With pipeline organization, data links between pipeline registers are managed by pipeline controllers.

the presence of different implemented parallel branches does not contradict to the general understanding about micro-pipeline and each similar structure can be defined as micro-pipeline.


If the victim cache has free lines, the evicted line would be placed in one of the free lines.


This is particularly very important for the instruction TLB (iTLB) which is accessed on every instruction memory ref- erence.

our approach can also be used in conjunction with a PI-PT iLl, as long as we can provide translations most of the time.


2 presents the State Skip version of the previously mentioned LFSR, for k=2.

the hardware overhead of the Mode Select unit, which has to be implemented for every core separately, was between 44 and 262 gate equivalents, for 50 = L = 500 and 2 = S = 50.


Given any two horizontal segments A =(x1,x2,y)and .

u is the closest feasible position to yi and it has the least deviation among all feasible positions of Ai.


Data in the parentheses show the ratio of the number of the detected FF pairs.

the timing constraint of the paths can be relaxed from 1 clock cycle to 3 clock cycle.


The performance of these applications is limited by the high cache miss rates resulting from their large instruction and data footprints [1-5].

finally, Section 6 describes future work and concludes this paper.


For applications such as mobile phones and PDA, .ip-.ops need to consume very little power and operate at high speed [5].

there is a strong motivation to design .ip-.ops using alternative circuit con.guration, so that Tsu +Tcq is reduced.


Motivation Software simulator is an essential system-level design tool for both architecture design and software development.

simICT has made some remarkable improvements.


In this case, the merging region is reduced to a merging segment.


[11] A. Gupta, A. Gupta, Z. Yang, and P. Ashar.

in these cases, the solution-set is represented in a more compact manner by the general ZBDD.


One such scenario is when an application moves on to a new phase of computation, even the maximum miss frequency in that phase may fall below the minimum miss frequency in the earlier phase.

2.3.4 Physical Implementation of VF Before concluding this section, we brie.y mention the physical implementation of the VF.


The degradation in throughput is more for the DoS originating in the switch with highest degree in both architectures.

the distance is obtained by considering a tile-based floorplan of the cores on the die.


It is observed that the amount of overhead increases dramatically when the noise tolerance requirement is increased along with the continuous down-scaling of process technology.

the performance bene.t of using the proposed keepers is even greater when the noise-tolerant requirement is high.


HEURISTIC FOR INTERCONNECT REORGANIZATION Several reduction stages are required to reduce the partial products generated in a parallel multiplier.

the main ob jective in [18] is speed optimization rather than power optimization.


3.1 The real view of the optimizer overheads Consider Figure 2 which presents the breakdown of the optimizer and the translated code.

from this point forward we do not account for the DynamoRIO component in our study, as this overhead does not exist on pure DBO infrastructures.


Table 2: E.ective frequency for the 16-bit self-checking adders.

4 shows the signal and functional reliability behavior of a self-checking carry-lookahead adder based on parity in its 8-bit implementation.


Our analysis showed that the reduction areas for these circuits have many regions with bins with different congestion levels and as a result, our algorithm is much more efficient than other algorithms.

depending on the locations of blocked bins in the grid, the blockage model may be different.


By using an opportune scale factor, the error committed by considering the ISS instead of the real board is quite small.

the ISS/board must waste time until it equals the SystemC execution time, then SystemC can read data.


for .si,s.i+1 two successive states: if the transition results from a message ((p, e, p ' ), ?


An edge exists between the nodes if the degree of overlap exceeds a threshold.

similarly, references that have poor temporal locality can be restricted to a single partition or even be allowed to bypass the cache by not assigning them to any of the partitions, thus preventing cache pollution.


The integration of multiple cores on a single die accentuates the already daunting memory-wall problem.

port and delay all the following read operations that are on the critical path from the performance aspect.


To evaluate different con.gurations that have been synthesized and listed in Table 2, we de.ned a cost function that takes into account the previous scenarios and considersthe consequences in terms of area and performance: costf = p1 · Tcnm + p2 · Tonm + p3 · Tm (5) The function costf(·) evaluates the different performance indexes with a corresponding probability for different cases.

the time required for a matching operation is not constant; it can be linear in best casesbutexponentialinworst ones.


In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design, 2005.

when the system has less number of tasks than the number of cores, the original load balancing routine does not perform any task migration but the heat-balancing routine moves a hot task to a colder, idle core to create opportunities for leveraging sp atial heat slacks.


By using the first order Taylor series expansions, the intermediate parameter Fi can be written as Eq.

this concept has been used in analog design for a few years [12].


The 6-bit LFSR is clocked every cycle and the output is shared by all 64 output function blocks (only one such block is shown on the left of Figure 3), so that all bit positions select a unique and different encoded majority function every cycle.

the LFSR polynomial can be discovered in 2n cycles, where n is the order of the LFSR polynomial.


1, the output of the circuit due to second-order nonlinear behavior can be computed for any input excitation, provided that this excitation is not too large such that the assumption of weakly nonlinear behavior is not violated.

as shown in Figure 3, second-order nonlinearities produce a third-order nonlinear response by combining at their controlling terminals a second-order signal with a first-order signal to produce a third-order nonlinear current.


When the arriving task is in touch with any edge of the FPGA perimeter, then t_ex of the arriving task is considered.

also LA-3D produces the best average occupation level as it is shown in fig.


fc is the intrinsic cutoff frequency [4], fT corresponds to unity current gain and fG is the maximum frequency for a given voltage gain G (for a load equivalent to the gate capacitance).

analog continuous-time filters were chosen.


Then we can apply variable transformation to reduce the general case of having both non-Gaussian and nonlinear parameters into the special one with only either non-Gaussian or nonlinear parameters.

all the linear sensitivities in this form are the same as in the original generalized canonical form ( EQ 9).


The formula provides an e.ective cost modeling for post-layout OPC and CMP optimization during routing.

(13) p (w + s)2 The width of the printed pattern can be computed by using Equation (13).


Homogeneous WSNs contain only one type of devices, the sensor nodes.

over three weeks, the network captured 230 volcanic events.


The non-greedy policy on the other hand requires that after every merging all cliques are reevaluated, hence the merging process is not history dependent.

operation compatibility ensures that operations bound to ri and rj are either scheduled in different CFG states or have mutually exclusive predicates.


We include here an example of application of CESC for specification of interactions in AMBA bus protocol.

aCT is a set of actions given as {Add_evt(), Del_evt(), Null}, which can be performed on the scoreboard .


BSIM4 and new STI-stress models), or are handled within the extractor itself.

there are now many libraries which distribute power on higherlevel lower-resistance metals.


CONCLUSION This paper studied the implementation of a reciprocity calibration algorithm in a realistic scenario.

this study highlights several methods drawn on interweave CR techniques to promote the coexistence between aprimarylicensed systemand a secondary system[3].


During our experiments, we noticed that our BitTorrent client easily achieves around 1000KB/s.We sampled our torrent .les from popularlegal torrent websites.

this problem has received great attention from theTor research community.


The approach we take is markedly different from previous techniques that utilize replicated hardware to validate all computation.

to achieve this goal we combine area-frugal on-line testing techniques and system-level checkpointing to provide the same guarantees of reliability found in traditional solutions, but at much lower cost.


as shown in the table, the proposed approach can reduce its area by 4.80%.


In a typical extraction procedure, wires are .rst divided into segments.

fat wires may have to be meshed at the crosssection to capture skin e.ect and proximity e.ect.


CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In conclusion, this paper describes our implementation of an ATPGbased SAT solver whose design philosophy is to take advantage of the signal correlations and circuit topological information.

we note that our de.nition of the J-node includes all the learned gates.


In an ideal case of a DRAM cache with a 100% hit rate, the memory system could provide an eight-fold increase in delivered bandwidth, as shown in Figure 2(a).

the ability to freely speculate enables our DRAM cache organization that avoids the hardware overheads of the MissMap.


Wehaveprovedthata setupofsupervisedincrementaladaptationappliedto MLLR-based models providesabetterperformance for identi.cation tasks compared to a setup where adaptation is not used.

the proposed approach is promising for authentication purposes, even when the amount of data available for training is limited.


The matching networks in both stages of the PA are designed using low-loss shieldedsubstrate coplanar waveguides with an effective wavelength nearly twice smaller than that of silicon dioxide.

on-chip power amplifiers (PA), with integrated 50. output matching, make this a fully-integrated transmitter.


If in the associativity list for A in the binomial tree, the MA is a miss, SCUD continues to step 11.

in DATE 10: Proceedings of Design Automation and Testing in Europe 2010, 2010.


This code is amortized because the kernel iterates multiple times with the same data.

each VR allocates a configured number of cache lines, which are invalidated and flushed if needed before starting the vector execution.


Furthermore, due to super-pipelining, the number of gates in pipeline stages have been reducing, which in turn reduces the electrical attenuation of glitches as they propagate to the latches.

these methods have too high delay, area and power overheads to be used in commercial applications.


As a result, it overcomes the net-ordering problem and can get the optimal grid-based solution in each routing region1 .

we also observe that the runtime is a great disadvantage of MCFRoute when dealing with larger scale benchmarks.


Alternatively, the performance of regular topologies can be significantly improved with minimal impact on area and energy consumption by adding application-specific longrange links [3] or radio frequency interconnections (RF-I) [4][5].

in sum, the RG-MWFES algorithm has three innovations: (i) network reachability is guaranteed, (ii) edge weights and criticality are properly and efficiently updated, and (iii) the algorithm simultaneously considers both network power consumption (by minimizing the need for channel splitting) and performance (by maximizing application-specific frequently used communication paths).


To evaluate the energy usage of our system, we compare it to a hardware instruction cache.

the rewriter builds a table (the destinations table) that contains the original destinations for the CFIs that exit each cache block (see Fig.


When the instruction that has an uncorrectable ECC error is executed in the actual logic, the test bench can detect it because the test bench has the information of the addresses that have ECC errors.

there is a common pipeline definition file that describes the depth of each pipeline and the resources that each pipeline uses, which made it easier to evaluate various pipeline configurations.


However, the programs processing packets with these mechanisms run on the existing general-purpose operating systems that manage the most of hardware resources.

we may need to take into account the bandwidth consumption by them though the memory bandwidth is much wide.


