Therefore, it is desirable to estimate the percentage of observable responses for a space compactor and then correlate this observable percentage to its coverage loss.

we attempt to measure the quality of a space compactor based on the fault coverage or other test-quality metrics, not on the number of unknowns tolerated or other error-masking probabilities.


In addition, there is a fundamental tradeoff between the service time of a battery equipped with fans and the cycle life of the same battery.

as the fan speed is increased, the power dissipated by the fan goes up and hence the full charge capacity of the battery is lost at a faster rate, but at the same time, the battery temperature remains lower and hence the battery longevity increases.


To characterize the shadowing effect, a log-normal distribution is used to describe the slowly-varying local mean.

1 (ln x -ln Osi )2 psi (x)= v exp-0 =i =n 2pssi x 2s2 si (7) where Osi is the area mean power; ssi is the standard deviation of shadowing.


Moreover, we may need to com- pose some of these sub-systems in order to perform global hard- ware/software partitioning.

partitioning may be lo- cal to a given sub-system or global to several sub-systems.


BUS ENCODING USING TEMPORAL REDUNDANCY In the proposed temporal redundancy based (n,m,k)encoding scheme, the original n-bit data packet to be transmitted is encoded into two ( n ) *m-bit data packets, where k m< k, and transmitted over two consecutive cycles.

the n-bit data is split into ( n )number of k k bit data blocks.


3.2 Guarantees Using I/O remotely at the device .le boundary impacts three expected behaviors of .le operations: reliability of connection, latency, and trust model.

remote I/O introduces the possibility of disconnection between the process and the driver, adds signi.cant latency to each .le operation due to wireless round trips, and allows processes and drivers in di.erent trust domains to communicate.


However, it turns out that evicting B0 would be a superior decision, as the single page in B1 has been accessed 4 times while each of the four pages in B0 are accessed only one time.

b1 is hotter than B0 and hence should not be evicted.


While this reduces the computation load in a tag, this also causes a vulnerability to tracking attacks by a strong attacker.

if an attacker knows the secret information of a tag, then he can track the tag by observing the exchanged messages.


Results for other workloads will differ.

workloads with more-frequent sharing will log more bytes per instruction.


Unfortunately, it su.ers from the small write problem when the parity protection mechanism is employed.

when a write request arrives in RAID, the modi.ed data and its related parity must be updated together for data recoverability.


Fast simulation having on-demand replay capability Since the number of flipflops and latches in a  5A-5 design is typically much larger than the number of inputs, the benefit of our method is obvious.

the dumping overhead for saving those two groups of signals (state values, input values) at the first simulation is greatly reduced, compared to the methods in [7, 8].


We used a modified version of CACTI 3.0 [13] and assumed 0.18µm technology.

we modified CACTI so that it can estimate the access time, energy, and area of small memory structures such as a register file, the DWQ, and the OPRQ, which do not require tag memory.


For such designs, we have to control the timing of the input/output signals.

we have to make sure that the input signals arrive at the core simultaneously.


The .rst one re.ects common modeling assumptions in the open literature, which lead to an overly optimistic assessment of optical interconnect technology.

network interfaces are typically oversimpli.ed, and end up being abstracted by simple input/output FIFOs of in.nite length.


Unfortunately, when these units are placed and routed on the FPGA physical layout, they may lost their optimized characteristics due to the logic and routing congestion.

when TMR hardening techniques are adopted, the topological characteristics of the programmable interconnections may drastically degrade the delay of each single routing path thus decreasing their computational speed.


In MD, we are also able to bound the inputs to the two functions.

we know ahead of time what range of values the x in erfc(x) and e-x2 can take on.


In our approach, we use partial simulation for run time and accuracy trade-off.

we use the simulation-based solution to compute the switching probability under a given sample input sequence of significant length (say 100,000 vectors).


For example, consider the circuit below (Figure 7) with random inputs, signal y is much more sensitive to x1 compared to the other two signals.

switching_sensitivity(y, x1) = .75, while switching_sensitivity(y, x2) = switching_sensitivity(y, x3) = 0.50.


Several other notable approaches to multi-processor veri.cation investigated in industry include the work done at Cray Corp. [1] and IBM [12].


However, we choose to model it as we originally presented for two reasons: .rst, the mapping of the architecture to the network is more intuitive; and second, this allows for the easy extension of breaking the energy cost down by stage.

if we had an estimate of the energy cost for each stage of the .oating point ALU, we would instead assign non-zero weights to all four links F, P, U, FP4, in order to increase the accuracy of the model.


The simulation of the three circuits above has been performed after parasitics extraction.

we performed a parametric simulation making the sleep transistor size varying within a wide range of di.erent values, from 0.78u to 6.24u.


These conditions are sound and can be used to formally prove the realizability, however, they are not complete, and can produce false positives.

a .xed version of the .le transfer protocol, shown in Figure 1b, will be identi.ed as unrealizable by both approaches, although it actually is realizable.


This means that if there is noise added to the samples, the reconstruction (2) will give us the associated oversampling gains.


Dynamic Power Management of Off-Chip Links for Hybrid Memory Cubes Junwhan Ahn*, Sungjoo Yoo§, and Kiyoung Choi* junwhan@snu.ac.kr, sungjoo.yoo@postech.ac.kr, kchoi@snu.ac.kr *Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering §Department of Electrical Engineering Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) is a 3D-stacked DRAM architecture designed for substantially improved memory bandwidth.

its I/O interface achieves up to 320 GB/s of external bandwidth through high-speed serial links.


The power consumption of a normally white TFT-LCD panel decreases slightly as its global transmittance increases.

while maintaining the same luminance, the power consumption of the TFT-LCD decreases when dimming the backlight (which diminishes the power savings of a backlight dimming approach.).


These problems are uniquely QCA-driven since QCA circuits are inherently pipelined at the gate level, and the timing of signal delivery requires that all the signals for a given gate arrive simultaneously.

each QCA wire inherently holds state information for a clock cycle because the wire is constructed from QCA devices, and the state is held in the position of the charge on two devices which are physically interacting.


This is the key in order to be able to evolve/improve the optimizer over time and/or provide different optimizer con.gurations to different customers.

we have extended DynamoRIO with a client that applies a set of optimizations whenever a hot region is detected and a trace is created.


The work closest to the priority assignment of PE s is on real-time bus scheduling, e.g., [6, 8].

lehoczky and Sha [8] address problems of hard real-time message scheduling under a slotted contention protocol, where the number of priorities for messages might be limited.


To get precise results, this approach requires some assumptions.

all logic AND expressions are assumed to be simplified and all sub terms in logic OR expressions do not contain the same logic variable.


Based on this classi.cation of the partitions, the C4 nodes are modeled at various levels of detail.

we use a lumped representation for the C4 candidates and OBS nodes in faraway regions by following the coarsening phase of the multigrid approach as presented in Section III.


Handling Mixed-Criticality in SoC-based Real-Time Embedded Systems * Rodolfo Pellizzoni, Patrick Meredith, Min-Young Nam, Mu Sun, Marco Caccamo, Lui Sha University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801-2302 {rpelliz2, pmeredit, mnam, musun, mcaccamo, lrs}@illinois.edu ABSTRACT System-on-Chip (SoC) is a promising paradigm to implement safety-critical embedded systems, but it poses signi.cant challenges from a design and veri.cation point of view.

in a mixed-criticality system, low criticality applications must be prevented from interfering with high criticality ones.


P8 n-11 Note that npr = when 0 <pr < 1. n=1 (1-pr)2 If AMG achieves speedup S in fault-free execution in a particular parallel environment then the slowdown due to faults equals E(1 X) .

the .nal speedup in a faulty environment is E(SX) = S(1 - pr).


We scale the size of the register .les and the issue queues proportionally but keep the disambiguation logic exactly the same as in Figure 8 for the baseline conventional system and the SMDE designs (Naive and Improved).

the size of the L0 cache, the write buffer, and the FDQ remains the same.


SVMs provide a favorable approximation scheme since they lead to compact models with smooth approximation and good generalization properties.

we use SVMs with a Gaussian RBF kernel that provide a basis function for the approximation of the form: X -.|x-xi|2 f(x) = sign( aie - .)


(6) In view of the sensitivity of x2 with respect to the changes of x0, (6) indicates that x2 s perturbation can be traced back to x0 along two paths: x2 is directly affected by x0, and x2 is also affected indirectly by x0 via x1.

dx2 .x2 dx1 .x2 = + , dx0 .x1 dx0 .x0 where the two partial derivatives are .x2 a1 .x2 a2 J-1 J-1 = 2 C1, = 2 C0, .x1 h2 .x0 h2 and dx1/dx0 is calculated previously in (5).


Process variations For any given vector, we characterize delays of paths in benchmark circuits using realistic delay values and under realistic levels of process variations supplied by the vendors for the fabrication process in the form of technology files.

we use an industrial 65nm technology and use the delay model, including inter- and intra-die variations, provided by the foundry which fabricates chips using this technology.


Dropping every conjunction that has c or more variables creates the legal c-DNF e D. When dropping a conjunction, the DNF circuit may change its output from 1 to 0 on an input that contains this conjunction.

this means that for all inputs x e {0, 1} n we have eD(x) <_ eC(x) (proving part 1).


In this paper we present an online adaptive DPM technique based on model-free reinforcement learning (RL), which is commonly used to control stochastic dynamical systems.

we employ temporal difference learning for semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) for the model-free RL.


Usinganexpanding opcodebit,the LC-3 supportsboth anADD and whatisgenerally called anADDimmediate, as well as an AND and an AND-immediate.

these are both binary operations in which one of the operands is in a register and the other operand is either in a register or is an immediate value.


Due to the technology constraints, two core or trim patterns cannot be printed simultaneously if their distance is smaller than a certain value.

the placement of the core patterns and trim patterns are subject to stringent process rules.


The method we propose to avoid the software engineering costs is to virtualize the accelerator interface.

we will analyze the steps used during compilation to map applications onto LAs, and perform as many of them dynamically as possible as part of a co-designed virtual machine (shown in the right portion of Figure 1).


