Therefore, if an LNA synthesis methodology requires 1000 model evaluations, the circuit-level simulator will require 8.6 days for circuit characterization while our analytical model will require seven seconds of CPU time.

our analytical model provides a tractable solution for LNA synthesis.


Therefore, we model our DPT-GC objective on a sub-pattern, not on a tile because the overlap length should not be treated as a penalty for the objective.

for a sub-pattern Ps, its DPT-GC objective fgc(Ps) can be formulated as follows:  LL  fgc(Ps)=w i - Lox(Ps) - wi  ti .Ps ti .Ps  LL + h i - Ly(Ps) - , o hi ti .Ps ti.Ps y o where Lx(Ps)and Lo(Ps) are the required overlap lengths in the x-and y-directions for the sub-pattern, respectively.


B. HCI HCI is mainly affecting NMOS transistors, where accelerated electrons inside the channel collide with the gate oxide interface and thereby create electron-hole pairs.

free electrons get trapped in the gate oxide layer, which leads to an increasing Vth.


The reconvergent paths in the vicinity of the node produce most of the don t-cares for a node.

our algorithm includes as many re-convergent paths as possible into a sub-network surrounding the node.


In addition, diagnosis is also crucial for yield improvement.

the memory BIST in an SoC environment must also provided with diagnosis capability.


The number of acceptable faulty cache lines can be less or equal to the number of extra HPVC entries.

using a number of extra entries increases the fault tolerance of the cache.


A full SET pulse (SET-sweep pulse) is also used to program the cell into the SET state.

sET, RESET, and PGM pulse generators are all required in the MLC PCM chip, as shown in Fig.


Necessarily, there exist other two transitions tij ' , from si to sj , and tj k ' , from sj to sk , whose enabling functions are the negation of tij and tj k .

tij is compatible with tjk ' , and tij ' is compatible with tj k .


Font choices: some fonts are better than others The world-leading scientist and typographer Don Knuth expresses the opinion that seven segment digit fonts are better with swash serifs [10].

in Knuth s view, is preferable to , which latter he calls truncated.


TPC-H s 22 queries are so diverse that it is impossible to setup a system that assures 100 percent utilization 100 percent of the time during the power test.

the system consumes more power in the IO subsystem during some time of the power test and more CPU power during other times of the power test.


We think that most of users do not need to enable a read out of all texts on the display at one time.

we need to enable a read out of only that text that a user cannot understand and not all the texts.


However, none of the lossless baseline algorithms can predict the exact volume of compressed signal prior to compression.

they do not allow e.ective scheduling of data transmission.


Due to the complications in physics and numerical treatment, .ve variables have to be used in the formulation and solved simultaneously.

the number of unknowns in each Newton iteration is commonly 5 ~ 6 times the number of nodes in the computational grid.


This runahead thread attempts to follow the program path and to execute all instructions that are not dependent on the load instructions that miss in the cache.

it e.ectively extends the instruction window and allows to issue load requests for data that may be needed in the near future.


Using BDDs Asshown laterintheexperimentsthe performanceofthe QBF solver approach is low.

we investigated to perform the synthesis directlywith BDDs.


i=1 In an incompletely speci.ed function, when the function value fi is don t care, the value of the function can be either 0 or 1.

for such inputs, the characteristic function is independent of the values of output variables yi.Let fi d denote the don t care set, then we have y¯i( fi 0(X) .


We notice that for the SDFG that does not contain feedback loops, we are able to express the relationship between the system throughput target and the throughput target of each actor.

we can break down the original problem into independent module selection subproblems for each actor and greatly reduce the problem size.


Thus, no motion search is required and it has the lowest complexity.

many algorithms assign the highest priority to the SKIP mode and thus a large percentage of macroblocks would get the SKIP mode based on spatial-temporal neighborhood information [38]-[40].


Using modules allowed both teams to replace abstract blocks with blocks containing project-speci.c details.

by the end of planning, they had a veri.ed protocol and the beginnings of a TLA+ veri.cation framework for it.


If an LAB is set, the corresponding cache set should already have been steered into the set bu.er by the last access.

the word line driving in the data array is gated o. by an inverter as shown in the broken lines in the graph.


When the minimum area solution yields an unroutable netlist within the fixed die size, by increasing K we include congestion among the synthesis optimization objectives.

small changes with respect to the structure of the minimum area netlist may yield a routable solution, while keeping the cell area penalty limited.


Also, the number of constants were determined as 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 75, and 100, and we generated 30 instances for each of them.

the experiment set includes 1890 instances.


It is built in a low dielectric contact material (SiO2), instead of in a semiconductor.

the capacitance of the device as experienced by a circuit stems mainly from the self capacitances of the wire associated with the three terminals of the anchor, gate and the drain, i.e.


PRO P O S E D RO U T I N G ME T H O D Adaptivity in routing algorithms has a high impact on the network s overall performance.

the main motivation for this study was to increase the adaptivity of HAMUM by taking advantage of the unused minimal paths in this scheme, and propose a new routing method based on that.


The disadvantage of this method is that the performance enhancement technique, which overlaps the execution time between two stages, cannot be exploited.

despite significant power saving, the performance is degraded down to 50%.


Although it has high .delity, it may cause signi.cant di.culties for memory-consuming routing.

it is desirable to develop an e.cient and economical, yet reasonably accurate method to compute the intensity to guide the routing.


By considering a twostep approach in the intra-cluster scheduling we minimize the overhead involved in communication.

considering channel quality and adopting the two-step approach in the intra-cluster scheduling helps to elevate the energy-saving and throughput by minimizing the overhead and redundant retransmissions.


This is in contrast to the state tree, where choosing the correct child during the downward traversal was found to be much more difficult.

the solution quality was found to improve most by searching the state tree more extensively, subject to a run time constraint, while limiting the gate tree search to a single downward traversal.


Moreover, recent work on using silicon nitride has shown the possibility of designing multi-layer 3D integration of photonic layers with layer-to-layer optical losses as low as 0.1 dB [5].

with an emerging technology such as photonic interconnects, it is essential to realize that the hardware cost of designing large scale fully photonic networks requires a substantial investment.2 energy, hardware and architecture limitations could force future designs to limit the number of photonic components at the on-chip level.


Under PVT varia- Design B: tions V, the reachable performance space P of feasible design Design C: variables D is: Performance1 P = F(D,V) (1) (a) Performance space When the process variations are small, the mean values of performance distributions are near to the nominal perfor mances, since the performances P can be linearly approx imated to the process parameters within acceptable error.

we can .nd Pareto-fronts at di.erent yields around the nominal Pareto-front.


Moreover, cell libraries speci.ed for the setup constraints and the hold-time constraints are usually di.erent in modern industrial designs, meaning that delay of a bu.er caused by hold-time constraints could be different to the one caused by setup constraints.

hold optimization that can consider these challenges is a necessity.


In calculating ssd, enumerating solution density for each speci.c crossbar is impractical due to a huge number of different mapping trials in the solution space.

ssd is examined through simulations with the LGSynth93 benchmark set [15].


Proof of Theorem 6.2: Lemma 6.13 contradicts our assumption on the RMR complexity of A.


member is 0 and the meet operation, n , is the MIN function.


Though using the same basic architecture, applications may seek to minimize power, maximize performance, minimize size, or optimize some weighted combination of those constraints.

in order to maximize the number of applications that can use a predesigned architecture, the architecture must be highly configurable.


Since the operations that belong to different execution traces are mutually exclusive, each control state will contain at most cresk concurrent operations of type resk.

the resource constraints will be resolved for a general CDFG.


4-C : The .ag F of branch-C is 1 , so that the operation mode transits to the Omode.

the tag checks for the fall-through-instruction block denoted as IB2 are omitted.


It can be used to expand the available main memory.

more virtual than physical main memory can be offered to hosted applications.


Using a high dynamic-range continuous-time .S ADC, the AAF can be suppressed.

the conversion system can be greatly simplified.


However, face-to-face 3D ICs offer only slightly larger via sizes than monolithic 3D, and can also be considered .ne-grained.

we also include results for gate-level faceto-face 3D ICs in this paper.


In such cases, it is exceedingly improbable for the agent to experience the same state more than once over its lifetime.

the only way to learn a mapping from states to actions is to generalize and apply the experience gathered over previously encountered (but di.erent) system states to act successfully in new states.


In n general, while [] and []are diagonal matrices, LmCm  * []R is not the case.

only for lossless transmission and, []C , which are related with original transmission m lines, the system can be completely decoupled with n-line parameters as follows, propagation modes (i.e., eigenmodes).


As this is a onedimensional root-.nding problem, and the range of t is between 0 and 1, computation of t is straightforward.

knowing edge slack A and chip slack C, we can compute edge criticality t in constant time by solving a simple one-dimensional root-.nding problem.


(TRANSFailure =(S (C R)) 13. if SCTime  ()= Tns) then 14. execute input port event 14. elseif .

(TRANSFailure =(M (C R)) 15. if SCTime ()= TN)then 16. execute input port event  it results in the failure of the node which is passing on the data packet further to the next node and causes loss of data packet.


This indicates that the crucial point is not only the high resolution in the low periodicities, but also the way coe.cients are spaced throughout the whole periodicity range.

the combination of avoiding 1.33-and 4-times tempo overestimation by using the NSGT is considered to be an important .nding for the improvement of beat tracking systems.


(b) Time divided round robin based arbitration  Table 2: Weights for Each Task Operation k Path(1) Path(2) Path(3) Path(4) 1 CVIF 1.944 1.944 1.944 1.944 2 VLD 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 3 RZD 2.4 2.4 4 IQ 4 4 5 IDCT L 7.7916 7.7916 6 IDCT C 7.7916 7.7916 7 MC 0.030375 1.09375 8 DVIF 10 10 3 RISC 1.2 2.4 4 MC 0.030375 0.06075 5 MC 1.09375 1.09375 6 DVIF 10 10 Total 35.157575 36.220950 15.468125 16.698500 In this case, each module can access to each bus within a given time slice tslice by turn.

if di.erent n modules access the same bus at the same time, WCET x;i of the bus data transfer bti is Ixi/tslicel× tslice × n. We set the time constraint x;i to bti.


