However, the e.ectiveness of penalties can be undermined by the availability of cheap pseudonyms.

a free-rider might choose to whitewash, i.e., leave and rejoin the network with a new identity on a repeated basis, to avoid the penalty imposed on a free-rider.


At this point, the assertion we previously established in the base-code is no longer satis.ed.

the aspect has interfered with the base-code in a similar manner as processes of a concurrent program interfering with each other.


To avoid such disruptions due to the aggressive sleeping policy, smartphone OSes provide a set of mechanisms for app developers to explicitly notify the OS of their intention to continue using each component.

the OS exports explicit power management handles and APIs, typically in the form of power wakelocks and acquire and release APIs [3], for use by the app developer to specify when a particular component needs to stay on, or awake, until it is explicitly released from duty.


With in.nite tables, dfcm and fcm perform better than the simpler predictors.

if it is possible to build a really large predictor, fcm and dfcm may be preferable to the simpler predictors.


3.3 Adding Synchronisation Actions We now examine another approach to healing atomicity violation bugs that is based on adding new explicit synchronisation actions.

the synchronisation actions we add are based on a suitable use of mutexes (locks).


What is important, however is that we remain cognizant of the history of programming languages.

education is crucial; students need to be aware of a many different ways of programming, lest they reinvent the wheel and reinvent it badly.


The best approach is to handle data storage separately from processing.

load data, dispatch processing request, receive completion notification, access processed data.


Since the age of a only matters for states where m actually must have been cached, its maximum age is therefore only to be determined from the states where a is present and i. a is useful.


This mapping associates iASR model elements with CASL procedures, primitive actions, and formulas so that a CASL program can be generated from an iASR model.

agents are mapped into CASL procedures that specify their behaviour; roles and positions (these can be played/occupied by agents) are mapped into similar procedures with an agent parameter so that they can be instantiated by individual agents; leaf-level task nodes are mapped into CASL procedures or primitive actions; composition and link annotations are mapped into the corresponding CASL operators, while conditions present in the annotations map into CASL formulas.


We feel that the simple design of the VM (notably, no class loading or dynamic compilation) make this possible.

the manner in which code is compiled by Fiji VM, as shown in Fig.


The results for Apache and SSL, however, are different from the Linux ones.

rADAR(RELAY¬L) is just as effective as RADAR(RELAY) on Apache and almost as effective as RADAR(RELAY) on SSL.


Indeed, this is the default behavior of search in UDDI.

a wildcard is implicit at the end of the service name being searched.


Note that the analysis remains sound given any sound call-graph construction and alias analysis.

we can utilize highly scalable class-hierarchy-based call-graph construction [5] and type-based alias analysis [6].


For this reason, we additionally modi.ed the algorithm of Scott and Ramsey(2000) to abandon the use of large frontier sets whenever partialpatterns are used.

when compiling N rules, we have a choice as to whether we compile all rules simultaneously, or one-by-one,orin chunks.We choosea pre.xof rulesuptothe .rst that uses anykind of partial pattern.


Of course, this is justi.able, but developers that cannot contribute to evidence gathering should at least educate themselves on what the evidence shows.

if a language designer cannot gather evidence on syntax, they should follow existing data.


In our coverage-driven testing method, we propose to memoize the thread interleavings (iRoots) exposed in a test run, and use it to target future tests to expose untested iRoots.

if an iRoot has been already exposed during an earlier execution for some test input, Maple will not seek to expose the same iRoot again.


This is called havocking and it models the fact that for an arbitrary iteration we do not know anything about the variables modi.ed in the loop body except for what is in the loop invariant.

havocking discards the information about these variables that was available before the loop.


Based on this case study, we will discuss the overall success in ensuring the long-term stability and longevity of the product line architecture and we will discuss the constraints, under which we expect this approach can be used.

when can this approach be applied in other product line contexts?


The contract of the Honu parse function is parse : (term)* (bindings).

(AST)* parse takes a sequence of (term)s and produces a sequence of (AST) records that can be interpreted.


Instead, the Blackmoon File Browser leverages Gmail s public interface to send .les over the network.

the Blackmoon File Browser is implicitly granted permission, if Gmail is also installed, to use the network without overtly requesting such a permission.


Figure 9 shows the relation among these times.

recalling Equation (1), it turns out that: ton = 944 + 8740 · np + tapp (14) 123456 nss Figure 9: Timing parameters for characterization while the time the system is in Deep Sleep mode is given by: tds = toff - nsstss (15) The overall energy consumption for one period is thus: Eon = 65 + 398 · np +0.043 · tapp + (16) nss(12 + 0.011tss) Eoff = 29 × 10-6 · tds (17) Etot = Eon + Eoff (18) and the e.ective duty cycle, including smart sensing, is: DC =(ton + nsstss) / (ton + toff ) (19)  6.


Core Language In the spirit of keeping the core language as underdetermined as possible, the only interesting type-and term-level construct considered here is the path P, which is a module variable X followed by zero or more component projections.

as a matter of notation, I will write X.e1...en as shorthand for X.E.e1...en.X is shorthand for X.E.


SchemeOf a introMetaVar f = insertMetaVar 1 (f left)(f right) Function insertMetaVar requires that the two term arguments are different at metavariable occurrences, so we apply f to two values, left and right, such that they cause the failure of fzip.

we want the following property to hold: .f.


We will go over the details of the language in later sections.

we will give the denotation of the square and angled brackets which enclose a description for a program event.


Furthermore, we intend to study irregular workloads, as there is nothing preventing us from using the offload# primitive to compile programs beyond those written using the Repa library, so long as the same set of limitations are respected.

the Concord compiler [2] that we use in this work was designed to target irregular workloads.


A bid issued for a request of client c can be accessed (via in) only by c himself.

a bid-tuple made by a provider p for a service request by client c should behave like a secure message (in the sense of Section 2) from p to c.  Such secure bidding is supported under LGI by law £sB in Figure 2.


A model that is applicable in more-or-less any special-purpose domain (with the addition of domain speci.c classes) ?

could the CYC upper ontology be translated into a standard object-oriented language such as Java?


We describe the algorithms and their treatment of ob jects as parameters.

we present a new, safe criterion for termination of unfolding nested parameter objects.


3.2 Per-object activation The per-object activation mechanism can be realized by having a context holder for each object.

we can get a program that uses the context holders by translating each object to a pair comprising the object and a context holder.


Finally this mechanism must be able to support incremental change to ensure that as we add code we can easily add the tests to the aspect, easily understood by the developer so that it will be implemented and easily implemented with minimum effort overhead (which will be requirements for both the developer and the project manager).


In terms of the constraint system, a bounds check is redundant if the check is true under each feasible solution of the constraint system.

a bounds check is redundant if it is implied by the constraint system.


Finally, it also helps the producer to assess the bene.t of some scenarios and improve the implementation.

new or better specialization opportunities may be possible if the implementation (programming style) is modi.ed accordingly.


However, this work focuses on those applications and software stacks where performance is at least as critical as the other bene.ts of event-style communication.

high performance event systems can be categorized along two axes.


2 Architecture of Runtime Monitoring based on AOP To support flexible behavior pattern monitoring for composite web services, we proposed a stateful aspect extension to WS-BPEL [16].

in the stateful aspect, history-based pointcut specifies the pattern of interest within a range, while advice describes the associated action to manage the process if the specified pattern occurs.


In areas not considered of core technological advantage, being second in the market would probably not harm profitability.

early commitment to customer requirements seems to be not beneficial for non-core technological features as OSS may provide these features in the next release minimizing the effort required to implement them.


Once a successful algorithm is developed, it is then recoded in another language to achieve improved performance.

cONDOR used 85% FORTRAN77 with the remainder in FORTRAN90, C, or Slang.


This setup would essentially pre-limit the ranks of generic univariables in a non-value let de.nien.

we observe thattheonly requirementontherankgiventoa genericunivariable is that the rank must be greater than or equal to Dlet(G).


Finally, we believe that an interesting and important area of future research is the ability to interpret pointcut expressions at run-time to dynamically change advice introductions.

we aim to develop a language-independent pointcut language to reason and make changes to aspects in systems in the same way we reason about components.


From the interpretation of terms the notions of satis.ability, validity, and entailment of atoms, formulas, clauses, and sets of clauses in total structures are derived as usual.

we use the standard interpretation of propositional connectives in classical logic.


The .C -calculus given in Table 14 is purely functional.

variables are immutable and there are no assignments, which are commonly considered harmful in the functional programming community.


Ultimately, designing practical and effective test cases for concurrent programs requires a good understanding of the manifestation conditions of real world concurrency bugs.

we need to know what conditions are needed, besides program inputs, to reliably trigger a concurrency bug.


Controversial opinions exist on whether it is meaningful to use probabilistic measures of dependability, most of which are based on an analogy of traditional hardware dependability, to evaluate the quality of software.

many people have questioned the adequacy of software reliability to quantify the operational pro.le of a software system.


For example, sdepA.E from Figure 7 can be expressed as follows: .

sdepA.B(sdepB.E(n)) sdepA.E(n)= max sdepA.C (sdepC.E(n)) to determine the minimum number of times that A must execute to enable n executions of E,.rst calculate the minimum number of times each of A s successors in the stream graph must execute for n executions of E.Then A must execute enough to enable all of these children to complete the given number of executions, which translates to the max operation shown above.


Morphogenic software goes a step further by requiring a commitment to integration, but to not any particular approach.

the challenge is to find ways to write soft- ware, and tools to manipulate software, that will facilitate both rapid initial development and later adaptation and in- tegration in new contexts, without up-front knowledge of what those contexts will be.


