Consequently, architectural components such as ALU will exhibit similar behavior when they are built up with these circuit modules.

besides delay and power, the variability becomes a new metric to explore and to optimize during higher levels of the design hierarchy.


But, when the Read WL pulse arrives at that instant, it perturbs the cell so that the wrong value is read.

the write operation is not truly successful in this case.


From Figure 5(b), the same trend can be observed in the distribution of the total circuit delay.

our timing analysis algorithm can be used to handle asymmetrical distributions (e.g.


If the delay at Tnom of these paths is below the constraint Dnom, thenitwill also be metat Twc (since they are all-HVT, and their delay will decrease with  increasing temperatures); If not, revert to the original path by restoring the SVT cells as in the initial circuit; The resulting circuit will never have a timing violation at Twc (and, of course, neither at Tnom by construction).


In addition, it is important that the inter-die repair infrastructure does not disrupt the functionality of the memory cube when no repair takes place.

the required infrastructure that assures the memory repair mechanism is highly dependent on the exact internal structure of the memory arrays.


The 1-s deviation of the sensor-output was found to be 28mV which results in a loss of accuracy of ~4mV of the NMOS Vth (Fig 9).

our proposed design offered a relatively high level of tolerance to dynamic variations in temperature and power-supply which is a very important design requirement for process-sensors.


Second, the RTOS runs a default idle task when there is no useful work to do.

there is no visible idling duration during the simulation.


Of course, a net that traverses through this tile should be routed in the space not occupied by the blockage wherever possible.

this stage performs local cleanup within tiles to achieve blockage avoidance without changing tile assignment.


Our reduction to SAT produces T(rc lg N) clauses, where r is the number of rows of the routing grid, c the number of columns, and N the number of nets.

our reduction is quasilinear in N and the size rc of the routing grid.


Frequently executed loops tend to iterate many times, causing the same sbb frequency value to be incremented in the cache many times in a row.

we can coalesce successive increments into one addition.


Similarly, the blocking effect of the backpressure mechanism is overlooked.

the ONoC easily proves much more performance-ef.cient than the electronic counterpart.


It is easy to see that the probability of either of these events occurring is 1/4, shown as the white regions in Figure 1a.

alice and Bob are able to match 75% of their gates, on average.


CLEVER: Cross-Layer Error Veri.cation, Evaluation and Reporting Rafael Kioji Vivas Maeda School of Electrical Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil rafaelkioji@gmail.com ABSTRACT The continuously progressing technology scaling is not only the source for increasing performance and complexity of embedded systems, but also the reason for rising reliability concerns of the underlying hardware.

numerous techniques emerged in recent years to mitigate wide range of error causes.


).m 2 - ..m.m-1; k = m; (5) where .k is the change of the binary voltage of the kth line: i .k = v f - v and Cl isthetotal capacitancebetween alineand the ground, RT is the total resistance of the driver and the line.

the delay of the kth line can only take the values 0, 1, 1+ .,1+2.,1+3.,and 1+4., that we categorize them in to six delay classes, D00, D0,D1, D2,D3,and D4.


Depending on the comparison outcome, (1) the Most Signi.cant Bit (MSB) of data is retrieved, and (2) the circuit .xes next resistance reference to extract the Least Signi.cant Bit (LSB).

mLC read latency is realized in a sequence of one sense followed by two comparisons which is longer than a SLC read comprising of one sense and one comparison.


If variable a is assigned to register R2, the smallest feasible clock period becomes 12 and the total possible clock arrival time width becomes 26 (since Wb, Wg, W1, W2, and W3 become 10, 8, 0, 0, and 8, respectively); if variable a is assigned to register R3, the smallest feasible clock period becomes 12 and the total possible clock arrival time width becomes 2 (since Wb, Wg, W1, W2, and W3 become 2, 0, 0, 0, and 0, respectively).


Hence for dirty data, 3 copies are be maintained in the cache so that in the event of error(s), the correct data can be generated by majority voting logic using all 3 copies.

the use of RDT policy would result in 2 or 3 cache lines with same data in a given set.


The primary resource of a node is the battery supply, which limits its lifetime.

minimizing each node s energy consumption is quite important.


As soon as d1 is routed, the path from S5 to T5 becomes available.

d5 can be routed by Routing-Bypassibility from max( AT1 +1, AT2 +1 )=56.


b¯+c¯) is the Cir-ODC condition to make a unobservable.

if we propagate this Cir-ODC condition to the gates G2 and G3, all clauses associated with these gates become Cir-ODC when this condition is true, i.e.


........ ...........(9) (13) Note that, although the impact of transitive neighbors is not explicitly stated, it may be considered in higher-order methods.

should be rede.ned to explicitly consider transitive neighbors.


Such a chip consists of a grid of regular tiles where each tile can be a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a memory subsystem, etc.A router is embedded within each tile with the objective of connecting it to its neighboring tiles.

instead of routing design-speci.c global on-chip wires, the inter-tile communication can be achieved by routing packets.


pc = User specified value of the power consumption per area unit (a.u) at a particular frequency which is obtained from the module library.

(AFU + AREG + AMUX + ADEMUX) multiplied by pc is the total power consumption of the solution.


For example, array indices can be complicated in HPC application, inhibiting the required analysis.

the RTS is the best agent to drive the cache recon.guration.


During type-C execution periods, IPC is stable when we change the memory interface con.guration.

we tend to adopt the memory frequency and bus width con.guration that minimizes the memory power consumption.


The second innovation is that instead of having a race between two paths, we have a race between two sets with an exponential number of paths.

the need for accurate clock capturing of glitch temporal characteristics is eliminated; we use only the frontier signals.


However, this would greatly increase the total power of display module for maintaining the same display luminance [2].

scaling of transistor size into the nanometer regime is inevitable for retaining sufficient aperture ratio.


With this information, the memory areas accessed by a memory instruction can be narrowed down.

memory accesses executed within a basic block can be annotated just like any other static property of the machine code.


To reprogram ORGAs, a holographic memory must be disassembled from its ORGA package, reprogrammed outside of the ORGA package using a holographic memory writer, and implemented onto the ORGA package with high precision beyond the capabilities of manual assembly [14],[15].

to remove that daunting problem, this paper presents a nine-context programmable ORGA and its writer.


A subset state is accepting if and only if one of its states is accepting.

state {s1, , sk} is accepting if and only if state {s1, , sk, DC} is accepting.


These abnormal cases may result from the error of location estimations in the step of importance analysis .

high-probability samples in Region IIF are selected for simulations to verify whether they are consuming MC simulations again.


However, as a word of caution, large scale control system designs are often not to resilient by design and may become prey to such stealth attacks if suf.cient resilience is not built by design in the .rst place.

our ideas become all the more relevant for operational security until there is a principled way of designing fully attack resilient control structures and algorithms (which by itself is a very challenging research endeavor and may not offer a cost effective design solution).


This can be quite large and possibly not fit in memory.

for some long proofs, the checker may not be able to complete the checking.


The delays of other peripheral circuitries, including decoder, sense amplifier and data bus, are insensitive to the data address in RAM.

sAVS may not be applicable to fetch, register read, D-cache and writeback stages since the delays of those RAM-based stages (30 FO4 for Fetch (I-Cache) and D-Cache, 24 FO4 for register read and writeback) are close to the clock period (36 FO4).


Even when cache size is 32 KB, it still incurs an average degradation of 1%.

scalability is a serious problem for the PLcache+preload approach.


Therefore, a general veri.cation methodology for selected circuit properties was given.

this methodology was applied to example circuits such as a VCO and a charge pump, demonstrating the automatic veri.cation of analog properties that have not been veri.able by model checking up to now.


Therefore, even a single application can have different cache utilization pro.les depending on the input size and the number of processors used.

there is no single cache hierarchy con.guration that could .t all cases, providing the highest performance and energy ef.ciency.


Front-end tools are not aware that the subsequent CSS can change clock signal arrival times and CSS algorithms are not aware that re-optimization iterations can change path delays.

viewed from the entire design .ow, the performance improvement through CSS is limited.


Post-hoc tests (Bonferroni correction) revealed that the AV incongruent condition was signi.cantly different from each individual congruent condition at the p < 0.001 level.


In order to compute an accurate fault coverage, such nonideal components in the signals must be known.

during propagation of test inputs for a digital .lter through mixed-signal components, amplitude and frequency of the signal, as well as noise level and harmonics in the signal must be tracked.


The .L columns show that after cell replacement, the average number of extra metal layer needed for Style-B-circuits can be reduced from 1.25 to 0.42; for the initial Style-C-circuits from 1.08 to 0.25.

applying only Style-B or Style-C cells on critical paths could significantly improve the metal layer availability without worsening the circuit timing.


However, a large number of interconnections between the SRAMs and logic cells will cause performance degradation resulting from the high congestion and longer wire length in 2D ICs.

by comparing 2D and 3D ICs, we can show the impact of reduced wire length by vertical stacking on the performance of the stereo matching processor.


max HmaxExtra A magnet switching at tc experiences the clock .eld only before switching.

it can tolerate an in.nite clock .eld (line 3).


Also, when a memory module enters the standby mode, it has a high probability of getting transitioned all the way to powerdown mode.

the behavior is dependent on the chosen threshold.


Unfortunately, many embedded memories cannot achieve low VDDmin because of read or write failure.

memories have become one of the bottlenecks to reducing the VDDmin of 2D-1 1 2 3 WL 1 Selected Cell 1 Write Operation Write half-selected disturb Cell Sigma 0 PUL PURPUL PUR Q0Q0 Normal_25C 1QB1QBPGL PGLPGR PGR PDL PDR PDL PDR -1 Normal_85C -2 Normal_125C BL BLB BL BLB 1 011 -3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Read Operation  Read half-selectedSelected Cell disturb Cell Standby Current (uA) WL 11 Fig.


Furthermore, among these parameter combinations, most of the cases lead to a low undersampling factor n, except the case where n =7 given Fs =44.1KHz.

we .nally choose this pair of parameters in Spartacus, which yields a new sampling for analyzing bandpass signals [5, 20].


In row-based dual-vdd approach, timing non-critical gates are selected to use low supply voltage.

in general, the majority of the gates are still vd d h. we only need group vd d l gates.


In case of a faulty entry in the HPVC, it will be disabled and there will be one less HPVC entry.

the HPVC replaces faulty entries in both L1 cache and HPVC itself.