INTRODUCTION Finite (Galois) .eld theory is extensively applied in Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), error correction codes, digital signal processing, etc.

dedicated hardware implementations of Galois .eld arithmetic abound.


The analytical waveform determination for this special case is not simple since the signal variation is not dominated by a single eigenmode.

the other eigenmodes, which may be di.erent in magnitude as well as sign, have to be taken into account.


The power spectrum of these signals are modulated by transmit .lters, the physical channel and the receive .lters (equalizers).

one has a good idea of what the statistical properties of signals should be in a well-behaved or error-free system.


A strategy recon.guration is required if and only if the value returned by the Evaluator relies outside thepolytope meaning that the classi.cation behavior is quite bad.

the Reconfigurator plays a slightly di.erent role.


The Arduino Due board has the ability to connect up to 24 sensors, where each sensor uses at most two digital pins.

we model a Sensorport with a multiplicity of [0..24].


In random walk, information of one node can occupy tens of bytes.

a 4MB L2 cache can still hold quite plenty of such entries.


We found that most nodes far apart in the circuit graph generally do not yield a large number of new implications.

we limited the size of node pairs by using the following two selection methods which give large implication sets at a linear cost.


Our aim is to perform fast prediction of congestion, thus avoiding slow runs of global routing.

the placement area is divided in buckets1, the same way the global router does.


A writeback to L2 in a conventional writeback cache rises when WB Rate In addition, a writeback can be also performed due to a swap risen as consequence of a dynamic hit.

there are writebacks due to replacements and due to internal swaps.


N () N i =1 Since the error will have a flat spectral characteristic, a highly over-sampled signal will converge to its punctual value by reducing the total error power.

resolution can be re-stated as probable resolution in equation (4) where the worst case convergence is related to the number of estimates N taken.


For example, if we use, say, 100 samples for each of our 20 hyperparameters, we only ever need to perform our expensive O(.3) operations on matrices of size 100, rather than on the full matrix of size 10020.

this represents an effective way to avoid the curse of dimensionality .


From Section 4.2 we saw that the CPU speed has a signi.cant impact in energy consumption when writing to stable storage.

we expect the receiver s energy consumption to depend on the CPU speed.


In principle, the clock frequency of the counter determines the resolution.

if metastability e.ects are ignored, to achieve 100ps of resolution, a 10GHz clock is required.


In other our model predicts a reduced voltage of 4 9 VDD which is corroborated by words, crosstalk discharge does not involve any of the nodes that particithe Hspice simulation shown in Figure 6. pate in charge sharing.

the charge loss due to crosstalk is independent of the charge redistribution due to charge sharing.


In our prototype, there are only four nodes.

the only partitions possible are horizontal, vertical, or a corner partitions.


The resulting problem can be optimally solved using mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) [6].

mINLP solving o.ers the best topology with respect to the cost function f. MINLP formulation is scalable, and it is easy to add additional constraints.


Scienti.c advances will come from repeated analysis of the simulation data to answer new questions and test hypotheses, by a number of researchers over a period of years.

a DNS requires more than just e.ective write speeds.


Since we assume that nodes communicate via multi-hop routing protocols to save energy, these blind spot nodes are rendered e.ectively useless since they cannot transmit their sensed data to the data aggregation centers for further processing.

at any given point of time, the number of useful nodes in the network depends not only on the nodes that are not already dead, but also on those that are not blind spots.


Our experiments show that a 256-entry RVPT with 3-bit counters can achieve enough performance gain.

the RHT entry only needs to keep the 9th to 2nd bits of PC, since the benchmarks are compiled to Alpha binaries, and the lower 2 bits of PC in Alpha instructions are always 0.


We can see that with the set S = {2/3,4/5}, we can get 16 possible probabilities: 0,1/15,...,14/15and 1.)


number of rows (NR) in the memory array).

the HMM defines a property NR in the parent SRAM class that filters down to both the bitcell and the SA classes (see Fig 3).


Third, a higher number of check-points increase the width of the checkpoint signal shared by the voters.

it s necessary to perform a comprehensive statistical study of the circuit behavior in order to determine the best check-points and to reduce the Trs.


The relative criticality (RC) of an action belonging to the plan of an agent is proportional to the criticality of the agent when it is executing the action or waiting for some other agent to execute it.

the relative criticality of an action may vary depending on the agent plan it belongs to.


In this case, there is no change in the .ring time of vj .


This crossbar can be implemented on top of a substrate containing CMOS circuitry.

cMOS circuits can apply the required programming voltages to nanowires.


Hence the amplitude envelope change at this node caused by the slight phase shift may not be small.

we use the postprocessing phase corrector to correct the phase at each step for this example.


To specify such constraints, we de.ne an attribute type to each vertex of the kernel graph K and the number of shared resources, type t, within a row in C as St.

if we de.ne that Vit ={v|.j, fV (v)=pij .v.type = t},then .i, |Vit|= St. Utilized CGRA Rows We de.ne UR as the set of CGRA rows that are utilized in mapping the application K onto the CGRA C. Thus UR ={Pi|.j, pij .


In addition to these already rigorous constraints, the goal here was to collect, analyze, and transform sensor data into musical parameters in real-time, making continuous transmission at very high data rates a necessity.

the most critical concern was pushing the limits of available bandwidth, followed by maintaining a compact form factor and reasonable battery life.


As routing proceeds, we keep more and more accurate congestion information in the map.

we have better congestion control throughout the whole routing process.


However, manipulations of this type violate the fluidic constraint given by |Pi(t+1)-Pj(t+1)| = 2.

such problems can be avoided if the grouping procedure incorporates the fluidic constraints.


Importantly, it is also correct when A s transaction is a store if we use a relaxed memory consistency model such as PowerPC s. This is because this kind of model does not require write atomicity; the data can be provided to another processor even though not all other processors have been invalidated.

this is a case where Uncorq speeds up stores.


If a maximum overall module length Lmax is given, the module generator must attempt to .nd an RH such that Lo(RH)=Lmax .


Design changes are less costly when conducted in early design phases.

power analysis that takes place early (e.g.


Basic Concepts Software-controlled pre-execution allows the programmer or compiler to initiate helper threads to run ahead of the main thread into parts of the code that are likely to incur cache misses.

the very first thing is to decide where to launch pre-execution in the program, based on the programmer's knowledge, cache miss profiling [23], or compiler locality analysis [24].


From the above discussion, it is obvious that hypernets cannot be used for diagnosis.

the interconnect structure is transformed into a graph model as follows.


No data transfer is required from the load board to theATE.


When the Write control signal is not enabled, the inputs X and Y of the majority voter are 0 and 1 respectively, i.e.

the output of the majority voter (Z) is determined by the input W. the existing data in memory is looped back.


In that case one runs into the singular character of the curl-curl operator.

the gauge condition still is needed for regularization of this operator.


Conventionally, the reference path is selected at the slow process corner and worst interconnect parasitics.

conventional open-loop systems require a delay margin to compensate for two factors, process variations in addition to the di.erence in voltage scaling characteristics between logic and interconnects.


For sub-threshold application, the maximum supply voltage is VTH.

maximum {Vsp} = 2h VTH and minimum {Vsn} = -VTH.


Our experiment shows this delay is smaller than the delay of the 32-bit adder used to calculate the address.

our technique does not have any delay penalty.


However, as explained above, task replication is not allowed in the multiprocessor synthesis problem.

a legalization step is needed to decide which cluster a shared node belongs.


), the time needed by an FA to generate its sum output from its inputs amounts to the 2-level XOR delay.

we use two delay parameters Ds1 and Ds2 to model the delay to sum output where Ds1 indicates the delay from q to sum port and Ds2 the delay from r to sum port.


In contrast, Brook+ 1.0 adopts a streaming model, in which the kernel operates concurrently on each data element of an input stream(s) and updates the corresponding element of an output stream(s).

thread creation in Brook+ 1.0 is implicit.


The spikes of the curve indicate that during those periods, even with two active cores, the stable temperature is lower than 109.5.C.


When n approaches infinity, the expected distance between a point to its neighboring stem is of order n-0.5.

the average cost to connect one point to the tree is O(n-0.5).


filter while the number of registers is higher.

according to our experimental layout for DCT/IDCT, the total area of the DCT/IDCT module is 1.09 times the area of the base cache memory array including the accumu- lating registers and the shift register at the in/out port.


However, we do not know how to solve exactly.

we approximate by iterative greedy local re.nement.


Output operations are performed in the last clock cycle of the macrostate, while read operations can be assigned to any instruction belonging to the macrostate.

given the number nof clock cycles required to execute a macrostate at the RT level, the behavioral test vector applied to such a macrostate at the behavioral level must be repeated ntimes in order to synchronize its outputs with the start of the execution of the instructions of the next macrostate.The value nrepresents the number of clock cycles necessary to produce the same output value on the outputs of the RT-level representation obtained after one clock cycle on the behavioral-level description.


From Equation (1), a .are map is computed by convolving the PSF and a vacancy density map ID(x, y).

a .are map of a layout with dummi.cation can be computed as follows: IF .


On the other hand, collecting data from a variety of sources inevitably yields different artifacts.

without using the provider s data, the researcher may not get as full a picture of the strength of the provider s anonymization techniques.


EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.1 Two-Level Thermal Simulator It takes relatively long time for the AMB and DRAM to overheat, usually tens of seconds to more than one hundred seconds3 .

we need to evaluate the DRAM DTM schemes for at least thousands of seconds.


However, the I&B operation will reduce the ef.cient times of regular operations.

the I&B operation will have a negative impact on the performance of the MCE and the calibration ef.ciency (.)


In addition to the amplification, they make it possible to use a complementary version of the output-latch stage of the previous ones.

the positive (regenerative) feedback based on PMOS transistors M8 and M9 was replaced with the NMOS transistors M6 and M7, which increases the output drive current at the same area since the drive current of a NMOS transistor is larger than that of the PMOS transistor at the same width.


2.1 Fractal coherence protocolsFigure  1 shows an example of a tree hierarchy where two two-core systems are composed to form a four-core system such that the interactions between each cache and its parent (an external entity) in the two-core system are identical to the interactions of each two-core system with its parent (an external entity) in the four-core system.

sub-systems 1, 2, and 3 in Figure  1 are observationally equivalent to each other and to the entire system.