The close coupling of sensor networks with the physical environment, and the dependence of in-network processing on the spatiotemporal location of data being processed mandate network awareness.

user-provided code associated with each abstract task implements the actual processing in the system.


Our models generate energy estimates that are within 4.2% of those measured by de tailed power simulations, making the models valuable mechanisms Percentage of Cache Energy 25 20 15 10 5 0 Depth for rapid energy estimates during architecture exploration.

our experiments with benchmark programs (Section 5.3) indicated a negligible difference in modeling error of the energy estimates, by the incorpoparameter, and we do not discuss the implications further.


In order to reduce the area demanding, each SubBytes-InvSubBytes pair shares the field inversion module as depicted in Figure 1.b.

beside the conventional use of cryptographic algorithms for encrypting confidential data, new applications such as watermarking, hash functions and digital rights management benefit from the cryptographic research.


On a cache read access, the byte level word line will be turned on only if the byte is not zero, which is indicated by the ZIB storage output.

we will only consider the byte granularity design for the data cache.


To prevent unnecessary switching activity, we put tristate buffer in the multiplier path.

since multiplications significantly contribute to the overall system power consumption, SRFFT is a good candidate for implementation of a low power FFT processor.


The method is the .rst to our knowledge to estimate persistent node trajectories, rather than instantaneous node positions.

thiswouldwaste computation and communication resources when observed and predicted ranges match.


In SVT buffers, if the active devices are LVT and the off-state devices are HVT then we achieve the optimal trade-off between leakage and power since the LVT devices ensure shorter propagation delays while the HVT devices result in lower leakage power.

figure 4 shows that for every application, the total power is reduced in the SVT bus case.


TheMitosiscompiler[26] builds upontheidea ofControl-QuasiIndependence[20] to selecttasks, while ensuringa minimumtasklength.


There is a wide range of sensing technologies to detect relative proximity, including barcode, 2D-tags, RFID [1], ultrasound [2], wireless links, and computer vision.

2 Architecture LiveSynergy architecture has three components.


most of them are designed for higherend mobilephones.


However, ROBDD-based verification methods suffer from the drawback that they require a Boolean representation of the circuit.

the resulting MDG is 26% smaller than using the reverse order.


Ideally, the placement legalization and refinement step would work directly on a network of LUTs and flip-flops, allowing each element to move independently.

our mapping phase is an iterative procedure and contains multiple mapping passes.


On the surface, this approach does not appear that it can reduce as many instructions as other methods.

we briefly describe the functionality of the ALAT based on the Itanium implementation [15].


Independent L2 misses with different latencies (Figure 5b): This is similar to the previous case, except load A and load C are independent.

early INV wake-up requires INV bits to be present in the wake-up logic, which is possibly on the critical path of the processor.


datasets, the analysis of which has already demonstrated potentialinpreventive medicine,stressinferencing[16],and self-care[7].


Note that early in the state tree the bounds on leakage will be very loose since the state of the circuit is only partly defined.

the performance/power trade-off of Vt assignment with known input state is much improved compared with that with unknown input state.


To control the grid area increase, we propose a combination of greedy resizing, and an iterative linear program (LP) technique.

increasing the supply voltage increases the dynamic and leakage power consumption in ungated macros, which may nullify the intended power savings.


Section 3 describes the challenges involved in applying recovery based design to SoCs.

as the .gure shows, the total system error is mostly dominated by errors in the CPU.


This way touch events can be trigger with a very high speed and very low energy consumption.


3 shows, with reference to a 4th order Butterworth filter, the diagrams of the cross-correlation function Rxy and of its partial derivatives with respect to Av,Q and fc.

in the master circuit a time constant is adjusted by controlling one or more component values with a tuning control signal, which is then passed to the matched slave filter, whose frequency response is then properly adjusted in order to process the true input signal.


The controllable buffer is designed so that each buffer delay td can be changed by signal cont from tdf to tds, where tdf <tds.

in this paper, jitter is random period jitter of the oscillating signal and de.ned as the standard deviation of the periods, and it comes from internal noises, such as thermal, shot and random telegraph noises.


Drop Before Drops the selected control before the command at the user-identified location.

myna provides a continuous form of navigation and also the option of one-time movement.


These comparisons reveal that training on multiple speakers voices result in more robust pronunciations, and re-confirm that allowing multiple pronunciations further improves accuracy (this time, across all vocabulary sizes).

high-quality automatic speech recognition (ASR) is an essential part of spoken dialog systems (SDS), which have particularly high potential in telephone-based applications.


[2] A. Becher, Z. Benenson, and M. Dornseif.

we have integrated the framework in the middleware synthesis tool FABRIC.


Signal processing techniques for species identification: automated species identification of bats in the United Kingdom: a case study.

if the contour contains fewer than nine points, the call is skipped.


1 that there are 16 unique accesses: 8 row accesses and 8 column accesses.

additionally, we are given a positive integer k, and two sets of positive integers N = {n0, , nk-1} and A = {a0, , ak-1}.


Moreover, the means and standard deviations (µbk, sbk) of total background throughput in Scenarios 0 to 2 in Table 2 where we find out that HCLC does not much sacrifice other background traffics and preserves fairness to them.

rEFERENCES [1] Chao-Lieh Chen, IEEE 802.11e EDCAQoS Provisioning with Dynamic Fuzzy Control andCross-Layer Interface, the 16th InternationalConference on ComputerCommunications and Networks,Honolulu,Hawaii USA, Aug. 13 -16,2007, pp.766-771.


Vehicles that are standing still or using their indicators are not detected in some cases.

additional information, such as color or physical distance, was used to determine the threshold value.


2.4 The Perfect Laser Control A perfect laser control scheme has complete knowledge of future interconnect accesses.

they don t provide enough throughput under heavy utilization, increasing the overall energy consumption.


If the causes of routing issues cannot be determined or mitigated, the die size or number of routing planes might be increased leading to added cost.

since the coordinates of all pins in a group are known, a bloat per unit area can be calculated to .nd bloat in speci.c regions, and help answer the question of whether bloat is mostly local or a pervasive global issue.


Indeed, petty thieves are already known to use foil-lined bags in retail shops to circumvent shopliftingdetection mechanisms.

in sensitive locations like airports, law-enforcement o.cials could take the approach of temporarily sequestering wallets in Faraday cages during security checks.


A deeper description of the approach is out of the scope is this paper, but the reader may refer to [7] and [8] for more details.

definition: Aset N of triplets is a minimal solution iff none its triplet can be removed without affecting the detection of F. each tripleti .


In this case, our tables can accommodate 1024 64-to-32 bit compressed instructions.

code portions that are compressed independently, are basic blocks (i.e.


We also measured total power (including static and dynamic) and found the total power improvement to be similar, 0.7%, on average across the designs.

con.gurable registers (for pipelining) and routing circuitry is present at several places in the block.


Each of these components is analog, mapping a continuous time signal to another continuous time signal.

an approach to artifact identi.cation: Application to heart period data.


Other methods relying on tapped delay line techniques can be used for phase modulation [4][10].

this parameter can also be used to estimate the damping factor of the PLL [6].


Even though GCs 1 and 2 do not have a visible dip, we observe a considerable number of mmap calls before these GCs.


(3) where, 10.9kW is the amount of energy consumed by the core router at a switching capacity of 640 Gb/s.

the total amount of energy wasted can adversely affect the overall operational cost and contribute to the green house effect.


All cores in a group must scale their voltages together.

rPDN provides an average of just four cells per core, and then uses recon.guration to create seven-cell regulators for super-sprinting on-demand.


To compute the total interconnect area using Equation (9), one needs to know the total die area A.


homeOS applications can be independent of device protocols and vendors.


Petascale I/O requires both performance and dataset maintainability, for archival and post processing of the velocity .elds for statistics.

a DNS requires more than just e.ective write speeds.


When a new candidate path S is found, if the current path set has less than nnumber of paths, this new path will always be added into the path set with the possibility of creating a new bucket; if the current path set already has npaths, one and only one path (maybe this new path itself) that a.ects the last bucket s PCM the least will be discarded from the last bucket, and the last bucket may be removed if it thus becomes empty.

the selected paths need to cover the entire process space.


both EUV and EBL are not ready for mass production yet.


The design is based on a property specific to this device: ambivalence, enabling p-type or n-type behavior depending on the back-gate voltage.

interconnect reconfigurability issues still have to be addressed.


This would be difficult: The chip goes into high-memory-bandwidth servers for databases and scientific computing.

a pure HTree would not provide tight skew; different buffers in the HTree could have different delays.


For the benchmarks in the second category, the shared memory is not a bottleneck for TLP.

the SMM table manages shared memory usage for collaborative TBs.


If the defective CRT-combination S =CRT(Sp,Sq)mod N is disclosed, the scheme is completelybroken as gcd(Se - m, N)= q.

we make use of several hardware features employed on realistic smartcards to argue that the e.ects of such a precise intrusion are not completelypredictable for an adversary.


If blocks with low reusability do not existatthe bottomofLRU stacks ofpeer caches,itchecksif there are caches with a smaller memory demand and writes the evicted blocks to them.

privateno decay Table 2: L2 Cache and Memory Energy Parameters Private L2 Dynamic read 0.11 nJ Dynamic write 0.01 nJ Cache Leakage power 1802 mW O.-Chip Dynamic read/write 2nJ Memory Standby Power 50 mW Table 3: Evaluated Schemes Privateno decay a cache decay policy is not used a cache sharing technique is not used RACSno decay a cache decay policy is not used a cache sharing technique is used considering reusability Privatedecay a cache decay policy is used a cache sharing technique is not used RACSdecay a cache decay policy is used a cache sharing technique is used considering reusability LACS a cache decay policy is used a cache sharing technique is used considering reusability & leakage energy and RACSno decay are the schemes which do not use the cache decay technique.


The design of micro-networks requires the combination of techniques coming from networking and micro-electronic domains.

top-down correct component interconnection will become increasingly harder to succeed, because the interface features of components will also scale-up in complexity.


