TMR makes sense when the overhead of detection is already very high, as is the case with comprehensive software detection.

columns 4-5 concern evaluation of discard behavior only, and show the input quality parameter used to con.gure output quality and the quality evaluator used to evaluate output quality, respectively.


CONCLUSION Technology scaling significant increases the leakage power and degrades parametric yield of SRAM.

it also increases the access time during normal read operation.


Although the system can only input the relative positions of the pointer, in terms of 3D locations without scale factor, calibration of the mirror orientation is not needed.

interactions with re.ections in virtual environments.


[12] also tries to address the last level shared cache contention through cache partitioning method in a software method.

as can be seen from these charts, the individual bandwidth functions are correlated (with respect to their shapes) with the cache miss.


Since COL[1] is selected, the power lines of cell C5 and C13 are in floating state while the word-line is in off-state.

when the input data of SRAM is high, the bit-line is connected to the upper bit-line pair with the higher voltage and the complementary bit line is connected to the lower bit-line pair with the lower voltage.


[2] Candès, E.J., Romberg, J.K., and Tao, T. Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements.

is related to the width of the Gaussian For each data window, a binary search based algorithm is used to find the minimum measurement size M such that the reconstructed signal from CS operation meets the accuracy requirements.


set of rates (which depends on the packet size, e.g., < 950 Mbps for 1470-B packets).

1 represents the consumption of 100 160  2.133 GHz 1 Core 2 Cores 4 Cores95 150 1.867 GHz 140 130 Pmin(l) 1.467 GHz 12080 1.2 GHz Power Consumption PBC [W] Power Consumption PBC [W] Efficiency d [AC/J] Power Consumption PBC [W] C 110 100 9065 800 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Load l [ACPS] Load l [ACPS] × 109 x 109 (a) Survivor (a) Minimal power.


dSC circuits can be generated from FSMD (Finite State Machine with Datapath) representations of target circuits.


by adding to the nominal value the sensitivity to the parameter multipliedby the value obtainedfromEqn.(3).

recalling the algorithm reviewed in Section 3, we can easily conclude that carrying back a parameter in dout is only necessary if it is possible that any given din, that we will .nd further back, will also contain that sameparameter.


CONCURRENT ERROOR DETECTION To detect a difference in values between the data stored in the SRAM and the PMC, Concurrennt Error Detection (CED) is employed; a dual-rail checker is uutilized by connecting two XOR gates in parallel as shown in FFig.

the ON state rresistances of M1 and M7 are less than the resistance of the PMCC; so, the voltage at D is at 0V.


The rest of the analysis is the same as the previous described at-speed reference case.

modern digital communication systems are designed for very low BER (less than 10-12) and a repeatable *This research was supported in part by National Semiconductor Corporation and by GSRC-MARCO under Grant 2003-DT-660.


Finally, partitioning should require minimal changes to cache designs and add small state and logic overheads.

every time that the candidates counter reaches c, if di >c · Ai (i.e.


Typical approach to synthesis is to extract a gating function of each individual .ip-.op and gradually merge the functions; the key challenge during merge is to .nd the functions that are similar.

for this purpose, a netlist of extra gates to implement Gi (qand r; see Fig.


This prevents memory controller queues from becoming full, which would otherwise result in read stalls and therefore degraded performance.

for low numbers (e.g., High(4)), limited-2 signi.cantly bene.ts from higher hit rates because they eliminate many memory requests that cause those few original write bursts.


All the parameters in the above equation are known so mean and variance of ds are calculated as soon ¯as the representative path delay measurements are made.

note, even though the expression for uj is an inequality, Eq.


Our theory, however, generalizes [6] in that (7.1) extends (8.5) to arbitrary coupled topologies and to finite ramp sources.

because of admissibility properties (a) and (b), we can say that, for any admissible fi, gV z max d DD 1 v R » , if D >> t12 (5.5) D since the maximum value of the integral in (5.4) is approximately (but always somewhat less than) 1 for such functions and rise times.


It captures the double-sided constraints to ensure successful write operation and immunity to half select disturb.

it can aggravate the half select disturb when write word-line boosting is applied or the bitcell sizing is done to enable robust writability.


writing 1 , i.e., the SET operation, utilizes a 5 10× longer but lower current to program the phase change material to the polycrystalline state.


Depending on the threshold number of unique outbound connection targets that a node is allowed to initiate per time unit, slow scanning worms may operate at a rate below our connection rate threshold, and thus may not produce an appreciable saturation delay.


The clock tree structures are well understood and the algorithms were targeted to size the interconnect network and buffers driving the clock tree.

nonlinear programming: theory and algorithms".


Since the amount of leakage energy consumed in drowsy mode is only an aver- age of 24% of total, further reductions of this fraction will yield only diminished returns.

our experiments show (Figure 8) that the state of the drowsy memory cell is stable.


All experiments have been carried out on a 3 GHz AMD Opteron system with 32 GB RAM running Linux.

program spectra present execution pro.les of software programs, i.e.


5.2 Fast Analytical Illegal Placement Step The .rst step of our placement heuristic is a low-rank approximation [7] of the truncated distance matrices.

next we present our placement heuristic, which comprises two steps a fast analytical illegal placement step to minimize distortion, followed by legalization.


Moreover, the fault region C1 contains the FFM WDFowhich cannot be detected in any other fault region.

the  is used in case a write, and not a read, is the operation that sensitizes the fault.


Power consumption compared to the time resolution when the high-low transition pin goes from low to high.

iEEE 1588 requires sub microsecond accuracies, a level of precision not attained by any wireless synchronization protocol yet [3, 5].


Therefore, the impact of bandwidth contention can be expressed as the extra queueing delay on these queues.

each PCM rank has a 8-entry read buffer (RB) and a 32-entry write buffer (WB) for pending requests to PCM.


Table I summarizes the buffer requirements in each case.

multiple ready signals can be asserted per clock cycle.


v-NPN bipolar transistor in SMIC deep n-well 0.18µm CMOS technology is used in this design for better input noise.


In the beginning, assuming the average execution cycle as the remaining workload, it starts with a very low frequency level.

switching power PSW is calculated as follows.


Obviously, we can achieve about 10% power savings by operating the first and third domains at lower frequencies without affecting the overall performance.

this in turn results in varia-   Categories and Subject Descriptors tions in power consumption and affects the chip temperatureB.7 [Hardware]: Integrated circuits.


That is to say, the Shadow Logic Functions for an AND gate and OR gate have the same number of minterms due to this property.

[7] M. Tiwari, X. Li, H. M. G. Wassel, F. T. Chong, and T. Sherwood.


As thirty frequency samples were used to compute the PMTBR model, at each order, more work was also required to compute the approximations for a given order.

(17) by breaking the integral into partial sums Ik each of which is an integral over a section Sk of the imaginary axis: 8 X = .


Modern microprocessors have many predictor structures, such as branch predictors, jump predictors, return stack predictors, and store-load dependence predictors.

first, statistical fault injection requires simulating a large number of fault cases to provide adequate statistical significance.


On the other hand, there is no similar functional representation for the mapping of (b) due to the oneto-many mapping under (x1,x2)=(0,1).

the Boolean formula .A is referred to as the interpolant of fA with respect to fB.


Figure 1 illustrates the effect of executing consecutive dependent instructions.

for issue logic, we only select among a small group of instructions close to the head of instruction queue to issue.


ME T S: Metric for Electro-Thermal Sensitivity Contrasting electrical and electro-thermal simulations can evaluate the particular contribution of self-heating for a particular device at a speci.ed temperature.


For example, while the bbl-128 does not belong to these loop regions in the CFG, all instructions between bbl-122 and bbl-131 are regarded as in the loop in TB-m.

in Proceedings of the international symposium on Code generation and optimization, pages 301 312, 2003.


Trx, the shorter the user needs to wait before starting the gesture, thus the more natural the gesture can be accomplished.

second, Spartacus uses a continuous audio-based low-power listening service that runs in the background and automatically triggers the relatively power hungry gesture detecting service.


(12) levj -fvmax Since fvmin is close to 0, DDJ increases monotonously to fvmax.

many researches have been proposed to increase the data rate while keep the same symbol rate and sustain the signal integrity.


[5] J. Carlson, J. Feljan, J. Maki-Turja, and M. Sjodin.

the language should abstract from unnecessary details.


In such cases, SystemC ultimately represents a parallel programming approach such as an approach using POSIX threads, with the added benefit of supporting circuit-style spatial connectivity, but the drawback  Figure 1: SystemC-on-a-Chip allows a designer to emulate SystemC descriptions on various supported development platforms.

the SystemC libraries are large and require OS support, thus limiting the number of platforms that could support the SystemC-on-a-Chip framework.


As shown on the rightmost path through the .owchart, we begin by generating an implication set and removing all implications dominated by others (and possibly other low quality implications as well) to form a compressed set of implications.

because we are not performing an exhaustive circuit simulation, it is possible that this relationship may not hold for some other unsimulated input combination.


Propagation of the glitch through the combinational circuit.

a 125ps long glitch is less affected by electrical masking.


In addition, a novel technique has been presented that allows the peak output frequency deviation of the PLL to be captured automatically.


[12] R. L. Mattson, J. Gecsei, D. R. Slutz, and I. L. Traiger.

in summary, the combination of compression ratio and the length of the rules determine the performance of our simulator.


In Section III-B1, we have assumed that we know the minimum required length of meander segments wt.

to improve the ef.ciency of area usage, we run the modeling and solving process by several iterations, each of which uses the result of the last one as input.


Negative differential resistance in a bilayer molecular junction.

2, the currentvoltage characteristic varies exponentially below and above the NDR branch, but at rates corresponding to different effective tunneling barriers .B1 and .B2.


Each attribute of a schema can be partitioned into one or more disjoint sets of semantically similar values.

table 2: Coverage data Knowing the number of times an event occurred, however, is often crucial for proper analysis, since discovering lightly covered events may be as important as discovering events that have not been covered at all.


In the EV68, two memory operations cannot be in progress at the same time, see Figure 7, if they map to the same cache set, due to architectural limitations.

the reuse distance varies: for the k and j loops it is still one iteration of the inner loop, but for the kk and jj loop it is one execution of the whole i loop nest.


it shows we achieve a 14% reduction of slackmatching buffers with 8 nodes and a reduction of 32% of slackmatching buffers with 64 nodes.


