0.8 0.75 The above procedure signi.cantly reduces the size of the 0.7 problem by clustering the tiles into groups and representing each group with a single tile.

the correlation matrix has smaller dimension.


The complexity introduced by the latches is that signals can now pass transparently through the latches and this makes time borrowing across latch boundaries possible.

timing analysis can no longer be carried only on the combinational part since the output time of a latch is now dependent on its input time.


Although NEMS devices have extremely low OFF current, a NEMSdevice does not offer as high ON current as CMOS transistors do.

for the first time, we propose the idea of hybrid NEMS-CMOS technology where near zero-leakage characteristics of NEMS can be combined with high ON current of CMOS transistors to simultaneously achieve ultra low-power and high performance operation.


Furthermore, in all cases where the system eventually settled on using the nice controller, ef.ciency is actually 100%.

the on-line strategy is highly ef.cient in this example.


Illustration of Generalized Predictor Figure 7 shows the results of experiments performed using our limit study infrastructure for piecewise linear branch predictors with a constant history length of h =63and varying n and m such that their product is always 65,536.

the number of elements in the W array is kept at a constant 64× 65, 536= 4MB, but the .rst and second di- Percent Mispredicted mensions of the W array are varied to represent different points in the space of neural predictors.


With the nootion of end-user programmability being introduced to DMFFBs, control-flow constructs present exciting, new possibilities for microfluidic applications.

when control-floww is introduced, synthesis (Figure 2) will need to be performedd online since the order of assays (biochemical reactions) to bee executed is no longer deterministic, but instead dependent on liive-feedback from the DMFB [2][13].


This fact in turn implies that recognizing a temperature rise by using a thermal sensor may render the thermal control mechanism useless due to its slow response.

we propose a hot spot alerting algorithm based on the predictions of the junction temperature of the device and the power state of the system.


The uprouting in folded-Clos network can also be viewed as an allocation problem since the packet can traverse using any uplinks.

the routing needs to make an assignment of the outputs to the input ports.


However, interleaved accesses to different spatial regions cause conflict behavior within the sub-blocked tags, fragmenting spatial region generations and reducing the accuracy of observed patterns.

we design SMS to integrate with a traditional cache hierarchy.


Assuming that opens are independent events, the probability of more than one open, therefore, has a magnitude smaller than 10E-14 and can be neglected.

we restrict our analysis to a single open in the net.


As transistors 2 and 3 are physically located close to each other (both in the PRAM peripheral circuit), they are likely to share a similar variation due to correlation.

we assume variations exhibit correlation between transistors 2 and 3, lower current and this observation is consistent with [22], which designs low power PRAM using a ring type contact to achieve a minimum programming current.


E such that t(v) <t(u)+ d(u, v) - (w(u, v)+ r(v) - r(u))T. Due to (4), it implies that t1(v) <t(u)+ d(u, v) - (w(u, v)+ r1(v) - r(u))T or fd(v) <t(u)+ d(u, v) - (w(u, v)+ r1(v)+1 - r(u))T Since t1(v) = T ,itisalwaystrue that t1(v) <t(u)+ d(u, v) - (w(u, v)+ r1(v) - r(u))T, which contradicts (6).

the solution to (4) is also a solution to (1)-(3).


The two zero-skew MP may not be in the correct location according to traditional DME, but the new MP location will be adjusted appropriately to maintain zero skew.

the resulting tree may not have minimum power, but it is always zero skew.


This surface is dynamically updated with the newly-observed (sL2,sL3) values and the corresponding d values to adapt to the dynamic modulations in thread behavior.

if a thread is allocated the same (sL2,sL3) ways at two di.erent points during its execution, we update the surface with the most recently-observed d value (for that allocation pair).


Flip-Flops X are used to hold the partial result, while .ip-.ops N, T, GZ, and BN are used to hold the quantities N, 2N, B, and 2B +2N, respectively.

multiplexer X-Mux can drive into the adder one of the quantities 0, B, N,or B + N, while multiplexer Z-Mux can do the same with quantities 0, 2B, 2N,or 2B +2N.


However, IA model could lead to overestimations and such overestimations are exponentially accumulated along a computation path.

the final intervals may be too large to be useful.


4.2 Communication Analysis With multiple pipeline stages (i.e., loop nests), some of the input and output data may be directly communicated on-chip, rather than requiring reading and or writing from or to memory.

some of the memory accesses assumed in the optimization of a single loop nest may be eliminated as a result of communication analysis.


These functions are stored in I-mem separately from the region used to store cache blocks.

the amount of space available for blocks is decreased.


The idea of partition-based placement is rooted in the assumption that loosely connected cells can be placed farther away.

if the worst-case intra-level delay of this sub-region is less than the inter-level delay, or more generally the intra-level connection cost is less than inter-level connection cost, inter-level partitioning should be done and partitioned sub-circuit should be assigned to different levels.


As already explained, it handles false dependences (WAW and WAR, so multiple pointers to the same register reference are allowed.

multiple enters of the same reference to a register can be allocated in the context bus.


In Figure 6, it can be noticed that the over-lapping range is 200 MHz at least.

if the input frequency is close to reference 600 frequency (80 MHz) the control voltage of the local oscillator can 500 be adjusted to change the reference frequency higher or lower.


In contrast, in the presence of an instrumentation client DynamoRIO is doing a full decoding in order to facilitate code manipulation by the client.

from this point forward we do not account for the DynamoRIO component in our study, as this overhead does not exist on pure DBO infrastructures.


In most DSP functions, arithmetic units (i.e., adders and multipliers) are the major building blocks and typically constitute the critical paths.

the signal processing performance degradation heavily depends on the output errors of those arithmetic units.


group also has a good share relationship with its sibling group P 1~P 3.

according to the relationship information found in the grouping tree, a proper mapping order among all the rows can be determined.


This graph in turn reveals which simpler patterns can be covered by a complex instruction during code generation, again by applying the appropriate identity operands to its inputs.

these simpler patterns need not be implemented as individual instructions if the complex pattern is chosen for implementation provided that the possibly slower execution and the cost of applying the identity operands can be afforded.


These three misses are again serviced in parallel, which results in one long-latency stall.

for each loop iteration, the MLP-aware policy causes six misses ([P2, P3, P4] and [P3, P2, P1]) and only two long-latency stalls.


For a given reference stream, adaptive insertion tries to dynamically choose between two policies: LRU and BIP.

tADIP needs to make a binary decision (say LRU=0 and BIP=1) for each application executing on a CMP core.


Also, to improve data reliability for applications that are operated under highly noisy environment, we also propose to write back the victims of the replication to the L2 cache.

all the data in L1 can either .nd the replicas in the replication cache or in the L2 cache for achieving high data integrity against soft errors.


Unlike the construction-by-correction approach, this approach has a more global view of both pins and obstacles.

this approach can often obtain much better solution quality.


Ensemble of LDPC codes using design method I. FER 0.73 0.67 G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 Size 2560 1311 206 19 0 0 0 0 0  A limitation of the design method I is that the performance for higher puncturing (code rate above 0.8 for a rate 0.5 mother code) is not good enough to support the code rate over 0.8.

the other design method needs to be considered for designing an ensemble with subset codes, which has good FER performance at higher rate above 0.8.


For example, it uses a very wide cache data path in order to reduce its clock frequency.

high density and low power RAM memories are well suited for this architecture.


Also for ultra-low power nanomagnetic logic (NML), although it is operating at relatively low clock frequencies, the Landauer heat can make the difference between a battery life of a month or several years.

the heat cost of logical irreversibility is important, and there are three main approaches to keep the heat density in allowable limits: a) decreasing the logic density, b) bringing down the operating frequency, and c) developing at least partially reversible logic structures.


The distribution functions of our method correspond to weights of individual kernels.

the cost functions Qdist and Qadapt play almost the same role as the Q-function of the EM algorithm, although they have some additions, i.e., .


On the other hand, because there exists temperature correlation at di.erent regions, many merging points could have a similar perturbation con.guration (See Figure 4).

an e.cient worst-case skew calculation needs to .rst build a compactly parameterized model by applying the correlation information.


Therefore, SET pulses will not arrive at the output of the CWSP block.

the Width of the Maximum SET pulse (WMax_SET) at the output of the Combinational Block that is able to be mitigated is defined by: WMax_SET < DDelay_Block - DCWSP.


In.exibility: They bind speci.c test patterns and a speci.c testing approach (e.g., based on a speci.c fault model) into silicon.

it is impossible to change the testing strategy and test patterns after the processor is deployed in the .eld.


Therefore, SADP was previously limited by the lack of .exibility in terms of layout decomposition.

sADP is only in production use for 1D patterns in NAND Flash memory applications but applying SADP to 2D randomlogicpatternsis challenging[1,10,11].


It must look up each physical page in turn.

storing complete paths would yield no bene.t over the other page table cache designs.


Table 1 shows the values of Y(i,i+1) in different cases, which is the same bus model used in [7].


Therefore, bu.ers may not have lower s0 than inverters.

inserting a bu.er instead of inverter may not be e.ective in solving the ISPD problem.


In order to guarantee the correctness, the clock cannot be increased by 2X or higher of the one determined by the worst-case delay.

the search starts at half the maximum depth.


As a result, the most performance tuned physical length of these wires does not scale as aggressively as wires on lower metal layers.

the logical length of global routing wires needs to be increased as LAB size is reduced, but a longer wire results in needing a higher channel width, and less routability since average required connection length does not increase as fast.


Since the number of unique con.icting addresses in most of our benchmark was low as seen in .gure 3, we do not expect this to be a severe bottleneck.

with these minimal changes we can convert a stallbased LogTM model into a limited value forwarding TM system.


That is, there is no interference between the cache sets and they can be modeled independently to arrive at locking decisions.

the trace T can be partitioned into K traces T1,..., TK one corresponding to each cache set.


4.3 Algorithm Framework: 2-Staged LFF Figure 8 shows that the FRs of CCN are much larger.

they have more buffer candidates than CNN.


This demands for an underlying simulation environment supporting scalability, adaptability and modularity.

within our concept each node or sub-module can be placed into its own SystemC [4] simulation.


The use of the intermediate variable h, which is distinct from f, makes it so that t1 and t0 are not truly quiescent.

sturton proved that UCI s defenses could be evaded.