The input of the algorithm is a directed graph G(V,E), which is created based on the task graphs as well as the constraints imposed by resource sharing and link contention.

this algorithm also considers variations in power consumption of different tasks and characteristics of different voltage-scalable processing elements (PEs) to maximize power reduction.


Among the initial Style-C circuits, only two require one fewer metal layer that their Style-B counterparts.

our results show that different interconnect patterns could make about 15% difference in circuit performance for smaller height transistor arrays.


The second observation is the fact that the SRAMs are being accessed every clock cycle and thus the limiting factor is the access time to the SRAM and not the speed of the processing element.

[19] J. Villasenor and W. H. Mangione-Smith, "Configurable computing," Scientific American, vol.


The BER performance of the NC-OFDM transceiver slightly improves relative to the 0% curve as power of nulled subcarrier can be redistribued to active subcarriers to improve signal SNR.

following the P/S conversion, the baseband MC-CDMA signal, s(n), is then passed through the transmitter RF chain, which ampli.es the signal and upconverts it to the desired center frequency.


The select signal generator depicted in Fig.

it still takes eight cycles for correct locking due to the feedback part of SLL.


turning o. the screen and shutting down all the application processes.

such continuous listening for gestures consumes a signi.cant amount of energy and is a challenge to realize on energylimited mobile devices.


Event-driven operating systems can be realized by implementing message passing.

the radio component of the node is frequently active while all other sensor node elements are dormant for a long period.


We performed the HLS with state-of-the-art algorithms for the di.erent steps.

such transformations could be automatically performed, but this is out of the scope of this work, where we assume to implement the speci.cation as it is.


Further power reduction is expected by optimizing the physical design, such as placement and routing, clock-network optimization, transistor sizing, and so on.

note that the LSB of ri is 1, and the bit width of the reception register is n in order to store ri[n:1].


The classical uniprocessor scheduling model was extended to make use of the unused slack time for sporadic tasks for performance improvement [5][6].

the technique used in the previous section may not lead to an optimal solution.


5.2 Performance Evaluation After recon.guration, the NoC should keep functioning adequately with only a graceful performance degradation.

each fault location is then analysed to map it to dysfunctional link(s), model- ing the fault diagnosis scheme proposed in [20].


Following convention, we refer to the wire of interest as victim and the coupling wires as aggressors.

but in the next iteration due to reason explained by Theorem 1, m can increase.


In Table 4, there is actually no performance gain when the degree of parallelism is equal to or larger than four.

since the point multiplication in our design is twice as fast, our design could achieve up to 25 times speedup.


Besides that, the commercial tools[4], EYE/PEYE, have inserted redundant vias to reduce the yield loss in the post-routing stage.

for any U-type wire, two connecting vias provides the U-shaped connection of three wiring segments in two or three adjacent metal layers.


In this case, the guardband width decreases to a factor of (91/2)/9 0.33 compared to that without the statistical corner correction.

f. Statistical Corner Conditions with All Parameters As already mentioned, the secondary parameters (except for W and T) are set to the either end of the full variation range to maximize or minimize tpd.


[8] S. Mahapatra et al., Investigation and modeling of interface and bulk trap generation during negative bias temperature instability of p-mosfets, IEEE Trans.

microarchitecture solutions to balance the utilization and the aging stress are needed.


1 914.945.4531; E-mail: chenjia@us.ibm.com ABSTRACT Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are novel quasi-one-dimensional materials with excellent electrical properties in addition to their remarkable mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and chemical inertness.

oxidizing and redox-active molecules are introduced to modify the workfunction of the source and drain electrodes of CNTFETs and, correspondingly, of their SBs.


There are several types of on chip bus proposals such as AMBA from ARM [3], PLB crossbar switch from IBM [4], Wishbone from Silicore [5], silicon backplane from Sonics Inc. [6] and so on.

both AHB masters and slaves are fully compatible with AMBA AHB protocol [3] and modeled with VHDL at the behavioral level.


Hence, it is perfectly suited for a runtime e.cient preprocessing step to identify initial con.icts.

the obtained test set still achieves a comprehensive transition delay fault coverage (more than 98% on average) as each gate is guaranteed to be sensitized by a rising and falling transition.


Assuming an implementation with one half the logic, the recon.guration overhead is only 22%.

tree-based comparator architectures are still an option for Spartan-6 devices where only half the amount of LUTs provide attached carry chain logic.


it has been shown experimentally that the CFO nanostructures can be selfassembled into columnar nanopillar structures within a BFO matrix [13] (Figure 2a).


Although the counters in the FPCA are fixed, there is no principle limit on the bitwidth of the values that the FPCA can sum.

6.1 H.264/AVC Motion Estimation H.264/AVC is presently the state-of-the-art for video coding [12].


If left unaddressed, in-.eld permanent faults can lead to a signi.cant degradation in the reliability and dependability of next-generation computing systems.

w is referred to as the check window, and provides designers with a powerful knob to trade-off performance and detection latency.


2: Breakdown of experiments for stuck-at-0 (0), stuck-at-1 (1), and path delay (PD) faults.

recently researchers have proposed low-costreliability solutions that detect hardware faults through softwarelevel symptom monitoring.


This is generally not possible, since computation of MAs is an NP complete problem.


This can impact system performance and indirectly the lifetime of other cores due to increased load.

for computation-dominated applications such as App 24 and App 32, the improvement is less than 0.5%.


Since these no longer scale at historical rates, Pollack s rule is insu.cient for modeling core power.

finally, to model multicore scaling, we build a detailed performance model of upper-bound performance and lowerbound core power.


Moreover, since there are four stacked transistors in the evaluation path, significant charge sharing may occur when three of them become ON simultaneously.

in order to find the value of C, first with a given L and with the REF signal at zero, the whole system, including the flip-flops, is simulated.


It is possible to use a deterministic test generation procedure to generate a test t ./ T det(f ) for f by constraining the test generation procedure to use only vectors out of V and avoid tests that are already in Tdet(f ).

one may expect a decompresser that can apply an n -detection test set to be larger than one required for a conventional compacted one-detection test set.


When a new algorithm is to be executed, the con.guration bit stream of this algorithm may give rise to logic which may .t in the set of free frames, speci.ed by the Free Frame 1 Frames are a prespeci.ed number of Logic Blocks and the relevant Switch Blocks of and FPGA List.

a block diagram of the coprocessor  2.2.


Only the first five modules are shown here.

there have been extensive studies on a-Si:H TFTs electrical instability [2][4].


The scaling trend of threshold voltage variations is shown in Figure 5, using the nominal device parameters projected by PTM [13].

based on the assumption that the particle strike has the same energy for each device configuration, parameters of the current pulse are calculated; the voltage at the struck node is characterized with scaling and electrical variations; SET sensitivity  Figure 2.


For a memory component this layer is mostly su.cient to describe the energetic behaviour because there is no logic relation between multiple transactions.

suchdesignskeep memory of thereached state after a computation has .nished.


We consider a set of n lists of tasks (T1,T2,..Tn) and a set of n lists of PEs (P1,P2,..Pn) All tasks in a list Ti must be allocated to one or more PEs in the corresponding list of PEs Pi..

oD320 OD640 PAR 8x8 - 4 streams Pattern Recognition MPSoC OD320 OD640 OD320 OD640 PAR 16x16 - 4 streams PAR 8x8 - 8 streams OD320 OD640 PAR 16x16 - 8 streams [6] V. Suhendra, C. Raghavan and T. Mitra, Integrated scratchpad 30.00% Bidding-based Improvement memory optimization and task scheduling for MPSoC architectures , 25.00% in Proc.


For multi-pumping, we increased the pipeline depth of the MPM units to three stages in the 1× clock, to minimize the impact on Fmax.

adding a multi-pumped multiplier can potentially reduce the Fmax of high-speed circuits by putting a ceiling on the system clock frequency.


Where Azero is the degree of associativity required to have zero misses at that node.

towards Effective Embedded Processors in Codesigns: Customizable Partitioned Caches.


Hence, NFQ s idleness problem becomesmoresevereaswemove on to more cores.

we provide insights into why this is the case via detailed case studies of workloads.


Furthermore, even though the graph is three-colorable, coloring a three-colorable graph with four colors is NPcomplete [8], and thus three-coloring a three-colorable graph is also NP-complete.

after the second and the third independent sets are constructed as illustrated in Figures 12(c) and (d), vg is left as a remaining vertex.


But for a given configuration it has to be computed once, then QM may be used for various optimization computations.

it is possible to create potent data/control hazard driven SMT tests by selectively manipulating d00-dNT in (9).


GLSVLSI 2000 Evanston Illinois USA Copyright ACM 2000 1-58113-251-4/00/04...$5,00  46

rather, we need upper bounds with exact "constants", This approach has been carried out for Wallace-tree multipliers by Keim et.


INTRODUCTION Recon.gurable hardware accelerators promise to improve performance and energy e.ciency over conventional CPUs for a wide range ofapplications.


There are no other signi.cant links to or from these nodes.

it is possible to analyze teaching guides to validate this.


[12] H. Mehta, R. Owens, M. Irwin, R. Chen, and D. Ghosh, Techniques for low energy software, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, August 1997, pp.

this procedure iterates until the stopping criterion is met.


Figure 1: .2(consistency) versus iteration.

for the input .j , the total measured leakage (Imeas(.j )) can be written as: leak K Imeas k ..j leak (.j )+ E(.j )= Ileak(qjk) (1) k=1 where E(.j ) is the measurement error for the input .j , qjk is the input at the gate Gk after applying .j to the primary inputs, and Ileakk (qjk) is the leakage of gate Gk with qjk as its inputs.


Figure 2 shows the number of cycles per second for BCIBench applications.

developing a hardware accelerator for a specific algorithm restricts the design to only the underlying application.


UNATE AND BINATE PROPERTIES Unateness is a property of Boolean functions and gates that is related to the polarities of the transitions they support.

our discussion will be limited to positive and negative gates only, without loss of generality.


For the i'-th H0 cell (for i' = L +1, ...,Nu), the output of the correlator (with a code delay of t1,i' = t1,i' + d1)is given by t 1,i' +(j+1)Ts ys¯i' (j)=r(t)x1 (j)(t - t 1,i' )dt t 1,i' +jTs Ns-1 K M v = Pkak,l' Rw(lts + dk)+ nw (8) n=0 k=1 l'=-M Since we let Tc « Tw in our design, the collisions of di.erent users pulses occur in a more random pattern than the case of Tc Tw.

using the noncoherent squared-law combining the DV for the ith CG (with i =1,..