Since these threads are spawned within the require statement, they also have access to the resources speci.ed in the require statement.

they share cores 0 and 1 with each other and with the parent thread, but they may not use cores 2 and 3.


whatever set of words Ma currently accepts, it is restricted to those words that contain sb as a substring.


Each work-group assignment in the partition should be expressed in a single grid of CUDA thread blocks.

the work-group IDs in each work-group assignment need to be contiguous in each dimension.


RPF models a single metric power consumption  of the executing task.

it collects history data on the power consumption of previous tasks and uses it to predict the consumption of future tasks.


Yunhai Tong Dongqing Yang Peking University - China Peking University - China yhtong@pku.edu.cn dqyang@pku.edu.cn  Each of the three approaches advocates only a single principle in data warehousing.

data-driven data modeling tries to construct data warehouse data models based only on operational system database schemas overlooking business goals and user needs.


eG2), we want to enforce eA1 , eA2 and eG.

control at composite level takes care of enforcing assumptions of the sub-nodes.


Likewise, a bit of information can be merged multiple times.

local gossiping guarantees that information will eventually have a chance to reach every node, but only if the state merging operation is designed properly.


Care must be taken to ensure that a diverted replica con- tributes as much towards the overall availability of the file as a locally stored replica.

we must ensure that (1) failure of node B causes the creation of a replace- ment replica, and that (2) the failure of node A does not render the replica stored on B inaccessible.


In the same way, our approach evaporates the values being aggregated, leaving the past ones to disappear and reinforcing the up to date ones.

the aggregated values at a node are slowly (compared to the convergence time of the aggregation algorithms) moved towards the local values of the node.


In the current version of our prototype, the didactical expert relies heavily on the technical/instructional designer in the creation/design of the accessible Web-based learning material.

the didactical expert needs help in the removal or appending of XML tags while preserving the syntax of the code.


We neither address 7 #ifdef SIZE==64 #define BIGINT #endif #ifdef BIGINT //... #endif dynamic properties nor further static properties beyond the type system, such as single assignment.

we ensure that each variant compiles, but not that it has meaningful runtime semantics.


The second round of simulations is an example of how the simulator can be used to perform predictive analysis on the network.

it has been shown how the application performance (FTP) is affected by handover and security procedures with a VU moving at different speeds.


This subject should be further investigated in the future.

multi-objective GP systems should be studied, in which not only root mean square error and correlation coefficient, but also many other optimization criteria are used.


In most multi-dispatch systems, a more conservative regime is applied.

potentially ambiguous method combinations are not admitted.


However, one allocation site type can depend on another allocation site type.

the resolved type of a generic allocation depends on other resolved types: obj(Cell2) depends upon obj(Float), and obj(Cell3) depends upon obj(Cell2).


It is not possible, with current solutions, to guarantee I/O performance for each of these jobs.

there is no check onasinglejob monopolizing theI/O resourcesofthe cluster.


Meanwhile, the developer responsible for the documentation needs to evaluate the change itself to determine whether the MVP manuals need to be changed as well.

at the same time that the changes to be used in the change impact analysis tools limited to changes in the source code, the changes also included the information that exists in the problem reports (PRs) of the MVP project, since there is a field in the PR that developers fill to indicate the need to update the manuals.


A particular form of volatility related to downsizing has received substantial attention.

a study of midlevel managers and executives in Canadian civil service by Armstrong-Stassen [3] found that the downsizing has been associated with a reduction in productivity of the survivors (individuals that remain), an increase of their workload demands, an increase in escape coping strategies, and an increase in the incidence of health problem symptoms.


These channels are the only external interface to the reactive system, and therefore, the only medium by which information can enter and exit our systems.

the behavior of a reactive system can now be given by labeledtransitionsystem withactionsrangedby andia o. a a triple -.| a .


learning, which means that knowledge is presented in an authentic context and learning is based on social interaction and collaboration (Lave and Wenger, 1991).

situated learning was applied by holding open discussions, giving examples of real cases, encouraging students to reflect on their own experiences, facilitating activities with real software teams, and role-playing and simulating real life situations.


Then, we compare the query qp with each di using the asymmetric Dice coe.cient [5]: N tfjqp · tfjdi j=1 Dicep = N tfjqp · tfjqp j=1 where N is the size of the vocabulary of all words contained in our documents, tfjqp and tfjdi are the raw frequencies of the jth dictionary term in the query and di, respectively.

the asymmetric Dice coe.cient captures how much text of the newcomer s request for help is covered by the mentor s emails.


Regarding Steps 4 and 5, Pictographic Matching could be implemented in a fashion similar to that found in most OCR systems.

it could be used to generate text from images.


We say that a navigation path .V0,...,Vn.belongs to the intended path set of the application if and only if: « .i<nVi+1 ....Link(Vi,Vi+1).Vi-1 =Vi+1.Vi =Vi+1 .

at each step of the path the next view satis.es one of the following: it is an application entry point, is reachable through a link, is the same as the previous view (which corresponds to the user pressing the back button in her browser), or is the same as the current view (which corresponds to the use of the refresh button).


We have argued separately about the correctness of each implementation.

we have proved that the nominal implementation allows an adequate encoding of nominal terms.


H is a precon.gured hit ratio and Kmin and demonstrates the worst case where there is only one intended Kmax are minimum and maximum allowed cache size, re receiver for the lost message.

when a mes spectively, and are con.gurable parameters.


Ideally, anything that can be seen can be changed right where the user sees it, and the change happens instantly.

(again, ideally) there are no visible compilations, no intermediate files, no includes or imports.


For example, opening a Microsoft Word document can load the GoogleDesktopCommon.dll .le if Google Desktop is installed on the victim host.

a third-party component, Google Desktop Office Addin, is registered in Microsoft Word 2007 when Google Desktop is installed.


transfer torque RAM) emerge and are expected to be added into the memory hierarchy of computer systems [1-5].

pCM is considered as a replacement of DRAM memory due to its various advantages such as low-power consumption, high density, and non-volatility [1, 2, 4].


For this purpose, we describe a reengineering process for INFIS.

iNFIS serves as the German testbed for interoperability tests in the ATCCIS study [2] and the Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP) [4].


Advice can be de.ned to be executed after, before or around the intercepted join-point.

an aroundadvice replaces the original code.


The limitations and characteristics of a particular platform specialize some steps of context management.

context modeling and execution need to be considered precisely with respect to the target platform.


Request-tuples and bid-tuples cannot be forged.

each such tuple should correctly identify the agent that made it.


In ordertoimproveupontheaverage-case run-timecost,thispaper presents an alternative representation whichenables e.cient residual dispatch, namely ordered binary decision diagrams.

this representation facilitates the complete elimination of redundant evaluations across all pointcuts sharing a join point shadow.


We can note the following: The use of illegal pointers and computer hardware to trap illfounded recursion allows data inspection to be compiled without any additional cost whatsoever compared to implementations that offer no value recursion support.

the C code for a .eld selection x.l can be x->l, a case expression case x of ... can be compiled as switch (x->tag) ..., and the translation of a function call x arg can be (*x)(arg).


The analysis will stop if the ef.ciency value located in the head of the list is less than zero.

all the candidates will lead to a worse performance if combinations are performed on them.


A tool bridge is a small dedicated plugin that knows about both Pegboard and the external tool to which it bridges.

it provides the functionality required by a Pegboard extension point, appropriately delegating to the external tool without requiring Pegboard to depend on that tool.


Regression model for satisfaction Non-standardized regression Standardized regression coefficients coefficients B Beta (Constants) 8.013 INTERDEPENDENCY 0.521 0.765 COHESION -0.168 -0.182 TASK CONFLICT -0.674 -0.380 R² = 0.733 Of the variables evaluated, the best predictor of satisfaction is interdependency with a Beta coefficient = 0.765.

as we are dealing with small teams carrying out activities that they have to successfully complete very quickly (very short-term product quality), interdependency is indispensable, as, otherwise, there would be a very big sense of frustration at not achieving the objective.


This de.nition is valid only when the hybrid component has no information .ow leaks.

the program is well-typed in an information .ow type system.


As such, it has a huge number of applications.

it can be used as a general framework to introduce new data types in a programming language such as proxy objects (which trap invocations and forward them to their principal), persistent objects (which trap slot assignments and update the persistent storage accordingly), and so on [28].


[Int ] toList (BQ f r)= f ++ reverse r Testing two queues for equality then reduces to comparing the corresponding lists of elements: instance Eq Queue where q1 = q2 = toList q1 = toList q2.

two queues are considered equal if they contain the same elements in the same order.


Description Functional testing is much more than automated acceptance tests; the set of tests can be considered executable requirements.

they are requirements written by the customer (sometimes with the help of a developer depending on tool support) that can be run and either passed or failed.


However, we did not consider taint propagation by implicit .ows.

data assigned in execution paths taken by tainted conditions are not tainted.


Another important subject of future work is the study of the impact of our proposed extension on the various aspects of the full Java language.

exception handling and overriding of polymorphic methods are two important features which are to be taken into account in order to obtain a practical extension of Java.


[35] empirically analyze how con.guration options a.ect program behavior.

the authors use symbolic evaluation to discover how run-time con.guration options a.ect line, basic block, edge, and condition coverage for di.erent subject programs.


INTRODUCTION Cloud services have become increasingly attractive for their elastic scalability, high availability and pay-per-use cost models.

over the last years, a whole range of cloud datastores have been developed.


