Table 1 shows the system throughput and memory size regarding to di.erent rule sets with varying number of rules.

with high diversity, sampling values are distribute evenly with more unique sampling values and the lower maximum number of rules in a bucket.


If both of them are available then join mechanism will applied to return the frame to its original.

in this study, we will use pixel splitting frames, to creates two sub-frames out of each frame where one sub-frame contains the even pixels and the another contains the odd pixels as shown in Figure 1, and each sub-frame will be queued in different buffers and it will be ready to stream the sub-frames over two wireless channels but the second stream will be delay for 2 seconds after the first stream as in Figure 2.


The quality of a wireless channel changes quickly and randomly, depending on the traffic load in the wireless network.

aR does not only expand the communication possibilities of the user but also opens a totally new era for mobile context-specific services.


In Figure 5a, after turning back, if Sm is able to hear from Si, it can proceed the second stage of .nding the direction.

in the next sub-section, we will derive the bounds on this movement coef.cient factor.


Analysis of educational media server workloads.

the con 4 Virtual Streaming Enigne Windows Real QuickTime Media Media Media Streaming Streaming Streaming Engine Engine Engine 7 6 verted pre.xes of media objects are cached in the Pre.x Cache Engine to serve subsequent requests from similar de- Streaming Media Converter Prefix Cache Engine vices.


As an example, let us refer back to Figure 1.

it is difficult to get routes with low correlation factor using omni-directional antenna.


A cross-layer networking approach designed for a specific application might work inefficiently for other applications.

likewise, a routing path for the real-time streaming application is established, and each node on the path sets up MAC and PHY network parameters.


We employ a cyclic pre.x (CP) to preserve the orthogonality of the tones and eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISI) between consecutive OFDM symbols.

when system is in continuous data transmission mode, the error propagation of the decisiondirected estimator will cause serious performance degradation.


The challenges lie in the balance between the amount of system data collected and the level of detail in which state can be inferred from this data.

the introduced overhead is less than 1%.


link adaptation in IEEE 802.15.4-based Wireless Body Area networks.


Note that a 50% consistency estimator is as useful as .ipping a coin.

in ad-hoc networks and sensor networks with mobile nodes.


3.2 Translating to Advanced Features Alternatively, the overlay system can use advanced interconnect features that provide more complex semantics (e.g., connected reliable streams) while hiding these features from the guest.

vNET+VTOE approaches Native+IPoIB performance and scalable application performance when supporting parallel application workloads on In.ni-Band with rigorous network communication.


Note that while [19] observed minimal conductance only for very small clusters (e.g., 101 to 102 vertices) in social networks our network contains small conductance clusters with signi.cantly more vertices (e.g., 102 to 105).

it is unlikely that vertices with larger degrees exclusively communicate with their community.


For experimentation purposes the driver can be instructed to disable the SNR-based components so that we could measure the performance of the original throughputbased controller developed by Atheros.

as our model may be re.ned in the future, the coe.cients can take di.erent values.


Looking Ahead in Pervasive Computing: Challenges and Opportunities in the Era of Cyber-Physical Convergence, Pervasive and Mobile Computing, Vol.

inherent characteristics of WSNs typified by extremely scarce resources, high degree of uncertainty, distributed control and operations pose significant challenges in providing desired information (or context) quality, assurance, and reliability for intelligent decision making, particularly for mission critical applications like health care and security.


We will focus on the unique component of a C-RAN, namely its front-haul network that maps and transports the signals from the BBUs to the RRHs and show how different logical con.gurations of the front-haul manifest as different transmission strategies on the access network and discuss why they are critical in realizing the complete potential of a C-RAN.

their use of the same synchronous access technology as macrocell networks, makes the problem of interference management signi.cantly more challenging and critical for leveraging spatial reuse.


The formal description of the algo- rithm at the server is as follows.

after one cache miss, other clients may be able to access the data from their local cache.


If the key ring size is increased to 30, the probability will be over 60.5%.

the authors also propose a Multipath Key Reinforcement scheme to update an existing link key to a unique key, thereby ensuring that the key is not used by any other sensor node.


[11] A. C. Gilbert, S. Muthukrishnan, and M. Strauss.

rEFERENCES [1] FFTW 3.2.3. http://www.fftw.org.


This is often true in practice as packets in the same .ow usually undergo the same processing, and hence have the same dominant resource.


the di.erence in phase shift between Ls Ls 2p(k-k').x  sk,l and sk',l is Ls and that between sk,l and sk,l' is 2p(l-l').y Ls .


The remaining routers are sorted in ascending order of b(r).

sANE: A protection architecture for enterprise networks.


For scenarios of distributed and distant cooperation wide-area peer-to-peer solutions like JXTA on top of Manets and permanent network infrastructures seem to be the choice.

the main advantage of the link-local protocol lies in its simple maintenance and availability in the ma jor operating systems.


This paper is dedicated to the subject of maintaining a VM s network consistency and reducing the impact on a Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.

rEFERENCES [1] M. Rosenblum and T. Gar.nkel, Virtual machine monitors: current technology and future trends, Computer, vol.


While these previous works in network traf.c visualization have produced novel and useful presentation and interaction techniques, they were tested using small amounts of network data.

in our example, the query is as follows: select DP, tsyday where (state == 1) and (12 <= tshour < 14) and (5000 <= DP < 6000) and (127 <= tsyday < 183).


To reduce such interference problem and enhance network performance, we apply standard deviation to prune off those relatively longer links.

this condensed mesh nodes deployment results in significant packet collisions.


An analogy is going outside wearing multiple layers of clothing; if it gets warm, you can take o. layers to remain comfortable.

this paper presents results from experiments that stream commercial video over a wireless campus network.


Finally, a fourth limitation of our approach is the use of a centralized manager for coordinating access point con.gurations.

moreover, the delay values for RanOp are almost always below 150ms across the board.


Hence, we can approach this sequential decision-making process by modeling SDPP as a Markov Decision Process (MDP).

dAs act as proxies for UAs attempting to discover services.


With respect to the SAPHE project, retrofitting SWE services such as the SOS has demonstrated that these advantages are also possible.

in 2001 a data modeling language for sensors, SensorML [6], was introduced into the OGC which led to the SWE working group.


For our measurement study, we .rst designed and implemented an iPhone application that tracksWiFi connectivity.

we also develop a theoretical framework that permits an analytical study of the average performance of of.oading.


edu Abstract --The performance of currently available streaming media products will play an important role in the network impact of streaming media.

hence, streaming video applications often use UDP rather than TCP, suggesting that video flows may not be TCP-friendly or, even worse, that video flows are unresponsive to network congestion.


Also, we are exploring the use of the public traceroute servers despite the many challenges they introduce.

[9] Visualizing Internet topology at a macroscopic scale, http://www.caida.org/analysis/topology/as_ core_network/.


Again, the delay in detecting the beginning of primary user activity on a channel is fairly low, well below 1 basic sensing interval, in a wide range of values of X and Xi; however, it is lower under PS policy than under XP policy.

figure 3: Number of idle and active channels with erroneous information.


4.1 Multicast over a Reliable Virtual Network Wide-area deployment of IPTV service is especially challenging: live multimedia distribution, especially broadcast TV distribution, is characterized by high bandwidth requirements and tight latency and loss constraints, even under failure conditions.

similarly, the connectivity layer establishes virtual links on behalf of the service layer, and associates them to the interfaces that the service layer sees.


In this case, the MT will request a new task only when it has .nished processing the currently executing task.

no task .nishes processing at the MT and the transmission from the CS to the MT fails.


Since ßi is set to limit the contribution of Dc for a given ri and Ri, [11], the end-toend distortion can be expressed as a function of the pair (ri,ßi) as: -2xi(ri,ii) Di(ri,ßi)= DcPe(ßi)+ a2[1 - Pe(ßi)].

it can be seen how with cross layer resource allocation, the average network distortion is signi.cantly reduced when compared to the Physical layer only scheme, as the later scheme shows values of distortion two and a half to three times larger.


On channel estimation and detection for multicarrier signals in fast and selective rayleigh fading channels.

the time-domain LS and LMMSE estimators developed in [9] can be adopted here to estimate p: (LS)(P ) p =(D)yp (13) D(P ))-1 where (D(P )) =((D(P ))H (D(P ))H denoting the pseudoinverse of D(P ),and (lmmse)(P )H (P )2 -1(P )H p =((D)D+ sn)(D)yp (14) (All) where sn 2 denotes the power of n.  3.2 Concatenating pilots in multiple OFDMsymbols It is assumed that the comb-type pilots exist in every OFDM symbol.


The recipient heard jerky and partial words, and could hardly understand sentences.

if the channel is busy, then other devices have to backoff random amount of time, which is controlled by EDCA-defined parameters in Table 1.


Content for Study We began this part of our study by determining realistic distributions for the number and sizes of embedded images expected on a Web page.

with full-site content delivery, the origin server is largely hidden except to the CDN; the origin site modifies its DNS zone file (a zone is a subtree of the DNS hierarchy that is separately administered) to reflect the authoritative DNS server provided by the CDN company.


Distributed and Collaborative Traf.c Monitoring in Software De.ned Networks Ye Yu, Chen Qian, Xin Li Department of Computer Science, Unversity of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, USA ye.yu@uky.edu, qian@cs.uky.edu, xin.li@uky.edu ABSTRACT Network traf.c monitoring supports fundamental network management tasks.

in Section 3 we present the system design of DCM.


Suppose the k-gram abcd is a heavy hitter.

h H2 is now updated with an stemp only if stemp is not found (as a whole white-list string or as part of one) in the white-list (see Fig.3).


Autonomous System Confederations for BGP.

we show that our modi.ed protocol always converges to the same routing con.guration, irrespective of timing issues.


There is an approximation algorithm with v approximation ratio 14 + 16/a2 +8 2/a = O(1/a2 ) for NW2ECS in a-unit disk graphs.

approximating Fault-Tolerant Steiner Subgraphs in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Ambreen Shahnaz Department of Computer Science University of Leicester, UK as437@mcs.le.ac.uk ABSTRACT If a set K of nodes in a wireless network want to set up a routing structure that allows them to communicate with each other, one possible approach is to use a Steiner tree that spans all the nodes in K. a tree can be disconnectedby thefailure of a singlelink, and soitisdesirable to employ other routing structures that are fault-tolerant.