The CPU time of our approach is much smaller than that of [8].

compared with [8], our approach can achieve a much better result with a much smaller CPU time.


If the original Icell is large, the maximum possible Icell under a reduced VDD cannot be the same as the original Icell even when the PWM duty ratio is set to 100%.

luminance distortion for some very bright pixels becomes unavoidable for both the AM and PWM drivers.


Since merging two nodes implies a decrease of idleness, we choose the node pair that yields the smallest variation.

in general, a node will be a cluster of localities, with its overall size, activation list, and correlation with other clusters.


Many popular cell phones currently lack even a simple floating point unit.

we decided to implement Karaoke Callout as a TCP/IP client server (or client server client) application.


In general, it is possible that the fanin of x is also a fanin of other fanins of x.

perturbed arrival times are computed starting from the minimum level gate (step 3).


Encoding on assembler level both on compile and run time provides a smaller sphere of protection since encoding is done within or after the compilation and linking.

compiler and linker are partly or completely respectively unchecked.


These patterns exhibit locality as most packets travel a short distance between source and destination.

we need strategies to mitigate intra-application interference.


However, once the switching losses become comparable to conduction losses, increasing transistor sizing has no improvement on the DC output characteristics.

we observed that the optimal value for device sizing was 0.75 (detailed results omitted for brevity) for our 10 stage TFET rectifier topology.


At this clock frequency, and for a particular sampler delay variation (ss), we .nd the value p using LUT (.gure 4, where p is the mean arrival time beyond which BER starts increasing and approaches one.

it is important to select an optimum value of p for obtaining minimum BER.


For the baseline 1MB cache, LRUincursan MPKIof136,both LIP and BIP incuran MPKIof 115 (17% reduction over LRU), and OPT incurs an MPKI of 101 (26% reduction over LRU).

both LIP and BIP bridge twothirds of the gap between LRU and OPT without extra storage.


According to above discussion, cuts whose leaf includes no node with label p are enumerated.


Our exploration found that Architectures that have fewer than nine GPRs per cell do not have sufficient switching sites.

the pipelined router is forced to find potentially longer routes for pipelined signals.


instances, this formulation is computationally expensive.

we show, under aprox SAT-based in Table 1, that by adding fewer XOR constraints determined by log2(#sims), we can signi.cantly improve the runtime of the previous SAT-based formulation with nominal degradation to the entropy.


Come back to the dual problem D, the objective (16) is di.erential for all .. and ...

we can also apply the projected gradient-descent method [3] to solve the dual problem (15) via link congestion price updates (21) and primary outage price updates (22).


The performance of a PKC is primarily determined by the e.ciency of the arithmetic operations in the underlying .nite .eld.

the system architectures for ECC are normally designed to accelerate the .eld operations.


The simulation time for 177.mesa, for instance, reduces to about 7 hours.

minneSPEC is ideal for our purposes where fast simulation with high .delity is adequate to determine the weights of various system buses.


As this .gure shows, more than 40% of the injected hard-faults can cause an immediate < 10K architectural state mismatch.

a faulty core cannot be trusted to provide correct functionality even for short periods of program execution.


Conventional in.exible designs often handle delay variations through conservative guard-bands in the operating frequency and voltage to ensure error-free operation across a wide range of dynamic and static variations over circuit lifetime [9].

these in.exible designs cannot exploit opportunities for higher performance by increasing frequency or lower energy by lowering V cc under favorable operating conditions.


On the otherhand,PGASimplements a one-sided communication model (faster than two-sided), where caching is not required and the programmer makes local copies and manages their consistency.

no cache coherenceprotocolis needed, exceptbetweenthe network interface and the processes in a node.


In the normal mode (TC= 1 ), however, the transmission gate is open and the gate can control its output.

in this scheme, the output of the gate never gets .oated and there cannot be any static short circuit current on the next stage gates in the sleep mode.


Although H-Tree is attractive for clock distribution due to its small clock skew and a relatively simple implementation, it usually results in a long clock path from the clock source to each sink (clock terminal).

a H-tree CDN usually causes a longer clock delay, occupies a larger wiring area, and consumes more power.


The global communication energy is expected to account for a signi.cant portion of the total energy consumption [1].

the objective of the interconnection design is to obtain an implementation that satis.es the performance requirements and minimizes the communication energy.


In normal mode, our design prohibits listening to response values in order to prevent model-building attacks [8].

after creation of CRPSOC, the manufacturer disables read-out of PUF responses, e.g.


of Informatics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece panagakis@aiia.csd.auth.gr  ABSTRACT Speech signals convey information not only for speakers identity and the spoken language, but also for the acquisition devices used during their recording.

it is reasonable to perform acquisition device identi.cation by analyzing the recorded speech signal.


As pointed out in Section 1.1, large macros create troubles for the legalization.

3D floorplanning is performed on the coarsened netlist (100 nodes) before 3D placement.


Though the proposed learning method is limited to Boolean predicate logic in RTL, the incremental cost can be extremely high up-to 10x the actual run-time.

we restricted the amount of learning by setting a threshold of 2500 learned relations.


Since the original packets are .rst encoded by a rateless code in CRBcast, the number of the original packets should be large enough to minimize the overhead incurred by the coding scheme.

cRBcast is suitable for applications such as data dissemination in which we require to broadcast moderate to large number of packets.


These dependences prevent us from scheduling the third node (that accesses the same data block) right after the .rst two nodes.

one possible schedule is the one shown in the .gure (using dashed lines/curves).


We wish to shift the time bias as i, the number of iterations, increases.

we use the following probabilistic offset to bias the time: k i × rand(0, Tmax ).


Clock rate of a pure MoT network is the highest among all measured networks, because MoT primitives have shortestdelays.


This means writing data to one location will a.ect data at other locations.

a global FLASH organization is required to achieve e.cient data storage.


We instead use a simpler metric, as in [4], the absolute value of kurtosis, de.ned as 4 2 |kurt(vi)| = |E[vi ] - 3E[vi ]2| (11) When vi is Gaussian, the above metric reaches its minimum value: 0.

maximizing nongaussianity is equivalent to maximizing the the absolute value of kurtosis.


For test cases of o/s=3, where the open issue is more severe, the proposed algorithm tends to focus on open rate reduction by maximizing the C value, and adds as many redundant wires as possible.

for test case S1, with low wiring density, many redundant wires can be added to put almost all wires on loops.


Similarly, the robust strategy improves the gate leakage dissipation by 15.5% at the 99th percentile, as illustrated in Figure 7.

the robust method can utilize the partial Cumulative Probability 0.92 0.91 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Subthreshold Leakage Current (normalized) Figure 6.


As compared to the unsafe cache con.gurations, HPC con.gurations have 13% runtime degradation but the safe con.gurations lose about 48% performance.

the HPC con.guration can provide the better performance than the safe cache con.guration with comparable failure rates.


Reference [5] shows that 40% of total circuit power is consumed in the clock distribution.

feasibility of mesh-based clock distribution architectures is limited by the power constraints.


As the complexity increases, the level of abstraction at which behavior is speci.ed also increases.

the behavioral structures generated by high-level synthesis tools tend to be well-structured.


The parasitic capacitance of the two transistors is signi.cantly smaller than that of the bitline and the access transistors of RAM cells.

the additional parasitic capacitance does not signi.cantly increase the latency of the PRF.


Additionally, the ratio between the total number of tasks M that are running on the given on-chip system and the number of cores N also play a role in the decision of CU-AB, because having more tasks than cores provides more opportunity to achieve thermal balance between the cores.

we define a run-time parameter, called DyBal, which is dynamically re-adapted if M changes allowing more task migrations when dealing with several tasks; see Eq.8.


As a result, the gate capacitance of FBC is even smaller than the conventional SOI MOS-FET.

the RC delay related to wordline/bitline charge/precharge of FBDRAM is signi.cantly faster than SRAM given the same array size.


contribution of the clocking subsystem to total power budget reaches 30-50%.

the reduction of clock-related power is among the most important tasks for future high performance designs.


That is, we are going to discover melody repetition more than timbre repetition.

the extracted features and corresponding similarity measure should focus on melody similarity which is related to a sequence of note similarity, rather than timbre similarity.


This is represented in two s complement using 18 bits.

we use a bit-precision of 20 bits (a multiple of 4, for convenience) in all our computations.


Even for an individual subject, its activity may change over time.

it is necessary for the normal pro.le to be updated in order to re.ect the recent activities in time.


2.4 Energy Considerations Research in the network-on-chip .eld [22] has shown that the energy cost of network routers will inevitably comprise a signi.cant portion of total system demand.

schemes that reduce network hop traversals are becoming increasingly attractive.


From the results, we can clearly see that RADS do not scale well beyond OC-3072 and suffer from severe implementation hurdles.

techniques focused on reducing both the area and the access time of the SRAM buffers are of the highest interest.


Since our primary objective is to estimate the guaranteed parametric yield, we focus on the lower bound of the cumulative probability, i.e., the upper bound of the leakage dissipation at any percentile.

only the right-side pbox is shown in all figures.


Control data is in the instruction cache, while the cascade data is in the data cache.

we can expect fewer cache miss in the LUT cascade emulator.


Because of the exponential relation between the leakage current (static power) and the device dimensions, the leakage current variation distribution is approximately lognormal.

power consumption exhibits multiplicative variation, i.e., pu = fupu0 , where pu 0 and pu are nominal power and real power consumption of the gate gu, respectively, and fu is the scaling factor.


Since only the .ttest individuals are selected, the GA minimizes the execution of if-statements.

an individual implying that C is not satis.ed has a very low .tness.


An array channel is an abstraction of memories including on-chip and external memories.

it is not easy to write a RTL model without using them in many cases.


On the other hand, the .rst problem of manufacturing variability is becoming more prominent as the technology scales.

permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Although the previous work successfully mapped the correct results, the mapping rules it employed for invalid conducting path prevention were too strict, leading to a large mapped area.

in the proposed approach, we loosen the restriction on the mapping rules while continuing to prevent invalid conducting paths.


On the other hand, the energy consumption of our proposal is about 0.6% of the total energy footprint for a comparable in-order processor, using a CACTI [24] approximation.

our proposed technique can deliver most of the same bene.ts with regard to resolving memory stalls, but at a fraction of the energy consumption and area utilization of an outof-order processor.


