Anyway, data protection laws do not distinguish between internal or external addresses.

in Switzerland and in the European Union any data that can be used either directly or indirectly, i.e., through the use of additional information, to identify an individual is considered personaldata and must thereforebeprotected.


In the next experiment, we analyze total metadata as a percentage of data.

we increase the load to 75 packets per destination per hour to analyze the trend in terms of bandwidth utilization, delivery rate and metadata.


Using this database, we attempt to reconstruct a leaf certi.cate s chain based .rst on the certi.cate s Authority Key ID and, failing that, the certi.cate s Issuer Name.

given a leaf certi.cate, we look for a CA certi.cate whose Subject Key Identi.er is the same as our leaf s Authority Key Identi.er.


The algorithm executed in this block selects the combination of PTP and PTM bearers that minimizes the downlink base station s transmission power in any cell of the network that multicast users are residing.


The results during the post-bu.ering period are shown in Figures 14-19 where there is some response of WSMto limited network resources.

in the case of a low-speed broadband connection (250 Kbps) shown in Figures 14-15, the bitrate of WSMduring the post-bu.ering period is linear with the encoded bitrate up to the bottleneck capacity.


3(a)), the reconstructed qualities for various motion activity levels are higher for the PFGS encoding with encoding rate ai =1 Mbps, as indicated by the positive quality difference.

for such a case (i.e., the available transmission rate is 1200 Kbps) the video server is better off transmitting the video stream with a lower rate (i.e., 1 Mbps) than the channel can offer (1.2 Mbps) in order to achieve higher reconstructed quality.


DHCP automates end-host con.guration, but introduces substantial con.guration overhead for managing the DHCP servers.

maintaining consistency between routers subnet con.guration and DHCP servers address allocation con.guration, or coordination across distributed DHCP servers are not simple.


In particular, considering a small increase on the right-handside (RHS) of (10), i.e., changing bito bi+Ei, where Ei>0, node :Æ1 ibelongs to the minimum node set S1if and only if (0)<0.

nnode ibelongs to the minimum node set S1if and only if a small increase in node i s rate (in terms of total volume generated at node i) leads to a decrease in the objective function.


We say that the system of ODEs (7) is stable if the .uid trajectories {n(t)}t=0 remain bounded for all t = 0 irrespectively of the initial conditions n(0).

irrespectivelyofhow manypeers are originallyin the system, the population never blows up to in.nity.


Tempus uses our novel mixed-packing covering solvers, which have the following distinctive features: (a) they have smaller memory footprint compared to running an LPsolver at each timestep, and perhaps more importantly, (b) they conserve computation.

since the cumulative effect of the online optimization across all timesteps allocates only as much network flow as the offline LP, the total computational cost should be similar; i.e., the running time when added up across all timesteps equals the runntime of the offline LP; and hence the per timestep running time is much smaller.


In all the experiments, the Berkeley approach has the largest communication overhead, the Colorado approach is ranked the second, and Seluge has slightly larger communication overhead than Deluge.

the Berkeley approach has more than twice as much overhead than any other approach.


Basedontheseobservations,fora network-wideNIDSwe implementthe coordinationchecksforthedifferentmodules as early as possible.

for modules such as HTTP, IRC, andLogin, we add the checksin the event engine, and for modules suchasScan,TFTP,Blaster, andSYNFlood we add the checksin thepolicy scripts.


OI)is an integer of the subcarriers with fullbits coding.

if the frequency o.set is zero, the desired signalis sampled atinteger fs anddoes not experience any cross-band interference.


Stepping back, Strider s technique has takenastatic code that used to operate at or above a .xed SNR threshold, and converted it using MDT to work at any SNR by adjusting the minimum distance.

we have converted the static code to be rateless.


represent the binary combination operation.

combination of i ,.E eej yields ei ej =e' k .E ' , where E' is the domain after the  f ().


However, the solution to this problem shows (see Section 5) that although the network capacity (i.e., the sum of bit rates over all nodes) is maximized, there exists a severe bias in the rate allocation among the nodes.

those nodes that consume the least amount of power on their data path toward the base-station will be allocated with much more bit rates than other nodes in the network.


The relative influence between the heuristic information and the pheromone levels is controlled using parameters D and E. While an ant is visiting node i, Ni represents the set of neighborhood nodes that are not yet visited from node i.

the probability of choosing a node j while at node i, is defined by the following equation: DE Wij .Kij DE if j N ° ¦Wig .K i ig p ® g Ni (5) ij ° 0 otherwise ¯ for the considered RWA problem this paper uses two visibilities.


Third, we aim to develop alternative solutions to reduce congestion without expensive infrastructure upgrades.

we intend on investigating how a service provider should strategically locate the Wi-Fi networks that smart-phone users can connect to easily and thereby help reduce the load on 3G networks.


Further, we .nd that in 85% of the cases, the maximum correlation occurs at positive lags.

most of the mass is at lags 1, 2 and 3 snapshots (44.7%, 13.5% and 9.1% of the providers, respectively).


The protocol should work well in realtime in the .eld.

the performance of the protocol should be checked with multiple reallife scenarios instead of using only a certain wireless channel models.


Similar to the data .ow between the DAC process and switches, the data .ow between the DAC process and end-hosts is critical for the functionality of the dynamic access control.

because the data transmitted might alter the policy state and, hence, an attacker might try to manipulate this data.


We evaluate the usage costs of some of these possible solutions with respect to the di.erent parties, and discuss what solutions are suitable for what scenarios.

we propose a solution that is well-suited for VANETs.


overuse others resources but are not willing to contribute their own resources, and even malicious members want to tamper the functions of these networks.

a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is dynamic, uncertain, and agile, so misbehaved nodes can easily jeopardize the security of the MANET if this network lacks secure and effective protection mechanisms.


To illustrate this issue, we present a study on several intra-cluster topologies.

we illustrate the tra.c stretch as a function of the density of ECRs in the cluster.


In this con.guration the mean arrival rate was on the sub-millisecond scale.

in this con.guration we model the arrival rate with Weibull distribution with parameters .


In this work, .. we let .. scale with .. as well.

clusters are expected to grow in size as the number of nodes increases.


In our simulations, attackers launch the maximal-damage attack.

if their traf.c to the victim is blocked, they send attack traf.c to the sink node on the same side of the bottleneck as the victim.


However, as speci.cations (or languages for de.ning speci.cations) become more complex, another kind of correctness should be considered: how can a designer have con.dence that the speci.cation (or collection of speci.cations in multiple models) he de.nes is an accurate re.ection of his intuitive and practical expectations regarding the correct behavior of the software?

we are interested in some con.rmation, from the perspective of a speci.cation s designer, that the speci.cation of a system correctly captures the behavior and requirements that the designer believes that it possesses.


One fundamental characteristic of DHCP is that DHCP churn exists in the network.

the DHCP server may assign the same IP address to di.erent clients, and one single client may receive distinct IP addresses at di.erent times.


TECHNIQUES FOR CONVERGENCE DETECTION AND SPEED-UP A question that arises when using CapProbe is: how do we know whether the capacity estimated by CapProbe is accurate or not?

how can we determine whether the minimum delay sum in a set of packet pair samples is actually equal to the no-queuing (minimum) delay sum.


Therefore, most public-key-based methods and all non-public-key-based methods suggested for roaming to date require that the mutual authentication involves HN.

hN authenticates MD and assures FN of MD s authorization to roam to FN.


(2) Export only customer routes to peers or providers (export condition): An AS can export routes through any neighbor to its customers, but can only export routes through its customers to its peers and providers.

an AS provides transit services only to its customers.


To provide stable (or not disruptive) video streaming services to mobile users, adapting the rate of video tra.c to varying resource availability and/or network condition is crucial [3, 8, 10].

the .uctuation of link bandwidth is the major hurdle in o.ering video streaming services [13].


On the other hand, larger batches of lookups ensure relatively stable performance as the number of FIB entries increases.

batching and prefetching successfully masks the effect of high DRAM access latency.


OPTIMIZED RETRANSMISSIONS The dynamic behavior of peers is one of the most challenging aspects of peer-to-peer live streaming.

a peer must continuously monitor the state of its parent(s) and immediately regain connectivity via another peer when a leave is detected.


To minimize the number of ACKs in transit in the network, the receiver can delay the ACK transmission up to cwndmax segments.

when the TPA sender transmits segments with a window size equal to one, the receiver sends back one ACK for each segment received.


PROOF: We need to introduce the zeta transform of a function f, where fis an indicator function of the link independent set.

the zeta transform [5] lfon the subset lattice (2N ,.)


Finally, Part 3 of Theorem 1 gives three possibilities on the structure of the optimal strategy.

part 3(b) narrows down the set of possible channels we can guess.


This framework uses history-dependent utility functions so as to quantify the satisfaction of the ad hoc users from the way their services are allocated bandwidth.

we use a classi.cation of user services, based Figure 1: Typical utility functions.


The edges are the fault hypotheses of the .ow model.

the output of the diagnosis algorithm is a set of possibly failed edges.


We now assume the estimated parameters can deviate ±s% from the real (exact) values.

the estimated FP can vary from FP (1 - s) to FP (1 + s).


between pathwidth [20] and pathlength [8].

for any n, we describe an n × n matrix M, and a labeling L of the nodes of any n-node graph G, such that greedy routing in (G, (M, L)) per v forms in O(min{ps(G) · log2 n, n}) expected number of steps, where ps(G) denotes the pathshape of G. This result has many important corollaries.


This theoretical result has been validated by means of extensive simulations, which have complemented the theoretical (qualitative) with a quantitative analysis.

the results of our simulations have shown that even in the minimal density scenario network lifetime can be extended signi.cantly with respect to the case where no energy conservation strategy is used.


(l) > 0 before being served, or (ii) the packet reaches the output queue straight away and has to wait U(t) before being served.

as long as there is more than an amount .


Some of the goals of our work are similar to those of offline restoration of digital audio, techniques for which are presented in [6].

offline restoration deals with removal of clicks from audio material, which are analogous to the packet losses we encounter.