Even though these tools can be potentially used to detect .rewall policy violations, they could not support automatic and effective violation resolution.

in addition, we have implemented a prototype of FLOW-GUARD in Floodlight.


The NP-hardness of MAX DICUT follows from the observation that the well-known undirected version of MAX DICUT the maximum cut problem (MAX CUT),which is on Karp s original list [11] of 21 NP-complete problems reduces to MAX DICUT by substituting each edge for two oppositely oriented arcs.

a 1-disk graph is referred to as unit-disk graph (UDG).


[4] imek, M., Komosný, D., and Burget, R. One Source Multicast Model Using RTP in NS2.

there is a need for suitable modeling and simulation tools supporting multicast routing, distribution trees and visualization of multicast data flows.


Figure 1 shows the AS Core Map 2008 created by CAIDA.

3.3 Clustering AS boundaries by DNS names The clustering method with the delay threshold is not enough and has two issues.


Nodes can utilize Flashback with the following protocol.

this technique sends a time domain pulse across the entire bandwidth and corrupts the whole packet.


A local placement order ( local order for short) (Si+1, ··· , Si+j ) is an order of some neighbor nodes in S,and its placement spacing is D(Si+1 ··· ,Si+j ) ( Si+1Si+2 , ··· , Si+j-1Si+j ).

these .ndings provide valuable insight for the placement of BRs for barrier coverage.


and Information exchange between systems -Local and Metropolitan Area Networks -Speci.c Requirements -Part 11: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Speci.cations, ISO/IEC 8802-11:1999(E) IEEE Std.


Even though these schemes do not recognize the need of congestion detection and signaling over a neighborhood, their congestion metric implicitly takes some degree of neighborhood congestion into account.

each node independently computes Rk.l for its links.


13) initially share the same set of APs and are located a few meters away from its home AP.

tHEMIS guarantees a fair share of the backhaul capacity in both topologies, o.ering 3.5 Mbps to each station.


Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks Jian Ma, Qian Zhang, Chen Qian, and Lionel M. Ni Department of Computer Science and Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong {majian, qianzh, cqian, ni}@cse.ust.hk  Abstract Topology control has been proposed as a promising technique to achieve energy-efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

when network topology is modeled as a connectivity graph in which each wireless link is either connected or disconnected, the energy-efficient topology control problem can be formulized as the minimal connected dominating set (MCDS) problem.


The set of streams is denoted by [n]= {1,... ,n}and the set of servers is denoted by [m]= {1,... ,m}.

in fact, we have explicitly shown that the sel.sh routing in such queueing systems can lead to an arbitrary large delay even when the total injected load can potentially be served by a single server.


On neighbor discovery in wireless networks with directional antennas.


We emulate the scenario that a surveillance camera periodically captures images that may contain the face pictures of wanted criminals.

in our framework, the participating devices can locally SenSys 13, Nov 11-15, 2013, Rome, Italy ACM 978-1-4503-2027-6/13/11.


It can be seen, that when clients are heavily clustered (small k), there is not much .exibility in ASP, reducing the potential gains from MAP to about 20%.

al., Multicast scheduling in cellular data networks, in IEEE INFOCOM, Apr 2007.


In this scheme, vnodes transmit their packets as beacons periodically.

in this scheme, as condition of transmission, p-nodes use the four parameters, such as priority distance, a direction of relativity, a relative position, and blinker information.


The simulation parameters are summarized in the following table: Table1, Simulation Setup Parameters Values Simulation Time 200s Number of vehicles 60 Simulation Area 2000m x 2000m Transmission range 100m , 250m Movement speed 5m/s 40m/s Traffic Type CBR Based on the parameters presented above, we simulate two scenarios one with a transmission range of 100m and the second with a transmission range of 250m.

the detailed description of MAGF scheme is provided in section III.


The questionnaire consists of 8 parts that aim to highlight di.erent aspects of the system.

in both systems the incentive itself is not clearly de.ned, but rather an abstract token.


INTRODUCTION The Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol [7] has been introduced by the IETF to provide secure communication between two peers, in the presence of unreliable datagram protocols This work was carried out during the tenure of an ERCIM Alain Bensoussan Fellowship Programme.

the GC should provide the joining node with the GSA through a secure communication channel.


Without key updating, both the performance and security of the system will degrade greatly with the number of compromised nodes.

0 1234 Initial Setup Phase The group controller (GC) selects parameters used in the scheme.


(This power law and evidence of other power laws in this data set, as well as in other data sets, were reported in [lo]).

we also include results from a larger dataset with 12 sources and over 300,000 destinations.


In reality, the amounts of money that we are dealing with are certainly small for a single transmission; however, cheating is very attractive over a long time horizon, when small amounts add up to considerable sums.

we propose in Appendix A an alternative version of the route discovery phase, in which the nodes get paid even for participating in the route discovery phase.


It is known that in the 802.11 unicast mode, packets are immediately acknowledged by their intended next-hop nodes; if no ACK message is received, the 802.11 MAC layer will retransmit the packet a number of times (with exponential backo.)

the throughput of FUN-2 is higher than or equal to that of FUN-1.


Figure1(a)depictsthe route-sharing structureof twopathsfromS toD on IP, subnet (SN), and AS levels.


In the following, we measure the performance of the jammer in terms of packets jammed during Phase-I and Phase-II.

[33] P.Tague, D. Slater, G. Noubir, and R. Poovendran.


Unlike conventional fat-tree like topologies with multiple stages or recent designs using high-radix routers to reduce the network diameter [10], we propose an architecture based on a single-stage regular topology that avoids the complexity and cost of multiple stages, while being able to scale to tenths of thousands of servers.

we observe a degraded throughput of the SH approach that is always far from reaching the ideal throughput of the FC network.


Second, the probability of accepting an outlier increases.

beacon packets contain a hopping signature that includes the 16-bit seed of the sender (same as the MAC address) and a 32-bit local time stamp when the packet is sent.


During the reservation phase, the protocol assigns the slots of the next data transmission phase to the nodes who have data to send.

the e.ect of network contention and message losses due to collisions and noise is not captured by our model, hence the discrepancy.


Host connection duration and on-time We next study how long an IP address stays in the P2P sys- tem.

iP addresses with very long bandwidths are distributed across the range of traffic volumes Similarly, IP addresses sourcing small traffic volumes are distributed over the range of bandwidth values.


If the round is sparse: the player guesses the ids in X, one by one, subtracting ß from the ids in X n XB to transform them into values in [ß].

r, ii(j) < c log n, where c is some constant we .x later.


Optimizing capacity, coverage and their trade-o.

mustafa, E. Cijvat, H. Sjoland, and M. Faulkner.


Algorithm 1 gives pseudocode for the basic Reactive algorithm.

we have also designed, but have not yet fully implemented, solutions for other middlebox issues.


We examine results for di.erent tra.c intensities ß.

2.3 Network Model We abstract our network model from real network-deployment data obtained from a telecom operator.


Cryptographically generated addresses (CGA)) [2]: are used to avoid spoo.ng on the local network.

this NAP is in response to a neighbor solicitation sent by some host ) then if .......... .. is found in some authenticated table then if .............. also matches then ............ .


Initially, the active path is reduced to wo, and there is nei- ther a dead-end path nor a jumped path.

[] Now, we know enough to start the analysis of the up/down protocol.


the prediction is based on original pixel values not the reconstructed ones.

[6] M. Gastpar, B. Rimoldi, and M. Vetterli.


We are currently researching the ringed tree itself more closely in hopes of .nding a routing algorithm that better achieves these goals.

7.5 Other Graph Types It may be bene.cial to investigate other graph types.


Table 1 shows the number of data frames sent and received by each of the ten most active APs on each channel.

once the reliability metric drops to 55% at 21:20 hrs, the possibility of data frame loss increases and so the proportion of successfully received data frames decreases.


In essence the paper leverages and generalizes results to switch networks that originate from bandwidth networks [3, 22].

one can verify, that for this network the central node of a tree must maintain a number of queues given by d(d - 1)(D-1) .


Moreover, the infrastructure nodes are owned by the same network operator entity.

more importantly, we examine its usefulness under two deployment strategies in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks.


The transition region from perfect sensing to no sensing is steep for all four power levels, i.e.

in [14], they observed that asymmetric CS and/or in terference relations commonly exist, i.e.


Namestorm is aimed at handling extreme DNS loads, such as might be seen at the root nameservers, or when a server is under a high-rate DDoS attack.

sIGCOMM 14, August 17 22, 2014, Chicago, Illinois, USA.


It can be used to predict unknown values for any measured point data (i.e., the measurements of received signal strength indicator RSSI and CINR).

stolen vehicle mobile identification system set up surveillance DV (digital video) and stolen vehicle mobile identification systems within YiLan County for assisting the police to efficiently discover stolen vehicles and record images for evidence.


The con.guration of a uniform grid is given by 3 parts: the top-left corner location (8 bytes), the side length of each square grid cell (4 bytes), and the number of grid cells in the horizontal/vertical direction (1 byte).

for each point ri, we apply a bit-wise AND operation to its bitmap bmpi and the value of operation 1 << (k - idx - 1).


(This is because the simulator knows a simple q-cycle in G itself.)

indeed, the [41] scheme produces random-looking commitments, as required by aHC.


In the sec  (a) Goodput at di.erent link rates (b) Data Rate Distrib.

if an experimental methodology is used to evaluate a network protocol, one main concern is the evaluation of its scalability.


Communications and Strategies, (72):51 71, 2008.

this method may not correctly identify the border routers, or their owners, depending on how interfaces are numbered.


Detection and prevention systems previously designed to deal with MAC layer misbehaviors (e.g., backo.

after the .ows are disrupted the routing protocol attempts to .nd alternate routes for these .ows, the route discovery will fail due to the existence of other malicious nodes along the routes.


At this point link 2 - 1 becomes the shared bottleneck for .ows f2 and f3.

first, create distributed bottlenecks; these may even exist in a both plots show an initial increase in rate of all .ows with network with uniform rate wireless links depending on the increasing ratelimit.


also for other purposes such as enhancing application performance end-to-end.

one might conclude that it is best to hide all management statistics from nodes outside the domain perimeter, while permitting all access from inside.weargue that this policy is more restrictive than necessary.


