If the height of the design is reduced, it can become un-routable because the routing resources on the V cut line are insufficient, although the length-demand appears to be sufficient.

we first propose methods to predict the maximal H/V cutdemands before placement.


However, in a real attack, the fault injected into the system can hit any part of DES at any algorithm iteration.

an attack consists in injecting single or multiple faults in the DES implementation and comparing the faulty output against the fault-free coded word.


The comparative results are shown in Figure 9 based the areas of the 3T1D, 4T/4TI and 4T1D cells (given by 1162.2, 1304.2 and 1531.2, respectively) as well as the areas of 3T [21], 6T [21], 7T [24] and 8T [25] cells.

the SRAMs account for a significant area penalty.


For part of the noise: based on the fact that differencing two Gaussian variables results in a new Gaussian variable with twice of variance, the noise energy is magnified, which also helps to improve the estimation precision.

the noise variance can be estimated as: 1 N NG 1 -- m2 2 m m 2 W .= - ()|) k s = s ( y) (| y' ()k y' .


if request A s data are not buffered but bypass the buffer, we will obtain the same scenario as the one in Figure 2 (a).

we need a sophisticated scheme to make a better buffering decision to resolve the conflict.


The maximum ring frequency is therefore proportional to the number of holes.

if N is the number of stages in the ring, then h = N - k, and we have the following bound on the performance: /L Ring Frequency = (N - k)RStage i (6) i Figure 3 shows a plot of the ring frequency versus its occupancy.


Since the distribution of Lg depends on the distribution of space Spoly between adjacent gates, delay tb(e) has a correlation with the delay of the edge corresponding to the adjacent transistor.

we introduce a correlation between delays tb(e') and tb(e") of edges e' and e" which correspond to transistors with the same type in a logic gate, and denote the coefficient of correlation between these delays by .b(e',e").


When custom DM managers are used, their designs are manually optimized by the developer, typically considering only a limited number of design and implementation alternatives due to the lack of formal methodologies to explore the DM management search space.

designers must de.ne, construct and evaluate new custom implementations of DM managers and strategies manually, which has been proven to be programming intensive (and very timeconsuming).


Finally, we assume most users have favorite or regular itineraries.

it is viable to create the normal movement pro.le for each user.


Then, these signals will remain stable during the circuit operation.

the delay of the reconfiguration functions is meaningless.


the increase of the number of scan paths is slower than that of FFs.

the maximum scan path length is lengthened.


Similar arguments hold for s > s2 and if * s = s2 and it is evident that only m2 should have been used for the whole execution of the task.

we can reduce the number of con.gurations in the schedule by one and still use less or equal amount of energy.


table 2 only compares their time complexities.


However, a conceptually-simple attack involves reverse-engineering the bitstream and recompilation[8].

reverse-engineering must also be prevented, so confidentiality of the bitstream became a requirement for preventing cloning.


The successful mapping algorithm can recognize and reconstruct the boundary with target mapping functions.

they can replace recognized regions with target macro blocks, and the size of original design must be reduced while all macro blocks have zero costs (size).


In Figure 13, compared with the power consumption of the faulttolerant bus without any sub-bus partitioning, the power consumed by the bus with parity partitioning without shielding insertion (perm+ spacing + partitionparity)is 3% 13% less.

partitioning parity can reduce the extra power consumption caused by the coupling capacitances of non-adjacent bus lines.


The matrix-vector product 0 gg 0 g g y = A · x can be achieved by solving -GT y = CT x or 0T 0 0 TT T -U L y = C x .

the cost of the algorithm is linear g g 0 in both the moment matching order k and the number of variational parameters n , and almost linear in the number p of circuit nodes.


For a single environment the .tness value is determined as f = f (2) + f (4) + f (6) + f (8) for even-input circuits and f = f (3) + f (5) + f (7) + f (9) for odd-input circuits, where f (i) is the number of correctly processed testing sequences by the circuit with i inputs.

the maximum .tness value that we can reach is fmax = 22 + 24 + 26 + 28 = 340 for even-input circuits and fmax = 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 = 680 for odd-input circuits.


Coefficients {30093, -2423, 2726, 3140, 1564, 762} are computed at the 4th level whereas the other coefficients are computed in between levels 1-3.

in case of delay variations where the 4th level outputs are not computed properly, the characteristic of the filter would be severely affected because 30093 is the most important coefficient to determine the filter response.


With this mechanism, connections that will reach the starvation threshold at the next cycle are not eligible for chaining.

switch ports held by a long series of packets are returned to the switch allocator pool to be reassigned to waiting packets.


If the ratio (Ci)/(Cj )remains .xed over time and (Ci), (Cj .

are bounded from below by some constant, then pi/pj .qi(Ci)/(qj (Cj )) Proportional allocation is obtained if we use the same value of C for all items.


The results of Parquet, Capo, IMF and IMFAFF described in [4] only stated that the whitespace allowed is less than 15%.

we chose our case of 10% whitespace to compare with these .oorplaners for HPWL wirelength in Table II.


2.2.2 Arbitration primitive The arbitration primitive mediates between two incoming streams of .its enforcing mutual exclusion and merges the result into a single outgoing stream.

it provides complimentary functionality to the routing primitive.


We require that the weights sum up to one, i.e., aj + ßj = 1, in which case the Equation 1 can be seen as an instance of Bayesian model averaging.

given the action si of node i, on average the node j forwards sj,i si packets, where the probability sj,i changes as a function of available energy and actions of node i.


Observe that, in the ntg protocol, if the length of the path that a packet has to traverse is increased, its priority at a given edge can be changed.

edges composing a packet path can not be replaced indistinctly with paths.


However, since HLS tools are not constrained by a prede.ne micro-architecture, data dependencies alone determine the minimum II that can be achieved.

the e.ciency of loop pipelining in the context of HLS is dependent on the accuracy of dependency analysis provided by these tools.


If data of SRAM cell is available, data can be used after waking up.

even in sleep mode, SRAM cell still stores usable data in some case.


Compared to other emerging nonvolatile memories such as Magnetic RAM (MRAM) and Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), PCRAM memory has excellent scalability, which is critical to the success of any emerging memory technologies.

much R&D activity in industry, including at IBM, Intel, Hitachi, ST Microelectronics, and Samsung, has been onPCRAM technology [1,3,5,7,9,15,16,18,24].


the probability that a block experiences a hit beyond .ll stack position zero within the corresponding epoch is only 1 2 9 implying that the majority of the blocks become dead at .ll stack position zero.


To ensure there is no interference between SCANS and UPDATES, a SCAN must .rst wait until the beginning of a phase.


Because of Eq.3, incremental search of Smax starts searching from max(BSTAS i) instead of zero.

at .rst, the initial value of switching-time constraint Smax is set as max(BS TAS i).


On the other hand, the locations of reservoirs/dispensing ports can be determined manually after synthesis, since they do not affect the area of microfluidic array or the processing time for the bioassay.

based on the information provided by a chromosome, the synthesis procedure can be carried out based on the above three phases.


A global alignment homography Gi transfers image Ii in Pi into the global reference frame.

but it can also be written as a transfer of Ii to Ij with Hij followed by transfer to global frame with G j. G jHij = Gi we can build a sparse linear system of equations, where each Hij is known, to compute the unknown global transfers.


Also note that the likelihood for an unsuccessful search for a locatable item is at most exp(-e.L) < 1/L.

even though each locatable item can have some failed searches, these searches constitute a very small fraction of total searches for the item.


-2CR 2 a =Ce (3) m 1 where C1 and C2 are constants.

equation (2) is a function of bending radius of optical waveguide.


However, as discussed in Section 4.2.1, in Table 4, benchmarks with a high count of L2 store misses consume more power than other type of workloads.

the analytical model includes L2 store misses to improve accuracy.


Then, when the TRDPLL is in lock, the timing resolution can be determined as: t tN1 - N2 .T = T - T =-= t .


But a careful analysis shows that such a combination is not really necessary for tamper resistance.

under the new policy, the algorithm to find minimal safe partitions in recurring functions will be same as the algorithm for nonrecurring functions.


In the conventional VIPT cache, the TLB is always accessed in parallel with data cache accesses.

there is no overhead in terms of performance with the TLB index-based tagging scheme on TLB hits.


With respect to propagation of delay, we shall say that a full adder does not transfer the generated delay to the adjacent higher order full adder if two current input to a full adder A and B are equal since CarryOut is determined by only A and B without respect to CarryIn.

if Ai=Bi, nbit ripple carry adder can be divided into independent subsequent parts that can operate in parallel.


What gets sent through the network depends on the policy of the embedded device whether to cache whole or part of incoming program partitions or not.

a safe program partition depends both on how to divide the program and on the client policy of managing partitions.


Before proceeding, note that the workload prediction is trivial for a leaf PR; it must be equal to its WCEC otherwise the deadline is not met for the worst-case.

when there is only one PR for a program, the performance level will be adjusted to f = WCEC / T at the program entry where T denotes the deadline or timing constraint, which is identical to applying inter-task DVS methods.


This is because the PMOS transistors connecting the VVDD line to the internal nodes are off , as their |VGS| values are below the PMOS threshold voltage.

the current supplied to the circuit block is used exclusively to charge up the VVDD node.


Unlike buck converters which are fundamentally impossible to scale for smaller loads without incurring prohibitive losses, SC regulators can be scaled by simply adjusting the size of the capacitor and the switches.

sC regulators can be easily subdivided into modules that can be added together in parallel based on demand.


Then, the variable pi,j has the following property: if pi,j =a works with clock period PINS(k), pi,j = a also works with clock period PINS(k), where 0 d a d a d ai,j; if pi,j =a does not work with clock period PINS(k), pi,j = a also does not work with clock period PINS(k), where 0 d a d a d ai,j.

we can use the binary search strategy to find the minimum value of variable pi,j, where the interval of binary search is [0,ai,j].


In the experiments, for all the test cases, npin is less than 50 and could be regarded as a constant, nvi is at most the number of blocks, and nnt is much smaller than O(n2).

the total complexity for counting level shifters is O(n2).


As shown in Figure 7, the magnitude of current pluses delivered to the PRAM cells decreases as the gate length increases because of the increased transistor on-resistance.

transistors with longer gate length may not be able to deliver sufficient current to successfully program a cell, while transistors with shorter gate length are likely to over program the PRAM cell.