These research areas are directly connected, since the context model adopted by a middleware may require the adoption of more complex context management and storage mechanisms.

the complexity of a context model determines the complexity of a middleware context handling capability.


We designate by network dysfunction time, the sum of duration for which the network connectivity and the coverage aren t guaranteed.

it s the period during which at least one node is failed in the WSN.


Yet the causal relationship between routing changes and degraded data plane performance has not been established.

very little is known about (1) how routing changes result in degraded end-to-end path performance in the .rst place, and (2) how factors such as topological properties, routing policies, and iBGP con.gurations affect the extent to which such routing events can cause performance degradation.


In this section, we model the intersection area between two mobile nodes.

we determine the radius of Red-Zone using a probability that one moving node will remain in the transmission range of another fixed node.


Since every tag has exactly one representative bit in each partition of Vt, we may be able to use one of the partitions to carry the order information.

if there is a partition P * whose number of ones is equal to the number of tags encoded in Vt, we know that there must be a one-to-one mapping between these tags and the 1 bits in P *.


2, a clock s skew at a particular moment is the frequency difference (first derivative of its offset with respect to true time) between the clock and national standards.

the instantaneous difference between the readings of any two clocks is called their relative skew.


However which ASes are best at completion,andwhichelementstheycanrecover,dependsstronglyon the local topology of the network.

our studyfocuses attention on an AS s customers as its most importantresource for TM completion.


Supposing that a permanent failure occurs during the execution of the SynchronousHTTP, the ACTP module will use the next appropriate protocol (based on the state transition algorithm) which is in this case the SMTP.

the ACTP will send the peer an e-mail requesting the web pages that could not be retrieved (message 5).


Our experience with extending the userver to use the AIO API illustrates several new aspects that should be factored in when developing AIO-based applications.

the use of an AIO model necessitates additional steps for registering and deregistering (and, therefore, managing) bu.er memory, simpli.es the application by eliminating the need to handle partially completed operations, exposes new considerations in the sequencing of the application s socket operations, and enables applications to process events and issue operations using application-speci.c policies to improve resource management and performance.


Note that since the wireless transmission range is 250 meters (see Table 1), in the 250m x 250m topology, most nodes are within the transmission range of each other.


In steady state, each of the other n - 2 nodes contains packets generated by node i and destined to node j.

at any network snapshot, it is almost surely that the nearest neighbor of node j has packets addressed from node i and completes the second relay on the behalf of i.the long run per node throughput is constant and is independent of the network size.


It does not necessarily observe the payoff of other players.

we take the Cournot competition model approach [3],[6].


In each square box, we can apply the original secondary pricing mechanism assuming all the bidders in this box con.ict with each other.

we allocate k/4 channels to the top k/4 bidders in each box and charge them the bid of the (k/4 + 1)th bidder in the same box.


The rest of bit-sequences (B,, B,.,) are constructed in the same way as in the original BS.

sequence Bi (0 < i 5 n-l) has k/2 - bits, with half of them being I s, where k is the number of items updated since T(B ).


To protect against this attack, the con.dence value computed by the non-member node should be greater than ..

11 -= .. e-(M-a) e-(t·A-a) 1+1+ Solving for t, we .nd that to protect against the deletion attack, [( )] a-Ma-M 1 -(.


By limiting the number of nodes contending in a single slot, Idle-Sense reduces interference and consequently results in a shorter carrier sensing preamble length.

idleSense is able to maintain the preamble length at 4µs even in the noisy 20 dB case.


System must support one-to-many delivery scheme.

more .ne grained than a broadcasting, but not a one-to-one dialog.


2, the bound for the average power consumption F..

equipment components supporting power saving mechanisms, we only model some basic aspects, which can easily be adapted to different component HW technologies and architectures.


At the data link layer, a slotted frame transmission is assumed.

a frame is transmitted during a time slot.


While studying the global current systems makes up the larger part of the science of oceanography, in this paper we focus on the effect of local streams in the monitored volume region.

we consider an ocean volume with constant depth z H (.at bottom), and H different ocean current layers h =1, ..., H,of width .z h .


The lab also points out issues in the interaction between intradomain and interdomain routing that are di.cult to reproduce without real routing software.

bGP only selects a route as best if a recursive lookup on the next-hop succeeds, i.e., the path to reach the next hop is known by static routes or some IGP protocol, as stated in [39].


In this paper we show that both mechanisms must be employed in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.

we describe a scenario in which an attacker can impersonate a valid GSM base station with respect to a UMTS subscriber even when UMTS authentication and key agreement are used.


Related to this last point there is an important, prior question: What does PASTA apply to?

poisson Arrivals See Time Averages, but of what?


Secondly, a subnet sketched by tracenet is only an observable subnet.

if there is a partially unresponsive subnet, i.e., a subnet which consists of a mixture of responsive and unresponsive routers, tracenet can capture only the responsive portion of it.


3.2 Results for general graphs We now present a randomized O(log n)-approximation for general graphs in the multicast model, based on the technique of embedding arbitrary metrics into tree metrics [1, 7, 13].

we .rst use the 2-HST (hierarchically well-separated tree) construction of Fakcharoenphol et al [7], which O(log n)-probabilistically approximates the metric d over the given graph.


Inthis sense,thetra.cpatterngenerated towardsthe network of theMNOin thetwo above scenarios(i.e,Wi-Fi or femtocells) is the same.

all tra.c generated by theuserwhen outsidecoverage of aWi-Fi accesspoint(or a femtocell) is sent to the network of the MNO as usual.


Bound to this (-µ)/3 (-c/6) ln n direction tells us: P r[Yr 1 = 2µ] = e< e< -(x+1) n .

for any given round r, the probability that -(x+1)  we violate property 1 is no more than n .


We now have an optimization problem in the form of an LP formulation, which can be solved in polynomial time.

we have shown a mathematical model for the optimization problem, where the objective (the maximum network lifetime) can be computed from any given (the locations of the base stations) in polynomial time.


First, it prepares a DTLS record specifying the actual response data as payload, and referring to the record header structure depicted in Figure 4.

the listener node r: i) .lls the 5 octet Truncated Sequence Number .eld with the sequence number value stored in the write group connection state C SW associated to sender node s, before incrementing s it; and ii) .lls the 1 octet GroupID .eld with the group identi.er I DG.


From the above discussion, we refer rd as the maximum packet distance where two packets are likely to be correlated.

if the pd(i,j) is greater than rd we consider those two packets i and j are independent.


2.3 Safety and Determinism Previous work has noted that because BGP makes best-path decisions based on local policy, certain sets of policies can result in routing con.gurations with no stable solution [16, 20].

one AS may change its choice for a best route to a destination and readvertise that change to its neighbors, which will cause neighbors to change their choices for best routes, which will in turn affect the original AS s choice for a best route, and so forth.


A third constraint is that the signal d p should not be much higher than the queueing delays induced by cross tra.c.

the SNR should not be much higher than ..


Albeit the similarity to shooter localization (e.g., [16]), positioning radio source indoors can be fundamentally different from locating acoustic source outdoors: the former has its speci.c challenges given the complicated indoor structures and the totally different signal propagation features between sound and radio signal.

we may not afford to deploy a network sensing system given the reason discussed earlier.


Therefore, we apply handoff pre-processing and make-beforebreak techniques to reduce handoff delay.

a mobile anticipates the needs to move outof a currently used network, based on, for example, the signal qualities of the networks.


We then add a forth curve to study the e.ect of the I D signal s en v ergy.

we multiplied its samples by 1/ 2 before transmission.


CONCLUSIONS In this work, we examine the key elements in realizing V2LC networks considering the constraints imposed by outdoor environments and vehicular traffic.

on a custom research platform, we experimentally show that V2LC network links are resilient against visible light noise and interference under working conditions.


We assume nothing about the location of the compromised router.

we do not assume the attacker compromised a core or a centrally located router.


In compensation, monotonicity conditionscanbe automaticallyderivedforRAML speci.cations, much like types in many programming languages.


In [7], the capacity of wireless ad-hoc networks with IEEE 802.11 is assessed with simple mathematical derivations and simulations.

it is found that in principle, in a chain topology, the maximum throughput between the end points in the absence of other traffic is a fraction of 0.25 of the nominal net (i.e., without overhead) WLAN bandwith.


To this end, we present both numerical and simulation results for a room scenario that we consider.

the impact of a realistic 60 GHz channel and other key parameters on performance are investigated with numerical and simulation results.


Broadly, the analytic and empirical sides of our study combine to yield a number of insights.

our resultssuggest that: ASes in the innermost k-shell of Internet are not necessarilyeffectiveatTMcompletion.


We remark that this work, for space limitations, only focuses on throughput and delay asymptotics.

our goal is to highlight the role of ballistic mobility and to make our routing scheme and analysis as simple as possible.


We observe something striking about Tables 4 and 5.

in both tables, among the four cases, only when both q and m are T(1) do we observe that the total costs for the whole network scale as O(N).only in this example case do we have O(1) scaling of the per-node cost, i.e.


In this context mixed codecs can be seen in some of the previous work.

the authors in [9] considers two type of voice tra.c using di.erent codecs.


Unlike in other sections, in Figures10 13, we normalizethepro.t of alltheplotsinthegraphs tothehighest observedpro.t.

pmax inthese .gures is not the maximumpro.t of eachplot, but the maximumpro.t of theplot withhighestpro.tinthe .gure.Normalizingby thehighest observed pro.t allows us to show how changing the parameter .


2.2 Virtualization To provide the illusion of a virtual Grid environment, the MicroGrid intercepts all direct uses of resources or information services made by the application.

it is necessary to mediate over all operations which identify resources by name either to use or retrieve information about them.


Even in a random-size cache deployment scenario, this assumption serves our purposes well.

a router with a big cache, compared to the caches along the path, will be caching contents with higher probability, while a router with a small cache will experience the opposite e.ect (Eq.


(3) The mapping service integrates all the knowledge given by the domain model.

the presence of the obstacle, its position, length, and strength.


The simula- tion scenarios consist of both simple hand-configured topolo-  able way, even if we try to weight the backoff increase.

the protocol is implicitly able to provide only per-node fairness, and that too falls apart in the presence of asymmetric contention neighborhoods.