Regardless of which strategy is used, the main objective of employing such strategies is to reduce the energy consumption of a query when some memory banks are idle during the query s execution.

a typical query only accesses a small set of tables, which corresponds to a small number of banks.


The performance of every RF block comprising spiral inductors is highly sensitive on the performance of the inductors themselves.

if the inductor content of an RF IP block has been accurately modeled and characterized, then the overall behavior of the RF block may be easily defined, resulting in an accurately captured RF IP model.


Moreover, we found that the resulting placement method supercedes the force-directed placement methods [4, 7].

x we applied our gradient computation to the quadratic penalty method in a multilevel placement framework, and tested this on IBM-HB+ benchmark [13].


However, if the placement solution is very congested, the routability constraints may be too hard to satisfy.


Although its maximum operating frequency is quite low compared to the twocycle mode, its communication latency is shorter than that of the two-cycle when a given clock speed is modest.

a deep pipeline is inef.cient and adversely increases the communication latency at a modest frequency.


By contrast, colored regions indicate inconsistencies mainly resulting from variations in the audio chromagrams (and partly from inappropriate alignments).

the black and white regions encode characteristic aspects that are sharedby allchromagrams,whereas the colored regionsrepresent thevariations comingfrom di.erentperformances.


In fact, we observe that in most cases these long carry propagation chains arise from sign bit extensions.

long sequence of propagate signals usually happen when adding numbers of di.erent signs.


We study the effect of recon.guring the system periodically with the period, p, being the recon.guration parameter of interest.

we recon.gure the system with p=4ms,400ps,and 4ps.


Detour wirelength is the detour length needed in a routing wire in the presence of obstacles.

lTB =L - LDT , where L is the Steiner minimal length of the net such that no part of the wire is routed inside any of the obstacles.


After the construction of the data dependence graph, a forward scan algorithm considers instructions one-by-one as candidate tail instructions.

for each potential tail, it looks backwards in the instruction stream for a head.


Thus, if the operations between s and t mimic those between u and v, they will store scaled versions of polynomials computed m-dj-1 x(j-1)(z) by the EEA as well.

s and t contain z m-dj-1 x and z (j)(z) respectively at the start of Step EEA.2(j), m-dj xm-dj x and they contain z (j)(z) and z (j+1)(z) respectively at the end of Step EEA.2(j).


Array A[] is divided into blocks b0, b1, b2, and b3 of equal sizes, starting from the beginning of the array.

b0 contains A[0:24], b1 contains A[25:49], and so on.


TARGET MP-SOC ARCHITECTURE In this paper, we describe the application of the proposed power and performance exploration methodology to a domain-speci.c .exible MP SOC architecture oriented towards networking applications derived from the StepNP platform.

our target con.gurable MP SOC architecture includes the following modules (see Fig.


To avoid this problem the number of unique tags must be limited, thus limiting the complexity available at each node.

in this work a budget of about 10, 000 CNFETs per node has been assumed , as estimated in [9].


BQ length must be tracked in order to detect the BQ stall condition.

if BQ length is equal to BQ size and the fetch unit 3 Having the BQ index in the push instruction s payload enables it to reference its BQ entry later, when it executes OOO.


Two main .avors of symbolic algorithms are currently in use for .nite-state systems: BDD-based [17, 7] and SATbased [1], each with its distinctive strengths and weaknesses.

bDD-based algorithms compute and store the characteristic functions of sets of states.


3.3 Partitioning Technology mapping produces a new DFG, where the set of used operations matches closely the capabilities of a single ALU of the EGRA.

technology mapping de.nes how the array s ALU will execute each operation in the data-.ow graph.


Implementations comparison: Ourprimarygoal is to compare the potential speedup that can be achieved by the di.erent platform implementations, without taking into ac- Table 2: Slices versus XtremeDSP slices proportion    FPGA Available Slices Slices / XtremeDSP RUs Fit V4FX40 9267 193 3 V4FX60 15923 124 5 V4FX100 32819 205 10 V4FX140 53811 280 13 count the overhead of the initial data transfers between the GPP main memory and the GPU main memory.

we assume that all data are already residing in the GPU main memory.


However, the rule is only empirical and therefore is not necessarily accurate in all situations.

if the memory footprint of a particular workload is smaller than the cache size, so that the data set fits within the cache, there will be no cache misses after the initial loading of the caches.


For the SA+RP-RR con.gurations we observe that few number of ways is enough to provide average performance close to that of the FA-RR cache and to that of LRU+modulo caches.

8-and 32-way SA-RP+RR cache designs provide performance comparable to state-of-the-art cache designs (12% and 10% slowdown respectively), and acceptable design cost (largely below unaffordable large fully-associative caches) while enabling PTA.


Moreover, we can extend the input domain decomposition adopted in [14] to control the size of the internal model.

in [14] we consider a cube, named input decomposition cube, representing the input set values.


we have 12 new parameters after reduction.


If one of LOAD/STORE signals is active, the operation insidethedata-pathgeneratesthe requestand the controller waits until the M Ready noti.es the end of execution.

for LOAD, the addr/o.set is converted into the proper M o addr to be accessed, as well as the size is propagated to M o size.


It is clear that, while the number of adders K increases, the crossing-over vector size decreases precipitously from about 220 to about 10.

the larger the problem size N is, the higher performance advantage of our probabilistic convolver will have.


And this co-designed VM system baseline conventional superscalar for scenario 2.

barely reaches half the steady-state performance gains (4%) before the traces finish.


The high impedance time observed at the inverter output are determined by equations 2 and 3.

the high impedance time is determined by the di.erence between signal arrival time at the input of PMOS and NMOS transistors.


DRM, on the other hand, is a technical solution being implemented in mobile devices by mobile handset manufactures at the behest of members of the digital media supply chain.

dRM is a system for protecting the copyrights of..[files] circulated via the Internet or other digital media by enabling secure distribution and/or disabling illegal distribution of the data [Webopedia 2004] DRM is a means by which content providers can prevent illegal distribution of copyrighted media files and thus protect revenue streams by encrypting and packaging media files, with rules that dictate the playback/distribution of the file.


We remark that as our framework computes the data reuse only between two consecutive iterations, it does not necessarily capture all the reuse potential in a loop nest.

reuse between two non-consecutive iterations (e.g., A[3i] and A[3i+6]) is not exploited.


We report in the following a signi.cant subset of the functions as representative indicators of our experiments.

we report the results obtained for hard benchmarks, i.e.


Our study shows that both the XHPWL model and the XStWL model can reduce the X wirelength.

our results reveal the e.ectiveness of the X architecture on wirelength reduction during placement and thus the importance of the study on the Xplacement algorithms, which is di.erent from the results given in the previous work that the X-architecture placement might not improve the X-routing wirelength over the Manhattan-architecture placement.


SECTION A: In default mode, RQL obtains the best HPWL results on all eight circuits of the ISPD-2005  benchmark suite.

rQL obtains an average wirelength improvement of 2.8%, 8.5%, 14.6%, 3.2% and 5.4% versus mPL6, APlace2.0, Capo10.2, NTUPlace3 and Kraftwerk respectively.


THE ARCHITECTURES OF THE LCS The implementation of the LCS follows the collective principle in [12].

the calls can be registered in an array, which can be sorted according to a previous defined strategy.


Though correct architectural use of these clocks ensures correct functionality, the use of clocks which may be high or low in either phase confuses CAD tools.

the phase partitioner used in the RTL simulator model fails to understand the clocking.


The workload parameters remained fixed for each performance evaluation run.

the I/O requirements per transaction remained fixed, and the data foot print per transaction was inversely proportion to total throughput.


Because two fused instructions are dispatched to the same scheduling slot, the slot ostensibly needs more register specifiers than in a conventional single instruction slot.

to include information for two instructions, the slot could contain up to four source registers and two destination registers.


PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR RELIABLE MODULAR TESTING 4.1 Jitter-Aware Test Wrapper Design Different from mitigating traf.c jitter by using buffers, the basic idea behind the proposed test wrapper design is to halt the scan process by gating the scan clock signal when necessary.

when compared with the previous designs, for scan tested cores, besides the normal SHIFT and CAPTURE states, we introduce two extra states: HALTIN state for the case that the test vector .its come late to the wrapper due to retransmission on input path, and HALTOUT state for the case that new test response .its cannot be transmitted because the test traf.c is blocked on the output access path (as shown in Fig.


If we target one de.nition of optimal , how well does the system fare with regard to other reasonable de.nitions?

how do policies targeting overall performance rate in terms of fairness, and how do policies targeting fairness rate in terms of overall performance?


It has been shown [2, 3] that network coding can result in a signi.cant increase in the throughput of multicast connections, compared to the traditional routing approach.

the coding advantage, i.e., the gain in the throughput achievable by using network coding has been shown to be as .


Another important aspect of the PHA-WB is that it can work with DMA engines.

a write operation to the memory occurs when a) the processor writes a value or b) the Direct Memory Access (DMA) engine writes data read from an input/output device.


We then check whether it is possible for v to take on two different values in the two copies, while all variables in W take on the same value in both copies; the answer reveals whether v depends deterministically upon W .

v can be expressed as a deterministic function of W (v = f(W )) if and only if .


In addition, traditional techniques for low operation, such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), present serious drawbacks for biomedical applications.

those methods do not guarantee real-time operation in case of inappropriate DVFS settings, which can occur at run-time due to unexpected workloads.


2) Frequency Test within a Block: The focus of this test is on the proportion of ones within M-bit blocks.

this test determines whether the number of zeros and ones in .. an M-bit block is approximately , as would be expected 2 under the assumption of randomness.


Some users wanted to define not only a single point, but also a range of content that could be recommended as a whole sub-item.

they wanted functionality that enabled them to gain quick access to certain points in the video.


Second, it explores a wide swath of the area-performance design space of this data.ow architecture.

we describe the microarchitecture for two key parts of the WaveScalar processor: its most areaintensive components, including those that implement its distributed data.ow capabilities, and the interconnection networks that localize data communication, contributing heavily to performance.


