A good estimate of the schedule requires detailed analysis of all communication patterns and control paths in not just the MAN, but also in the rest of the circuit.

the token graph, described in Section 3, is an excellent starting point since any two accesses connected by an edge in this graph are guaranteed to be non-concurrent.


Conclusion The fan-out scan chain structure is attractive in terms of reducing test data and application time because one test vector can fill in multiple scan chains at the same time.

its usage is limited because it cannot be used if any conflicts exist across the fan-out scan chains.


Background combination of non-convex points.

for a given number of trials, the likelihood that randomization will yield the optimum partition reduces as the number of combinations increase.


Since a CMP s maximum clock frequency is limited by the worst-case critical path, mismatch between different critical paths raises Vopt as the leakiest path runs at clock frequency set by the slowest path.

local variation is reduced for deeper logic depths since local variation is usually uncorrelated and hence averages out along a path.


The signals Xi are not exploited by the go/no go BIST approach.

in the case of the BISR approach we use the signals Xi as shown in figure 1.


The second is banking, which divides memory locations among multiple block RAMs (banks), allowing each additional bank to support an additional read and write port.

with this approach each read or write port can only access its corresponding memory division hence a pure banked design does not truly support sharing across ports.


When applications dictate a compact log, the garbage collector has little to do other than erase storage.


For example, in Figure 6, segment s(out ,in3)contributes to the output arrival time of 9.

mID(out ,in3)=(6+4)-(4+5)=1 is less than ME DR(out ).


between security and functionality: by hiding data from Dom0, we also disable features such as disk compression or copy-on-write.

we allow incremental adoption, as virtual machines that use page boxing may co-exist with VMs using legacy I/O on the same host.


For most programs, the WCET estimation with our quantitative analysis is very close to simulation results: the normalized WCET estimation is on average 110.3%.

the WCET estimation by Grund and Reineke s Must analysis is grossly pessimistic: the normalized WCET estimation is on average 171.8%.


Thus, the following statements about power consumption and delay can be extracted from the results on Table 2: - The full adders designed with pass transistor logic styles (cmos_26, cpl, cpl_sr, Ours_1 and Ours_2) exhibit less delay than the other ones, what can be expected from the fact of reduced internal parasitic capacitances as stated in [7] for these logic styles.

- the full adders designed upon the logic structure shown in Figure 1 (bay_10a, bay_10b, bay_14a, bay_14b, bay_16, full_rest, tran_funct, wey_chow) have larger propagation delays (around or exceeding 1 ns) as expected, due to the internal XOR/XNOR gates that generate intermediate signals having an extra delay, used to control the output blocks.


Similar FSMs can be designed to support board-mapped masters.

for correct operation, assuming X and Y interchangeably represent the host or the board, transaction-based operation may be initiated by X if there are no masters mapped to Y that are capable of generating a transaction targeted towards a slave mapped to X.


A few extreme points deviate from the line though, meaning that the predictor error is not accurately estimated for those con.gurations.

the relative error between the value estimated during cross-validation and the e.ective one is small (less than 2%), which means that the model predicts accurately the area at those points.


In pipelined allocation, results are only available at the end of the last iteration.

incremental allocation makes the results of each iteration available, such that intermediate grants can be generated.


That is because gated-Vconsumes more gate leakage in 88the cache cells and when Tox is small, gate leakage is much bigger than subthreshold leakage.

if we exclude the gate leakage from the total leakage, the gated-V 88technique outperforms drowsy.


Assuming a mechanism capable of such .ne-resolution diagnosis, an ef.cient recon.guration scheme can potentially shield against many NoC faults, disabling only a single unidirectional link for each fault.

existing on-chip, topology-agnostic route-recon.guration solutions [1, 41] fail to exploit this opportunity as they can operate with bidirectional links only.


The drive current increases with the increase in the number of nanowires, thereby reducing the delay of the circuit.

the improvement in delay starts to saturate from N5.


There have been other research results that describe attempts at modeling routability during: the technology independent phase of synthesis, the logic extraction stage, by using topological information such as the fanout range [10], or via a companion placement of the logic net work nodes [9].

placement of the logic nodes (which represent the Boolean equations) does not correlate well with the physical placement of a mapped gate level netlist, and congestion is mostly considered only during physical design, either at the global placement level or during incremental placement updates within resynthesis procedures [12][13][14].


Such a fix has a minimal impact on the hierarchy and the benefit of the approach is expected to be retained.

it will increase the cluster count somewhat.


A B energy, our goal was to keep the datapath circuitry at nominal supply voltage while lowering the clock swing of the latch/flip-flop clock transistors.

under such a scheme, the TG p-MOS transistors do not turn OFF fully, resulting in static current (power) consumption.


If the rank of new matrix remains unchanged, we know that this path is covered.

if we add an uncovered path to the matrix, the rank of the new matrix will increment by one.


an important assumption of structural testing is that the patterns for the target modeled faults could detect many unmodeled faults as well.


{javed.absar, francky.catthoor}@imec.be Abstract An effectively designed and ef.ciently used memory hierarchy, composed of scratch-pads or cache, is seen today as the key to obtaining energy and performance gains in data-dominated embedded applications.

an unsolved problem is how to make the right choice between the scratchpad and the data-cache for different class of applications?


Note that the channel routing problem assumes that the available tracks are unlimited and have equal length, and the left edge algorithm tries to route the wires using as few tracks as possible.

in our pad assignment problem, the tracks are limited and could have di.erent lengths, thus making our problem di.erent from the channel routing problem.


This leads to better uniformity in device characteristics.

this technique does not account for the variations caused by position differences of GBs.


An all-solution SAT solver returns when a solution is found, making it possible to imply its dominating solutions [12] without modifying the SAT solver, add them to Debug using blocking clauses and continue solving.

the SAT solver usually does not learn non-solution blocks until the end of the solving process.


The critical path of the decoder, for this example, is also changed from the 3-input NAND gates to the 2-input NAND gates.

we should point out that the B-Cache s 4×16 NPD is much slower than the 4×16 decoder in the original direct-mapped cache with a subarray size of 512 bytes as shown in Table 1.


The basis of the FQ memory scheduler is fair queuing algorithms from computer networking research.

the QoS objective of the FQ scheduler is to ensure each thread receives its allocated fraction of the memory the FQ memory scheduler s (FQ-VFTF) normalized data bus utilization is clustered slightly to the left of the ideal vertical line at one.


The work also proposes a behavioral model of a 4x4 crossbar-like data network, based on wavelength routing that connects four masters to four slaves.

they do not evaluate its performance in a system.


This has the effect of allowing the completion of the evaluate phase of stage A.

when both enable signals of the two right latches switch to 0 as a result of stage B and C entering their evaluate phase, they reset the two left latches Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 4 Stage 2 Output Input L1   Figure 3.


To reduce the problem complexity and achieve the desired performance and yield objectives, new solutions must explore the concept of regularity[1].

this regularity must go beyond the design hierarchy based on small local layout patterns since the larger range interactions are critically important to guarantee the predictable printability.


At present, the prototype does not output complete MIDI sequence data; only pitch sequence is output.

it is easy to obtain note length data by using the rhythm tapping data.


Zhao Li is now with Cadence Design Systems, Inc. (zhaoli@cadence.com) known as Jacobian matrix bypass.

it is well known that the convergence rate of quasi-Newton methods for nonlinear iteration can degrade to linear.


This continuous capacity increase has made flash economically viable for a wide variety of applications, ranging from consumer electronics to primary data storage systems.

as flash density increases, NAND flash memory cells are more subject to various device and circuit level noise, leading to increasingly worse reliability and endurance.


It requires a larger area and consumes more energy.

we have included a bidirectional ring, built as a Hamiltonian cycle.


Using PNGen, we obtain software implementations for PNs that can be mapped and executed on CPUs or DSPs.

using Laura, we can also obtain hardware implementations for PNs making use of dedicated IP cores and recon.gurable hardware.


For example, in Figure 7, the edge connecting vBLUE on the left boundary and vRED on the top boundary (shown in dashed line) will be removed.

this does not work as vBLUE on the left boundary can still reach vRED on the top boundary by taking a detour as shown by the solid edges in Figure 7.


One additional bene.t from this is that our current restart facility has the feature that it can not get us out of a terminal strongly connected component that does not contain the goal.

this has not been much of an issue for us so far, possibly because the searches that veer o. into the wrong direction are aborted once our search resource constraint has been exhausted.


If result 3.c occurs then the LP can be again constructed and solved iteratively until the overlap is removed.

regardless of which result occurs, we can see that there is a reduction in amount or area of overlap.


The power consumption of AMCMOS in adiabatic mode is slightly increased due to increased load capacitance due to precharge devices.

the AMCMOS circuit can be switched into high speed minimum power dissipation of the adiabatic circuit a frequency variation increases the total power dissipation.


Using recency-based prefetching (in its presented form) directly for caches is likely to be awkward, because of the relatively higher miss rates, and much .ner granularity of data caches.

such a prefetcher, while bene.ting TLB performance, might also be used to guide or .lter data cache prefetches from a multiple of more conventional prefetching algorithms -thereby improving ef.ciency and lowering the prefetch bandwidth requirement.


As rss increases, both the number of subgrids and the number of resultant global nodes decrease, so it takes less runtime to partition the power grid, and to verify global nodes.

both the subgrid sizes and the total number of internal nodes increase as rss, thus solving the subgrids consumes more runtime when rss becomes larger.


Despite all design information being sanitized, two out of twenty original netlists were not cleared for public release.

the remaining 18 benchmarks were soon adapted to placement.


since these schedules are relatively inexpensive to build and their reuse frequency is much less than the .rst ghost cell .lling schedules (every step on a level vs. every step on the next coarser level), we chose to simplify our implementation and re-generate these schedules each time they are used.


Using the C-level models, we then generate error rate lower voltages.

at error rates that we would expect to be easily tolerated (e.g., below 5%), the real program samestimates using 32,000 sample vector sequences.


