At the application level, DRAM-aware mapping of application tasks to the processing nodes exploits bank-level parallelism [22] has been proposed, and memory-centric scheduling approach in which statically computed TDMA schedules are made for each core to access the memory system to avoid memory access contention, allowing applications to be veri.ed in isolation [23].

those were not optimized in terms of area and/or power consumption.


[6] show how circuit level errors can be ignored if (i) the application level impact is low and (ii) if such a trade o. leads to disproportionate gains in energy e.ciency.

this technique crucially relied on deeply scaled noise-susceptible cmos devices and are not applicable to current day devices.


Notice this theorem is on a speci.c form of f rather than the function itself.

even with this restriction, as will be shown in examples below, Theorem 1 still includes a lot of interesting cases.


Experimental results show that, compared with unprocessed cases, all yield rate improvements in the proposed algorithm are positive, and the defect rates are reduced by up to 65% and by 24% on average.

without considering shorts, the defect rate can increase as much as 7%.


It is not known whether the robust GP (3) with ellipsoidal uncertainty (4) can be reformulated as a tractable (convex) optimization problem.

a tractable approximation method that yields a good compromise between solution accuracy and computational e.ciency has been proposed.


Comparison against row sequencing shows that our proposed sequencing results in larger gain with respect to memory accesses, though it has a compute energy overhead.

the total energy is still lower (upto 17% for N = 128), as shown in Figure 7(b).


Like our proposed L1 cache, counters are used in way 0 to monitor the blocks data retention status.

unlike in L1 where we perform a refresh when a counter expires, here we move the data to the high retention STT-RAM ways.


The clock distribution being heavily asymmetric raises questions about the use of the standard deviation in the statistical characterization.

we feel it provides a useful measure of the variation due to the sampling process.


Timing optimization and congestion removal often use loops in which a netlist is re-placed based on information gleaned from a trial placement.

some popular algorithms such as min-cut placement and simulated annealing tend to produce very different placement solutions from run to run.


This means that leakage power savings can be increased sensibly.

since leakage power is one order of magnitude larger than dynamic power, decreasing a can lead to a decrease in overall power consumption.


Specifically, we provide cell libraries with discrete sizes and relatively realistic delay and slew models, as well as a benchmark suite with a range of small, medium, and large designs.

some simpli.cations have been done in the problem formulation to avoid overwhelming the algorithmic-CAD community with complexities of timing analysis.


If the new weight of the remainder is signi.cant , it is scattered E in the direction of a random unit vector k and propagated for another step.

if the weight is very small, the packet goes into a roulette and its survival is determined by comparing a random variable to a given chance of survival.


That means if there is no other noise, the PDN system without decap is stable.

besides the operation frequency, there are still many noise occurred anywhere unexpectedly.


The storage occupied by the prefetcher to record history data incurs area and power consumption.

each cache miss will access the prefetcher and potentially invokes multiple prefetches.


And it is also required the design tools of FPGAs exploiting Statistical Static Timing Analysis (SSTA) [3].

we can achieve further improvement in parametric yield of FPGAs by exploiting their reconfigurability.


This timing relation is also true for the data c and b.

data a and c respect a Last-In First-Out semantic, so a single hardware FIFO cannot be used to store the data a, b and c The question for the designer is: how can we bind data a, b and c to different storage elements, in order to generate the best final architecture?


Raisamo presents the use of a trackball and a mouse to manipulate virtual carving sticks to sculpt away at a two dimensional block [30].

none of them offer continuous and simultaneous control of multiple drawing parameters in conjunction with a digital pen.


Also it is shown that the size of the set of nodes that may receive a broadcast message from a source grows linearly with time.

the effect of nodes competing for the wireless channel is not considered in this work.


This scenario models major context switches (or program phase changes) If a context switch is of long duration or there is a major program phase change to code that has never been executed (or has not been executed for a very long time), then the required translated code is not in the code cache.

the architected ISA code is in main memory, and will need to be (re)translated before it can be executed.


While one can envision a scenario where users can address and access underwater nodes from any Internetconnected terminal, including workstations or smartphones, as of today existing underwater acoustic sensor network (UW-ASN) cannot be recon.gured or reprogrammed once the modems have been deployed.

with support for the TCP/IP protocol stack, applications such as FTP and SSH could be utilized to recon.gure the network.


Cycle-accurate simulation is commonly used to evaluate design proposals because it allows researchers to directly model how architectural changes interact with the system.

these simulators typically run many orders of magnitude slower than native execution and quickly become intractable for workloads with large data sets and unstructured access patterns, which are of high interest for PIM evaluations.


Faults can be injected in all resources accessible by the OCD, including memory, internal registers and IO registers.

and since writing in the microprocessor registers is normally not possible in real-time, most fault campaigns target memory positions.


Virtually, Any placement algorithm can be modi.ed to handle net weights.

coming up with a good mapping of net to net weights is a dif.cult problem.


One obvious approach is to inject the fault into the given node of the circuit and simulate the circuit for different input vectors in order to find whether the fault propagates [11-12].

this approach becomes intractable for larger circuits and larger number of inputs.


Recent techniques have proposed a GPU-based synchronization technique in order to avoid CPU synchronization [13], [12].

such methods put a limit on the total of number of threads that can run on each GPU multi-processor concurrently and this can limit the scalability.


Operations with common sub-expressions are often present in designs with moderately complex control .ow.

these operations are typically within conditional branches and hence, do not execute under all conditions.


By simply preventing hysteresis with the ratio in (10) and (11), the delay d3 in (7) is minimized.

the delay d1 in (6) needs careful devices ratios sizing.


This approach is simple to implement and can prevent all the runtime side-channel exploits as described earlier.

it gains security at a signi.cant cost on performance because in this case integrity veri.cation is on the critical path.


= true indicates no low Vdd buffer is to be placed in upstream, it is overly aggressive to perform PSP by using RL (>RH ).

it makes PSP more effective (to prune more) by using RL if there is no high Vdd buffer downstream from F. To make the algorithm even faster, we may use a resistance larger than Rmin (i.e.


Our work is related to the conventional design centering approaches of [11] and [12].

unlike these methods which assume the design parameters to be normally distributed, the proposed gate sizing scheme does not require any assumptions to be made about the distributions of the parameter variations.


Today they can handle layouts of unprecedented scale and sophistication.

the increasing demands for more e.cient timing closure and more precise control over manufacturability fuel both academic research and entrepreneurial activity in the industry.


In an IPR procedure, such information is available at the beginning, since IPR begins with a completed design with both placement and routing information.

our IPR implementation does not include a router, and consequently, the physical optimization part of IPR consists of only placement.


When the number of partitions is large, there is a better correlation between the cluster wirelength and the final wirelength and a fewer number of total hierarchy is needed.

getting a good clustering and a good cluster placement becomes a nontrivial problem.


A common way to improve the speed of a circuit is to implement it as a PLA structure, by collapsing the network into two gate levels.

not all circuits can be collapsed into two levels of logic without paying an intolerable cost in area.


They are then compressed and quantized to 8 bit unsigned integer values by calculating the square root of the values and scaling them (per image), to .t in 8 bit, while using the complete number range.

all processing tasks are performed on the transformation data, while the visualization is constantly updated.


Note that cube ac is initially pulling the gate low, and the other reset cubes are o.. Cube ac de-asserts and cube cd is asserted to pull the gate high.

during this transition, reset cube bc has signal b rising and c falling.


The study reports apparent mappings between the IP addresses in anonymized datasets and the real IP addresses, as inferred by the authors techniques.

the authors did not approach the data providers regarding this attempt, for fear of creating a con.ict of interest [11], illustrating the uncertain community culture regarding how to undertake such studies.5 The down-side to the study not including such interactions is that the authors were unable to compare their results with ground truth and thus, in fact, ended up incorrectly de-anonymizing nearly all of the IP address mappings reported in the paper for our LBNL dataset [2], to the detriment of assessing the underlying scienti.c issues.


New optimal solutions for reduced TSVs to transistors ratios can be found at the physical design level by altering the floorplan, placement or routing [11] [12] without design changes albeit with some additional performance overhead due to increased wire length.

as we show in this work, for extremely regular microprocessor blocks like SRAM registers and caches, the number of TSVs and their positions are decided at the architectural level and, unlike ASICs, rarely can be optimized at a layout level.


Duringtheexperiments,we empirically set a. to 1.80 to reduce probability of missing distantimpulsivesounds.

anadaptivethresholdcouldalso be applied to further reduce computation.


The genre classifier without music summarization uses global feature which is the average of all extracted features in a music clip.

the genre classifier using music summarization uses summarized feature, which is calculated by averaging features of summarized part.


In developed countries, an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is being deployed [1] that automates power measurements through the use of Smart Meters.

due to cost and privacy concerns, AMI adoption varies between countries [13, 21].


Therefore, the substitution of packets can be pipelined to increase the maximum clock rate of the synthesized circuit.

deep pipelines also increase the latency of the module, but it can be partly compensated if the ring contains an appropriate number of matching function calls.


Therefore, using TrS configuration gates in the adder to increase the yield significantly increases the adder delay.

since only gate M3 is on the critical path, we can increase the yield of the adder by implementing the adder with TrS configuration and use parallelism in the critical path of the adder to mitigate the impact on the delay.


The tracesimulation not only achieves relatively higher accuracy than statistical analysis [11], but also provides a higher speed than simulation-based approaches [6-9].

one major difficulty is that designers must repeatedly develop various architectural models that emulate the process of task execution and regenerate the corresponding traces after resources are partitioned or data are allocated.


The mesh-connected topology is a commonly advocated vision of such many-core architectures.

the advantage of adopting such a NoC as the communication backbone is severely limited by its inherent multi-hop mode of data transfer.


[16] investigated optimal (static) partitioning of cache memory between two or more applications when the information about change in misses for varying cache size is available for each of the competing application.

such information is hard to obtain statically for all applications as it may depend on the input set of the application.