Gabel and Su [16] formalized the problem of mining parameteric patterns such as the alternating pattern we consider (but not general LTL) and showed that it is NP-hard through reduction from the Hamiltonian Path problem.

it makes sense to mine patterns with a small pattern alphabet size to avoid the potential worst-case exponential blow-up.


THE ROLE OF AUTOSYMMETRY Tounderstandtheroleofautosymmetrifuntionswe mustomparethemwiththesetofallpossiblefuntions.

k-0123456789101112Tot #funt365ll672954l433927l6245828l8942 %funt38.9l2.37.6lO.l4.34.64.l2.9l.72.46.23.Ol.9lOO #AC 264 82 55 54 23 35 2l lO 2 O O O O 546 #A O 5 4 5 9 7 l6 9 l4 24 58 28 l8 l97 #* lOl 29 l3 36 9 l 2 8 O O O O O l99 Avg(TA/Tc) l.Ol O.63 O.42 O.37 O.32 O.27 O.O7 O.OO4 O.OOOl - - - - - Table2:Distributionofk-autosymmetrifuntionsintheEspressobenhmarksuite.#funtarethetotalnumbersof funtions(singleoutputs)foranyvalueofk,and%funtaretheorrespondingperentages.Theotherrowsreportthe numberofk-autosymmetrifuntionssynthesizedwiththenewAlgorithm.,andwiththepreviousbestAlgorithm C(#AC);synthesizedwith.only(#A),sineCdidnotterminate;notsynthesizedatallsinebothalgorithmsdid notterminate(#*).Avg(TA/Tc)istheaverageoftheratioTAandTcarethetimesrequiredbythetwoalgorithmson ThetotalnumberofBooleanfuntionsofnvariablesis NF=22n ,orrespondingtoallthewaysasubsetofpoints anbehosenin{0,1}n .Thisisahugenumber,however, duetotherandomnessoftheabovegeneratingproessvery manyofsuhfuntionsdonotorrespondtoanysignifantiruit.Autosymmetrifuntionsarejustasubset oftheabove.Byaountingargument(omittedherefor brevity)weaninfatprovethatautosymmetrifuntions areNA =(2n -1)22n.l .forinreasingn,autosymmetrifuntionsonstituteavanishingfrationofall thefuntions,asNA/NFgoestozeroforngoingtoinfnity.


Furthermore, vertices in the cycle can be locating by finding an arbitrary path between A and H, e.g., A, B, I, and H. Notably, uv2 connects to B and D with the same pseudo colors, and uv3 only connects to a determined vertex.

no conflict cycle is generated by uv2 and uv3.


Note that we do not change the wire RC per unit length, even though the wire width is smaller.

the extracted RC values from the tool does not re.ect the geometry of shrunk 2D, but that of a M3D wire of equivalent length using the original metal geometries.


Since the credits crossbars act as a wrapper around the router, and are preset before the application starts, the credits automatically get sent to the correct routers/NICs.

if a router receives a credit, it simply enqueues the VCid into its free VC queue.


This arrangement ensures that the corresponding set of image pixels corrupted by any fbump, ADC or TSV failure will not come from the same tile.

each of the corrupted pixels can be recovered by using the information of its uncorrupted neighboring pixels.


During determine the coordinate of each bus, it only handles the horizontal and vertical buses.

each diagonal bus in the trees will be split into one horizontal and one vertical buses.


Smart materials are materials that couple two forms of energy such as magnetic and mechanical energy for magnetorheological fluid, heat and mechanical energy for shape memory alloy, and electric and mechanical energy for piezoceramics.

these materials can often serve as both sensors and actuators.


Rather, if there is such a code, it should be handled by ASystemC.


We refer to cache lines that are not referenced between insertion and eviction as zero reuse lines.

figure 1 shows that for the baseline 1MB 16-way LRU-managed L2 cache, more than half the lines installed in the cache are never reused before getting evicted.the traditional LRU policy results in inef.cient use of cache space as most of the lines installed occupy cache space without contributing to cache hits.


The second row in Table 1 lists the errors for all these new systems, while the last one shows the errors for the models built with the Loewner matrix approach.

our models are equivalent to those we would obtain by applying the Loewner matrix method.


Since the substrate is capacitively coupled with the well of the MOS transistors used for tuning, part of the high-frequency digital switching noise is injected into Vc.

the VCO output signal is a.ected by phase noise.


Some circuits start with a good topology, while others do not have this feature.

sometimes we need to make a decision whether to keep the current topology or not.


When the message arrives at the destination, GM puts the message in a .xed receive bu.er, and the data portion of the message is copied to the allocated memory of the receiver.

the copy overhead of Eager Send/Receive is inevitable on nated checkpointing protocol in M3 .


Moreover, a slight deviation in computation delay of logic blocks (during evaluation phase) may result in capturing incorrect values.

delay variations either in logic blocks or in the external (global) control signals can lead to malfunction in this nano-architecture.


A table is mapped to certain banks, and the table-to-bank mapping is available in the query optimizer.

if the table inter-access time is T , and the resynchronization time is Tp (assuming less than T ), then the optimizer can transition the associated modules into a low-power mode (with a unit time energy of Ep) for the initial T - Tp period (which would consume a total [T - Tp]Ep energy), activate the module to bring it back to the active mode at the end of this period following which the module will resynchronize before it is accessed again (consuming TpEa energy during the transition assuming that Ea is the unit time energy for active mode as well as during the transition period).


For the above experiments, layout generation and extraction requires an average of 1.62 sec, whereas it takes only about 0.004 sec for layout estimation.

layout parasitics can be estimated with about a 400x speedup with only about 3% loss in accuracy for the worst case.


However, since we have used Gaussian approximation during the analysis, theoretically it is difficult to fully guarantee the error probability to be bounded by a designer, even in our experiments it works quite well.

we suggest that the specified probability should be flexibly restricted.


Meanwhile, if the FillRegion Ri has no .lls, both x(i+1)0 and yi0 should be 1.

two more equations (7) and (8) are used to force x( i+1)0 and yi0 to be 1 at the same time.


If we .rst set the loop transformation matrices for loop 2 and loop 4 to identity matrices, .nding a unique data transformation matrix for array 1 may cause potential con.icts.

in order to obtain the maximum number of localized arrays, we need to eliminate these two kinds of con.icts.


In aggressively clocked designs, it may not be possible to implement global clock gating without significantly impacting processor cycle time.

we have designed and implemented a fully pipelined error recovery mechanism based on counterflow pipelining techniques [19].


The B*-tree is particularly suitable for representing a .oorplan/placement with mixed-size blocks, like the blocks and the I/O buffers for the .ip-chip design; further, it does not have the cell height and the row placement constraints, imposed by the classical placement algorithms.

we shall take advantage of the nice properties of the B*-tree to develop our algorithm for .ip-chip placement.


Thus, E is also stable, and so the range of E does not grow to in.nity.

error analysis only needs to be conducted until it converges.


Even in this case, the number of LPs will be proportional to the size of the grid and to the number of grid branches.

instead of performing all the optimizations, we explore dominance relationships among node voltage drops and among branch currents.


These types of dividers are composed of several cascaded stages arranged in a ring structure and require no explicit registers for intermediate remainders.

their critical data paths are free from any register delay to store partial remainders, and the performance is almost that of a fully combinational-array implementation.


In the selfish gene biological theory, population itself can be simply seen as a pool of genes where the number of individuals, and their specific identity, are not of interest.

differently from other evolutionary algorithms, the SG resorts to a statistical characterization of a population composed by an .............................., by representing and evolving some statistical parameters only.


It means that there is a vt assignment solution with the cost P satisfying T.(2) .> 1+ E.In this case, it means that there exists a constraint which cannot be evaluated to 1 in the optimal solution.

there is no vt assignment solution with the cost P satisfying T. and D(gi)+ci,j + (3) 1 <.


The adopted solution was to make externally available some internal signals of a LUT; in particular, a LUT7-3 was chosen in the LE.

it becomes easier to implement 1 of N encoding, as auxiliary outputs per LE are available for Multi-Rail signals.


The simulator-generator then produces a C-fragment which describes the e.ect of the combination.

it nests the existing implementations of the instructions that take part in the combination.


Notice this operation eliminates intra-tree edge (a, b) without introducing any new intra-tree edge into the MTST.

starting from any MTST, we can repeat the above process to obtain an MTST consisting of only bridge edges and on-forest edges.


An easy calculation shows that, with regard to this condition, the LQR controller is safe in a larger set of states than the .xed-point controller.

we implement both controllers and a switching supervisor to make use of the larger safe set.


The user can see the images from the projector B re.ected in the looking glass.

the re.ected images can be di.erent from what the user sees in front of the looking glass.


Other TSV models [6] [7] consider part of the .eld effects, but not altogether.

a compact TSV model that considers multiple TSV-to-TSV coupling, substrate impact, and E-.eld effect is essential for full-chip design.


Overhead Evaluation: Multi-level phase analysis has to analyze and predict phase behavior based on the information of both .ne-grained phases and coarse-grained ones.

there will be additional space and time overhead.


However, untested instructions are also likely to occur rarely, because otherwise it would have been tested in a well tested program.

assuming null PSets for untested instructions in a well tested program would not result in signi.cant number of false constraint violations.


We sacri.ce memory space of one data line in the row buffer, and use it to support the Location Table Entry for the other 31 lines.

each LEAD can have up to two bytes of Location Table Entry (we use one byte and keep one byte reserved for future use).


The PDF of this waveform is a uniform distribution with mean µI= T/2 () and standard deviation sI= T/ 12 .

the delay of () the output ramp is DR= MR-/ as shown in Fig.


For short distances (i.e., hundreds of micrometers), the path over the TSV and M1 (e.g., the TSV path) exhibits a lower impedance as compared to the path consisting of M6 and the stack of vias.

most of the current flows through the TSV path resulting in a substantially smaller voltage drop as compared to the circuit shown in Figure 4b.


With the continuous scaling of transistor dimensions, device aging, which causes temporal performance degradation and potential wear-out failure, is becoming increasingly dominant for lifetime reliability concerns because of limited timing margins.

an early-stage analysis and optimization flow considering aging effects is necessitated as a key factor in guaranteeing consistently reliable operation over a desired lifespan.


