DESIGN OF DUAL-RESIDUE MULTI-STEP A/D CONVERTER  A. Time-Interleaved Sample-and-Hold The sampling rate of a system is further increased by a using time-interleaved technique [16], where a higher sampling rate is obtained by running the system in parallel, although at different clock phases.

in the front-end S/H, where the clock is used to sample a continuous time signal, any deviation of the sampling moment from its ideal value results in an error voltage in the sampled signal equal to the signal change between these two moments.


The above techniques are aimed primarily at subthreshold leakage current reduction which has been the dominant component of leakage in CMOS technologies to date.

in 90nm technologies the magnitude of gate tunneling leakage, Igate, in a device is compa rable to the subthreshold leakage, Isub, at room temperature.


This basis dependency turns out to be important also for universal .eld multiplication.

it will be shown below that the basis dependency does not a.ect the operations of the Reed-Solomon decoder.


The intuition here is that any memory address that gets resolved for R during the con.ict check can be shown to have executed after the memory accessesin R ' .Thus, we can order R ' beforeR inthe region serialization of the execution.

care must be taken to not raise a false con.ict over a speculative memory access.


On the other hand, [16, 17] introduce self-invalidation in order to reduce cache coherence overhead caused by the replicated cache blocks.

these techniques do not consider the energy consumption of the L2 caches, which is an important factor in designing low-power CMPs.


The adaptive fragmentation scheme proposed in [2] and the dynamic rate adaptation algorithm proposed in [3] control the fragment size and modulation level, respectively, in order to improve the overall throughput.

the criteria adopted by these algorithms for enhancing the throughput are not suitable for WPAN applications because, in this case, reducing the energy consumption is more important than maximizing the throughput.


The limits found beside for the discharge control, should be used to track the time constant adapting the envelope variation in case of tonal modulation.

in case of a complex modulation the envelope can vary with amplitude, frequency and phase.


The burst technique is a popular approach for improving communication performance.

the burst simulation is time-consuming since data are separated into several packages and then transferred on a bus.


The key idea of our proof is to show that we can move an optimal OAPDST to .t in with PDEG without increasing cost.

the OAPDST problem deals with multiple routing layers, preferred directions, and different routing resources such that it is more complicated than the OARSMT problem and the ML-OARSMT problem.


Figure 1: Diagram of proposed Convex Optimization-based thermal management policy DVFS can be targeted to power density reduction, which has the effect of reducing overall temperature.

these techniques do not directly minimize thermal gradients or hot-spots [2], [7].


Results presented in this work, using as a casestudy a video application, show a gain of 8% on energy consumption and 24% router area reduction, compared to a TDM router implementation.


After zero-reused lines(b,d,e,f,j,o,p,q,s,t) are bypassed, the retained working set with 16 lines can wholly .t into the cache.


A common policy used by memory controllers today is, whenever possible, always trying to open memory banks for pending requests to maximize bank-level parallelism and throughput.

we .nd that this is neither power optimal nor necessary for maintaining performance because usually many banks are open while waiting for the data bus ownership.


The authors addressed the limitations of the existing methods and suggested a probabilistic interval analysis method which has the capability of preserving the notion of probability comparing with the pure interval analysis approaches.

as pointed out in [5], the interval analysis approach uses .rst order approximation to estimate the impact of variations.


After clustering, the analytical placement problem is solved at each level of the uncoarsening stage.

as we mentioned in Section 2.3, we intend to derive a placement satisfying the MAWC.


We have this kind of evaluation underway and preliminary results suggest that there is no difference in the learning results.

the users without the tutor seem to have many more problems when they first try to use Mailman.


First, similar to the baseline GPU, the scheduler needs to select which warp will be issued in each cycle.

unlike the baseline, the scheduler is restricted to choose a warp from the active contexts of two register .le sub-banks.


Experimental Results We consider a ring oscillator and combinational logic block sitting in close proximity on a chip so that they share the same intra-die systematic process variation (.Lgate).

they may experience different local temperatures.


Since no tile allows horizontal .ow, the whole combined region disallows any .ow to pass.

if we merge all the eight tiles into one larger tile, a large amount of .ow, say seven, could pass through the merged tile as shown in Figure 8(b).


The common scenario involves a packet arriving after the .nal network poll but prior to the re-enabling of the interrupts, which might allow an important packet to go unnoticed.

there is no danger of losing an interrupt since they are based on watermarks.


Typically, due to the lack of formal approaches, authors of speci.c WSN security measures evaluate their approaches by means of attack possibilities with regard to a chosen attacker pro.le.

attacker pro.les are often not speci.ed in great detail and evaluations di.er with respect to the considered attacks.


To alleviate the problem complexity, most strategies for architectural exploration disregard physical parameters and postpone them to the later stages of design.

in this paper we show that physical planning has a non-negligible impact on performance and area of a CMP.


As seen in the self-speedup curves in Figure 8, the program scalesquite well up to25 threads.

ef.ciencydrops when scaling beyond that point.


A shortest-task-.rst algorithm has been proposed for scheduling large systems.

it assumes that the cores have to use all of the pre-determined test sets and the corresponding resources.


The rationale behind this approach is that in most social settings, only a small number of people will occupy an area of 2 m around a person, so it is preferable to have high temporal .delity.

in dense situations it may be preferable to trade temporal .delity for scalability.


The WCCP, tracked using CSR in Table 1, shows POM getting slightly worse compared to the no prefetch case due the presence of inaccurate prefetches that occur at inopportune times.

cMP helps improve effectiveness by eliminating the 16 worst case clusters that do poorly with POM-only servicing.


When the 4x density and zero cell leakage advantages of STT-RAM over SRAM are considered, one can expect STT-RAM caches to consistently achieve very good results.

looking at Figure 3 which compares the L2 cache miss rate of an HP cache with that of STT-Area and TFET caches, one can see that only 4 out of 10 benchmarks (calculix, dealII, gamess,and omnetpp) have a signi.cant reduction in their miss rates.


transconductors that make use of transistors operating in the triode region show superior linearity for a large input voltage swing than others transconductors that employ saturated devices [5]; provided that second-order nonlinearities of triode transistors are cancelled out by means of differential architectures.


Figure 3 shows gate-level timing simulation of a design consisting of two blocks, with timing simulation accomplished with SDF back-annotation applied to the entire design.

for large designs, such SDF back-annotation will scheme based on STA that is fully automated and works for flat or hierarchical gate-level netlist.


Graph automorphism-based datapath extraction and ILP-based bitstacking selection are proposed to amend the existing HPWL-driven placement [23].

datapath consideration in logic synthesis phase alone is not suf.cient [16], and restricting timing optimization (e.g., sizing/buffering) on datapath can degrade the overall quality of HW [5], [25].


Inductive supply noise in the form of 1st and 2nd droop occuring at relatively lower frequencies has traditionally been dominant in digital integrated circuits.

recent integration trends, including three-dimensional integration through chip-stacking [6] and the deployment of multiple voltage domains using integrated low drop out regulators (LDOs) [11], have resulted in increased amplitude and frequency content of supply noise.


Carloni et al., proposed a latency insensitive design in [6].

the overhead for the asynchronous interface may affect both the performance and the area of the design.


where (.. 0 ) (2) 2(G .u(x,t))2 (G .u(x,t))2 2 Equation (1) shows that FE(x,t) is a function of u(x,t).

u(x,t) itself is a function of FE(x,t) as described by (2).


Biosensors for sound can give valuable information on the most critical parameters in evaluating a victim's condition, particularly airways and breathing.

doctors are currently not familiar with evaluating sound without being next to a patient.


1.2 High-Performance Wireless Platforms Many other compact wireless sensor clusters exist, developed both within our own research group [6] and at other institutes.

very few, if any systems have combined low power and small size with the number of sensor channels and high data rates needed for real-time multipoint human motion tracking [2,3].


elements is the same for the three matrices, ideally all the execution times in Figure 3 should be the same.


(4), it is observed that Kis best understood in terms of normalized current induced by the magnetic vector potential drop along a set of conductor segments.

unlike the extraction of partial inductance, in which we can directly calculate Lijusing analytical formula, Kdose not have such simple formulation.


The case-splitting strategy can be reused, due to the facts that (i) the motivation for each individual case-split is architecturebased rather than implementation-speci.c, and (ii) the de.nition of the case-splits is done in terms of the reused reference FPU instead of the real FPU.

more overlap cases can now lead to cancellation in the event of denormal operands.


For instance, Bitonic Sort uses fewer than 30 SMs and hence idle SMs are always available.

in the other applications which use all the SMs for the original execution, R-Thread has no room to hide the execution time of the redundant thread blocks.


the increasing use of this kind of energy generation was first motivated mainly by the two world-wide petroleum crises of 1973 and 1979 [2].


For zero skew designs, ideally we want to place registers on a single Manhattan ring since every register has the same delay target.

attracting registers to a single Manhattan ring may leave large areas without registers and logic cells in those areas need huge wirelength to make connections with registers on the ring.


Delay overhead: Similarly, in terms of delay overhead, increasing the depth of the parity tree increases the time required to calculate the word parity.

adding two parity trees has a considerable advantage, as the depth of the XOR trees decreases and the delay overhead is signi.cantly reduced.


Similarly, the standard deviation does not show a large variation.

there is a reduction in distribution skew compared to the results for local calculations.


LP- DRAM devices, typically operated in power-sensitive systems, use lower frequencies, and hence, LPDDR2 is not equipped with ODT.

lPDDR3 chips will incorporate ODT resistors to increase signal integrity in high-frequency environments [32].


In this case, an erroneous 1 indicated by the ECC is identi.ed to be a hard error as a result of RHRS .

an erroneous 0 is identi.ed to be a soft error as a result of retention failure.


For example, a 512MB Footprint Cache requires around 3MB of tags, which, while not trivially small, is still feasible to be implemented on-chip.

the improvements in die-stacked DRAM technology have already pushed the feasible DRAM capacities up to several GBs (e.g., Micron s 4GB Hybrid Memory Cube [22]).