[15] discuss the possibility of having a two-tiered DRAM-based hierarchy where an on-chip dram is used in conjunc- tion with traditional off-chip DDR DIMMs.

in contrast to convention [24, 47, 20], the on-chip dram is not used as a large LLC, but instead considered a part of the main memory.


Ideally, simulating and validating our target workloads to completion would allow us to achieve higher con.dence in the implementation.

long benchmark lengths of up to tens or even hundreds of billions of instructions make software-based simulations impractical.


For each bitwidth con.guration, the analytical model is evaluated and corrected by the correlation values provided by a selective simulation (i.e., only if its contribution can be signi.cant) of the statistical models.


The ECC requires system latency, throughput, and area overhead.

a non-interleaving scheme may encounter more bit-errors in one word because of continuous bit-cells structure.


Furthermore, as shown in Fig.1, many-core processors have been proposed for high performance computing (HPC) domain by using high-performance cores [1-2].

multimedia embedded applications still confront the challenge of achieving high computing power, more than hundreds of GOPS within a few watts.


A SAT solver is used to compute the abstraction, which makes it possible to support all bit-level constructs.

if re.nement becomes necessary, only bit-level predicates can be introduced.


Secondly, their approach allows the grouping of di.erent dominant cuts, which can result in a signi.cant increase of area, thereby indirectly degrade the timing performance of the optimized solution.

we propose two di.erent cutting strategies, one that aims to preserve the topological structure of CUO and the other one would allow for other possible topologies.


Moreover, since the most-signi.cant bit of the input operands is the sign bit, Booth 2 multipliers reduce the number of partial product rows to Ln 2 J. Truncated Booth multipliers can utilize the same methods discussed in Section 2.

since truncation can remove the bits from the two s complement conversion, the constant has to be modi.ed.


Smartphones are also able to provide contex tual interaction information such as GPS location, and have seen steadily increasing market penetration [6].

in addition to their limited ranging capabilities, Bluetooth scans give no indication of user orientation, which can be a critical factor in .elds such as epidemiology [19, 60].


The CF radius is found when the CF height reaches its largest value.

if a negative voltage is dropped across the PMC, the CF radius is reduced; when the CF radius is reduced to its least value the tip of the CF is separated from the top electrode and the CF height decreases.


A processor sends invalidate messages to other processors at the release point in invalidate-based ERC.

lRC propagates invalidate notices not at the release point, but at the time of an acquire by the other processors.


We observe that both CB and HS are not satisfying in many cases sincethey eitheryield tens of thousandsof error candidatesortimeout(andthus, may notpinpointthedesigner to the error location).

hS does not abort as often as CB.Inparticular, CB tends to timeout on large instances sometimes without delivering any candidate.


The determination of the tangent direction is requires to calculate the sensitivity .fm/.pp,which is expensive.

the surface-point .nding strategy in QuickYield method is more e.cient since it searches in global fashion by starting from the middle of the identi.ed points.


It means that most of the 16 4x4 modes were the same and choose only one 16x16 mode is better, since it will generate less modes information.

when I4MB partitions were chosen, the distortion values of the best I4MB and the best I16MB partition were very different.


Typically, SP is de.ned as the ratio of time a signal is at logic HIGH.

since NBTI e.ect happens due to negative bias (i.e.


of the states do not have any physical Theoretically, the reinforcement learning technique could be meanings and will never be encountered by the system.


GPUs target massively data parallel applications and can achieve much higher performance for convolution operations than SIMD.

due to their large register .le structures and 32-bit .oat- Figure 5: Block Diagram of Convolution Engine.


In some ways, this is similar to the cost of a hierarchical scan structure where two LSIBs must be opened in sequence for hidden instrument access.

for a scan chain of length n (including the one-bit dead end), the cost of a guess with this SLSIB architecture is: Cost of guessLSIB_behind_SLSIB = 15+3n+d (11) deterministically opening the SLSIB repeatedly on each try is not possible because opening the SLSIB provides no information to the attacker.


Another reason limiting the performance is interferences of hold time constraints.

there have been numerous methods to repair hold time violations.


In the single vector approach, we are always assuming all the internal capacitances are precharged initially when computing the falling delay.

sometimes this may lead to pessimistically overestimated results.


The leakage of the stack of MGDG devices is significantly less than that of the SymDG and the AsymDG devices.

due to the lower stacking effect, the leakage reduction with 00 is minimum for MGDG (Fig.


0 xL (a) E(V/m) (b) 3.37E+8 Gate B  Gate A 3.03E+8 2.35E+8 Source 2.01E+8 1.68E+8 1.34E+8 1.01E+8 6.73E+7 3.37E+7 0.00E+2  3.2 Solving Euler-Bernoulli s Equation in the x-Domain Equation (3(a)) is a non-linear fourth-order differential equation, which implies that there is no systematic way to solve it analytically.

it is possible to find a closed-form answer, if the right-hand side of the differential equation is linearized.


As it mentioned before, due to the large parasitic of the package, the operation frequency will shift to 1.6GHz.

nevertheless, with equivalent model circuits of the package and the external components, the testing result still shows a good agreement between data and the simulation.


In case of multiple consumers per message, it is easy to see that topics are the better option.

for message exchanges with a single consumer (P2P), the developer may choose either topics or queues.


SUB-THRESHOLD OPERATION A lot of effort has gone into minimizing power consumption of the circuits in the medium power medium performance operating region.

in recent years special attention has been given to the design and optimization of circuits for the ultra low power range.


Schematic of LSDFF 3.2.2 Low Power Domino Design High-speed Domino logic is now prevailing in the performance-critical block of a chip.

domino logic may be less power effective compared to static logic due to significant clock loading and high switching activity.


BAYESIAN FILTERING FOR FUSION Regression does not incorporate any sequence information.

prediction of the current state can greatly bene.t from the valuable information contained in past estimates from the sequence because emotion sequences are continuous and in most cases emotion states are stable for short intervals of time.


FPGAs increase performance by allowing customised processor architectures.

most image processing practitioners find it difficult to optimise a design in terms of concurrency, pipelining, priming and bandwidth.


This idea leads to the fact that each row in the observation table represents a state in the FSM.

each row is associated with a row label, and the initial state is associated with the row label ..


There are other scenarios, such as that shown in 5(b), where, even in a write-back cache, dirty lines are usually only written to once before they are subsequently evicted.

on average across all of our workloads, we observed that a write-through DRAM cache results in ~3.7× greater write traf.c to main memory than a write-back policy (although the amount varies signi.cantly based on the exact workloads).


However, t < n/4 is the best resilience achieved thus far for wait-free constructions in the model considered herein.

the literature is abundant with message-passing consensus algorithms that tolerate Byzantine failures of less than a third of the processes.


Jmax(T) compared to Jmax (Tref = 25°C) [ 1] interconnects, it is the wire width that exerts a direct influence on current density: The wider the wire, the smaller the current density and the greater the resistance to electromigration.

there is an exception to this accepted wisdom: If you reduce wire width to below the average grain size of the wire material, the resistance to electromigration increases, despite an increase in current density.


An interaction with the exploration at the instruction selection level has been tackled in [16].

as [16] proposes an iterative search, a large number of explorations at the implementation level need to be carried out.


In summary, image processing is a suitable solution for mobile robot applications.

the high computational cost of the involved algorithms is the main drawback, specifically when performing operations with high accuracy and high performance requirements.


Antifuse-based FPGAs are one-time programmable and do not support recon.guration which makes them out of scope in recon.guration systems.

more recent emerging NVM technologies such as RRAM and memresistor are not mature enough to be considered as a replacement for SRAM cells in the near future and are not discussed in this work.


When a node is removed from or is connected to a segment, bus reset occurs and the nodes on the segment can detect a change of the bus topology.

nodes on other segments can not detect it until bus reset occurs at their own segment.


Prefetch instructions do not stall the pipeline as occurs for other instructions that generate cache misses, and the idle energy of the pipeline stalls signi.cantly adds to the EPI of non-prefetch instructions.

prefetch instructions must be used judiciously.


Droplet movement constraint: A droplet can only move to an adjacent cell, which needs to be activated before the movement occurs.

if a droplet is to stay at its original location, the corresponding cell may or may not be activated.


It shows that speech recognition has reached an acceptable level to be integrated in querying systems.

one of the weaknesses of current systems is that multimodality is still very limited: Speech recognition makes errors in broad domains and realistic environments; unnatural-sounding speech synthesis, with very limited control of expression and emotion; dialogue systems operate in limited, simple domains; very few systems make use of multimodal, heterogeneous inputs.


However, this .gure means the maximum speed, in our experiment, we can get 48Kcps for conventional methods.

when we use the bu.ering method 1, proposed accelerator reduces the communication overhead by a factor of 41.2, and performs simulation at 646K cycles per second, which is 13.3 times 6.


The original violations localized within the congested region were removed after the first iteration.

some new violations were generated near the borders of the congested region under consider- Figure 3.


In reality, the distribution for x1 is located on an interval x1 = [x1, x1], i.e., on a set with in.nitely many points.

with an arbitrary large value N (and thus, for an arbitrarily small discretization error d = (x1 - x1)/N ), we can assume that all the distributions are located on a .nite grid of values def def def v0 = x1, v1 = x1 + d, v2 = x1 + 2d, .


Due to lack of space, we do not show the (fn, IWn) combinations for all service unit sizes.

we found that increasing service unit size increases the gross bandwidth of the memory because of more ef.cient memory accesses and hence a faster and/or wider NoC is required.


While static logic cells generally (excluding the XOR function) require 2n transistors (n representing fan-in), and conventional dynamic logic cells n+2 transistors, the new cells only require n+1 transistors In this study, we did not compare the new standard cell performance to that of CMOS standard cells because any quantitative results would depend to a large extent on the quality of the device model used.

we highlighted the improvement that these new structures, exploiting the backgate of the DG-CNTFET, could provide, to furnish a dynamic logic with faster gates and fewer transistors.