This is because of two reasons: 1) when executing qsort, MorphCore does not spend a signi.cant amount of time in InOrder mode (only 80% of execution time runs more than 2 threads active as showninFigure8), and2) evenwhenmorethan2threads are active, only 50% of the time are 6 or more threads active (data not shown in Figure 8).

morphCore does not get much opportunity to achieve higher throughput.


It canbe seen that, in this context, an aggregation technique like the NumaChipwhereeveryclusterresource(memory and cores) islumped together maybecounterproductivebecauseof the overhead of the inter-node coherency protocol.

there isaneedfordecouplingprocessoraggregationfrom memory aggregation.


Namely, the most significant bits (MSBs) in contiguous data tend to be lopsided to either 0 or 1 with high probability, while in the least significant bits (LSBs), the values of the bits are random.

correlations in each digit are somewhat different one another.


With the use of appropriate tool .ows, the NoC operating frequency can be predicted accurately already during architectural design, accounting for the impact of .oorplan on wire lengths.

fewer (or no) iterations are needed across the architectural and physical design phase for convergence.


Those shrunk intervals are the ones that would yield best performance.

this placement should be returned by the multiplacement structure once used, if it is fed with w and h values that lie in the speci.ed range.


Compulsory misses, which occur for the .rst reference to each unique cache block, dominate data misses.

larger data caches can do little to reduce data misses.


This implies that any (4,W )-PSGR can be decomposed into a union of 4PMSGRs of densities 1 or 2, and these 4PMSGRs can then be regrouped into bWW2c (4,2)-PSGRs and (W%2) (4,1)-PSGR.

we need only design a (4,2)-USB and a (4,1)-USB.


Furthermore they should take into account the dependency, the in.uence of the number of contributing nodes in the application pro http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2512921.2512931  cessing, since the higher is this number the faster is the processing and, consequently, the better is the MCS application performance.

the main contribution of the paper is a model for the quantitative assessment of MCS application performance, stochastically characterizing their processing times through generic distributions and taking into account the e.ects of the node interactions on the job application performances.


It is important to note that the number of clock cycles required for applying C and T (translated from C ) are the same.

we obtain improved n -detection quality for the same test application time.


Each message carries an 8×8 block and each pixel value is also represented by 16 bits.

each message has 8 flits length for 128-bit flits.


9(a), their bridge edges are not shared.

there is no conflict edge between them in Fig.


More specifically, with QCA, chemists are currently preparing to test the selfassembly process and its building blocks described in Section 2.

our work can help provide the chemists with computationally interesting patterns the real and eventual desired end result.


On the other hand, our CID is a very natural and objective metric.

it provides a very good complement to the cost-based approach.


Unlike traditional designs, whose operating points (supply voltage/frequency) are determined from worstcase corner analysis, RBD allows more aggressive operating points by instrumenting circuits with the capability to detect and recover from the ensuing timing errors.

rBD improves energy-e.ciency by eliminating guard bands that are traditionally used to deal with variations and enabling circuits to operate at lower voltages.


Observations showed that many older users wouldavoid the exhibit if it was not clear how to use it.

whileinstructions were initially offered on posters beside the exhibit,and later as prerecorded voiceovers, the best solution was foundto be an instructional screensaver that triggers if the video feedfrom the handheld has not changed significantly for 30 seconds. if the exhibit is unused for 30 seconds, the screensavershows a video of the exhibit being used, which is visible from thelarge LCD panels directed towards bystanders.


For robustness analysis, we are interested in the minimum distance from the nominal point to any point within the range D at which timing is violated.

we are interested in the minimum distance to the boundary of C, obviously provided that S(X)fails somewhere inside D. 2) Normed distance to a hyperplane: We want the minimum distance to the boundary of the convex polytope C de.ned by the set of nlinear constraints in (11), Sj(X)=0, .j.


Note that several other clustering techniques, e.g., density-based clustering [10], are also based on the idea of forming a connecting path to define clusters.

they are not suitable for our wafer clustering application either.


This means that overall execution time of this process will be eventually limited by the bank-level parallelism of PCM, not by computation.

a group of PCM cells will fail after the following (line-.ll latency+write-back latency) period: (2 × # of segments × # of possible writes in parallel ×PCM write endurance), where 2 accounts for the worst-case latency due to potentially unsynchronized rotation between the malicious code and actual hardware.


A special class of macros is built to test conditional and unconditional branch instructions: in this case the result produced by the instruction is the execution of one instruction flow or another.

different values are written to a result word in the two cases, allowing the detection of faults in both the circuitry evaluating the condition, and in that modifying the Program Counter.


the partial product can take the inversed bits of X and +1 is implanted in the compressed module.


Now, our expectation that there will be an interruption at time T+1is the correlation function p(T+1).

the expected value of Xtat time T+1given the history of testing up to time T is: EfXtj~xg xT+EfWT+1j~xgxp(T+1)(24) () xT+1+ r+xT;nT g(T+1)(25) .+G(T) xf(T+1) where (can be set such that p(t)-1at time t-1: 1 (--1:44 (26) ln(2) We use the stopping criterion similar to that in [23, 12] and not only for the next unit of testing time tbut also for the remaining expected coverage ( i.e.


These approximations are justi.ed by prior stress analysis data [2], [5], which have shown the correlation between the stress patterns predicted by 2D analytical techniques and the actual 3D stress patterns.

while 3D models are required to capture effects such as TSV fatigue, 2D models are suf.ciently accurate to model effects of stress within the silicon, which is the subject of this work.


At the end of the graph we see another tiny plateau generated by references to data made both at the start and end of execution, but not used at all during the execution.

only the largest TLBs would be big enough to hold these page translations from start to .nish of the application.


Experiments showed that the ability to detect phase changes is relatively insensitive to the threshold, because, as was noted in [17], a phase change tends to be abrupt and very pronounced.

a threshold of 0.5 is used, which filters out most of the noise and de- tects only the significant phase changes.


(1) S=S -1(2) - S S S Here the thermal sensors are assumed to be placed in some of the grid cells (say, subset S).

at runtime, we can observe the temperatures at these grids ( T. T) by simply sampling the sensors.


From this figure, it can be noted that (a) total standby power reduces rapidly with VSB due to reduction in memory leakage but at high VSB s, the power increases due to high transition energy consumption; and, (b) the leakage and transition energyof sleep transistor increases with GSize (=Wsleep/Wnmos) at high VSB corners.

for each GSize we get a corresponding value of VSB where maximum power saving can be attained (Fig.


Since (C + C ) > 1(assuming CB = CA due to B d design modifications) and (1 + p) > 1, a necessary condition for design-B to be better than design-A is, norm norm (5) S > S ie .

., S > S a larger value of S2 is better for power savings.


This algorithm works by exploiting the fact that the signal will arrive at the different points in the array at different times, depending on the direction of arrival of the ranging signal.

by crosscorrelating pairs of channel inputs, we can estimate phase lags and .t those lags to the known geometry of the array.


As described in Section 2.1, we usually need to convolve the source and receiver wave .elds for thousands of time steps.

afterthedataisprocessedforthe .rsttimestep, we canforward the result to another windowbu.er and continue to process the data for the second time step (shown in Figure 7(b)).


For the same PD length of 6 bits, the B-Cache at MF = 8 and BAS = 8 has a higher miss rate reduction than the design of MF = 16 and BAS = 4.

we conclude that for the B-Cache, the design with MF = 8 and BAS = 8 is the best for the cache sizes of 8kB, 16kB, and 32kB.


In addition, interlayer via locations are the input information of the following thermal via planning, aiming at reducing the chip temperature to a satisfactory level [1].

interlayer vias need a method to be planned efficiently.


Gustavo Sanchez, Diego Noble, Luciano Agostini Universidade Federal de Pelotas Grupo de Arquiteturas e Circuitos Integrados Pelotas, Brazil +55 (53) 3275 7432 {gfsanchez, dvnoble, agostini}@inf.ufpel.edu.br high computational cost, especially for high resolution videos which demands larger search windows.

it is important to explore new solutions which bring a good tradeoff between objective quality, measured in Peak-to-Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), and complexity.


Note how the arrangement of the total image data is now identical to the original data.

by using this new layout and running at 120Hz internally, the DLP chipset can still display the entire image in a single frame time, but now only requires half the number of mirrors since each mirror now displays 2 pixels.


NBTI increases the Probability of SET Propagation 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 threshold voltage of the PMOS device, degrades its capability to maintain a high voltage and thus, increases the vulnerability to SET.

the critical Vdd increases in the presence of NBTI.


Moreover, the multiply/accumulate unit is pipelined such that intermediate results are stored in registers and cannot be modeled at the word level.

a property like the one sketched in Table 1 is also infeasible for word-level decision procedures like ILP or CLP.


However, this is inelegant and raises complications due to massive contentions.

we will tackle this problem next by developing a sophisticated technique for allocating multiple slots within a time window for a connection.


In the PCM/DRAM hybrid memory, the DRAM plays the role of last level cache where the tags are managed at the granularity of DRAM row (4KB).

in case of DRAM cache miss, a 4KB victim line is evicted (if dirty, after being written back to the PCM) and a new line is fetched from the PCM to the DRAM.


For a given  , area of memory and address transla-tion logic is fixed.

we formulate the cost of a memory schedule as the number of buffer registers needed.


This approach cannot guarantee that each new placement during the annealing procedure is a feasible solution without any forbidden overlap.

the penalty for such forbidden overlaps must be included in the cost function.


in the total PRAM write latency at 14nm technology.

the proposed WSHR can be effective to reduce the write latency to access PRAM at advanced technologies.


Vias not only cause congestion for detailed routing, but also deteriorate signal integrity.

in a routing solution, the smaller the bend number, the better.


In this approach, it is groups, rather than bits as in the .rst approach, that are identi.ed for correction operation.

the space overhead for bookkeeping can be smaller, or with the similar amount of space cost more faults can be tolerated.


Many LVR methods still assume a linear relationship, or use a loworder nonlinear kernel to explain the assumed nonlinear relationships.

our own interest is on LVR methods that support a more flexible nonlinear framework.


While M4turns on precharging Cb2to high, V(6) and V(4)are low.


FSSS can still provide performance benefit in this cache structure because it is biased towards more read ports than write ports.

we would expect the performance improvement of FSSS in this cache configuration to be similar to results reported in [14] and do not explore this configuration further in this work.


