SKEW DUE TO TYPE MISMATCH Due to clock gating, the clock tree may include different types of logic gates.

since [2] does not consider clock gating, here we should make some modifications.


multi-core simulation, parallel applications Soteriou et al.

a constrained chip temperature can degrade performance.


Sensitivity Interaction with Prefetch: Prefetching can potentially hide the long latency of a cache miss.

thus when a big dirty block is evicted, the writebacks are performed only for the 64B sub-blocks that are dirty.


We can also observe from the figure that decreasing the size of subblocks, increases the area overhead of the FDM.

our investigation indicated that while in these benchmarks the miss rate increased slightly due to cache effective size L1-L2 Performance degradation due to sacrifice line/blocks L1-L2 Performance degradation due to extra cycle Figure 11.Performance degradation of applying FFT-Cache for (a) L1 (b) L2 and (c) L1 and L2 at the same time.


Arbiters at each router in a packet s path are not aligned, and a packet may incur the worst-case delay at every hop.

2.2 Notion of Time TDM (and FDM) (virtual)-circuit switching treat the entire NOC as a single shared resource with a single arbiter.packets wait only at the ingress network interfaces (NI) until their TDM slot, after which they progress without contention to the egress NIs, with minimal latency.


Figure 3: The case that the DRAM bandwidth is the bottleneck  4.1 Selective caching Selective caching is a technique that a programmer explicitly speci.es thedata withlocality of reference so as to selectively cache them.

furthermore the number of memory accesses is reduced and the .op/total byte ratio is increased.


It can reduce the number of nonvolatile registers by 4 times.

dATE 13, March 18-22, 2013, Grenoble, France.


In this paper, we first analyze the performance limitation of directly extending adaptive promotion policy to shared L2 cache management, and propose the Thread-Aware Dynamic Promotion Policy (TADPP).

these two technologies only focus on specific memory access behaviors respectively, and therefore have limit performance improvement.


[3] Y. Cai, B. Liu, J. Shi, Q. Zhou, X. Hong, Power Delivery Aware Floorplanning for Voltage Island Designs, in Proc.

the given .oorplan contains .ve circuit blocks operating at two speci.c supply voltages, three blocks in the left voltage island and two in the right one, and the wires interconnecting the blocks are shown.


Therefore, several works [16] [17] proposed simultaneous con.ict and stitch minimization methods for layout decomposition.

pRELIMINARIES In this section, we .rst give a brief review of the CB-tree [14] and then formulate the DPL-aware analog placement problem.


Such reductions come mainly due to smaller transistor sizes needed for 6TW and 10TW cells, thus keeping node capacitances lower and reducing DynamicE P Ip.

considered designs are overdesigned to operate reliably at ULE mode.


It has to be propagated through the constructors of L2AirshipInstance, L2Character, L2Object and then through the methods init-Position and setObjectPosition where it is proven to be safe.

a = null, which, in this case, turns out be the precise solution.


In particular, the use of the lumped load capacitance as the main parameter of the model was maintained well after loads ceased to be just capacitive.

the complexity of all these computations may become comparable to that of current source model analysis.


Manufacturing variability further reduces the available noise margin, which may eventually lead to failure of decoding logic values.

5, Case(a),(b),(c),(d) represent the following cases: a) V1= VDD, V2= VDD, Vout=0.1VDD, b) V1= VDD, V2=Gnd, Vout =0.9VDD, c) V1= Gnd, V2= VDD, Vout=0.9VDD, d) V1= Gnd, V2= Gnd, Vout =0.9VDD.


To keep pace with it, there are plenty of proposals on systems applications and communication protocols for wearable or body area networks (BAN)[1][2].

aNTENNA AND HUMAN BODY In this section, we first revisit the technical challenges for the fabrication of a wearable antenna.


This breakdown corresponds to an unrealistic cycle in which every port of every structure is accessed.

on a per case basis (e.g., bzip2, twolf, vpr), its impact can be much larger.


These results regarding the addition of 5% implication overhead are encouraging because they show that the critical path delay for the circuits remains relatively unchanged.

the validity of all implications must be con.rmed through an exhaustive method.


The resulting XML description is manipulated to select all the parts that need to be exported, and then the opensource tool py++ is used to generate Python wrapping code that uses the Boost.Python library [1].

automatic execution can be employed to realize automated fault injection campaigns.


Experimental results on several testcases indicate that our methods achieve 10%-31%(20% on average) clock divergence reduction and between 16-64ps skew reduction (1.6%-6.4% of cycle time for a 1GHz clock) with less than 0.5% increase in bu.er area/wirelength compared to existing CTS algorithms.

their delays across other corners will be di.erent, mainly because of the di.erence in the interconnect lengths and bu.er sizes.


New solutions must be developed to support automatic diagnosis as a scale far beyond what is common in pre-silicon verification.

because mainstream repair would require a system re-spin, it is necessary to have solutions in place to bypass known bugs at runtime.


While enforcing this separation, it does not enforce any one particular model of computation [2].

constraint 1 -BP is an application parameter; hence the internal memory must allow storage space for each channel to be dynamically adjusted.


The card disappears from the screen, and an extra card is automatically dealt to the other player.

we envision that future speech interfaces will be able to work with the user on multiple tasks at the same time, which is especially needed for real-time tasks.


Although the cell function library needs to be manually generated, it only needs to be done once.

the front-end stage of the design .ow is still based on logic synthesis, in order to meet different design requirements.


Depending on positions of dots, it will consist of up to n NOT gates, and up to n-1 SWAP gates.

thus the equations for the functions describing dependence of inputs on outputs (inverse mapping) have the same form as the equations given in Definition 3 (after exchanging a, b, c with a , b , c , respectively).


Figure 3 shows an example of cone construction.

speci.cally, we maximize the number of identical LUT con.guration bits so that we can logically mask the faults originated upstream.


The proposed 3-input non-volatile AND gate, (a) type 1, (b) type 2. this scheme, the TE of MTJA is pulled to ground when the writing mode is .nished (MP11 is turned on by the low WE).

when the resistance in the positive branch is higher than that in the negative branch, the output Y is 1 ; when the resistance in the negative branch is higher, the output Y is 1 .


In addition, we also consider heterogeneous Lgate for logic blocks (Lc) and interconnects (Li).


The application of block-interleaved computation, folding and retiming reduces the critical path delay in the add-compareselect (ACS)kernel of MAP decoders by 50% -84% with an area overhead of 14% -70%.

subsequent scaling of power supply results in signi.cant power savings in turbo decoders.


It is not necessary to schedule parameters of circuits permanently.


Gate AND OR XOR Input MTJs 2 2 2 Reference MTJs 2 2 4 Write energy 285fJ/bit 285fJ/bit 285fJ/bit Read energy 4.35fJ 4.35fJ 8.72fJ Read speed 160ps 160ps 320ps TABLE V. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROPOSED 2-INPUT NON-VO LATILE AND AND THE CONVENTIONAL CMOS 2-INPUT AND GATE .

they are partially non-volatile and will lose information when they are powered off.


Here we design another device placement as the baseline algorithm.

2nd revised edition, London, UK: Springer-Verlag, 2000.


The correctness issue is addressed by the so-called reference implementation of a CAOS model.

the transformation of a CAOS model to a synchronous guarded action model requires to control the nondeterminism by some additional inputs.


In that section some problems with the Liu algorithm were identified, which we reiterate here: 1.

in an MCF formulation, the cost of sending flow across an edge is by definition proportional to the amount of flow across it.


For contrast, the theremin has only a portamento, and the staccato is impossible, and the chord is impossible, too.

though versatility was low, I wanted to make a performance device with the unique performance method.


The equivalent circuit in Figure 1 is not symmetrical because the integrated inductor layout is just partially symmetrical.

of iteration count Error = 0.05 Initialize Randomly 1.


ISEGEN: Adapting Kernighan-Lin Min-Cut Heuristic for Generation of Instruction Set Extensions.

[7] F. Sun, S. Ravi, A. Raghunathan and N. K. Jha.


We then define a path of the CFSM as a sequence of state transitions that starts and ends both on initial state (e.g.

it mainly analyzes address traces and generates the cache hit ratio.


Kao, Testing MRAM for write disturbance fault , in Proc.

therefore the time for judging if the pass rate under this current level is higher than 1-t% should be 11 (% · N) · test t ·· T 1- P% N An example for 1% tolerable fail rate is shown in Table 1.


Variation Vector Equation (5) can be rewritten in a compacted vector format as X r + ß * X ~L(µX , aX , ßX )= µX + a * X g (6) where * means transpose and r = [R1, ··· ,RN ]* ~N(0, I) g = [G1, ··· ,GM ]* ~N(0, Sg) (7) are mutually independent local variation vector and global variation vector respectively.

applying the generally accepted Gaussian assumption, we .rstly disclose that the MAX operation can be approximated by linear supposition of its inputs.


CMP was used for those clusters exhibiting non-sequential behavior.

proceedings of the 37th Design Automation Conference (DAC'00), pp.


Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) is a promising paradigm to handle the increasing on-chip communication complexity [2, 3] and reliability issues [4, 5, 6].

system Requirements The proposed simulator has been successfully tested on Linux/i386 and i686 system with four processors and Linux cluster consisted of IBM cluster nodes (each with dual Intel Itanium two processors), GCC version 3.4.6 and java version 1.4.2 are required to compile the source codes (in standard C and MPI) and interface source codes (in Java), respectively.


These statistics can then be used by an invocation of the AM algorithm to refine the accuracy assignments for use in the next simulation iteration.

as shown in [12], this cost function leads to an optimal assignment for block i along a simple chain of  %/~- (2) to achieve a specified output delay tolerance e. Also derived in [12] are simplifications of (2) to obtain compact, single- calculation expressions.


It is worth to mention that the SP kernel allows the generation of networks with more transistors than this example presented in Fig.

by applying the edge reordering over the auxiliary graph, the kernel found is mapped to the transistor network depicted in Fig.


The US NASA aviation safety programme has introduced (in 2000) the concepts of upset prevention and upset recovery to prevent the air crashes provoked by aircraft upset.

to capture such characteristics, other useful physical concepts should be deploit.


Input: out vc state, most degraded vc, is new traf.c East outport() Output: enable, idle vc 1 enable .

we require an additional bit for each VC associated to the output VC state as the most degraded marker.