A valid check value reduces the error counter.

the monitor can check the validity of the checkerandcanalsobringthesystemtoitsfail-safe statein caseofaninvalid checker.So, monitorand checkervalidate each other.


However, the placement step also changes nontree gates and the wirelength measurement on restructured trees after re-placement/legalization can not directly re.ect the tree restructure quality.

we applied our overlap removal step on [10] as well for fair comparison.


Then we distribute the bins proportionally according to the area under the derivative curve, as the integral of the derivative function would signify the original Income.

the bins are selected as the boundaries of the equal division of the Income range.


The naïve method to add k > 2 integers is to use an adder tree, i.e., a binary tree of CPAs; a compressor tree (e.g., a Wallace or Dadda Tree) is a circuit that uses carry-save addition to add k > 2 integers: the output is two integers, S (sum) and C (carry) such that S+C is the sum of the k integers.

a CPA is only required to add S and C, rather than at every level of the tree.


Further, in each iteration of updating x, .,and q, f-(x) isalwaysreduced by aconstant.

f-(x) will converge to the logarithmic of the optimal .,and .


Usingthe termsblack and whitebox would lead to confusion with veri.cation in software engineering.

based on hardware design descriptions, the terms behavior and structure are used.


As mentioned in Section 3, state code is a 2-bit code, which codes the logic state of a signal.

it can be applied to the dual-railed logic gates.


This path is stored in the PE memory and the following packet transfers (from this source to the target) use this path.

the proposed method is executed only once for each missed ack packet, without requiring the whole seek process again for each packet transfer.


Nanoelectronics will potentially change the way computing systems are designed, not only because of the sheer number of devices that will coexist onto the same chip, but also because of the sensitivity of these devices.

if nanoelectronics is to be employed to build dependable computing machines (a certain contradiction notwithstanding), valuable expertise in design can be drawn from natural sciences.


If a delay element is inserted as shown in Figure 7(b), it is connected to the latches which gate the operands to the third row multiplier.

for the .rst 5 ns the multiplier is blocked from calculating a new value.


Hence, we could .nd a matrix L, such that .i * = Lei, for all ei, which implies that (A + BL)V.V and (C + DL)V =0.

there exists v .V, such that v is the eigenvector of A + BL,and (C + DL)v =0.


The level shifter provides equal voltages at its emitter terminals to produce equal collector-emitter voltages at the simple current mirror s transistors.

in addition to the sizing rules of this building block s sub-blocks, the number of transistors in parallel in the level shifter has to be the same as in the simple current mirror, which leads to the following additional sizing rules: FG1: Nls(1) =Ncm(1) (14) FG2: Nls(2) =Ncm(2) (15) 3.3.3 Wilson Current Mirror Like the cascode current mirror, this building block has a higher output impedance than a simple current mirror.


In the case of SPFD s, this removal and replacement considers the modi.cation of internal functions, which are analogous to gate types, such as AND or OR.

sPFD s can be utilized particularly for optimization of LUT-based FPGA networks.


However, such improvements will add additional complexity to the control, and hence are not considered.

according to Equation 3 and Equation 4, the overhead in our design only depends on len(i)(i =0, 1,... ,n -1) and k. when k is .xed, the performance of our design is only affected by the number of nonzero elements on each row, and not by the distribution of the nonzeros among the columns.


Because memory access behavior typically varies over time, our solution periodically creates an after every e Read requests, where eis known as an epoch.

in every epoch, our method constructs a new for use in the next epoch.


In combination with an increase in chip area it may not be possible to implement a central control unit.

the aim is to realize all the control signals locally.


For the total number of bit .ips, WAB-FTL reduces 52.09% bit .ips on average, with a maximum reduction of 57.77%.

wAB-FTL is more applicable in PCM-based embedded systems.


Moreover,ports with their bu.ers constitute the majorpercentage of any router area [8].

to lower ASNoC 1Network partitioning and graph partitioning are used interchangeably in this paper.


Note that since f < In/2l, the fusion interval cannot be larger than the union of all correct intervals.

this policy is optimal because the attacker can guarantee that all her intervals contain all correct intervals.


f T ( j), (2) i - 1 ss i=1 j=i where n states the degree of associativity, s the number of sets, and f T is the derivate of the estimated curve.

because T (Fe(x)) = T (FT (x)), local deviations are .ltered away and a more accurate estimate is obtained for setassociative than for fully associative cache.


C. Writability vs. Half Select Disturb in Bit-Interleved 8-T SRAMs In a 6-T SRAM, half select disturb is nearly identical to read disturb if bit-lines of unselected columns are floated.

half select disturb is unlikely to happen with appropriately sized 6-T SRAM if write assist method is not applied.


Frequency prediction for all case studies is very accurate with a maximum error rate of 3.25% and it takes minutes to predict frequency in contrast to hours and even days when using vendor tools.

early DSE based on CMD framework can quickly determine good and bad designs before writing or implementing any code.


4.4 PerfOpt: Optimizing System PerformanceUnder a Given Power Budget As long as the power consumption is affordable, the primary demand from the graphics and high performance computing markets is high performance, in terms of throughput.

we explore GPU system performance optimization under a given power budget.


All the parameters are defined in more detail in [13].

in multi-coupled lines, the time domain step response of the i-th line can be represented by n vt() s b p ()t (6) i .ik k k k =1 where pk ( )t is the TWA-based 3-pole response of the kth mode which can be determined by using (3), (4) and (5) [17].


Then, the current is copied to the inner branches using current mirrors.

a proper sizing of the transistors ensures so that the required current is mirrored.


Note that, by construction, we expect these sparsely sampled/predicted values to have high accuracy, since the mapping in predMap derives from the strongly linked samples in senPred.

and given that our coverage of the relevant epochs for these sensors is near complete, we expect the predicted metric values at these sensors to be accurate as well.


The Intel XScale processor family implements the ARM Version 5TE instruction set architecture.

xScale processors support page sizes ranging from1KB to1MB [12].


However,latch-baseddesignhas several drawbacks that make it suitable only when circuit performance is very stringent.

instead of using latches, we stick to the FF-basedparadigm, but using a special version ofFFin which the clock edge ofthe masterlatchisdelayed so asto create a window of transparency instead of a hard boundary for capturing the data.


COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY 11 12 -c ).s1 +(c ).r1 + e1.z1 U = 11 12 Considering the steps to generate the ICA mixing matrix A,the PCA transform, and the moments of the independent components i2 -b i1 (c i2 -c i1 ).ri + e2.z2 P P n m (b).si + = µ2 + i=2 j=2 The above representation of the max operation ensures that the random variables U and V involved in the max operation, max(U, V ), are statistically independent as they do not share any variables.

from Equations (15) and (17), we can write Amax = W + T .


Since the issue entity is the router directly connected to the host bank, the data to be requested can only be one of the lines in that host bank.

the RDB in each router can have only the entries of the lines that the host bank holds.


The PTD policy provides a guardband reduction and experiences a performance loss that is between PR and TD because the value of CycleP RC is muchhigher than CycleT DC .

thepoliciesthat attempt to increase the recovery time of a FU cause a corresponding loss inperformance for the benchmarks.


This is because a registered switch-point that is occupied by a particular pipelining register cannot be used by signals other than the signals that connect to that pipelining register.

the search space of a conventional FPGA router is severely limited, and this results in solutions of poor quality.


If given a contactless card, these users may want to keep their card in the same location.

a secret handshake would allow these users todojustthat, while even simplifying their usage model.


It is because the three benchmarks have high access intensities to caches.

the overhead induced by broadcast is severe.


During these wait-states, the CPU is prevented from doing anything else, which increases the CPU load.

the hardware performance is mainly limited by the speed of the CPU-FPGA interface.


Additionally, hardware documentation typically contains imprecise or inaccurate information.

writing hardware operating 1This measurement was performed on various Linux 2.2-12 drivers.


Finally, we note that vector reductions operations can be decomposed into reduction operations of smaller length, whose outputs can then be accumulated together to compute the .nal reduction output.

under variations, when the accumulator value (and by extension the delay of the VPE) exceeds a safe threshold, we save the current value of the accumulator and reset the accumulator register to zero.


Since there are no overlapping rules, there is no rule replication in standard trees and no rules are assigned to common branches.

standard and common branches constructions yield the same decision trees: .Wildcards are randomly and independently placed in each rule.


The analysis in [20] shows that this approach performs worse than .ooding queries to 60,000 nodes in a random graph.

this approach performs signi.cantly worse than recent unstructured overlays like Gia [10].


The power spectral density of thermal noise in the DAC output node is described by 16 ILSB St ( f )= KT · (2N -1) · RL · + 8KT · RL (5) 3 Vov When the quantization noise is smaller than the thermal noise the converter resolution is not equal to the bits number because the thermal noise magnitude exceeds the smallest conversion levels.

it is not possible to include these levels into DAC resolution.


Redoing the calculation for #CC 1T organized into 32 bits memory word results in 9.1% and 20.4% larger data for 6M-RRNS as compared to RS and C-RRNS, respectively.

6M-RRNS offers the biggest data storage when considering a .xed memory chip size.


1 Using a 1O resistor, the minimum voltage needed to capture is 2µA×1O = 2µV , which is too small for signal processing.

we .rst amplify this signal using di.erential ampli.er, as shown in Figure 5.


If the mapping for the reduce pattern was split(k), global memory is allocated for partial outputs and another kernel is generated for the .nal reduce operation across blocks.

depending on the mapping decision our code generator selects the appropriate template for the pattern and generates complete CUDA code.


The system identified and differentiated up to four simultaneously ingested sensors with an 1 The sample size used in assessing sensitivity in patients with heart failure was too small to evaluate the relationship between system sensitivity and subject BMI.


For example, the leakage power can be up to 59% of the total power on average for certain architectures.

our future work is to study leakage efficient FPGA circuits and architectures.


The proposed circuit, called a transparent repeater (TR), together with an insertion methodology, re- duces the kDB [see (1)] or gDHDR [see (2)] delays.

the TR circuit significantly reduces the total delay of the line as compared to classical re- peater [3] or HDR buffer insertion methodologies [5].