Let ib be the vector such that S =diag(ib)and M = Q-11.Then Mix mod ib =0 i. there exists iu .Zn such that Mix = Siu i. there exists iv .Zn (iv = Q-21iu) such that ix = Aiv.

there is a direct correspondence between sublattices .


)is a lattice, if all two-element sets {x,y}.Dhave suprema sup ({x,y})and in.ma inf ({x,y}) in D. Moreover, (D,.

)is a complete lattice, if for every set M .D, sup (M)and inf (M)exist in D. we write .


The solution is evaluated by means of a .tness function that builds the con.guration described in the chromosome starting from the speci.cations of the application and the architecture given in input, and performs a simulation of its execution, on the basis of the models presented in Section III, to evaluate the considered metrics.

the application is scheduled with a list-based scheduling algorithm to compute the various metrics, i.e., execution period, energy consumption, lifetime and performability.


However, whenever an unaddressed electrode is added into a current pin, the actuation sequence of the electrode may change (don t care term X becomes 1 or 0 ) to .t the actuation of the pin.

it brings the change of compatibility graph.


In ML-OASG, slant edges are used to connect points and further reduce wirelength by their heuristic.

slant edges are the backbone of ML-OASG.


While NCTU-GR 2.0 cannot obtain overflowfree routing results for more than half of the placement solutions in Table 1, it can obtain an overflow-free result for every placement solution in Table 4.

any global congestion issues in the placement solutions in Table 4 can be easily resolved by global routers.


Problem 2 satis.es the principle of optimality.

the sub-solutions of an optimal solution of the problem are themselves optimal solutions for their subproblems.


The average completion time is: Tavg = 3t.

after requests re-ordering, the average completion time decreases from 4t to 3t, which reveals a signi.cant potential for shortening average completion time through request re-ordering at the .le servers.


While these states can be used to implement majority and multi-valued logic [4, 5], it was suggested that this approach could also provide more radical departures that evolve spatial correlations through the nonlinear dynamics of interactions between elements similar to cellular automata [3].

arrays of locally connected elements [6] have been shown to exhibit such behavior as simple image processing functions [7], the storage of sequences of patterns and the simulation of certain wave dynamics [8].


Although it is widely believed that understanding tra.c demands is necessary for achieving good utilization of the network [21, 2, 9, 15], this belief was never carefully quanti.ed: How well can a routing designed with no knowledge (or only ball-park knowledge) of the TM perform?

how precise an estimate of tra.c demands is needed in order to guarantee good utilization?


The reduced number of ports, however, constrains the potential parallelism of memory operations, thereby limiting the overall accelerator performance.

hLS tools allow the binding of a data structure, such an array, to a generic memory instance but introduce tight constraints on the use of these memories: e.g., for most tools the total number of process interfaces that can access a data structure cannot exceed the Listing 1: Synthesizable SystemC code of two simple number of ports of the corresponding memory instance.


, plug it in (2) and use where n=0 Binomial Expansion, we have (6).

zZ ' ' '' '' T(f , g ; f , g ) can be expanded as ' ' ' In(f , g) = Tn(f + f, g ' + g; f , g ) ' ' *'''' 8 × F(f + f , g + g)F (f , g )df dg .


Note that the failure region Qi is represented as either Qi = (-, bi] or Qi = [bi, + ).

we assume that there is only one single continuous failure region and xi = bi is the boundary.


In this case all transformations, T1, 12r T2, ,Tr are canonical and the canonical form is T -1 -1 fC(X)=f( )= =f(T ).

in most cases, only the 1st 1r and 2nd signatures can identify the maximal transformation(s).


It is based on the idea that once a correct, well-structured speci.cation is developed, it can be exploited in a way that a haphazard and incomplete speci.cation cannot be.

we investigate ways to use the speci.cation directly to generate inputs, check behavior, and monitor coverage.


The checker imposes some requirements on the solver for the generated trace to be sufficient.

we require that the solver be DLL based, and use assertion for backtracking.


Finally, we identify a potential problem with correctness properties based on step contention: with such properties, the composition of correct object implementations may result in an implementation that is not correct.

implementations de.ned in terms of step contention are not always composable.


Thus, for any two cache sets Ci,Cj,wehave Mi n Mj =f.

there is no interference between the cache sets and they can be modeled independently to arrive at locking decisions.


This is because the impedance of supply network can be simplified as the parallel impedance of decap C and a series-connected R (=Rwire+Rsleep_transistor) and L network.

the impedance equals to (Z(R)+Z(L))//Z(Cdecap).


In order to create training data for forming a test-termination prediction model, an IC that has failed N test patterns is used to produce N diagnostic results.

test patterns that include the first one (either passing or failing) through the first failing pattern are used to produce the first diagnostic result, test patterns that include the first through the second failing pattern are used to produce the second diagnostic result, and so on until N diagnostic results are created using all N failing test patterns.


We observe that with the TSV current increasing from 96mA to 240mA, the TSV resistance degradation becomes much larger.

the TSV resistance value increases from 33mO to 53mO with IBU of 240mA.


The sensors are now designed to maintain two outofphaseCGHMs simultaneously.

a biphase sensor maintains a state pair (.1(x),.2(x)) with each state follow tt ing independently, but in lock step, the transitions defned for the CGHM.


Our formulation is also general to cover many application scenarios, depending on the availability of di.erent data sets.

the following two scenarios are commonly seen in practice: 1.


Power-gating is applied to the entire data-path.

partial power-gating of a data-path is not considered.


For the informing loads approach, if the attacker frequently evicts the securitycritical data, the exception handler for informing loads will be frequently invoked, leading to huge slowdown for the victim.

the defense mechanism itself can be abused by the attacker to create more havoc.


Argus is a .xed-model Real Time Flow Monitor.

it can be used to monitor individual end systems or activity on the entire enterprise network.


Some of these techniques, and certainly all the principles, can inform the planning of any large-scale system project, in and out of academia.

we describe four guiding design principles, and illustrate how they can be used to contain development complexity: modularity, abstraction, staging, and focus.


We also evaluated several different policies.

we considered two different approaches for which servers to throttle (and unthrottle): one where priority was given to servers at the highest power and one where priority was given to servers at the lowest utilization.


In our approach, the robotic sensors collaboratively pro.le the characteristics of a di.usion process including source location, discharged substance amount, and its evolution over time.

the robotic sensors reposition themselves to progressively improve the pro.ling accuracy.


3.2.1.1 Non-monotone Clustering Constraints and Optimal Mapping Depths The fundamental difficulty of k/m-macrocell based FPGA mapping is that the constraint on the number of inputs and the number of product terms of a k/m-macrocell are not monotone clustering constraints.

a cone C~ is k-infeasible (or, m- unpackable) does not guarantee that all its super-cones (i.e.


In summary, we observe that value prediction produces significant performance improvements for a cluster organization, which are higher than those observed for a centralized one, especially when adequate steering techniques are implemented.

we have found that for a 4cluster configuration the IPCR4 ratio increases on average by 18%, from 0.65 to 0.77, and for a 2-cluster configuration IPCR2 increases by 5%, from 0.85 to 0.89.


(8) suggests that by introducing the TSS scheme into a DRM system, the long-term delay shift of a critical path is proportional to the Vth degradation measured from the associated aging sensor.

the Vth sensor measurement indicates the NBTI-induced degradation of the entire Table 1: TSS Based Delay Shift Estimation for ISCAS85&89 Circuits Name Estimation Error by TSS Scheme relative to time 0 delay (%) .t = 1000 clk .t = 2500 clk .t = 5000 clk .t = 10000 clk Cst.


The distributions of the points are not same.

the precisions are not the same in the X, Y and Z directions.


3.2 Dual Vdd Utilizing voltage islands is an e.ective and widely used way of reducing power consumption of a chip.

having voltage islands enables power gating, where an idle circuit block can consume zero power, as well as dynamic voltage scaling, which exploits performance-power tradeo.


3.1 Operation of SCSA Long carry chains rarely happen in addition for random inputs.

by grouping input bits into blocks as shown in Figure 2, the carry chain length can be made comparable to the block size with high probability.


By reducing the frequency of proactive-SET operations, WoM-SET exhibits two advantages: (1) it requires less memory bandwidth; (2) it resets less number of bits.

for the 2nd write of WoM-SET, only changed bits are updated, resulting in reduced write power and prolonged chip lifetime.


Furthermore, the approach does not sacri.ce the performance.

neither the cycle time nor the number of executed cycles increases.


Recently, engineers have started to apply formal techniques on a wider range of designs [A00, B01].

bentley [B01] shows that the Intel team found over 100 high-quality logic bugs in the Pentium IV.


We exploit this property in order to minimize the number of useful segments and consequently the test sequence length.

we partition the test cubes into two sets, A and B.


Pseudo-code for the proposed algorithm combining flipflop assignment with gate resizing circuit SER due to the electrical characteristics associated with this gate.

resizing this NAND3 gate could possibly result in only a small filtering of the transients arriving at this gate.


The di.erence among the grids in the .rst phase and the second phase is the passing-point consideration.

a path of a net produced in the second phase will not go through the passing points of the net if these passing points increase the number of bends.


The main idea of this proposal is the decoupling of the measurement and the selection steps.

for each upstream downstream routers pair, the NBTI degradation is evaluated in the downstream router by means of sensors, since it physically hosts the VC bu.ers.


R12 R12 , on the other hand, decreases as the separation increases, implying that for a given trench depth, there is less of an effect at large separations.

if the separation between two contacts is large, separation between two identical square contacts is d = 8µm.


prefetches exceeds the threshold value (which is 35% in our experiments)in epoch e,thedatablocks broughtbythatclient tothememory cache arepinnedintheshared cache duringthe entire epoch e+1.Inthis case,whenaprefetchtriestokick out a data block of this processor, another victim (from another client) is selected, again based on the LRU policy.

thevictimistheblockthat has not been broughtinto thecachebythat client andhasthelowestLRU valueamong all suchblocks.As before,the countervalues areresetto0 at thebeginningof each epoch.Notealsothattheblocksbrought into the shared cache in epoch e+2 (bytheclientwhoseblocks are pinned in epoch e+1) are not pinned.


