Notably though, the notion that these two attacks (malware and a form of shoulder sur.ng) represent the full spectrum of threats that the system could face is for several reasons debatable.

by assuming these two as the only threats, researchers in this area appear to disregard the following two attributes of a touch biometrics system: 1) Users behavioral biometrics patterns exhibit a great deal of intra-user variability and overlap across a large population, implying that for certain types of users (see [30][23] for examples of biometric user categories), statistics extracted from a large population database could be used to create forgeries that signi.cantly increase error rates (e.g., see [8][26]).


Let Iv = {i1, ..., ir},where r<n, denote the set of indexes of the r target state variables chosen by the attacker.

(the attacker has chosen xi1 ,xi2 , ..., xir to compromise.)


What is more, in favor of users convenience, current web applications maintain authentication state, usually in the form of HTTP cookies, for each established session, which can be destroyed only if the user is explicitly logged o. or decides to erase the browser cache.

like the user is not prompted for his password for every HTTP re quest the browser makes when rendering a site, he won t be interrupted when a service he is already logged in is in volved as a vouching party in SAuth.


We de.ne the resistance <E to an attack against P by <E (n)= E(U|Va) , where a is an optimal attack of length n with respect to E. We now formally justify the intuition that more attack steps lead to less uncertainty about the key.

we prove that <E decreases monotonously.


Moreover, the TVD infrastructure contains the security kernel and the physical components on which the VMs rely to enforce the policy.

the main security features of TVDs and the TVD infrastructure are: Isolated compartments.


Here, we discuss some software techniques used in Spring Security that are relevant to our implementation of the enforcement mechanism for ABAC policies.


There were several preventative measures that were taken to ensure Principle 1.

when a bot contacted our server, we always replied with an okn messageandnever sentitanewcon.guration .le.


In our reduction, each element in S is mapped to a permission in P and each subset Si is mapped to a user ui.

if the subset Si contains an element, then ui is authorized for the permission corresponding to the element.


We require that the infrastructure that labels data is not compromised.

we assume that private data will be tagged and tagged correctly.


However, generic constructions for ZK protocols use Karp reductions to NP-complete languages and are therefore too impractical to be used in practice.

so far there has been no practical solution to problems that do not exhibit an algebraic structure.


In our protection model, we also require manual identity mapping when a user accesses a resource that has been shared to an SCS.

manual identity mapping predicates access to shared resources.


With little performance overhead, our approach has fewer false positives and fewer false negatives than previous work.

we catch attacks using vprintf and we do not forbid the %n format speci.er in non-static format strings.


This is a standard defining all aspects of Radio Frequency Wireless networking.

the 802.11b protocol was selected for use at ASU West because of its ubiquity and affordability.


It is challenging for tenants, however, to .nd out what security mechanisms cloud providers have in place [91].

platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) clouds, such as Google App Engine [36] or OpenShift [62], hide internal deployment details [18], giving tenants no visibility into the PaaS platform on which to anchor their trust.


The value of i. is therefore hidden by adding ißj to it.


We show that such an energy attack can be implemented by embedding an ultra-small hardware Trojan trigger to the integrated circuit (IC) of the system, which hides in the circuit and results in huge energy increase on the device.

we for the .rst time develop and demonstrate two types of hardware energy attacks by manipulating the input vectors and biasing the power supply, respectively.


It applies the principle of diversity [28][29] and integrity protection techniques.

we install two different forms of programs with the same function, e.g., different kinds of web browsers.


For instance, RegExes are used for representing programming language tokens in compilers or constraint formulation for DNA multiple sequence alignment.

nIDPSs Bro [1] and Snort [2] and Linux Application Level Packet Classi.er (L7 .lter) [20] use RegExes to represent attack signatures or packet classi.ers.


Then for each i = 1 to K we ran Wilcoxon Man-Whitney statistic test on the randomly generated partitions.

each feature s item had .ve unique statistic tests producing .ve p-values for each feature s item.


Second, the signature check in Step 8 ensures that the access token used to retrieve the user ID is granted to the same relying party.

the user is using this access token to sign onto the same relying party.


Basically, we monitor the inbound SMTP tra.c .rst, then apply the rule of packet symmetry for detecting the spam laundry path inside the customer network.

dBSpam focuses on the clock-wise reply packet .ow as shown in Figure 1, instead of the counter-clock-wise command packet .ow, for connection correlation detection.


The strict path linking rules forbid the presence of null We now prove that if Linki is added to Pathi after satcross links.

two domains can interoperate only isfying all the above rules then the new path Pathi+1 = Pathi||Linki does not violate the strict path property and principles of security and autonomy.


We term these as intra-origin data control abstractions.

we advocate that web browsers provide these controls as .rst-class abstractions on the web, independently of strengthening the browser s origin-based isolation.


With ubiquitous computing, intelligence will be embedded in environmental and daily life items so as to support a variety of applications based on person-to-person, person-to-machine, machine-to-person, and machine-to-machine interactions.

ioT in e-health applications are the edge component of a fully connected clinical system, where patients individually carry their Body Area Networks (BANs).


less than 3 errors out of 31 answers), the user should still be viewed as passing authentication.

it requires the desired protocol to be able to tolerate errors to some extent.


Integrity protection, such as a MAC, is required to allow use of short values of the done pre.x (de.ned below) without leaving ambiguity as to whether the secret has been properly recovered, and to ensure that A cannot attack the system by creating shares which appear to recover di.erent secrets depending on how B satis.es the policy.

the integrity protection must ensure that A cannot .nd two secrets s1 and s2 which both provide valid decryptions of a ciphertext.


The malleability property of our bounded vector signatures, however, allows the signers to sign di.erent vectors.

the combiner receives t partial signatures on di.erent vectors, applies the stretch operation to those signed vectors until all of them are the same, and then combines them as before.


We, along with several other large organizations, have asked Microsoft to implement this feature.

we would like to have dynamic binding to a security group per the level of assurance at time of authentication.


The specialization exists within a project management degree program.

the program is designed to produce professionals that can provide enterprise security evaluation and assessment.


This approach allows context information to be processed by a relatively powerful central domain controller while individual terminals need only know how to join and leave a domain and perform a few relative basic cryptographic functions.

sophisticated contextaware constraints can be supported using legacy terminals that do not otherwise support such constraints.


Our analysis shows that the reduction function used in XACML v3, which projects the Indeterminate extended set to a single Indeterminate value, may result in an unnecessary loss of accuracy, which a.ects the .nal access decision.

this reduction is not safe with respect to permit-overrides and deny-overrides.


Note, in addition, that by the obliviousness de.nition in the OS model, it does not matter how many accesses Alice makes to the solution, B(N), provided that her number of accesses are not self-revealing of her data items themselves.2  5.

mISS-TOLERANCE An important functionality that is lacking from the squareroot solution is that it does not allow for accesses to items that are not in the set S. it is a miss-intolerant OS solution.


Application-level privilege di~ers from other kinds of priv- ilege in that (a) it is not part of the environment but is cre- ated specifically to defend an application (b) it uses cryp-tographic techniques (which will be described later) (c) it does not subsume any of the other kinds of privilege and it is not not subsumed by any of them.

gaining domain administrator ('~root") privilege does not guaran-tee application-level privilege; this will be explained shortly.


A major consideration is the performance of our system; while our implementation serves as a proof of concept, none of our code was written with performance in mind, so there is much room for speedup.

we assume a signi.cant reduction in overhead could be achieved by a sparse labeling semantics similar to Austin and Flanagan [3], whose prelim inary experiments suggest a 50% overhead reduction.


In this mode a user authenticates to the Science Gateway and then the Science Gateway authenticates independently to the compute resource, with no information passed regarding the user from the Science Gateway to the compute resource.

the compute resource trusts the Science Gateway to authenticate and authorize the user without any information regarding its decision.


Although this new de.nition is not as strong as the eCK security de.nition [12], we maintain that a reductionist security proof that a protocol satis.es De.nition 2 can provide meaningful practical assurances.

de.nition 2 captures all elements of the Canetti-Krawczyk de.nition [7], which has been accepted as a strong de.nition (see [8]).


Moreover, in a world of self-interested mix administrators, it is not clear that lengthening the mix chain, the typical defense against outright compromises, will be e.ective.

without some means of discouraging mix administrators from selling input-to-output message correspondences, it is conceivable that entire mix chains could be bought out or otherwise coerced.


Whereas WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy protocol) and WPA 1.0 (Wi-Fi Protected Access) [1] use a single shared secret key, DRKH utilizes the full key space (four keys) allowed by the 802.11b standard [3].

each two communicating nodes share a secret list of four static keys.


Only requestors who possess the correct asymmetric decryption keys (which correspond to role identi.ers assigned by their home organisations) would be able to recover the symmetric keys and access the resources.

our access control approach can be deployed without binding to any particular PEP and PDP, and it does not rely on SAMLstyle access control techniques.


1.2 Sensitivity An important security requirement for multimedia and biometric authentication tags is not explicitly formulated in the notion of secure sketch.

these tags have to be resistant to forgeries.


Hence, in order to increase the reliability of the whole DNS query resolution process, we use the existing DNS hierarchy and redundancy as another form of diversity.

we extend the DR-DNS design to allow its internal DNS replicas to send queries to multiple diverse upstream DNS servers and apply voting for the .nal answer.


A side bene.t is that any small alteration will be magni.ed via the obfuscated design.

an alteration to the design will manifest itself as a large di.erence in the circuit s functionality.


Below we show that an attacker who posts a malicious link on Yelp can bypass an important mechanism Facebook uses to authenticate 3rd-party iOS apps.

when app A invokes the Facebook app through schemes such as fbauth:// , the Facebook app sends the app ID specified by app A and its bundle ID retrieved from the OS to the Facebook server for authentication.


