contribution.

together with the plan, we have to de.ne a proper set of policy instruments, the budget allocated to each of them and a corresponding truthful mechanism to distribute the money.


Inverter: The delay, power, and noise margins for simultaneous defects and variations in the GNRFET inverter are dominated by variations in GNR width and exacerbated by charge impurities.

in the worst case when all GNRs in the array are affected, delay increases by over 2X, static power increases by over 7X, dynamic power increases by over 2X, and the noise margin reduces to zero.


Consequently, for a certain period of time even snooping for those shared data may be eliminated.

by precisely differentiating different memory regions that store shared data and the exact relationships between them, we can enforce a more energy ef.cient coherence protocol implementation, which is active only during the ownership transition of shared data blocks.


On the other hand, more observable modes and more policies result in more computations for obtaining the optimal switching rule.

the selection of these two has to take both power savings and computation burden into account.


The address on latest pa is queued upon assertion of mrq war chk a2 and after the check is performed, the same PA is issued on mwq pa out with the assertion of dispatch write1 st. Interestingly, this is a real FIFO structure in the design, which IODINE was able to infer automatically; however, the designer knew that the actual depth of the FIFO as designed was 9, not 8.

this invariant pointed to a functional coverage de.ciency: the test suite never exercised the FIFO full condition.


The results show that although there is some change in properties, aging alone is not su.cient to protect to maximal e.ect attacks which employ previous knowledge of challenge responses.

we provide the same results in Figure 2b but this time also employ our customization ampli.ers.


The reason that subbands 2, 3 and 4 usually give rather poor features is that singing and instruments other than drums are mostly concentrated in these bands.

the beat and non-beat separation is usually rather difficult in these bands.


It is worth noting that, in each training round, the feature vectors xihigh and xilow are the same for all mappers, because all mapper share the same index ihigh and ilow.

these two vectors should be transferred to all mappers using the common data path before the first mapper using these data.


2) is charged as slowly as the clock signal, hence draining relevant cross-over current overhead in the following feed-forward inverter.

in the proposed CC  with half-sinusoidal clock and square clock.


In other words, for each combination of faults we have obtained the minimum number of lamb switches to be disabled in order to make the irregular topology compatible with the LBDR routing mechanism.

dIF1-LS and DIF2-LSP show the average di.erence between the minimum number of lamb switches and the lamb switch algorithm without and with rescue, respectively.


This increased energy efficiency directly increases CMP performance when limited by a thermal budget.

to maximize thermally-limited CMP performance, tasks should operate in the near-threshold region and parallelize on no more than 25 cores in 32nm.


For instance, region constraints, proximity constraints, and alignment constraints can all be represented by edges in the graph, and similarly, their violation can be regarded as the absence of such edges.

our con.ict-directed approach can repair these constraints just as easily by manipulating the critical paths that render them infeasible.


Eachprocessor executes multiple threads simultaneously.

this organization would thus require multiple accesses to the global memory.it is important that the memory coalescing constraintfor a global memory access is satis.ed.


E.cient though it is, the former method cannot guarantee the quality of the solution, especially in the presence of local optimas.

parameterized model order reduction is ideal in the sense of both e.ciency and quality.


As shown in Figure 2, it ispossiblefor multiplefan-outbranches to hold a steady value during test and block the observation of many toggling gates.

so, the fault list may give a rough estimate for some patterns butotherpatternsmayhavea signi.cantnumberof transitions that simply cannot be propagated to an observation point due to such masking.a simulation-based approach must be used.


Problems arise when this process does not converge [2].

a much closer interaction is needed between the synthesis and place and route tool, so that accurate wire length estimates can be provided to the synthesis engine during the technology mapping phase to achieve timing convergence.


Moreover, in a current recommended rules, since it is di.cult for poly and active layout to re.ect all proximity rules and process variation rules, the limited information of the systematic variability are just considered.

there are three issues with the current layout optimization approach for standard cells: The design rules are applied to all devices and all layers without any criticality (or sensitivity to variations) information.


A limitation of a trace-based approach is that changing certain parameters of certain cores may change the instruction trace for those cores or the cores they interact with.

a trace-based approach must include an awareness of which parameters require re-simulation of the system-level model to generate new traces.


The voltage boost technique using voltage droop detection starts to boost the voltage of the VDDV after the voltage droop detector detects a voltage droop at point B.

the voltage boost using voltage droop detection cannot prevent a voltage droop in principle as shown in Figure 3.


Most heuristics start with a minimum spanning tree (MST) and modify it to obtain shorter trees, because it has been shown that the length of an MST is at most 3/2 of the length of the MRST [10].

an MST is a good approximation for an MRST.


¬obs(v, k) = 1 Sketch of Proof: It is easy to show that the original circuit is equivalent to the circuit after merging v onto u by arguing that for every input assignment either f (u) = f (v) or obs(v, k) = 0, that is, either their functions are identical or no path from v to any vertex within k levels is sensitizable.

no differences can propagate to any circuit output.


It should be noted that for State 1, a permanent fault in the CC will not disturb the regular operation of the router when the CC is not activated.

the detection of permanent faults should include MUXes and DEMUXes to isolate the CC when it is not active.


Note that the rectangles are viewed as hard macros before the rectangle routing.

we need to determine which maximal-size rectangles are preserved for the rectangle routing at the beginning of the switch routing.


Due to the workfunction difference of the metal electrode and graphene sheet, the electrons coming out of the electrode can be modulated to have a narrow range of the direction variation [12].

the electrons can travel to the p-n interface in a parallel trajectory on the graphene sheet.


the reuse cache with 16-way data array needs 10880 Kb.

the set-associative organization of the data array requires 6.8% fewer bits than the fully associative design.


Note that Miller s heuristic uses swap gates in addition to Toffoli gates, and is hence able to do better than the optimal method (which only uses Toffoli gates) for small gate counts.

if our and the optimal methodologies are extended to handle swap gates in addition to Toffoli gates, their average gate counts would be even better than Miller s heuristic.


[11] observed that threads affect each other s behavior and that conventional sampling does not apply to these multithreaded workloads.

their methodology tracked the synchronization event during fast-forwarding, and used application phase behavior to guide reliable sampling parameter selection.


From this construction, it is obvious that no transient pulse of a duration lower than Dtr can be captured by both Output-Latch and Extra-Latch (fig 1c).

the comparator detects any transient of duration lower than Dtr that could result on a latched erroneous value.


However, the L2-cache clock power represents only 3% of the total chip power.

conditional clocking would save us only 1.5% of the total chip power.


A small clip size is applied to the patterns centered at locations of training samples.

the resulting level-1 classifier examines only the patterns within the small clips.


The bottom transistors disconnect the cell internal nodes from the BLs.

the value stored inside the cell is stored as in a dynamic latch.


On the other hand, if two nodes are far away from each other, it is better to assign them to different clusters.

we introduce one parameter separation threshold Ts.


Even though this cell s Karnaugh map has an equal number of 0s and 1s, the cell s output is less likely to switch for any given input switch because the 0s and 1s are grouped together and not interspersed (as in the Karnaugh map of the XOR gate).

by using a di.erent number of booster and represser layers of gates, we can control the switching and hence the computational complexity of simulation.