The motion representation scheme, in which we concluded, decreases processing complexity.

the system has diminished demands in reconfigurable resources, something that contributes to the low cost of the whole design.


The conventional techniques[1-3] input bias conditions and faulty sites even for the same collected for evaluating soft error rates of the gate-level combinational cir-charge q.

we can define a SET instance(SETi) in a gate cuits take the effects of electrical, logical and temporal masking g as an object, which have a specific pulse width, fault type( 0 or for such transient faults into account.


By setting the HIER marker, it signals that there are heavy blocks within such block.

this parent block cannot be overwritten by the LEAF maker anymore to preserve the earlier identi.ed leaf blocks (H, F ).


At run-time, the address decoder is recon.gured through the memory-mapped control port shown in Figure 6(a).

the address map is determined locally per target bus, and per use-case.


Though TSV (Through-silicon-vias) can help to remove heat which will in turn reduce the leakage power, but they create routing congestion, which also leads to longer interconnects and also delays.

how to reach the trade-off between temperature, via number and delay, required to be solved.


While Grain can only provide a lower bound for the period of a keystream, Trivium do not have any determined randomness properties by design.

wG-8 is a promising candidate for providing strong encryption and authentication solutions for a wide range of lightweight embedded applications.


In the third stage, these nets are constrained by their directives, and then the previous unconstrained 2D routing results become inaccurate.

we must reroute some nets, and we do so using the progressive projection method.


However, if we remove the load-hit predictor altogether and only wake up dependents when the load data is returned, we get a 7% and 3% slowdown for integer and .oating-point applications, respectively.

we conclude that using a load-hit predictor and simply stalling the pipeline is a good design alternative that obtains most of the advantages of load-hit speculation without the necessity of supporting load-hit mis-speculation recovery.


sults in performance degradation of the circuit.

it is very important to consider the performance degradation due to IR-drop effects along with the positive slack when frequency is increased for small delay fault detection.


FaulTM-multi uses a lazy data versioning HTM in which shared memory does not keep any invalidated data, therefore any error occurring in a certain core does not propagate to the other cores through memory.

only the erroneous core rolls back while the rest of the system keeps running without wasting any error-free work done.


4.1 Power grid wire removal heuristic AsstatedinSetion2,theongestionismeasuredinproportiontotheoverfowvalueoneahtileedge.Allpower wiresthatlieinongestedregionsarepotentialandidates forremoval,exeptthosethatliewithinhotspotswherethe voltagedroopissignifant.Therationalebehindthisisthat wheneverapowerwireisremoved,theperformaneofthe overallgridisompromised,andthisisallthemorenotieableifthiswirelieswithinahotspot.wedefne apowerwireasritialiftheworstasevoltagedroopon itisbeyondsomespeifedthresholdVPth.Critialwires arenotandidatesforremovaleveniftheylieinongested regions.


The user s constraints are given by knowing that MEXP does the following hypothesis: the TPU reads the elementary input data in p cycles, with p the number of elementary input data needed to calculate each output data;  for each output datum, the time that the TPU spends to read the input is preponderant with respect to the time spent to calculate the output.

the minimum temporal performances of a TPU is min(TP )= p × (size of Output Image).


The mesh is assumed to be placed in the .rst quadrant of the X-Y plane with the routers placed at unit distance apart.

the mesh can be denoted by a .nite sized plane P de.ned by bottom left hand side (x1,y1)and top right hand side (x2,y2)co-ordinates, respectively.


In general, using (·,·)k includes all k-order features [1].

by replacing (·,·) with (·,·)k in the E-SVR algorithm, one can learn a .m non-linear model F(x )=(ai(x i,xx)k)+b.


Shao-Yun Fang Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617, Taiwan yuko703@eda.ee.ntu.edu.tw  Wei-Yu Chen Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617, Taiwan cweiyu@eda.ee.ntu.edu.tw Yao-Wen Chang Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617, Taiwan ywchang@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw ABSTRACT Electron beam lithography (EBL) has shown great promise for photomask fabrication; however, its successive heating process centralizing in a small region may cause a severe problem of critical dimension (CD) distortion.

sub.eld scheduling which reorders the sequence of the writing process is needed to avoid successive writing of neighboring sub.elds.


As shown, at the end of the access data are served and the replacement stack of the cache holds the same information as in the baseline case.

we can guarantee the same behavior with one exception: all misses in a set with at least a faulty cache line (those that would have happened in the baseline and those caused by faulty cache lines) observe a deterministic latency increase2 to access the RVC before proceeding to the upper memory levels.


These conclusions called for the number of cluster inputs to be equal to 2N+2 where N is the cluster size.

for our cluster size of three, there should be 8 inputs.


The locator concludes that the spatial multi-bit fault occurred in bits 5-12 of 4 words from classes 0-3.

the spatial multi-bit fault is located and is sent to the cache for correction.


merge in the third row such that the remaining edges are all shared, we name this case B ranch-then-S hare.

we do not break down this share relationship during the process of remaining column reordering.


Although we computed and report the means in analysis results, we opted for non-parametric statistical testing for assessing the signi.cance of all di.erences since we neither can assume nor could prove normally distributed samples.

the signi.cance of di.erences mentioned throughout the paper were assessed by the Wilcoxon signedrank test (p< 0.05).


However, in the case of large w values, some con.icts might happen if in the following iteration, all the CNFUs still start from the same initial addresses as in the previous iterations.

some adjustment on the initial address in later iterations are necessary.


In comparison, [16] tries to make best use of available buffer space.

the code transformation approaches employed by the two studies are entirely different from each other (as the objectives are different).


The set of available periods is denoted by f and is given by {1ms, 2ms, 5ms, 10ms, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 500ms, 1sec}.

the control applications have to operate with one or more combinations of sampling periods Tk .f.


So, the area penalty of tapering is minimal and less than 2% in our test circuits (layouts omitted for brevity).

we conclude that instead of increasing N (stack height) from 2 to 5, and incurring a larger area penalty, the same amount of leakage power saving (=2X) can be obtained by optimally tapering the 2-header stack.


2.1 Extracting candidate test program templates The state of a processor may be affected by an instruction thatwas executed an arbitrary number of cycles ago.

it is virtually impossible to exhaust all possible test program templates, even ifwe are able to enumerate all permutations of instructions within afixed number of cycles.


As explained in Section 3.3, the placement decisions for an operation has maximum effect mostly on its immediate consumers.

considering operations further down the dependence chain has little effect on placement decisions for many benchmarks.


Nevertheless, a commercial video decoder must be distributed as an ASIC in order to present low cost for a large production volume and low power consumption.

fPGA implementation has been expanded to an ASIC implementation in order to obtain a better characterization of the prototype.


In the target eFPGA architecture[1], local connections between LEs with relative coordinates are used.

a style with keyword COORDINATE is extended to support this feature [@ in Fig.


The design of a heterogeneous DRAM main memory system is a new topic and even some of the basic implementation questions have not been addressed.

in Section 4.1, we start by describing one design from prior work, ex- plain why a simpler design approach is required, and .nally describe a heterogeneous memory architecture that is viable.


Intensive light (such as a laser, for example) may cause disturbances on semiconductors resulting in transient faults.

fault attacks can be performed using very inexpensive equipment [14].


It is obvious that the methods in [21] [23] cannot minimize the usage of valuable reactant well because they treat all reactants (sample and buffer here) in an equal way.

it strongly suggests that a dedicated algorithm concentrating on valuable reactant minimization is essential for DMFB-based applications indeed.


The delay in the start time for charging node N6 due the lower conductance of the right input network allows N1 to turn on M3.

even if N2 starts to discharge initially, its further discharge is quickly impeded as M3 turns on, and N2 is quickly pulled back to 1.


Second, S/DC filters redundant prefetches by recording the last prefetched address for stride patterns and comparing the new predicted address with earlier generated addresses in the prefetch queue and prefetch filter for other patterns.

it reduces the bandwidth requirements and energy consumption S/DC: A Storage and Energy Efficient Data Prefetcher Xianglei Dang, Xiaoyin Wang, Dong Tong, Junlin Lu, Jiangfang Yi, Keyi Wang Microprocessor Research & Development Center, Peking University, Beijing, China {dangxianglei, wangxiaoyin, tongdong, lujunlin, yijiangfang, wangkeyi}@mprc.pku.edu.cn This work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No.


3.1 Maximal subgraphs as candidates Our mapping .ow can extract parts of a basic block to the accelerator and leave the rest to the general purpose processor.

candidates can be in principle any subgraph of the basic block.


An increase in precision of the potentiometer leads to a decrease in the minimum angle of rotation that can be detected in each joint.

this decreases the minimum amount of movement of the coordinate of the end-effector, because the coordinate of the end-effector is calculated by sequential transformation of the 3-D frames of each joint.


The table shown in Figure 6(b) is slightly more complex than tables in previous examples.

creating rules for the whole cell signaling network from a large number of such tables becomes impractical, and emphasizes the importance of rule design automation.


In this example, the request is physically transmitted (indicated by a dashed green arrow) only to AR1, since AR0 sent the original request and kept a copy of it, so it only needs to be told when to use the copy.

in cycle 4 the AR0 to AR2 bus is not physically used (indicated by the dotted green arrow).


Consid-ering the whole thermal history results in inaccuracy in the prediction when a dynamic workload is applied; which is the more general case in the real systems.

for all predictors, we define a time window Wn: [tk-n, tk-1], where tk-1 is the last instant of time before the current point of time tk.


of freedom-K 3 5 6  9,800 9,850 9,900 9,950 10,000 10,050 10,100 10,150 10,200 Number of Ones 5) Non-Overlapping Template Matching Test: The purpose of this test is to detect sequences with too many occurrences of a given aperiodic pattern.


Our models capture the cell s output response due to noise at its input.

one may accurately predict the propagated noise, perform sensitivity (stability) analysis, or even hierarchically build the noise abstracts.


Firstly, for transceiver we assume that the active area calculated in [5, 21, 22] is theonlypart scaled down when wemoveto 45nm technology, while the passive part is remain the same since the channels frequency range remain the same.

projected transmitter area is (3062µm2) per sub-channel, while projected receiver area is (125µm2) per sub-channel(active  5.2 Power estimation A router static and dynamic power is calculated using Orion 2.0 [24,25] model, as well as power dissipation for wire links is calculated for x (3.6mm)and y (5.2mm)direction.