{ c(v)for 1, 2, ..., k}such that c(u)= every edge (u,v) .

e. the numbers 1, 2, ..., k represent the k colors, and adjacent vertices must have di.erent colors.


1Speci.cally, for a given time t, where t is the seconds part of a 32-bit UNIX timestamp in UTC, and an expiration interval of 2n, the corresponding key ID i =(t >> n)& 0xF.

the key ID is the last 4 bits of t after removal of the lower n bits; the key ID changes every 2n seconds.


Main contribution (part 1): The .rst .nding reported in this paper is that some of the largest Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) in Europe (i. e., AMS-IX in Amsterdam, DE-CIX in Frankfurt, LINX in London) do indeed serve as the kind of vantage points we are looking for.

our detailed analysis of 17 contiguous weeks of complete sFlow measurements from one of the largest European IXPs reveals that in addition to being a critical part of the European portion of the Internet, this IXP also plays a global role, seeing traf.c from a large fraction of the Internet.


In this work, we formally characterize the stability region of universal swarms and show that they indeed exhibit excellent properties.

bundling allows a single seed with limited upload capacity to serve an arbitrary number of disjoint swarms if the arrival rate of peers in each swarm is lower than the seed upload capacity.


On the other hand, the transition zone is shallow on channel 6.

about 23 % of all transmitter pairs achieve a cumulated TXR between 100 PPS and 140 PPS, whereas this region only contains 4-6 % of the (a) With CRC/PHY errors (trials 1.34-1.57) (b) Without CRC/PHY errors (trials 1.66-1.69) Figure 5: Relative TXR loss for all transmitter pairs, ordered according to ascending (interferencefree) PSR, on channel 14 with and without processing of CRC/PHY corrupted frames.


With ARF, senders use the history of previous transmission error rates to adaptively select future (attempted) transmission rates.

after a number of consecutive successful transmissions, the sender changes its modulation scheme to attempt transmission at a higher rate, and vice versa after consecutive losses.


Though root servers very rarely change their IP addresses (historically, at most once each, to permit anycast addressing), there are some generally well-known phenomena that occur when they do.

overall query volume increases, and queries persist at the old IP address, seemingly inde.nitely (we review these prior observations in §2).


For a failover beacon event, we emulate a link failure scenario in which the Beacon originally announces routes through both providers but now withdraws the route through one of the two providers.

the Beacon changes from the state of using both providers to the state of using only a single provider.


SETUP MODEL Our setup model considers systems that are traditionally capable of doing SS, such as mobile ad hoc network.

it is not applicable to systems with low computational power, e.g., wireless sensor network.


Because of the independent up/down transmission scheduling of each cluster, the uplink transmission period of cluster 1 might con.ict with the downlink transmission period of cluster 2.

in Figure 2, the packet sent by node 1 and the packet sent by the sink of cluster 2 collide at node 2.


Considering all the above three factors, we propose IDCC, which uses traffic-based probabilistic caching, intra-domain advertisement, intra-domain cooperation and content hierarchical caching to improve caching performance.

iDCC scheme uses the following strategies: Probabilistic caching: Probability caching can reduce cache redundancy, at the same time, guarantee the cache time.


We .nd that Quartz can signi.cantly reduce latency.

we found that using Quartz in both the core and edge can reduce latency by 50% in typical scenarios.


In summary, our results in this section con.rm key elementsof our analysis from the previous section.

ourresults point to the importance of having customers as a resource for TM completion.


The third term takes into account the non-pre-emptiveness of the system.

a data packet may be in service when a packet of the considered flow is eligible for service.


Mallory waits until the user enters to the same website, and since browsers re-use connections, the browser will send the user s requests over the victim-connection, allowing Mallory to inject a spoofed web-page in response.

mallory can learn user credentials by spoo.ng the homepage of websites, which often do not invoke SSL until the user presses a log-on link; this is done by injecting a spoofed homepage where the log-on link points to Mallory s site.


and ( are two constants which depend on the speci.c channel molecular composition as well as on the power and the shape of the transmitted signal.

for a standard medium composition with 10% of water vapor molecules, .


We show that those results can be obtained without making strong assumptions about the environment.

we do without location or neighborhood information, which would greatly simplify the task of distributed algorithms, and we make do with absolutely minimal assumptions about connectivity.


In this paper, we use a linear topology to focus on the basic characteristic of CRs.


In this simulation, to apply to the various environments, we used relative coordinates rather than absolute coordinates.

we can apply various units to the coordinates, for example, kilometer for wide area, meter for small area, and so on.


However, it should be noted that, because the bandwidth from the input line to the virtual queues is R, cut-throughput switching cannot be used at the input port.

only after all the bits of a new incoming packet have been saved in the virtual queue, the packet can begin to be sent to the crosspoint buffer.


For all other packets the entire interval from their corresponding arrival time into the bu.er and until its departure (successful or unsuccessful transmission) time from the bu.er should be considered.

ok computes the fraction of time in T that the bu.er was not empty.


Given an action pro.le S(S1,,Sn), the set s{(k,i): 1:k:n,iESk}is called the pair set for S. Given a function f:IkSk., the corresponding set function, fs,of fis a 1 set function of the form .where {(k,i):1: k:n,1:i:m}and fs(s)f(S).


3.1 Hop-limited shortest-path trees As explained in Section 1, we refer to the shortest-path tree formed by nodes within a certain number of hops (say n hops) from the root as hop-limited shortest-path tree.

we use the term n-hop shortest-path tree for referring to the hop-limited shortest-path tree that is made of nodes within n hops from the root.


When the MD-Like algorithm is considered, the correlation between packets affects the packet loss PMF, which is an important parameter in the FEC optimization.

a two-state Markov model, which corresponds to a Gilbert-Elliot channel, characterizes the channel by a good" state (G) and a bad" state (B), the probability that k packets are lost for a channel with K correlated packet is [16] PK (k)= PK (k|G)P (G)+PK (k|B)P (B) (4) where PK (k|G)(PK (k|B)) is the probability of having k corrupted packets when the channel is in the good" ( bad") state, and P (G)(P (B)) is the probability of being in the good" ( bad") state.


A node u in cell Vi is a gate if u = ci, or u has neither a proper ancestor nor a proper descendant in Vi.

on the path from cs to u in T , u is either the .rst node entering Vi or the last node leaving Vi.


The information dissemination function g(·)is submodular if it satis.es the diminishing returns rule.

the marginal gain of adding a user, say u,into the target set S is not less than that of adding the same user into a superset S' of S: g(S .


This fact is validated by the comparison of the goodput attained at the destination when WiFi cards transmit at a .xed rate of 54Mbps, and 36Mbps.

the attained goodput is lower at a .xed rate of 54Mbps than that in the 36Mbps case.


This is partially because CDNs have emerged only for about ten years and have became prevalent only recently as video, image, and other User Generated Content (UGC) has become dominant sources of tra.c on the Internet and way passed the capacity that content publishers can handle by themselves.

no caching schemes have been designed particularly for CDNs in prior literature, to the best of our knowledge.


This allows multiple parallel media sessions de.ned for providing media to BM-SC.

audio and video may be delivered within their own sessions.


Al  % of Early Terminated Connections though there are many requests demanding small objects, the amount of their contributed tra.c is small for each of the three mechanisms.

media tra.c is al ways dominated by large objects.


Another area in which we hope to conduct future research concerns the suitability of existing techniques and methodologies for designing and evaluating context-aware interactive systems such as GUIDE.

such systems are highly adaptive by their nature but this clearly conflicts with the design principle of ensuring predictability within the system.


If an AS reveals its local preference tiers in this way (for example, the fact that transit routes are the least preferred) then it has committed to only part of the information in its actual route preference order.

although the AS will make its routing decisions based on many different route attributes, it has only made a public promise about the .rst attribute.


However, even if a node ends up the game paying some money to be part of a network which makes it content, this situation is still preferable to not joining the network, as this would drive down the utility function of the node to -M (we recall that M is much larger than the due payment and the edge weights).

if we assume that every node in the network accepts to join the computed network topology T only if T makes it content, it is easy to see that our proposed framework satis.es individual rationality: it is rational for any sel.sh node u to take part in the game, since the outcome of the game can only increase u s utility6 .


Each facility provides some common utility level to all its users, which depends onthenumberofusers, and .nally eachplayergets thesumoverusedfacilities oftheutilitylevelsthattheselatter provide.

the larger the number of players who use a facility, the lower the common utility level that they attain from that facility (monotonicity).


Regardless of the used network protocol for data delivery to the gateway, applications have speci.c Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements that should be satis.ed by the networking protocol.

data Delivery Ratio (DDR) to the gateway node and energy consumption are important parameters.


For X=2, the results comparing DSR-Path and AODV-LL are similar to those reported in [3] which used an average value of X=1.5.

aODV-LL has a higher routing overhead than DSR-Path for all mobilities.


The fraction assigned to each LSP could be calculated using a mathematical optimization model.

a load balancing mechanism is functionally constituted by a Splitting Function and an Allocation Function (figure 2).


= m. Due to our publish algorithm, the distance the node moves between any two updates of level k pointers is at least 2k-1 .


the objective function F is concave in X .


If node vk+1 receives the packet and node vk doesn t, then node vk+1 forwards the packet with cost Cvk+1 .

if both vk+1 and vk receive the packet, then node vk forwards the packet with cost Cvk .node vk forwards data only if both node vk and vk+1 receive the packet.


In addition, each node is supported by 3 backup nodes and the network degree is 4, i.e., each node has at most 4 direct children.

each node has a primary parent and 3 backup parents.


Finally, we consider the combination of these two.

we transmit the 14-bit ECC with 2/3 of the reference transmission power.


Since we consider only links having t = tgh,we know by Line 2 of the subroutine that no two simultaneous senders can be too close to each other.

it holds that disks of radius c4 1 eghp around each sender do not overlap.