This follows from the infeasible linear system {(p + q)/3 > p, (p + q)/3 >q}.

dCMS (G)= {p, q} and ..(p, q) = max{p, q}.


Papers, Figure 13: Active power comparison at 110oCbetween (a) ZBB (0.55V), DBB (0.5V) and TABB (0.5V), and (b) ZBB (0.4V), ODBB (0.35V) and TABB (0.35V).

for high temperature operation, TABB is an attractive FBB scheme with Vfbb = Vdd at near-room temperatures and progressively decreasing Vfbb at higher temperatures.


A control signal needs to be retained with a buffer chain only until it is used for a functional block, which should be retained with an additional buffer chain to the end of the circuit for its energy to be reversibly recovered.

its energy must be recovered with an SERC not to add an additional buffer chain.


However, T(SI ,Si) alone may not be able to activate and propagate errors to primary outputs, since errors in the given sequence may only be activated and propagated to primary outputs by T(Si,SF ).


This signaling consisted of an asynchronous external signal generation only.

it was impossible to know which lock had been released.


Loss and latency result in unresponsive interactions for the avatar and inaccurate representation of its position.

we can con.dently assert that SL would bene.t from protecting the bandwidth of avatar traf.c, through allocating it a dedicated channel.


In order to obtain sound print database, many times of tapping sound simulation are required.

grid computing technique was utilized in the sound print database calculation.


As processor designers put more processing cores on chip, the pressure on the shared hardware resources will increase and inter-thread interference in shared resources will become an even more severe problem.

techniques to provide quality of service (or fairness) to threads sharing CMP resources are necessary.


In 3D designs, inputs can be sized or placed in different layers to affect their weight on the output device.

3D pNML TLGs provide additional bene.ts such as increased fan-ins and easier signal routing via multiple layers.


If there are many undetected faults, the run time forthe optimization solver is high because of the largeoptimization function.

the following two-stage .ow is proposed: 1) Use conventional SAT-based ATPG until a certain percentage P of faults is detected.


In a .rst step, a polytope Pi is built for every if-statement IFi.

the conditions of IFi are traversed in their natural execution order p which is de.ned by the associativity and precedence rules of the operators && and ||.


When variations are modeled as RVs, it is common to think of the bounds Xmax and Xmin as being the ±3s limits of the i i normal distribution of Xi.In other words, if s2 is the variance i of Xi then Xmax =+3si and Xmin = -3si.For any normal i i distribution with mean µ and variance s2,the interval µ ± 3s covers 99.73% of the distribution: Fµ,s (µ +3s) - Fµ,s (µ - 3s)= F(3) - F(-3) = 0.99731 (3) where Fµ,s (·) is the cdf of the normal distribution with mean µ and variance s2,and F(·) is the cdf of the standard normal distribution (i.e., the normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1).

for all practical purposes, almost all of the distribution lies within the ±3s limits.


However, rds is further boosted by EA2 in currentregulation loop, turning out rPF AV_EA2rds, as the common output buffer has roughly unity voltage-gain.

an even lower frequency pLOAD takes place in CC-cycle, with regard to CVmode.


from standby mode to video for mobile phones).

the circuit design has to be efficieent even in standby and as well as at normal operating modee.


First, we show that remapping speeds up the overall application such that its completion time is faster on the target microprocessor.

by executing faster, the energy consumed by the processor after remapping is lower.


In addition, the number of AC decreases with the increasing number of iterations because the topology-aware cutting strategy restricts TACUE to preserve the topology.

we do not have a large room for changing the design structure.


Hence, runahead execution is not able to parallelize two long-latency cache misses if the load instruction generating the second miss is dependent on the load instruction that generated the .rst miss.1 These two misses need to be serviced serially.

the full-latency of each miss is exposed and the latency tolerance of the processor cannot be improved by runahead execution.


However, in a real circuit, the circuit delay distribution can be thought of as the result of applying a sequence of +operations for the delays along each path and .nally a single max operation.

increasing correlation will have an effect on both the +operations and the maxoperation.


), which is the same as the DC gain of 20 dB, more than the capacitive decoupling method.

for a single node substrate it appears that active noise decoupling is the best overall noise suppression method.


All falls corresponded to the schema described in Section 6 (excluding of the stair fall).

the algorithm was evaluated with 48 falls, from which 41 falls were detected correctly.


For both topologies, the input clock has to go through a NAND gate followed by an inverter to reach the output.

their clock insertion delays are nearly identical.


(15) a i.NMOS which can also be expressed in the Weibull scale [1] as (()) L()ß 1 -Pr(ckt) .it W =ln -ln fail (t)=ln Pr(i)ai a i.NMOS () L t = ß ln +ln Pr(i).iß ai.

(16) a i.NMOS the failure probability of a large digital circuit also follows the Weibull distribution, and has the same slope ß as a single device.


For example, the type of instruction (e.g., load/store or ALU operation) determines the functional unit where the instruction is scheduled.

reserving the identical functional unit in all of its dynamic instances sensitize the same path for a given instruction.


By Lemma 1, for the given set S, the probability of the 2i i-th (0=i =2n -1)input combination is 2n .

2-1 the set of N =22n possible probability values is 2n-1 N i 2 n R ={p|p= zi ,zi .


On average, prefetching alone improves performance by 27% and when combined with TADIP-F improves performance by 41%.

tADIP-F improves the performance of a baseline system with prefetching by 11% indicating that TADIP-F is applicable to systems with and without prefetching.


Since (b mod s)=(b ' mod s), lb/sJ-lb ' /sJ=b/s-b ' /s.

coeff1l1 ···+ coeffnln ···+ lb/sJ= coeff ' 1l1 ' ···+coeff ' l ' ···+lb ' /sJ.


In other words, the error in value v2 is spread to v1 in the cache via registers R2 and R1 .

in this example, EPS of word wl,v1 can be calculated as: EPS(wl,v1 )= {EG(wl,v2 )}.


Further, a system application will be able to read-out data of the CLEVER-PU and to be informed if the system enters in critical states.

the actual performance of the embedded system is nearly una.ected by the new technology as most of the processing is executed on the CLEVER-PU.


It was experimentally determined that the polynomial of Vdd0.3 approximates the dependency of capacitance on voltage with a reasonable level of accuracy.

to compare the AC distribution at different voltages, the extracted effective capacitances are further divided by Vdd0.3 and normalized to the effective capacitance predicted by the chip power modeling team.


Hence, no particular node is more critical to the overall performance of the network than the others.

attacks on any node affect the network marginally.


The store operation termination was added because with coherent L1 caches, a store would cause an exclusive access in one of the caches, effectively invalidating it from the others.

in Figure 4, the pro.ler would begin at the current memory access LD 4, and travel back noting that load LD 2 and store ST 1 accessed the same block.


The junction temperature T1 and T2 can be estimated as: T1 =QR 11 +(Q1 +Q2)Re (12) T 2 =QR 22 +(Q1 +Q2)Re Hence, the general term of the equation for calculating junction temperature by considering inter-heat source correlation can be estimated as: i = ii +(Q1 +Q2 +Q3 +.... +Qn) e (13) TQR R Re =R1// R2 // R2 // .......// Rn Where Ti is the junction temperature of ith heat source, Qi and Ri are the heat generated by the ith heat source and the thermal resistance along the heat dissipation path for the ith heat source before the heat from different sources merge together.

based on Equation (8), it is possible to calculate the thermal resistance of each intermediate layer.


Instead of using a user de.ned memory mapping for each of the hardware components of the platform, we propose to use the address of the .eld of the C++ class that is used to model thecomponent asentryintheinterconnect addressdecoder.


However, most implementations test the capacity of a hash table during a put operation; if the table should be resized, then the table s reorganization is accomplished during the put.

the cost of some put operations can be much worse than the put s average cost.


The value of Td is in clock cycles for performing the decoding operation on a non time-continuous access pro.le as applicable to memory.


any static leakage currents in the circuit.

they act as sleep control transistors for that branch of the circuit.


set of logic paths in the circuit responsible for memory access.

we expect a very high commonality in the logic paths in this stage as well.


Generally, classi.cation techniques are combinatorial in nature as they involve discrete decisions (assignment of data points into a class).

classi.cation problems can be naturally posted as discrete optimization problems [10, 20].


However, incorrect prefetch requests cannot provide any performance improvement, and they can hurt performance by prematurely evicting valuable blocks from the cache.

it is necessary for VIP to make insertion decisions for demand and prefetch requests separately.


The order by which flip-flops are removed from the scan chain is arbitrary, and we attempt to remove all the flip- flops from the scan chain.

all the conclusions we draw relate to this case.


Numerical methods are not well suited for d-function inputs, which involve an in.nite value at a single time-point, while being identically zero elsewhere.

further analysisis neededto re-phrase(58)in aform suitable for numericalintegration.


From Figure 8, the actual capacitance between two CNTs will be the series equivalent of two CQ and CC.

the net capacitance between two opposite polaritynearest neighbor CNT electrodes in CNCAP1 is: -1 CaF()+1 400aF =14.5aF =+1 400 1 15.6aF NET With four parallel CNET capacitors for every anode, we have a total capacitance per unit area of: 4(14.5aF)/50nm2 or 58aF/50nm2.


The kitchen sensors in the WSU dataset are all frequently used during the execution of the kitchen activities.

we performed this experiment using House A and considering both prepare breakfast and prepare dinner activities.


The other nodes need O(p 2 ) time to combine at most p ranges for each delay sample.

the complexity for the bottom-up phase is O(max(p, q)pn).


However, when high compression values are targeted, the scan cell dependencies cause the compression to drop rapidly.

lPILS guarantees the best compression obtained by ILS without loss in coverage.


From the viewpoint of the SSD, this is only a change in data, it does not announce the fact that this data is no longer relevant and the appropriate pages can be treated as empty.

the SSD controller still treats the respective pages as being occupied until the pages are explicitly overwritten by new data.


Based on an initial challenge as the seed, the PRNG will generate a consistent challenge sequence, such that the PUF response with .... bits is generated by a single PUF structure in .... time-steps.

this provides for a time-space trade-off, which can be utilized for low-resource embedded systems.


The other observation is that CMA-ES-LDA does not improve the results of CMA-ES.

at least for this example, an initialization in the neighborhood of the solution obtained by LDA does not seem to improve the accuracy results.