It results in an interconnected compact block representation, where the sets of q-dominant poles for compact blocks have minimum overlap between them.

ckt  [2] HiPRIME BSMOR TBS build sim build sim build sim build sim  ckt1 0.44s 0.08s 0.15s 1.02s 0.12s 0.08s 0.09s 0.08s ckt2 2.19s 1.24s 0.54s 1min:42s 0.63s 1.18s 0.11s 1.02s ckt3 1min:17s 1min:51s 5.76s 2hr:48min:20s 1min:2s 1min:38s 1.62s 1min:32s ckt4 34min:58s 21min:32s 47.3s > 2day 4min:54s 11min:42s 20.7s 11min:23s ckt5 4hr:43min:18s 1day:5hr:11min 2min:42s > 2day 1hr:45min 1day:1hr:36min 2min:8s 1day:18min ckt6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 6min:16s 1day:1hr:29min     Table 2: Comparison of runtime under the similar accuracy of the method in [2], HiPRIME, BSMOR and TBS.


In this paper, VTH0, TOX , Wint and Lint are used as the physical parameters.

the coe.cients of the RSM also depend on the transition time and the load capacitance.


M92/41(May 1992), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkely, CA, USA [24] Spars, J., Furber, S., Principles of Asynchronous Circuit Design -A Systems Perspective Kluwer Academic Publishers, Hardcover ISBN 0-7923-7613-7, 2001 [25] Theodoropoulos G., Woods, J. V., Occam: An Asynchronous Hardware Description Language?

the last decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in asynchronous design techniques, which do not rely on global clocks but achieve synchronization by means of localized synchronization protocols between the communicating subsystems.


We test several baud rate combinations to determine the limits of our current combination of iPhone 3G and the Texas Instruments MSP430F1611.

given the typical battery size of 1200 to 1400 mAh found on several generations of iPhones, and at a nominal 3.7 V, we estimate a battery life of 10 to 11 hours of continuous operation if the screen is turned off.


We count the number of cross-net care bits, 0-per-net care bits and 1-per-net care bits.

we evaluated the number of care bits in different channel widths (number of routing tracks per channel).


The frequency change (.F/F) of RO is meas-ured as a direct index of the degradation, which is proportional to PMOS threshold voltage change under NBTI.

2b, there exists a number of defect states with different energy levels and time constants.


An unprotected system will no longer be available after the .rst failure in the system.

in this table, the MTTM of .ip-.ops (user bits) is also shown.


Since phase noise also varies with the reciprocal of the tail current, a trade-o.

with the same technology, a further improvement in spectral purity can be reached only though a better control over the F factor if phase noise has to drop under the -100 dBc/Hz threshold at 100 KHz.


[8] Paulsson, J. Summing up the noise in gene networks.

why would a cell choose to inhibit an activator over activating an inhibitor for a transcriptional factor?


Replace the driver with a voltage source consisting of two  ramps and compute the far-end response of the interconnect.

we have seen that the resistance value and more importantly, the voltage breakpoint, do not change significantly by using total capacitance instead of the effective capacitance.


The ratio of interconnect areas (practically the total link area) is expressed as follows (Eq.

for example, the dynamic power ratio of the wave-pipelined and the serial links (Eq.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.

non-specific binding with other protein present in the blood sample will occur also.


The sum-peaks column presents the value obtained from summing the peaks from the individual server utilizations (from Figure 1).

additional cooling is required to avoid thermal failover, leading to a dramatic increase in facility costs for cooling.


[6] T. Fischer, J. Desai, B. Doyle, S. Na.ziger, and B. Patella.

once a tableispopulated, we compress itintoa decision tree.


When M1 is closed the spikes from the presynaptic neuron will pass through the memristor and reach the postsynaptic neuron without changing the weight.

the results of the classification in the 4X2 network are shown in Fig.


Exploiting Narrow-Width Values for Improving Non-Volatile Cache Lifetime Guangshan Duan and Shuai Wang State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiang Su, China Email: guangshan duan@smail.nju.edu.cn, swang@nju.edu.cn  Abstract Due to the high cell density, low leakage power consumption, and less vulnerability to soft errors, non-volatile memory technologies are among the most promising alternatives for replacing the traditional DRAM and SRAM technologies used in implementing main memory and caches in the modern microprocessor.

the experimental results show that our proposed schemes can improve the lifetime of the nonvolatile caches by 245% on average.


(a) Original (b) 52dB (c) Magni.ed orig.

3The higher the memory capacity, the greater the power savings achieved by Flikker.


All previous recon.guration algorithms, either off-chip [31, 45, 46] or onchip [1, 8, 17, 41], are limited to the granularity of a bidirectional link, if not any coarser.

as can be noted from the .gure, uDIREC consistently leads to more than 3× completely connected networks between 25 and 50 faults, when compared to Ariadne, beyond which the probability of still having a completely connected network is near-zero.


There are a variety of di.erent implementations for parallel multipliers.

another method, called a Hybrid Correction Truncated (HCT) Multiplier, uses both constant and variable correction techniques to reduce the overall error [14].


Some edges are also removed in this routine.

the controller has to go through the loop three more times before (OpInd== 00 )is satis.ed.


In addition, due to the energy-constrained nature of mobile phones, the system service cannot be run continuously in the background and requires users to manually trigger it, on all nearby devices.

the simultaneous shaking required by the Bump app), or is not energy e cient (e.g.


Although the RSSI originally has a dependency on the distance between the tag and reader, it cannot be a factor to determine the di.erence because of its sensitiveness to environment.

the concept of the algorithm is easy to follow, but we have to overcome some di.culties to make the estimation algorithm work well.


The core of the described approach is to perform field damage assessments that may or may not be complemented by information and data obtained from ICT network operators or other sources.

in terms of evaluating the performance of ICT network infrastructures the questions that the damage assessment attempts to answer are: a) What failed and what did not fail?


The testcases are subset of those that ship with OpenSPARC T2.

when compared to the total area of the Open-SPARC T2 chip (342 mm 2 [7]), the area overhead of 10 detectors (one for each monitored interfaces), is 0.7%.


In .gure 1c, we can .nd that the performance improvement via increasing set size is much bigger than multithreaded program as the single thread program executes less ef.ciently.

the MGSim [4] is Alpha-based software simulator of DMT.


Recall that the base case uses two store queue ports, which provide suf.cient bandwidth.

(1) Any load violating load-load ordering is squashed regardless of whether an intervening store (from another processor) occurs or not.


spins become unaffordable for all but the highest volume products.

a transistor-level schematic of one version of a VPGA cell is shown in Fig.


The first presentation of this special session, titled Memcomputing: a brain-inspired computing paradigm and given by Prof. Pershin from University of South Carolina, focuses on a memcomputing paradigm that employs two-terminal electronic devices with memory (memelements), namely, memristive, memcapacitive or meminductive systems [1], to store and process information at the same physical location.

of Design, Automation & Test in Europe, 2014.


Then f (x) is an admissible heuristic in the priority pair evaluation space under the operator <.


In suchcase, the coloring ofthe neighborhoodfeatures need to be reconsidered to avoid unnecessary stitches likeFig.3(d)and enable optimal solutioninFig.3(e) or(f).

8(b) showsthenormalCGP cases, where aPCGPis colored identically and unconnected.


The reason is that Hessenberg matrix Hm of standard Krylov subspace tends to approximate the large magnitude eigenvalues of A [13].


For each percussion pattern, various patterns were synthesized varying the tempo and the sound of the related instruments.

we want to retrieverhythmsof unknownmusic inasetofpredeterminated rhythm patterns of the investigated styles of Latin music.


We recommend that you print the file for best legibility.


In general, the polytope will be a cone whose cross-section increases linearly with the highest order clique coef.cient.

it should be noted that this treatment assumed perfect device operation.


The details of delay constraints (di) are discussed in the later section.

through simulations we identi.ed that a tighter noise margin constraint of 0.65e - 6 can e.ciently minimize the e.ect of coupling.


[5]Adiseno, M. Ismail and H. Olsson, A Wide-Band RF Front-End for Multiband Multistandard High-Linearity Low-IF Wireless Receivers, IEEE JSSC, SC-37(9), Sept. 2002, pp.

there is a trade-off between the gain, input matching, power and noise figure.


We modified the SAT solver zchaff to produce the trace files that are needed for the checker.

by doing so, we also expect the efficiency of the checker to improve as profiling shows that a significant amount of run time for the checker is spent on parsing and translating the trace files.


For instance, suppose Mary signals a preference forTom, the callerin another dating-serviceexecution.

collectively, these methods are referred to as doXXX methods.


Therefore, to avoid any confusion, instead of referring to a wire as a req or ack, we will simply refer to it by the direction in which it carries information forward or backward and by the index of the stage associated with it.

first, Section 2 provides motivation behind our approach, and brie.y reviews prior work.


First, the data dependence graph (DDG) is partitioned, that is, each node is allocated to a cluster.

they can also be taken into account when selecting which subgraph to replicate.


Other sensing devices such as RFID can be used for monitoring a patient.s movement and asset tracking.

when an electronic device is connected to the Internet this can become an Internet of Things.


The architecture model is given in fig.3, it has been implemented on a FPGA Vir- tex 800 with the free soft IP LEON [11] which communicates with HW modules (for instance a DCT accelerator) through the arnba bus.

a task can be scheduled if the response time RT/of ~ is such as : VTj E hp(i), 3R~ < Di with RT/ *C where hp(i) is the set of SW tasks whith a higher priority than task i.


In 3D NAND .ash memory, multiple layers are stacked to increase bit density and reduce bit cost of .ash memory.

6: The number of uncorrectable page errors for the baseline scheme and 3D-FlashMap.


INTRODUCTION  Traditionally, the processing elements in networks are either ASICs or variations of general-purpose processors.

the module is selected to perform one of the following functions on their input signals: - output = left input (shift right) - output = right input (pass without shift) - output = (left input AND right input) - output = (left input OR right input) - output = (left input XNOR right input) - output = (left input BYTE-WISE-OR right input) - output = (left input BYTE-WISE-AND right input)  The utility of each these operations will be examined during the discussion of the applications in the following subsections.


It can be seen that leakage current is exponentially dependent on thresh-hold.


The role of elimination trees in sparse factorization.

these direct methods consume a large amount of memory because of the large number of .llins generated during the factorization process, especially for large-scale power grids.