Hence, the end-effector of the robot follows traces of movement of the end-effector of the exoskeleton device without additional processing.

the trajectory generated by the exoskeleton device is consistent with trajectory of the robot.


INTRODUCTION Because of the increasing clock frequencies, the use of highperformance design styles, like domino logic and pass-transistor logic, and the growing importance of the wiring coupling capacitance with respect to the gate and interconnect ground capacitance, the crosstalk-induced noise has become one of the limiting factors of the performances and functionality of large VLSI digital designs.

static Noise Analysis (SNA) is a crucial task in the sign-off verification phase of the top-down ASIC design flow [1][2][3].


This is because a fault f which is undetectable under a given set of unscanned state vari- ables will remain undetectable when the set of unscanned state variables is extended.

there is no need to target f again after an additional flip-flop is removed from the scan chain.


On a hit in the tag array with no associated data, a reuse is detected.

the line is read again from main memory and loaded in the private cache and SLLC data array at the same time.


It is common that only user-level events are captured in simulator statistics.

a small study is done on system-level events such as system calls and taskswitches and their potential contribution to the overall energy consumption.


an array of pointers to the resources of the task).

task replication is suitable for deeply embedded operating systems without dynamic loading because the absolute memory position of the process address space does not change upon migration, since it can be statically allocated at compile time.


Since V[Ki]hits bwe have: OKi*S)modMd = Ki*a*2s =Oqi*2m+i*2s)where qiis the least integer such that Mdivides Ki*Sproducing remainder d. Therefore, 2m.sOqi*+i) Ki = a Also, by de.nition, for K1, distance dl2s .

= * 2m.sOq1*+l) = K1 a where q1is the least integer such that aevenly divides q1*2m.s+ l. THEOREM 5.3. ir tHitOVVb)Ki OK1*i)mod2m.s .


Sometimes the wires are detoured in area routing to satisfy length constraints.

we sometimes also call area routing length-matching routing [6, 8].


We assume that we wantto applya tree-based mappingalgorithm as .rst introduced [6].

the subjectgraphneeds to be cut into aforest oftreesas illustrated bythe linesin Figure 1(a).


D, 0 = t = Tmax (18) Note that even if constraint (16) makes st(i, t)tobe0 or 1 when droplet di doesn t stall within time t - 1 to t. Due to the constraint (14) and (15), the lower bound of the number of cells that must be deactivated in B is 11 when droplet di moves.

to satisfy constraints (14), (15), and (18), the value of st(i, t) is restricted to be 0 only.


From this plot, we observe a maxima for CBB when 5e+14 4.5e+14 4e+14 3.5e+14 3e+14 L2(µm)  Cross-bar Bandwidth Figure 4: CBB for Varying w12 and s12 h12 = 300nm.

we utilize this value of h12 for the interconnect structure.


Partitioning Step: As the number of modules in one design becomes large, exploring all slicing layout solutions among them is very expensive.

the purpose of this step is to divide one original circuit into several small subcircuits, and initially minimize the interconnections among them.


Thesefeatures are supportedbyspread spectrum(SS) techniques such asfrequencyhopping(FH).In anFH adhoc network,thephase ofhopping sequence,i.e.,FH-codephase istypicallyderivedfromthelocal clock reading of each node.

network-wide time synchronization is needed in ordertogetthe nodesto simultaneously switch tothe same frequency channel, i.e., hop synchronously.


3, the estimated TTD value W d increases in proportional to d. Moreover, if W d is larger than a half symbol duration, then a sign of W d is inverted due to the effect of arc-tan operation.

we have to normalize each estimated TTD value depending on co  W 1(error) W derror) W d2 W d1 Sign comparison d 2(  W W W d 2d 3d 0 .NFFT/2 0 W W W W d1 d2 2( rr) o derode1( rrr) 0 .NFFT/2 0 Figure 4.


Four different supply voltage values are used for subregion.

this also translates into an exponential threshold region analysis: 0.15V, 0.2V, 0.3V, and 0.4V.


But the buffers at west port of router B have already been exhausted by packet 1 and 2 at this moment.

this scheme predicts the con- gestion of neighbors and inspects the traffic conditions around them.


With higher snapshot intervals, snapshots are taken less frequently and thus more packets are missed.

the snapshot interval directly in.uences network observability.


In cases where the clock launch and capture paths at a given endpoint share common logic cells and interconnect, derating the delays of common elements di.erently can result in pessimistic slack values.

a clock reconvergence pessimism removal (CRPR) technique was used to reduce this pessimism as is customary in industry.


For example, a small size driver may not be able to drive the given load and cause malfunction; lower frequency will affect the circuit performance; low-k dielectric has very limited ability to reduce current density, and also affects other reliability problems such as Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB).

the typical EM correction is done by increasing the wire width or adding extra straps or vias for redundancy; such an approach gives a good compensation of EM and requires less additional design effort.


For example, k = 163 for a Galois .eld recommended for ECC by the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).

this has lead researchers to derive ef.cient and sophisticated hardware implementations of multiplier circuits over Galois Fields [1] [2] [3].


This makes it di.cult to determine a 4As a notation convention in machine learning and statistics, any symbol with a hat represents an estimate, instead of actual values or functions uni.ed, convex analytical function that spans the wide range of frequency/voltage values ranging from the TB to NTC modes of operation, which is required to e.ciently determine the optimal operating point and is the goal of this work.

as an alternative to a physics-based model, we propose to learn a less complex function f that behaves like f. The model-learning procedure can be separated into two phases: training phase and validation phase.


DRAM energy and bus energy consumption are best with 4-block LRU region.


When accessing a memory the processor consumes some energy to setup the access and than idles until the resulting value is available, still consuming energy.

the computation has to take into account the number of cycles the access will take.


This detailed information is not available during runtime, and furthermore, there is no suf.cient computational resources to estimate the temperature in real time.

we focus on devising computationally-ef.cient frequency-domain techniques that only use the measurements of the thermal sensors to fully characterize the processor s temperature.


It is therefore difficult to precisely obtain the errors in the case of TDE for EMG signals.

the accuracy was computed experimentally by means of Monte-Carlo simulations and was quantified as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the true value and the estimated one.


In SMPs and DSMs, obtaining data from another processor is expensive and capacity is not limited to on-chip storage due to off-chip caching.

on-chip capacity is a lesser concern in SMPs and DSMs, and trading off latency for on-chip capacity is inappropriate.


In each cycle, the reset phase covers 4 ns and the evaluation takes 996 ns, the last 96 ns of which were used as a confirmation time to determine whether the response has stabilized or not.

for the rest of our results, the longest possible settling time of stabilized responses would be 0.9 µs.


If chip s charge density DChip is constant then module density d is exactly charge density D plus DChip [12].

no difference between module density d and charge density D is made further on.


4.2.2 Technique-speci.c Approximation Models The statistical approximation model proposed to quantify resilience may not adequately re.ect a speci.c approximate computing scheme.

we propose three approximation models that abstract important classes of approximate computing techniques.


Second, in modern I/O designs, due to the increased number of signal pins, the number of power bumps is actually limited, which are placed in a specific region instead of distributed uniformly across the whole die, as shown in Figure 7.

unlike [7], for DDR, it is hard to define a power grid shell simply by the C4 power bumps.


5A-3 All of the constraints in COHO s LPs are inequality constraints corresponding to the convex hulls of the projection polygons and constraints to describe the oriented rectangles of bloated edges.


Pass/Fail samples in the performance space   2.2 Step 2 Fail Force Computation The Fail samples close to Pass samples are more important because those Fail samples that leave the specifications too much are not likely to be the next nominal point.

each Fail sample (Xi,k) is modeled as a force that is inversely proportional to its distance between the next nominal design point (Nk), as shown in (4).


For the second condition, tDATA(1)+tCK(2) would place the nominal data arriving at the boundary of tW, L and tW(k),M. For a TB 2-cycle interconnect, the delay range from clock skew and jitter for tW(1) equals tCK(1) tCK(2).

tW(1) in a TB 2-cycle interconnect is expanded from (10) as: tW(1) =tW + tCK(1) - tCK(2) (21) Parameter tW represents the portion of the TW dedicated to data delay averaging such that tW=msDATA(1) DATA(2) in (21).


Also, a variety of MEMS topologies and manufacturing process technologies exist.

the standard approach to MEMS design has been with finite element analysis (FEA).


In a conventional method that does not consider MIS, the gate delay DA and DB are .xed values regardless of SAB.

the proposed method considers DA and DB as a function of SAB it is necessary to .nd how DA and DB vary with SAB.


Second, the encrypted data cannot be used by the processor until it is decrypted.

they effectively increase the memory latency.


Depending on the C2 mapping, D channel occupies the remaining symbols in a sub-frame from the 2nd or 3rd or 4th to the 14th symbol.

c2 and D channel decoders (C2 DEC and D DE C ) consume a varying number of symbols depending on a sub-frame format.


As a result, users tend to report major problems repeatedly before reporting smaller ones, and different users tend to report the same problems.

we need to dispatch fixes as soon as users detect performance problems, so that they will uncover new problems As a result, the fixes we describe in our case studies are quick workarounds that let us deploy solutions rapidly.


In D-FAST, the case classifying state P is offset of LSN is zero.

if there are many offset 0 in updates pattern, D-FAST generates many partial merge operations like log block thrashing even though the number of erase operations is reducible compared to full merge operation.


The fading coe.cients can also be given in matrix notation, i.e., fms,j (i) = (Fj (i))ms.

fj (i) is a M × Li matrix of complex variates whose columns are independently normally distributed with mean vector 0 and covariance matrix .j (i) = IM .


The leakage minimization problem can be stated as that of minimizing the value of Ltotal which is a function of input vector and also variables X s and Y s. The leakage minimization has to be performed under the delay constraint illustrated in Figure 10.

the minimization algorithm should take into account the values of the output of both circuits in Figures 3 and 10 as depicted in Figure 11.


Considering the complexity of the state-of-the-art designs, it is not tractable to formally prove the design correctness.

to increase the con.dence of the validation process, pre-silicon veri.cation tools commonly measure which design functionality has been exercised.