The full-scan loop for VBP and VBN presented in Fig.3 takes 81 iterations.

the wafer-test cost would be significantly increased.


Based on empirical observations from popular music and some music theories, a musical phrase usually contains four bars.

tempo can be used to estimate the length of a musical phrase.


The ratio of EXC and ROT of these data is higher than other data.

the modi.cation by EXC and ROT is e.ective in optimizing global routes for some data.


It may not be the case that all stealthy circuits are malicious, but it is usually the case that all malicious circuits are stealthy (this observation is supported by analysis of hardware benchmarks) [10].

fANCI has been designed as a tool that identi.es all stealthy circuits within a design.


According to the reschedule, as depicted in Figure 5(b), the weights of edges (x1, x2), (x3, x4) and (x6, x7) are decremented by 1, and the weights of (x1,x4), (x3, x7) and (x2, x6) are incremented by 1.

we can easily .nd that the number of edge weights to update by a reschedule of an operation is bounded by a constant (=6), independently of the size of access graph.


The accuracy of the analytical models and their ability to exactly capture the circuit behaviour is also a matter of concern.

most of the traditional approaches fail to quickly estimate the extreme statistics of rare events of SRAM circuits.


That is, roughly 5% of the memory accesses of Merged Engines are L2 cache misses, even using an 8 MBytes L2 cache.

even using several MBytes of cache, we are not able to reduce the miss rate generated by the stateful data.


However, when the number of available threads is too small, TP is set to a minimum value.

when the number of the threads in majority group is high, the original dynamic majority-based scheme is employed in order to achieve high IPC.


Due to its simplicity, many sensor networks implement a radio duty cycle approach.

additional hardware and complex mechanisms needed to implement wake-up radios or time synchronisation can be avoided.


In other words, any global congestion issues in the placement solutions in Table 4 can be easily resolved by global routers.

local congestion becomes the primary issue that determines which placement solution has better routability.


In case of burst length 8, SW =5= BL/2+1.

the length of a backend period, denoted BP is the product of the number of access slots S and the slot width SW plus the number of NOPs inserted after every S access slots.


don t change their value during a complete bus transfer.

we can use few bits to encode the combinations of these control signals, and record the encoded value instead of record all control signals value.


All video .les have the same length, 60mins, if not mentioned otherwise.

the size of a video .le is 862MB when the length of the video is 60mins.


If we can gate the precharge at the 11th cell instead of broadcasting over the entire ML, only the parasitic capacitances of care sequence are needed to be charged during the 0.1 transition.

the dynamic power dissipated in the ML switching can be reduced effectively.


Figure 10 describes the model which reflects the arrival of an I/O intensive VM.

o N (NT 1) O U (6) 1 P NP (NT 1) according to formula (6), the average length of virtual disk queue of each VM Ls1 and the average response time of each I/O request Ws1 can be calculated as formula (7) and formula (8).


Although the number of sleep transistors is higher than [3] and [4], the size of every sleep Vdd transistor is much smaller achieving an overall reduction in sleep transistor area.

the BP technique offers signi.cant dygnd namic power savings compared to [3] and [4] as shown in Table 3.


A shoe soleembedded DE generator will experience maximum stretch when the plantar pressure at its location is the highest, with the instant of maximum pressure depending on the location over the sole.

we propose an array of 99 shoe soleembedded DE micro-generators to harvest the mechanical energy from foot-strikes, wherein DE charge timing is individually controlled and will vary with location.


A final optimization would be the fitting of the datapath bit-width with the actual data.

we could easily adapt the core for 8bit, 12-bit or even binary inputs.


Also, the test program execution time must be as short as possible and less than a quantum time cycle in order to reduce fault detection latency.

the main characteristic of an SBST test program to be suitable for on-line periodic testing is the shortest possible test execution time which must be less than a quantum time cycle.


clusteringisdefnedasamergingproessontheexistingvertiestoformsmallernumberofbiggerverties.In multilevelpartitioningshemespublished,pairwisemerging hasbeenwidelyused[7,8,2].Wehaveperformedextensive experimentswithvariouslusteringmethods,andFC(First Choie)oarseningproposedin[8]turnedouttobethemost efetive.weareusingaonnetivityostandmergingpoliysimilartoFCinhMetis.Eventhoughweare usingthesameideaastheoneinhMetistoformbiggerver  Vi uv H1 and H2 are saturated!


As a backbone router, we consider a Cisco CRS 1 series router with eight line cards at 40 Gbps with peak power consumption of 4,834 W. Under the CCN premise, eight line cards at 40 Gbps each would generate an overall Interest packet rate of about 1 Gpck/s, while the overall access rate to the packet store would be of 0.026 Gpck/s.

we need to deploy a packet store per line card and to use 10-GByte DRAM memory (Fig.


The transmission pattern of IM is mainly determined by user interactions, where interactive tra.c is generated by a sequence of exchanged messages.

the complexity of designing energy-e.cient transmissions increases given the a priori unpredictability of the users.


In addition, automated malware which exploit buffer-overrun vulnerabilities [29] in cellphone software can generate huge unauthorized traf.c and cause misuse or denial-of-service to network systems.

cellphone makers and service providers have strong motivations to employ effective countermeasures to contain or defeat these attacks [7].


Now, with multi-hop networking .rmly ensconced in the standards bodies, many have concluded that periodic node maintenance represents the biggest impediment to continued technology deployment.

some have turned to energy-harvesting operation.


Variations in transistor switching speed [6] can a.ect the timing characteristics of a register, thereby causing timing constraint violations.

a system malfunction may occur, not only due to uncertainty in the signal propagation delay, but also due to variations of the timing characteristics within a register.


The peak current of the first encoding solution is caused by the simultaneous charging activities of three state registers, while the peak current of the second encoding solution is caused by the simultaneous charging activities of two state registers.

the peak current of the second encoding solution is about 2/3 that of the first encoding solution.


For a packet sent to a node in both a di.erent row and a di.erent column, it is .rst routed in the .rst level (row dimension) and then in the second level (column dimension) to reach the destination.

any packet can reach the destination in at most 2 hops (the network diameter is 2 hops).


Noise current may be injected as a consequence of input transitions even if the output does not switch.

for a n-input gate, all the 22n possible input transitions should be modeled.


However, it is not applicable to the FPGA interconnect model, as all stages will have their own corresponding parameters and bound to be di.erent.

a more general expression for the vi and vi-1 relationships is required.


2(b) shows that the three flip-flops receive only 9 triggering actions from the clock in one cycle.

the maximum power saving due to reduction of one flip-flop and clock gating is (16-9)/16 = 43%.


T = PRd ×TRd+(1 -PRd) ×TWr + PMiss ×(TMem + TWr) (1) For each access miss, new data need to be fetched from main memory and be written to LLC at .rst.

the additional latency is added to the total delay T .


Analysis of the memory accesses for the CVFFT show that for every butterfly the memory addresses only differ in their parity [4].

the N-point memory can be split into two blocks, and a parity crossbar configuration can be used to access the memory while avoiding memory hazards during the CVFFT.


Other events are highly latency-tolerant, such as the GPS data events.

event prioritization allows events with di.erent time constraints to be processed in the desired order.