Mm Defnition4GivenasetM={Ml,,Mn}ofmodules, whereMk =(Ik,0k,Tk),andanothermoduleMO =(IO,0O, TO),apseudotimingfailureof{MO}MwithrespettoMO isafnitetraex=(w,T),wherewEIO,suhthatM1= ,MO1=x,andlatCst(,w,MO)=latCst(,u,MO)holdsfor somereallimitedoutputuofMO.


[11] E. .Ipek, S. A. McKee, R. Caruana, B. R. de Supinski, and M. Schulz.

the rmae and correlation (with standard deviation) of our architecture-centric predictor when varying the size of the signature, from the new program.


The maximum hop number B = 10 allows about 2 * 10 possible connections for each node.

it is shown that the high throughput in the ad hoc network is achieved at the cost of a high amount of delay.


As mentioned earlier in this paper, we use equal weight columns as in X-Compact.

block Compactor The main idea behind the Block Compactor is to encode the response data of several scan cycles into a sequential signature and observe each signature in more than one scan shift cycle.


State-scan technique also uses a higher amount of memory to store the different faulty states to evaluate.


The scheduling techniques to be presented here also have some resemblance with event-driven and back-tracing simulation [23, 18].

the circuit method [5] combines a multi-level Boolean circuit with a data-path table, and generates code based on the logic equations.


8(a) shows the circuit structure with proposed dual-tracking WLUD and DAWA schemes, while Fig.

due to the presence of resistor in the virtual supply path and the lowered virtual supply for the WL driver, the scheme suffers severe degradation of WL rise time.


These branches are insensitive to the previously mentioned 100% 100% 98% 96% 96%  Branch Prediction Hit Rate 94% 92% 90% 94% 92% 90% 88% 88% 86% 86%  Connecting Data Transfering Clossing Connecting Data Transfering Clossing Flow Live (N-th Pkt) Flow Live (N-th Pkt) (a) Branch Prediction -Tra.c without (b) Branch Prediction -Tra.c with aggregation level high aggregation level Figure 5: Branch prediction study through packet .ow life tra.c properties (see Section 4).

[18] C. Kruegel, F. Valeur, G. Vigna, and R. Kemmerer.


The solid lines in Figure 2 represent the actual drain current and the dash lines represent the expected drain current which is proportional to transistor width.

the boosted current can be traded off for improved power consumption and area.


Note that bugs in the inter-instruction control may often cause data errors.

the rest of the paper is organized as follows.


The basic idea is to exploit the fact that writes have spatial localities in the entire address space.

when a new data element is added to the data set, all k hash functions are applied to this data element, and each corresponding entry in the bit array is set to 1.


Simulation-based validation is the primary methodology for veri.cation in the industry: a large number of regression suites are simulated on different abstractions (architectural, RTL-level, structural) of the design, to check for adherence to speci.cation.

a simulation-based validation environment commonly involves checkers that are connected to the design.


We did not tune the values of these parameters.

for example, the runahead processor enters periods of shorter than 50 cycles 4981 times, but a total of only 22 useful L2 misses are generated during these periods (leftmost points in the left graph in Figure 4).


In addition, user position information is not strongly correlated with amount or pattern of user activity.

the remote monitoring can be performed everywhere data access services are available.


Bus & Buffers  Figure1:GeneralCodecArchitecture.


Secondly, our contention matrix is de.ned from the adjacent matrix of a graph, it can denote the contention state directly for all links.

performance evaluation and design tradeo.s of on-chip interconnect architectures.


We will refer to the first regular routing style as structured routing, whereby all of the metal masks are application specific, but the routing is highly restricted, and fully populates the layers.

routing methods used in ASICs or FPGAs cannot be directly applied.


L. The dual control network is a single point of failure, since the correct con.guration of the system depends on its capability to safely deliver information from switches to the controller and vice versa.

at every usage session, the user is informed about whether the fault-tolerance logic has its full recovery capability from transient faults at runtime, or whether it is degraded by permanent faults to some extent.


We also present statistical information on LUT utilization, which motivated such an optimization.

with each generation of technology scaling of 1 Xilinx and IBM have a roadmap to produce chips at 65 nm.


The height of the display screen above the floor is dgd, the distance between the central axes of the two projectors is dpp, the distance from the projector to the display surface is dpd, and the horizontal distance between the observing position and the central axis of the display is reye.

the prototype system discussed in our previous papers [1] uses a commercial variable angle display (Barco Baron) [9] as a horizontal table in combination with active timesequential stereoscopic glasses (Stereographics CrystalEyes3) [10], thus making the system relatively complex and expensive.


If the deadline constraint is too strict, the ILP model may not return a feasible solution.

di.serv is a method of facilitating end-to-end quality of service (QoS) over an existing IP network.


Instead we solve an appropriate linear relaxation to provide a lower bound on the integer optimum and then employ a technique called randomized rounding to round the solution to the linear relaxation, which is typically fractional, to an integer solution.

f (6) In terms of linear constraints we have - cube_1 - f =-1 - z - f =-1 cube_1 + z + f = 1 (7) We have now introduced all the constraints needed to explain the logical behavior of the gate.


In spite of the simplicity of this approach, it has several shortcomings.

opamps with high-swing input stages are still challenging to design.


It contains the combined results of three optimization runs.

experiment 1 validated that MOJITO did find the topologies that we had expected a priori.


When fc approaches fs, it means the corresponding bands which are folded back to baseband is not clean, some high-frequency spurs will show there, thus a significant SNR drop is noticed.

index Terms ADC, Gate-ring VCO, time-domain, Deltasigma, Asynchronous Delta-sigma Modulator.


1), the whole Si wafer is used as back-gate electrode below the transistor.

with increasing treatment time, the number of particles in the transistor area is reduced.


Future Trends for Wireless Communication Frontends in Nanometer CMOS Georges G.E.

a software-defined reconfigurable transceiver with flexible or reconfigurable building blocks, where the performance and hence the power consumption can be scaled under digital control to the needs of the standard and operating mode, is much more desirable.


in order to reduce the overhead of testing, we propose that future online pro.lers test small regions of memory at regular intervals.


categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.m [Integrated Circuits]: Miscellaneous; B.8.1 [Performance and Reliability]: Reliability, Testing and Faulttolerance.


Finally, we are able to use the transcribed queries as alternate targets for each song.

we have begun storing the cellular location identifiers for every sung example.


An open-source ieee 802.15.4 mac implementation for tinyos 2.1, February 2011.

table 3 reports on the numbers of network elements needed to cover at least 60% or 80% of the monitoring area, while in Table 4, assuming the same number of SNs as in Table 3, the focus is on the resulting coverage.


More complicated ADI functions, such as collective communication calls, are implemented using point-to-point ADI functions.

if the Job Manager were to maintain its own state or the global system state, this information would have to be included in the checkpoint and used when recovering from Job Manager failures.


It is clear that Gcg(G,P) contains no positive cycle.

retiming transformation is likely to have the following effects in the design flow: (1) an extra circuitry may be needed for initial states; (2) the forward retiming may increase the number of registers; and (3) verification issues.


[19] Intrinsic-ID, Partner testimonials, http://www.intrinsic-id.com/ourpartners/partner-testimonials/.

the smaller the amount of noise is for which the FE has been designed, the more ef.cient error correcting codes can be used.


Use of SECDED ECC for caches leads to significant area overhead because of extra parity bit storage (8 parity bits for 64 data bits) and associated logic.

inspite of its optimality, the Hsaio code incurs multiple clock cycle latencies for caches and significant area overhead (about 30%), as we show later in the results.


Figure 1 shows the visible light spectrum outdoors and in an of.ce illuminated by a .uorescent light.

pLC provides lower data rates than Ethernet and network connectivity depends on the layout of the power distribution network.


there needs to be a policy where a page is decrypted after n-accesses, where the page decryption threshold (n) is an adjustable parameter.


Any path from the root node to a terminal node of an MODD with a value d(s)constitutes a satisfying assignment with respect to s EIN .

the MODD, being multiple valued, can represent the internal states much more ef.ciently than a conventional BDD, if multiple-valued encoding in GF(N)is used.


Finally, a linear PG transform can be performed to acquire the coefficient D in order to get the current flowing through via resistor R .

we observe that when drop on the package is large in area A on M7, the voltage supply in area B right below A on M2 is large as well.


Experimental results using benchmark filters show that this approach produces partial-scan implementations that can achieve high fault coverage.

journal of Electronic Testing, 7, (Aug/Oct.


In this paper we focus on leakage reduction through automatic insertion of sleep transistors for power gating in standard cell based designs.

the right plot shows the same trade-off curve, this time applying our methodology and playing with different values of ß.This is visible as a set of discrete point along a vertical line at a =5%.


So we use 192 bits shared key size for the hybrid scheme, use 384 bits ECC key size for the ECDSA scheme, and 2048 bits key size for the RSA scheme.


With these new semantics, the sending module will see an affirmative ACK if any mod-ule downstream can accept the data.


In this case, with DBSD order, 18.84% of buffers were saved, on average.

with the aid of this algorithm, any net-based buffer insertion algorithm is able to extend their local views so that the number of required buffers is decreased.


Simulation results demonstrate an improvement in noise immunity over conventional domino gate.

simulations for high fan-in gates show a noise immunity improvement of 2.13X using Berkeley Predictive Technology Models (BPTM) of 70nm with minimal performance and power degradations over standard domino circuits.


A minimum vertex cover includes vertices F2 and F3,4,6.

table 3 compares the routing of three logic bricks using the original SAT-based router [11] (no DFT) and the modi.ed router that includes DFT routing rules to ensure forbidden pairs are never routed in adjacent tracks.


Base on this observation, we propose the following non-minimum length encoding scheme: For n ROs with frequency ROi (i=1,2, ,n), we define its code as a k-bit string sgi =d(1,2)d(1,3) d(1,n)d(2,3) d(2,n) d(n-1,n) (2) where k=n(n-1)/2, d(i,j) = 0 if ROi < ROj and d(i,j) = 1 otherwise.

block size k=6 in IBS and fth = 2.6x standard deviation in KSC (see Figure 5 and Figure 6).