In the .rst scenario, the end usercanbeseenastheattackerinthathecanbreak the DRM mechanism provided by mobile phones (see Section 2.3).

the aforementioned security hole letstheuser makeacopy ofJavagamesandprogramswith the help of a simple Java program.


MDSA is a system and method for managing and analyzing security and information assurance requirements in reusable models.

mDSA (mostly) automates the verification of the traceable correspondence between the functional models, the security models, and the requirements models, whereby the correspondence indicates that compliance / security / accreditation requirements defined in the requirement model match with security objectives implemented by controls defined by the security implementation model (i.e.


, .n) can be done at roughly the same cost of running f. It is not hard to check that the above algorithms satisfy the properties of correctness and amortized e.ciency given in De.nition 3.

correctness follows from the the correctness properties of PolyEval and GroupEval.


2, if we number all the input nodes, gate nodes and output nodes, then all the wires are numbered as well.

a wire is assigned the same number as the input/gate node whose result is carried by the wire.


We aim to study whether this variant will enhance the original scheme.

we are interested in exploring whether a background image would encourage users to choose more complicated passwords, which are usually less vulnerable to dictionary and other guess attacks.


Although many of the resulting calculi are ad hoc and poorly understood, others are robust and uniform enough to have a rich theory and a variety of applications.

impure extensions of the lambda calculus with function symbols and with equations among terms ( delta rules ) have been developed systematically, with considerable success.


Forging for the di.erent time interval and party, {....,..}...[..],...[.. ] .

.. * after observing ..,... all signatures in the life cycle of the system, the adversary generates a forgery for some participant .. .


Based on these directives, we derive a list of elementary criteria for DRM systems and analyse the extent to which modern DRM systems may be built adhering to these requirements.

we consider these implications in reference to a prospective deployment of an OMA DRM v2.0 system.


The security proof in [2] ensures that this scheme is unconditionally secure and t-collusion resistant.

the coalition of no more than t compromised sensor nodes knows nothing about the pairwise key between any two non-compromised nodes.


We then focus on three cryptographic settings RSA, discrete logarithms (DL), and pairings and provide examples of indistinguishable schemes.

we show that, using appropriate randomization and padding techniques, FDH-RSA becomes indistinguishable.


The attacker may attempt to achieve a high distortion in the aggregation result by introducing highly extreme values in the list of measurements, but then he risks that those values will be .ltered out by the RAN-BAR algorithm.

introducing highly exteme values may not be the best strategy.


Our current algorithm is based on the assumption that a complete overview of access graph structures corresponding to two joining network environments are publicly available.

each joining network s access graph structure needs to be completely exposed to the algorithm (e.g., a complete attack path along with a list of exploitable vulnerabilities).


The rule for the I-hierarchy, (x=ty), implies that if (x=ty) holds, then the permissions that can be acquired through role x include all the permissions that can be acquired through role y.

permissions of the junior roles are inherited by the senior role.


The degree of trust is measured with the frequency rate of trustor s positive experience among all encounters with the trustee.

td(d, e, x, k)= n/m, (17) where, m is the total number of encounters regarding an instanced expectancy x, and n is the number of trustor s positive experience.


Our design is still preliminary but, even with a modest set of primitive operations, it is already possible to capture many common basic programming idioms.

our core language supports: Queries that use linear arithmetic; SQL-like operations such asjoins of tables and selecting rows satisfying an arbitrary predicate; functional programming idioms like map and fold; and aggregation such as sums, max, and min of collections.


First, if a single site occurred many times under different localization instances in the list, we removed all repeated occurrences of it.

different localizations of google.com occurred many times in the top 100 sites list, and all had similar traf.c patterns.


, t.TS where TS are all the timestamps where T is de.ned.

if T is discarded during anonymization, T .


We demonstrate how to implement these abstractions using trusted computing hardware extensions found in ARM-based systems.

we show how to leverage ARM Trust-Zone to provide a lightweight trusted sensor stack with a small trusted computing base (TCB).


Note that this problem is actually a more generalized form of the problem in the stored-balance of.ine payment system described earlier, except that the directions are reversed.

here, the user is storing his data on a third-party machine, instead of the other way around (i.e., a third-party such as the credit issuer or merchant storing data on the user s device).


A system is accountable if and only if all the obligations will be ful.lled supposing all the sub jects are diligent.

a secure state implies that any obligation violation can only be due to the lack of diligence of subjects.


In addition, the community-aware approach reduces the degree of anonymity almost twice as much as the community-blind algorithm from 0.98 to 0.47.

the anonymity is reduced by more than 7 bits from 14.77 to 7.08 bits.


Since this is still open problem in XOM, we choose not to perform one-time pad encryption on those shared data.

sNC does not store the sequence numbers for memory segments that are aliased by two different virtual addresses.


Unfortunately, this might not be suf.cient to obtain progress.

malware authors can write stalling code that exploits machine instructions that are very slow to emulate (such as .oating point or MMX instructions).


As noted earlier, when a string object is declared, its size must be known.

we are always dealing with fixed length strings.


To measure the spreading of a role among business processes or organization units we resort to centrality, a well-known concept in graph theory.

we de.ne two di.erent centrality indices, namely the activity-spread and the organizationunit-spread.


We note that, unlike the black-box de.nition of security, indistinguishability obfuscation does not quantify or qualify what information the obfuscation might expose.

the obfuscation might reveal non-black-box information about the functionality.


This can be easily .xed by having the client send a (shared) MAC together with his shares.

now the client picks a key k, computes a MAC t = Tagk(x) and secret shares the MAC between the server and the worker, who now securely compute the function: g ( (x1, t1, k1, r1), (x2, t2, k2, r2, y) ) , := f(x, y) + r, if Verk(t, x) = 1 abort, else Unfortunately this requires that the MAC is veri.ed by the secure computation protocol, and this will increase the circuit size signi.cantly.


This is likely because KHTs are bounded by system settings such as the keyboard typematic delay, a parameter that de.nes the amount of time that elapses before key strokes begin to repeat [21].

if a user holds a key X for an interval equal to the typematic delay, the next X which appears on the screen is associated with a distinct key press event.


normal and malicious apps), we employ both static and dynamic analysis to extract 202 features from each app.

these features will fall into three types: required permission, sensitive API and dynamic behavior.


Similarly, other system calls and other external mechanisms that may return untrustworthy integer data are not marked tainted.

we explicitly assume that the program will not take the return value from fread(3), cast it to a character type, and use it as part of the format string passed to a printf(3)-like function.


PA, where PA and PB are the permission sets of package A and B, respectively.

a component with less privileges cannot modify/reload a class (component) with more privileges, and thus cannot gain privilege.


Alien from the common constraints with continuous-time range, this kind of constraints can be divided into some intervals.

given a set of time .. = {..1, ··· ,.... }, the permitted time is de.ned as .


Our principle .nding is that ARBAC97, with proper generalization, is suitable in large measure to address user attribute assignment administration.

we generalize the user role assignment model (URA) which is part of ARBAC97 since role is just one type of user attribute, this generalization is straight forward yet e.cient.


As a result, the entire analysis of linear approximations [5, 13] done for SHA-2 compression function apply without any change to the new suggestion.

this shows that the best linear local collision holds with probability 2-39 for the new suggestion as for the SHA-256 compression function.


We never took advantage of accepted requests to collect photos or other private information otherwise unavailable; we solely collected public photos.

in §4.2 we simulated a determined attacker, by assuming he has obtained access to all the photos (both public and private) needed to launch the attacker under ideal conditions.


We again use subscripts to distinguish particular machines.

we let {mx86,mmips,marm} denote x86, MIPS, and ARM, respectively.


A solution to a query must protect the origin of any given row.

the probability of determining which caregiver provided any given row must be negligible.


This policy reflects our belief that the secret user is trusted (at that level) and does not copy abacus data to email.

we believe that the user is trusted not to violate the flow restrictions of the device by creating transitivity where none should exist.


To use the Zip.an Distribution, we choose a total ordering among all the possible queries uniformly.

we uniformly assign a rank to each of the n(n2 +1) possible queries.


While the virtualzation layer can theoretically intercept and tamper with any guest program states, our main technical challenge is to identify the exact execution context to modify, and modify it appropriately.

we must identify and corrupt the precise execution state at the instant of authentication failure, and infer a state change that makes it succeed.


R(ai) = R(aj ),where R(aj ) is the rank of aj .Suppose m is the largest rank in A.

m =max{R(a): a.A}, and let C(A,i)=|{R(aj ): R(aj )= i}|for every i =m.


In contrast, in M, mutual exclusivity constraints may be de.ned with respect to any number of categories.

many other forms of constraint (beyond SoD/SoC) may be de.ned in terms of M. For example, the constraint, .. pca(P, c),not pca(P, c.), can be used to express that a principal P cannot be assigned to a category c unless P is assigned to the category c ..a prerequisite constraint can be naturally de.ned in M. Cardinality constraints may also be de.ned.


with a camera) the user while she inputs the secret (password or drawing).Forexample,a recentwork[7]hasshownthe feasibility of the smudge attack to the Android password pattern.

usingacamerathattakes picturesofthe screenofthe smartphone,it is possibleto reconstructthe patterndrawnbythe useronthe touch screen,to unlockthephone.Thisisdonebyleveragingthelightre.ex of the smudge left on the smartphone.


STUDY DETAILS We hypothesized that click-based graphical passwords would be easier for users to recall than text passwords when users had multiple passwords to remember.

there would be less interference from multiple unique graphical passwords than multiple unique text passwords.


By determiningthe variance bounds for it, an IDS can raise an attack indication whenever these limits are reached.

an attack indication is only signaled by the monitor node when an abnormal behavior occurs with a frequency higher than expected.