As a result, the demand for supporting a diverse range of applications over wireless access networks is becoming increasingly important.

multimedia applications, such as Video and Voice, have specific delay and bandwidth requirements that cannot be fulfilled by the current IEEE 802.11-based WLANs.


Furthermore, not every node needs to consider the interference from distant nodes.

the capacity of each node can be maximized locally.


between reducing bu.ers and losing some throughput assumed to be 10-20%.

when congested, links behave as if they run at 80-90% of their nominal rates.


Grooming with IP/WDM According to [11], for Internet backbones, a common rule is that during peak periods, an ISP should have at least 30% - 40% of spare bandwidth .

the links should be no more than 60% -70% utilized to ensure service quality is preserved.


Then he focuses on compromising nodes in Ual .

recall that us knows a .-subset .as 1 of IPa1 .


(2) Translation of service in heterogeneous networks: since service is provided differently in different network, translation of the service from one network to another network is needed.

translation of message format and operation procedure is required.


Section 4 gathers a few considerations on the applications of these formulas to the prediction of bandwidth sharing for both homogeneous and heterogeneous cases.

we discuss a natural way of estimating the parameters of the slow start model.


With increasing elements, the beamforming gain increases by a factor proportional to the number of elements, n. However, this is achieved by focusing energy in a thin lobe of width 2np .

increased beamforming gain is achieved at the cost of reduced spatial coverage.


The plots show a wider range of application usage within the enterprise than over the WAN.

we observed 3 4 times as many application categories on the internal network as we did traversing the border to the WAN.


Compounding this with the 35% bit overhead in the match tables, the total binary overhead is 3.375×, the ratio of total bitcount to match data bitcount.

only a third of the RAM bits can be used for .ow entries.


A simple and feasible method for solving this problem is to allocate each terminal to one concentrator without exceeds the capacity of any concentrator.

we use a vector of integers:  (1) Where X(t)=c means that terminal t is allocated to the concentrator c, and 1 = X(t) = M, 1 = t = N. whole terminals must be assigned to one concentrator, and  (2) It means that the capacity of one concentrator must not be exceeded by the capacity requirements of the terminals assigned to that concentrator.


Corybantic supports composition of modules that might con.ict over higher-level policies and objectives.

frenetic, Pyretic, and all the prior work that we know of, aims at better ways to get the network to do what you want it to do; Corybantic, in contrast, is aimed at deciding what you want it to do.


T AIL(F ) = () if F = () and is (i2,...,ik) otherwise.

t AIL(F ) is the forest that remains when the largest tree in F is removed.


Such restrictions might be the subnetwork that consists of all the OC48 links, all the links with available capac- ity over some timescale, or all the links with delay be- low an appropriate threshold.

using explicit MPLS routing, different families of shortest paths are maintained in the network; traditional shortest paths, and shortest paths over different restrictions of the net- work  2.


We also evaluate how NF performance is impacted by the execution of southbound operations.

we measure average per-packet processing latency (including queueing time) during normal NF operation and when an NF is executing a getPerflow call.


This apparatus is capable of anonymously logging session level tra.c information at 5 minute intervals for all IP data tra.c between cellular devices and the Internet.

each record in the trace is a 5-minute tra.c volume summary aggregated by unique device identi.er and application category.


The path to the target pre.x may take a detour through a hijacker-controlled site while the path to the reference point remains as before.

how much disagreement there is between these two paths separates path changes caused by legitimate route changes from path changes caused by pre.x hijacking attacks.


It is easy to see = that for .l .e, we have = L(d, x, r,p,l)= L(d, r,l)+ xepe(l) L(d,r,e) * = L(d, r,l)+ cece pe(l) = L(d, r,l)+ L(d, r,e)p * e(l).

l(d, x,r,p,l) is the same as the link load on l when protection routing pe * is used to reroute traf.c traversing thefailed link e, which is no larger than cl by assumption.


In Case A, the handover latency delay that occurs is very small as 100Mbps, 2-20ms  the overlapping region is larger.

the SMMP avoids 100Mbps, 2-20ms  Domain Address 100Mbps, 2-20ms MAP Domain Address 2.0.0 the handover latency delay by preparing the T_Addr in advance.


Since not all attacks are created equal, it is of paramount importance for network administrators to be aware of the status of the network infrastructure, the relevance of each attack with respect to the goals of the organization under attack, and also the most likely next steps of the attackers.

the last capability, attack prediction, is of the most importance and value to the network administrators, as it enables them to provision the required actions to stop the attack and/or minimize its damage to the network s assets.


CONCLUSION In this paper, the application level privacy in Delay Tolerant Networks has been investigated.

an attacker can build a user pro.le of a node based on what messages the node stores and what messages it wants to download.


To date the two lines of research have been largely independent, perhaps because of the distinct principles they follow.

it remains unclear how they compare with each other in the worst case, despite extensive experimental results showing the superiority of one or another in particular cases.


In [20] it has been proven that the class of position-based scheduling policies, i.e., those policies in which the selection of the transmission con.guration pS(t) is driven only by the vector of instantaneous nodes positions X(t), achieves the maximum network capacity.

in this work we consider the following position based scheduling policy, which complies with the conditions im posed by the protocol interference model: De.nition 1.


CONCURRENCY In this and the following section, we analyze the impli- Clearly, the lookup algorithm presented in Section 4 does cations of mobile nodes.

this section focuses not support lazy publishing in its second phase, where the on the publish algorithm, through which every node keeps lookup request follows the level pointers in order to .nd a its level pointers up to date when it moves.


In R-LM-KDS, there exists an off-line setup server responsible for system initialization and node deployment.

the server chooses some master keys and calculates all the keying material that is necessary for key establishment.


3.2 The GUIDE End-System In close consultation with the TIC, we considered a wide range of devices for use as the GUIDE end-system.

we considered pen-based tablet PCs, such as the Fujitsu Stylistic and TeamPad, Windows CE based machines, such as the Casio Cassiopeia, and other PDAs such as the Apple Newton.


Each rule in a classi.er is either covered by only one preclassi.er entry, or marked as general.

each rule is associated with no more than one pre-classi.er entry.


2 according to the number of token a packet has.

if any packet has 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 tokens, the packet is input to Ti(1),Ti(2), Ti(3), Ti(4) or Ti(5), respectively (line 12).


4.1 Objectives and Overview With the availability of a shadow con.guration, the network operator can analyze {fibsi }i before they become installed for real packet forwarding.

we investigate how to detect forwarding loops using the collection of FIB states.


It is possible for a mixture of short-tailed distributions to yield a long-tailed distribution ([22], page 574).

it is possible that a lognonnal mixture of sums of lognormal variates yields a long-tailed distribution.


Under this attacker model, we assume that the attacker is only able to read incoming BGP updates at the malicious AS; it is not privy to other BGP messages elsewhere in the Internet even if those messages are unencrypted.

for any given pre.x, a malicious AS M will receive one or more updates for that pre.x.


Note that here all the packed MSDUs are targeted to the same recipient.

they have the same next-hop node address, which is indicated by the Address 1 field in the MAC header as shown in Figure 3(a).


We call identifiers of an encoded symbol algorithmic, because they are all produced according to an algorithm that must be known to the entities participating in the communication while all other entities can remain agnostic to this algorithmic relationship.

subscribers utilize the same algorithm to extract meaningful information out of the identifier, which will be later used to decode the initial content, while intermediary caches can utilize the statistical uniqueness of symbols identifiers to possibly replay cached symbols.


When apacket withpayload x and .ow identi.er f arrives at time t, for each row r, a position in the matrixgiven by(r, (hr (f)+h ' r(x))modC)is determined.

the .ow hash is used to obtain a base position in each row, whilethepacketpayload shashdeterminesano.setto thatpositioninthe range[0,k - 1].


The priority queue scheduler can also be replaced with anyother schedulers, such as weightedfair queue or weighted round robin.

we could have various alternatives for the cross-layer approach by changing the combination of MACand network layer controls.


As expected, the individual numbers for all the user level performance measures, suffer when compared to the continuum rate case.

the average user throughput numbers axe lower.


In Figure 3, we show the expectation of the normalized number of tickets observed for a network, as a function of the normalized entropy binned in units of 0.33.

low, medium, and high heterogeneity refer, respectively, to normalized entropy in the range [0, 0.33), [0.33, 0.66), and [0.66, 1].


[x-t, x+t], with probability (1-logx+t ),  cx-t gc(y) only depends on x and t, but not y [10].

the rounding makes R(Gm) insensitive to both N(Gm)and Gm that can be a.ected by collusive bids.


However, in order for an N × N switch to achieve 100% throughput, speedup of N is required.

the crossbar must have N times bandwidth as that of an input port or output port.


In the heavily utilized IETF network where hundreds of users are associated with the network simultaneously, at any given instant, a minimum of a single user is ready to send a packet.

we assume that at least one station has a BO timer equal to zero, at any instant.


Speci.cally, there are certain instances, where allowing monetary transfers yields a decrease in the social utility.

if monetary transfers are allowed, then the system may converge to a sub-optimal state.


The routing on a network is said to be monotonic if a subpath of any route path is also a route path.

let (u0,u1,...,un)be the path taken by a message from a node u0 to a node un.


In fact, we also view functionality as a fuzzy object with the membership function based on keyword occurrence probabilities.

keywords are assumed to appear independently in the description text.


To keep our discussion focused, we do not take into account the faults due to network transmission error.

we assume no package error during transmission between two peers.


The results con.rmed the proof in Theorem 4.3.

setting the maximum cache allowance in all CCN routers cannot yield the maximum pro.t of AS#2, while slightly decreasing the cache allowance in the Nth-level node causes the system to obtain a higher pro.t than the pro.t for that setting.


For each run we have generated a different stream set.

for each stream set we have generated the utilizations Ui randomly with a uniform distribution using the method proposed in [3].


If a Black Hole node uses instead a directional antenna (electronically steerable or sectorized), then it can fool its upstream node by beam-forming as illustrated in Figure 4(b).

the Black Hole node will beam-form a fake j to k transmission such that i incorrectly infers that k has received the packet.1 This issue will be increasingly critical as such technologies become widely deployed.