The following assumes DELVTO and NFACTOR are normally distributed with no correlation.


When transistors P3 and N3 are turned off, the delay is maximum and depends on the sizes of transistors P1 and N1.

hence the smallest delay fault used in the simulations is 60ps.


For the 1GB cache size, LH-Cache provides an average improvement of 11.1%, SRAM-Tag provides 29.3%, and Alloy Cache provides 46.1%.

in Journal of Instruction Level Parallelism, 2006.


action of the multiple-control Toffoli gate may be de.ned as follows: xi(out) = xi(i < n + 1), xn+1(out) = x1x2 · · · xn .


Then the clock bu.ers will be inserted at such spaces which could reduce the clock wire length.

the latch clumping may reduce the space reserved for clock bu.ers.


The low error margin between -1.58% and 7.66% and the huge speed-up of 1200× make the resulting model usable in system level simulations and virtual prototypes.

a multitude of design decisions can be evaluated in a short amount of time.


The third backdoor also attacked crypto hardware, this time a cellular automata PRNG.

as third-party IP is increasingly used by technology companies, trust issues are exacerbated [5, 6, 7].


In Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 2003.

4.2 High-level Operation: Streaming The streaming mechanisms operate very similarly to TMS: offchip misses can initiate new streams and the prefetcher throttles streaming to match application demand.


Biased-LGat e Selection The key question in our methodology is the value of LGat e for each transistor in the cells.

in a resizing setup (described below) with a delay constraint, the leakage bene.t over the whole design can decrease as the number of instances which can be replaced by their biased version (slower but less leaky) is reduced.


This paper introduces a novel placement .ow with clock-tree aware .ip-.op merging and MBFF generation, and proposes the corresponding algorithms to simultaneously minimize .ip-.op power and clock latency when applying MBFFs during placement.

experimental results based on the IWLS2005 benchmark show that our approach is very effective in not only .ip-.op power but also clock latency minimization without degrading circuit performance.


Using sophisticated architectures, the balancing e.ciency can be signi.cantly increased, enabling also, for instance, direct charge transfer between cells that are not adjacent.

it requires a circuit graph (at a certain phase) and a function that de.nes edge weights (lines 1,2).


We have shown that adopting our approach in conjunction with spare rows and columns scheme can further increase the amount of usable cache.

the systems that suffer from less effective DRAM are actually using microprocessor chips that would have been discarded.


Modern hard disks are usually equipped with an on-drive RAM cache for two purposes.

details of SSD hardware implementations tend to be hidden behind such narrow interfaces.


The greatest design challenge for such circuits is related to the frequency range of interest: physiological signals have frequency components in the DC to units of kH z range [1].


the logical timing correlation among cells may generate much lower frequency components for potential resonance.


To preserve the RTL IP semantics, the C++ functions generated from the RTL processes have to be executed in the same partial order as the corresponding RTL processes are executed in the RTL model.

loop rolling is strategic since it enriches the C++ code with loops, which are fundamental in HLS for exploring and enhancing the design space.


Since MIV and F2F designs are obtained by simply splitting the shrunk 2D design, all three have the same gate counts.

this will lead to memory pins that are placed outside the memory footprint.


For most Boolean functions, single-variable and two-variable signatures areenough to recognize all variables (i.e., to obtain a CP transformation.)

hinsberger and Kolla [7] and Debnathand Sasao [10], introduced a canonical form for solving the generalBoolean matching problem.


If A(XIl+xl)is the original reference and A0(X0Il+xl0)is 0 the transformed reference, we have X0=MAXand xl= MAxl+mlA.

if the base addresses of arrays Aand Bhappen to map on the same cache line, a miss rate of 100% is possible due to the data cache con.icts between these two array references (i.e., inter-array con.icts).


The results in the .gure can be explained by matching the application characteristics (Table 5) with the micro-benchmarks.

this is particularly important in the case of indexed reference patterns where successive references contain little locality.


4.3 Impact of Utilization on Performance A prior study [20] of a particular two-level architecture found that as utilization is increased, performance declines.

this routing network primarily receives input from a dedicated global signal (e.g., clock) distribution network, but also receives input from a few of the ordinary external signals and muxes used to drive the LUT inputs.


1.2-v supply, 100-nw, 1.09-v bandgap and 0.7-v supply, 52.5-nw, 0.55-v subbandgap reference circuits for nanowatt cmos lsis.

if a voltage proportional to ft is attached to the source terminal of M2, with the right proportionality factor F (if2) adjusted (using the current mirror aspect relation K1), the equality of (5) can be satis.ed.


The Output Buffer which operates in high speed region is needed for the test, because PLL output clock operates in GHz region.

high-Speed point-to-point links are used for application, Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


It has been reported that circuit versus layout design effort of analog circuits have shown a ratio of 80% to 20% for higher nodes (e.g., 0.35u, 0.25u).

the old layout has not only been crafted manually, but it has also influenced device sizing.


We modify the on-chip Coher 1Coherence Unit (CU) is an on-chip module connected to the shared bus and the memory controller.

wrapping data and metadata access in a transaction requires costly hardware support for transactional memory access.


Speci.cally, if the instruction hits in the cache, then it is directly passed to the processor with the signal C HIT; otherwise, this instruction needs to be fetched from the main memory.

all these works focused on the SPM-only architecture, in which all the instructions or data that are not stored in the SPM have to be fetched from the main memory.


The output from this modi.ed CACTI 6.0 indicates that the optimal organization employs a bank size of 4MB for the .rst 16MB of the cache and a bank size of 8MB for the remaining 16MB.

a few other extensions of CACTI can also be found in the literature, including multiple different versions of e-CACTI (enhanced CACTI).


The simulation results show that DyAD-OE consistently outperforms odd-even under different traf.c loads/patterns and different network con.gurations.


Table 1 shows the results we have obtained.

on Electronics, Special power-gated design and column Actual shows the value obtained from PrimeTime and we see that the timing constraint is met.


Grids in the first row Case d: Similar to case c, for the rest of the grids in the first column (where 1<i<m and j=1), the routes enter from the bottom of the grid, and leaves from either the top or the right hand side of the grid.

the probabilistic usage matrix Definition 5: Assume the pins are located at the lower left and upper right corners of the bounding box, we define the probabilistic usage matrix P for a two-pin net that covers a m×n mesh as follows: (Pm () ()1 Pm1 )L Pm,n Pmn).


As in the case of the Laguerre polynomials, the weight function strengthens the accuracy for larger values of x; but in this case, the weight is even stronger.

in order to avoid the exponential number of operations involved in those expressions, it is possible to exploit the linear form of Eq.


Now consider the derivative of 2 2 g, g'(b2) = 12b2 2 - 6s2 .

for multi-variate interpolation or integration in r variables, the number of quadrature nodes increases as .


Processors require a relatively stable power source,and typically cannot tolerate supply voltage variations exceeding 5%.

failures is the number of voltage emergencies where there were no in-.ight branches.


[29] Z. Wang, K. S. McKinley, A. L.Rosenberg, and C. C. Weems.

this access is a miss in the size-4 cache, as shown in Figure 6.


As our proposed IPR tends to increase logic masking to prevent the propagation of faults, it inevitably lowers the testability of a circuit.

for sequential circuits, IPR applies to each combinational logic block.


i (0,t) will be created in the DIG while evaluating the gate.


An ideal solution is a model that avoids actual synthesis.

for DFTs, we considered N = {24 ,..., 214}, and for SNWs N = {24 ,..., 214}.


2.2 Equivalent trees As de.ne in [14], there are two basic operations on a tree that will not change the total length: Shiftings and Flippings,as shown in Figure 2.

the algorithm stops when Q is empty which means that no tree grew from f can be in an OARSMT.


Figure 4(a) shows the c[it]and c[ib] obtained from a boundary rectangle i.

there are several situations to take into account.


In each, instructions are .ushed from a thread whenever it experiences a single L2 cache miss.

front-end policies for improved issue ef.ciency in  ing averaged over the workload mixes.


The approximate algorithm considers the odd constants that are not included in the current ready and target sets and can be implemented with the elements of the current ready set as possible intermediate constants, as seen on the lines 7-10 of the algorithm.

this experiment clearly indicates that the approximate algorithm that guarantees the minimum solution on more instances is indispensable to ensure the minimum solution of the MCM problem.


The .rst component is a change detector in a sensor data stream at node level.

the main major arising questions are: How many DFT coe.cients are su.cient to detect the changes?


Secondly, the P-load exploits more MLP from a larger instruction window without the need to enlarge the critical issue window [1].


Designers estimate several candidates of real time budgets very often from their experience, or by creating simulation models annotated with the detailed information based on experience.

tCon f (i, j) is a time passage to wait for that all tasks on the same module in di.erent paths on a BS acquire and release the module resource j times.


Natalie deremijenko Center for Advanced Technology New York University 715 Broadway, # 1208 NY, NY 10003 USA +1 212 998 3382 nat@cat.nyu.edu EXISTING APPLICATIONS Sound transduction through bone conduction has been used for more than 50 years in subjects with certain types of hearing impairment.

the structure was designed as to magnify the vibration in the plastic surface, leaving the transducer free to vibrate on the side where the rod was attached.


From the OS perspective, the Linux kernel also implements features to reduce power [22, 26, 28].

six threads, we observe that the IPC for contexts four and .ve is approximately the same as it was in the case of two threads for contexts zero and one.


Another advantage of the linear histogram technique concerns the calculation of the ADC parameters.

as for the offset calculation, this division simply corresponds to a shift in the register if m.Hideal is a power of 2.


By leveraging rateless codes, a sender keeps transmitting encoded data stream until the .rst receiver accumulates suf.cient information and decodes the original data successfully.

we .nally extend the distanceless networking to duty-cycled sensor networks.


However, some of their conclusions, such as exploiting bank-level parallelism and selecting the correct transaction size to reduce latency, hold true for any system.

[11] V. Cuppu and B. Jacob, Concurrency, Latency, or System Overhead: Which Has the Largest Impact on Uniprocessor DRAM-System Performance?


The .nal implementation consists of around 110.000 library cells and around 8.000 clock sinks (for the three clock domains).

there may be cases where the activation functions of the two children nodes di.er substantially; in particular, the activation function of the right child may include most of the idle conditions of the left child, and many more.


Since the contents of two pairs are exchanged in Op2, the types of the two pairs may be changed after applying the operation.

if a capacitor comprises an odd number of unit capacitors, one unit capacitor will be left.