The PDK has been developed with a physics-based compact model of III-V devices [6] (i.e.

in this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of realizing 802.11p on phones by bringing together materials, devices, circuits, and systems researchers.


We provide a comprehensive study of the area, performance, power and energy of various techniques for code generation in the polyhedral model.

first, IntDiv replaces the .oatingpoint division by the appropriate integer division and offset (x and y are integer expressions, so the C semantics of x/y is an integer division): .x y .


However in case of downstream contention these empty FLITS can be dropped.

if we look at the latency per byte for these 1kB transfers we can see that they are 11 times more ef.cient than the smaller transfers generated by the Video core (1.1 ns/byte for HDMI and 12.2 ns/byte for the Video in UC4), which explains why the larger latency of the HDMI core does not impact the system performance.


3The authors would have preferred to represent the HD distributions as Gaussian (with µ and s).

the described fuzzy extractor deals with worst-case entropy and noise assumptions from the presented test results.


0 where N0 is corner point and N is the total segment number.

this also shows that phrase boundary alignment has much effect on the human perception.


controller functions by comparing the reference input to the current water temperature(System Output)and based on the obtainedError value, the rates of the hot and cold .ows are modulated.

in METE, to ensure the stability of the system, we .rst need to .nd the poles of each application controller and then determine the parameters of the controller in such a way that the poles are placed within the unit circle.


For example, in the presence of a long running transaction and many concurrent short update transactions we do not perform con.ict detection against all short update transactions but only against the committed state at the end of the long running transaction.

it does not provide full soundness in the sense of guaranteeing the detection of all write skews.


Due to the DAC output signal characteristics, a high order low pass .lter to recover the desired signal is necessary.

moreover, this current source array allows to reduce drain current variations between MCS transistors into the silicon wafer, because the distance between transistors is smaller than for typical current source arrays and a square chip layout is odtained.


In Figure 2(a), the word0 is 32-bit narrow-width value and the number of 0 sin the fault bits is 2 .

in this paper, we assume that the L2 cache (LLC) is 8-way setassociative with 64-byte line size and the total capacity is 1MB (each layer has 256KB data array size).


The information exchange between memory blocks located in di.erent physical address spaces is facilitated via a network interconnect by special parallelisation techniques which hide the complexity of accessing the remote memory from the programmer.

the main advantage for the users is that only map and reduce functions have to be explicitly coded in the MapReduce program.


Versatile Implementation As shown in section 3, optimisation within a system like MOODS relies on the following elements : transforms, the cost function and an algorithm.

as regards testability, we assume that every computed result has to be verified, and, ideally, faults need to be detected before they corrupt the primary outputs, so that any possible recover y mechanism will be able to react in time.


Experiments with real-world vulnerabilities and test programs demonstrate that the layoutdiversi.cationon Orthrus can detectabroad rangeof attacks exploiting vulnerabilities such as buffer over.ows, format string bugs, and dangling pointers.

in Proceedings of the 38th IEEE/IFPF International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, Dependable Computing and Communications Symposium, 2008.


In order to improve the accuracy of reduced model, an orthogonal decomposition on K is performed[3].

conclusions In this paper, we propose the modified nonlinear circuit reduction technique based on congruence transformation.


Then converting the maximum matching result into layer assignment takes only linear time because we only need to scan though the buses.

such a huge pin count makes escape routing, which is to route from the pins inside the pin array of a package to the boundary of the package, an extremely di.cult problem in PCB design.


It is shown in Figure 3 that the request and response paths include not only the interconnection network but also some logics in the processor s pipeline as well as the memory controller which decodes the address and communicates with the network.

if the program is memory-dominated and has a lot of load and store instructions, the slow-down is higher.


The important contributions of this work are: Our methodology uses ordinary bu.er cells and does not require any special tunable bu.er cells unlike [3].


minimizes Equation 1 for a given temperature) over the entire application run.

the sources of temperature variation can be the environment (location or time) or the system itself (when running applications).


Our proposed technique might be used to complement and enhance their power control infrastructure.

whenever the voltage of an enabled sensor input exceeds that of the non-inverting input voltage level, an ATMega128L interrupt line of the user s choice is taken low.


Medium size teams are limited to half the resources (0.5 × N cores).

[13] R. Johnson, I. Pandis, N. Hardavellas, A. Ailamaki, and B.


If it is used by another line, we reset the tev bit of that line and .ush the table entry, then set the tev of the current cache line.


However, for various reasons including power dissipation and wire delays, many computer architects believe that Moore s law, which predicts that computing power will double every 18 months, will cease to hold sometime in the near future.

4.2.1 Local Correctness Figure 4 illustrates a situation that causes DTW to be locally incorrect.


Globally optimal .oorplanning for a layout problem.

since they obtain x and y from the non-overlapping constraints instead of from solving LSarea , there is no guarantee that the subgradient method will converge.


There are many other companies which have a similar strategic goal.

sT embeds a wide range of processors, and so the platform is processor-independent and also spans a wide range of cost/performance combinations.


[5] S. Dhawan and R. C. De Vries, Design of self-checking sequential machines, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.

detecting all circuit errors requires that at least one state/output bit for each erroneous case be predicted through additional hardware and compared to the actual value.


Here, SPICE-like method does not use sparse techniques.

e-mail: watanat@u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp Abstract In this paper, we propose a new method which makes transient simulation faster for the circuit including both nonlinear and linear elements.


The trigger threshold is the temperature above which runtime thermal management begins to operate; ob viously, triggeremergency.

[20] R. Viswanath, W. Vijay, A. Watwe, and V. Lebonheur.


(2) Si Sj N Assuming the proposed design and a .xed local memory size of L [words] (L.N), the following equations hold: L =2 ×Si ×Sj +2 ×Si .

[9] J. Jang, S. Choi, and V. K. Prasanna.


By appropriate select signals the output of the system can be used to check the functionality of each of the algorithms.

responsive neurostimulation implies that the epileptic seizure be detected with high efficacy.


Gate-length variants have different input capacitance values as opposed to Vt Power Fig.

we believe that our work is a signi.cant contribution in highlighting the huge suboptimalities of the compared sizing heuristics and the dependence of the suboptimalities on the circuit topology and the delay-size and power-size tradeoffs.


Traditionally, this problem is modeled using crosstalk noise as the objective function, while maintaining interconnect delay as a constraint or vice versa.

the four players corresponding to the selected net are iden-  Table 2.


Since this inverter is highly skewed for a fast low to high transition, the NMOS is typically minimum sized.

when interfacing PMOS domino gates with QUAD gates, the inverter of the preceding gate must be removed.


In order to obtain a summary of the evolution of these spectral features along the decay part, we retained their respective mean and the variance of each one.

we only extracted temporal descriptors from the attack and both temporal and spectral descriptors from the decay part.


TaskA(mappedinPE1) TaskB(mappedinPE2) Send() Receive() pipe[i].status=USED TaskStatus=WAITING  pipe[i].status=WAITING_ACK TaskStatus=READY 4 pipe[i].status=EMPTY Figure 1 Communication protocol to exchange data packets.

the variation observed in the results is mostly induced by the OS s task scheduling scheme.


Only then they are visible and veri.able in that cell and design iterations can be avoided.

the power stage cell contained 8 bond pads itself and was to be developed as one single layout that could be reused for every instance in the top level context.


These benchmarks use parallel, dependent threads.

the m-core requesting the metadata would thus not be able to cache the block.


The pair of correlation paths shown in Figure 4a have already been processed while processing the parameter, G1, thus should be omitted.

parameter Pi(j) at Level-i can only be processed after processing of all parameters at Level-(i - 1) that Pi(j) has functional dependence on.


Therefore, it is desirable to develop an e.ective technique to consider the self-heating e.ects of bu.ers and place bu.ers into suitable locations to minimize the temperature di.erence of bu.ers.


Using a simulation-based process, the procedure checks for every test vector U .S .

the complexity of Procedure 1 is determined by the need to simulate up to NRAND LMAX input vectors.


In some benchmarks, such as B6, coupling-aware TSV placement alone (CA) can come close to matching the improvement o.ered by CA+SI, and in others, such as B3, shield insertion alone (SI) can do the same.

fWL is a force that pushes a TSV towards the netbox, with magnitude linearly proportional to how far a TSV is outside the netbox.


Figure 2 shows our voltage mapping algorithm.

the voltage mapping based on the initial timing slack is a primary source of non-optimality.


it would be suitable for reduced pin count and low cost Design for Testability (DFT) environment.


Figure 4.9 illustrates the percentages of useful early-resolved loads out of all early-resolved loads.

a load cannot be advanced ahead of a preceding, in the program order, store to the same address.


Figure 2: Timing diagram of Conservative Row Activation for two concurrent requests going to di.erent ranks.

once the time slot of the column access is determined, the timing of its associated row activation can be calculated using the value of tRCD, and the activation command can be scheduled accordingly.


In addition to this clear benefit, package density is increased significantly, power is reduced due to shorter wires, and system is more immune to noise [6].

[16] K. R. Vaddina et al., Thermal Modelling of 3D Multicore Systems in a Flip-Chip Package, in Proc.


In principle, the DGEMM operation is compute bound, since it performs 2N3 operations over only 3N2 data, with 4N2 memory operations.

in Proceedings of the 11th Recon.gurable Architectures Workshop (RAW).


when using both methodologies, the saving vs. cost ratio will rise, as both methods exploit di.erent slack but share the same additional hardware.


Many of these students perform assessment, tests and homework writing using the Braille medium.

bCBC is assigned using the following formula BCBC = dot1*25 + dot2*24 + dot3*23 + dot4*22 + dot5*21 + dot6*20, where dotX is one if the dot exists or zero if it doesn t. 4.4 Braille to Text Translation Once the binary coded Braille cell has been determined, the task of converting to literary text is dependent on the type of Braille code being scanned.