Because packet lengths are large and soft information is wide, this extra memory can dominate implementation area.

spinal codes store much narrower symbol information.


These fewer cycles multiplied by the loop iteration count give us the reduction in execution cycles of the design.

loop shifting is useful only when the gains in performance of the loop body is larger than the overhead of the copies of the shifted operations that are placed in the loop head.


Also, since slew constraint is a local effect, the new algorithm is much faster than delay based buffering algorithm.

due to existance of placement blockages (such as IP, macros, decoupling capactiance) many slew violations can not be .xed without layer assignment.


For the data 1 and 0 at IP and IM, the propagating signals P Aand P B lead the blanking signals BL Band BL Aby.t2 and .t1 respectively, and therefore, they are not blanked.

when the opposite phenomena occur, the propagating signals are blanked out.


In Najm [1993], the concept of transition density is introduced and propagated throughout the circuit by a Boolean difference algorithm.

this method has problems handling correlations between nodes and hence, the estimates are inaccurate when the nodes are highly correlated.


However, their work can only handle a single layer of shared cache and applying a single layer cache partitioning algorithm to multiple layers in an independent (isolated) fashion does not generate the best results.

the approach that is proposed in this paper is designed for multilayer cache partitioning and applying it can enable better results.


INTRODUCTION For many years the semiconductor industry has been able to simply exploit ever smaller transistor sizes to improve computational performance and electrical characteristics [1].

this is unlikely to continue as escalating silicon complexity invalidates many of the key design abstractions that have been taken for granted over the last 30 years.


These works mainly concentrate on the optimization of the physical parameters of an individual TEC device.

our work focuses on the design and optimization of the entire cooling system considering the practical design constraints.


4.2 RRR-based interconnect parameter reduction A full account of global and local variations in a large multi-layer interconnect network can lead to the consideration of a large set of geometrical variables, i.e., np is large.

if we are only interested in analyzing the circuit performances at the output nodes, the e.ective parameter dimension of a given network may not be very large since the speci.c circuit structure can hide certain parametric variations and may even introduce canceling e.ects between multiple variations.


4.2 Adaptive Data Comparison Write using Page Classification The scheme we propose in Section 4.1 allows the tuning of programming current for individual domains.

it is incapable of reducing PV-induced power and endurance overhead on cells whose programming currents are larger than the nominal value within each domain.


In essence, the methodsin[2,3,12]attempttodecrease the variation ofCMPonly accordingtotheIPDin atile anditsimmediate neighbors.

metrics such astheIPD andtheIPD gradientare onlyindirect measures oftheEPD, andtheir abilityto optimizeCMP variationislikelytobeinferiorto an approach that addressestheEPDvariation moredirectly.


A linear programming approach is proposed in [16] [17].

as established in [18], these techniques are far from being accurate.


we feel that for a normal layout, distance calculated thus shouldn't be far from the correct value.


Conventional gate sizing formulations either minimize the worst case delay or minimize the power under delay constraints [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].

gate sizing is never considered to help the Vt-swapping algorithm to maximize the power reduction overall, although Vt-swapping is known to be much more effective on * This work is supported in part by NSF, SRC, and IBM Faculty Award.


Operating in this manner reduces the voltage gain of the ampli.er to one.

the de.ning characteristic of this circuit is not its voltage gain, but its transconductance.


From our experiments, the wlb hit ratio is about twice as much as our set bu.er.

the power savings is lower than our design because of the over complex disign.


They proposed a stress exchange .le to transfer the boundary conditions from package-level to silicon-level analysis.

all of these approaches require FEA methods which are computationally expensive or infeasible for full-chip or -package analysis.


[10] presented STT-RAM cache management policy base on increasing the residency of dirty blocks that prevent the block from being prematurely evicted to higher level caches.

writebiasing can result in a noticeable performance penalty in L1 due to an increase in the read miss rate in L1.


For an eight-node run, this would be shown in the preview with solid bars across the preview reaching up near the eight process mark Figure 7: Trace of FLASH I/O benchmark  MPI calls indicating that all eight processes were in a logged state.

what we actually see from the preview (Figure 6) of an eight-node run is entirely different.


Like all existing methods for veri.cation of HLS, the success of our veri.cation solution resulted from the fundamental assumption that during the synthesis process, no movement of operations from one synthesis basic block to another takes place.

in the state of the art HLS tools, this assumption does not hold true.


1.1 Why counting is hard Per-interface counters can be easily implemented because there are only a few counters per interface that can be stored in chip registers.

doing .lter-based or per-pre.x counters is more challenging for the following reasons.


Variability-aware timing veri.cation has also been addressed [14, 12, 21].

the di.culty of combining, in a single formulation, logic constraints and parametric delay models, led to ad hoc solutions.


DOSVOX [6] is an operating system for Personal Computers (PC) that enables the user to communicate to the computer using voice synthesis.

dOSVOX does not provide spelling check or a voice recognition module.


On one hand, dummy patterns may either connect to power/ground nets (tied .lls) or left .oating (.oating .lls), both of which may induce coupling capacitances, a.ect interconnect delay, and lead to timing violations [13].

those extra dummy patterns increase the mask data size, lengthening the time of mask-making processes and complicating the following time-consuming reticle enhancement techniques, such as OPC (optical proximity correction).


Some research groups use commercial tools [10, 55], most frequently Cadence WarpRoute.

commercial tools are impossible to tweak and dif.cult to integrate with.


Error correction mechanisms such as Forward Error Correction can be integrated with the baseline to improve its resilience to packet loss.

they can increase both computation and communication overhead.


VddL logic block size is N, i.e., it has N output pins, we need N level converters at output pins.

vddH logic blocks do not need any level converters.


VT Balancing and Device Sizing Towards High Yield of Sub-threshold Static Logic Gates Yu Pu1,2,3 José Pineda de Gyvez 1,2 Henk Corporaal1 Yajun Ha3 Technische Universiteit Eindhoven1 NXP Research Eindhoven2 National University of Singapore3 {y.pu, h.corporaal}@tue.nl jose.pineda.de.gyvez@philips.com elehy@nus.edu.sg ABSTRACT Operating digital circuits in the sub-threshold region is potentially a solution for ultra low-power applications.

simply reducing supply voltage well below threshold voltage causes functional yield degradation.


Each node loads a maximum number of the accelerators from the whole accelerator set according to the ranking of the performance gain (highest .rst) independently of the application requirements.

greedy-1 and Greedy-2 select the accelerators with highest performance gain from the union of the accelerator lists, ri, requested by the applications.


The macroscopic throughput (green plot) is suppressed to approximately 2 Gbps.

the 1-ms-scale rate (blue plot) reached approximately 9 Gbps from the time right after the connection is opened.


The scheme proposed in [1] minimizes the communication energy consumption in the IEEE 802.11a/h system through the combined actions of transmit power control (TPC) and data rate adaptation.

the algorithm described in [1] does not take into consideration the influence of fragment size on energy consumption.


Hence, the power modeling that follows focuses only on FFMs (the effect of POR will be discussed in Section 2.5).

for a (n, k, t) BCH decoder, more power will be consumed by the Chien search correcting t errors than the same circuit correcting only one error as the former requires t-1 more FFMs than the latter.


We can only test the IC and observe its output response.

the concept is still applicable with a minor modification.


It assumes that a circuit defect behaves as a node stuck at 0 or 1.

previous research has shown that the test pattern sets generated using the N-detect fault model are more e.ective for both timing and hard failures, and present higher correlation to actual circuit defects [16, 10].


Our approach has some similarities to [8].

there are substantial differences as follows.


Using a union bound we get: Pr~[f(x) = 1] < Me-~ [] At this point, we introduce our choices for the pa-rameters c, d, k and I.

for convenience, we will continue to use them as parameters when proving the lower bound.


Perception of multiple simultaneous sources is a complex problem which is actively studied in the community of auditory scene analysis (ASA) [Bregman 1990; Ellis 1992] where perceptual organization of the auditory world follows the principles of Gestalt psychology.

computational ASA usually attempts to solve the inverse and more complex problem of segregating a complex sound mixture into discrete, perceptually relevant auditory events.


This technique has been dubbed Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS).

978-3-9815370-2-4/DATE14/ c@2014 EDAA with every new technology node, the number of faults (transient, intermittent and permanent) per device is on the rise [3], and energy-aware scheduling techniques do not address fault-tolerance, that needs to be speci.cally dealt with.


percentage of reduction in memory cycles and Speedups custom data layout can exploit memory parallelism no matter how two loops are unrolled, thereby requiring much less unroll factors.


To overwhelm complication, we de-9: curS = newS ; curC = newC M. is that some mode-to-mode switchings consume not only the 4: else  M The other problem 3: newS = NeighborT (curS, di.erence of two stored energies but also an extra energy de-5: newS = NeighborD(curS, .ned that M never include a element which consume extra energy with other elements.

there are many sets of depths which satisfy two conditions, Pareto-optimality and extra energy free.


To overcome the long runtime problem of ILP solver, for double patterning, partitioning/matching based methods have been proposed [6, 7]; while for triple patterning, some speedup techniques, e.g., semide.nite programming (SDP) [4,10], and heuristic coloring assignment [8, 9] have been proposed.

how to e.ectively solve the quadruple patterning, or even general multiple patterning problems, is still an open question.


Many VCO and PLL or DLL techniques are widely used for this purpose [1-8].

the more general (and more difficult) problem of aligning multiple data signals is not so easily solved for multi-Gbps signals.


Usually sizing is solved as a continuous optimization problem with subsequent rounding, accepting that the solution is suboptimal.

in modern technologies using FinFETs sizing is only done by using multiple .ns or .ngers.