After about 70 seconds, there isn t any data to transfer and then the connection goes idle until about 85 seconds.

these were performed across a four month span to account for the variability in the production cellular network.


Further, device fingerprinting can also be useful in automatically creating the wireless device inventory of an organization.

for the convenience of the reader, we start with a brief background on the power management in IEEE 802.11.


Once the output port is known, the control pointers that implement the queues are updated accordingly and the packet is appended to the corresponding queue (odd or even).

proceedings of Hot Interconnects Symposium IV , August 1996.


The other is that the proposed scheme needs additional signaling messages between MAGs and should compute Diffie-Hellman variables (gx and gy).

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.


An Adaptive Binary Splitting protocol (ABS) is based on the binary tree protocol which adopts a probabilistic approach.

consequently, all the intermediate nodes in the tree correspond to collision cycles and all the leaf nodes correspond to either readable cycles or idle cycles.


As one routing loop may cause many packets to be replicated, we then merge replica streams caused by the same routing loop.

simply merging replica streams in the same subnet underestimates the length of a routing loop if there are points in the loop where there are no replica packets to detect.


A million such entries can be stored in a 64MB hash table, at 50% loading.

sR-IOV would appear to prevent the NLA from intercepting and encapsulating outgoing packets, and a standard SR-IOV NIC would not know how to decapsulate an incoming NetLord packet.


For example S0,S1,S1 and S1,S1,S2, now the host S2 compares the chain and identifies the dual insertion by the single host with its identity.

a malicious host may keep the key or the key generating function.


in another example, we have created a 89-node 132-link network topology, based on example networks from The Internet Topology Zoo [4].


The aim to solve the challenge mentioned above has led to the development of MA-ACO.

the obtained solutions from such algorithms cannot be expected to be optimal.


The average hop counts per route of TATR were less than that of LAR.

reactive protocols, such as Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) [6], Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [10], and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) [9], delay route discovery until a particular route is required, and propagate routing information only on demand.


If the ISPs decide to peering with cAB = .0 which is of the high level, the cost matrix is as Table IV, both BK peering and paid peering by Nash bargaining are BNE strategies.

paid peering by Nash bargaining in this case can be better off than no peering, and it is the At last, we have the following corollary.


To sustain against the effect of random delays, a refractory period fref = Tref /T is de.ned, where Tref is the time interval in which all the incoming pulses cause no updates [4].


Violin requires that each machine have a virtual host con.guration that connects to a virtual switch which connects to a virtual router, though a virtual host can also act as a virtual router bypassing the switch allowing support for clusters and workstations.

dHCP lacks the ability to support heterogeneous DHCP con.gurations [4].


In order to achieve the runtime replacement of an old encryption protocol by a more safer variant, each router has been equipped with a Distributed Software Deployment Agent (DSD Agent).

1 the term internal computation is used to de.ne the behavior of an agent, separated from communication concerns The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.


In addition, our algorithms are localized, and have low computation and communication overheads.

for broadcast channel assignment at node u the inputs to Algorithm 1 are X(u) and X(N2(u)).


[6] analysed access traces collected from proxy servers located at various locations throughout the Internet to determine the cache hit rates and hence the optimum cache size necessary for improving Web client performance.

we are continuing the collection of our network traces and will explore whether the major characteristics identified in this paper will change as the user population grows.


It indicates a stable best path which implies that the current path does not suffer any instabilities.

furthermore, a static timeout may separate two related update burst into different events.


Then attackers attempt to .nd out the network address IPd of ud who happens to have a critical role in the MANET.


Epidemic-style management of semantic overlays for content-based searching.

these .gures show that the ranks of popular .les tend to remain stable over time, even though the degree of popularity measured by the number of replicas may decrease.


This scheme is based on a categorization of .lters and messages, and on Bloom .lters built with cryptographic hash functions.

an autonomous system in a content-based network must be able to determine which messages are transmitted to other systems, and which messages are accepted from other systems for local delivery and/or for transit.


7 8 terms of (i) convergence time and (ii) accuracy of the opinion 9 values in the sense that more nodes correctly identify other 10 nodes as good or bad.

we provide some numerical comparisons of the extended Hermes scheme versus the original Hermes scheme.


Once the adversary sends a miscalculated clock conversion, this error will be propagated as it is sent throughout the network.

in this paper we give a survey of the most common time synchronization protocols and outline the possible attacks on each protocol.


3.4 In-network Filtering The channelization approach does not allow for the possibility to prune unnecessary messages within each channel.

the ISPs will provide the middleware with the characteristics of the virtual links connecting virtual switches such as latency or bandwidth as well as a speci.cation of the capabilities of the virtual switches like .ow table sizes, supported actions (e.g., address re-writing, IPv6 support), fast matching capabilities on certain tuples of header .elds, etc.


We now motivate our choice of the number of sampled .ows for the purposes of normalization.

sketch-based Change Detection: Methods, Evaluation, and Applications.


The suggested algorithm has no excessive memory requirements other than the input graph and no preprocessing steps other than loading the graph or computing it.

increasing the size of the local neighborhood beyond 25 neighbors does not result in a signi.cant improvement in the average hop distance.


1(a), (b) and (c), respectively, where si (i = 0, 1, , K) is output of encoder and modulator to be transmitted over layers.

2.1 Conventional Mapping Rules Here, we exemplify a mapping scheme with one or two codeword streams, linking to 2, 3 or 4 MIMO layers, alternatively.


Each node u de.nes two disks D(u, ru) and D(u, Ru).

we apply the intersection graph and its variations to model the wireless networks.


RACS 12 October 23-26, 2012, San Antonio, TX, USA.

[11] L. Popa, A. Krishnamurthy, S. Ratnasamy, and I. Stoica.


show later, there are examples of communication graphs whose optimal coloring needs constant colors, while, on the other hand, both 1-e .

i,j and Mout 3: while link li,j is WHITE do 4: Link li,j monitors the channel.


Ns-3 is hosted in the same computer used for single-machine emulations.

we can increase the number of clients and so the traffic to stress the emulator.


Then let us look at the rightmost two pre.xes 1110 and 110x.

such locally useless expansions may potentially make some other rules or TCAM entries become redundant and hence we can reduce the total number of TCAM entries needed to represent the rule set after removing those redundant rules or TCAM entries.


The .rst capturing PC is operated by two Intel Xeon CPUs with 2.8 GHz each.

we see that the difference between both capturing solutions is not as strong as it used to be in 2004 and 2006 due to general improvements in the standard Linux software stack.


Routes from one site (e.g., OSPF routes from Site 1) are .rst redistributed into the backbone (i.e., BGP cloud) at an provider edge (PE) router (e.g., PE 1).

it turns out that the same objective can readily be achieved without any redistribution from BGP into IGP.


As discussed earlier, DONA uses the route-by-name paradigm for name resolution.

technical Report UCAM-CL-TR-680, University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, Jan. 2007.


Due to space limitations, we only show the characterization of the attack .ows obtained using the reverse path PCFs.

we varied the threshold in proportion to the threshold calculated by the theoretical analysis from 0 to 2 in steps of 0.1.


As soon as there are d delivery failures in the window, it is impossible to meet the target PRR p once the window is full.

the setup for this experiment is identical to that in Section 3.2, except it was carried out over only 3 links with 100 packets per power level per round.


{0, 1, 2}3.For ease of reference, we also treat [L(RUX ),L(RUY ),L(RUZ )] as an integer (in tierary representation) id = L(RUX ) · 32 + L(RUY ) · 3+ L(RUZ ) .


If I C is high enough , B will be able to retrieve the message M from A.

in our implementation, we chose fmax = 16KHz and fmin = 6KHz and T = 5.81ms (i.e., 256 samples long, given the sampling rate of 44KHz).


[25] O. Wolfson, B. Xu, S. Chamberlain, and L. Jiang.

this information can be represented in by one or two bits; thus, message size and data packets are kept very small and constant.


Throughput performance in networks with linear constraints.

we conduct a line search with respect to the capacity parameter bFS bFS =min b b GISF 1 (bMt * ) = .1, GISF 2 (bMt * ) = .2.


Therefore, the above bounds simplify to: dmin -2 = OCSP(G)= dmin -1 if dmin = d(G * );  dmin -1 = OCSP(G)= dmin if dmin < d(G * ).

n 2 in G ' or |Cw,m and v = w. Since for a graph G of |V| nodes and |L| links, |Cv,w | = 2 can be tested in O(|V|+ |L|) time6, the overall test takes O(s2(|V|+ |L|)) = O(s2(µ+ s)2)time.


The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.

this can last for very long periods should the channel sustain long fading periods.


However, the turnover ratio of Fopt decreases as it only focuses on the absolute speed of each node and ignores the relative change on the neighbors.

however there is still a small part of the curve in the valid region, and the minimum cost will be obtained at Rk+2 according to the theoretical analysis, therefore fk+2 is assigned with the maximum value fmax.


- vi updates its status to not-decided and tries to find an existing cluster to join (algorithm 4).

in this paper, we propose a new efficient weight based clustering algorithm.


Also in [8], fair queuing is emulated in core switches without per-flow state maintenance, although it requires a packet header extension as well as per-flow state maintenance at edge switches.

any key, whether it is, for example, a flow ID, source or destination IP address, protocol ID, or message ID can be stored in the same filter.


L´evy Flights as an Underlying Mechanism for Global Optimization Algorithms.

the insertion of new peers or the deletion of existing peers can result in the merging of two clusters or the split of one cluster in two parts.


inFigure9weshowtheaveragegoodputresultsforsmallerMACPDUsizeof228Byte(includingthe28bytesaddedbytheIEEE802.11MAClayer).SuchpacketsoccurforexampleinVoIPstreamsencodedaccordingtoG.711withabitrateof64kbps.NotethatweonlyshowtheperformanceoftheoptimumswitchingBERsagainincaseof802.11DYN.Clearly,802.11DYNoutperformsthelegacyschemesigni.cantlyforanSNRrangebetween4and28dB.theperformancedifferenceismuchsmallerthaninthecaseofthelargepacketsastheoverallaveragegoodputismuchsmallerforthesesmallpacketsizes.InFigure10weshowthecorrespondingresultsforthesingle-user802.11DYNmodeversuslegacyIEEE802.11awithoutRTS/CTS(againshowingthecon.denceintervalsonlyfor802.11DYNwhiletheonesforthePHYmodesofIEEE802.11aarebelowonepercentoftheaveragegoodputperSNR;thesameappliestoFigure9).Incaseof SNR [dB] Mode 1 Mode 5 Single-User Mode 2 Mode 6 802.11 DYN Mode 3 Mode 7 Mode 4 Mode 8  Figure 10: Goodput comparison of the single-user 802.11 DYN mode and the eight legacy IEEE 802.11a PHY modes without RTS/CTS handshake for various different SNR levels and a MAC PDU size of 228 Byte.