Unlike test points, the structure of the logic implication hardware may allow for the detection of errors without any a priori knowledge of the patterns applied and without having to determine what the internal circuit values should be for a given input combination or sequence.

these same logic implications can also be used in functional testing without requiring gate-level simulation of the functional test sequence or storage of expected internal values.


Their very slow ramp times increase energy consumption considerably, as a consequence of the large cross-over currents drained in the sequential cells.

in order to improve e.ciency compared to conventional clocking, latch circuits have to restrict the cross-over current dissipation overhead below the Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies arenot made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


In practice, it is a design objective to keep the wire length increase small.

a solution that contains a low number of loops is preferred.


(j)) e v are respectively de.ned as follows: .e(i)=2de(i)/ce(i) - 1, (1) .v(j)=2dv(j)/cv(j) - 1, (2) where ce(i) is the capacity of ei, cv(j) is the capacity of vj , de(i) is the demand of ei, which is the number of segments that have routed on ei,and dv(j) is the demand of vj , which is the number of line ends that have lain on vj .

the routing cost of a global routing path is the summation of the vertex costs and the edge costs in the path.


we limit the scope to only consider edges that have the most effect on a particular node ni.


Determing the exact value is completely infeasible given that the number of pro.le runs needed would equal the number of virtual cache lines, which is a very large number.

an approximate value of HITLL+1 is obtained by locking a dummy (unused) virtual cache line in the set apart from LL lines already locked.


These characteristics result in a dichotomy where the objectives of maintaining locality within a SDRAM row, conflict with utilizing the local- ity present in lower order address bits to distribute ac-cesses across multiple independent banks.

in the absence of address mapping spatial locality increases row hit rate, and results in increased row conflict rate.


In contrast, SRAMs have a larger number of static flip-flops (i.e., SRAM cells) necessitating small MOSFETs to achieve a higher density.


However, it is unclear in the paper if the aforementioned solution explosion problem has been addressed.

we suspect that this method is applicable only to the case where nice CNF representations of the problem and result exist.


also has to satisfy routing resource constraints.

although minimizing HPWL in placement can reduce the average routing wirelength, the wires may be distributed unevenly.


In fact, for some 35-nm processes, leakage could potentially be even larger than dynamic energy [5][6][13].

a MIT group has studied techniques to address leakage energy, where leakage current is modeled at different levels of abstraction [12].


Decoder 8×256 7×128 6×64 5×32 4×16 Composition 3D-3R 3D-3R 2D-3R 3D-2R 2D-2R Time (ns) 0.58 0.46 0.38 0.34 0.30 BC decoder PD NPD PD NPD PD NPD PD NPD PD NPD 6×32 5×32 6×16 4×16 6×8 3×8 6×4 2×4 6×2 1×2 Composition CAM 3D-2R CAM 2D-2R CAM NAND3 CAM NAND2 CAM INV Time(ns) 0.49 0.56 0.31 0.43 0.22 0.36 0.17 0.32 0.13 0.28  Baseline Tag Dec No Mem cell Tag Mem 20bit x 512 Data Dec No Mem cell Data Mem 256bitx512 Total size 141312 B-Cache 64×6x8 CAM 17bitx512 32×6x16 CAM 256bitx512 147456 we can see that all of the decoders have time slack left.

the B-Cache would not have any time access overhead compared with a conventional direct-mapped cache.


library should not be limited to expose only area-optimal KSs.

to keep all the feasible KSs for any possible given system-design context while maintaining a concise library format, we propose the notion of Component Knob-setting Trade-off (CKT) Library.


For the output, there are four 1 s out of a total of 8 bits.


However, since it only considers the compatibility of two children for each node at one time, it is not so effective to reduce the width of the BDD.

in our method, we check the compatibility of column functions in each height, and perform the minimal clique cover of the functions to reduce the width of the BDD.


This situation makes the di.erent value of v3 with respect to v1 never observed.

replacing v3 with v1 does not change the overall functionality.


The number of useless memory requests generated in frame refreshes, which our proposed schemes can reduce, are proportional to the size and resolution of display panel.

our intelligent refresh mechanism can save more energy for larger size and resolution display panels.


Only master behavior is able to deliver synchronizing events.

during the synchronization, there is only one kind of events, AD event or DA event.


Otherwise, the connection will not follow the TCP protocol and the .ow state could not be updated (the packet processing would always generate an alert).

this reduces the number of public traces useful for our studies.


2 (20) 2 **** We have proposed the hybrid inter-sector CoMP transmis rB1H2 -rB2H1rB1H1 +rH2 B2 |H1|2+|H2|2  s1 - s2 - + = |H1|2+|H2|2  sion B to e.ectively reduce the decoding complexity at celledge user.

through numerical and simulation studies, it was the ML detection of scheme B can be reduced to symbol-wise decoding (single-symbol decoding) and the detector only has to calculate 2M.


Orthogonal codes (e.g., PN codes, Walsh codes) have the property that a code sequence has a high correlation with itself, and low (ideally, zero) correlation with other code sequences.

a receiver that demodulates the received signal using the correct code sequence can successfully retrieve the data, even in the presence of other transmissions.


On the other hand, Weak PUF has a small challenge-space.

it does not exhibit the same resistance as Strong PUFs with regard to modeling attacks, but can be utilized to generate a secret key.


We de.ne the term, EPC,(effective pattern coverage), to represent the CPP(s)=1 ..(1 .CPi(s)) (2) iEP We assume that timing defects may locate uniformly over all pin-to-pin segments.

the critical probability of each pin-to-pin segment should be treated with equal importance.


Hence, only one of the shifts, ..1, ..2,or .., is greater than zero.

any A-operation that realizes an addition can be in the form of .. +2..2 .. or (.. + ..)2-.., where in the former, only one of the left shifts and the right shift are zero and in the latter, both of the left shifts are zero.


For each compared architecture, we count only primary inputs and output pins, including carry pins, but excluding registered output pins.

the commercial FPGAs are characterized in the following way: Xilinx Virtex: Npins=28, Altera Stratix: Npins=53, Atmel AT40K: Npins=6.


tcp2q is the delay due to propagation through G2 and G5 or G3 and G6.

tcp2q has the same variations over voltage as a combinatorial path.


once the individual, sequuential routes are interfere with another droplet s destination).


2(c) such that no path can go through the interior of this box, but a path can go through each face of this box.

we conclude that a rectangle in the multi-layer model can be viewed as a speci.c rectilinear box in the 3D space.


Because of the irregularity of the netlist, it is dif.cult to .gure out the delay-optimal placement and routing.

the manual result is generated from an area-optimal placement, in which 509 LEs of the netlist use 104 clusters (520 LEs).


As a consequence of shorter wirelength between blocks, the capacitance of the routing wires is decreased.

the operations are carried out faster while consuming less energy which results in an improved EDP of the 3D FPGA.


As can be seen, independently from the application, the key differentiator used to identify the worst benchmarks from the reliability viewpoint is the analysis of which ones make intensive use of a reduced number of registers, namely, FFT and bitcount.

they are the benchmarks that experience the most severe MTTF reduction (i.e., 35% in 10 years following the normalized pattern of Figure 4) due to the hotspots found in the highly-accessed registers.


Let the ASAP schedule time of an operation o~ be denoted by s(o~), and the ALAP schedule time of an operation o~ be de- noted by l(oO.

the time-frame of an operation o4 is given by [s(oi), l(o4)].


In fact, changes to the insertion policy can only reduce the hits obtained from the middle of the LRU stack for the baseline 1 MB cache.

both LIP and BIP increase MPKI signi.cantly over the LRU policy.


For most of the test cases, the number of single vias that have at least one feasible redundant via each is about 54%~75% of the number of the edges of EI .

using the double-cut constraints instead of the con.ict constraints corresponding to the edges of EI , the number of constraints of our 0-1 ILP (= #A-Vias) can be reduced signi.cantly.


The victim driver holding resistance is supposed to be constant, but this assumption introduces a highly inaccurate approximation, since not only this resistance is not constant, but also it becomes negative during noise propagation.

it is quite possible that the noise at the victim driver input induces a negligible propagated noise glitch at the output, while at the same time it may significantly increase the holding resistance, thus resulting in a much larger total noise when injected noise is present (the driver weakening effect).


We thus consider these numbers to be highly entropic raw numbers, but the level of entropy is still insufficient to make them acceptable as high quality random numbers.


Another Figure 2: Item Composition Schemes used for Protocol Speci. cation in SystemCSV disadvantage that is common to all formalisms for communication protocol speci.cation presented so far is that in order to synthesize a transaction producer/consumer pair, the protocol must be described from two different views: the transaction producer view and the transaction consumer view.

for the same protocol two different speci.cations have to be developed which results in a decrease in design ef.ciency and increases veri.cation effort.


Note that, even though the adaptive scheme uses more re- transmissions, it still meets the deadline requirements of al- most all packets.

the increase in retransmissions is not at the expense of the network-level QoS.


In addition to monitoring the data associated with events, an event-accurate checker also needs to perform bookkeeping of the internal contents of the microarchitectural block, and thus an embedded logic implementation would be grossly inef.cient.

for functionality checking, the data associated with events should be recorded and transferred off-platform for postsimulation analysis in software, where the validity of the recorded sequence of events is checked.


However, recentwork showsthatitisnecessarytousenonlinear,asymmetric,and evenquadraticrandomvariableformstoachievethedesired accuracy.

it is crucial to develop an accurate, second-orderstatisticalinterconnect timing model which is compatible withcurrent SSTAmethods.


Similarly, the likely best value of k for the second cache line is 2.

to increase the opportunity for compression by catering to multiple patterns, our compression algorithm attempts to compress a cache line using three different potential values of k simultaneously: 2, 4, and 8.


However, the duty cycle only reaches 25% when the input supply voltage is larger than 2.7V.

it is obvious to reduce the inrush current with DPWM at the startup mode.


Each basic block in a particular processor is allocated a unique blockId.

the write.fo instruction with which each basic block is instrumented contains three important .elds.


But a GP processor has the .exibility to execute any future standard changes or extension, which might not be implementable in an RPE, due to its more application speci.c design -for example coarse-grained architectures which implement only a speci.c operational set inside each ALU which .ts the dedicated application area.

in order to provide a better life-cycle, additional GP processor cores can be included into the design.