Thus, DynaDisk provides a uni.ed framework for evaluating di.erent recon.guration approaches.

in order to compare the consensus-based recon.guration approach to an asynchronous one, we implement weak snapshots using each approach.


(2) Unstable TSV-bu.ers (e.g., Figure 3(b)): A TSV-bu.er is called in an unstable state if it causes additional normal bu.er insertion due to the delay imbalance by the intrinsic delay of the TSV-bu.er.

at least one normal bu.er is needed to make an initially unstable TSV-bu.er be stable.


5(b) reports the breakdown of the channel total storage that is required to obtain maximum bandwidth in a non-saturated NoC as function of the number K of channel repeaters.

the sequence of points on the x-axis corresponds to 20 di.erent design scenarios for K that varies from 1 to 10.


fmark = n · bps f = m · bps space The receiver converts the analog waveform it receives back into the digital signal that was transmitted.

the receiver detects the mark and space frequencies in the received signal and converts them back to digital 1 s and 0 s respectively.


At a closer analysis, all the existing cryptographic primitives have proofs of security based on two assumptions: (1) readproof hardware; that is, hardware that prevents an enemy from reading anything about the information stored within it; and (2) tamper-proof hardware; that is, hardware that prevents an enemy from changing anything in the information stored within it.

existing cryptographic schemes consist of an algorithm which the adversary knows, but cannot change (i.e., stored in tamper-proof hardware), and a secret key, which the adversary does not know and cannot change (i.e., stored in hardware which is both read-proof and tamper-proof) [17].


The number of .oorplans that are tried remains the samein the second option,but thermal signature is used, which has less correlation with actual temperature now.

there is a possibility that a .oorplan may be regarded to have low maximum temperature while it is opposite in reality, which explains the result in Figure 7(c) and in turn (a) and (b).


This was because a large K can prevent a huge but not frequently accessed .le, e.g., a movie chip, from spreading over numerous caching bu.ers.

chances to swap out frequently accessed data when sequentially accessing such a huge .le were reduced when the stretch factor was set large.


However, in order to .t in a bus {b1  bk}, the projections on x-axis (y-axis) of bi and b j (i j =1  k;i ==j) must have overlap.

the position relationship of any two related blocks has to be left-right (below-above) .


2.1 Moment Estimation Moment estimation is an important task to predict the performance distribution and, consequently, the parametric yield.

if the performance distribution is Gaussian, it is fully characterized by the first two moments (i.e., mean and variance) [18].


This can be further extended if there are multiple non-volatile areas to be used in conjunct with power gating, which should be feasible in similar ways that the current implementations of quick power gating [4, 5].

when we are performing power-off operations, we can choose which of non-volatile areas to be used for saving the states of the programs running on the processor.


In comparison, the dynamic approach adaptively 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 Request Number Request Number adjusts the TUC value; if there are too many blocks selected (a) Financial Trace (b) PC Trace Figure 4: Idle Time distribution between 2 consecutive .ash-access requests The long idle time between .ash-access requests can be exploited to mitigate the computation overhead in the block eviction process.

we propose to partition the WBC into two regions: a Work Region (WR) and an Eviction Region (ER).


CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK We presented a solution to e.ciently design the memory subsystems of one or more accelerators for heterogeneous SoCs.

our approach accommodates the precharacterization of all accelerator processes and handles the physical constraints (capacity and bandwidth) imposed by the physical memories available for a given target technology.


A small cell that cannot meet the MinIA rule must be abutted with cells having the same Vt , so as to form a wider implant layer polygon.

a narrow cell cannot be sandwiched between different-Vt cells.


Though there are four states, data transmission takes place only in three states.

when the current state of the system is 1, we do not transmit any data but store the lower halfofthe newdata in SLH.


Note that if v0 corresponds to main in a C program, T P equals the complete program execution 0 time when partitioning P speci.es whether vertices are mapped to HW or SW. For a partitioning P,the execution time change metric .P i ,for a vertex vi, is de.ned as the change in execution time when the vertex vi is moved to a different partition.

.P denotes the change i in T P when vertex vi is mapped to a different partition.


This prevents the amortization of temperature computations over multiple (transitive) neighbors (which was permitted by the Runge-Kutta methods).

asynchronous element times make high-order approximation methods more computationally expensive.


6.3 Structural Decomposition We also verify that the Verilog implementation takes the form of a controlled composition of .nite-state transducers, as de.ned in Section 2.1.

we show that it can be expressed in the cast form Mnav;M1,...,MN .


Not all columns are used for data storage.

the word length N can be less than the number of columns MC.


The refinement algorithm produces a minimal subset of PPIs, such that restricting them to values in the given CEX while keeping other PPIs unconstrained, implies that the property fails.

if it is assumed that these PPIs have these values and the property output does not fail, the resulting SAT problem is UNSAT.


However, for the interposer s portion of the NoC, only the end points along the left and right edges interface to the diestacked memory channels, and all other intermediate nodes simply forward packets across the interposer or back up to the CPU layer s mesh.

the portion of the NoC on the interposer is an indirect network.


Furthermore, some applications perform very well.


As for BFs, by means of HSPICE simulations, we have found that the 10% of all possible BFs can result in the generation of a Pass, rather than a Fail, at the BIST structure output, each for values of connecting resistance (Rbrid) lower than a maximal value (Rmax), whose value depends on the considered BF.

we found that, for these BFs, Rmax = 4k.. As an example, Fig.


Not only did the paths share similar characteristics to one or more speedpaths, but also if we were to select potential speedpaths manually, after the root cause analysis these 13 paths would have been selected.

all the paths had either identical or very similar combination of active device types as one or more of the speedpaths.


Sequential backdoors are trigged not by one combinational input but by a stream of small inputs over time.

they are triggered by the combination of an input and a speci.c internal state.


Lastly, we conclude that dividing a bank into only 32 groups provides close bene.ts as compared to dividing it into 512 groups.

additionally,we notethatfor all the examinedprograms, CE always provides a robust performance versus S. noneof theprograms, running underanygroupgranularity, shows performance degradation against S. Fig.


Technology scaling enables the integration of numerous transistors and complex functionality in a single chip, enabling the realization of such miniature WBSN systems, but as we move beyond the 65nm node, new nano-scale electronic devices exhibit a significant growth of reliability issues.

as transistors are getting smaller it becomes more difficult to fabricate them, which causes spatial and temporal variations in their characteristics that lead to unpredictable behavior.


In the proposed approach, an alternative method is employed.

we detect the most salient segment, instead of the repeated melody.


In this paper, we explore the scalability issues of 3D-integrated arithmetic circuits built in a die-stacked 3D technology [12, 13].

we show that the 3D-integrated arithmetic units have better scalability than the planar arithmetic units, with increasing issue-widths, transistor sizing, and operating temperatures.


For the OAPDST problem, we will prove that PDEG plays such a major role in designing an approximation algorithm.

pDEG contains both an OAPDMST and an optimal OAPDST such that we can measure and compare the costs of them to observe and prove the approximation guarantee.


INTRODUCTION Reconvergent fanout is a fundamental cause of the dif.culty in testing for sequential circuits.

signal values are correlated to each other due to the existence of reconvergent fanouts.


This survey question resulted in an 83% satisfaction rating.

the users felt that they completed the task with an average success of 83%.


a single 8x8 interconnection network has been transformed into two optical sub-networks to reduce the number of crossings on the critical path.


The property, which we call completeness , says that the protocol assures that all of the necessary credentials are communicated as part of the the discovery protocol.

if there is a set of credentials that will enable a communication, then these are passed to the nodes that need to have them.


In addition, the body bias generator can reduce the power consumption by gating the smaller than that of NMOS.

it turns out that the accurate detector circuits.


The linear system theory [16] can then be used to solve for the state trajectory analytically.

linear transformation is first performed on equation (16) so that the matrix is diagonalized.


We observe from these results that varying the sampling threshold does not make too much difference whereas migration threshold variations generally generate larger variations.

even larger sampling thresholds allow DM to capture the temporal af.nities between arrays.


Note that in the above, the width of the regions is chosen in such a way that a decomposition in a region will not affect decomposition from a different non-adjacent region.

arcs will only be added between the vertices that represent decompositions from two adjacent regions.


(26) 0 Wehave explicitly used the notation xzxc,T0 (t), as a reminder that the solution xz(t)ofthe adjoint system,depends onthe output vectorxc andthetime point T0 .

note that the adjoint solution xzxc,T0 satis.es(see section§S4 ofthe supplementary materialfordetails): xzxc,T0 (T0 )= xc, and (27) xzxc,T0 (t)= x0 .t>T0 .


This paper presents a solution to the oscillator veri.cation problem.

we show how arguments based on simple monotonicity properties for MOSFET transistors allow us to identify all DC equilibria of the circuit.


It occurs because there is a direct relation between literals and transistors.

each literal in a factored expression can be directly mapped to a transistor in a network.


After this, we inductively deduce multipliers based on previous multiplier values and repeater solutions.

we compute from and the repeater solutions for .


With the optimal routing, the total cost to go from node s to t becomes m Vt * (s0)= min Csi-1,si (8) .si.P m s0,sm j=1 where i =0,1,...,m and vsm = vt.

each router m is able to look ahead for all possible paths Ps0 ,sm to the destination and choose the one with minimal delay.


However, if messages can be delayed for a "long time", then the processors cannot coordinate their activities, leading to an immediate lower bound on work of ~(p t), even if only one processor crashes.

it is sufficient for rues- sages to be delayed by O(t) time for this lower bound to hold.


At circuit level, it is possible to add redundancy to the circuit.

the TMR (Triple Modular Redundancy) technique consists in duplicating a part of the circuit three times and use a ma jority Figure 1: 3-inputs LUT.