Such implementations will incur costly synchronization delays, since signi.cant contention for the queue lock will exist and cache lines that store the queue occupancy must ping-pong between the producing and consuming cores.

caching lines for queue storage in private caches increases coherence traf.c between cores producing and consuming values.


We next describe how these 11 callers learned to use P1 by conducting telephonic interviews of four callers.

we requested the station to signi.cantly increase the advertisement broadcast frequency to increase the number of good calls.


In particular, we consider an adversary that has compromised sensor or actuator signals of a control system and needs to identify the best time to launch an attack.

computers & Chemical Engineering, 17(3):245 255, 1993.


This means that any .gure of merit that will be proposed should be normalized with respect to technological values such as supply voltage and minimal feature size.

designers of the crucial analog to digital converter in mixed signal design meet more and more stringent speci.cations on accuracy, bandwidth and power consumption.


This approach stays on the conservative side of L0 cleanup and thus will incur more replays than whole-cache invalidation.

this limitation stems from the fact that scaling up buffering structures usually incur latency and energy penalties that undermine the overall design goal.


It can be concluded that, when IN2 is zero, the switching of IN1 does not result in a switching of V N1 .

low power electronics and design int l Symp., pages 127 132, 2009.


Finally, in the futuristic International Space Station (ISS), spacecrafts and airplanes, high-speed Internet access that is required for scientific and leisure purposes also calls for high-speed inter-spacecraft communication links.

without the fiber dispersion and fiber nonlinearity, performance comparison between NRZ and RZ formats is necessary to determine which format can achieve better performance for LIC systems.


The wavelength flow in the optical steering domain is routed by the WSS based on their central frequencies.

for conventional flows without optical steering, the flow will be directed to the packet steering domain.


Extended Abstract:Design of a Small Acoustic Modem for Dense and Low-Cost Oceanographic Monitoring Kun Zeng,  Yue-hai Zhou,  Fei-yun WU,  Feng TONG Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic communication and Marine Information Technology of the MOE, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China zengkun635@sina.com ruddy100@sina.com wfyfly@126.com ftong@xmu.edu.cn 1.

in the demodulation process the judgment condition for pulse width is designed to be smaller than 3ms to accommodate the pulse width variations caused by underwater acoustic channel.


The results combining a low-pass .lter with thresholding the EEG maps produce a cleaner binary masks which contain a better estimation for the object location (Figure 8).

the kernel takes standard deviation s as a parameter de.ning the spatial extension of the .lter: 1 x 2 + y 2 G(x, y) = v exp - (4) 2s2 2ps2 The Gaussian .ltering and posterior binarization of the resulting EEG map requires de.ning the two parameters a and s. As in the previous section, these were selected via minimizing error the training dataset.


Transformation of Event-Driven HDL Blocks for Native Integration into Time-Driven System Models.

on one hand this is the mere read/write operation in the address space of a component(transport layer, single TLM-2.0 transaction).


Fine-grain partitioning between active layers also ampli.es the impact of process variation, especially inter-die variation, on critical paths [7].

use aligned deadspace further from their cluster regions, thus increasing wirelength overhead.


tIGHT BOUND ON NUMBER OF IRRE-DUCIBLE EMPTY ROOMS Inordertodescribenon-slicingstructurebyamosaic foorplanrepresentation,somepreviouswork[9]includedummy blocksofzeroareainthesetofmodules.Themethoddescribedinsection2.3isveryefcientbutitisapplicable totheTBSrepresentationonly.Ingeneral,weonlyneed tohaven;1extradummyblocksinordertorepresentall non-slicingstructuresbyamosaicfoorplanrepresentation.


This modeling perspective is very attractive, since it provides a more comprehensive view of how traffic behaves.

a second theorem allows for the evaluation of the distribution of the unfinished work from the above Wiener-Hopf factorization: Theorem 2.


To estimate DIMM power we inserted current sensors in power supply lines of each DIMM and aggregated the data using data acquisition system.

such increase in memory size and speed have led to a signi.cant * This work has been funded by NSF Project GreenLight grant 0821155, NSFSHFgrant 0916127, MuSyC, UC Micro grant 08-039, Sun Microsystems, and Cisco.


CONCLUSIONS This paper has proposed a simple and useful method to approximate the capacitance ratios by rational numbers to improve capacitance matching, a critical issue in the design of switched-capacitor .lters.

, n. (12) CC the development presented above shows that, given an integer D, the problem of .nding the suitable approximation for the ratio Ci/C is solved if it is possible to .nd an integer Ni that satis.es the constraint (10).


However, the effective supply voltage of SRAM cell does not become near zero immediately when the sleep transistor is turned off.

gLSVLSI 12, May 3 4, 2012, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.


Our simple SoC can be divided into two power islands; USB at 1.2V, memory and Xtensa at 0.8V.

if your library has transmission gates, down shifters may be required to prevent unwanted currents or latch up.


when the memory buffer on the FPGA is filled the signal is transferred to the host PC via a PCI link.


The horizontal axis rep- resents a schedule's potential execution time, divided into tenths.

if the machine were more constrained on resources, the relative benefits of dynamic scheduling, or quasi-dynamic scheduling with slip, would likely be de- creased.


A unified and dynamically-allocated buffer structure was originally presented in [7] in the form of the Dynamically Allocated Multi-Queue (DAMQ) buffer.

evidently, the performance and the efficiency of the NoC largely depend on the latency and the throughput of the on-chip routers [2].


This algorithm is used by the scheduler to determine only whether conditional speculation is possible or not.

this means that the heuristics that guide these code motions have to carefully manage the resource utilization across several basic blocks.


Optimization at the multi-valued domain is advantageous due to the fact that some structural information is available only at multi-valued domain, and gets lost when translated into binary [13].

one might ask whether full symmetry is always achievable by code length expansion, and moreover whether there exists an upper bound for code length expansion.


To reduce the probability of propagating metastability through the design, designers employ synchronizers at clock boundaries.

if the width of the transition on the output of the sender .ip-.op is not long enough, the receiver .ip-.op will not capture that transition, and remain unchanged.


Fuses 10k GE -128 GE2 4k GE 20k GE 10k GE 32 GE Includes LR-PUF control External Flash/EEPROM 256-bit 2T MTP NVM Repetition and Golay 128 bits key length 64 2T OTP anti-fuses Total 44.2k GE Naturally, the total resource cost of the memory-based LR-PUF is higher than the cost of storing a key in NVM or using a regular PUF (which can both be done with a subset of the components from the list above).

recon.gurable physical unclonable functions -enabling technology for tamper-resistant storage.


CONCLUSIONS We introduced a method for clock gating synthesis that constructs the gating condition out the disjunction of signals and their complements that are already present in the existing logic.

if the combinational transitive fan-out of any h does not include any (i) primary outputs, (ii) clock gate inputs, or (iii) register inputs not gated by g(x), this connection can be replaced with a constant.


Noise current may be injected as a consequence of input transitions even if the output does not switch.

for instance the Gnd/Vdd currents may produce electromigration, IR voltage drops, voltage oscillations due to resonances, and, possibly, electromagnetic interference.


the programs also cannot change the VM or use the PUF instructions in SSP mode (cf.


Hence, no particular node is more critical to the overall performance of the network than the others.

through reliable architecture design, the emerging interconnect technologies can be made viable and adoptable in the face of integration and manufacturing issues to deliver better powerperformance trade-offs than traditional NoCs.


We now describe the semantics for composing delays of RTL statements.

we now brie.y outline a related strategy to signi.cantly improve the scalability of our methodology.


LD1 lifespan LD2 lifespan RD 1 RD 2 LD 1 LD 2 RD 3 RD 4 LD1 lifespan LD2 lifespan LD f4 Figure 5: Variable lifespans and register load line fault effects A control line effect that causes an extra load is potentially dis ruptive if the load occurs within a lifespan of R; in Figure 5(b), LnDpfo2, LnDpf 3, and L Dpfs4fall into this category.

the example has a total of 37 SFR faults.


Figure 3: Multilingual Digital Kiosk using Bounsight Table CONCLUSION AND FUTUREWORKS In this paper, we propose a thin view-dependent display, BounsightTable.

users can see the different 2D images This time, we have designed a rectangle tabletop system for the two users.


Figure 6(b) illustrates that the wordline delay and routing delay in MLC is smaller than SLC due to the reduced array size and routing distance, but the read latency of MLC-s can be almost twice that of SLC.

this scheme enables fast read speed for all cases but requires a large average write power during programming.


The applied voltage should support enough large VGS to keep the transistors in ON state and any additional circuit to avoid this limitation results in speed degradation.

it s apparent that within less than 30nsec output CM voltage settles to 95% of the final value.


An adaptive chip-multiprocessor architecture for future mobile terminals.


Going from single-bit upset (SBU) to multibit upset (MBU) fault injections, we do not observe significant changes in overall fault rates except MBU produces more detectable faults than SBU in GPR injection experiments.

when predicting resiliency of a given function, the algorithmic masking in that function should also be taken into account.


Based on the physical proximity of the high voltage (critical) cells in the placement, the algorithm ef.ciently explores the solution space of all possible island boundaries and .nds the voltage islands (also called the voltage island partitioning) for the best tradeoff between the total power and the number of islands.

in current industry low power design, people only focus on the maximum power reduction on the cells.


When moving from one technique to another, the objective was to speed up a topology by speeding up its links.

infact,linkperformance andpowerhavea numberofhigh-levelimplications, especially overall network speed.


Importantly, Rerun log size is acceptable across all cache sizes studied.

rerun has much smaller logs and does not require a bus.


We are also investigating possible software countermeasures that use random bits to alter the parameters.

clearly, a onlyhas a chance to ful.ll the assumption correctlyif 2l(pt) is a multiple of t. the assumption is justi.ed for other cases as well, because the distance to the uniform distribution is negligiblysmall as t « 2l(pt) .


Gate sizing entails modulating the gate width which reduces Rch.

other complex gates such as XOR, AOI, etc can be similarly analyzed.


(3) Note that the data arrival times at R2 are given by the propagation constraints [9]: () d1 + D12a a2 = min Pm - Tmin , (4) Pm - Tmin, d1 + D12b () D1 + D12a A2 = max PM - Tmin .

the proposed delay insertion algorithm is applicable on such circuit structures.