Our dataset spans more than a year of user activities on the three gifting applications, and therefore provide us with rich information on the patterns of long-term UAG evolution.

the data from iHeart were collected immediately after it was launched, and hence covering the whole lifespan of the application (its growth, peak, and decline phases).


5.3 Correlated network mobility We present in this section a .nal group of experiments that place the nodes belonging to the same network in the same mobility group.

nodes move in social groups with which they have some relationship.


This can skew the results since small sample sets may notyield accurate estimates of thebest direction.


The low dimensionality of the feature space and the variability of RSS makes it di.cult to uniquely identify transmitter locations.

those transmitters separated by short distances (up to 5 or 7 meters) [6] can be confused, depending on the number of access point measurements.


Beijing, China {xiaodan,hxiaohui,linyu}@bupt.edu.cn tions that take advantage of resources storage, cycles, content, human presence available at the edges of the Internet .

the resources are distributed all over the P2P networks.


11d & 11e provide two p-trail solutions.

we allow a p-cycle/ptrail to traverse a link at most once in Figs.


Note that this is exactly the same information they are con.gured with for IPv4 today.

no new con.guration mechanisms (i.e., enhancements to DHCP) are required.


All of our traceback mechanisms create the message MX that a router X will transmit so that it includes X s identity.


A more serious problem is that these measured networks merely represent connectivity between nodes and links.

neither the RL nor the AS graph contains any indication of the capacity of the underlying transmission link (or shared medium).


plete analysis resulting in better approximations, which were con.rmed by simulations.

as discussed in Sec tion 5, by using the Triangular model, we obtain a remark  6.


Second, the path metric, which combines the weight of individual links, should be increasing.

if we add a hop to an existing path, the cost of the path must never decrease and our preference is that it should increase.


[1] shown by analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinate Function (DC F )that the individual throughput qj obtained by all the ST As served by AP j is of the form: 1 qj = mj (2) 1 wip j p=1 Note that the objective function we have considered in this paper is to maximize the aggregate throughput.

the aggregate throughput is de.ned here as the logarithmic sum of the individual throughput obtained by the ST As from their respective serving AP s. aggregate through .n put is equal to the quantity j=1 mj ln(qj ).


The importance of routing has been mentioned in previous items.

the challenge in the new design paradigm proposed in this paper is to enable long relay distance.


3.1 Other statistics There are many other possible statistics of interest.

percentiles of the distribution of delay (including the median, or 50th percentile), the minimum, and maximum delays, and higherorder statistics such as variance.


The last phase of the design .ow is the recon.gurations minimization phase, in which all the temporary placement solutions sets will be compared in order to .nd an optimal placement for each application that minimizes the recon.gurations needed to pass from one application to the subsequent one.

this phase tries to .nd a set of placement solutions (one for each application) in which the maximum number of computational and communication elements shared among di.erent applications is physically placed in the same recon.gurable regions across the maximum number of applications.


Since the weight W is kept .xed in these two cases, the control architecture uses more the H policy in the .rst case because the packet loss probability is higher.

mPC-QoS control strategy uses the H policy either when commands are important to compensate large errors or when the Lservice is particularly unreliable as in case of sudden network problems.


In addition to these edges, we introduce new edges (pseudo links) for all signal paths.

if there exists a path between a flip-flop (or primary input), ( ), and another flip-flop (or primary output), ( pto ), c from pfrom cto we add a pseudo link connecting ( ) and ( ).


For the .rst guaranteed queue, at each scheduling decision time, the packet with the earliest deadline is scheduled .rst and ties are broken randomly.

packets are scheduled according to the EDF policy.


The result of this is that the effective receive window of the connection, from application to application, is the minimum of the TCP and allSSH receivewindows.

rWINe = MIN(RWINtcp, RWINssh)[11] Figure 2 illustrates the disparity between the SSH and required TCP receive windows (as dictated by BDP) in hypothetical 1Gb/s networks of varying lengths.


We consider three cases: Case 1: For a choke link, i.e., its gap increases, we know that the available bandwidth is less than the packet train rate.

the rate R computed above is an upper bound for the available bandwidth on the link.


ACTOR-ACTOR COORDINATION: LOCALIZED AUCTION PROTOCOL In this section, we propose a distributed solution to the actoractor coordination problem stated in Section 4.

our solution is inspired by the behavior of agents in a market economy, where the allocation of resources occurs as a result of interactions between buyers and sellers [25][26].


At the heart of our method for generating addresses is the wellknown trie data structure.


1, ..., m. The mapping from Yxi to Yyi obtained via PCA is a linear one.

yyi =MYxi for some M (where M is an r × n matrix, and Yxi and Yyi are treated as column vectors).


Therefore, we consider adversarial models similar to anti-censorship solutions such as Telex [49], Cirripede [23] and Decoy Routing [25].

the censor is able to block access to Tor s publicly listed routers, and to detect certain patterns in Tor s tra.c and hence block them [18].


(i) In a skip graph -any 1-local algorithm that outputs a path between two nodes at distance n,must probe .

(log n) probes, with probability at least 1 - n1 , .the expected number of probes is .


However, MoB supports only a single device per user [18] since its main focus is on a user having only one device and getting all service through this device.

moB does not handle our key scenario of a whole WPAN obtaining service from another WPAN.


Conditional privacy preservation: To ensure information con.dentiality and anonymous authentication in cloud computing, a genuine provenance record should also be conditional privacy preserving [12, 14, 15, 13].

only a trusted authority has the ability to reveal the real identity recorded in the provenance, while anyone else cannot.


As a result, the lookup throughput may be a.ected.

in some new applications, such as the virtual router platform [12] and the OpenFlow switch [13], the update is more frequent.


1 - ß ,1+ ß t 2 2 with probability greater than a.

we need maximum error to be at most ± ßt with probability greater 2 than a.


Note that in the failure group matrix V, a node is not necessarily assigned to an FG.


5.2.2 Varying Work.ows We now look at Baraat s performance under the di.erent work.ows described in Figure 1 in §2.

we examine three work.ows (i) a two-level partition aggregate work.ow where requests arrive in an online fashion, (ii) the storage retrieval scenario used for our testbed experiments where tasks have parallel work.ows and request arrival is online, and (iii) a data-parallel application where tasks have a parallel work.ow and there is a batch of jobs to execute.


In addition, to prevent a corrupted node from impersonating other nodes, we recommend that all the nodes share a private key with that subset of the nodes in the single-hop network that may become a root.

if there are N nodes in the network and M << N nodes may become a root node, there will be N*M private keys in the entire network.


However, to reach the infrastructure, packets may have to be driven by ad-hoc networks.

routing is likely to require vertical and horizontal hand o.s.


To .nd the optimal antenna usage, our algorithm needs to identify the best set of clients in each cell that can be simultaneously served by their corresponding AP.

the selected clients must be capable of coordinately cancelling the inter-cell interference with their interfering AP.


In all other cases, .V is signif 0.08 icantly greater than one and rising as .Dincreases and .Tdecreases.

the CoTV ratio reveals the existence of signi.cant jitter .D>0onatime scale .T 0.07 0.06 independently of .D.


To reduce the complexity we propose a method for obtaining the bit epoch by processing the matrix A at different chip offsets and then solving the Lagrangian problem once at the chosen bit epoch rather than N times.

using equation (1) and the definition of the matrix A and assuming E{|ci|2}=1, the unnormalized diagonal elements of A maintain a constant value which can be expressed as follows *2 a =E rr {}=K +N (2) kk kk p while the off-diagonal elements akn , where k and n are the matrix element indices, can be expressed as follows KK K pp p {* LLEbb L{ ss a = E rr } = {}ss = E bb } kn kn jkin jkin ik in ik in j 1 i=1 i=1 = (3) The final form of the equation can be found using the observation that E{bjkbin}=0 if icj because two bits of the two different users j and i are independent.


This additional di.erence over RPL allows for a gap between the PDR of the two classes for all tra.c rates.

the gap starts at roughly 2% and grows with higher data rates (up to 22% for high data rate at 1:1 tra.c byte ratio).


One can show that SDPU exhibits a similar behavior as SDU.

it is not guaranteed to converge to the global minimum of f(.).


In this case, traditional mobility management techniques are not applicable.

paging or searching for a mobile node in such networks has not been addressed.


Even more striking is the fact that by adding an extra step in the inference process, both the accuracy (TPR) and reliability (FPR) are improved signi.cantly.

the dynamic social community structure of people and their behavior over time leak a substantial amount of additional private information to the adversary.


The .rst phase, called regular optimization, targets normal conditions and minimizes Knormal := ..normal, Fnormal., where .normal and Fnormal are the delay-and throughput-sensitive traf.c costs, respectively, under normal conditions.

it seeks to minimize Knormal (4) W The best costs .


Using Your Smartphone to Detect and Map Heterogeneous Networks and Devices in the Home George NychisSrinivasan Seshan Peter Steenkiste Adaptrum Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University george@adaptrum.com srini@cs.cmu.edu prs@cs.cmu.edu ABSTRACT Heterogeneity in the wireless spectrum is an increasing problem which breaks down coordination and exacerbates wireless interference.

this is a growing problem in the home: heterogeneity is increasing, yet there is a lack of tools and expertise in the home to gather the necessary information about its RF environment to combat this issue.


gbc is the number of geodesics between b and c, and gbc(a) is the number of geodesics between b and c that contain a.

it is a sum over all pairs (b, c) of the proportion of geodesics linking the pair that contains node a.


Asimple way to consolidate the above designs is to include hardware for both the forward and feedback channels between which the device can opportunistically switch based on it s operating state.

devices need to have four impedance values two for the forward channel and two for the feedback channel.


Then with a service s = w probability p, the service time of the message is a random variable with Pascal distribution.

the probability that the message can be transmitted within no more than x time slots, is si 1.


hV extrapolates its position in future by constant speed, constant heading coasting from the current position and assumes RV would be coasting it from the last received packet (as in Eq.


The video avatars representing remote participants are not sent out directly by these users but instead are automatically generated by the iConnect plug-in for our overlay network.

this plug-in intercepts the video conferencing streams transmitted by remote participants, decodes them and applies face detection on them.