Since our physical library cells are smaller, the cell count is 25% larger.

the total cell area is reduced and dynamic power is dramatically reduced (all the while achieving a faster delay).


Scrambling is performed after the FEC computation and insertion into the OTU signal.

if an alarm indication condition is met, instead of the scrambled OTU frame a generic pseudo random bit sequence, generated through a selectable polynomial is output.


Logically there are many gates in the cone that have more than one input switching.

due to early arrival times very few MIS situations actually have impact on the cone output arrival time.


15a if lowering VDD only had a systematic e.ect on the distribution.

we observe a signi.cant random component, indicating that lowering VDD magni.es the impact of random variation.


Often BDDs are used to store the internal states.

the MODD, being multiple valued, can represent the internal states much more ef.ciently than a conventional BDD, if multiple-valued encoding in GF(N)is used.


For example, author in [7] proposes that 2.. time steps can be solved in .. steps with ../2 processors.

it requires integrating matrices from 2.. time steps into a big matrix.


All of some versus some of all Processor caches store only a small subset of frequently used data in the cache (all of some).

the   N counters of size M in DRAM Packets N counters of size m in SRAM Figure 1: Statistics counter architecture : N counters of size M are maintained in DRAM and N counters of size m<M are maintained in SRAM.


The interconnect power estimation problem has been studiedindepthforASICs.

fPGAshave a more complex routing structure composed of di.erent wire types and switching matrices that impose serious limitations on the estimation of the wire capacitance.


Noise has traditionally been treated purely as a design problem.

non-design issues such as time-to-market factors have prevented complete debug and resolution of all noise violations during the design phase itself.


No more outgoing edges are added to parent nodes in Gfsince arrival time at parent nodes are integer.

integer budget of a node never becomes fractional after any ;-budget exchange.


In standard cells approach, the polysilicon stripes of two transistors controlled by the same signal may be aligned to optimize the layout construction [17].

vCTA has the flexibility to allow PU-P and PD-N networks to be planned independently.


DAFS performance is ultimately limited to <110 MBytes/sec by the ServerNet II bandwidth.

this indicates that our DAFS/ODM code pipelines requests better, and more efficiently uses its network bandwidth, when the workload is a mix of reads and writes.


This, combined with various other technological issues such as manufacturability, conductivity, crosstalk, etc., constitute important roadblocks for future electrical interconnects [25].

to date there is no clear consensus on the architecture of on-chip core interconnects.


If the current address can be found in the table (dictionary hit ), the corresponding index value would be recorded.

if the current address can not be found in the table (dictionary miss ), the full address value would be recorded and this address would be stored in the table.


the decision function is a sum of Gaussian kernels that, in our case, have large .


As shown in Figure 4, the analytical model incurs more than 10% error in predicting the network criticality.

the SVR-NoC can predict the network saturation point very accurately, with less than 3% error for both traf.c patterns.


DC extraction also causes 8% error in delay because the extraction at DC causes estimation error in phase velocity.

the RLC ladder by the proposed method provides accurate modeling of frequency-dependent interconnect.


For example, thehigher theswitchingfrequency, the lower the inductorand the capacitance size, but also the tracker power consumption and losses are higher.

larger capacitances decrease the responsiveness of the harvester to fast variations of environmental irradiance.


Dynamic power has been a predominant source of power dissipation till recently.

static power dissipation is becoming an signi.cant fraction of the total power.


While UWB provides robust and precise distance measurements, the di.culties of building small-size, low-power receivers has currently limited its use.

the properties of CSS [7, 39] allow low-complexity and low-power implementations of both the transmitter and receiver on a single integrated hardware [28].


Single objective function techniques fail to see these solutions and thus may not provide solutions which are optimum in multi-sense.

yOGA gives a wide range of solutions and designers can pick any of the paretooptimal solution according to their need.


They conform to practices of the LRM in each IP core.

each IP core can execute its own resource management without any restriction, through an LRM.


Clearly, this will return true with C = 1.

this only shows that f(1, 1) = 1 is possible (i.e.


We refer to this signal as the critical signal .

the critical signal may not be the signal with the latest arrival time.


Despite of the problems related to decreasing transistor sizes (scaling), further miniaturization is inevitable to increase circuit complexity, memory capacity and speed.

as MOSFET scaling reaches deep submicron dimensions, new sources of variations, different from the already present process variation (static variations), start to compromise circuit reliability and performance.


The characteristics of this methodology make the results particular for the problem under study.

the nature of the application (processors for embedded control) justi.es this approach: the controller can be de.ned as a hardware description language (HDL) core with some parameters, such as the word length, and these can be found for each particular SoC to be developed.


If this path is the longest of the circuit for this placement, it is obvious that TDis the optimal delay of the circuit for the given LUT mapping and delay model.

the addition of new timing edges and the changes on the .ip-.ops during the construction of Po tmay createsomenew paths that have longer delays than TD.


The ADD on the left resulted from using only two conductances while the ADD on the right resulted from using the more accurate model with multiple conductances.

we have found that the maximum ADD size increase in general was close to 25% for only a handful of circuit structures, and most circuits saw no difference in size for either the conductance or delay ADDs.


The above equations provide a great option to update transfer functions immediately after reduction.

we can also push back the computation till the fifll circuit has been reduced to get the maximum reduction perfor-mance.


4.1 Modeling Repeaters with Repulsive Forces Of the four spreading force requirements derived in [5], the first two (viz., dependence only on the cell co-ordinates, and direction from high to lower density regions) serve solely to capture the semantics of overlap removal among cells.

the third and fourth requirements (viz., loop-free force field, and zero forces at infinity) contribute directly towards the existence of a unique and easily computable solution.


It should be noted that pin reordering will impact the delay of the circuit and hence some performance penalty might be incurred.

this penalty will be readily offset by the elimination of the thick-oxide assignment in the pull-down stack.


These are good suggestions and should be considered.

these protections would not protect against eavesdropping the CHUID when the card was in use at a legitimate contactless reader.


High-speed transition fault test is being widely carried out in industry [2, 9, 11, 14].

all of the existing methods either require tight restrictions on the circuit design, or are unable to supply su.ciently-varied functional clock waveforms to test complex sequential logic.


It is impossible to make the pulse width 20% of clock cycle over 1.5GHz, consequently the maximum frequency of this work is 1.5GHz.

in the [9], it does not need to separate the clock cycle and it can increase the clock up to 5GHz with 50% eye opening.


The fitness of a chromosome is evaluated as the worst case noise of a given schedule, as discussed in Section 3.

both crossover and mutation operations might generate an infeasible chromosome that corresponds to a schedule that does not satisfy the timing constraints.


Higher memory order codes can achieve superior coding performance without requiring precious additional channel bandwidth.

to counteract the exponential dependence of Viterbi decoder complexity on Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


This will lead to a higher one-way delay of about 1200 ms = t = 1520 ms if we use the same AMR encoding.

switching back to an AMR 4.75 codec, a smaller number of voice samples per IP packet becomes possible again (1 0= n = 17) and the minimal E2E delay can be reduced to 980 ms.


The savings of Equalizer for compute kernels is 5% as reducing memory frequency cannot provide very high savings.

memory kernels save 11% energy bp-2 bfs-2 histo-1 kmn mmer prtcl-1 spmv GMEAN Figure 10: Comparison of Equalizer with DynCTA and CCWS by lowering SM frequency.


When calculating the HPWL, in Rough Swapping we treat all internal modules to be at the center of their sub.oorplan outline.

in Detailed Swapping we use the actual center coordinates of each module in calculating the HPWL.


The computation complexity of our algorithm is similar to that of Lillis algorithm and does not grow with the number of cores.

iBB basically calls Lillis algorithm h times for h cores.


At the outset, the single document or image corresponding to a URL seemed natural.

this proved to be too coarse-grained for large documents.


Statistical techniques have been proposed to minimize power under timing constraints [71], [72] and in buffer insertion to improve timing [73], [74].

recent studies claim that intelligent deterministic methods can lead to similar results compared to statistical methods in buffer insertion [75] and sizing [76].


When the re-reference interval of all blocks referenced by an application is in the distant future, dynamic insertion policies [25] avoid cache thrashing by preserving some of the blocks in the cache.

when the re-reference interval of blocks accessed by an application consist of mixed access patterns, dynamic insertion policies cannot preserve blocks with nearimmediate re-reference interval in the cache.


Furthermore, we have seen that the bene.t of thermally optimizing a 3-D IC placement converges toward the thermal performance of an energy-optimized 3-D IC as more wafers are used.

we have also quanti.ed how the runaway thermal behavior expected of 3-D ICs can be controlled by the use of extra silicon.


In our studies the tra.c sanitization may present a reduced variation in the results of the stateless benchmarks.

currently there is no a better way to perform this analysis.


We have attempted to restore SSD performance by inserting a long idle time or mixing read and write requests to create more chance for the .rmware to conduct cleaning in the background.

it seems that a long idle period would not automatically cure a fragmented SSD.


Almost the whole set of functions has been achieved.

due to variations dynamic solutions (in general) are at a disadvantage.


For example, continuous data processing applications may have throughput requirements that cannot be matched by sequential sorting algorithms running on a processor.

applications with more relaxed performance requirements can bene.t from of.oading of time consuming operations such as sorting, by running them on dedicated hardware that can be implemented using simple components.


DAPs triggers aggressive sampling when one of the cores performs a synchronization event.

it leads to an increase in the number of detailed periods, because the synchronization events of each core may not occur at the same time.


In the last decade, the design of chip-to-chip interconnection networks for parallel processing has also received considerable focus.

the challenges encountered in the design of on-chip networks for SoCs is quite different from the design of such macroscopic networks.


The goal of the project is to check asser- tions in the code.

we are extracting a model, then using Mur~ to check higher-level properties of several instances of the models running concurrently.