A NAND gate would normally be slower than an inverter.

the first inverter of the cascaded inverters is typically small the second inverter is instead appropriately sized larger to drive the signal.


Dead block prediction and bypass techniques mentioned above are all based on the assumption that all distant reuse blocks are useless.

as we have shown, many blocks among them are actually useful and should be retained in caches.


Therefore, half select disturb is unlikely to happen with appropriately sized 6-T SRAM if write assist method is not applied.

if the 6-T portion of an 8-T SRAM is optimized for the write operation, half select disturb is more likely to happen and must be carefully considered when 8-T SRAM is designed.


Unlike .ltering stage, SIFT extrema starts with 2D structures so the additional cost of adding the 1D horizontal operations is relatively low.

the 2D and vertical IF units also become more complex to support various horizontal and vertical offsets into the 2D register.


The conventional way to use banking is to divide memory locations evenly among the banks, such that each read and write port are tied to a certain memory division.

a memory with only banking is not truly multi-ported, since only one read from a certain division is possible in a given cycle.


In the packet scheme described above, since a store operation takes place when the packet re-enters the memory, a safe mechanism would be for the processor not to issue any new instructions while there are pending packets.

this would prevent the computer from taking advantage of the multiple outstanding instruction capability.


If a user has, for example, a full set of phone number, email address, and OSN ID of a mutual contact, but the only mutual entry is this last ID, it can be concluded that the other user s tie to that contact is not as strong.

if both users share several di.erent phone numbers or email addresses of one contact, they both appear to be strong ties to that contact, which can enhance their mutual trust.


A is also l-miss-competitive relative to B for l>k.

the former statement is clearly a better characterization of the policy s relative competitiveness.


Basic approach reduces the number of output commutations and commutation spike intensity compared to area-optimized solutions.

it exists in both commutation profiles any commutation spikes.


In most cases the variation in runtime is quite small.

for a small number of cases we do observe significant runtime variations.


It is important to realize that the partitioning algorithm never explicitly looks for dominators with more than two nodes.

multiple-vertex dominators are implicitly used for clustering by iteratively applying the clustering with single-and double-vertex dominators.


Even with 4MB page size, WPF reduces more than 66% of the metadata checks for MemTracker and 93% for Sentry.

the e.ciency of WPF with the heap checker reduces as the page size increases.


The overhead for accessing PMU (read/write) isless than1usec [15] and canbe ignored.

there is a limitation in using these events in the sense that only two events can be monitored at the same time along with the number of clock counts in a quantum (CCNT).


All-min and long-side-min keep about as many short-lived TIVs as short-sides-min and all-median respectively.

neither all-min nor long-side-min keep as many of the very long-lived TIVs as the other two methods.


Moreover, if two surfaces from different TSVs lie in the same plane, it is more reasonable to merge them into a larger group with 128 correlated nodes.

variations in doping pro.le are also incorporated into 128 nodes with a 10% perturbation and .. =0.5.... correlation length.


A much more closely related scheme is the distributed wavepropagation protocol in []5], which offers the same fexible tradeoff between energy consumption and time todetection.

their scheme, which is not fully defned in []5], is much more demanding in terms of intersensor communications.


In this work, we only consider the discrepancy in the mean value of extracted capacitances.

the Std errors of total capacitance C11 and coupling capacitance C12 from the both models are prominent.


Applying the MESI protocol ensures cache invalidation before a write operation on shared data in both row-major and column-major caches.

the cache invalidation overhead is pretty high owing to the orthogonal neighborhood structures in two different caches.


Because demotion-only does not promote the blocks from slower to faster d-groups, demoted blocks become stuck.

random performs nearly as well as true-LRU for nextfastest.


To resolve this problem, some forward recovery methods adopt triple-modular redundancy (TMR), in which three identical copies of a program are executed and majority voting are executed before critical operation, then the corrupted value can be corrected via other two consistent versions .

these techniques have evident impact on runtime performance and storage overhead, which may be prohibitively high in some situations, especially for real-time applications and embedded systems.


For instance, both mcu1s9 and n8692 have the same postsnap cap value of 13.9 since that buffer size is the one closest to the initial pre-snap cap value of 14.8 and 14.2.

we find that there is only a minor difference between the delay and power numbers.


In active mode the circuit operates at low Vth, while at standby mode reverse body bias is applied so the effective threshold voltage be raised to reduce leakage.

this approach requires a charge pump circuit to generate the body bias at standby mode.


The experiments also show just a straight 6%, 4%, and 2% performance loss against a 16-read port register file.

because the access time of the 32-entry 8-r/8-w fully-associative memory is slower than one of the 512-entry 8-r/8-w register file that we are trying to replace with 50% reduction of register file read ports using OPB s and OPRQ s 50% reduction of register file read ports using OPB/OPRQ/DWQ 16R/8W 8R/8W 8R/8W/8OPB 8R/8W/16OPB 8R/8W/32OPB 16R/8W 8R/8W 8R/8W/8DWQ 8R/8W/16DWQ 8R/8W/32DWQ 100% 100% 90% 90%  Normalized IPC 80% Normalized IPC 80% 70% 70% 60% 50% Figure 6.


Balancing the accesses to all cache sets would not increase the per access dynamic and static energy consumption of the instruction cache.

the hit rate of the efficient cache is increased therefore the accesses to off-chip memory are reduced, which means the execution time of an application is reduced hence the total static energy, since static energy consumption is proportional to the execution time.


An integrated TAM design and test scheduling method based on .exible-width TAMs was presented in [14].

precedence and power constraints in the test schedule and test preemption were not considered.


DISK FAILURE MODEL Disk drives are generally considered relatively reliable.

when one disk in a disk system does fail, there is a strong likelihood that other disks in the system tend to failure.


INTRODUCTION Automobiles have contributed significantly to the development of modern society by satisfying many of the requirements for mobility in everyday life.

large amounts of fuel consumption and pollution emissions resulting from the increasing number of automobiles in use around the world have drawn attention of researchers and developers towards more energy efficient and environmentally friendly automobiles.


This case study shows that medium granularity is worse than coarse granularity stacking with respect to TSV count, silicon area ratio, and wirelength.

the trends vary depending on technologies, circuit size, and so on, as we can see in Figure 14.


(the number of parallel repetitions of Protocol 4), the number of rounds is constant, the total number of bits transmitted is O(k.lg p), and a nonconforming party is caught with probability at least 1-2-. .

even if it were less e.cient, since it need only be executed when cheating takes place, and all cheaters can be caught with high probability, the cost of detection when amortized over many rounds is essentially zero.


3.2 Cluster Placement The logic clusters are then mapped on the CMOL tile fabric (one cluster per tile) using VPR tool [4,5].

the original linear congestion cost function [4] is modi.ed, since it was not adequate for CMOL FPGA where connections within the connectivity domain are not limited by CMOS resources.


This approach however suffers from the disadvantage of large area overhead (due to a large resistance) and power dissipation.

its operational principles are valuable, which establishes some important features for CNTFET-based design.


In DRAM-based main memory, the most-updated FTL mapping table can be lost due to power failure.

as PCM is non-volatile, FTL mapping table can be kept into PCM-based main memory permanently without considering power failure.


COOP outperforms the two practical replacement policies for the majority of the workloads, and in many cases signi.cantly.


In published research, many authors [1-3] have described tech niques for diagnosing process .uctuations from measured device parameters.

since device parameters can only be measured on a few test sites on a wafer, these procedures cannot be used to diagnose problems caused by variation of parameters between different chips on the same wafer.


If there is little within-die variability, testing is straightforward: each die can be characterised by measuring the delay of a localised test structure.

if withindie variation is a signi.cant part of overall delay variability, the test coverage must be either exhaustive, or at least su.ciently comprehensive to enable statistically reliable bounds on the slowest element in the die.


We removed an overlap of two obstacles in rc12 because it is invalid.

the number of obstacles is usually much larger than that of pin-vertices in a real design, so we set the ratios of k and m to 5, 10, and 50 to generate the .ve large random cases.


In the simplest form, this problem can be formulated as an interval graph coloring problem that has an elegant polynomial-time solution.

the problem of scheduling the graph so that the overall register requirement is minimized is an NP-hard problem.


Our current implementation is much slower than BDDs in most cases.

the runtime performance for Ordered Function Templates can be improved by a better implementation which tightly integrates the normalization and denormalization with the apply procedure.


The actual port currents are calculated by interpolation of current waveforms from ECSM/CCS libraries which were characterized for three different voltage levels.

despite modeling waveforms more accurately, these models still rely on clean signal transitions and pre-simulated waveforms.


con.ict clauses, literal activities) [4], [5].

for some applications SAT formulas are not expressive enough, for instance in the area of partial design veri.cation, and a representation using Quanti.ed Boolean Formulas (QBF) is required [6], [7].


We denote this functional dependence by wafer variations can be monitored by measuring the device parameters using the wafer test structures.

in the current manufacturing methodology there is no way of directly monitoring the FIGURE 3.


This piece is very popular in Japan, and since all subjects knew it very well, they had no difficulty singing it.

we also let the subjects listen to the song on CD three times.


Also, on a hit to a texture block, DRRIP promotes it to RRPV zero expecting a reuse in the near-future.

our analysis shows that the E1 texture blocks have very low optimal reuse probability (0.27 on average).


This test is called pre-bond testing [8].

the die without the clock source (lower die in Fig.


5 are for a single scan chain per circuit.

the only difference if multiple scan chains were used is in the seed calculation.


An asymmetric clock may be required and buffers may need to be inserted to satisfy the shortest path constraint of the TRD architecture [12].

the falling clock edge is not timingcritical in normal operation.


The latter mode has significantly greater overhead than the former.

both modes are accommodated having the scheduler treat them as separate proflets and thus schedule both.


Sources such as aggressor-victim interconnect variation also contribute to the variability of delay noise.

a majority of the timing analysis techniques used today model crosstalk induced delay noise as a deterministic quantity.