Since the addresses of superblock descriptors can be guaranteed to be aligned to some power of 2 (e.g., 64), as an optimization, we can carve a credits sub.eld to hold the number of blocks available for reservation in the active superblock less one.

if the value of credits is n, then the active superblock contains n+1 blocks available for reservation through the Active .eld.


These two setups drive the unique authentication requirements of Grid portals.

authentication can be divided into two separate processes, happening at different times: Once when the Grid portal account is created and subsequently at runtime, every time user logs into the portal.


2.4 Design, Preparation, and Execution The subjects was randomly assigned to the groups A and B, and started to work in the first laboratory run on the task T1.

the subjects of the group A were asked to perform the task T1 using only the Java source code.


For such programs, we propose employing a user-speci.ed bridge predicate [3] a predicate relating a pair of program states from an interleaved and a serial execution to de.ne a semantic equivalence between .nal program states.

we can de.ne semantic atomicity, semantic serializability, and semantic linearizability, all with respect to a user-speci.ed bridge predicate F, by allowing in the above de.nitions that, for any interleaved execution with .nal state s, the equivalent serial execution can have any .nal state s ' such that F(s, s ' ).


They also applied their prediction models to a one year period that occurred within the two year interval they studied and found that certain parameter values were signi.cantly di.erent between the entire two year period and the internal one year period.

these values sometimes di.ered by as much as an order of magnitude.


This scheme solves many of the problems in conventional correlation prefetching and provides several important additional features.

the scheme needs minimal hardware modifications beyond the memory processor, uses main memory to store the correlation table inexpensively, can ex-ploit a new table organization to increase far-ahead prefetching and coverage, can effectively prefetch for applications with largely any miss pattern as long as it repeats, and supports customization of the prefetching algorithm by the programmer for individual applications.


As described in Section 3, the distance of the shooter from the microphone can be estimated if the miss distance, the bullet speed and the time difference of the shockwave and the muzzle blast are known.

we can compute individual microphone-shooter distance estimates using the microphones distances from the trajectory estimate, the bullet speed estimate and the microphones shockwave and muzzle blast detection times.


Hangs are detected using awatchdog mechanism built into Xen.

xen maintains a watchdog counter that is supposed to be incremented by a normal timer event every 500ms.


For the example program, the analysis would need to track the .ow of the values passed in through pointer parameters o and p to dereference operations in the code of KernelEntryPoint.

the analysis must track the correlation that q holds the value of user pointer o only if o = NULL.the analysis must be path-sensitive.


Our goal is to identify which optimizations are most costeffective across multiple platforms.

we would like to select those optimization features with which we can get the largest performance improvement at the expense of the smallest compilation time overhead.


As stated in the previous section, the initial, boundary and internal conditions de.ned above are usually not known exactly.

we do not know the exact values of the initial densities .


Multiple layers can be made visible (like adding acetate overlays on a map), or layers can be grayed out, so that their glyphs are visible but less distracting.

an important difference in sKEA s layers is that each layer represents something: layers, like glyphs, have a content, which is an entity that is an instance of one or more collections in the knowledge base.


DiSL is designed for weaving with complete bytecode coverage.

the DiSL weaver ensures that all methods that have a bytecode representation can be woven, including methods in the standard Java class library.To this end, the DiSL weaver relies on implementation techniques developed in previous work [19].


By soft deadline, we mean that a job should, but does not have to, .nish by this time.


Therefore, we seek a fold that produces something of type SearchTree (µList).

the idea is that the fold will create one level of the tree, where l IkV r contains a value k for which values in the list l are less than or equal to k, and values in the list r are greater than k. k acts as a pivot around which l and r are partitioned.


The clustering algorithm we use is non-hierarchical and non agglomerative: we compute the clusters of mutually strongly similar classes.

each pair of classes in a cluster represents closely collaborating classes.


Our users report that the macro stepper has signi.cantly increased their productivity.

their reports support the importance of macro hiding, the parameterization of the base language that allows programmerstoworkatthe abstractionlevelof their choice.


However, the semantics and goals of such acceleration and tuning of sorting is often di.erent than that of parallel sorting under the distributed memory model and deserves separate analysis that will not be provided here.

we focus on sorting a sequence composed of a set of sequences, each associated with a logical memory.


Generally, we noticed that adaptive security and self-protection have not been widely addressed in the adaptive software community [8] and the access control domain is not an exception.

we are not aware of a solution that speci.cally combines Software Product Line (SPL) technology [7] and runtime adaptation in this domain.


Maintaining Properties of the Calculus Being a calculus, Brooklet makes abstractions.

it removes irrelevant details to reduce stream processing to the features that are essential for formal reasoning.


While the coverage of the sensor nodes is larger than the length of pipeline L, we can decrease the power level of the critical sensor node that consumes the most energy until no further improvement to the lifetime can be obtained.

decreasing the power level for the critical sensor node will lead to a coverage being less than L, or all sensor nodes already operate at the lowest power level.


Current research and standardization e.orts are exploring the use of DHTs for interpersonal communications.

p2PSIP (Peer-to-peer Session Initiation Protocol) is a topic that has generated much interest.


Only when the program dereferences reg or stores it to memory, do we associate B with its base pointer which is still kept in bp_regtag(reg).


Effectiveness is directly connected to quality and ease of use.

this paper provides .gures about how well the patterns are documented, as an overall indicator of their quality.


The imported methods declared in the requires clause can be referred in the body of mixin, e.g., super.name() called inside Employee.name().

employee intentionally overrides the method String name().


The goal of this work is both to ground the framework on empirical evidence and exemplify its usefulness.

we systematically analyze three industrial case studies that rely (or have relied) on cloning to realize their product lines, derive the set of the required management activities and demonstrate their decomposition into a set of basic operators.


given a derivation for G f e : T in the extended system, we apply rewriting steps to the program e until it is desugared into a term of the base language.


According to the derivation by restriction mechanism, business partners and Standard Developing Organizations (SDOs) derive their context-speci.c business document models from the generic building blocks.

business document models are created based on the generic building blocks by removing elements from Core Components.


However, it does this without changing the structure of the code (except for loop stripmining as explained earlier and loop distribution when appropriate).

it represents the best results (the minimum number of dTLB accesses) under the condition that the program structure is not modified for TR reuse.


To optimize the grid middleware services on emerging multicore processors, a framework is needed that can help re-map the vast investment in these services to ef.ciently execute on multicores.

it is critical to analyze the execution behavior of these services and the complex inter-dependencies between them.


They may exhibit similar or different dynamics of their knowledge.

we have seen in various occasions that decoupling on the part of leaders is accompanied with the accumulating knowledge in some of the members.


The problem is in the asymmetric capabilities and treatments of classes and aspects.

in AspectJ-like languages, including the original Eos, aspects can advise methods selectively, but they can advise advice only in quite limited ways.


the performance additional benefit is the highest for django, where our JIT compiler improvement for nbody is 2.25x.


Results show that typically, only a handful of iterations of a given program need to be executed to .nd a schedule that results in a nearoptimal execution time.

over all NAS benchmarks, typically less than 15 executions (of just a few iterations each) are needed to choose a schedule.


The main reason behind this dif.culty is that the speci.cation logic supported by SMT solvers is not expressive enough.

it is usually cumbersome and often impossible to specify properties of unbounded lists and trees and non-aliasing invariants of deeply-nested heap structures.


In this paper we describe the semantic differences between the two techniques, and why we need both mechanisms for structural modelling.

we will give guidelines that allow a designer of an aspect to decide whether to use inheritance or composition.


This sub  Sequential Parallelized Figure 4: Parallelization Example section presents the conceptual idea of the parallelization step, before the ILP formulation will be presented in more detail in Section 4.3.

astheobjective,theparallelization step triesto minimize the critical path (or most expensive path) within a hierarchical node n. this means that the ILP-based approach aims at the minimization of the costs of the path from the hierarchical node s communication in-to its communication out-node by moving some of its child nodes to concurrent tasks.


This includes all procedural values de.ned in that region.

a static binding always propagates in procedural values.


Of the 716 true errors, 689 of them are because of implicit throws, while the rest are because of explicit throws.

the majority of the errors are because programmers forgot to check for exceptions after calling JNI functions.


Dynamic binding A dynamic binding is in effect during the extent of the evaluation of the expression on which it is deployed.


As a result, the compiler-generated code can be much larger than necessary.

in the DSP domain, the past research found that optimizing address code generation can be very important since address code can account for over 50% of all program bits.


Moreover, it can also determine (estimate) the number of processors that will share it at runtime.

the compiler is in a very good position to determine the degree of sharing for array-based data.


The challenge in such a scenario is combining the apparently inconsistent needs for .exibility, in terms of complete online recon.gurability of the features, of the whole service, of the role de.nition, down to personalization issues, and  scalability, necessary when managing a number of such services in parallel on the same ASP cluster, each with its own incarnation of the features, services, and roles, and this with   Figure 1: The Layered Architecture of the jABC Applications telecommunication-level quality of service, concerning primarily service availability and reliability.


Temporal locality describes how far apart in time consecutive accesses to the same .les are.

workloads with high temporal locality exhibit consecutive accesses to the same .le that are close in time, whereas workloads with low temporal locality exhibit consecutive accesses to the same .le that are far apart in time.


The function is a .nite program, and therefore a valid input to the .nite SKETCH solver: the size of its input and output are .xed to small constants, and, as we will see shortly, the number of computations performed by the function is constant with respect to the input parameters.

the value of N no longer determines the amount of computation; it is only passed because it may be needed to compute the output value, e.g., to identify if the desired output element is close to the grid boundary.