It is also necessary to regard risk not simply as something to be minimized to the greatest extent possible, but instead as a quantitative design factor to be traded off against other design factors in order to seek an optimal mission configuration.

tradeoff analysis between mission risk, component reliability and cost is crucial.


The prediction given by (17) is actually the optimal continuous-time causal LMMSE predictor for a conti nuous-time (non-bandlimited) Gauss-Markov source having a PSD with the same shape as the PSD of ßm(t), but without the bandlimitedness.

the prediction given by the Green s Theorem makes use only of the immediate previous sample as in a Gauss-Markov process.


That is, the asymptotic results are unchanged if we say every edge switches 10% of the time.

we will not speci.cally reason about variable activity on the netlist graph.


Similarly, the workload of a RF after the image region partition, the processing region binding, and the template binding is defined to be the sum of products of rows of each assigned processing region and the number of assigned corresponding templates.

it is clear that the image region partitioning, the processing region binding, and the template binding is a way to partition the GTM workload among the selected RFs.


However, while predefined blocks have ease of use advantages, they may result in more blocks in a network, resulting in larger network size, higher cost, and increased power consumption.

we have developed capture, simulation and synthesis tools that enable a user to specify a network using predefined blocks (representing a behavioral description) and to simulate that network to verify correct behavior, and that automatically synthesize an optimized network using programmable blocks with automatically generated software.


Unlike other studies that use single temperature to measure the leakage power of the IC, we used the high spatialresolution temperatureof theprocessor to estimate the leakage power.

assuming the IC surface is divided into an m× n grid, the total leakagepower of the processor is calculatedby: mn we use our sensory circuit to measure), and the information Pleakage = ·· N[i,j] Ileakage[i,j] Vdd regarding heat dissipation in the corresponding temperature i=1 j=1 range for cooling down, which can be precisely calculated based on the Newton s law of cooling.


In our test-bed platform only the driving current is controllable.

we model the CCFL luminance as a function of the driving current only and ignore the other parameters.


Data Path Elimination: We cannot say anything about data paths in our abstract timing model, as we have already abstracted away registers and computations in the CPU model.

we want to abstract away from data paths in the system controller model as well.


Still, their potential cannot be fully exploited due to increased complexity of the design process.

to enable an efficient design flow, we devise a set of prerequisites to increase the flexibility and reusability of current FPGA-based RTR architectures.


Previous study has shown that the gate-oxide failure probability is proportional to the device stress time [15].

we can expect a similar MTTF (mean time to failure) improvement for the data cache, which is 48% in our study.


Gate 1 is usually used as the input to a SET, while drain and source are determined by the circuit connections.


In the OMP algorithm, at each iteration, matrix sizes vary.

the main challenging blocks in making the architecture recon.gurable are dot product calculations and least square block.


However, we cannot assume the origin does not move, because the camera is much closer (close-capturing) to the violin compared with the right hand situation and the movement of violin during playing must be considered.

we set a 50 by 50 square area in pixels around the initial origin, and use a motion estimation technique to .nd the best match positions (xf0,i,yf0,i) of this region in the following frames, and obtain the trajectory of the origin (Xf0,Yf0).


After switching the directions of all of the edges, the directed tree in Figure 4(b) can be analyzed in the same way as the one in Figure 4(a).

we use the structure with all edges directed towards the root of the tree (shown in Figure 4(a)) to analyze the proposed synthesis procedure.


They presume LLC consists of SRAM; thus, they have neglected to analyze the impact of the number of write accesses to LLC.

we explore the existing compression mechanism in terms of dynamic energy consumption and lifetime.


In contrast, when the data lifetime of the cache block exceeds 7ms, the data block should be placed in the RRAM-based cache to reduce (a) Redundant bit-writes discarding by RSE scheme, (b) Avoid access conflicts based on Sequential tag-data access Figure 6: A non-volatile SRAM last-level cache leakage power from the SRAM-based cache.

using only one cache type for different cache blocks is impractical.


However, this circuit, itself, would be a voter and subject to the same weakness, therefore just adding area to the whole device and having the same handicap.

it is mandatory to devise a technique to either make the voter circuit tolerant to faults, or to design an alternative circuit that is not dependent on the voting at the output.


However, the parasitic bounds from specification are generated solely based on simulations without fully considering the particularity of layout geometries.

the extracted bounds are not accurate and this straightforward translation may render viable parasitic optimizations over-constrained or even unsolvable.


Method based on factorization: Notice that 0.49 = 0.7×0.7.

we can generate the probability 0.7 twice and feed these values into an AND gate.


Such tests do not need a system setup, and for most of them, there is usually no on-die measurement hooks.

the I/O links might be tested in a non-system or fake-system environment, and extensive expert manual efforts are needed to probe the signals of interest and to analyze the waveforms collected.


Caches also account for a signi.cant portion of chip power consumption due to their signi.cant leakage power.

emerging memory technologies that * This material is based upon work supported in part by Intel Corporation.


Otherwise, it stays with the current packet in the next designated time slot.

the result that we introduce in this paper is not speci.c to PMAC; it is also applicable to slot-based protocols, for instance, Slotted FAMA [6].


The introduction of a combined instruction can cause the occurrence counters of instructions that do not participate in the new instruction to increase or decrease signi.cantly, even though one might expect the e.ect of the combined instruction to be local in scope.

the top-N instruction pair statistics may look completely di.erent after one optimization.


So R(l1)is eitherbelow or to E(b2 ,l1 ) the right of R(b1)and R(b2).

either (l1,b1)or (b2,l1) should exist in Gn.


Finally, for each architectural register we de.ne a metric, called RU length, which corresponds to the number of RU events updating that register within the epoch.

each epoch has an RU length vector associated with it, with one entry for each architectural register.


Symbol 2 following symbol a has the fastest rising edge and symbol 8 following symbol 0 has the slowest rising edge.

lev2 -vth lev8 -fvmin DDJ = t · ln( ), (13) lev2 -fvmax lev8 -vth  where fvmax is the .nal voltage of symbol a and fvmin is the .nal voltage of symbol 0.


PS N i N .DFG i And finally the lower-bound cost (LBC) is simply: LBC = UBS Note that when an undecided pattern becomes decided (as either mapped or not-mapped), only a small number of nodes have their PS changed.

we can quickly calculate LBC from previous value of LBC.


Unlike a write operation to other types of storage medium, the program operation can change the stored bits from 1 to 0 only.

the write operation is implemented by selectively changing bits from 1 to 0 to match the supplied contents assuming all bits in the target page are 1 s before the program operation.


Similarly, the effective switching capacitance Cef,i may also be different for each task Ti.

the total energy consumption of task Ti at frequency f will depend on task characteristics and it can be modeled as: Ei =Ps · Di +(Pind,i +Cef,i fm)· ti(f) (9) where Di is the time period allocated to task Ti.


This is obviously an extremely inef.cient approach.

we have utilized the specialist approach proposed for the switching experts problem in [5].


Our design consists solely of basic logic element clusters and simple input and output connections.

the 8 person months required for our design cannot be directly compared to the 50 to 200 person years of effort needed for a new commercial FPGA.


In the resonant state, the coupling between the micro-rings and the waveguides becomes so strong that the light is dropped by the micro-rings.

electrically tuning the microrings achieves on-o.


It does not provide 100% tight guarantee for each of the transaction and does not have a clear and .ne-granular classi.cation for each transaction.

the bandwidth is not allocated fairly to increase resource utilization.


We generated 100 static traces for each system3and for each static trace, we generated 100 random cache con.gurations.

for each of 100*100 = 10,000 cache con.gurations, we ran cycle-accurate behavioral simulation of the sys 3To generate a static trace, we choose a random cache con.guration and run cycleaccurate simulation of the system.


Thus, in scenarios where dark silicon can be used pro.tably, decreasing area in lieu of exploiting it would certainly decrease system costs, but these decreases in area would have much more catastrophic e.ects on sale price, if it results in compromised performance or functionality relative to the competition.

the shrinking chips scenario is likely to happen only if we can .nd no practical use for dark silicon.


In a fully associative cache with optimal replacement the data that is implicitly prefetched can stay in the cache long enough to be used (since it is not replaced by other, less critical data), but in a direct-mapped cache it might be replaced before it is used.

we have presented a survey of techniques aiming at reducing con.ict misses and cache organizations that support variable block sizes and fetch large blocks if there is su.cient spatial locality and small blocks if not.


The reason is that leakage is set by fundamental principles of device physics, and is limited to a sub-threshold slope of 60 mV/decade at room temperature; that is, in the typical case, a reduction of 10× for every 60 mV that the threshold voltage is above the Vss, which is determined by properties of thermionic emission of carriers across a potential well.

although innovations like Intel s FinFET/Tri-Gate transistor, high-K dielectrics, etc, represent signi.cant achievements maintaining sub-threshold slope close to their historical values, they still remain within the scope of the MOSFET-imposed limits and are one-time improvements rather than scalable changes.


DOUBLE-REGENERATED SWITCHED-CURRENT SENSING SCHEME A 4 state memory cell has 4 symbols, and each symbol is represented by log2(4)=2 bits.

determining the content of the data is equivalent to determining the logic states of these two bits, the most significant bit (MSB) and the least significant bit (LSB).


The sidings are done in such a way that condition (1) and (2) do not happen.

the DC voltage of N_FOOT acts as a source biasing for the evaluation network without affecting the functionality of the circuit.


These operating condition (hence dynamic) variations cause the critical path delay to increase by a factor of 6.1x when the operating condition is varied from the one corner to the other.

a large conservative guard-band into the operating frequency is needed to ensure the error-free operation in presence of the dynamic variations.


It is worth noticing that the configuration data of the Xilinx Virtex-II FPGAs ranges from 0.4Mbits to 43Mbits [2].

storing the configuration data in a FPGA-based system is a critical issue since it needs memory modules that could increase the overall system cost.


Compound cells (cells that consist of two or more logic functions like the OR gate or the AND gate) require this process to be performed twice: once for the logic function at the input and once for the logic driving the output.

an OR gate model would consist of two current sources and require two calibration runs.


The problem presented in this work is similar to the testarchitecture optimization and test scheduling problems, which are known to be NP-hard [16].

we use a heuristic method in this paper.