The key to success is to .nd the right interaction design which enables the technology to improve upon user s expectations.

it is a viable approach to assess user experience with respect to user expectations (thus previous experiences), especially when comparing multiple systems.


However, the shapes, sizes and spacings are con.ned by the fabrication process.

the size of the N/C library would not be too large.


For this strategy, 16 physical registers are su.cient for register assignment to avoid spilling.

only a low exploitation of parallelism is reached, since the transfer of operands to the respective functional units is the architecture s bottleneck.


However, the length of shift after reaching the middle-point is larger than k /2 , which means that the upper k /2 bits will be shifted to a position that is larger than the final product size k .

it will not affect the compound product any more.


This means that a setup script does not include IP core specific information.

it is recommended not to transfer setup scripts, but to provide instantiation support, which allows accessing the site and tool dependent setup scripts.


EB routers operate by using master and slave latches of .ip.ops (FFs) as independent storage locations [17].

the pipeline FFs in channels are used for bu.ering, in place of input bu.ers at routers.


the current moving through the memristor is proportional to the flux of the magnetic field that flows through the material.

the magnetic flux between the terminals is a function of the amount of charge (i.e.


Since we have loaded the circuit to maximum capacity, there are several waves of computation following each other in quick succession leading to the short-loop bottleneck variety.

this design required the most buffers (22), and the algorithm inserted one in each iteration of its optimization loop.


Intuitively, since we want all the cut-sizes to be constrained the same way, all the nodes should be treated in the same way.

we proceed in a breadth .rst manner instead of the depth .rst manner of bit-.lling.


An audio element can be seen as an equivalent for a word in a text document.

key audio elements (also referred to as audio events [12], or audio keywords [18]) can be considered as well.


Between each pair of connection points in a circuit module, a pair of PMOS transistors with complementary control signals is inserted to control voltage switching.

only one powersupply network is selected at one time for a particular module.


After splitting, afew unresolvedor even unresolvable con.icts may remain and will be corrected by time consuming layout redesign.

it is important toproducehighqualitydecomposition solution withless unresolved con.icts and stitches to save design and manufacturing e.ort.


If two unit capacitors are swapped, only the data related to the two unit capacitors is changed.

only a few data has to be updated after each swap operation.


This approach can be a good .t for our proposed CNTFET SRAM bitcell to improve its short circuit unreliability compared to other SRAM designs since our proposed design contains asymmetric structure.

we employ metallic CNTs removal technique to improve the probability of functional transistors in our proposed CNTFET SRAM bitcell, which is further detailed in the following.


Analyzing the bins count for each SE over bistream just four SE types ( coded_block_flag, coef_level, sig_coef_flag and last_sig_flag) account for more than 93% of all bins, for all types of macroblocks (I, B and P).

was decided to perform a deeper analysis of the behavior of these SE types to improve the gain in the binary arithmetic decoder engine (BAD).


Finally, in the third set of experiments, we have measured with our trace-based emulation framework the latency of packets through the network.

the graph on the right 5 Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 05) 1530-1591/05 $ 20.00 IEEE  Figure 4.


(4), we can see that the current induced in each conductor segment in this case is equal to each element in the column jof the Kmatrix.

we can rede.ne the element of Kmatrix as: the element Kijis the current .owing through the ithconductor when the magnetic vector potential drop along all conductors, except the jth, are set to zero, and the magnetic vector potential drop along the jthconductor is raised to unit potential.


the .nal shape of pin A1 is updated in (e).


Compared with the original given encoded FSM, the peak value is reduced from 3 to 2.

our approach reduces the peak value about 33.3%, i.e., (3-2)/3.


Starting from different initial guesses for Newton s method, we obtain different solutions with the use of MLS to update the initial guesses.

the chances of converging to one of the solutions are much higher, leading to improved robustness in numerical solution.


The strong speedup brought by register tiling suggests we should probably privilege this optimization over other optimizations.

in this paragraph, we revisit several other optimizations in order to maximize register tiling, in order to illustrate how interactions among architecture components can influence individual optimizations and the sequence of optimizations.


This is expected as the higher values of temperatures at the hotspots would lead to larger nonlinearity.

for an overhead of 1 byte of storage per neuron, the maximum error for all sensor layout con.gurations is about 1.5K.


This technique is particularly effective in that do- main because the number of implementations for a gate, barring intentional obfuscation, is relatively small.

it is conceiv- able to have a library that contains all reasonable implementations of, for example, an AND gate, allowing all AND gates in the netlist to be located.


For an infeasible double via dvi,j , if DRW (i, j) intersects with any objects that are not movable, dvi,j is impossible to become feasible through wire bending.

we take no action for this kind of infeasible double vias.


8), the overall power consumption figure can be reduced considerably.

the overall operational cost associated with the network could be reduced.


Parallel loop execution requires for frequent synchronization points and extensive exchange of data between different nodes.

loops are most suitable for being rescheduled, if we adopt zero-copy, DMA enabled, messaging features.


From Norton s theorem, the modi.ed grid will exhibit the same voltage response at external and port nodes as the original grid.


In turn, these words are recognized by their initial poses ( 5 at the head, B at the chin, A at the chest, D at the far chest, K at the shoulder, U at the chest, and 10 at the chest, respectively).

the overall expected recognition rate reaches 100% with a delay of 1 second between phrases.


The second pairing solution costs less than the .rst one.


Since the number of such paths is so high, using one test pair per path will imply excessive pattern count and test application time.

it is desirable to generate compact test pair sets where one pair sensitizes multiple long paths and thus detects many small-delay faults along these paths.


The hitrate for the RACB (when VCS=4, VCB=1) is around 30% higher than the fully and exact matching computation reuse technique (when VCS=16, VCB=23) without noticeable quality degradation.

partial and approximate matching has a higher energy savings potential than conventional approach even if they have the same ratio of PRACB/PALL.


residual carrier frequency o.set), the tracking stage needs a Frequency-Locked Loop to re.ne the acquisition results to satisfy the pull-in range of the main Phase-Locked Loop.

there exists a demand of an e.cient estimation method for the residual carrier frequency o.sets.


Almost all the time required to build a generator is consumed by the BoolSolve tool to list all the valid valuations for each transition condition.

the more transitions there are, the longer the generator construction time.


Such questions are simpler to answer than conceptual questions, where answering the question requires one to evaluate several concepts.

for each call, two audio snippets were recorded: the .rst contained the message user wanted to record, and the second contained an answer to the question asked.


In this case, in input state 10 , node N is connected to the supply voltage, and therefore, its voltage is Vdd ; when input B changes to 1 , node N floats and some current is injected into it through the gate-drain capacitance of M4 and thus, the voltage of N increases by .V1.

right before the 00 transition at the inputs, the voltage of N is Vdd+.V1.


This leads to the possibility that the coarse routing determined by global routing may not be accurately refined into the underlying detailed routing.

the two-phased approach of global followed by detailed routing does not apply to all FPGA architectures.


This is not trivial, considering that the SRAM counters are updated at line rates, while the rate at which the DRAM counters can be updated is much smaller.

for a given CMA and DRAM access rate, the size of the SRAM counter required depends on the maximum value a counter can take under that CMA.


We can observe that the number of marker updates is from 5X to 13X and from 7X to 40X less than the traversed list nodes of SuSeSim and the CRCB algorithm, respectively.

the number of nodes accessed is signi.cantly reduced through the hashing-based structure.


In addition, these characteristics tend to periodically repeat.

characterizing these regular patterns can be important to effectively recognize the malicious sounds.


The NoC link width is 16 bytes, discounting .ow-control overheads.

cache-block-bearing packets are .ve .its long, with one header .it and four data .its.


Figure 4 shows a steep decline in absolute miss rate for Zeus when going from an 8MB to a 16MB L2.

the increase in relative miss rate for the SC can be explained by a particular working-set being able to fit into the 16MB conventional cache, but not fitting into a 16MB SC.


; ,0,0,0)T ,anupperbound dexlowerboundvectorof il=(0 Name Arrays Nests BriefDescription  adi.c 6 2 AlternateDirectionIntegral aps.c 17 3 MesoscaleHydroModel bmcm.c 11 3 MolecularDynamicofWater efux.c 5 6 MeshComputation tomcat.c 9 8 MeshGeneration tsf.c 1 4 Array-basedComputation vpenta.c 9 8 NasaAmesFortranKernel wss.c 10 7 MolecularDynamicsofWater  Table1:TheArray-basedBenchmarksUsedinthe Experiments.


The variance of analog test needs have to be fully exploited in order to achieve an ef.cient test plan.

the analog test wrapper has to be designed to accommodate multiple con.gurations with varying bandwidth and frequency requirements.


A comparison between the correct DC operation region of this new quantizer and another one based on MOBILE is performed, concluding that there are no considerable differences between both regions of correct operation.

the proposed quantizer improves previous approximations since it doubles the frequency of operation without significantly decreasing its correct operation region.


(14) 2 It is easy to verify that the mapping between (c,r,Ln,Tn) and (X,Y,Lt,Tt) is a one-to-one mapping.

the Jacobian is given by g .c .c .c .c .X .Y .Lt .Tt .r .r .r .r .X .Y .Lt .Tt g g J = .Ln .Ln .Ln .Ln .X .Y .Lt .Tt g .Tn .Tn .Tn .Tn g .X .Y .Lt .Tt 1 000 0 100 = -li 0 10 g 1 ·Y ·l2 t -1 ·l2 g g g 2 i li ·L2 ·X Y ·li 1 i =1.


Vias due to these repeaters can have a major impact on the available resources in lower layers.

a via blockage model that considers the impact of repeaters is essential to accurately estimate routing resources.


We .rst use whole reordering, i.e., largest d f irst, to generate a new net order, which prioritizes nets with larger increases caused by pushing.

for example, in Figure 6(a), net A is pushed .rst by net B and then by net C. nets such as net A are allocated a higher priority to allow them to stretch .


A control voltage is applied to an electrode adjacent to the droplet and at the same time the electrode just under the droplet is deactivated.

an accumulation of charge in the droplet/insulator interface over the activated electrode results in a surface tension gradient, which consequently causes the transportation of the droplet.