The accumulator table size for their algorithms was chosen to be 32 entries, because the visible phase difference achieved by using 32 entries is 72%.

correlation Because BBVs perform better than the other techniques on most metrics, we compute correlation between the BBV technique and each of the other techniques.


Consider the padded circuit ex displayed in Fig.

there is a strong need to use our multi-power-mode minimum padding for resolving the possible increased hold time violations.


As long as the average power is less than Pmax and the processor is under load, the frequency is increased.

we use a default Vth s s/µ of 0.12, which we vary in some experiments.


The approach is based on a model of computation (FTDF) that represents an interesting paradigm for programming safety-critical control applications.

the schedule SFT can be derived using a list scheduling algorithm driven by any heuristic cost function [25].


Because we need to break every odd face in CG to achieve a valid DPL decomposition, we need to pair up every odd node in FG.

these two pairings both cross the external node because it is the only node that connects a to the other SubFGs.


Hence, we have Rs = Rmesh + Rspine + Rrib Early analysis from Fig.

each new device also exhibits unique characteristics that often require customized memory design in order to achieve high density, low latency, and high reliability.


Function val- ues are represented by a pointer to a static info table--which contains code for the function and some layout information used during garbage collection--plus a payload of (pointers to) the values of any free variables.


A simple calculation (see Table 1) shows that the gain factor dramatically grows with the skew.

even FastTrack, which uses proactive replication, replicates the complete index of each node at a search hub so the relative representation of each item remains the same.


In practice, this policy is harder to implement than the other conservative policies because it requires an extra communication between the PCM chips and the memory controller, but it provides a useful point of comparison to elucidate just how conservative the other policies are.

we explore a new class of power-aware memory controllers based on the idea of tokens.


On average an improvement with a factor of over 100 is observed, both for large as for small hypercubes.

x Performance model P Figure 2: Electronic system S parametrized by X with excitation E and response Y leading to a performance P seen from a designer s point of view, the key relationship is: P = F(X) (3) The mathematical modeling of this relationship is called performance modeling.


Up to this point we have linear run time.

with increasing c the compactor size will increase exponentially, and it will be necessary to limit c. Our optimization goal is to limit the number of scan chains covering an output cone by c for as many output cones as possible.


CO N C L U SI O N In this paper, we proposed a two-level dynamic programming (DP) based heuristic algorithm that ef.ciently solves the problem of optimizing the performance of pipelined datapath under resource constraint in ASIP synthesis.

in the ASIP synthesis problem, the number of functional units is usually small.


Handling Con.icts: Clearly, the above design works well in the expected usage scenario -when the latency within the memory is consistent and predictable, and where bank con.ictsand timing constraint violations are uncommonbecause of the large number of banks.

with lower tra.c, there are fewer possibilities of the con.icts that raise access latency in the packet-based system.


Similar to the case of electrical masking, when more parameters are included, runtimes are longer, but the precision is better.

this stems from the fact that fault masking is decreasing in logic, making it more susceptible to soft errors.


When G excludes the family of forbidden subgraphs, each strongly connected component of G must be a subgraph of the directed version of a decorated cycle graph.

if the two edges form a simple path, the digraph Gd contains U2 as a subgraph and thus the pair (G, ntg-lis) is unstable by lemma 7.


MEMRISTOR-BASED DUAL-ELEMENT MEMORY DESIGN In this section, we .rst characterize the power/energy consumption of a memristor cell.

the memory is divided into two banks, bank 0 and bank 1.


Since measurements of HD2 and HD3 have been performed at one value of POut only, no decisive answer can be given to the question whether the measured POut should be regarded as high or low .

by this network it is converted into a quadrature LO signal.


This can be done early on the circuit design cycle, evaluating test vectors capable to disclose faults in the circuitry.

finally we call evolvable techniques [8,9], those algorithms based on the natural selection theory , proposed by Charles Darwin.


presented a heuristic to insert the diode under the wire with antenna violation [2].

we compared our work with the jumper insertion algorithm BUJIO [10] and the diode insertion algorithm DIRMCF [4].


In [3, 4], Cantin et al propose a technique for snoop traffic filtering that uses a structure called a Region Coherence Array (RCA) within each node to keep track of the sharing status of regions.

the main contributions of this paper are as follows: We propose a snoop traffic filtering technique that makes use of coarse-grained sharing information on the basis of regions within a page, pro-actively collecting the sharing information of all regions within a page during snoop activities on any line within that page.


Cycles 49,440 Operation Accuracy 32 bit The execution cycle was estimated by performing a 2,048point IMDCT using Mentor ModelSim based on the following conditions:  If the IMDCT module makes bus-request signal available, an arbiter allocates the bus to the IMDCT module immediately.

to generate the pro.le summary of the decoding process, each sample was decoded using Tremor by ARMulator (an emulator of ARM processors) with zero memory wait.


7.3 SBC Behavior While comparisons in miss rate, average access time or IPC allow to assess the e.ectiveness of the SBC with respect to other designs, measurements on its internal behavior allow to understand better how it achieves these results.

this ensures that all the invalid entries have the largest saturation values in the DSS.


[4] H. Azatchi, Y. Levanoni, H. Paz, and E. Petrank.

the main source of overhead is creating and maintaining snapshots.


The tasks executed on this processor are directly affected by being unavailable.

eX P E R I M E N TA L RE S U LT S This section evaluates the scalability, ef.ciency, and accuracy of the proposed automatic success-tree-based reliability analysis methodology.


Low distortion sigmadelta-pipeline ADCs [1] are one of the main candidates for high-resolution and high-speed applications.


One SIM card, many systems: Despite many e.orts [1], users are still tied to a single SIM card for phone calls or SMS, mainly because the SIM card is associated with a unique number.

pre-copying the data for driver copy_from_user requests requires the client stub module to determine in advance the addresses and sizes of the process memory data bu.ers needed by the driver.


As a result, we choose to annotate the integer  values only for cost functions.

these results are normalized to precise execution.


Partitions that share pins with the overlapping partition are empty while droplets are manipulated in the overlapping partition.

based on this requirement, we find that the droplet trace, defined as the set of cells traversed by a single droplet, serves as a good tool for generating the array partitions.


Assume the previous access to a was also a miss in FIFO.

a must have been evicted from the FIFO(k) as well.


Much like register renaming, each write to an O-structure creates a new version of program memory at that location.

unlike linked list, subsequent operations might not follow the same path.


Looking into the future, we note that in regular algorithms, the dependence graph is data oblivious (the butter.y graph of FFT is an example) and so inexactness can be exposed and managed by the compiler.

doing this in a principled way that optimizes power and energy savings while staying within the constraints of inexactness tolerance of the application is a challenging problem.


Assuming that there are enough resources to simultaneously execute 3 copies of task T1 or 2 copies of task T2,(b) and (c) show some possible task graph con.gurations after such a transformation.

the database consisted of information corresponding to images of various sizes-since each task is completely pipelined, the recon.guration delay and number of columns occupied by the task is independent of the image size, but, the execution time is directly proportional to the image size.


The core theorem is easily expressible in the CLU logic, as the successor function can be used to directly de.ne the rank functions.

the use of WEB-re.nement for proving the correctness of pipelined machines was introduced in [10], where a number of simple three stage pipelined machines were veri.ed using the ACL2 theorem proving system [7, 8].


The initial improvement is due to the power level curves tilting to favor hard paths (changing the power sensitivity to delay).

.uctuations and the corresponding exponential changes in subthreshold leakage current (Io. )


Keywords Cache, configurable, architecture tuning, low power, low energy, embedded systems, on-chip CAD, dynamic optimization.

the benefits of optimally tuning a cache is quite significant, resulting in an average of over 40% savings for Powerstone [6] and MediaBench [5] benchmarks, and up to 70% on certain benchmarks.


Indexing using a hashfunction is a fast solution to .nd the data with which to compare.

similar input characteristics exist in benchmark GemsFDTD, in whichmore than 90% of cache blocks are duplicated.


The glitch density on the low request signal is also doubled after OR gate, but normally they will be masked away by the AND gate at the subsequent P switch.

in [13], an on-line detection of delay faults in CMOS synchronous wave pipelined circuit was proposed.


Furthermore, it is obvious that the initial order has a distinct impact on the enumeration speed.

the restoration range is calculated under two directions respectively, as the algorithm R half shown in Fig.


Similarly, the extra cycles along the other loops are also reduced and the performance improvement from 2D design to 3D design is about 11.7%.

on average, the performance improvement in Fig.


The module is area-constrained within the FPGA fabric.

table 2 LFSR+SBOX Implementation Results Slice Cost Delay (ns) Security Single-Ended 70 3.99 NO WDDL 409 19.54 NO DWDDL 818 20.88 YES 7.


This paper attempts to reduce the instruction fetch energy in two ways.

the segmented wordline design allows partial accesses to the Icache lines.


The power consumption measurement was done while transmitting at the full 1 W power output, so this would be the total wattage if using an omnidirectional antenna.

3.1 RF evaluation We connected an Agilent 9344C spectrum analyzer to the output of the Doodle Labs card through a 50 dB attenuator and the result is shown in Figure 1.


Recently developed 3D data structures have improved this mapping and thus allow the use of e.cient optimization approaches.

during 3D interconnect prediction the number of layers that has to be taken into account is larger, design objectives are di.erent compared to previous technologies, and additional constraints must be considered: Table 2: Most common 3D data structures applied to 3D .oorplanning problems with regard to their publication date, worst-case complexity of the operations, size of the solution space and main characteristics (n = number of modules, n.g.


on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets, Zaragoza, Spain), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 815, pages 416-435.

aggregate approximation for acyclic queuing networks with communication blocking.


3.3.3 Empirical Validation We empirically validate the effectiveness of the synthesis scheme that was presented in the previous section.


Single-assignment C [24] and Spark [15] apply pipeline fusion (referred to as loop fusion in their papers) at compile time to create speedup.


This is intrinsic to PV granularity, not because of our method.


Introduction The size and complexity of future designs have made it imperative to employ hierarchical physical design methods.

the same process is recursively repeated on the soft modules.