Several routability-driven placement engines exist, but none of them are readily available for 3D.

we choose to apply our placement-driven partitioning on top of a purely HPWL-driven placement.


Advanced logic synthesis methods use Boolean function properties to guide the algorithms.

fast methods to compute Boolean function properties are needed to allow the use of these properties in the logic synthesis flow.


Subthreshold circuits are sensitive to manufacturing variability, as mentioned above.

post-silicon compensation techniques are indispensable for subthreshold circuits to meet the required performance of speed and power dissipation.


at least one transition will deadlock forever starting from marking m. By property 1, the rest of the transitions will also eventually deadlock.


As a result, PVT (process/voltage/temperature) parameters are found to exhibit large deviations from their nominal values, which causes circuit delay variations and possibly timing failures.

one needs to account for variability as part of the timing veri.cation step.


Also, every leaf must satisfy each of the disjunctions.

taking the leaves of the tree as the conjunctions of the DNF gives a DNF equivalent to e c. Using the construction of the tree we can conclude the proof: We have already established that an error (e D < e C) only happens when dropping conjunctions of size c or more.


On the left of Figure 8, B*-Tree forces block 3 right next to block 1.

block 3 is not aligned with block 4 and 5 like the sequence-pair result on the right.


Moreover they provide a convenient interface with SAT solvers in terms of conversion to CNFs and representation of interpolants [18].

unlike previous e.orts on relation solving, our objective is to convert a large relation to a set of functions with reasonable quality.


As shown in [29], the background model with K= 1 can only deal with static background.

more Gaussians are needed in aquatic debris detection to account for the dynamics from camera shaking, re.ection, and noises.


The value of F approaches 8 when we get closer to the boundary of the simplex.

the minimum must be obtained at an interior point.


Similar results are also shown for another set for c499 in table 3 where we have a 7% probability of worst case cross-talk.

in this work, we provide a graphical probabilistic causal model for the input space for ef.cient estimates of the switching Table 2: Joint Probability Switching Estimate for Nodes 300 and 330 of C432 for(a) 60K vectors (b) for compression ratio =40 State 00 01 10 11 State 00 01 10 11 00 0.06 0.19 0.19 0.54 00 0.05 0.19 0.19 0.56 01 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 (a) (b) Table 3: Joint Probability Switching Estimate for Nodes 557 and 558 of C499 (a) 60K vectors (b) for compression ratio =40        (a) (b) models that not only models singleton switching but also models joint switchings of neighboring nodes.


We de.ne a transport-layer data unit to be a packet, and a link-layer data unit to be a frame.

an application message could comprise multiple packets, and a packet could comprise multiple frames.


However, a bilinear form of a nonlinear system has significantly more state variables than the original state-equation representation.

the use of a bilinear form leads to a reduction problem with a much larger size.


70) than what its weight allows (50), it will end up with a negative credit (-20), which will be amortized by giving the .ow less service in the next round.

if we denote by sf (m) the service 2Negative credits are also used in [11].


At any .ip-.op in a circuit, the setup time constraint like (1) should be met.

the setup time constraint for a circuit can be written as CF : max { qi +.ij + sj }= T .. DF = T (2) i,j where the maximum is performed with all .ip-.op pairs with a direct edge in the reduced timing graph.


While the corrective actions are designed to improve performance, their actual performance impact is not known since end performance is never monitored.

potential performance gains are lost whenever the corrective actions do not effectively address the actual bottlenecks occurring in the pipeline.


Figure 2 shows that in most cases,3 reduction in misses correlates with reduction in CPI.

we can use the information about reduction in misses to make cache partitioning decisions.


In Section 4.2, we study these probabilities, and present empirical data that this intuition is indeed correct.

by having copies for registers that are recently accessed, CE increases the reliable read rates.


in order to ensure the long-term non-volatility of the STT-RAM.

dimensions l and w of the MTJ TMRMIN [%] 200 150 100 are scaled by a factor .


j, integer of 1 = i, j = m), each Ti can be simultaneously set to each element of CSi.

the number of ATPG patterns of an ideal LSI model is max(Ti).


the effective number of strata could be less than K. To avoid this situation, we can increase the value of K until the effective number of strata who contribute one or more units to a sample is equal to 6.


In order to simplify the descriptions, we assume in the following that a given combinatorial circuit does not contain XOR gates.

the maximum operation is conducted only among d( ,0)+t0( ) or among d( ,1)+t1( ).


Although the high frequency response is highly localized, the midlow frequency currents (1-2 GHz) dissipate outward from the source to affect several gates.

when there are multiple switching sources of current, the high frequency transients of each gate will only have local impact around the gate while the mid-low frequency transients will have additive impact at every neighboring gate, overwhelming each gate s localized high frequency effect in amplitude.


Because an edge stands for a compatible relationship, that is, a clique stands for an electrode group where all electrodes are mutually compatible and can be addressed to the same control pin.

the broadcast addressing technique can be seen as .nding a clique partition in the compatibility graph.


Each speed bin has a corresponding penalty cost that is proportional to its slowdown from the target frequency.

there exists a binning-yield loss with each design depending on the spread in its operating frequency due to process variations.


In this way, a three-level prefetcher with stream chaining can predict not only the expected next misses from the current memory access instruction but also the expected next misses from the expected next memory access instructions to miss in program order.

such a prefetcher has an extra level of .exibility and can adapt to situations both in which missing memory accesses from the same static instruction are too far apart and in which missing accesses from static instructions consecutive in program order are too near.


3.2.7 Generating Demands Anewdependenetest,alledtheoffetlengthtest[20], hasbeendesignedtodisprovedatadependenesinloops whereindiretlyaessedarraysarepresentandtheindex arraysareusedasofsetarraysandlengtharrays,suhas theoffset0 andthelength0 inFig.3.Theoffetlength testneedsarraypropertyanalysistoverifytherelationship betweentheoffetarraysandthelengtharrays.theoffetlengthtestservesasaquerygenerator.


In summary, Vsat is determined by Rt, larger Rt and L introduce larger Vpeak and V1, while V2 relies more on the relative magnitude of L compared to Rt.

there exists a certain Rt and L values that generate larger eyeopening and smaller jitter.


The next larger set size (which will be about twice the size) will not .t in the 1.5MB L2 cache.

when shell sort increases the set size beyond 2178, its working set does not .t in the L2 cache, which degrades performance.


For example, a 10% supply voltage degradation could be responsible for more than 10% transistor performance degradation, and the effect is super-linear [20].

p/G supply network design in a nanometer VLSI system is critical to system performance and functionality.


This simulation set is performed with Atalanta RTOS, Version 0.1, which does not support processor-to-processor communication/synchronization (e.g., semaphores, messagepassing) for the tasks running on different processors.

atalanta Version 0.1 cannot support preemption of longCS locks, and so our simulation treats all locks as short CS locks.


in terms of network activity only, in the .tting we force the zero-order coe.cient of the polynomials to be 0.

we can use the following expression to characterize the network e.ciencies of our servers: .x = ß1R + ß2R2 , x .


The impact is especially severe on stages right after a bank of flops, where the inputs have a high probability of arriving simultaneously.

properly modeling MIS is necessary for accurate timing analysis.


3.6 Memory Controller Design Issues In a conventional DRAM-based system, a memory controller understands whether a given memory request will hit in a row buffer or not.

it can schedule its commands so that the return data of those commands will not con.ict in a memory bus.


It is interesting to note that the worst case condition occurs at high voltage, and not at low voltage, since the decrease in current and dI/dt more than offsets the reduced voltage swing.

volts 2 1 the design of the power grid (to evaluate R) and the package (to 0  evaluate L) only needs to consider one operating voltage, which is 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 maximum VDD.


If we left out the GND cutoff transistor, when a logic gate output is high, the p-tree is on and the n-tree is off.

a leakage path exists from the high output through the n-tree to GND.


Suppose that after merging, the best Q value with the cost t, denoted by Qt, is obtained by choosing ai and bj.

qt =min{Q(ai),Q(bj)} and i + j = t. We claim that after merging, the best Q for cost t + 1, denoted by Qt+1, must be the maximum Q between min{Q(ai+1),Q(bj)} and min{Q(ai,bj+1)}.


PROO F. First of all, for any problem (not necessarily convex), its Lagrangian dual problem is a convex optimization problem, as stated in [3].

any local optimum of LD peri is a global optimum.


Note that, to report the maximum current density in Q3D for a given mesh size, the Q3D simulation result is mapped into each mesh tile.

the maximum current density of Q3D reduces with different mesh sizes in Table 2.


This architecture model closely reflects the characteristics of an island-style FPGA architecture, where we can treat each logic block as a gate (Figure 2).

we apply the interconnect density function derived in [19].


Surface smoothness is very critical to successful wafer bonding, and it is well known that the PECVD oxide has a very rough surface.

it is necessary to smoothen the oxide surface by means of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).


It is important to mention that in the case of manyupsets producingfailureatthe primary outputwe countjusta single error.

thefailure rate does not represent the number of total errors registered in the simulations.


People want not being tracked virtually while they are driving so that no one can identify them using their routes.

their movement information should be hidden from others.


It is known that design decisions taken higher in design cycle have greater in.uence on the system power dissipation.

it is important for system designers to get an early estimate of leakage power to meet the challenging power constraints.


In addition, BLEs are added to the current cluster in a greedy manner based on their minimum weighted Hamming distance to the blocks currently in the cluster.

the block with the minimum weighted Hamming distance is added to the cluster, until the cluster is full.


The heuristic assumes that a congestion-free path can be used.

our heuristic is de.ned as h(v)= (d (v),0,d (v)) and is admissible as it is a lower bound for any actual path to the target.


This is explained by the fact that the larger the number of images used for disambiguation, the higher the probability to include images that are not related to the input image.

the larger the K,the larger the number of images that would be excluded from the output list without being redundant.


To extract TSV-to-TSV coupling capacitance accurately, an approach considering only the closest neighbor  (4) or limiting the maximum target distance to calculate coupling ca pacitance cannot be used.

we propose an algorithm that [] µL Pi0Pj0 Pi0(r + tox ) Lsi,ij = ln 2p where Pi0 is the pitch between the victim TSV (#0), and the aggressor TSV(#i) and Pij is the pitch between two aggressor TSVs (#i, and #j).