Note that, in this detour situation, the estimated distance from SC to SN should be the summation of MD(SC ,ST 1), MD(ST 1,ST 2), and MD(ST 2,SN ), instead of MD(SC ,SN ).

before really creating a bridge to SN , we check whether the distance from SC to its second closest unvisited switch is shorter than this estimated distance to SN .


Since there are a total of 72 × 4 = 288 additions in MIX and 18 × 8 = 144 additions in subkey addition, the probability of the complete attack is given by 2(-1.415)×288+(-0.28)×144 =2-448,giving a complexity of 2448.The 512-bit key has 8 words of 64-bits and the three leftmost bits in each key-word are assumed to be known in the attack model, the effective key-length is 8 × 61 = 488 bits.

according to the attack of [21], instead of 2488 attack complexity of random guessing, one has 2448 attack complexity.


After a read or a write, the bank gets precharged automati- cally.

effectively, an RLDRAM chip can only operate with a close-page policy.


The .nal state, 1, does not have a unique input-output sequence.


In addition, using an experimental module in the CHARM++/AMPI system, we found the software overheads to be negligible.

the total overhead is usually on the order of microseconds, while SEBs are usually hundreds of microseconds.


For an individual I, the .tness function computes the number of executed if-statements IFTot .

the following values are required: De.nition 3: 1.


This is particularly true in advanced designs such as microprocessors or SOCs for which the back-end flows require vast custom implementations.

even if the resources for the demanding task of coverage are available, it still may be an expensive trade-off to start by assigning them to coverage.


A high level performance model prediction and a discrete prototype of this system have been developed and tested in [1].

there is an open research opportunity for investigation of the FAC building blocks, suitable for integration in CMOS technology.


Motion-compensated temporal prediction (Inter-mode) provides the highest compression efficiency, but it also comes at the highest computational cost.

for some applications requiring low-latency and high quality (like pocket cameras, digital video capturing, automotive, camcorders, movie backups, or high-end cinema), only in-frame spatial prediction is used due to its smaller computational workload and a smaller power footprint.


First of all, evaluation of assert pok e should terminate and yield the same value v. However, if assert actually evaluates the predicate, then replacing the predicate with pblame should yield a blame exception; replacing with pdiverge should yield divergence; and replacing with pcrash should crash the term.

essentially this check ensures that the predicate is evaluated.


On the other hand, in HH mode (in LL mode), the clock skew is often much smaller.

we let the MPMAB for each module use the buffer chain selected by Sel = 0 at the high voltage level (at the ULV level).


[1] analyzed the delay in distributed RC circuits and observed that the delay upper bound is minimal if the tree is both a shortest path tree with minimal path length from driver to sink (SPT) as well as an optimal Steiner tree with minimal wirelength (OST).

the A-Tree algorithm proposed in [1] maintains an SPT while steadily approaching an OST.


To e.ciently operate many applications on the proposed architecture, resource managements must be well implemented for usage of manycores and large amount of various memories.

we study the software techniques on the proposed hardware architecture.


A weighted metric is di.cult to measure online because knowing how some thread would fare if it had some greater portion of the cache is impossible to know without o.ine pro.ling, which can be inaccurate when inputs vary, and typically does not capture time-varying program behavior, or online sampling, which may be impractical if it requires running each of many threads alone sequentially in order to achieve unperturbed samples.

it is useful to .nd what we term policy metrics, online measurable metrics that serve as proxies for evaluation metrics and can be used to drive policy decisions that yield good performance with respect to the performance target.


Several studies have concluded that the delay of global interconnect can be as long as about ten to fifteen clock cycles in the foreseeable future [4], [5].

in a synchronous system it is unavoidable that data transfers between functional blocks (i.e., IP cores) require multiple clock cycles to complete.


In contrast, we directly provide the functionality of required C standard library functions within our simulator.

we embedded a special simulation operation into the ADL and the simulator.


For instance, a lower value of a or ß means a more even distribution of the links and hence less chance of some switches left being isolated.

we propose a hybrid small-world wireless NoC architecture where the longest shortcuts are wireless and the rest of the interconnections are standard metal wires.


On the .rst demand access, the prefetched lines, X Figure 4: Prefetch-Aware Promotion Strategy and Y, are not promoted to the MRU positions.

the prefetched lines, X and Y, can be evicted immediately after their demand requests are observed.


where R+ is the set of nonnegative real numbers, and [0, 2p) .

r. applying the transformation to the dynamics of x,.x = Aqx yields the dynamics for r and .


Power dissipation of electrical components is transformed into heat.

it is necessary to calculate the power dissipation and the resulting junction temperature of the device.


3.3 Graph Division Since the three-coloring problem is NP-complete, the time required to exactly solve it increases dramatically with the numbers of vertices and edges in a con.ict graph.

to reduce the problem size, we .rst incorporate three graph simpli.cation methods proposed by Yu et al.


The difference between two neighboring lines is de.ned as ej = bj - bj+1 and the temporal variation between two consecutive lines is de.ned as .ej = ej -ej = .bj -.bj+1.

+ - Then, the power dissipated when loading or un-loading a 1 V 2 capacitor Cg is given by E0 = Cg the power 2 dd.


the terminal size and end the recursion there.

for a 25% chip area 16MB data array, we have a total of 12 levels and 4,194,304 atomic macro cells over the cache data array.


2.2 Self-Energy-Recovery Circuit (SERC) An SERC can recover most of the energy stored at a signal node with its own data without reversible logic [1].

we can use the SERCs to reduce the circuit complexity by breaking the logic reversibility.


Due to the fact that the task failure rate is low, such a setup already ful.lls the requirement of J2.

two processors are su.cient to execute both jobs.


However, in this case the CAD tools might be enhanced for the dual-Vt FPGA architecture.

the dual-Vt FPGA CAD .ow is meant for evolving a dual-Vt FPGA architecture, and the various steps in this CAD .ow might need to be changed a little to suit a speci.c architecture.


What s more, the study shows that multicore scaling is power limited to a degree and will soon encounter dark silicon problem [5].

to .nd a new general way of reducing CPU power should attract more researchers attention.


A novel FS-STT-RAM based memory architecture then is proposed, which switches between the high accuracy and the low power modes with the support of operating system.

the speed, energy, and data reliability of the overall computing system can be prioritized and balanced according to users requirement.


[14]) only control the number of turned-off ways and do not control which ways will be selected for being turned-off.

they are likely to keep the same ways turned-on (or turned-off) during the entire execution of the program which may exacerbate the problem of limited writeendurance.


These sudden current variations produce voltage drops and ground bounces that alter the propagation of signals through the logic and therefore induce timing faults.

they produce an effect similar to that of voltage glitches.


It is to be emphasized that errors occur rarely.

one of the most important issues is not to incur too much additional performance/energy overhead in the normal (error-free) case.


To accomplish this, its usage may not exceed (1 - q).

that is, a virtual channel buffer is not required if:  (P(VCn = TRa |VCn-1 = TRb)) < (1 -q) (7) a,b to optimize the number of VCBs in the .rst step, we use a multi-objective mapping function during NoC mapping considering the worst case concurrent transactions and it provides 100% QoS.


The single-ended 8T cell generally uses an inverter as a sense amp.

there is delay overhead when the RBL ranges under middle voltage.


This indicates SENoC helps to decrease the time of power off and on, thus effectively avoid powering on/off induced P-G noise.

mPSoC will work more safely with higher reliability when using SENoC.


b = TT[ti + d] .b in a sequence of addresses TT.

l(b,d) indicates how often the same block is regularly accessed after d references to other addresses.


Note that the access information for the previous BTB hit has been kept in the PBAreg.

when a BTB hit occurs in the Tmode, the execution footprint indexed by the PBAreg is validated (set to 1 ).


For the basic refresh scheme, refreshing involves all cells in a row.

two rows from two banks in a rank are refreshed simultaneously with an average latency of 8.5 iterations.


The leftmost column of the table presents the sequence generated by the SR. On top of each other column we present the pattern generated by the LFSR.

the second column presents the sequence obtained from an initial vector V=100, with the leftmost bit being the Least Significant Bit (LSB).


As Ri increases, the e.ective resistance seen by the current source at each tapping point increases.

the voltage drop in the sleep transistor increases when the current is constant.


INTRODUCTION With the increase of the integration of LSIs, the time for the veri.cation of the design increases.


For example, carry-save adder (for short, CSA) based functional units for addition based operation patterns [1].

the proper use of SFUs leads to a performance improvement under resource constraints.


If we assume the DWF to be 16 as in the original paper, we found that our side-channel attack needs to .gure out 32 physical addresses adjacently located in the region, because a 1 × K memory line can be written times for one rotation period.

dWF it takes around 17.5 minutes to fail one PCM memory line.2 In sum, our side-channel attack exploits the deterministic mapping pattern of the randomized RBSG to fail PCM cells ef.ciently.


For example, to transfer 10 data, 3 request cycles are required when the burst size is 4.

the burst transfer takes half cycle less than the single transfer.


Most heat is dissipated vertically in a chip, particularly when wafers are thinned, since horizontal cross-section is usually much smaller than the area of a typical hot spot.

we assumed in.nite lateral thermal resistance, which will lead to the worst-case temperature gradients.


Dynamic logic alternates precharge and evaluation phases, in which all signals are reset to 0 and are computed respectively.

in order to determine the number of changing state bits, we do not compare the state of register RB between 2 consecutive clock cycles but between the precharge and evaluation phase within a clock cycle.


U ' VU Todeterminer=r-r,wemustensurethat(19)holds.

u ' U ' UU Siner:r,wehave:.(19)is U ' U ' DUq reduedto+:,fromwhihweanfnda U ' newreservedraterforthenewmarofow.


The NI attaching the hardware accelerator to the NoC can decide by analyzing the memory addresses of incoming requests, weather data are forwarded to the local memory or transmitted to another node via the NoC.

the local memory of each accelerator is also connected to the NoC.


As another example, the third-party card, although set in loop-back mode, controls the signal transmitted back to the DUT.

when a bit error is observed, it is sometimes hard to tell whether the error is caused by the I/O interface at DUT or the I/O interface at a third-party card.