From the results shown in Figure 3 we can see that even with a small cache size of type B proxy, e.g., approximately equal to 380,000 blocks resulting in a total cache capacity of 500,000 blocks in the tree topology, we can achieve the same byte-hit ratio with the one of the simple topology with a total capacity of 1,200,000 blocks.

the tree topology achieves the same byte hit ratio with the simple topology with a 58% reduction in the overall cache capacity in the system.


Such a tool will not be very useful if it cannot inform a system administrator with detailed information about the discovered problems.

an attack graph that illustrates all possible multi-stage, multihost attack paths is crucial for a system administrator to understand the nature of the threats and decide upon appropriate countermeasures.


There are several related works that are of interest.

intentional networking [16] is based on the idea that an application might label its needs on a per-socket basis.


Here we introduce the LInear MEssage Rate Integrated Control (LIMERIC) algorithm, which considers the situation where each user has more information about the state of the congestion in the network.

we assume that each user can measure the fraction of network capacity that is in use at each moment.


The routers simply run the tried and true link-state routing protocol to compute the forwarding decisions, not knowing that the topology they see includes fake nodes (with fake announcements of destination address blocks) and fake links (with fake weights).

the controller treats the routing protocol as a function from routing messages to forwarding paths (e.g., using Dijkstra s algorithm), and inverts the function.


Examples of such languages include Frenetic [4], its extension, Pyretic [9], and Hierarchical Flow Tables [3].

pyretic, which focuses on the composability of SDNs, o.ers a compelling approach to building network policies.


SIMULATION MODEL The goal of our simulation is to examine the effectiveness of various Mobile IP extension architectures in L3 (IP layer) handoff latency reduction, over reliable end-to-end communication, namely TCP.

we are interested in examining the bulk data flow rather than the interactive data flow scenario, since bulk data flow is more prone to disruption during a handoff.


Therefore, it enables the opportunity to reduce the live latency by reducing segment duration while still maintaining a constant or controllable number of requests to the server.

by leveraging server push, our suggested best practice for low latency live streaming is to reduce the segment size until it meets the desired latency requirement, while still considering and counting for additional request overhead and possible impacts on the dynamic bit rate switching.


To verify that the emulator does not incorrectly exclude routes from the set of best eBGP routes, we check that, for each pre.x, the best route at each RR appears in the set of best eBGP routes as computed by the emulator3.

we consider cases where an RR s best route would have directed traf.c towards some egress router that was not contained in the EGRESS POINTS table.


C DFunif orm can be constructed using the technique described in Section 4, but with the di.erence that before computing the accumulated sum for each ratio sub-range, we add n/R to the count of ratio samples in each sub-range, where R is the number of sub-ranges between 0 and 1.

n delay ratios are assumed to be uniformly distributed over all ratio sub-ranges.


The TMRA setting takes into account if the number of received MRS has exceeded some thresholds.

we use 200, 300 and 30 as the Critical Level, the Mean Level and the Low Level respectively.


Global Transmission Control: While the progressive encoding and utility-driven scheduling at each sensor optimize for multiple queries at a single radar, there is a need for global control of transmissions to maximize overall utility across the network because radars within the same wireless contention domain share the wireless media and contend with each other while transmitting.

this is useful when queries are not evenly distributed across the network, and some nodes that are handling higher priority queries need more bandwidth than others.


In addition, the process of testing various AN technologies in a realistic way remains to be a big challenge faced by all AN researchers.

once the necessary networking technologies are identified and developed, they need to be thoroughly tested and evaluated to justify their feasibility performance.


Our results are necessarily constrained by the duration and granularity of the experiments.

observation of short event lengths is limited by the granularity of measurement (around 134 seconds).


To answer this question, we .rst generalize the de.nition of work conserving schedules from traditional single-resource fair queueing to multiple resources.

we say a schedule is work conserving if at least one resource is fully utilized for packet processing when there is a backlogged .ow.


In the .gure, the blocks represented in gray are those requiring on-the-.y per-client processing and the (k) index refers to variables pertaining to the k-th client accessing the same video content.

encoders can be considered as the most CPU-consuming function, whereas controllers generally require much less processing capacity.


We focus on networks whereby the source is communicating to the destination via a set of multihop relay nodes organized via hierarchical clustering.

at each hop, a set of clusters are formed using a number of relay nodes where for each cluster, the relay nodes employ two di.erent relaying strategies: i) amplify-and-forward via beamforming, ii) decode-and-forward via beamforming.


The arc weight function p: A. R+ assigns power to each arc, where R+ denotes the positive real number set.

for each arc (v, u), pvu is the power needed for the link from node v to node u.


By including as features the standard deviation, min, and max values of RSCP and ECIO over a short period (typically 3 seconds, although in Section 6 we evaluate other window sizes), the prediction accuracy is around 85% for predicting whether we will see good throughput.

when we predict good throughput, we are right 85% of the time.


Our work is closely related to the recent efforts in SDN debugging [6, 7].

while some of them focus on replaying data plane packets [8, 9], we concentrate more on the control plane, like the techniques used in controller upgrade [10].


This finding suggests that care must be taken when frame bursting technique is used.

since Multimedia applications have different traffic characteristics from background HTTP and FTP traffic, it might not always be desirable to use maximum frame bursting.Adaptive measures may be taken to adjust the [7] Banchs, A.; Radimirsch, M.; Perez, X.; Assured and expedited forwarding extensions for IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN Quality of Service, 2002.


One way to preserve the alignment with the network topology would be to reboot some or all of the network.

starting from some point su.ciently high in the tree, erase all parent child relationships and addresses assigned.


These studies are based on crawlers that explore the connectivity of the Web by following the links on each discovered page, thus reconstructing the topological properties of the visited graph.

data gathered in large-scale crawls [3, 7, 14, 1, 15] have indicated the presence of a rich and complex architecture underlying the structure of the Web graph.


Better understanding of enterprise reachability policies would have several bene.ts.

it can inform the design of new approaches for implementing policies,such asclean-slateschemes[5,4,8,2].


{inv(val(0, 0, 1))}) and DY(·) denotes the closure under protocol-independent intruder deduction rules (like encryption).

only the private keys of revoked, invalid keys get known to the intruder, and attack is not in G. We note that the concrete term implications s .


Therefore, we assume the last task SEND finishes just before the deadline.

d= Tr + Tp + Ts (3) The energy consumption of a task is the power-delay product.


Load analysis: We analyze the performance of the four schemes previously described when additional crossroad UDP traffic is generated in the WMN.

we foresee the presence of three Constant Bit Rate (CBR) cross-road traffic sources established between randomly selected nodes.


The di.erence between normal hold and prehold is that prehold does not generate success.

if there is a transition with guard rcv(dialog1) going into a state in which dialog1 is held normally, then the implementation responds with a normal 200 OK.


As they rely on different levels of prede.ned knowledge of attack conditions and consequences, most of such approaches have limited effectiveness.

they are not able to provide valid alert correlations for unknown attacks or unknown attack relations.


To achieve our objectives, we had to overcome the limitations of the hardware platform and solve several issues.

we have implemented the adaptation algorithm with approximate values of control parameters without the division operation and taken advantage of some .elds in data frames to trace the execution and test the implemented access method.


The proof of this result follows ideas in [23].

an offiine algorithm to minimize max-stretch for a fixed number of multiple channels when the rate (across jobs) is equal, was presented in [23].


Because traditional routing uses unicast, a successful transmission is recorded as one attempt no matter how many retransmissions are triggered.

aA ratio of traditional routing means hop counts of the best route selected by traditional routing.


However, FCP also allows decentralized budget management.

fCP allows networks to dynamically translate the value of a budget belonging to different .ow groups or assigned by different domains.


(b) Coexistence of multiple wideband protocols: SWIFT selectively avoids frequency bands used by narrowband devices, and  4The differences in TCP throughput with and without SWIFT are caused by varying queue lengths in the wired Internet.

note that the variations in downloads between the two graphs are no greater than the variations within any one graph.


We also de.ne the order o of the network to be the supremum of all exponents s for which C(n) =n s with high probability: o=sup{s: lim P[C(n) =n s]= 1}.

(4) n.8 the order of the network is the largest exponent with which the capacity is guaranteed to be increasing, ignoring factors that are smaller than polynomial, such as poly-logarithmic factors of the form k1(log n)k2 .


In order to support robust service configuration, all mobilets can be dynamically deployed across a WebPADS proxy client and server.

it is possible for a mobile node to carry with it relevant mobilets as it travels across foreign domains.


With the parallel processing in multiple guest machines,a virtual networkin PdP can achievebetter data plane performance than the virtual networks in other platforms with similar degree of isolation and .exibility.

pdP trades cost (having multiple physical machines to perform the data plane tasks of virtual networks) forbetter .exibility, isolation, andperformance.


THE TWO-LEVEL APPROACH Theprotocols reviewedintheprevioussection canbefurther improved by following a nesting approach in which the k coronas are viewed as k1 macrocoronas of k2 adjacent coronas each.

each sensor .rst learns in which macrocorona it belongs and then re.nes its training by determining the microcorona inside its macrocorona.


Theorem 5.2 reports another condition for interference-free communications in the whole network based on Algorithm 1.

if s upper-bounds the cardinality of the complete interferer set of each node in the network, interference-free communications can be achieved.


Section 3 describes in detail the design of our SRAM framework and the four main components of the framework.

we present a lightweight bandwidth reservation scheme that guarantees the basic transmission quality of real-time flow which already be accessed for supporting user mobility.


Once the best BGP NEXT-HOP is chosen for each destination pre.x, then the IGP next-hop to that BGP NEXT-HOP is computed based on IGP metrics.

a forwarding entry for a destination pre.x P at a node E is determined by .rst mapping from P to a BGP NEXT-HOP (A or B) and then from BGP NEXT-HOP to an IGP next-hop (C or D).


Similarly, if there are empty edges in H , there will be some isolated links in the network; however, these are not part of any probing path.)

an assignment of probing paths to kdistinct timesteps such that no link ever carries more than Lprobes in a timestep is possible if and only if H was L-strongly k-colorable.