As is well known, the placement of guard bands in between circuits to be isolated among each other and/or guard rings surrounding substrate-noise sensitive devices must be a baseline measure to achieve isolation against substrate coupling, since this approach does not necessitate changes of a circuit design.

how large isolation can be achieved by a guard band/guard ring in a given technology should be evaluated at the initial stage of any SoC developments.


In the case of fault-free input configuration, internal node o1 remains at a high logic value, thus making the output and testout nodes maintain a low logic value.

a Pass is generated at the comparator output, indicating that the input configuration is faultfree.


We assume that all task data is accessible to on-chip PEs through dedicated memory elements (MEs), and that no two tasks share the same data.

we do not consider any memory coherency protocols at this stage.


Let .P denote the rate at which messages arrive at the proxy P. Recall that our design makes source nodes generate tra.c with exponentially distributed inter-arrival times with a rate rsource that is identical across all the source nodes.

.P = nP · rsource, where nP is the number of source nodes associated with the proxy P. Since the processingtimeattheproxy(inthemillisecondlevelfor a Mica node,whichismainlyduetodecryption/reencryption) is signi.cantly smaller than Tproxy, we make the simplifying assumption that this process time can be ignored.


In our case, this is a natural application of pre-execution: We simply spawn one helper thread to pre-execute each pointer chain.

if there are a total of N hardware contexts supported by the machine, we can potentially pre-execute N -1 chains in parallel (one thread is always used by the main execution).


However, neither sequence can activate error (because the assumption was that the error only corrupted the transition from F to B).

both sequences will be rejected and no test length reduction will be achieved.


As a result, the execution time does not vary across program invocations 2 as long as (i) objects are always placed in the same memory location and (ii) the same input data set is used, under which a single path in the program is exercised.

forcing randomised timing behaviour on conventional caches, requires the assistance from a specialised compiler and runtime system that randomises the location of objects in memory, and so the cache layout, before execution begins.


However, overlapped pipeline stages lead to more complex VHDL generation, and increase the complexity of the design space.

for this paper, we have made the simpli.cation that each stage in the pipeline executes to completion before the next stage starts, and there is no computation overlap for di.erent stages.


1.2 Driver Application Although the goal of the our research is to investigate system architecture and design methodology concepts for electronic textiles, successful systems research of this nature requires that one not only develop these concepts, but also validate them in context of real technology constraints and application requirements.

we use pervasive patient monitoring and sensor-driven personalized trans-dermal drug  Figure 1: System Architecture of the Medical Jacket delivery as our driver application.


Weisolatedthefoldinglogicfromthedecodestage andpresentthetiminganalysisofthemodifeddecodestage(D')inTable1.Isolatingthefoldinglogic fromthecriticalpathbringsdownthemaximumde 2ThepicoJava-IIusesspecialtwobyteopcodesforimplementationspecifcextensionstotheJVMinstructionset[4]  shift value to I-buffer Figure4:Logicalongthecriticalpathofthedecode stage.Thisfgureshowsthelogicthatcontributestothecritical path,inthedecodestage(additionallogicoccurringinparallelis notshown).


In order to limit the number of cells to be added into the standard cell libraries, a generic averaging and thresholding circuit (ATC) with the ability to accommodate three redundant units has been designed.

the ATC can be treated by place and route tools as a regular cell.


Now, Problem 1 can be restated as: Problem 2: Given a base processor, an application, and an area budget AB, .nd a set of custom instructions {Insi} such that CSi × ECi is maximized while AREA = AB.

i After Phase I, a number of custom instructions {Insi} be comes available, where typically Ai +SA > AB.we i need to select a subset of the custom instruction nodes.


assigned to the cores according to the PM s recommendation, min Pr,sxr,s we focus only on the VRCM s DVFS decision without any r s task migration.

(6) can be divided to subset RS problems, each of which is to .nd DVFS levels of the cores belonging to only the same network group.


Even if an optimal RTL design is obtained from behavioral synthesis which synthesizes an RTL model from a behavioral description, it may not be optimal after layout design because of the effect of wire delays.

it is important to consider the effect of wire delays in early stage of designs to validate an RTL design.


This is why, for some of our investigations that require the management of ATA commands (e.g., TRIM, SMART) and the control of the AHCI, we needed an in-house driver.

we also developed an AHCI miniport driver, as a part of WDM (windows driver model, which can generate TRIM commands by .lling target addresses for the deleted contents with di.erent access patterns (random/sequential), handle SMART commands to check the PE cycles of the SSDs, and manually control speci.c power modes to examine background tasks.


The algorithm is simpli.ed by a) routing links, not individual wires, b) routing each net independently, and c) working over one metal layer only.

routes might be generated that may be found unfeasible during wire planning.


This method has an inherently exponential run-time with circuit size.

in the pursuit of reducing the run-time, advocators of full-chip analysis have to use primitive delay models, assume that gate delay PDFs are given [3,4], neglect parameter correlations [2,3,8] and draw on inaccurate approximations [7].


The violation of A2 in this case has been the result of the failure of the SS service to send an event invoking the Depart operation in CRS following the event Happens(ic:UI:RelKey(op3,veh2),28, R(28,28)) and the subsequent departure of veh2 from the relevant car park.

cRS did not invoke the operation Available to mark veh2 as unavailable in IS and, subsequently, when the operation FindAvailable was invoked in IS to find an available vehicle at loc2, it reported veh2 as an available vehicle (see literals L11-L13 in Figure 6)5 .


Execution Time (seconds) Interestingly, as the sampling interval increases, both the coverage fraction and the degree of false positives do not change signi.cantly.

even with smaller traces and less execution overhead (and larger sampling intervals), the quality of the results does not seem to degrade perceptibly.


After SPM allocation, instructions and/or data that are not stored into the SPM are accessed through the traditional memory hierarchy, which can exploit the temporal and spatial locality at runtime to improve the average-case performance.

compared to a pure cache-based architecture, the HSC can potentially combine the advantages of both caches and SPMs to achieve better performance, energy ef.ciency, and/or time predictability.


Recently, IT has been used to decorate public spaces,however,in almostallexisting media usedtodecorate public spaces, the purpose is only visual representation.

below we list three requirements for displays so that users can observe images and touch the material comprising the images.


the .ash memory is divided into 524,288 blocks.


This is because the number of high-volume connections is increased while the network resources that can be used by long links are fixed.

rnet cannot provide long connection for some traffic flows and larger portion of the traffic is directed through Fnet.


Those coupling or grounded capacitances impede us from further reducing RL branches.

we propose capacitance splitting method to divide and shift the internal grounded and coupling capacitances to outside nodes, even when multiple capacitances exist.


While such routing resources are beneficial in terms of creating compact designs with less routing overhead, the flexible routing resources require complex place and route tools that are not amenable to on-chip execution.

we chose to limit the complexity of routing resources to allow for simplified place and route algorithms.


On the other hand, too low a rate will lead to play-out buffer under.ow and hence, loss of video output quality.

there is only a speci.c range of inputs to consider and this range is a function of the service provided by the processors and buffer sizes.


However, the footprint for such traces in our OLTP workload was too large to fit within a reasonably sized fraction of the cache, and the optimization yielded no gains.

we do not use the CFA optimization in this study.


Our proposed scheme reduces the energy delay product by 26.4% and 18.6% on average over Privatedecay and RACSdecay, respectively.

lACS shows the best result because it can reduce the energy consump  Figure 8: Normalized energy delay product.