In reality many of these counters exhibit correlations in their measurements (e.g., the cache miss performance counter is correlated to the retired instructions performance counter).

in International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pages 359 370, 2006.


The rest of the errors occur very infrequently.

moreover, their focus is on detection and correction from memory-and CPU-related hardware errors, rather than from network errors.


Figure 3(a) shows a simple synchronous dataflow subgraph that a component simulator should simulate, where a, b, and d denote the data samples and a(k) indicates the k-th data sample.

the proposed simulation is based on the idea of deadlock detection and recovery.


a. Sathanur P. Sithambaram E. Macii M. Poncino .


1 shows the correlation outputs, as given by Eq.

as the phase of the acquired signal is unknown, the I part of the signal generated at the satellite may not necessarily correspond to its recovered version.


In a most recent work [62], an ef.cient framework (MeshWorks) is proposed for mesh planning, synthesis, and optimization to achieve similar robustness to variations with signi.cantly less resources of buffers and wiring costs.

there are research works on robust or tunable clock synthesis.


In order to allow parallel processing of two video streams for a dual screen display ("application example II" in [2]), 12 coprocessors have to be mapped onto the chip (Figure 1b).

the placement targets bandwidth problems while the interconnect power consumption is not considered.


[8] A. Tabbara, B. Tabbara, R. K. Brayton, A. R. Newton, Integration of retiming with architectural floor planning , Integration the VLSI journal, 29, pp 25-43, 2000 [9] C.-Y.

the formulation in [9] does not consider flip-flop (FF) minimization, which is important in practical applications.


The smaller allowed burst size (and greater header overhead) is likely hurting the write requests, resulting in lower peak bandwidth vs. read requests.

since this is running under a real operating system (Windows) using paged virtual memory, the physical addresses for a large transfer will be non-contiguous and so many transfer requests from the driver are necessary.


An invariant holds if all states of all paths of length k starting from the initial states satisfy the invariant, and there is no simple path of length k + 1 starting at an initial state or leading to a failure state, and not going through any other initial or failure states.

the other option is to continue the search for a shortest counterexample, but to disable the check for termination, which is usually rather time-consuming.


The longer the bus, the 2 less the in.uence of the codec power dissipation and the stronger the in.uence of the reduction in switching activity ( limEP = Ea) and vice versa.

coupling-driven signal encoding scheme for lowpower interface design.


We exploit External Don t Cares (EDC) optimization with the idea that already reached states can work as EDC conditions for further reachability steps (Care = ¬EDC = ¬Reached).

not only di.erent redundancies are related/implied each other (so it might be unnecessary to prove all of them), but a given circuit can be recomputed and highly compacted, after a subset of ITE redundancies is known.


We achieve an average speedup of approximately 3x compared to the most recently published work on parallel multi-threaded FPGA routing, and up to 6x in comparison to the single-threaded router implemented in the publicly available Versatile Place and Route (VPR) framework.

architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS 14), pp.


B. Domain Wall Magnet based Multi-Level Cell (DWM-MLC) Device structure: Fig.

an MRAM bit-cell with decoupled, high-resistance read path, can facilitate such a  Fig.


This is relatively large overhead and it causes significant throughput degradation because the register access is blocking operation.

in summary, the current general-purpose computers theoritically achieves high-throughput, 10Gbps for example, packet Table 1: Specs of machines for the bottleneck analysis (1GbE) Transmitter CPU Intel(R) Core(TM) i3 330M (2.13GHz, dual core) Memory 4GiB, DDR3 (1333MT/s) NIC Adapter Intel(R) 82577LM (1 port) [3] processing and forwarding, but it is known di.cult to achieve it.


5 MAE architecture overview local buffer.

this results in memory bandwidth contention problems between cores and accelerators as well as among different accelerators.


An architecture that has only segments of length 1 will use the fewest tracks per chan- nel, but because each pair of segments will have to be connected by a routing switch (we are using subset switches), high fanout nets will require several of such segments, slowing down the cir 2.00E+00 cuit considerably.

the intent is to keep a low ratio of used pins to total number of pins in the logic cluster.


The 57 mm (95 mm) baseline presently set in our MeshEye mote (prototype) allows for a maximum perceived depth of 8.74 m (14.5 m) in theory, which we deem adequate for indoor and limited outdoor usage.

to qualify a positive match and remove objects outside the joint FoV, the maximum cross-correlation value has to be sufficiently close to the center autocorrelation value of the object s ROI, which may be expressed as t t max C (u, v) = 0.75A (0,0).


Image Scaling (S0) produces k scales, forming a pyramid out of downsampled input image.

scratchpad memories are not suitable for large volumes of data.


Operand indexing helps in uncovering slightly more reuse than PC based indexing (for the same RB size).

reuse and Speedup without .ow aggregation for different RB con.gurations.


Folding Given the di.usion rows height limits calculated during the previous step, transistors can require to be folded.

it was achieved using binary variables to model mutually exclusive constraints.


For example, Rodger and Pendharkar conducted a scientifically rigorous user study to determine the difference between speech and keyboard for healthcare data entry [22]: participants were required complete a data entry scenario using either speech or keyboard.

the overall accuracy of data entry (multimodal) was 99%.


As the RF wakeup circuit described in Sections 3.3.2 and 5.3.3 has been demonstrated to be sensitive to mW-level transmissions from small, easily integrated radios, it could be gies (AutoID2005), pages 187 192, Buffalo, NY, Oct. possible for proximate CargoNet tags to wake one another up 2005. via RF when one tag encounters an exceptional event worth reporting that doesn t necessarily contain a common environmental sensor stimulus.

in response to DHS initiatives and the quest for greater visibility, numerous companies have proposed and released solutions.


In this case the speech sample of a man who tries to speak like a woman by adjusting his pitch is taken as the test input.

in the case of speaker-independent speech recognition, it is well known that the performance of recognizers for female speakers is almost always worse than that obtained for male speakers[8].


Usually sizing is solved as a continuous optimization problem with subsequent rounding, accepting that the solution is suboptimal.

japanese Journal of Applied Physics: Part 1 Regular Papers, Short Notes, and Review Papers, 45(3A):1467, 2006.


Only the top and left sides are shown; the bottom and right sides being symmetrical.

estimation of wire length during placement is usually based on certain net models.


The OS timers on the SCC have known accuracy issues in presence of frequency changes.

shift has high message density and, similar to Bcast, its execution time strongly depends on the core frequency.


In the third iteration, we need to complete the routing of the closed modules to input/output pins.


This is the result of the inaccuracy induced by the POLY approximation of the system level sizing constraints.

cT models this offset with the following fitting function: 1 CT = (7) - 2pf R tan(.


Sweeping the global gain value in small steps does not help, since the min-delay and maxleakage solution is always identified.

existing gain-based technology mappers fail to find circuits with minimal leakage power.


[16] A. Odabasioglu, M. Celik, and L. Pileggi, PRIMA: Passive reduced-order interconnect macro-modeling algorithm, IEEE Trans.

zhang., Thermal via planning for 3D ICs, in Proc.


Ideally, the write operation is completed by pulling down X1.Q to a voltage level lower than the threshold of X1.M2.

simulation results show that when X0.R5 = 0.8kO, the voltage of SA.B cannot be charged high enough to pull down the output signal and a logic 1 is mistakenly read out from the cell.


Increasing the number of 64B rows has no impact since additional rows exploit temporal locality, but any temporal locality in writes are already exploited by coalescing in the lowest level cache.

these latches incur area overheads, which a.ect PCM area (Section 4).


Five benchmark circuits of varying sizes were selected from ISCAS '85 for our test [15].

note that the linear asymp- tote for mixed-mode with accuracy management grows at a much slower rate with circuit size.


A survey of the same utility companies shows that companies now leverage automated telephone services, online outage tools, smartphone applications, and social media sources as means to report outages.


Thus demanding a very complex control unit, which occupies a large real state on chip.

field size 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 6 bits Register Format (R-type) The most common style of instruction is the R-type.


However, it is rarely computationally feasible to apply it to real life formulas as too many case splits will be required to decide satis.ability.

if the algorithm terminates without timing out, then we can decide the problem at hand.


Technical Report ECE-007, School ofElectrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University,2000.

fpppp is an extreme example which cannot downsize at all without a large performance degradation.


2, a promoter for a gene is distributed in vertical stripes that extend to the horizontal axis of an embryo.

the most highly conserved genes turn out be a handful of super genes that evolved early on and have since been maintained across species [2].


In summary, we make following contribution in this paper: We propose a novel and low overhead fault tolerant Kogge-Stone adder.

instead of completely disabling the faulty adder, we use it for computation, but employ adaptive clocking to allow it to perform computations in two-clock cycles.


the goal in this paper is to revisit maze routing by a new incremental algorithm we have developed as well as a comparative investigation into existing algorithms under modern circuit benchmarks [11], [14].


Tapestry: An infrastructure for fault-tolerant wide-area location and routing.

the minimum over the polyhedron must be obtained on a vertex, but the only vertex with bounded ESS value is the Uniform allocation.


Unlike the works above, Vantrease et al.

the number of optical sources stays the same.


Thus, oblivious routing results in the same throughput as adaptive routing with in.nite bu.ers.

for larger number of stages, the radix of the router decreases and the smaller ratio represents higher bene.t of adaptive routing.


Also, the difference between LA and Tq determines the ability of the traffic shaper to shape the traffic.

instead of issuing re- quests when their deadlines cross the lookahead boundary, the client will continuously maintain and provide its traffic shaper a complete list of requests that have deadlines closer than LA seconds.


However, without taking a edge rate (i.e., rise or fall time) into account, the stringent noise margin of today s high performance ICs may not be effectively met.

3. of VDD) with the variations of input switching time differences for the structure (a) of Fig.


In order to reduce the amplitude of the high-frequency spectral content, we need to increase the rise/fall times.

[14] W. J. Condley, X. Hu, and M. R. Guthaus, Analysis of high-performance clock networks with RLC and transmission line effects, ACM/IEEE international workshop on System level interconnect prediction, pp.


Multiple patterning for poly layer with different values of b. target technology node [21].

one of the two edges is a virtual edge; the other one is a real edge.