Here there is a much smaller delta in the interpacket arrival delay.

note that the experiment had very good network conditions.


However, as will be shown in Sections II-B and III, the length a crack can grow from an originating TSV depends heavily on the locations of the nearby TSVs due to the superposition of thermo-mechanical stress, and its value can be large or even dif.cult to calculate when complicated TSV placement structures present.

as the probability of crack initiation is low, it would be a waste of chip area to set the KOZ to (a) (b) Fig.


We expect that as long as the supply voltage noise waveform is outside of the input signal transition window, it should not have any impact on cell delay.

when the noise waveform overlaps with the input signal transition, there will be an e.ect on cell delay.


We have shown that a poor early choice can cause dynamic programming to perform sub-optimally.

sTEER has, for the .rst time, provided evidence that dynamic programming does perform well when searching for fast WHT formulas, if dynamic programming does not make a poor early choice.


Buffer minimization has been considered in [8] and other research work as a linear programming problem, where the buffers are modeled with a set of linear constraints.

that work does not involve an assignment of the actors to processors, nor has it any direct link with networks.


Although such duplication results in capacity loss, it makes block allocations simple and fast.

in cases where the capacity of the fast memory is comparable to that of the slow memory, the capacity lost in duplication may be unacceptable.


A LEAP computation engine is an array of specialized hardware Table 4: Latency Comparison (ns) Application SWSL PLUG LEAP Ethernet forwarding 0.582 0.504 0.392 IPv4 1.753 0.504 0.392 IPv6 5.473 2.331 1.813 Ethane 1.200 0.504 0.392 DFA 0.373 0.756 0.588 Table 5: Power Estimation (W) units connected via a crossbar, resulting in near-ASIC performance.

such performance comes at a price in terms of ease of development and generality.


The authors reduce the o.-chip accesses and thus save bandwidth.

compressing and decompressing cache lines add extra overhead in cached data accesses leading to larger access latency.


not all of them are meaningful or useful.


thisrepresentationhasarelativelysmallsolutionspaceof O(n!23n)1andthetimecomplexitytorealizeafoorplan 1In[4],thepaperclaimswithoutproofthatthesizeofsolutionspaceforCornerBlockListisO(n!23n/n1:5).webelievethatthecorrectsizeofCBLsolutionspaceshould be (n!23n).IntheCBLalgorithm,thecornerblocklist (S,L,T)areperturbedrandomlyandindependentlyinthe simulatedannealingprocess.Therearen!combinationsfor A C D B A C B D (a) (b) Figure1:Structuresthatcannotberepresentedin amosaicfoorplan fromitsrepresentationislinear.somecornerblock listdoesnotcorrespondtoanyfoorplan.Asaremedyto theweaknessthatsomenon-slicingstructurescannotberepresented(e.g.,Figure1(a)),CBLisextendedbyincluding dummyblocksofzeroareainthesetofmodules.Inorder torepresentallnon-slicingstructure,O(n 2)ofsuchdummy blocksareused,whichhaveincreasedthesizeofthesolution spacesignifcantly[9].


INTRODUCTION With the advent of technology, low-power, ultra-low-voltage, and three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit designs are becoming vital design methodologies.

they are vulnerable to power supply noises such as IR drop and Ldi/dt noise.


Similar with the simulators mentioned above, SimICT also uses a component-based method to construct the target systems.

simICT has made some remarkable improvements.


Since the resulting FSM is supposed to be a good abstraction of the original system, transitions among these points are representative of system transitions/trajectories.

they are still not satisfactory since discrete points in continuous state space have measure zero.


Integration to the Coherence Protocol SP-prediction requires additional functionality in the coherence protocol.

it does not interfere with the base protocol and operates on top of it.


The modulation scaling algorithm proposed in [3] adapts the data rate (i.e., the modulation level) in order to reduce the energy consumption.

this scheme is available only for network coordinator nodes (or cluster heads) which can collect data from other devices without considering the channel status.


Firstly, as M increases, there is more chance of generating a bigger antichain and secondly, the algorithm is likely to diverge further from the optimal chain decomposition with more events.

the increase is gradual and even with 25, 000 events, we are able Events to timestamp events using 35 components which is a reduction of a factor of about 3 over vector clocks.


In that case, the area for buffer control of Type II is larger than that of a product FSM that has a few states and transitions.

type I has smaller latency than Type II.


The other way for a thread to achieve speedup using MTP, without a large Sp, is to have a modest Sp, but a steep speedup curve and a gradual slowdown curve, so that the speedups accumulated in multiple expanding partitions exceed the slowdown in one shrinking partition.

achieving a modest Sp along with a steep speedup curve requires only a small amount of extra capacity, in which case CC is likely to achieve the same effect because the LRU policy is better at .ne-turning cache allocation to achieve speedups (example shown in Figure 7).


This is a key feature that is shared by our STC analysis as well.

oDC is a natural candidate for clock gating since it is by definition a combinational condition STC is a sequential condition (current state value is equal to previous value).


note that, when the number of MHs is small (less than 20), the adaptive scheme requires more power than the fixed scheme.


To explain its limitation, we construct a synthetic example in Figure 3, where the optimal solution with human inspection is c = 3.

figure 3(a) and (b) show the results fitted by setting c = 2 and c= 3 respectively.


Integer operations that are not load/store or branch are scaled by 2 as they use the double pumped ALU.

load/stores use address generation units and branch processing is done in the complex ALU, along with shifts, .ag logic and multiplies.


= (4) sup nR Therefore, the calibration problem can be transformed into making the number of regular operations nR approach its maximum value sup nR between any two neighbor calibrations to maximize the calibration ef.ciency ..

sup nR varies a lot, and therefore, it s usually very dif.cult to predict the best time for calibration.


The results show that the ef.ciency of U5 decreases by around 25% (from 167% lifetime improvement to 127%) when different primary input SPs are used for the mapping phase and the delay degradation calculation.

this has negligible effect on the ef.ciency of the methods with the fewer SP samples (less than 1% decrease in the lifetime improvement of NU2W).


Obviously, by the time TM applications become widespread, they will require fault tolerance, as well.

providing fault tolerance for TM applications by using conventional fault tolerance schemes is not feasible since it requires additional hardware and performance overhead over TM itself.


In contrast, the high-radix implementations [4][21][15] run to a smaller clock frequency, because the high complexity degree of the arithmetic operations.

high-radix implementations concentrate a advantage on small clock cycles number, providing a high speed process operation.


Therefore, instruction-level DfT cannot increase thefault coverage of the non-programmable cores.

thetest programs for testing the non-programmable corescan beoptimized by adding new instructions.


Like the dynamic crossover rate, a dynamic mutation rate, determined by the weaker  parent s  fitness, is used.

the mutation rate is restricted to the range of 0-50%.


As expected, % Smart Chunks (Columns 4 and 9) is, on average, higher for the signature-based Atom-Aid, since aliasing in signatures causes chunks to be broken more frequently.


As reported in [3], all positive unate functions of three or fewer variables are threshold functions.

17 out of 20 and only 92 out of 168 positive unate functions of four and .ve variables, respectively, are threshold functions, not considering variable permutations.


In our current mapping, the second processor and remaining two slices are idle when demosaicing is in operation.

these resources can be used to implement next steps in the imaging pipeline such as white balance, denoising, and sharpening which are also based on convolution-based kernels.


As the result shows, the listed total Manhattan distance between TSP1 and the proposed framework is close.

the path reported by TSP1 contains at least 24 more constraint-violated edges for each benchmark design.


Constructing Current-Based Gate Models Based on Existing Timing Library Andrew B. Kahng, Bao Liu and Xu Xu CSE and ECE Departments, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0114 {abk,bliu,xxu}@cs.ucsd.edu Abstract Current-based gate modeling achieves a new level of accuracy in nanoscale design timing and signal integrity analysis.

to generate current-based gate models requires additional pre-characterization of the gate, e.g., in the form of a new or an extended timing library format.


Typically, digital pen users control one or two parameters using stylus position and sometimes pen pressure.

in many scenarios the user can benefit from the ability to continuously vary additional parameters.


In this case, it is worth noting for example, that the hardened version provided applying SWIFT-R only to the register set A - D - E - F would be an interesting choice from the software side, because it o.ers high reliability (98.18% are unACE faults in FTUnshades) and at the same time, its code and execution time overheads results are acceptable, ×1.79 and ×1.70 respectively.

these decisions must be strictly connected with the requirements of every speci.c application.


Area is measured directly from the layout design, and delay and energy consumption can be predicted by simulation.

there is not a clear method to measure layout regularity nor its impact on variability.


2.2 About Resources Large-scale scientific applications have demonstrated scalable performance on today s architectures.

based on trends extracted from available market literature (as listed in Table 1), we can expect that future architectures will require that today s applications and middleware scale their performance in ways previously unexplored.


Without it, the whole system could be compromised or su.ers a service failure in which self-recovery would be impossible.

the existence of such a component itself is not su.cient for creating revivable services unless there is some additional mechanism for state introspection, backup, and recovery.


This indicates that the participants were performing serial searches in these conditions.

if distracters were presented on the back layer and only the target on the front, the slopes were flatter.


Future design iterations will remedy this issue.

the synchronization time of each master latch increases with an increasing number of devices in the chain and Figure 8 still demonstrates that tMSR can be controlled via the use of onehot codes.


3.3 DAC Current Calibration In order to measure the exact resistance, the proposed architecture relies heavily on the ideal characteristics of the DAC and ADC.

process variations can deteriorate the linearity of the current-steering DAC.


In the past, there were two separate approaches at proving such protocols: Formal methods offer the advantage of precise protocol descriptions and automatic tools for protocol analy- sis.

for this one had to use unfounded idealizations of the real cryptographic primitives used.