Under this assumption, theyderived some interesting resultsonthe feasibilityandperformanceof opportunisticforwarding algorithms.

theirhypothesis implies that for anyforwarding scheme the mean packet delay is in.nite, if the power-law exponent of the inter-contact time is smaller than or equal to 1 (the case suggestedto holdin practiceby the empirical results sofar).


Power savings: In our next experiments, we examine the possible power saving gains with JPRA-CR.

we seek to answer the following question Can we use lower total transmission power in order to achieve a target PDR?".


3 illustrates the e.ciency of the proposed detector in combating the MUI e.ects.

it indicates that asthenumberof stagesincreasesthesystemperformanceincreases and the loss inperformances compared to the singleuser systembecomes small.


Furthermore, we assume that the femtocell does not do interference avoidance or management.

all of the surrounding outdoor base stations cause interference to the femtocell operation.


While this trajectory depends on the full trajectory of the nodes, in random waypoint mobility, it can be estimated from the nodes locations and velocities.

given two nodes position and velocity at time t, the distance between the nodes can be determined for time t - t0 to t, where neither of the nodes changed direction or speed during the interval (t - to,t).


However, this will cause the RR to re-check the configuration of nodes in the RLS.

the RR queries the existence of the Locators that have a node number above and below the existing limit.


We .nd that, when optimizing for latency, 8% of clients change the choice of replica when joint routing is enabled.

92% of clients use the same replica (but perhaps over a better network path) as the one they were using when only default paths were available.


To make the computational overhead more tractable, we use two 400-hour samples per year, which correspond to approximately one month per year.

we analyze the .rst 400 hours of each February and August between 2004 and 2011.


1.4 Our Contributions The purpose of this paper is to make a step to support the complex integration and the large-scale reuse of existing Web applications in di.erent contexts instead of the component or portlet based development by the application developers.

we make the following contributions: We present and analyze the reliability and security problems of UI component reuse and integration.


Thus we come to a clear and very important point: the multi-jurisdictional multi-stage attack problem is a problem that involves both legal and policy tools as well as technical ones; it cannot be solved by technical means alone.

this means that the problem of cyberexploitations carried out against U.S. industry and government sites is unlikely to be amenable to technical solutions.


Accuracy of RTT estimates based on the acknowledgment stream, while still encouraging, is not as good as data stream analysis.

with ack-based analysis at the receiver, 90% of estimates are accurate within a factor of 1.3 and 95% of traces are accurate within a factor of 1.6.


Adversary A injectsatleast onepacketthatuses p in each t time steps.That is, for any t2 - t1 = t, Ap (t1,t2) > 0.

adversary A injects at most z packets that use p,overal l.for all t, Ap(t) = z.


In addition, many studies assume that ri and rc are typically more than twice rt [6].

ri and rc have default values of 2.2 times rt in the ns-2 simulator [7].


Sensor deployment is a key network design step, which greatly influences both of these metrics.

the optimal placement of the sensors from MoL viewpoint is not the same as the one that maximizes the QoM point of view.


Moreover, for STBC codes to work e.ectively and provide a reduction in the SINR for a desired bit error rate (BER), the signals received on the two antenna elements will have to experience independent multipath fading e.ects.

a line of sight or dominant path must be absent.


Data item I in Q1 is allocated at the interval of 16/4.4 throughout the channel where 16 is cycle length and 4 is the allocation frequency of data item I.

data item I is first allocated on channel 1 at offset 1 and secondly allocated on channel 2 at offset 5 that is Diff(I) away from previously allocated position.


O would like to shift traf.c away from the failing link, without forcing any networks except A to change which neighbor they select to route through.

o would like to announce AVOID_PROBLEM(A-B2,P).


Furthermore, we examine the cooperative protocols with s2 s,d p,d=s2 which implies dp,d=ds,d, according to s2.d-k, where k represents the path loss exponent [12].

partner locates at some position between source and destination.


Because LWB uses only Glossy .oods for communication, its ef.ciency decreases in deep networks that span several tens of hops, and other approaches may perform better [23].

the length of data (Td ) and schedule (Ts) slots must be suf.cient for a Glossy .ood to cover the entire network.


The work was highly facilitated through the use of Veins framework [22] that allows OMNET++ and SUMO to work in parallel while connected through a TCP/IP socket.

we used a 4 × 5 grid map with dimensions of 2 × 2 km.


From its initial function of providing the mapping between human-readable names (e.g., amazon.com ) and obtuse network-level addresses, it evolved to form a basis for building scalable and agile Web platforms.

by changing name-to-address bindings dynamically and providing different bindings to different clients, Web sites can transparently distribute client load among replicated Web servers or redirect client requests from their own servers to content delivery networks (CDNs), while CDNs and similar platforms can direct incoming requests to speci.c nodes in the platform.


In Table 2 we report the proportion of tests that return a false alarm.

around three in one hundred decomposition test return a false alarm.


In this paper, we examine the utility of this concept for identifying malicious network sources.

our goal is to explore whether this concept allows a core-network operator using .ow data to augment signaturebased systems located at network edges.


Example of this case is shown in a .gure 2.

this happens when the same group is in several di.erent network segments.


The simulator will not be able to compute, in general, the value gxy by itself; so how will it know which of the inputs to H was the real value gxy?

(M may use a key K,or Km, derived from an output of H on a point di.erent than gxy).


However, the root cause of the correlation between routing dynamics and such performance degradation is poorly understood.

how do routing changes result in degraded end-toend path performance in the .rst place?


Our question is partially motivated by the recent work in the RouteBricks project [4], where the authors have explored the feasibility of building high-speed software routers using a mesh of o.-the-shelf desktop-based serversthatparallelize routerfunctionality both acrossmultiple servers and across multiple cores within a single server.

we ask the following question: If we were to implement classi.cation using state-of-the-arts desktops, given that it may .nd applications in router design (e.g., RouteBricks), then what classi.cation speeds can be achieved on it, by designing a fully software-based classi.cation system that can exploit the degree of parallelism provided by this particular platform?


Furthermore, we define Ei as the expected number of runs (calculated based on our analytical model), whose number of infected nodes belongs to the ith bin.


Ifboth ofthese conditions hold, then PV is transparent.In this case, we can in (v, out (u, de.ne the function t(v,u, X)= t u, tv, X)) and note that in u)(t(v, u, F out F(v, u)(X)= F (v, (u, v)(X))).

the transformation between two neighboring nodes participating in PV can be easily understood as the composition ofthree functions: the export policy at one node; a .xed, uniform transformation t given by PV ;and the import policy at another node.


Our idealized cache models differ only in their susceptibility to payload misses due to the way they associate stored payloads with URLs.

uRL-indexed caching accounts for the difference between the payload miss rate of an in.nite-capacity conventional cache and the new-payload miss rate inherent in the reference sequence.


All experiments run with the appropriate routing overhead.

while measuring the throughput of routing with the ETX metric, nodes send periodic ETX broadcast probes.


However, this causes a load bias to peers of high degree.

there is a trade-off between storage load balancing and search performance.


Without loss of generality, we assume the MN has the equal probability to join in any multicast group.

the probability that a user belongs to the jth (1 = jE) multicast group is 1 E .


To avoid this, a TurboRate client determines whether it can join ongoing transmissions by applying a technique similar to the one proposed in [23].

a TurboRate client is only allowed to transmit concurrently if its interfering power at the AP is below a threshold.4 This limits the amount of residual noise and allows the AP to successfully decode the existing signals after SIC.


One reason for the large number of requests broadcast by servers and gateways, seems to be caused by the fact that the ARP table on these devices is not large enough to contain the entire set of active clients.

address mappings are removed from the ARP table prematurely to accommodate for new ARP table entries.


[11] analyze hybrid non-obstructed networks comprised by random uniform one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and a .xed-width strip combined with an overlaying connected backbone of base stations.

they show that percolation (formation of a connected component of in.nite size) never (for any node density) occurs on a line or a strip, and that gains in terms of connectivity from the hybrid structure are only signi.cant when the node spatial distribution is close to onedimensional.


that are relevant for a complete solution.

the whole chain of services from requester to end service provider).


For certain chips, a more suitable implementation of the backbone may be a shared-medium system that delivers su.cient bandwidth without the delay and energy overhead of packet relays.

transmission lines and appropriate transceiver circuitry provide the opportunity to build high-bandwidth interconnect without packet switching or relay.


(8) This is also a measure of the bit rate reduction as a result of introduction of cyclic prefix.

if each subcarrier can transmit b bits, the overall bit rate in an OFDM system is N.b/(NT + .)


Typically, two ping-pong SCBF modules will be used so that one can process new packets while the other is being paged, as shown in Figure 1.

these two SCBF modules store approximate .ow accounting information in alternating measurement epochs.


In order to analyze these periodicities of received wideband signal x(t), a key function SCF is typically utilized, which can be expressed as 8 t t * -j2pat -j2pf t Sx(a, f ) =x(t+ )x (t- )e e dtdt (1) 2 2 -8 The SCF, also termed cyclic spectrum, is a bi-frequency plane with respect to cyclic frequency a and spectral frequency f. For communication signals, nonzero value appears only at some speci.c cyclic frequencies, which is related to their symbol rate, chip rate, etc.

signal with di.erent modulation schemes will exhibit distinct cyclic frequencies.


The TCP-friendliness level represents a generic term that describes the ability of a TCP variant to coexist with a different TCP variant and fairly share the available bandwidth in the same bottleneck link.

as the available bandwidth for both classes (AF and BE)) is set to 1.6 Mbps, we will consider that a TCP variant has an enhanced friendliness/fairness level when both are able to equally distribute the available bandwidth, enabling each of them to obtain around 800 Kbps of goodput.


Precisely, for any n, we describe an n × n matrix M, and a labeling L of the nodes of any n-node graph G, such that greedy routing in (G, (M, L)) per v forms in O(min{ps(G) · log2 n, n}) expected number of steps, where ps(G) denotes the pathshape of G. This result has many important corollaries.

and in contrast with name-independent schemes, the scheme (M, L) yields polylogarithmic expected number of steps of greedy routing for large classes of graphs such as trees and AT-free graphs, including co-comparability graphs, interval and permutation graphs [5].