However, a folded-Clos network has multiple paths between a source and a destination with all of the paths being minimal.

the di.erence between oblivious routing and adaptive routing is not clear on this topology.


We introduce the following de.nitions: (i) lamb switch algorithm.

the computation time Isolated Switches (IS): We de.ne the IS value as the average of the lamb switch algorithm is increased since it is checking of switches that are isolated due to link faults.


In general, values with leading 0 s are referred to as narrow-width values.

we can only store portion of the data without the leading 0 s and restore it by the zero-extension logics when reading it out.


By our implementation, all the random variables Yi are independent.

the standard deviation of Y can be calculated as M-1 _ _ MM-1 sY = Var[Y ] =Var Yi Var[Yi].= provides; they all suffer from long delays.


Because each program exhibits the unique behavior that is different from other programs, the reassigned method in [1] and recoding technique in [2] are individually optimal for each program, not for all programs.

an off-line analysis must be performed before starting the program execution.


(18) 0=j<t 0=j<t This is to compute the sum of a monotonically decreasing geometric sequence, where the sum is bounded by 6.5as shown in [15].


We hypothesized that the number of logic inputs impacts the sensitivity to defect and variability.

we simulate our learning method for different Boolean functions with various numbers of inputs.


The results are normalized with respect to a nominal reliability value of 3 years.

the X-axis in all the .gures represents the normalized MTTF percentage within this nominal value.


It may aggravatethecongestion of network, especiallyfor applications withintensive accesses totheL2cache.

weproposethesecondmethod of distributed named core-based-distribution, as shown in Figure2(b).


An m:n counter can count bi by connecting it to 2i inputs.

an m:n counter can implement the functionality of an M-bit GPC g, provided that: k -1 i m=.mi 2 (3) i=0 In the FPCA, both M and m are constant for GPCs, and m > M. an m:n counter can implement many different GPCs.


The dynamic power and clock wirelength resulting from the proposed .ow is 10% and 18% less than that resulting from Reference Flow 2 , respectively, while the signal net wirelength resulting from both .ows are still quite similar.

the proposed gated clock network power optimization with simultaneous CG cloning and FF merging is very effective in reducing both dynamic power and wirelength of the gated clock network.


Values do not propagate between the internal and external register .les.

fewer accesses to the external register .le imply fewer values that are sent to the bypass network.


The decoder tries to obtain the u n with the received syndrome bits and given side information y n.Ifthe decoding fails, that is, u n u n = , the decoder requires the encoder through the feedback channel to transmit the more r syndrome bits.

if the decoding succeeds, then the decoder transmits the u n to the encoder to reconstruct the source x n. the transmitted syndrome bits of the l-th iteration is de.ned as uF (l) , where F (l) = {si :1 =i =rl}.If the decoding succeeds with the rl syndrome bits, the compression rate R is determined as rl/n.


Circuits reported in Tables 4 and 5 feature a wide range of X-fill rates starting from 0.001% (C6) and getting close to 5% (C4).

the resultant increase in a pattern count significantly varies from less than 1% for circuits with a low X-fill rate (C6) up to as much as 300%, if a design sees a high percentages of X s (C1 and C4).


When Vdd and Vt change, we can calculate delay values for the ten longest paths under new Vdd and Vt levels, and choose the largest one as the new critical path delay.

the FPGA delay can be calculated as follows: 3.1 Overview In this section, we evaluate four FPGA hyper-arch classes: Class1, Class2, Class3, and Class4 (see Table 4).


The 2meanGaussianrandomvariableswithvariance sw the corresponding noisy ECG signal is q = q0 + w. (14) To quantify performance, the following quantities have been considered: 6Independent identically distributed.

.two curves almost overlap and the SNR gain in this case is as high as GSNR =14.5dB.


In our approach as shown in Figure 4 (b) and Figure 4 (c), the word-lines of the buffer span across L layers, while the bit-lines remain within a layer.

the number of inter-layer vias required for this partitioning is equal to the number of word-lines.


One of the main drawbacks of this technique is its high power consumption, due to the repeated accesses to the large configuration memory of the FPGA, as well as to the external storage.

it is desirable to perform scrubbing with the minimum required frequency and on the minimum area of the FPGA to reduce energy consumption.


The n-bit state machine can control the cache so that it takes n2 - 1 hops to enter the state of the opposite action, for example, from State +1; increasing a way to State -1; decreasing a way or vice versa, and stay in the intermediate state, State 0, in the transition period.

as long as the change in distribution of references is highly irregular across time, the state machine stays in State 0, and instructs the cache not to take any resizing action.


For dirty lines, the correction mechanism accesses the T2EC data and decodes theredundantinformation.

the maximumpenaltyfor correction is a single LLC line .ll from DRAM and invoking T2EC decoding.


Increasing write latency is likely to increase the probability of this queue filling up during program executions that exhibit burst write access patterns.

the following read requests will be blocked due to the full queue and result in performance penalty.


Note that in this case, it is unrealistic to predict the precise time of the completion of the execution of O (due to the physical distribution of component services and/or network communication delays).

the EC formula that is automatically extracted for invoke does not specify an upper limit for the time variable t2 that signifies the time of the completion of O (the range of t2 is specified as R(t1, t2) in the relevant formula of Figure 3).


However, passwords are handled by a number of modules in HotCRP, including the authentication code and code that formats and sends email messages.

the programmer must con.ne passwords by de.ning a data .ow boundary that surrounds the entire application.


Werefertothesetwooperations asbulkdataoperations.Priorresearch [41, 44] hasshown that operating systems spend asignificantportion of their time performing bulk data operations.


Furthermore, regardless of external vs. dedicated routing, the resulting chained addition would be much deeper than the tree-style addition used in our Asymmetric multipliers.

this solution, although areaefficient, may not be suitable when latency is an issue.


the convergence of this iterative error reduction scheme can be guaranteed.


Since it is infeasible to profile every program on all possible inputs to catch FVs, detecting FVs on-line would be useful.

on top of the second approach, the register file could be extended to dynamically capture FVs using extra logic.


So in both cases the entire cache block is read.

both EREA and IREA need no extra access for correlated words since correlated pairs belong to the same block and when accessing one word its correlated word will also get accessed.


Furthermore, since |si+t-dj|·c « Cap(dj), (6) can 2 be rewritten as: t(si +t,Rjk) |si +t -dj |·r ·Cap(dj)+constj .

(7) the function COST, which is the sum of the total delay from set S to registers in set D under matching F and transformation t, is as a weighted total wirelength from tapping points to subtree roots.


If one optimally grows s * (i.e., adding Fsmall to it in an optimal fashion), the resulting solution would have the peak power at least p(OP Ts *,continuous), since the optimal continuous solution (computed using linear programming formulation) gives a lower bound on any solution growing from s * .

the difference between p(OP Ts *,continuous) and p(OP T ) is only bounded by the rounding error in dynamic programming.


This is due to the fact that such a signal is ampli.ed to a greater extent by a bigger sized gate.

smaller sized gates are good for .ltering out transient pulses due to radiation strikes and hence can e.ectively reduce circuit SER.


Logically, the N bits from every DRAM chip on a DIMM rank were part of the same cache line in the conventional design; now they are completely independent and deal with di.erent cache lines.

it is almost as if there are eight independent narrow channels to this DIMM, with the caveat that they all share a single address/command bus.


q e4.6 r F e n 4.4 u T 4.2 4 Vcont(V)  Phase noise and frequency tuning range are both critical VCO specifications and these are closely correlated to each other.

to evaluate VCO performance with phase noise and power consumption as well as frequency tuning range (FTR), we propose a new figure-of-merit (FOMT) as shown in Equation 10. .


In the LVDS-type TX, off resistance of transistor is much higher than 50 O, and most of currents .ow into the TL.

the LVDS-type TX can easily achieve static power consumption rather than the CML-type TX.


From variational calculus [9], it is known that when the 8 functional H(x,y(x))dx reaches its optimum, y(x)sat -8 .H is.es the equation =0.

we get the following .y equation for SM(SP,.


However, if scaling down the metal dimensions brings large bene.ts in design quality, process engineers are willing to invest efforts towards it.

the purpose of this metal dimension reduction study is to explore the interconnect design space for maximizing the bene.t of MI-T; extreme scalings (> 20%) may not be manufacturable with the technology node due to lithography limitations, chemical mechanical  Fig.


Messages over the physically secure channel are not modeled as events because they are not subject to compromise (as opposed to the DY channel).

we veri.ed the following two claims: S: claim(S,Secret,m) and R: claim(R,Secret, m).


According to reading and programming strategy in MLC .ash memory, the largest .Vth in an MSB page is given by µ2 - µ0 (i.e., from state S0 to S2), whereas µ1 - µ0 (i.e., from state S0 to S1) yields the largest .Vth in an LSB page.

before TVR is applied, the programming time for an MSB page is 22 · tstep according to equation (14), where tstep is the time for one ISPP step.


The result also shows that the overall neighborhood state count is not increasedby reducing the states achieved for individualfaults.

thePATS test setis moreeffective than the traditional 10-detect testset when measuredby the physically-aware metric.


It is especially true for more complicated bus protocols.

displaying high level transactions in the bus monitor will improve the readability and shorten the veri.cation time.


Moreover, the variations on key transistor parameters such as threshold voltage (Vth) and mobility (µ) are much greater than the variations in silicon CMOS technologies, which significantly increase the difficulty of designing analog circuits.

a robust circuit design methodology is essential to implement more complex applications with flexible electronics.


This name will be available for future annotations via the Source_Text property.

aadlsyst is a module that can be added to the SystemC components library and can be reused for future AADL models.


When the output transistor is completely on, it shows almost no voltage drop, and if it is completely off, it presents an almost null current, and thus the power dissipation is negligible.

ideally the efficiency can reach 100% [6].


From whether the noise is latched or not.

for a the meta-stable point, node voltages are always forced to one of the two stable states.


Experiments show that the temperature reduction will increase with the increase of the thermal via numbers, however, the temperature reduction will also gradually saturate with the increase of thermal via density.

we want to insert more thermal vias at hot places and spread the thermal vias whenever possible.


This causes the logic power to increase.

to compensate for the power increase, a smaller LUT size is used to reduce the logic power.