The results show that the die area is about 72 mm2 and thus a set of 4/8 dies within a 16/32 GB .ash chip occupy 288/576 mm2 .

the area overhead of a NoSSD router is less than 0.1% of the .ash storage area.


Each principle component (PC) consists of a linear combination of all behavioral parameters.

pCA results are some linear equations composed of behavioral parameters, as shown in (8).


How can the processor designer decrease the number of instructions executed in a runahead processor, while still preserving most of the performance improvement provided by runahead execution?

how can the processor designer increase the efficiency of a runahead processor?


We then try to build r RCRPs based on the m critical reliability paths in P (r << m).


In [4] we discussed how this can be taken into account during topology generation.

we introduced a grid graph and a cost function on its edges.


As future work, we intend to investigate the potential of generalizing the PDR algorithm for other logics.

we anticipate that a generalization for QF LA would be useful in many applications.


The slope of the data access order is chosen based on the performance metric we developed in section 3.2.

we choose slope = 2 for Seidel as it allows simultaneous execution of the iterations on the same diagonal line and retain inter-block pipelining.


Even so, WireMap produced mapped netlists that are better than the original ones in terms of LUTs, logic levels, and edges by 10.2%, 10.1% and 16.7%, respectively.

wireMap reduces the number of edges by an additional 9.3%, compared to the high-effort iterative MSC!


Note that, in order to be able to impersonate a victim at, say, approximately 20:00 of every Monday in a two-year period, the adversary must fabricate about 104 AS_REQ * messages as described above and, for each such message, obtain a signature from the card.

a few minutes of access to a victim s card are su.cient for the adversary to be able to impersonate the victim, on a regular basis, for years.


INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION Among the negative side e.ects of technology scaling, the reliability of CMOS devices has become of primary concern.

due to an increasing electric .eld across an extremely thin oxide, the generation of interface traps under negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) in pMOS transistors has become the most critical reliability issues that determine the lifetime of CMOS devices [1, 2].


To address this challenge, this paper explores the local search algorithms.

the current design point is compared with its neighbor points and is subsequently updated when a better point is found among them.


It should be noted that leakage may vary between con.gurations as it is a directly proportional to the execution time.

due the performance lost, the total execution time is increased which proportionally affects total leakage energy.


They identi.ed regions of 2 meters to 5 meters within which movement could be reliably detected [43].

they have been able to localise an ob ject with an accuracy of 1 meters by creating hexagonal cell-clusters over which measurements are scheduled according to a TDMA scheme which was further improved by Wilson et al.


Instead of thinking of the abstraction of power as link utilization, we would view it as normalized total bandwidth.

we are abstracting the amount of data that is currently being transferred through the network.


DEFINITION 1: (n-Cycle-Unreachable)A state s is said to be n-cycle-unreachable if the n th-level preimage of s is empty.

if there does not exist any state that can reach s in n cycles, then s is unreachable.


white@mit.edu ABSTRACT An ef.cient approach to full-wave impedance extraction is developed that accounts for substrate effects through the use of two-layer media Green s functions in a mixed-potential-integral-equation (MPIE) solver.

the choice of implementation for the layered media Green s functions motivates the development of accelerated techniques for both volume and surface integrations in the solver.


In the following, we prefer to adopt the algorithm with best F 1 measures as a reference model, to be used for comparisons with other algorithms.

we observed that for most taxonomies the best baseline algorithm is the one that uses the contextual information and that rejects the ambiguous documents.


The manner in which the tool is capable of treating variants of the same technology, and ultimately different nanotechnologies, is detailed in the next section.


This may lead to significant interference of disk I/O performance among virtual machines (VM).

the I/O performance of none I/O intensive domains can be seriously injured by the advent of I/O intensive nodes.


In the Graz protocol, EEG signals are recorded from sensorimotor areas during mental imagination of speci.c movements.

we address an o.-line BCI scheme in which recorded data from left hand and right hand imagery movements was used and the classi.er task was to predict one of these two conditions from the signals.


After binding is complete, the tool generates an XML .le based on a customized schema containing a description of the platform instance; the XML .le is then read by synthesis tools that generate the wrappers (see Sections 4, 5).

each process is characterized by a certi.cate specifying functional behavior and timing requirements.


The proposed approaches exploit the knowledge on prefetched lines by employing a different decay interval (time frame after which the cache line is turned off) for prefetched lines.

in the proposed strategies, the prefetched lines and the normal lines (i.e., the lines brought into the cache through execution of load operations) use different thresholds.


5.2 Allocation order Since all statically declared data is known at the start of a new task, we can apply different allocation strategies to reduce the assignment overhead.

we can vary the order in which space for the different static data is requested from the memory manager.


By showing students high performance computing in the context of how it is used, namely on big problems running on big machines, they are allowed to have an authentic computing experience.

the issue of performance analysis becomes very important, as students quickly find that there is the trivial interpretation of how they expect problems to scale, there is the theoretically understandable eventuality of Amdahl s law, and there is the actual reality in which the algorithm used to solve the problem, the approach used to parallelize the code, the configuration of each node, and the interconnect between the nodes can all interact in nonlinear and unpredictable ways.


Second, qOPT(x) is proportional to the original PDF p(x) of process variations.

the entire failure region should not be sampled uniformly.


Matrix R e is then the submatrix of ~e corresponding to the reach- able states: l:t e = R¢[S,S].

the matrix Re may contain extra rows and columns due to unreachable states; this occurs when ,S is a strict subset of ,~.


Since we have two variables vbnand vbp,it is desirable to model the effects of these individually, independently of each other and .nally superpose their effects.

we wish to re-write (4) as: D(vbnvbp)=D0f(vbn)g(vbp) (6)  Fig.


GALS design allows to use several independent clock domains, each of them with its own clock, enabling the modi.cation of the hardware structure sizes, and accordingly the clock frequency in those domains, in order to adapt them to the needs of the running threads.


The focus of this paper is the addition of image processing and multimodal image retrieval.

we propose the Multimodal Redundancy Reduction Algorithm (MR2) to select the most representative pictures of the contexts that the user might be looking for.


Evaluation of a K rule would result in the vertex bound to x to be prop- agated to all places in the combinator graph that reference this particular K rule.

vertices have edges to their containing combinator terms and, upon evaluation, would propagate their identity to these terms.


Also, they issue error signals, if the redundancy checks fail.


In this sense, the competitive ratio is the best characterization of the policy s relative competitiveness.

there are access sequences, such that the ratio between the number of misses (hits) in policy A and the number of misses (hits) in policy B approaches the competitive ratio in the limit.


The rest of the symbols are assumed for local wire width variations, linearized by .rst-order Taylor series expansion, and are only shared by a cluster of RLC elements that are close enough to one another.

for the case of, say, 6 uncertainty terms, we partition each net-list into 6 groups, and assign the same uncertainty term to every element in one group.


3.3 Asynchronous Evaluation In a combinational circuit implementation, glitches might make the activity on a node greater than 1.0 [18].

the inputs to a gate might change at di.erent times causing the output to switch multiple times per circuit evaluation.


In fact, we observe that a target node without any substitute node could be replaced with a newly-added node.

we could add a node into the circuit to replace the target node.


This expands the design space of STT MRAMs and allows the optimization of other design parameters.

we investigate the joint optimization of WFET-VREAD-VDD in the MPL region.


A number of tools have been developed to enable veri.cation engineers to have more control over the generation of random tests.

some of these techniques involve the use of program templates that de.ne the structure of the desired test, along with primitives to control the randomization of the related data, such as opcodes, register operands, and memory addresses [3].


Given a set of value of variables, a normalized distribution for such design variables is obtained by calculating the mean value and standard deviation.

it represents the probability distribution function (PDF) for that devicelevel variable.


Mechanica is a general purpose p-version finite element program that was adapted to support this work.

new algorithms were implemented to extract the description of the 3D IC from the model reduction block shown in Figure 8, and to create a partitioning (or mesh) of the model that is composed entirely of hexahedral finite elements.


Note that VMGR is the .rst router to complete the routing for this set of benchmarks of non-uniform wire sizes.

we expect that the difference will be much more signi.cant for larger and dif.cult designs such as vd Mcc2.


Consider a set of objects O1,O2,...,On and a set of corresponding access probabilities p1,p2,...,pn.

the reference string can be denoted as r1,r2,...,rt,...,rN , where rt is the object referenced at time t. Under IRM: Pr[rt =Oi]=pi , 1= i= n, t > 0 the probability of rt being Oi is pi.


This extremely exible architecture had few critical paths (power and clock wires) and highly redundant network connectivity through the fat-tree [19]; this allowed the compiler to map out the defects in the system, and simply route around bad LUTs and interconnects when compiling.

the conscious design decision to out-wire Rent s Rule (Teramac used Rent s Rule exponents of 2/3 to 1, as opposed to 1/2 to 2/3) allowed the system to function normally despite defects in 10% of logic cells and 10% of interchip interconnects.


In this work, effective diagnostic memory tests of linear order O(N)are proposed that enable memory recon.guration, and their diagnostic capabilities are analyzed.

these tests allow single-cell faults to be distinguished from multiplecell faults, such as coupling faults.


A number of circuit and architectural challenges were left unsolved in [7], including the bit encoding scheme, the architecture of a MLC STT-RAM cache, and the issue of write endurance.

the latter has been largely ignored by the earlier works on SLC STT-RAM caches.


Therefore, the output of an RNG is fed to the input signal of the module (.... .. ).The ........ .......... signal is introduced to allow testing of variable data rate RNGs.

bits are considered valid only if ........ .......... signal is asserted high, as shown in Fig.


In nanometer scale technologies where leakage dominates the power consumption, an increase in the power It can be seen from (18) that parameters such as the supply voltage, operating frequency, junction-to-ambient thermal resistsance, and ambient temperature can cause thermal runaway when their values increase above certain critical values.

such parameters can alsobeused tocontrol andprevent thermal runaway.