Or in other words, the modularity of electronic systems, especially digital electronic systems is much stronger.

the mechatronic systems are becoming more and more modularized, which makes them more amenable to be designed automatically, just as digital electronic systems do.


Based on above analysis, if performance has a higher priority in the design, we should choose threshold of 1000Mbps Throughput (Mbps) 980 960 940 920 900 880 860 800 900 80000700001000 600001100 500001200 4000030000 Threshold (Mbps) 1300 1400 20000Window size (cycle) Figure 9: Throughput under different design point with TDVS proportional to the workload, which makes TDVS and EDVS almost the same.

this is not really the case in the NPU model.


Various e.cient layout representations have been presented for physical design of conventional (2D) integrated circuits (e.g., [19]).

the current trend towards 3D integration creates a multitude of new design challenges.


Hardware level readonly storage is not vulnerable to software bugs or data modi.cation through raw disk access.

they are vulnerable to hardware errors like bit-.ipping.


Several circuit techniques based on multiple threshold voltage (multiple-Vt) CMOS technologies are described in the literature for reducing the subthreshold leakage current [1]-[2], [5].

effect of these multiple-Vt CMOS circuit techniques on the gate oxide leakage current characteristics has not been explored until recently.


Linear regulators have been widely used for on-chip DC-DC converters.

the most significant drawback of linear regulators is their linear efficiency drop with increasing dropout voltage.


While the last reference (or "last touch") to C 1 may occur well in advance of the refer- ence to C2, the block frame in the cache holds C1 until C2 is moved from the prefetch buffer into the frame upon a processor reference.

predicting the last touch to C1 would allow replacing C1 by C2 in the corresponding block frame earlier.


Routing of multiple nets can be cast as ILP in several ways, of which the most scalable so far has been BoxRouter.

available evidence suggests that ILP-based routers remain far behind R&R routers in speed.


The next step is to .nd out the actual movement range of a cell c. It is found by removing the parts of the displacement range that overlap with the critical bins.

moving a cell within a fragmented movable range is running time expensive, we will only keep the part that overlaps with the cell s x-coordinate, while other disjointed parts will be discarded.


If all memory accesses from each of the four CPUs were to each CPU s own local memory, then the peak memory bandwidth of a board would be 9.6 GBps.

memory is usually 16-way interleaved across the memory banks of all four processors.


After the data transfer .nishes, according to the value of a speci.c bit in register MDIC, the device determines whether to .re an interrupt.

static void set_mdic(E1000State *s, int index, uint32_t val) { ... ... s->mac_reg[MDIC] = val | E1000_MDIC_READY; set_ics(s, 0, E1000_ICR_MDAC); } Figure 4: Excerpt of e1000 virtual device Figure 4 shows how the virtual device responds under such the scenario by invoking the function set_MDIC.


As shown in Figure 3, we have PMIN(GOCSS(ex1)) = 10 under the clock skew schedule in which Thost = 0, TC1 = 5, TC2 = 5, TC3 = 5 and TC4 = 4.

with an analysis to Figure 2, we find that the cycle consisting of S-edge es(host,R3) and S-edge es(R3,host) determines the lower bound of sequential timing optimization, and we have PB(ex1) = (11+Ts,3+1+Ts,host)/2= 7.


Decomposing the macro view from the monthly bill into a detailed, localized report could enable individual consumers to better understand their energy use and reduce wasted energy [2].

current home energy meters target very speci.c goals and applications, making it dif.cult for consumers to gain a detailed breakdown of their entire energy usage.


The Dragon benchmarks (typically known as IBM-PLACE benchmarks) [17] are a good example of an effort to create placement instances from the ISPD98 suite.

to address the standard cell placement, big macro blocks with attached nets were intentionally removed.


The TFET ST-1 SRAM shows improvement in the read-upset probability compared to the 8T TFET SRAM due to the use of the Schmitt-Feedback.

due to its weak pull-up, the cell is still prone to variation-induced upsets, causing its VCC-min to be large compared to the CMOS SRAM cells.


Flash clearing increases the number of false positives signi.cantly over count clearing.

the count clearing works quite effectively, especially using the .hash function, .


In Figure 1 (a), existed bus-driven .oorplanning algorithms connect m3 and m5 by simply one vertical bus.

by considering the actual positions of the bus pins in Figure 1 (b), the bus pins of these two modules may not be passed by only one vertical bus and the wirelength is much longer than the simpli.ed estimation.


(2), the objective can be written by: aknki .. M in xip · lp (3) i=1 p=1  4.2 Uni.ed Modeling for MPER By solving the previous problem, the median points for di.erential pairs and the shortest paths for pins to median points can be determined.

the paths of median points to boundary cannot be guaranteed as all pairs compete for the limited routing resource, especially with single signals considered.


Because of the aforementioned .rst improvement, any TCF of a PI is either constant 1 or constant 0 because any PI has only one arrival time.

since the arrival times at POs are the only candidate circuit delays, this information is exploited to save unnecessary checking.


As a result, setup constraints give a lower bound on the clock period [3].

hold violations can be resolved by applying the delay insertion.


We began our study planning to analyze 100,000 basepair distances per genome.

with the optimized version of mlRho performing at more than 50 times the e.ciency of the version we began with, we have now completed 10 times the work we had initially planned.


Traditionally, such TSV buses have been considered to help improve the thermal conductivity in the vertical direction, with the general perception that Copper/Tungsten TSVs have good thermal conductivities [5] [7].

the lateral thermal-blockage effects for TSV via farms have not been wellstudied in the past.


In Kingsley, an initial memory region is reserved and distributed among the different lists of block sizes.

only a limited amount of block sizes is used and thus memory is misused.


Finally, to avoid the price of direct-mapped organization, which is particularly high for page-based designs, Unison Cache is organized as set-associative, colocating all the pages of a set in the same DRAM row.

instead of serializing tag and data accesses or fetching all the ways at the same time, Unison Cache relies on highly accurate way prediction, increasing neither the cache hit latency nor the amount of transferred data.


For the given set of data, we can see that RBF and ANN present the best estimation accuracy when increasing the size of the training data.

radial basis functions also present a very consistent decreasing of the validation error, making its behavior more stable with respect to the arti.cial neural network.


[5]proposed a greedy heuristic algorithm whose `´ time complexity is O nkd2 , but there is still no optimal algorithm in the polynomial running time.

under the assumption thatthe energy-voltage curveisquasiconvex, it is polynomial solvable using the similar method.


The HSPICE results in 0.25um and 0.18um technologies shown in Table 3 confirm this prediction.

the leakage reduction data in 0.07um is underestimated since the BPTM does not capture the increasing DIBL factor and fails to present the increasing effectiveness.


We originally intended to re-engineer an existing service to use as the subject of the case study.


6 OpenCL 2.0 uses the term scope inclusion to mean the exact same scope.

the term is defined in such a way that extending to the notion of inclusion described here would be straightforward in the future.


Semi-invasive laser glitching has also been shown to be e.ective from the IC backside [28].

light sensors are commonly integrated into modern secure ICs and can also trigger attack mitigation routines upon detecting a laser spot.


That is, suppose t0 is the starting point and t1,t2,... are local maximum/minimum points, then each segment starting from point tj to point tj+1 is considered a section.

this may introduce too many small sections due to small .uctuations in the signal.


In general, large size of cache line favors data with high spatial locality to avoid frequent access data to memory.

small size of cache line favors data with low spatial locality to alleviate the cache con.ict miss count.


Recall in Table 2 that MRAM s read and static power is very low.

due to the addition of a 256KB SRAM L2 to all system con.gurations, the relative static power consumption of all con.gurations increases compared to Figure 4B.


MAKING THE TLC COMPATIBLE The Basic TLC and the Optimized TLC described so far are fully functional virtual caches.

the goal of the TLC design is for it to be a drop-in replacement to a VIPT cache.


Moreover, SAFFOA can achieve a shorter wirelength than three state-of-the-art outline-free floorplanners even if they all allowed non-zero deadspace.

it is also robust enough to produce feasible floorplans even with a very strict AR constraint such as 0.5,2.


Lastly, identifying the exact core which triggered the symptom, as well as orchestrating the checkpoint rollback and recovery, is more challenging when multiple threads running on different cores are interacting and sharing data.

these challenges are beyond the scope of the current paper and are left as interesting directions for future work.


this isbecause they are: self-con.guring, self-healing, self-the autonomic systems sense their operating environment optimizing and self-protecting.


When a failure occurs, it is possible that results computed in the microprocessor core are incorrect.

the speculative epoch -based execution guarantees that the computation can always be reversed to the last known-correct state.


In case the consumption quantum equals three in every task execution, then the minimum buffer capacity for deadlock-free execution is three.

if the consumption quantum equals two in every task execution, then the minimum buffer capacity for deadlock-free execution is four.


A separate DSP or MCU chip adds unnecessary complexity and cost.

using the same mote as the integrating MCU would incur signi.cant CPU and power overhead.


A delay line is used to detect the abnormal data skew among the data wires of the same pipeline stage.

this method does not work in a pure QDI NoC.


To achieve this, we invalidate the suitable dormant cache lines, i.e., we turn their valid bits o. if a su.ciently long time period has 1 Actually, we conducted experiments with all the benchmark codes in the SPEC2000 suite.

for the sake of clarity of graphs, we present only a subset of our results (i.e., for 12 bechmarks).


Moreover, metamodeling techniques have been demonstrated to have high accuracy and low modeling overhead for several IC design estimation applications.

as there has yet been only limited use of metamodeling techniques for IC design estimation, practitioners lack systematic understanding and guidance regarding how to choose and apply the available techniques.


A multiple-detect test set can be roughly characterized by its value, N, the minimum number of times each SSL fault is detected.

more sophisticated methods of determining the quality of a multiple-detect test set have been used.