This check could not be meaningfully performed on the single tile since connections to other neighboring tiles can vary the amount of diffusion area relative to the metal/polysilicon area, which can either resolve or introduce antenna errors.

only once the array of tiles was created were the antenna rules checked.


For an eightcore, 16M and 16-way LLC, the storage for SSV table is 2K bytes.

the total storage for the memory system with two memory controllers, two-rank per channel and fourrank per channel are 18K bytes, 34K bytes, respectively.


PODC01 Newport Rhode Island USA Copyright ACM 2001 1-58113-383-9/01/08...$5.00 limited to individual protocols; there has been no frame- work for reasoning about the semantics of quorum variables as a family.

while linearizable operations have been straightforwardly achieved for some types of quorum sys- tems (notably the dissemination quorum systems of [4]), there have been no tools available for generalizing these so- lutions or for exploring the limits of their applicability to other types of quorum systems for which such operations have been significantly more difficult to achieve (e.g., mask- ing quorum systems, [3]).


In the PARSEC benchmarks, threads running on each tile share coherent memory with other threads on other tiles.

coherence protocol messages and responses are also injected to the network during the program s execution.


Radix-2 Radix-4 Split-Radix N Mj Mnt Mtot Mj Mnt Mtot Mj Mnt Mtot 32 15 34 49 N/A 23 26 26 64 31 98 129 5 76 81 57 72 72 128 63 258 321 N/A 135 186 186 256 127 642 769 21 492 513 313 456 456  The other multiplier input is controlled by hard-coded twiddle factor lookup tables.

we can modify the tables v to replace 1 or -1 values with twiddle factor values from the previous cycle.


As another function of the BounsightTable, this system can present information onto the tabletop physical objects directly using the same projector.

this system works as a system for Spatial Augmented Reality [4].


This results from the fact that the effect of process variation is not cancelled out for the M segments under test.

there is a trade-off between the number of TSVs tested in parallel and detection resolution.


The execution times of actors are assumed to be .xed numbers in all of the proposed methods.

any change in theexecution time of one or more actors of an SDFG leads to a recomputation of the throughput from scratch.


In this procedure, ModuleList is initialized by the pointer to all the given modules while PackRegion is started with the given outline W and H. Then, this algorithm runs iteratively and Theorem 1 and 2 ensure that equations always have one legal solution for each iteration.

iterations will never be interrupted until all the modules are packed.


The second kind of those cells are not parts of the circuit xi despite their function types being not wires.

in order to evolve an optimized circuit, the evaluation function should also consider the minimization of logic gate count as follow.


Each address can be located in multiple banks.

cache management needs to decide where to place the line when it is first fetched, and subsequently, if and when to migrate a line from its current bank, and to where (to another bank or to be evicted from the cache).


Furthermore, because we provide RTL-level descriptions to the synthesizer, the area (and the power dissipation) largely depends on timing constraints.

the area and power characterization of a block must be done for different clock rates, increasing the complexity of the cost function to minimize.


In the alternative tuning approach, a digital word is employed to switch on or off a set of analog unit element devices, which determine the time-constant to be tuned [4], and the accuracy of the tuning system is correlated to the quantization of the component whose value has to be adjusted.

the length (number of bit) of the control word typically corresponds to the achievable system accuracy.


Fortunately, however, the magnitude of chip imbalance depends on the number of processors per chip, and not on the total number of nodes in the machine.

its impact stays largely constant instead of increasing as we scale up the machine to more nodes.


The overall impedance of two parallel RC circuits is determined as (Reff _ n + 1 ) //( Reff _ p + 1 ) , and simplified as sC sC eff _ n eff _ p R R 1 eff _ n eff _ p + +higher _ order _ terms R + s C eff _ n Reff _ p ( eff _ n +Ceff _ p ) For first-order hand calculations, the higher-order terms are negligible.

the overall effective capacitance is the sum of the two individual decoupling capacitances, and the overall effective resistance is the parallel combination of the two individual effective resistances.


DiSens and Worldsens suffer from similar scalability problems and use distributed simulation to address it.

they do not only bene.t form multi-processor environments, but can also be executed in clusters.


Therefore, gM (v6)can be determined without using the other part of M if M is monotonic.

3.5 Construction of cost graph We construct a cost graph for via assignment V .It represents MSEQs begun with a via and the via is denoted by vs.In cost graph G, the gain of a MSEQ corresponds to the length of a directed path in G. For convenience, a dummy via is placed to a node if no via is assigned to the node in V. a MSEQ begun with vs is represented by a sequence of vias as (vs, vi, vj, vk, ..., e)where eis a dummy via.


Each of these paths now have significantly reduced capacitance at the output node.

combined with faster precharge, the circuit also achieves a degree of resistance to charge-sharing issues.


Another benefit of the tile concept is that the number of tiles must be less than the number of grids.

the implicit connection graph in this work is considered a tiling structure rather than a grid array.


from (3) knowing the value of the load capacitor ... .5.. with ... 40.1 approximately are the transconductance and the bias current .... of each MA and M ratio for the remaining transistors.


Any difference in the two differential output voltages builds up a voltage VOS that adjusts the offset applied to the input.

at the periodic steady state of this simulation, the two outputs are equal and VOS would indicate the input offset voltage of the comparator.


(    , !% - .-% (' Figure 4: Temperatures on each of the four die on a4-die stacked3DIC an integer adder is stacked on an integer multiplier, only one of them might be active based on the application requirements.

distributing the power of each of the 3D circuit blocks uniformly among the stacked die is a conservative power density model.


We use Rmtj,p and ¯1 , neither of which is a valid state during normal operations.

if we encounter an invalid N-cell, respectively.


On average over all the phases, TaPT reduced the exploration time from 142 seconds to 6 seconds, with the longest and shortest exploration reductions being from 321 seconds to 13 seconds and from 25 seconds to 1 second, respectively.

on average, TaPT reduced the exploration time by 96%, translating to a 25 times speedup in exploration time.


Note that the length of P. should be no larger than su,v.

we can reconnect the two components by P. yielding a shorter tree, a contradiction.


Our exploration of the WiiRemote in an artistic context also demonstrates the potential for art to be experienced through an inter-relationship between the human body and computational media.

the WiiArts project provides a new means to bridge our interactions across the physical and digital worlds through physical embodiment, and in this context can inspire more people to experience the aesthetic world.


Combination of different type of noise sources: Even though failure analysis may point to capacitive cross coupling, the impact of other noise sources may be what causes an overthe edge impact condition.

when we model and target capacitive cross coupling explicitly, it may be some power supply noise that gives the final push to throw it over the edge.


For the considered example, the initial nonlinear system is stable.

jacobians of f at all lin Figure 5: Errors in output computed by TPWL models generated with different MOR procedures (micromachined switch example); N = 880; intermediate Krylov model order qi = 96; 5.5-volt step testing and training input voltage.


The DC power dissipation of M2 and, thereby, the temperature sensed by Q1, may vary due to process variations occurring within the LNA.

as in mode DC-TS, we need to de.ne the intervals in which CALN and CALP must be varied in this step, in order to .x the output of the temperature sensor to V ref .


It is called sub-optimal because neural network can not guarantee that the generated output will closely match the perfect approximation.

we further optimize the NN tests using genetic algorithm (GA) as explained in figure 5.


In this contribution, new methodologies for the veri.cation of complex static and dynamic circuit properties are presented.

an extended version of ASL is introduced, including a syntax de.nition and the corresponding model checking algorithms.


the don t care state), one memristor must be in the RON state, while the other memristor must be in the ROFF state.

the total resistance of the TCAM cell is ROFF + RON.


The following experiments were then carried out: A. Validation of Dynamic Circuit Style The dynamic circuit style presented in Section II was evaluated with the xnwFET devices in HSPICE.

vDD for Device #2 was chosen at 0.8 V. VDD for Device #3 was chosen at 1 V. The latter has a positive VTH of around 0.23 V. when these n-type devices are used for pulling up circuit nodes, the voltage at the node will not reach the full VDD but a value close to (VDD -VTH) [19].


Proof: Since .......................... only adds additional con 0 straints, it will result in a subset of the satisfying assignments to .............


According to 1 , the weight of the document in position i i2 in the priority ordering is: c+i 1 1 1 wX (d) = c1dx = c1- (1) c+i-1 x2 c + i - 1 c + i where c1 is a normalization factor to ensure that the sum is 1. c is another parameter that moves the function in order to give more or less weight to the high priority documents.

stating that the total sum weight is one:  8 1 1 c1 dx = c1 = 1 c x2 c c = c1.


If there are no empty reservation stations or ROB slots, no further instructions are dispatched.

the dispatch stage of the pipeline is stalled.


Mapping trials chosen randomly tend to be less correlated and serves well as a reference point for any future heuristic algorithm.

runtime analysis is performed based on a randomized algorithm in the searching process.


FLOW OF SLACK-DRIVEN SHAPING Using the conditions presented in Lemmas 2 and 3, we can determine the optimality of the output solution from the basic SDS.

based on the algorithm .ow in Figure 1, we propose the slack-driven shaping algorithm shown in Figure 4.


In our implementation, the range is set from three bars to six bars.

the musical phrase boundary is searched as the following: given the previous and the next musical phrase boundary, the new boundary is selected at the frame with largest confidence, in the range of the minimum phrase length away from the given boundaries.


The multiplier, in the 4D-tilebased case, is subjected to 75% less input switching activity compared to row-major case.

the multiplier dissipates considerably less power.


However, circuit cm150a may need two-cycle operations for the entire voltage range.

the pipeline performance penalty varies between 6-11%.


Speci.cally, the i-th thread begins execution starting with the i-th task.

all threads will obtain a different task in the beginning, representing the case with the largest divergence.


After circuit placement, we can perform wire sizing or add decoupling capacitors in the P/G network to further optimize power noises.

the placement result plays a crucial role for power delivery optimization.


The size of the .nal inverter stage is typically about 1000× [11] that of a minimum sized inverter in the process technology, due to the large load (typically 25pF to 50pF [12]) that the output driver is rated to drive.

the .nal stage of the output driver is typically implemented as a multi-.ngered device (with typically 10s of .ngers connected in parallel) for layout ef.ciency.


Mismatch error and .nite output resistance are requirements with greater incidence on the INL and DNL speci.cations.

it was considered that the mismatch error contribute a 50% component and the .nite output resistence contribute a 50% component.