However, pointers take up O(logN) storage, where N is the number of nodes in the network, and a parent-child relationship in the list or tree does not necessarily map to a neighboring tile relationship in the physical network.

the number of actual hops required for a message to traverse the list/tree from the root to any of the leaves is bounded from above by DlogN , where D is the diameter of the network.


This is four adders for the example design.

it is reasonable to estimate that the .lter adds less than 1ns to the latency of the channel for an implementation in a 0.13µ process.


Note that multiple islands and voltage settings impose many constraints that restrict the set of tests that can be concurrently applied [14].

in order to boost the performance of TDM, each TAM resource must be connected to a suf.ciently large number of cores.


2.7 Typedefs Given that Lime permits the de.nition of new primitive types, it is convenient to be able to give those types short intuitive names, especially when the types are de.ned using generic types which tend toward verbosity.

lime provides typedefs similarin.avortowhat areofferedintheC language.


The major difference here is that we use an industrial standard cell library, which is discrete.

instead of computing derivatives, we calculate delay-area sensitivity for gates on the critical path by first sizing a gate to each of the possible sizes in the library and then picking the maximum sensitivity as the delay-area sensitivity of this gate.


On the other hand, long wire segments in a large FPGA may lead to congestion and also performance degradation.

interconnect resource management in FPGA is very crucial.


This frequency distribution is based on the particular application mapped to the overall SWNoC and is hence set prior to wireless link insertion.

the apriori knowledge of the traffic pattern is used to establish the topology with a correlation between traffic distribution across the NoC and network configuration as in [14].


All the instability results are obtained for the ntg-lis protocol.

the property of universal stability is equivalent to ntg-lis-stability, in all the cases.


(Avoiding nested handler invocations) It is worth noting that the access of instr-count[2] within the handler of proc 1 will cause a miss, since the variable instr-count[2] will be in exclusive state in proc 2.

the value of instrcount[2] will .nally be obtained via a data value reply from proc 2.


In previous experiments, particularly in the case of clustering and .ltering, it has been shown that there can be a very low correlation between measure results [3].

we cannot expect to .nd a measure which is correlated with all of them.


We were also interested in the quality of our greedy heuristics.

we have run all the examples presented above, using the greedy heuristics and compared the results with those produced by the SA based algorithm.


level 3() y9{ ,y10} y11,y12{ },{ }= level 4() y13,y14{ }= ¦ 4 Cell Library Construction All decomposition functions gi in the algorithm are selected as functions from a cell library.

to guarantee feasibility of a support-and depth-reducing decomposition the cell library must be suf.ciently complete.


The differences in the fractions for the computers is due to the ratio of the power consumed by the processor to that consumed by the memory system be- ing much larger for the ThinkPad than for the Itsy.

variations in the power consumed by the memory system have a greater impact on the overall power consumption of the Itsy.


This symmetry is because those two pins in this mesh are equivalent.

we only need to compute the entries in the lower triangle of the matrix, and the entries in the upper triangle of the matrix can be copied from the corresponding entry in the lower triangle.


So the overall system performance is roughly proportional to the number of neurons in the system.

the performance is scalable by adding computing engines to the system such that the number of neurons mapped to each computing engine remains the same.


Since we transform memory references into interrupts, the timing of memory accesses in the trace is unrealistic.

we ally the traces with the software simulation strategy presented in prior work [25].


It has been proven that even with no partitioning rules, a poor grouping can still be expected to do equally well as LHS [11].

the convergence rate of the AYLeSS method can always be better than LHS for complex and high dimensional circuits.


After we included the localized reduction of state-space linearizations, the macromodel became ~ 18.4X faster.

we got an extra 2X simulation speed-up in the macromodel due to the introduction of the localized models.


The master version and the backup version will not incur errors simultaneously.

it is reasonable to save backup information in register .les.


However, instruction 1 would still consume the tainted value and potentially write it out to memory, corrupting system state.

due to the potential for masking, an indirect consumer is less likely than a direct consumer to cover the exact same fault.


These branches are insensitive to the previously mentioned 100% 100% 98% 96% 96%  Branch Prediction Hit Rate 94% 92% 90% 94% 92% 90% 88% 88% 86% 86%  Connecting Data Transfering Clossing Connecting Data Transfering Clossing Flow Live (N-th Pkt) Flow Live (N-th Pkt) (a) Branch Prediction -Tra.c without (b) Branch Prediction -Tra.c with aggregation level high aggregation level Figure 5: Branch prediction study through packet .ow life tra.c properties (see Section 4).

they are easy to predict, since the prediction is similar among packets.


Since dynamic compensation is 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 employed, high leakage, low-Vtp, PMOS access devices are not needed for standby stability.

neighboring cell write upset can be alleviated by employing high-Vtp PMOS and low-Vtn NMOS devices (Figure 11b,c).


Note that, for k =2, h(g(X),B) is either an identity, or a complement.

at this step, the problem of constructing the circuit for g(X) is solved for k =2.


However, the scheduling window of eager write back is still limited to the size of the write bu.er.

the scheduling decision it makes is far from optimal.


Thus, ground (power) nets should detour power (ground) TSV in order to avoid shorts between power and ground, which is an additional source of routing congestion.

the total area of TSVs, which depends on the numbers and sizes of TSVs, should be limited.


This is consistent with our observation that some rules never get utilized: Since .lters tend to be designed according to general guidelines, often the same .lter is used in multiple interfaces.

for any particular interface there could be rules that never apply to packets routed through the interface.


Table 1: Notations used in the derivation u Width of the placement area v Length of the placement area L Distance (tiles) between two placement area W Capacity of channels (long wire) S Total number of interconnections to be routed .l Length of the l-th interconnection Xi,j Length of the i-th interconnection at channel j Yj Number of interconnections at channel j R Average length of all interconnections N Total number of channels available D Distance between the placement and the long wire channel has available long wires.

it is important for the stochastic model to be able to capture the fringing e.ect.


The SmartFusion current is 10× less than the Spartan.

the Smart-Fusion requires approximately 18% as much static power as the Spartan, making .ash-based FPGAs a much better design decision for low-power platforms.


RELATED WORK Simulation based techniques provide an insight of the circuit behavior only for particular values of parameters and initial conditions.

they su.er from uncertainty about veri.cation coverage.


For the device parameters of 0.25µm CMOS process, the energyconsumption of an SERC is about 7.3 times and that of carry generator is about 2.1 times compared to that of a buffer at the optimal condition of Vdd=2.4V and f=651kHz.

we broke the logic reversibility with an SERC if we could reduce more than 8 buffers.


However, all the other curves are concave and roughly mirror the gate dominant curve such that this maxima will be less than a few percent higher than at either the lowest or highest voltage, and therefore insignificant.

timing analysis is only required at the two voltage extremes, and not at all the intermediate voltage values.


Our analysis of Microsoft file changes indicates that some file changes result in bit-wise shift at block level.

xOR operations at block level are not able to catch the content locality.


These effects reveal that a signal arrival time in a VLSI circuit is strongly affected by the occurrence and the timing of other signal transitions.

input statistics and circuit status have a signi.cant effect on chip timing performance and performance variation.


The two dimensional circular buffer stores each frame s data (513 samples) in a row.

consecutive frame data is stored in different rows in the two-dimensional circular buffer.


The total current also gets divided into the four branches.

though the magnitude of the current is strong enough to write or preset the result MTJ M4, it is not strong enough to a.ect the input MTJs.


Given a length ratio, a feasible length interval is .rst determined, and the minimum feasible length is set as the desired length for each capacitor.

the length-ratio-matching routing problem is transformed into a classical wirelength minimization problem with this process.


When a principal tracking entry is replaced, it requires evicting the corresponding replicated tracking entries and the L2 line.


All three tasks, i.e., resource binding, scheduling, and placement, are carried out at each step of the algorithm.

exact placement information, instead of a crude area estimate, is used to judge the quality of architectural-level synthesis.


However, the GPRS link provides lower performances than the Wi-Fi link (in terms of bandwidth, latency, etc.).

we observed that the GPRS link is instantly saturated as the VoIP .ow used in our experiment requires high bandwidth availability (approximately 65 kbits/s).


If CL is turned on after CK, there will be a cell vd.CL driving another cell vb.CK which is already on.

cell vb will consume short circuit current.


We show that nanowire crossbars do not scale well in implementing logic and it is more important to have faster nanowire FETs with high channel resistance and low capacitance than fabricating larger arrays of crossbars.

we propose a Crossbar Cell design based on small nanowire crossbars that can be fabricated with existing nanoimprinting and lithography methods.


1 2A d12 A (a) 1 A1 d13 3 (b) 2 A2 d23 A3 where A is the nominal arrival time.

the arrival time at the output node of a path has a simple representation that faithfully captures the sensitivity of the path to the parameters, given by the bi terms in (4).


However, when there is a large number of I/O requests, the system tends to spend more time in the send path of the I/O stack.

there is opportunity to process in-line completions of previous requests that have already arrived at the initiator.


Bank partitioning eliminates the inter-thread interference byisolating memory access streams from different cores.

the two key characteristics (memory intensity and spatial locality) of an application are retained.


This parameter explains how big blocks we use for 3D placement and is de.ned as the average number of blocks in a die.

gate-level placement is done when B is equal to Ngates/NDIE and the most coarse block-level placement is done when B is 1.


Moreover, the information flow among the different team members also needs to happen fast and the data must be clear of misinterpretations.

the suggested tool is utilised successfully if: Users obtain the information fast.


However, scheme II is only slightly behind scheme I for the same delay constraint, but from a process standpoint, scheme I is more costly than scheme II.

it is the preferred scheme, as it is Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 05) 1530-1591/05 $ 20.00 IEEE not only economically feasible but also achieves close to optimal leakage.


Even with all the additional hardware, performance of these techniques can still be limited due to the additional deadlock cases that can arise.

we cannot extract performance from the above two techniques and we end up with signi.cantly increased hardware because of the uncontrolled increase in concurrency and then simply providing mechanisms to detect cycles.


Note that the VTmin is the average in the block because it is the average that determines the leakage of the block.

the Vmin is as high as about 0.7 V and 0.9 V in the HS and LP designs, respectively in the 32-nm generation, as shown in Fig.