We can observe that there is negative aliasing due to the processing of packets from independent .ows.

in addition, Figure 7(b) shows the L2 cache miss rate.


When the MF is increased from 32 to 64, the PD hit rate is reduced sharply and so does the cache miss rate.

larger MF means more bits for the PD and thus more overhead in terms of area and access time.


CFP should .atten them into non-nested structures, which causes performance degradation because of the register pressure for keeping condition values and/or the recalculation of the condition values.

the performance of interpolation is degraded by SFP+PP because the example does not have a nested-if structure but has a simple switch structure.


Power-clock steadily goes high; thus, out is charged through MP2.

out node remains LO since it is connected to GND through the function block.


Thus, for IA simulator generation, the existing (CA) behavior description captured in BEHAVIOR and ACTIVATION sections can be ignored, and an IA simulator can be generated from the translated SEMANTICS sections.

by ignoring all SEMAN-TICS sections in the model, CA simulator generation can still take place from the existing BEHAVIOR and ACTIVATION sections.


According to theorem 6, the steady state throughput of each guarded transition t must satisfy the following inequality: d(t)· T h(t)= .

a(p)· m(p) p.t and each simple transition t must ful.ll: d(t)· T h(t)=m(p) for every preset place p. t. the average steady state marking m is necessarily a solution of the state equation: m = m0 +C· s, s=0 One can combine the above constraints on the throughput and on the average marking, to build a Linear Programming Problem (LP) that maximizes a parameter f, corresponding to the TGMG throughput (one scalar variable suf.ces since the throughput of all transitions is the same): Maximize f: d(t)· f= .


The transition with the time parameter means that firing of the enabled transition will take the given time.

the place with the time parameter means that the possession of a token will take the given time.


It is experimentally determined that k(N+1)/2 is typically enough to achieve 98% logic utilization [1][2].

such a hard constraint is not at all natural and leads to its own problems.


I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 O1 Crossbar B I'1 O2 I'2 O3 I'3 Permutation Crossbar A O4 I'4 Crossbar O5 I'5 O6 I'6 defect-free matching whereas k2 defect-free crosspoints are needed for a biclique.

figure 4 compares the yields of .nding a k × k biclique in an n × n UCB in the presence of switch open defects (up to 20% defect density) for various values of n and k. the probability of .nding a defect-free matching in a PCB (for any arbitrary k inputs to any arbitrary k outputs in an n × n PCB) is always 100% when up to 30% of switches are defective (open defects).


Operating in shallow cutoff obviously increases leakage and reduces the clock s noise margin.

it does save power and most clocks can be routed with enough spacing to ensure minimal lateral coupling.


Furthermore, the average leakage decreases slowly for Tox > 17°goes be- A, and increases sharply as Tox low 17° A.

the delay of the inverter (as will be seen by the experiment in Figure 2) increases linearly with Tox, so that using a value of ToxHi of over 17° Aresults in a larger delay with no appreciable savings in the leakage.


This also potentiallycomplicates thedesign since writes will effectivelytake two cycles to complete.

we can keep the XOR design black-box-compatible with previous designs and give the illusion that writes effectivelytake only one cycle withtwo additions tothe design, as illustrated in Figure 4.


THE RATCHET ALGORITHM The previous section alludes to one possible algorithm for theoptimization of a disjunctive timing graph: generate every possiblesolution S, evaluate its cost, and return the best solution.

when considering even moderately-sized problems, the computational expense of this brute-force procedure may be prohibitivelyexpensive.


As the band diagram illustrates in Figure 1, the finite depletion width of the parasitic diodes do not influence the energy barrier height to be overcome for inversion formation in a long channel device.

as the channel length becomes shorter both channel length and drain voltage reduce this barrier height.


Turning off the gated-ground transistor in diode-footed cache nicely cuts-off the leakage paths to the ground.

it also straps the voltage at virtual ground (and hence voltage at node storing 0 ) to a fixed voltage.


As more error-correction capability is introduced, Vccmin can be lowered even further.

due to the exponential nature of the bit failure probability curve, we see diminishing returns when we increase error-correction capability beyond 4EC5ED.


As seen in ef.cient manual RTL implementations of these algorithms, it is crucial to minimize the communication granularity, pipeline the data-dependent blocks, and duplicate compute units to improve both throughput and latency.

existing HLS tools fail to enable intra-block parallelization and inter-block pipelining when the data access patterns are complex [23, 17] and although advanced commercial tools support these optimizations, they are not always able to ef.ciently identify the opportunity and transform source code to enable such optimizations.


One major bene.t of regularizing with the L1-norm is that it results in sample complexity logarithmic in the number of features.

an L2 regularization results in sample complexity that is linear in the number of features.


The memory requirement can be reduced by factor p by splitting the database into p equalsized pieces and computing the alignment scores of all subject sequences within each piece.

this approach also increases the loading time of substitution table columns by a factor of p. In order to eliminate this loading time we have slightly extended our PE design.


Heuristics would suggest the areas for insertion of new signals, which could be used as guidelines.

the designer is free to intervene at any stage and choose an alternative location, in order to take into account the design constraints.


In several cases, it so happened that the faulty and correct address had the same value; therefore, the fault was masked rightaway.

sometimes this was not the case, and the fault led to an SDC.


For a given block size, if we increase the number of entries in BHQ[i], we cover a larger instruction window.

we have to do more signature operations and the BHQ takes more area.


The same occurs with duplication with comparison (DWC), which can also only detect faults.

the combination of time redundancy and DWC can provide an interesting upset evaluation, which can not only detect the presence of a fault, but also recognize in which redundant block the upset has occurred.


Nonlinearities: Non-linear operations such as y * x can add new noise symbols that model the error.

this can lead to an explosion of the number of symbolic terms, and to an increasing estimated error, because error cancellation can not be detected.


For the .rst stage, the functionality of the Q-function does not change because none of the bits have been approximated.

for subsequent stages, the maximum error that could occur in the previously approximated bits should be considered while designing the Q-function.


When compared to [5], to adapt capture window to the core provider/system integrator model, the proposed solution is not programmable.

its control is embedded in the core wrapper architecture.


Tree-balancing alone cannot help in this case, nor can input permuting since input c also only has an allocated delay of 3 units.

using our inverted-edge push technique, followed by tree-balancing, we can achieve our allocated delay for all inputs edges as shown in Fig.


Traditional latch delay function models the state transfer along A-C-B, where A and B are two stable states and C is the only metastable point.

it is possible that the storage part of latch driven by a transmission gate goes directly from A to a point F (far away from C) and then goes from F to B.


For example, we could have integrated PS and PU .rst, and then add the other IPs in stage 2.

the only difference is that the user may need to provide different speci.cations in this case.


In the second version of the extended odd-even turn model, still the rightmost column segment of a cycle is prevented.


Large region sizes effectively reduce the # of regions in the working set and require a smaller predictor table.

a larger region is likely to have more blocks that exhibit varied spatial behavior and may pollute the pattern entry.


Thus, capturing.CD with a single RV is inaccurate.

modeling eachtransistor CD as an independent RV is also incorrect, since exposure, defocus, and context similarities lead to similarities (and correlation) between CD distributions.


Therefore the initial nonlinear problem can be transformed to |P | linear problems.

if the system is k-bounded, any reachable marking can be encoded with a |P | k-ary vector.


These memory integration technologies may allow a large number of connections, possibly with multiple memory interfaces.


For a particular combination of bus latencies, this can be computed using cycle-accurate simulations on simulators such as SimpleScalar [6], on widely-used benchmark programs such as SPEC [7].

cycle-accurate simulations are inherently slow, and in extreme cases, a single run can take several days to complete.


This can be realized by sending out multiple requests for one connection, of which each request will build a path with one slot.

this is inelegant and raises complications due to massive contentions.


C. Prescheduling The min-cut partitioning approach could potentially be extended beyond the chip level to assign gates across the individual processors within a chip.

the AwanStar micro-architecture affords far greater opportunities for on-chip communication between processors, and therefore it is not necessarily appropriate to focus exclusively on the minimization of cut nets.


The assumption motivating this security model for clusters is that by securing the perimeter of the cluster, unauthorized users can be denied access while simultaneously providing an efficient and accessible computing environment to legitimate users.

the reasoning behind this model is flawed because of the following two reasons: 1.


mkPipelineFIFO method Action issue(UOP uop) p1.enq(uop) let r = Valid(p1..rst().read in()) rule stage1 when r w1 and r= w2 = let uop = p1..rst() uop = uop.read() p2.enq(uop) p1.deq() rule stage2 w1 := p2..rst().write in addr() p3.enq(p2..rst().add()) p2.deq() rule stage3 w2 := p3..rst().write in addr() p3..rst().write() p3.deq() (b) An example microarchitecture (Bluespec pseudocode) Figure 2: Architecture & Microarchitecture (a)the logic fordecoding an instruction intoa µop sequence, (b)the encoding ofthe µop,(c)hardwareneeded tomuxthe right data to each resource, and (d) control needed to route each µop to the appropriate resources.

microarchitectural control is visualized as if superimposed over the resource graph.


Each class of service is associated with maximum cache space utilization that is enforced either on allocation or replacement.

with an inclusive cache where allocation cannot be bypassed, even the class with the lowest priority has to be assigned to certain amount of L3 cache.


Initially, increasing D makes smaller r more likely, and Hint decreases.

once D has increased to the point that the bulk of the probability is already concentrated on r = 1, further increases in D serve only to increase C(1, D), reversing the decline in Hint.


For the sake of simplicity we will use CTL formulas in our examples throughout the paper.

the theoretical discussion as well as the veri.cation methodology are valid for both CTL and TCTL.


Since the sensor nodes have no time synchronization with the beacon nodes, the absolute values of these times bear no useful information.

the time di.erence of arrivals can be t=0 BN-1 Received signal  time t11 t12 t13 (b) (a) Figure 3: (a) An example of multipath re.ections, and (b) corresponding signal received at SN from BN-1.