Steering logic Code partitioning can be done at compile time (static) or at run time (dynamic).

in this example a new physical register is allocated in cluster m, to store the copy of register Rx for future reuse, and its mapping is written in the field m of the map table entry for Rx.


In the baseline open-page address mapping scheme, the memory system can be denoted as r:l:b:n:k:z where the lower case letter is the binary logarithm of the upper case letter.

in this paper we present a new approach from the most inner ring, to enable programmable, high speed, continuous monitoring and response of system integrity of interest.


A. Wooley, Experimental results and modeling techniques for substrate noise in mixed-signal integrated circuits, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol.

(a) Test structure of substrate coupling, (b) meshing for extracting equivalent circuit.


Sub-array con.guration: As the smallest component in architecture construction, a sub-array in Figure 4(b) can signi.cantly affect the overall performance of the entire architecture.

restricted by the theoretical limit of 9F 2, further shrinking memory cell size and hence improving performance and power consumption in STT-RAM is dif.cult [6].


we can take the time series on non-activated voxels as normal sample and these on activated voxels as outliers.


3.1.1 Objective Function The goal is to minimize the latest time a droplet reaches its sink.

rOUTING ON CROSS-REFERENCING BIOCHIPS In this section, we .rst show the architecture of cross-referencing biochips.


o Define the relative importance of each coverage monitor in terms of its contribution to the overall quality of the verification process, as will be discussed later.

a number of factors render pure CDV difficult, and frequently completely impractical to implement.


We utilize an RC-analogy based thermal model widely used in literature for the DRAM system, which is also similar to the model presented by Lin et al.

micron, Calculating Memory System Power for DDR2.


Processors are considered strong heat sources, they dissipate power in the die.

thermal optimization has been considered at di.erent stages of the design process as the high-level synthesis [9], chip cell-level placement [10] and high-level resource sharing [11].


RFs are ensembles of weakly correlated decision trees that vote on the classification and have been shown to provide good generalization compared to individual decision trees.

the optimized implementation is able to speed up the computation by more than a factor of 40, bringing down the total time required to 740ms for the same computation.


This ephemeral mode of computation has been appropriately titled the cloud.

the plateaus correspond to door con.gurations where both doors are either closed, partially open, or fully open.


For example, [Zhang 09b] shows that noise margin degradation due to the surviving m-CNTs can cause additional problems.

3.3, the penalty associated with upsizing the CNFETs is almost completely eliminated with this optimized value of Wmin.


Therefore, for the dual load approach, the data returned by both the .rst load and the second load must be compared with their replicas to ensure the data integrity.

generally, multiple cache ports can be implemented in four ways: either by conventional and costly ideal multiporting, by time division multiplexing, by interleaving the cache through multiple independentlyaddressed banks, or by replicating multiple singleport copies of the cache [2].


To demonstrate the effect of RSM optimisation on the real system in physical domain, the SystemC-A model is simulated using the optimised parameters.

the coarsegrain tuning alone cannot generate the best performance and a .ne-grain tuning algorithm is needed.


Warren, .Performance of bellcore's plastic rechargeable Li ion batteries," Solid State Ionics, pp.

it requires that the battery history (i.e., its cycle age and its temperature profile over the past cycles) as well as instantaneous battery output voltage and the average current are known.


Our single-rail self-timed clocking is datadependent and needs no trimming.

the efficient combination of algorithm and logic level remains an open question.


Gate sizing-up will increase gate capacitance hence large dynamic power and minor leakage.

if the timing constraint is not satis.ed, the procedure continues.


The last years, new networking technologies such as SCI [10], Myrinet and Gigabit Ethernet offer increased bandwidth and low startup latencies, which however, are never ef.ciently utilized by user applications.

vertical grouping -Tile execution time in respect to the number of slices a tile is cut Table 3.


In the audio domain, Huygens principle is applied by stating that a primary source wave front can be created by secondary audio sources(plane of speakers) that emit secondary wavefronts, the superposition of which creates the original one.

iNTRODUCTION Today, there are many multichannel audio technologies providing the so-called immersive or 3D-audio, which requires various speakers setups, consisting of up to hundreds of speakers.


Trust Model and Assumptions As in most PUF based authentication schemes, we assume that the adversary can eavesdrop the communication channel and manipulate the messages exchanged with the SoC.

finally, SoC sends an acknowledgment signal ACK back to the test server to indicate the authentication status.


A token in one of these state-places symbolizes the present state of the machine.

a token in the high or the low-place of a signal respectively represents the high or low state of that signal.


The impact of packet loss on the selectivity depends on the chemical composition of the reactor.

it is not sure whether this scheme can be applicable to NSNs due to their extremely constrained resources.


For example, if the input images are of width W and height H pixels, and the number of labels is nD, then the number of parameters transferred is W*H*nD.

circuits and Systems for Video Technology.


Before feeding packets into the channel, the output port decides, where it is due and inserts it accordingly in the respective channels.

proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 05) 1530-1591/05 $ 20.00 IEEE


If VR exceeds the trip point of the inverter formed by PL and NL, the cell bit will flip during the read operation, causing a read upset.

the error in estimating the ION together with unknown interconnect properties make access time simulations unreliable and they were therefore not performed.


Routability Unlike undesirable timing constraint violations, if any net is not fully connected or if it contains physical design rule violations, then a design will not function at all.

a challenge is to select appropriate algorithms and execute them at the proper steps.


Unlike a write operation to other types of storage medium, the program operation can change the stored bits from 1 to 0 only.

20th Non-Volatile Semiconductor Workshop, 2004.


Figure 6 focuses two local communicators which share one OSSonanI/OnodeinordertoaccesseachtargetOST through a z-axis Tofu link.

a high performance implementation of MPI-IO for a Lustre .le system environment.


this will make possible the termination of the algorithm after O(n. ecc) rounds, and informing the source (and in fact all nodes) that RB has been accomplished.


Let y = ax where x and y are the register values a0 a3 a0 a1 a0 + a3 a1 ×aa ×a aa a2 a1 a2 a3a2 a3 (a) exam-(b) block diagrams ple of an a-multiplier Figure 1: The circuit for the a-multiplier for GF(24) generated by g(z)= z 4 + z+1 and the block diagrams used for a multiplier of X =(xm-1,...,x1,x0,0,...,0) and Y =(ym-1,...,y1,y0,0,...,0) respectively.

the universal MSR multiplier produces the product a b of the register values a and b.


The scaling by tN calculates the average weight of the neighborhood.

these reconvergences can be calculated just once and can be used over and over for estimating maximum channel width.


The proposed method focuses on the important region before the fall transition at Gate 2 .nishes.

the conventional methods shift the input waveform to .t the .nal 0.5Vdd crossing timing, and hence the considerable amount of estimation error occurs.


The number of integer variables of the constraints.

the saving in the scheduling time is more than 80%.


Moreover, it is still required to compensate for the directional effect due to the oil .ow; a simple linear compensation technique, as used in [10], would not work well for the application-dependent temperature pro.les of real processors.

the third column shows the reconstructed total power dissipation in each block for the four cases.


[6] H. Kellerer, U. Pferschy, and D. Pisinger.

iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems.


It is required that the high impedance time be positive.


All the ILPs were solved with the commercial ILP solver IBM ILOG CPLEX 11.0.0 [7] (the details of the above ILP formulations are omitted due to space limitation.)

....(....) and .. ' ..(....) mean the death CC and the modi.ed death CC of the lifetimeofadata ...., respectively.


For the VCO ring, the choice is straightforward because the two populations have the same size.

the circuit module is made up of two different circuits called VCO rings and grid sheets.


As a result, the X-bit at ev41 is filled because the external input drives ppi41.

in order to achieve satisfactory IR-drop reduction effect, it is necessary to (1) increase X-bits as much as possible and (2) maximize the effect of X-filling for available X-bits.


We discuss the use of the generated results in determining the performance of communication links, and discuss system design implications.

u(z)t)and (1) are normalized in such a way that iU(z)t)i2 ac(z)=ar (z)j ai (z)Ac(z)=Ar (z)j Ai (z)(8)  and form the real-valued long column vectors is the instantaneous optical power.


In this paper, we propose architectural extension to reduce the STM overheads of accessing the metadata.

tx_read is a dominant overhead for Genome, Kmeans, Vacation, and Yada.


Cost reduction and evaluation of temporary faults detecting technique.

the number of transition pattern, which are used during programs execution, is far less than the number of all possible transition samples.


EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The FPTAS algorithm for the timing constrained minimum cost layer assignment problem is implemented in C++.

at this stage, only the optimization without impacting placement is desired and layer assignment is an ideal candidate.


TABLE II Slice Areas of the Interconnection Components  Block Size (slices) BRAM % XC2V6000 Router (8bits) 189 0 0,56 NI 121 1 0,36 A router can forward five packets per clock cycle at 150MHz.

the input controller receives data from the router and sends it to the shared memory to an address defined by the port number of the packet.


It is clear that F-BM-based re-synthesis converges much faster than the SAT-BM-based one.

for instance, 4X more area reduction is obtained by FBM-based re-synthesis with 2000s timeout.


On the other hand, a testing layout contains tremendous sites that need to be evaluated.

definition 2: A hit is a correctly identified hotspot.


(y =0)/ {(1,x :=a), (1,y :=b), (1,c :=0)} y =0/{} st/{} ject the program (this is typical for compilers of synchronous languages).

neither (., 0, 1, .e, .e, ¬e) nor (., ., T, n, U, ¬e) is a Boolean algebra.


However, FLASH performs well on con.gurations that have irregular latencies at a .ne grain level.

fLASH combines a set of lookahead heuristics to achieve effective foresight with low compiletime overhead.


HminExtra : The minimum required additional x-directed .eld to keep a given magnet metastable for all input combinations and for any t < tM .

(a) AF-line moves information; (b) an AF-line has a new input, and an external clocking .eld is used to facilitate re-evaluation of the line; (c) as -30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Hx (mT) the .eld is removed, devices relax along their easy axes; (d) Energy landscape of a representative magnet when subjected to different .eld combinations.


It has 256bitwide 2GB of GDDR3 oncard memory, with a PCIExpress Gen2 16x bus, and 320ALUs.

in all cases, the loop counts were increased to the threshold that guarantees saturation of execution time results as a function of loop count.