Local Functionality of a Wireless Sensor Node An analysis of the functionality independent of the concrete realization is essential in order not to limit the design space from the beginning.

it is recommendable to partition the functionality across multiple blocks.


With the repeaters, there is only a nominal in- crease in delay and it is approximately a linear function of the number of inputs.

high performance long AND gates can be realized using the repeaters.


The second option, on the contrary, results in instantaneous pathacquisition latency over the link between core 1 and 2 (the link has two VCs).

it allows the use of links with lower capacities compared to the first option while maintaining the same endtoend latency constraints.


Clearly, we turn off the TG after the charge sharing is complete.

we can calculate the dynamic energy consumption of the TG for one complete active-sleep cycle as follows: 1 22 4 × (2C V = 4C V (12) Etg-total =× 2 tg ) DD tg DD to calculate the actual energy saving ratio (ESR), we need to subtract the correction ratio Etg-total/Etotal from the ideal ESR in (9).


From steps 1 to 3, there is no divergence.

only one entry is kept in the stack, and the active mask is 111.


For the conventional implementation, since it also needs to evaluate M points, the entire time is tC = M TC .

the delay overhead of the stochastic implementation compared to the conventional implementation is tS TS = L .


In addition, the conventional L1 caches were divided into two subarrays, only one of which is selected at each access.

the conventional cache hierarchy against which we compared our recon.gurable hierarchy was highly optimized for both fast access time and low energy dissipation.


In this regard, .i strikes a good tradeoff between sparsity and space complexity.

we adopt the multi-channel .attened .i design as the representation dictionary5 .


Both FFT and the tridiagonal system solution are highly-parallel algorithms that offer abundant level of data-level parallelism [7] [14].

the proposed method can ef.ciently utilizethe computational resources found in massively parallel architectures,thus greatly accelerating the simulation process.


As discussed in Appendix D, if a PDC has i elements, its possible moving o.set can be determined in O(i log n) time after O(n log n)time preprocessing.

the re.nement takes O(n 2 log2 n) time in the worst case and O(n log2 n) time for practical applications.


3.2 Linear Color Assignment Backtrack based method may still involve runtime overhead, especially for complex case where SDP solution cannot provide enough merging candidates.

an e.cient color assignment is required.


This paper proposes a strategy to map high-level faults into logic-level faults.

functional veri.cation, based on a high-level fault model, can be performed by exploiting the capability of state of the art logic-level ATPGs.


5 because RBP, BP + R(P2) > RBP, BP holds.

all capacitances are connected to P12 as depicted in Fig.


Every added structure and change to the existing design requires design effort, veri.cation effort, and testing effort.

it is desirable that changes to the conventional replacement policy require minimal changes to the existing design, require no additional hardware structures, and perform well for a wide variety of applications.


5C-4 Network Flow-based Simultaneous Retiming and Slack Budgeting for Low Power Design Bei Yu*, Sheqin Dong*, Yuchun Ma*, Tao Lin*,YuWang*,Song Chen and Satoshi Goto *TNList, Department of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Graduate School of IPS, Waseda University,Kitakyushu,Japan Abstract Low power design has become one of the most signi.cant requirements when CMOS technology entered the nanometer era.

timing budget is often performed to slow down as many components as possible so that timing slacks can be applied to reduce the power consumption while maintaining the performance of the whole design.


Under the power consumption constraint, it is desirable to achieve gain with input and output impedance match, while maintaining the minimum noise and distortion level, also minimizing the silicon area.

when formulating the GP problem, we minimize area subject to the following constraints:  Noise match (F = Fmax )  Input impedance match (S11 = Smax )  Gain requirement (G = Gmin)  Output impedance match (S22 = Smax )  Nonlinear distortion requirement (I = Imin)  11 22 Power constraint (P = Pmax ) Where F is the noise .gure, S11 is the input re.ection coe.cient, Gis the gain, S22 is the output re.ection coe.cient, I is the third-order intercept point (IIP3) and P is the power consumption.


Let Eidenote the set of nets at level i.For i a net eijEEi , eijcan be represented as a set of the modules {mkleijhas a i pin connecting to mk}.

the estimated wirelengh wjiof a net ejiEEiis de.ned by ; ;;;; j#(((xp+wp/2) (x+w /2))2  ;p ; ; j m1 m 3 m2 0 <_ x1 0 <_x2 x1+w1<_ x3 x2+w2<_ x3 mc +w<_ x3 3x t (a) v 0 <_ y t 2 <_ y 0 v1 3 A2 v1 y2+ <_y w2 1 vs v t A v3 y+ 1<_y 1 w1 tv3 v2 y+ A1<_ y v2 1w1 t vs Ghc Gv c (c) (b) Figure 5: (a) A cluster module mwith the cluster scheme {{ml, m2}, m3}.


To detect the type-1 fault line q stuck-at-1 requires the test {t E D C B A} = 1 0 1 1 1 1 or 0 1 1 1 1 1.

the test set for type-1 fault must include any one from the above pair.


Following the layout rule specified by the library, metal layer 4 requires a minimum width of 0.1 um and a spacing of 0.1 um.

the total width of the register columns is 262.4 um and 380.8 um, which is less than the square-root of the area of a 4-entry integer and a 2-entry FP CRIB, which are 105732 um2 and 192600 um2.


Finally, if a capacitor comprises an even number of unit capacitors, its unit capacitors can be paired completely.

its centroid must be exactly at the center of the matrix.


Then, fon )with0 <l = n de.nes ll the ON-set (don t care set)for thel-th output of f. We now include in the QBF formulation that the speci.cation is meet if the l-th output of f for a given minterm is don t care.

we rewrite the QBF formula from aboveasa conjunctionof n one-output functions, where the don tcare outputs always evaluate to true, i.e.


The P0 even has different row and column cluster bases.

for efficient computation of (22), in what follows, we propose an algorithm to convert different cluster bases into the same set of cluster basis with nested property preserved.


During single job execution, the required RAM and HDD memory was 404 MB and 120 MB respectively.

total required RAM and HDD memory was 363.6 GB and 108 GB respectively.


The norm of each example vector is |X| = 87 and v |Y | = 56 and their dot product is X · Y =68.

68 the cosine of the angle is vv =0.9742 which means the 87 56 angle is approximately 13.0. .


Leakage current characteristics of previously published sleep switch dual-Vt domino logic circuit 30 The Igate produced by a low-Vt NMOS transistor is 47 u and techniques in the literature are discussed in Sections B and C. u higher than the Igate produced by a low-Vt PMOS transistor at 110 ºC and 25 ºC, respectively, as listed in Table I gb V DD cg I bg I su b  are not critical for the performance of a domino logic circuit.

i dg I  those transistors that are active during the 0 gs V DD 0 0  (a) (b) precharge phase have a high-Vt [10].


Therefore, the reliability of the organism is given by the fact that, at any moment, at least Nc-Sc columns are operational: Nc Nc i i Nc -i ROrg ()t = .

ci RColumn (1 - RColumn ) (20) iNc -Sc = Since a column is fully operational if all Mc component cells are functional, the reliability function for a column results as: c R ()t = RM ( ) t (21) Column Cell the final expression for the reliability function of an organism (or of any given cellular structure) is given by equation (22): N c cc cc N iM M N -i ROrg ()t = .


We believe that the reason for this behavior is related to the fact that the .oating point unit (FPU) occupies a bigger area than other structures.

a fully utilized FPU has a lower power density than other fully-utilized parts of the core, such as the .xed point unit (FXU), which is stressed by cpu int.


When the power supply voltage is 0.4V, a bitline with 512 cells shows a voltage drop of 150mV.


However, due to the very nature of the aging inducing phenomena we believe that a more appropriate, but also more complex approach should be a full probabilistic model: the age could be regarded not only as a function of the instantaneous value at time t of a degradation parameter X, for example, but also of its history (from t=0 to the time moment t at which we want to compute the age): A= A(t, x1,x2, ..., xn), where x1,x2, ..., xn are stochastic processes which enter in the expression of A by their particular realizations.

a is also a stochastic process whose characteristics (e.g., probabilities, moments) have to be obtained from the properties of x1,x2, ..., xn.


Communication architectures could comprises of multiple connections and fan-outs.

a prediction model that is capable of capturing interconnections with arbitrary connections points and fan-out would be desirable.


Global variations produce systematic mismatch for a identically designed group of devices.

it can be minimized by the use of some design tricks , like the common-centroid technique, placement of matched devices as close as possible, keeping the same current orientation, etc.


Intuitively, every (M, ' ,0,1)-formula can be interpreted as an MIG.

the Boolean algebra induced by O is naturally applicable in MIG manipulation2 .


In our simulations, we have used address 0x040c.

whenever a PE reads from address 0x040c, the buffer of that PE drives the data bus of the PE with the index value of the lock released.


However, unfortunately, at the high voltage level, the delay of the smallest clock buffer CKBX1 is 0.05 ns, which is only slightly larger than that of clock buffer CKBX4.

even if we use the smallest clock buffer CKB1 to implement the buffer chains, the total number of clock buffers in these two PMABs still achieves 410 (i.e., 181+182+47 = 410), which still will result in tremendous overhead on power consumption.1 Table 1: Clock latencies in circuit ex (before PMABs are inserted).


160 92 140 Power Consum ption (W) 91 90 89 88 87 20 0 86 However, the power density of 3D ICs increases with the number of active devices.

alleviating the thermal stress issue of 3D ICs is one of the major design challenges.


Routability-Driven Placement for Hierarchical Mixed-Size Circuit Designs * Meng-Kai Hsu1, Yi-Fang Chen1, Chau-Chin Huang1, Tung-Chieh Chen3, and Yao-Wen Chang1,2 1Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 2Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 3Synopsys Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan {kaie, yifang, wlkb83}@eda.ee.ntu.edu.tw, donnie.chen@synopsys.com, ywchang@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw ABSTRACT A wirelength-driven placer without considering routability could introduce irresolvable routing-congested placements.

it is desirable to develop an e.ective routability-driven placer for modern mixed-size designs employing hierarchical methodologies for faster turnaround time.


If the measurement result is |-), the applied rotation was Rx(-p/4).

this is easily compensated by performing another rotation by angle p/2, namely applying the gate Rx(p/2) = X. quantum teleportation must be followed by executing the X gate if the measurement result is |-).