(If a branch has leaves more than GateT hreshold - 1, the branch will be .rst selected since the root of that branch has a larger level.)

the total number of tree leaves is bounded by 3 * (GateT hreshold - 1).


In channel modulo 2n +1, computations are slightly more complicated as shifts and adds in the manner of 2n - 1 channel can only be performed on lower n bits of xk, while the special case of xk =2n needs to be dealt with separately.

in the 2n +1 channel the fundamentals 1 and 2 have to be calculated as follows: {±2ixk,±2jxk} when xk <2n 1.


Current schedulers assign threads to cores irrespective of their inherent-locality.

even for larger caches, multiple similar threads run concurrently on different cores, each observing its own set of misses, for the same cache blocks.


In post-re.nement stage, all vertices are traveled once, which requires O(n) time.


(N + 1)/2., while the .it contention probability in each input queue for a particular output slightly increases by NN -1 in the example of Figure 4(b).

we have an overall lower contention probability, which results in lower average queuing length (Bps) and waiting time (Wps).


Contrary to prior approaches, our solution does not require on-chip non-volatile memory to store secrets.

in addition to avoiding the strong assumption of secure non-volatile memory, our solution is cheaper to implement in practice as it leverages semiconductor processes already used in modern CPUs.


SinceSADPdoes not allow any stitchinsertion,both(1) and(2) inFigure3 can be regarded as native con.ict cases.

resolving coloring con.icts is another critical step in SID SADP process for random 2D layouts.


The number of potential challenges grows with the size and number of inputs to the IC.

while two ICs may have a high probability of having the same response to a particular challenge, if we apply many challenges, then we can distinguish between the two ICs.


Therefore, fT ×f increments in each iteration till k×k.

figure 1: Basic Block Diagram for OMP Reconstruction Algorithm Table 1: PSNR and Sparsity Analysis numbers for variety of Image Sizes with OMP Reconstruction Algorithm Image Sizes Sparsity k PSNR (dB) 256×256 8 27.22 256×256 32 34.70 256×256 48 34.89 384×384 8 21.24 384×384 32 22.88 384×384 48 22.91 512×512 8 21.19 512×512 32 25.65 512×512 48 25.71 768×768 32 22.55 768×768 90 22.95 complexity of Least Square algorithm is dependent on the size of sparsity.


Finally, all this requires the user to use the special trusted OS while using the machine, and thus does not allow us to take advantage of user machines that may not want to run this trusted OS.

using a TPM with a trusted OS is still far from being a practical solution.


When the subsequent charge recycling takes place in the second phase, remaining Vdd  2 of bus line 1 is shared with bus line 3, resulting in voltage level of Vdd   4 on both lines.

total recycled charge is 75% of the original charge stored on line 1.


After the order of approximation is determined by using the proposed uniform plane wave illumination metric, actual .eld values will be used for further computations.

the usual assumption of uniform plane wave illumination in analyzing EM wave coupling is not required any more.


An in-depth analysis of the effect of SDM on the NoC latency and throughput in [8] shows that splitting the links into two sub-links increases the throughput considerably (as the path diversity of SDM reduces the head of line blocking) with some negative effect on the average message latency (as the number of flits of a packet is increased).

sDM is a suitable bandwidth multiplexing scheme for our NoC, since in addition to throughput, by selectively employing the sub-networks, we can also improve the power and latency of the NoC.


So the write line is high, while BL1, BL2, in3 are low, high and low respectively.

mem1 is in the ROFF state and mem2 is in the RON state.


, xy dk is the average Hamming distance between input vectors that are exactly k steps apart.

dk is a measure of the average switching activity when exactly k units are used to process the input sequence in parallel.


In the resulting subgraph, because there are two independent sets of relays connecting the sub-graph, removing one relay from two independent sets does not disconnect the sub-graph.

the sub-graph generated is 2-element connected.


As more .ash chips are attached to the channel, the power usage and latency per communication event grow due to the larger collective capacitive load.

scalability becomes an important concern in today s SSDs and .ash standardization work groups are steadily seeking for solutions to enhance the properties of bus-based communication for more and more available bandwidth.


However, all VHDL abstractions focus on the inner workings of circuits, not their highlevel programming interface.

chip interfaces are not explicitly denoted, and VHDL compilers perform limited consistency checks.


As mentioned above, P+ guard-rings are used around the .S modulator during the layout design.

only the impact of the clock jitter on the modulator is examined.


Due to its special treatment of frequently accessed values, a small value-centric data cache can provide signi.cant reductions in cache miss rates and hence off-chip traf.c.

it has the potential of leading to power ef.cient cache designs.


This pose a problem for the stochastic gradient algorithm to converge.

consider the following modi.cation of the cost function.


In the .gure, Tmin is the minimum sampling pulse width, Td is  Figure 2: Proposed deterministic-dither based sampling supply noise measurement technique Figure 3: Proposed deterministic-dither based sampling supply noise measurement technique the dither range, and Tmax is the maximum sampling pulse width.


We .nd that A-Bottom and B-Bottom can handle 8 requests at a time; A-Top and B-Top can only handle 1 read; C-Bottom and D-Bottom can handle 8 combined requests; C-Top and D-Top can handle 1 combined request.

data placement in banks has a signi.cant impact on request parallelism.


we can share resources and consequently reduce its area.


Moreover, the V-P characteristic curve of the proposed system is unimodal even under irradiance and temperature non-uniformity with the proposed reconfiguration technique, while the V-P characteristic curve of the baseline system has multiple peaks.

the standard MPTT technique could be incorporated into the proposed system without extra modification.


Since the machine on which we run HMAPS simulations only has 8 cores, we do not use more than 8 threads in HMAPS.


3(b), however, the cin bits are inputs to the 3:2 counter, and go directly to the output.

the carry-chain goes through at most two 6:2 compressors before the ripple effect ends.


This is because the amount of shared data is observed to be always a small portion compared to the private data.

the bene.t of the cacheable shared data is negated by the increased cache re.lls and replacements in the shared cache.


Additionally, classification only requires adequate coverage of th e class boundaries, thus significantly reducing th e training data required for modeling.

based classification is a n appropriate choice for t h e test compaction problem addressed.


To our knowledge, state-of-the-art model checkers cannot verify such large-scale designs with complicated properties.

we apply aggressive abstraction even when some features are not completely verified.


In a fast paced game, such as Dirt 3, low latency visual feedback has a direct effect on the player s ability to react and adapt to quickly changing situations.

as seen in Figure 1, the power consumption is constantly at a high level and the CPU time used by the game is relatively low.


Because CC s private cache has the same capacity as the equal-share baseline used to de.ne thrashing, the aggressive spilling implies the existence of high miss rates and thus thrashing threads.

for workloads that prefer CC, the spilling should not be too invasive to affect QoS, otherwise thrashing will occur and cause MTP to be preferred.


While we can compensate for the mean error, the standard deviation is approximately 7× higher than the CC2420.

the CC2420 will achieve an overall better time synchronization accuracy if high-frequency clocks are employed.


It then mixes the users with one another through a simple operation.

efficiency is not a problem in these models.