Our initial 8MHz prototype unit, using the simplest algorithm, achieves an e.ective frequency stability of ±1.2ppm and consumes only 1.27mW.

commercially available TCXOs with similar stability can cost over 10 times as much and consume over 20mW.


By multi-mode we mean that part of the cache can be used for FIFO-based caching of data for media processors, while the remainder of the cache can be used for 2nd level caching or even 1st level caching for CPUs, with standard caching and pre-fetching mechanisms.

the latter mode of caching lies beyond the scope of this paper.


When the noise is induced, the output transition almost .nishes.

because least-square method only considers the input waveform and does not take the output transition of the receiver gate into consideration, the equivalent waveform gets close to the all over noisy waveform.


Since the access mechanism of LRAS is similar to that of SRAM, memory test techniques can be utilized to test LRAS.

scan flip-flops of LRAS are distributed all over the circuit; the scan flip-flop density of LRAS is much lower than the memory cell density of SRAM.


In order to meet the timing requirement, the voltage of one bin/grid is determined by the voltage of the most critical gates in the bin/grid.

this forces many non-critical gates use higher supply voltage just because there are a few critical gates in the same grids.


We de.ne an incremental elaboration function to be one that elaborates the resources of design d incrementally: gd(Xc,Xn,Hc)= Hn (4) The incremental sets can be expressed as: R = fd(Xc)-fd(Xn) and S = fd(Xn)-fd(Xc) (5) Hn can now be produced by removing R from Hc and adding S: Hn =(Hc - R) .

s (6) we do not want to determine the sets R and S as described in equation 5 because this would require a complete evaluation of fd(Xn) and fd(Xc).


For instance, for BenchSet4, when there are two pins available, the temperature reduction is 10 °C.

when there are three dedicated pins, the reduction reduces to 9.6 °C.


Galois is faster than Fibonacci because the propagation time for smaller function of individual bits in Galois is reduced compared with the large feedback function in Fibonacci.

the mathematical properties of such NLFSRs are harder to reason about.


INTRODUCTION Conventional technologies like SRAM, DRAM, and Flash memory have achieved remarkable accomplishment in modern computer industry.

the scaling of these chargebased memory technologies beyond 22nm faces great challenges like high leakage power consumption and variationinduced reliability degradation.


Infact, c4, vpr, and parser, have perfect outputs in the conservative con.guration.

mpeg2 and rayshade have a few runs with degraded results (about 33% for mpeg2 and 4% for rayshade), but as we show later in the section, the degradation is marginal.


Besides, voltage over-scaling is impossible for vanguardonly AVS systems.

rearguard-only AVS systems [9-10] have the drawback of slow voltage convergence, for there is no information about the timing errors observed by the rearguard.


The first is that previous techniques focus on the error prediction logic fh in Figure 1(b).

dynaTune is directly applied on the Combinational Logic Block in Figure 1(b) to make it timing speculation friendly.


Such responses need to be read back by the processor core to determine whether or not any faults on the bus occurred.

because the input buffers of a non-memory core cannot be read by the processor core, a DfT scheme is suggested to allow direct observability of the input buffers by the processor core.


First, primary cache hits are filtered from the secondary cache s observed reference stream.

because the TLB is usually in front of or in parallel with the primary cache, page reference bits are set according to the unfiltered reference stream.


{shhuang, g9402601, g9202601, g9376042}@cycu.edu.tw ABSTRACT In modern high-speed circuit design, the clock skew has been widely utilized as a manageable resource to improve the circuit performance.

in high-level synthesis stage, the circuit is never optimized for the utilization of clock skew.


They are useful if the lost segment is short (an usual assumption in the literature is around 20 ms) and the signal is fairly stationary.

if these conditions do not hold, conventional methods will not produce satisfactory results.


1 (b), the maximum range of the speech data is 14 bits.

about 60 % of the data do not have range larger than 8 bits.


Among these issues, overlap in actuators is the most insidious since it can pose a serious problem of correctness (as in the first two examples above).

given the growing challenge from power and cooling, future data centers will likely deploy multiple power management solutions at the same time, and federation1 of these solutions is desirable.


GPU-accele rated ray-tracing has been used for auralization [49, 50] with sig ni.cant 10-fold speedups reported.

it is currently unclear how GPU approaches would compare against the latest advances in ray or beam-tracing [51], that leverage multiple CPU cores and vector instructions for ray intersections.


LPL is shipped with TinyOS 2.x for nodes using the CC2420 transceiver.

our experimental evaluation of the LPL revealed that its usage in a realistic deployment scenario results in a very high packet loss rate.


Argus [7] and iSWAT [8] are based on the same guiding principle as the URISC checker core, i.e., fault detection using low-overhead hardware.

argus and iSWAT can only be used for fault detection, while the URISC co-processor, by virtue of being Turing complete, can be used both to detect faults (this work) and to recover from faults when they occur (as shown by [10]).


This layer assignment consumes 3 layers (see Figure 5 (b)).

if we assign b1,b2,b6 to one layer and b3,b4,b5 to the other, we will use only 2 layers (see Figure 5 (c)).


For streams with small, fixed strides, references from one stream tend to make several column accesses for each row activation, giving good performance on a modern DRAM.

conflicts with other streams and non-stream accesses often evict the active row, thereby reducing performance.


If a transition on the inputs of combinational blocks needs a failing path to reach the outputs, an incorrect value will be registered at the destination register and cause an error.

other transitions that need non-failing paths to propagate their input transitions to the outputs continue to operate correctly.


Such repair methodology is generally applicable for detectable manufacturing defects such as opens and shorts when the distance between the failed TSV and its corresponding spare is not large.

both TSVs and other circuit elements wear out during .eld-operation.


For all I/O sizes, the throughput attained by the platform is roughly the same whether DCA is on or not.

the difference in CPU utilization ranges from 3.1% to 5.3% with generally a greater difference at the larger I/O sizes.


This is especially important when creating adders in FPGAs due to the relatively long critical path of adders.

as shown in Figure 1, a plain adder only uses two of the four LUT inputs.


Given a standard cell based layout, a solution graph is computed to represented all legal coloring solutions.

their approach has no control on assigning the same type of patterns for the same type of cells.


Without fully understanding the abstraction of methods and rules, it was certainly possible to design sub-optimal circuits.

as mentioned previously, the semantics of methods are clearly de.ned, and so long as designers remember what they represent (a bundle of data and control wires), then observing their timing and area implications remain clear.


This technique movespagesfrom main memory inthelocal computer to memory in other computers of the cluster, aiming that retrieving those remote pages will be faster than retrieving them fromharddisk.Previousstudieshaveproved that,evenonaregularEthernetnetwork,aremote memory access madeacrossthenetworkisslightlyfasterthanalocal disk access [12].

remote swap presents the same drawback as traditional swap, which is not only a.ected by disk latency, but it also su.ers from software latency, that is, the time required by the operating system to swap memory pages.


From Table 5 it can be seen that some of the faults in G , that are not guaranteed to be detected by a 10detection test set, have very high probabilities of being detected by such a test set.

there are also nontrivial numbers of faults with lower probabilities.


The non volatile nature of PRAMs offers a comprehensive solution to the burgeoning problem of on-chip leakage energy.

integra tion of PRAMs into the traditional memory hierarchy poses new ar chitectural challenges.


Moreover, because the manufacturing cost is proportional to the number of routinglayersusedfor both chipsand packages, a good I/O placement not only helps to achieve design closure, but also reduces the number of layers.

because of the ever-increasing requirement for functionality, the number of I/O cells in a single die keeps increasing, rendering traditional manually tuned I/O placement extremely di.cult.


In the detailed routing stage, it applies the X-based gridless routing to complete the routing.

this work has some signi.cant limitations: ILP is typically very time-consuming.


The up signal turns on the upper switch and charges the output node.

when ............ leads ............ , the up/down signal controls the switches to generate a discharge current at the output node.


As thirty frequency samples were used to compute the PMTBR model, at each order, more work was also required to compute the approximations for a given order.

as about sixty PRIMA vectors are required 0 1 2 3 4 1010101010 to obtain 1% accuracy in the resistance, the overall work is still # samples less.


In this case, when O(k) parties transmit anonymously the ratio of protocol messages to anonymous messages is O(k), and the ratio of protocol bits to anonymous bits is O(k3).

all of the honest parties of the sending group fail to send to the intended recipient of Msg[t] -c/2 with probability e .


The MC simulations of [1] provide the entire power supply variation to power rail Vdd.

power-supply is generally measured as the Vdd referenced relative to ground Vss, which we call as e.ective Vdd.


To deal This work is funded by NSF CAREER Award CCF-0448534, UC Micro #05-111 via Cadence Design System Inc. with more ports, we have more transfer functions and thus more poles and residues to compute.

poles among different transfer functions are the same for the same circuits as poles are characteristics of a system.


They also describe techniques allowing overheads associated with coherence complexities to be reduced, termed relaxed input coherence.

their approach is also limited by the use of tightly statically coupled cores.


Actually, property coverage is still an open issue and a not sedimented subject.

simulation based functional veri.cation techniques [11, 10, 24] show the following problems:  By this technique it is not possible to distinguish between hard to detect faults, which represent hard to verify states in the functional interpretation, and the real design errors because in both cases the faults result undetected.


Thus, we claim that the DCSC architecture is highly scalable.

the fact is acknowledged that simulations need to be run for even higher ratios of scaling to fully understand this property.


Store distances can be converted to SSNs (i.e., dynamic stores) and vice versa using simple subtraction from global counters.

store PCs and SSNs can be converted to each other only through a level of indirection.


For the traditional technology mapping implemented in ABC, the target is to minimize the worst case path delay or reduce the overall circuit area.

here we make some modi.cations on the target function.


A pattern-selection algorithm following this principle was proposed in [8].

the detection probability was computed using Monte Carlo simulations of the entire circuit, which is inef.cient for practical applications.


Equation (9) is valid as long as the M AX operation used is ideal.

the M AX operation used in SSTA is an approximation using the Clark s formulation.