While small failures that impact individual nodes in a testbed can be addressed in an opportunistic fashion, and often allow experimenters to ignore such nodes for small periods of time, failures in our system lead to unhappy users and often required us to quickly detect and repair such occurrences.

given the dominance of HTTP tra.c (Table 3), it is natural to expect that various forms of caching and compression techniques to be greatly bene.cial.


Thereby,beacons from farther distances maybe received.

due to this reason, the authors of D-FPAV introduce so called extended beacon messages, which are piggybacked every n beacon messages andcontain the list of thepositions of all vehicles located inside CSAmax (v)as estimatedby vehicle v. How often extended beacons have to be sent and whether including all vehicles inside CSAmax (v)is crucial is subject to a trade-o.between desired estimation accuracy and acceptable extra communication e.ort.


To ease the exposition we will use hi both for the event hi and for its probability µ(hi), similarly for ok.

these protocols can not completely prevent the loss of anonymity, but instead try to reduce them.


and the penalty constant p, the server can then determine its minimum-cost implementation of our protocol.

in other words, Tj will have one member compute the correct answer at a cost C, and all mj members will use that answer to get a reward of R. with probability (1-aj)S does not audit.


Thatis, L = {d,u,o}× Z+ .. edge head node type identi.er The setof signatures contains route attributesthat are either used to determine a route s preference or to determine how it is propagated.

_______________________________ _ SM if we compose our new algebra A as a lexical product of a set of algebras Ai where A1 is strictly monotonic, then A will alsobe strictly monotonic.


The Distributed Co-ordination Function (DCF), which is based on the CSMA/CA mechanism, is very inefficient in a network with long propagation delays and in which all nodes are hidden from each other.

[9] D. Qiao, S. Choi, A. Soomro, and K. G. Shin.


Number of tests 100 80 60 40 20 0  80 60 40 20 0100 20 0  0 4 8121620 0 4 8121620 0 4 8 121620 0 4 8121620 Hour of the day (local time)Hour of the day (local time) Hour of the day (local time)Hour of the day (local time) (a)Comcast(USA)(b)Cox(USA) Figure 3: Result sets grouped by the hour of the day for Comcast and Cox: BitTorrent.owswereblockedatalltimesoftheday.


Define the slacks as S =0.5 -V, and S=0.5 -V. We insert dummy null frames X XYY Øinto the buffers at nodes 1 and n, so that nothing is transmitted during a slot when only a null frame comes up in the buffers (more detailed discussion of null frame can be found in the section, formal description of PNC frame-forwarding mechanism , below).

the amount of bidirectional traffic at the aggregate level is min( ij, , ji , ) and they can leverage PNC.


Wk is a k-stage Erlang random variable with mean E[W]=2.ke and a is given by: 4.ne 2n a == > 1 E[Wk] k It is easy to see that P(Wk > 4.ne) .

to simplify discussion, we initially assume nodes are synchronized on phase boundaries and relax this assumption later.


While HDR has the potential to provide anywhere always-on wide-area wireless Internet access, its peak downlink data rate of 2.4Mbps is relatively low compared with IEEE 802.11b links.

iEEE 802.11b interfaces work in the license-free 2.4GHz ISM frequency band and provide data rate up to 11Mbps.


Let t. and S. be the optimal solution of Problem (5).

obviously, t. is also the optimal value of Problem (4) and S. is the optimal point.


The y values on the graph represent the average actual transmission counts.

because 802.11b uses link-level ACKs to con.rm delivery, both directions of a link must work well in order to avoid retransmissions.


At this load there is essentially no difference in response times between the two target queue lengths.

with the addition of ECN, the number of timeouts is greatly reduced and PI Response time (ms) Figure 20: ARED performance with/without ECN, 98% load.


Bo Han, et al., Mobile Data Offloading in Metropolitan Area Networks, Mobicom 2010, Sep. 2010.

then, the data would be physically carried followed by being transferred to a noncongested cellular BS.


With K clusters, we assume Mci as the number of .ngerprints in cluster Ci.

with Median Clustering, for each of N APs, we .rst sort M .ngerprints using a sorting algorithm, .nd the RSS range (max -min), and .nd the median.


This technique can theoretically reduce the end-to-end delay for packet delivery through a multihop network from a packet time multiplied by number of hops to a little more than a packet time.

packet error rate based schemes would work directly for full-duplex radios.


OpenFlow has been deployed at various academic institutions and research laboratories, and has been the basis for many recent research papers [1, 13], as well as for hardware products from vendors such as NEC, Arista, and Toroki.

this requirement does not mean that the controller s .ow-awareness should start with the initial setup of every .ow.


And in this paper, we assume two qualities, but there can be more than three qualities in reality.

we have to think of methods to determine sending peers considering the skipped points or to change sending peers when they have sent all pieces and cannot send any pieces.


Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, 11(4):730 741, 2009.

for more detail,please refertoourwebsite[3].


Any node receiving this message is assumed to belong to CLID = 3 and considers as possible next-hops the nodesfrom whichithas received theIM withSN= 3(or a subset of these nodes to reduce memory requirements).

in order to improve robustness, multipath routing algorithms are usually employed.


Previous studies of Internet application mix found HTTP to predominate around the turn of the century.

we can attribute more than 82% of HTTP traf.c to traditional Web browsers, with Firefox and Internet Explorer each having a share of approximately 35% each, while Safari and Opera only contribute 6% and 3% of HTTP traf.c.


3rd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), 2006.

there exists some jitter in the reaction time of the interrupt handler for incoming radio data bytes.


Consequently, at most k copies of the original requests exist in the network at any time.

the shortest path) between the proxy and the end nodes discovered by the underlying routing protocol can be used.


For each node, the error in both the skew and offset derived from these updates would be primarily determined by the number of hops between the node and the base station, since there would be nondeterministic delays for each hop.

as n gets larger, the breakdown point gets closer to 0, meaning that a very small fraction of contaminated data can cause the estimation to get far from the real value.


The most widely adapted protocol used in the internet domain is the Network Time Protocol (NTP) devised by Mills [11].

accurate time-synchronization at discrete points in time is a partial solution only.


Packets with between 1 and Small Thresh bytes (inclusive) in their TCP payloads are considered small, where Small Thresh is equal to 2PieceSize - 2.

a careful argument requires a model of how random data splits across packets.


Since 4096 is relatively small compared to the set of possible 24-bit address pre.xes, collisions are likely to occur.

despoof requires the administrator to determine which packets should be examined, and to manually perform this veri.cation.


Hardware as a tool, allows you to process packets at full line-rate as these do not require going through the different layers of communication software of a computer to perform the desired functions.

when data is a part of the IP packet load, in_ctrl is set to zero.


3.2.1 Scenario GenerationTool Castadiva is designed to be a test-bed where network scenarios and tra.c between nodes are generated so as to resemble a real MANET.

in our case, we developed some applications in C for tra.c generation/control purposes.


(4) In our application, a random point represents a random node of the ad hoc network.

[15] H. Takahi and L. Kleinrock, Optimal transmission ranges for randomly distributed packet radio terminals, IEEE Trans.


Second, during the virtual Tail Time, if there are delayed past transmissions or future requested transmissions, TailTheft schedules them.

a lack of a high prediction accuracy of future transmissions may result in unnecessary energy consumption in the aggregation.


This holds even if there is no cost for enabling multicast at the nodes of the network.

finally, for each clause cj, there is an edge from the source to c~, for k e {2, 3, 4, 5}.


As a result, TCP data delivery suffers significantly.

a cross-layer design was proposed by Gurses et al.


Should the other party run a UDP variant of the BT protocol on the advertised port, it will abort parsing the unknown message and silently drop it (in fact, since there is a lot of questionable software around in the BT cloud, most implementations are hardened to deal with all kinds of broken, garbled or unexpected messages).

invalid results are entries which we get for the queried key from the DHT which are di.erent from the values we published.


In traditional broadcasting systems, the radio emitter is usually mounted in a central and high point to deserve a large area.

in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS-X), San Jose, CA, USA, October 2002.


It can select suitable parent as exchange path advertisement and response.

table 1: Sending candidate relay information Events Description New relay join Detecting changes of multicast tree Relay leave Detecting changes of multicast tree Relay failure Detecting changes of multicast tree Solve inversion Detecting changes of multicast tree Periodic update When receipt check information at root relay is full Figure 2 shows a restructuring partial multicast tree method.


It exposes a virtual Ethernet interface to the operating system.

sora provides an high-level abstraction of SIMD operations, named Vector1, that allows developers to exploit SIMD capability of modern processors in an architectureindependent manner.


Figure 9, Figure 10, and Figure 11 correspond to the low, medium and high variance deadline cases.

.... can be approximated as: ....=../(......) Though the average window size is different in the case of Figure 4(b), we still use this approximation for .... in all our evaluations.


This is so since oversampling by a factor O reduces the threshold by a factor 1/O.

s3 can, theoretically detect .ows with some granularity z,with prescribed accuracy, using a memory that does not depend on the total amount of tra.c nor on its speci.c properties.


More speci.cally, we have observed that the Cisco IOS does not implement security recommendations for OAM protocols, such as BFD and PSC, thus exposing them to different spoo.ng attacks.

cisco does not support MACsec in its routers.


The RSSI value is used to determine the distance R using RSSI(distance) function fitted by nonlinear regression process over measurements using the nls function of the software project R [15], as showed in Figure 7.

this work does not support a real DTN implementation and makes available few information about the testbed and environmental details.


Until recently, M. Enachescu et al [7,8] draw the conclusion that buffer of all-optical node based on packet switches can be made much smaller, if sacrifice some of the link capacity.

section III presents the packet calking and the dual-fiber link solutions for optical packet-switched networks.