Looking forward, the algorithm for sequential diagnosis without using any fault model is st ill in its infancy.

for partial -scan designs that is not highly sequentail (e.g., a pipelined design), approaches with reasonable diagnosis time and acceptable accuracy might be available in the near future.


Several con.gurations have been studied and instruction scheduling techniques have been proposed to exploit the underlying cache architecture.

the downside of a distributed cache is its higher complexity and lower potential to exploit locality with respect to a uni.ed cache of the same total capacity.


Popular examples are mean, variance, FFT coe.cients, spectral entropy, correlation etc.

little work has been done on feature analysis at the primitive level.


On the other hand, variations of Vt and Lef f can be relatively easily inferred from IV measurements of transistor array test structures.

high-frequency device characteristics are not fully re.ected in these DC measurements.


Since bgth Su,v and Stu,~ induce a clique in GB,4, at least 8 colors are needed to satisfy the co-channel reuse constraint.

as proved in the following, 8 colors are not enough to color the set L~,~ of vertices depicted in Figure 6, which consists of S~,~ along with all the vertices of B at horizontal distance exactly 1 from the vertices on the border of S~,..


We can imagine various word-level techniques that can bene.t from non-base operators.

in contrast to the bit-level format AIGER, it is much harder to extract non-base word-level operators after they have been represented with base operators.


Using a stochastic optimization engine to solve device tuning has the advantage of supporting .exible macromodels.

geometric programming[10] imposes restrictions such as convexity and is hard to combine ef.ciently with the rest of the layout synthesis problem.


For bit-width = 64 testcases, the situation for rr is much worse.

the success rate of our bus router drops slowly for all bit-widths, and it performs well for wide buses.


[2] proposed an escape routing algorithm based on SPA and showed the advantages of SPA compared to GPA.

they did not consider the di.erential-pair routing on SPA.


It is likely that the co-factors of F with respect to xn are normalized, and hence they would re-use smaller templates.

if we placed x1 at the top, then we get reduced sharing because the co-factors of F with respect to x1 are de.nitely not normalized.


Without IPsec/encryption, we can saturate the physical link, with average transmission rates between 8 and 9.2 Gb/s depending on the server load.

when IPsec (ESP / tunneling mode, see section 4, using AES in counter mode) is Figure 6: IPsec packet format.


We performed the simulations for level 1 data and instruction caches with these configurations.

the energy consumptions of the instruction caches were not affected by the PMA, because we could not reduce the associativity without a significant impact on performance.


In this scenario, we can ensure that the E-Q graph be monotonically increasing, thus improving our E-Q models.

there is a price to pay in computation energy.


With a data structure representing a reverse time vector clock1, and using pointers to actually link nodes rather than simply keeping timestamps, the time complexity for applying rule R7 to each store S in the graph is now O(k) instead of O(n+e)where k is the total number of processors, n is the number of nodes, and e is the number of edges.

in the TSO memory model, program order does not imply memory order since a load can overtake its preceding stores.


zhi-Wei Chen Institute of Engineering and Science, Chung-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R. O. C. several researches[7] consider redundant via insertion for yield improvement in the post-routing stage.


there are six combinations of values due to the three possible voltages (0V, 0.45V, and 0.9V).

among these six combinations, three of them have same performance values, because the proposed SRAM cell has symmetry in its structure and balanced operation.


Various e.orts to make use of soft information can be found in [2, 3, 4].

they either can only achieve relatively low coding gain or have exponential complexity.


Allofthe modi.cationstotheCDPprotocol(Figure7) improveor maintain performance acrossmostbenchmarks.

the1-2.ipoptimizationsometimes slightlydegradesperformance, asit may holdbacksomeloadslongerthannecessary.the 0-1and 1-2 optimizationsinteractin a favorable way.


Furthermore, it was shown in [14] that the horizontal heat transfer is negligible, same as assumed in our individual mode.

leakage power was not takenintoaccount in[14].


One such sensor only sent a message when motion started or ended, so when a message was lost, there would be an inde.nitely long period of misbehavior due to the incorrect motion state, and lack of access to raw motion events inhibited our ability to verify ground truth occupancy.

.NET Gadgeteer can be used to build custom devices for the home, without HomeOS.


Obviously this is a problem of 0-1 integer programming.

this formulation is unacceptably expensive when there are tens of hundreds or even hundreds of thousands of subnets.


A high number of power-pin domains results in a larger number of queues and .ner grained control.

too few power 11 This is a type of power-pin con.guration that certain .ipchip IC designs use.


If the Ethernet network is extremely overloaded, heartbeat messages my be dropped, which may make the Central Manager misdiagnose the node as failed.

the chances of this occurring on high-performance cluster computing systems equipped with high bandwidth are very low.


Although this problem is partially solved by the set associativity of the cache, we need to modify the data access pattern with the software to avoid these con.icts completely.

such optimization requires complicated programming to .t the properties of the cache size, line size, associativity, etc.


Data compression has been successfully adopted in a number of different contexts in modern computer systems [14, 35] as a way to conserve storage capacity and/or data bandwidth (e.g., downloading compressed .les over the Internet [24] or compressing main memory [1]).

it has not been adopted by modern commodity microprocessors as a way to increase effective cache capacity.


For voltage island generation, [10,11] presented an e.ective voltage assignment technique based on dynamic programming (DP) while in [12], an ILP formulation is employed to tackle voltage-island generation considering powernetwork routing resource.

none of these thought of the relationship between .oorplanning and voltage level assignment.


4: Intermediate and final supply voltages for all of the regions for delay only and delayslew based compensation The global supply voltage is set to the intermediate supply voltage of the slowest region, and hence the slowest region is always at its optimal operating point.

for some of the faster regions, the final frequency is greater than the target range.


INTRODUCTION The demands of modern power electronics converters for high power, high density and high efficiency have raised opportunities for the new high speed, wide bandgap power semiconductor devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs [1]-[4].

the problem accompanying the faster switching speed is the more severe high-frequency ringing in the switching transients, due to the influence of the circuit parasitic impedances.


They are usually applied at the early design stages, when it is di.cult to estimate the power supply variation.

at the later design stages, when the placement of logic blocks, global routing, and presynthesis of clock tree have been .nished, the power supply variations can be estimated by simulating the full chip.


The increase in the tra.c load prevents the sensor-wise policy to employ VCs di.erent from the most degraded one to steer new packets, since we have an high probability that all the VCs are busy at the same time.

the rr-no-sensor approach is independent of this aspect, since new packets are assigned to VCs in a round-robin fashion.


Production costs can be reduced and device performance can be improved by rapidly shrinking the silicon die area.

fPGAs suffer from various problems caused by the higher MOSFET densities in advanced process technology.


Step 1: In this step only the tallest con.guration of the physical memory is used to cover the empty parts of the virtual memories.


As described, MRAM and PRAM memory technologies are made of di.erent materials than SRAM and eDRAM and have di.erent read/write operations.

caches constructed from these technologies have similar structure from a logic designer s point of view due to the similarity of the peripheral circuits.


Architects therefore use their knowledge and simulation can eliminate unnecessary simulation steps and reduce the exploration time.

heuristic selection of design may omit important points due to wrong judgments.


Coherence traf.c is characterized by any-to-any communication patterns that over long intervals can resemble uniform random traf.c.

memory traf.c produces a many-to-few traf.c pattern [1], as memory requests originate from cores and always target memory nodes, never other cores.


From the unnormalized data, all networks have the worst performance for bit-complement traf.c.

the example dodec has 50% lower latency compared to mesh.


For a typical user of laptop/desktop computers this is likely imperceptible.

in future nodes like 16 nm the user-visible fault rate could be as high as one failure a day for every chip.


The original JamLab work proposes a manual process to iteratively select a suitable set of nodes as jammers.

when augmenting large WSN testbeds such as Indriya [5] and TWIST [3], this process is time consuming, as it would require several experiments, as well as knowledge about the position of the nodes.


Such an approach worked well for single mode of operation.

when large blocks of a chip are periodically disconnected, current distribution on the grid changes and care must be taken to avoid EM violations [44].


For example, when the compaction ratio is about 30 in Table 4, we find that the compactor with column weights five or seven is better than the compactor with weight three.

when we performed the above experiment on D3, for which the percentage of unknown values is much higher than for D1, we found that the compactor with column weight three is better than the compactor with weight seven when the compaction ratio is near 30.


Most of the aforementioned work simply extends this conclusion to 3D and still focuses on properly distributing power dissipations for temperature reduction.

as detailed in Section 2, uniform power distribution is no longer a good heuristic for temperature reduction in 3D ICs.


The area overhead is therefore very low.

circuit B needs 2 delay elements to operate.


In addition, the emergence of systems-on-a-chip (SOCs) has given more momentum to research in this area.

in analog and mixed-signal BIST, it has been considered very di.cult to generate a test stimulus and analyze signatures internally while satisfying the requirements for low hardware overhead and good fault coverage.


[25]) are used routinely in computeraided design of integrated circuits and have been widely applied to .ndbugs in software and embedded systems.

certain problems in system veri.cation remain very challenging, stymied bycomputational hardness or requiring signi.cant human input into the veri.cation process.


Statistically, holding 50% of the time values inverted would produce 50% degradation for each PMOS in the bit cell [1][4].

operating in inverted mode 50% of the time may be expensive in terms of delay because a XNOR gate must be introduced in the read/write data paths to invert/deinvert data when operating in inverted mode [12].


It is because FV ratios are not increased much with shorter frequent values.

the number of data blocks in a PRAM memory line is increased and more bits are used to store the encoded bit, as we discuss in subsection III-C. On the contrary, for applications with low frequent-value locality, the highest improvement of lifetime happens when we use 64Bit or 32Bit as the FV length.


This is more desirable because most components are more resilient to .uctuations in the positive supply rail.

this introduces common-mode voltage because the voltage on both sides of the resistor, measured with respect to ground, is non-zero.