The jumper insertion approach [13] is based on the fact that wire segments on top routing layers are normally fabricated at the end and therefore always have low impedance path connected to diffusions.

a long antenna can be cut shorter by switching the wire to the top layer for a short length and then switching it back to its original layer as shown in Figure 1(b).


The details are presented in [14] although, in this paper, we evaluate a single-CMP machine.

the SL state mentioned in [14] does not exist.


How often to abstract latches: Since the dynamic abstraction is implemented via quanti.cation of next-state variables, from the transition relation, the overhead can be signi.cant.

a good heuristic should limit the abstraction to a few image computation steps.


Table 5: Fault-tolerant placement results Total sensitivity Crit_Delay(s) Arch T-VPlace F-T-VPlace T-VPlace F-T-VPlace 4x4 672.45 535.44 (-20%) 4.34E-08 4.24E-08 4x10 633.47 441.02 (-30%) 3.81E-08 3.86E-08 6x4 466.15 336.94 (-28%) 3.62E-08 3.68E-08 6x10 431.02 272.74 (-37%) 3.39E-08 3.32E-08 Table 6: Simultaneous power and fault tolerance optimization in placement (compared with T-VPlace) P-T-VPlace F-T-VPlace Arch Power MTTF Power MTTF Reduction Increase Reduction Increase 4x4 18% 13% 18% 26% 4x10 28% 27% 26% 44% 6x4 25% 14% 20% 38% 6x10 31% 46% 32% 58% 4.2 Morphing P-T-VPlace for Fault Tolerance To reduce the fault rate of the circuit, we have to place the highlysensitive nets which connects between the clusters as close as possible to minimize the total sensitivity along the global interconnect.2 Essentially, this is the same intuition behind the power-aware placement.

our fault-tolerant placement, namely F-T-VPlace, takes the same cost function as P-T-VPlace and replaces the switchingactivityterm, f (i), with the sensitivity of a net.


When k is large, there is no easy way to avoid such duplications through the packing methods mentioned in Section 4.2.

a heuristic is adopted to preserve the largefanout nodes in advance.


Note that a register is allocated when vi D is executed on vi R until DR R  vj is executed on vj at all resources representing same PE as vi represents.

the weight of arcs from all uk representing those resources to vi R must be increased by R. At T (vj D), a register is to be released at vj R until a new data is produced by vi D at the next iteration of the loop.


Therefore, in audio element clustering, the segments of ball-hit are mixed with an amount of silence or noise segments in the obtained cluster 7.

cluster 7 in fact describes background sounds in tennis match and is not taken as a ground truth key element in this paper.


The sequence of such steps corresponds to a long run of the system.

the iterative circuit model representing the run consists of many logic components and is complex.


Only the distance between the tasks is not considered when calculating them.

the resulting values can be used as a value to normalize the partial target which then can be better compared with the other target, as it is done in the cost function c. NoC mapping is a Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP)as it is an NP-hardoptimization problem [18].


1, we can see that there are only four redundant vias inserted in (b), but as illustrated in (c), all of five single vias can be inserted with redundant vias.

in this paper we study the post-routing redundant via insertion problem, and our contributions are threefold.


Similarly, for the RZ scheme, DynaTune can be applied on the Logic Stages between Razor FFs.

dynaTune optimized circuit can either work with TU or RZ for timing speculation.


Our use case de.nes outsourced computation in the sense advocated by public cloud computing.

we identify three key parties; and their di.erent roles and levels of trust as a device moves from production to use: (i) The processor hardware manufacturer (HWM).


Since our goal is cycle accurate hardware/software cosimulation, we do not include layout parameters such as wire area in our area estimates.

after using our tool, extra work is required to obtain layout accurate area and timing estimates for the final chip implementation.


The errors of ADP compared to AIdeal are very small.

optimization using our ordered mode set is expected to achieve as much net leakage saving as the optimization using unordered mode set.


The two nodes then can not be represented well by the sampling node anymore.

a very .ne grain tiling may become necessary.


Our results suggest that even for an average Rent exponent of 0.62 (a modest value), a large variation of this exponent within a design will also require FPGAs to have large channel widths.

it is crucial to study interconnect variation of benchmark circuits when designing lowcost FPGAs.


In this case, which appears very often at high loads, both routers behave exactly the same in terms of cycles needed to serve the incoming .its.

in such cases, the folded switch offers the same transfer rate of .its to the outputs, achieving again 100% internal datapath utilization.


We de.ne the abstractablity of a circuit, in a certain abstraction, as the number of latches abstracted out from a circuit, expressed as a percentage of the original number of latches.

abstractability can range from 0 - 100%.


The message length distribution function must be a descending function, so that ()is positive.

blocking time of a G Y message at hop i of flow F is the average of waiting time in equivalent queue with weight (): G Y BF* ()=.8 G( )×Wi F*(+ p, s) (8) is YY Y =0 where WF * (Y +P, s) is the LST of the mean waiting time in i equivalent queue with size Y +P messages.


the number of two-level rank idle predictors for a DRAM system is equal to the number of ranks this system has.


This is the case since our new and previous methods target two independent parameters, the impact of a Trojan and the effect of process variations on delays, respectively.

advantages of our two approaches are orthogonal and finally we get 4.51X of improvement in the test cost.


of Cycles Block Size x 104 Figure 9: Total time/Computation time/Initialization time vs. block size for matrix memplus Matrix A Vector x b  number of slices, the number of I/O pins, and the available memory bandwidths.

determination of kwould require a complicated model.


Inthiscase, memoryaccessespresent much lower locality.

the remote swap technique needs 6 to swap more pages and the execution time increases in a higher proportion when compared to the DARM technique.


WhiletheTILOSalgorithmcan achieveoptimalityforthe simple RC delay model, the linear RC model has long been known to not accurately re.ect the behaviour of transistors [23].

further optimization, which captures the true behaviour of the transistors, is necessary.


This can be achieved by executing the software handlers at the time of a cache miss outside of the simulator.

at the occurrence of a cache miss, the ideal hardware prefetcher generates the addresses to prefetch and inserts them in the prefetch address queue in zero time.


We note  -8 x 10 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 Quality --> (b)Scaling vsQuality Figure1: Scalable-e.ortprocessorforSVMs[16], andquality vs energy trade-o.s of the scaling mechanisms the fact that even among resilient applications, the degree of resilience varies greatly depending on the application and data.

as shown in this paper, statically setting thescaling mechanismsisinadequate.


This leads to highly accurate results at the cost of extreme run times.

the number of nets to be compared was limited by our optimization tool and not by TABLA.


N) are per host and port connection statistics from our feature space derived from a .t timespan of network tra.c traces.

our feature vectors fk,.t contain statistics of exactly those packets matching the IP addresses or port numbers de.ned in the behaviour template T .


Sharing common factors is more likely in networks with large functions on the nodes.

some techniques perform a partial collapse of the network, or even a complete collapse of the primary outputs, to obtain more factors.


This calculation is done with Rwire equal to 0.14 ohms per square distance and Cwire equal to 0.000232 pF per square distance.

the wire delay can be considered negligible in the cycle time delay calculation.


Since we have already placed loop-end checkpoints, we run the algorithm to locate the checkpoints between each two consecutive loop-end states (on design s FSM).

if two loop-end checkpoints are closer than D states from each other, no more checkpoints will be added in between them.


The end of a compressed column may occur before the end of a TTM word.

entries after the end must be suppressed for state selection.


However, in nearly all Domain Decomposition approaches today, speci.cally for wave propagation, the principal goal is to divide and parallelize the workload across multiple processors.

the chief requirement in such cases is that the partitions be of equal size and have minimal interface area, since that corresponds to balancing the computation and minimizing the communication cost.


These instructions are used to load/store the data in memory, to manipulate the program counter (PC) to make sure the computation to be carried out in a correct sequence.

we can divide the total number of instruction per iteration into two parts, shown in Instriterat Equation (7), Instriterat = Instrsppt + Instroperat (7) where Instroperat is the number of instructions that carry out the calculation directly, and Instrsppt is the number of support instructions.


Treat PTAT as set of FIFOs: We can allow each m-core to respond to metadata requests out of order if they refer to cache blocks different from those referred to by older entries in the PTAT.

the PTAT is conceptually treated as a set of FIFOs, one for each cache block address.


In the case of an upper or lower bound con.ict all the search tree decision assignments were used to explain the con.ict.

these con.icts would always depend on the most recent decision assignment and backtracking would always be chronological.


Vertices 0 and n +1 are de.ned as the source and the sink in the graphs respectively.

in both Gh and Gv, we add one edge from the source to each vertex that does not have any incoming edge, and add one edge from each vertex that does not have any outgoing edge to the sink.


Using the LB OBDD and the UB OBDD, we can bound where the cut of the Boolean Lattice is.

we can use these OBDDs to guide what combinations to attempt next.


Similarly, all of the outgoing arcs of v must enters some vertex w where R(v) is left-adjacent to R(w) (we can view R(v0) as an empty region right-adjacent to the right-most region).

if v is in the path, no other vertices vwhere R(v) = R(v.) can be in the path, for otherwise there will be a path from v to the predecessor of v., but the arcs are only from a region left adjacent to another region.


For a network load of 0.9, at N = 4, the improvement in throughput as compared to N = 2, is 27% where as at N = 8 as compared to N = 4, the improvement in throughput is almost 47%.

allocating more links is advantageous for complement tra.c as all nodes use the same link for communication.


However,this adds to decoding complexity and since our main goal is to minimize the energy,decoding e.ciency is very important.


Sensitivity analysis is based on the assumption that the statistical circuit response to variations in process parameters (f ) is approximately by a linear superposition of input sensitivities, n with f = s + P i=1 [sV ti · .Vti + sßi · .ßi/ßi].

if the variation parameters follow a Normal distribution (inherent assumption in SA), the output will also follow a Normal distribution with mean and variance given by: j µ s P n (15) s2 i=1 (sV tisV ti)2 +(sßisßi)2  Figure 3: Histogram showing the distribution of DFFQ Clock to Q Delay comparing the response computed using MC against S-DoE.