The slope starts to saturate at a higher ambient index value, and reaches an ambient refractive, implying that employing the proposed cladding structure can expand the operational range of the TFBG sensor.

it indicates that the refractive index sensor with enhanced sensitivity can be used to measure small changes in index of the surrounding medium; here, the resolution of the refractive index measurement is of the order of 10-4.


However, the physical register .le also has a large number of critical paths and increasing the size of this structure can deteriorate the chip frequency distribution under strong PV.

it is important that earlystage architectural performance studies combine joint IPC and statistical frequency analysis.


Figure 14 shows the PMU current consumption with no load, capacitive or resistive, connected to the outputs of the LDOs.


Meanwhile placing more cores on a chip coupled with stalled supply voltage scaling puts per-core energy consumption at a premium.

the challenge is to .nd future microarchitecture optimizations that not only increase performance but also conserve energy.


Natural user interfaces are based on natural interactions (e.g., speech, touch, and gestures) that people use to communicate among themselves.

nUIs have good usability and provide better user experience compared to traditional input interfaces.


= 1 Kvco = 55 MHz/V (td + tp)= 3nS Fs = 80 MHz Q= 8 tdn f = 250pS F = 10 tdn r = 300pS Prescalar fc = 0.5 MHz tup f = 300pS sdiv = 0.055 × Tvco tup r = 250pS CP/PFD non-linearities are primarily responsible for the in-band noise in a type-II frac-N PLL [9].

close attention was paid to improving the linearity of the CP and the PFD.


The advantage of applying this method is that we are able to transfer a multiple dimensional parabolic partial differential equation into a succession of one-dimensional problems.

no large scale matrix has to be computed and it is easy to be implemented.


If the result is unsatis.able, it means that each input minterm can make at least one rectifying cofactor in rc-set unsatis.able.

the current rv-set can rectify all input minterms.


Yield losses are directly related to the revenue of semiconductor companies.

researchers have started to reconsider the application of trees as main wiring topology.


Since the stem and fanout branches have the same logic value, the desired activating input, 0011, cannot be realized at the inputs of LUT3.

backtrack should be performed and the assignments of the inputs of LUT1 and LUT2 must be changed in order to obtain a feasible assignment for inputs of LUT3.


Similarly, if a link is far too short, than based on our experience we have observed that it is di.cult to achieve a low nominal skew at NCA node p,shown in Figure 1.

we try a shorter lu, obtained by performing a binary search between the 0 as minimum, and the current lu as maximum length.


(7)  Note that EievYi~(j,i)eECll(j,i) = E(i,j)eeyycll(i,j), and Eiev Yi E(j,i)eE coo (j, i) : E(i,j)EE yjCoo (i, j).

cF = ~iev [yicl(i)+ yico(i)] + ~(i,j)eE [yjclI(i,J) +.~jcoo(i,j)-F YiyjcoI (i, j) -YiYjCll (i, j) + YiYjcto(i, j) -- YiYjco0(i, j)].


However, fragmentation is pronounced when multiple processes with large working sets simultaneously run on the system.

many operating systems boost the buddy allocator with a separate memory compaction daemon.


For convenience we assume that both chip and test slacks are computed relative to the chip s operational frequency.

test slack never exceeds chip slack since a subset of the chip s paths is tested.


pairs (yi, ci), i = 1 to n. Then the control variates estimate EFCV[Y ] of E[Y ] is:  n n EFCV[Y ] = 1 yi - ß1 ci - E[C](15) n n i=1 i=1 where ß is a constant that has to be determined.

eFCV[Y ] is unbiased [11] and thus its MSE is equal to its variance given by: n c Var(Y ) Cov(Y, C ) Var(C) Var EFCV(Y ) = -2ß +ß2 (16) n n n The value of ß which minimizes the variance in (16) is given by: Cov(Y , C )ßoptimal = (17) Var(C) which leads to the following optimal variance: n c Var(Y ) n c Var EFCV(Y ) = 1 - Corr2(Y , C ) (18) n if Y and C are highly correlated, a signi.cant variance reduction can be achieved for expected value estimation.


Usually, a PM characterizes one failure mechanism of the core-cell.

a core-cell works properly only if all PMs indicate so.


Because most requests in the request buffer become marked with a small BatchDuration, the scheme prioritizes memory-intensive threads with high row-buffer hit rates.

a small BatchDuration effectively eliminates request batching and degenerates to a row-hit-.rst, rank-.rst, oldest-.rst prioritization policy, which (similar to FR-FCFS) penalizes less-intensive threads with low row-buffer locality, as shown in Figure 12(middle) and (right).


In this case, the number of columns after the row shift operations is at least k.From the hypothesis, we have n =2q -3 and n1 = q.


This typically means that their working sets mostly .t into the L1D cache, leaving almost no potential for any L2/L3/memory optimization.

we do not present data for these applications, although we veri.ed that our mechanism does not affect their performance.


In addition, since deg(p(x)) = z, the terms with the lowest z powers of x in a(x) do not contribute to the quotient of a(x)/p(x).

the computation of r can be simpli.ed as: r = Q(' n-k)×(n-k)a ' , (6) where a ' =[an-k+z-1,an-k+z-2, ··· ,az]T is a vector formed by the coe.cients of the terms with the highest n -k powers of x in a(x).


Mobility may also high in such random selected routes.

to keep this in mind we have developed a new routing protocol that uses the Noise value information of a link to decide whether to include or not the current link in the route discovery process.


We observed that unfortunately all the SSDs tested provide insu.cient information to understand SSD internal characteristics; in particular, all the data are normalized or provided as percentage based on their lifespan expectations, and some SSDs do not even report their PE cycles on reads.

we present the reliability evaluation results of a speci.c version of SSD-A, which is used in Apple MacBook Air; unlike other SSDs we tested, SSD-A provides absolute maximum/average PE cycles on both reads and writes.


The GSINO problem has a high complexity, as even its sub-problem SINO is NP-hard [4].

we propose the following three-phase heuristic algorithm.


i The stdell j, stdfin , Eihave no impact because we focus ranking on i ell meanj.


If all Txs send information to their Rxs, then satisfying communication quality cannot be guaranteed because SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) become low.

it is important to decide whether links perform communications for ensuring the quality of communication.


Our work extends previous work in that it performs a design space exploration of EB routers, by proposing and evaluating two new designs.

the gains EB networks o.er in contrast to the currently-dominant VC .ow-control are increased compared to [17].


All four workloads are transaction-oriented and do not exhibit phase changes.

100M instructions are sufficient for collecting a representative transaction mix that enables accurate statistics collection.


The signal is attenuated by 10 times for detecting larger-amplitude signals.

the measured coil input voltage of 580mVpp is equivalent to received voltage of 5.8Vpp on channel 2.


Since thebankpointer advancesin a round robinfashion, it skips bank B1 at most once in every B - 1 slots.

dc is increased at most once in every B - 1 slots, implying that the maximum increments to Dc is .


Nevertheless, the wait statements are introduced at certain static, predetermined points.

low-level, dynamic timing characteristics of the RTOS like time-slicing, preemptive scheduling, interrupts and exceptions are very difficult to model.


(a) HEMT Structure under optical illumination (b) Small Signal Equivalent Circuit of HEMT under illuminated Condition HEMT to be used as photo-detector utilizes modulation doping to increase the free electron carrier concentration without increasing the scattering rate.

it is also modulation doped field effect transistor (MODFET).If a wide band gap material such as AlGaAs n-type material forms a hetero junction with a narrow gap, intrinsic material, such as GaAs, then electrons will move from wide band gap material to the narrow band gap material to equilibrate the Fermi level.


In the initial pricing phase, we set Qe to be equal to the Manhattan distance of edge e from the center of the subproblem.

grid edges that are closer to the boundaries have a larger over.ow penalty.


Since the voltage across a memristor is increased, the rate of change in memristance is also faster.

the write time at a higher supply voltage is lower.


This code can correct the single bit errors and detect double bit errors with extra bits overhead.

the more powerful the error protection coding scheme is, the higher reliability it guaran Table 4: Power consumption and delay of di.erent coding schemes.


However, relating to class capacity of X and Y, the covariance in different cases can not be directly compared, therefore they need to be marked, which is shown in Formula 4 (4) This indicator can be called decisive coefficient , ranging from 0 to 1, and its values reflect the degree of the correlation between two sequences, but it can not reflect the correlation direction of the sequences.

through Formula 5, this indicator can grow into the one that not only can indicate the degree of correlation but also reflect the direction.


Secondly, since domain C has a tighter voltage droop constraint (50mV), a large number of LDOs are put here to reduce the maximum voltage droop so that the stringent requirement (4) can be satis.ed.

the input voltage and overall power e.ciency of the circuit is mostly determined by the LDOs in domain C. Since the Vdd level in C is low and the LDOs in this domain have large input-tooutput voltage di.erence, the power e.ciency driven optimization tries to lower Vin in order to raise up the e.ciency.


Compact Arithmetic Logic Gates Compared to unipolar transistors, that intrinsically embed the INV function, DG-SiNWFETs can implement natively the XOR operation.

the realization of arithmetic logic operators can reach a high level of compactness.


These techniques allow for faster transfer of scalar values between the register .les, which can then allow the insertion of communication operations to split producer-consumer relationships across multiple PEs.

.ne-grain threads, which are small subgraphs of computation and data access operations can be created to maximize resource utilization.


As a result, FPGA-based logic emulators can verify large designs that otherwise are not verifiable by software simulators.

fPGA-based hardware emulation is becoming indispensable in many state-of-the-art VLSI design projects [3, 5, 7].


We call this real increment as it corresponds to actual increase in the interaction between the station and its listeners.

p1 has made little real improvement in community engagement, but has the potential to contribute more if bad calls can be converted to good.


Furthermore, this physical datapath power will increase in percentage relative to control and storage circuitry power as CMOS process technology scales down [14], [15].

it is critical to reduce the power consumption of the physical datapath composed of links and crossbar switches.


In our MATEX, this property is very crucial factor for large time stepping.

once we obtain an accurate enough solution and Krylov subspace in line 7 of Alg.


Figure 3: The 2-phase approach for the dynamic case model will under-estimate the amount of heat .ow from the processors when compared to the actual values.

the model would over-estimate the temperatures at different time instances when compared to the real temperature values.