We veri.ed this assumption using experiment on our SensHoc nodes lasting over 3 hours, during which we .xed the calibration interval to 30 minutes.

mica/mica2/micaz wireless measurement system datasheets.


Our ns-3 [4] simulations, with workloads representative of datacenter applications, show that FlowBender substantially reduces the mean and tail latency compared to ECMP, while achieving performance very similar to that of other expensive or undesirable schemes like DeTail and RPS.

we use the default TCP re-ordering threshold of 3, and monitor the out-of-order delivery numbers to ensure that FlowBender does not introduce undesired CPU (processing) overhead.


[1, 9]) and orthogonal to the problem we consider here.

4.3.2 Case 2: QoS constraints To evaluate the performance of the allocation function .


Simulations showed that the type of orientation does not in.uence the in-degrees appreciably.

in the following we concentrate on the case where the energy needed to transmit some data over a distance dis given by dd with d =2.


It is important to understand that we neither suggest that PI should not use ECN+ nor that one should apply the threshold scheme.

since each request for dynamic content can consist of several embedded queries, access to the database server may become the system bottleneck.


SIMULATIONS In this section, we use simulations to evaluate the performance of DFR under server node, rack, and link failures.

when a cable becomes disconnected or re-connected, a noti.cation message is generated by the link-layer drivers.


Most network devices today support interrupt coalescing, which is to delay generating the interrupt until either a speci.ed number of packets is received or when the maximum speci.ed delay is reached.

[36] VIRTUALLOGIX INC. Virtuallogix vlx.


In summary, while the current ECN speci.cation enables routers to mark data packets, ECN+, when enabled at servers, extends this feature to TCP SYN ACK packets.

in the absence of any explicit noti.cation from the network, a TCP endpoint has no other option but to wait for the retransmission timer to expire, and to then re-send the TCP SYN packet.


If we put iProxy closer to clients, the latency is lower and the performance is better.

when a smartphone is sent a video at a resolution larger than the phone can display, two problems can arise: .rst, the smartphone has to spend a signi.cant amount of time buffering the high-resolution stream compared with using the optimal resolution, which in.ates start-up delays (§5); second, the video cannot be displayed optimally on the screen, which further has an impact on the user experience.


[13] handles partitions by incorporating a procedure for detecting when partitions occurs, and when partitions merge.

when two such network links are later connected, now duplicate addresses may occur on the new link.


ECN+ solves this problem because web servers in this scenario send ECNenabled SYN ACK packets that are marked by the congested router.

[15] S. Floyd, R. Gummadi, and S. Shenker.


After determining all three OFDM waveform parameters, i.e., carrier frequency fc,bandwidth(number of used subcarriers) B, and modulation scheme M, the receiver recon.gures to core receiver and starts reception of the transmitted OFDM signal.

each CR receiver should synchronize itself to appropriate carrier frequency and identify currently activated subcarriers and corresponding waveform parameters, i.e., applied modulation/coding scheme.


The weakness of this approach is that when we apply it in a sensor network which is deployed in a relatively less dangerous environment the performance of the network will somehow be decreased.

but none of the algorithms till today have tried to give fault tolerant mechanism for TDMA schedule approach which is the most efficient method for data aggregation in wireless sensor network.


The par, send and msgq operators are not found in Scheme.

one can easily distribute complex subprocesses to other nodes and later collect the results in the form of messages.


This behaviour is optimal for the selfish providers, because if a single one decided to aggregate, he would not attract any traffic for that prefix.

if r < k2-8, the routing memory unit cost is too high and both providers are better off by aggregating.


This alone enables a single network operator to react to system changes as soon as they happen.


In comparing the two heuristics we used, aggregation by itself is not powerful enough.

the addition of sorting again made ABV faster than BV by an order of magnitude.


The top .gure shows the percentage of aggregate bandwidth loss.

to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.c permission and/or a fee.


REFERENCES [1] Akamai: Live and on demand streaming.

flows from a highly mobile user (for example, traveling in a car or train) will also be classi.ed as a core .ow since there might be very frequent disruptions to such .ows, if they are classi.ed non-core.


For each generation, the source continuously broadcasts coded packets of native packets from the current generation until it receives an acknowledgment from the destination; the source then moves on to the next generation.

even when no attack takes place, previous schemes have a very high overhead that makes them impractical.


ACM Classification Keywords C.2.2 [Computer Communication Networks]: Network Protocols Routing protocols.

vehicle D is unable to see the brake lights of vehicle B because the view is blocked by vehicle C. Without EBW warnings, vehicle D has no time to react to the delayed braking of vehicle C. But with EBW warnings, vehicle D is informed about the braking before the driver of vehicle C has even begun braking, keeping longer braking distance between his vehicle and vehicle C. Another cooperative vehicular safety application is the Vehicle Stability Warning (VSW) application.


For the AS-path of 1-2-3-4 from the origin (AS 4) to be observable at the observation point (AS 1), AS 3 .rst has to select an appropriate route and propagate it to AS 2.

norton, The art of peering: the peering playbook, 2002.


Introduction Online Social Networks (OSNs) now attract hundreds of millions of users around the world and represent a crucial place to gather data with countless possibilities of analysis, ranging from extracting user habits to in.uencing recommendation systems.

we wanted to answer the following question: is the probability of a user to be connected at a given time impacted by the fact that her friends are also connected at this particular time or are these two independent events?


3.3 Network Mergers and Partitions Most protocols for IP-address assignment in ad-hoc networks in the literature use a global block of IP-address for the entire network.

the successor, upon receiving a packet drop noti.cation for its AReM sent to the leader, assumes the role of the leader.


(iii) The number of PoIs and PoI subcategories is still limited, even for users with highly frequent geotags.

our insights are following: (i) User coordinate reports are noisy, as 22% raw geotags do not represent actual people s positions.


I am not sure that manual calibration is avoidable in IDS systems.

the third step manually classified [the remaining rules] by examining the details of the signature, ...


involves creating a construct at a higher layer that aggregates more primitive IBP byte-arrays below it, where these byte arrays are often distributed at multiple locations.

it is interesting to note that the developers of RAID decided to weaken their assumptions about storage in only one dimension: availability.


The largest group, which includes 1460 .les,was requestedbyall users.

these ASes only amount to less than 0.1% of the distinct IP s observed overtheday!We obtainedthe same percentagesby runningtheKS test for each of the other two days.


We call such algorithms link throughput optimization based rate adaptation (LTRA).

n Nn Nnr=1 (12) SNR based link adaptation algorithm (so-called MTRA), for Ld tr(1-pcr)Cr r=1 IEEE 802.11 networks.


[2] A. Shamir, Identity-based Cryptosystems and Signature Schemes, in Proceedings of CRYPTO 84 on Advances in cryptology, LNCS 196, Springer-Verlag, 1984, pp.

we propose a new security scheme to prevent the attacks of malicious nodes in which, having considered the computational cost, we employ the techniques of hash chains and elliptic curve cryptography [13] to ensure security and integrity for packets forwarding.


Furthermore, the possibility of using the broadcast nature of wireless medium can also be studied, in order to propose a multi-path solution able to take advantage of the path diversity that mesh networks o.er.

a meshed set of paths is built in a totally distributed fashion.


Conventional optical receivers use an AC coupled input stage which signi.cantly simpli.es the design of the ampli.cation and data recovery circuits at high bit rates.

table 1 lists the line codes investigated for this section.


In order to block unwanted traf.c from compromised hosts,various blacklists are widely used (e.g., [11, 30, 4]).

when the seed number grows, the ability to detect further malicious IDs grows as well,but witha slower growth rate.


We .rst turn o. the DVB-T transmitter and use the results as the performance benchmark.

the increased loading of the primary user on channel 450 MHz has less impact on the completion time of .le transmission when compared to the case of using random sequences.


The BGP routing change might have been triggered by an external event, such as a policy change or a failure in another AS, that caused pto be withdrawn or replaced by a less attractive route.

although this router has many tunable con.guration options, including OSPF and BGP timers, we do not change the values of any tunable parameters and instead focus on the default con.guration of the router.


Let us .rst stand and recall a few notations: 8 8 X X -(a+1) -(a+1) .

the last two methods give less accurate estimates.


With pure AODV, the resulting route had a circular trajectory around the network s perimeter, as shown at the following three instants: 1.

for WSNs to be financially viable, lowcost manufacturing and deployment is required.


We can reduce round complexity to O(logk n) on average by sending (k-1) values per round to perform a k-ary search.

otherwise, an adversary could replay packets and try to .nd corresponding activity at non-Tarzan recipients.


The .rst scheme requires nodes to .nd the distances between themselves and their neighbors, but thesecond scheme(which we show to bemore e.ective) does not require this capability.

improved routing strategies with succinct tables.


More precisely, Parse includes program segments that define a preconfigured set of Code Options.

the network stack must take advantage of the multiple cores to avoid becoming a bottleneck.


The reader can view these mirrors as proxies for mirrors to be used in steering (next subsection).

(20m is a limitation of our lab set up; the general design can extend to 100 m [27].)


The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.

all of them share the common trait that the node-monitoring functionality is implemented as software executing on the same embedded processor that the application executes on.


DISCUSSION There are three challenges that need to be solved in the future.

the case for vm-based cloudlets in mobile computing.


Further insight on the ability of our protocols to steer messagesiso.eredby di.usion charts.

vADD: Vehicle-assisted data delivery in vehicular ad hoc networks.


We analyzed the energy consumption of TCP in FreeBSD 5 running on a wireless laptop.

smaller MTUs result in more packets sent with the corresponding increase in overall TCP processing cost and hence a larger share of the overall cost.


To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci.cpermission and/or a fee.

both reactive and proactive defenses have almost the same performance when energy e.ciency is considered as a performance metric.


Our prototype library uses heuristics that are inexpensive in terms of probes, robust in the face of incomplete information provided by the primitives, and produce good results.

for example, Jannotti [16] de.nes two router primitives path re.ection and path painting that are used to replicate multicast packets and to create an overlay topology that resembles the underlying network.


As a result, there is an imbalance between the calories burned due to physical activity and those accrued by food intake and this leads to a weight increase.