Based on such assumption, [4] presented closed-form formulas for all atomic operations (max and sum), hence such method is e.cient.

when the amount of variation becomes larger, the linear delay model is no longer accurate [11].


It can be observed that if the column weight of each layer is at most 1, the proposed approach coincides with the conventional layered decoding approach with SPA.

if we view the parity check matrix as one layer, the proposed approach becomes TPMP SPA.


Other work aims to learn properties for the purpose of formal veri.cation [9, 10].

our solution leverages the pre-silicon environment to learn correct activity, particularly interblock interfaces, and then enforces it in post-silicon validation.


The third and last tile is the Input tile; this tile consists of a vertical wire to connect the two horizontal wires at the other end, such that the memory loop is formed.

it is di.erent from the Output tile, because prior to transferring data, the old memory state must be multiplexed with the input data (this is dependent on the Write control signal).


Thus, by increasing the component granularity, we lower the number of power models, leading to a decrease in area.

as shown by the following example, increasing component granularity has a signi.cant impact on estimation accuracy.


Therefore, a large (close to 1) absolute value of the normalized dot product corresponds to a small ., meaning that p1 and p2 are almost exactly aligned in space.

a small absolute value of the normalized dot product implies a large .


For these mostly stable applications, last value and GPHT perform almost equivalently.

the bene.ts of GPHT are immediately observed with the last 6 benchmarks, which constitute the Q3 and Q4 applications.


If it is a small granularity bit, word or row fault, then dimensions 2 and 3 parity can .x such errors.

large granularity faults such as column and bank faults are corrected using dimension 1 parity.


It can also be seen that all three classi.ers perform well in identifying a browsing circuit, as their F-measure for the browsing class rangesfrom0.83forBayesNetsto0.97forFT.FTandLMT classi.ers also performvery wellin identifyingBitTorrent circuits.

theyboth achieve around 0.71 for the streaming class.


Table IV shows the bandwidth usage of stacked memory, off-chip memory, and storage, for different designs, averaged over the workload category.

cache reduces off-chip bandwidth by 45%, Cache does not reduce storage bandwidth.


Assuming that the threshold voltage is a continuously varying parameter, the optimum threshold voltage to satisfy both the Ron-req and Wmax constraints is given by: L VtX = Vdd - (6) µn * Cox * Ron * Wsleep So intuitively, we can achieve the required on-resistance Ron-req with a lower value of Wmax and with a lower threshold voltage VtX .

the constraint on VtX is VtL = VtX = VtH .Here VtL and VtH are the low threshold and high threshold voltages of the transistors present in the design library.


TSVs not only increase manufacturing cost, but also incur silicon area, delay, and power overhead.

the effects of TSV overheads have not been studied thoroughly in the literature.


With the optimal tuning interval, the self-tuning system reduces 32% of energy over a base cache system, which includes 7% overhead due to the tuning process itself.

if the phase interval is not tracked precisely, the penalty is severe and there is no potential energy savings compared to the base system.


Of course, another possible approach to design a Fault Secure sticky bit comparator could be to made use of duplication and comparison.

with respect to this approach, our proposed solution allows a significant reduction in area overhead .n > 6 that, as an example, equals the 62% for n=32, and the 64% for n=64.


For both the read and write cache, we initially select a block to be evicted using an LRU policy on disk cache capacity misses (for the read cache) or capacity writes (out-of-place writes that need to .rst erase blocks, for the write cache).

if this block wear out exceeds that of the newest block by a predetermined threshold, then the block corresponding to the minimum wear out (newest block) is evicted to balance the wear-level.


Recent researches on NoCs synthesis mainly addressed the interprocessor communication optimization problem and only focused on part of the NoCs synthesis design steps [4-7,11].

all the above works do not consider the effect of the computation timing on calculating the latency of the data transmission.


If Ybest fits the yield requirement, the around-specification samples become critical and dominate the real yield value.

simulating all samples in this region is still inefficiency.


Moreover, other applications with variable size transactions, like Labyrinth, can also be accelerated.

some coarse-grain applications, such as Bayes or Vacation, almost always abort by software, which suggests the need for a bigger bu.er.


This remarkable progress has been principally achieved by reducing feature sizes.

ongoing reduction of the lithographic features is increasingly expensive.


Main application of TVP was mixed-signal/RF/analog circuits and it was used there for mixers and switchedcapacitor .lters.

if appropriately adapted, TVP is highly applicable to analysis and optimization of power supply network and substrate noise analysis, i.e., reduction of large digital logic blocks for SSN and IR drop prediction purposes, as we develop and demonstrate here.


We find that although our method spent more time on inferring bisimulation relations to capture non-structurepreserving transformations than that of the method in [18], the total costs are almost the same as the method in [18] due to the heuristics in SelectBR.

our method can deal with more scheduling optimization techniques than the [18]'s method.


These values do not change by the instructions in the other pipeline stages.

the same instruction may consume different energies according to Table 2.


In PriSM, the replacement process has two steps: (1) Partition-Selection: choose a partition according to the pre-calculated eviction probability distribution and then (2) Victim-Identi.cation: choose the victim that belongs to the partition selected by the partition-selection step.

there is a possibility of abnormality that no replacement candidate belonging to a partition identi.ed by the partition-selection step.


For this case, if the connected VWS is .xed by diode insertion, the collected charges of Ci can be discharged through the inserted diode, and thus will not cause any antenna violations.

if the connected VWS is .xed by jumper insertion, the collected charges may still cause the antenna violation, since jumper insertion will not create any discharging paths.


Data prefetching modi.es the pattern of memory access, but this modi.ed pattern can confuse modern intelligent cache management systems.

opportunities to improve performance can also arise.


The ideal case, where no mismatch occurs, is that e1 =e2 ==en =0.

this is impossible even though we have correctly guessed the defect function in the diagnosis process.


The work of [18] solves similar problems as those of [17].

they make use of OKFDDs [11] to canonically represent the circuit constraints.


Next, we observe from the GL reduction trend (= g-ratio) that the min-FF vs max-FF retiming objective has little impact on the GL power consumption.

the simultaneous Vdd/Vth scaling reduces the GL power by 30% on average compared to Vdd scaling-only.


to compute a signature twice and compare the two results or to verifythe result with the public keybefore output.

these two countermeasures are too costlyto be of practical interest.


In contrast, back body bias is useful for standby mode[2].


The work is closely related to this paper, but the model does not assess the performance penalties when the optimal leakage savings are achieved.

the SSA of this paper can improve performance while signi.cantly cutting leakage dissipation of data caches.


Clock will be recovered at the receiver end to sample the data at the correct time instance.

this design requires precise matching of delay elements and additional control logics.


In other words, invalid ways in the LLC are always utilized, but with a zero insertion age in the case a bypass is recommended.

if bypass is true and there is no invalid way in the target set, the incoming block is bypassed.


Recognizing that the impact of the coupling of TSVs is non-negligible, many studies have reported methodologies for reducing TSV-to-TSV coupling [3] [5] [2].

these studies have mostly focused on the impact of TSV-to-TSV coupling on only single TSV-pair cases and not on multiple TSV-pair cases [5].


Biased key-touch durations from the same user also cause false negatives.

this can be prevented either by the application itself or by the event sanitizer, through de.ning a normal time threshold between consecutive key touches.


The algorithm described in [7] compresses the supply currents of M current sources into C compression sets, with a higher compression than a single-cycle for a single compression set, assuring also a user-specified error bound.

this algorithm can result in a high number of compression sets, which is not acceptable for our optimization, as the number of compression sets is highly dependent on the temporal locality and periodicity of the currents across different clock cycles.


There are many heuristics for solving the minimum Hamiltonian path problem, which is an NP-complete problem [9].

because the number of clusters is usually small even for a large circuit, using an exhaustive search for solving the minimum Hamiltonian path is feasible.


Categories and Subject Descriptors B.0 [Hardware]: General; B.4 [Hardware]: Input/Output and Data Communications; H.5.m [Information Interfaces and Presentation (e.g., HCI)]: Miscellaneous General Terms Design, Human Factors, Measurement Keywords Air Quality Sensing, Mobile Participatory Sensing  1 Overview Data about air quality could enable important advances in medicine, science, and policy.

only limited air quality readings are currently available.


The resulting CODC is a function of arbitrary nodes in the network.

we desire the support of the CODC to be the support of the node itself.


The schedule on the left requires only 2 functional units while the schedule on the right requires 3.

the maximum variable cut in the left is 7 compared to 5 on the right.


Their formulations are solved using non-linear optimization, such as sequential quadratic programming [23] and geometric programming [24].

these schemes [23, 24] still need affine transformations as a preprocessing procedure to improve data locality and enable tiling.


With the first approach, the clock distribution network topology is designed for enhanced robustness against process parameter variations [2].

the clock skew due to environment variations, caused by the fluctuations of the temperature and the supply voltage, is ignored in [2].


The table based implementation of an APSRA algorithm could also be a blessing because it allows con.gurability (and even dynamic re-con.gurability) of the routing algorithm to allow modi.cations in communication requirements in the running applications.

routing table size can be reduced by using, for instance, the approach proposed in [12].


Therefore, there is a need for embedded .oating-pointunits(FPUs) inFPGAs.

if unutilized, embedded FPUs waste space on the FPGA die.


Theoretically we can allow a sender n4 n4 n4 n4 n3 n3 n3 n3 Phase 2 Phase 4 to inform the receiver its current status by sending some Phase 3 Phase 1  update packets.

considering the long preamble Figure 1: Four phases in FERI MAC.


Random writes in a large storage space can lead to excessively high latency and make the storage system nearly unusable.

on higher-end SSDs equipped with a disk cache, write performance is exceptionally good and nearly independent of access patterns.


Thus, the arrival time at the output node of a path has a simple representation that faithfully captures the sensitivity of the path to the parameters, given by the bi terms in (4).

such a simple linear representation of arrival times is not helpful for computing sensitivities when many paths converge on a node.