Since the change is insignificant compared to the delay adjustment by ADBs, we do not consider the loading effect in our algorithm.

the final arrival times and the skew of the clock tree are reported using CAD tools which consider all loading effects caused by insertion of ADBs.


In the routing graph corresponding to an allowable CEXC, routes of two nets whose vias are exchanged have to be regenerated.

most of routes apart from exchanged vias are not modi.ed.


This makes programming processors with caches easy since the programmer does not need to explicitly manage the memory hierarchy.

hardware caches are not without their drawbacks.


We also refer to simple-SST as a SST which contains only transistors in series.

complex-SST is that containing transistors and super transistors.


This process is called TLB shootdown and it causes a signi.cant overhead.

changes in region mapping table does not require the shootdown process, because each table is only used to index the local shared L2 cache, and these region mapping tables do not have to be identical.


In this way, the new routing paths could be found such that all bandwidth constraints are satis.ed.

there is no guarantee for that (failed links will ultimately demand decrease in performance) and the complexity of such an approach is higher.


response time metrics or throughput metrics.

none of them fully represents the Zachmanntest.


A moment-based approximation approach is used to estimate the mean and variance of leakage current in [9] and [3].

none of these methods provide exact mathematical equations to express the chip leakage and furthermore, they do not consider the dependence of leakage on frequency.


This separation is useful especially for the design of recon.gurable control.

the focus, in this paper, is on the analysis of system behaviour at the occurrence of faults.


In [14], the authors proposed a method for reachability analysis of AMS designs, such as sigma delta converters, using Taylor approximations and interval arithmetic.

this method su.ers from dependency and wrapping e.ect problems.


|VGS| of NMOS) increases, thereby increasing the subthreshold current considerably.

the increase in the input voltage of the inverter G reduces its output voltage (due to larger subthreshold current of NMOS).


TABLE III COMPARISON OF YENSS VS MONTE CARLO FOR OSCILLATOR YIELD partial number of method accuracy yield HB simulations speedup Monte Carlo 10% 0.0976 40 Monte Carlo 1% 0.1190 2841 1×  YENSS 2 levels 1% 0.1235 24 118× 3 levels 0.2% 0.1252 45 63× 4 levels 0.1% 0.1261 106 27× 5 levels <0.1% 0.1266 323 9× Finally, we consider the variability of the threshold voltages of all six MOS transistors in the ring oscillator, and calculate the partial yield, In this example, we sample 105 points using Monte-Carlo method, but only 103 points lie in the acceptable region, which makes it extremely inaccurate, and meanwhile takes too much time.

3 iterations of YENSS takes 362 seconds, and get the partial yield 0.0759%, which has a much better accuracy than Monte-Carlo.


Many results have been reported on variationaware modeling for semiconductor devices [3] [5], interconnects [6] [13], and for analog/RF and digital ICs [14], [15].

few have focused on the uncertainty quanti.cation aspect that analyzes the uncertainty propagation from the device level to the circuit level through SPICE simulation.


In the voltage perspective, the circuit is strongly non-linear; it consists largely of a set of digital gates and its I/O signals are clocks.

the intent is to create a circuit that is linear in duty-cycle domain, and indeed the output response is close to a linear hyperplane shown in Fig.


Once the partitioning is completed, each partition is considered for Shannon decomposition.

due to circuit topology and sub-optimality of the partitioning solution, not all partitions will be amenable for Shannon decomposition.


When regenerated in a comparator or an inverter, the signal becomes digital and thus acceleration techniques can be used to simulate the signal afterwards.

conventional mixedsignal simulators are inefficient, as the actual analog segment of the circuit is actually very small.


Even ef.cient implementations of this directory would require multiple megabytes and add signi.cant latency, energy, and complexity.

our workloads are fairly stable, we pin threads to cores, and do not overcommit the system.


2.2 TDoA Techniques and Systems Time-difference-of-arrival systems require both speed of light (RF) and speed of sound (ultrasonic) hardware frontends, but provide an order of magnitude improvement in ranging accuracy over pure RF systems.

they are susceptible to obstacle interference, since ultrasonic signals do not propagate through most physical objects.


Much current work is focused on maximizing power generation by developing and optimizing transducers for energy harvesting.

the desire for smaller devices (< 1cm3) and higher levels of integration fundamentally limit output power.


We use the MCSE functional model for system modeling because it describes at a high abstraction level all features that can be found in a real-time system.

this work is not specifically linked to this model, and can be applied to any other high level abstraction model.


If the weighted degree of node .. approaches one, it indicates that node .. has only one dominant edge.On the other hand, if the weighted degree of node .. approaches four, it indicates that node .. has four equally critical edges.

4.2 Iterative Critical Node Selection In [5], an e.cient method was proposed to .nd the critical nodes in a spanning-tree support graph based on the weighted degree of each node in the graph, such that the ultra-sparsi.er support graph can be subsequently built by adding extra edges to these nodes.For example, if a node has a weighed degree that is greater than a user-de.ned threshold value, the node is considered critical and subsequently selected for adding edges.in [5], the threshold value is determined empirically for handling the mesh-structured circuits.As a result, it still remains challenging to measure the quality of the resultant ultra-sparsi.er support graph for a given threshold value.


The research in memory BIST has a long history (see, e.g., [2 8]).

most of the BIST approaches proposed so far assume that the BIST circuit is to be integrated with the RAM circuit, whether the BIST circuit is processor based or .nite-state machine (FSM) based.


On the other hand, designing the SS receiver to be operated with battery cells is difficult, because the receiver requires considerable power although how deliberately we design it.

if we give up full-duplex mode, the sensor installed outside can be operated with a simple transmitter.


Other effective approaches have included variable-space memory management techniques, such as the working set algorithm [5, 6, 9, 12].

these techniques require a sizeable amount of extra hardware to perform a prefeteh- like operation in which they pre-determine what pages will be needed by the executing process in the near future.


The array implementation has a factor of two redundancy.

note that we need a GBF for each rule in the grammar generated by SEQUITUR, which may require considerable amount of memory.


This also helps to reduce the total power consumption.

some overhead is also introduced by the new  Figure 4: The overall organization of our hardware prefetch table.


they typically suffer from high defect rate (e.g.


Another possible approach, borrowed from a different scenario, [18] relies on adaptive techniques, designed to simultaneously estimate both the position and the statistical signal model.

we also are improving the Bayesian filtering stage by using both Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT), [19] and the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) approach,[11] in order to take into account possible changes in the kinematic model (e.g.


[4, 5] added a horizontal and a vertical middle lines for each obstacle zone.

this approach would signi.cantly increase the search space and thus the running time.


At the FS and SS corners as well, the proposed methodology detects BET with good accuracy.

it turned out that the accuracy reduces at the FF and SF corners to 17% and to 15% on average, respectively.


6.1 Experiments for Delay LnD is a constant factor of two percent larger than D2M, and D2M was shown to be quite effective compared to previous delay metrics in [1].

those experiments were performed on randomly generated networks.


Platform FPGA s in compromising the optimal power/density/speed possibilities in favor of some schedule improvements are not likely to have an impact on data paths in our high end systems.

they are making inroads on the control plane.


Therefore, Q(e) is calculated as follows: k -k -31 Q(e)=(2-p+1) × 2=3× 2 As we can see from the above equation, the probability of forming an undetected errorby an attackeris approximately one in a billion.

forming an undetected error for linear codes is quite easy.


For instance, using Rent s rule, Christie and Stroobandt [5] calculated the average net length and then estimated the total wirelength.

others introduced different models for total wirelength estimation [6-7].


Since TSV-SiP is still a chip-to-chip connection and only stacks a few die, such a coarse integration method can be a tentative solution.

we are facing challenges that require advanced design and analysis tools with seamless integration flow for better analysis accuracy and reduced turn around time.


By simulations using vender tools, the circuits obtained are proved stable under various practical conditions.

it takes more than one hour to determine a clock schedule for a problem of about one thousand registers, since the clock schedule algorithm is based on a simulated annealing.


While these parallel processing methods have reduced the total computation time, they are applicable only for small matrix dimensions since they require signi.cant device resources.

recent advances in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology now allow for more e.cient implementation of parallel matrix multiplication algorithms.


AMB also offers error detection and correction, without posing overhead on the processor or the memory controller.

the AMB unit has high power consumption, which makes the FB-DIMM more susceptible to thermal emergencies.


Stores, Prefetches and Non-Faulting Loads In the scouting code, memory stores are ignored as the helper thread is speculative in nature and should not modify the architecture state of the main thread.

some computations may involve local variables on the main thread s stack.


CONCLUSIONS Asynchronous microengines are an attractive design alternative for the realization of high-performance applicationspeci.c programmable controllers.

because of the requirements imposed by the asynchronous design paradigm, using existing standard cell libraries for the ASIC implementation of asynchronous microengines proves to be relatively complex and time consuming, and results in larger and slower systems than necessary.


This enables modeling complex NoC topologies at fully cycle accurate level.

details about these capabilities are outside the scope of this paper.


At present, the programming currents are far too high to support high levels of integration.

programming current is a function of device diameter so will fall as device dimensions are scaled downwards.


Similarly, self-invalidations in DSI are not always timely and on average only arrive 79% of the time prior to a subsequent request.

the impact on queueing delays due to self-invalidations in LTP is minimal.


The Miss proportions of most applications are less than 0.5%, except desktop applications whose vary from 1% to 2.4%.

the Miss proportions are reasonable and acceptable.


On Effective and Ef.cient In-Field TSV Repairfor Stacked 3D ICs* Li Jiang , Fangming Ye , Qiang Xu , Krishnendu Chakrabarty , and Bill Eklow§ Department of CS&E, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Deptartment of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC §Cisco Systems, San Jose, CA  ABSTRACT Three-dimensional (3D) integration based on through-silicon-vias (TSVs) is rapidly gaining traction for industry adoption.

manufacturing processes for TSVs have been shown to introduce new failure mechanisms.