A Mojave board is currently being populated with 4085XLA-07 for faster reconfiguration and faster processing.

it is not necessary to invest in a fast ASIC design.


For the Input tile, clockzone partitioning is performed vertically; this is required because while the majority voter is operating, the output line Z must not be driven.

zone A and Zone B can be clocked with the same signals used for the intermediate memory tiles.


The consequent burdening on the speed of the simulation framework is therefore mitigated.

available: http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc id=1274512 [18] P. Rosenfeld, E. Cooper-Balis, and B. Jacob, Dramsim2: A cycle accurate memory system simulator, Computer Architecture Letters, vol.


Interleaving stage 1 prevents adjacent Huffman codes from getting lost even if two consecutive packets of base layer data are lost.

we can employ techniques such as replication (adding redundancy), selective retransmission, and smart scheduling to protect the most important packets (e.g., the first eight packets in Figure 10).


As for the 1st and 2nd items, we store them on an on-chip buffer in this work.

a circuit that computes the values of ..-......s at each clock cycle, DSC.


The storage cell has two functions: a) Store the VCO tuning information digitally when being non active.

for S2 to SN, the RIGHT and LEFT inputs are LOW, because A [1: N] = 0.


Our lightweight set bu.er design has another valuable feature in that it does not increase the overall power consumption even when the set bu.er hit ratio is very low.

for this reason, the on-chip caches remain as a major chip power consumer.


IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 14(3):248 258, March 2003.

if some events should have higher priority by increasing the fanout, we must decrease the fanout for other events in order to hold the message complexity constant.


Contacting a smartphone over the Internet is not possible when the smartphone is not connected to the Internet or its IP address is not known to the management station.

unfortunately, smart card authentication for user logon is by itself not sufficient to secure a computer, since the computer hard disk can always be read by attaching it to another computer.


Power consumption was reduced by 67% at the OTA level compared to the original design (folded topology).

the more constraints we add, the smaller the interesting con.guration space K. if a constraint is tight, i.e., it either de.nes lower dimensional manifolds for example when the constraint is an equality, or the measure of the manifold is small, the more likely it is to introduce some bias in the sampling mechanism because of the di.culty in selecting points in these manifolds.


2.4 Challenges in ULV Designs In recent years, the supply voltage has been down to ULV level [8-10].

we can use the voltage level as the selection signal Sel to select the alignment delay for ensuring zero skew.


Innovative ideas in the development of computer-aided design (CAD) tools for multi-layer SOP technology is crucial to fully exploit the potential of this new emerging technology.

cPD is where no detailed pin distribution was carried out.


The recent emergence of microcontroller-based platforms like Arduino [2] allow electronic instrument designers a relatively easy way to both integrate off-the-shelf sensors, and read and generate signals like MIDI -and the availability (and reliability) of tools like these, is a likely motivation for many researchers and builders to focus their primary efforts on control.

iNTRODUCTION The work of electronic music instrument developers is closely related to the general development and availability of technology.


There was a substantial di.erence in the results among the pattern recognition methods used for the estimation.

correct frames indicates that the frame which both identi.cation and localization of objects is correct.


As discussed before, a low differential voltage is enough to set the latch.

in the multi-output Manchester chain, generate and propagate terms need to be mutually exclusive in the sense that both cannot be 1 simultaneously.


First, our experimental platform, described in greater detail in Section 5 supports simultaneous monitoring of 2 PMCs.

note that many of the SPEC applications lie very close to the origin, showing small variations and power saving opportunities.


Making so, it may not be necessary to evaluate the impact of each TRL configuration on individual cell performance.

the average width values from Table 1, but excluding the worst cases NAND4 and NOR4 gates, referred as TRL_A2 .


As the crystallization rate is a function of temperature, given the variability of PCM cells within an array, reliable crystallization requires a programming pulse of hundreds of nanoseconds [11].

in a memory architecture with data width D bits (e.g., D =64), D/Z devices are organized together for memory access in a rank.


This system, Wearable Forest, presents the possibility of a new relationship: non-verbal interaction with nature in daily life through the telepresence of different species.

no matter how advanced the technologies are, these are human-centric interactions.


Analysis of column compression multipliers.

journal of Solid-State Circuits, 31(8), August 1996.


To determine the hazard behavior of a circuit s output, the function is invoked with the primary output gate as its argument.

in this case, v s evaluation cannot help re.ne the Kung value of w. More precisely, an HF-constraint passed to a gate v,HF(v),is a set of Kung values that v can accept at its input to make the circuit s primary output hazard-free (see Example 3 of Section 3).


The only exception is Unixbench syscall where Adapt-DM surprisingly causes a 12% slowdown over Adapt-PR.

for example, bl (branch and save return address in link register) is typically used for function calls, and blr (branch to the address saved in link register) for function returns.


Decoded Filter Cache(DFC)[19] bu.ers the instructions that have small decode widths and high execution frequencies.

[2] Raminder S. Bajwa, Mitsuru Hiraki, Hirotsugu Kojima, Douglas J. Gorny, Kenichi Nitta, Avadhani Shridhar, Koichi Seki, and Katsuro Sasaki.


There is a need to deliver the same level of CAD support to the biochip designer that is now available to the semiconductor industry.

for instance, the mixing operation is implemented by routing two droplets to the same location and then turning them around some pivot points.


This scheme requires only one frame buffer in the decoder.

in Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM'98, pages 290--301, Vancouver, Canada, Sept. 1998.


[1] setboundl 1010100***, 72 #bounds for local stack frame.

even though AES is 2X bigger, it is approximately 68X faster using Leases instead of the original GLIFT ISA.


This analysis is similar to that done in [6], but we also include the e.ect of correlated jitter.

the zero-crossings of the input will not get a.ected by the clock jitter.


Functional coverage measurements and results in post-Silicon validation of Core 2 duo family.

we benefit from the work done for test suite optimization and DFx instrumentation.


As seen from the .gure, for f1, f2 = 2kHz, the value of stable virtual sti.ness increases initially upto 350 Nm/rad compared to the value at B = 0.

since the focus of present work was higher sampling-rate applications, experiments were conducted at sampling-rates T1 > 1kHz.


If the accuracy value is high, it indicates that the target pro.le is as useful as the reference pro.le (though at a potentially much reduced overhead).

similar to IS, the potential wallclock savings for other programs with dynamic memory allocation (MG, Equake, AMMP) are also affected by the overhead of the touching mechanism.


Rather than simply placing existing spatial and temporal predictors side by side, an intelligent spatio-temporal hybrid design can overcome some of the underlying techniques limitations.

the resulting burst in bandwidth demand causes contention in the memory system, delays prefetches, and pollutes the cache or overflows the prefetch buffer.


Also, memory limits and timeout deletion policies can a.ect local caching at the client OS.

dNS traces actively collected and provided by volunteers are analyzed, in an e.ort to provide a comprehensive map of the whole Internet.


Generic behavior of this model was shown through different validation scenarios.

where CLK refers to the mean power consumed when one bit Pbit SRAM receive a clock switch.


Also plausible clocking is not suitable due to the multi-port nature of controllers.

it is possible to see that clearly HW barriers cut down on latency by one order of magnitude with respect to the SW barrier.


In the example, the entire region is selected for mapping; this may be neither desirable (due to asynchronous .x-up logic) nor feasible (due to the maximum size of EMBs).

the asynchronous clear of the EMB cannot implement the required asynchronous reset functionality of the register.


(A buffer at the right input of MUX2 is removed since this input does not need additional delay.)

the algorithm in [1] using TFU is called F3D.


Each of these netlists is then mapped to a regular logic fabric ; the resulting layouts of the logic-level netlists are referred to as bricks.

the benchmark bricks of Table 1 range in size from small to large, with the largest being near the upper bound imposed by utilization considerations.


In actual debug, the data of consequent clock cycles are traced into buffer when the prede.ned conditions are triggered.

in this way, concurrent trace is implemented ef.ciently and the requirement of interconnection which Figure 7: Latency with different injection intervals is used only during debugging is eliminated.


PSD of demodulated output signal for different 3 cut-off frequencies corresponding to a first order filter.

for instance, according to Figure 3 which illustrates a general form block diagram of a first-order time-mode IIR filter two weighted delayed additions are needed in order to realize the following transfer function: b0+b1z-1 fout = (1) fin 1+a1z-1 In following section, the basic building block used in this work is described.


They demonstrated their approach by verifying stability conditions for a third-order, Sigma-Delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

gLSVLSI 08, May 4 6, 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA.


As shown in evaluation results, our proposed scheme significantly improves yield in an energy-/performance-efficient manner with small areaoverhead.

in 3D microprocessors, last-level caches (LLC: L2 or L3 caches) are known to be themost vulnerable components.


Up to 4.3s, the write operation is successful if TWL is larger than TCRIT, WRITE (TCRIT of the write operation).

in the real simulation, because we cannot use the infinitely long word-line pulse, we assume that a pulse width of normalized 1000 as a practical limitation before static failure.


We used AspectC++ for the work, but there were practical issues; AspectC++ does not provide set pointcuts, AspectC++ is too slow for compilation, etc.

modularity of the current hardware design has not changed from that of the traditional design.


Since the length of time when the latch is transpar ent thereby capturing input data is very short, its behav ior is very similar to an edge-triggered .ip-.op.

we then performed the Monte Carlo simulation 5000 times to see the quantitative e.ect of within-die process variations on skew; a standard deviation was 15 ps, which is 20% of a target skew, with the minimum and the maximum skew of 24 ps and 126 ps, respectively.


Figure 3: Grid-based clustering using the samples generated for the tunnel diode circuit (Figure 2).

if a region in the state space is relevant, it is reasonable to expect that the neighboring regions (in terms of Euclidean distance) are also relevant.


[3] M. Orshansky and K. Keutzer, A general probabilistic framework for worst case timing analysis, in Proc.

proof: Without loss of generality, we assume an input skew distribution s = s0+ s1 ·x1+ s2 ·x2 (2) having a mean s0 and sensitivities s1 and s2 with respect two independent standard normal random variables x1 and x2 .


The sub.elds included in bi cannot be written within the time from ti to ti + wi + di, referred to as the blocked box constraint, where ti is the writing start time of Si and wi is the time required for the writing process of Si.

the corresponding compatible graph is shown in Figure 9(b).