Equations (8) and (9) indicate that the di.usion towards the di.used edges with less concentration has a higher speed.

in the discrete case, we always select the direction with higher speed to perform the di.usion, which means lower concentration and lower congestion.


After digital circuits are synthesized, an error detection method is employed that detects if timing constraints are met during normal chip operation.

the design is not required to undergo simulation of every possible variation-induced timing error that might occur under NTV.


This type of violation we call a transitivity con.ict.

we have the following necessary conditions for the existence of a transitive orientation that extends a given partial order A: D1: Any path implication can be carried out without a con .ict.


Also, if the binary search was unable to .nd a reasonable minimum channel width (Wmin <240) for any of the circuits, the architecture was deemed unroutable and abandoned.

every architectural result presented in this paper was obtained by routing all of the benchmark circuits.


regions in the parameter space that can be independently explored.

every vector in Pk-train is categorized into one of the C clusters and then referred to as Pk-c-train.


2) Metal structures near the antenna can affect the magnitude of the received signal and several design guidelines have been proposed in order to alleviate this phenomena [8].

in order to design a robust communication infrastructure, the analysis should take into account metal structures as discussed in [7].


This contradicts the assumption that u ' is in Fmax .


This leads us to the conclusion that latex is mildly better at preventing external noise than silicone, but silicone is much better at transferring vibration below 2000Hz than latex.

we selected M2 for the BodyBeat microphone, as it is very insensitive to external sounds and highly sensitive to any sound generated inside the body (including speech).


Additionally, the increased load on the D input ofthe Master system latch resulted in an increase in the delay (by 6.5ps) ofthe combinational output of the design.

the total delaypenalty associated with adding our SET tolerant circuit is 11.5ps per .ip.op.


However, defects are localized at the layout level, not the logic level.

in order to properly exploit this fact, neighborhoods should be determined by physical proximity, not logical proximity.


The major reason to use a Poisson approximation instead is to .nd a more tractable model than to calculate the exact probability directly.


Maximum sensitivity is achieved when the input vector V has high probability H(V)=0.67 when falling transitions fail .rst, or H(V)=0.33 when rising transitions fail .rst.

the output TP of the failed path in terms of V is given by the probability of the two sequences occurring: TPfall failed =2 × P(V =1) × P(V =0) × P(V =0) =2 × P(V =1) × (1 - P(V =1))2 =2H(V)(1 - H(V))2 (7) In the same way, when the rising transitions fail, a transition is only detected when V is 0 .


Besides, for the ARM architecture, the relative offsets of the load-address instructions are 12-bit.

it is quite likely that the distance from the load-address instructions in SPM to the literal tables in DRAM is too large to .t into those 12-bit relative offsets.


In the 10nm technology used, Metal-2 is uni-directional and runs horizontally.

for each hit point, there are two accessing directions possible, either from left to right or from right to left.


Second, Nostradamus must be aware of what operation is performed so that it can update the instruction s IHS accordingly.

when the functional unit sends its result (with parity) to the register file, it sends the type of operation it performed (e.g., add, shift) to the ROB.


Request C s data transfer starts only after request B s finishes at time t3.

in this case, the three data transfers run sequentially though there is enough resource (two memory modules and multiple paths on NoC) for concurrent data transfers.


To satisfy Condition 2, we vnnote that function victim_late_event() and cp_late_event() will schedule either a checkpoint or a victim late event and only one event is scheduled for a victim node at any point in time.

a victim late event cannot occur before a check point event, which satisfies Condition 2.


4.2 Adapting coding modes As mentioned in the previous section, DCCP does not provide stable bit rate estimates even if the simulated bandwidth remains stable.

we studied how often the coding mode is changed and which modes are used at a given gross bandwidth.


This ignores the expected variation spread.

to err on the side of caution, we do not measure anything with less than 6 LUTs in a path.


When T S is high however, M4 and M5 are both off, which leads to the connection between the gates of M8 and M9 being severed; M6 and M7 are both turned on pulling the gates of M8 and M9 to GN D and VDD, respectively.

in this mode both M8 and M9 are off, leaving the output tri-stated.


Construction Rule 2: Vertices are pin-vertices, obstacle cor  ners, and the intersections of escape segments.

a direct extension of Escape Graph to the OAPDST problem is to modify rule 1 to meet the PD constraints and construct the modi.ed Escape Graph on each layer.


Also, it can evict useful blocks from the cache.

it can waste memory bandwidth and energy.


However, they allow as many wavefronts to run on each compute unit as shared core resources (e.g., registers, shared scratchpad memory) permit.

even if the programmer speci.es small workgroups, multiple workgroups will run on the same compute unit if resources permit.


Additionally, our main ideas and our performance guaranteeing methods are also useful for other performance-related tradeo.s, such as performance-reliability tradeo.. For example, the selective reliability management scheme [16] induces performance slowdowns while replicating instructions to detect hardware errors.

our method dynamically tracking slowdowns and guaranteeing performance can de.nitely bene.t such schemes to achieve a balance between performance and target functionalities.


microprocessor, more than 30% of the total chip power is due to the clock distribution network [1].

innovative clocking techniques for decreasing the power consumption of the clock networks are required for future designs.


Nevertheless, it does not allow verifying the exact voltage level driven on the bit lines during the write operation.

an additional analog condition is needed to diagnose weak write drivers.


(31) shows how to compute E[IT Ii], the other term can be computed similarly.

2M hX ` X ´i E[IT Ii] = E Io,j Io,i exp - (ßjk + ßik).k j.N k=1 2M« X Xß2 ik + 2ßjk ßik jk + ß2 = Io,j Io,i exp(31) 2 j.N k=1 the gradient of the second moment can be computed only in O(nM) time.


Moreover, this saturation does not only affect the VoIP .ow but the others as well.

the quality of the communication is signi.cantly degraded, and some instant messages, monitoring informations and mobility signaling packets are lost.


In general-purpose applications, an extensive study has already shown that the long write latency in PCM may result in as much as 61% performance degradation [7].

the long write latency inherent to PCM remains the biggest challenge This research was supported by awards CCF-1217738 and CCF-1208933 from the National Science Foundation.


On the other hand, RTSB is expected to achieve more power reduction if CRT+SB can get more clock period reduction.

an ef.cient design .ow in post-layout Vdd assignment and retiming is as follows.


PCM also su.ers from .nite write endurance; the typical number of writes that can be performed before a cell wears out is 106 108 [24].

several architectural techniques have been proposed to alleviate PCM s wear-out problem [47, 23].


Therefore, the main challenge now is to capture the information (starting and ending addresses) of n runs of 1s in just k intervals where n » k. Merging adjacent intervals due to the upper bound on k, will capture some non-updated cache lines into the intervals, which leads to overheads.

the intervals with the smallest runs of non-updated cache lines between them should be merged.


On the other hand, in the proposed method, the test patterns for the control input of m1 are provided through the normal controller.

it is suf.cient to provide 0 to the control input of m1 and only an AND gate is added in between the controller and the datapath (Figure 2(b)).


The notion of a temporary variable is not very concrete in SUIF.

pACT HDL generates concrete temporaries during code conversion.


For these four cases, we extracted the effective resistance of a cell, including both the bi-NVD and the access transistor.

writing a group of cells sharing a common SL can be generalized into an equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.


In other words, the 10T hit counter saturates .rst if and only if more than 1 of to 2N +1  tal hits occur in the 10T ways.

n determines the acceptable fraction of hits in the 10T ways.


According to Lemma 1 of [11], the high entropy set of H(p), F , includes the high entropy set of H(p ' ), F ' if |F | > |F ' |.

the relationship F1 .F2 .... .FN is satis.ed.


As the power distribution relies on the currents drawn, the current drawn also relies on the power supply voltage.

accurate current estimation can only be achieved if the whole circuit is taken into account, as illustrated in Fig.


However, lowering the capacitance reduces the frequency tuning range.

there is a trade-off between power consumption and tuning range.


Consequently, compressing EEG The average uncertainty after determining the E class labels signals, up to a ratio of approximately 10, increases DK L (X||X ) is given by the conditional entropy: minimally (i.e., by 0.20 bits) and rapidly beyond this.

d the information content of the compressed-domain features I P(C) I S (X|C)= -P(xk|C) logP(xk|C), (12) is maintained up to a large compression ratio.


7 a read transaction occurs, while the controller is idling.

the READ and IDLE edges are taken, leading to the second leaf.


The placement and routing tool does not allow exact control of the IC assignment process.

the structure of the IC loops is not perfectly identical across the array of CUTs and there is an amount of systematic variation in pre-stress delay.


INTRODUCTION Low energy and security have emerged as two paramount metrics for a variety of systems ranging from wireless sensor nodes and smart phones to laptops and data centers.

the importance of creating secure low energy platforms and protocols is widely acknowledged.


This is because in order to provide transient constraints, one requires much more design knowledge, including some notion of system or circuit timing.

we anticipate that, in practice, power grid veri.cation under .xed upper-bound constraints will be very useful, especially for veri.cation early in the design process.


the LLT, and the remaining 4032 MB is available to serve as main memory.

with Embedded-LLT, 98.5% of the stacked memory is still available to serve as main memory.


Directly after a secure erase, which ensures that every block of a SSD is empty, the random write performance was 19,816 IOPS, after the drive has been .lled with data sequentially, it was 1,338 IOPS, and after the capacity of the drive has been written using random writes, performance of random writes was 587 IOPS.

in normal operation, it will vary between 587 and 1,338 IOPS.


POWER GATING SPECIFIC CELLS When power gating circuits are in standby mode, outputs are .oating which leads to large short circuit current in the blocks that are connected to the outputs.

we need a special circuit, which we call output-holding circuit, for each output, such that the output is hold during sleep mode.


Besides, for each block, the indexes of the buckets it is stored in are recorded.

if two blocks i and j, locating on di.erent layers, are stored in the same bucket, it is likely that they are placed closetoeachother.


Whenever a cell is moved to a row, the cells already aligned to the row are placed by dynamic programming to minimize their total movement.

our approach Abacus moves already legalized cells during legalization.


The cache line size also determines the ratio of redundant data to be loaded or stored.

we apply several sizes of cache lines for all simulations.


The mapping is statically .xed, i.e., the .rst entry of the table is mapped to the .rst 2page block of the reserved area, the second entry to the second block, and so on so forth.

the size of the reserved space is 256MB (= 32K entry × 8KB/entry).