The only difference is the parity computation during external source processing.

parity is calculated 16 times during one iteration and consists of 30 instructions.


As shown in Figure 8(b), these two operations are originally scheduled to be executed during different time segments, hence the overlap of their corresponding modules will not lead to resource con.icts.

if the start andstoptimeof OA are delayed due to a previous operation, and OA cannot be completed before the start of OB , then the overlap of their corresponding modules will lead to resource con.icts.


A system quality constraint leads to different energyquality trade-offs in each sub-block, affecting the over-all energy consumption.

choosing the optimal operating point from system perspective is not an easy task.


We can see from Figure 5 that between terminal sizes 20 and 100, the ratio is the highest, meaning that the error is highest.


In the RPLA case, the synthesis time is exactly the design time.

for SCs and NPLAs, additional time is needed to complete the placement and routing.


However, this de.nitely requires an excessive run time when the problem size is large.

from the fact that each reschedule changes the execution order locally, causing a small change of edge weights in the access graph, and a path cover solution with a minimum C value for the previous schedule has already been known, it is natural to ask whether there is a way to .nd a path cover with a minimum C value for the current schedule rapidly by exploiting the previous path cover solution.


The impact of Cin is limited to the immediate fanins (the fanins of fanin gates do not see the change in load capacitance static CMOS logic decouples this).

the delay and slew changes of fanins and of the gate itself propagate Figure 3.


This shows that it is certainly feasible to use the techniques described in this paper in a relatively large design to good e.ect.

this doesn t change the fact that manual instantiation is certainly a pretty time consuming endeavor, even though the instantiation library described in Section 8 has helped somewhat in this regard, especially in terms of maintainability.


Fixed effects, such as process variation, or extremely slow-varying effects, such as electromigration, affect static timing.

fast transient effects, the most signi.cant of which are crosstalk and voltage variation [21], affect the timing from cycle to cycle.


The CDF graph in Figure 10(a) illustrates that DTW(Sum)performs the best by far while TAM and FUS perform similarly to each other.

figure 10(b) illustrates that DTW(Sum)is the best across all benchmarks while TAM and FUS beat each other for six benchmarks each.whenTAM beatsFUSitis usuallybya signi.cant amountandthus between thesetwo techniquesTAM is preferable.


3.1 OFFAS: OFFline Adaptive Scheduling For a task set TS whether is schedulable from a set of inequality, we want to get the maximum computation time Ci of ti (denoted as maxCi), by setting Ci as a variable.

under the situation that ti is schedulable, we can get the maximum value from a list inequalities.the tasks with a higher priority extended computation time will a.ect the tasks with a lower priority.We must make sure that those tasks with a priority lower than ti are schedulable.So we must to compute the minimum value of all tasks with priority not higher than ti, then the maxCi is found.


This new property makes PCM more competitive and considered as the successor of the NAND .ash technology, which also has the MLC capability but does not have an easy scaling path to reach higher densities.

the MLC capability of PCM comes with the penalty of longer programming time and shortened cell lifetime compared to its single-level cell (SLC) mode.


RTL Analysis and Modi.cations for Improving At-speed Test Kai-Hui Chang Hong-Zu Chou Igor L. Markov Avery Design Systems, Inc. Avery Design Systems, Inc. University of Michigan, Andover, MA, USA Andover, MA, USA EECS Department changkh@avery-design.com hzchou@hotmail.com Ann Arbor, MI, USA imarkov@umich.edu  Abstract At-speed testing is increasingly important at recent technology nodes due to growing uncertainty in chip manufacturing.

at-speed fault coverage and test-ef.cacy suffer when tests are not robust.


indeed produce the most accurate results as there are no approximations involved.

when simulating a nonlinear circuit with a large number of transistors and hence a very large number of traps, the computational cost of this scheme can become prohibitive due to very high density of jump events.


Hence, a cache system with larger cache block size achieves better hit rate owing to the principle of spatial locality.

if only one data set is accessed before the cache block being evicted, the cache block utilization is 1 = 25%.


Thus, the SMT approach attacks two important sources of limited throughput: long latency operations (such as accesses to the external memory) and limited per-thread parallelism.

this approach does not always hide long latency operations, and under these circumstances thread starvation may appear for some SMT workloads.


The experimental results (not shown here due to space limitations) exhibit that the effect of BB on energy reduction for higher associativity caches is almost the same as that for 2-way set-associative cache.

tE becomes much more effective when applied to higher associativity caches.


In terms of static design choices, this could lead to relatively simpler cores (and more cores per die over time), supported by thermal-aware .oor pl anning.

that alone is not suf.cient; because, in order to deal with and exploit workload variability, improved methods for dynamic redistribution of power are needed to meet power and thermal envelopes, without giving up performance.


The response delays in both system are approximately the same, assuming that a neighbor only responds when it has an active timer C1(i).

extra steps can be added in the phase of C2(i) to reduce the response delay in the improved system, e.g., by using aforementioned con.rmation, which we will not study further in this paper.


Since DRAM commands must be separated by several cycles, long bursts are used to utilize internal DRAM bandwidth.

this large granularity introduced by the memory system does not always match application access granularity.


Signi.cant research has been dedicated towards providing isolation guarantees for other resources such as disk bandwidth [28, 45] and network bandwidth [15].

some resources are very hard to isolate.


INTRODUCTION The compelling energy benefit of aggressive voltage scaling into the subthreshold region has been demonstrated on digital VLSI circuits in recent years [1-3] for performance-relaxed applications.

the on/off current ratio degradation and the sensitivity to process variations bring big challenges like the functional yield loss or logic failure to subthreshold logic circuits.


Formal veri.cation techniques [1, 2, 3] would be the panacea if they would be widely applicable.

their computation complexity is still prohibitive, thus the common practice for functional veri.cation is still based on simulation.


The answer to these questions will depend on too many factors, that are data center or application speci.c.

we see our results as strong evidence that most organizations could run their data centers hotter than they currently are without making signi.cant sacri.ces in system reliability.


Several state-of-the-art techniques [18] exist for Boolean BMC that have led to its emergence as a mature technology, widely adopted by the industry.

there are several limitations of a propositional translation and use of a Boolean SAT Solver.


Experiments show that GATSBY was able to outperform results presented into the literature and customized on specialized cases.

since the GATSBY computation process strongly relies on simulation, the approach is not applicable to large circuits.


This will allow a more prompt handling of the interrupt, resulting in improved I/O performance.

the short time slice will be accompanied by overheads which are classi.able into two types.


In general, we require the slack S to be positive: S = RT - AT = 0 (3) In nominal static timing analysis, all the above timing quantities (AT , RT , S) are computed under the assumption that process and environmental parameters -and consequently timing arc delays which depend on these parameters -are .xed, typically at either their nominal or corner values.

due to the increasing signi.cance of variability, parameterized static timing analysis (PSTA) techniques have emerged, with the goal of handling parameter variations as part of the timing analysis step.


Or, the use of asymmetric multiplier blocks is suggested, but not discussed [8].

the embedded multiplier blocks in FPGAs may not have one input size that is a multiple of the other; in fact, the current FPGAs that use asymmetric multipliers use a 24×17 multiplier size [5][6].


Using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is a conventional methodology to statistically analyze the parametric yield under process variations.

traditional MC analysis often requires several thousand of SPICE simulations [1] such that iterative design for yield at circuit level becomes almost infeasible for large analog circuits.


Further more, keepers are added to the word-line driver outputs to ensure Furthermore, decoupling capacitance can be used to reduce the total noise on these virtual supply rails.

increasing decoupling capacitance and switch area come at a tradeoff with onchip area overhead.


Nonetheless, in those use cases where only few cores have to run at high clock rates, they are appealing for the reduced operating speeds of many of their clock domains.

their successful exploitation requires a proper upgrade of the power management and NoC mapping strategies (and, above all, their co-optimization) to work around slow intermediate network hops, although the performancepower trade-o.


We could use the construction above to generate (n +1)bit 2 ·C crosstalk free cliques.

this construction may involve signi.cant pruning operations.


With 2-3X increase in power consumption and 2-3X improvement in time delays, the PDP of both technologies is shown to be the same in figure 10 for static logic style but it is still higher with dynamic logic style.

if we compare the proposed dynamic logic cell in this work with the DRLC-7T from [12], it is clear that the POS-DRLC cell offers the minimum power consumption and it is also singlestage structure which has a direct impact on time delay and latency compared to a two-stage cell (DRLC-7T).


Appropriate NoC topology choices for ASICs have been investigated and typically topologies that can be easily mapped to a two-dimensional fabric are used to reduce chip area and ensure electrical characteristics.

for FPGAs, each device's size and routing fabric are fixed.


line 14) and enables the interpolant generation process to be conducted without constructing the resolution graph.

it is more than necessarily complicated in most of the cases.


Focusing on die-to-die variability, they are absolutely correlated.

this work aims to combattherandom variability, assuming thatthe die-to-die variability is compensated by, for example, Vdd adjustment.


The advantages of this approach is that the timing of the cache can change with its con.guration while the main processor clock remains unaffected, and that no clock synchronization is necessary between the pipeline and cache/TLB.

because a constant two-stage cache pipeline is maintained regardless of the cache con.guration, cache bandwidth degrades for the larger, slower con.gurations.


This is because for small interconnection scale, the system overhead overwhelms the time saving of table lookup.

as the interconnections scale up, the advantage of the LT-bundling 21338 becomes obvious.


As expected, the TLCopt designs have an increasing degree of link utilization consistent with their reduction in transmission line wires.

even the utilization of the TLCopt 350 design remains relatively low, never surpassing 13%.


Manually written tests are ef.cient in testing speci.c device functionalities.

developing manual tests is labor-intensive and time-consuming.


Some bene.ts of optics in data transport and clock distribution can be pointed out.

optical interconnect in the centimeter or micrometer range, as well as optical integrated devices are not yet industry-manufacturable owing to the lack of (and need for) fully mature technologies.