The results agree perfectly with the expected ones.

the larger the number of periods and the oversampling ratio, the larger the accuracy for a given magnitude.


Two, the spawn and the target should be highly control-.ow correlated during the main thread s execution.

when the main thread reaches the spawn point, it will very likely see the target soon thereafter.


We have extended a modern RTL, Chisel [1], and found inspiration from the software world [11], to take a new approach: instead of abstracting away fundamental features of the architecture as in High Level Synthesis abstract only those details which a designer is uncertain of.

designers construct their circuits in RTL as usual but leave holes, or explicit indeterminacies, in their designs.


IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 Atomicity of Message Transfer We provide atomicity of message transfer in order to store and restore communication context safely.

checkpointing is not performed while message transfer is in progress.


Geopriv WG in IETF focuses on the authorization, security and privacy requirements for such location-dependent services.

it describes the requirements for the Geopriv Location Object (LO) and for the protocols that use this Location Object.


Speci.cally, for each audio track, a set of features is extracted and one Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is trained for each acoustic event, using features from all its videos.

several hours of videos are trained into one GMM, disregarding the underlying sub-event structure of the audio.


Their analysis, in turn, is based on Sharir and Pnueli s tabulation based approach to inter-procedural analysis [18], with an important modi.cation: when a callsite is encountered, the analysis proceeds to analyze the callee (together with all its transitive callees) to completion before proceeding with the analysis of the caller.

a depth-.rst propagation strategy is followed, rather than a chaotic strategy or a breadth-.rst strategy (we discuss later the advantages offered by this strategy).


CONCLUSION In this paper, we presented a novel approach for solving the consistency problem that arises as soon as an architecture description language (ADL) serves multiple purposes.

the automatic generation of C compiler and instruction-set simulator from a single model description either leads to a loss in modeling .exibility, or introduces a huge potential for inconsistencies.


Our goal is to provide a solution that can harvest the largest peak temperature reduction without incurring any performance overhead.

we propose a customized method by improving DRAM page hit rate.


They are, however, becoming increasingly power-constrained with the higher on-chip bandwidth requirements of high-performance SoCs.

the physical datapath of a mesh NoC consumes signi.cant energy.


Although several architectural DMR proposals suggest thatDMR can easilybe turned on and off(e.g.,[19,32]), a key observation of this paper is that dynamically switching between DMR and non-DMR within a single system is not as straightforward as it might appear.

we observe that 1) care must be taken to preserve the integrity of reliable applications memory and register state, and 2) thedesireto executeadditionalindependentsoftwarethreads for aperformance application complicatesthe schedulingof softwarethreadstocores.Aspart of thesolutiontothe .rst problem, we propose to maintain a small amount of redundancy for non-DMR applications by re-validating permission for any stores that miss in the L1 cache.


Since neither schedule is absolutely better than the other, we consider the average case.

we examine the expected length of the fusion interval for each schedule given .xed sensor precisions.


The semi-lattice has well-de.ned top and bottom elements, which correspond to the least constrained and most constrained protocol variants of a particular logic family, respectively.

our approach provides, for the .rst time, precise, wellde.ned upper and lower bounds on the design space of concurrent protocols for asynchronous pipelines using dynamic logic, as well as the complete set of legal, intermediate protocols, which together form the complete design space.


We want to emphasize that in the above formulation, the LEs themselves are rather abstract, and each does not have to always correspond to the capacity of a single physical cell.

a combinational LE can be any singleoutput combinational logic cluster with its external inputs and output pins mapped to ports of actual physical cells.


In these two figures, the features extracted from high frequency components, corresponding to the big x-axis coordinates, have small p-values, in comparison with the features extracted from low frequency components, corresponding to the small x-axis coordinates.

the spectrum features extracted from high frequency components are more statistically significant than the features extracted from the low frequency components, which confirms our analysis and inference presented in section 2.


However, secure wireless communication using mPPUFs is restricted to at most 2 or very few parties.

one would need to own 1 separate mPPUF per party or small group of parties in order to communicate securely.


To determine worst case noise at the slower clock fre quencies, the sorted GCD cycle time list would be traversed (starting at the minimum GCD cycle time) looking for changes in timing window overlap.

every new beginning GCD cycle time in the list would indicate that a new pair of timing windows overlapped relative to the preceding noise analysis.


First of all, memory bandwidth can be improved beyond what can be supported by current memory devices.

dRAM device will on longer be the bottleneck in improving memory bandwidth.


The precision lines under TSM (the lowest three lines) go upwards slowly and monotonously when T increases from 0.30 to 0.33 and hereafter keep horizontal.

thresholds bigger than 0.33 doesn t contribute to the identification precision any more.


An easier yet more useful alternative to the above correctness property is to check for a request to be granted within a speci.ed number of cycles, determined by the arbiter speci.cation.

we check to see if the request is granted within k cycles [8], [5].


While existing technology mapping and placement algorithms could be directly incorporated into our JIT compiler, we are working on developing such algorithms designed for our SCLF.

we are developing a placement algorithm designed in conjunction with both our configurable logic fabric and ROCR hoping to be able to exploit this information to choose a placement such that ROCR can perform routing more efficiently and create designs with shorter critical paths using fewer routing resources.


The total preemption cost is then bounded by C = maxC RP D(bi) + m (3) cache misses.

the maximum cache related preemption delay of bi plus m cache misses for the m preemptions of the block that possibly require reload of the current cache block when that basic block is continued.


(43) Note that the log-likelihood log L in (43) depends on the model coefficients a, ß and ., because the vector T is composed of these accurately estimated.

we start from the estimated failure rates {Pg,q MC; q = 1, 2, , Q} in (29).


BACK-END PROCESS VARIATION Test structures are essential for measuring the degree of process variation in a given technology.


Such a computational semantics of an FSMD is based on the assumption that a revisit of the reset state means the beginning of a new computation and each computation terminates.

the behavioural representation has a non-terminating outermost loop from the reset state and each inner loop has a state from which there is a transition out of the loop.


We know that the outputs of the approximate circuit POapprox are valid provided that they do not cause the value at Q to evaluate to 0 for any input value.

we could functionally modify the approximate circuit if the change can never a.ect the value of Q.


This principle indicates that the robust estimation of t(f ) for all f = F r SI can be obtained by only evaluating the set of truncated uniform distributions Ur T .

we are guaranteed to obtain a robust estimation by executing many MC simulations on the set of truncated uniform distributions with maximum radius r and computing the worst-case value of t(f).


We hope that the empirical study and analysis of retention error mitigation techniques, driven by experimental measurements from real DRAM chips, presented in this paper can enable new, effective, and ef.cient mechanisms in the future that will lead to more reliable design and operation of future DRAM systems.

we believe the development of ef.cient online retention time pro.ling techniques for DRAM is a promising area of immediate future work that can bene.t from our characterizations and analyses.


The design of µSDR addresses the four requirements by choosing a .ash-based FPGA and highly integrated components, thus reducing size, cost, and power.

.ash-based FPGAs can be duty-cycled, whereas traditional SRAM-based ones cannot.


It is easy to prove that g-symmetric pair is an equivalence relation.

a larger g-symmetric sets can be derived from g-symmetric pairs directly.


Secondly, the more decision a sensor can make, the less decision the control center has to make, and therefore less information needs to be delivered to the control center.

the control center should not be bothered unless there really is something wrong.


Since the guards are evaluations of input signals, the corresponding events are considered to be uncontrollable.

it is not within the power of the CC Control Logic-subsystem to directly in.uence the values of input variables.


These set vb as indicated, but do not enable kb or kv.

the bow velocity returns to 0 at the end of each note, and each note begins with a new Fb i .


1List-based scheduling can be directly adapted to the combined CDG+DDG data structure To better understand the power of the branch and cut approach with respect to the branch and bound technique we performed further experiments on a larger set of benchmarks.

we have enriched the set with some well known data-intensive high level synthesis benchmarks.


In this paper, we improve over the work of [2], by proposing an encoding solution which exploits inter-pixel correlation in a di.erent way.

we speci.cally target the encoding function to the serial nature of the transmission; the basic idea of the method is to minimize intra-word transitions by clustering the 1 s in the encoded values towards one end of the word.


An ELM experiment investigating the e.ects of race of information sources found that white American subjects were systematically processing messages in a low-involvement situation when the source of the information was black.

where the ELM would predict that white participants would not pay attention to the content of the message in forming an opinion, they were doing so if and only if the source was black [27].


The control scheme is further simpli.ed by allowing only binary-weighted current from the DAC.

the DAC output current can be one of nine levels (100 nA, 200 nA, ... , 25.6 µA).


(a is an erroneous values and ¯a is the inverted of a).

pa(Ui )(Pa¯(Ui)) is the probability that the erroneous value is propagated from the error site to Ui with an even (odd) number of inversions.


4.2 Body Bias Generator for Back Body Bias The measured average current of the low power body bias generator was about 5.4uA (unstable state ;1-5) and 1.5uA (stable; 6) at 27°C and VDD1=1.0V.

it is effective when the  leakage current of the whole semiconductor integrated circuit is larger than the conventional minimum value.


The results for the vertical plane (TASK 1, 2, 3 and 4) are lower than the results of the horizontal plane (TASK 5, 6, 7 and 8).

vertical precision and horizontal precision differ in this system; vertical precision is lower than horizontal precision.


Even a Von Neumann computer could be seen as a large .nitestate machine.

moore model FSMs [21] are popular in designing high-speed synchronous digital circuits [27].


This intuition is motivated by the self-contained nature of dominant cuts, that is, any vertex in a dominant cut does not fanout to any vertex outside that cut.

we model each dominant cut as a single super node and we restrict the change of logic to occur only inside these super nodes.


This is only the case if the receiving machines do not change state upon receiving µj.

µj must not trigger any operation except for a waiting operation.


Our objective was to see if the result of this detailed analysis would con.rm the result given by the learning approach.

we were interested in observing if the paths identi.ed by the learning would also be the paths suggested from the detailed analysis.