In the latter case, it may be possible to .nd additional tests by replacing more than a single vector in every test, or by performing deterministic test generation.

we found that in benchmark circuits the proposed procedure is suf.cient for all the faults.


An exhaustive search on di.erent 4-bit to 6-bit mappings was done and none of the mappings could eliminate Class 5 and Class 6 crosstalk on all of the three above-mentioned transition  Figure 2: Data transmission Figure 1: Bench-mechanism usedinthe TCS mark-wise CTV coding technique for both address and data buses points.

the TCS encoding given in Table 2 satis.es the following theorem.


Hence, if ;is equal to fractional value of the arrival time, arrival time at all parent nodes become integer.

;need to be at most as large as the minimum available budget in parent nodes.


Therefore, the polarity of the tree input a is negative.

the bottom of G4 stack is AN D. So the root polarity is positive.


As already discussed, one could replace equation 4 with calls to the NetlifeSpectrum NoC routine from Section 4.

the computational runtime of the mapping algorithm will increase because equation 6 must be evaluated many times inside the branch-and-bound algorithm.


However, since hints can only potentially help the program execution, priority of the access should always be given to the normal operation of the animator core.

the I-cache port is busy for more than 50% of cycles for 3 benchmarks and is free only if the instruction fetch queue (IFQ) is full.


For example, in Cholesky with 20% slowdown limit, AVG signi.cantly violates the performance guarantee, degrading the performance by up to 120%.

sUM method is very conservative and under 10% slowdown limit it can always guarantee the performance degradation within 3%, but as we will show in the next subsection, it does not e.ectively save energy consumption.


As mentioned earlier, a CPPC can be a cache at any level of the cache hierarchy.

to keep the description simple, we first describe the necessary hardware modifications to an L1 cache and the operation of a basic L1 CPPC.


This suggests that at least within a factor of 2 or so, the PIM Lite .oorplan can reasonably be used for relative area comparisons.

when normalized to process line width, PIM Lite memory and logic components were each approximately an order of magnitude less dense than their professional counterparts.


In such a context, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) architectures present a good trade-off between performance and flexibility.

they consume high static power and can hardly be associated with power gating techniques due to their long context restoring phase.


Much current work is addressing these problems from the power generation side by developing and optimizing transducers for energy harvesting.

the desire for smaller devices and higher levels of integration fundamentally limit output power.


It should be noted that RGEN does not show smaller computation time than C-tool with manual mapped meshing (cuboid-shaped meshing) for the same accuracy level.

manual mapped meshing in C-tool requires manually defining the meshing of the objects in a correct order, which definitely cannot be employed in complex interconnect structures.


For example in Figure 2, if CAC (1,1) receives a grant, then no other CAC in row 1 (CACs (1,j)) and column 1 (CACs (i,I)) can be granted.

if CAC (1,1) is not granted, then the priority is passed on to the CACs in its row and column, in the positive-x- and positive-y-direction respectively.


Note that the default Linux buddy page allocator preserves a certain amount of continuity among allocated physical pages, and thus using one bit to represent a small number of pages (rows) results in modest overhead at high memory utilization.

some advanced page allocation mechanisms [15] may break the continuity, increasing the overhead of PARIS.


For example, the raw metric for number of cycles supplies a useful estimate of how long a code region executed; however, the derived metric of number of instructions divided by the number of cycles (IPC or instructions per cycle) can directly emphasize how well code regions are utilizing system resources.

raw metrics are necessary to help gauge the overall importance of code regions per se.


9, .SL1 = 0 if Ta (Tmax -T (SH )+ T (SH )A).


The above partitioning solution was proposed recently in [17].

both array partitioning and the assignment of control pins to electrodes in [17] are done in an ad-hoc manner.


Since global decaps are always connected to the power grids, the leakage consumes power all the time.

local decaps leakage can be eliminated when the local grid is cut o..


In contrast, if a misprediction is detected in the OXU, the misprediction penalty is increased by the number of the stages of the IXU, which is usually four or .ve, because its pipeline length is prolonged.

more than 50% of instructions are executed in the IXU (Section VI), and thus, the total penalty is reduced.


Recently, [7] proposed to couple nonlinear circuits together with power/ground networks based on the Gauss-Seidel style relaxation [8].

when nonlinear and linear circuits are strongly coupled, the number of nonlinear iterations could be very large.


This technique can be applied as a post-processing and used for improving an existing layout, but it is not suitable for routing.

both global routing and detailed routing are not the best stage to address crosstalk.


There has been much recent work on such techniques, showing they provide high fault coverage at very low cost.

for some cases, the SDC rate is still non-negligible, the evaluation techniques typically based on randomly selected fault injection campaigns are not validated, and the random injections do not provide insight on the vulnerable portions in the rest of the application that might need protection.


Since hot data are invalidated very often and result in many dead pages on their residing banks, their residing banks must do garbage collecting frequently.

the banks which have more non-hot data might have a high capacity utilization, since non-hot data would stay on their banks for a longer period of time.


requiring a minimum space between any shifter and the cell boundary) can be verified using DRC techniques.

guarantees of composability by placing buffer space around cell boundaries become increasingly costly in terms of density: the economic requirement for phase composability arises because it becomes meaningless to waste several line pitches around each cell boundary and significantly effect design density purely in the interest of composability (the alternative is a very narrow process window which is also economically bad).


Therefore, a transceiver with FDM designed for wave guided signal is optimum for this technology similar to the transceivers proposed by authors in [6,16].

an integration of a vertical dipole or monopole is needed to achieve the right polarization of the signal on the surface.


Most require a few generations to improve the value of .tness.

the results are close to a local optimum.


s [2004] LED display design improves ef.ciency over their initial double-absorption design.

there are also signi.cant differences between our light reallocation approach and the original dual-modulation HDR displays.


This is avoided by Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) [2] architectures, where di.erent parts of a chip are clocked by di.erent clock sources & clock trees.

using independent and hence unsynchronized clock domains gives away the advantages of global synchrony and thus requires non-synchronous cross-domain communication mechanisms or synchronizers [4, 13, 21].


From our discussion in Section 5, the cache delay is increased only slightly (< 3%) in nominal Vdd.

considering the increase in logic delay due to Vdd scaling, we assume that in the worst case, the latency of the cache would be increased by one full cycle.


For instance the authors of [17], present design methodologies for partitioning an NoC architecture into multiple VFIs and assigning frequency, supply voltage, and threshold voltage levels to each VFI according to given performance constraints at design time.

there have been many works that propose hardware-based approaches to dynamically change the frequencies and potentially voltages of a VFI system driven by a dynamic workload [6][9].


Since all the multi-walled CNTs are predominantly matallic, they have better electrical properties.

multi-walled CNTs are dif.cult to transverse over long distances [4], [8], [9].


These circuit techniques reduce the dynamic switching power consumption by lowering the voltage swing at the output node of a domino logic gate.

the evaluation speed is significantly degraded due to the lower gate overdrive of the pull-down network transistors in the fan-out gates driven by these low-swing circuits.


Floorplan awareness allows to account for speci.c .oorplanning techniques that optimize wiring of a given topology, and therefore leads to more conservative estimations of the wiring overhead.

this is still far away from real-life, wherethepost-layout report of total wire length gives only a 10% overhead of the 4-hypercube wiring with respect to 2D mesh one and a 43% with respect to the 2-ary 2-mesh.


The latter is preferable, allowing the full optimization power of retiming to be exploited with minimal perturbation to the combinational logic.

a problem arises when a retiming has no equivalent initial state.


3.2.1 Pattern Gain Calculation In [13], the authors select the most frequently appearing pattern with highest priority.


When discussing design alternatives to improve the stability of polycrystalline ensembles, we identified what the NML design space must deliver to ensure nonvolatility.

increased clock energy or fine-grained lithography may be needed.


The compiler annotations of loop iterations allow the prefetcher to aggressively track and prefetch only memory accesses within a loop.

existing prefetchers that target similar address patterns (e.g., GHB PC/DC [22]) track memory operations individually and do not bind instructions into groups.


In the above scenario, the masters/slave keep track of the incomplete transfers in every cycle.

in cycle 3 the arbiter failed to record that even though m1 has stopped transferring, the response for m1 s last transfer is yet to arrive.


Approaches using power and temperature simulation to estimate temperature offer the freedom to analyze different alternatives.

the architectural simulations required to generate power consumption traces are slow, forcing architects to simplify their models.


Another group of compression techniques uses lossless source coding for test data reduction, such as selective Huffman coding [8], runlength coding [9], and dictionary coding [10].

when applied to multiscan-based designs, the effectiveness of these methods is limited either by the additional hardware overhead or or the increased test time.


Conditions that refer to non-temporal attributes will typically be more di.cult to handle.

in some cases information about the content of a missing event can be gleaned from its publisher s advertisement.


[4] studies spectrum sensing using the energy detection approach and it successfully detects a signal at 890.5 MHz and distinguishes it from the unwanted signal with very low energy at same frequency.

this paper does not study unpredictable unwanted signal with a high energy level.


From one hand, partitioning results in removing three global links in this example.

table 1 summarizes the total number of routers with di.erent number of ports before and after partitioning and the total ASNoC routers area.


Therefore, it can be more advantageous to attach SSDs to simpler controllers and use software RAID implementations that are often provided by the operating system, as in case of Linux or Windows 2008 Server.

further investigations are needed to verify whether current software RAID implementations are capable of dealing with SSD RAIDs comprising many devices.


A number of critical and key parameters necessary for the characterization of soft errors have been identi.ed in the past.

these can sometimes be vague or contradictory, as in the case of the importance of pulse shape, a parameter which is considered unimportant by some [7] and considered critical by others[4].


As long as x1 is unknown, the two one-time pads are observed by an attacker as independent random pads, assuming the hardness of the Decisional Di.e-Hellman problem.

if x1 is known to an attacker (which will be the case when he is a strong attacker), the two one-time pads are equivalent, which violates its one-time use.