The ForSpec temporal logic: A new temporal property-speci.cation language.

they cannot be used to detect violations of liveness properties.


The head .it also contains source and destination node identi.ers, and the physical memory address of the cache block.

[30] N. Muralimanohar, R. Balasubramonian, and N. Jouppi, Optimizing nuca organizations and wiring alternatives for large caches with cacti 6.0, in Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, (Washington, DC, USA), IEEE Computer Society, 2007.


SUNDR, for example, offers protection against forking attacks, a form of attack where a server uses a replay attack to give different users a different view of the current state of the system.

certi.cate management using distributed trusted third parties.


Since the area of a w-bit LCH data path is O(w 2), the area of the divide-and-concatenate architecture shown in Figure 3 is about half of that of a w-bit LCH hash data path shown in Figure 1.

while the parallel data paths technique using four w-bit LCH data paths incurs 400% area overhead, the equivalent divide-and-concatenate LCH data path using sixteen w/4-bit LCH data paths can reduce the dynamic power consumption to 1/16 without incurring any area overhead.


(Million Floating Point Operations Per Second).

several recent works have proposed to apply near-threshold computing (NTC) to chip multi-processors [18, 9, 10] where cores are operated near the threshold voltage ( 200mV above Vth) to optimally balance power and performance [9].


Then, we assigned a dummy value di = min (ti,ai) to each grid i,where ai is the available dummy value of grid i.


From Table 2 we can see that for the majority of workloads high energy e.ciency does not coincide with peak performance.

in a supercomputer that includes thousands of CPUs of the same bin the e.ect of process variability can become relevant.


A. Motivational Case Study: Soft Error Analysis of CAVLC  We have performed a fault injection case study to analyze the effects of soft errors on the subjective video quality of various sequences (see details of the experimental setup in Section V).

the computed parity is compared with the stored parity.


Moreover, it is observed that the inductors with non-uniform width (larger conductor width at outer ring and smaller width in inner ring) have better quality factor with a little more time cost.

[2] propose that skin effect.can be estimated by dividing the conductor into 6 segments horizontally with an approximate resistance formula to account for lateral current distribution.


To simplify our validation approach, we only consider samples where the output levels are greater than 0.9 Vdd or less than 0.1 Vdd since any output values greater or less than those values can be thought of as being in steady-state.

furthermore, relaxed safety margins allow more room for designers to aggressively scale down power consumption by lowering the supply voltage or increase circuit performance by clocking at higher operating frequency.


In biology, a colony refers to a group of individuals that belong to the same species, live together and cooperate for the sake of their mutual benefit.

finding adequately compressed-correlated genome is not an easy task and requires evolutionary-based programming.


Also, if it is considered that the smaller loops (3), (6), (7), (10), (11) and (12) are part of larger loops that pass through state S1, then the state S1 is present in all branches, so it can be also be considered a good candidate for a check-point state in FSM B.

as FPGAs are becoming larger, the time to load an entire bitstream in high density devices (more than 11Mbits of customization cells) are reaching the hundreds of milliseconds.


[4] M. Reshadi, B. Gorjiara, and D. Gajski, Utilizing horizontal and vertical parallelism with a no-instruction-set compiler for custom datapaths, in ICCD, Oct. 2005, pp.

the output functions corresponding to any two partition groups will be linearly dependent.


For the last experiment, we used .ve real industry designs to show the superiority of the MP-tree on both half-perimeter wirelength (HPWL) and routability.

the corner macro can be .xed at the corresponding corner.


The reference .ow for solving this problem is proposed in Section 3.

all the testcases have many common blocks.


Summary of test applications Benchmarks Description gzip compressing a given input file fgrep searching for a given pattern in the files residing in a directory math floating-point calculations bf (blowfish) a symmetric block cipher with a variable length key from 32 to 448 bits crc 32-bit cyclic redundancy check on a file djpeg decoding a jpeg image file qsort sorting a large array of strings in ascending order  Figure 6 represents the measured performance degradation with target performance loss ranging from 5% to 20% at steps of 5%.

in practice, the error introduced in this way is quite small considering that the memory access time is about two orders of magnitude greater than the instruction execution time.


It considers data and network security, leaving physical security out of scope.

the idea is to do for medical devices what USB and Bluetooth did for personal computing: devices conforming to the ICE standard, either natively or using an after-market adapter, would be able to inter operate with other ICE-compliant devices, regardless of manufacturer.


If the relaxation increases the wirelength, its steps are reversed, and relaxation on the next movable subset in the DFS sequence of subsets proceeds.

first, recursive clustering is an extremely e.ective means of organizing optimization for circuits that ultimately can be placed using only short, local interconnects.


This hierarchy is updated as some objects in the scene move or some objects are added or deleted from the scene.

the union of these different PVSs have to be performed in a thread safe manner.


The tracing stops at b, c, d, e and f because they are a part of multiple-pin nets.

when the design is close to sign-off, or there are other constraints on non-tree gates, the overlap removal has to honor the existing design and keep other gates unchanged.


This is achieved by assigning each modular multiplier its own memory block connected via the first port.

8 shows two functionally equivalent variants for the join member instruction implementation.


In addition, both TSVs and buffers occupy device and M1 layers, so they cannot overlap with each other.

· Sl )ofa TSV itself and the contact resistance between a TSV and a landing pad at both ends of the TSV.


While static routing schemes [18][19] use fixed paths and offer no fault resiliency, dynamic (or adaptive) routing schemes [20]-[38] can alter the path between a source and its destination over time as traffic conditions and the fault distribution changes.

two different core complexities were considered for our analysis: 6×6 (36 cores) and 9×9 (81 cores).


Next Place Transition: Figure 2 shows the transitions made by groups with sizes 2 and 3, between the top-4 locations visited by the entire student population during the month of July, 2014.

2 GruMon System Design GruMon enables similarities between individuals to be computed in near real-time by tapping on space/time information as well as mobile sensor-generated data which detects motion-related activities such as walking, turning, standing still, and .oor level changes, to uncover groups.


These issues exacerbate accurate test for high speed interface timing at the wafer probe, which increases time-to-market.

according to the number of the selected buffer, the pulse width is represented by the following equation (3).


Also, at each iteration of SA process, if a floorplan generated by B*-tree is illegal, this floorplan will be discarded and SA continues on the next iteration.

if the power value of a certain grid varies from its nominal value due to leakage variations, this variability will propagate to each grid due to spatial correlations, which in turn will contribute to the thermal behavior of the whole system.


Let us consider how our four processors execute this nest in parallel.

let us focus on processor 3; similar discussion applies to other processors as well.


Test generation time for strongly testable datapaths is short since a combinational ATPG tool is used for each hardware element.

in the proposed method, we try to resolve the dependencies by using HRs as much as possible in order to reduce additional hold functions.


These new memories complicate scheduling and could increase energy consumption.

the data size stored in FB can be obtained by the sum of all data and results used and generated by all kernels.


Assume the active circuitry has a current consumption same as the FFT block.

these methods may cause un-e.ciency on design resource usage.


XT4- Jaguar) processors rather than Xeon s. We then use the models to predict the performance of FLASH and HYCOM on this system to answers the question What if all Gather/Scatter operation that would perform faster on the FPGAs were ported and run on them how that would affect overall application runtime?

even though we eliminated 107 blocks from porting to G/S hardware, we did not lose anything from the 1 ... measured -predicted ... benefits of the accelerators.


Figure 3: Microphone harvester schematic, including a model of the phone audio front-end which shows both how the microphone bias voltage is generated, and the .ltering done on the input signal.

a typical cardiac cycle (heartbeat) consists of a P wave, QRS complex, and T wave, all of which can be seen in our trace.


Figure 5: Application of self-con.guring projectors in building wide aspect ratio displays.

shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects With Image-Based Illumination.


As opposed to static timing analysis, exact timing eliminates false paths.

rep. UCB/ERL M92/41, Electronics Research Lab, Univ.


Note, because our aim is to de.ne new binding problems and to provide solutions from an engineering perspective, the focus is on practical algorithms rather than on the mathematical formalism.

a case study is used to illustrate the dimensions of the problem in a realistic environment, and some hypothetical experiments will give some insight on the performance of the heuristic algorithm.


PRELIMINARIES A sequential circuit can be modeled as a circuit graph G(V,E), where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of directed edges.

in fact, the clock skew schedule (0,-2,-1,0,2) works with clock period Popt = 4 tu if p3,4 is between 1 tu and 5 tu and p1,3 is between 1 tu and 3 tu.


9: Execute the P reconditioning pass on GPU and store the updated charges into Vecglobal.

similarly to the preconditioning pass, banded sparse matrix-vector multiplications are needed.


In our implementation, the URISC simply halts program execution and signals a fault in the instruction for which the check did not succeed.

developing on-chip techniques for online detection of in-.eld permanent faults and subsequent fault recovery has become a critical design challenge.


3, is easily integrated with mixed-signal smart pixels for image processing in analog domain before digitization [14]-[18].

since these are produced simultaneously during thefabrication process, thegain can be precisely implemented,except for channel-length modulation effects, which are the dominant cause of non-linear distortions in the circuit.theRCCM ampli.er sgain,showninFig.4,isgivenbythe equation IO W2/L2 1+ .VDS2 = .


In Figure 3(b), the most throughput-critical cycle {A, D, C, B, A} contains four places but only three tokens, so the MST of this LIS is 3/4.


We observed that the tables obtained from such an averaging were almost identical to the tables corresponding to gcc.

lowering Vth has resulted in an increase in the subthreshold current of the device at 35X per generation [1].


3.2 Representing Data Elements, Loop Iterations, and Array Accesses In our compiler framework, we use sets to represent array elements, loop iterations, and mappings between them.

the PARMA polyhedra library: Toward a complete set of numerical abstractions for the analysis and veri.cation of hardware and software systems.


An online synthesis approach for a .ne-grained recon.gurable fabric is proposed in [16], where FGRAs are synthesized at runtime.

cLB assumes that ok will be bound to container cq,t(cq)=t(ok)that has the smallest distance to the examined container candidate cp.


Using a high dynamic-range continuous-time .S ADC, the AAF can be suppressed.

the gm,QA and gm,QB are the transconductance values of the Gilbert cell in Figure 5.