[10] Lewin, D.: Consistent hashing and random trees: Algorithms for caching in distributed networks.

s2ic As we mentioned in the previous paragraphs, in both approaches, based on location records and collections, we are storing several copies / replicas in DHT, each of the copies / replicas identi.ed by the DHT key computed from one of the names and placed using this DHT key onto a corresponding DHT node (the successor of the DHT key in Chord).


This action is again initiated by some thread and actually carried out by the memory controller.

the bound can be improved further if realistic network traf.c traces that are not anonymized in their header and payload are available.


To perform this task, we used Vapor to abstract the Verilog description of the checker.

[14] Dong Wang, Pei-Hsin Ho, Jiang Long, James Kukula, Yunshan Zhu, Tony Ma, Robert Damiano, Formal property verification by abstraction refinement with formal, simulation and hybrid engines , In Proceedings of the DAC, pages 25-40, 2001.


While each of these knobs has signi.cant impact, we demonstrated that much greater gains can be achieved through synergistic cross-layer optimization.

figure 4 depicts the dot product operations involved in SVM classi.cation in matrix form and illustrates how the scaling is performed along these two dimensions.


RELATED WORK Numerous methods exist to measure and disaggregate electrical loads in residential and commercial buildings including nonintrusive load monitoring, plug-load monitoring, and hybrid approaches.

we have shown that the energy emit ted from many electrical loads is roughly proportional to the energy consumed by that load, and that by harvesting this side-channel energy, it is possible to intermittently power sensors whose activation interval (and in turn packet transmission period) approximately encodes the underlying energy use.


Simpler cores also tend to be less effective in hiding memory latency.

high bandwidth applications such as lbm, mcf, and milc, which show modest performance improvements with our schemes do not show a marked reduction in system energy consumption.


But this is di.cult: On the one hand, a typical sensor node relies on a microcontroller that o.ers 64K of ROM, 4K of RAM, and 2K of EEPROM storage [2].

in summary, our evaluation results con.rm that compressed MoteML .les are signi.cantly smaller than both simple SensorML and compressed SensorML encodings.


Additionally the PL changes at a in this case) to operate within the maximum BER constraint.

fine-grained co-modulation of the RF circuit level performance along with the operational modes and signal modulation rates for MIMO systems has not been fully exploited by prior research.


[12] K. McCullen, Redundant via insertion in restricted topology layouts, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, 2007, pp.

[14] T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, and R. L. Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms, 2nd ed.


an on-demand credit management was explored for use in Fast Messages making the previous credit-based control .ow mechanism more scalable[4].


They addressed reliability by employing fault tolerant techniques based on error detection [7], failure prediction Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

the computational runtime of the mapping algorithm will increase because equation 6 must be evaluated many times inside the branch-and-bound algorithm.


Therefore, when directly applying the criterion (24) to the entire data set, a large number of possible c values corresponding to extremely fine-grain clusters are irrelevant and may lead to an inaccurate result due to highly imbalanced left and right sequences.

based on the aforementioned observation, we propose to add a post-processing step to the traditional L-method to accurately determine the number of clusters.


A 1 Cycle-Per-Byte XML Parsing Accelerator Zefu Dai, Nick Ni, Jianwen Zhu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G4 {zdai|yni|jzhu}@eecg.toronto.edu  ABSTRACT Extensible Markup Language (XML) is playing an increasing important role in web services and database systems.

4.2.4 High-bandwidth On-chip Data Structure To perform schema validation, many rules have to be checked against an XML construct under parsing.


On average, our GDM architecture could provide 75.7% power savings while maintaining 96.9% sensitivity on the detection of target actions, compared to an architecture that does not perform the decision making in a granular fashion.

the tunable parameters for our screening blocks are the number of features and the level of the decomposition for extracting features.


Real circuitshave unknown optimal solutionquality, and thusdo not shed muchlight on heuristic suboptimality.

parameter description T timingpath delay upper bound N number of primary inputs/outputs K (maximum)data path depth f id(i) fanin distribution (#cells withi = 1, ..., I fanins) fod(j) fanoutdistribution(#cells with j =1,..., O fanouts) To generate the circuit properly, the input parameters must satisfy three constraints.


An analytical method is then proposed for the production of suitable comparable data.

in parallel it is hoped that the specialisation of GAs to cell-designs can be explored through the same test architecture, with the long term possibility of the development of a shortened GA design process.


This way, the functional unateness can be computed in the same way as the topological unateness.

as circuits may contain false paths, the function represented in the nodes may simply not be able to functionally use all the circuit paths.


The second technique, observability don t care based cube selection, relaxes the constraints for cube selection using local observability don t cares.

equation 1 shows the Boolean expression for computing the feasible subspace.


Table 5 gives an indication on what happens when the number of virtual memories is increased to 3.

the binding process for the bottom area depends on the primary objective of the algorithm (leftover or mux cost).


This means that the resulting circuit must have as much genes  =  as possible.

the chromosome has many triplets of this kind as the matrix size demands (e.g., fig.


From these plots we see strong dependence of leakage both on Vdd and Le..

a novel approach to peform gate-level yield analysis and optimization considering correlated variations in power and performance.


Various solutions that address the amount of sampled data parameter have been proposed in the literature (e.g.

as shown in Figure 3(a), signal Y is dependent on the signals ABCD.


Due to Gaussian distribution of the delay variations, when the variation goes beyond maximum assumed delay (200%), our approach fails.

in the following we focus on isochronic fork implementation on nano-crossbar arrays.


The minimum point for a Si value is the near optimal combination of pinning and LRU in terms of minimizing the WCET with the allocated RAM size of Si.

we can make the similar observations for all other .ve tasks as well.


The reader can verify the assignment given by the greedy algorithm.

[] It is easy to show an upper bound on the performance of the greedy algorithm for arbitrary reuse distance.


Liu, E. Malavasi, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, and I. Vassiliou.

oTA5 during hierarchical sizing with PSE Table 8.


User Control: Manually, the veri.cation engineer can precisely control the percentage of the new stimuli.

note that no duplications were needed because only one .avor was involved.


The functions of the network layer are routing, addressing, selecting the network interface, and IP hando.s.

they propose a single uni.ed cross-layer protocol which combines these layers in order to provide e.cient and reliable communication for WSNs.


HiPAR-DSP The HiPAR-DSP is a highly parallel DSP core with a VLIW-controlled SIMD architecture, which has been previously developed at our institute [8].

also two vector or two scalar instructions can be paired within a VLIW.


Another group of compression techniques uses lossless source coding for test data reduction, such as selective Huffman coding [8], runlength coding [9], and dictionary coding [10].

when compared with that in Example I, 24 bits are reduced.


The main important parameters such as overall system e.ciency [2], total number of slots [2] and identi.cation time of the ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard, also known as the Class 1 Generation 2 (C1G2) standard, were compared.

this research proposes to address these open issues, summarized below, and of fundamental importance for the IoT [1] [3]: Mobility in heterogeneous scenarios;  Standardization taking into consideration the various involved technologies;  Tra.c characterization;  Quality of Service -QoS taking into account the new requirements arising from the heterogeneity of involved nodes.


Although the high frequency response is highly localized, the midlow frequency currents (1-2 GHz) dissipate outward from the source to affect several gates.

in addition, we assumed that total active and passive decoupling capacitance was a low value of 10pF for that area and attached it to the lower metal as 5,512 individual capacitors.


However, as PCM is non-volatile, FTL mapping table can be kept into PCM-based main memory permanently without considering power failure.

since the lifetime of PCM is mainly determined by the maximum number of bit .ips in each PCM cell, no matter how smaller the block-level mapping table is, it is important to reduce the maximum number of bit .ips in each PCM cell to enhance the reliability of the entire system.


The engine converges to a good nearby local optimum, usually making several thousand calls to the objective function.

wARP1 averages 4% less wirelength than GORDIAN-L-DOMINO [3,4] running in its maximum quality mode (with several reweighting steps [10]), and runs roughly 40% faster.


The experimental results show the above advantages over the LR, GR and ER, and that 1.2 times as many wires as the ER can be removed or replaced by the OMR.

considering the procedures of the ER and OMR, both need SPFD calculation once.


The M-CARD consists of 6 functional blocks: MPEG TS processor, MPEG TS descrambler, Conditional Access processor, Extended Channel processor, Interfacing processor, and CableCARD controller.

for descrambling current TS packet, the CW corresponding to the PID of the current TS packet has to be used.


Thus, the assumption that all these aggressors could make their transition in the same time is far to be realistic.

figure 7 shows the example of an Xor gate followed by an inverter.


We demonstrate the effectiveness of our simulator by experiments on two known circuit examples, the .oating point adder and the memory management unit, which both were shown to be dif.cult for an ordinary symbolic simulator to handle before.

the dynamic heuristic only chooses the MUX primi- tives which could greatly in.uence the OBDD performance.


Also, we must include the constraint that links current, size and inversion level on any transistor, ID 1 W =1 (12) 2 nf2 µCox L if T and equation (8), the posynomial equality constraint that links (gm/ID)and if , which we will substitute by the inequality constraint (9) to form the relaxed GP.

if we solve the relaxed geometric program with only constraint (9) in it, it is reasonable to assume that the optimization problem will always .nd its solution with the largest (gm/ID) ratio posible, since those Figure 3: Common-source ampli.er circuit.


In arbitration cycle 1, input 15 wins C1,4 on the L1 local switch.

input 20 is the only requester from L2, thus it always wins the local arbitration on its layer for C2,4.


We can therefore reasonably assume that vb,i contains similar variation information of the system as channel length, so that the high order components in equation (10) can be discarded.

we then perform the initial clustering to group the gates with statistically similar body bias voltage distribution [8].


As the widthof the RFID yarnwas3mm, it was not possible to carry out weaving on a conventional loom.

recently massively distributed RFID tags are being used in location aware system by attaching RFID reader to mobile robot oraperson.


the .nal shape of pin A1 is updated in (e).


Negative numbers can be thought of as switching the roles of A and B.

the price is false constraints, but correctness is maintained.


When the output of the logic gate makes a 0 to 1 transition, a current comes from the supply and charges the output capacitance.

4 demonstrates that for both events all the internal node capacitances and one of the balanced output nodes are discharged.