The literature addresses that trust and distrust are qualitatively di.erent but functionally equivalent; both of them are based on familiarity; both of them reduce social complexity.

both trust and distrust correspond to certainty, but in di.erent directions.


For an n-bit exponent a, a computationally limited device must perform O(n)modular multiplications to compute the modular exponentiation.

if n = 1024, the device must perform 1500 modular multiplications approximately using the square and multiply algorithm which is a signi.cant computational burden for the device.


As can be seen from Table 2, the running time of unoptimized programs for arithmetic operations, matrix multiplication, and Hamming distance grows linearly with the number of multiplications that they use.

performing multiplication of 5 × 5 matrices, computing 125-element Hamming distance, and performing 1250 arithmetic operations takes very similar amount of time for both LAN and WAN experiments.


If it is not noticeably faster than a miss, then it might as well have been a miss.

this approach essentially converts some randomly chosen hits into misses, with a consequent loss of performance.


as the expected harm over s and .. Let Pbe the set of all feasible .ows along simple paths from the sources to the sink.

for f .P there exists a set P = {ps|s .S}such that ps is a simple path from s .S to t and fe = bs.


A safe SDP can be con.gured or designed to implement a closed world policy by simply denying any request that it cannot evaluate.

such as SDP would fail safe one of the important principles identi.ed by Saltzer and Schroeder in their seminal paper [24].


Our approach is founded upon the way most users access the web.

users remain concurrently and constantly authenticated with many services such as e-mail and social networks [24,42]unless they explicitly log out.


Besides integrity measurement, trusted storage and reporting mechanisms, the TCG-MPRA requires the resources of different stakeholders to be strongly isolated and the communications between different agents and services representing corresponding stakeholders to be controlled according to pre-agreed security policies.

the TCG-MPRA generalizes the concept of a platform to mean a set of conventional TCG-enabled platforms, and calls them engines to differentiate them from the ensemble platform" [14].


There remains much work that needs to be done in extending the conceptual framework that we have just described.

a practical implementation of execution tracing has yet to be realized in any major mobile agent system.


R, where R is the set of requestor identities, P is the set of purposes, U is the set of patients, and R is the set of real numbers.

the importance function fimp takes a requestor identity, a purpose, and a patient identity as input, and outputs a realnumber importance value.


(3) From the viewpoint of attackers aiming at the cloud  The information managed by the cloud security visualization system can provide clues of possible attacks by attackers aiming at cloud environments.

weak points and invasion paths in the cloud computing environment are clear at a glance.


Further research should be conducted before modifying the layout for mobile phones with touchscreen keypads.

our proposed custom layout has a limitation: it blocks the bottom part of the mobile phone screen.


An alternative attack dependency representation has been proposed [11] that is the dual of the one in the top of Figure 3, with security conditions being edges and exploits being vertices.

exploits are connected to one another via precondition/postcondition dependency edges, making the graph exploit oriented.


The primary security disadvantage of this approach, as identi.ed in its original description [10], is that it leaks some information.

convergent encryption reveals if two ciphertext strings decrypt to the same plaintext value.


In the next three sections, we discuss how our approach performs along each axis from Section 3.1.

in Section 4.2 we show that it is least-restrictive, and in Section 4.3 we show that any enforcement mechanism that is least-restrictive must incur the same trade-off that our enforcement mechanism does.


The next set of experiments focuses on evaluating the performance penalty introduced by FireDroid when applications interact with each other and access the device s resources through the Android API.

we have created a test application that performs the following operations: HttpGet to simulate web browsing, BroadcastIntent to send an implicit intent, QueryContact to access the phone contact list, and GetLastLocation to access the location information provided by the device s GPS.


For example, contracts generally have a particular duration.

the fee per impression is generally set for a period of time.


Suppose that the codeexec z is forkedinanew process whose labelisloweredto Low.

then p2 typechecks.thefollowingjudgmentcanbederivedby applying(Typ execute).


(o) determines the set of subjects that can change the security level of o; a state transition is assumed to be initiated by asubject s and is said to be transition secure only if any changes to the security function are permitted by the function ..


From the assumption |AEt| = index[AEt,.1].

|AEt| = index[AEt,.1]= index[AEt,.1] =|AEt|.


the .rst goal is to thoroughly quantify the popularity of voice-based scams.


Second, we measure three important properties -average path length, clustering coef.cient, and the distribution of node degrees and do a comparison in terms of how they have changed after the perturbation.

for the distribution of node degrees, we treat the degree distribution of the original graph and that of the anonymized graph as two discrete probability distributions, and compute the Kullback-Leibler(KL) divergence between them.


TAXONOMY OF INFORMATION IN PSN LTE o.ers several tools and applications that are necessary to improve the Situational Awareness (SA) of .rst responders in critical missions [8].

lTE provides means for public safety agents to be aware of su.cient information prior to their operation.


Thus, our framework .rst performs outlier .ltering based on the modulation and coding scheme used for packet transmission before conducting clustering analysis.

mCS is a speci.cation of the high-throughput (HT) physical layer (PHY) parameter in 802.11n standard [1].


For instance, if n=5, the all_path_vector requires 25=32 bits, whereas each 5-jump path vector needs 5 bits.

if there are more than 6 normal 5-jump paths start with the same jump instruction, the all_path_vector will cost less space.


Depending on the domain, there could be any variable ranging from the types of operations to the types of objects.

the weight of permission is a function of For any permission set PS .


However, due to the various admissible and malicious operations during transmission, it is worth noting that a frame in the test music might be mapped to more than one frame in the original version and vice versa.

some singular points that deviate from the diagonal trajectory will appear.


This issue arises from the use of APIs such as DOM and SAX.

it arises because we try to decrypt a part of an XML document and then parse the resulting data at the application level.


An interesting artifact of this feature is that the reply to a message need not come from its original recipient; the recipient may forward it to a third party, who may then click the link in the message, log in, and answer.

a message sent through rOnl to an email account contains what is essentially a reply-to address encoded in its Reply Now button and rOnl does not check that the answer to a question comes from its original recipient.


As to memory discrepancies, because a VMM must get control of the physical memory, it must also retain control over the processor s address-translation mechanisms.

this means that only the VMM can access CR3 register.


Our preliminary results test this hypothesis, which builds upon established methodologies in the ordinary word-recognition literature [e.g., 40, 61].

our pilot study explores several questions, including but not limited to: (1) does semantic context make source words more recoverable from blends?


Also since the entire signature cut is stored in the hash table, we use as small a cut length as possible in order to reduce memory usage.

we choose the smallest length of signature cuts for which the above described algorithm can generate a valid cut set.


Again, the Enterprise Workload was used for these experiments, but with a varying concurrency parameter.

each run of the Enterprise Workload had a set of authorized applications and a varying percentage of other applications that also performed I/O operations to the pvdb.


DRID,user = DID -DRID,user -The PKG then delivers the private key share corresponding to the pseudonym ID,namely DID,sem to the SEM.

the User receives a unique private key share ,and this keyis usedbythe PKG to generate or DRID,user derive SEM private key shares every time a new pseudonym is required.


We also evaluate the inference power of the adversary to infer multiple SNPs among all family members, given a subset of SNPs belonging to some family members, and also considering the LD between SNPs.

we evaluate the inference power of the adversary for di.erent fractions of observed data for the family members.


Asexpected,again, coveragedecreasesasweimprove the accuracy of the rules.

the more accurate rules apply in a lower number of cases, and so predictions that would be made by a less accurate rule are missed.


Thus the largest summation can be easily obtained.

the summation corresponding to the final result is revealed.


Our results concerning the indicators of technological interest are ambiguous.

we are not sure what we actually measured with our .ve technology-related questions, and we are going to analyze this in more depth.


We further asked participants to use the Android phones the same way they would use their own phones in their normal lives, such as browsing websites, accessing .les and operating on any applications.

participants could do actual data collection outside of the lab, allowing them to get familiar with the phone .rst.


Given a long sequence of tweets (usually we check 60 or more if needed), the user is labeled as a human if we can obtain some evidence of original, intelligent, speci.c and human-like contents.

a human user usually records what he is doing or how he feels about something on Twitter, as he uses Twitter as a micro-blogging tool to display himself and inter 44,431,923 tweets in the training set, and 3,918,172 tweets in thetest set.


The Depth metric is the length of the maximum shortest path in the domain-level attack graph, relative to the best (most secure) and worst (least secure) cases possible, on the scale of (0,10).

this is the maximum shortest path over all possible attack graph vertex pairs, also known as the graph diameter.


We systematically explore the principles behind such architecture, and devise a number of enabling techniques.

unlike all of the existing VMI techniques, which only extract and distinguish coarse-grained process information, we are the .rst to present a new and binary code analysis technique to extract and isolate even the .ne-grained thread information at VMM layer.


It accounts for the fact that an attacker may have the keyexchange messages, and that they look just like unrelated values to the attacker.

the key in use between P0 and P1 has no observable relation to those messages, or to any other left-over secrets.


Experiments on the same platform, the active Probes features produced a considerably better classi.cation performance, compared to the passive features.

the Probe features incurred a zero false-detection rate (FPR), while achieving a true-detection rate (recall) of 85%.


For a 100-Gbps link, on average up to 12.5 billion characters need to be processed within one second.

for DPI,we have only 0.08.... on average to complete one character detection process with a single detection engine, which makes reaching to the 100-Gbps detection speed a challenge.


MD5(data)) 13: end for 14: return S } Our detailed signature generation algorithm is presented in Algorithm 2.

for all the pages whose virtual addresses have been resolved in CCK , we .rst search all the possible starting addresses for disassembly (because within one page there could be multiple function prologues) in each page by verifying the direct function call instruction and its prologue (line 5 -line 8).