Moreover, it does not distribute the documents homogeneously in all classes.

the resulting taxonomy annota Directories Arch Biol Buss Cook Lang Neur News Heal Taxonomy Max tree depth 5 11 5 7 8 5 4 6 Total nodes 125 1610 213 674 515 210 29 259 Total Documents 1163 9202 7180 16124 4125 2446 517 8683 Vocabulary Label words 210 1671 238 595 501 230 36 312 Vocabulary size 729 2140 682 869 883 644 561 702 Average words/docs 10.80 8.61 8.88 7.86 8.91 9.63 10.34 8.23 Documents Labels in Docs (%) 94 100 99 100 100 88 98 99 Contextual Labels in Docs (%) 72 73 85 89 90 70 89 77 Local Labels in Docs (%) 45 60 62 75 64 51 70 58 Arch = science>social sciences>archeology Biol = science>biology Buss = business>business and services Cook = home>cooking Lang = science>social sciences>language and linguistics Neur = health>conditions and diseases>neurological disorders News = news>media Heal = shopping>health Table 1: Some taxonomies statistics.


According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors [11], by 2009 requirements for high performance microprocessors will approach 8 Gbits of embedded memory which must be soft-error robust.

the development of novel power aware memory designs will become an issue not only for portable systems but also for general purpose ones.


We .nd that the placement of the micro.uidic modules has a strong impact on the ease of recon.gurability for fault tolerance.

in addition to area (measured by the number of cells in the array), fault tolerance is also a critical placement criterion.


The explanation is the following: When temperatures are overestimated, the temperature unaware approach assumes that leakage currents are very high (due to the high assumed temperature).

the voltage selection algorithm will tend to select high supply voltages so that tasks are terminated early and slack time is used to put the circuit into low leakage modes.


The variations of interconnection resistance and coupling capacitance due to large ILD thickness variation also signi.cantly a.ect circuit timing.

a router achieving maximum wire-density uniformity might not always lead to desired circuit timing.


In this case, the output is correct even though the input set cause delay fault under voltage scaling.

output bit is erroneous only if the captured value is different from the correct value.


no matter which decomposition approaches are used, the cooperation framework can guarantee that one of the optimal solutions can be found .nally.


On the other hand, the SER of combinational logic within the processor increases quite rapidly as the feature size is reduced [6] and as voltage is decreased [4].

given that memory arrays can a.ordably be hardened using parity, Hamming codes, or ECC since the cost of the coding logic is amortized over thearray, focusing onhardeningthecombinationallogicand state throughout thedatapathwillbecome theprimary challenge.


The existence of the ETPs for each instruction ensures that the execution times are probabilistic and therefore MBPTA can be applied [8].

mBPTA simply needs those ETPs to exist in order to satisfy its requirements (i.i.d.


A limitation of resource sharing is that operations sharing the same functional unit must be scheduled into mutually exclusive clock cycles.

resource sharing can lengthen the overall schedule, hurting circuit performance.


Our comparison of the two methods showed the results to be similar.

we use the above described intuitive, iterative, procedure.


It is .rst dXEX applied to the left half of to get a modi.edm-bit dXEX value pNow, the CRS operation is again performed dXEX dXEX on pto get the transformed value m. This makes all the bits in a given crosstalk pattern adjacent to each other dXEX and located in the MSB region of .

dis dXEXm persed values in the originalmap to continuous val dmXEX ues in .


Figure 3: Power reduction considering memory reference locality In many embedded systems, object codes of the application programs need not to be modi.ed after system design is completed.

the object code of the programs are stored into ROM.


Power consumed by the blockRAM is dependent upon the number of word-lines used, and number of bits in a word-line used.

an increase in the number of inputs and outputs and the number of states increases the power consumption of a blockRAM.


To see this, suppose that the gain of the ampli.er is A,the input voltage is Vin and the initial voltage of the ampli.er output is Vs,weget A· Vin = -(Vs -Vin).

(4) the voltage at the input node can be written as Vin = -Vs/(1 + A).


If all the nodes present in the (original) con.icting scenarios found in Phase I are eliminated, the resulting relation would be our newly learned multi-node relation.

to extract a relation involving n-nodes (if any exists), we would only require ntraversals on the implication graph.


The accesses never bring the block back into the private cache; they always take a miss in the private cache and use the block in the safe memory.

whenever the Active Bit is on, any misses in the private cache need to search the safe memory for a matching entry before going to the next level of the memory hierarchy.


(ii) MVEvalBDD on the other hand does not access the successor nodes of an unde.ned node.

for messages which only de.nes iattributes, only i(n:i:3n) nodes have to be accessed, and thus in the case of partial messages the constant factor of the algorithm is improved.


Nevertheless, our experiments demonstrate that each of DSWP and GREMIO is able to extract parallelism that the other is not.

they can play complementary roles in a multi-threading compiler.


The formulation of the .rst constraint in equation 7, actually captures whether there is a higher probability of glitch occuring at the gates in the transitive fan-in of the gate i or if there is a higher probability of glitch occuring on the gate i itself.

simultaneously bounding the slack variables along with maximizing Xk * Sk forces selective minimization or maximization of gate sizes of the gates depending on the higher probability of the occurence of a glitch, either on transitive fan-in of the gate or on the gate itself.


We also show that SI-TM can provide speedups of up to 20x with higher degrees of concurrency over conventional two phase locking based TM approaches.

the performance bene.ts appear to be signi.cant on top of the fact that read-only transactions never need to abort in SI-TM.


2 shows that the bit error rate based on the rapid convergence schedule with 6 iterations outperforms that based on the standard and overlapped schedule with 10 iterations.

the decoder based on the rapid convergence schedule achieves 3.33 times and 1.66 times faster compared to that based on the standard and overlapped schedule respectively.


The ASP extracts this subsetof frequencies, a process which would otherwise be done by the mote.

we save computational resources at the mote, making room for higher-level signal analysis.


Thus, the contention 1-Pcon va probability, Pcon idle can be estimated as NV n ' « X j-1 ' Ppeh (1 -Pready busy) Pcon idle = Ph(j) 1- j NV j=2 « ' o Ppeh (1 -Pready busy) +Ph' (j-1) .

(9) NV we have Pcon va as a combination of Pready busy and Pcon idle, which are recursively correlated.


Generally, using circuit modification in capture mode may affect test clocking, circuit timing, and ATPG complexity, leading to fault coverage loss and performance degradation [2-4].

data manipulation is preferable for capture IR-drop reduction.


The frequency of the oscillator depends on the cumulative strength of the supply and the ground gating devices.

we can modulate the ring frequency by controlling the input states of the header and footer devices.


First, interconnects have not scaled exponentially like transistors in sub-micron technologies.

interconnect capacitance now forms a larger proportion of the total chip capacitance [11], [12].


Thus, employing preventive techniques is necessaryfor LLCs to prevent severe yield losses.

2.2 Narrow-width Values The narrow-width value contains meaningful data values in the LSB side and the remaining bit portion in the MSB side is filledwith all 0 s. only storing the meaningful portion of data values is enough and the remaining part of the data values can befilled by using zero-extension logics.


According to the cut property of minimum spanning trees [13], an edge crossing a cut with minimum cost must be included in a minimum spanning tree.

the e shortest paths between si and ti for 1 .


We know that each aggressor j that could have a timing e.ect in the worst-case timing simulator cannot be pruned by our methodology.

as soon as some of these aggressors are identi.ed, this alternative methodology stops trying to prune those aggressors in logical analysis (they become unconstrained in the analysis).


Dedicated CPUs can be used for image processing, encryption services and to control the radio.

all tasks can execute concurrently and can be prioritized which prevents a node from becoming temporarily unresponsive.


In particular, if the manufacturer s precision guarantee is d, then an interval of size 2d centered at the sensor s measurement is constructed; the interval size is further increased if the worst-case guarantees for sampling jitter (and implementation limitations) are considered (e.g., the design of intervals in [5]).

we assume the intervals widths are known and .xed.


During the second phase, CBUCKET and COUT are placed in parallel and source the entire output current.

it is possible to calculate the maximum output droop as the 100mA load current (100mC/s) draws charge off of the capacitors.


This policy allocates physical memory for the virtual page on the node that .rst accesses ( touches ) a data element on that speci.c node.

to force page placement on a particular node, we touch the page by executing a load followed by a store to an address in the particular page from a processor on that node.


Again, we can observe that, except for a scale factor, the continuous transform plot compares well with the actual current waveform DCT.

we can use the continuous transform to infer the shape of the DCT model template.


In all the benchmarks we tested, the range of all iterators will not exceed 216 = 65536.

we can use fewer bits to represent iterators, e.g., changing iterators from 32-bit integers to 16-bit integers.


Similarly as before, a p-n junction is formed between F and C electrodes so the current flow between electrodes C and F is turned off.

the circuit performs the MUX function F =AC +AB .


If we apply FlowMap to a group of Boolean circuits with same functionality, we will obtain different mapping solutions.

an integration of Genetic Parallel Programming and FlowMap improves the mapping solution quality.


Furthermore, the closed formula neglects some integrality properties that the topology naturally has.

instead of using Theorem 2 it is possible to calculate a slightly better bound using Hu.man coding [19]: If we set ss = RATs -ATr -cwire dist(Pl(r),Pl(s)) for all s .S, order these values s=s=···=s s1 s2 sn and iteratively replace the largest two sand sby sn-1 sn -cnode +min{ssn-1 ,ssn }= -cnode + s sn-1 until only one value s * is left, then the maximum possible slack with respect to our delay model is at most s * .This bound is never worse than the closed formula of Theorem 2.


We think this is an important function that future displays should have.

we have developed abidirectional re.ectancedistributionfunction(BRDF) display, which we present in this paper.


An AND gate with inputs x and y with independent probabilities 0.4 and 0.5, respectively, will have an output z with probability 0.2 since for an AND gate, P(z =1)=P(x=1,y =1) (2) =P(x=1)P(y =1).

using only combinational logic, we can get the additional set of probabilities {0.2,0.6}.


Note that for a function f, the length of each column is equal to the cardinality of the onset Mf .

it is possible to associate with each function a unique bit string obtained by juxtaposition of the bit string representation of each column, e.g.


Figure 1: Acceleration system architecture communication between software simulator and hardware accelerator.

we adopt di.erent criteria of partition, which is optimized in communication-e.cient point of view.