Cells B and D are inputs to this sub-network, cells A and E are output cells and cell C is intermediate.

there are 4 distinct paths flowing through cell C. In this simple example assuming a linear delay model, minimization of the maximum path delay occurs with cell C placed in the center.


This non-monotonic behavior also greatly reduces the accuracy of the fit.

given the unrealistic delays and poor accuracy, we prevent the sizing algorithm from operating in this portion of the slew-rate/load-ratio space.


Nevertheless, even the t-dimension search space may be too big for many practical systems and this approach still needs to perform the simulations on the entire DSP systems in order to obtain (j1) (j2) (jt) the function fe(d, A,A, ··· ,A).

1 2 t we propose to further approximate the above approach in order to further reduce the complexity.


The commercial workloads use only a subset of the data in large regions and interleave accesses across regions.

as the cache block size increases, conflicts increase, and the effective capacity of the L1 cache is reduced, leading to a sharp increase in miss rate with block sizes beyond 512B.


Lastly, since we only have one I2C bus, the number of channels (CPinHijack) is one.

the maximum achievable bandwidth of our side-channel (BPinHijack) equals 3.4 Mbits per second.


For the measurement of ECoG signals, especially information in lower frequencies is of interest.

the highpass has to be adjusted to very low-frequencies and the ampli.cation of the VGA has to be set to AVGA1 .


On the other hand, the modi.cations results in timing control based on data signals instead of clock-like global signals.

the proposed architecture is immune to variation on switching delay of electrical devices.


During the control phase, we still suppose that the order of reservation is A, C, E, G and that A, C, E have reserved respectively Ch1, Ch2, Ch3.

by considering the availability degree, G reserves Ch2 which has the best availability.


j () with order 2k, which requires sparse grid of at C .. least level k with degree 2k+1 of exactness.

level 2 and level 1 sparse grid are required for quadratic and linear model, respectively.


Once a packet is injected into the network, it traverses the network using only the frame buffers for its given frame number.

there is no possibility of priority inversion, where a lower-priority packet blocks a higher-priority packet.


Moreover, when m1 wants to do a Read transfer the alternating sequence ends with a Write transfer and vice versa.

in the worst case m1 has to consider the read/write switching penalty additionally (red arrow).


Using this notion often error candidatesdi.erent to the ones obtained by the approach from [14] are obtained.

combining both approaches further improves the accuracy.


Building such platforms requires a lot of time that may be prohibitive to meet the time-to-market constraint.

to shorten the design time, we need to move the debug task from prototyping platform to other existing debug environments applicable earlier in the design cycle.


In Figure 10, each line in the graph keeps the duty-cycle constant,i.e.,thefraction of the time each coreis experiencing afault.

100µs faults with a duty cycle of 1% are occuring, on average, every 10ms, and 1sec faults are occurring, on average every 100sec.


1 A = MIN (1) QT In the basic structure, the total conductance value, will be given by the equation (2) and the gain value of the open loop, is described by the equation (3), which analyzes the circuit, considering all the system components.

g = G + G (2) TL g 1 m MIN A == (3) MINQ G · Q T TT the minimum transconductance final value to attend the condition, will be given by the equation (4), where it is certified that the load interferes directly in the oscillation condition, making that the active element is about require answering its application needs.


In our experimentation,we attempt tooptimize the size ofthe circuit underthe constraintthat timingdoes notdeteriorate.

wecalculate the valueofa replacementas follows.


Due to their design, the disadvantage of these techniques is that they are limited by the reorder bu.er size in the amount of MLP they can exploit.

a thread that misses in the L2 cache cannot execute more instructions than the reorder bu.er size permits, which cannot be scaled without introducing large additional complexity.


Typically, main contributors of this uncertainty include missing technology characterization data (e.g., failure models and parameter variations), non-formalized environmental stress conditions and functional loads, inconsistent design data .ows, as well as limited robustness awareness of EDA tools.

the robustness of components must be considered as a design target in order to bene.t from modern automotive semiconductor technologies.


The overheads within the caches are even lower, less than 1% for the prototype.

the overall overhead for defect protection is quite low.


Hence, rall = So · min ri,j .ri,j > 0 (3) N ri,j is the rate of each PE, which is in.uenced by partition (yi,j), parallelization (xi), VFI assignment (cfi,j) and block latency (Ti,j).

we have: ri,j = xj · yi,j · cfi,j /Ti,j (4) where cfi,j selects a pair of voltage and frequency values from {(Vk,CFk)}, i.e., K cfi,j = cj,k · CFk (5) k=1 1 This is a multiple objective optimization using lexicographic method.


From these results, we confirmed that levels of Hz component, which is parallel to the axial direction of the coil, was small in comparison with the levels of Hx and Hy components.

the spatial phase difference of 90 degrees caused by quadrature excitation between magnetic field distributions of Hx and Hy components were observed.


other variables become constant, and the reachability decision function becomes a single-dimensional basis function.


Standard File Formats: It is vital not to underestimate the frustrations that yet another .le format create in most academic research efforts.

oA Gear Timer supports the standard timing library formats offered by Cadence (.tlf) and Synopsys (.lib, Liberty ).


Both row (slope = 0), column (slope = 8) and their reverses are easy to implement without any overhead, but diagonal access patterns require loop skewing, as shown in Fig ure 1.

the inner-loop iteration domains are a function of outer-loop index values.


9, it can be seen that the probability that the MUX input wt is selected as its output is Pt, because this probability is the same as the probability that the current state of the FSM is St.

we can obtain PY as PY = P (Y = 1) M N -1 = P (Y = 1 | wt is selected) · P (wt is selected) t=0 M N -1 M N -1 = P (wt = 1) · P (wt is selected) = Pwt · Pt.


Moreover, the development of portable biosensor equipments, implantable systems demands the presence of digital electronics performing signal processing, data formatting and system control.

biosensors are quickly evolving towards embedded systems consisting of hybrid modules.


Even thought (Lt,Tt) depend on their downstream random variations in a complicated way, the way we compute (Lt,Tt) is via the recursive equations according to either (1) and (2), or (3) and (4), or (5) and (6).

we develop an e.cient algorithm to compute the j.p.d.f.


By applying synchronization and communication analysis it is obvious, that node R2 has to wait for 3 clock cycles until S2 is sending data.


In our approach, the cycleaccurate compiler directly maps the application on the given datapath by (1) binding operations, storages, and interconnects, and (2) scheduling the control signal values of datapath components in proper clock cycles.

it has complete fine-grain control over datapath and can achieve better parallelism and resource utilization.


In such a scenario, reserving B will potentially save an aggregate penalty of 400 cycles, while it is 200 cycles for A.

the cache should reserve B instead of A.


From the simulation, we cannot achieve 100% detection rate in any case, since when the itinerary is relatively long, it is possible that part of the intruder s path overlap with some normal path.

it is still possible to miss the detection of these kinds of itineraries.


However, it takes 4 ns for the right operand to become stable, and 5.25 ns for the left operand (4 ns for the multiplier and an additional 1.25 ns for the subtracter) to become stable.

the multiplier is operating and consuming power for 9.25 ns.


The possibility to model systems at very high levels of abstraction, for example at bus transaction level, allows designers to simulate Hardware/Software systems in near real time .

systemC/C++ models of such systems can also be used for rapid prototyping of complex, mixed hardware/software systems.


INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation and Previous Work Interconnects, unliketransistors,donotperform anylogicalfunction and merely transfer information from one location to another.

delays and power dissipation due to interconnects are Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not madeordistributedforpro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bearthisnoticeand thefull citation onthe .rstpage.Tocopy otherwise,to republish, topost on servers or to redistribute tolists, requiresprior speci.c permissionand/or afee.


At higher tra.c level, as the bu.er level will almost always be full, all member nodes may be requesting large number of time slots.

the scheme with optimization and urgency factor not only reduces the bu.er over.ow, but also favors the member nodes with better channel condition, due to the E factor as discussed in Section 5.


In practice, the test method requires more test time and produces limited knowledge about uncovered critical paths (the original goal is on speed binning).

it is not straightforward to apply to test chip DPM level.


In this paper, we model sequential circuits as HCHPNs incorporating real delays for both gates and interconnects.

the given sequential circuit is .rst modeled as a HCHPN and simulated for switching activity estimation in the petri net domain which leads to better accuracy and faster simulation.


Depending on the ratio of TSV space to TSV radius (P), the isothermal curve could be bent differently.

the value of RS i depends on the ratio of TSV space to TSV radius.


Note that Substitution Theorem is valid in both linear and nonlinear circuits as long as the circuit solution is unique.

we can also apply this theorem to partition non- linear circuits.


This means that the estimator output will not be as accurate as the correct main block output.

the estimator block operates in an error-free albeit inaccurate manner.


This problem did not exist in common projectionbased virtual reality systems, where all the observers share the same perspective as the head-tracked navigator.

we present several approaches to facilitate group navigation in such situations by avoiding collisions of group members with surrounding objects such as walls and other obstacles.


Compared to other fixed parameter based schemes in the CFP duration of IEEE 802.15.3 standard, the proposed ME criterion-base adaptive parameter update scheme demonstrated the optimal throughput and energy-efficiency performance.

the proposed scheme can enhance both the QoS performance and the energy efficiency of TDMA-based WPAN devices.


Because the second-level crossbar is fully populated, the two crossbars are completely decoupled: any one of the Di i-subsets from the first-level crossbar can be routed to the LUT inputs in Ei ways on the second-level crossbar.

the number of routable RRVs with i distinct signals is DiEi.


CONTACT LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION From Figure 3, even though the sensitivity of contact variation could be di.erent from input process condition, this tells us that the optimal position of NMOS and PMOS contact holes might be di.erent for the best printability and device performance in standard cell.

we should .nd the optimal S/D contact layout in design time by taking the process variability due to lithography and the performance dependency due to stress relaxation into consideration.


However, the DFT methods in [9] and [10] assumed that a controller and a datapath are isolated each other and signal lines in between them are directly controllable and observable from the outside of circuits.

extra multiplexers are added to the signal lines in between a controller and a datapath, and an extra test controller is also embedded to provide the test plans for the datapath.


In comparison with the discrete-register based architecture, DRFM o.ers a higher degree of opportunity of reducing the cost of global (interisland) connections by con.ning as many the computations to the inside of the islands as possible.

for DRFM architecture, two important problems to be solved e.ectively in high-level synthesis are: (problem 1) scheduling and resource binding for minimizing inter-island connections, and (problem 2) data transfer (i.e., communication) scheduling through the inter-island connections for minimizing the access con.icts among the data transfers.


The z-direction (perpendicular to Si substrate) effective thermal conductivity of combined ith ILD layer and wire layer (Keff,i,z) can be derived from its unit area thermal resistance: R =(t + t ) K .

(14) , i wire, i i ILD eff ,,iz t + tt + t iILD,, iILD , i wire , i wire .


Without a reference model, it cannot be predicted which processor completes first and which processor completes last, and consequently, the final results in memory cannot be predicted.

instead, the chip level verification methodology relies on two checking methods, entirely decoupled from X-Gen, to check that the chiplevel behavior is correct.


Moreover the MGPCG solver is executed in single-thread on CPU, the computation e.ciency brought by the massively parallel streaming processors on GPU is lost.

although the MGPCG solver costs less memory than the direct solver, it requires much more runtime.


Due to the setup constraint, the latest enable signal arrival time of pin v should not be later than the arrival time of clock rising edge (for the following clock pulse).

we have the following constraint: LAv=ACj+PLB (Formula 11) Since our formulas are necessary and sufficient, we can solve this problem exactly and optimally.


if the LSs are located within the net bounding box, the timing is satis.ed.


But in practice, channel estimation error always exists.

further consideration on the impact of channel estimation error is needed.


4(h-1) Let i- [j] contains the request ' h, f =2h-2,r and the requests in s:-1[j].


Noise induced glitches below Gnd or above Vdd may cause the latch to lose its internal stored logic value even when the latch is inactive.

two separate analysis must be performed on the inputs of unbuffered latches.


Similarly, page 7 is evicted in task D and becomes dirty again in SPM in task E .

only 2 refresh is required, which 2 is 50 = 4% damage of heavy write when choosing the light write.


They present a method for behavioral matching of an unknown sub-circuit against a library of abstract components but assume that methods are available to generate sub-circuits from the unstructured netlist.

our set of solutions is complementary to theirs because: (a) we target different kinds of components for reverse engineering and (b) we analyze an unstructured netlist as opposed to sub-circuit matching.


Evidently, the transfor mbfenf mation X yis such a transformation.

the initial c block word 00can be obtained from the more power ef.cient code mben word 000by utilizing the transformationX ffy, thus effectively c eliminating both bit transitions associated with the initial word 00. cc Let s consider now the block word 0.


Prior work [11] details RVETool, which is the coarse-grained part of the M-CAD approach.

in this paper we only include the details required for the .ne-grained integration and for the new M-HOT approach.


Although P is a directed graph, the arcs between nodes are formed symmetrically though the weight of arcs can be different.

.nding a clique in P is similar to .nding a clique in an undirected graph.


B|ELR|, this relation represents the minimum leakage of P over the corresponding set X.

at each such point v, .P + (ELR) × ß is the maximum allowable leakage value beyond the minimum.


With shrinking feature size, the on-chip interconnects have become a performance bottleneck [4].

the selection of message routes has a signi.cant impact on the responsiveness of applications implemented on the NoC.


In other words, the probabilities in (1) and (2) are very small.

to obtain accurate estimates For example, in a typical scenario, assuming a con.dence level of 95%, Tm = 100 ppm, and E = 0.1, it turns out that Nmc = 3.8 · 106 which is clearly a prohibitively large number of simulations.


Compared with the conventional two-way set associative caches, which have almost the same miss rate as our efficient cache, the energy consumption of the two-way set associative cache is on average 20% and 15% more than a direct mapped cache.

our efficient cache can achieve almost the same miss rate but consume 30% and 23% less energy than a conventional two-way set associative cache at cache size of 4 Kbyte and 8 Kbyte, respectively.


Each SRAM macro requires a BIST (built-in self test) collar and test circuitry.

if a memory was relatively small, less than 1Kbit, it was implemented as a group of latches, rather than instantiated as a small SRAM macro with the relatively large overhead for memory test circuits.


We represent this as the percentage of time Mem/Uop changes more than 0.005 between two samples for a 100 million instruction sampling granularity.

this dimension shows how unstable the benchmark is.