In VLSI circuits, crosstalk a.ects mutual inductance as well as inter-wire capacitance.

figure 4: Noise voltage waveforms for capacitive, inductive, and capacitive+inductive coupling for a Transmission line Typical values of R, L, and C for di.erent wire lengths and for 90nm technology node have been extracted for long (10mm) and local (1mm) interconnects from Arizona s State University Predictive Technology Model (PTM) [14] and are summarized in Table 1.


A computational investigation on measurements in reverberation rooms by .nite element sound .eld analysis.

diffracted .eld are captured by the approximation: (1) the edge is 3.


In contrast, remote eye trackers, which usually devote fewer pixels to each pupil and must correct for variations in the camerapupil distance, exhibit worse precision.

2.2 Reference Instrument The reference instrument is a Neuroptics VIP-200 ophthalmology pupillometer, shown in Figure 1(b).


As a result, fewer .negrained simulation points are needed compared to those used to represent the entire program.

this method can only reduce some functional simulation time.


Having a smaller protected region signi.cantly reduced the TE overhead by improving the IV cache hit-rate.

trusted Platform Module (TPM) from Trusted Computing Group (TCG) [8], Next Generation Secure Computing Base (NGSCB) from Microsoft [15], and Trust-Zone from ARM [2] incorporate some of the mechanisms similar to the ones in our processor architecture.


Additionally theimpactof thecontextof theaudio .les(such as noise, music, etc) on the classi.cation should be evaluated, because we can not exclude for our tests that the classi.cation performance is in.uenced by pure context features.

the idea to use the attribute selection as a pre-processing step was discarded and in the rest of the work it is only used to identify the most signi.cant features for selected tests.


Most modern DDRx systems use an eight-bank per rank memory con.guration.

the prediction state consists of a table of two-bit saturating counters, much like a branch predictor.


SNDR starts at 35.8dB for low frequencies (THD is 46dB), dropping by 3dB at an ERBW of 700MHz.

the presented ADC architecture is not limited to these applications.


With an in-phase transition, both inverters are as- Figure h Circuit model of two capacitively coupled inverters.

a tradeoff exists between the peak noise and the propagation delay when choosing the appropriate size of the transistors for capacitively coupled inverters.


For the other diodes, the forward voltage drop will be the same (Vd2= = VdN-1).

the schematic diagram of the two-stage ESRO connected to the Dickson converter is shown in Fig.


Introduction MTCMOS techniques are in wide use especially for mobile battery-powered electronic systems.

a(V dd -I ( R s +R i ) -V tL ) where I is the total saturation current that is sourced by low-Vth logic cells into the sleep transistor based on the assumption that the logic cells switch simultaneously.


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS As the complexity of VLSI circuit design increases, the number of interconnects involved has grown rapidly.

it has been shown that interconnect lengths can be greatly reduced in 3D ICs.


Varicap Threshold Logic Samed Maltabas Martin Margala Ugur Cilingiroglu University of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts Yeditepe University Lowell Lowell EEE Department ECE Department ECE Department Istanbul, Turkey MA,USA MA, USA 34755 01854 Samed_Maltabas@ student.uml.edu 01854 Martin_Margala@uml.edu ucilingiroglu@yeditepe.edu.tr ABSTRACT Inthispaper, ahighly compact novelThresholdLogic(TL) Gateapproach called Varicap TL(VcTL) isproposed and described.

[7] K.A.C.Bickersta., M.Schulte, and Jr.E.E.Swartzlander.


Typically such an algorithm has no stopping criteria.

keywords: CAD, RF, analog, genetic algorithm, electronics.


Our technical goal is to demonstrate a new class of PUFs that preserves all advantages of PPUFs but requires each party in a wide class of security protocols to conduct only a single cycle computation.

matched Public PUF: Ultra Low Energy Security Platform Saro Meguerdichian and Miodrag Potkonjak Computer Science Department University of California, Los Angeles {saro, miodrag}@cs.ucla.edu Abstract Hardware-based physically unclonable functions (PUFs) leverage intrinsic process variation of modern integrated circuits to provide interesting security solutions but either induce high storage requirements or require signi.cant resources of at least one involved party.


to illustrate this idea, the analysis was applied on a 4-core early-stage design, and measured the contribution of leakage, IR-drop, and di/dt switching activity for each core, on the worst-case voltage drop on Core 1.


Device scaling results in lower operating voltages, which in turn reduces the energy required to cause a voltage pulse at the output of a logic gate or invert the value stored within a sequential element.

further, mounting demand for embedded microprocessors in a wide array of safety critical applications, ranging from automobiles to pacemakers, compounds the importance of addressing the soft error problem.


2 shows the non-uniform segmentation algorithm.

we can increase the number of segments up to t =2k without increasing the memory size.


Based on -2 SPICE simulation, node na has a voltage in a range -3 of 100-200mV, and Ijunc,na under such a low bias is 14 over one order of magnitude smaller than scenario 1 and can be safely ignored, leaving the Isub relatively unchanged.

dAC 2007, June 4 8, 2007, San Diego, California, USA.


Pointer inputs and outputs are not allowed at the topmost level as they have to be bound to some memory fortheC++design tobeconsidered selfcontained.

detailsof our pointer synthesis framework : 1.


A plain finger can be used to point and click.

we initially employed a low-cost ultrasonic tracking, and used the commercially available eBeam Interactive hardware [2].


Our proposed method builds a hierarchical correlation model [1].

the delay of gate k is X dk = dnorm,k + dl,s +.drandom,k 0<l<m, s intersects k where dnorm,k is the nominal delay of gate k and drandom,k represents the random variation of delay of k. In our experiments, the delay random variables .dl,s for segments are uniform distributions and the delays of dnorm,k are sampled under a normal distribution (an internally built library based on Monte-Carlo SPICE).


The drawback of the experimental approaches is that they cannot be applied during the FPGA design flow in order to provide early sensitivity estimation.

all benchmarks have been implemented using the SA placer and the Xilinx router.


[13] G. Geannopoulos, and X. Dai An adaptive digital deskewing circuit for clock distribution networks, International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp.

with global wire delay dictating the overall system performance, its variation also has a larger impact on system performance in sub-threshold circuits.


With change in the supply voltage, linearity of the front end also changes which affect the EVM for a given signal strength.

2.2.1 Linearity (IIP3) constraints The linearity of a receiver becomes critical when either the signal or the interferer strength becomes high.


In this way, the detection rate is improved with the increase of mobility.

we can detect anomaly by comparing the movement patterns.


sume all input numbers are 32-bit long and the resulting output numbers are 64-bit long.

the numerical value of each input value roughly represents the frequency for its index value to appear in the generated random samples.


Table II shows that, for many functions, the 2nd-order Chebyshev approximations require many fewer segments than the linear approximation.

an m-bit accuracy NFG is an NFG with m-bit fractional part of the input, m-bit fractional part of the output, and a 2-m acceptable error.


Falsa., Database servers on chip multiprocessors: limitations and opportunities, in Proceedings of the Biennial Conference onInnovative Data SystemsResearch, 2007, pp.

these applications are likely to be bandwidth-bound at main memory unless some signi.cant changes are made to the memory hierarchy.


For SAD_Macroblock, the worst case execution time obtained by the simulation exactly matches the upper bound.

first, the input code is translated into an in-house control-flow data graph (CDFG) implementation[9].


Fortunately, faults do not occur frequently, so employing a slow correction mechanism is a viable option.

overview of Citadel Citadel differentiates faults in memory elements from faults in TSVs.


The wrapper for the P2P communication architecture has a simple flow control and I/O buffers so it takes only 116 slices to implement it.

for instance, JPEG, Motion-JPEG and MPEG-1 encoders, can all be implemented using similar architectures and set of IP cores.


The local enable en is such that setting en to 0, sets c to a constant value (either 0 or 1).

oDC is a natural candidate for clock gating since it is by definition a combinational condition STC is a sequential condition (current state value is equal to previous value).


This problem did not exist in common projectionbased virtual reality systems, where all the observers share the same perspective as the head-tracked navigator.

we often have the case that the system is used by less than six individuals and thus we use this control to increase the brightness by assigning more than one time slot to one or more users.


On the other hand, [8]-[12] proposed network .ow based escape routing algorithms on GPA.

the edges of tile hexagons are the channels for escape routing and the angle between the routing channels is 120-degree.


These optimisations help to relax the timing constraints on the individual memories signi.cantly, thus creating an opportunity to trade o. delay slack for minimum energy consumption.

in order to see how the energy-delay trade-o.s propagate to the application level we have performed an experiment using the fastest memory module implementation for the SRAMs of the library.


Therefore, the standard MPTT technique could be incorporated into the proposed system without extra modification.

algorithm 1: Near-Optimal Solution of the PAR Problem.


However, when taking two buckets in each step and recursively sorting each buckets again into two smaller buckets, bucket sort is basically identical to quicksort.

as illustrated in Figure 8a), this allows the generation of an output stream possessing the combined size of the two input FIFOs.


Due to the ef.cient utilization of dynamic recon.gurability, the algorithm leads to a highly compact placement.

starting from this intermediate con.guration, the second stage uses low temperature simulated annealing (LTSA) [Chen and Chang 2005; Sechen 1988] to re.ne the placement, in order to enhance fault tolerance.


Also 2 out of 7 .nalists of the eSTREAM project (Salsa20, HC-128) are ARX based.

aSIC implementations of ARX-based algorithms with 32-bit datapath have a smaller critical path and outperform CoARX in throughput.


The media surrounding the upper layer conductors has permittivity of 3.9E0 and the Time(s) Figure 6: Comparison of convergence rate.

steps 3 and 4 take O(n)time when the number of iterations is small.


{}0 {}1 i i Together, the coefficients a and b determine the variance of x and the correlation of x to the chip-level component of variation: Var x 2 2{} {}= a Var y{}+ b Var z = V i iii i Most importantly, the above formulation allows us to parsimoniously represent the relation of correlation between nodes.

5 RESULTS The algorithms described in Sections 3 and 4 have been implemented in C, and have been run on Windows PC with CPU 2.4 GHz and 512 MB memory.


At the same time, due to the aggregation performed at each router, the information exchanged between the switches actually reflects the global view of the network.

on IC and System Design, September 2005.