[2] that these cross-layer protocols perform pairwise cross-layer design within limited scope, referring to cross-layer design only between two layers, and do not consider all of the OSI layers involved in the communication of WSNs such as the transport, routing, medium access control, and physical layers.

they propose a single uni.ed cross-layer protocol which combines these layers in order to provide e.cient and reliable communication for WSNs.


In contrast, for the Lean-OoO core, PIF fails to improve PD, and for the Lean-IO core, PIF actually diminishes PD, providing less-than-linear performance density benefit that cannot compensate for its area overhead.

we conclude that lean-core processors benefit from instruction prefetching nearly as much as fat-core designs, but mandate areaefficient mechanisms to minimize the overhead.


6) includes a main block that computes correctly most of the time but makes intermittent VOS or process variation induced errors.

ya[n]= yo[n]+ 1[n], (2) where ya[n] is the main block output, yo[n] is the error-free output, and 1[n] is the signal representing timing errors due to VOS or process variations.


It can be seen that the number of MOSFETS switching their PWNL regions can be more than 200 during one low-rank update, and it is more expensive to compute LU factors by low-rank update than by full LU factorization.

in practice, whether to use low-rank update or full LU factorization should be determined based on the pre-set ratio of the number of switching nonlinear devices over that of total nonlinear devices.


This model generates correct output waveforms in the presence of i) arbitrarily shaped and timed input waveforms, ii) multiple-inputs glitching, iii) arbitrary loads, and iv) external noise coupling.

this model is suitable for computing glitch delays for noise window calculations [3], for computing the effect of coupling on noise propagation in the presence of device non-linearities or for arbitrary loads, and even for generating data for building the mathematical model, as was proposed in [8] for creating timing models.


Although the technology scaling treadmill has continued, doubling transistors Active Leakage PowerTotal Power (mW) (mW) 103 101 1 102 10-1 101 10-21 every generation, reduction in supply voltage scaling does not reduce energy per operation to utilize all the transistors.

supply Voltage (V) the next challenge we face is of energy efficiency not 65nm CMOS, 50°C 450 101 just low power but to continue to deliver logic throughput with Energy-Efficiency(GOPS/Watt) much less energy consumption.


This list is similar to the previous one, but it does not contain the threads ready to execute, but the threads that are under execution.


When the block size of the target cipher is large, the size of mask is large, too.

a great decrease in the circuits size can be expected by applying the proposed method.


The focus of our approach is on maximizing the effectiveness of TPM and DRPM by scheduling the order of disk accesses in parallel disk based systems.

our approach can work with both TPM and DRPM based I/O systems.


70 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD 03) 1092-3152/03 $ 17.00 &#169; 2003 ACM Feasible Bus Checking Orientation According to Theorem 1, if the blocks of a bus violate block ordering in the given sequence pair, the bus cannot be assigned.

the .rst step is to identify these buses and remove them from the bus set.


For this benchmark, there was no destructive interference, as is common with many kernel loop benchmarks that generally walk through large data arrays.

there is no negative af.nities for the partitioner to try and push operations apart, but the partitioner still had to deal with which operations to merge together and how to balance the working set.


This makes sense as systems go to larger amounts of DRAM; to fully exploit an open-page mode, a memory controller needs to retain information on every open page in the DRAM sys-tem, which can get expensive.

we assume a close-page auto-precharge policy in our simulations.


Every discarded chip increases the cost of those chips that survive the fabrication process.

it is evident that an effort must be made in future designs to maximize not only performance, but also manufacturability and yields [39].


3.2 VPR Architecture Files After technology mapping, the AAPack [7] tool of VPR is used to pack the mapped logic blocks into clusters of the prede.ned FPGA architectures.

each FPGA architecture was modeled using the XML format.


MANUFACTURING IMPLICATIONS Manufacturing of nanodevice based computational systems continues to be very challenging.

while devices should possess the requisite characteristics to meet circuit requirements and expected functionality, it is equally important that they can be integrated in a manufacturing process without introducing new challenges.


In the virtual device, one iteration of the loop would receive a .xed number of packets.

one iteration of the loop captures the silicon device behaviors when the network traf.c is modest.


A main argument for using epidemic protocols in publish-subscribe infrastructures is, that the algorithms do not make any assumptions about the source of event loss.

the solution is general applicable in fault situations.


Because Z-parameter uses voltage and current of each port as input and output parameters, the transmission power will not be determined unless input and output impedance are determined.

we propose to utilize generalized scattering matrix of the package Spkg for more accurate evaluation of the conducted noise power.


in the experiment where all CPUs on P1 and P3 are running on 8MHz P3 consumes 1.7% more energy.


Since, P/G TSVs are an integral part of the 3D PDN, they should be optimally planned, to realize a reliable power supply design in 3D-ICs.

it is necessary to consider the TSV placement [1], [10] as well as the TSV sizes [11] when minimizing the IR-drop of 3D-ICs.


The key observation leading to this viewpoint is that all mathematically equivalent variants of LU decomposition satisfy a common error bound.

all elements in the same row of matrix U have the same error bound and all elements in the same column of matrix L also have the same error bound.


5 shows that our Memristor ACU is immune to certain magnitude of noise and the immunity varies v with the category of the function: For example, sin(x) and x -1 are more sensitive to the noise while exp(-x2) and xcan tolerate the noise with larger magnitude.

during the application of the Memristor ACUs, the noise condition must be well controlled below the corresponding level for speci.c functions.


Third, Energy Delay Square Product (ED2P) is the most suitable metric to estimate energy-performance tradeoff in high-performance systems such as ours [38].

we provide this metric, grouped for each suite of benchmarks and protocols in Figure 6 (b).


In the Equalizer we will make sure that dataflow and control signals are sent over separate signal paths.

the dataflow signals are equipped with individual paths: AudioIn, FilterOut, and AudioOut are conveyed over the channels FromCD, PostFilter, and ToSpeakers respectively.


D. Mitigation Techniques for Emerging NVM Memory The bene.ts of using these emerging memory technologies in computer system design can only be achieved with mitigation techniques that can help address the inherited disadvantages that related to the write operations: (1) Because of the non-volatility feature, it usually takes much longer and more energy for write operations compared to read operations; (2) Some emerging memory technologies such as PCRAM has the wear-out problem (lifetime reliability), which is one of the major concerns of using it as working memory rather than storage class memory.

introducing these emerging memory technologies into current memory hierarchy design gives rise to new opportunities but also presents new challenges that need to be addressed.


A write operation to an LPN is mapped to a page in a primary block .rst based on block offset, and subsequent update operations to the same LPN are written into the corresponding replacement block consecutively.

the most-updated content can be found by reading the replacement block backwards.


The size of a model s cross-product is determined by the number of its attributes and the number of values for each attribute.

the number of tasks in a functional coverage model can be quite large making the model dif.cult to cover and analyze.


Latency of 2D and 3D multi-channel con.gurations for UR traf.c.

.at switch, as seen from the frequency numbers in Table V. the throughput of CLRG is slightly lower than the 3D L2L LRG, but compared to a 2D switch, they have 15% better throughput.


The update process is only taken when the detail locating for a block are fulfilled.

at the end of the locating process, all the buffer budgets should be updated.


Waiting for every handler to complete before installing a new capsule is not feasible, as the update may, for example, be to .x an in.nite loop bug.

when new code arrives, the concurrency manager reboots the ASVM, resetting all variables.


User Speci.ed Group (USG) Constraint: In practice, the user may specify that some memory instances should be tested in parallel.

the memory instances to be tested in parallel speci.ed by the user must be assigned to the same controller.


By addressing case (1) and (2), we create the set of interval windows shown in Table 1.

to prove (1), note that k(i,o,x,m) = k(i,o,x,m -1) + IM[, where M is the set of all nodes such that TASAP = m. the expan- sion of interval [x to m -1] to [x to ra] is a trivial process that can only improve the quality of the bound (because now we have the chance to consider more nodes that can be scheduled before m, i.e., k( i, o, x, m) = k( i, o, x, ra -1) + IMI).


In view of this, functional scan test has a similar clocking scheme compared to functional test.

functional scan test provides similar test conditions as functional test, involving power supply, voltage levels, temperature, and timing.


The detailed EM lifetime calculation considering these factors requires significant computation overhead, which makes it infeasible to model gradual failure in a TSV array.

in this work, we focus on the impact of current distribution on the EM lifetime, and only use Black s equation [1] to estimate the MTTF.


At every clock cycle, m linear expressions of these variables are generated at the m outputs of the phase shifter.

each bit of a test cube corresponds to one linear expression.


In the full scan approach, test generation algorithm for combinational circuits can be applied.

this approach can achieve 100% FE in practical test generation time.


For example, an acoustic tone can be used to reacti-vate the node.

the modem will need an additional facility such as an Acoustic Triggered Wake-Up (AT-WU) system.


Moreover, in our scenario, complementation is well de.ned and propagates through the operator M (O.I).

a complemented distributive lattice arises.


For a discrete-time system (4), the control action becomes aggressive (i.e., more reactive or responsive) with the system poles closer to zero which results in a shorter settling time ts.On the other hand, the maximum input signal requirement Umax becomes higher when the system poles are placed closer to zero (i.e., with an aggressive controller).

the control design mainly hinges on meeting the two con.icting requirements C1 and C2.


As described in Section 2, under the assumption of SSA in a scan chain, a fault occurs either on an odd cell or on an even cell in a faulty scan chain.

vFFC is either an even chain or an odd chain.


Northwestern University Northwestern University Northwestern University ABSTRACT Existing sensor network architectures are based on the assumption that data will be polled.

they are not adequate for long-term battery-powered use in applications that must sense or react to events that occur at unpredictable times.


Even if only interaction pairs are measured, a quadratic number of simulations is required.

a more ef.cient methodology than simulation is desired.


It implies that each transistor has di.erent delay sensitivity due to gate length variation, in particular LER.

we should ensure that highly sensitive devices from gate length variation due to LER be given higher priority during layout optimization whileless sensitivedevices can allow relativelylarger amount of LER.


However, when we magnify the images to a factor of two of the original (Figures 11 c and 11 d), small differences among the pixels become discernible.

even for a signi.cantly degraded image with SNR considerably below 70 decibels, the differences become discernible only at high resolutions.