A comprehensive survey is provided at [2].

[30, 31] studied the security requirements in the overall smart grid framework and presented security technologies to ful.ll such requirements.


The applied pi calculus has many commonalities with the original pi calculus and its relatives, such as the spi calculus (discussed above).

the model of communication adopted in the applied pi calculus is deliberately classical: communication is through named channels, and value computation is rather separate from communication.


This is not a trivial task, given the fact that the phone could be reset, re-.ashed with different operating system image, or the IMEI code can even be modi.ed via software.

since every piece of current device information is stored in Flash memory, and the Flash memory is under the control of adversaries, nothing can prevent them from modifying such information and defeat the kill switch mechanism.


Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the initial round of reviewers for pointing out ways to deepen the discussion about automorphic worms and attacks on smart defenses.

we were able to re.ne our de.nition of automatic vulnerability discovery.


On the other hand, the amount of computations inside one party is proportional to m. Therefore, the total running time of the SPoS protocol is O(m).

the higher the level of security, the longer the running time.


We assume a sophisticated adversary with physical access to all external interfaces of the SoC.

the adversary can compromise all software running in the normal world such as applications and the mobile OS, and he can physically attach malicious peripherals such as DDR memory devices and even DMA-capable devices to the SoC as he has access to external interfaces of the SoC.


It is important to note here that the TPM is a special-purpose coprocessor.

it does not run arbitrary application software, but can only be used to execute a limited set of pre-de.ned commands as de.ned by the TPM speci.cations (see [30]).


Notice that apart from being true and false, both competences and empowerments can also be unknown.

if the subject does not posses the necessary credentials it may be more appropriate to say that it is unknown whether it is competent rather than adopting the Closed WorldAssumption(CWA)and automatically assuming that it is not.


For speeding up access control evaluation they propose a compressed accessibility map (CAM) that helps in determining the XML data item to which a subject has access.

for each different subject and access mode, an accessibility map is built directly on the XML document by marking each node with information stating whether it is accessible or not by the subject.


When s is even and n = 2 s , the probability is always larger than 0.5.

for a given s, a node is more likely than not to observe at least two consecutive occupied slots, if n, the number of occupied slots, at least satis.es Equation 2: n-1  ´` « s-n 3.


The generic threat model in Section 4.1 is thus refined as follows for PCCP: Adversaries have access to everything except passwords or the information accessible only with passwords.

adversaries have access to the discretization information, user IDs, and hashed password stored in the system.


We are interested in a discrete time, t=0,1,2,..., susceptibleinfected-removed (SIR) model, in which a node (or interchangeably, vertex or individual) v .

v is always in one of the three states: susceptible, infected,or removed.a removed node will not be infected any further, meaning that removed is an absorbing state; this is typical to epidemic spreading in computer systems.


When we take into account the delays incurred by web-related operations, particularly those performed by the methods and callbacks of WebView and HttpClient class, the extra time spent on the policy compliance check can be comfortably ignored.

we measured the waiting time for loading a URL (specifically, google.com) through HttpClient, and WebView.


U, also arbitrarily, and starts an SA-experiment with the challenger where it issues |U||H| rate(·, ·) queries.

in world b = 0, it rates all  users with H and, in world b = 1, it rates all users in U -{u}H ' H '' with and the user u with history .


In this paper, we make the assumption of monotonicity described in [2].

for all transition rules d(A, B, C, D), B = D = Ø.


3.4.2 Operating Run-time In the last experiment, we evaluate the run-time of Cujo in a real application setting.

we deploy Cujo as a web proxy and measure the time required per delivery of a web page.


The gRO model is di.erent, in that it only reduces the security guarantees to the level of the stand-alone security guarantees provided by the random oracle methodology to begin with.

the level of reassurance provided by analysis in the gRO model with respect to universally composable security is no lower than the level of assurance provided by analysis in the ROM for traditional, stand-alone security.


Second, the .nal decision depends on the accumulation of truth degrees on individual decisions.

all votes matter and we need to memorize them during counting.


These ISIE technique features provide the confidence that its real application boundary is much broader than it has been seen at present.

there are reasons to assume that developed ISIE methods and models will be applicable to prospective practical IS tasks with no substantial additional cost.


The approach leverages the fact that the expected distribution of various instruction forms within the descendants can be predicted from the probabilities of the various instruction substitution transformations.

the engines leave a type of statistical signature, i.e., a type of engine signature [3].


A system that has two possible states should probably not be regarded as unpredictable under any possible threat model.

formally, a technique is unpredictable i.: H(D) >> 0 (2) unpredictability requires that the movement exposes a large entropy to the attacker.


It remains true that for any userset X that satis.es a term f, |X|.

c(f).C(f)gives an upperbound on the actual set of characteristic numbers of f. 3.3 The Term-Con.guration Satis.ability (TCSAT) Problem We have discussed the TSAT problem, which asks whether a term is satis.able at all.


It can, therefore, be trivially represented using our model.

the system model contains a set of three types: users, groups and objects, and a set of three relationships (none of which are symmetric): User-object, User-group and Group-object, which we will label uo, ug and go, respectively.


S can control the instance, but only in limited ways allowed by a well-de.ned operator API in P .

a key element of the trusted platform cloud model is that the cloud provider C seals the instance to isolate it from tampering by S. S cannot log in as root and modify the software stack or con.guration, as would be allowed on a standard IaaS cloud system (e.g., using EC2 APIs).


As illustrated by [79, 39], secure systems and cryptographic softwares are used less than we would expect due to their lack of consideration for usability of their products.

a secure storage system with complex management and poor usability will not be used (or will be used incorrectly) in practice.


Furthermore, transitivity is declared to be imperfect.

if A trusts B and B trusts C, A trusts C, but not as much as A trusts B or B trusts C. The general idea is to try to learn how much trust is lost through each transition.


The consequence of an attack is indeed the possible result of the attack.

the attack may or may not generate the stated consequence, depending on whether the attack is successful or not.


What is not apparent to the individual, though, is that these organizations may themselves share the information with other organizations.

the Health Insurance Provider shares the data with the patient's employer.


All PassShapes had been performed as one stroke.

no participant performed the shape in several consequent steps, which would be possible and was an option during the study.


Because the recognition process is performed on mobile devices, it is important to hide the watermarks efficiently.

the slowdown and code size increment caused by embedding the watermarks should be minimized.


When testing Portcullis, legitimate senders employ the Portcullis sending policy from Section 4.1.

a legitimate sender will compute for 10 ms, and send a request at puzzle level 1.


These false matches can be eliminated by whitelisting known ad libraries.

we can simply ignore views that are generated by whitelisted libraries.


SPARK prevents this because the Examiner will flag uninitialized variables.

an executing SPARK program cannot, for example, declare a large array and then proceed to examine that array for interesting elements (left over from an earlier time).


The object of a sentence can know who did what.

there is information important in an object.


Concepts, definitions and facts of multistage Diophantine equation system theory, which we use in building mathematic models of effective DPSs are considered in the first part of this work.

the theorems about equal power knapsacks, components of which are the parametrical solution of Tarry-Ascot multistage Diophantine equation system or the numerical solution of such a system are formulated.


5.3 Leveraging the IBE schema   A service can be built to provide a timed release of confidential documents by leveraging the core IBE properties: Any string can be used as an IBE encryption key (public key).

this string could contain the disclosure date and time of the confidential document.


5.3 Security Advisor After the domain expert knowledge has been captured in security patterns and re.ned by a local security administrator afterwards this knowledge can be utilized to generate the enforceable policy.

we enable a web service developer to con.gure the underlying security module starting by choosing security goals and without having a deep knowledge about the underlying system.


The construction of benign/hostile inputs and their evaluation then proceeds as described above.

nOTAMPER treats fclient, however it is generated, as an approximate speci.cation for the intended behavior of the server and then attempts to .nd inputs that fail to satisfy that speci.cation.


Wepresentaproof-of-conceptstudy of our framework.

from our user study data, wepresent a decision-tree classi.er that risk-assesses online behavior(§4).


This two-round strategy cannot guarantee the crawler can successfully make through every form checking, but can greatly increase the crawling coverage.

we implemented one plugin to enable the crawler to login to the web application like normal users with di.erent roles, given user credentials, so that the crawler can explore the non-trivial functionalities of the web application.


This is a very important result which shows that the interaction between temporal and spatial mutation vectors does not allow even persistent adaptive attackers to evade the detection by redesigning their attack strategies.

the attacker has to either increase her detectability to expedite the attack, or waste her time to minimize her exposure.


The DSA signing primitive uses various exponentiations that might be leveraged for our purposes.

it executes a multi-base exponentiation with con.gurable bases.


While isolation (either strong or weak) is clearly a desirableproperty from a cloud, in practice, one may be satis.edwith something weaker.

in some settings aguarantee that the adversary cannot co-locate with morethan a certain fraction of one s deployment may be enough.We formalize this property in Section 4.2 as the notion of co-location-resistance (CLR).


Additionally, controlling vulnerabilities allows security analysts to prevent not only the disruptions from known threats, but also disruptions introduced by unknown threats.

the source of the disruption does not matter.


We are interested in secure hand-off protocols that facilitate a nomadic user s access to place-specific services.

we are interested in the case that those services are distributed throughout a large area in such a way that they are offline from any central point of administration or control.


In distributed computing research, a similar problem with asynchronous protocols has recently been addressed by introducing a small trusted hardware assumption [21 23, 32 34].

it was shown that, the resilience of asynchronous distributed computing tasks such as reliable broadcast, Byzantine agreement, and state machine replication (SMR) can be improved using a small trusted hardware module at each party.