In the resource-oriented system we are examining, this principle is at the core of the statelessness constraint, which mandates that each service request be treated independently from any other request.


5.2 Improving the coverage As seen in Figure 8, the regions of O1 and O2 are not fully covered by the keys sent by sensors.

the concept of an approximating ST-region naturally arises.


(a) Asymmetric Information (b) Perceived Collision Figure 1: Illustrative example topologies 3.1 Graph-theoretic Formalism exists if only the receiver of .ow nis in vertex v to v m n Here, we formalize the notion of shared information via a simple graph theoretic framework.

the spatially distributed nature of ad hoc networks naturally leads to incomplete information about the other nodes of the network.


In addition, networks administered by different authorities and connected through BGP do not need to share more information than today.

they do not need to exchange information on the conversion functions.


The wide range of possible applications (intrusion detection systems, environmental monitoring, domotics, etc...) requiring WSN technology justi.es the huge number of solutions proposed to improve the e.ciency of sensor devices.

experimental studies have shown that the most power hungry com- 3HUPLVVLRQ WR PDNH GLJLWDO RU KDUG FRSLHV RI DOO RU SDUW RI WKLV ZRUN IRU SHUVRQDO RU FODVVURRP XVH LV JUDQWHG ZLWKRXW IHH SURYLGHG WKDW FRSLHV DUH QRW PDGH RU GLVWULEXWHG IRU SURILW RU FRPPHUFLDO DGYDQWDJH DQG WKDW FRSLHV EHDU WKLV QRWLFH DQG WKH IXOO FLWDWLRQ RQ WKH ILUVW SDJH 7R FRS RWKHUZLVH WR UHSXEOLVK WR SRVW RQ VHUYHUV RU WR UHGLVWULEXWH WR OLVWV UHTXLUHV SULRU VSHFLILF SHUPLVVLRQ DQG RU D IHH :16  0DUFK  'HVHQ]DQR GHO *DUGD ,WDO &RSULJKW k  ,&67     '2,   LFVW VLPXWRROV ponent is the radio transceiver mounted on the sensors, thus optimizing the way sensors communicate through the wireless medium is key to minimizing the energy consumption of sensor nodes.


Then an LSA is generated when jb(u);b(c)j B *100.twhere tis the threshold percentage.

the relative change in bandwidth with respect to the total bandwidth has to be higher than the threshold.


As we will show in Section 6, the ratio for Match length cases can be improved from 73% to 88% when we infer AS paths using BGP gateways given the .rst hop AS in use.

if we can correctly infer the .rst hop AS, we can eliminate around 15% of the mismatches.


The vast majority ofthebytes(99.71%) aretransferred in DCH.

due to its low RLC bu.er thresholds(§2), low throughput, and long tail, the e.ciency of FACH is extremely low.


In this set of experiments, we put the competing demands at the same nodes, and we set both the foreground and background traf.c to be 50%.

the two types of competing traf.c have the same amount of traf.c and the same set of overlay nodes.


3.3.4 Stable-Backlog is Not Attainable The constraint required in the above analysis, together with (12), is that the .ow will be able, on average, to fully recover from the TO, reaching stable-backlog state before the next loss episode occurs.


All curves are shifted to the right by 5 dB.

errors start occurring in the outdoor environment with 5 dB more signal than that required to generate the same error rate in a controlled environment.


The terminal learns about new near terminals and ways to reach them, and may announce that it can also reach those terminals.

routing for ad hoc networks is unavailable without completing neighbor discovery.


More interesting is to look at Figure 6, where the performance of GP and BE RRM is compared (the latter by considering different values of L).

as will be done in the following for the other metrics, we evaluate the BE RRM for different values of L and the GP RRM, which does not depend on L, and we compare the two approaches for the case .


Hence, while the congestion control protocol determines the rate at which the sender should be sending, the reliability mechanism ensures that packets queued for retransmission are sent preferentially when the send timer expires.

the retransmissions are performed within the regular transmission rate determined by the congestion control algorithm.


Today however, trends in UAV design show significant civilian perspectives for the wider use of lower altitude crafts.

a growing interest has been observed for LAPs for various missions such as photographic reconnaissance, low-altitude urban traffic surveillance [9], emergency communications in post-disaster situations or unexpected events [10, 11], earth observation and agricultural purposes [12], power beaming [14] and so on.


Consider a graph property X not captured by 1K but successfully captured by 2K.It could turn out that the space of 2K-random graphs overconstrains the set of graphs reproducing X.

while 2K-graphs do successfully reproduce X, there maybeother graphs that also match X but are not 2K-graphs.


A useful insight which can help remedy this limitation is that while, in the big picture, the underlying process of object references is dynamic, when studied at a .ner granularity, it can be well-approximated as a piecewise stationary process.

if we look at the process of references through a su.ciently small window in the time-space domain, the subprocess observed exhibits a rather stationary behavior.


stable operating states for the network where the machine is not in the process of possibly powering down E. For r3, E is powered down with low use of w, and for r0, both routers are powered up with one or both links experiencing high usage.

the following invariants can be shown for these states by a straightforward mutual induction on the length of input w: 1. the power-save transducer is in r0 on input w with output y only if w ends with a member of H and y ends with OnE, and 2. the power-save transducer is in r3 on input w with output y only if w ends with ZvLw or ZvZw and y ends with O.E.


The game engine in addition provides an interface that a.ords full-duplex interaction between the Unity3D Web Player and the webpage that acts as its host.

the encapsulating HTML page is able to transmit triggers to and invoke functions inside the embedded Unity3D Web Player, and the same holds true for the opposite direction.


To the end of mathematical tractability, we assume that the server knows enough about the computation to place a strict upper bound on the probability of cheating for each instance.

this means that clients do not have access to an algorithm that allows them to improve their odds of cheating (above this bound) without the server s knowledge.


In [28], it has recently been shown that Unequal Error Protection (UEP) coding theory can be a viable candidate for network code design in such networks.

uEP based NC is especially useful for multi source multi relay cooperative networks where each source requires a di.erent error probability.


We therefore develop an SCTP de-association scheme that can automatically release the rigid bundling of multiple video streams from a SCTP association to effectively improve channel utilization.

after SCTP de-association, high-priority video streams can be granted for their QoS requirements.


Furthermore, the situation becomes even more severe in a mobile P2P environment.

user devices are often different in terms of their capabilities such as the transmission scope, power of battery, cache size, and so on.


Insight 6: For the same functions in different networks, they shouldbe coordinated to reduce the con.ict.

the internal failure from one network should not be propagated to another network.


On the other hand, channel measurement and estimation consume valuable resources.

the exchange of control packets or spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems decreases the amount of time available to send actual data and consumes energy.


In lossy WSNs, we evaluate the robustness of our scheme under di.erent packet loss ratios.

we choose random projections as a baseline scheme, it requires fewer measurements and can obtain better recovery performance compared with sparse random projections [5, 17].


Thus, we just refer to the LP relaxation achieved by LP 1.

although if .nite retransmissions are used during the data forwarding process, the paths are computed based on the solution of LP 1 that assumes in.nite 1Since we assume that all nodes use a .xed transmission power, we set d to the maximum radio range of 30 m. retransmissions2.


Since di.erent destinations are assigned di.erent ranges of LIDs in In.niBand networks, the number of LIDs required for realizing a routing is equal to the sum of the number of LIDs required for each destination.

the LID assignment problem for a routing can be reduced to the LID assignment problem for each individual destination.Let R = {p1,p2, ...} be a routing and D = {d|.pi .


Although there has been no study on the impact of channel estimation on the design of the transmitter and receiver for a BICM-ID-SSD system, the use of PSAM and superimposed training sequence was widely considered for coded and un-coded systems, see, e.g., [4, 3, 9, 7].

using pilot symbols for channel estimation in Turbo coded systems has been examined in [9] over correlated fading channels where an iteratively .ltered PSAM (IF-PSAM) algorithm is proposed at the receiver.


In this section, we present measurement .ndings for both commercial RFIDs and computational RFIDs, and show that the synchronization accuracy in practice is suf.cient for Buzz s performance.

synchronization in backscatter networks has two aspects: The starting offset of the nodes transmissions: Backscatter CDF 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0Initial Synchronization Offset in µs Figure 7 CDF of the initial synchronization offset between differentRFID tags:Both commercial and computationalRFIDs have an initial offset of less than 1µsec which has negligible impact on the performance ofBuzz.


Managing dense networks with frequency reuse one is signi.cantly more complex due to a tight coupling in control plane decision making at neighboring base stations.

the radio resource management decisions (i.e.


As a result, we obtain the static approximation factor as the competitive ratio.

for the SINR model we achieve competitive ratios between constant and O(log2 m).


First, although interference nullifying effectively removes the interference signal, it may reduce the signal strength of the desired signal if the wireless channels are destructive to each other.

nullifying will have an adverse impact on decoding if it causes severe cancelation of the desired signal.


INTRODUCTION In this paper we explore the proposition that location context can be inferred based on the dynamics of user mo- Designers of Internet services increasingly seek to spebility.

we argue that rough location charactericialize their behavior and content to re.ect differences zations such as residence , workplace , or travel venue among their users (e.g., location, bandwidth, reputation, (e.g., hotel, airport, cafe, etc.)


The way a TEMP IP is selected, follows some heuristics based on a particular behavior of the DHCP server.

after the DHCP server has assigned all the IP addresses of its pool at least once, it will assign addresses to new clients based on an aging mechanism.


The coherent gains from beamforming are apparent from the above plots.

the amplitude of the receivedsignalisseen tobeclose tothesumoftheirindividual amplitudes.


Let s call the collection of these ob jects S1.The central manager selects ob jects with the top k partial sums, and sets t1 to be the min of the top k partial sums.

therefore, for an arbitrary subset of k objects in S1,the minof their partial sums is = t1.t1 is no less than the bottom partial sum of any subset of k objects in S1.