While core state is relatively small, the memory wall keeps driving the amount of cache per core up [7, 58], making cache-induced inertia a growing concern.


1(b), the ranging code is transmitted by two consecutive OFDMA symbols without phase discontinuity.

the orthogonal condition of 2nd ranging symbol is maintained when TTD is smaller than one symbol duration [8][11].


Using etop, an application developer can easily visualize in real-time the power draw of subsystems and energy consumption of running processes.

etop is primarily intended as a pre-deployment observation tool Nevertheless, due to its rapid real-time information display, it can also be used as a runtime debugging tool, Figure 3.


Developers also specify views, that represent the data set on a particular device.

each device type is a space where data .ows via transform.


The amount of energy needed to maintain the constant temperature of the heating element is related to the air movements.

the driving voltage is an indication of airflow velocity.


Any delay increase which is postponing either C1 or C2 will not affect the eventual timing result.

each node (except the OR gate) in the F1 F1 F2 Figure 2: A duplex system.


A power savings of 98.9% is achieved by coalescing one sbb instead of doing one cache update, with the lowest and highest savings being 97.5% and 99.7% respectively, depending on frequency size.

the power consumed by coalescing is insignificant compared to a cache update.


5(a) shows that the global clock skew is changed by 3 by the insertion of an SC-TFU.

it is essential to balance clock times to .x the violation after all insertions of fault-tolerant units.


Thus, due to these constraints, a satisfying assignment to .gure 9 will .nd a minterm pair assignment to variables X0 and X1 that respectively map to the offset and onset of function Fc.

for this minterm pair, Fc is not equivalent.


Even worse, in some cases, it may cause malfunction of a circuit.

elimination of crosstalk has become a very important design issue.


Looking at the closest care states before and after input 100, we see that they both output a logic-0.

the algorithm votes for the output of 100 to be logic-0.


complex chip that is currently being targeted for the clinical diagnostics market.

the proposed ILP model is adequate for handling a real design.


Gate level dual-Vdd design style allows replacing VddH cells with VddL cells along uncritical paths.

exhaustive static timing analysis is a prerequisite to voltage assignment [1, 2, 4, 5].


However, the specific sizes and thicknesses of wires on each routing layer are not specified for these benchmarks.

this work assumes a set of typical routing specifications of the 45nm library [28].


The above strategies result in the tail dissipating power on every compaction access, while the head dissipates power on only a fraction of the compaction accesses.

the head of the queue does not get as hot as the tail of the queue and there remains unexploited spatial slack.


They are generally slower than native binary applications, and it is essentially dif.cult to parallelize them.

these mobile devices are equipped with out-of-order superscalar processors with a high performance.


Thus, C and D cannot be con.icting and it is impossible to construct two con.ict edges that intersect each other at the points other than the endpoints of the con.ict edges.

lemma 1 is t (6) D Figure 3: Embedding of Planar CG With Lemma 1, we can prove the following theorem: Theorem 1.


The higher the operating voltage, the higher the NBTI-degradation is [13][16].

lower operating voltage is desired to mitigate NBTI.


As a result, this parity block contains mostly zeros with a very small portion of bit stream that is nonzero.

it can be easily encoded to a small size parity block to be appended to the parity log reducing the amount of storage space required to keep track of the history of writes.


We observe that fetching four consecutive branch instructions occurs only once per billion instructions.

figure 7 proves that, most of the time, the branch predictor is available to provide data to B-Fetch engine without additional hardware.


On the other hand, IC design margins become so small that circuit designers cannot afford to allow even more design guard band for these reliability constraints, nor do they want to simply trade off the circuit performance or time to tape out.

accurate reliability simulations, efficient and realistic reliability analyses at design stages are necessary for circuit performance, reliability and yield.


The dynamic page skipping strategy skips one free page between two valid pages.

the dynamic page skipping strategy necessarily allocates more storage space to protect the integrity of metadata pages.


On average, bits in a compressed bitstream carry more information compared with the initial uncompressed stream because compression techniques rely on removing redundancy.

on average a bit-.ip in a compressed bit stream can destroy signi.cantly more information [10].


These rules can range from the recommended usage of special pad cells from I/O libraries and their placement on a power rail around the chip to very detailed layout design rules for single ESD endangered MOS devices.

there are rules applying to the electrical net of the IC as well as rules applying to the concrete physical layout.


The utilization of a disk system within a given I/O phase equals to the ratio the accumulative disk requirement Ri and the bandwidth of the disk system.

the utilization Ui of the ith I/O phase can be expressed as fi (. )


In other words, there is enough sunlight but the plants freeze to death.

local greenhouse operators have turned to using heaters in addition to thegreenhouse lamps.


Because of the property of exponential wire shape, Wsource is always the largest width and Wsink is the smallest one.

we have the relationship Wmin = Wsink = Wsource = Wmax (18) In reality, we can setup the width constraints, discretize the allowable range of the wire width, and assign to Wsource and Wsink di.erent values to get di.erent wire shaping solutions.


As time passes, a weakly written faulty voltage is depleted gradually, thereby correcting the faulty information over time.

the shown defect causes what we may call transient transition faults, which can be written as and .


The 3D layout eliminated the extra cycle from wires in the wakeup loop, and also removed some of the extra cycles on the branch misprediction resolution loop, the DL1 access loops, and the L2 access loops.

the total improvement in performance comes to around 10.0% as shown in Fig.


(For the example in Figure 2, the highlighted edges form a perfect matching of gain -2, which corresponds to the permutation in Figure 1.)

if we also define this gain as the gain of the matching, g(M), our objective is to find a perfect matching M* with the maximum gain g(M*).


Thus, the sum of the request arrival rates of all the nodes together should not exceed 1/1200 per cycle, otherwise the scheduler is overloaded and requests have to be discarded.

let us ignore the path con.guration and message communication delay and make an estimation.


Figure 3 shows such an example where two VPN-segments are mapped to two PPN-segments in physical memory with each such pair having a distinct SA constant.

a hardware support is needed to capture the SA constants for the different pairs of VPN and PPN segments.


In order to determine if these radios were a good solution for our problem, we needed to know the distance at which they provided robust communication.

we needed to conduct a series of experiments testing the range of these wireless radios.


Compared to charging and discharging currents, the DC current is significantly greater and has a longer duration.

the DC currents on links greatly increase their average density.


This situation makes the di.erent values of n5 with respect to n6 never observed.

n5 can be replaced with n6 without altering the overall functionality of the circuit.


Similarly, the link data widths can be set to multiples of 2, within a range (say from 16 bits to 128 bits).

we get a discrete set of design points for f, as done in [14].


The distributeddirectoryinL3keepsthe informationfor maintaining coherenceof each cacheblock,including the sharerL2 banks.

whenever adata requestis sentdirectly to apredicted owner,the requester must also send a noti.cation message to the cache block s home directory bank.


The source code of these algorithms can be imagined as surrounded by an implicit loop having the timeas iterator.

each signal in the algorithm has an implicit extra dimension corresponding to the timeaxis.


Similarly, the write assist transistor CNTWA is shared per word and controlled by W0.

each single-ended SRAM bitcell design consists of six transistors (6T).


Instead, write requests may .nish early if no bit change is needed.

eWT can reduce average write latency and the contention on cache banks, which results in slight improvement in performance.


This unidirectional signal is caused by QCA s clocking scheme, where an electric .eld E created by underlying CMOS wire is propagating uni-directionally within each logic block.

we assume the placement, the input to our QCA routing problem, is done based on a K-Layered Bipartite Graph (KLBG).


Record 1 of memory block Q shows that cache with S =1and A =1doesn t have the requested address content.

sCUD will reduce the CLT record s count pointed by the content of the list node for A =1at the top level (S =1) of the associated binomial tree.


It is ine.cient and unrealistic to design a feedback system that carries such a high communication overhead.

this motivates the need for address pruning.


Instead time difference between output production and input arrival matters for timing accuracy.

we may shorten the simulation time significantly.


As a result, the MSBs of each segment tend to have similar worst-case delay that are the same or close to the overall adder critical path.

these MSBs within all the segments are more subject to the errors, as illustrated in Fig.


A task Ti can never exploit the -WTi, (D-WRTi), STi dynamic slack which is obtained from its subsequent tasks (i.e., Outputs: the tasks Ti+1 through Tn).

those tasks that come later -.i and di in a schedule have more chance to gain larger dynamic slacks as compared to the tasks that come earlier in the schedule.


Given the huge number of possible locations of errors, system states and alternatives of a complex automotive system, it is not feasible to simulate all the possibilities in the available time.

intelligent coverage models are required to measure the completeness of the error e.ect simulation as shown in Fig.


Secondly, even though bitstream security functions can be fully tested to ensure that no attacks are made on the FPGA s security, an attack can be made to steal a key and not cause malfunction.

thoroughly testing the security functions may not help in protecting the IP from being copied by an attacker.


Due to their superior performance, CML buffers are the best choice for high-speed applications.

it is an essential need to have a systematic approach to optimally design CML buffers and CML buffer chains.


Given the complexity of our data, a single line will generally fail to accurately characterize the metric.

rather than using linear regression directly as a correlator, we use it as a component of piecewise linear segmentation.


PATH-BASED SITE ELIMINATION The number of potential defective sites after DSIE can still be signi.cant.

further sites should be eliminated, if possible.


Based on the assumption that the blocks of an object move together in the direction of the object motion, spatial and temporal neighbors are considered as good predictor candidates.

mV of the current MB is highly correlated with MVs of the spatially and temporally adjacent MBs that have been previously calculated.


In fact, the size of a site is really the size of the layout area, divided by the number of cells, thus it is the average size of a cell and the interconnect that may be associated with it.

all that is captured by the notion of a RG site is the idea that the leakage due to one cell would on average be spread out or allocated to the layout area of a single site.


Now, from condition (I) in the PSLP-FV problem formulation of equation (12), a minimum decrease in the setup time of the i th soft-edge FF-set t (w ,v) si, i which meets the long-path constraint in the i th stage of the linear pipeline, will produce the minimum increase in the power dissipation of the i th soft-edge FF-set P (w ,v) .

the FF i, i optimal solution is achieved by utilizing the smallest possible transparency window sizes which prevent setup time violation.