Trading off design quality for predictability, they address the upcoming crisis at both the flow and the engine levels.

most CbC approaches to date have not been applicable to high performance designs because of excessive resource utilization in an attempt to create a structural fabric.


They proposed to use the critical path predictor to identify non-critical instructions, and reported signi.cant gains in the ratio of performance and power density.

they only utilized critical path information and did not use L2 cache miss information for instruction scheduling.


[ddV1..ddVM]: {ddV1= dV1 n.. nddVM= dVM n V1..VM are set to given values} Grid pieces may overlap with each other.

it is possible to represent every grid piece as a union of nonoverlapping basic pieces.


This is pointed out as a very flexible solution when compared with other methodologies (equation-based, knowledge-based) because it accommodates to any type of circuit topology and accuracy, only, depending on simulator models.

like other stochastic techniques, the evolutionary algorithms require a large number of fitness evaluations to get an adequate solution, resulting in an overall time-consuming process.


Those sub.elds with temperatures higher than a threshold value are called blocked sub.elds for a certain processing duration: they should not be written in successive writing processes before the temperature drops below the threshold.

no existing work has optimized the sub.eld scheduling problem while simultaneously considering blocked sub.elds during the writing process.


The SigTable is a bit more complicated as it works with encoded addresses.

it is the control logic that makes Pacman more complex than HEI.


We can see that there are many regions that are predicted as over-congested in the Lou s and Westra s models and there are also a lot of empty regions in their models.

the nets can be ripped up and re-routed to avoid passing through the over-congested regions.


Alternately, one could run an RTL simulation to measure the execution time, in cycles, of the .nal hybrid system.

this method is also time-consuming and becomes infeasible in real applications.


Similarly to [4] and [5], the monitoring parameter is the communication load.

in [9], the communication queues are placed between each 2 neighbor routers and the voltage scaling is done via power supply networks.


The accesses are accumulated over the entire execution of the program.

the occurrence of values in memory locations was sampled every 10 million instructions and averaged over the entire set of collected samples.


The pressure to keep the protocol stack small is higher on-chip than off-chip, because the size of the IP modules attached to the NoC is relatively small.

for NoCs, the protocol stacks can be reduced by exploiting the on-chip characteristics (e.g., no transfer errors, short wires) [23].


Some literature discuss interconnect-related variations such as those in capacitance (C) and time constant (RC)of interconnects [2, 3].

if we focus on the worst-case delay of a stage that consists of a driving gate loaded with interconnects and fan-out gates, it is necessary to consider not only interconnect variations but also transistor variations at the same time.


In recent years, several approaches have been proposed for optimizing either delay, power, or crosstalk noise in the presence of process variations by employing techniques like gate sizing, bu.er insertion, wire sizing, dual threshold voltage assignment etc.

due to device and interconnect scaling, a barrier has been reached where a change in one design parameter signi.cantly impacts the other parameters, and hence, they can no longer be optimized separately.


The work in [9] further proposes a partitioning strategy before the optimization of each sub-circuit.

using the merged sensitivity is a trade-off for speed, as pointed out in [9], certain information is lost and optimization results are non-optimal.


A discussion of parallel FIR .lters employing number theoretic transforms (NTTs) is given in [7].

to the best of our knowledge the implications of using RNS on performance of MCM and constant-coef.cient .lters in general have not been suf.ciently studied yet, though such possibility was mentioned in [6], [18].


We evaluated Footprint Cache in the context of die-stacked DRAM.

nothing in this work is 3D-specific, and our design and conclusions remain valid for other forms of high-bandwidth low-latency on-chip DRAM, such as eDRAM [32] or systems integrated via silicon interposer [4].


Since we do not have a di.erentiable function relating the delay and area for an architecture, we approximate the elasticity as: % change in delay elasticity = .

(2) % change in area When the elasticity is -1, meaning a 1% area increase achieves a1%performanceimprovement, the trade-o.between area anddelayiscertainlyinteresting.based onconversationswith acommercialFPGA architect[4],we will viewthetrade-o.s as interesting whena3% areaincreaseisrequiredfora1%delay reduction(anelasticity of -1/3) and whena1% areaincreaseimprovesdelayby3% (an elasticity of -3).


Therefore, algorithm STDur is able to .nd more feasible solution than algorithm STDu.

retiming extends the search space and increase the computation cost.


Heuristic algorithms exist to minimize the size of an FSM keeping it consistent with all the input-output sequences.

their performance dramatically degrades in presence of noise in the training set.


Although switching power decreases, the potential of higher performance is paid for by an increase in overhead that makes the footless operation possible.

unlike with the conventional footless delayed clock domino, the pulse generation overhead can more effectively be shared among gates, and overhead power will not increase as drastically when frequency increases.


For these workloads, although SCC has smaller effective capacity than previous work DCC, SCC overall miss rate improvement is comparable to DCC and 2X Baseline.

for few workloads (mix1, mix5, and mix8), skewing cannot compensate the effect of lower effective associativity in Skewed Base.


The common belief was that everything could be made *digital*, and that analog would eventually disappear.

there is a growing trend where the systems integration roadmap is driving the need for more analog functionality to interface with the real world.


Furthermore,proposeddesigns canbe readily created within the simulator environment.

due to long simulation times, accuracy may be compromised.


Thus, to meet IBM s SDC target of 114 FIT in 2005, with 100% AVF we must protect 80% of the bits (and, hence have 20% vulnerable bits).

with an AVF of 10%, we do not have to protect any bits to meet the target 114 FIT.


Random variation affects each device individually and independent of other nearby devices.

in systematic variation, adjacent devices are affected in the same manner and there is a strong correlation between parameters of transistors located in a neighborhood.


also presented the so-called BlueChip concept to emulate the behavior of the suspicious circuitries at runtime.

blueChip identify suspicious circuitries with UCI algorithm only, and hence cannot detect HTs designed with De-Trust.


Therefore, we require a cycle-accurate simulator in order to measure the performance of the ISAs for a given application.

it is very time consuming to simulate our processor pipeline cycle-accurate, since our microarchitecture utilizes the Dynamic Operation Execution (DOE) [4] model and thus has a relatively complex pipeline (compared to RISC or VLIW processors).


It can be observed from the modeling results that PRAMs significantly reduce the leakage consumption in caches, while keeping the increase in dynamic power consumption minimal.

the large write latency, and a limited endurance to write stress of PRAMs pose extra challenges.


For example, storing a table of counters requires the data type to be provisioned to accommodate the maximum possible value for the counters.

it can be the case that the maximum possible counter value needs four bytes, while one byte might be enough to store the majority of the counter values.


[9] formulated the problem of .nding Pareto-optimal pre.x adders as an integer linear programming problem to solve the problem optimally.

all these adders are reliable adders and work correctly on all instances of inputs hence, they cannot overcome the minimum theoretical delay and area bounds [8].


Faulty entries, basically randomly distributed, should be then disabled [23, 1] or replaced by error detection and correction schemes [23, 4].

albeit all those disablebased and correction methods are e.ective from an average performance perspective and provide functional guarantees, they su.er from a common problem, i.e., they do not provide strong timing guarantees required for worst-case execution time (WCET) estimation as needed for critical applications in our target market [22].


On a misprediction, the pipeline is flushed and new instructions are fetched.

the newly fetched instructions cannot enter the window until the window is drained and the retirement RAT reflects the correct machine state.


Since we need to pick all codes that are HD = 1 (to satisfy F2), b1 b1b3b4, b1b1 b3b4 need to both be part of the codebook.

a transition between these two states violates the self-shield coding condition since two adjacent bits are switching in opposite directions.


The overall congestion improvement is 2% at the cost of 57% increase in area.

the congestion is re-   Figure 3: Decap vs congestion correlation plot for gt600.


in bio-signal processing application flow starts with the linear transformation stage, then applications this may not be required.


This overhead exists to exploit instruction-level parallelism to increase core throughput, and is justi.ed when the software has a single thread of execution.

when multiple threads of execution exist, we propose that the core can be better utilized using in-order Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT).


Thus, the number of blocks needed and the supply voltage setting must be chosen at low temperature.

0.0001 1e-05 1e-06 1e-07 Power (W)  Supply Voltage (V) Figure 3: E.ect of Supply Voltage on Dynamic Power and Leakage Power 0.1 80 Figure 2: Organization of Temperature Dependent Deactivation 70 60 if we consider what happens at higher temper atures which invariably will be encountered during circuit operation, two facts are obvious: 1) the number of blocks 50 Number of BlocksPower (W) 0.01 40 30 would often be larger than needed, and 2) the circuit would be dissipating more power than needed.


Cache management policies have been investigated to improve cache ef.ciency [17], [11].

advanced replacement policy can not solve GPU cache contention problems, because the effective cache size is too small in the massive multithreading environment [3].


The FV team was familiar with the methodology of demonstrating that an agent in the abstract protocol model exhibits every behavior the implementations exhibit.

that methodology would require converting TLA+ to another language and then using an FV tool other than TLC.


Current self-assembly processes produce limited size DNA grids and thus limit circuit size.

the parallel nature of self-assembly enables constructing many nodes (~109-1012) that may be linked together by self-assembled conducting nanowires [40].


INTRODUCTION Semiconductor technology scaling has followed Moore s law over the last 40 years.

due to the relentless decrease in feature sizes and increase in chip complexity, long interconnects dominate circuit delay and power consumption today [1].


It uses a credit-based scheme to provide bandwidth guarantees for all types of ports and grants preemptive service to the latency-sensitive clients to minimize latency.

their bandwidth allocation scheme is .xed at run-time, and the latency-sensitive ports cannot get the full bene.t from residual bandwidth.


The high costs of such systems and marginal availability restrict assessments to professional runners in a constrained environment [2].

continuous advances in sensing technology emerged miniature sensors enabling body worn sensing and analysis of human motion [7].