Then, accuracy is evaluated by calculating two summary statistics over the Relative Error sample as shown in Figure 1.

mean(RETE) = (1/TE)Si =1..TE(REi) is a measure of the bias of fR and STD(RETE) = SQRT{(1/N)Si=1..TE([REi Mean(RETE)]2)} is a measure of the spread of fR.


However, studying a wide range of realistic parallel algorithms has shown us that some signi.cantly more powerful capabilities are needed for such algorithms.

all of the existing work lacks general support for fundamental parallel patterns such as parallel updates on distinct .elds of nested data structures, parallel array updates, in-place divide and conquer algorithms, and commutative parallel operations.


2.1 AlgorithmWake & Label Our main algorithm, Algorithm Wake k Label, is slightly inferior to Algorithm Label-Passing with respect to worst- case time complexity and label size.

it assigns labels of asymptotically optimal length O(log n), and works in worst-case time at most n + I.


This approach can effectively block remote code execution attacks discussed in Section 2.3.

microsoft adopts this approach to .x the blended attack combined with the Safari s Carpet Bomb attack [28].


However, one can also mine negative experience.

misunderstandings and problems that came up when reusing components from a software library.


BITTORRENT USAGE TRENDS In this section, we use our BitTorrent traces to analyze several key usage trends that affect the system s network impact.

we .nd that despite reports of declining usage [17] the absolute volume of BitTorrent traf.c continues to rise.


Changes where applying one change renders the application of the second change useless are described in the non applicability property.

if applying an operation o and subsequently an operation p then the resulting model should di.er from the result of applying only o to m. the operation p should have an e.ect, in this case it had an e.ect if applied to the model without applying o.


Silva and Travassos [40] highlighted the absence of adequate process conformance measurements in software engineering.

the authors are concerned about the obtrusiveness of the existing methods to gauge operational conformity.


INITIAL FEEDBACK FROM END USERS We performed some preliminary studies to assess the feasibility of the approach to support the work of professional guides of archaeological parks.

a study conducted in November 2012 at the archaeological park of Egnathia aimed at evaluating with end users the current prototypes, highlighting pros and cons, and getting insights on the overall approach and on how to improve and extend the platform.


The label SYNC on the arrows indicate that the calls made were synchronous.

thethreadmaking thecallisblocked untilit receivesareply.


These abstract operations become parameters of the generalized functions.

the generalized functions are higher-order, having parameters that are themselves functions.


This impacts upon the external validity of the empirical study.

the extent to which it ispossibleto generalisefromtheresults obtained.


Similarly, for being cooperative they can provide information or additional requirement statements that dispute those requirements that dispute the other viewpoints requirement statements.

given two viewpoints vp1 and vp2, they can compete over some requirement statements described as .r1 .


The mutator performs memory read using the pointer it has, ignoring the forwarding pointers.

whenever the mutator can have pointers both to the old and the new location of a relocated object, the two copies are always in sync.


Computing Role+ for each method is a straightforward backward propagation of roles over the call graph and at each step we only propagation junior roles up the call graph.

we perform a lattice join at each step and propagate the joined role information.


4.3 Default implementations Type classes provide a convenient way of sharing implementations among instances.

one can provide defaults for type-class methods in the type-class declaration.


In order to present our ideas in a familiar framework we de.ne a UML pro.le that extends standard UML semantics with the notions that are needed for the proposed abstractions.

we add the following: The notion of event, which is either a send action or a receive action;and message, which is the data payload that is passed between abstractions that engage in a send/receive pair.


The analysis aims to gain insight on both the size measures that could be considered effective indicators in predicting development efforts of web applications, and on the effectiveness of the modeling techniques.

we have employed some size measures that have been proposed in the literature for early estimations, which can be grouped into two categories: Length Measures (such as number of pages, medias, server side scripts, etc ) and Functional Measures (such as external input, external output, external query, web building blocks, etc ) ([1], [2], [15], [17], [19],[24]).


REQUIREMENTS FOR PIS COMPOSITION IN THE CH DOMAIN We have been working in the context of archaeological parks since several years.

they have developed educational games on different devices, namely smart phones [1, 10] and large multitouch displays [2].


Transactions We could simply de.ne each transaction T(A) as equal to I(A) for each A.

simply include all items associated with each application class.


The source of information drawn from the legacy application include the following: related documentation; the set of stakeholders and types of users of the application, their roles in the system, their goals and the requirements for the application; the business process models (or portions of them) implemented by the application; the logical and/or conceptual model of the database used by the application; a draft of the application hyperbase, navigation and publishing models; the functionalities implemented by the application; the business rules and constraints implemented by the application; the architecture of the legacy application and the software components in which it is decomposed; and the user interfaces enabling the user in executing the set of operations he can access.

business processes are reverse modeled by means of the UWAT+ Transaction design models.


This refactoring changes class A to extend a virtual superclass Super A.

the virtual superclass is inserted into the class s inheritance hierarchy.


Therefore, there exists an i such that L(Bi) .L(Bi' ) (De.nition 9).

there exists at least one path in Bi, which is not present in Bi' .


The use of network coding not only eliminates some mathematical dif.culties associated with previous theoretical models, but also leads to simple and effective streaming protocols.

we have demonstrated that any streaming protocol using our design principles is suf.cient to achieve provably good performance with respect to many important metrics, such as playback quality, initial buffering delay, resilience to peer dynamics, as well as bandwidth costs on dedicated streaming servers.


The weights of e and f di.er; hence the weight of {g, h} is di.erent from the weight of e or f. Unfolding.

first, we unfold the loop e in G to obtain a 2-lift GG of G. GG consists of two disjoint copies of G - e and a new edge of colour c (which we still call e) that connects the two copies of g in GG.


Introduction The primary drawback of most software and system modeling tools is that they are constrained to work with a fixed notation.

the tool vendor has defined a notation and environment that must be used in a prescribed way, regardless of the unique requirements of the user.


However, both of the numerical values (the quantile of interest and the con.dence level) can be adjusted by the user; for example, we can equally well ask BMBP for the 0.5 quantile, or median, with 90% con.dence.

bMBP allows the user to ask the question, What is the longest that my job is likely to wait in the queue?


GPUfs therefore decouples the .le close and synchronize operations.

gclose does not propagate locally written data back to the CPU, or to other GPUs, until the application explicitly synchronizes .le data, by calling gfsync to synchronize either an entire .le or a speci.c offset range.


However, Shape management also discovered that it was important to share their technical expertise along with their system.

they found that customers had much better results reusing Shape when a technical expert accompanied the latest release.


References as capabilities achieved by passing xWtlev(e) as argument to the procedure (call p( x Wtlev(e))).

the body of procedure p does not have the capability to write to x if the security level of x is strictly below or incomparable with the security level of e. The rule T-SEQ obtains c 1 and c 2 by respectively transforming c1 and c2.


To generate language tools from the syntax and semantics de.nitions, we use Spoofax [26], a language workbench for the develop ment of textual software languages.

we use Spoofax to generate parsers based on SDF grammars and type checkers, and code generators and interpreters based on declarative rules sets written in Stratego.


For each points-to relationship, say that p points to v, denoted as a tuple (p, v), it computes the probability that pointer p points to v at every program point s during the program execution.

a probability function P(s, (p, v)) is computed for each points-to relationship (p, v) at every program point s by the following equation .


These requirements are quite common for modern software applications, and mainstream programming languages have well-de.ned solutions that satisfy these requirements.

object-relational mapping (ORM) systems have been developed for all major languages, including Java and C++.


Moreover, rollback makes a TM more expressive.

there are situations where the programmer wants to abort transactions as part of program logic.


It is natural to ask whether or not the type system fragment associated with the metalanguage can be adapted to other object languages, and if so, how dif.cult this might be.

one might expect that because we expend so much effort on context manipulation, supporting an object language with a substructural type system would be particularly challenging.


When Coq is viewed as a functional language, the interactive extension mechanism proposed in this paper is similar to functions in aspect-oriented programming languages.

aspectual Caml[6] is very similar to our idea.


Both users pulled their wiki pages created from wiki1 and wiki2 (content of pages from wiki1 and wiki2 is di.erent) and continued working simultaneously during 25 minutes (two-users mode ).

they had to collaborate in order to create the introduction page.


Our goal is to ensure that after the k-th round every register is covered by at most n - k processes.

after n - 4 rounds every register will be covered by at most 4 processes.


Checking the conditions that trigger the run of a new phase, one may check that one or two phases normally suf.ce for a typical benchmark.

an object cannot be traced after the .rst handshake if it is not modi.ed before the handshake, it is not traced before the handshake, and it is modi.ed just after the .rst handshake (before it is traced).


We also take into account the calls performed by the methods of the class to be refactored.

we de.ned a new cohesion metrics between methods called Call-based Interaction between Methods (CIM).


Assume that the workload has strong locality and the hit rate varies according to the number of fused blocks in the PMA as shown in Figure 4(a).

the hit rate soars as recently referenced blocks join the PMA.


JVOLVE presents a more limited interface (similar to past work [37, 26]).

the only access to the new class namespace is via the to pointer, whose .elds are uninitialized.


In this case, it may not be possible to anticipate the usage probability of each scenario.

all scenarios of a such use case (new system or unknown system) are equally likely to occur which means that occurrence probability values of all scenarios would be same as value of reciprocal of number of scenarios.


In our scenario it is necessary to verify non-functional requirements, such as time properties.

the global time constraint (execution time = 15s) should be satis.ed.