However, if we de.ne = on the new reward function, we can calculate that q1 s4 =(reg, cf, Ø, 1, (s2,o1)), we have T (s3, mitigate)= s450 - 10 = 40, while q1 deny = 0.


The eventual outcome of every negotiation that proceeds to completion (access is granted or denied) is the same as it would be without a need-to-know attack.

no legitimate clients are denied access, and no unauthorized clients are granted access.


We will use the receiving role to name the relation.

the relation identi.er child names the parent-child relation, while the identi.er parent names the inverse relation (i.e., the child-parent relation).


Our de.nition is more general and potentially more widely applicable than the accountability notions that have previously appeared in the security literature.

we treat in a uni.ed manner scenarios in which accountability is enforced automatically and those in which enforcement must be mediated by an authority; similarly, our formalism includes scenarios in which the parties who are held accountable can remain anonymous and those in which they must be identi.ed by the authorities to whom they are accountable.


Later on, more general functions were considered and the security of these schemes was called Key Dependent Message (KDM) security [11].

we say that a public-key encryption (PKE) scheme is KDM[F] secure (where F is a class of functions), if it is secure even against an adversary who is given Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Alternatively, if s1 cannot satisfy the request itself then s1 will attempt to act in C mode, with any other server agent of the e-collective, to service c s request.

s1 will adhere to the Principle of Maximal Individ ualistic Satisfaction and satisfy whatever it can of c s request and then ask for assistance with the remainder.


Next, we apply a concise grammar [30] to label each token to a specifictype (title, list element, list start, normal).

by identifying specific types of sentences, we can increase the classification performance.we found that section titles typically do not contain ACRs, and we design the mechanism of scoring sentence similarity to compare titles with only other titles within the document.


This initial scan also allowed us to obtain a baseline of detection.

to see how many apps in our initial data set contain malware.


However, this is a challenging task due to the nature of aforementioned schemes.

in these schemes, the token R is directly used during the signature computation and therefore its storage cannot be of.oaded to the veri.er side.


During a normal hop-by-hop aggregation process in a tree topology, (implicitly) we need to place more trust on the high-level nodes (i.e., nodes closer to the root) than the low-level nodes, because the aggregated result calculated by a high-level node is due to a larger number of sensor nodes.

if a compromised node is closer to the root, the bogus aggregated data from it will have a larger impact on the .nal result computed by the root.


The basic processing unit of all the above methods is a packet.

the content of one packet will not in.uence the examination result of other packet.


Trust in properties must be established using some out-of-band mechanism; it amounts to trusting the person responsible for managing a property.

it amounts to trusting that person to issue the property only to terminals or other properties that are entitled to possess the property.


In addition to storing the tuples, each application maintains a P-MHT that embeds su.cient information for the local generation of the VO for any tuple in the sub-table.

a P-MHT is an MHT over a partition of data.


In our scenario, correctness quanti.es the adversary s success in inferring the targeted SNPs.


far) pointer in memory at an address stored in register edx.

many instruction sequences end with jmp *(%edx) or ljmp *(%edx).


To account this, we propose to build stochastic models that encode all the sequences in a compact representation.

we used Hidden Markov Model (HMM) [24] as a proof-of-concept implementation.


To visualize these causal relationships between consecutive packets, we can look at the bigram frequencies observed in the packets generated by each protocol.

we look to see what kinds of packets the protocol tends to generate, given the properties of the previous packet in the connection.


For the server side programming, the Amazon Web Services (AWS) are chosen to host the server.

the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is used to host an Ubuntu Linux virtual machine which can execute the server side code.


For example, XACML provides a very simple strategy to handle con.icts among rules.

when multiple rules in one policy yield di.erent decisions for a same request, XACML will simply choose the decision from one rule according to the rule combining algorithm and ignore the e.ects of other rules.


We observe that the additional states are determined according to the order and the lengths of four fragments, AB , CD , MN , and PQ .

the additional states are duplicated from the sub-patterns segmented by the metacharacters Master State Machine Slaver State Machine   Figure 3: Hierarchical State Machine Architecture .


This highlights the fact that the knowledge of the fault model directly a.ects the e.ectiveness of the attack, until the point to remove the basis for a successful attack.

if the attacker explicitly knows the fault model (e.g.


In the second scenario, the SDP can decide a new request, provided both subject and object have been involved in earlier requests.

the SDP searches its cache for requests involving the two entities and obtains their respective security labels.


The operator dov for policy is based on a single interpretation of Indeterminate and has the following behavior: dov(Indeterminate, Permit) = Deny In contrast, dov for rules takes into account the e.ect of the rule in which the error occurred in order to make a decision.

it has the following behavior: dov(Indeterminate, Permit) = Permit if e(I) = Permit dov(Indeterminate, Permit) = Indeterminate if e(I) = Deny where e(I) indicates the e.ect of the rule which returns Indeterminate.


THE BLUE PILL If we take the blue pill and continue to live in the reasonably comfortable world of modern operating systems, then we will have a pleasant experience, but we will not be secure.

even if secure protocols are used to defend data in transit, it can still be stolen or manipulated by malware on the machine.


The Firefox application needs to preserve data after its termination.

files the user downloaded from the Internet needs to be preserved.


scheme, we achieved a success rate of 56% on the sample set.

56% of the challenges were entirely guessed correctly.


Examples include schemes by Cramer and Shoup (CS) [15], Camenisch and Lysyanskaya (CL) [11], and Boneh, Lynn, and Shacham (BLS) [7].

signatures in these schemes leak information even if they do not allow full recovery of signed messages.


In fact, even knowing that a person has been treated at a particular medical institution may be sensitive.

not only the content of the log entries but also the fact that log entries exist for a certain individual is sensitive information.


HILTI s execution model prevents data races and low-level deadlocks by design: virtual threads cannot share state directly.

hILTI does not provide global variables visible across threads.


We measured Apache s performance using its own utility ab and static HTML .les of different size.

we chose .les with sizes of 1KB, 10KB, 100KB, and 1MB, and run the server natively and with ShadowReplica with all optimizations enabled.


We then explore ways to ensure con.dentiality and integrity of the whole .le system based on them.

we thoroughly discuss how to securely reuse the optimized lookup routines of the legacy .le system; we present the alternative of implementing a trusted naming infrastructure thereafter.


For an OS kernel whose main kernel code can be relocated (e.g., Windows 7), any function call between the main kernel and a device driver must be indirect, because the call target cannot be determined at compilation time.

the direct call instruction and the call target have to be located in the same code module.


Therefore, we simply collect them in a separate memory page, mark it read-only to KVM, and make it available to the trampoline code.

as long as we stay inside the isolation runtime, this critical state becomes write-protected.


Moreover, unlike plain universal re-encryption [17], our scheme produces ciphertexts that contain implicit proofs of being safe to randomize.

any randomizer will be able to con.rm that the ciphertext is intended for legitimate users; if that check fails the randomizer has the option to obliterate the contents with safe but meaningless ciphertexts, destroying the adversarial hidden channel and preventing tracing.


Then, two distribution ensembles X and X' are called indistinguishable if Adv(.,X,X') is negligible as a function of .

and denoted by X ~ X'.for any polynomial-time (in .)


probability over the coins of NCCrypt.Keygen.

we have correctness of decryption for the public key encryption for a < 1/OO.


Hence, we approach the problem of detecting malicious software at a later point when it initiates contact with its maintainer; a process referred to as phoning home .

we introduce Botzilla, a method for detection of malware communication, which proceeds by repetitively recording network tra.c of malware in a controlled environment and generating network signatures from invariant content patterns.


Based on this observation, given A, we need to .nd decomposition B and C such that the number of roles is minimum satisfying Equation 2.

let the notation [M]represent the number of roles in a role access matrix M.the number of rows in the matrix.


The purity of each group can be quantified by any measure of disper- sion.

a classical measure like variance or a robust measure like absolute deviation from the median are good candidates.


However, we will put some restriction on the geometry of traitors so that the colluding traitors will not be able to deduce the step of the walking of the tracing ciphertexts unless the step a.ects directly one of the traitors.

we will assume that all of the traitors are in the same user group Ul = {u2k·l+1,...,u2k·l+2k} for some l .


36% of a grid square in Robust Discretization.

centered Discretization leaks much more click-point information than Robust Discretization does, and thus the former suffers more from our dictionary attacks.


Removable property is used to indicate that a rule subspace is removable.

removing such a rule subspace does not make any impact on the original packet space of an associated policy.


However, statistical attacks on pronounceable passwords have not been examined in great detail, leaving many directions open which would be prudent to explore.

we intend to explore the value of applying a-work-factor [65] and a-guesswork [20] metrics to the distributions generated by pronounceable passwords schemes in order to quantify their security.


discussed in Section 2 is akin to our translation server, except that we don t consider terminals with an on-going connection to the server.

our server performs only the content and rights re-formatting and condition evaluation functions of the intermediary.


We .rst sample a set of chips and conduct physical level IC characterizations.

we take in the power/delay measurements of the gates and use Equations (1) to (3) to formulate a nonlinear equation with variables Vth and Leff .


The same structured concatenation for Godd with Sodd is used, but not discussed further for brevity.

the glyphs from sets G are then mapped to a cryptographic hash of the secret key, k. the least signi.cant byte from the hash is used as an index into Geven, the next byte into Godd, and so on.


Overall, our experiments show that in dynamic environments the use of process and work.ow models can increases the overall system performance.

caching approaches that exploit these models perform signi.cantly better than work.ow and process model independent approaches such as SC or SAAM.


If such a vulnerability existed between two actual network hosts such as 128.x.y.2 and 128.x.y.9, then the corresponding exploit would have the form of sshv1 (128.x.y.2, 128.x.y.9).

if a vulnerability is instantiated with actual network speci.c information, then the result is an exploit.