Modern packet processing systems use coarse-grained parallelism, in the form of multiple on-chip processors and memory controllers, to exploit this situation.

the most challenging requirement is to provide good performance for consecutive operations on the same queue due to the lack of opportunity for parallelism.


For example, all the inverters in the same stage of the inverter chain have the same VT.

higher VT transistors can be used for three inverters in the same stage of FO4 chains for further leakage energy reduction since only one inverter in the same stage contributes to the longest path delay.


Under this setting, the relaxed comparator decision is based on the the 4-b MSBs of the updated PMs before the carry propagation.

the correct decision depends on the 4-b LSBs of the updated PMs since the propagated carries will make the 4-b MSBs of the updated PMs equal.


TOKEN coherence introduces pressure on the network in some applications and the starvation avoidance mechanism increases the on-chip hit latency significantly, making the average access time up to 40% slower in applications such as IS.

lOCKE seems to consistently outperform other protocols in most applications.


A few participants also had initial difficulty with pronouncing the right vowel sound.

this was mitigated by having the participant practice the vowel sound and undergo the adaptation process.


Other researchers have proposed performancecounter-based power models for on-line power estimation [6, 7].

such models only estimate the power consumption of a single application; it is not straightforward to extend them for power estimation in a multi-programmed, multi-core environment.


To enhance the TSV reliability, the double TSV technique has been introduced, which inserts two TSVs to deliver one signal [12].

given the large sizes of the TSV (10-125 um2) from industrial report [8], [10], [20], [24], such a practice may bring significant area overhead.


a non-periodic signal can have values at arbitrary time instances.


The semiconductor industry has made major research and development investments in low-k dielectric materials in response to this urgency.

low-k materials suffer from poor mechanical and thermal properties, and achieving dielectric constants below 2 Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Obviously these two orders derive two different layouts.

again because the generalized slicing tree does not differentiate the left-right order between two child subtrees which share the same parent node, for example, orders A-B-C-D and B-A-C-D are exactly the same in T4a.


It can be demonstrated that, in presence of a mismatch 'C1 between C1a and C1b, the relationship between Vsamp and Vin is given by V samp 'C C p3 C p2 C p1 1 #1 .

(2) V C 8C in 1 1 because the parasitic capacitances are much lower than C1, simulations have showed that the total harmonic distortion can be kept well under 90dB even in Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 04) 1530-1591/04 $20.00 &#169; 2004 IEEE the case of mismatches as high as 1% (at 5V).


Stargets is used to form the next test sequence for simulation and veri.cation of its validity.

if V ' successfully produces errors at primary outputs, a valid new sequence has been found.


The re- sults are shown in Figure 4 for a number of different switch counts.

when the number of switches is low, the routability increase from having more output wires is not significant, once 34-0 switches are reached, dramatic improvements of up to 100% can be seen when additional output wires are used.


We are not aware of any research on comprehensive hardware support for e.cient, memory-safe software execution.

researchers have proposed architectural features to detect security violations that could result from lack of memory safety.


A small streaming buffer can potentially harm performance because useful data might be evicted prematurely, increasing 0 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 the cache miss rate.

a larger than necessary Prefetch Depth streaming buffer will waste energy.


Advances in NoC research along several dimensions spanning architectural explorations, development of routing protocols, and reliability have made it the choice for the communication backbone of complex multi-core chips.

despite its widespread adoption, traditional NoCs suffer from the limitations arising out of planar metal interconnect-based multihop communication, which in turn gives rise to high power and latency.


This de.nitely simpli.es the implementation of the initial model as well as the subsequent HW/SW partitioning.

these approaches are heterogeneous from the simulation point of view, since HW and SW can be executed by using di.erent simulators: the SystemC simulation kernel for the HW components and an ISS for the SW programs.


A case for sensitivity analysis was also made in [4].

the paper does not provide any algorithmic details of how sensitivities can be propagated in a block-based manner in a non-statistical setting.


CONCLUSION Smart phones and tablets have recently become widespread and dominant in the computer market, and major developers have adopted out-of-order superscalar processors for these mobile devices.

out-of-order superscalar processors consume much more energy than in-order superscalar processors.


In addition, [10] indicates that the use of multiprocessing computing platforms can enable the segmentation of high definition images in reasonable time.

while easy to implement and extremely flexible, these approaches require state-of-the-art and expensive hardware platforms to execute, and consume excessive amount of energy.


For an idle standard dual-Vt domino gate, a high input vector turns off the high-Vt transistors, thereby reducing the subthreshold leakage current.

a high input vector also places the pulldown network into the maximum gate insulator tunneling current state.


XPP has mapping algorithm described in [4].

their approach was evaluated only for simple loops.


With reference to the three-line bus in Figure 4, for the intermediate line for levelsignaling as opposed to pulse-signaling a 010 pattern followed by a 101 pattern results in worst-case coupling as a result of alternate bus lines switching in opposite directions.

for pulsesignaling this critical pattern (in view of the high energy associated with it) simply cannot occur by construction.


Therefore, the perceptual impact of boundary approximation is lesser in acoustic simulation.

if very high boundary accuracy is critical for a certain scene, this can be achieved by coupling our approach with a highresolution grid near the boundary, running FDTD at a smaller timestep.


Similar to FAO, the results produced by the frame execution are buffered by the pipeline buffers until the frame commits.

when the frame commits, the retired memory data is transferred to the speculative cache.


Thus, using the result of Proposition 2 [8], the set of polynomials G1 = { f1,..., fs} is a Gr ¨obner basis for J.Note q q that G0 = { x1 - x1,...,xd - xd } is a Gr¨ obner basis for J0.

we have to compute a Gr ¨obner basis of J + J0 = q q .


On one hand, by minimizing those critical paths, the placer (.oorplanner) can achieve further delay reduction with the anticipation of retiming.

retiming is not required to be performed during the placement (.oorplanning), saving a great deal of runtime.


As can be seen, our abstraction transforms the benchmark into a quite easily veri.able example for symbolic model checkers which need no longer consider the real-time constraints.

we have to note that the results given in the above table crucially depends on the variable ordering.


Neglecting the horizontal metallization leads to a mis-prediction in temperature rise of over 1,000 oC.

note that the mis-prediction is five times less on Tier A, which is the surrogate for the 2DIC result.


In principle, DSA has .exible PHY layer architecture and can change the channel if interference is detected.

doS attack can temporarily hamper communication, for sure.


We compared our method against the SAT-based timing-aware ATPG tool PHAETON [18] (based on our re-implementation, which might not directly re.ect the actual performance of the original tool) and a commercial ATPG tool for TDFs.

attempts were made to have a fair setting on the commercial tool for comparison.


The approach appears to provide valuable bene.ts: optimizations to complex designs can be evaluated directly in hardware, at speeds hundreds of times faster than simulation, with e.orts apparently limited only to the development of the new components.

current FPGA toolchains that allow quick deployment of system-on-chip designs still have troubles when implementing multiprocessor designs.


The fault cannot be detected by the original test generation process.

its effects are propagated to a .ip-.op by the subsequence T'= 00011 00100 10000 obtained during the test generation process.


Likewise, the data cache (D$-static) results in a 65% savings.

the designs using dynamic halt tag arrays yield only about 45% savings for instruction and data caches.


The new method does not need any further manual labeling of actor names.

the problem of insuf.cient training data for certain supporting actors still remains.


These proposals implicitly assume that all cache requests result in equal performance degradation when they miss in the cache.

this assumption is inaccurate in modern systems for two reasons.


Similar to using spare cores, this technique incurs some overhead for the shortest faults due to the recovery time and cache misses.

this overhead is smallandisquickly amortizedforlongerfault rates.


If the entry to be written is in the lower address space, the upper segment is inactive, preventing switching.

if there is a write to the upper address space, there is no power saving as both the upper and lower bitline segments will toggle.


This models the fact that useful cache blocks might be overwritten by a preemption and thus cannot be replaced again.

the LCS property is not recalculated, because otherwise it would be possible to consider the preempting process cache blocks as useful cache blocks.


The sizes of PCellik and BCelli in (9) are much larger than the sizes of P~ and BCelli in (8).

cellik~as discussed in Section 2.1, VCelli is sparse.


When backtracking occurs, assigned values are removed, along with antecedent information.

values that are added to decision level zero are never removed, and their antecedent clause information is retained throughout the run.


The drawback of current PCRAM devices are their relative low endurance (the number of write operations in lifetime).

it has been predicted by ITRS that the endurance could be improved to 1012 in the near future [6], making it suitable for memory and cache applications.


The algorithm is applicable to verifying complex multiprocessor performance models, as well as performing one-pass veri.cation of annotated multiprocessor hardware traces.

we are also interested in applying this algorithm to the dynamic veri.cation of multiprocessor systems.


Under constant power supply noise, a via-last based power network occupies 7.5% less area.

in addition to causing routing blockages, a via-last based power network exhibits high sensitivity to design parameters due to a high quality factor.


They leveraged on-chip resources to construct a Trojan-channel on top of a legal ultrawide band (UWB) channel by altering the digital portion of the target cryptographic IC.

these types of designs are rare because it is not always possible to exploit hardware and still comply with all of its functional speci.cations.


We will assume that the network is precon.gured, i.e., each sensor has an ID and that the control center knows the existence and ID of each sensor.


5) does not meet the timing constraint and has a negative slack of S3.

the non-critical paths (shown by dotted block in Fig.


Block decomposition introduces area overhead in terms of an extra logic block and the corresponding routing block.

since block decomposition reduces the number of the outputs of each block, it reduces the mapping complexity of that block.


Initially, a good area-oriented partition under delay constraints is found and a re.ning step is done to obtain the .nal partition.

delay results are not satisfactory, since the initial area partition has a high in.uence on the .nal solution.


Recently, non-linear current source based driver model have been proposed [9] to achieve the accuracy demanded by signoff timinganalysis.

asingle victim-aggressor alignment in such a framework requires a non-linear solver and it is clearly difficult to achieve an efficient runtime.