Conclusion Super capacitor is often used as backup power in MLC NFSS.

its unreliable performance imposes severe threats to system robustness.


These techniques are still useful aids to improving average-case performance.

the popularity of single-user, interactive systems, such as those based on GUIs, has made user-perceived performance more important than ever.


The ELW for a gate is computed by (1) translating the ELWs of each of its fanout gates backwards by appropriate SER(C)= path delays, and (2) taking the union of the resulting ELWs.

during static timing analysis we compute only .


2.3 Magnetic Reprogramming for Motion and Orientation Tracking Initially, the earth s magnetic field was used as a reference to determine motion.

this was not the best reference to determine relative motion.


Since HP ways would experience many faults at NST Vcc and thus would not provide reliable operation, they are turned off at ULE mode.

all cache ways are enabled at HP mode to .t larger workloads and provide high performance.


While due to the economical development, in recent months a similar development among network providers in general (and especially mobile and core network operators) has occurred, this is not necessarily true for content providers as well.

independent of market consolidation or fragmentation, any trend will have an in.uence on daily communication in terms of the number of parties participating in a communication.


the literal counter updating of clause, have been eliminated for performance reasons in two literal watching based SAT solvers.

these data structures are essential for all previously successful MinCostSAT solvers, e.g.


The size of a fault dictionary is determined by the number of faults, the number of tests, and the number of outputs, and it is typically very large.

when a fault dictionary can be stored, it reduces the fault simulation effort required for fault diagnosis compared to approaches that do not use a fault dictionary [9].


In order to the effect be observable in 12 the time window used, p1 and p2 must have values such that the probability to have multiple capture and emissions in the simulation time window is approximately 1.

the simulation step must be much smaller than the capture and emission time constants.


The number of collapsed faults considered is  This number is identical to the stuck-at fault count as both fault models are targeting two faults at each gate terminal.

it is important to note that not all fault sites that are testable for stuck-at faults are also testable for delay faults.


The chance to have data con.iction is low, which leads to sorting recorder demonstrates a random hit ratio pattern as shown close to zero IPC degradation.


For the Tro jan insertion, the red team, which did not include the designer of Chameleon, used no design speci.c information.

it made use of the four-phase handshaking signals as will be discussed in the following subsection.


RAIDR uses Bloom .lters to ef.ciently store the location of the rows that are required to be refreshed more frequently [27].

as we have shown in Section 7, these mechanisms as proposed, do not consider intermittent failures and lead to potential data loss.


A probabilistic approach to clock skew analysis was proposed in [13][14] having efficient run time.

this analysis is restricted to binary clock trees and also uses a Gaussian distribution to approximate the maximum and minimum of two Gaussian random variables, which may compromise the accuracy of the analysis.


The speed-up obtained using the Dominant MBT technique is generally expected to be larger than that obtained using the Smart Greedy MBT technique.

the speed-ups obtained for design D exhibit a small anomaly in Table 5.


Clearly, a type-2 over.ow requires more work from the OS than a type-1 over.ow.

we expect page over.ows of type-2 to occur rarely.


We do not model processor or system energy explicitly in our simulations.

as the results in the next subsection demonstrate, our best power-limiting techniques degrade performance only slightly (= 2% in the vast majority of cases), i.e.


On an example as simple as this one, it looks simple to add a single sync() at the right place that could suppress the timing error (e.g., just before the third write).

any real size model where many processes may be blocked by an empty or full FIFO requires an automatic solution.


The switching current is independent of the edge rate, so the currents of interest are the short-circuit and leakage currents.

our simulations do not show any signi.cant change in power dis 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 TL/R Figure 7: fk[R(f )L(f )C] and fh[R(f )L(f )C] as a function of TL/R.


MFCC is used with great success in speech and audio processing [2][3][8].

it averages the spectral distribution in each sub-band, thus loses the relative spectral information.


Inverter Ring Oscillators (IRO) are relatively well characterized as entropy sources.

it is known that they are very sensitive to working conditions.


Without IS and IREA when a block is read from the L2 and it is both dirty and includes an unrecoverable fault, it may cause a halt, crash or revert to a checkpoint (if one exists).

if the block is clean we can get its copy from a lower-level in the hierarchy.


Consequently, it has been believed that best/worst-case corners could be found on interconnects and gates independently.

we have shown that the performance corners of interconnects are influenced by the interconnect structure, its driving and its receiving gates.


Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-475-4/02/0008 $5.00 Most reported four-quadrant low voltage analog multipliers used cascoded differential input circuit to obtain larger output swing, but the architectures of the multipliers turned out to be more complicated.

due to the complexity of the involved circuitry, they generally do not achieve a bandwidth wider than few tens of megahertz.


SPICE-like circuit simulators, which are widely used in LSI design, employ the Newton-Raphson (NR) method for solving modi.ed nodal (MN) equations.

the NR method or its variants often fails to converge to a solution unless the initial point is su.ciently close to the solution.


(Otherwise they would have been asserting at some previous level.)

1 contains exactly one literal assigned at the last decision level, namely the UIP.


On the other hand, data upsets seem to have little in.uence on the chances to .nish encoding.

upsets do have an impact on the latency, especially if pupset > 0.7 (as seen in Fig.


Tangible User Interfaces for 3D Clipping Plane Interaction with Volumetric Data : A Case Study Wen Qi Department of Industrial Design University of Technology Eindhoven Eindhoven, The Netherlands w.qi@tue.nl ABSTRACT Visualization via direct volume rendering is a potentially powerful technique for exploring and interacting with large amounts of scienti.c (i.e., volumetric) data.

the available two-dimensional (2D) interfaces make three-dimensional (3D) manipulation with such data di.cult.


Too small K values will keep PAMPA silent most of the time.

too large K values may lead to PAMPA decisions even during phase changes.


The authors of [10] use BDDs to represent sensitized path information, as well as upset events.

their approach appears to rely on explicit enumeration of BDDs corresponding to all input conditions and assumes simple superposition of reconvergent glitches, without considering their possible mutual masking.


Intuitively, if we equalize the speed of all CMs, we can achieve the fastest compressing speed.

the compressing speed of every CM varies at different backup points and it is dif.cult to realize the optimal case.


culating yield with limited manufacturing data.

the varying DFM metrics used in di.erent manufacturing processes and foundries is still problematic.


The partitioned data-path can process multiple aligned data elements using a single processor instruction.

the data elements are not always stored in an aligned or regular manner.


Failing this check implies that all of these violations are spurious and we can refine the abstract model by removing them.

an additional enhancement (lines 8a and 9) makes it possible to utilize the concrete constraints to enlarge viol(X) further.


4C-2 Total Power Optimization Combining Placement, Sizing and Multi-Vt Through Slack Distribution Management * Tao Luo, David Newmark , and David Z. Pan Department of ECE, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX Advanced Micro Devices, Austin, TX tluo@ece.utexas.edu, david.newmark@amd.com, dpan@ece.utexas.edu ABSTRACT Power dissipation is quickly becoming one of the most important limiters in nanometer IC design for leakage increases exponentially as the technology scaling down.

power and timing are often con.icting objectives during optimization.


Later we show that, given the partitioned representations, all the steps are essentially embedded into a modified determinization procedure, so that there is no need to compute the completion and variable hiding operations as separate steps.

in Section 3.2 for generality we show how these operations can be performed independently of determinization.


The time complexity of the greedy heuristic is O(1).

the greedy heuristic may incur much loading overhead since it loads a SystemC acceleration engine with bytecode on every execution.


This process can be impeded by placing molecules at the two left-most dashed circles at distance 1 from the destination of the central molecule.

the process is accelerated by moving the two molecules to the two dashed circles at the right, since those molecules weakly attract the center molecule.


Dependent instructions of these L2-miss loads cannot execute because their data is not available.

independent instructions could be executed if entries in the instruction window were available.


Hence, these designs are not fully testable using conventional ASIC ATPG tools.

some FPGA chips that do not pass manufacturing test may still be usable for some specific designs.


(18) As a result, the more accurate optimal phase shift can be solved by finding the derivative of the non-linear equations from (16).

the result from (17) still provides a good first-hand approximation for the optimal phase shift.


This reference current generates a reference voltage on the reference bitline (RBL) for a voltage-mode differential-input sense amplifier.

one critical design challenge is to limit the BL voltage to under 0.4V throughout) the sensing period to prevent read-disturbance of the RRAM cell.


Any tra.c generated for R0 can not be routed through R4 since they can not reach its destination, resulting in the tra.c being load balanced across the other three routers (R5-R7).

tra.c destined for R2 and R3 will be equally distributed across all four uplinks.


In [2], the authors present a design where transparent .ngerprint sensors are overlayed on top of a conventional touch panel for identity management.

the .ngerprint sensor in [2] cannot operate as a multi-touch sensing device.


This is now widely used to qualitatively reproduce the I -V characteristics of experimental molecular systems.

this method is computationally demanding.


For example, if (c 3,c4 ) is a encrypted wireless channel which uses strong encryption it will have a large weight associated with it.

if an attacker can compromise the wireless link, the data on the link will provide them with access to both the c1 and c2 component.


The thermal resistance in turn depends on the distance to the heat sink, the thermal conductivities of the materials on the way to the heat sink, and the boundary conditions used to represent the heat sink.

in practice, using temperatures directly in the objective function can result in expensive recalculations for each individual cell movement, and therefore, simplifications need to be made for enhanced efficiency.


A single DNA origami provides limited surface for placement of logic gates (about 100 hairpins).

it is possible to arrange, align and bind multiple DNA origamis on a surface through recursive, multi-stage assembly [25, 37].


For resources that are very rarely used, such as the floating point units, our mechanism might never be able to diagnose hard faults in them.

any hard fault that gets exercised so rarely as to not exceed our error counter threshold is also so rare that it incurs little performance penalty for its infrequent error recoveries.