Any slave s maintains a list of masters that it has split so far.

the slave maintains a split array; splitm is true if the slave has split master m and is not yet ready to service m. When the slave is ready to service master m, it asserts the HS P LITm signal.


In conclusion, we consider the carry-save technique as not appropriate for mapping long-integer addition onto FPGAs.


However, it is known to this community that CLR might not be a good metric (to approximate the e.ects of process variation) since a circuit will not operate at di.erent voltages at the same time.

we shall focus on the optimization of clock skew and just treat the CLR optimization as a side e.ect of the skew minimization, same as the work [16].


Further, as smart devices fall in the realm of embedded computing the processors must be designed with a short turn around time.

chip designers have adopted a heterogeneous System-on-Chip architecture for these processors where each sub-system (application, graphics/media, communication, peripheral) is designed with an Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the .rst page.


Given that the PY depends on both the mean and variance of the path delay, the deterministic critical path delay can no longer serve as the absolute measure of performance since it is possible for near-critical paths to be statistically critical.

it is important to compute the slack and criticality statistically during placement.


Function findEquivalentPath returns NULL.


COMPACT MODEL FORMULATION For a given set of logic values in source, drain and gate of a transistor, the sub-threshold leakage, gate leakage and band-toband tunneling leakage vary almost linearly with transistor width.

look-up tables can be constructed that can compute leakage current for given state values.


Another reason not to increase the number of die in the stack beyond a certain point is to avoid potential thermal problems.

for this FPGA makeup a 3D stack of four die would achieve silicon area savings of 26% (from 0.71 cm2 to 0.52 cm2) compared to the planar design, together with an improved performance of 61% (from 11.8ns to 4.6ns) as measured by the average interconnection delay.


Our Wallace tree has 7 levels when using Radix-4 recoding.

a separation of at least g=3 is su.cienttoguaranteecorrectness.


For example, as discussed in Section 2.2, using a fault-free TSV to replace a faulty one does not necessarily lead to a valid repair solution because of the unknown signal timing slack changes with circuit aging.

it is important to online test those critical paths that go through TSVs.


Almost all of the previously proposed hybrid architectures in [1], [2], [4], [5], and [6] suffer from high latency and power overheads for electrically resolving optical contentions.

an alloptical NoC can overcome the limitations of electricallyassisted ONoCs.


The accelerator was synthesized in 0.18µ technology at 200 MHz and was 47x faster than the ARM while being 90% smaller.

loop accelerators offer the potential for substantial ef.ciency gains over programmable processors by removing the control overhead of instruction-based execution and specializing the datapath to a particular application.


Similarly, the best individuals obtained from Local competition of individuals in a subset of the population form the Local Pareto Front and are termed Locally Superior solutions.

in a GA, the cross-over operation has a better chance of producing more Globally Superior solutions when operating on two Globally Superior solutions, than when operating on two Globally Inferior solutions or a Globally Superior solution with a Globally Inferior solution.


Ef.cient MemoryManagement of a Hierarchical and a Hybrid Main Memoryfor MN-MATE* Platform Kyu Ho Park, Sung Kyu Park, Hyunchul Seok, Woomin Hwang, Dong-Jae Shin, Jong Hun Choi, and Ki-Woong Park Computer Engineering Research Laboratory, KAIST kpark@ee.kaist.ac.kr, {skpark, hcseok, wmhwang, djshin, jhchoi, woongbak}@core.kaist.ac.kr ABSTRACT The advent of manycore in computing architecture causes severe energy consumption and memory wall problem.

emerging technologies such as on-chip memory and nonvolatile memory (NVRAM) have led to a paradigm shift in computing architecture era.


Root mean square error value (RMSE) of a step period shows small variations of the period (Table 1).

the step period can be determined using the IMUs.


There is a fixed number of EMBs available for mapping.

after extract-ing the single/multiple-output clusters s from the circuit, a greedy approach is used to select the large clusters for map- 1In Altera FLEX10K devices, LUT is called logic element dLE) and embedded memory blocks (EMB) is called embed-ed array block.


This too is in line with the modern published work on leakage [2].

for leakage variance estimation, we can focus on L alone.


In hmmer, the out-of-order microarchitecture is able extract substantial instruction level parallelism due to the low percentage of dependent instructions (Figure 8).

even with the lower recurrence of BDIs, time borrowing suffers substantial performance loss in hmmer, as an instruction replay has large overhead in hmmer than in lower IPC mcf or xalancbmk.


Being Xr and Gr the sets of prioritized documents in the system output and gold standard respectively, the correct relationships in the system output are priority relationships between relevant documents in Xr and irrelevant documents in ¬Xr.

r corresponds with: R(X) = AvgdP (rg(d, d ' )|rx(d, d ' )) = P (Gr|Xr)P (Xr)P (¬Gr|¬Xr) + P (¬Gr|¬Xr)P (¬Xr)P (Gr|Xr) = P (¬Gr|¬Xr)P (Gr|Xr)(P (Xr) + P (¬Xr)) = P (¬Gr|¬Xr)P (Gr|Xr) This corresponds with the product of precisions over positive and negative sets in the output.


MERGE and MUX operations are very simple forms of synchronization, used to merge several candidate values for a variable.

the .ne-grained parallelism of data.ow requires additional synchronization.


Since the regions with partially used slices cannot be supply gated, the potential for leakage energy savings reduces.

we propose a new region constrained placement strategy, RCP, that takes into account the region concept explicitly.


Experimental results show that this approach can be substantially faster than existing timing veri.ers.

the method presented in this paper has the potential to greatly increase the size of circuits that can be veri.ed.


using a 9x9 bit multiplier to implement 5x5 bit multiplication).

for operations whose bitwidth does not match that of the IP cores, the flexibility of LUT-based implementations is generally preferable.


Similarly, the proposed method tries to observe values from status/control outputs through the normal controller/datapath as much as possible while [8] always observe them directly by POs.

the complexity of the test controller and extra multiplexers can be reduced compared to [8].


To understand this second point, recall that stream prefetchers look for accesses to kconsecutive cache lines, at which point the kstcache line is prefetched; prefetching continues until a useless prefetch is detected.

the value of kdetermines the prefetcher s aggressiveness, and this value is typically .xed at design time.


This process is now approaching a point where it will be unfeasible to produce ICs that are free from these effects.

fault-tolerance is not anymore a matter exclusively for space designers but also for designers in next generation products, which must cope with errors in the ground level due to the advanced technology.


An even distribution of the load results in the constant wave speed and little wave re.ection, leading to high oscillation stability and power ef.ciency.

we use the even distribution as the initial tapping point target.


Furthermore, this semantic knowledge can be used to help negotiate appropriate adaptations to .uctuating or constrained channel resources.

another design principle that we espouse is that the proposed abstraction provide a progressive bene.t when higher-level application semantics are known.


Because these 5 faults bits are detected by parity bits P0-P4 of the class 0 word, and parity bits P5-P7 also detect the presence of faults, the faults detected by P5-P7 must be due to bit flips in bits 5-7 of byte 0 of the class 0 word.


Within any given column, the internal nodes with each memory cell are tied such that the cells are in the same data state, thus collectively contributing to leakage current in one of the two bitlines belonging to that column.

ideally only one pad would be needed to measure bitline leakage.


For each sample, a deterministic structrue is solved.

the number of independent variables is crucial to the compuational cost for generating the quadratic statistical model.


Our previous measurement setup has been improved and a uncomfortable to handle for large networks.

network operanew prototypewasbuild.Evaluationof ournew prototypeshows, tionand lifetimeare typicallyrestricted directlybythe energy conthat energy measurements of mica2 motes are possible with very sumption ofthe sensor nodes.


After a combinational or a sequential logic result is computed, it is sent to the neighboring cell directly.

the combinational logic result bypasses a CS multiplexer, a 4:1 multiplexer and an emitter follower.


On the other hand, if the constraint is set as a very small value, a large amount of critical paths might be reported and hence time-consuming.

we randomly simulate a small amount of patterns, i.e., 10% of the number of simulated patterns in the timing simulation approach, and adopt the obtained largest delay as the delay constraint in our experiments.


The distribution of references actively varies across the execution time.

to appropriately control a way-adaptable cache in the period of highly irregular cache reference as well as regular one, the cache has to be controlled under consideration of not only locally optimal control, but also globally optimal control across the time.


Output corruptibility + nonresolvable-based selection results only in non-resolvable camou.aged gates.

an attacker cannot identify the functionality of the camou.aged gates.


Note that the static scheme can only reduce the total writes instead of the peak write count among all blocks, as shown in Figure 5.

the static scheme is the worst in terms of endurance but it can save STT-RAM write energy, which is discussed in Section 6.2.


This happens because of the existence of multiple initial .le replicas, due to which GDS makes the choice for the best replica to realize each .le transfer.

the extent of performance improvement due to path-splitting or multi-pathing is very minimal.


Moreover, any soft error in that cache line cannot be corrected by means of SECDED.

such cache line lacks of error correction capabilities for transient errors.


Every single cell implementation adds one lower and one upper bound line that narrow down the feasible solution space.

the more cells are used, the more precise the solution is.


model services more components, requiring larger multiplexers which begin to outweigh the bene.ts of having fewer power models.

we must carefully consider the con.icting trends imposed by the multiplexer and adder costs of a generic power model, while performing clustering.


NoC links, on the other hand, are implemented using repeated copper interconnects [4].

nBTI (repeaters) and electromigration (copper interconnects) are the two primary aging problems associated with NoC links.


This is particularly true for some applications involving data such as imaging, audio and video.

one can reduce the output-voltage swing at transmitter though some error can happen when detected at receiver.


(For ami49 at Mid cut size, our FCSP algorithm fails to generate enough partitions.


However, any device technology that offers advantages in performance, power dissipation or ease in dimensional scaling will have to be complemented with an interconnect technology that offers similar trades.

it is crucial to investigate the interactions of interconnects with all these emerging devices to obtain the best circuit performance.


This makes the centralized controller dif.cult and expensive to implement.

we also propose a new distributed interleaving method to access the memory controller that leverages the advantages of both of the previously mentioned designs, while avoiding their most serious shortcomings.