[3] H. Kumahara, Y. Schutz, M. Ayabe, M. Yoshioka, Y. Yoshitake, M. Shindo, K. Ishii, H. Tanaka, The use of uniaxial accelerometry for the assessment of physical-activity-related energy expenditure: a validation study against whole-body indirect calorimetry , British Journal of Nutrition, Vol.


For applications, we see that threshold sampling is well suited to streaming applications when buffer space is expensive (e.g., at a router) since each object is sampled independently.

due to attacks or rerouting) can cause temporal heterogeneity in the proportion of traf.c sampled.


Throughput is reduced because only the active part of the frame is used for communication.

since synchronization of schedules can have a great impact on the energy consumption, clustering is important.


The key of the solution is adopting measurement-based modeling, which estimate VoIP flow numbers in different network topologies and hops of path, and doing admission for VoIP traffic.

we employ the cross-layer design and piggyback technology to integrate the contention link clique algorithm into routing protocol.


These measurements have been made with a prototype that consists of a commercial grade DTV tuner and RF-front end followed by an A/D converter.

service does not have to be abruptly discontinued.


[8] A. Pentland, R. Fletcher, A. Hasson.


This architecture is based on the work of Ata et al [4], which proposes a new device (Home Anycast Router) in conventional IPv6 networks to act as the interface between the anycast network (Anycast Receivers) and a core node (Anycast Initiators).

the integration of IPv6 in WSNs requires special care.


4.1 Failure Characteristics of Building Blocks of a Network Stamp We .rst analyze the number of failures per device across three types of network elements: Access routers, Aggregation switches and Top-of-Rack switches.

we observe a median link out time of 0.4 seconds/km and a 95P value of 5.9 seconds/km for the latter and 26.7 seconds/km for Percentage of Devices 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00  Figure 13: Distribution of the number of ToRs connected to two AGG platforms.


This anomaly detector is the optimal one for the case where .t + .t follow a gaussian distribution.

[17] SOMMER S ,J.,YEGNE SWARAN,V., AND BARFOR D, P. A framework for malicious workload generation.


These lists lead to the decrement of the transmitted packets and the more efficient use of the network resources in the multicast routing in UMTS.

the Service Announcement phase follows: 1.


walk msg.T rail) then continue;  (19) /* overcoming most hilltop misconceptions */ (20) highest nbr := q; (21) endforeach; (22) return highest nbr ; Upon getBestHillExit(walk msg) do (23) best exit score := 0; (24) best exit := NULL;  (25) foreach q .

this means that the nodes 2http://jist.ece.cornell.edu/ Figure 3: The default network characteristics height changes gradually across the network and sharp changes are extremely rare.


Upon completing transmission and receiving ACKs from all intended clients, Vj returns to its initial busy state and advances its contention probability according to Eq.

nEMOx s scalability is higher by more than 2× (with a dAP density of only 3), as it opportunistically leverages spatial reuse and cooperation between dAPs, which are missing in FullCoop and NonCoop, respectively.


The PLT services the LCM retransmit buffer before the input buffer.

binary Increase Congestion Control for Fast Long-Distance Networks, In The Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2004.


Hence, node view compels a deeper inspection within data traces.

statistical modeling .ts well when performance evaluation is willing to obtain the global picture of the scenario under consideration.


N. Tie-breaking procedure: The DGA with random priority scheme ensures that the cameras receive unique priorities.

speci.cally, the algorithm converges in iterative fashion, stabilizing from the highest priority node in the network.


we found switching times to be above 100 ms and reducing it to the values in the Helios paper (10 ms) would have required signi.cant resources and time (software switches and NIC modi.cations).


Thus, if we do not restrict the locations of nodes within each cell, then the transmission range must be long enough so that a transmission anywhere in one cell would reach anywhere in the other cell.

on greedy geographic routing algorithms in sensing-covered networks.


Figure 3 illustrates the structure model of our network node system that is based on DFAM.

the shortest data frame interval is only about 96 nsec for a 1 Gbps Ethernet[4].


Most of the research e.ort has focused on the two main issues: routing [1] and power-energy savings [2].


In creatingVL., agoal was toinvestigate whether we could create a network architecture that could be deployed today,sowelimit ourselvesfrommaking any changesto thehardwareof theswitchesorservers,and we requirethatlegacy applications work unmodified.

performance isolation inVL.restsonthemathematicsofVLB thatanytrafficmatrixthatobeysthehosemodelisroutedbysplittingtointermediatenodes inequalratios(throughrandomization) toprevent anypersistenthot spots.


Investigating multipurpose probing patterns is an objective of this work.

probing needs to be tightly controlled so that it does not disturb or interfere with the normal network operation.


transport layer provides congestion responsiveness through TCP, the session layer can be completely unresponsive if it keeps generating new sessions even when the network is congested.

the throughput responsiveness can be also negative, when G increases its throughput upon congestion.


Interested readers can refer to [6] for more detailed information on the Platonis platform.

there are mainly two kinds of approaches, those that are based on a formal framework and those based on experimental results.


[9] M. Jordan, L. Schmitt, G. Ascheid, and H. Meyr.

aMC also reduces the uplink (UL) throughput because of feedback (FB) overhead which is used to carry channel information.


Not surprisingly, aggregate client throughput drops signi.cantly for all the algorithms.

at a high level, SMARTA uses active probes to build a con.ict graph to accurately model the RF environment without making path loss assumptions.


and maximize network lifetime when compared to the single-tier approach.

a higher threshold means closer objects will be detected more easily than farther objects and a lower threshold can more easily detect objects at larger distances.


The performance of the only other energy-e.cient protocol,S-MAC is comparable with IEEE802.11 in terms of throughput.

figures 10(a),11(a),and 12(a) show the average packet delivery ratio for the corner sink,center sink, and edge sink scenarios respectively.


Due to the presence of speci.c and heterogeneous sensors the current version of the system does not permit the use of fully automatic con.guration tools.

the sensors of SINDI-WSN are very heterogeneous: they collect data about light, temperature, humidity, opening and closing doors/windows, user s movements, localization and weight (using load cells under a bed or an armchair).


We discuss the threats associated with Twitter Account Markets, and discuss countermeasures that Twitter could take to mitigate the problem.

we expect to .nd groups of similar promoted tweets.


Then, we will extend our results comparing the three topologies in section 6.2.

in the hops case the number of transmissions is equal or higher than 5 as it is shown in .gure 6 (a).


Again, why should they keep their own replica?

in Section 4, the results of an elaborated simulation are discussed and analyzed.


244 links out of 1117 are not present in CAIDA s dataset (21.8%).

the limited resources of single devices, in terms of computational and networking power, are balanced by their aggregate power.


For the light congestion case, f(xi[k]) .


NetGames 05, October 10 11, 2005, Hawthorne, New York, USA.

this has implications for other wireless devices that share the same channel since broadcasts cause interruptions for all computers that receive them, even if they are not the intended recipients of the data.


[25] improved Yang and Shieh s [7] two password authentication schemes to withstand Sun and Yeh s [16] forgery attacks.

the administrator of the server will come to know the password, because the server maintains the password table.


It is also possible that a subset of these functions may in fact be provided by third parties, and possibly in a cloud-resident platform [35].

fCSC separates the routing of .ows from the policy.


Fourth, even when the reports are .ne-grained, no PoIs may exist around reported locations.

fig 2(b) shows that by considering only geotags sent to geo-trustable hosts, GeoEcho selects mostly reports related to areas where the operator s largest user base is located.


We have found that it produces otherwise similar results, and so omit it from our evaluation due to space limitations.

de.ections are not a complete solution as they do not address transient loops due to inconsistent forwarding tables.


For the noise uncertainty a uniform distribution is assumed with a 1.2 maximum of .max and a minimum of -.max.

some signals are at higher levels of SNR and require signi.cantly less signal processing.


First, as discussed in §4, applications ensure NEs read and modify only authorized .elds within a message by appropriate use of encryption.

such implicit discovery could also lead to inef.ciencies that arise when an end host discovers their operations are not permitted mid-stream (e.g., because the end host then decides to change paths and so effort has been wasted when compared to up-front negotiation).


Under these conditions, allowing for a higher W does not enhance content delivery performance as the receiver is already exploiting all the available bandwidth.

3.1 Storage sharing model The main assumptions are the following: M di.erent content items are equally partitioned in K classes of popularity, i.e.


We make no distinction between these types of infrastructure nodes, and simply refer to them as WFIN (Wi-Fi infrastructure nodes).


A natural question is: if we want only loop freedom (not packet coherence), is there an update procedure that does not rely on updating all nodes before starting to use any of the new forwarding rules?1 This is not a technicality, as nodes in a production network can often react slowly, or they may even be temporarily unreachable via the controller [6].

in our algorithm, each node is in one of three states, old, new, or limbo, depending on whether the node is guaranteed to only use its old rule or new rule, or whether it might use both rules, respectively.


This, however, poses a problem as FDNSes may alter DNS requests, responses and caching phenomena, hence obscuring RDNS behavior.

the All line may be an underestimate of the length of time the infrastructure retains DNS records.


Figure 1 presents an overview of Bologna design, which can be summarized as follows.

francesco Gringoli and Luca Cominardi DEA -Facoltà di Ingegneria Università degli Studi di Brescia 25123 Brescia, Italy have been proposed based on these basic approaches.


(9)Based on (8), there can be a great di.erence between the se lection probabilities of di.erent actions depending on their values.

a second concern regards the measurement of the routing e.ciency.


EVALUATION In order to show the e.ectiveness of our approaches, we conducted extensive simulations that show the savings in terms of communication and/or computational overhead and also the rate of unveri.able packets.

the evaluation of this scheme in Section 3 shows how e.ectively it adapts to topology changes and beacon interval.


But after the SRR, the distances became 5 hops and 6 hops.


Our measurements show that while RSSI levels for a stationary device do oscillate over time due to multiple factors, over 90% of variations are within 5 dB from the median RSSI level.

an attacker needs to be physically close to his intended victim in order to mount undetected masquerading attacks.


SIGMETRICS 05, June 6 10, 2005, Banff, Alberta, Canada.

many modern packet processing systems are provisioned to process only an expected traf.c mix and hence can bene.t from data-caches [3].


While several works have discussed middleware and architecture for service composition in well-connected wired networks and in stable MANET environments, the underlying mechanism for selecting and forwarding service requests in the signi.cantly challenging networking environment of opportunistic networks has not been addressed.

this information is not available in local knowledge.