The REFSM presents a very simple state transition graph (STG); it is composed of a unique state and n transitions, one for the slice of code executed when reset=1, and one for each alternative of the case statement (e.g., Figure 2 (a) shows the REFSM corresponding to the sequential circuits described by the code of Figure 1).

it has been shown that a REFSM can be di.culty traversed, because of the presence of conditional statements on its update functions.


While the contribution of data movement with the 40 MHz interface keeps growing as the slab size increases, with a 1333MHz bus clock, data movement for all RRAM systems accounts for a small fraction of the total execution (under 20%).

while an RRAM with 40MHz devotes only 20% of the total I/O time to handling memory operations, an RRAM employing 1333 MHz spends most of its time in handling the memory operations, irrespective of the slab size employed, which in turn allows the RRAM to exhibit true resistive switch performance.


Prior work has assumed that in AC metering applications, power comes for free [2].

this is only the case if size is not a constraint.


However, modern technology scaling has led to multiple CPUs on a single chip and very fast and e.cient busses, which makes snoopybased hardware coherence the primary means for providing cache coherence in modern microprocessors.

because data are not written to the instruction cache in Harvard architectures, and because instruction writes are not as common as data writes, snoopy-based coherence for instructions is still not e.cient for instruction caches.


This is because the idleness predictors are attached to the memory banks and monitor idleness from the perspective of banks.

a query-directed scheme gives the task of enforcing mode transitions to the query.


This strategy works when the applied voltage change is very small.

if the previous simulation point had a much different applied voltage than the current point, this could also lead to convergence problems.


In order to achieve these goals, analytical derivationsare used to determine a small set of electrical measurements that can help in measuring the calibration coefficient without a physical stimulus.

relying on these analytical relations is not advisable since there are secondary unmodeled effects that might change the behavior slightly.


About 78% of the total sample of 456 failing ICs examined required only 50 bits to perform an accurate diagnosis.

if the test-data collection is terminated at a fixed level, e.g., 100 bits, insufficient information is then gathered for an accurate diagnosis for some failing ICs, 51 for the data of Fig.


Mailman has a recognition grammar of approximately 30 words and does not support barge-in.

telephone keys can be used to interrupt Mailman s utterances.


Speci.cally, we observe that for low-Dmodeling RBF and KG are highly accurate, with worst-case estimation errors less than 30%.

in high-D contexts these techniques become highly inaccurate, whereas MARS continues to be accurate with worstcase estimation errors within 50%.


The current approach is to allow logic structures with long delays to spread over multiple pipe-stages resulting in structures that complete the computation in single pipe-stage previously to take more than one cycle.

finer pipelined machine leads to longer pipeline latency and imposes higher penalty due to branch missprediction and miss-speculation.


If the system already has built-in security mechanisms, then the external monitoring of security requirements adds yet another layer of security checking which is independent from the system and therefore makes it more fault tolerant [5], especially if it is possible to control the system when violations are detected.

even in cases where control cannot be applied, our approach can help by providing the basis for detecting more violations than the system itself, logging violations, and using the sophisticated reasoning capabilities of the monitor to analyse specific dynamic event patterns, e.g., for cases like denial of service attacks.


A New Partitioning Method for Parallel Simulation of VLSI Circuits on Transistor Level Norbert Fr¨ohlich and Volker Gl¨ockel and Josef Fleischmann Institute of Electronic Design Automation Technical University of Munich 80333 Munich, Germany   Norbert.Froehlich,Volker.Gloeckel,Josef.Fleischmann}@ei.tum.de Abstract Simulation is still one of the most important subtasks when designing a VLSI circuit.

more and more elements on a chip increase simulation runtimes.


For instance, adjusting the aspect ratio of some blocks at .oorplanning stage might achieve a smaller chip size or shorter in length of the communication path.

the intra-block energy consumption is changed simultaneously.


it is not hard to see that we can share sub-ZBDDs and take advantage of search-state based learning.


As such, these algorithms are able to opportunistically com-bine results from different Route Discoveries and from other routing information learned from packets forwarded or overhead, in order to more often find the shortest route that exists.

the many unused links that these algorithms can keep in the cache also at times are a liability; many of these links may be broken, increasing the number of packets that must be salvaged multiple times, and thus increasing the total hop count for salvaged packets that are ultimately successfully delivered.


Parameters of our implementation of LST were characterized to have minimal deviation for the scenario 1 day, 10Hz and 50% duty cycle.

clear deviations up to -64% and +139% occur in other scenarios.


Although, on average, TOKEN performs better than DIRECTORY some noticeable results such as IS or FT, even in a modest size system like this one, show its performance is poor for the reasons explained in Section 2.3.

lOCKE exhibits a consistent performance across all the workloads.


A larger Nbulk may result in a larger charge collection slope Qs and therefor a smaller SER.

a larger Nbulk may result in a higher Vth and a smaller critical charge Qcrit, therefore a larger SER.


Larger capacitor size can achieve better circuit accuracy and performance due to less impact from random, systematic, and parasitic mismatch.

it also results in much larger chip area and even more power consumption.


One of the reasons for this situation to exist is due to the very well de.ned digital design .ow and the existence of several CAD tools to support each part of this .ow.

the design of analog systems is usually accomplished only by experienced designers whose only aid is SPICE for simulation [1].


REDUCING TMR OVERHEADS BY COMBINING HARDWARE AND TIME REDUNDANCY The TMR technique is a suitable solution for FPGAs because it provides a full hardware redundancy, including the user s combinational and sequential logic, the routing, and the I/O pads.

it comes with some penalties because of its full hardware redundancy, such as area, I/O pad limitations and power dissipation.


Because incremental coloring strategy requires that all of u s edp connected nodes have determined layer assignment when assign color for u to minimize the number of URC.

the layer assignments of tree nodes are not decided until the end of dynamic programming.


The most effective way toreduce the wire resistance is to use a thick wire on the uppermetal layers.

thick wires also increase the burdenof the ground capacitance and the coupling capacitance [3].Therefore, using the thick wire in the upper layer may not bethe best choice for performance improvement.


A failure to acknowledge a transaction is one of the types of bugs that such systems can be configured to catch.

it is far more desirable to catch such problems with a static analysis.


About the contribution from Ohio, a memory management protocol ( control .ow ) with dynamic pre-allocation of buffers is implemented.

the solution has some weaknesses: it is not scalable because buffers are never freed and keep increasing resulting in a waste of memory (the authors are aware of it).


Using those plots, empirical formulas for optimized values of repeater size and interconnect length were obtained using curve-.tting.

their delay formula is valid only for 50% delay and is applicable only if the ratio of total line capacitance to load ( ) capacitance ch and the ratio of source resistance to total line resistance c0k ( ) rs are between 0 and 1. krh We now present a new approach of optimizing repeater sizes and interconnect lengths which does not suffer from the limitations of the approach of [22, 21].


The Annotations Table associates each transition with a guarded command, of the form guard -> action_list, which indicates the message that triggers the transition and the ef 3For an early proof-of-concept study, we used a design of the dating service that abstracted the process whereby a caller selects a matching caller by a function that simply returns a reference to an arbitrary caller [13].

this simpli.cation is unrealistic and, in eliminating a crucial autonomous role and thus a major source of asynchrony, also signi.cantly reduces the complexity of both the service logic and the required synchronization.


The approximate equation in (12) can in fact be directly used in simulating (in a Monte Carlo manner) a trap with an appropriate choice (most likely, adaptive) for the time step t [43], [44].

(12) is not yet a truly continuous-space model in a differential equation form.


This means that some less complex models are more predictive than more complex ones.

if we prune the models down to the ones that give a tradeoff between testing error and complexity, we get the rightmost column of Figure 3.


The above formulation works for all AOI gates.

in case of two-input gates it is not as compact as the special formulation for two-input NAND gates.


Typically, data prefetching, advanced cache replacement policy, and memory access scheduling are incorporated in modern processors.

a combination of these three techniques causes the following problems.


The Wriggle project also repurposes the WiiRemote for a different environment, by allowing multiple players to use their body movements to create expressive emotional traces [6].

this project remains geared toward game-play.


Moreover, reduced interconnection lengths in 3D ICs will help reduce power dissipation since the number of repeaters required for the wires can be reduced and the wire capacity load is reduced.

thermal dissipation is one of the biggest concerns in 3D designs.


Previous results from bitstream fault injection [6] and radiation ground testing presented in [7] showed that the use of TMR in Virtex FPGAs has confirmed the efficacy of the TMR structure combined with scrubbing to recover upsets in the FPGA architecture.

the TMR technique presents some limitations, such as area overhead, three times more input and output pins and, consequently, a meaningful increase in power dissipation.


CONCLUSION Recently, optically recon.gurable gate arrays (ORGAs) have been developed to achieve a huge virtual gate count that is much larger than those of currently available VLSIs.

conventional ORGAs have no programmable capability after fabrication because, to reprogram ORGAs, the holographic memory must be disassembled from its ORGA package, reprogrammed outside of the ORGA package using a holographic memory writer, and implemented onto the ORGA package with high precision that is beyond the level of manual assembly.


This hurts the cycle life of the batteries largely, but minimizes the short term performance loss.

for relatively long designed lifetime, we should invest more energy in cooling, i.e., using high fan speed, as it alleviates the SoH degradation of batteries and extends the battery cycle life.


As a result, the number of active .lter groups on a cluster at any given time is fewer than when no copies are allowed.

we observe that as the number of queries is increased beyond 42, the MCI cannot cope with overloading of the system.


In [31] [34] Smolyak s algorithm produces nested sparse grids because all random parameters are assumed uniformly distributed (and thus Clenshaw-Curtis rule is used for all .... s).

smolyak s algorithm generates nonnested sparse grids when non-nested 1-D quadrature points are used for some parameters (since many random parameters with non-uniform distributions may not be effectively handled by the Clenshaw-Curtis rule).