This is due to a notable signal delay between port voltage and voltages at the switching transistors.

to avoid 3D LUTs or further VCQs, these port charges of signal pins are modeled as functions of Vi and Vo only.


Whole chip failures are tolerated by chipkill memory and RAID-M [9, 12], and partial failures are tolerated with schemes that map out faulty locations [7, 16, 22].

first, we want to show that our reliable microprocessor can quickly and correctly detect and diagnose hard faults, even in the presence of transient faults.


1 ),b s 2 }, metric placement of the symmetry group S modules.

to convert the symmetric placement from 1D symmetry to 2D symmetry, the representative of each symmetry pair and self-symmetry module should be redetermined and the ASF-B*tree is rebuilt.


When dust is present, the light is refracted by particles and the amount of scattered light is detected.

(a) (b)  Figure 15: Comparison of 24 h-means for P M10 before (a) and after (b) applying the on-the-.y calibration.


This work shows that random placement (i.e., electro-chemical attachment by functionalizing the ends of the tubes and having them migrate to lattice sites [7]) is sufficient to guarantee that a large fraction of computational nodes will be interconnected in a dense network.


[4] K. Taki, A Survey for Pass-Transistor Logic Technologies," ASPDAC-98, pp.

printouts of this file are unaffected by this problem.


A multi-point approach is used to find the best matching in different positions of a SA, not only at the center, as the DS algorithm does.

the high cost in processing time prevents its use for large SAs, especially necessary for high-resolution videos, as the number of CBs increases exponentially with the expansion of the SA.


Alternatively, an aggressive con.guration of the PC/DC prefetcher, one that also prefetches on cache hits and uses a larger prefetch depth, could greatly reduce the number of misses incurred by the loop.

these CBWSs are used to compute the differentials for the current CBWS and its four predecessors.


Thepreviousreasonresultsinthemodi.cationofthecachecontroller in order to keep the MRU block always in the static cells of themacrocell.

other research works have concentrated on the design on new DRAM cells to reduce leakage dissipation.


For a 1-row window containing n cells and m empty sites, the size of the solution space for detailed placement is: (n + m)!

a much larger number of constraints must be added to the model to make sure cells do not overlap.


It does this by generating multi-threaded testcases.

by joint we mean that all threads make the same decision, while keeping the decision random.


Using RBB values larger than this value causes the junction leakage current to increase and overall leakage power to go up.

[2] Borkar, S., Parameter Variations and Impact on Circuits & Microarchitecture , C2S2 MARCO review, March 2003.


The user design then reads the state data by sending frame addresses, i.e., the addresses of the con.guration memory, to the con.guration port and sampling the returned data.

register Transfer Level (RTL) simulation is the most common method for verifying hardware design functionality.


3 can also be inferred that the natural frequency of the loop s oscillations should the phase/gain margins drop to 0 is expected to be between 2.4 MHz (0db gain crossover frequency) and 3.5 MHz (180 degrees phase lag).

node Stability Peak Natural Frequency, Hz Loop at 3.3 MHz Output 28.884067 3.16E+06 net052 28.884063 3.16E+06 net136 28.884748 3.16E+06 net138 27.522194 3.16E+06 net99 27.086771 3.31E+06 Loop at 36.3 MHz net066 0.948229 3.63E+07 Loop at 47.9 MHz net81 5.334409 4.79E+07 net17 0.504486 4.68E+07 net056 4.608340 4.79E+07 Loop at 51.3 MHz net013 5.063032 4.90E+07 net57 4.485003 5.01E+07 net16 0.252345 5.01E+07 net75 5.072788 4.90E+07 net019 0.232893 5.13E+07 the suggested method of using the stability plot to analyze circuit s stability without breaking the main feedback loop proved also very useful in identifying local feedback loops which may require compensation as well.


[12] C. Su and K. Hwang, A Serial Scan Test Vector Compression Methodology ,in ITC, pp.

this implementation exploits all the possibilities of compression ratios and is expected to obtain a maximum time reduction as discussed.


only limited information and are time consuming [1].

framework may not be applicable for IVR system which are used for collecting information like IVR based survey.


The global constraints obtained can be used to simplify the problem instance and prune the search space of the SAT solver.

computation of indirect implications involves extensive use of contra-positive * supported in part by NSF Grant 0196470, 0305881, 0417340, and SRC Grant 2005-TJ-1359.001 Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


In our case, cache misses can take a long time to complete.


In each period we have an instance of the scheduling problem discussed in the previous section, with the same makespan constraints but with possibly different starting temperatures.

when popt is 0, all static-orders have the same makespan and peak temperature.


The network survivability formulation ignores the non-uniform sink distribution and hence the effect of differential loading on buffer delays.

during mesh optimization, we make sure that no two removed mesh segments are at a distance of N nodes from each other.


Hence, we use the Versatile Place and Route (VPR) tool (FPGA placement and routing tool) [Betz 97] to place and route 20 largest MCNC benchmark circuits [Yang 91] and 3 relatively large (>10k LUTs) circuits from QUIP benchmark design set [Altera QUIP, Pistorius 07].

4.1 is the total capacitance Vs GND of a NEM relay.


This requires the model to keep track of outstanding transactions, and reevaluate decisions if they were overly optimistic, requiring a higher e.ort from the model developer.

when a master requests a user transaction, the earliest .nish time for this transfer is calculated and the master waits until that time.


For example, in Figure 9, the inputs of the gate 5 depends on A, B, C and D. Some of these vertices may also share subpaths when reaching the inputs of gate 5.

1.0 (Value is less than equal to Time t) Time t 0.0 Figure 2 Arrival times are modeled as Cumulative Probability Density Functions (CDFs).


Generation of permutations by adjacent transposition (in Technical Notes and Short Papers).

successive simpli.cation steps produce programs that are less and less likely to be equal even if the original programs are equal.


The search operation can be better understood by considering Figure 1; each memristor is fully biased to its required state (RON or ROFF).

if the state of the TCAM cell is matched with the searched data (i.e.


To confirm this belief, examine results from PAPI in Figure 7.

if the translator stops translating at the branch and it is not highly biased, extra instructions will be needed along the fall-through path to link the branch s fall-through to the fragment for not taken code.


This transformation of the coordinate system is not absolutely required, but is cheap and will make subsequent steps of the algorithm clearer and more understandable.

in this case as well, .= 0, for 0 j=1 j j 1 =j =n.


The inability of industrial timing veri.cation tools to identify false paths was slightly mitigated by allowing the designer to tag known false paths, to be ignored during timing veri.cation.

the value of this variable will be computed by adding the arrival time value at the input pin to the proper delay value, chosen according to the logic value variables of the input and output pins.


After the enable signal is set by the HPI, the corresponding DSP-thread will start incrementing the PC and execute the initialization code segments like a bootstrape to set up for task execution.

in our simulations, our approach can improve the overall performance of a dual-core platform by 57%.


This scheme overcomes a potential drawback of the other two schemes: the need to re-broadcast the tag of a remapped register.

in addition to the normal broadcast for instruction wakeup, a re-broadcast is still necessary when a physical register is remapped.


Hyp mode targets running a standalone hypervisor underneath the OS kernel, and was not designed to work well with a hosted hypervisor design, where the hypervisor is integrated with a host kernel.

virtio drivers were used in the guest VMs on both ARM and x86.


Here we present an example to show the image processing ability of TPL-CNNs: we use a TPL-CNN to detect an image edge.


2b-3) Oldest-.rst: Ready commands from older requests over those from younger requests.

14This metric is the inverse of the fairness metric proposed in [7].


Besides, the circuits like PLLs and DLLs have been considered strongly nonlinear [13] since indeed they are when viewed from the voltage perspective.

the differential equations of the approximate delay model can be directly expressed in Verilog-A language.


E (4) where T is the clock period that we want to check whether it is achievable.

the speedup is less (may even be less than one) for larger circuits.


.. =[.. ..×..1 1 , ..1 ..×..2 ,...,.. ..×....-1 ..-1 , ....-1 ..×.... ], (8) This lemma indicates that if the number of inputs is identical to the number of outputs (i.e., .. = ..),which is the 684 Note that every diagonal block entry in (11) and (12) is a .... ×.... square matrix,thus .. and .... are both (..1 + ..2 + ... + ....) ×(..1 + ..2 + ... + ....) square matrices.

they both satisfy the condition that .... = .... for ..<.. but more data are utilized for the latter.


In order for this to happen, four things have to be ensured: x Content confidentiality Since secure memory is an extremely scarce and costly resource in a mobile terminal, DCFs do not get stored in clear.

this has been done deliberately since the standard provides the possibility to use other algorithms than the ones that are pre-defined.


Leakage currents of two-input NAND gate Input Leakage (pA) Leakage (pA) for high-Vt For low-Vt 1 As to synthesis, the work uses the Stelling s technique in [8] which produces timing-optimal arithmetic FA/HA-tree structure without considering interconnect delay.

this does not mean that our power reduction approach heavily relies on the timing-driven synthesis and placement.


But the method in [10] minimize the used pin count instead.


The weights pi are implemented (ith by a set of non-overlapping pulses fi element of Fv)of period T and duty cycle pi.


The values of uncorrelated parameters in the original circuit cannot be accurately replicated in the test structures: these values may change from one device to the next, and therefore, their values in a test structure cannot perfectly capture their values in the original circuit.

any such strategy is naturally limited to spatially correlated parameters.


During the voltage glitch Vout increases from VDDB to VDDmax .

a large VDDmax results in a high Vgs,9 hence a low value of VE¯= Vgs,2.


This suggests that up to 20 nodes, the CAD tools are able to leverage the global routing resources to facilitate fully connected topologies.

furthermore, it can also be used by designers for topology design space exploration before implementation.


It is also assumed that the sign of the constant can be adjusted at some part of the design and the shifting operation has no cost in hardware due to the bit-parallel processing.

the complexity of an MCM operation can be further reduced by sharing partial products among the constant multiplications.


To achieve the first one, a large grain TMR can be used to minimize the number of connections between the redundant domains.

the LUT utilization rate is now 3 times smaller.


A large number of studies regarding comfort have been conducted in scientific literatures [11].

the baby mannequin weights 2000 grams and represents an almost full-grown baby.