A previous version of SETTOFF, [12], can detect SEUs.

it has a major drawback as the SEU-correction process is slow; therefore it generates a wide correction glitch which may still cause an error.


These two operations cannot be performed by a conventional directory because the latter does not support the notions of multiple versions or thread order.

under certain conditions, the GMDT may not be so ef.cient when it has to send invalidation and delayed-invalidation messages to remove outdated versions from caches after a write.


The lowest position of A before the access at time 9 is 4 in the in.nitely large cache.

this access is a miss in the size-4 cache, as shown in Figure 6.


The idea is to prevent the queues from being .lled with instructions that are likely to sit idle in the queue for a long time by gating fetching from those threads under particular circumstances.

because this approach focuses on shorter latency events that are not the primary cause of high noise with many threads, we chose to implement the .ushing scheme.


A lookup-table-based circuit-level simulator was implemented in [11], and an accurate physics-based compact model was developed in [12] using device-dependent curve.tting.

a major drawback of device-dependent models, either based on lookup tables or heavily-.tted equations, is that whenever the need to simulate a new device with a different design parameter arises, a complete set of device simulations are required to rebuild the model.


Furthermore, combinational cycles (called false paths in this setting) occur in high-level synthesis of circuits by sharing common subexpressions [42].

as an example, consider the following equation (taken from [22]) where a system is to be implemented with large subsystems f and g: y = if c then f(g(x)) else g(f(x)) end The cyclic equation system shown in Figure 1 requires only one instance of f and one instance of g. any acyclic version requires at least two instances of f and g. Malik [22] was the .rst who presented algorithms for the elimination of combinational cycles.


4.2 Results analysis Surprisingly, Hadoop performed worse than we expected at the beginning of our evaluation, demonstrating not only a bad absolute performance, but also a quite poor scalability (over compute nodes), especially for a larger .le, see the analysis chart in Figure 6.

the MPI implementation demonstrated a good scaling on the whole range of the tested parallel con.guration.


Obviously, there is some overestimation of the total noise effect when calculating the effect of each noise source independently.

this overestimation is reduced during ATPG as more and more inputs are speci.ed.


One recent example is the deadlock detection and recovery method used in [4] and [5].

since most application-specific MPSoC in the embedded system domain are power-critical, the power overhead of introducing two virtual channels for each physical channel is significant.


Memristor-based memories can be used for multi-level operation to exploit the switching features of the memristance.

the limitation imposed by the disturbance due to the read operation must be considered in the design.


These references are usually handled by the processor cache, as they are not easily described to a stream prefetching unit.

indirect stream references do not cache well because they are large and lack both spatial and temporal locality.


On average, CATALYST improves the worst slack by 0.84 ns, improves FOM by 6370.8 ns, and reduces the number of negative endpoints by 77%, while maintaining similar congestion to the baseline.

although simpLDA improves the timing more than CATALYST, it degrades the congestion signi.cantly.


Through this function set, the driver can access the IPselectMAP registers.

this layer is not concerned about the content of registers and device control.


Choosing a window wider than two memory cycles may further reduce command bus con.icts.

that will reduce memory power saving and complicate the scheduling algorithm.


An example is QPointer VoiceMouse [1] which uses widgets as targets, e.g., uttering the name of a button will cause the mouse cursor to be placed over the button.

specific modern widgets behave differently depending on where they are clicked on (e.g., a drop down box), thus, a widget potentially exposes multiple targets.


A switched capacitor (SC) approach was employed because itoffers superior matching, inherent linearity, and implementationefficiency.

if VDD is less than the sum of the threshold voltages of the n-and p-type devices, a region exists in which theswitch does not conduct.


[3] presented two ILP formulations to solve voltage level assignment problem for SoC design from chiplevel.

neither of these can be directly used in ASNoC design.


Our scheme achieves the best power savings when the timing target is in zone II.

if the repeater library has a coarse width granularity, our scheme always outperforms the DP scheme as shown in Figure 7(b).


For example, for an AHB slave monitor, a transfer has an address phase followed by a response phase: idle_trans -> (idle & HSEL & HREADY) , okay_resp; busy_trans -> (busy & HSEL & HREADY) , okay_resp; nonseq_trans -> (nonseq & HSEL & HREADY) , resp; seq_trans -> (seq & HSEL & HREADY) , resp; (HSEL indicates this slave is selected; HREADY is the handshake that indicates the address phase is complete.)

the address and response phases are pipelined, so that the response phase of one transfer occurs at the same time as the address phase of the next transfer.


In an applicationwhoseoperationalintensityislow,the memorybandwidth of thesystemrestrictsthesustainedperformance.

in an application with a high operational intensity, the computational performance of the system restricts the sustained performance.


In practice, these challenges may often cause the I/O validation to be a critical step that lags the PRQ decision.

this is not meant to be a comprehensive list of challenges in I/O validation, but more of a list based on our observations.


These systems, however, need many costly cameras.

our method requires only a cheap web camera.


For the case where only a single circuit is used as the parent of one or more synthetic circuits, these synthetic circuits could be considered clones of the parent, as a generator generally attempts to achieve nearly the same characteristics.

when a circuit is generated from a domain profile, its characteristics may not exactly match those of any one of the parents.


They proposed two methods for abnormality detection; the .rst method applies a threshold in the hidden layer whereas the second method takes the entire output pattern into account and matches it against a threshold.

the model complexity remains high and the signi.cance of additional memory layer is not substantiated.


When the gate delay is a linear function of SAB, the assumption of the normal distribution is valid.

the gate delay is not linear to SAB when SAB varies around 0, as shown Fig.8.


One goal of the quantization strategy for a cell, then, is to ensure that for every possible delay value determined by PV, at least one quantum is reachable by increasing delay from device aging.

even to achieve this single goal, quanta placement is a nontrivial optimization problem, since the delay distribution and aging possibilities follow complex correlated PV and aging models that vary from gate to gate.


Transistor-Level Gate Model Based Statistical Timing Analysis Considering Correlations Qin Tang, Amir Zjajo, Michel Berkelaar and Nick van der Meijs Circuits and Systems, Delft University of Technology e-mail: qintang@ieee.org Abstract To increase the accuracy of static timing analysis, the traditional nonlinear delay models (NLDMs) are increasingly replaced by the more physical current source models (CSMs).

the extension of CSMs into statistical models for statistical timing analysis is not easy.


Another approach is to model inductance as a transmission line network and use a distributed model for interconnects.

these segmented RLC network still significantly upgrade the size and complexity of the overall optimization problem, which may lead to unacceptable solving time for our RF layout retargeting tool.


This reasoning was based on the assumption of physical fuses, which are burnt to remove access.

it can be applied to similar other concepts that aim to change physical access to suit the needs of the trusted party.


Design of Cyberphysical Digital Micro.uidic Biochipsunder Completion-Time Uncertainties in Fluidic Operations* Yan Luo , Krishnendu Chakrabarty , and Tsung-Yi Ho Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Computer Science and Information Engineering Department, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan E-mail: {yan.luo, krish}@duke.edu; tyho@csie.ncku.edu.tw ABSTRACT Cyberphysical digital micro.uidics enables the integration of .uidhandling operations, reaction-outcome detection, and softwarebased control in a biochip.

synthesis algorithms and biochip design methods proposed in the literature are oblivious to completion-time uncertainties in .uidic operations, and they do not meet the requirements of cyberphysical integration in digital micro.uidics.


In other words, the value of VOUT of the ABB circuit can be taken as a metric for NBTI monitoring.

since VOUT should equal VDD when no NBTI stress is applied, a supply voltage VDDH higher than VDD is required.


Note that our attack model is not limited to a system that uses an open-row policy as will be elaborated later.

the intermediate address space is partitioned into several segments called RBSG regions.


One limitation of scan chain ordering techniques is that the generated scan chain order targets a .xed set of test patterns (and output responses).

as IP reuse becomes common practice, this problem will diminish.


* If there is an SET event in DFF2, it might result in a glitch at CW .

in that case, EQ would be high, and input D of the system * .ip-.op would be used for the computation.


Those properties are used to detect a divergence in data values which affects the expected program execution.

there are classes of attacks that do not target the software, but the hardware component [7] instead.


Similar to the victim cache, the .ow caches have potential application in a direct-mapped L1 cache.

hardware design of the .ow caches are simpler with no migration during a promotion.


Accordingly, this technique has been evaluated for both 1-dictionary and 3-dictionary con.gurations in our experimental studies.

the number of dictionaries used in the hybrid compression approach is set to 2.


We can see that the approach with registration can accurately estimate ., with an average relative estimation error of only about 7%.

the approach without registration results in an average relative estimation error of around 43%.


The measure underlying this approach, i.e., the size of the new entries in the windowed susceptance matrix, satis.es properties [P2].

it does not possess property [P1], that is it fails to be well-correlated with the simulation error.


Considering the cost of this signaling, the software prototype performs quite well as presented in Section 5.2, illustrating CMO s effectiveness at avoiding memory ordering operations.

in some benchmarks the frequency of sync remote operations reduces performance.


In general, the model C may not be correct.

in this paper we do not extend the discussion to that situation.


This is because, allowing the .ip-.ops at PS(1) to be fully controllable assumes all the states are possible at that boundary and hence guarantees ¬s is an invariant.

pre-image computations usually have exponential complexity and it will be infeasible to compute them even for a 2PODEM backtraces from a given objective (say, Xv)and makes decisions on the primary inputs to justify it (i.e.


Theoretically, w may be in the order of O(NK) in the worst case.

for almost all practical circuit, it can be regarded as O(CN) for small K (K=6).


Therefore, in previous low power state algorithms, the two encoding solutions are supposed to have exactly the same quality for this state transition.

in fact, for a state transition Si.Sj, the two encoding solutions correspond to different peak currents.


Additionally, if the proxy is in state Bogus, it will change to state Real if a real message is received and remain in state Bogus if a bogus message is received.

if the proxy is in state Real, it will remain in state Real regardless of the type of message received as long as there is at least one real message in the bu.er.