3.3 Determining Information of Relevance The .nal component of our suggested approach determines information of relevance to the developer and presents it to the developer.

given the developer s user pro.le and the article characterization of recent news posts, the approach detects overlap between the two.


However, the adaptation behavior of embedded systems signi.cantly complicates their design and poses several challenges.

the adaptation of a single component can cause a chain reaction of adaptations in other components.


Our work is also related to ongoing e.orts to formalize programming languages and compilers.

the idea of harnessing a general-purpose veri.cation tool with the CompCert compiler appears in the Veri.ed Software Toolchain [7], and extensions of CompCert with arithmetic libraries are considered in [14].


Our phased scheduling algorithm, shown in Figure 5, operates in a hierarchical fashion.

it constructs a schedule for a given pipeline, splitjoin, or feedbackloop as a sequence of the schedules of its children.


Rannikko suggests that while UX and Agile are not mutually exclusive, they need to make compromises [12].

he suggests that comprehensive studies such as contextual inquiry should be completed before agile development begins.


Secondly, SP2 uses a shortest-paths tree to build its proofs.

when explaining how properties were reached, SP2 will generate the shortest explanation possible.


Power, that is to say expressiveness, was achieved by studying the existing interfaces for asynchronous [/O and formulating a design that takes the best features of each and places them in a Java framework.

the synchronization primitives were designed to be very flexible and expressive.


Based on the operational behavior of the abstract machine, we derive a simulation of call-by-need execution under call-by-value augmented with delimited control operators.

we translate call-by-need terms into the framework of Dybvig et al.


While it is rarely stated, the original premise of SE data mining was that predictions from data mining should guide the activities associated with software production (management, testing, maintenance, etc).

once upon a time, the aim of predictions were decisions.


In order to achieve a high-level of description and discourage unportable practices, the C norm [14] under-speci.es many parts of the language.

the exact encoding of scalar types as well as the layout of .elds in structures are mostly left to the implementor.


For example, assume that a context condition states, The available RAM capacity needs to be larger than 100 MB.

the entity part of the condition is RAM, the property part is available capacity, the operator part is larger than, and the reference value part is 100 MB.


Given a value of type (a, (b, c)),wemightwantto transformjustthe b part and leave the rest intact.

we dlike an embedder secondFirst :: (b .


Numerous new memory scheduling algorithms have unfairness of the overall system.

modern multicore been proposed to address the interference problem.


Constraint systems make local search algorithms more compositional and easier to extend.

they allow new constraints to be added in the declarative component of an algorithm without changing the search component.


2.3 Our Approach: Dynamically Navigate the Design Space Precise symbolic analyses are roughly equivalent in their treatment of loops, but all other design choices (merging at control points, feasibility checking, and function summaries) boil down to choosing which paths to analyze separately vs. which ones to combine into common formulae.

all analyses lie along a spectrum, with search-based symbolic execution (no state merging) at one extreme and whole-program veri.cation condition generation (static state merging) at the other extreme.


The term "software ecosystem" was introduced by Messerschmidt and Szyperski [9] but was extended by Bosch [2].

bosch extended the classical "product-line-thinking" of software products.


On average they gain 5%, with three workloads gaining more 500 0 1 450 2 3 400 350 300 Time 250 changes at different times since the applications are running independently until completion, while the parallel homogeneous workloads synchronize before each serial section.

dealII demonstrates one of the arguments in favor of dynamically adjusting to phases in the computation.


For example, bytecode enhancers follow a certain convention in choosing the names of program constructs that they add.

jDO starts the names of all the added setter/getter methods with pre.x jdoSet/Get.


Our new marking algorithm replaces the tracing of the class metadata graph rooted in the object header with a traversal of the linkset graph.

instead of marking the class descriptor,the collectorvisitsitslinkset.Visitingalinkset consists of marking the class loader object associated with the linkset, iterating overthelistofmirrorreference holdersofthelinkset s metaspace, andvisitingitssuccessors inthelinkset graph.Every linkset has avisited .agsthatthegarbage collector usesto prevent multiple traversals of linksets during the marking phase, and to identify unreachablelinksetsafterwards.


the range of port mappings in two dependencies is disjoint, and the union of ranges is the set of all input ports.


Iteration Vector: Given a nest of n loops, the iteration vector i of a certain iteration of the innermost loop represents a integer vector that includes the iteration numbers for each loop in order of nesting level.

the iteration vector is given by I ={(i1,i2, ..., in)|Lboundik = ik = Uboundik } where ik, 1 = k = n, represents the iteration number of the loop at nesting level k, and each L/U bound denotes lower/upper bound of corresponding loop nest.


For a fuzzily constrained game of G =(N, S, C, R, P, p), its constrained equilibrium is the Nash equilibrium * of its induced game (N,S,{.i}i.N ).

if pro.le s = * * (si ,s ) satis.es: -i ** * .si .Si,.i(si ,s-i) =.i(si,s-i), (10) * then strategy pro.le s is a constrained equilibrium of fuzzily constrained game G. IV.


For this reason, we log events not only at the kernel level,but also theframeworklevel and theVMlevel(the three boxes in Figure 4).

we use SystemTap [sys]to log system calls and CPU scheduling events in the sched.switch functionin thekernel, use thelogginglibrary that comes with Android to additionally log different sensors,GPS, accelerometer,cameraaccessesattheframeworklevel, andlogdisk/network at theDalvikVMlevel.We changedthedefault timergranularity of10 msto1ms.


We report on research in progress on a novel method for fully integrated code generation that is based on dynamic programming.

we introduce the concept of a time pro.le.


Modifying any of these can have negative effects on the robustness of the protocol s incentives.

there are many elements in complex protocols that could be gamed by strategic nodes.


inl ().b r(s)= s w* .c.case i-1(c) of ' '' .

inr (a, s ).h(a, r(s ),s ) (we geta constant-time tail-functionby letting h simply return its last argument.)


We apply our function analysis at the LLVM-bitco de level because this is the lowest level of abstraction that is portable across architectures.

we do not collect any information after instruction scheduling or register allocation, since these are target-speci.c phases.


3.2.1 Interface InitDimension A VEE calls the InitDimension interface to trigger the initialization of Dimension.

as shown in Figure 4, the VEE s initializer uses it to invoke Dimension s initialization assistant.


One of the key advantages of the design of Poli-C is that this policy information is transparent and well-organized through the use of our policy DSL.

the author of a library like this QR decomposition could develop a suggested policy to distribute alongside the library itself.


for which the posterior probability P (E, H |o) is large, meaning that E and H are likely causes of the given observation o.

a maximum a priori estimate is a pair (E, H ) at which the posterior probability takes its maximum value; that is, at arg maxE.O,H.. P (E, H |o).


Other user interface design patterns can be applied to these systems as well, but the patterns presented in this paper are speci.c for the domain.

it might be hard to apply these for the design of user interface for traditional work station application.


To estimate at run time, we use a regression method over Equation (1) and leverage the fact that most DVFS-enabled microprocessors support a limited set of CPU frequencies to perform the regres nmeeoooemf sion.

given nCPU frequencies }, wederivea particular value that will minimize the least-squared error: f f ps(Tm(f*a m(f*« X e mps(Tmfa mf 1 1 (2)f m By equating the .rst differential of (2) to zero, we can derive as a function of the MIPS rates and CPU frequencies, as follows: ff PeTaTa mips fm/L 1Cfm/LL 1ufiffmips CaffiL(3) PeT fm/L 1fi Once we calculate the value of using Equation (3), we can plug the value into Equation (1) and calculate the lowest CPU fre m quency whose predicted performance slowdown fm/L 1 fdoes not exceed the maximum possible performance slowdown 8. u Mathematically, this establishes the following relationship: 8 fmf/L 1.


One option is to cast the function spec_fn rather than the argument arg: 5We use two separate classes Data and Typeable to encourage well-bounded polymorphism.

the class Typeable supports nominal type representations, just enough to do cast and dynamics.


However, traditionally, this automation has come at the expense of user-interface flexibility.

window systems, toolkits, and user-interface generators provide increasing degrees of automation and decreasing degrees of user-interface flexibility.


To assist developers in writing test code more e.ciently, we have developed an Eclipse plugin, called UnitPlus, that runs in the background and recommends test-code pieces for developers to choose (and revise when needed) to put in test oracles or test inputs.

unitPlus accepts a class and related existing test suites (including the test suite that developers are working on) as inputs.


Thetwopointers .nallymovetotheend of respectiverequests.

w(X,s)= m and w(Y,s)= n.  Two kinds of warp steps are allowed.


It is therefore no wonder that many of these gravitate toward the classical and well-established techniques of formal language theory, parsing and compilation [2].

software is recurringly represented in these tools in an AST.


This design is informed by our study of problems introduced by coercion in previous languages.

we di.erentiate coercion from method dispatch, statically determining where coercion occurs, while still allowing dispatch to be based on the run-time types of a method s arguments.


Since pre-computing stream combinators is the main goal of Flask, the focus of our language computing precise type annotations inside the object-stage code at meta stage is not a topic they focus on.

cross-stage static type-checking of Flask is relatively weak; it is possible to generate ill-typed Flask object code.


However, some languages like BPSL (Balanced Pattern Speci.cation Language [13] and DPDL (Design Pattern Description Language [9] provide instruments to represent both points of view.

bPSL o.ers a formalized textual description based on First Order Logic and Temporal Logic of Actions, while DPDL uses an XML-like representation of the patterns.


Table 1 also provides the maximum number of threads created and synchronization operations performed per execution of these programs in CHESS.

we are able to systematically test the entire boot and shutdown process of the Singularity operating system [13].