Furthermore, the remaining 2.6%, with latencies of more than 10,000 instructions could not be exploited without being accompanied by heavyweight, software-based checkpointing (and its attendant costs).

whenever Shoestring encounters a loop it forces the depth-.rst traversal to backtrack when the distance between the instruction currently being processed and the instruction at the bottom of the loop exceeds Slat.


For the running time, our algorithm is about 4.09X faster than [14].

the packing time for an ASF-B*tree or an HB*-tree is the same as that for a plain B*-tree (only amortized linear) and much faster than previous works which need at least loglinear time.


Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.

(14) si si i=1 i=1 let us consider that S is utilized to estimate the incremental electrical variable vector all the time as kk k k j j-1 Msi .xsi = b j + Nsi .xsi , (15) i=1 i=1  Figure 3: The e.ect of inconsistent bases in incremental transient analysis.


Because no invalid permission exists, each action pair can only appear once in the cascading bag.

(a, o¯1) contains (a, o¯2) if and only if o¯2 .


The rest of the columns of Q can be computed using matrix completion methods [4].

as for array A,because loop transformation a.ects all references, its reference has changed from A[i][j] to A[j][i-j].


The if test guarantees that every input wire to the gate g' comes from gates earlier in the schedule.


This chip organization has bene.ts in terms of power-ef.ciency, scalability, and system throughput compared to a single-core system.

this optimization limits the amount of prioritization of younger column accesses over older row accesses.15 7.


the details appear in Section 4, after we describe the processor models.


However, this approach has some performance rami.cations as well.

the .rst type includes the errors in the modi.ed (dirty) cache blocks.


only in the case of the 4-antennas con.guration, the construction of such a sector antenna is not critical.

any monotonic function M of the distance can be used as a metric, e.g.


Traversing the entire tree according to the COSIC algorithm with only a single PDU in the second stage results in a runtime equal to (MT - 1)|O| cycles.

a sequential approach is better suited, since the adaptation to di.erent modulation schemes is easy and the used silicon area is very small.


Exploiting Subarrays Inside a Bank to Improve Phase Change Memory Performance Jianhui Yue, Yifeng Zhu Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maine jianhui.yue, yifeng.zhu@maine.edu Abstract Enabling subarrays reduces memory latency by allowing concurrent accesses to different subarrays within the same bank in the DRAM system.

initially, each bank s CB is set as the maximal current provision for a bank.


DMA Access: Designing our FW, there was an argue whether to use the DMA for a short amount of data transfer or to let CPU do it; both are known to have a certain amount of overhead in our system, while their difference was unknown in a quantitative way.

as shown in the figure, since the runtime of a function is not stationary but variable over time, short-term simulation (as in RTL simulation) or a taking snapshot of a function-call instance (as in logic analyzer) is not sufficient to capture the true nature of the function.


Towards An Extension of Rent s Rule for Describing Local Variations In 4th Interconnection Complexity .

these overstuffed bins can be attended to in a quick bin area legalization phase.


A given cache con.guration with level of associativity w is capable of overcoming no more than w -1 mapping con.icts.

we de.ne the time ordered sequence of referenced addresses by the vector TT[t], t .


It is noteworthy that, in the case of s5378, s9234, and s13207, when budget increases from 1.5% to 2%, neither MSE nor adjusted error can be improved simply by implementing one more RCRP.

note that, as observed from our results shown in Section 5, selective workload sampling is not always necessary for every circuit especially if the simulation and analysis indicates so in the design stage.


Thus, compared to immediate post-dominator reconvergence, the frontier method can eliminate code expansion due to branch divergence in unstructured control .ow.

if there is divergence between the threads in the same warp, the threads executing different branches have to be scheduled serially.


Our target is to keep the array delay below 50% of the aimed clock cycle.

therefore we introduce a new metric that we call hold trip point that tells us how far we can discharge the bit-line  including negative values without changing the contents of non-accessed cells.


This last phase will be dealt with in future research.

if there is a vertex v of the con.ict graph left, then v corresponds to a match S, such that none of the nodes of S is a node ofa matchofaMNOMS corresponding to an already chosen approximate MIS (otherwise v would have been removed as (a neighbor vertex of) a vertex contained in one of the chosen approximate MISs).


Thus, it is required to re.ect lithographic LER in the design stage.

sincetheRMS roughness, s, is represented as a polynomial function or a piece wise linear function which considers the impact of pattern of position, x, measures the steepness of the image in the pitchonlithographyprocess, we canget a newPSDfunction transition from bright to dark of aerial image light as shown which takes the neighboringpatternpitchinto consideration in Figure 3.


Comparing the B-Cache with the baseline, we find that the number of frequent hit sets remains almost unchanged but accounts for 39.8% of the total hits instead of 57.2%, representing a 17.4% reduction, which means cache hits occur across more sets.

we call this the limited memory address mapping.


The ON and OFF current of the molecular crossbar can be found as follows: (2) where n is the dimension of the array.

rEAD-OUT SCHEMES FOR THE CROSSBAR In this section, two read-out schemes are proposed and two figures of merit for these two schemes will be used to investigate their effectiveness for a CNTFET-based crossbar memory.


Power consumption results Microprocessor Versions Non-Protected TMR TMR+TR+CWSP Leakage Power Consumption (µ W) 0.2440 0.3645 + 49.39 % 0.5024 + 105.90 % Total Power (mW) HNO Benchmark 3.3294 4.1148 + 23.59 % 5.0403 + 51.39 % Total Power (mW) HLC Benchmark 3.3929 4.1657 + 22.78 % 5.0160 + 47.84 % Total Power (mW) HLB Benchmark 3.3945 4.1672 + 22.76 % 5.0169 + 47.79 % Total Power (mW) AOR Benchmark 3.6037 4.3930 + 21.90 % 5.3720 + 49.07 % Total Power (mW) ALO Benchmark 3.5181 4.2995 + 22.21 % 5.2253 + 48.53 %  5.

golden values could be defined for each benchmark.


Where instead the interconnect delay plays a role is in determining area of the hardware barrier, since the place-and-route tool operates aggressive repeater insertion to sustain performance over long links.

moreover, the mutual interference between the two traf.c .ows has to important negative implications to performance: .rst, it degrades QoS of applications; second, it fails to provide ultra-low latency synchronizations.


They require much larger area (buffers) to try and meet timing, and it is still not possible.

in addition, our variation-aware .oorplanning scheme improves performance and power signi.cantly when compared with non variationaware .oorplanning.


The driving needs of these solutions are an EDA framework for resonant clock design that uses novel clock synthesis schemes to construct the resonant clocks as well as completely resonant clock distributions to maximize power savings.

the loss of the transmission lines attenuates the amplitude of the waves and hence, introduces a residual traveling wave that leads to some clock skew.


Rn×q characterizes the direction of control inputs the attacker could inject to the system.

at eachstepall the sensor readingsare collected and sent to a centralized estimator.


The cell current is basically controllable by adjusting the cell voltage, Vcell .

(1) The luminance of the OLED is approximately proportional to the root mean square (RMS) value of Icell , IRMS, which is calculated as ton IRMS = max(Icell), (2)ton +tof f where ton and tof f are the switch turn on and off durations in a PWM period, respectively.


As a result, the placer has a large amount of contiguous free-space in and around the center of the placement region.

acknowledgments A key requirement for the contest was the availability of fast, high-quality global routers to evaluate the placement solutions.


In this work, we develop a .rst order model of the soft error phenomenon in logic circuits and incorporate power and delay metrics to formulate a convex programming based reliability-centric gate sizing technique.

most approaches do not incorporate the e.ects of other design metrics like delay and power while optimizing the circuit for soft error protection.


IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (IC-CAD) 2012, November 5-8, 2012, San Jose, California, USA Copyright oc2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1573-9/12/11... $15.00 [13], [14], [15], [5], dynamic programming (DP) [16], [17], [15], multi-direction search [18], brand-and-bound [19], sensitivity-based heuristics [20], [21], [22], [23] and hybrid approaches [19], [5], [17], [9].

in more complex situations, considering level 3 may help improve estimation quality, e.g.


since the global positioning system exhibits errors, the true positions are unknown, and instead, error prone position measurements y i are recorded from the positioning system.


The subset was selected with the goal of representing the complete set of results.

the .rst observation is that Berkmin561 is able to prove correctness of instances .vefold larger in number of clauses than Rsat, Minisat, and Siege v4.


Although we only selected two simulation points for gcc, the instruction count of one selected simulation point accounts for 60% of the total number of instructions executed in gcc.

comparing with 10M SimPoint will not in.uence the .nal conclusions as the SPM method has about the same simulation time as 10M SimPoint with a comparable error rate [9].


We will return to this point in a later section.

the behavior of a large complex program is not random but rather is deterministic but very complex.


For many of the 3D circuits the decap allocator chose to continue using all thin oxide decaps since the starting leakage was already low enough.

the edges connecting the whitespace to the oxide nodes have gain factors equal to the capacitance per unit area of the oxide thicknesses.


This is because if we have n parameters, we will have 1 constant term, n first-order terms, and n2 second-order terms.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, Require prior specific permission and/or a fee.


[3] Cassioli, D., Scotti, S., Mecozzi, A., A time-domain computer simulator of the nonlinear response of semiconductor optical amplifiers , IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.

in this study, the inclusion of an optical preamplifier in the OLT receiver is justified by the receiver sensitivity degradation caused by the increase of data rate to 10 Gbit/s.


by trading increased circuit area for more parallelism, it is possible to handle N characters per cycle.


However, a two-dimensional mesh topology turns out to be simple and effective [1][9].


Also, Table II shows that the CPU time is strongly correlated to the number of segments.

linear approximation requires more segments and larger memory than quadratic approximation, as shown in Table II and Table III.


In Figure 2(b), however, the nodes n1 and n2 areabletomove to other stable state.

[22] H. S. Yang et al, Scaling of 32nm Low Power SRAM with High-K Metal Gate, IEEE Intl.


Intuitively, the optimal switching rule can achieve more power savings when more observable modes and more policies are used.

the multi-mode arrival dynamics results in a multi-mode MDP model.