This is because the simulator must check at every simulated cycle whether the scheduled (booked) exception generator should be invoked or not.

for fast cosimulation, we want to avoid running the RTOS itself but run only the application tasks on the ISS.


The two transactions are assigned to two di.erent ports that are connected with the same neighboring router.

both the transactions can traverse to the same neighboring router without interfering with each other.


Execution-driven simulators handle much more information than trace-driven simulators, e.g., the register .le contents, or the main memory contents.

instructors can conveniently use this information, establishing relationships with other computer components.


A study proposed a methodology that performs full-chip TSV-to-TSV coupling analysis [3], but the analysis may not have been accurate because the analytical model they used overestimated the coupling capacitance.

in this paper, we study the multiple TSV-to-TSV coupling effect inside 3D ICs on a full-chip level.


¦ Being NP-complete, MIN_DLYPWR happens to possess the optimal substructure property.

the problem can be efficiently solved using the dynamic programming approach.


It is to be noted that, each core can execute at most a task per time, and, in the execution order, data dependencies have to be satis.ed.

the execution period of the synthesized system is computed as the difference between the end time of the last executed task and the start time of the .rst executed one.


During the transformation steps, modular arithmetic units as proposed by Chao et.al [1] are used.

the transformed image also has -bit greyscale resolution.


So most of high-precision arithmetic is accomplished by software emulation, such as the QD library [13] that solves a Double-Double (DD) precision addition by using 8 double precision additions and a comparison, and it solves a DD-multiplication by using 9 double precision multiplications and 15 double precision additions [7].

the performance of DD or QD (Quad-Double) precision arithmetic, using software, drops processing time by a factor of 5-25, compared to 64-bit .oatingpoint.


In other words, from the performance angle, there is not too much difference between these code parallelization schemes.

we compare our approach against the base scheme.


A forward load might move forward from its position in M to a new position in T (M), but this new position is still earlier in T (M) than its causally related store instruction.

each forward load instruction in M remains a forward load in T (M).


As a result, the circuit is clocked at a cycle time shorter than its worst-case critical path delay.

some computations might only be partially completed which results in an approximate value at the outputs of the circuit.


On visiting a node, the program computes how many children to create using (deterministic) SHA-1 hash computation.

the tasks themselves are short and the number of children varies widely, making the workload a good test of task-parallel runtimes.


We have four cache parameters to configure, where cache size, line size and associativity have three possible values, and prediction can either be on or off.

the configure register is seven bits wide.


In this case, the via consumes wiring resource on the thinner metal layer.

assumptions made by recent via capacity models (e.g., [7]) are incorrect, in practice.


However, because the page frames are typically at least four kilobytes long, initial experiments showed that the Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) algorithm outperformed strstr().

the strstr-based matching was replaced with the KMP-based implementation [5].


It is easy to see that both r and r-1 are a composition of a liner map and a translation map.

any line in the ROC plane is mapped into a line in the risk plane and vice versa.


In order to obtain the maximum e.ciency, the initial frame length should be set according to the number of tags, which is, however, usually unknown to a reader.

the number of tags needs to be predicted.


When only inter-die variation is considered, all gate lengths within a particular die become perfectly correlated.

the gate length of gate i, only considering die-to-die variation, can be expressed as: LgiLnom i where Lnom,i is the nominal value for gate i, .Ldie-to-die is a single random variable that is applied to all gates in the circuit, and sdd is the global gate sensitivity to changes in .Ldie-to-die.


On the other hand, a powerful buffer generates fast transition edges with nonnegligible high frequency components that can introduce transmission line effect and crosstalk to adjacent lines.

if a conventional driver is designed to meet the minimum supply voltage condition, for the highest supply voltage the noise generated by the transitions will cause high emission levels as well as extra power consumption.


When putting ek back to CQG, qk must also be properly set to ensure that (7) still holds for any newly generated cycle C derived from C by just replacing ed with ek.

it follows that (7) is guaranteed to hold for every such cycle C if the following inequality can be satisfied: qk ck tqd cd (or qk tck + qd cd) (9) minimal queue size of an edge removed by edge unification previously can be derived using (9).


gcc has large DL1 cache miss rate, but its L2 cache miss rate is small.

it is expected that there are few opportunities where DFUG and E-DFUG are applied.


This is due to the fact that for any pair of gates consisting of one gate from Alice s PPUF and its corresponding gate on Bob s PPUF, at most one is aged to match the exact delay of the other.

there is a high resolution of gate delays on the resulting PPUF, derived from already existing delays on one PPUF or the other.


Hence, an exact solution will not only have an exponential number of solutions, but will require a pro.ling run for each solution to determine the increased miss rate for the remaining unlocked lines, which is completely infeasible.

we explore an approximate solution for this problem, as presented below.


Our method is only based on a very small and cheap magnetic sensor which can be internally embedded in the device (already embedded in some devices).

it does not impose major change in hardware or physical specifications of devices which can be an important issue in small mobile devices.


Further study shows that the processing time of the Run Length Decoder is proportional to the size of the data.

another variable, M9, is introduced to account for the size of the frame.


If DP2 is adopted, the total number of µops is: 3 × 30 + 1 × 50 = 140.


functional correctness) of the regarding task, in the occurrence of soft error (in terms of SEU) in architectural state (e.g., register.le and memory).

higher TLC leads to less reliability-demanding.


In the integrated layered multi-crossbar structure, the wordlines and local bitlines are connected to the top and bottom electrodes of two di.erent vertical bipolar switches.

a page can be n times larger in size, where n is the number of the layers employed; however, because of the vertically-connected shared resource, only half of a target page can be activated simultaneously [5].


After Sj multiplications, the operand from matrix A will be changed by a new one, which requires a read operation from FIFOA to register TA (see Figure 5(a)).

the second and the third counter are employed to calculate the local load and store addresses of C. besides the MAC unit, the structure of the PE only employs several counters and a comparator, and can be fully parameterized for an arbitrary matrix size by a few numbers: pid, Si, Sj and P. 5.


The 0.5V design still runs the mid-bandwidth benchmarks more than 100 times faster than necessary.

we must consider the possibility of running designs at subthreshold levels.


In the nominal case, there is a 40% increase in energy at the worst case corner; the increase in delay is about 37.5% in the optimized structure.

the gain in en ergy is ever greater in the worst case, by applying the optimized Tox and Tsi.


Note that the predicates used for abstraction can be arbitrary Boolean expressions allowed by the Verilog syntax.

the predicates can involve operators for concatenation, extraction etc.


For instance, the GLB act requires that Customers must receive a notice every year for as long as the customer relationship lasts.

a .exible temporal constraint model is a necessary component.


We .nd that columns a, f , and g have the largest Max (#0, #1, # ) value, and a is listed in the front of the original order.

we set a as the fourth column as shown in Fig 7(d).


,s ,s ) (1) i=1 and the pre-image of I mg is characterized as P reI mg = d(fk-1 , s k-1 , s k) .


This is because the formula given in [10] computes a lower bound on the number of operations close to the lowest bound.

this experiment clearly indicates that the approximate algorithm that guarantees the minimum solution on more instances is indispensable to ensure the minimum solution of the MCM problem.