As we pointed out in the introduction, the issue with RTO -0.6 -0.8 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08Average loss event rat 0.1 0.12 0.14 e (ptfrc) Figure 15: The loss event rate di.erence ratio of TFRC and TCP in the same experiments as in Figure 14. ratios are much higher than those predicted in Figure 13, especially under a low loss event rate region for the 10 ms network, and under a high loss event rate region for the 500 ms networks.

simulation runs over the other delay networks tend to show less throughput di.erence ratios than the predicted.


This fact makes them vulnerable to attacks.

self-Timed Rings (STR) are currently considered as a promising solution to generate robust clock signals.


Note that, only one heapify operation is in progress in a stage at any point in time.

a node in a stage can be overwritten with a value determined by the comparison outcome of the heapify operation in the next level.


However, symbolic simulation uses signi.cantly smaller numbers of cycles in most cases, making debugging much easier.

alpha processor is more complex than DLX, but the execution time and memory consumption does not increase signi.cantly.


Indeed, it is not until 3.2 GB/s of bandwidth that an 8 GFLOPs accelerator can approach its peak performance for a small N log(N) operation like the FFT.


sampled from a balanced symmetric (± 1) Bernoulli distribution.

as part of a ef.cient GPS receiver system, this entire step can be substituted by a compressed sensing analog front-end (referred to as: CS-ADC).


Equipping an MC for each PE eliminates the interferences among memory requests issued from different PEs, and shortens the memory access latencies.

an MC requires a lot of resource since it is composed of a read queue, a write queue, a command queue and the TSV array that provides vertical lines for control signals and the data bus to the stacked DRAMs.


This is possibly due to the localized view of the queues on a router; the queues for direct routes get .lled quickly for large messages, hence diverting the traf.c towards indirect routes.

the hybrid model is able to of.oad heavily used links (due to its global knowledge) and shift many links to left bins in comparison to indirect routing.


In general, if the voltage is lower than a certain level, the chip cannot erase all the bits within a block.

for the supply voltage above a certain level, the chip seems to complete the erase operation.


In addition, these approaches are frequency limited due to the need of very high over-sampling ratios.

the proposed programmable VGA allows discrete-time periodic analog signal generation and in essence, fulfils the function of the D/A converter.


The last 8 bits can be found by exhaustive search.

faults injected at any other round or any other part of the ffunction will not lead to the secret key.


The probability approaches 1 very quickly for radix-64 router which explains the poor performance of highradix routers for the greedy algorithm using 1-.it packets.

the probability gradually approaches 1 for radix-8 router, With a packet size of 8-.its in a radix64 router, the probability is reduced and behaves very similar to a radix-8 router with 1-.it packets.


Using an exploration heuristic can reduce the number of explored configurations.

for the simulation to be accurate, the system must be well modeled with realistic input stimuli.


In the example shown in Figure 1(a), if l5 is scheduled to time 6 and l4 is schedule to time 7, leakage waste is completely eliminated, but the resulting placement is not feasible due to the single recon.guration limitation.

one can observe that if we could delay the execution of v4 to time 11, l4 and l5 could be scheduled to occur right before v4 and v5.


Most prior work on multi-valued logic encoding was concerned about minimizing area in terms of the number of cubes and literals.

this paper formulates a new symmetry encoding problem.


In the same way, the statistical model used in our system is related to work by Isci and Martonosi [15], which derives a linear combination of performance counters to validate an activity based power model.

they did not consider the percentage of variation from speci.c counters nor did they consider interactions between counters.


Without upsizing, and without guidelines for CNT process improvements, ........ can reach 80% for the OpenSparc T2 core modules, assuming current state-of-the-art processing parameter values: ...... = 0.50, ..m = 1%, ..R = 5%.

........ can be reduced to less than 1% with processing parameter improvement and minimal upsizing (.... = 5%), as shown via trial-and-error (Table 7).


They modified the ISA of processors and used special instructions to support the fine-grained synchronization.

this method is not feasi-ble in the scope of blade enclosure: 1. each blade runs in separat-ed OS domain, while previous work is done for full-system shared memory machine; 2. commercial processor (such as X86 proces-sors) cannot work with the customized memory system, a custom-ized processor with special instruction set architecture (ISA) must be developed.


Previous approximate adders [7] [10] [14] have dif.culty detecting and correcting errors since they are designed for error-acceptable applications with a target accuracy.

accurate computations are still required at certain times, according to the application.


So, mathematical models of probabilistically correct switching which do not have a relationship with energy consumption is what we had on the one hand.

through Landauer s work, we have a connection between the energy cost as it relates to a switching step for producing one bit of information and recording it correctly without error.


Therefore, rather than treating parameters p1 and p2 separately, it may be more interesting to study the performance metric directly as a function of p1 -p2.

this needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis.


Similarly, the stress condition for the region GS of TR3 is VG = VIN 3 =1 and VS = VPN 2 =0.The condition VS = VPN 2 =0 results that VIN1 =1, and ( VIN 3 , VIN 4 )=(0,0),(0,1), or (1,1).

the derived vectors ( VIN1 , VIN 3 , VIN 4 )=(1,0,0) and (1,0,1) have VIN 3 =0 that conflicts the generated condition VIN 3 =1.


Thus the irritating collision with the obstacle is avoided while users may still examine details of an object when standing in close proximity.

during travel the consistency of the shared model is affected since other users may see an unaltered object.


SPARE of order 70 provides a better approximation than CORE,but in this situation is unable to match the accuracyof the VPMTBR algorithm.

the generation costandthe speed-upin modelevaluationis still betterthan for VPMTBR,even fora smaller model (seeTable2).


In a batterysupercapacitor hybrid system, the supercapacitor stores surplus energy from the battery during low demand periods, and provides extra energy during peak load current demand period.

a distinct disadvantage of a supercapacitor is its large self-discharge rate compared to that of ordinary batteries.


For example, in order to increase performance, one adds a more complex cache hierarchy to exploit data locality, but introduces larger power consumption, more data access time indeterminism, and increased area.

if an application is highly regular and contains an abundance of both spatial and temporal data locality, then the advantages in performance greatly outweigh the drawbacks.


The recent work in log-like reordering of data [1][7] has demonstrated the importance and performance improvement by arranging data in a proper manner.

historically, parallel I/O middleware systems, such as ROMIO [14], and parallel file systems are developed separately with a simplified modular design in mind.


For example, an MRF that adds write permission to a region that currently only has read permission can be reordered with respect to loads since they are unaffected by the permission change [38].

we expect most VAMC models to order this type of MRF with respect to stores.


More importantly, these approaches work well when a technology is designed independently, and the circuit designer only needs to analyze the e.ect of variations and optimize the design for yield.

in the nanoscale regime, an integrated approach to technology and circuit design is not only required, but inevitable to meet system speci.cations [].


As far as we are aware, no solution has been proposed that leverages GPU processing to simulate acoustic radiant exchanges.

in [44], the GPU is used in conjunction with the CPU to auralize the results of an acoustic radiance transfer simulation.


The classic Davis-Putnam (DP) [8] algorithm is based on this.

this algorithm is hard to use in practice due to prohibitive space requirements, and over the years has given way to search algorithms based on the Davis-Logemann-Loveland (DLL) algorithm [9].


Thus, most of the antecedents remained false because it was structurally impossible for them to become true.

using the metric to ensure that the environment is maximally .exible proved to be much more powerful.


Their strength, stemming from the architectural .exibility of general purpose processors, is the ease with which algorithms can be developed, debugged and tuned.

the lack of specialization of general-purpose CPU negatively impacts performance.


[11], who also approach the pose classi.cation problem us ing classi.cation algorithms.

our method uses features that capture the orientation of the device and an algorithm capable of learning the complex nonlinear relationships among the data without over.tting.


Bench BC PC-2 PC-3 mark max avg max avg max avg ami33 41.6 24.0 5.6 1.8 5.0 1.8 ami49 19.0 6.3 3.3 0.8 5.8 1.4 n100 44.8 33.9 28.9 18.9 32.0 20.6 n200 46.1 34.3 25.0 16.8 27.2 17.9 n300 14.5 10.0 6.4 3.6 21.7 13.4  Several interesting points can be observed from the result: BC-bundling has an obvious speedup over the conventional estimation method, especially when the interconnections scale up.

its huge error (41.6% maximal and 24.0% average for ami33 ) results in a much longer wire length.


In fact, if one had no access to robustness information, all the 16 slacks would seem to be equally robust looking only at their nominal slack.

after factoring in our robustness metric, one can easily determine which nodes are the most susceptible to variations.


Several full system simulators (such as SimOS [41], Simics [34], M5 [5] and QEMU [16]), which can boot commercial operating systems, are commonly used in research when deal with OSintensive applications.

software simulators usually have speed and scalability limitations.


A side-e.ect of the increasing transistor count, due to additional cores, is the requirement to lower operating voltages for keeping total system power within bounds.

this leads to transistors becoming more prone to transient faults.


It is possible to use their implication discovery technique to .nd implications within a clock cycle and to use those implications for test-pattern reduction or online error detection in a sequential circuit.

invariant relationships between nodes across the latch boundaries in different clock-cycles do exist in sequential circuits [7].


This is quite impossible for the random ATPG.

the EFSM-based ATPG assigns the value to in1 after the decision on the condition has been taken, thus if the then branch is selected in1 cannot be 0.


As they are aimed to implement many di.erent designs, a large number of routing switches is used in order to obtain .exible interconnections, and look-up tables (LUTs) are used for logic, as they are capable of implementing any logic function for the given number of inputs.

this type of architecture prevents optimized design implementations because Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


This in turn allowed for HDLs to successfully describe hardwares parallel behavioral aspects.

in the ESL world, register structures and clock cycle latencies are flexible and change depending on various design requirements and intent.