Then with constraint (7), all the other pcrq s are forced to be 0 automatically except for those of sites around (r * ,q * ).

if the model is with centroid-based constraints, pcrq s of sites far from (r * ,q * ) may still be nonzero because fractional pcrq may easily satisfy the centroid-based constraints.


The performance on the ES45 when not using CXML FFT routines is relatively insensitive to changes in horizontal resolution.

when using CXML FFT routines, performance decreases with decreasing horizontal resolution.


Although data can be modi.ed, it is not feasible to do it in a predicable manner without the knowledge of the encryption key.

integrity violations due to hardware errors cannot be prevented by using encryption.


This requires frequent self-tests, e.g., once every 10 seconds for each core in the system.

if online self-test is mainly used for failure prediction, it may be sufficient to apply tests once every minute or even less frequently for each core in the system.


this raises several questions not tackled in this paper for lack of space: Is a smaller D value sufficient to achieve constant computation time?


For the standard cell style designs, the targeted power distribution is .rst computed from the desired temperature pro.le and this is then used to impose constraints during placement.

a close approximation to the targeted power distribution does not necessarily lead to a close approximation of the targeted temperature pro.le as it ignores the thermal interactions between di.erent cells.


Because the unit of Dist(i, j) and Bit dif f (i, j) are differently scaled, we normalize direct connecting distance of scan cell i and j by diagonal distance of the chip and normalize number of bit difference by total number of scan-in and response vectors.

if the number of test patterns is large, it takes longer time to construct weighted graph.


We also hope that our work will help improve the quality of other placers.

our results indicate that analytical placers tend to have dif.culties with the type of .oorplacement instances we considered.


In a fault-free network, only a single entry in the routing table is necessary to specify the uplinks for the entire system.

higher-priority table entries can be used to override this master entry to restrict routing to a set of destinations.


At the RTL our goal is to remove paths from fan-in registers of a capture register that are not in its functional support.

.nding all false paths can be time-consuming [4].


and 2CS Dept., University of Virginia, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA 3Grandis, 1123 Cadillac Court, Milpitas, CA 95035 USA 1,23 {an2z, cws3k, vm9u, gurumurthi, mircea}@virginia.edu, Eugene.Chen@grandisinc.com Abstract Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) has emerged as a potential candidate for Universal memory.

there are two challenges to using STT-RAM in memory system design: (1) the intrinsic variation in the storage element, the Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ), and (2) the high write energy.


Therefore, no-self-circular does not perform as well as the base case when there is less demand for higher capacity of the load/store queue.

even though vortex does not need a large load queue, its high demand on the store queue explains its speedup using the segmented load/store queue.


Third, the FQ memory scheduler uses approximate FQ methods to account for the complex timing constraints of an SDRAM memory system.

the VPC arbiters are a strict implementation of FQ algorithms.


A rule-based ESP solution is provided in [4].

it only considers a limited number of rules instead of completely applying the whole given event work.ows.


This eliminates the need to move R0 to R4 in block B3, and thus eliminates the need for block B3 altogether.

in doing so the compiler overwrites the input argument list initially contained in R0.


That is, an ECC will need to correct fewer errors (smaller t) in KSC coded words than in CSC coded words.


It leads to the worst case of coupling capacitive effects thus causing the largest power consumption.

for considering noise and delay, the equivalent inductance between the two types of switching behavior is complementary.


To .nd the most appropriate cache con.gurations for an MPSoC system like the one in Figure 1, most suitable con.gurations must be found for all the private and shared cache memories.

to simulate the behaviour of one processor s private/shared cache memory, other private and shared cache memories in the system must also be simulated to maintain coherency.


since it requires context switching and is expensive to invoke, the runtime optimizations can only be performed infrequently and only on the most frequently executed instructions.


As expected in Section 4.1, ED2P is reduced in mcf and parser.


It is important to note that path delay tests, if available, can be used for set B.

set A has to target on transition faults.


In fact, the major part of the test overhead will mainly be caused by the core internal DFT functionalities (including the P1500 wrapper).

when the width of the test bus becomes important, the induced CAS-BUS overhead can be signi.cant.


This turns out to subsume the guarantee provided by the global (cross-chip) algorithm of Section 3.

we still use that algorithm to determine AvailableSlack to apportion over the next epoch, since that algorithm accounts for overlap and other re.nements discussed in Section 3.


Since we have only one target movement, we have two classes: target and non-target.

we do not need to compute the discriminant score of Eq.


5.2 Speed As can be seen in Table 1, for a low number of equations, direct QZ decomposition wins out.

qZ has cubic complexity and the cost of pole discovery increases much faster for QZ than for our pole discovery algorithm.


However, ignorance of correlations between subsequent iterations when using accurate delay pushout models that consider the probabilities of switchings may not guarantee convergence.

considering all possible correlations is computationally too expensive.


they also fail to guarantee to .nd an solution if one exists.


(10) In a traditional scheme, c3 would be obtained from c2 with a second AOI gate.

noting that e2 = p2 · c1 and d3 = g3 +g2 +e2, the carry d3 can be obtained from c1using: d3 = a3 · b3 + a2 · b2 +(a2 + b2) · c1 (11) In domino logic, the implementation of (10) has a similar delay as (11) because the nfet stack height is equal in both gates.


In another word, the S-Box hardware complexity will be duplicated by 10, 12, or 14 times, depending on the key size.

type-2 designs feature high area e.ciency with extremely low throughput rate.


In case of homogeneous mapping and equal work partitioning, dividing power equally across all cores results in almost identical thread performance.

for other mapping and work partitioning schemes, equal power partitioning may not be thebest approach.


The cost involved in the computation is due to the LU factorizations.

in all test cases, we observed that no more than 35 LU factorizations are needed and the cost was only moderate.


Because the MAs in RAR are calculated by assigning the side inputs of dominators, the wt error is always corrected at these dominators.

the MAs in ECR are calculated by setting the side inputs of testing dominators.


tvn Property 4 shows that if the noise pulse is aligned earlier than its optimal alignment taiopt, the impact of the noise on the delay of the vic tim will be reduced and hence tvn = tvnopt.

if the alignment of the noise is later than the optimal alignment taiopt, the noise will not impact the delay of the victim and hence tvn = tv.


Our approach is to store codewords in the instruction queue composed of the instruction itself and parity information obtained from the instruction.

there are a number of factors that we must take into account in order to provide fault tolerance in a costeffective manner: performance impact, area cost, power cost, and expected error rates.


We need only a few routing elements to connect the IO-Pads to their respective cells.

fPGA devices have uniform channel sizes and so the routing demand must be assumed to be uniformly spread across the whole device.


For those that fail this fast check, a more computationally expensive check, involving a linear search between the approximate linear constraints and the real boundary is performed.

this method is based on the assumption that the boundary is convex, which is not always true in reality (indeed, the boundary for SRAM read access failure, in Fig.


The IEEE 1588 Precision Timing Protocol, for example, was developed because NTP, the de facto Internet time synchronization standard, was not precise enough for industrial measurement and control systems.

iEEE 1588 requires sub-microsecond accuracies, a level of precision not attainedbyprior work[5,6],but well within the reach of current technology at a power draw that is digestible to many low-power wireless sensor network applications.


The energy overhead of elastic control is 53.8%, due to additional control routing and registers.

elastic CGRAs provide the same bene.ts as superscalar processors over VLIWs (dynamic scheduling, portability across CGRA designs) with a much lower energy penalty.


In some applications like Laplace, Warped-DMR has 20% longer kernel execution time compared to the original execution.

when the data transfer time is included, the overall overhead is reduced to 13%.


In order to accelerate a candidate circuit evaluation, one can apply a parallel evaluation of multiple training vectors by means of bit-level instructions [14], circuit pre compilation techniques or streaming SIMD extensions (SSE) of modern processors [22].

the search algorithm used in the standard CGP is a simple (1+.)


is responsible for much of the total cost improvement.

as the issue-rate of the processor increases, the relative importance of the semi-superior node transformation (column Sg.+Semi ) and the range-based distance computation (column All ) increases substantially.


This reduces the likelihood of thermal hotspots developing due to asymmetric microarchitectures and makes power capping feasible.

when microarchitectures vary acrosscores, merely capping the overall power and limiting the entirepower consumption to a small fraction of the chip in itself doesnot adequately address the thermal concerns resulting fromthe increasing power density problem.


The Boolean function LPAF(l)=1 implies that all the input patterns activate long paths and no input pattern activates a short path.

all patterns with d=0 or e=0 can activate short paths.


Since the eTLB is virtually indexed, several synonyms pointing to the same data in the cache could exist at the same time, and they could be located in di.erent sets and ways.

all synonyms must be updated on a cache line replacement for the cache to remain consistent.


The last nine test cases are from [7] which similar to D-Router, has already given quite a good solution.

the test cases that we use to compare are di.erent from those in [7].


The .rst issue is caused by the fact that data can only be read and written to an SSD in multiple of a .ash page (usually 2 or 4 KiB) because .ash pages are the atomic data transfer units from the perspective of .ash chips and the SSD controller.

most operating systems work with 512 byte sectors as atomic unit because hard disks used to have sectors of this size for several decades.


To sum up, a genetic-based approach can reduce the complexity by controlling population number and a parallel enhancement further reduce the timing complexity vi parallel number.

the accuracy is also sacri.ced as trade-off.


Schedule with multi-cycle interconnect delay  3.3 Scheduling-Driven Placement In previous work, rescheduling based on fixed binding and placement is used to reduce scheduling latency [10].

the effect of scheduling on placement has been rarely studied.


We leverage the similar philosophy and technique in our layer assignment algorithm.

double patterning optimization makes our problem more challenging.


In partial factorization, the leaf-dag cuts of two nodes may overlap, and so the expansions are not independent.

in our experiments, the nodes were expanded one late-arriving node at a time since that did not degrade the quality signi.cantly.