Block Placement by Sequence Pair Asequenepairisapairofsequenesofnelementsrepresentingalistofnbloks.Thesequenepairstrutureisatuallyameta-grid,whihimposestherelationshipbetween eahpairofbloksasfollows: (,)=biistotheleftofbj(1) (,)=biisbelowbj(2) 0-7803-6634-4/2001/$10.00 &#169; 2001 IEEE 4 2 6 5 4 1 2 3 6 5 (a) (b) Figure1:(a)ObliquegridforSequenepair(, )givingtherelativepositionsofthebloks;(b) theorrespondingpaking.Thedimensionsforthe6bloks are:1(4x6),2(3x7),3(3x3),4(2x3),5(4x3),and6(6x4).


In BP, a node tells its neighbor about its belief of which label is the most probable by passing messages .

a message is a vector of size  , whose values correspond to the probability of the label not being chosen (recall that these values mean the cost ).


However, the memory required for storing the inverse matrix over.ows even though this method is applied to a relatively small scale problem.

the Gauss-Seidel methods are not suitable for solving (5).


However, two designs may have different sets of interesting transactions even if they comply with the same interface protocol.

the interesting transactions of a given design are usually derived manually.


More importantly the sensor does not measure the audio signal of a bark but instead measure the vibration created through the dog s body when it barks.

the sensor only picks up signals related to barking from the dog wearing the collar.


Especially, Ad-hoc mode for the v2v communication has not even been considered as a mandatory function so far.

it is required to analyze its performance in vehicular environments and figure out the problems for the future modifications.


As a result, the delay estimated at placement will not be an accurate representation of the delay at routing, and placement optimizations are not as e.ective.

we decided to leave the delay tables untouched from the original implementation in order to account for the fact that the router may not always be able to use HARPs for routing.


The part of affected by a gate is independent from that affected by others.

the problem  can be solved much easier than the original objective function with arrival time.


Assuming the output waveform is linear between x = Xlp and x = xl, the output voltage is approximated by u2q = VL,2q(X) = px + q t where p = VL,2(Xlp) and q = VL,2(XlV) -- pzlp.

xl = (1--q)/p since it satisfy condition u2q(xl) = 1.


The tool also enables the analysis of groups of signals.

statistics regarding all the signals controlling a particular component, such as an ALU, can be generated.


Second, the route controller has a copy of the RIB from which it can derive an up-to-date FIB for each line card.

when a failure occurs at line card LCi, the route controller sends the FIB of LCi to one of the L additional line cards pre-installed to handle individual line card failures.


SPT models polytopes in the state space using hyperplane division instead of modeling each polytope individually.

the complexity order of the number of generated polytopes becomes polynomial.


In general, it is questionable whether it is pro.table to project a crossing product, since this produces two identical products, which reside into the two subspaces (though sometimes these products can merge with other ones, yielding simpli.ed SOPs).

we can choose to keep the crossing products in an unprojected SOP, named remainder.


This problem can be cast into the following ILP formulation: 8 P > Minimize rtot = m ri, such that > i=1  Skew(TR, R,T ) = B > : 0 = ri = rmax , .i This apparently simple formulation hides the actual complexity of the problem behind the constraint on the skew, which is in fact de.ned in terms of MAX/MIN operators, and cannot be transformed directly into a linear constraint.

we expand the skew constraint into a set of inequalities according to its de.nition, i.e., in terms of path delays.


Hence a good model of the on-chip interconnect is mandatory for prediction of substrate noise impact.

unlike the classical simulation methodologies [2,3,4,7,8], the proposed methodology (Figure 2) employs a model of the interconnect parasitics for simulation of the impact of substrate noise on analog / RF circuits.


Caches Misses Distribution with Control In dependent Accesses It can be concluded from these performance results that our simple control speculative mechanism (SCM) is an e.ective way of reducing the number of wrong-path loads (25% on average) without any performance penalty.

since overall energy consumption is dependent on performance and power (E nergy = Power * P erf ormance), our mechanism e.ectively involves energy saving, because it decreases dynamic power by reducing the number of wrongpath instructions executed without losing performance.


The corresponding temperature sensor output (Vout) the dynamic power, which is dominant in the active mode, has a roughly cubic dependence of the supply voltage value.

voltage scaling can reduce the power consumption effectively in order to control the die temperature.


[1]presented theideaof selecting polarities for logic signal.

most logic cells are in low power mode and the active leakage power is reduced.


Typically, low-Vt device leakage is 10X higher than high-Vt.

by carefully employing low-Vt up to 34% of the total width, 24% delay improvement is possible with ~3X increase in leakage, compared to all high-Vt design.


Our scheme is based on the observation that instead of using the network for sending subsequent requeststoawrite-busySTT-RAMbank, where theywill be queued until the bank is free, the network should serve requests to idle cache banks to hide the write latency.

we selectively grant network resources to the cache requests for accessing idle STT-RAM banks by prioritizing these requests over requeststobusy banks.Weexaminethe cache access distributions of different commercial and server workloads and observe that on an average, it is possible to delay 17% (up to 27%) of accesses to an STT-RAM bank for giving priority to other cache accesses, and thereby hide the memory latency.


Moreover, because the majority of the existing tools is based on the optimization of one single objective function, the optimum that is found is depending on the a priori choice of the weighting coef.cients used to combine the different objectives.

the methodology presented in this paper is based on the hierarchical use of powerful Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA) [7]: Through their inherent parallelism, these EA are well suited in handling the hierarchical decomposition of large systems.


Gates that lies close to each other share a common intra-die delay variable.

the delay of gate k is X dk = dnorm,k + dl,s +.drandom,k 0<l<m, s intersects k where dnorm,k is the nominal delay of gate k and drandom,k represents the random variation of delay of k. In our experiments, the delay random variables .dl,s for segments are uniform distributions and the delays of dnorm,k are sampled under a normal distribution (an internally built library based on Monte-Carlo SPICE).


This heuristic is similar to the one employed in [5] for the area minimization under delay constraints, where in spite of such a division of gate-areas at multiple fanout points, addition of the gate-areas due to points on area-delay curve at primary outputs generates the gate-area for an entire solution.

employing simple algebraic operations such as addition and multiplication, two-dimensional congestion maps can be created during the matching phase.


Although there are probably a few only processes today that saturate an 100G link, this may not be the case in the near future; in addition, in a multi-VM, multi-tenant DCN environment, any link may easily become congested.

it is traditionally, but even more so today [5], largely agreed that the network should be able to slice its capacity in order to enable isolated and well-secured services to users.


It isinteresting to note that with the BlackMagic Book we observedthat many users made no attempt to read the text on the left ofeach page.

in the AR Volcano Kiosk, we used thenarration on each page to ask the viewer questions relevant to thatpage, encouraging them to seek answers in the associated text.


It is not known a priori, however, whether the routing violations will be caused by global or local nets.

following our methodology that is outlined in Figure 2, we first attempt to in crease the routing resources within the congested region by remapping the decomposed subnetlist for minimum area.


Internal carry (C[k]) is connected to the carry input (C[k+1]) of the next 4:2 compressor.

there is only one level of carry propagation between successive compressors [8].


In this work, without loss of generality, we have considered a representative value hof p0 1 to illustrate the approach.

wrappers that serve only one core have a routing overhead of d h0.