For QVGA or VGA size images, we can shrink the original image to 80×60 pixel size image.

we design the FPGA/ASIC implementation architecture aiming at video pictures reduced to 80×60 pixels in size.


When more rings are considered, e.g., from .ve rings to nine rings, the coupling capacitance difference is only 5% for middle rings.

if the ring pitch is small enough, we can use fewer rings to estimate the cases with more number of rings.


4.2 CAST Performance Comparisons The original CAST implementation presented in [8] could be an initial comparison reference; however, for obvious reasons, comparing a parallel hardware architecture with a sequential single-threaded software implementation is unfair.

we developed a multi-threaded version of CAST.


The major disadvantage of this scheme is that the supply regulator is located off chip.

it cannot respond to the die temperature changes in a time efficient manner.


Thehighhardwareefficiency is achieved by the proposed direct 2-D transformalgorithmwhich can compute one 4x4 block of the 2-D transforms in H.264 every two cycles without using transpose memory or registers.

the proposed efficient multitransform coding design can perform HDTV 1080i and digital cinema video formats when operated at 50 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively.


8(b) indicates that RAP has considerable margin and we can trade off some of that margin for improved margin in RP .


Since through vias connect modules to their bus nets, they are not reducible.

the minimum number of bus vias, which equals the number of through vias, is achieved by this rule in [7].


First note that after the wire ordering procedure in section 4.2, /i; (overlapped and adjacent wire length between wire Wi and W;, refer to section 2.I) becomes a constant for a given pair of wires.

the yield models (3), (4) and (5) in section 2.2.I can be written as: o (is pio ' POF=-FgPOF=-GgPOF="d i ii; iiii Wi i;  s where ei g fi g Yi , Fi and Gi are positive constants for a given pair of wires.


This power saving is at the cost of possible timing yield loss due to the slower gates being used.

the problem to solve is to minimize the total leakage power with the timing yield satis.ed.


is also periodic with the same frequency.


Shield insertion is common in high-speed buses to suppress inductive effects and our use of one shield for every 3 or 4 wires is a typical method [14,15].

for each set of 3 input bits we use 4-bit codewords and the size of the codebook is 23 = 8.


The generated target code is derived from a high-level description for image processing algorithms.

this work uses the high-level description presented in [6].


As we can observe, FSTs are much easier to generate than OARSMTs.

one possible way to construct an OARSMT is to .rst construct its FSTs components and then combine a subset of them.


The baseline PV system is integrated with MPPT technique.

the proposed PV system is the power loss is reduced by 81.31%, demonstrating the effectiveness of our online fault detection and tolerance technique.


On the other hand, if the same store instruction was executed in the reference model, the next instruction executed in the reference model would be a modified instruction because there is no concept of pipeline in the reference model.

if a self-modifying code is executed, the In struct ion c o m m it Inst ruct io n L o ca l store a r ra y a cce s s  Timing issue Cha nnel reg is t er a c cess of t h e logic   reference model cannot continue executing the same sequence as the actual logic.


As mentioned in Section 2.1, the operating current in the two-story supply network is about half of that in the conventional scheme.

the power wasted in the parasitic resistors of the supply network is reduced by 72% as shown in Fig.


For example, when sensor s fails, we expect a change in the relative behavior of classi.er C (S, S - s) and classi.er C (S - s, S - s).

we calculate the F-score of each of these classi.ers with respect to the original classi.er C0 to measure the similarity between their outputs.


We provide the new method utilizing the behavioral synthesis.

the turn around time of the algorithm improvement and hardware implementation can be shorten.


This has the advantage of reducing the MCF of oppositely switching lines without penalizing the MCF of similarly switching lines as shown in Table 1.

both static and dynamic delays reduce the worst-case delay, but only dynamic delays reduce the average energy dissipation.


implies that either xi is a free interval or it is an interval occupied by a segment of the same net.

a trapezoid-shaped track assignment problem can be de.ned as follows: Trapezoid-Shaped Track Assignment Problem: Given a set of tracks T in a trapezoid panel and a set of segments ., and a cost function F : .


Thus, the total number of transitions to the RAM state [F1,F3], that is, t([X, F1], [F1,F3]) + t([F2,F1], [F1,F3]) is equal to d3.


The presence of the highly dynamic operative conditions would lead to an unaffordable overhead when the typical static worst-case dimensioning approach is considered.

we believe that both energy-scalable algorithms and implementations combined with adaptive performance/energy management are crucial to finally conquer the energy gap that separates flexible and dedicated implementations.


For a parity-based RAID, the situation is di.erent because writes and, therefore, also erase operations additionally lead to updates on other disks.

the mapping of TRIM commands is tricky and requires special handling of, e.g., cases such as partly empty stripes.


Additionally,it is important to realize that the workload on a bus may change dynamically,and thus that the bus bandwidth needs not be kept at its peak at all times.

the design versatility may greatly bene.t from a dynamic adjustment of the bus bandwidth.


For acyclic sequential circuits, it is also known that test patterns with 100% FE can be generated in practical test generation time on the time expansion model (TEM) [1].

we expect that, for an RTL circuit, we can achieve 100% FE in practical test generation time if there exists a TEM such that the number of time frames required for any testable fault is bounded by a linear function of the number of registers in it.


Comparing EQ25 and EQ26, the only difference lies in Ileak,M and tdly.

we introduce a statistical adjustment factor Astat to consider both statistical terms: · tdly I leakM = -------------------------------------------(EQ 27) Astat NI leak 0 td, nom Since subthreshold swing is a function of Vdd (a quadratic function serves as a good estimation), the closed-form expression for nominal Vmin,nom in [4] is no longer accurate.


Note that the system performance with the hybrid DRAM/PRAM shown in Figures 10 and 12 is conservative since, as mentioned in Section 6.1, we did not scale down the PRAM read latency at advanced technologies.

with a scale down of read latency at those technologies, further performance improvement can be obtained with the hybrid DRAM/PRAM main memory.


When the area budget is low, a relatively small percentageofthefeasible.xed-functioninterconnects couldalsobe implementedinapolymorphic fabric.

a polymorphic fabric is likelynot the best interconnection option in this case.


Prefetch addresses from consecutive misses may overlap and incur redundant prefetches, which waste bandwidth and energy [6].

it is critical to reduce the occupied storage and redundant prefetches in order to improve the energy efficiency.


The measurement results are investigated using 16 sample chips.

the energy consumption is less than 10 pJ / access at 0.5 0.7 V. Technology 40 nm bulk CMOS Macro size 0.566 mm x 0.976 mm Macro configuration 256 Kb (16Kb x 2 x 8), 16 bits/word Cell size 0.706 .m (logic rule) # of cells/BL 16 (RBL), 128 (WBL) Density 463 Kb/mm2 X decoder, WL driver 16-Kb memory cell array with local read circuits Address buffer Y decoder, selector, IO circuit WBL/WBLN Global RBL   CLE  WWL RWL RDE DRN WWL RWL WWL RWL RDE DRN WWL RWL YS Input Output Readout 4.


We focus on the fact that the computational complexity of the column operation is less than that of the row operation.

the column operations can be performed more frequently than the row operations when the row and column operations are performed simultaneously.


Clearly, the larger the reserve, the less we have to be concerned about increasing the slack of the pin.

to maximize the freedom of pin permutation, it is beneficial to maximize the slacks at all pins, rather than just the most critical ones.


Not only are the two metrics almost perfectly correlated (correlation coe.cient 0.9995), but the scatter plot shows that the application allocates almost exactly the number of bytes that are also mmapped during the dip.

the JVM calls mmap to keep pace with the allocation requests of the application.


In reality, the changes in the physical dimensions are not deterministic values but are random variables.

it is required that an interconnect analysis framework be developed that takes in probability densityfunctions (PDFs) of the changes in physical dimensions and outputs the PDF of the change in the interconnect delay.


However, pFFT also handles the boundary integrals, and con.icts with the CMRM.

in the ODBEM, only a direct solver of linear equation system is implemented, which does not a.ect the performance evaluation of the CMRM for extraction with many frequency points.


A signature is made in step 13 from the encrypted backup package .le for external checks.

in steps 14 to 16, the loopperforms an encryption of the backup session key ksbkp using each publickey of backup HSM s certi.cates, creating as many encrypted session keys as backup certi.cates there exist.


1(b), it is possible to identify that a parallel arrangement, i. e. (a + b), can be implemented using the separated gates of the transistor.

some researchers have observed the possibility to merge parallel transistors in IG FinFETs and reduce the transistor count in logic gates [5-7].


Study flow for on-chip pulse signaling  restore the pulse loss through the oscillation with capacitance.

a larger L (e.g., using a wider and thicker wire) is preferred to mitigate peak attenuation and preserve pulse integrity.


Thesimulatedwaveformsof ourproposed circuit areshown inFig.5 whereNis 5.As in transitionsfromhigh tolow, n1 is pulled up to VDDH to ensure the diode transistors stack is able to sink current from VDDH.

both intp and intn rise to within 10% of their corresponding steady statevoltageinafewhundred ns(FO4delay at 0.3Vinthis technology is 18ns).


The algorithm then repeats as in the previous iteration.

we iteratively fix one more phoneme in each successive iteration, and then append the super-wildcard construct to help identify the next best phoneme.


, {niwi,thiemo}@sics.se¶ more intensive due to the weak GPS signal strengths (about 20 dB below the noise level); and Doppler frequency shifts ( 4.2 kHz) caused by the satellite motion (and receiver movement on the ground) [4].

the .rst factor makes it dif.cult to duty-cycle the GPS receiver for saving energy; while the second necessity introduces the need for a sophisticated CPU for complicated computations.


With the PNoC routers the power is managed locally based on speci.c local current and voltage demands, decreasing the dependency on remotely located loads and power supplies.

the scalability of power delivery process is enhanced with PNoC approach.


Please note that the width of a segment is usually much smaller than fabrication allowed size.

it cannot be matched to any row index in the lookup tables.


X = 1 0 with probability p with probability 1 -p (s |= f), (s |= ¬f).

(2) by running a system simulation and by checking f on the resulting trace we can obtain a sample from random variable X.


Fortunately, our LLC has large capacity, and it is highly likely that the local L2 miss can be satis.ed in the LLC.

we parallelize these two operations for performance bene.t.