As already observed, our proposal is based on the usage of a weak (and thus very e.ciently computable) hash function.

we refer to a hash function able to guarantee a weak one-wayness, obtained by the generation of a large number of collisions.


A loop is identi.ed by a speci.c memory address, named target address, where a set of backward branch instructions jump.

several back-edges can correspond to the same loop, which is then identi.ed by the target address.


.... is called as a hierarchy, if all elements in .... have a partial ordering relation ...... = (...., .).


... .. 0 00 ... 1 bn-1 i a1 a2 a3 ··· an-1 ia ·b ...... and both of s1,s2 are orthogonal to Gp4 under the bilinear map e, so this signature veri.es correctly.

3.2 Security r rc xr when we begin with Si0 := gg2g3 , Ui0 := r d ry ihr f zr ug2 rg , and H0 = g r3 , then after applying a single up 32 g date with matrix A, we will have Ar Arc Arx i S1 = gg2 g3 , Ar AdrAry i U1 = ug2 g3 , Ar AfrArz i H1 = hgg.


We de.ne the exploit vector to be the portion of the data which facilitates the execution of the payload.

the exploit vector contains the data necessary for the worm to compromise a susceptible application and transfers control to the malicious payload code.


However, even in this case, such addresses should be anonyms for a third party.

such pseudonyms should not be recognizable for a third party.


More speci.cally, ftrans takes the current state of the system (which also includes the current time) and a set of actions attempted by subjects, and returns for the next clock tick the state obtained by applying the permitted actions in some unspeci.ed, .xed order which has the property that at the point each action is taken the state satis.es a policy rule which allows that action.

we adopt a deterministic model of state transition; from the current state and the actions taken at present, we can uniquely determine the next state.


A tuple of ordered sets (S1 , ..., Sn) is a pextension of another tuple of ordered sets (R1 , ..., Rn)i. for all 1 = i = n, Si is a p-extension of Ri.

a p-extension adds low-ranked elements to the ordered set, while keeping the q highest-ranked elements the same.


But user u may want to share some data with v, such as his public pro.le.

user u sometimes needs to declassify his private data for public access.


I Let a random variable Xi represent the probability that any e j , as another observed event, is the immediate successor of ei.

we have PrA(Xi = j)= pl( ei,e j)for any j such that ( ei,e j ) .


As we discuss in Section 2.1, these requirements can be achieved by designing the provenance collection mechanism around the reference monitor concept [1].

this mechanism must provide complete mediation for events which should appear in the record.


The following subsections focus on di.erent components and explain them in more detail.

we discuss how shareable rules can be implemented through NFC technology.


Furthermore, ribbons are sometimes superimposed but that does not mean that ribbons actually intersect between themselves.

intersections of alarm set intersection between detectors are not represented by overlaps between ribbons.


After learning sj(N, i'), the coali- tion can determine the personalized shares of user Ui, sent in Bj, e.g, pj-1 (i').

consider the case where Ue is a member of the coalition who was a group member dur- ing session j -2, but actively revoked during session j -1.


4.2.3 User feedback We anticipated that we incurred a set of brand new interactions to the users at the time they performed experiment.

it was likely their .rst time to interact with the touch panel in the way we proposed.


Thus, the coefficients a~ are the sums of disjoint subsets of the ai,~'s, and hence are not correlated with one another.

since they are the sum modulo q of random elements of Fq, the coefficients of the univariate polynomial are distributed randomly over Fq as well.


Corporate assets must be isolated in a separate domain from untrusted data and software, and any communication between di.erent domains must be prevented.

the following communication channels must be considered: IPC channels, the .le system and socket connections.


Third, the measurement agent execution has to be deterministic and non-interruptible.

the hypervisor should not be able to interrupt its execution or modify its intermediate or .nal measurement output.


Despite of the (practical and potential) worth of an IBSAS scheme, the construction of a secure IBSAS scheme is not simple.

in principle, an identity-based signature scheme is designed in a 2-level hierarchical signature scheme: a trusted key generation center generates a signature to authenticate an identity of a signer and the signer uses the signature as his private signing key to generate his signature on a message.


The Base64 Encoding converts every 3 bytes to 4 ASCII characters.

every byte is represented by 6 bits only.


Once this adversary course of action is identified, the security analyst can provide advice to senior leaders on how best to allocate limited resources to thwart the attack and break the chain.

the high level of threat understanding enables security analysts to predict not only where an adversary will attack, but also the logical and physical infrastructure that is most important to defend in order to thwart the attack.


We use ellipses to represent process nodes and use shaded ellipses to represent the module node.

we use an octagon to represent the taint source (here, a password typed on the keyboard), 3the presence of a module node in a taint graph indicates at least one instruction of this module stems from the sample.


Although our discussion assumes a ticket-granting architecture, our design can also be applied when tickets are not involved.

if the system is set up so that the user issues an access request directly to the desired resource, then the resource itself is acting as its own manager.


Most of these methods are based on an assumption that semi-honest is and collusion is not present.

every party follows such protocol properly with the exception that it keeps a record of all its intermediate computations without sharing the record with others.


In the protocol above the third-party device S can be potentially malicious and thus, secrecy is the .rst property to be met with.

given [X] and [Y], it should be computationally infeasible for a malicious server S to compute F(X, Y ) or at least one of X and Y with a negligible probability.


Dynamic symbolic execution [7, 20] is a technique to automatically generate inputs to explore a program s execution space.

it marks the input as symbolic and performs symbolic execution along a path.


In the design of our framework we put security .rst.

we closely followed the well-established design principles for protection mechanisms proposed by Saltzer et al.


Now, we go beyond privacy, and consider security.

suppose the program that tracks the data and answers the query is compromised.


On the Limits of Privacy in Reputation Systems Stefan Schiffner Andreas Pashalidis Elmar Tischhauser stefan.schiffner@esat.kuleuven.be andreas.pashalidis@esat.kuleuven.be elmar.tischhauser@esat.kuleuven.be K. U. Leuven, ESAT/SCD/COSIC and IBBT Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium ABSTRACT This paper describes a formal model for multiple privacy notions that apply to reputation systems and shows that, for certain classes of systems, very strong privacy notions are unachievable.

it is shown that, systems where a user s reputation depends exclusively on the ratings he received, necessarily leak information about the relationship between ratings and reputations.


This holds for any S,so Pr[.j |L= L]= Pr[.j |L= L ' ].

fj reveals no information about the ordering of N within L. Thisprovestheclaim.2 Now recall that £|F |+1,...,£k-|P | denotes the order of N within L,so that Xj = f(£k-|P |).


P As mentioned earlier, we use P (I) to denote the standard Datalog semantics for the Datalog portion of the SEAL program P against a given set of base predicates I.

the Datalog rules of P are applied iteratively (and cumulatively) on the predicates of I and derived predicates are populated until they reach a .x-point.


HIGH-LEVEL IDEA In this paper, we address the mentioned security and design weaknesses of the current iOS sandboxing realization (see Section 2).

we aim towards a framework that allows access-control for the Objective-C runtime and the enforcement of the least-privilege principle.


One major drawback of Kaluza is that it requires the lengths of string variables to be known prior to being able to encode them and query the underlying SMT solvers.

before solving for string constraints, Kaluza .nds a set of satisfying solutions for each string length.


In the "testing" process, the anomaly decision, i.e., either 1 for "yes" or 0 for "no" from the upper layer is inserted into the deviation score of the lower level, for example, (0.1, 0.1) now becomes (0.1, 0.1, 0).

the deviation data also carries the extra information passed from the upper level.


At the .nest granularity, trojan isolation can be added to each communication path.

all the communications are forced to be between 3PIP cores produced by different vendors, thus providing strongest protection against trojan propagation between malicious 3PIPs: .


Instead of anonymizing each node one by one independently, our approach treats each partitioned substructural component of the network as one single unit to be anonymized.

by drawing on the concept of the non-trivial community structures existing in the social networks ([10], [2]), we de.ne the concept of local structure, based on the structural delineation naturally inherent in the social networks.


The level of privacy for points one kilometer away is 1000E, hence changing the unit to kilometers requires to set E = 100 in order for the de.nition to remain unaffected.

if r is a physical quantity expressed in some unit of measurement, then E has to be expressed in the inverse unit.


Moreover, we introduce a new entity called User-Revocation manager whose role is to revoke users.1 In the previous group signature schemes with user revocation [5], the function of dismissing users was built into the role of Group manager or the role of Issuing manager.

one could not separate the function of issuing a new key to new user and the function of revoking an old key.


Tupni correctly identi.ed this constraint.

by tracking how the ACK message was generated after receiving the data message, Tupni identi.ed that the AckNum in the acknowledge message must equal the BlockNum in the data message.


Notice that a signal handler is a user-mode routine that the OS kernel will invoke when a running process receives a signal.

when the signal is received, the kernel .rst prepares a signal-handling context stack frame on the process user stack and executes call *SIGF HANDLER(%rsp) to invoke the signal trampoline code de.ned by the sigtramp() routine in the kernel, which calls the user s signal handler.


One disadvantage of data logs is that end-users have to be informed about their presence (to ensure fair treatment as subjects in the study).

we need to provide information about what is being logged, why, how the data will be used, and who will get to access those logs.


First, the average EER of users in our data set for n = 1 and n = 3 is 6.8% and 3.7%, respectively.

eER increases by 2% for both n = 1 and n = 3 when accelerometers are not available.


INTRODUCTION Role-based access control (RBAC) has established itself as a solid basis for today s security administration needs, as documented in the RBAC96 model [16] and the subsequent NIST standard [7].

enterprise Roles spanning across di.erent IT systems are increasingly used in medium and large organisations as a basis for company-wide security management.