2.3 RelatedWork: Interconnection andTopology BasedApproachtotheProblem In relation to the design of 3-connected telecommunications networks, an interesting approach has been developed in [7].

as in many planning and design problems, the .nal decision must be taken based on the trade-o.


Assume r(a,ß) = E. Let us de.ne a real valued function .

s. 1 - E is the largest lower bound for the relative value a(x)/ß(x), assuming ß(x) = 0.


From a technical perspective, realizing e.cient data delivery without capacity over-dimensioning demands for a .exible and adaptive tra.c control coupled with in-network caching.

rEFERENCES [1] G. Caro.glio, M. Gallo, L. Muscariello, M. Papalini, and S. Wang.


As far as the the hash functions are concerned we have used 4-universal hashes, obtained as: 3 h(x)= .

since it seems impossible to guarantee complete protection to a system by means of the classical prevention mechanisms, the use of Intrusion Detection Systems has emerged as a key element in network security.


The IEEE 802.11 speci.cation [11] does not mandate any particular timing synchronization algorithm.

we envision two ways of realizing this process.


In 2 cases we received retaliatory DoS traf.c, which was automatically .ltered by our upstream provider.

[18] R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk, and D. Solo.


Upon receiving the query, the supervisor replies the route to the node.

new nodes will find masters of layer 0 in INQUIRY state, and finally become a member of a piconet as a slave in the hierarchical formation.


WMuNeP 08, October 27, 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

iNVITE sip:uB@registrar.org SIP/2.0To: User B From: User A Proxy-Require: prefReject-Contact:*;videoAccept-contact:*;+type-of-charging= freecharging ;+service-provider-name= SP2 Accept-contact:*;methods= INVITE ;explicitAccept-contact:*;audio ;require ;explicitContact: sip:uA@pc.example.com When the Global Server receives this request, it finds a wellmatched URI according to User A s preferences by applying the process described in the SIP Caller Preferences extension [3].


The vehicles form a VANET (vehicular area networking) network, compatible with IEEE 802.11p standard.

the reliability of the observations must be taken into account.


In Section 2 we describe the kind of scanning and DoS attacks we consider in this paper.

this constitutes the forward path of the attack (which is controlled by the attacker).


Not only the covered area or the number of end users has to be considered, but also the capacity and the interference of the relaying links.

we showed in [13] that cliques can utilize the resource more ef.ciently while still achieving a max-min fair throughput allocation.


This is largely because the slope of the .rst-order Taylor approximation is dependent on the noise variance o.set in the uncertainty variable constraint.

when power and dpi bi nn quantization are determined dynamically based on the noise Power Usage (pu) Bits per transmission Node KF accuracy (||x -x||/d) 8 6 100 4  35 2 0 10 0 0 20 400 20 400 20 40  30  Node 4 Node 3 Node 2 Node 1 100 0 8 6 0  25104 2 North (du) 20 0 20 400 20 400 20 40  156 0 104 2  10 0 10 0 0 20 400 20 400 20 40 8 8  5 6 100 4 2  0 100 0 (a) Individual sensor node metrics.


Differently, Strawman does not require application awareness or cross-layer interactions.

as a result, the COLLISION phase is shorter: with fewer contenders the probability to be granted channel access with a smaller COLLI-SION length increases.


Given a 20.20 (cm2) barcode displayed on a laptop screen outdoors, Figure 4 shows the sizes of the captured barcode at various distances by the devices.

the performance of the two approaches are comparable.


We use an example to illustrate the hard hando.

if only the information of a layer is considered, it is not enough to make accurate decision for hando.. For example, due to wireless channel characters, the hando.


The different roles the domain may have in the valley-free model determine the effect of caching on its revenue.

the two main types of inter-domain relationships in the Internet are the transit and peering relationships [12], while a third type, the sibling relationship, is used between the multiple domains under the same administration [9].


Figure 1: Block Diagram of Frequency Adjustment Router Architecture.

due to considerable time and energy costs for transition, this method is only e.ective while port utilization rate is under 10% [2].


Reconsidering wireless systems with multiple radios.

for sparser populations, the dual radio approach is still more e.cient than that single radio approach in our experiments.


5 minutes) the attacker would not be able to .nd the current rendezvous nodes in time.

they compute Nr positions for the replicas that do not change.


As the previous analysis goes, to ensure energy saving in AC-MAC/DPM, the sleep time of the reduced duty cycle should be at least equal to the summation of the maximum time for data transmission and the time for transition of state.

as we know, the energy consumption of transceiver state switches would shorten the life of sensor nodes.


For two-level power control, we compute near optimal values for the two transmission radii to maximize performance.

the link cost model is consistent with the results of [6], in that short hops are throughput optimal.


(a) Packet .ow for outgoing packets (b) Packet .ow for incoming packets  Figure 2: LISP-NAT packet .ow sequence.

such a NAT box may reuse the same outgoing source IP:port pair for communication with different destination IP:port combinations.


Bursts are sentinto theOBSnetwork without waiting for response about the success of the reservation of a full path to the destination.

nS-2 network simulator is the most widely used in academic research, but has not the separation between kernel and simulation modelsthatOMNeT++has.


A 300-Byte packet (which is used in our experiments) takes 0.4ms transmission time using 6 Mbps (QPSK), which is just a little beyond the channel coherence time (0.3-0.4 msec in rural and freeway environment), so the mobility and corresponding Doppler spread do not degrade performance signi.cantly.


7.3 Experimental Test Bed The following test bed has been used in detection model implementation.

this technology was accompanied with some shortages.


Again, if no similar images are present at the server for any of the images being considered for upload, there is a very slight increase in delay (from 8.41 seconds to 9.12 seconds) due to the metadata exchange and processing.

one could conceivably target prioritizing image uploads based on content; however, we defer studies of such possibilities to the future.


Dey and G. D. Abowd, "Toward a better understanding of context and contextawareness, GVU Technical Report GITGVU9922, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology.

it then helps the GA to adapt itself based on the type of device and its capabilities, such as screen resolution.


LATENCY-CONSTRAINED RELAYING Relaying requires spoke-to-spoke traf.c to traverse an indirect path, and therefore increases paths latency.

actually, given hundreds of VPNs each of which spans some tens to hundreds of PEs, running our prototype script with usage-based traf.c matrices measured over one week takes less than an hour.


A node distribution strategy has been proposed in [10] to deploy more sensor nodes close to the sink.


2.1.4 Performing the Experiment After a full day of travel (with the offset antenna loaded on top of a four-wheel drive truck), one team installed the antenna.

openWRT firmware [7] allows for the adjustment of the acknowledgment time of the MAC layer, as well as the output power.


After successful association, the 802.1X authentication proceeds (unless PSK is in use) to derive the MSK.

in 802.11r the first contact is not considered as only the transition times are captured and studied.


For example, if the WiFi bandwidth is smaller than 3Mbps and the LTE bandwidth is larger than 10Mbps when downloading a 8MB .le, using both is better.

[9] look at a number of issues in using MPTCP for mobility, including power consumption.


In general, the analysis reveals that the bearer combination that minimizes power consumption during the MBMS data delivery is selected.

hS-DSCH deployment is not considered in the above works.


The cases k = 1, 2, 3 are considered: with k = 1, the models are based on known asymptotic results to assure correct limiting behavior; with k = 2, 3, an attempt is made to generalize these results and the models are built accordingly.

gENERALIZATION TO Rk 3.1 Preliminaries As presented in [4], the generalization of Theorem 2.1 to the k-nearest neighbor graph is lim P [nmM k 2 - log n - (k - 1) log(log n) + log(k - 1)!


The SES scheme can greatly improve the charging ef.ciency.

j-roc: a joint routing and charging scheme to prolong sensor network lifetime.


Peas: A robust energy conserving protocol for long-lived sensor networks.

in order to re.ect the sensing characteristic of sensors more accurately, the concepts of probabilistic sensing [11], information coverage [12], and surface coverage [13] are proposed.


Assigning a mobility role is enough to diversify the mobility levels of the nodes.

still, the mobility management must judiciously cope with complications arising, such as increased data delivery times (high latency), the lack of permanent reference points and the di.culty of maintaining system integrity.


Recent trends in network control and management techniques represent the chance to actually implement the aforementioned functions and consider the hybrid network infrastructure as a highly .exible programmable entity.

application-Aware Aggregation and Tra.c Engineering in a Converged Packet-Circuit Network.


For latency measurement, we use a separate machine for the SSL proxy.

aES-128CBC decryption can be parallelized at the block level.


Therefore, when a row of sensors are horizontally misaligned, the designed distance between sensors should be decreased and it should be 47 in the worst case.

we have verified our deployment strategies according to Lemma 1 and we conclude that the robust deployment can be achieved by judiciously scaling back the space intervals by which sensors are dropped.


The data are uploaded and stored in the database, 5.

peer A uploads a video, which is encoded locally in three layers (base layer and two enhancement layers) 3.


To that end, two US Government agencies FCC and NTIA have been tasked to identify 500 MHz of new spectrum to be made available by 2015.

in many settings, Wi-Fi networks are experiencing congestion and despite continued improvements in Wi-Fi speeds (e.g: 802.11ac), many predict need for more unlicensed spectrum to support greater number of Wi-Fi channels.


Delay-Tolerant Networking in Restricted Networks Johannes Morgenroth, Tobias Pögel, Robert Heitz and Lars Wolf Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany [morgenroth, poegel, heitz, wolf]@ibr.cs.tu-bs.de ABSTRACT For security reasons, many companies usually allow only strictly regulated communication, speci.c system con.gurations and predetermined software components.

if the client has bundles to send, another HTTP connection is initiated.


Synchronization between databases at di.erent locations is partial; it is not necessary to have knowledge of a set of .les at another location if the .les are not shared with user outside that location.

video sharing clearly has the most to gain from a local .le sharing service.


(2) Quantitatively, the relative magnitudes of the rotations (ei) of the links are determined by the relative magnitudes of the Euclidean lengths (|li|) of the links.

in the upper part of Figure 5, obstacles prevent B and D, as well as A and C, from communicating with each other.