This scheme establishes an order among VCs, based on their incompatibilities.

vCs are sorted based on its degree in the VCG, from the highest to the lowest.


At the end, we add the move just selected to the tabu list.


These are often (but not always) controlled by preprocessor flags for conditional compilation, where there can easily be thousands of them in highly configurable systems.1 At a level above this, holistic system configurations, comprised of selective compositions of flags and infrastructural nuances associated with makefiles, must be readily available as a complete perspective.

it should be possible to view a precise image of the source code dictated by a specific execution environment, without extraneous concerns irrelevant to a configuration.


Veri.cation of Alice ML pickles is non-trivial.

it is more dif.cult than the byte code veri.cation performed in languages like Java for at least two reasons: 1.


Currently, RPython can be used in many contexts: to develop stand-alone programs, such as the Standard Interpreter itself; to write highly ef.cient extension modules for CPython, which could only be written in C in the past; to develop dynamic web applications without the need to write JavaScript code; to produce ef.cient libraries of classes and functions to be used by other .NET and Java programs.

rPython can be the ideal companion for all those CPython, IronPython and Jython developers that so far have been forced to write the parts of their programs that need high performance in C, C# or Java.


Due to MapReduce s advantages, it is used in not only index construction for search engines [11], but also data analysis of homogeneous (or heterogeneous) sets [14, 6].

analytic query processingfor data warehouse involves redundant data transfer and computation.


Third, as there is no reported study on evaluating traditional techniques for test-case prioritization in the timeconstrained situation, it should be interesting to consider the comparison between our techniques and traditional techniques.

we considered four traditional techniques for test-case prioritization [32, 11, 33, 13] with some straightforward adaptation: traditional total statement-coverage prioritization (trdtl-st-total), traditional additional statementcoverage prioritization (trdtl-st-addtl), traditional total methodcoverage prioritization (trdtl-md-total), and traditional additional method-coverage prioritization (trdtl-md-addtl).


They are well suited for manipulating the kinds of atomic and list data needed to implement a PEG-based compilation chain.

they can easily become self-describing and self-sustaining.


This is the source of all parallelism in the library.

an application of the function force triggers the parallel evaluation of a delayed array, producing a manifest one.


Batory asserts that MDD is a metaprogramming paradigm [4].

models are program values and transformations are program functions that map these values.


Such an approach is inherently not modular in its analysis.

the details maintained in a representation or model of a component are not easily introduced or removed.


We observed that it seldom happens that the collector actually reaches an object on an active allocation cache, i.e., our designated list for postponed tracing is almost empty.

in our SPECjbb2000 runs, out of millions of traced objects we saw only 18 deferred objects on average in each GC cycle (the maximal number was 287).


oP_Sk executes all the code of its subsequent entries, from OP_Sk-1 to OP_Smin(OP).. state Sk shares all the code of Sk-1.


This works better the larger the elements are.

for packages containing whole subsystems, the size is a good measure of similarity.


This can result in significant delays in event delivery.

the operating system s contribution to the delay between the time an important event is generated and the time the event is received and processed by the application, which we term run queue deia>, can cause variations in inter-frame times for video applications, and it can lead to timing violations in real-time applications like distributed multi-player games.


Their approach seems quite effective in saving battery power, but stay detections using Wi-Fi .ngerprints has a critical limitation: it is only available in Wi-Fi stable areas.


Peers become seeds once they have the whole .le, and there are no distinctions between the seeds.

(there are no differences between the original seed run by the original distributor of the .le and other clients that have become seeds and are still participating in the swarm.)


We may wonder whether these languages troduce implicit polymorphismand .exible bounds in types to fachave strictly increasing power.

ignoring annotations and the difference in notation between let-bindings and .-redexes, do torize all ways of obtaining type instances, there may still be some connection with intersection types [12], which we would like to they still form a strict chain of inclusions?


Each operation can have an additional self-description wrapper to provide information about itself.

this wrapper can define post-conditions to assert constraints on the execution of the operation at runtime.


By referring to Section 4.3, the component based systems we deal with are Weakly-Closed.

the described approach allows the system to be able to evolve, at runtime, with respect to architectural updates at component level such as component replacement.


In a maximisation problem a solution d * is non-dominated if there exists no other d such that Q(d) = Q(d * ) for all objectives, and Q(d) <Q(d * ) for at least one objective.

if there exists no other feasible deployment architecture d which would be superior in at least one quality attribute while being no worse in all other objectives of d * , then d * is said to be non-dominated.


Figure 11 presents an extract from the set of activities performed once a collision risk has been detected for the SMOS satellite mission.

it shows the sequence of activities led when the SMOS mission controller was not available for a live communication.


Furthermore, this has the important effect of making SemAbs (and Sem) covariant with respect to the parameter e, which would not be the case with the naïve de.nition.

it is possible to de.ne a generalized import operation for semantic terms: impSem : V{af }-a C f -Sem a -Sem f impSem Cw (Va)= V (importCwa) c impSem Cw ( f)= (, Cw' v -f (C-trans Cw Cw') v) impSem Cw (tu)= impSem Cw t impSem Cwu At a semantic abstraction, no recursive call is performed, because the body of the abstraction is opaque: it is a computational function f. Instead, we exploit the transitivity of world inclusion and build a new semantic abstraction that inhabits the desired world.


Given an appropriate model, a combinatorial test generator can select a minimal number of system con.gurations (i.e., test cases) such that every operating system occurs at least once with every storage system, at least once with every display system, etc.

the set of con.gurations covers all pairwise combinations of system components.


The different energy saving algorithms have been simulated using bandwidth requirements from two real-case scenarios.

the total energy consumption and number of SLA violations over 43 days have been detailed.


The interaction between an m-section and another m-section is computed at their product area in the graph, a block of size m by The insertion lemma states that a link from au to av of length k can be divided into two shorter links.

for any data element x accessed along the path, there exists an access of x such that it breaks the link into two shorter links.


4.3 Reducing the Randomness of the Deferral Algorithm In this subsection, we show how to reduce the randomness needed for the deferral algorithm, while keeping it concise.

we do not need O(log n) random bits associated with each defective item; we can use an expected O(log n) random bits associated with a group controller instead.


The nij divided by Nmin should be larger than a cutoff coefficient, where Nmin= min(Ni, Nj).

the fraction of files with identical names has to exceed a cutoff for a smaller directory in order to consider two directories to be potentially copied.


Third is to decide the granularity of the data recollected from the external application.

with which detail level the data is going to be recollected.


As a result, the core of SLGML s concrete syntax focused on only one of such concepts: game flow (Figure 2).

the modeling part covered only a subset of the application.


for the case of embedded systems such as home electrical appliances or control equipments, one originating from the working environment is dominant [6], but easy to be overlooked.


There is no simple relation connecting the misses of the whole to the misses of the parts.


Figure 1(a) reports the number of nodes in the memory versus time.

the solid line indicates the evolution of the memory size along time, showing the adaptiveness of Square to a constant requests rate.


The main RiPLE-DE output is the DSSA document, where structure and behavior are documented, as well as the rationale behind the design decisions and mechanisms used to achieve functional variability.

the process provides guidelines to achieve functional variability through design patterns, and to assemble derived products in order to deliver the desired functionality, so it is viable to bene.t from reuse.


INTRODUCTION The ubiquity of computation and communication capability nowadays has driven information technology and its applications into a data-centered era.

cloud centers have provided scalable storage and computation services, where software can be completely executed, delivered as a service and accessed by mobile device users over the Internet.


PeerTrust assumes that every user has the highest trust value at an initial state, so that an attacker s .rst few actions will not have signi.cant impacts on the attacker s trust value.

it will be hard for the attacker to guess how a system works within a few reasoning steps.


Many digital content are organized as ordered layers, with each layer being a quality increment over the set of its preceding layers.

each additional layer further re.nes the combined quality of its preceding layers.


In this paper, we present six cell switching tech- niques and discuss their attributes.

we present the Late, Early, and Strong cell switching techniques and three variations of them.


al studied the effects of virtualization on communication in EC2 and found signi.cant degradation in performance [33].

and independent of network contention, CPU virtualization can signi.cantly degrade performance of communication sensitive applications.


As a remedy to this implementation convolution problem, we propose the method of horizontal decomposition (HD) and advocate the use of mixed-paradigms in middleware architectures.

we use conventional programming paradigms to provide generality: referring to a hierarchically decomposed architecture for a minimal, specialized, and commonly shared core; and we use aspect oriented programming to provide specialty: referring to domain-speci.c properties, which can be composed as aspects.


We hypothesize that our algorithm takes advantage of the capabilities of incremental solvers.

the algorithm in Figure 7 for computing all MaxSMT solutions remembers the set of computed lemmas  Figure 9.


INTRODUCTION One of the major current research trends in Software Engineering is the focus on the development of new techniques to deal ef.ciently with the design of systems that are able to evolve overtime and adapt to rapid changes of their requirements and of the execution environment.

the .eld of Autonomic Computing [8] has been created to study these types of systems with the ultimate aim to create systems that are able to self-adapt without any external intervention.


Therefore, we can construct the speed schedule of a task by adding a scaling point for each group boundary.

the speed schedule consists of m + 1 scaling points.


Blame labels come equipped witha negation operator thatis an involution.

if m is a blame label then m is its negation and even(n) .-.


This rule makes a number of assumptions about the structure of the C .les which are not true in general.

it assumes that includes are not skipped by #ifdef commands, that there is no extra whitespace, and that local includes are quoted while system includes use angle brackets.