Energy is an extremely scarce resource on sensor nodes, and as a result, heavily in.uences the design of sensor network protocols.

radio communication consumes the most amount of energy, and thus protocols with high communication overhead are avoided if possible.


By combining these models, we can express the constraint that accessmustberevoked oncetheuser movesoutsidethe role s spatial extent.

our design enforces continuous access control as the user moves.


Logical Protection of the Recovery System Logical protection means that it should not be possible for a running application to prevent the execution of the recovery procedures.

if the program code running on a node has crashed or been corrupted by an adversary (e.g., by exploiting a security hole), this should not a.ect the integrity and availability of the recovery system.


The remainder of this section details the implementation of A5.

each of stage 1 static analysis, stage 2 static analysis, and dynamic analysis are detailed.


A detailed comparative study of (H)MQV versus KEA/OPACITY is presented in Section 3.

kEA/OPACITY enjoys the advantages of optimal online e.ciency and honest-player deniability (HPdeniability).


The major innovation introduced by ISIE is to realize these operations systematically, within the common technique, on the foundation of discussed and verified models clearly derived from the adopted IS standards.

iSIE proposes to introduce models development and derivation as the essential stages of the entire job sequence.


4.5 Attacking In-App Billing The implementation of the automated attack against in-app billing is based on the dynamic Dalvik instrumentation approach we discussed in Section 4.1.

we use libddi to subvert in-app billing.


Furthermore, for users that are not members of the F eel W ell federation, it requires the name and the phone number of the user together with a valid credit card number.

acibademH ealth o.ers C S can service for its registered users if they let AcibademH ealth to possess the resulting C Scan Report.


However, availability of this state within the network creates a new set of problems.

nDN prompts new security [13, 2, 9, 29, 10, 31] and privacy [1, 11] issues.


N is not a power of 2, the protocol cannot be applied directly.


For example, it is difficult to tell an arc from characters such as J , 7 and L in Figure 1.

the confusion between an arc and J was observed regularly in this scheme (typically at the beginning or end of a challenge, more examples see Figure 1(d)).


Clean: The clean dataset is constructed from the original dataset by replacing the downloaded policies for 20 posts with the corresponding interactively elicited policies.

in the clean dataset 20 potentially erroneous entries have been corrected using the interactively elicited data; remaining entries are the same as in the original dataset.


While Constroid securely manages security policies, these systems mainly focus on the tracking of properties.

panorama and TaintDroid do not allow for the dynamic speci.cation of data security policies.


Two actions of different users match if they pertain to the same constraint object and their timestamps fall into the same time window of a pre-de.ned length Tsim (e.g., 1 hour).

a match of two user actions is possible only if they occur within a matching window of Tsim .


A puncturable PRF [3, 26] is a type of contrained PRF that enables evaluation at the complement of a single arbitrary polynomial-sized subset of the input space.

pRF F (K, ·) is equipped with additional PPT algorithms (EvalF , PunctureF ) such that the following properties hold Functionality preserved under puncturing For every PPT algorithm A which on input 1. outputs a set S .


Thus, the hardware required to perform side-channel attacks is provided for free.

besides providing useful information, these sensors also represent a variety of threats to the user s security and privacy.


We de.ne the surrounding runtime environment E for the program P that contains any software or hardware components that provide any service necessary for P s execution.

the environment E contains the operating system, underlying hardware, virtual machine monitors and external inputs.


Therefore, before designing a protocol or developing a formal system to check the proper working of the design, it is extremely important to give clear semantics to the notion of security properties, model of the threat, and the underlying assumptions taken in order to achieve a secure system.

for authentication protocols, important design issues are data freshness, message bindings, secure functions, and the underlying cryptosystem.


Heuristic strategies will be needed for e.ciently .nding a good design and query answer strategy.

a multi-dimensional greedy strategy may be promising.


3.3 Scenario Collection and Replay Based on the de.nition above, the collection of WMS is actually the collection of (µ, V, E, T ) so that all the information related to (µ, V, E, T ) are stored and can be accessed later (for .ne-grained analysis).

all interactions and contents during all infection trails should be stored if possible.


Assuming the clients do not communicate with each other and in the absence of synchronization, a fundamental impossibility result prevents complete consistency among all clients.

since the service may mount a replay attack and answer with responses from outdated state to a target client, the victim cannot discover that more recent operations have been performed by other clients.


G(1m , aux), and H is a solution function.

the value a = H(z) is the solution of the puzzle z.


This is shown by 97.5% average round success rate and 0.13 average edit distance in the worst case.

for the distribution of average edit distance of NumPad-Shift, 27 participants among 40 samples (after removing the experimental data when NumPad-Shift appears as the .rst test group) has an average edit distance of zero (i.e.


Therefore, it is important to know the performance of the session key update.

we are interested in the delay and energy consumption at the sensors side.


Based on the de.ned rules, these two cases fall into unidenti.ed results.

old versions of Windows do not announce the UDP size by default; many such hosts cannot be identi.ed.


SimilartoitsP3MTcounterpart, thePPGCTprotocolis resilient to uniformly distributed errors.

since input size of Client is small, corresponding positions in Server genome are affectedby errors withverylowprobability.


Given a key pair (sk, pk) and a message m in ZN*, c=Epk(m) denotes an encryption of the plaintext m, and d=Dsk(c) denotes the decryption of the cryptograph c. Most of public key encryptions are based on the modular arithmetic with a modulus N, a large integer.

we call such an encryption system a homomorphic encryption, if there are two operations + and * satisfying the condition for any m1 and m2: Epk(m1+m2) = Epk(m1)*Epk(m2).


has the same exact security bounds as those of the Feistel S-Pads of Theorem 2 for both TDPs and claw-free permutations, but with an improvement in the running time of the reduction such that t ' = t - O((qG + qS + qH ) · (Tf + Textract )) Recall that S-Pad and X-Pad are constructed identically, the only difference being the selection of length parameters (and the manner in which the TDPs are applied to the output).

since s is concatenated alongside the output of the TDPs, length parameters should be chosen to minimize the length of s. The practical costs of this small increase in the minimum ciphertext length for X-Pads are generally not signi.cant, but the resulting increase in exact security is substantial enough to warrant the use of the X-Pad paradigm instead of the S-Pad paradigm in most situations.


In all cases, the batching algorithm output by AutoBatch either matched the prior best known result or outperformed it.

autoBatch realized a batching algorithm for the VRF in [34] that takes only two-thirds the time of the one provided in [34].


In this example, there is only one intentional relation: mv1 in MV.

to ensure the con.dentiality of mv1 data we must access to the relation p and make a join.


5.2.1 Model Explanation Variables In order to demonstrate the algorithm employed by this model, we focus on a speci.c simulation from the above-described experiment.

we consider one speci.c password policy, p3.


The rule states that explicit substitution may invert usual substitution to create instances as required.

variables that appear in packed code can be associated with the label of the process that packs that code,even though thosevariablesmaybe bound later by(Reduct evaluate) when that code is eventually unpacked at some other label.Forexample,the instanceof empty in binVirus may be correctly associated with Low (the label at which it is packed) instead of High (the label at which it is unpacked).


The adversary is given oracle access to these di.erent instances; furthermore, each instance maintains (local) state which is updated during the course of the experiment.

each instance .i U maintains local state that includes the following variables:  sidiU , pidUi , and skiU denote the session id, partner id, and session key, respectively.


As discussed before, Wi-Fi has been extensively utilized by smartphone users to save their mobile data.

many users phones are in an auto-connect mode.


That is, the hierarchy adopted for determining the structure of a histogram is also used as a basis for representing it, thus introducing surprising e.ciency in terms of both space consumption and accuracy of estimations.

our histogram (namely GHBH -Grid Hierarchical Binary Histogram) is based on a constrained partition scheme, where blocks of data cannot be split anywhere along one of their dimensions, but the split must be laid onto a grid partitioning the block into a number of equally sized sub-blocks.


If a simulation of scheme in scheme satis.es this requirement, then a system in reaches an unsafe state if and only if the system s mapping in reaches an unsafe state.

the result of safety analysis is preserved by the simulation.


Moreover, changing the arguments to these functions might result in (1) a sequence of system calls that was not experienced during learning or (2) a data.ow between system calls that might not be covered by the model.

by inserting more random invalid system calls in the program code, we can make it more and more di.cult for an attacker to come up with a permissible sequence of system calls.


Third, having the description of the circuit available as C code, we can test functional properties of the program by testing the C code.

we can apply the unmodi.ed version of CBMC to verify correctness properties (assertions contained in the program).


However, override pre.xes are generally used to access up to 4GB of the addressable memory space [8], as brie.y sketched in Figure 2.

the snippet of code iteratively reads 4KB of memory starting from the address 0xdeadbeef.


We implemented our scheme as part of a larger tool for identifying and redacting sensitive content.

the tool leverages algorithms from [12] to suggest the terms that should be tested to gain con.dence that no information pertaining to a certain topic has been redacted.


Thus, the .rst player already knows the value of E. We reveal the value of E to the second player (the .rst player already knows this value).

we condition the game G(Y ,X|V1,B,W )TV1 on the value of E, and consider the game G(Y,X |V1,B,W )TV1 |E = G(Y ,X |V1,B,W,E)TV1 , with pa rameters (k, d - 1, P(Y |V1,B,W,E)TV1 , P(X|V1,B,W,E)TV1 ).


4.1 Chinese Wall Policy We examine how we specify our risk .ow policy as a Chinese Wall policy and evaluate the legality of our resulting risk .ows using the Chinese Wall semantics.

the resulting combination of covert and overt information .ows must adhere to simple and *-security property semantics of the Chinese Wall policy.


To investigate how EARDet performs in reality, we conduct experiments and compare EARDet with FMF and AMF in the face of common attacks.

we generate attack .ows using two simple strategies .ooding attacks and Shrew DoS attacks [22,25] and then mix real traces with arti.cially generated attack .ows to simulate an attack environment.