Depending on the number of words located in a row, only a few cells in a row need to discharge the bitlines in order to be read.

the virtual ground voltage variation is restricted only to the cells that are read in a row.


The distributed architecture provides NVP instant and ultra lowpower sleep/wakeup features [10].

many works have concentrated on the NVP implementations[11 13] with various nonvolatile materials in recent years.


One alternative consists of using spare lines to replace faulty ones [13], which has a signi.cant overhead because it requires setting up as many spare lines as potential faulty lines.

using spare lines has sense only for low faulty bit rates.


A proof is given with the implementation, which states that the implementation ful.lls the speci.cation.

the run-times in the table have to be compared with a conventional synthesis process followed by an exhaustive simulation, which is for complexity reasons often impossible.


Inevitably, the cost of the reliability functionality contradicts the design constraints (e.g., execution time, chip area, power, and energy) that come inherently with the application-speci.c nature of embedded systems.

it becomes quite dif.cult to keep high reliability while maintaining the design constraints.


For the dirty cachelines in a write-back data cache, the data in these cachelines are still needed and will be written back into the L2 cache at the replacement.

we cannot apply our CIF scheme to the dirty cachelines directly.


Next, we show that the proposed technique for dynamically adjusting the LRR can improve performance by up to 1.9× that of an optimal static LRR value.

in combination, we show that the proposed dynamic LRR technique can improve performance over a unoptimized static LRR by up to 3.42×.


Unlike DRAM, a read to a PRAM cell does not destroy the stored data.

no write back to PRAM cell is needed after a read operation.


As described in Section IV-B, the defect-aware cell selection step tries to choose standard cells that have enough redundancy to reduce unmappable assignments.

the placement decision becomes easier than in the case of defect-unaware cell selection.


This implies that there are low expectations that can be met by very simple means and there are very strict requirements that could only be satis.ed by very advanced techniques.

we can state that a nnynetwork offers a degree of QoS and this renders the question whether we need QoS inane some level of QoS is always existing.


The Top-Level Domain (TLD) is the last part of the domain name -.com in the above example; and sub-domains are then pre-pended to the TLD.

example.com is a subdomain of .com, and www.example.com is a subdomain of example.com.


The lockset approach is based on the idea that all accesses to a given shared variable should be protected by a common set of locks.

it tracks the set of locks held while accessing each variable.


Conversely, we do not believe a fully-automatic, compiler-like, solution is a reasonable short-term expectation.

we are currently investigating a short-term practical approach which is intermediate between fully manual optimization and fully automatic optimization.


The switching activities during the test mode could be twice as high as those of the normal mode [1] and excessive energy consumption during testing caused by the excessive switching activities can cause several problems.

we focus on a BIST scheme to reduce the energy required for test in order to overcome these problems.


Let the longest path of the circuit in Fig.

2 consist of the vertices a, b, and c. the minimum feasible clock period is F(G)=3.


Instead, a TLM design repeatedly performs the following cycle: receive requests from the environment, update its internal states and produce responses.

the terminology must be adapted for SystemC TLM models.


(5) k=1 If we execute loop nest Lj on the embedded processor, any data that may be updated by Lj cannot be in the main memory of the host.

we have the following constraint: m (1-Hj)+Mi,j Ji,k Wk,j =1, .i, j.


since the input data may come at the end of the transparency window.

we have the modified timing conditions for the ..., -th stage of the SEFF-based pipeline as follows ....., .


Comparison of phase detection techniques is complicated because, as stated above, there are no absolute phases, and thus there is no golden standard that techniques can be compared against.

we compare phase detection techniques using a variety of metrics that have some practical appeal.


The experiment results (Figure 7) show that the latency of a recycle stage can be well hidden during idle time for most cases.

the circuitry modi.cation in this work will not support simultaneous read and write requests in the same sub-array.


FinFET technology possesses superior gate control, suppressed short channel effects, increased Ion/Iof f current ratio, improved electrostatic integrity and less device variability, thus offers reduced static leakage current and power consumption [3].

it delivers satisfactory scalability and feasibility for post-32nm technology node.


In the model, no delay information is involved.

the above statement for the stuck-at fault model is also true in this case.


Because the hold and setup times are different, the slack of these paths should be computed separately at vertex 4.

at vertex 3, we have to distinguish the arrival times by rule sets {0} and {1}.


The goal was to create a very precise map of the evaporation in this place, thanks to soil water content and suction measurements, as current hydrological models have not represented reality well.

the WSN concept, architecture, hardware, software, and web interface presented in this paper have had an immediate impact on real-world environmental monitoring applications.


Therefore, we do not need to explicitly consider the coupling constraints in the following procedures.

the gradient-driven dummy-metal insertion problem can be de.ned as follows.


However, an external 3.3V voltage supply was still required for the power supply of the comparator [11].

this design is not suitable for batteryless applications since it is not capable of self-starting.


However, we have observed that these published models do not represent accurately the electrical characteristic behavior or our memristor device hardware.

we have developed a simple compact model that accurately represents the electrical behavior of chalcogenide based memristors.. II.


We cannot use the previous Handlers originally developed for [15], since the new features introduced with the NetFPGA port cause changes in the Handler-internal structure.

we created a special Malacoda description for the Web (HTTP) Handler of [15] and stripped from the compiled VHDL code the functionality speci.cally required for the NetFPGA version of NetStage, thus leaving a version comparable to the original one (which targeted the BEE3 platform).


Replacing such loads with a single effective capacitance is very dif.cult.

the conventional timing library format which stores the data for a cell in 2-D lookup tables (LUT) with indices as input transition time (Sin) and effective load capacitance (Ceff ) and outputs as output transition time (Sout) and gate delay is no longer suf.cient to model a driver.


By combining the temporal dependence of the cache re-reference pattern with a statistical treatment of the cache replacement algorithm, we predict the inverse square root power law dependence of the cache miss rate on the cache size.

the observed dependence of miss rate on cache size arises from the temporal dependence of cache references from a workload.


Observe, that we need to hold the message complexity of the algorithm constant in order to preserve the robustness and resilience properties desired.

if some events should have higher priority by increasing the fanout, we must decrease the fanout for other events in order to hold the message complexity constant.


The dual problem (D) is strictly related to the primal lagrangian problem (LP): if a dual feasible solution m is used as a lagrangian multiplier vector, the corresponding optimum zu LP (m)equals the value w(m)of the dual solution.

h c Acm =c (m)?0 =pLP (m)=0 = hcc =zLP (m)=me =em =wD (m) any good dual solution is a good lagrangian multiplier vector.


However, real digital gates are not Boolean either, but the approximation is sufficient to guide test generation for function comparison.

the key question is whether the residual non-linearity after the linear approximation is critical for the circuit s function.


Figure 1f shows the improvement in energy ef.ciency, if the best performing number of concurrent threads are selected statically.

there is signi.cant improvement in performance and energy ef.ciency as kernels go high into quadrant choosing the best number of threads to run concurrently is suitable for saving energy as well as improving performance.


Assume that each of these patterns appears in the design by an average of a times.

each symbol occurs in the bitstream for at least a times.


The temperature issue is potentially aggravated by higher leakage power, as a result of rising operating temperature, and finally thermal runaway may occur in the worst case.

the dependence of failure mechanisms on temperature is regarded as an important joint factor in determining the overall MTTF of a system [2].


As a proximity sensor senses the presence of the hand, the corresponding tactile actuator under the sensor is activated.

the user feels the gesture as he performs it.


By replacing X in the actuation sequence of e4 with 1 , we can merge the actuation sequences of e4 and e5 to an identical outcome 01001 .

e4 and e5 can be addressed with the same control pin due to their mutually compatible actuation sequences.


26 Buffer atomicity violation (if required) If the buffers are atomic, only .its from a single packet may reside in the buffer at any given time.

a header .it cannot arrive at a non-free VC buffer.


Most of the advantages of 3D will be utilized with new system architectures and physical implementations.

the tools to aid 3D implementation must also operate at the higher level in addition to the 3D place and route algorithms that have been proposed in the literature before.


V. VIA CONFIGUREABLE LOGIC BRICK Circuits fabricated using CNFETs have lithographic related variations in addition to the imperfections specific to the CNT technology.

for designs specific to ASIC implementations we are proposing via-configurable regular Figure 7. sample brick to implement 3-input function[11] TABLE V. FUNCTIONAL YIELD OF BRICKS IMPLEMENTED WITH PARALLEL TUBE, TRANSISTOR STACKING AND HYBRID CONFIGURATIONS FOR DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF METLLIC TUBES Brick Configuration Pm =0% Pm =4% Pm =7% Pm =10% Parallel Tube 100.0 99.6 77.5 21.6 Transistor Stacking 100 100.0 97.7 80.5 Hybrid 100 99.6 87.5 53.5 logic blocks approach [11].


However, it is a critical structure for performance, standing between the rest of the processor and long-latency main memory.

any energy-saving scheme for the LLC should cause minimal or no performance degradation.


x(t) denotes the state of the circuit at time t. The initial state of the circuit is x(0).

a nonlinear analog circuit is described by: f(x(t), x.


chosen, it is almost certain that our algorithm will end at this point.

considering the cost to compute and verify the histogram in each iteration, the total cost of all iterations, when b = O(1), is O(logb 1 : ·b·.


To minimize the total powerconsumption of the MTCMOS inverter chain, the delayconstraint in (11) must be modified as, f r Delay = max{d , d }= T 20 The objective function of (11) also needs to be modified to model the gate-tunneling current of the sleep transistors in the activemode.


()) k ×(1- xk )+ hi.j ()k ×di.j ()k × k = peak .

k=0 k=0 if the given encoded FSM has n state transitions, our ILP formulation has 2n constraints.


Furthermore, if ½ of the phase interval is not tracked precisely, we see that the penalty is acceptable and the system can still save energy compared to the base system.

interval tuning is important, and since it is better to undershoot the tuning interval than overshoot the interval, we sought to develop a methodology for tracking ½ of the phase interval.


- The capacitive load for the C input has been reduced, as it is connected only to some transistor gates and no longer to some drain or source terminals, where the diffusion capacitance is becoming very large for sub-micrometer technologies.

the overall delay for larger modules where the C signal falls on the critical path can be reduced.