In section 5, we show the flow of our algorithm with FPGA placement.

so, even when an FF with non-zero skew cannot be retimed, because of other constraints, for example the skew is not big enough to retime across blocks, it can be still retimed across the interconnect.


We also provide future vision of scent mapping by fragrance-encapsulated soap bubble with projection mapping.

we de.ne the requirements of FRAGWRAP as the following:  Adding a chemical, which is the source of scent, to a real object  Adding visual information which relates to the scent of chemicals  To achieve these requirements, we focused on soap bubble.


With the repeaters, there is only a nominal in- crease in delay and it is approximately a linear function of the number of inputs.

fig 6 shows the static I-V plot with the hold circuit and it can be seen that the load on the signal driver is nominal.


We assume the profiling circuit operates at the same (or lower) clock frequency than the bus being monitored.

the additional code may also cause register spills, thus further modifying program behavior.


Our results also illustrate the relative benefits from individual solutions.

we address this by having the VMC consider the real utilization instead of the apparent utilization.


Moreover, the number of dummies inserted by our algorithm is on average only 19% of that inserted by CDFm.

the gradient-driven dummy-metal insertion problem can be de.ned as follows.


All these results are tabulated in Table 1.

consistency of algorithm still holds for time varying inputs.


B. Residue Number System (RNS) An RNS is de.ned by a set of L positive integer moduli {m1,m2, ..., mL}, which are pairwise relatively prime.

this results in potentially smaller initial {UDS} as well as potentially larger choice of decompositions.


In the gate (metal or polysilicon) and in the substrate the electron-hole pairs quickly disappear, since these are conducting materials of low resistance.

the first technique is based on the use of guard rings to shield critical parts of the circuit.


end Algorithm 1 presents the implementation of BULB algorithm in a recursive way.


Of course, this method is exponential in its run time complexity with circuit size and is not useful as a practical solution.

consider the set of k predecessor nodes np,i of node n, with fanin subgraphs GS,i, and the intersection graph GI ={NI,EI} consisting of the union of edges and nodes shared by two or more subgraphs, excluding the source node ns.


This example shows that for two consecutive coarsegrained intervals of different phases, the prediction results tend to be inaccurate if the .ne-grained phase behavior in one coarsegrained phase is predicated based on the execution history in the previous one.

for the .ne-grained phase analysis, such as LV or Mkov, we also use the same partition method.


One bridge model was developed and used to connect two shared buses.

the causes of the estimation error are as follows.


ACM Multimedia Workshop Marina Del Rey CA USA Copyright ACM 2000 1-58113-311-I/00/11 ...$5.00 Broadband Environment for Personalized TV Experience (IBEX)"[5] aiming at an actual service operation, succeeding our previous service-oriented demonstration for TV-Anytime Forum[6] at NAB2000.

3.2.2 Metadata Description Metadata description is instance of metadata conformable to metadata schemas.


if the selected request is not ready, i.e., the target DRAM bank is busy, then we check the CPU request buffer to see if there is any un-tried request in the current cycle (step #4).


For that data, we can use the GMDT state to reduce the messages, as discussed in Section 3.2.1.

as for false dependences, all three kinds manifest themselves more abundantly.


We now give a brief overview of some representative work in the area.

for many queries optimizations that enable us to avoid this worst case are possible.


However, it requires integer functional units, which are more e.cient in both area and performance (Figure 3).

in fact, the key to our design is a cross-cutting 0.3 approach that has resulted in novel optimizations at every level, from the theory and algorithms to the arithmetic and placement.


Perimeter-degree of these two regions seamlessly captures routing supply demand variation at the periphery of these regions.

4.3 A COMBINED METHOD It is also possible to inflate both cells and clusters.


All these considerations give rise to an interesting trade-off dimension.

there are 3units of slack available in the system.


This paper shows that eliminating some of the [10] H. S. Wang, L. S. Peh, and S. Malik, Power-driven Design bu.ers in the router and using adaptive link bu.ers saves an of Router Microarchitectures in On-chip Networks, in appreciable amount of power and area, without signi.cant Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Microarchitecture, Washington DC, USA, degradation in the throughput or latency.

we can overcome the credit turn-around time without having to sacri.ce throughput in iDEAL.


Recent research projects dealing with IT in health care have focused on howIT in various ways can facilitate and support improvements of communication and collaboration between participants such as caregivers, the elderly and the disabled [1].

currently, no satisfactory tools exist to assist in making the right decision, no visualizations are brought to assist in these healthcare collaborations.


A VLIW architecture description template constituting a large variety of instructions is the starting point of semiretargeting.

the facts are as follows: (1) Micro-pro.ler tends to over-estimate the cost of instructions since its optimizations are not as strong as those of MIPS-GCC, as canbe observed in Figure 6.(a).


Most devices for security applications remain single die solutions.

the fully-invasive backside circuit edit targeted the fuse bits of the Atmel AT-Mega328P.


Given an unbound netlist of base gates, all the nets belong to the set N = {n1, ,nN}.

it was also demonstrated that there exists a range for the factor K , where by including the wire cost into the technology mapping cost function and controlling its impact with respect to the other synthesis optimization objectives, it is possible to synthesize structurally less congested netlists within fixed floorplan constraints.


The sensitivity analysis is performed for both sizing directions (i.e.

computation of effective yield in each frequency bin needs to be modified based on the nature of the distribution.


PVT variations have di.erent space and time span that provides unique opportunity to cancel/mitigate their circuit impact delay variation.

prior schemes are dedicated to tolerating PVT variations individually, but ignore the opportunity for leveraging the complementary e.ects between these variations.


In 22nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 1995.

to ensure that the generated layout is top- heavy, we assume that every cache-line except those be- longing to the first l/I" of cache, where T is the maximum number of threads, offer a constant bias-resistance to all the code-blocks mapped to that line.


This places DRAM s retention time as a limit for how long it takes to complete memory encryption after power down.


Transient fault detection via simultaneous multithreading.

a difference indicates a transient fault occurred in the pipeline.


[7] Best, R. M.: Microprocessor for Executing Enciphered programs, U.S. Patent No.

one investigation proposed is to add a compression step preceding the ciphering step and eventually merge both on the same core.


The k consecutive moves are then committed, and the performance yield or power yield are evaluated (Line 5-6).

intuitively, it should be a better choice than adder 2.


This kind of descriptions is classi.ed behaviorally combinational, since a given input vector produces a response in the same time frame, thus behaving as a combinational circuit.

in order to build the automaton it is necessary to identify the next high-level state for each error-free and erroneous high level state.


This Spice deck is sufficient to simulate the timing path.

this object contains all the information on the path through the circuit for which the Spice deck shall be written out.


In the first half of the clock, the C-Element prevents the rising edge of Ai.

table 1 shows the speed of the original circuit and separated LSIs for Xilinx Virtex xcv50.


A year ago, a letter in the journal Nature, presented that memristors can naturally execute the material implication operation, and inherently provides logic-in-memory [3].

this is an appropriate example considering it involves combinatorial and sequential operators.


The measured average VDDmin of inverter RO s increased from 90 mV to 343 mV when the number of RO stages increased from 11 to 1Mega, which indicates the difficulty of the VDD scaling in the large scale subthreshold logic circuits.

the simulations of 1 2 3 n-1 n n = Odd number (a) 10  C2(VGS -VTH ) -C3VDS I =Ce (1-e ) (1) D 1 ID is the drain current, VGS is the gate-to-source voltage and VDS is the drain-to-source voltage.


Sizing without considering this effect may result in significant imbalance in the rise and fall delay which degrades the performance, power consumption and the functional yield of the design.

in Section III the impact of INWE on sub-threshold device sizing including the stack sizing and PN width ratio sizing is discussed.


Twice the frequency comes from the fact that the launch and capture registers are clocked on opposite clock edges.

from these computed delays, the delay of any path can be calculated.


Power noticeably increases when two more copies of cpu int are started and a new core is used.

the analytical model includes L2 store misses to improve accuracy.


Since the circle R0 contains only one entry a22, a22 is not paired.

the remaining unit capacitors can form (k-1)/2 and (l-1)/2 pairs.


4: An SDM router using the 2-stage Clos switch connect a new I/O pair [17].

it is connected to a local processing element and four neighbouring routers.


Assuming that the parallel section has enough parallelism, we can increase the number of Throughput cores to make up for the power saved by DVSAM-Pow.

the aging work most closely related to ours is Facelift [34].


While this pipeline is simple, real switches just perform more such operations, not more complicated ones.

these blocks store descriptors that de.ne how to edit the headers (e.g., how many MPLS labels to add).


We also include the descriptor bin values of the current frames.

table 4 shows the averaged correlation coe.cient scores (average of correlation coe.cients evaluated over each sequence) for both sub-challenges (frame level FCSC and word level WLSC) on development and test sets.


of EE Technical Report UWEETR-2002-0018, 2002.

unfortunately, while this may work for low and mid-criticality links, this will not perform well for high criticality segments.


The registers assigned to a[k]would not be used effectively since the execution of the operation would need to stall until the values corresponding to b[k][ ]would be retrieved from RAM.

[9] propose a spill minimizing register allocation algorithm for embedded code generation.


When an evaluation is triggered, the controller stores the values generated by the microkernel, computing the current communication pipe occupation and CPU utilization.

(2) Consumer as slowest task and producer as fastest.


DRAMs no longer send data strobes along with data, which raises two new issues.

because such circuitry determines wake-up latency in today s DRAMs, the system is capable of much faster power mode transitions.


Cost = Ftree +(w -1) ×Cb1 (4) From (3), we see that Ftree is always smallest for a 1-level tree.

rELATED WORK HLS tool support for applications with memory references can be classi.ed into the following four broad categories: 1.


In Proceed [5] A. Chandrakasan, W. J. Bowhill, and F. Fox.

we can think of it as the temperature of the subarray: subarrays with a high access frequency (or high temperature) are hot.


In this work, we interpret the variability in wcet as coming from the re-execution scheme, as shown in (1).

the proposed technique enables the automatic and systematic exploration of this complex decision problem, and without proper quanti.cation of the e.ect of the task dropping, it is not trivial to make the decision.