Over HTTPS, however, strict Referer validation is feasible because only a tiny percentage (0.05 0.22%) of browsers suppress the header.

strict Referer validation is well-suited for preventing login CSRF because login requests are typically issued over HTTPS.


When gathering con.dential data on users (such as passwords, usernames and account numbers), the utility of the data relies on its accuracy.

there are some risks involved with using the gathered data.


Consider that a well-formed ciphertext (A, B, C, D, E, S) decrypts uniquely regardless of the corresponding public key.

c = e(g, H(A))r · m and D = F (A)r uniquely .xes m. If we recall the de.nition of a derivative from De.nition 2.4, then we see by inspection that if A = svk * then for the ciphertext not to be a derivative of the challenge (C, D, E) must not be identical to the challenge ciphertext.


Taking qE and e 2-60 (following [12]) we see that k1 must be 120 bits long.

the signature scheme requires only 120 bits of redundancy and can sign messages of length k -120.


That is, we need not assume that a CAPTCHA must be solved correctly by nonattackers.

an e.ective CAPTCHA could possibly be intentionally di.cult for non-attackers (MTurk users) to solve correctly, as long as we can distinguish their results from attackers (Antigate workers).


Another interesting characteristic exposed by this study is that rights are largely monotonically increasing.

users very infrequently lose rights, but very frequently are given new rights (e.g., added to a repository).


PRIVACY DEFINITIONS As mentioned earlier, in this paper we follow a centralized approach to solve the privacy-preserving scheduling problem.

we assume that a third-party, given users individual private schedules, computes their common availabilities (time slots).


The interface (import/export) is still globally shared, but the common set of formulas for delegating (open, says*, admin)is pair-wise shared.

the set of formulas used for delegating between ACM and CMU is di.erent from the set used between IEEE and CMU.


Unlike the signature-based method [10] and message authentication code (MAC)-based method [8], the BMW transformation does not need to attach a one-time signature or a MAC to a ciphertext.

the BMW transformation is more suitable for key encapsulation than other methods [10, 8].


First, our focus is on the general problem of physically restricted authentication.

the client requesting authentication may be a device for which these other technologies are inappropriate.


Being compatible to the existing obfuscation techniques, LocMask will be compatible to rather than be a replacement of the existing obfuscation techniques.

a diversi.ed range of obfuscation techniques can be adopted in LocMask.


Additionally, once a malicious web site is identi.ed, the .-system can verify that a malicious modi.cation was removed and that the web site is now benign.

if an infection campaign is dormant or the exploit page is o.ine, dynamic analysis systems detect that the web site is benign because it does not detect any malicious behavior.


should precisely capture the capabilities of users that are not trusted.

any change that could be made by such users should be allowed by ..


should accurately locate changes to an Android binary and present them in the right context.

it should be able to tolerate common mechanical changes, for example, to the instruction layout by an optimizer, or to the class names that are often targeted by trivial obfuscators [43].


Figure 1 illustrates several types of attack scenarios with different amounts of required system knowledge.

note that the replay attacks do not need much knowledge of the system components.


The team understands that it is not enough to look for known sensitive terms like missile and so they begin to look for other, seemingly innocuous, terms that might allow the government s missile development activities to be inferred.

the team works on the inference detection problem in this semi-structured data set.


Since the ideal ob ject is a reference scheme to evaluate the security of OPE approaches, it does not demand that the created functions have a compact representation.

they can be thought of as being stored using |D| key-value-pairs.


This allows us to optimize the process of preserving privacy for the specified usage.

we investigate the privacy transformation in the context of data mining applications like building classification and re- gression models.


In addition, we require the cryptosystem to provide semantic security [8].

given two ciphertexts, it is infeasible for an attacker to .nd any meaningful relationship between the plaintexts based only on the ciphertexts.


These algorithms and communication capabilities may be portable ANs, albeit with some variations.

we envision that ANs will require a combination of algorithmic capabilities for ad hoc and coordinated networks, and possibly for fixed and mobile ones.


In Lemma 15, we show that checking whether a userset satis.es a term under a given con.guration is in NP.

one can design a nondeterministic Turing machine N that checks whether a userset satis.es a term in polynomial time.


Locking one s device may not be a one-size-.ts-all security practice.

while many users are likely to bene.t from the practice, this may not be universal.


The basic idea is to add a self-loop singleton state .

a self-loop singleton state is added to the original sequential system in such a way that there is a set of input from other states from which it can enter to this self-loop state.


Note that E does not capture which pairs of ASes have active eBGP sessions between routers at the cur rent time.

if (a1,a2) is in E, there may be no current eBGP session between a router in a1 and a router in a2.


Since the functionality FG KE is aware of when a player outputs the session key (since that player outputs the session key immediately after receiving (sid, pid, ') from FG KE , and this message is received by Ui immediately after FG KE sends it), FG KE can give the appropriate information to the adversary when a corruption occurs.

if the adversary corrupts a player after the session key has been sent to that player (corresponding to a corruption in the real world after the player has output a session key), the adversary is given nothing.


PIV-Interoperable cards conform to the technical specifications for PIV and additionally have been issued in a manner that supports trust by Federal relying parties.

these cards must include an authentication certificate issued by a provider cross-certified with the Federal Bridge certification authority (FBCA) at Medium-HW policy and require subscriber registration through an identity proofing process that satisfies NIST SP 800-63 Level 4 requirements.


We propose a new solution for GLC by using thermal conditioning techniques.

we apply thermal control on the process of GLC, which breaks the correlations by imposing extra variations concerning gate level leakage power.


Their corresponding Android APIs return null if called from within the emulators.

the driver of the vibrator is based on a Linux driver model called timed_output,which is also missing from the emulators.


we say that two terms f1 and f2 are equivalent (denoted by f1 =f2) when for every userset X and every con.guration (U, UR), X satis.es f1 under (U, UR)if and only if X satis.es f2 under (U, UR).f1 =f2 [ ] if and only if .


authorisation server, regardless of how the user authenticated to Unity.

users authenticate with whichever external credential they have, and an intermediate SAML assertion is used to present a harmonised credential to the AS; in turn, the AS issues an access token to the portal to enable the portal to obtain an X.509 credential on behalf of the user: the EUDAT Online Certi.cation Authority is implemented as an OAuth resource (described in the following section.)


The first tool, the Twitter Geographic Profiler builds a map of the ethno-cultural communities of a person's friends.

it determines the distribution over the set of possible ethno-cultural groups of the friends of a given individual.


By making central use of role-based structures and going beyond the simple table lookup of the access control matrix, and the fixed structure of a lattice of security labels, access control models have evolved in their support of an increasing range of access control policies.

rBAC has been shown to be natural in its support of least privilege as well as static and dynamic separation of duty policies [9, 13, 16] known to be important to the business applications of numerous organizations [11, 23].


For instance, we can e.ciently and uniquely determine roots of a polynomial over the message space when it is a .eld.

.nding a root of a polynomial de.ned over ZN is equivalent to factoring N [44] and so there is no polynomial-time root-.nding algorithm for polynomials over the message space of Paillier encryption without the factorization of N. Hence, many polynomial representation based private set operation protocols require additional expensive costs to extract roots of polynomials [33, 23, 43].


H = {t, m, s}, Oi in ExpN (K) must satisfy the following criteria: 1.

if Oi = N then hi = t. the observations of the node constructing the explanation are considered truthful.


In this paper we focus on the challenging task of triggering a certain behavior through automated UI interactions.

we propose a hybrid static and dynamic analysis method to reveal UI-based trigger conditions in Android application s. Our method .rst uses static analysis to extract expected activity switch paths by analyzing both Activity and Function Call Graphs, and then uses dynamic analysis to traverse each UI elements and explore the UI interaction paths towards the sensitive APIs.


EveninthecasewhereEIP is not directly pointed to a tainted location, walking in an area with tainted code will eventually cause an alert since attackers are bound to use a checked instruction (such as jmp, call, or ret).

sEAL is able to detect most overwriting and code injecting exploits.


This is dif.cult for the attacker because all conditional branches that exit any whitelisted stalling code region are possible exit points.

when there is previously non-executed, malicious code inside a stalling loop, the branch that guards this malicious code is considered as a possible exit point (in addition to the loop exit).


We now present the new state of the art in low-power software implementations of ECC on the ARM Cortex-M0+.

we propose an optimization of the L´opez-Dahab (LD) [16] .eld multiplication, which aims to reduce the number of memory accesses, as this is a slow operation on the target platform.


First, a user can declare her current location through a mechanism commonly known as checkin.

second, the protection system has a prior notion of how locations are related geometrically, and it uses the relationship between the declared locations of the resource owner and the requester as a basis of authorization.1 if the declared location of the resource owner and that of the resource requester are related in a way mandated by the access control policy (e.g., co-location, close proximity, spatial containment, etc), then access is granted.


Our implementation needs to deal with timers.

extXACML supports two forms of timer, either a speci.c time in future or a time duration, and it sets or cancels a timer via events from the timer event family.


If the selection function predicts high power consumption, the measured power signal is placed into a set, S1, otherwise it is placed into the alternate set, S0.

power measurements are partitioned into two sets based on their predicted power consumptions for the guessed values of key bits.


A scheme is completely secure against inferences if there exists no opponent which can distinguish between any pair of systems which meet the criteria of the trial when the scheme is used.

they share the same state and the same set of events known to the opponent.


Our focus is on tracking information .ow within conventional applications, systems and networks, being used in the manner they were intended.

we do not strive to prevent covert or hidden communication channels that might defeat information .ow tracking (trivially an insider might write down information and then re-type it from notes).