The execution time of a single execution path ending at a particular exit is the schedule cycle of the exit.

the expected execution time, or cost, of the entire superblock equals the weighted sum of the schedule cycle of each exit multiplied by the exit s probability.


might generate large number of gates/interconnections and the searching space for the optimization is exponential.

simulation-efficient partitioning scheme should be judiciously considered before the gate level optimization.


Our experiments show that across the benchmark suite, there are a siz- able fraction of dead times greater than 10,000 cycles.

the then online approaches suggest that a beginning skier (who doesn't know whether they will enjoy skiing or not) would be wise to rent skis 10 times before buying.


Typically solving the linear relaxation is much easier than solving the corresponding ILP.

for many circuits, we do not need to expend a lot of computational effort to ascertain the minimum leakage power dissipation.


and often can lead to a solution that suffers from sub-optimalityin terms of overall wirelength.

let n be the global placement iteration number and M be itsupperbound2 andde.ne p(n)as the alignment weight schedule function for each iteration n. The following equation for p(n)is proposed: 8 2 8n M > 0 = n< < M2 4 8(n-M M p(n)= 1- 2 )2 = n = 3M (4) > M2 44 : 8(n-M)2 3M <n = M M2 4 To minimize hard constraints during the initial stages of global placement,p(n)graduallyincreasesduringtheinitialiterations and to minimize large constraint changes during the .nal stages, the functiondecreases towardzero atthelastiteration.


If the data lifetime of cache blocks is distributed randomly, using only one cache type such as SRAM-or NVM-based options, it is not suitable for variable data streams.

we can distinguish the data lifetime of cache blocks to improve performance and energy.


An on-chip VCO is capacitively coupled to a polyphase network that directly drives the mixer transistors.

power-hungry bu.ering at RF-frequencies is avoided.


Line 1 to Line 6 illustrates the process to assign performance specs as chromosome for each individuals of the major population iteratively.


In order to understand the benefit of these detection and correction circuitry, we need to analyze the behavior of the applications without them.

in the AFI experiments, we intentionally bypass the existing on-chip protections in the hardware.


In our ef.cient inductance models, we can easily construct the RLC netlist for a N parallel wires as in Figure 8 or Figure 9.

the coupling effect, mainly inductive coupling of other signals next to the clocktree can be taken care of by simply adding them in the clocktree simulation.


We count the number of cross-net care bits, 0-per-net care bits and 1-per-net care bits.

care bits can be precalculated and used as a cost function.


Those combinations span a wide range of operating points sufficient to cover the voltage ranges over which one plans to simulate.

given the circuit topology of Figure 10, Kirchoff s current law (KCL) at the output node can be expressed as an ODE: dVin Ip - In + (Cm ) - I(Zint) - I(Zout) dVout dt = .


This is because the overhead of sharing-FPU on the performance is more than the area/power saving.

since in real applications and benchmarks the maximum FP density is less than 50% we limited ourselves to this value for experiments related to the non-blocking core.


Likewise, the PTL XNOR2 has an equivalent AOI22 implementation.

there is no reason why an explicit PTL cell should be present in a contemporary cell library.


Nevertheless, a higher peak, seen in Figure 1(b), is not desirable due to the constraints it places on the package hardware.

a better approach may be to consider both the peak and the average temperatures in the optimization objectives, and we do this in our .oorplanning methodology.


In contrast, our approach adds only the relevant constraints at each unrolling, thereby reducing the overall formula size.

ideally we would like a smaller set R(d) to increase the effectiveness of our simplification.


Due to the multi-rail encoded data and explicit handshake-based event-ordering, the authors in [3] proved that any failure by a single stuck-at fault in the PCHB circuit either deadlocks the circuit or produces an illegally dual-rail encoded output (X 0X1= 11 ).

fail-stop behavior can be implemented by adding a checker (NAND gate) onto each output of a PCHB circuit.


Speci.cally in the gate sizing optimization problem, as the probability of failure of constraint satisfaction increases, the utility of the improvements in the objective functions as a result of the failure of the constraint decreases rapidly.

a stricter notion of utility functiongivenbyVonNeumann andMorganstern[16] for .i is identi.ed in this situation.


In this line tracking competition , a little offset of the car from the black line will be negligible.

the integral term,with so many undesirable side effects,will not be used in PID control.PD control will be used instead to maintain output with fast rise time,small overshoot and short setting time.


In the best case, if C (combinational logic C+ and C-) is selected to route to the next Basic Cell and no signals are routed to other Cells, the entire D-FF stage and the Output stage can be shut down.

the number of ON current trees is reduced to 9 (7 CML MUXs, one emitter follower pair).


While the re-programmable capability provides .exibility, it also leads to area and performance overheads in comparison to custom chips.

to bene.t from advantages of both FPGAs and custom chips, heterogeneous FPGAs have emerged as an attractive choice for system-on-a-chip implementations.


Several phase detection schemes have been proposed [1], [32], yet most of them tend to capture fine-grain phases that may incur excessive overhead to software optimizations.

we decide to use ADORE s low-cost PC-Centroid [17] approach to detect phase changes.


If con.ict occurs between two functional droplets, the one with higher Mi value will fall back and wait (Lines 13-18).

the con.ict can be iteratively resolved.


In contrast with 2D architecture, the temperature variation aggravates the NBTI effects in the upper layer.

using the scheme proposed in [11] aggravates lifetime in the upper layer and is not effective for 3D architectures.


Since tracing back can only .nd a path from the new location to one G-Cell passed through by one subnet.

only one of the subnets can be connected.


Note that although it is very important to protect data against soft errors, soft errors are quite rare [9].

it is critical not to pay performance penalty in the common case when no soft error occurs.


Observe that for a (k-1)-depth analysis of a design, there can be at most k different memory read accesses from a single read port; out of which at most k accesses can be to un-written memory locations.

in total we need to introduce k symbolic variables for the different data words for each read port at analysis depth k-1.


Let F be the (2M +1) ×(2M +1) matrix with m-th row (F)m =[ v1 ,cos( 2pm ), ···,cos( 2pmM ), 2 2M+1 2M+1 sin( 2pm ), ···,sin( 2pmM )], ß(t)=[ß0(t),... ,ß2M (t)]T 2M+1 2M+1 2L and T(t)=[T(0,t),... ,T(2M2M+1 ,t)]T , which is the spatial vector of temperature samples.

then, since F-1 = 2 FT 2M+1 , the BS can .nd ß(t)from T(t) and viceversa by: T(t)= Fß(t) .. ß(t)= 2 FT T(t) (7) 2M +1 to provide a set of reconstructed processes {ßTm(t)}2M m=0 T is equivalent to providing a reconstruction T(x,t).


If a local approximation function is used with too large a step size for the approximated function, truncation error may exceed an error bound threshold.

before each time step, the maximum safe step size satisfying a truncation error bound on an element s temperature as a function of the states of its (transitive) neighbors is computed (see Equation 16).


Out of this, a plethora of software for receiving and analyzing DVB streams has emerged.

turning a standard PC in a powerful DVB receiver and analyzer requires one to buy a cheap receiver adapter and install some software.


The cells in logic depth 2,4,8 and 9 are hole mobility critical cells because the timing arc is rising on the path.

we perturb the cells to be placed close to green area in hole mobility contour.


BW: 25.6GB/s)close-and open-row FR-FCFS policy [41]64-entry transaction and command queues 11-11-11-28 tCAS-tRCD-tRP-tRAS 39-12-6-6 tRC-tWR-tWTR-tRTP 5-24 tRRD-tFAW dirty LLC eviction within the region.

to minimize premature writebacks, BuMP employs the dirty region table (DRT) to keep track of cache-resident high-density modified regions that are evicted from the density table.


The purpose of the busy counters is to keep track of the remaining clock cycles for each (simulated) link to be idle.

whenever a request arrives at the transmitter side, we choose a busy counter with the smallest value (representing the link that is the .rst to be available in future) for each con.guration and increment each of them by the cumulative number of cycles to transmit the request packet over the link.2 As time goes on, all busy counters are decremented by one for each cycle until it reaches zero.


Note that finding the MICs of clusters is fast because it does not involve any matrix calculation, and there exist efficient heuristics [2][3][4] for this purpose.

we assume the maximum instantaneous currents {MIC(Iclus1), MIC(Iclus2), MIC(Iclus3), MIC(Iclus4)} for all clusters are known in advance.


However, direct application of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods is futile, since the number of points required to achieve a reasonable estimate increases as the square of the resolution.

there has been substantial effort to design efficient algorithms to more efficiently perform simulations to determine SRAM yield.


The maximum number of meander segments for the .rst wire can be calculated using (7), but the Mth wire can not have as many meander segments, because creating a meander segment on the Mth wire requires that all the wires above should be pushed upwards.

fewer meander segments can be created in the free space.


50% out of the first signal and 50% out of the latter one).

degradation of sensitivity will not occur in spite of rapid synchronization, and synchronization will always be completed within the period equivalent to 2 spreading codes (if enough SNR for receiving is guaranteed).


x If the TCAM cell is in state 1 or 2 , mem2 is in the RON state and VY is high.

as MR2 is ON, there is a direct path from MLR to GND, thus causing MLR to discharge.


Fortunately, the purpose of setting up caches is increasing performance, not providing correctness.


During each non-write cycle, the dummy bit line BLD0 is driven in energy recovery mode.

non-write cycles in CLM are more dissipative than in conventional SRAMs.


STM records every speculative store in a log.

employing STM with durable memory transactions still requires maintenance of a journal.


Note that equation (5) does not consider the switching power consumed on the coupling capacitances.

when only one of the lines switches, the coupling capacitance cc ·l charges or discharges with a voltage level change its coupling energy consumption is 0.5 c lV .


proved that there is at least one OARSMT embedded in the escape-graph.

the computational geometry problem can be transformed into a graph-theoretical problem.


A tradeoff between the length of a link and its clock skew reduction effect is needed.

when selecting node pairs, we consider both clock skew and link length to find the node pairs which are most beneficial for link insertion.


Since batteries are, in many cases, not rechargeable, energy saving is a high priority.

architectural principles should be informed by energy saving schemes designed based on these premises.


Predictive control of the traffic sources Suppose that the ON states of several traffic sources overlap and lead to congestion in the network.

starting at time t0, the packets generated by source i cannot be delivered to their destinations.