The half-width formats reduce static code size by around 30 40%.

since they can only encode a limited subset of operations and operand addressing modes, more dynamic instructions are required to execute a given task.


We would expect that by sampling less often we are less likely to measure unusually high values.

such values are always above the 75th percentile of the data, so they do not signi.cantly affect the IQR.


Consequently, more careful instruction steering and a complex logic are required.

the IXU and the OXU in FXA have an order relation, and consequently, instruction steering is not necessary.


Therefore, the mean current of both types and no m-CNT removal, a mean delay reduction of nearly 30% of CNTs after etching are: can be observed by simulation.

this mean delay benefit cannot be utilized in a practical design because m-CNTs µ ( I 8 I (x)[1- e (x)] fsd (x)dx (3.5) 0 .


To illustrate: Compared to the first mock-up, the second one was rather large in order for fire fighters to be able to handle it with cold fingers or while wearing gloves.

in a Future Lab, we discovered that it now did not easily attach to the patient because of its size, and if attached to the patient s back it was too uncomfortable to lie on.


In the worst case, this can increase the size of the ADD exponentially (i.e., from 2N nodes to 22N nodes).

in practice ADD size is rarely exponential to begin with.


5.2 Critical Word Ordering The data transfers and data path are optimized for cache-line transfers.

the width of the buses are at ¼ of the cache line so a line is transferred in four chunks, and these are pipelined.


These large overheads for providing an afterward on-demand 100% signal Design: Percentage of dumped signals(%) Simulation time (sec) 0 % (No dump) 322 AES10 10 % 662 20 % 884 40 % 1,335 80 % 2,233 100 % (full dump) 2,687 In the other experiment, we measured the size of the simulation state checkpoint file and the dump visibility can be hardly justified even if high overhead for a real SOC industrial design, containing visibility is absolutely required.


The BICS is connected to the design bulk of the transistors (bulk-BICS), which allows the bulk-BICS to detect any discrepancy in the circuit internal current that may occur during a particle strike.

process variations can affect the functionality of the bulk-BICS, reducing its ability to detect soft error.


We attempted to use several commercially available formal verification tools and found that they can generate some impressive results for a designer interested in verifying a single circuit.

to avoid the vast number of false errors, the user is required to either restrict the operation of synthesis to verification safe operations (similar to forbidding compiler optimizations and instruction re-ordering to ensure ease of debugging in a software debugger), or annotate the netlist with many properties of the synthesis operations.


CONCLUSIONS Area and delay are the two core issues for FPGA designs.

the area optimization is mainly attributed to the technology mapping stage while the delay can only be correctly handled in the final routing stage.


RANDOM TPG METHOD In Speed-Independent circuits, random test pattern generation remains an ef.cient and important method.

the special properties of Speed-Independent circuits may degrade its ef.ciency.


Accessing such an array will need alarge decoder and very long bit-lines to transfer the data out.

the counter logic will have tens of gates.


State-based Steganography in Low Bit Rate Speech Ke Zhou and Jin Liu School of Computer, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, 430074, China raidkick@263.net, geneleocn@gmail.com  Hui Tian College of Computer Science and Technology National Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021, China cshtian@gmail.com Chunhua Li * School of Computer, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, 430074, China li.chunhua@hust.edu.cn  ABSTRACT Commonleast signi.cantbit(LSB) relevant steganography methods in speech frames often base on bits evaluation by certainspeechquality evaluationcriterion and togetherwith some coding and embedding strategies to enhanceimperceptibility and e.ciency.

some embedding capabilities and security strategy are neglected.


These false alarms could create a problem if we mis-correct a correct cell, thus creating an error.

this situation cannot happen because no parity bit will detect an error, thus no mis-corrections will be performed.


A typical AVS setup relies on a performance monitor that replicates critical paths of the circuit to guide voltage scaling.

it is dif.cult to de.ne appropriate critical paths for an SoC which hasmultiple operating modes and IPs.


To reduce this overhead, a Domain-Speci.c Recon.gurable Cryptographic Processor has been proposed by Goodman and Chandrakasan [11].

this processor s recon.gurable array has only three con.gurations.


Our approach is to extend hardware reloaded TLBs with a prefetching1 scheme based on a novel heuristic.

before 0 100 200 300 400 execution time (seconds) Using the stack algorithm we can determine the miss rates of describing the prefetching technique, we provide, in the next section, a background into the kind of history information our hardware heuristic algorithms exploit.


These were the expected tradeoffs ROCR runs faster and uses far less memory at the expense of quality.

note that the quality of the results is still quite acceptable.


The threshold voltage characterization process, discussed above, is quite slow because the threshold voltage of each device must be measured and extracted individually.

we can speed up the VT scatter characterization by exploiting the fact that the drain current (IDS) of a device is a function of voltage overdrive (VGS  VT) and not of gate-to-source voltage (VGS) and threshold voltage (VT) separately.


Exponential function can be implemented in hardware.

the performance improvement through hardware accelerator for exponential function becomes limited due to access-time overhead.


In this case it is not possible to obtain the real value of the physical quantity sensed by the sensor.

analyzing the data collected from all the sensors in the previous instants of time we could infer relationships among them so that we are able to obtain an approximation of this missing value.


A data owner wants the sensitive data to be accessed and used by authorized users according to the data s associated security policy.

authorized users or applications can maliciously or inadvertently compromise the con.dentiality of the protected data by distributing (or leak-  Secondary Recipients DataSafe Encrypted Data Plaintext Data Transformed Data Authorized  Not Authorized Data Owner Network/Disk port  Authorized inter-machine Non-DataSafe secure transfer Authorized Machine Primary Recipient Not Authorized Figure 1: DataSafe architecture protects data con.dentiality across machines (new and legacy) and users (authorized and not authorized).


However, the increase in Hi-ECC s dynamic power pushes its total power to 58% of SECDED s total power.

using a 512-entry RALT (HER) decreases the number of 1KB line accesses significantly, and the total power for Hi-ECC with RALT becomes 39% of the total power of SECDED (including the extra power due to RALT accesses).


Several works have achieved better resilience by weakening the model in di.erent ways by adding synchrony [4]; by storing signed self-verifying data [24, 25]; or by assuming that processes never fail and providing solutions that may block inde.nitely if they do fail [3, 25].

t < n/4 is the best resilience achieved thus far for wait-free constructions in the model considered herein.


Thus we cannot definitely state anything about the shape of the probability distribution of the current blocks.

the overall voltage drop is the sum of the voltage drops due to all the current sources acting together.


We would simply .nd which hyperplane is the one that achieves the measured delay for the given process setting and silicon errors.

for a chip such as our sample (C)(C) chip C, the particular process point X(C) =(X,...,Xp )is 1 typically not known, and of course neither are any of the error terms ei,ki ,1 = i = n,1 = ki = qi.


Recently, Zuluaga et al [26] proposed a predictive design methodology for the resource sharing synthesis problem.

the ef.ciency of both the exploration methodology (in terms of runtime) and the actual coprocessor architecture (in terms of area complexity, execution latency, power etc.)


3inthesame wayand 2buffers are consumed in this padding scheme.

if we .rst insert one buffer to position A, both two short paths could be well padded, which costs half.


For example, when the snapshot interval is increased from 10 cycles to 50 and a 100 cycles, we observe an increase in the simulation speed of bitcomp tra.c by a factor of 3 and 7, respectively.

as explained in Section 5.2, a larger snapshot interval reduces the observability of in-.ight packets and the ability to reconstruct their paths.


Veri.able Resource Accounting for Cloud Computing Services Vyas SekarPetros Maniatis Intel Labs Intel Labs ABSTRACT Cloud computing offers users the potential to reduce operating and capital expenses by leveraging the amortization bene.ts offered by large, managed infrastructures.

the black-box and dynamic nature of the cloud infrastructure makes it dif.cult for them to reason about the expenses that their applications incur.


When compared against the depth driven .ow resyn2 dup, we only achieve a 2% reduction in LUT depth.

due to the large area overhead incurred in resyn2 dup, our place and route delay improvement is 6%.


in [17] show that worst-case timing degradation occurs when critical paths experience a long DC BTI stress (i.e., transistors are always under BTI stress).

assuming a DC BTI stress may be too pessimistic: a typical CMOS circuit usually switches during operation, and exhibits an AC BTI stress (i.e., transistors experience alternate BTI stress and recovery phrases).


Basically, the balance of wire congestion at a via is contained by the local gain of the via.

.F (v2)and .F (v7)are also countedin gM (v6)since .F (v2)and .F (v7) are changed by M but v2 and v7 are not contained by M. The via assignment V around v6 and that obtained by applying M are shown in Fig.


Together, these works set out a number of ideas for device architecture, .oorplanning, and place-and-route.

a number of technical gaps still exist, ranging from clock and power *Work partially supported by Cadence Design Systems, Inc., the California MICRO program, the MARCO Gigascale Silicon Research Center, NSF MIP-9987678 and the Semiconductor Research Corporation.


In this scenario, substantial energy gains can be achieved when multiple cores execute the same phases of an application (e.g., conditioning in Figure 1) on multiple acquired inputs, as demonstrated by the authors of [11] and [8].

these synchronization approaches do not provide the necessary .exibility to perform parallel processing of streams on multiple cores, while also supporting producer-consumer relationships among cores.


quadrant partition (depicted in Figure 2) only.

figure 3 this implies cr is located within .upq, which is provides the pseudo code of the OASG edge connection contradicting with our assumption that the closest neighboring algorithm for Quad1.


[12] explore even lower level OS page mapping and allocation strategies in a system that interleaves cache banks by frame number, like STATIC-BANK-DIR.

our proposal frees the OS and hypervisor from managing cache banks and offers greater opportunities for VM scheduling and reassignment.


When the inputs are not all logic high or low these stacks are not active.

these PMOS and NMOS stacks increase the parasitic delay at node Y irrespective to input combinations (Figure 2).