Runtime ef.ciency can be a problem, but the Haskell community has been addressing this aggressively.

the recent development of the Data.ByteString library .lls the most important gap.


4.1.2 Ensemble The ensemble definition takes also the form of a Java class.

the class is marked with the @DEECoEnsemble annotation and extends the Ensemble class (Figure 7).


fork (wormhole asteroids) render asteroids player join r1 join r2 join r3 checkWinner asteroids player we fork a revision for every concurrent operation, and do the render task on the main revision (mainly because UI operations are usually tied to the main OS thread).


These di.er in the semantics of the very events and their handling.

events can vary in the following: S1 Representation: Events can di.er in what they represent, depending on the applications in mind.


if we deliver a message to a terminated process, this is handled by the rules in Table 3.17 in Fredlunds semantics [13].

the underlying semantics properly destroy messages and reply to link-requests.


Regardless of familiarity, the transactional memory implementations had the fewest errors.

subjective impressions of the di.culty of a particular implementation strategy are not necessarily correlated with correctness.


Whenever the computer finishes thinking of the next step to go, it shows a number of potential future moves on the bottom right corner.

the faster your computer is, the more challenging the game will be for a human.


Needless to mention, tidier achieves all the above.

transformation properties Regarding the transformations performedby tidier, theyshould be: semantics preserving: the transformations should faithfully respect the operational semantics of Erlang.


By default, each feature is assigned a shade of gray.

we see di.erent shades as background colors and in the bar chart.


The hybrid approach proposed here relies on such approximated techniques and adopts sampling as described in [5].

given a CTMC / DTMC model of the system and a property to be veri.ed, a large number of simulation runs are executed and the corresponding results evaluated against the property to be veri.ed: the .nal result is provided as the average of all the obtained values.


The more automation or ef.ciency an interface directly offers to its users, the more ef.ciency is provided to the user as a mental load deduction.

without the need to focus on details of implementation in the interface, the user is free to concern himself with other manually controlled details.


Jacobsen et al [9] discuss how software product families / product line architectures can be developed by placing notions of designing for re-use at the centre of method architecture.

variation at use case level is described.


The best .t to all measurements is obtained by: Here, A ..i, j is the estimated phase offset calculated by the position estimate.

equation 10 calculates the best position (.t) given the set of measurements and underlying propagation and statistical models, rather than .rst taking the minimum of a subset and substituting it in the total.


However, we do not know of any other model transformation approach that currently ful.lls our requirements regarding compositionality and automated interaction analysis and resolution (see Section 4.1).

xSLT, which is typically used for transformation of XML, provides none.


For this set of experiments, we kept the overload threshold to 100%.

our admission controller rejected all those jobs which were predicted to cause the cluster load over 1.0.


By using the speci.cation interpreter, we focused on the axioms needed for a particular run of our client application.

understanding the 10 executed axioms of our speci.cation is enough for understanding the behavior of ArrayList for the particular run.


Several DBMS have ext~nded standard pessimistic two-phase locking (2PL) to allow greater concurrency [11, 15].

optimistic locking protocols allow intense concurrency under workload patterns with low write contention.


The MSC syntax we use should be fairly self-explanatory, especially to readers familiar with UML2 [19].

we support labeled boxes in our MSCs indicating alternatives and conditional repetitions (bounded and tunbounded loops).


With the help of the APL-Java interface, we can use this Settler API (and othea:s) to connect APL to a wide variety of HTTP serves.

it makes it unnecessary to implement an HTTP setter in APL; and aU the benefits of a modern ~ server become available, including SSL (Secure Sockets) support (i.e.


Conservative Progressive 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 we argue that such design is not unique to the particular bots we studied, but commonly exists in MMORPG bots.

the command timing scheme is generalizable as it is based on the fact that bots react to server packets with some form of regularity.


In a form of partial evaluation or staging, inspired by prior work on cpp symbolic execution [15,26,27], the partial preprocessor processes a pre-cpp C .le, evaluates all .le inclusion, and expands all macros, but keeps all variability.

after partial preprocessing, only conditional-compilation directives (#if, #endif) remain in the C .le, while all #include, #de.ne, and #undef statements are resolved and all macros are expanded.


Here Tmax is the time required to service the largest request size possible with the worst case seek and rotational latency 1.

the disk spends no more than Tmax to service any request.


PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CODING Under our system model, we seek to investigate the overall performance of CODING.

we provide quantitative answers to the following two questions: .


Hence, a low Hi of pretrusted peers allows an attacker to manipulate a system easily.

the resilience of EigenTrust greatly depends on the feedback reliability rate of normal users (especially that of pre-trusted peers), compared with PeerTrust and TNA-SL.


The reason for time allocation (in addition to cycle allocation) is to guarantee that each task executes for up to its allocated cycles within its allocated time, regardless of speed changes.

we want to preserve the statistical performance guarantee of SRT scheduling when using DVS to save energy.


We found that it was useful for synopsis tool to present information in a format that would allow developers to understand their application intuitively, in a short time, regardless of its size and complexity.

the visual navigation map of the page branches in the application and a comprehensive report of backend schema to frontend application elements mappings were most useful.


Temporarily ignoring the occurrencesof seq and .n , the main structureofFigure5is standardfrom earlierworks[11],andwedo not belabour it here.

note the inversion of r1 and r2 in the expansion of function contracts.


However, because we lack domain-expert knowledge on these components, we have focused our analysis on the IE components.

the source code and the detailed documentation for the non-IE components are not publicly available.


3.1 Our Data-driven Perspective We see graphical programming tools as data processing pipelines whose intermediate results are displayed on screen.

software artifacts are repeatedly transformed when users navigate relationships to other artifacts.


For instance, a recent study of storage reliabilityin aproduction system[4] reports a surprisingly large prevalence of undetected disk errors(i.e.,instances when readingfrom thedisk returns a value that does not correspond to the latest value that was written).

for some drive models, 4% of the drives exhibit this type of errors over the 17 months of this study.


We see that our channel reuse based scheme saves, on average, about 17.1% energy over the hardware-based scheme and about 15.6% energy over the software-based scheme.

it is very effective under both the schemes.


Finally, we need to update the effect basis to match the new denotation of computations.

mplus now needs to sequence its parameters u and v because they are not lists but (conceptually) computations that produce lists.


In DB + DC,it may as well capture bindings for some dynamic variables but not others.

our combined language realises delimiting the dynamic environment, as we advocate in Section 4.2.


At that point, our concept exploits the same mechanisms as they are used in the AOSGi project: hookable adaptor.

we use ClassLoadingHook as well as BundleWatcherHook for performing our weaving strategy.


for example, if p .q is a solution to ., then so is p. the set of all solutions to a positive query is a set of propositional formulas that is upward closed with respect to the implication ordering: if some propositional formula is a solution, so is every weaker formula.


technical experts and domain experts) may be better positioned to handle aspects pertaining to their different areas of expertise.

we propose the provision of a relevant avenue that can tap into the wealth of experience of the didactical experts by enabling them to participate in the choosing of the relevant and alternative didactical content toward developing and deploying accessible Web-based learning resources.


Given their ability to automatically coordinate state updates, managed time systems such as LVars [29] are naturally parallel; Glitch is no exception but we have yet to explore this aspect in depth.

programs in Glitch could be executed in an optimistically parallel manner where unfounded optimism is dealt with through replay and roll back.


Hence, test selection is an essential step for the next test run, given that running the whole suit takes very long time.

the objective is to select the test set in a way that testing is improved, for that interventions (test selection strategies) have to be identi.ed.


In a previous paper [20] we reported on our and our students' initial experiences as it impacted on the ease of use and usefulness of the Fuze Meeting webinar tool when it was employed for collaborative purposes.

we investigated various themes around the student experience as it related to familiarity, technical/connection problems, scope/potential, collaborative value, presentation experience, as well as the facilitator s experiences in setting up and presenting the webinar.


The metamodel describes the various kinds of elements that can be included in a model and the way they are arranged, related and constrained.

a metamodel is a model that describes the structure of models.


We rather want to extend the options programmers and software developers have in performing updates and structuring versions of their software.

we are planning to extend text editors like Emacs or Vim by menus that offer interactive access to generic update functions to provide a simple access to reliable program update operations.


P in the target model I with the rule t and the match m that have given rise to e ' . '

''' e will be annotated with t(m)(p ) where p .


The works most closely related are existing pattern languages that are integrated into ours.

we used selected patterns from those other pattern languages in the speci.c context of service RMSNotificationEnricher based platform integration and adaptation.


x.inr; Q :: z : C &L2 Reduction is also straightforward.

process reduction and proof reduction match perfectly.


Using this implementation, condition checking only increased execution time from 60 clock cycles to 141 clock cycles.

the context switch and the condition checking only require 81 clock cycles in total.


The controller set progress lemma states that if the controller program is realizable and has become fully invariant, then every time the controller processes a help molecule, the controller set becomes strictly smaller.

every help molecule contains enough information (and the compiler is powerful enough to exploit it) for the E-CONTROLLER rule to generate useful new classi.er rules.


Though our focus has been on removing strong-atomicity barriers, the analysis information could also be used to remove STM operations within transactions.

given weak atomicity, we could remove transactional open-for-read barriers [1] for the in transaction version if that points-to set contained no objects 5For the latter, the loads and storesare in transactions,but the context for the enclosing method is not in transaction.


The distribution shows that page invalidations produce a large number of short dormant periods.

if a .ash block has a short dormant period, then this block will receive another page invalidation sooner than a block of a long dormant period.