That setting which pairs of con.guration bits identical is most bene.cial becomes a problem.

we have to de.ne the criticality of con.guration bit.


This synchronous approach however has reached a critical point, with clock distribution becoming an increasingly costly and complicated issue.

the last decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in asynchronous design techniques, which do not rely on global clocks but achieve synchronization by means of localized synchronization protocols between the communicating subsystems.


The value of Vfbb at which performance peaks depends to a .rst order on the ratio Ion/Ijunc smaller the ratio, smaller the maximum Vfbb that the device can tolerate before the increase in Ijunc starts dominating the increase in Ion.

it is important to verify whether a sub-0.5V system has its performance peak in the Vfbb = Vdd regime.


A volume IEbased method is capable of handling arbitrary nonuniform materials with great ease, however, the resulting linear system of equations is not only dense but also large involving volume unknowns in the entire 3-D circuit.

when the problem of interest involves complicated materials, the FEM method has been a popular method for choice because of its great capability in handling both irregular geometries and inhomogeneous materials.


Additionally, its high resistance ratio (>103) provides a further advantage for multiple level storage.

a PCM has the great potential to achieve a compelling combination of high density, high speed, low power consumption and high stability [1].


With ASICs, the designer has to account for all the deep sub-micron effects in their design.

aSIC software must provide users with tools to address these deep sub-micron challenges.


The mean and standard deviation of the error of earthquake onset time are 280 and 1310 milliseconds, respectively.

compared with the earthquake onset time, the results of the preliminary picker are more concentrated on the true P-phases.


Simulation results on an ADC and on a VCO demonstrate that switching noise can severely degrade circuit performance.

digital switching e.ects must be carefully considered when designing accurate analog circuits.


Secondly, the physical mechanisms responsible for generating variability are often not understood well, especially for new technologies that exhibit physical behaviors not encountered.

the typical assumption of a normal distribution may be incorrect.


As a result, in many cases, only two threshold voltages are utilized.

we concentrate on the problem of low-leakage SRAM design when only two threshold voltages are available.


The blocks have been formed such that there is minimum correlation between the current of the blocks.

assuming that the number of the blocks is relatively large and most of the blocks are independent from each other, Grid Grid type # of nodes # of blocks Mean (mV) Std dev (mV) 95% conf int.


A MHA consists of a set of Miss Status Holding Registers (MSHR, also known as TBE) and the number ofMSHRsdeterminesthe amountof outstandingmisses a cache can experience before it blocks.

the more MSHRs a cache has the more a processor can go ahead before stalling.


After a formalization process, the Mission Pro.les are passed down from the OEM to the semiconductor manufacturer.

mission Pro.les are a promising approach for recognizing malfunction of a system or its components as they consider all system components along the entire supply chain and are available in an early stage of the design .ow.


¦ Simpli.cation: By applying simpli.cations on the software algorithm it is concluded that the maximal excursion from zero of the random walk should be 397.

inequality -397 ...... +397 is implemented in hardware using just one counter and a register for recording the maximal excursion from zero.


However, the networking stack introduces delays due to interrupt coalescing.

we model interrupt coalescing with a 50 µs timeout [36].


However, the forward engineering process is known: going from a musical representation to an audio representation is what MIDI cards and synthesizers perform all the time.

given a su.cient instrument model, it is easy to render any set of notes, making sense in exploring this path.


In addition, to consider the cluster size e.ectively, we adopt the best-choice clustering [1] to obtain the clusters during each level.

in the .nest level after each PGL macro is declustered, the latches belonging to the same PGL group would have relatively closer distances, which provides a good initial input for analytical placer.


node MTBF larger than several days could comfortably considered even in ultimate CMOS).

performance penalty induced by rollback recovery will be insignificant.


The average memory access delay (queuing and transmission) is given by memdelay and determined through a Machine Repairman Model [17] [16].

the ideal throughput is: clk throughputideal = .


Post-silicon validation enables the execution of many tests not run during the pre-silicon stage.

we Figure 3: Protocol detector hardware units validate protocols during post-silicon validation.


But if we choose to insert bu.er at a and then to insert one more bu.er elsewhere in the circuit, the average slack improvement is much lower compared to the case where we would have chosen to insert bu.er at b.

if we just look-ahead one level, we can make a better  Better Slack Avg.


Let us assume that the delays of all transitions are the same and that t2 is not enabled.

from marking m(a)= 1, m(b)= 0, two transitions of the corresponding Markov chain are possible: Guard {a}is selected, transition t1 is enabled and .red leading to a new marking m ' (a)= 0, m ' (b)= -1 with a negatively marked place b.


The x-axis of the graphs is given in terms of s representing the variation from nominal of each parameter.

for example, Figure 3(a) suggests that values of more than 40 parameters in failure points have an average difference of 0.4s from each other.


Considering the above two arguments, it is evident that the VC buffers, MUXes, DEMUXes and the crossbar constitute the critical path of the NoC router.

we propose to protect these components using self-healing techniques.


The coefficients are randomly generated from 100 to +100 for each RSM equation.

some variables have strong effects on the output response and some are weak if coefficient values are near 0.


Then the remaining time-points t1 to tn-1 are calculated such that they divide the range [0,tn] uniformly.

the formula for tk is given by tk = (k / n) · tn (23) i+2 i+2 11 0 2a (t - t ) + i + 2 for k=0 to n. Sometimes, using a ratio approach given by i +1 i+1 11 0 b (t - t ) i + 1 .


Unfortunately, clustering of rows leads to a very high number of signals connecting cells in the power-gated region with the cells in the non-power-gated region.

we would need to instantiate a large number of anchor cells.


GRID SAFETY CHECK We now present our third solution approach where we check if the grid is safe, under all transient currents that satisfy the current constraints, without having to actually .nd the worstcase voltage drop at every node.

it is cheaper than both methods of section 5 and it provides a fast answer under speci.c given voltage drop thresholds.


However, since the multiplexers are addressed from 0, the last multiplexer has address 2n+O 1.

this is shown in callout D. 2n+O 1 represents the maximum value that can be transmitted over the WA_Routing line.


The AOI22 cell is power efficient and is already in virtually every cell library.

we simplify the library without sacrificing transistor count by using the 12-transistor AOI22-based MUX2 shown in Fig.


It expects that the vector will reach in a double Z order [1].

it is possible to decide each one of the macroblock subpartition to finally decide the macroblock partition.


However, a Gaussian distribution fits all three programmed states almost equally, while the fitness of the other distributions varies significantly among the three programmed states.

we conclude that a Gaussian distribution is a decent model for flash cell threshold voltage distributions.


Such technologies have a signi.cant impact on the heat generated and extracted in the di.erent stacks.

in this work we will also design and study the thermal behavior of 3D MP-SoCs which use RRAM as an L2 cache.


While such functions can be given arbitrary names (subject to giving different functions distinct names), for documentation purposes and to facilitate debugging, they are given names that indicate their intended purpose.

extraction functions are named extract_m_w(X) to indicate the extraction of w bits from bit vector X starting at bit position m1.


The network performance highly depends on the characteristics of the data exchanged through the NoC.

tra.c modelling is one of the most important aspects in NoC design [13].


If ez(Rj,Ri) is a critical Z-edge, then we have TCj-TCi = TPDi,j(max)-P. However, if pi,j > Di,j-di,j, we should have TPDi,j(max)=TPDi,j(min).


This gets transformed to a = null after propagation through b = a; .

the fact at the beginning of the method becomes b = null .


By assigning 0 to blue and 1 to green, each triplet corresponds to a binary code.

in our target, the .rst line of any cell codes the column number in the target while the second line codes the line number.


We measure and analyze this extra work in terms of energy (see Figure 7 in Section 5.2), and based on our studies, RaT consumes on average 57% more power for 2-thread workloads and 43% for 4-thread workloads than the basic ICOUNT fetch policy.

raT requires more energy to increase the performance of the SMT processor.


The restrictions on Proto for BioProto are implemented solely in the emitter: any Proto primitive that the BioProto emitter encounters that does not have a :grn-motif annotation produces a compilation error, as does any literal that is not a Boolean.

we simply declare and/or annotate only those primitives that are currently supported; future expansions of BioProto to larger subsets of Proto can thus be handled simply by declaring/annotating the missing primitives or by adding the missing types to the language.


In the case of a break (silence) the correspondent pitch is the minimum possible integer.

individuals are made up of a number of genes -notes-, each of them including two parameters, pitch and duration.


One way to view formal veri.cation is testing with complete input-coverage .

cM is useful to provide some structural information to guide the search for a SAT solution with di.erent expectations.


During type-M execution periods, both IPC and memory power consumption will be affected by the change of memory interface.

we choose con.gurations that maintain high memory clock frequencies to minimize the IPC degradation.


13(a), tensile stress in ßxx map is highest around the side location along the upward and downward directions.

this high tensile stress helps the crack to propagate in the upward direction.


As a consequence, we group switch logic blocks based on the switch input or output port they belong to, and treat port failures as the failure of attached links.

we end up having one diagnosis bit (pass/fail) per switch port/link.


An invariant holds if all states of all paths of length k starting from the initial states satisfy the invariant, and there is no simple path of length k + 1 starting at an initial state or leading to a failure state, and not going through any other initial or failure states.

the invariant is strengthened by eliminating those states that have some bad states among their successors at distance k or less.


cessor) on average, and every 35 minutes for swim.For our benchmarks, the re-encryption takes less than 300 mil 6.3.2 Performance lion cycles even for swim, which has the largest working set.

the re-encryption overhead is negligible in practice.


Thekeyidea ofthecompensation algorithmistoestimate the frequency of the sampling clock as closely as possible.

at every pulse of this generated clock, we know that (close to) 1/Fs seconds of real time has elapsed.


However, more voltage islands also incur higher cost for the supporting circuitries (e.g., level shifters).

when the number is too large, the bene.t provided with .ne-grained voltage assignment cannot compensate the associated power cost.


requires 5478 bit-areas (one bit-area is the area required to implement one single-port SRAM bit) while the area required to implement a 2048-bit single-port array requires only 3229 bit-areas.

the ratio of logic blocks packed per chip area for in both cases we conclude that dual-port arrays are a single port array is 0.0148, while the same ratio for a dual- not as efficient as single-port arrays when used to implement port array is 0.0117.