In that case, the number of changed bits of the uncompressed sets and the compressed sets are the same.

conversely, if the two layers have anti-parallel magnetization directions, the resistance of the MTJ becomes high and its logical value is 1.


We use the MCSE functional model for system modeling because it describes at a high abstraction level all features that can be found in a real-time system.

to summarize our solution, a system is modeled by a set of C++ objects that inherit from the processor and function classes defined in our model.


Given NML and NMR, the noise margin of a cell can be expressed as: NM =Min(NM L , NM R ) (6) The above noise margin metric is different from SNM because it characterizes a cell s stability under the assumption that only side of the cell is disturbed by external noise.

newton, "Alpha-power law MOSFET model and its applications to CMOS inverter," JSSC, 1990, pp.


Each core consists of at least one block and each block bij.B is characterized by: pidle(bij): idle power, parmin(bij): minimal parallelization degree, and parmax(bij): maximal parallelization degree; Rsource = {r1, r2,..., rp} is a .nite set of test sources; Rsink = {r1, r2,..., rq} is a .nite set of test sinks; : maximal allowed power at any time;  pmaxT ={t1, t2,..., to} is a .nite set of tests, each consisting of a set of test vectors.


This, in conjunction with the RISC low code density, considerably impacts one of the most constrained resources in embedded systems, the memory area.

of the International Symposium on System-on-Chip, pages 159 163, Nov. 2003.


If the terms yL-yi and yi-y1 are considered as the coefficients of linear combinations involved in expressions (7) and (8), there is a coefficient sharing between several of those linear combinations.

the first stage consists of the fuzzification units, which perform parallel singleton fuzzification for all antecedent sets.


Simulink is a popular modeling environment suitable to model at system level.

in our design .ow, shown in Fig.3, we extract the rt_onestep functions from the C .les generated by the Embedded Coder for each subsystem.


In International Solid-State Circuits Conference,pages 58 59,February2009.

such small averages may be due to the number of repeaters on the worst internal paths that are not considered for thepurposes of this subsection.


Dealing with these interrupts not only involves considerable programming e.orts but also requires detailed hardware knowledge.

additionally, events may be handled by di.erent components of the system, and therefore, require e.cient event .ltering and dispatching.


By multi-mode we mean that part of the cache can be used for FIFO-based caching of data for media processors, while the remainder of the cache can be used for 2nd level caching or even 1st level caching for CPUs, with standard caching and pre-fetching mechanisms.

for the CPA we have the case in which 20 individual streams require access to background memory.


The percentage of systems below this line is given in the legend.

provided the NoC has sufficient routing resources on a respective FPGA, our equation provides an accurate method of predicting the maximum frequency with minimal design time.


The attacker can also try to intercept the bitstream at the con.guration step.

digital Cinema will be transmitted over relatively low-noise channels.


The existing algorithm utilizes the single column counter which has the largest 6Hj (Fig.2) when the number of dots to be reduced is larger than the largest 6Hj .

building blocks of compressor trees In case of Wallace and Dadda multipliers, blocks of a compressor tree are a full adder and adder.


power for one switch off-to-on cycle(nW) 0,20 We need to make sure, before every store operation, that we reset the NVSRAMs.


The 0.2 occupied area has been reduced but the circuits in rows(#2,3) were fabricated in a 2.4µm technology.

order bandpass + rectifier + time averaging.


Defects are injected, one at a time, into the layout of each benchmark.

a hypothesis testing is employed to examine correlation.


For the same example as shown in Section 3, if the arrival time for a design is required to be 100, then obviously solution (A) is the best choice, as it satis.es the required arrival time constraints without any uncertainty.

of (Lt,Tt) obtained from (1) and (2) via the multivariate transformation technique, we introduce two new random variables X and Y as follows: X = c; (7) Y = r; (8) Lt = Ln + c·li; (9) 1 Tt = Tn -r·li ·Ln - ·r·c·li 2 .


IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(10):635 645, 1997.

equally important, performance analysis reveals the dramatic in.uence that a small local change can have on system-performance.


Scheme-0: In this scheme, data blocks are loaded into the SPM as long as there is available space.

in this approach, frequently accessed more error prone cache portions are dynamically exploited.


In the latter case, the selected output port will be driven as an input to the selected output EB.

this is done one cycle in advance of the next packet being able to traverse the switch, as shown in Figure 5.


Initially, the logic value stored in cell q of the LFSR is represented by the binary variable aq.

for both approaches we have not considered the Bit Counter, whereas to the hardware overhead of the proposed one we have added any extra gate equivalents that may result from any difference in the registers length (counters and LFSRs).


even when we assemble verified components to a system, the system will not be bug free, and such bugs are difficult to detect in simulation.


Motivation Existing proposals focus on trace signals, interconnection fabric, and trace buffer respectively.

in the proposed scheme, the multicore systems are cataloged into clusters and each cluster is attached with private trace buffer.


If any source of variations can be tracked by SPDFT, the power associated with that guardband can be reduced under BTWC conditions.

3.1 Deriving Instruction Sequences to Test Potentially-Critical Paths SPDFT routines are instruction sequences that test for timing slack on the paths in a processor and produce outputs that are checked against the known correct outputs for the instruction sequences.


If the access latency of the issue queue is two cycles (in the case of MC scheme), some of the produced results may not be compared with the operand tags.

when both operands of an instruction are ready, a request is made to the select logic for execution.


The bandwidth and transaction interference constraints imposed by Ei are only addressed in individual SP G(Ei).

many MPSoC aimed at embedded domains implement streaming applications which demonstrate regular periodic transactions between the cores.


For communicating register values between processing elements there are global result busses.

if only the backend is improved, the frontend may be a bottleneck, and vice versa.


The memories such as ROM, register file and RAM take about 60% in the number of transistors, while they take about 35% in area.

the CPG was integrated with the microprocessor core on a chip except an off-chip inductor.


Although not presented in this paper, we have already used the same system for solving the heat diffusion equations describbed in [15], while our overall approach is suitable forr other similar applications for which custom hardware is utilizzed, such as the calculation of flying object s optimal noise reduuction paths [23].

the exact FD methods implemented are the explicit and the Crank-Nicholson schemes.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work or personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.

this is obtained while other constraints are not met, what must be forbidden in any case.


The schematic diagram of the non-coherent BPSK receiver, RX, has been shown in Fig.2.

when the opposite phenomena occur, the propagating signals are blanked out.


A privacy risk in this approach is the e.ect of clustering .

the reader initiates the tree-walking algorithm at the root of the tree.


Sensors: they can provide digital or analog data; digital sensors usually have an in-built low power mode that can be activated.

the computational cost of the chosen approach is not clear.


The last two issues are not strictly FinFET issues, but reflect the lithography and metal deposition challenges resulting from process scaling.

bulk devices have hit the end of the roadmap at the 20nm node, due primarily to short channel effects.


The transactional abstraction level can be subdivided into many coding styles according to their timing accuracy, ranging from untimed to cycle-accurate [1].

in those tests, the monitor interfaces are used extensively to follow how the FIFO sizes evolve.


DUAL-Vth CIRCUIT DESIGN The dual-Vth design technique uses two kinds of transistors in the same circuit.

we evaluate ( using bellow fitness function: Pop G ) 1 .


This is because the veri.er now requires not only decisions made by the allocator but also instantaneous measurements of state properties (e.g., utilization).

for example, a misbehaving application may cause cache misses or network congestion and increase the computation footprint for other applications sharing the same physical platform.


It should be mentioned that there can also be a host processor in the system.

prior OS related work [12] has evaluated different scheduling algorithms on an FPGA based platform, and found that different scheduling algorithms can generate different results.


This inequality is easier to satisfy when unit resistance of an interconnect line is higher.

we present results of analyzing inductive effects on signal nets for ultra-deep submicron technologies.


This was followed by some openended questions to get more general feedback.

they [36] indicate that a 2002 review by Corkrey and Parkinson [10] of such use of Interactive Voice Response (IVRs) systems in 54 studies published between 1989 and 2000 indicated no applications of IVRs involving children.


From the results presented in Table 2, we can conclude that our approach is particularly strong in the .ne localisation of the segment boundaries: we outperform Kaiser & Peeters system for a tolerance of 0.5 s. However, increasing the tolerance to 3 s has a much larger bene.cial e.ect on their performance than on ours.

geoffroy Peeters STMS IRCAM-CNRS-UPMC 1, Place Stravinsky 75004 Paris, France geoffroy.peeters@ircam.fr trices [1], obtained by comparing some low level acoustic feature, like MFCC s or chromas, to time-delayed copies of itself.


In [7], a high-level synthesis algorithm for control-.ow intensive behaviors is presented.


Whereas, when reset autozero equals 1 then Vcap2 is charged with VDD and Vcap1 is discharged to 0.

to avoid any closedloop instability, the trackandhhold stage is implemented.


The intra-iteration constraint here means that the starting address in region E or F should be already computed in region A (or B), which guarantees that VNFUs have to start only after all the check-to-variable messages in the same column passed by CNFU are already available.

note that received data are retrieved in z memories while c memories store the hard decision of soft output sgn(Lqj ) used for parity checking in the following iteration.


Today most of the commercial place and route systems use maze routing in some form or another to perform the detail routing step.

itools Global Routing Algorithm The itools global routing algorithm is presented in Figure 5.


3.4 Character Selection The above three steps tell how to distribute characters into rows, how to order the characters in one row, and how to swap characters between rows.

du, M. D. F. Wong, Y. Deng, and P. Mangat.


At every step to increase a clique size, when a nodes is selected, the sum of the weights of outgoing arcs from the selected node to all nodes in clique is checked to be less than NR.

step 2: Assign weights to arcs of compatibility graph: The weight of an arc (directed edge) denotes the number of registers required from the time the source node (a mapping) is executed to the time the destination node is executed.


Figure 4 shows a typical digital case where there could be no error in the distinguishing between the fault-free and the faulty circuit.

device statistical data It is known that the statistical variations of device model parameters are not completely independent.


The resultant errors are then estimated using simulation and a modi.ed automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) algorithm.

in SALSA, any error metric that could be expressed as a Boolean function of the original and approximate circuit output bits could be speci.ed as the Q-function.