The other speci.cations for our demo are: Equipments to be used for the demo: Four USRP N200 with four daughterboards (RFX1200, Basic TX/RX); Two laptops.

we make use of the tools for See5 and C5.0[1] to mine the rules in the collected data set.


this strategy may not be practical in some applications.


[4] Batchu, R., Skjellum, A., Cui, Z., Beddhu, M., Neelamegam, J., Dandass, Y., and Apte, M. Mpi/ft: Architecture and taxonomies for fault-tolerant, message-passing middleware for performance-portable parallel computing.

finally, each MPI process sends its communication channel information to the Central Manager, which aggregates the information and returns the aggregated information to all MPI processes.


mesh, torus, ring), represents a priori decision especially when either we are targeting to homogeneous systems or the system design characteristics (type and size of cores and traf.c patterns) are not completely well known at the beginning of the design phase.

inparticular, the minimization problem wefaced for this use case consists of four objective functions.


Evaluation of alternate  Acknowledgements architectures is also a considerable effort with the SystemCbased method.

4.1 Platform 0 Platform 0 represents the minimally constrained functionality of the initial specification.


[42] MEDICI Version Z-2007.03, Synopsys.

there exist two widely accepted approximation methods [26].


protocol can be classified according to the signaling method such as two-phase signaling and four-phase signaling and can also be classified depending on data encoding scheme such as bundled data encoding and delay insensitive data encoding.

the ROB rearranges a sequence of arrival data and activates a controller AHPC-T2 of a transport layer.


Depending on its complexity, a cell may have many MIVs.

the number of clock buffers generally increases slowly when the reduction ratio increases.


RELEVANCE ANALYSIS MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION 4.1 Relevance Analysis Model On the assumption that correlation analysis of the N measured points of a monitoring system is made, taking any two measured points sequences X and Y.

figure 4 The histogram of measured point S1 4.


thedynamic code analysis approaches in[6] and[9]incurhigh runtime overheads of up to220% and up to150% respectively.


Precise exception semantics in dynamic compilation.

we also make reference to two other widely-used two-issue in-order processor implementations the Cell SPE [29], and the Intel x86 Atom [21] when their design choices di.er signi.cantly from the Cortex-A8.


By doing steps 3 and 4, we can obtain a smaller placement region.

according to recent study [8], the biochips can now use more than 25,000 valves and about a million features to run 9,216 parallel polymerase chain reactions.


Summarizing from the above models, we notice that the foundations of these models are all built on a .rst-order RC circuit and the inherent one-pole characteristic ofthis circuit makes it unable to fully .t with the non-linear output ofa gate, particularly in the nowadays deep submicron technology.

moreover, based on the second characteristic, the gate model can be incorporated into the process ofinterconnect delay evaluation seamlessly.


(15) As shown in Figure 5, the number of unknowns of the boundary for a cube domain with side length a is proportional to the surface area, 6a 2 , and the number of unknowns contained in the interface node is 3a 2 .

nested dissection of a regular .nite element mesh.


The methodswithoutdatamigrationsare called static ones, and the others are called dynamic ones.

thedesignspaceofthe3D cachearchitecture is not fully explored to show the impact of di.erent designpatterns.


2.1 Process Balance/Imbalance For strong inversion operation, processes all start from a common reference point.

knowing the impact of -10 process balance will help to identify specific circuits that require redesign based on the technology and will facilitate designing sub -10.5 threshold circuits in general.


DCVS XOR Gate Two-Port Network Model of the N tree VDD I1 I4 V1 V4  Matrix Equation  Q Q G12+G15 -G12 0 -G12 0 0 -G15 0 X2 (a) (b) G12+G24+G23+G26 -G23 -G23 -G24 0 -G26 G23+G30+G35 0 -G35 0 (c) I1 -G24 0 -G26 V2 I2 0 -G35 V3 I3 0 -G15 0 V1 0 = I4 G45+G24 0 V4 -G45 -G45 I5 G45+G15+G35+G56 -G56 V5 -G56 G56+G26+G60 I6 0 V6 Figure 5: Example of an arbitrary mesh network requiring matrix solving techniques.

any exclusivity conditions still apply to each vector individually.


Since proportional to the MIC flowing through the sleep transistor, By definition, MIC(Ci) is equal to the largest MIC(Ci,Tj) for all j. IMPR_MIC(STi) helps to predict the IR drop more accurately than We present this relationship in EQ(4).

because of the current discharge balance phenomenon for DSTN shown in Figure 4, the exact MIC(STi) cannot be calculated easily.


0) Figure 14: (., 0)-Representations  A + B (A .

as they were needed as input for evaluating expressiveness of various libraries, we decided to induce them and prove their minimality automatically by adapting our synthesis algorithm as follows: 1.


3.1.2 Segment Based Heuristic The segment based heuristic is quite similar to the tree based heuristic except two di.erences.

compared to the LP based algorithm, the sensitivity based heuristics can obtain slightly smaller power reduction but run 4X faster.


In our application where a sensor typically transmits two bytes of data, using an explicit transmission reservation request will prove wasteful.

the nodes can simply re-transmit as many times as possible within the deadline and stop after the deadline has passed; the controller does not transmit any acknowledgements.


5.2 Tail recursion Iteration (while) is included in the recursion-free fragment of SCI and it can be readily generalised to a higher-order tail-recursion operator.

because our syntax is based on compact-closed combinators they match conventional programming language syntax based on abstraction and application.


Equality tests, however, are unsafe in the presence of aliasing, necessitating tags.

a larger window also increases the frequency of dif.cult communication patterns as well as increasing the probability that a window-resident path-dependent communication instance will have a path signature that is longer than the one supported by the predictor.


Multiadaptive Bionic Wavelet Transform: Application to ECG Denoising and Baseline Wandering Reduction.

introducing the diagonal matrix S(k1,k2) .Rn×n de.ned as S(k1,k2)= diag {s1,··· ,sn} (3) with  1 ,k1 =i=k2 si = , 0 , otherwise the quadratic variation of x(k1,k2) can be computed as [x(k1,k2)] = DS(k1,k2)x 2 .


Brief Announcement: A Framework for Semantic Reasoning about Byzantine Quorum Systems Evelyn Pierce Lorenzo Alvisi D(~partement de Syst~.mes de Communication Department of Computer Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne University of Texas at Austin 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Austin, TX USA evelyn.pierce@epfl.ch Iorenzo@cs.utexas.edu ABSTRACT We have defined a class of shared variables called TS-var~ables that includes those implemented by the various Byzantine quorum system constructions of Malkhi and Reiter, and de- veloped a number of definitions and theorems enabling us to reason about these variables abstractly.

aPPLICATION TO MASKING QUORUM SYSTEMS Variables implemented by masking quorum systems, as orig- inally proposed in [3], are easily seen to be TS-variables.


[25] A. Kumar, P. Kundu, A. Singh, L.-S. Peh, and N. Jha.

[34] S. Rodrigo, J. Flich, J. Duato, and M. Hummel.


We have investigated the effects of source-bias on memory failure under variation to reduce leakage while maintaining its robustness.

however at extreme high Vt, the impact of source biasing reduces because the leakage is already small and the leakage saving is masked by the transition energyoverhead associated with the switching of sleep transistor.


it performs MPTT by considering the ef.ciency of the charging circuit.


mentioned approaches is the underlying assumption that the signals have a distribution close to a Gaussian.

they cover a complete spectrum of possibilities.


In reality, considering leakage power the energy-voltage curve is not simply monotonically increasing and thereis still no optimalpolynomial time algorithm.

the shortestd-stoppath `´ k2 in DAG can be found in O(|E|d), where |E|= O .


Foundations and Trends in Electronic Design Automation, 5(4):211 318, 2001.

forward and backward Euler methods are the .rst order approximation of (2) while the trapezoidal method is accurate up to the second order.


The readers are referred to [4] and [6] for the implementations of the Edmonds-Karp algorithm and the MinCost algorithm.

of  IEEE Int Conf on Communications, (May 2003)  338-342.


The line size of the level two cache must always be equal or greater than the line sizes of both of the level one instruction and data caches.

future work includes applying our heuristic to desktop/server applications and architectures.


When, the row is no longer needed (or often when a different row is requested), the contents of the row buffer are written back into the original row of bit-cells and then a new row may be accessed.

by bounding (and tracking) a limited number of pages in write-back mode, we could greatly amplify the effectiveness of both HMP and SBD techniques.


Suboptimal play vanishes in the long run.

the resource constraints of the devices and the uncertainty about the resources of other devices have been thus far ignored.


In order to glean contiguous runs of physical pages, the buddy allocator relies on ensuring that memory fragmentation is tightly controlled.

tHS on, normal memory compaction, no memhog: this is the current default setting for Linux.


we treat the entire cache line as predicted even though the prediction was made only for a part of the cache line.


the average power reduction was 30% (with similar or better cache hit ratios), over the best traditional con.guration, for a set of large multimedia and general purpose applications, and scienti.c kernels.


This method will be elaborated in section V. Ix : Current runs horizontally Iy : Current runs vertically Fig.

the obvious error occurs at regions where mesh grid doesn t cover.


Regardless the low number of triplets, we experimentally verified that our solution guarantees, on all the circuits (except on the s9234), the same detection capability of the Sunrise test set.

table 1 reports the genetic parameters used to set up the experiments with GATSBY.


The weighted and ordered compatibility graph (WOCG), ......, is a directed acyclic graph.

our algorithm tries to bind resources to meet a given resource constraint as much as possible.


Our experiment yielded numerous interesting results.

seeing-is-Believing (See-Believe): With device A, the user takes a photo of a barcode displayed by B.


An idle rank can enter low power modes to save power, but it hasto return to standby mode to serve memory access, thus exiting low power mode introduces performance penalty.

bank partitioning [15, 16, 26] partitions the internal memory banks among cores to isolate memory access streams of different applications and eliminate the inter-thread interference; it solves the interference as its root and improves DRAMperformance significantly.


Optimizing page placement in heterogeneous memories has also been an active area of research [17, 14, 15, 18].


the spatial distribution of .ow di.erences revealed some systematic di.erences caused e.g.


In FRFC, a control .it is sent ahead of the data .its and reserves Latency (cycles) 60 40  the buffers and channels for the ensuing data .its.

the .attened butter.y provides additional power saving, compared to the CMESH.


For PIP, VOPD and WLAN, the latencies achieved by SMART and Dedicated are almost identical.

none focused on pushing latency down further to traversing multiple hops in a cycle at high frequency.