While a few attempts have been made to perform hardware power estimation at the behavioral level [16, 17, 18], their accuracy is limited due to the lack of structural circuit information in behavioral descriptions.

we must carefully consider the con.icting trends imposed by the multiplexer and adder costs of a generic power model, while performing clustering.


Moreover, compared to bu.er insertion with single Vdd bu.ers, dual-Vdd bu.ers reduce power by 23% at the minimum delay speci.cation.

(a) has to go across a wide blockage and therefore has to rely on running a long high Vdd net.


These two problems become exacerbated when persistent applications run together with non-persistent ones, a scenario where both reads and persistent writes are frequently present in the memory request buffer.

optimizing the performance of writes is not as critical to performance in many workloads as the write queues are large enough for such read-intensive applications.


The location is computed on the cloud server with the CTN technique, wherein the preliminary acquisition results are combined with a known location of a nearby object (e.g., the cell tower in case of a phone).

our idea is to exploit the underlying information sparsity in the signal model to design a simpler acquisition scheme that supports ef.cient compression, and later recovery.


RETR consists of counting erroneous reads over the total (correct and faulty) read attempts of a specific reader.

sERFID can simulate the EPC C1G2 standard for the UHF tagreader communication and also allows a realistic bit error injection in their RF channel.


, yini ); ni denotes the number of elements in each pyi and the variables may be real or integer valued.

with a convex variable, the number reduces to dn-1 .


These types of test compression systems, typically consisting of a continuous-flow decompressor and an output response compactor, have been proven to provide high levels of test data compression as long as all logic values in the output response data contain only known values.


At the beginning of every epoch, the lifetime manager makes a decision on whether to enable or disable each lifetime-enhancement scheme by using the information collected from previous epochs.

a signi.cant reduction in the number of program/erase (P/E) cycles with newer process generations is emerging as one of the main obstacles to the wider adoption of NAND .ash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) in various computing environments.


Because applying SINO within each region after global routing does not change the wire length, iSINO has the same wire length as ID+NO.

we set a=2, ß=1, and .=50 in this paper.


for this workload, the mesh topologies are ticularly deep queues on this workload.


When the partial .ush occurs the SFC marks every byte that is valid as corrupt, including the SFC entry corresponding to the bytes of address B000.

12 Proceedings of the 38th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO 05) 0-7695-2440-0/05 $20.00 &#169; 2005 IEEE


Determining Link Criticality Clearly, if we would like to obtain high quality timing results, we cannot use criticality information gleaned from previous routing iterations to guide future exploration.

the majority of systems do not have the extremely predictable routing characteristics of the RaPiD architecture and we expect more conventional pipelined FPGAs to be more sensitive to the number of assumed criticality searches.


5, the timing yield before the move is p(Tf1<Tclk),where Tf1 is the delay of the single cycle function unit.

scheduling assigns each operation (such as add and multiply) in a CDFG to one or more clock cycles (or control steps).


Concurrent threads is an unexplored option for these designs.

research showed an average of 50-80 clock cycles per memory accesses, and most all memory request were completed within 128 cycles.


Experience with Modeling and Simulations in Education and in Hardware Implementation for Research Ned Mohan University of Minnesota mohan@umn.edu ABSTRACT This paper illustrates the bene.ts of modeling and simulations in education and in implementing hardware to conduct research projects that lead to creativity.

research and education are both coupled to creativity which doesn t happen in vacuum.


In the example above, it is possible that the generator, in an attempt to create interdependency in the execution pipelines, uses register R1 because this register is currently in use in the execution pipeline.

figure 1: Generating write-read dependency with late-binding .ag set during simulation is handled in the following way: 1.


250 150   VDDmin (mV) VOUT (mV) 100 : Simulation : Model 10-stage spn100-stage1 sspn==1.5 1k-stage pn=0.4 1.0 0k-stage defined in (20) in 65nm process.

11-stage by fitting the calculated VDDmin to the measured VDDmin of the inverter chain.


the contribution of the bits left of the binary point, i.e., ones in the accurate part (AP), is not approximated.


In addition, the plot indicates only a 3.0% increase in hop count compared to optimal routes.

bLINC maintains a deadlock-free network connectivity at all times, if at all possible.


Hold Features Since audio pause duration has proven to be an effective feature in spoken SU detection [32], one might expect that the gestural correlate of a pause, namely a Hold would be highly informative.

we believe that the combination of these three sources should improve the overall accuracy of the system relative to each source alone or in pairwise combinations.


Thirdly, the placer must be deterministic.

for example, if a small net counts towards a bounding box cost but a clock net does not, only the former will be tracked by the dependency checker.


We found using the hybrid net Algorithm 2: Re-Warping stagemodel did not improve the runtime.

many efficient algorithms ([5,6,10,11]) have been proposed, emphasizing various improvements in wirelength, timing, or scalability.


Bottom nets and top nets are labeled according to the order of .ngers from the left to the right as b1,b2,b3,...and t1,t2,t3,..., respectively.

depending on the relationship between bottom net b and left net l, there are cases such that it is decided that R(l)is to the rightof R(b)or R(b) is above R(l) in any monotonic routing pattern.


Here, by means of extrapolation, we .ll the missing values of the non-speech regions before .ltering, thus the particle .lter uses the extrapolated values as if they are the current measurements (regression outputs).

the objective is to estimate xt recursively using the measurements zt = ht(xt, nt) (3) where nt is an i.i.d.


Hence, these optical I/Os will be arranged in arrays.

wavelengths in the millimeter and sub-millimeter range allow the realization of very compact high-gain antenna structures on several board nodes.


The method is presented for tree-shaped patterns but can be extended to directed acyclic graphs (DAGs).

it is skipped and the left operand is checked, which is not NULL because it is connected to the output of the shift operation.


Delayed.stochastic.decoding.of LDPC codes, .IEEE Tran.

we show by an example, that in the SC case, this overhead is minimal.


Figure 4 illustrates the transient waveform of voltage at TSV in the CDM-ESD simulation when VCDM is 2,000V.

iNTRODUCTION During the fabrication process of 3D-ICs, a thinned wafer (or die) containing the Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) is bonded with another wafer (or die) (Figure 1).


But as we serialize the data bus, the coupling capacitances between the data bus lines decreases.

the power dissipation for various bus line configurations is given in Table I.


Considering all the faults in F (gj ), we de.ne nmin(gj ) =min{n min(gj ,f i ):f i .F (gj )}.

for 0 =k< K ,if f i is detected by Tk fewer than n times, and T (f i ) contains tests that are not included in Tk (i.e., T (f i )-Tk .f), Procedure 1 selects a test randomly out of T (f i )-Tk , and adds it to Tk .


Firstly, as M increases, there is more chance of generating a bigger antichain and secondly, the algorithm is likely to diverge further from the optimal chain decomposition with more events.

in 20th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC-00), pages 72 80.


Keywords: Timing Optimization, Logic Replication, Placement, Programmable Logic.

over multiple iterations more paths can be sped up and the clock period reduced.


It is different from other methods because it represents also a network simulation tool.

[2] Lijing Ding and Rafik A. Goubran Assessment of Effects ofPacket Loss on Speech Quality in VoIP Audio and Visual Environments and Their Applications, 2003.


In technology nodes below 130nm, the number of new design rules increased considerably due to lithography issues.

transistor level automatic layout generator for non-complementary cmos cells.


Guassian elimination is performed to find the s = b 2 mod n. We refer the reader to Silverman's work for further details [16].

one motivation for factoring large numbers is to forewarn the RSA committee (and their customers) of the risks of a cryptosystem being compromised.


I. INT RODUC T I ON Applications from different domains that make use of diskresident data are increasing in both size of the data they manipulate and code complexity.

(1) We use an ILP formulation to .nd the optimal execution strategy for the given program P. We assume that the program Paccesses m subarrays and consists of n loop nests.


Our circuit-level design adapts PRAM programming currents based on device variability statistics.

no write back to PRAM cell is needed after a read operation.


We believe that the reason for this behavior is related to the fact that the .oating point unit (FPU) occupies a bigger area than other structures.

in this section, because of space constraints, we use a subset of SPEC CPU2006 with distinct representative behavior (e.g., integer/.oating point, high/low IPC, high/low memory access count, etc.).


Such a high electric field creates electronhole pairs.

this observation can potentially be used to devise error protection or correction mechanisms that have varying strength based on cell value and location.


With this setting, the general shapes of the buses in the original routings can be retained, but the upper bound of the minimum width of meander segments wt in Algorithm 1 can rarely exceed 3 due to the limited free space, so that we set wt = 3 for most test cases.

it is very common that a group of wires has free spaces at both sides of it.


In IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, pages 22 23, Jun.

inorder to make the overall e.ciency higher, the input voltage should be low and may push some LDOs in high-voltage domain towards dropout region.


We have found a stack of depth 16 works well.

after doing so, the preconstruction mechanism fetches static instructions from the predicted future region of the program, and constructs a set of traces in advance of when they are needed.


In recent past the technique of scaling the transistor W/L ratio, also known as gate sizing, has emerged as one of the convincing technique for combating these uncertainty due .ckle fabrication processes.


Besides the latency overhead, the storage overhead of more ECC check bits is another obstacle to using strong codes for on-chip caches.

[32] proposed a software mechanism that allocates DRAM pages with longer retention time before allocating pages with shorter retention time, and then chooses a refresh period that is determined only by the populated pages instead of the entire DRAM.


When a WISP tag is read by a RFID reader, the reader sees a tag with the WISP s accelerometer readings encoded in part of the tag s unique identifier.

this did not give us sufficiently positive results.


The method is aimed at maximizing the accuracy of full thermal characterization of the whole region as will be veri.ed in the experimental results section.

the main idea of [15] is to regard the spatial temperature as a space-varying signal and to utilize the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theory to devise methods that can reconstruct the full thermal status from the measurements of the thermal sensors.


This interconnect related impact can seriously harm the analog / RF performance.

in Figure 3 measurements of the transfer from the substrate to the NMOS output are compared to simulations.


The availability is {S4,S5} for the successful node c1, {S5}for node c2 and {S4} for node c3.

the schedule in Figure 1c is not capable of tolerating permanent faults on n1, since the slack slots S21 and S22 are not large enough to accommodate A and B.