Such kind of hidden terminal problem happens frequently when all flows are from wireless networks to wired networks as illustrated in Figure 10.

much more challenging is the problem of achieving good TCP performance within an ad hoc, multihop network.


Figure 9 shows the performance of 1-next-hop RMB and 2-next-hop RMB.

simulations show that RMB works e.ciently and expands the detection range of RSU signi.cantly.


V 1+mi mk and mi and mk are the angular coef.cients of the straightline that passes through node i and the sink node and through node k and node i.Theaddition of thisedgeisdoneusing thesameprobability p determined for each edge of G. After adding this new edge, according to p, G will become a small-world graph, and for large values of p, we willhave a randomgraph.

the concept is simple: a small number of powerful highend sensors(H-sensor) and alargenumber oflow-end sensors(Lsensors) constitute a wireless sensor network and this model is calledHeterogeneous SensorNetworks(HSNs)[14].


Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, general small-world theorems applicable to verifying path validation protocols do not exist.

we have explained how to prove MACProp 1 3.


This in turn brings us to the next question as to how to e.ectively realize a joint MIMO+FD system?

gain imbalance or a slight phase o.set between the signals may prevent one from achieving a perfect null, wherein a residue of the self-interference signal remains.


First, simultaneous broadcasters must not collide.

a. Rahmati, L. Zhong, V. Vasudevan, J. Wickramasuriya, and D. Stewart, "Enabling pervasive mobile applications with the FM radio broadcast data system," in Proc.


Split multipath routing with maximally disjoint paths in ad hoc networks.

the source is unaware of any extra routes, which means that their solution does not aid in the task of splitting tra.c through disjoint routes.


Sensor node model whose internal architecture is shown in Fig.6 and different modules of this node model represent different network functions.

multiple nodes simultaneously transmit data may cause a lot of potential data collision.


Although T-MAC is primarily designed to shorten the Data period when no traf.c is around the node, so that nodes can preserve more energy, T-MAC can also extend the Data period to allow multihop forwarding during a single Data period.

as traf.c in a WSN can be quite dynamic, depending on the events being sensed and the sensing application and protocols being used, an ideal WSN MAC protocol should perform well under a wide range of traf.c loads, including high loads and bursty traf.c.


It is also going to need to be running a special piece of software which can communicate through DNS, but I will get to that later.

the DNS protocol (from the OS perspective) makes queries from the client and receives a response from the server.


[3] Lakshminarayanan Subramanian, Sharad Agarwal, Jennifer Rexford, and Randy H. Katz.

categories and Subject Descriptors C.2 [Computer Systems Organization]: Computer -Communication Networks; C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


CONCLUSIONS PMIPv6 is a network-based localized mobility support in an IP network.

if an with only one LMA, which is selected by an AAA server F .ag is set, it indicates that the MN initially enters the in the PMIPv6 domain.


In both cases, it can be seen that the delay results follow the same asymptotic pro.le as in Figure 3(a).

each data channel operates at a .xed rate of R/N,where R is the external line rate to each switch port.


The connectivity of users in a collaboration environment may depend on their context, e.g.

applications for the mobiledistributed cooperation in virtual knowledge spaces that are able to access the shared group-workspace can also access all contained documents, subareas and present users.


Table 1 lists some basic terminology and notation used in the description of AEA.

tRAMA and NAMA deliver more packets than contention-based MACs and this will reduce the retransmissions at the higher layers.


We must in fact take into account the soft capacity of a CDMA system [12], which means to consider the feasibility of the rate assignment in an interference-limited system.

the conditional probability of accept-0.5 ing the variation is always 1, so we keep this part of Equation (9) unchanged.


we were able to use a single external source to drive the logic clock, then forward the logic clock to the reference input for the RF clock.


The iterative approach seems appealing since each party can use the knowledge of the other party s strategy to improve his own strategy.

we use the impedance of a wire as the weight of an edge.


So, multicast data transmission is achieved exactly as a unicast data transmission.

the source node is S, the destination set is {B, D, E, G}, the bandwidth constraint is 10 and the delay constraint is 5.


We can also see a peak variance of almost 2.25 at 149th fractal that is greater than 25% of WKH ZKROH HYHQW¶V YDULDQFH.

pDFs stage 2 of the fog event with a fractal size of 5 minutes So it can EH HVWDEOLVKHG WKDW IRJ¶V EHKDYLRU GXULQJ LWV VHWWOHG GRZQ case is very much constant and the density function of received signal strength is Gaussian.


5.3 Dead-Reckoning 5.3.1 Average Localization Error Over Time In Figure 16(a), we show the average cumulative localization errors of Dead-reckoning and Social-Loc for all six users.

otherwise, user A would have encountered either user B or C. user A can be localized to location 1 by removing the impossible location 5.


As seen from Figure 3, while the standard deviation is under 0.01g with 99% probability when the user is idle, it is over 0.01g with almost 100% probability when the user is walking.

the APF then uses this estimate as the prior to Fy ef.ciently converge on the correct HO, as discussed next.


the KAP project address both   Figure 2: GINSENG Data Processing Framework manufacturing experts (methods to green-up production processes) and consumers (visualization of the energy costs required to produce certain goods).


from re-routing a set of nodes the base station may learn that all the nodes are alive, at least one is dead or that there is a dead node in a proper subset of the original set.


we observe that a data symbol s is successfully receivedif(i) the headeriscorrectly received and(ii) theFECgroup towhich s belongsisreceivedcorrectly.we .rstcomputethedelivery probability of anindividualFECgroup, and then computethe expected number of received symbols asfollows: X Pheader · PFEC(K) dK, K where Pheader denotes the header delivery probability, PFEC(K) denotes the FEC group K s delivery probability, and dK denotes the number ofdata symbolsin theFECgroup K. Pheader canbe computed asfollows: YY BERi + (1 - BERi)PFEC' , i.header i.header since the header is received either when all bits in the header are correctly received(which canbe veri.ed using aheaderCRC) or when the FEC group to which the header belongs is correctly received, which is denoted by PFEC' .


The task of securing the data can be accomplished by end-to-end cryptographic signatures and encryption (when data secrecy is needed), leaving open only the task of key management among the data sending/receiving parties, but not any channel or boxes in the middle of the data delivery paths.

because data is invisible in today s IP-centric architecture, one can only meet applications needs by selecting a speci.c node to send data to, resulting in sub-optimal data delivery.


Figure 6 depicts the median, mean, and 80th percentile of the localization errors over the 10 runs.

lOCALIZATION USING EZ To provide a physical intuition to the working of EZ, we start with the example depicted in Figure 1.


IMCOM (ICUIMC) 14, January 9 11, 2014, Siem Reap, Cambodia.

if candidate WLAN AP does not exist, MMT handovers to WiMAX AN like Figure 13.


In ACM MobiHoc, pages 234 243, May 2004.

section 2 reviews previous related work.


For example, failures to and from Koreaare followed by a BGP announcement about 65% of the time and are preceded by a BGP message about 50% of the time.

finally, we examine how a high level of BGP message activity can indicate and predict path failures.


We use a similar set-up as the one in [7] for this scenario.

this auction mechanism also achieves maximum total utility.


Tracking mobile nodes using RF doppler shifts.

they require more computational power and memory resources and appears to be extravagant for our wireless sensor network tracking system [24].


On the use of interwoven order of oncoming packets for reliable underwater acoustic data transfer.

eRASURE CODING SOLUTION Solutions based on FEC may be used as an alternative to the ARQ solution.


The basic idea is to planarize the network graph in a localized manner and to forward a message along one or possibly a sequence of adjacent faces which are providing progress towards the destination node.

greedy routing can be restarted at node v1 which will in turn send the message to v2 again, i.e.


4Since the genre listings of applications can be inaccurate, we categorized the top 250 applications manually.


Message passing in Gnutella represents a form of spreading activation.

gnutella is distinguished by its support for anonymity and by its decentralized architecture.


The communication between functional blocks is heterogeneous by mixing the Co-design Finite State Machine (CFSM) [2] and DataFlow (DF) models of computations [4], as dictated by the mixed control/data processing characteristic of the application.


The time in between handoffs is less than one minute for 23% of the handoffs, and 34% of the handoffs are performed within one to .ve minutes.

one of the main problems is how to deploy an 802.11 network in very crowded environments so that each user has a minimum amount of guaranteed bandwidth.


The route selected by TRANS may not be optimal in terms of hop count but provides safe and unaltered delivery of data.

in critical and sensitive mission such as military operations, sensors may fail or be compromised in a way that renders them malicious or (at least) non-cooperative.


With number of players, players current activities have an additional e.ect on server packet size, so packet sizes show .uctuating behavior.

di.erent games may produce di.erent statistical results.


Flow definition schemes have been developed in re- search environments, see e.g.

if our assumption (A2) were obeyed, we would expect ml to decrease inversely with N. the decrease is a little slower than this, a symptom of the fact that the trace contains SYN packets that do not start flows, and hence M1 overcounts of the number of flows.


If we put in too much details, the state space will be so large that we c~nnot compute the optimal policy in a reasonable length of time.


In Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation, December 2002.

understanding the role of user interaction in energy consumption and in providing an energy-performance schedule that adequately accommodates user demand.


In [2], a routing tree is formed such that each node knows the next hop node to which a packet should be forwarded in order to reach the destination.

the typically small bandwidth can be further reduced.


It also consists of platform information.

developing wrappers or similar solutions manually is not a scalable and feasible approach.


While predicting the amount of tra.c crossing a link in a certain period of time 3.1 Slide-and-Chop (S&C) Besides the unsuitability of setting the threshold by guessing Ct, the previous discussion reveals that overthresholding has a distinct e.ect from underthresholding.The former can cause false negatives.

(1) d dbm(d -1)m m +1 As we show in [13], if (m +1) =d/z,then E[Rm+1]can be `´ d (m+1)2ez/d bounded above as E[Rm+1] = zm+1 e. Plugging this and E[R]= dz in (1), it follows that 1 d -11 m (m+1)2 ez E[No] = 1+ 1+ e d .


(a) Percentage of groundtruth PoPs found by our method.

internet connectivity at the as-level: An optimization-driven modeling approach.


Assuming that a majority of players are receiving updates, NEO will continue to progress through rounds.

often, if such software detects a player as cheating, that player is dismissed from their current gaming session or even banned from playing the game altogether.