Hughes J, Randall D, Shapiro D. From ethnografic record to system design.

currently we are combining unique ids with pictures of victims.


The latency of the carry from the full adder and the sum of the FX1 cell is one and two clock phases, respectively.

(11) ' -v " r Similarly, the Boolean logic function of c for the various cells are as follows: cFX0 =abde cFX1 =ab +(a +b)de cFX2 =ab(de +f)+def .


Ti,j is designated as a primary input of Ti,j if :nEFI(m), n ./Ti,j .

a Boolean relation R is a one-to-many multi-output Boolean mapping, R :.


Infact,thecapability ofinstalling software, and thefactthat embedded systems are nownetworkenabled, expose them to an increasing number of possible attacks.

the LSM hooks then enforce those decisions by allowing or denying access to the kernel resource.


The idea is that a soft error is logically propagated when appropriate test vectors are applied at the inputs.

table 1 shows changes in SER when timing masking is considered according to Equation 1.


2.3 Pre-execution An obvious approach to tolerating latency is to initiate long latency operations early.

in addition to the speculative register allocation discussed in Section 5.2.2, we have seen opportunities for loop invariant code motion, the removal of register moves, strength reduction, and the conversion of indirect branches into direct branches.


There are several reasons why this is useful for the RTA speci.cation.

even when the off-line solutions are effective, there will still be a great need for run time assurance technologies because these systems operate in the noisy, error-prone physical world.


A step in this direction has been done in the E-Motion project [2].

the basic concept is to show that the clothing disintegrate itself.


Electro-tactile displays are thin, flexible, and can follow the body s contour.

the grid of actuators is implemented with small vibrating motors [4] for vibro-tactile displays and metal [1] or textile electrodes [3] for electro-tactile displays.


The system can be operated by issuing instructions to the microcontroller through the PCI.

if the Free Frame list is insuf.cient for the logic that the new algorithm s function is to realize, or is empty, some functions from the FPGA have to be erased so as to accommodate the logic necessary for the functions of the new algorithm whose execution has been requested by the host PC.


As a result, conventional cache management approaches that treat all memory accesses equally are bound to result in inefficient space utilization and poor performance even for applications with good locality properties.

innovations in multithreading (SMT [31], HT [15], etc) and system-on-a-chip (SoC) or single-chip multiprocessors (CMP) are changing the nature of platform architecture and execution behavior.


Performance impact of losing one component to a hard fault masking for the injected fault.

any hard fault that gets exercised so rarely as to not exceed our error counter threshold is also so rare that it incurs little performance penalty for its infrequent error recoveries.


measurement noise and/or undesired scattering echoes (i.e., clutter).

check convergence: If and .f <flim (here,t and f are pre-defined convergence lim lim conditions), then go to Step 6; otherwise, go to Step 3.


OS Service Config contains the configuration of memory access checking for all OS system calls.

this solution only allows a limit number of regions.


For the first case, the average number of steps needded to compute each sample was 1.87.

in the context of reliability analysis of SRAMs under the impact of RDF, the accuracy constraint is extreme and existing methods cannot satisfy this constraint.


in fact, the resource constraints of [3] can be derived from equation 2 by replacing the pRc variables with the (constant) resource bound lRc : IllegalRc (pVn)=.


However, its PEY product falls off rapidly with increasing defect rates owing to deterioration in yield.

for example, in the 3-phase scheme (Fig.


increased leakage) and variability challenges.

placement issues have been covered well by Liebmann et al [2], and mostly relate to cell boundary decisions.


The development of embedded system techniques [1], [2] and their integration with novel signal processing methods [3], [4] has raised the possibility to devise structurally more refined, noninvasive EEG measurement systems and brain computer Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

figure 2 Block diagram of the evolvable structure PowerPC2 generates the new partial bitstreams (saved to the shared RAM) to reconfigure the hidden layer by varying the number of neurons in it.


* This work has been partially supported by a gift from Intel Corp. and CICYT TIN 2004-07925.

notice that the computed throughput tends to 1/2 (the throughput of the upper cycle) as a approaches 1, and to 2/3 (the throughput of the lower cycle) as aapproaches 0.


We compute two lists of heading deviations Ha and Hb with an entry for each t of the sampling frequency in the time interval [t0 - T,...,t0] where t0 is the current time and T is a window threshold.

the recognition results from only acceleration signals have not been too promising when considering cross device and person performance.


Although the techniques behind Magnet were devised for topic-based pub/sub, they may be generalized to content 1Strictly speaking, the probability of creating a link from node u to node v is inversely proportional to the integral of the probability density function of peer identi.er distribution between the identi.ers of u and v in the identi.er space.

in the worst case scenario when subscriptions are completely uncorrelated or unknown or both, the message dissemination costs are no worse than those of name-independent DHT systems.


[9] , Maximum-Ultra-Low Voltage Circuit Design in the Presence of Variations, in IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, Jan.-Feb. 2006, pp.

because the VTC is input-dependent, all inputs are varied simultaneously to obtain the worst case VIH and VIL.


On the other hand, even if longer buses can increase the performance compared to the baseline directory, they become overkill for mapping 1 and lead to higher snooping cost.

we .rst investigated how application mappings can a.ect the performance of proximity snooping schemes.


L2 caches are being adopted for these systems for high performance but they increase energy consumption and area.

the bzip2 benchmark shows a better result with 64K+R+M than with 128K+R+M in Figure 9.


Classical MCNC benchmarks were used in [8] as well.

the intuition behind Howard s algorithm is to maintain a policy graph Gp through the computation.


4.4 Circuit-Level Evaluation In order to evaluate the impact of contact routing on design, we design a ring oscillator using a modi.ed 45 nm standard cell library as shown in Figure 9.

interconnect Technology Conference, 2009, pp.


In the 10nm technology node used, the Metal-2 pitch was assumed to be M2pitch = 48nm, which corresponds to a 75% scaling from the 16nm node [14].

du, Q. Ma, H. Song, J. Shiely, G. Luk-Pat, A. Miloslavsky, and M. D. Wong, Spacer-is-dielectric-compliant detailed routing for self-aligned double patterning lithography, in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference.


These characteristics allow the application of this strategy in Built-In Self Test (BIST) structures.

their topologies are very complicated including multiple-loops negativefeedback networks emulating the relations that take place in the passive prototypes.


For instance, nonvolatile memories like PRAM can be viable DRAM replacements, achieving competitive speeds at lower power consumption.

the tag checking overhead of large caches with small cache line size is nontrivial.


The enable input is set whenever the lookup table s computation has been accomplished and a valid value exists at the input of the latch.

when both the inputs and output are valid, the Input_Ack signal becomes one acknowledging the input channels.


Impact of NBTI on SRAM Read Stability and Design for Reliability, Proc.


According to Property 1, the size of each solution set is upper bounded by m, the maximum number of implementation options of a gate.

obviously, the time complexity of each re.nement  Figure 5: Circuit delay monotonically decreases by iterations.


Figure 4 compares a subset of the results from Figure 3 with miss counts from alternative cache configurations, including the IIC.


This basis dependency turns out to be important also for universal .eld multiplication.

the inputs to the multiplier are A=(AM-1,AM-2,...,A1,A0) and B =(BM-1,BM-2,...,B1,B0) whose register values are M-1 M-2 10 a = AM-1a+ AM-2a+ ...+ A1a+ A0aand = BM-1aM-1 + BM-2aM-2 b + ...+ B1a1 + B0a0 respectively.


Compared to a general-purpose high-performance processor, an embedded processor has much fewer transistors integrated on the chip.

in each sector, the addresses are closer to each other.


[9] K. I. Farkas, P. Chow, N. P. Jouppi, and Z. Vranesic.

a thread that misses in the L2 cache cannot execute more instructions than the reorder bu.er size permits, which cannot be scaled without introducing large additional complexity.


[14] has an elaborate method of estimating how much power is saved by fixing a particular circuit node to 0 or 1, by estimating the transition density for that node.

the normal mode operation is same as a typical scan cell.


Modeling Covariance with Kernel Functions Consider the covariance function speci.ed in Equation 3.

d. Modeling Radial Variation A key contribution of this work is the extension of Gaussian process modeling over Cartesian coordinates to a joint Cartesian-radius space, capturing our intuition that wafer variance is often radial.


The master with index N has the highest and m index 1 has the lowest priority.

voids are created on the command and data bus.


This is guaranteed by the following speci.c design features.

iNDRA could potentially generate false negatives, meaning some corruption triggered by remote exploit attacks may not be detected.


These two configurations had the highest average savings over all cache configurations.

furthermore, embedded system designers are increasingly utilizing microprocessor cores rather than off-the-shelf microprocessor chips.


7: DRAM peak temperatures and thermal variations in the 3D high-performance system.

they do not evaluate the power consumption of the memory components on 3D chips.


Only one of the cells required the use of the 3rd signatures and none of them required the use of higher order signatures.

if b consists of exactly k literals, then the corresponding signature will be referred to as a kth order signature.


Network cost is dominated by the cost of channels, and in particular the cost of the long, global, inter-cabinet channels.

of Hot Interconnects, pages 71 75, Stanford, CA, Aug. 2002.


The enable signals help in blocking unwanted data to appear at the .ip-.ops, but if these signals are used for clockgating then additional dynamic energy savings in .ip-.op cells would result in higher energy-e.cient design.

based on various modes of operation, stage-2 functions as follows: 1.


Especially, failing to meet the given constraints (cost, performance, power consumption, etc) in late stages of design and repeating the whole design cycle can be catastrophic.

d. Static CDFG Analyzer The static CDFG analyzer generates a large list of integer linear programming (ILP) constraints from the synthesized CDFG.


IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), pages 386 388, February 2012.

iEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 25:21 30, March 2008.


[8] S.Chen, W. Tseng, J. Yan, S. Chen, Printed circuit boardrouting and package layout codesign.

the subsequent assignment of the specific nets to the pairs of pin locations has no effect on the objective and could aswell be created randomly.


Although, some VLIW architectures allow different numbers of slottypes and different bitwise lengths of the different slot-types, our architecture is simple with four constant length slot types.

a CSP consists of a finite set of variables and a set of constraints between these variables.


It contains a 1024x768 infrared camera with built-in hardware blob tracking of up to 4 points at 100Hz.

however these were developed using a reactive approach, which may not suit all users [10].