Due to the limits of the local climate, the growing season ofplantsiscappedby thecold(nighttime) temperaturesfor much of spring and autumn.

there is enough sunlight but the plants freeze to death.


An IPC graph has to be: 1) a strongly-connected HSDF graph, i.e., for any two actors there exists a directed cycle (not necessarily a processor or a bus cycle) that contains both actors; 2) a first-in-first-out (FIFO) HSDF graph, i.e., in the self-timed execution, the completion events of actor firings occur in the same order as the corresponding starting events.

tokens cannot overtake each other in an actor ([3  §2.5.2]).


Y. Charlie Hu, Alan Cox and Willy Zwaenepoel Department of Computer Science Rice University Houston, Texas 77005 {ychu, alc, willy}@cs.rice.edu Abstract We demonstrate that data reordering can substantially improve the performance of .ne-grained irregular sharedmemory benchmarks, on both hardware and software shared-memory systems.

we evaluate two distinct data reordering techniques that seek to co-locate in memory objects that are in close proximity in the physical system modeled by the computation.


The luminance function consists of three regions: the undershot region [0,gl], the linear region [gl,gu], and the overshot region [gu,1].

the gl and gu are the darkest and the brightest pixel values that can be displayed without contrast distortion (overshooting or undershooting).


In our experiment, this excessively large weight is set to the summation of the distance between any two switches.

as long as any of those constraint-violated edges is included in the resulting Hamiltonian path, the length of the Hamiltonian path is guaranteed to be larger than that of a path including no constraint-violated edge.


It is well known that random dopant .uctuation induced time0 process variation increases with decreasing transistor dimensions [8].

smaller dimension devices will have larger time0 random process variation masking NBTI induced shift and vice versa for the larger dimension devices.


(7), it can be observed that delay uncertainty increases with the increase of coupling capacitance.

as coupling between signal lines becomes stronger, the variation of signal propagation delay degrades further.


For example, running a 1mm long wire at the optimal frequency requires only a rate 0.7 Code while running a 5 mm wire at its optimal frequency requires a rate 0.18 code.

the coding schemes for 1mm and 5mm buses require 50% and 500% overhead respectively.


Under all optimizations we have studied, a load is vulnerable to some contiguous window of stores that is immediately older than itself.

for all optimizations the younger end of the window is .xed (it is the load itself) and only the older end varies.


if the spectral peaks in the difference vector are mostly apart with harmonic intervals, the two sounds are more likely from the same note, and the distance should be relatively small; otherwise, the distance should be large.


Library size increase and non-uniform SP sampling: If the SP range ([0.0, 1.0]) is discretized to m ranges, for each n cell with n inputs, mcells are added to the library.

the number of new library cells increases exponentially using the proposed aging-aware library cell.


550 555, 2005. the original circuit structure for InTimeFix.

we could synthe-[5] M. Agarwal, B. C. Paul, M. Zhang, and S. Mitra.


The recon.guration and the testing support dictate the packet format on the dual control network.


Table 1 shows the results we have obtained.

column Gates and Rows denote the number of gates and rows in each circuit, respectively.


However, network traces typically only give the absolute time when packets are sent, so the core may send processed data to the consumer prior to it even receiving the data from its producer!

the network-trace approach fails to realistically evaluate application performance, because the timing of packet generation, which depends on on-chip network conditions, is assumed before the actual simulation of the network.


ULE ways are reused at HP mode in spite of their ine.ciency at high Vcc because they reduce the number of slow and energyhungry memory accesses [14].

we use an 8KB 6T+10T hybrid cache as the baseline [13] with 8 ways and 32B/line, where 6 ways are implemented with di.erential 6T cells and 2 ways with 10T cells [11], although our proposal is not limited to this con.guration.


Formally, we can de.ne a data transformation for an array Ausing a pair (MA,mlA).

this pair (referred to as data transformation henceforth) performs the following two mappings: X,!MAX xl,!x+l MAlmA the original reference matrix Xis transformed to MAXand the original constant vector xlis transformed to MAxl+mlA.


A linear, time-varying system is a dynamical system for which the superposition principle holds but the time-invariant property may not.

if y1(t) and y2(t) are the responses of the system to the input stimuli x1(t) and x2(t), respectively, then the response to a linearly combined input a·x1(t)+b·x2(t) is equal to the linearly combined output a·y1(t)+b·y2(t) where a and b are real numbers.


Sets of circuit don t care conditions are classi.ed as controllability (or satis.ability) (CDC) and observability (ODC) don t care conditions.

we address sets of don t care (DCs) conditions de.ned as follows: Observability DCs: These are lines where value assignments do not in.uence the outcome of the current SAT solver goal.


In case there is no any constraints being applied in the second stage, this constraint generator tends to extract the constraint from existing layout.

we value the designers expertise in order to guarantee that the constraint driven routing methodology honors the routing priority as designers expectation.


A vertex belongs to only a single priority queue depending on the relative order of the weights in its weight vector.

a vertex v with weight vector (w1(v ), w2(v ), .


Considering Figure6and assuming U(z)and Y(z)are the z-domain representations of u(k)and y(k)respectively, the value of u(k)at time k = k0 is the coef.cient of z -k0 in U(z).

the values of u(k)for different ks are encoded as the coef.cients of z terms in U(z).


Instead, the aging rate of the FF/PO data arrival time has to be considered as well.

assuming the same aging rate for the FF/PO data arrival time in the optimized circuit, only di/dDfraction i of the available slack can be used for constraint optimization and the rest is assumed to be used due to the extension of the post-aging delay change.


The cost of streaming through L words of data, for a given architecture containing W words per cache line, is calculated as Cf irst + (I(L/W )l - 1) * Cstream .

we assume that after paying Cf irst to bring in the .rst cache line from main memory, the remaining data accesses cost Cstream due to enabled stream prefetching.


If a cycle exists in the graph, is not a valid order (anti-symmetry property is violated.)

the Order axiom is violated and, hence, a TSO violation.


This causes reliability concerns in the operation of flexible circuits and requires careful analysis for designing more reliable circuits.

the transistor degradation is strongly affected by the switching activity of each individual transistor and different transistors could be exposed to different degrees of degradation.


Figure 7: SESAM infrastructure The original application is a radio sensing function developped by Thales Communication France, which aims to detect the unused spectra and to share them without interference with other users.

the already used spectra are detected in order to identify spectrum holes.


We present a novel dynamic cache characterization mechanism to determine which lines will exhibit multi-bit failures.

we use multi-bit correction to protect a fraction of the cache after switching to low voltage, while dynamically testing the remaining lines for multi-bit failures.


We propose a small and fully distributed first-level STB (STB1) specialized in speculative data forwarding, and a centralized, second-level STB (STB2) specialized in enforcing memory ordering.

sTB2 will check all data forwardings made by STB1.


Our second stage is for cell placement, and the previous color assignment solutions are considered here.

if in previous color assignment cells ci-1 and ci are assigned its p-th and q-th coloring solutions, then the width of cell ci is changed from w(ci) to w(ci) + LUT(i - 1, p, i, q).


Each individual Security Refresh level can be regarded as an independent layer.

each level performs the Security Refresh algorithm with its own register values and settings, and the Security Refresh algorithm guarantees the integrity of the address remapping as mentioned in Section 3.3.


Experimental Results We report in this analysis the dynamic and leakage energy for all of the modules in Figure 6.

the following results include the power consumption of the processing unit (core), instruction memory (IM), scratchpad data memory (SP), and protected memory (PM).


Various o.-the-shelf tools are available to perform the Bluetooth sni.ng.

uSRP2(Universal Software Radio Peripheral 2) Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).


It does rely on some notion of balanced operation , however, to allow for the ef.cient recycling of charge.

the multiplier uses dual-rail gates, with charge recovery taking place all the way to the gate fanouts.


Our results are applicable to the verification of other types of parallelism in processor architectures, such as Superscalar, Multithreaded, and Multi-processor designs[4].

our conclusion that manual enhancements to sequential test generation are bound to fail, is general enough.


Second, unnecessary toggling within the combinational circuits is eliminated.

in the optimized circuit, toggling only occurs in the combinational circuit whose output is selected by the multiplexer to be passed to the destination register .le.


However, the multiple status .elds can be put to other uses.

when implementing interval arithmetic one often wants to be able to switch repeatedly between rounding up and rounding down in a short sequence of calculations.


If a lower value was enough for the untestable version, then the actual delay degradation would be much more tolerable.

the reported delay degradation is as pessimistic as possible and the actual degradation can only be evaluated within the context of each particular application.


However, in contrast to a cache which holds a small part of the data set, IPStashis intendedtoholda routingtable in its entirety.

it is the main storage for the routing table not a cache for it.


In terms of aggregate service, a super-round is equivalent to a round in the original algorithm or DRR.

if sf (M) is the service of f during the m th super-round and crf (M) f s credit at the end of it, then sf (M) = wf + crf (M - 1) - crf (M).


Consequently, it decreases the minimum amount of movement of the coordinates of the end-effector, because the coordinate of the end-effector is calculated by sequential transformation of the 3-D frames of each joint.

a rise of precision of the potentiometer leads to a rise in precision of the exoskeleton device.


During the last years, many research activities have been attempting to de.ne .exible hardware architectures, that are suitable to perform the fundamental public-key cryptographic operations independent of the parameter values (e.g., the value of the modulus used for modular arithmetic), the operand length, and even the speci.c class of mathematical operations to compute.

a few proposals have been recently made [14, 15, 6, 13] to provide uni.ed hardware architectures for executing both integer modular arithmetic and GF (2M ) operations, thus covering all the underlying arithmetics supporting RSA cryptography and EC cryptography.


The most natural approach is to merge traditional tracking with collaborative localization.

position estimates obtained with collaborative localization can serve as external updates to tracking.


The complexity of the problem is in reality exacerbated by the data volume, including several hundreds of devices and wire segments.

the use of the data analysis software permitted the measurements of the number of clock devices and the interconnect wire load to be obtained in a few months and in time to provide results for decision-making in future microprocessors.