Our main insight is captured by the premise: A deterministic scheduler is made suf.ciently nondetermin istic with the ability to delay its next-scheduled task.

we can quantify and thus limit scheduling nondeterminism by allotting a .nite delay-budget.


The approaches used by the remaining students were not compatible with Kenyon for the second category of reasons: data storage flexibility.

kenyon 1.3 did not have support for persisting configuration-based results generated by analyzing the abstract syntax tree (AST) of a program.


The data corre- sponds to realistic branch prediction.

the second col- umn shows the average fraction of ROB entries that are used.


We limit our scope to a system with predicative polymorphism.

bound variables can onlybeinstantiatedbybasetypes without variables.Concretely, our contributions are thefollowing: We show how to embed monomorphic dynamic typing in Haskell using generalised algebraic datatypes.


3.2 Evolution In this section, we discuss the di.erent artifacts present within our approach which are subject to evolution.

we elaborate on the artifacts which may be changed through the di.erent organizations and parties involved in business document modeling such as UN/CEFACT, industry groups, and market leaders.


The CASE tools to be used for testing the system must be chosen before the test phase begins but the choice may be postponed until late implementation phase.

at a defined moment in time, only a subset of decisions should be made.


Several critical issues had to be tackled in order to make this general idea a fully-.edged solution, including performance, compatibility, and so on.

eGO compiler has been developed with the following features: (Laziness) Descriptors are created only the .rst time they are required, preventing any interference with usual Java class loading dynamics, and avoiding the problem of in.nite polymorphic recursion [13]; (Completeness) The type-passing translation schema is applied not only to generic classes, but also generic methods, generic inner classes, interfaces, and arrays; (Effectiveness) A number of bridging techniques are introduced to deal with e.ectiveness issues such as interoperability between legacy and generic Java code and support to separate compilation; (E.ciency ) The need to obtain good performance results of the translated code pervasively a.ects all the aspects of the translation; and (Implementation modularity ) EGO compiler is implemented as a modular extension to the javac compiler of JDK5.0, namely, a further translation step to the abstract syntax tree (AST) just before the type-erasure process.


The modularextensionofJava 1.4 intoJava5isavery challenging case.

genericsin Java5crosscuts aspects of compilation like name and type analysis in an intricate way.


{z : Int | z = n + m} exactly speci.es that this function performs addition.

the term n + m has the type {z : Int | z = n + m} denoting the singleton set {n + m}.


That is, an object type s is a subtype of an object type t iff (1) s has all the methods of t and (2) for each method m of t, the type of m in s is a subtype of the type of m in t. Method subtyping is de.ned as expected.

for a -> b to be a subtype of c -> d, the type c must be a subtype of a and the type b must be a subtype of d. For non-object types, the subtype relation reduces to type identity.


The rule language in Jena2 can be seen in itself as a view definition language, although with a somewhat different intent from RVL or TRIPLE views.

the reasoners in Jena add triples, whereas an RVL or TRIPLE view both adds new triples and hides the old triples.


We split undirected edges between interfaces into (symmetric) pairs of directed edges.


Each element must first be removed from the group it belongs to and then added to the correct group.

the rule that groups checkboxes into a selectable list did not correctly identify large checkbox groups on several pages, resulting in several pages with very low accuracy.


The larger the payload...the more chances that something will not work well (P5) and it was always the case that a lot of code changes meant a lot of latency (P1).

larger amounts of churn have resulted in longer integrations and increased pressure on the release schedule.


The idea of specialising a function for particular argument shapes is a very general one, and is the subject of this paper.

our contributions are these: We describe a simple, general program transformation that specialises functions based on the shapes of their arguments, or call patterns (Section 3).


Without loss of generality we consider distributed computation of the function N 11 G(x)= xi = 1T x .

(8) NN i=1 this type of rule and its linearly weighted generalizations can be used for computations that arise in a variety of problems involving signal estimation in noise, including problems of source detection classi.cation and tracking [13].


We discuss the challenges encountered applying a MDD approach to the case study.

the TIMES tool generates code for closed systems which raises a practical issue of interfacing an open system with its environment at the deployment stage.


In the worst case, the topologically sorted attribute dependency DAG has a unique order.

the DAG forms a chain where attribute ai depends on ai-1 (ai-1 .


V whose set of stable neighbors is different from the previous round, u initiates insert(v, w) for all neighbors w of u.

(if an edge destabilizes, both incident nodes will introduce their neighbors.)


The JSEF system is designed to support an external data/external computation scheme.

one in which the database contains references to data and computations that exist outside of the database.


The two-phase simplex [9] formulates a so-called phase-one problem, whose only purpose is to .nd an initial basis to be used for the original (phase-two) problem.

the .rst phase .nds an initial solution, and the second phase .nds the optimal solution.


Note that with respect to the f1 norm, the function S. is a Lipschitz with Lipschitz constant 1.

if X and ' '' X di.er only in co-ordinate i, |S.(X)-S.


All these components are implemented by many processes running on a simulation platform which is distributed across multiple machines con- nected in a network specially built for testing purposes.

the state space defined by this testing con- figuration is the "product" (i.e., the set of all possible con- current executions) of the two processes visible to VeriSoft 2, which interact with each other and with the system un-der test whose processes themselves are hidden to VeriSoft.


Our framework, Timna, automates the process of combining mining analyses to .nd seeds in a program, with high precision.

timna s unique contributions are: the ability to exploit the combination of mining results from multiple code analyses to make classi.cation decisions for seed identi.cation,  the application of machine learning to learn good AOP style from canonical examples,  the generation of human readable rules for classifying code as mining seeds, and  the discovery of several novel mining analyses during our initial use of Timna.


The implementation of the software objects is maintained in the Logical layer of Level A in Fig.2; while its interface is maintained in the same layer for the (3) tuples, and in level C for the (2) tuples.

fig.4 and Fig.6 show that the Device and DevicePhysicalInfo interfaces are characterized by getting and setting methods for accessing and/or manipulating respectively information regarding the (2) and (3) tuples, with reference to a given networked entity in the real physical world.


The local minutiae structures de.ne a region around each minutia by considering, e.g., all minutiae closer than a given radius (.xed-radius based techniques).

minutiae Cylinder-Code (MCC) representation, recently proposed in [4], obtained remarkable performance with respect to stateof-the-art local minutiae descriptors [10, 6].


Finally, inheritance and access modi.ers require some special handling.

in some cases, the technique must change access modi.ers of class members to be able to replay recorded executions (which can be done without affecting the semantics of the observed code).


the models based on OLS regression reported here are taken from [18].


Pattern Oscillate: Changing Strategies to Dig Deeper For the participants who followed the Oscillate pattern on Type 1-initial and 2-build goals, the story was similar to Repeat on Type 1-initial, except the oscillators tended to seek additional information from their search results.

the oscillating participants would typically do a code search, explore the results a bit, decide they were on the wrong track, and return to searching.


The pending operation executions of these processes are linearized to a point just after the winner s execution of line 8, at which time the state of t changed.

these executions become unsuccessful since their cmp arguments do not match the new state written by the winner.


5.2 Program transformation Program transformation is the component responsible for generating the transformed Pig Latin data .ow graph that works on encrypted data by performing the transformation process described in Section 4.4.

if a transformed script contains re-encryption operations, the program transformation component assigns a unique operation id to each such operation.


Emoticons are the pictorial representation of facial expressions that visualize peoples mood.

the set Eli = {eli1, ,elir} contains the emoticons extracted from each comment ci.


Using an automatic strategy called Delta Debugging, we can systematically narrow these initial differences down to a small set of variables: The GCC failure occurs if and only if fld[0].rtx, the second child of the linknode, points to its parent a cycle in the abstract syntax tree.

variable fld[0].rtxis a failure cause: if fld[0].rtx is altered such that it no longer induces a cycle, the failure no longer occurs.


Meanwhile, multimedia workloads with indirect I/O su.ers less degradation from CPUhungry workloads than that with direct I/O, since their CPU requirement become lower by o.oading display operations to anIDD;VLCHighRes withindirectI/O requires56%CPU, whereas that with direct I/O requires 62%.

the VLCHighRes with direct I/O su.ers from severe frame drops when competing with the downloading workload.


This paper proposes an innovation process that is based on and uses the capabilities of online social networks.

the paper presents preliminary research results, which includes the results of a first literature review as motivation for our work.


While ample prior work has investigated bandwidth and CPU allocation in shared settings, storage allocation has been studied less thoroughly.

there is a delicate tradeoff between fairness and .exibility: the system shouldn t unnecessarily restrict the behavior of clients by imposing arbitrary and strict quotas, but it should also ensure that all clients have access to their fair share of service.


However, a common problem when traceability is implemented in SPL projects is that it must be started from scratch from project to project, because most of the times there is no documentation and guidelines which explicitly formalizes the best practices and successful experience with traceability in the organization s projects.

traceability knowledge is lost if the traceability practices are not actively captured, documented and applied.


Let VB.B VB * denote the .nd the squared-error minimizing translation, rotation, and eigen-decomposition of B.

the closest rank-one approxima * scale of the points P into P. we seek a scale factor tion (in the Frobenius norm sense) to B is .nvnvn,where .n is the largest eigenvalue of B and vn is the associated eigenvector.


2.4 Extrapolation of Vulnerabilities Once the decomposition has been calculated, which takes a fraction of the time required for code parsing, an analyst is able to access the information encoded in the three matrices.

the following three activities can be performed instantaneously to assist code auditing.


The underlying assumption in these methods is that identified communalities are stable.

it is assumed that the common aspects identified in the domain are enduring and applicable to several applications.