The target problem (with interval graphs) could be transformed into a graph coloring problem.

the nodes of an interval graph should be colored such that two adjacent nodes are assigned different colors.


The task of detecting such faults is complicated due to the continued increases in size and complexity of multi-core processors.

multi-core processor architectures continue to evolve as they incorporate increasing number of cores and sockets, multiple layers of memory (for example, L1-L3), and complex processor interconnects such as memory bus, hypertransport and others.


HS3d approximates Flotherm with an R2 value of 0.87, while both Flotherm and HS3d show only a weak relationship to power dissipation (R2 < 0.17) and power density (R2 < 0.65).

the units (IntMap, FPQ, LdStQ) which di.er the most from the Flotherm model are characterized as being downstream of the air.ow moving past the hottest part of the chip, the integer queue.


Instead of bulk CMOS in our previous work [5],this work employs SOI, which has several advantages for stacking.

leaving the transistor bodies floating in FDSOI helps avoid the bank leakage imbalance problem reported in [5] caused by the Reverse-Body-Bias effect in sleep mode.


Since we obtain similar results from the experiments performed on different designs with different parity check column weights and different compaction ratios, we conclude that our observations are likely valid for other designs.

a larger block size is better than a smaller block size in tolerating unknown values in test responses.


This paper characterizes the sources of overhead in high-perfor- mance DRAM systems and investigates the most effective ways to reduce a system's exposure to performance loss.

we look at mechanisms to increase a system's support for concurrent transactions, mechanisms to reduce request latency, and mecha- nisms to reduce the "system overhead"--the portion of the primary memory system's overhead that is not due to DRAM latency but rather to things like turnaround time, request queueing, inefficien-cies due to read~write request interleaving, etc.


Each soft constraint has an intrinsic weight associated with it that indicates the relative importance of the constraint based on our observations on the performance impact.

the applications written using parallel patterns are often bandwidth limited, and therefore we assign the highest intrinsic weight on the soft constraint that allows memory coalescing.


Based on the above observation, we .rst derive an equation that T and D must satisfy for the array B in cases where it has only one (original) reference 7r.

note that, any two iterations 7i ' 1 5This is achieved by satisfying the additional constraints mentioned in Section 3.2 for the transformed loop nests.


MODELING 2.1 Global Interconnection Model for FPGAs A global interconnection comprises of a combination of programmable interconnects that is physically spanning over a long distance from the source to the sink.

the interconnection in FPGAs is much more complicated than conventional long line found in ASIC design.


[8] present the DVTCMOS approach based on transistor level.

single transistors in the design are replaced by transistors with high Vth or low Vth, respectively.


INTRODUCTION Integrated circuit manufacturing processes with feature sizes below 100nm pose a number of technological challenges to the ASIC designer.

these new processes present increased manufacturing costs, substantial process variation, and exceedingly complex design rules compared to their technological predecessors.


5.2 Cell capacity As the load distribution is not signi.cantly a.ected by the rate-dependent target d, we expect the qualitative results of Section 4 to hold.

the cell breathing effect arises at very high loads only and an admission decision based on the number of active users is su.cient.


The space of linear structures of f and f ' are identical.

the space of null linear structures of f and f ' are identical.


Our work exploits these sleep transistors at a finer granularity: individual cache lines.

a basic premise of our work is that, surprisingly often, cache lines are storing items that will not be used again.


By this means dynamic power consumption during read accesses and late cycles of write accesses during which counting is not required is avoided.

this counter is clocked when a write access is triggered and its clock is gated after instructing the write termination signal.


These attributes are normally design costs and performance parameters.

we have used as quality attributes the required hardware area for the co-processor, trT , the design latency, mET , calculated by scheduling the system graph, and the required memory space, wT .


This observation provides an unique opportunity to achieve wide operational range delivery by judiciously building the synergy between Off-VR and On-VR.

we make the following contributions: 1) We explore the design space of wide operational range power delivery design.


In this work, we propose an alternative solution that we borrowed from the domain of clock skew-tolerant design.

instead of modifying the structure of the circuit to compensate its delayincrease, wedelay the sampling ofthedata atits output.


A very attractive one is to utilize the same seed for encoding more than one test cube in a sequence of L pseudorandom vectors.

each seed is expanded into a window of L vectors, instead of one.


While the impact on a QoS-sensitive workload is dependent on the particular QoS metric, we ran SPECWeb4 [2], an industry standard web benchmark testing web server loads such as banking and eCommerce applications.

this workload is signif 4we used the SpecWeb2005 eCommerce workload also found in SPECWeb2009 [3].


Comparative analysis with current state of the art suggests an ef.ciency improvement in Throughput/Slice, compared to related art of 162%.

a 12% higher throughput, achieved with only 43% of the recon.gurable logic used by the best related works.


The .gure illustrates that bypassing improves system performance over SWL for any given MAW that is larger than 2.

limiting MAW from 24 to 7 can improve the normalized IPC of SWL+bypass from 1.36× to 1.77×.


fM(p-1), these looping sub-constraints of j < p play no role contributing to the satis.ability of Formula (4) and can be removed.


Note that it is not required that all the subdomains at a particular level of a hierarchical encoding be further divided into smaller subdomains (or their domain values be indexed) by using the same simple encoding.

we can have different simple encodings that are used to further partition the subdomains from the same level.


A good "rule of thumb" is to place the scrubbing rate one order of magnitude or more above the expected upset rate.

the system should scrub, on the average, at least ten times between upsets.


We believe this memoryless feature captures the type of node failures we are targeting (i.e., deploymentbased failures).

it does not matter for how long a node has been deployed to be destroyed by a falling tree.


The Control Unit manages the test execution; by receiving and decoding commands from the control signals, this module is able to manage the test execution and the upload of the results.

it covers three tasks: x it receives from the data signals the number of patterns to be applied x it drives the test_enable signal that starts and stops the test execution and provides the information about the end of the test x it selects the result to be uploaded.


The area inside the inner shape symbolizes the workspace of the .rst camera motion device without geometrical optimizations (starting con.guration).

the mechanism can adjust all combinations of angles a and f within the shape.


In the case that the LUT is used for the smaller functions, each function can use m+1 distinct inputs, but must share (k-1)-(m+1) = k-m-2 inputs.

for the 6,2 LUT used as two 5-LUTs, three inputs are distinct for each of the two 5-LUTs, and two inputs must be shared.


For the signal on the middle line of three coupled lines, it is observed that with the increase of mutual inductance, the ratio (the gap) between the maximum and minimum delays decreases as shown in Figure 8.

higher inductance leads to lower delay uncertainty and narrower switching windows, which is a positive effect of inductance, as narrower switching windows gives significant degrees of freedom in physical design to limit noise and control glitches.


INTRODUCTION Modern semiconductor industry faces severe scaling problems while attempting to keep pace with Moore s Law [1].

major challenges include the increasing communication delay [2] due to long interconnect wires, and maintaining the yield and lifetime of chips [3], [4].


A LP would evaluate its local input events and advance its local time provided that the global causal relations can be maintained.

two or more events, which might not happen at the same global time step, can still be evaluated in parallel as long as they are independent.


If this is not possible, then we make our second attempt (lines 23 through 28), which is based on an idea similar to the one we employed for reducing the latency.

we select a victim node to be sacrificed based on node areas, and allocate a smaller version to it.


Equality of the simpli.ed programs is a suf.cient but not in general necessary condition for equality of the original programs, so the simpli.cation process that is at the heart of fractal symbolic analysis should be applied sparingly.

had our base symbolic analyzer been able to analyze only straight-line code, we would have concluded conservatively that the loop distribution of Figure 3(a,b) is not legal.


Recall that the set of registers that have a next-state function is denoted by Q .

external inputs do not appear in this set.


1(b)), the circuit delay can be reduced.

by reordering the fan-ins of super-gates, the circuit shown in Fig.


As can be seen, the presented technique assures that clusters obtained this way are the largest possible, thus reducing, to a large extent, the number of transitions.

the resultant low power fill of the test cube presented earlier is shown in Fig.


The TDC takes advantage of a number of design techniques to best utilize the FPGA technology while maintaining the utilization e.ciency above a minimum threshold.

the repetitive fabric of CLBs is utilized in this design so as to minimize clock net distribution mismatches and to limit the skew across the TDC.


We .nd that another, still unexploited opportunity for leakageaware low power RTL design consists of properly tuning selection strategies for RTL soft macros.

rTL synthesis tools automatically infer basic HDL arithmetic operators into speci.c arithmetic unit implementations depending on performance and area optimization constraints.


We also compare t We improve the battery pack model used in AADVISOR to take he overall fuel economy of t into account the rate capacity effect and thee recovery effect.

the majority of literature oon HEV power the proposed policy and the rule-baseed policy over the 10 real world and testing driving cycles in Tabble 3.


With a buffer-aware interconnect timing model, new polynomialtime optimal algorithms are proposed for timing-driven cloning, including both .nding optimal sink partitions (identifying the fanouts) for the original and the duplicated gates, as well as physical locations for both gates.

we present an O(m)time optimal algorithm to minimize the worst slack if the original gate is movable, and an O(m log m) algorithm if the original gate is .xed, where m is the number of fan-outs.


Any such effort should, however, minimize the interference with the sensor network.

one should minimize the probability that a (partial) failure of the sensor network also breaks the inspection mechanism.


[1, Lv]: svi(v)=svi-1(v)+1  Let svbeg(v)=sv0(v)and svend (v)=svLv(v)  We create one or more scheduling variables for an operation node depending on its pipeline latency.1 The value of a scheduling variable essentially captures the relative temporal position (in terms of control state) of an operation node (or one pipeline stage of an operation node) in the .nal schedule.

for instance, sbeg(v)=K indicates that, in the STG, the longest simple path (without considering the loop-back transitions) from the initial state to the starting state of v has a length of K. when the input is a pure DFG, the scheduling variables directly correspond to the absolute node schedules in terms of control steps.